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J PREFACE. iia great public works, is alwav«» in valnef^r^atin/ to t^t"!^ ^"'°™'" ■"""«' of interest and UnitedStates and hewXa 1?^^-°* '^"^'h America, the 'etter.writing, Good haMtrrthtf' "^'^ "— *"« an of needs of our business and socW li^ T'"'^ *''^ '"■■«""•»' exercise necessary to reason.M ' "'"' ^'* *'' ''"''y ='»'• almost wholly neglectedTnT """'""P"'"'"™' ^ them are *o be thoughfof fnThel *;eZar ^'T' '''■^ "'"■ ""^^ subject wUl be found „,.i,1 "'"'• °'"' "-^'raent of the >.e found quite um,j,,e. Most of the materials used IV PI'MFACE. were collected from original sources, and are now lor the first time m ])rint The ladies, howe-er, will naturaUy take chief interest in the ornamental part of the work. Here they will find a multitude of aecorative arta tenght, and a myriad questions answered ,1a they have doubtless often asked themselves or others. Su h a body of instrucfon m the light and pleasant labors that so greatly promote the happiness and comfort of home, has never Lt'T r ^■'T'"* '° ^ """"^ °f «"' "^'"d. ^-1 «<""e of the arts taught can be nowhere else so effectively learned as through this medmm. It is hoped and believed that this one feature of the Treasure.," if no other, will carry a miniature world of intelhgence, beauty, culture, and refinement into countless Canadian homes. Pains and cost have not been stinted in the preparation of this volume. All useless matters have been rejected, and the useful and elegant have been procured and illustrated with lavish expense. The pictures alone cost more than some entire subscription books of the size that could be named. Writers of recognized ability, specialists in their several fields, have been secured and liberally paiS to furnish the text, which, together with the Illustrations, has been put in print with rare finish of typography. The whole is now confidently commended to the generous patronage of the citizens of the far-spreading and powerful Dominion. ^=^ FLORAI. KORSE HHOE. "...",'',[[ " PRESERVATION OF AUTUMV leaves!,!!.!' ". *" PH.iNTOM on SKELETON LEAVES !!... " PBEPARINf* LEAVES AND FLOWERS " BLEACHING LE.4VES AND SEED VESSELS "" ^ LI^T OF PL.VNTS FOR SiCELETOyiZING " '^ SEED VESSEL? 70 LEAF PRINTIXG 80 HOME DECORATION 80 WINDOW GARDENING 89 CHINA PAi.VTl;v^O IW BRONZE work: 112 DFOALCOIIANIIS 129 JAPANESE WoitK 188 LADIES' WOKK BASKET: "' KEXSIXnTuN PATTEK.VS ^*^ RIUBuN WOllK '"iJ APPLIQUE WORK ISl KEXSINT.TON OUTLINE PAINTING '•'^■' MACRAME LACi: 1"^ CR.VZY WORK "'^ WMIAN'S WORK AND VICTORY ~°~ CARE a.ND CULTURE OF PLANTS ^ CARE OF CANAEIES 210 Valuable RF:cii'F;s 2S7 23.^ il TABLE OF COATEA-TS PART II. PICTORIAL HISTOKY OF CANADA: GEOOhAPHICAf. ONTARIO-QUEBEC-NE'.V BRUNSWICK -NOVA SCOTIA-PRmCEVDwlRD'JsL'^'vD" ^^ MAMITOBA-BRITISH COTUMBIA-THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES-. ISTRICT OF KEWATIN-NEWFOUNDLAND HISTORICAL: DISCOVTRIES "^ THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ^' • .i»g THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ••••••• jj„ THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ' - -"-le^ hZe how ''""^f^'^'^'y «- P-vided for the leisure hours at ome, how can it be expected that the young may find their r;n '""^"^ ''T ^'"^^^^ '^^ - and\mnsen.nt :d \X iT ' r' ^''^■'^' '-^"^ ' ''''-' ^' refinement. A^ l...t a fullness of enjoyment has our Creator placed within cn.r.ea.h by surrounding us with an nfuH.spl.ere l" l!^^^^ shaped into sweet snnml« n,.,i ..„ ,.i.. .... . ' ,. ^ ^"^^^ "^ •' i "'» "i^ ^'"1 <^iisi)()sal many MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE. * I beautiful things ; „,„1 yet tl.is g„„,l„e., is lost ,o „,a„v „, „, u e must h,st liave cleanliiiess, wliich is tlie special ele-ance of ook uponi Tliere is no reason why all should not surround hemselves wrth the evidence of beauty and comfort in all ttek shapes, and thus do homage alike to the gifts of God and t^ labors of his creation. The ta.te for the bL.tif, iTs „ne "1 the ot CIV, hzafion Beauty and elegance do not necessarily belong ng B?a':::.t'ariif- ^•'y— 'ghtto be,ai4;rlrd' soSalfnd dl'tJcli'fe:""'' '" """'"• '" ""' '» "'--'-' » The cheapest and the most beautiful gifts that belonir to .11 aie Known to us as common flowers A ro^P fr.r \l f • among the most beautiful of the smiles of nll'^^ThS! ng flowers," m which there is more than gavety, thot^^f it are full . li„ng ,n midwinter one of the commonest field flowera }ou seem to have brought a ray of sunshine into tlie 1 lace Tbere IS a cheerfulness about flowers that brings deli.-M to the d^..op,ng invalid. They are a sweet enioyment, coming an t^T , T '""""""■>•• "■"' -".mg'o.say. "Come and .se ■ M.t t„ he ,„„.e and innocnt. A heart that s not love tl." .•!. or the volc of a „l:,yf„, chil.l cannot be cheerful ave a llowe,. i,, „:.. ,„„„, by ,„| ,„,.„.,. In sunnuer thev »■" --t ,vou ,.,„h,„g, m winter but a „ Hie if your ambition is m II I JfAEE HOME ATTRACTIVE. 13 modentte, and tlie gratiiication it will give will be beyond price An eminent physician says: ''I have known the presence of a flower, by its cheerfulness, to save a life." If you can htvp I flower in your window, so much the better. What can be more delunous than the sunlight streaming through them-through the midst of crimson fuchsias and fragrant geraniun.s. To look out tnrough them and to break the force of the sunbeams by the tender resistance of green leaves is, indeed, poetry. If you can n-am a clematis or smilax round the window, you will have the mos beautiful frame you can invent for the picture without whether It be the busy crowd, the distant landscape, the tree! wKh their lights and shades, the change of the passing clors or he earth wrapped in its mantle of snow. Any one mat th !^ look through flowers for the price of an old song A^d^^^^ pm-e taste and rerinement does it not indicate on the part of the cultivator? Flowers in the room, whether in their natural state or preserved, sweeten the air, make the home look giacefu g've beauty. They are companions that will never utter a cross word K> any one, but always look cheerful and sm 1 nt ^n ^ despise them because they are cheat) \ndh^' . ''"^ „,„„ !,„,,„ ,, , ^ "^^^^ cneap, and because everybody may have the luxury as well as vnnr«aif n , ^^.y^ouy Cheap ana eo».on"^,M„,s"rt^:r/;.a,Sr.rwt^^^^^^^^ ■1 """"'' "" """"■« """ ^0 'Jo not half enioy ;™ ,„ e„ah,eu3 .0 :nS:;J^::zLT:£2 ^Mtr s,ra:„r :: :r» :r ""-"-- - ,-. ..iT^l"""" \°""'- ."o -"tter how tiny it may be. so that U "-""""'' »'"""»•» '"to which the sun can shine cheerily; a MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE. few good books (and who need be without good books in these days ot umversal cheapness 0, no duns at th! door, tcn2Z wellsupphed, and a flower ot son.e kind in th.roonZ surtv o7;ovr "™^ "^"^"''^^ '"-^ "™-'^ <" K'-- cz ;"!« Tr.:' :f?r.:?7zr;/':hanr" "T"^ ""■•"- .«.nspare„oies, ieaf pain';ing.to:L''s ^e '"or^L^' ,1^ graphs autotypes, engravings, etc., which rende It po Me for aU to furmsh their rooms with -ome beautifuf specimen "? he^ic ao/:: r,; tt^ ^ """^ '"-'eh'' «>'* ""p^^ - orTt eet nto our o'"^ """""^ " "" <"' """"'^ '™» "'" «^W^ at,ut it Tt / ?r ""'"" "'^""<' -**''^ » S-^ <" feauty seH Id in ' , «'"*"™y *™"> "»e considerations of to;,, r '"' ""■■" "' delightful associations with the world wtthout as well as within. The portrait of a great ,nan for instance, helps us to read his life. It invests him lith a m' sonal tnterest. Looking at his features we feel as if e knew h.m better and were more closely acquainted with h m iC letsure hours unconsdou,,ly seem to lift „, ,p and su.stain us ^ZT':^ """V"'"' ™^ "'"'' "■' '° •■• hisl-r and nobler iiattt.e. They remind us of the observation made by Hazlitt uponaptcture, "It looks as if a bit of Heaven were in the room " costlv a7/? "'°°'" "'?■''■" '""'''' """"■■"■"l"^''. no ™.-.tter how costly and numerous the tables o\^^^^v« nr^r ,.ff XI ■, Lai>ir-.>, ijiairs ancj. orronians iiri1p«a there be something to grace the walls and naked tables The art of living may be displayed in many ways.' It mu.v HOME DECORATION IX NATURAL FLOWERS. ■ . -lo l«su,„,„«l„p in tlie .,orf., "Make the best ofT^erythinJ" Nothmg ,. beneath its care ; even common and Httlffhtngfi^ turns to account. It gtve, a brish»e,s and g.ace to the home' and ,„ves« nature w.th new charms. Through it we enjoy a^ d. man s parks and woods, as if they were our own. »•« -,^1 f ne common air. and bask under the universal sunshine w' g orym the grass, the passing clouds, and the Howers Welove the common earth, and hear joyful voices through all natut^i? ~dr ri^i;' re^rxT: . r--^^- as7)ire to fhp Tnl . T. I ^^^^^^^^g creatures cf earth, and H.^r rS-g J- ;- - - -- eternity, where ration. i 'oraf WhcU. wt'rder',"''' "'?'"^' "'" ''''» ^-^idered as h«ng a decoratton only .-ipprcnate for marriage vemontes. It was then made of pure white Lwers . " ""'^^^'^"^^ It takes its Dlare for '„,,™!' ."!?:"" ^"'""■°» '»■• ais design is between .,-.,,, """ ""^^ uesi^n IS betwef^n *^u.ua D« «u«pendea by a bright-colored ribbon." 16 HOME DECORATIOy IX y.iTUEAL FLOWERS. In mak>.g a iloral bell, care nmst be taken that the fom is well hlled with lorest moss, having been previously soaked in water Cover the outside of the form with Triumph de Luxemburg Roses, .^ichare of a bright coppery color ; line the inside or bowl, wuh yellow Tea Kc.s, and liU the clapper in rusty yeUow Immortelles. Or, the outside may be covered with diffJ„T kinds o± flowers, tastefully arranged and hamonizing in color, Wrtl T "'' TT ^'^'^^ ^' ^^^^^^^«' -'l ^he bell clapper fiUed m pur3)le shaded Immortelles. Or, the outside may be covered with scarlet Bouvardias, the bowl lined with white Daisies, and the tongue fiUed in scarlet Immortelles. hr.t^^^'T^''''^^ ^''^ ^'""^ '^"'^ ^^ ^'^^^ ^^^'^ I^' «- heavy branches of Fern leaves mixed in with Smilax. Place bunches of Hyacinths at the four corners. A Canopy should be sus- pended above a table, and a bour let composed of bright flowers may be placed on the table underneath. FUl the pedestal with Geranium kaves and Ferns ; the four leaves should be filled with bright flowers - Primroses, Hya- cinths, Verbenas, pink Daisies, Polyanthus, and such. The order may be reversed: fill the pedestal with scarlet flowers such as scarlet Verbena, Gladiolii and Bouvardia; work the leaves in green, Geranium leaves or Ivy, Smilax, Myrtle ; or the pedestal may be filled in white Daisies, which has a very pretty ettect standing on a shelf or mantel. Cf, latt. The back and arms of the chair may be festooned with Smi- lax mixe'i with clusters of yellow rosebuds. Fill the seat with half-blown Roses of various hues. The rungs and legs may be f "0>'E DECOIUTIOS IX y^iTnui. F,.OWEn.^ L wiorjc-Sfioc. Ilv".intl,s" xfT" '"'""""' "' '■"''"'^' """ """»"- of scarlet 1> . . in l,s. Make a oenter-piece in the «„or of double Pefum-n? ;;;;;:";;::;::;r:"' "'*'■'' «-- ^'"'''- --^^:^ The Clirysalis should be filled in black Immorfelle^, fi.. • maybe tilled in almost all bright shJes /r , '''"^' 1-ini, different shades of yellow fi I e W^v^^^hn^ hues ^^•inaow d.ape.y, o. unde/l" ;,;:;::;;r '^ '''''' """'' A boat can be made the most ele.^rant of any parlor de..-n. and a three-master can be made to Innl- ,• , ^' >;'"i 'i,e ,...„ with »n..itt; o^t"::'•':;;'^^"'f"'■ l>lo\vn Roses. Carnations Phii-^ to • . "" ^"11 and Jial^- _^^. l___^...^.he side, to £„„„ ,-„a,,,., „,,, it should be .et on a .■tara.^^.■>f. The form should b? comiiactlv fill i •., secured with wire. lilies o7 he k "^^' ""''' '"^ "'" ^he ed,.e to form a fri n^ F Mn'^? "'^ '^ ^^'-^^^^ — ^ Z2 'T """" "'"""""' ""^ '""-Wo™ Ro^esjeaving; ^■^^^ HOME DECORATION IN NATURAL FLOWERS. 0'^\)W\ of three or lour inches for a bordering. It may be filleu in scarlet Gladiolus, scarlet Bouvardir, or dark lavender Helio- trope, and it should be lined with white flowers. Place a sprig of Hyacinth at the end of each rib, and cover the handle with Smilax. CtaMc. Sliould be filled with Primroses, Polyanthus, pink Daisies, Sweet Alyssum, Candytuft, etc. This design is pretty and appropriate for a christening. Sicjvtct Siittg. Border with small Geranium leaves, fill the ring with pink Daisies, Rosebuds and Carnations and the signet with Hyacinths., Fuchsias, or Heliotrope ; this should hang in the window. Cotvi-ticopia. The pedestal may be filled in Smilax or Geranium leaves, with an occasional broken bud or flower thrown in. The horn may be fllled in a variety of bright colored flowers. The larger end of the horn may be fillea in Heliotrope; this should be placed near a window. cFatv. A floral fan, if made properly, may be carried and used by a lady as any ordinary fan. The form should be of ^ne wire, and filled with layers, or a sheet of sponge instead oi mos.-!. An ivorv, or anv kind of handle, can be fastened in - ;xi; before it is filled. Wet, or rather soak, the sponge and then fill in, commencing at the handle with the smaller flowers. Tuberoses, Tea Rosebuds, pink Daisies and Hyacintlis ; place a full-blown either white or pink Camellia in the center and form a border of bright colored flows is in scroll work. The sides may contrast in pnlor HOME DECOHATWS IS NATURAL FLOWERS. 19 A floral fan may b^ carried, and is in good taste for marriage ceremonies, full-dress evening parties, balls and operas. 3Jatijo — 2iano, A banjo should be tilled with the brightest colored flowers Piaro frame and legs should be tilled in green. The small baskei which IS generally placed on top should be tilled in bright powers the keys in white Daisies, and the ilat. and sharps in black Immortelles. ^ Floral musical designs are more appropriate for musical par- ties, or for the decoratior. of a music hall. A bonnet of natural flowers is the Most eleg-. ut head-dress a lady^can wear at an evening reception, marriage ceremony, or The form should be almost a network of exceedingly finp wire and filled with a layer of sponge. It should be lined with sheets o thick tin-foil, to protect the head from moisture The form, or foundation, may be filled with Camellias, Tea Roses, Tuberoses, Rosebuds, Primroses, Polyanthus, Com Flo. ers and Lilies of the Valley. The stems of the flowei. must be cut long enough to fasten in the sponge with pins. There is no definite direction in regard to the arrangement of the flowers, as that must be left to the wearer^s taste and judgment. bonnet'f "''"'' ^"'"I '"''""' '^' ''''''^^'' "''^^^^"^^^' '^^ ordinary maj be either sewea or pinned on. ^o-ia<^z Si'oncfu.cti. ihere :.re different modes of making these bouquets For a flat bouqupt take a piece of milliner-' --^^^^ - ^-^ ^ V s netting, cut it to the c tae nowers cut with long stems and fasten It I III J' i tlieju individually to tlie nettin*; witli a needle and stron.i? thread, takinu- care to fa.sten each one as eiose to the Hower as possible, in order to let the stem hani;- loosely and iiiacet'ully ; for tlie stems form almost as prominent a part in the bouquet as the tiowers. For a shoulder bouquet the stems must be left longer, and it i.^ held together by merely tying the stems securely. The stems of a bouquet for th? side corsage should be cut still longer than for the shoulder, and held together with ribbon fonning loops and ends. These bouquets may be fastened to the corsage with gold safety pins. Lilies of the Valley, Field Daisies, Polyanthus, German Vio- lets, etc., answer nicely for flat bouquets. Camellias and Roses should always be used for shoulder and side bouquets, care being taken not to have them full-blown when cut, a ■ the petals are then more apt to fall o£f. iSSX?< '^fe^ ^HScScS cScHa S'' HIS method is an entirely new feature in ;he art of I preserving nat„ral (iowers, and the profes In e„d«^.„.okee, it a trade secret for itLo^r It i^s lucrative to the artist, and gratifving to friends'"* '" '■""° "°"" '"^■»™'°- »' '-'4 re.,un.l'tT'''f "'f ■'r'^ '""-I-™-'!™, and a floral design which requnes only two days steady work to embalm it (after the nt date. They are used on all occasions. They ador ■ tl,f banquet, ,,„d consecrate the chamber of death But the trade of preserving natural flowers lies chieflv in t:n;^i^';,™XriZ.;x:r'"™'°^-~- I;>«-.ng .nstructious are strictly adhered to. tl,» „.,.!;... ..'.:..!"'■ m«.. Will be no failure, and _that an an.at^^.r with ,a;ii;;;;; 22 PRESEUVINO NATURAL FLOWERS. capacity ir.ay learn to do the v.ork as well from these strictly accurate instructions as bv paying fifty dollars (the current charges) to a teacher. The amateur must exercise due care in t.ie bleaching process, for in this lies the great secret of success. The strength of the solution must be regulated by the col(,r and texture of the Hovvers. The temperature must be even while the bleaching process is going forward, for a change of tempera - tuiv, either too warm or too cold, is injurious. If too cold, it retards the progress of bleaching, and the petals become brittle when dried; and if too warm, the petals are liable to macerate. Flowers wliicli are deeply tinted are more difficult to manage, and consequently require more care while undergoing the bleaching process. Floral emblems, such as crowns, harps, anchors, etc., come in wire forms ready for filling, and may be purchased for a trifle at any first-class wire-work establishment. These forms are first filled with forest moss, and held in place by means of fine wire or cord, which is wound around both moss and form ; then they receive a thorough soaking in water immediately before the Howers are set in. Flowers for this purpose are cut with short stems, and a fine wire is mn through the calyx, and wound around a wooden toothpick, which forms the stem, and which gives a firm support to the flower when set in the moss. The green leaves and vines used for bordering a design generally retain their natural stems. SiitGcifniiuvj a cffotaC Cro^i. Let us take a cross of funeral fiovvers for our design, wliicli is composed of all white flowers (except Heliotrope and the green bordering), Camellias, Calla Lilies, Carnations, Roses, Daisies, Feverfew, Candytuft, Sweet Alyssum, Heliotrope, (teranium md Sniiiax. PRHSERVIXG KATriiAn FLOWERS. ri Draw the diagram of the cross on a sh3et of white paBer Write the name of everv ♦Iowpv in >. • paper. T ^1 eveiy nowei in its respective position on th^ S)3>fcacfiincj iJFfitlb, Take 12 oz chloride of lime; 24 oz. carbonate of so ozs. of alum, dissolve in two quarts of boiling water. To a gallon of pure cold water add one • _.„4».i« t i_* "» * - i ^. . 11- —1- ■*• pint ui rfiiS .SuiUtiOIi i-i U .1. iiOlii' iULiJ bUiiiC v iJooUi ilii^iJ UiiUU^ii LO 1 * > • - \ ■ • /i*#l 1* ' p I / ' . "^ \ • ^^'^■ 1 » \ \ '^■— ^. y ' ^ < \ • Hsi PRKSERVIXG NATURAL FLOWERS. 25 o-.ve It plonty of surface ; then take the petals ,.ut of tl.. b sin uhich ,s done by placing the pahn of the han. Carnations require some care in handlin- on account nf th.,-.. quaied and ragged edges, which make them more liable to be I quiuea I'llESEIlVTyO XATUn \L FLOWERS. torn. Tlicy should l»f^ sinootlKMl out (n\ the l>l()^tin<^ pad witli ji earners liair hrusli, and ^:(':iie extra care sliould bo <;iver in tying the i)ads tot^ethei-. To three pints of warm water adil one-half pint of bleachin.if fluid ; (diange solution twice. They will bleach in thirty hours : then proceed as formerly directed, with the exception of sniootli- iuf; out the petals on tlie diTin:.^3 for c'lojc^. To three pints of warm water a(i 1 one and one-third pints of bleaching fiu'd. Prepare the petals as formerly directed, and leave in solution twenty-four hoars. Change the solution once, then proceed with the rinsing and drying as with Camellias. 2rocc3^ I'or- ^aisto. Take two o/^arts of the finest silver sand (it must be perfectly dry) ; to t\is add 6 ozs. of finely pulverized alum and 4 ozs. of best plaster of Paris. First mix the alum and plaster together thcro^ighly before adding them to the sand, then mix well with the sand and ift through a tine wire screen or sieve. Take a paper box, 6x8 inches, cover the bottom of it to the depth of several inches with this mixture and place the Daisies in it, stems downward — the sand must have depth enough to hold the tiowei- firmly. Fill the box with the flowers, leaving jjlenty 'T si)ace lietween each one ; then sift the mixture over them gf n ly, so as not to crush any of the petals, till all the flowers are buried. Cover the box and i)ut it carefully in some place where it is sure not to be dis- turbed ; keep it in a temi)erature of 00 to !)."). and in seventy-two i/sj iL'Uiiy tO uiivu oiii.. v^'peii tiie i)ux iiiiii. .... . jI, , ;ii.-5 t III hold i^ in a slanting position in ord.-r to let enough of the mix- tiiie run out to expose the flowers; then witli the finger and rhumb draw the flower up by the stem, turn it upside down and shake it gently to free r from the mixture. Shotdd any of the IMrtich- still adhere to it, blow them off with the' breath Daisies .lone ii. this way look as clear and fresh as when cut'. The alum toughens and keeps the petals flexible. The i.las- ter (,f Paris preserves their original whiteness. The sand draws the moisture (,ut of the flower, and by this means preserves it. Floweis should be free from moisture and perfectly drv when ])laced in this mixture, /. .>., free from dew or rain. The success ot the preserving depends greatly on the freshness and develop- num of the flower. Care must be given to the temperature of th- locality wliere tlie flowers are placed; if too warm it is apt to discolor the flower, and if too cold the recepl. i- is liable to rot, and therefore injure the flower. '^tocc:>3 for cFcuczfcvo. To two quarts Ox silver sand add 4 ozs. finely pulverized alum, and 2 ozs. best plaster ot Faris. Mix well together, sift, and proceed ixs with Daisies. Temperature of room, 90 degrees; - should be kept in the mixture sixty hours. 2tocc5> for Canbijtuj't. To two quarts of silver sand add 3 ozs. finely pulverized alum and 1 oz. of plaster of Paris. Mix well together, sift, and follow the given directions. They must be placed in the mixture care- fully, as the flowers are very small and tender; plenty of room should be given to each cluster, they being very easily bruised Temperature, from 85 to 90 degrees. Lerve in the mixture "O'** 1^.= I'll' 1 j 28 ruESERVixn yArruAr. flowers. Sweet Alyssnm and C'andyhift Ix'ini;- of tlie same color and texfiiiv iv(iiiiiv tht- saiii" process, an.l .ih require a dexterous hand in Dlr-ng them in and taking- rh.iu out of tlic mixture. iroc.'^A f.^r. fH'cfiotropc (c)lotij ^c S^llci^cttc). To two (quarts of silver sand add 'J ozs. of iinely pulverized alum and 2 ozs. of i)ulverized caibonate of ammonia. Pour a deep layci- of rl; - mixture in the box, deep enough to cover the stems and form a surface to support the base >>[ the flower; on this spread the spiigs of the cluster, then sprinkle the mixture over them carefully in order not to crumple any of the florets. TempMvate.re, S(i to !io degrees. Leave in the' mixture forty- eight hours. \Mien taken o^t, the Uower looks fresh and retnius its natural tint. 3'rc'CC3> [or. (oHo.^c) (^crciuip-ti £cauc^. To two quarts of sand add f) ozs. pulverized alum. lAfix well together and silt. Pour a deep layer in the bottom of the box and lay the leaves evenly on it, an.l cover them to the depth of several inches. Temperatui'e of the room, !)() to 9.-) degrees Leave th.MU fifty iiours in the mixture. When taken out, sliould any of the leaves look rusty, through causes over which the artist has m, ccmtrol, suUl Gaf HIDK- Ific- Carnal uat'ion. A Carnation requin s great cnre in nmnipulation, especially in taking it off tlie blotting pad, as it is veiy easily torn. Mould the petals one at a time. Great care must be given to curling the edges, for in this lies the beauty of the Carnation. Rrb the petal with white down (this will make tlie wax more pliable), then roll the curling ]>in backwards and forwards ov(>r it till the edire of tllP! Jiphil l>wcnnuj< frillu/l '1.1,1 i.i u p It PRESERVING NATURAL FLOWERS. 81 form the ridges. Wrap the end of the toothpick in u piece of wax to form the receptacle, cut a narrow strip of wax in thread- like shreds to form the stamens and two long narrow strips to form the pointal, attach this to the receptacle, and then pat on the petals, beginning with the narrowest. It is a great assist- ance to have the natural flower to copy from. See directions for Camellia. A box frame, glue-pot and brush, paper of pins, paper of tacks and tack hammer, diagram of the cross, and table. For funeral flowers the frame should be lined with eituer black velvet or white satin, and should be of sufl5cient depth to allow plenty of space bet^veen the glass and the flowers. Lay the frame on its back on the table. Fasten the form evenly and lirmly with small nails or tacks to the back of the frame. The wires are close enough in the form to hold the heads of the tacks, or it may be fastened to the frame with strong glue ; but nailing it is the safest way. Pin the diagram in a convenient place, where it can be easily referred to. Before refilling the form, care must be taken that the moss is thoroughly dry. The marks of the toothpicks can be plainly ■'een in it, and almost every large flower can be replaced where it was extracted. Begin by putting the larger flowers in first. Have the glue melted and ready for use. With a small brush apply a small portion of the glue to the base of the flower, and also to a por- tion of the t()otli])ick, and place the flo^7er in its proi)er place in *i - 'ni- • • » , 111' iuij iiiinci^jai uuu most cousi)icuous flowers should 32 lUiESERViyG XATUIiAL FLOWEJi.s. be placed in lirst, then follow the snmll ones, and lastly the bor- dering. Glue the stem of the Geraninin leaf, and with the aid of the steel punch reset it. The Sniilax cj>n be held with line hairpins, by catching the vine between the prongs and pinning it down tightly in the moss and adding a very little glue. The Daisies must be fastened to the moss with common i)ins. Wasli the glass with alcohol, slide in the frame, and the work is tinisheti. T///s is the most rdiahle icay of embalming natu- ral flowers. Floicers done in this way may be warranted to keep iJicir colors for centuries. Supposing there is a design to embalm on which there is an inscription in Greek, Hebrew^ or in characters with which the artist is not familiar, and might find a difficulty in refilling, the trouble is easily overcome. Take a sheet of tracing paper and lay it smoothly over the inscription, holding it down with four curling pins. Then with a tracing pencil trace the characters accurately on the paper. In refilling the form ])lace this copy on the moss in the exact place of the original inscription ond fill in through the papei-. Such inscriptions should be refilled before any of the othev fiowers are put in. All kinds of colored, as well ns white fiowf^rs, may be pre- served, l)ut they require a difi".^rtnit treatment, wliicli will now be considered in giving directions for em1)a]ming a floral parasol composed of colored fio\v(>rs. The artist will do well to attain some proficiency in preserving the white flowers before attempting the colored ones, as these requii-e great Ciir"^ in manipulating and tinting. # I %t ■3 j'^fic i^tt of gjuGafniluci a yFTotat^ OR instruction let ns take a floral parabol containing the following choice flowers : Gen. Jacqueminot Rose, brilliant crimson ; Mar- shal Neil Rose, intense yellow; Princess Adelaide (Moss) Rose, bright pink; Camellia (Elata), dark crimson ; Camellia (Alberti), light rose ; Pansy (Emperor Wil- liam), indigo ; Pansy (Beauty of St. Osyth), deep black purple ; Pansy, sky blue; Pansy, , urple and yeUow; Double Pink (Dianthus), crimson purple. For colored flowers the best bleaching agents are muorine and Eau-de-Javelle, which can be obt-;ined at any first-class drug store, in solution ready for use. Strip off all the petals carefully, lay them evenly on the biot- ting pad, care being taken to give each petal plenty of room • this pad being filled, lay another over it and fasten the two ....jj....... . -r-tii L.ujjc , tiicii j^jicparr rue soiutlOii. 3 33 II 34 E.VnAL.V/XG A FLORAL PARASOL. Bleaching Process.— To one pint of warm water add two parts of Fluorine; wet the pads in a glass jar, with solution enough to cover them to the depth of several inches; cork the jar tightly and set in a temi)erature of 95 degrees. Let remain till solution turns almost bla'-k (twelve hours should accomplish this); then pour the Huid off and rei)lace with a solution of two parts warm water and one part Eau-de-Javelle ; let remain in this twenty-four hours, at a teiiperature of lOO degrees. Fhafinf/ Process.— Take tle^pads from the solution, undo the tapes, and put the pads in a large basin, tilled with tepid water. The petals will now sepaiate from the pads and will tloat without curling on the surface of iie water. The pads may now oe taken out of the water and can be dried for further use. Let tile petals remain in the water for twelve hours, then take them out. Make a strong solution of orie part borax and one part alum, pour this solution into a basin of pure cold water, put the petals in th's and let them float on its surface for seveial days, until they are of a pure snowy whiteness. Drying and Pressing Proc€SS.—Y{'^xe medium-sized blot- ting prds, cover one side with a sheet oi tracing paper the same size, thi>n with an ivory paper knife take up one petal at a time and lay "t smoothly on the blotte^^; over this place the secoul blotting pad, continue thus till all the pett.ls are on the blotters, then press and dry them in a letter press (>r between the covers of heavy b )oks, care being taken to keep ihem in a dry place. Tinting tlie Petals.— The next operation is tinting or paint- ing the petals. Before removing tae petals from off the blotters, tint their upp-r sides with Crimson Lake, tube colors, and when dry remove tlum Avith the point of a penknifV. turn them over and tint the otaer side. If not wanted for inrnediate use, lay them away in a o^x labeled "Jacqueminot Petals." Embalm ing Process.— ^VnVe a sheet of superhne transparent sheet wax and coAer the dull si(le of ir with <^h<^ tint«irl i-,uf..iu E}mALMING A FLORAL PARASOL. ^ 3;-; caiv beiii^' taken to leave room enoii^^h ])etvveen the petals for .•utrin- lay another waxen sheet over this and press to^^ether with the i)alni8 of the hands; then cut them out and mould ^rrnrly around the margixi with the bead end i.' the curling i)ln r<) make the wax adh' .-e. Next take a piece of wire several inclies ir length, twist one end of it around a knob of wax cover thi- knob with a piece of wax and dip it in thin gnm water, tlir-n sprinkle it with y^dlow H(,ck, and the heart or receptacle, of the flower is finished. The smaller petals may now be applied ; press them firmly against the under side of the receptacle, followed by the larger ones, and so on till th>- flower is finished; then twist the wire firmly around the toothpick. Bleaching Process. -Prepare the petals as directed for the Jacqueminot Hose ; then to one part of water add one part of Fluorine ; let remain in solution from ei^ . to ten hours at a temperature of 90 degrees; then pour the solution off' and replace with one part water and two parts Eau-de-Javelle ; let xemain in this solution twenty-four hours, at a temperature of 100 degrees. Floating Process.— Q^re must be exercised in manipulating these petals, as they are very tender. Let them Hont on the first water six or seven hours, make the second solution one part water and one part borax, and alum; leave in this twenty-four hours, then press and dry for use, Tinting Pnursfi.—Tmt the petals before removing from the blotter with No. 1 Chrome Yellow, tube colors ; when dry, turn the tinted side underneath and tint the othei side; set them in a place free from dust to dry. Embalming Process. ~T\i^ best of transparent wax should beused^for this Rose. Cut the wax large enough to leave a ^•eyoiid the petal, roil aii.d mould slowly and evenly, EMBALMING A FLUUAL PARASOL. i ^iviii^r tiu. liir^vr i.t'tuls tlie boui and cml of tlu' narural ones. Cover a piece of wire with wax, form a knob at one end, cover tills l<:nob with ^reen Mock and lay on the petals in .such a man- ner as to crive it the soft and fluffy appearance peculiar to the Marshal Neil; twist the wire lirmly around the toolhpiek, and the fiower is finished. Bleaching F-ocess.— Remove the moss carefully from around the petals, and prepare them on the blotters as directed; then immerre in solution, two parts water and three parts Fluo- rine; let remain for twelve hours, at a temperature of 95 degrees; pour off this solution, and replace with one part water and two parts ^iau-de-Javelle; let remain for twenty-four hours, at a tea- erature of 100 degrees. Floating Frocess.~T\ie petals should be allowed to float on the water two or three days; have the borax and alum solution quite strong, and let remain in this also for two or three ays, or a longer period will not injure t'- petals of this Rose. Press and dry as previously directed. Tinting Frocess.—Beiove removing the petals from the blotter, tint them deeply with Rose Bloom, in tube paints, r in dry colors mixed in gum water— but the former is much to be preferred-turn over with the blade of a penknife, taking care not to tear the petal in the operation, and tint the other side. Embalming Process.— Lay the petals smoothly on the trans- parent wax and cut out the petals, leaving a very little margin; mruld them easily and smoothly on the palm of the hand.' maKing the extreme edges slightly ruffled, ^vax the wire, attach the waxen knob to one end and dip it iii Chrome Yellow, apnly the petals and set them on quite closely and compactly. The Rose is now ready for the moss. EMDALMiyo A f'-LOHAL PARASOL. 37 lrocr...Yor J/o.v.v. -Pulverize 1 oz. of carbonate of ammonia and 1 oz. of alum; add this to a quart of sand and bury the moss in It; let remain for twenty-four hours, at a temperat.ire of 90 d^ffrees. It should stand for a day after taking it out of the , mixture before using. The outside of the Princess Adelaide I Rose ,s entirely covered; the moss can be set on with mucilage I Tw,st the wire stem firmly around the toothpick, and the fiower ! IS hnisued. ! £amcma (Sfata) Bleaching Proc..*. -Prepare the petals as directed. To one part of warm water .dd two parts of Flu-^ne; leave in solution eighteen hours or more, until the fluid looks black; then pou. off and re,,lace with two parts Eau-de-Javelle and one part water- deg^r "''' twenty-four hours at a temperature of loJ Floating Process.-I^^ye the petals in the tepid water for twelve hours then float them in the alum and borax sobnion for several days if need be, until they b. .ome of a pure milky white- ness. Then press and dry for use as airected Tinting Process.-Tn.t the petals before removing from the bio ^rs, with Crimson i.ake, tube colors; this must bf donTw th a so t camel s hair brush. When one side of the petals has drieeUne removing the petals from the blot- ter, tint them with dark pui-ple Lake, one side only. Emhalmiu;/ Process.— Uiy the •l)etals between the two sheets ()£ traiisi)iirent wax and proceed as directed for the P.-insv (hmi)er(>r William). 40 EMBALMING A FLORAL PARASOL. Bleaching Prooe*^. -Prepare the petals on the blotters as directed, then cover them to the depth oi an inch with one part warm water and one part Fluorine ; let stand for ten hours in the fluid, at a temperature of 95 degrees ; then replace with one part water and one part Eau-de-Javelle ; let stand in this solu- tion from eighteen to twenty-four hours. Floating Process.-Yloat the petals on the warm water till they look clear and free from streaks, then transfer to the borax and alum solution and let them remain ^ jr several days; press and dry as directed. Tinting Process.~Tmt the petals, before removing, with Cerulean Blue; on one side only. Embalming Process.— Pvoceadi as directed, and follow the instructions given for embalming the Pansy. 6» Bleaching Process.— Prepare the petals as directed for the Pansy and immerse in a solution of one part warm water and two parts Fluorine; let remain for ten or twelve hours, at a tem- perature of 95 degrees; then replace with one part water and two parts Eau-de-Javelle; let remain in this solution for twenty- four or twenty-six hours, at a temperature of 100 degrees Floating Process. -¥\oa,t the petals on the warm water for ten or twelve hours, then remove them to the alum and borax solution and let them float for several days until they are per- fectly clear; then press and dry as directed. Tinting Process.-Tmt the petids while on the blotters with Royal Purple and C:i(lniinm Yellow. Embalming Process. -VoWovf the directions for embalminir the Pansv. * EyfB AIMING A FLORAL PARASOL 41 Bleacfiing Process.— Smooth the petals out carefully on the blotter with a camel's hair pencil, immerse them in a solution of two parts Fluorine and one part warm water; let stand from twelve to sixteen hours, at a temperature of 95 degrees; then transfer into solution of one part water and two parts Eau-de- Javelle; let remain in this from twenty to twenty-four hours, at a temperature of "• J degrees. Floating Process. -Y\o2.t the petals as previously directed press and dry the same. ' Tinting Proce^^.-Mix equal portions of Crimson Lake and Royal Purple, tint the petals on both sides, giving close atten- tion to the markings and shadings of the natural petal. Emhalming Process. -For embalming the Pink some artists prefer to cut the wax with a tin pink cutter; insert the natural petal between and mould gently into shape, taking care not to tear the ragged edges. Wax the stem-wire, and place the waxen knob at one end; to this knob stick the two pointals, which may be made of brown wax; place the petals around this in their natural order, and fasten the wire around the toothpick. Fill in the ribs of the parasol with forest moss, very com- pactly and well stayed with wire. Begin from the top, around the shank point set in the flowfrs, which should be the smaller ones-the Pansie? and Pinks. Set them in promiscuously to the depth of several in hes, then begin to add in the larger flowers, blending the different colors according to taste, and ending with a border of tl.e moss or Gen. Jacqueminot Rose, then add a heavy frin-e of Pampas grass. A sntin ribbon of any britrlit color ti.>d at flm i-iinr <>]• thr shank or handh^ and again tied into a bow and fastened into the 42 EMBALMING A FLORAL PARASOL. flowers half way down, by means of a hair-pin, the ends being left to droop down on the fringe loosely, adds very much to the beauty of the design. The lining, or inside, of the parasol should be done in the different shades of Pansies. The design shown in the illustration may be put in a box frame, or placed under an oval glass globe. This is the proper method of embalming flowers, and if done according to directions they will last for an indefinite period of time. All petals done in this way must be painted of a much deeper tint than the natural, on account of being covered with the wax, which causes the petal through the wax to appear one shade lighter than the natural tint. Some artists, in order to facilitate labor, tint the petals after they are waxed; but the effect is not so satisfactory^ nor the tinting so lasting. All species of colored flowers may be preserved by this method, but the artist must use judgment in regard to the color and texture of the flower, and use the strengths of the different chemical agents accordingly. As these two chemicals for preserving colored flowers have hitherto been a trade secret, and have been used only by experienced artists, it may be well for the amateur to confine herself, in the first few attempts at petal bleaching, to Labar- raque's or Powers & Wightman's bleaching fluids, which can be used without being diluted, under the same directions in regard to time and temperature, as the combined chemicals. Fluorine and Eau-de-Javelle. X illustrating this method we will take a floral horse- shoe containing the following flowers: Forget-me-not, German Violet, Azalea, Passion Flower, Oleander' Abutilon, AVild Rose, Pansy, Convolvulus. Petunia, Salvia and This fa-zorite little flower must be handled with much care Have at hand two thick blotting pads, separate the flower from the receptacle, keeping it whole if possible, and lay it on the pad, face upwards. Take a soft camel' s hair brush and dip it in a solution of three parts soft water, one part ox gall and a few drops of spirits ammonia, and moisten the surface of each floret- next, lay the other blotter over it, and with a moderately hot smoothing-iron press the pads, letting the iron rest upon them lor a few minutes till all the moisture is extracted from the flower; remove the upper blotter and the flower is ready for use. If the iron is in proper heat and the work done artisticallv, the flower will possess its natural hue and texture. The next operation is to stay the flower. Lay it on a sheet 43 il 44 PRESER VINO A FLORAL H0RSE-8U0E. of wax (Cerulean Blue) and cut the wax around the edge of the flower, giving it a small margin; presi the flower and wax together between the flnger and thumb, an 1 mould it gently into shape with the steel end of the curling pin. Take a piece of wire, two inches in length, cover it with a thin piece of wax, bend one end of it around a small knob of way, and to this knob fasten the flower with the steel end of the mou.Ming pin. Make all the flowers in the same manner and group them into clusters of eight or ten; finish by twisting all the wires together and fastening them to the tootl lick. direction* fot Srcaetuin^ tfie cFoxget-STle-giot S.c 49 After tlie flower has been pressed, should the petals adhere to each other, they can easily be separated with the point of the curling pin, care being taken not to tear thtm. and the wax can easily be moulded on each separate petal without much incon- venience. Place a small knob of wax on the end of the tooth- pick and fasten the Hower in the center of the ey^ to it. Tf jt ^s desired to form them into bun- hes or clusters the Pansies may be attached to wires and thsn fastened to the toothpick. ' ztu.wicX' (Smafe). Slit the Petunia oi> ^e seam (or it may be slit into five differ- ent parts, and after these differt " parts have been _ayed by the proper shade of wax :Iiby can ne joined together without the seams being detected), and smxooth the petals out on the blotter. Then moisten sparingly with a solution of one part ox gall, two parts water, and a few drops of spirits ammonia, and press gently with a moderately hot iron. Stay v/ith w?x the same shade as the flower, and curve ihe edge: outward with the steel end of the GUI ling pin. Cut sevex-al long thin shreds of wax for the stamens, roll a piece of wax aiound the end of the toothpick, press the stamens on with the finger and thumb, and then run it down through the throat of the Petunia and press tht ^rhole together with the finger and thumb, or with the bead er of the nio'ilding pir. 9Ttotttin mj i 30 PHESERVUVG A FLORAL HORSESHOE. wax. Cover a piece of wire several inches in length with Chrome Green wax, and set the flowers at jiroper distances from each other along- the wire, fastening them on at their base with a tuft of green wax. Fill in the form of the horse-shoe compactly with forest moss, stayed with wire or thread, and set in the flowers according to taste. Tlie dc-ign given in the illustration can either be placed in a box frair.e or under a glass globe; if the latter is used, the design must be supported by a rest. This method of preserving natural flowers can onlv be accom- plished successfully with single flowers. Tulips, single Holly- hocks, Poppies, Clematis, etc., look exceedingly beautiful and natural done in this way. and although they are not so durable, yet they make the finest specimens for exhibition. ^ Madame St. Emery, a noted French artist, took the first pre- mium at the Paris Exposition for this method of preserving nat- ural flowers. Jil 'il?~WW^il^'"WW'W"'^^W'6£^ ;^^^^"^ "^ <^ "^ iij^'^^^ ~'^\ HOSE v/ho have experimented in pressing ad pre- serving Autumn leaves by means of v...nishing, ironing, etc., are aware of the fact of their work proving unsatisfactory, because of their changing color, becoming spotted, curling at the edges, rtc. Now, for the past year or two, we have fol- lowed a different course, and our success has been so signal that we feel glad to mention our method to our readers m hopes of their testing it with as much satisfaction as we have uone. As soon ac the trees begin to change their livery in the Autumn, begin making collections of all the various colors and shades of color, as the leaves gathered early always retain their color longest. Gather as large a supply as possible, as it is always desirable to have a large number and good variety from s^lZ^Zk,^ ^v>iUUi/iOiio Luxge leaves work up well on large 51 I V li. .it Is i. ) I PRESER VIXO A UTL MX LE. I YES. panols— sucli jis foldiug-screens, tables, etc., in imitation of Japanese work; and small leaves and sprays are valuable lor line work, ami also for bouquets. Old books are best as a receptacle for dryinf^. We use old Patent Office Report })ooks and others of similar character; and some liles of old newspapers and magazines are invaluable. Blank-book paper is too stiff to answer well, yet such can be made available in case of uecessit;v'. Commence placing the leaves at the back part of the book, laying each one smoothly and never allowing them to touch each other, nor placing too many on one page. Turn five or six pages on these and place another layer, continuing this until the book is full. Then put in a cool dry place, under a heavy weight, for twenty -four hours or until the following day, and then remove to dry books and again place under pressure as before. This change is made three times in all, and after the last they remain in pr'^ss for several days, when they will be found in beautiful condition and ready to arrange. Then procure some cake-wax, such as is used for fruit moulding, put, it in a vessel and set that in a pan of water upon the stove; when melted, add to it a few drops of turpentine or fir balsam, to render the wax pliable, by which means the leaves can be bent into any form desired. If the wax is in proper con- dition, the process may be continued, and this is best ascertained by dipping a leaf and drawing it over the edge of the pan upon both sides; hold it up by the stem with the face horizontal, when, if the wax is at right temperaiine, the leaf will appear as if newly varnished. If too hot it will shrivel; if too cold the wax will cool in lumps and the leaf will present a didl, rough appearance. When the wax is nv de of proper temperature, proceed to di{) the leaves one by one, holding each until per- fectly cool, and then placing upon new'-pai)ers to harden vviii pre.->HiiL ihe natural appearance of the ^....e . iiicSf J PliESERVISa A UTlWrX J.EA VES. 58 leaf. But if a glossy surface is desired for any of them thev may receive a thin coat of Demar varnish, applied with a camel's hair brush. A friend writes us as follows of some pretty arrangements winch have been made successfully by her • To arrange single leaves into bouquets, get green thread wire and cut into pie.es as long as you wish the stems; break the stem nearly off the leaf and pass the end of the wire through the bottom ol the leaf about an inch and bend it down and twist around the remaining stem and long wire, so as to hold the leaf firmly. After the leaves are fixed, armnge them in bouquets with a few pressed ferns. These will be pretty for your small vases For large bouquets use large sprays of leaves, sumach and ferns; mix a few dried or crystallized grasses and o-min laack brier, black alder, and bitter-sweet berries, and yoit will nave as handsome bouquets for your stands and mantels as vou could wish. Small clusters of Autumn leaves and ferns prettily arranged on the picture cords look nicely. Blackberry vines twined on the cords and left to hang gracefully around the picture-frame with a cluster of bright berries here and there are beautiful. A butterfly on a cluster of ferns is pretty on picture-cords. A corner bracket, draped with Spanish moss, may be filled with Autumn leaves having two or three butterflies among them. Ferns filled in around a bracket form a pretty back-ground for a vase of berries and leaves. You can mnke pretty lambrequins by pinning Autumn leaves and ferns in gniceful forms on your lace curtains; and you can ornament your white shades with them in the same manner. Am)ther pretty ornament is made of sticks about a foot long. Take three and cross them to form a rustic stand, and cover them with gray moss and a few beiTJ.'s and leaves; seta bii'd's ncsf in the liollou- li,.fu-.'.'n flu' Mfifk- fiv..-l =r..f ^ ,,-.-.. f*.. Htulfed bird and set if on the nest. '^ " i'^^*-^.' -..:::.:;::::::.J i 54 PliESHM VI NG A UTUMN LEA VES. First Wash the seaweed in fresh water, take a plate or dish he larger the better, cut your paper to the size required, plac^ It on the p ate with fresh water, and spread out the points with a good sized camel's hair pencil in a natural form- picking out wiih a pin gives the seaweed an unnatural appear- ance and destroys the characteristic fall of the branches, which should be carefully avoided. Then gently raise the paper with he specinien out of the water, placing it in a standing posi tion for a few minutes, so as to allow the superabundant water to run off, after which place it in the press. The press is made with either three pieces of board or pasteboard. Uiy on the hrst board two sheets of blotting paj^er, on that lay your speci- mens; place over and smooth a piece of old m'uslin, fine cambric or linen, and then some more blotting paper; place another board on the top of that; continue in the same ;ay till all the .eawe^d is on. The blotting paper and the muslin should be carefully removed and dried every day and then replaced; at he same time those specimens that are sufficiently dried may be taken away. Nothing now remains to be done but to write on each the name, date and location. You can either gum the specimens in a scrap-book, or fix them in as dmwings often are, by making four slits in the page and inserting each corner; thi^ IS by far the best plan, as it admits of their removal, without injury to the page, at any future period. Some of the larger Algae will not adhere to the paper and consequently require gumming The following method of' pre- serving th.m has been communicated by a botanical friend- Alter well cleaning and p.essing, brush the coarser kind of Alg^e over with spirits of turpentine, in which two or three pieces of gum mastic have been f the few who, in other lands than theirs, had acquired a knowl- edge of the art. A number of these bouquets thus found their way to this country, where they fortunately came under the notice of cultivated minds, by whom the art of producing them has been so patiently and successfully pursued, that the speci- mens now produced in this country surpass in lichness, brilliancy and faultless nicety of preparation and arrangement, all that have been prepai id in foreign lands. But a few years ago the first Phaatom Bor _c ever offered for sale on this side of the Atlantic was made by an American lady, and was exhibited in the spacious window of a large '■ w- elry establishment in one of our chief cities. Although sur- rounded by flashing silver ware and sparkling gems, yet the little bouquet, composed of only a few phantom leaves and flowers, attracted the highest admiration of all who beheld ? , and as may be supposed, it soon found an appreciative purchaser at a very large price. A few others (all that could then be furnished) were disposed of at the same establishment during that season. This public display served to awaken a wide interest in the subject, stimul^iling inquiry into the wonderful art by which the perish- 'able leaves and blossoms of the forest and the garden are con- verted into durable illustrations of the complex structure of the floral world. As is usual with so decided a novelty, many amateurs were ready to experiment the following year. Among numerous lamentable failures, a few only were partially successful in their attempts to reproduce them. We say partially, for in many cases a fine leaf was marred by stains, spots or blemishes occa- sioned bv the ravages of inspf*f«- -^r-.A oifi,^,i^i. „tx ;_„ z^ .^ [I L PHANTOM OR .SKELETON LEA VES. i>l have been perf keletonized and tlie shape preserved entire and beautiful, yei ,ese blemishes served to spoil the effect, and to destro^v iis valre for a bouquet. Many of the less particular artists did : ■'■ tate to nux a few such defective specimens in fbpii-i!rrai.gemc.-.,i; but most persons of correct taste preferred to i^roup gzP , .y their half-dozen perfect leaves under a small shade, than .o make a towerinrsho](l ot tlu' undertaking, must not (mly infiuence, but when disre- garded, unist render al)solutely futile, all subsequent steps in a process uliiel, niuier any ei.runistances is excee.Iingly tedious \\." may suppose that in her natural impatience to commeme her labors siu' has gath.-red up an ami,h« store of leaves, inane- ? I 60 PREPARI^'G LEA VES AND FLOWERS. %-:■ diately on tlit^ir attaining tht^ir full growtli. It is true tliat in this early preparation she has anticipated the attacks of destruc- tive insects, but the leaf will then be too immature to withstand the macerating process. The libers will be found too succulent and not sufficiently ligneous to sustain the pressure and hand- ling always necessary to produce a perfectly skeletonized leaf. After probably two months of patient watchfulness, she is con- sequently compelled to throw away her choice collection, the whole having become a mass of pulp, in which there is neither stem nor fiber to identify a single leaf. By this time the season has advanced and the foliage on the trei^s has undergone important changes. Many of the leaves, liaving lost their early succulency, have assumed a strong ligne- ous character. In place of excessive pulpiness, an undue i)ro- portion of fiber pervades the whole structure of the leaf. It has, in fact, become too old for maceration. In other cases the leaf has either been stung by an insect, and the channels through which the sap so mysteriously circulates having become obstructed by the poisonous infusion injected into thein, its shape becomes distorted, or its sui'face is disfiijured by blisters. Others have been attacked by a different tribe of enemies, who by half devouring the leaf, as effectually destroys it for the artist. The latter catastrophe invariably overtakes the foliage of the Elm, the Magnolia and the Ma.nle. These facts we have verified in our own experience; and having been compelled thus to learn them, the resulting knowledge was acquired only from ivpeated and trying disappointments. They make evident the impoitance of knowing the exact point in the season at wliich each leaf is in ])roper condition for the artist's hand. Another error (consists in i)lacing in the niac<>ratlng vessel many difr.'rpnt sorts (.!' le;iv.>s. without a knowledge of their chemical i)r()perties. For instance, thos.' (.f the Oak. ('hestnut. Walnut. P.ircli and Hickory contain so large a (piantity of tannin PREPARiyO LEa/ESAXD flowebs. 61 to render it almost ible tlit iiupossil way. If placed among other and more perishable leaves, the inlusion oi' tannin thus created will act as a preservative and entirely prevent their decomposition. The writer leanip'' these facts, to her cost, daring the first season's experiments. A few beautifnl Oak leaves were phiced among a large number of other varieties which were in course of preparation, and not until after months of patient waiting, watchfulness and handling did she discover the true cause of her disappointment, when it was too late in the season to repair the loss. The reader will at once per- ceive how important are these rules and cautions, thus placed at th(^ head of our directions. Throughout the Middle States by the fifteenth of June most of the desirable leaves will be found fully grown, and many of them are then old enough to gather. Elms, Swamp Magnolias, Maples. Deutzias, Pears, Silver Poplars and English Sycamores nujy be selected, but none but the firmest and most perfect leaves should be taken. These kinds may be placed together in open vessels and covered with soft water, and then set in a warm or sunny place in the open air. A broad weight nuiy be i)laced on the to]i, so as to insure continued immersion. A "nvspaper, doubled and laid over the top of tlie leaves, will ansv.er the same ])ur])ose as a weight '.;nd is ])erhaps l)ettei, as it kee])s its phu;e while the weiglit sometimes falls to the bottom o!" tlie vessel. The best vessel for the ])urpose is a common earthen jar with a wide mouth, the size to be proportioned to the quantity of leav to be macerated. •\t the ^ ')! six W'eeks the paper Uiay be remove'"* "" :i few of the leases carefully taken out fof examinat ., and pl::<< (1 in a basin of cleim wai-m water. To do liiis, thv j.iimaii hand \ lie best instrument; but r.s many jiersons inpy o^-' . t to thus (l.p{iing into what h:is now become an unpleasant mass of vegetable decomposition, a broad wooden spoon may be substi- u r^ m li PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS. tilted. Then, taking a leaf between tlie thumb and finger, immerse the hand in the warm water and press and rub tlie leaf either gently or firmly, according to the strength of its texture. Tliis rubbing i)rocess will remove the loose green matter from the surface and expose to view the fibrous network of the leaf. With those which are strongest, especially tlie Swamp Mag- nolias, a brush will be needed to efl'eetiuilly clean them— a soft tooth-brush will answer best— but in using a brush, the leaf should be laid in the palm of the hand, on a plate, or on any other surface equally fiat and smooth. This constitutes the first washing, and a few of the leaves will now be found perfectly clear. But to some of them thus washed and but partially cleared further care must be extended. It will therefore be necessary to have at hand a second vessel of water similar to the first, in which all such imperfectly skele- tonized leaves may be placed, where they must remain until finished, which, with all but the Swamp Magnolias, will i)rob- ably be two or three weeks longer. We may suppose that the artist has made a beginning wifli the leaves already mentioned in this chapter. On taking"^ them out of the macerating vessel and washing them as dire(!ted. she will find the Deutzias and Silver Poplars perfectly clean, and they should then be placed in a basin of clean water until all the contents of the macerating jar has been examined. A few of the Norway Maples will also be found perfectly prepared: but the majority of all contained in the jai- will still be only partially so. In the latter condition will be found the Sycamores, tie Silver Mai)les, the Elms and the Pears. These must, con- sequently, be dei)()sited in the second vessel, as before mentioned, to undei-go .still further macei-ation. The .Afagnolias will rei^nire another two or three montlis' soaking before the outer -idlde will become soft enough to remove; bit if more convenient, th-y PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS. 63 may be placed in the same vessel with those last named After covering these half-cleaned leaves ^^ith water, all in diff-ent stages of progress, they should be left in the same warm, sunny place to be finished. We may here remark, for the comfort of the learner who has persevered thus far in an operation which AMll be discovered to be decidedly unpleasant to her olfactory organs, that the most offensive portion of the labor is over at least with this particular set of leaves, as after having recei'ved tlieii hrst washing, they part with most of the putrefactive odors which have so long pervaded the air in the vicinity of the macerating jar. The clear and perfect leaves which were deposited in the clean water, a^^aiting a leisure hour to give them further atten- tion, may now be deprived of their moisture by .•arefully press mg them between the folds of a soft blotter until they are }.. .'•f<-c!l> dry. On no account let them be laid on a table, or other \) .1 surface, while in a wet state, as in drying they will Mdherc to It so closely as to tear in the effort t()\-emove them The Xorway Maple, being extremely delicate, will adhere, while wet, even to the hand, and great care must ^e exercised in removing its leaves to avoid tearing. It will be noticed that many of the leaves will lose their stems in passing thro ,.di the process; but the mode by which this deficiency is to be supplied will be explained in its proper place hereafter. When dried the leaves may be placed in boxes, ready for bleaching when the assortment has been completed. We append another metliod. which may not be so efficient but which IS more expeditious and not at all offensive • First dissolve four ounces of common washing soda in a quart of boil mg water, add two ounces of slacked quick-lime ..Hi l>o,l for about fifteen minutes. Allow the solution to cool- afterwards pour off all the clear licpior into a clean saucepan.' When this liquor is at its boiling lieat, place the leaves carefully i 64 BLKAcrnxr, i.k.\ iv-.x and seed vessels. ill the pail and hoi] flic wliolt' togt'tlier for an lioiii-. a(l(lill^■ from time to time t'iioui;ii water to make u]) for the loss by evapora- tion. The epidermis and piarenchj^ma of some leaves will more readih- sejiarate than those of others. T-^T BLEACHING LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS. h 6 -i— i_i. ^TTIYTP FIE next process, and on:' of great importance, is that of bleaching the leaves, flowers ond seed-vessels. It is an operation which requires the greatest care, as upon the perfect whiteness of all the component parts of a bouquet its beauty will depend. Xo matter how perfectly the leaves and seed-vessels may have been skeletonized, if they ar^ permitted to retain any shade of their original yellow they are deficient in beauty, at laist to the eye of the connoisseur. The first step in this part of the process is to procure proper bleaching materials. Many persons are entirely successful in the use of i'hloride of lime, while others prefer Labarraque's solution of chloride of soda, or Powers »t Wightman's. The former should be prepared for use in the following mannei- : Take a half pound of strong chloride of lime and place it in an earthen or other pitcher. Add three pints of soft, cold water and stir carefully with an iron s]W(m. pressing so as to mash the lumps well against the sides of the vessel. Keep it covered and allow it to stand in a cool place unti! the lime has precipitated =^ I, IJ' BLEACHING LEA VES AND SEED VESSELS. 65 upon the bottom of the pitcher, which will be done in about an lio.ir, except a small portion that may remain lioating on the surface. This should be removed with a spoon or skimmer after which the clear liquid should be poured off into a bottle' then corked up tightly and kept in a cool place. When ready to commence leaf bleaching, take a qlass jar, such as IS used for pickles or preserves, having a mouth wide enough to admit the largest leaf. First, select those intended to be whitened, but be careful not to place leaves and seed- vessels in the same jar; then with soft, clear water cover the leaves in the jar and add the bleaching solution, which is extremely powerful and should be diluted with from three to six times the quantity of water (soft), according to the texture of the leaves to be bleached. The jar should be covered tightly and set in a warm place. When coarse seed-vessels and stems are to be bleached, this proportion of the chloride of lime may be doubled, but the delicate leaves, and especially the Ferns, will be destroyed if the solution be made too strong. Labarraque s preparation of chloride of soda acts ^ently and more slowly, and being free from the caustic properties of the lime, is less likely to attack and corrode the delicate framework of the leaves. The quantity of this solution to be added to water must be double that of the first named preparation. It will whiten the flowers. Ferns and more tender of the seed-ves- sels, but it is not strong enough to act on those which are coareer and more ligneous. There is great difficulty, however, in pro- curing this preparation of the required freshness and strength, as its bleaching properties '"lepend entirely on the amount of chlorine contained in it; and this being a very volatile gas, it is readily lost by keeping a length of time, even when carefully corked and sealed. The best prei)aration for this purpose is Powers & Wight- man's. One bottle of this will whiten a large number of leaves, (U] BLK ACHING LKAVK8 AND 8KKD YKSSKLS. without injiiriii..- tli.- IHkt or milking tlie.ji lu-ittlf. as i.s the case witli the ohh.iide of lime. The proper proportion for mixing V ill he about half a leacupfui to a j.int of water. Thi.s will gen- erally whiten two .sets of leaves; that is, as soon as tho.se first put in are perfectly white, they may he taken out ami a second h)t placed in the same mixture. Sometimes, however, it will be necessary to achl a small quantity more, .say a tablespocmful, in ordei- to complete them. For amateurs, and even for accom- plished artists, a superior solution, thus ready i)repared will be found safer and more likely to insure perfect success than any preparation they will be al)le to comj)ound for themselves. The saving of trouble in using it will be quite a consideration. In i)utting the delicate leaves into the jar, care should be taken to aiiange them beforehand with the stems all pointing the same way, that is, downwards in tlie jar. The reason for this exists in the fact that the bleaching commences first at the bottom of the vessel; and as the thick stems and mid-ribs require more time to whiten than the lace-like portion of the leaves, it insuies their being satisfactoi-ily finished in a shoi-t time. A '|ar of leaves will usually require from six to twelve lumrs for bleach- ing: but as the jar is of glass, an outside inspection will enable tile operator to judge of the degree of whiteness without raising th<' hd until it may be time to remove them. When vhey are discovei-ed to be entirely white, they mnst be taken carefully out witli tlie hand and laid in a l)asin of clean, warm water. If suffered to remain too long in tlu^ jar tliey will become too tender for removal. They may then be thorouglily \v:isl„.,l trom the chlonne, by changing them several times in I ivsh water, a ft.r which tliey will be ready for tlieir final drying I Ins ,s accom])lished :.s before, by h.ying them })etween blo'tting pads; whde the more delicate ones, which are apt to curl in dry- ing, should now be laid between the leaves of a book until entirely dry. Tlie washing is a very inq)ortant part of tlie opera- BLEACniNO LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS fi7 ticn, as if not thorouglily done, the bouquet will soon become yellow and otheiwise discolored, .-ind tJius in the end lose its attractiveness and beauty as a juirlor ornament As before stated, it will be advisable to keep tlie seed-vessels separate Irom the leaves and to put them in - hem between the leaves of a book, th^re to remain until required for bleaching. When ready for that process, let the operator select such as she desires, and place them carefully in a jar causing them to curi around the sides rather than with stems downward, in order to avoid breaking the dry and brittle leaves The smaller separate leaflets may occupy the space in the center for t n • ^ 1 "'' ''' •^■"' '"'''' ""™ ^^'^^*-' '--"- room for the bleaching solution, in the T.roportion of half a teacupful of the solution to a pint of water. Cover the jar tightly and set ^'^W > ^.^a^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ ^ // // i^ %. f/. .<$> 0% " eZ ^% r^ >/ 1.0 t 1^ 1102.2 - Ki I I.I r '- IM 0/y//// PhntnoTQnliip Sciences Corporation 1.8 ^M ill u iim 23 WEST MAi.4 STREET WESSTcR,N.Y MSSO (716) 873-4S0:« 68 BLEACIIINO LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS. in a very warm place. After twenty-four Jiours, gently pour off the liquid and replace with fresh, mixed as before. They should remain in the second water about forty-eight hours, when this in like manner, will require to be clianged. In about three or tour days the Ferns will begin to whiten at the edges, and this whiteness will gradually extend itself over the entire surface of the spray, changing it from a dark, brownish green to the spot- less purity of a snowllake. Each one must be carefully taken out as soon as it is seen to be entirely white, without waiting for the whole contents of the jar to be finished. In the bleaching of a large spray, it sometimes happens that Its extremity, perhaps half of the entire length, will l,ecome per- fectly white, while dark spots remain on the upper or stem end In such cases it will be safest to take out the branch, and layin- It in a basin of water, cut off the white portion, and return the unhnished remainder to the jar. Afterwards, when both are ready for the bouquet, the two portions can be neatly united with gum arable. The process of changing the water will have to be repeated four or five times during the operkion of bleach- ing the same lot of Ferns, and the time required to whiten them completely will extend over a period of from one to two weeks The time depends on the varieties of Ferns which may be used as there is a wide difference in their susceptibilities, some bein^ wholly unfitted for this purpose. When the sprays are found to be entirely white, they must be taken from the jar with the fingers, always holding them by the stem, and laid in a broad basin of clean, warm water, where they should be allowed to remain for several hours They may be thoroughly rinsed by changing the water several timJs, but they will not l)ear handling in the same manner as will the skele ton leaves. When ready to be dried, take one spray 7 y the stem and lay it in a broad dish or basin of water, allowing it to float on the surface; then pass under it a sheet of unsized white BLEACHING LEA VES ASD SEED VESSELS. 69 1 paper, and in this way lift it out of the water. The spray will cling to the paper and assume its natural shape. Shoulcl any of the small side leaves become crooked or overlapped, they may be readily straightened by using the point of a pin to spread them out m proper shape upon the paper. To get rid of the supeiHuous moisture contained in the latter, lay the sheet first on a soft blotter for a few minutes. The blotL willl^^^^^^^^ most of the excess of water. After that it must be laid between iZ boolT ''"'' """""^"^ "^^'' P"^^^' ^^^ P^««««d When all the sprays have been thus removed and committed to the keeping of the book, a heavy weight should be placed on It, m order to insure their drying smoothly. If desirable, the drying may be accelerated by changing them, after a day or two into another book, or into new portions of the first When entirely dry, if some of the thinner varieties are found to adhere to the paper, they may be loosened by pressing the thumb nail on the under side of the paper. It is better, however, even after they are thoroughly pressed and dried, to keep them shut up in a book until wanted for the bouquet, as they have a tendency to curl when exposed to the air. The writer has given directions for the bleaching of Perns only by the new ..reparation of Powers & Wightman, as it has oeen prove, to be the most reliable compound Tor that purpose. She has fully tested chloride of lime, and finds it altogether too severe or these delicate tissues, while Labarraque's solution is much slower in its operation-one bottle of the new preparation being equal in strength to two of the article last named HE process of maceration has already been shown in the preceding pages. We have endeavored to give sncli clear and practical directions as will apply to all varieties of plants, but there are certain peculiari- ties which seem to be inherent in each particular leaf, se.d-vessel and flower, so as to call for specific direc- Tn . A .. /' '"^ °'"'^'' ^^""^ '"'"^'« ^'^y be insured with all Instead, therefore, of dismissing the subject widi a mere ist of eaves adapted to the purposes of the irt, and JvTng Ich r":of"tir T^V^^y'^^ P-""-ities for hersdHt ^rea cost of time and labor, we shall give a few general rules lie tl'Ttt Tf: ^"^ "^"^^^- ^'- learner'^^"al Ittilr I- ;. if '^'^"° "" '''' ^"^J^«^' '-^^d the minute paiticulars which follow will contribute largely to her successful de^- "ir of ^': r "'^ "^""^'"^"^"'^ ^^^ accomplny th reaTr t?r T'" "' '^" ""^' ^"^P^^'^^"^' ^^^^ ^^^^le the reader to determine the names of doubtful varieties. This splendid genus of trees .les.rves to be placed at the head ot our list of those plants whos3 leaves are 70 I'e well adapted \< PLAM'S fon -^KhLETU.MZiya 71 the purposes of our art. Its varied species are to be found on the eastern shores of both the great continents of North America and Asia. The United States produces no less than eight varieties, while China and Japan have four or live. Neither Europe, Africa nor South America can offer a single species of indigenous Magnolia. The different varieties of Chinese Magnolia have, with one or two exceptions, been acclimated with us, and are to be found in most of our ornamental shrubberies, their lovely white and purple blossoms and spicy fragrance, together with the neat and regular appearance of the tiaes themselves, making them Gen- eral favorites. Most of the Chinese varieties will answer" for our purpose, but we give preference to the following : First, {Magnolia conspicua.) This variety blossoms during April in the Middle States, and by the Chinese is called the Lily Tree, from its lily-shaped flowers of a creamy white color. The leaves arrive at perfection in June, and may be gathered for maceration between the loth of that month and the middle of September. After that time the ravages of insects begin to show themselves. Magnolia Purpurea and Magnolia Soulangianna are purple varieties of Chinese origin, and may be gathered and treated as the above-named. From four to six weeks will generally be long enough for their perfect maceration, when they can he readily cleaned by the aid of warm water and rubbing between the thumb and finger. (Uiucticati 6iuamp SHagttofia. {MiigiioH.t glaum.) {Ficf. No. 1.) This is the fra-rant wild Magnolia, which blooms in June, and is found in great profusion in the swamps I n 72 i; PLA.\T3 FOR SKELETONIZING. and marshes of New Jersey. ^Vhen transplanted to the garden the leaves are produced in great perfection, while their size is increased by cultivation. They are in perfection at the time of blossoming, and on no account should be gathered later, as after that time they become too tough and abound with invisible stings of insects, which injuries, not becoming apparent until after the cleansing process has been completed, the otherwise beautiful leaf will be found covered with small black spots which can neither be whitened nor removed. These leaves require three or four months to macerate, and may then be brushed with a tooth-brush to remove the little cellular particles which fill up the interstices and which give to tuem a thick and cloudy appearance. {Abele.) {Fig. No. 3.) This leaf is one of the most desirable, as well as most easily cleaned since it requires but four or five weeks to macerate, and has a strong fiber. The leaves of this tree present much variety of shape, and the sizes of those which are matured vary from half an inch to four inches in length. They may be gathered as early as the 1st of June, and generally remain free from spots until September. Avoid the foliage of the suckers which are frequently found growing vig ously around the parent tree, as the fibers of such leaves are too weak and tender for our purpose. They will lose their stems by maceration, but these may be replaced, as diiected in a previous chapter. fllapc.v fopfat. (Populiia trchciili,.) _ The leaf of this tree is larger than that of the preceding and IS also nioi'e delicate. It may be gathered in June or July, and ,will require about a month to macerate. Great care will be necessary in handling them. Ah IS of er le 11 36 ts »e II 'I 4 if li PLANTS FOR SKKLETOMZIXO 73 {Liriodendroa tuUpifera.) £om6ar«>y ^opfat. (^pulvi jiyramuialiM.) Both these may be gathered early in summer, and should be treated like the Aspen Poplar. (AcfT platoTwides.) {Fifj. No. I^.) The most beautiful of the Maple family in shape and general adaptability to the present purpose. A single branch taken from one of these trees will present great variety In size and shape, the sm;ill leaves at the extremities cleaning quite as perfectly as the largest. They should be gathered by the 20th of June, ceicainly nof kter than the middle of July. They will be finished. in a">our six weeks, losing their stems, as is invariably th.^ case with all Maples. The Silver Maple may be treated by the same rule. {Fig. No. 16. Willow.) These two desirable leaves may be gathered in July, and will macerate in from six weeks to two months. They need very careful haniling, or brushing with a camel's hair brush on a i^late. Suropcait Su cat-note. {Acer pxfudo- platanus.) {Fir/. No. 6.) A beautiful leaf, in shape somewhat resem- bling the Norway Maple but possessing a firmer and thicker texture. It must be secured early in June, as by the close of that month it becomes unfitted for our use, and but fev^ of those collected after the 20th of June will come out entirely free from 74 !!! PLANTS FOR SKELET0M7AN(h Clouds or blemishes. About two months will complete their maceration. {Fig. No. 5. English A^h.) There are several species of this family which are admirably adapted for our object Of these, the Flowering Ash {Ornnx Europims) and tiie English Ash are the most beautiful. They will become clear and per- fectly skeletonized in about six weeks after gathering, which may be done In July and August. Suerfa^l-in.j ^I'ca, or efiicfif.i.cj <^ztck. (Lathy run ) {Fig. No. 11.) This pretty garden perennial, with an abun- dance of deep pink blossoms, is too well known to need descrip- tion. The leaves may be gathered at any time during summer and require but a few weeks for maceration. They lose their stems. The graceful tendrils of this vine may also be placed in water with the leaves and after remaining some weeks the outer cuticle can be easily removed without untwisting the curl and these, when bleached, will be found ornamental to the bouquet especially where the design adopted consists of a vine. ©fvM-. The leaves of this beautiful tree must be gathered very early Indeed, so soon do the caterpillars begin their ravages, ^that in some sections of the country, before the leaf is strong enongh for the purpose of the skeletonizer, it is too much eaten to be worth collecting. June or July will answer, if anv perfect leaves are then to be found. They will macerate in about four weeks and, being very delicate, will need the greatest care. If the leaf be laid on a plate, or something similar, a camel's hair pencil will remove the softened particles, leaving the liber clean, to be '.i -^4 r;= PLAJfTS FOR SKELETONIZING. 75 foweTjfr^"'' '''^ '"" °' "^^^' ^"^ '^^" ^^'^ --^""y - a The Evergreen Elm ( Ulmus sempervipcns) {Fig. iVo 10) is a season of the year, requiring about three months for its perfect clearing. A native of France and is rare in America. . J^« .f"" ^-^ T^"^ ""^ '^^ "^^'' ^"^'^^^^"l ^'"''^^l leaves we can ized in tt '% ' "/"'^' '''^^^ ""^ '"^ ^^^'^-^^y skeleton- ized in three or four weeks, without losing their stems. These graceful httie leaves, with serrated edges, fc. .a beautiful wreaths and spntys, either for black velvet crosses or to be twined around the base of a bouquet. "^"uiiu Deutzia Gracilis, another variety of this desirable garden plant, requires somewhat longer for its perfect preparation. These leaves contain a slight portion of tannin and had better be kep separate from other kinds. A few drops of muriatic acid added o the water in which they are placed for maceration ^ill hasten the procesa They may be gathered in July and will require several months to become completely skeletonized. "DM-cprf Seat, Sa^aafxa* at^ Qikhcc. n,nif^;^'- '-^ ^^'^'" ^^ ^"'y- ^^^ '«q^i^« ^bout two months to macerate. {Fig. No 7.) The common annual blooming dark velvet Rose furnishes the best description of leaves for our purpose They should be gathered in July before the insects have sZg them and will require about two months' soakinp- Thev are very delicate and must be brushed on a plate. ..^-^ 76 PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZING. (Chionanthus Virginica.) Gather in July. Will be ready for cleariug in about two months. (Aristolochia tomentosa.) This is a rather coarse vine, of rank growth, well suited for covering unsightly buildings or decaying trees. It bears a curi- ous wiiite blossom, shaped somewhat like a pipe, whence it takes its homely name. The leaves are heart-shape, of thick and woolly texture, but the skeletons they produce are so exceedingly beautiful as to make them indispensable to a com- plete collection. They should be taken from the vine not earlier than the middle of July, and perfect specimens may be obtained as late as the middle of September— probably about the first of August will be the best time. Select the finest and oldest leaves. Some of them wUl be clear in four weeks after immer- sion. 3uu. {Fig. m. 17.) These much admired leaves may be gathered at any time durir.'- tl o year, always selecting those a year old m preference to the younger growth of the present season. The Ivy leaf, like some others, has a tough outer cuticle on each side between which the fibrous skeleton is concealed, the interme- diate space being tilled with the green cellular matter common to all leaves. During the process of macei-ation this green sub- stance becomes dissolved, though the outer skin remains whole and entire. When taken from the macerating vessel and laid in the clean water for cleansing, this skin will present the appear- ance of a bladder tilled with green watei'. By puncturiug, or gently tearing the skin on one or l)oth sides of the leaf, the water will escape and the perfect skeleton will Moat out. ready for gi 1:1 W I .. f. I PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZING 77 rinsing and drying. Four or iive weeks will be sufficient to allow for their preparation, althougli some varieties require a lew weeks longer. cKofft {Fig. No. m.) This leaf is quite difficult to clear properly, owing to the tough outer cuticle adhering so tenaciously to the thorns on the edges, as to tax the ingenuity and patience of the operator in removing the one without breaking off the other. For this reason most amateurs give up after the first attempt and content themselves with more beautiful and less troublesome subjects. About three months is the time necessary for skele- tonizing them; and being evergreens, they may be gathered at any time. Wistaria. Bignonia, Greenbrier and Wild Yam— all vines that are tolerably well known— may be skeletonized by the usual process in from six weeks to three months, and should be gath- ered about the middle of July. Of greenhouse plants, the leaves of Camellia Japonica, Cape Jasmine, Laurestina and Caoutchouc may be done after months of soaking. A shorter process, however, which some parties prefer for all descriptions of leaves to the slower method which we have adopted, is found to answer well for these particular species. Their tough epidermis requires something more than the ordinary sluggish operation of water and summer heat to soften and remove them. The process consists in boiling them for several hours in strong soapsuds, using the ordinary chem- ical soap of the shops. This will generally succeed with these last named plants, but for those which are tender and delicate, as before described, it is too severe. Besides this, the chemical properties of the soap affect the leaf in so peculiar a way as to inci ase the difficulty of bleaching; and notwithstanding all possible care be taken to II I'l.; Sli: PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZINO wash after the boiling process is over, enough of the refractory element remains to defeat all attempts to make the leaf perfectly and permanently white. Therefore, while we mention the pro- cess as an item of information due to the learner who desires to understand the whole routine, and to test for herself the various modihcations of practice now in use, yet we prefer and still adhere to our own formula, as at first described. We consider It tne best, and by far the most reliable, although it is unques- tionably slow and tedious in all its various processes In concluding our list of these, the most desirable leaves that have so far come under oui own observation, we would bv no means limit the researches and experiments of other artlts Different locahties will unquestionably furnish different speci^ mens and thus their collections may be greatly enlarged by he adoption of new and more beautiful leaves. Is a general rule to governin the selection of appropriate subjects for experi- S fl' IT ' ''"^^ ^""^ "°°'^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^--' rather fha. thick fleshy leaves, whose veins or ribs may be soft and juicy Avoid, also, those which have veins traversing the lea in a longitudinal direction, inste^a of forming a network ti sue radiating from the mid-rib to the outer edges of the leaf The ^oTTf ry''''"'^'°""'' '''' J-«--« exogenous varie- ties of leaf s ructure. As an example of the endogenous, we may cite the leaves of different kinds of Lilies. If put into Z macerating vessel, a few days, or a week, will be Sufficient to reduce them to a mass of pulp, resembling a bunch of thread or strings with apparently no connecting framework to hold the discoverer '^ " ''™- '^^-P--^--d eye can in most case discover the character of the leaf under observation, by merely holding It up against the light, when the veinwork will be plainly perceptible, and its value decided by the closeness or coarseness of its vascular structure. PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZINO. 79 We add the foUowing as having been successfully skele- tonized : Horse Chestnut {^sculus hippocastanum). Kentucky Coffee Tree [Oinnocladus Canadensu). Flowering Pear {Pyruc Japonica). Andromeda. Rose Acacia {Robinia Tiispiaa). Witch Hazel {Hamamelis Virgi7iica\ said to be very beauti- lul; should be gathered early. Wild Cherry {Cerasus serotina). Sugar Berry {Celtis occidentalis). Fi-axinella Dictamnus. Franciscea,— very beautiful. Erythrina Crystigalla. Virgilia Lutea. Matronia. Barberry {Berberis aristata, and purpurea). Mountain Laurel {miododendron) Box. Butcher's Broom {Ruscus hypophyllum). L J 0^^MMMMMimMMMMMM^m^^ y ^eed Ve^^el^. IFFERENT varieties of the Ground Cherry family {Physalis) are entitled to particular notice. The peculiar characteristic of this family of plants is the berry, enclosed in a bladder-like receptacle. These berries are about the size of the cherry, with color yellow, red or purple, and having a pleasant, sweet taste. The green covering becomes of a yellowish color when the fruit is ripe, and they fall to the ground together, when the curious case will soon become perfectly skeletonized by contact with the damp ground. But as they are very liable to be eaten by insects while on the ground, it is much better to gather them as soon as they fall and place them in the ma( erating vessel, allowing the berry inside to remain until softer 3d. in order to avoid tearing the delicate little bladder. Twc ,)r three weeks will be Ion- enough to allow for their preparation. Thov may be washed by passing rapidly to and fro in hot water, when the softened berry may be pressed out, then dried with a soft bioiter. Some species lose their stems and may be prepared for the bouquet by using the gummed thread, being r-arefu! to bend gracefully, so us to give the effect of drooping. 80 SEED VESSELS. 81 (Ptelia trifoliata.) , lif '•''k ^°' "■* , ™'^ '" " membranous capsule surrounded by a leafy boraer, winch after about two weeks' soakinK becomes very lace-l ke and beautiful. Befor. bleaching, the eed Tay be removed by making an incision on one side ;f the capsule One of the most desirable and showy for this purpose The blue Nicandra should be cultivated by all makers of the Phan torn Bouquet^ The calyx of the plant, enclosing first the flower aad afterwards the seed capsule, is of a curious baUoon shape of bright green until the seed is ripe, when it becomes browniL' Each one has a tough stem, which is retained through macera' tion, and is attached to the stalk of the plant, the iftter bei^g covered by the calyxes, at a distance of an inch apart, quiti to the end of the bmnch. This calyx seems to be form^d^ of five distinct divisions, like leaves, which, when pressed open and bent in proper shape, has after bleaching, every appearance of a flow-er To increase the variety in the bouquet, they can be used both in their natural form to represent buds, or in the way described They require about three weeks to macerate, when they may be cleaned in hot water, aided perhaps by the tooth- brush. A whole branch may be done without separating from the mam stem. e ""* %ho^n eippfo. : ^ame^toM.M, ^ccb. (Datura Stramonium.) A well-known rank wayside weed, very poisonous to the taste but not to the tourh 6 Thf^ £n1 „ „"U IT 1 .-» - - 82 SEED VESSELS. rip ', and soaked about six weeks, when by the aid of a stiif brush, the beautiful skeleton will appear. When bleached, they resemble carved ivory, and are much admired in the bou- quet. The only drawback to their value is their tendency to become brown agaii. after bleaching. For this reason we have entirely discarded them. (Echijwsystis.) This is one of the most curious specimens in our list of beau- tiful seed-vessels. It is said to grow in abundance in the neigh- borhood of Boston, bearing a profusion of seed. The seed-ves- sels vary in size from an iLoh to nearly two inches in length and about half that in thickness. They become perfect skeletons on the vme, where they should be allowed to remain until the frost has opened them and dropped the seed. If not entirely clear when gathered, they may be completed by a few weeks' soaking They form beautiful vase-like receptacles for the base of the bouquet, and as they retain their whiteness, are exceUent sub- stitutes for the Stramonium burrs. SoGcfla. The little wild species is very beautiful, with its delicate globes set along the stem. About three weeks will do for them when they will become clear by passing to and fro in a basin of hot water. S>huU Sap. {Scutellaria.) These delicate clusters of seed-vessels may be skeletonized i.i twr or three weeks, and cleared in the same way as the Lobelia. i i HEED VEStiELS. 83 Sficff-oFfovuer. (Phyioii Concha.) A curious shell-shaped calyx, with four seeds which remain in the extreme point of the horn. The plant is rare and rather difficult to cultivate. It seems to belong to the Sage family and has an aromatic odor when pressed. The calyx is very delicate and will macerate in ten days or less. When seen in a group of Phantom Leaves, they somewhat resemble the Convolvulus blossom. The cultivated garden varieties will macerate in a week or two. The fiber does not remain very perfect, at least in a gen- eral way, as it is apt to tear by removal of the inner skins But the star-shaped summit of the capsule looks well upon the velvet cushion. The black lines which radiate from the center may be removed by aid of a pin, when a beautiful lace-work appearance will be imparted to it. Sltaffovui. Several varieties. The common garden Mallows, with calyx enclosing seeds, are the prettiest. They grow in clusters, and if suffered to remain until a frost, will become skeletonized on the plant. {Fig. No. 13.) The well-known garden species— the bunches should be left on the plant until late in September, in order to become firm. Separate into small bunches, leaving not more than four or five in a cluster. They will require about ten or twelve \7eeks for maceration, and may then be cleansed by pass- ing to and fro in hot water, changing the water frequently as it becomes filled with Ic-ati rkorfioirvo t^ . — „„ j? .-, ^ >__ ' i' *-~- ^' :5u:.:u ui iiic ieu.Vt;s are I n 84 SKKD VESSELS j separate,!, they can easily be repkcecl v. IMi gum arable after bleaching. ^fi^bravvgca Quct^ofio-: ©afi-£eauei> 9Ci^bra^gca. {I^ig. No. U.) This is a tougher and coarser species, com- posed of four flat petals. It requires longer time to macerate than the Hydrangea Hortensia, but should be gathered as soon as tne bunches begin to turn brown on the tiee. A brush will be necessary to clear properly. The seed-vessels of the several species of these, including the Canterbury Bell, a.e much admired in the bouquet, although not so delicate as the Lobelia, which they resemble. Some vari- eties will become sufficiently prepared on the plant and only require blea<;hing, but others require two or three weeks' maceration. To the above list the foUowing may be added: Black Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger). English Monkshood {Aconitum Napellus). Toad Flax {Oolutea arlorescens) Wild Salvia. Figwort {Scrophularia nodosa). Jerusalem Cherry {Solanum pseudo-capsicum). Bladder Nut {Staphylea trifoUa). Safflower: False Saffron {Carthamus tinctoria). False Pennyroyal {Isanthus cerula). Lily ot the Valley: The dried Flowers. In concluding these instructions in the art of preparing and completing the Phantom Bouquet, we have endeavored to be plain and practical in every particular, seeking not only to direct the learner in her experiments, but also to guard her against the mistakes and disappointments which must invariably attend the labors of the unassisted amateur. When the first bouquets appeared for sale in this country he admiration they excited awakened a general curiosity as Jo tae process by which they were produced. Inq.aries were addressed to the editors of some of our scientific journals, but they could answer only according .o their o^^n very limited knowledge of the art ; and hence this occasional information was exceedingly vague and unreliable, and, indeed, it often misled the learner, resulting in discouragement to some and in entire disgust to others. The writer has here given her own practical rules and ideas, adopted from actual experience, and no careful learner need hesitate to follow in her footsteps. But, however invaluable instruction may be to the beginner, personal experiment will be found indispensable. We cannot write up the amateur to the position of an artist. Yet a desire to reach the status of the latter will stimulate to exertion and perseverance, and these with ordinary taste and skill, will surely be rewarded with suc- cess. None, therefore, whose love for the truly beautiful in art IS deep and strong, and whose aspirations for eminence are decided and sincere, will permit a few early discourp-ements to turn them aside from the undertakino- =1 ill; LEAF PRINTING, - V AJs^ times it will be desired to make impressions of the skeletonized leaves, either for preservation as curiosities in the scrap book or photograph album, for transmission by mail as specimens of the art, or for the engraver to reproduce on wood. The making of these impressions directly from the leaves, though an exceedingly simple process when (,nce understood, requires much care and skill to learn. Whoever may undertake to pro- duce them, should call in, if possible, the aid of some friend who hus a practical knowledge of printing, as the processes by which books and newspapers are printed are all applicable to leat printing. with nVr u' ";■ '*'"""" P™""-" » ^V'«n(:l „t printer's ink and «tJ.ac.-,«e.kn,te.„i.ead a small quantity over half the .surface of a marble slab about a foot square. Wh«, . ^rjino- tl ■ ■••,k sightly blotch For taking impressions, thin letter paper will be found the bes , If ,t be nicely glazed and free from ridges or water-marks It should hrst be cut into pieces about the desired sizes, and then s .Ah l.v sprinkled with .lean water, say two or three pieces first On these as m.ny dry ones should be laid, and fnev sprinkled int 1 he whole quantity has been sprinkled. Let (he pile lie lor Jialf an hour, or until tl ' ■ LEAF PRINTING. Then take the pieces, one at a time, and turn them over, placing the hrst on a board, and the others on top of the first, but shift ing them about as they are turned; that is, if a very wet end or corner is observed in one piece, turn the piece around so that the excessively wet places shall come in contact with dryer surfaces in the new pile. Be particular to smooth all wrinkles with cUe back of the thumb nail. If the paper has been made too wet the accident can be lemedied by interposing dry pieces betwe-n two wet ones. When the whole has been turned, put a slight weight on the pile to press all down smooth, as much depends on having the paper in perfect order. Being now ready to commence the printing, a leaf is placed on a smooth board, with its under side uppermost, as there the leafy veins or ribs are more prominent than on the upper side The roller having been charged with ink, it is rolled to and fro over the leaf until the latter is seen to have received a sufficient supply. Three or four times going over will generally be enough. Then lay the leaf with the inked side down, on the top sheet of the damp paper pile, and over it place a double sheet of dry paper, press on with the left hand so tightly that the leaf shall not move, and with the thumb nail of the right hand rub pretty hard over th whole leaf. This pressure of the thumb n: =1 will transfer the ink on .he leaf to the surface of the damp paper and If the inking has been carefully done, a clear and distinct impression wid be obtained. All the leaf impressions contained in this volume were taken for the engraver by the process described above. i g 'b^b:»-»^i>:KEh:EEEELEtEEE§EtEl.i.kLt^EWEEEEEKb^| etaraJmtt, beeeeeeeeeeeeeeee' s^saaaaalaHaaaaaala ^^ gancies. It is not necessary to have costly furniture, expensive pictures, fine paintings, elegant draperies, or Haviland and A\ edgewood wares to produce pleasant effects; but have the colors harmonize and have nothing too good to use Violent contrasts should generally be avoided; yet sometimes, if well <-hosen, they produce a more pleasing effect than severe har- mony. In the furnishing of a home, there is at present an a^sthetlc mania for adornment; but rich, warm colors, and hnnd- scrne furniture always maintain their pre-eminence, however laihiou niav chanue. for The Chi,. f features to be ol)seived In house-furnishing are color, HOME DECORATION. out tlie .same ulea as to color and form m the whole. It is not luM .;\ T '^'^^'";^f«"'^ ^'^ -^« -P--^; the arrangements shnuk all be done with odd pieces. Every room in the house sliould he arranged for occupancy, having nothing too good for use and the judicious housewife will follow a medium course and adopt no extreme of fashion. 2« «^vle and arrangement of the furniture should correspond o th size of the room, with a due regard to the place a piece of unmne or ornament will occupy. The order of arrangement m furnishing is subject to individunl taste, but the following suggestions may not be inapTiropriate :— In decorating a dining-room, deep, rich tones should be used -a drawing-roon. or parlor should have bright, cheerful shades -m a library use deep, rich colors, which give a sense of worth -a sleeping-room or chamber- should have light, pleasing tints which give a feeling of repose. '^smg tints, The hall being the index to the whole house, due care should, therefore, be given to its furnishing. Light colors and gilding^ should be avoided. The wall and ceiling decorations now mosth used are in dark rich colors, shaded in maroons, or deep red^. Plain tinted walls and ceilings in fresco or wainscot are also fre- quently used. The latest shades of hall paper come in wood-colors, dark ohve-greens, stone-colors and grays, in tile. Arabesque, land- scape designs, and with these are used a corresponding dado and friezp. '^ _ A tile or inlaid wood floor is the most appropriate: but if circumstances ,io lu.t admit of one of tliese, a floor stnined -i dee],, ^.„„d-brov^■n. baseboard and UKaihlings to co, ,n,.\ m-.v be substituted, when India matting and rugs may W used ' ' ' The colors now in vogue for hall carpets are crin.sons, or Pompenan reds, with small figures of moss green and peacock blue. The -revailing shades of the walls and lloor should be mcorpora' i tlie stair carpet. If the i.all IS narrow, none but the most essential pieces of urniture should be used; but if wide enough, there may be a lounge placed against one of the walls, an old-fashioned\-lock of the cuckoo style, set in a quiet corner, two high-backed chairs upholstered in leather, a table, an umbrella-stand placed near the door, a jardinier filled with tropical plants, set near the foot of the stairway, and a hall-mirror with a deer's head and antlers placed above it, and a wooden or marble slab nnderneaf h The slab should be covered with a Roman scarf, allowin- a fall of twelve inches at each end. The hat-rack must also'find a place. Family portraits or a few well-selected pictures, are appropriate for these walls. ^ If the door -lights are not stained glass, lace shades in designs Ox birds, cupids and garlands of flowers are used; also etchings in various colors and designs are worked on different fabrics Crimson silk shades, lined with black netting, are very desir- able, as the light penetrating through them fills the hall with a rich, subdued glow. L The furnishing of the parlor should be subject to its archi- tectural finish. The first things to be considere 1 are the walls and floor. The former may be decorated in fresco or paj.ered according to individual taste and means. The latest styles of parlor paper come in light tints of gray, olive, pearl a^id laven- der grounds, and in small scroll patterns, panels, birds and vines, finished m heavy gold ti-.-iceries, with dado and frieze to correspond most I'l^ets 5tly 92 HOME DECORATIOIiS. Tapostry and Axminster. A tapestry carpet in light canary ground, Avitli clusters of Lotus or Begonia leaves, makes a charming backgrounu to almost all the colors generally used in upholstery. In selecting the furniture, the first thoughts should be given to its true worth. Chairs and couches should be chosen for comfort rather than for style. They should be of solid make, easy, graceful, and of good serviceable colors and materials. The most serviceable woods to select in frames are ebony, oak, mahogany, cherry and walnut. These frames are finished in different styles, plain, carved, inlaid and gilt, and are uphol- stered in all shades of satin, plush, rep, silk and velvet brocade, and India goods. These come at prices within the means of a glender purse. That slippery abomination in the shape of hair- cloth furniture should be avoided. The latest design in parlor furniture is in the Turkish style, the upholstery being made to cover the frame. Rich Oriental colors in woolen and silk brocades are mostly used, and t-he trim- mings are cord and tassels, or heavy fringe. Formerly the i)arlor appointments were all in sets and pairs, but this fashion is no longer observed, as the most tastefully arranged parlor has now no two pieces of furniture alike; but two easy chairs placed opposite each other are never out of plai?e. Here may stand an embroidered ottoman, there a quaint little chair, a divan can take some central position, a cottage piano, covered with some embroidered drapery, may stand at one end of the room, while an ebony or mahogany cabinet, with its panel mirrors and quaint brasses, may be placed at the other end, its racks and shelves affording an elegant display for pretty pieces of bric-a-brac. iVfaible topped center tables are no longer in use. Tables in inlaid woods, or hand painted, are used for placing books and albums on. A ; ill .,...«4^,..l :« HOME DECORATIONS. 93 gilt, may stand near a window or wall. The mantel mirror, with its beveled edges and small racks arranged on each side, looks very effective when decorated with pretty oddities— ferns, grasses and pieces of old china. A jardinier filled with living plants and placed n-^x a bay window, makes an elegant ornament. Care should be taken iu arranging that the room is not over- crowded. There should be a few good pictures, or painted plaques mounted in plush, hung on the wall; a portrait may be placed on a common easel, and draped with a scarf in old gold or peacock blue, and tiny lambrequins, painted or embroidered, may hang beneath a bracket supporting a bust or flower vase. An embroidered scarf with fringed ends may be placed on the back of a chair or sofa in place of the old-fashioned lace tidy. A sash made of small pieces of bright colored plush or silk in crazy work may be flung across the table, the ends drooping very low. The mantel-piece may be covered with a correspond- ing sash, over which place a small clock as center piece, and arrange ornaments on each side— statuettes, bannerettes, flower- holders, small Japanese fans, pieces of odd china, painter! can- dles in small sconces, may all find a place on the mantel. Window curtains of heavy fabric, hung from brass or plush- mounted poles, may be gracefully draped to the sides, while the inner lace ones should hang straight and be fastened in the cen- ter v\ith some ornament or bow of ribbon, corresponding in shade to the general tone of the room. The straight shades next to the glass may correspond in tone to the outside walls, or window facings; but this is a mere matter of taste. White or light tinted shades, finished in etching or narrow lace, are always in vogue. The dado shades are the latest innovation in window decora- tions. These come in all colors, from the lightest to the darkest shades, with dadoes in tile. Arabesque, and fresco patterns, fin- ished in lacts fringe and brasses, s tz/t.-ovco vourcain aoois; uuve aUxwraeued folding doors. 94 HOME DECORATIONS. These should be in shades to contrast .*ith the general blending of all the colors in the room. The fabrics mostly used are India goods, but they may be made of any material, from expensive to pestries, satins and plushes, to ten-cent factory cottons. These curtains, if made from striped tapestry and Turcoman, will give the finishing artistic touches to almost any room, but the last softening polish comes only from the genial presence of trailing and climbiug vines. The preceding suggestions for furnishing and arranging a room v/ill be found of value to most of those who are making homes for themselves; but the following suggestions may be practicable to t>ose of smaller means: ''I have known a young niu'i," says an authority, "who had but twenty-five dollars to furnish his room, and he made such a den that no one could enter it without envying him. The room was entirely bare when he took jiossession. The first thing he did was to take down the common-place marble mantel. Being handy with tools, he built oi.e of white pine, with a high, broad shelf and several smaller shelves the whole covering the chim- ney-piece. Then he painted the wood-work black, and the brick a dark red. A pair of andirons cost him a dollar and fifty cents. The walls he colored a Pompeiian red, in calcimine; two pieces of plain olive green wall paper furnished the dado. Pine strips painted black made the mouldings, and above this were tacked Japanese fans for a frieze. Now for the floor ! A carpet was impossible, so the next best thing was lO stain the floor. Two pounds of stain were bou,t,ht for sixty cents, and the floor received two good coats. A thick bright-colored rug was bought for seven dollars, and looked exceedingly pretty when laid on the dark floor. For window curtains he bought dark brown Canton flannel at twelve cents per yard, and finished with a dado of old gold Canton flannel. The curtain poles and win- i rviir •xtrciY*£^ T\m ryf -rl V\lor»lr t:^^ /i^u^ iL/WlilllX V iXl. XJVJi HOME DECORATIONS. 95 cabinet, with innumerable shelves and brasses, battered and stained by time and use; this he polished up with liie aid of an old felt hat, pumice stone and linse':d oil, for the small f ^st of thirty cents, and an old mahogany table, bought for three dollars, was treated in the same mai ner. This was covered with Canton flannel the same shade as the curtains, and trimmed with a band of old gold fabric. An old-fashioned mirror, the gift of his grandmother, was placed above the mantel, with pea- cock feathers stuck all around it. A pair of brass candlesticks from his grandfather, did duty as mantel :;rnaments, with a neighboring pair of Japanese vases which cost twenty-five cents. A few engravings and one or two etchings hung on the walls, the frames of white pine shellaced, and each cost, without the glass, thirty cents. Japanese fans were placed on the walls at irregular intervals, and made bright bits of color. For fifty cents apiece he bought three battered up chairs, which he painted black and yellow in imitation of black and old gold. The gas fixture in the room was an unsightly object, but a new one was out of *^ie question. Again Japan came to the rescue, and a rose-colored umbrella was purchased and fastened on to the pipe, handle upwards, so that when the gas was lighted it tVirew a delicate roseate hue over all who sat beneath. ''The window was- filled with Alpine plants, and the walls and pictures festooned with ivies and creepers. "The effect of the room was exceedingly pretty, and no one could believe that it had not cost a large sum of money to fur- nish and arrange it." A0(Ve Sittivvg-ci'ioovM.. The sitting or every-day room should be the brightest and the most attractive room in the house. Its beauty of decoration should not lie so much in the rich- W ' ' 1 1 ?■ ; ll i n= 96 nOMf-: VKCORA Ti OXS. n the liarmony of its tints — the main feature being the fitness of e'^ch article to tl>e needs of the room. In these days of so many advantiges mucli can be done in adornment by simple means. The wall-papers mostly used come in grounds of cream, umber, rose, pale olive, favn, ciel blue and light gray, with designs an!'-1fnf UOME DECORATIOyS. 101 folding Japanese screen — or a less expensive one may be made by getting the frame made, then covering it with cloth or thick paper, and decorating it with Japanese figures, flowers, or any- thing that fancy may suggest— is very pretty. A rug should be placed in front of the bed and dressing-case, to save the carpet, and pretty wall pockets filled with flowers, ferns, or mosses, may be placed on the walls with good effect. '5§f, ve- ,-SHc ^lunvg-c^Vooviv. The dining-ro>m should be furnished with a view to con- venience, ricliness and comfort. Choose deep, rich grounds for the walls — bronze, maroon, black, Pompeiian red and deep olive — and the designs and traceries in old gold, olive or moss green, with dado and frieze to coiTespond. But in these days of mod- ern improvement tlie dining-room walls and ceilings are wain- scoted with oak, walnut, maple, etc. Some are finished in plain panels with different kinds of wood, otliers again ave elaborately carved in fruit, flowers, and emblems of the chase. This somber style of wall finish is very handsome if the room commands a sunny situation; but if on the dark side of the house, a generous share of gildinp, to throw np lights and brighten the room is very desirable in the wall decorations. The floor is the next point for consideration. It may be of tile or laid in alteinate strii)s of different colon d woods, with a border of parquetry. Rugs or carpets may be used on thes? floors, or dispensed with, r.ccording to taste. If a carpet is used,, the dark, rich shades found in the Persian and Turkish designs should be chosen. The window drapery should bc^ those deep, rich coloi's that hold their own il<'s])iff tinif nnd tisc flit pomegranates, the ri( h crimsons, the dark blues, the dull Pompeiian r(>(ls and the soft olives. These curtains may be hung on poles, and should fall 102 nOME DECOR ATIOXS. ill heavy folds to the lloor, tlien loo])ed buck witli ii wide embroid- ered dado. Screens of staint^d glass are now used in the windows; they .are both useful and ornanienta", for they exclude the strong rays of the sun, and the light lilteiing througii them beautilies the room with its many mellf)\.- hues. Dark woods should be used for the furniture; the chairs should be chosen in square, solid styles, and upholstered in embossed or plain leather, with an abundance of bra?^ s or silver- headed nails, which are used for upholstering Isather and add much to the substantial appearance of the articles. The dining-table should be low, square or bevel-cornered, heavily carved, and when not in use should be covered with a cloth corresponding in shade to the window drapery. The bor- der may be embroidered in some aesthetic design — a handful of scarlet Poppies droi)ped on one side, a corner adorned with a cluster of languid Lilies, and a Sunflower wrought in old gold and umber may be left on another corner. Pretty designs in etching may also be introduced, and the cover finished with i. heavy fringe. A buffet may stand in some corner for the display of ceramics or decorated china, The sideboard should be of high, massive style, with shelves and racks for glassware and pieces of china; when convenient, it is built in the wall, after the Gothic style of architecture. There was a time when the dining-room looked like a , "cture gallery; l)ut the prevailing fashion now confines the number of pictures to two or three small fruit i)ieces and one or two phupies of still life. A Japanese scroll may hang on the doors with good effect, and a painted panel is very appropriate lor filling a vacant corner. Ileie the fire ])lace with its many appointnu'?its may l»e dis played to good advanta.ue. TIk; urate with its accomr.anvinL>- HOME DECORATIONS. 103 bri'S.ses should be polished to the highest def]jree of brightness. The mantel cabinet with its small bevel-edged mirrors, numerous racks and tiny cupboards, is just the place for all the trifling oddities that would not be appropriata in any other room. All the knick-knacks, from grandmother's spinning-wheel to the flnest marine and mineral specimens, may be set on these dimin- utive shelves. A case of stuff 3d birds, a few large pots of tropical plants and a fernery are in keeping with the dining-room appointments. A three-leaf folding Japanese screen should not be forgotten; also a lamp-shade of antique lace lined with crimson silk is very desirable. AVhile speaking of the different rooms we must not forget ro take a peep into the kitchen. It is a remark too often made that this or that "is good enough for a se-vant.'' We take a decided stand against anything f this kind, and wish to be known as a friend to the servant. If all knev that unpleasant surroundings made unpleasant servants and illy prepared meals, we think more pains would be taken to have plnasant and com- fortable kitchens. There should be a pleasant window or two through which fresh air and floods of sunlight may come, a few plants on the window sill — for plants thrive better in the kitchen than in any other room in the house — a small stand for a work basket, an easy cliair that the servant may "drop into" when an o])portuiiity offers, the walls ])ainted or calcimined with some beautiful and cheerful tint, the wood work grained, instead ■ r painted in some dingy color, as is usually the case, and a gen- eral air of comfort pervi. ling the whole kitchen, as well as the parlor. She who aims at making the kitchen pleasant seldom has dissatisfled servants. Good and faithful servants ai'e the best fri''Mds of a family; it is tlie-x wlio picpart' our meals and administer to our waiils, and it i< but human that tlieii' sur- roundings be made pleasant. We have often noticed, too, that JOJ'' chose who take pleasure and pride in making their apartments as cheerful as tli. means allotted them will allow are the ones who give til' best satisfaction. We can recall an instance where the kitc'-"n windows were so filled with beautiful ->lants, and the floor and wood-work so scrupulously white and clean, that the lady of the hcuse often rem_arked that "her girl" had the mos! pleasant room in the house, and that she was always so .neerfui and happy while going about her duties that she almost envied her. HE universal popularity of window gardens, whether large or small, simple or elaborate, from a few flower l)ots of Pansies on the wojkn>an's window to the fern- ■" <'ry and Wedgewood jardmiere of the artistocratic mansion, is the evidence of a growing and permanent taste for flowers and ornamental pliiuts in all circles of society. There are a great number of desipns for window gardens, such as the window box for evergreens, ferns or ornamental plants, the hanging basket, the jn.diiiiere. luindsome bulb-. Ferneries offer to us rlie simplest of all means of household plant culture. The advantages of these snudl glass cases for plants are numerous. They occupy very little room, are usually ornamental enough to be placed on any table or parlor stand and when once lilled, they need little or no attention for many weeks, require no unusual care as to watering, can be easily removed from one room to another, and are not as quickly affected by changes of temperature as plants in the open air of our sitting-rooms. The soil for fern cases should be carefully attended to- no common garden earth will answer, but get it from the most reliable florist if possible-and even some of these may not know exactly the needs of the plant. An authority in the I^hral World, speaking of soils, savs : ^ 'l^or the fern case, mix equal parts of silver sand, good .oam, powdered charcoal, and refuse of cocoanut fiber Cover the bottom ot the pan with a layer of powdered charcoal, or bricks or rock broken to the size of hazel nuts, to the depth of one inch; then lay the soil over this, and press firmly that all the plants may set solidly." Fern cases may l)e placed in almost any situation. They may be shifted from one window to another nt will, with little ear of dangerous consequences. A half shadv i)osition is mucli better than n sunny one, while a northern outlook will suit them admirably, if not too cold. 1 In arranging plants for tlie fern case, care nrist be taken to place tlie largest growers in the center, and the smaller ones at the sides. A great nnmb. '• of woodland plants may be chosen. The Climbing Fern, Li/f/odinm pnlmatum, is very suitable, and can be usually found in shady or moist spots; it is also very desirable for rock work. The Partridge Vine, MiMiella, is also invaluable, for its brilliant scarlet berries enliven the sober green of the ferns or form an excellent contrast with the mosses. The Trailing Arbutus, with its gorgeous foliage and waxy pink flowers, is one of the choicest for this purpose. The Maiden- Hair fern is also a great favorite; it may be found on most shel- tered hill-sides, or away in some deep, moist woods, and maybe known by its black, hair-like stems and curiously shaped fronds. Gold Thread, with its daintily cut foliage, and Linewood, with its blue blossoms, will form pretty features. Many other treasures may be transplanted from the woods to the fern case with perfect safety. Plenty of the green, native mosses should be packed around the roots of all these plants, to help keep up a cool, wild, woody retreat. The Ostrich Fern, Brocken, Maiden-IIair, Lip Fern, Spleen wood, Woodsia, etc, also Begonias, Caladlum, Marantasi Cacti, Seclum and Orchids may be added. Hanging or basket gardens form our simplest style of window ornament. They need very little care and their chances of suc- cess are almost certain. The directions for culture are very simple. Choose porous ])ots or vessels, which may be encased in artistic frames (the directions for making these will be given further along in our work) for in non-porous vessels, where all side ventilation is cut Oii, pianis Will not tiinve so vvt-il Tlio soli becomes sodden and .^J> r f r 108 WLXnOW GARDENTNO. the roots are liable to decay. Fill the bottom of the basket to the depth of an inch or two with small pieces of charcoal for drainage; some place a coarse sponge in the bottom if the basket IS deep, to drink up the surplus moisture, and yet keep tiie soil moist by giving it out again. The best soil to use is composed of one-third river sand mixed with dark loam and leaf mould; or soil from around pine trees is most excellent for baskets. If the basket becomes very dry from excessive heat, it is better to place It in a dish of water for half an hour. Thus treated, the roots suck up a copious supply and need not receive any more for two or three days. The devices for making hanging baskets are nearly endless Open wire baskets must be filled with moss first, then a little soil in the center and the plants added afterwards. Large sea shells-nautilus or conch-will hold soil enough to support trailers, and make elegant window ornaments. Holes may be bored through the edges, and cords fastened in them to hang by. The rind of the Gourd and of the scallop Squash make elegant baskets for drooping plants. Halves of cocoanut shells in their natural state or embellished, are also very pretty these may be filled with Lycopodiums, Lobelias, Tradescantia and Moneywort. Begonias, Coleus, Geraniums, Ivy, ornamental grasses and quite a variety of other flowers are appropriate for baskets The Morning Glory, Co7iro7mlus mauritanicus. is a highly ornamental plant, of drooj.ing, half shrubby character, with a prolusion of elegant blossoms, admirably adapted far vases or baskets. It continues long in bloom, and its porcelain-like blue blossoms are conspicuously beautiful. A very unique basket may be made by filling a wire basket-frame with moss, then hiding away small bottles filled with water in tlu> moss; in these put the . ems of Ivy, Pmtridge \ine and Ferns. The branches of the I artridge Vine will hang over the side of the basket: the I wnvnow OARDENiya. 109 Ivj will twine its arms around the cords, drooping in dense fes- toons at the top, and M;he P'erns will grow in graceful profusion in the center. The most popular favorites for drooping vines are the Convolvulus Minor, Honeysuckle, JSTasturtium, Sedum Sieboldii, Periwinkle and Smilax. In arranging a basket, do not crowd in too many plants of upright growth. Usually one erect plant of showy appearance should be used, such as a Begonia or a bright-flowering Gera- nium; around this set the different varieties of lower and more compact growth, and around the edge plant both the climbeis and trailers. Fuchsias, Heliotropes, Carnations, Verbenas, the Cyclamen with its valuabJo foliage, the popular Geranium and many others may find a place in the hanging basket. For home decoration there is no plant that equals the English Ivy, Hedera helix. It accommodates itself to all temperatures, save that below freezing, and when in full growth it adds more grace to the window than any other plant yet mentioned. A single root has b< \ known to wreathe a bow window with thick garlands, and then strike off into lovely, independent paths along picture cord and above cornices, till the walls were covered with it. It will cover a screen of wire, curtain a window, festoon a pillar, frame a favorite picturp, -li^nb and twist about a mantel mirror, drape an easel, and droop over statuettes its dark, ever- green leaf and by its loveliness add to them all an increased beauty, ^ottaote Screevt ol 3ih4. The screen here illustrated makes a very beautiful and useful article for the living room. A common window garden flower box is made the length required, and mounted on castors. A number of laths of wood, as long as the screen is to be high, must be placed upright at intervals all along the box, against the back of it, and restiner on the bottom of it "Moil fV..-.»y, ^y. n Wa m h Wiy/)0 \V (iA/iDKXrXG. tlieir places. A number more laths, as Ion- as the box is wide must now he fixed across these, beginning with the first an inch above the box. Fix it across by two tacks, one at each extrem- ity, and to every upright luth with fine flower mounting-wire uncovered. AVheu all th(-laths are on, a trellis-work is f(,rmed' which may be observed through the foliage in the cut It PORTABLE SCREEX OF IVY. should be painted green; when dry, the box is filled with the same soil as used in the fern case and set with Ivv plants, which will cover the trellis completely as they grow. The front of the box should be set thickly with Lily-of-the-vallev. or scented Violet roots or sown in the summer with Mignonette. This scre^en and box, without the castors, may be fixed outside a window which has a bad look-out and not only hide this from view but prove a v>y degrees, it becomes elegantly curved. The flower pot is turned into a bottle or decanter; suddenly a movement dexterously performed with a tiat knife makes another object succeed to the decanter, which now becomes a bowl. This bowi compressed in its lower part, ri«es on a thin stem, and by a new transfoi-mrtion becomes and -e ins finally a .up, a few seconds having sufficed for all Ih^^se metamorphoses. The potter's wheel is the simplest, one of the most necessary and ancient implements of a..«n's industry. The ceramic arts owe to It their greatest development throughout the entire world. It offers us a lively image of the creative power of man. By the help of a simple tool, and in an exceedingly limited space of time, he can fashion the rough, inert material and impose on it the forms created by his imagination. The fire will continue his handiwor. • by firing the moxst dust will become stone. Amateurs and ..x tists will then take possession of the work to embellish and decorate it. They also will create. To creL.e a work of art, what an ineffable pleasure! How much happiness there is in ornamenting, in decorating your liome yourself with the colors, the forms, and the objects vou like best ! When you have bought an ornamented service in a shop, you have already borne testimony to the superiority of your taste. But your money alone has procured you a satisfaction, whicli is common enough after ail-that is, eating out of another's dishes —only those who have painted and decorated their own services can truly be said to ent out of their own dishes. How uich more valuable, then, will these objects become whereon you : ive put your own work, and whiph vr.u k'^^r^ .v..,r,,i ,.. -- O-^' i. CHINA PAINTING— CERAMICS. "ll friendly presents to those you love or by whom you are beloved — objects that no one else could procure at any price. Let us then follow the march of progress; let us popularize art. No more exclusiveness, no more trade secrets! Make room for art in the family circle, and let it take a seat by the fireside. Our ideals in art are continually rising, and by perseverance only can we hope to scale the summits of true art. Observe the old adage: Labor omnia mncit (Labor conquers everything). Some of the greatest painters, of both the old and modern schools, owe their high rank more to perseverance than to the inspiration of genius. Drawing and coloring require observation, knowledge, skill, and, above all, taste. Thought must also be included, as much for form as for color which are insep^^mble. In painting there is thought in the selection of the principal subject, and art con- sists in giving it interest and beauty. A noted French author has said: "Beauty is the art of choosing and hiding." Let us never forget this great precept, which is the fundamental basis of all aesthetic knowledge. A table. It is easy to transform almost any table into a pot- tery painter's bench; all that is required is to add a long and narrow board, called a rest. Fixed outside the table, at a right angle, the rest furnishes a support for the artist's right arm. Have on the table a small easel, a color box, a glass palette, a China palette with recesses for the colors, a steel palette knife, a horn or ivory knife (these are to take up the colors with), a small muller, a box containing lead pencils, three lithograpliic crayons, one porriii^ine quill, a scraper, and red sable and camel's h-iir brushes. In another romi)artrient will be kept vegetal tracing paper, black, red and blue transferring paper, CHINA PAINTING— VERAMl US. 115 gummed paper for sticking, three small drop bottles, some soft cambric or old cotton rags, and a stick of modeling wax to Sx the prick tracings and transferring paper. Whirling tables for describing lines. These may be bought ready for use of any dealer in artists' materials The studio of a painter on porcelain should have a good light; that from the north is preferable. The table should be set in the best possible situation, so that the artist when at work may have the light come from the left, and thus not be hindered by the shadow of the hand at work. Absence of dust and the most scrupulous cleanliness are urgently recommended for successful work. Great care should be taken to avoid dampness, especially that which comes from an open window, while it is raining. Dampness is unfavorable to the mixing of colors with a palette knife, as the mediums employed do not amalgamate well with the colors, and they remain lumpy beneath the brush; the painting, under these cir- cumstances, does not glaze in the firing, which is a serious fault, *59o tfve dHiatcut. The decorator will take a seat at the table, on which are placed all the requisites for China painting. She should sit rallior high and far back in the chair, so as to be supported by the back. The work being long and minute, it is necessary that the body should be at ea?e, and that none of the members should suffer from an awkward position. She can also paint at the easel, which permits her to work either standing or seated, but for that she must have already had some practice in painting, for firmness of haiid is required to paint in this way, and this method is greatly preferable for good effects. Seated before the table, on the inntT side of the I'csty wliich is placed to her right, the amateur leans her forearm on it. \r y , lie. cmyA PAiynxG-CERA mrs. ac(iuirin,n- by this a linn and free handlinir of the bnisli for her working hand, wliile her left hand, resting on her left knee— the foot placed on the stool— supports the piece to be decorated, when it is of large dimensions, and presents to the brush, one after another, the portions of the surface to be painted on. For painting on tiles, as well as on hollow articles, it is important that the hand should rest on a flat or a round ruler, in order to allow the brush only to touch the China, and never the hand, as any such paint might rub off and spoil all the work you had taken much trouble, and in many cases much time, to do. Place on the easel the original to be copied, and nearer to you the object to be decorated. On your right set the glass slab, upon which are the three small phials containing spirits of tur- pentine, spirits of lavender, and oil of turpentine. To the right of the slab set the box containing the crayons, pencils and brushes. On the other side of the object you are painting set the color-box containing the tubes, and at a safe distance from your work place a phial containing a small quantity of spirits of wine. These, with a small cambric rag retained near the slab, finishes the arrangement of the table, and the decorator is now ready to begin her work. A^roicuici. If the decorator can draw well, she will outline her subject lightly on the object she wishes to paint, directly without tracing, by means of lithographic chalk, the point resting on the index tingei-, care being taken not to lean hard, as it is very brittle. This ch:dk being greasy, should be rolled up in paper or placed in an ordinary porte-crayon. It ^ aws on Cliina without nny imove what is sui)erfluous, it is cut to the size of the subject, or I'ather to thnt of the space you are to ]Kunt cm. To miike sure of trncing on tli(> exact spot, you aiust draw a horizontal line in tlin middle .(• ^■, A \*t\ . I'l «-t middle of the tracing paper, and one as well on the porcelain, with crosses and letters at each end as landmarks— two crosses marked A and B on the horizontal line of the enamel, and two crosses marked a and b on the horizontal line of the tracing paper. Prepare your piece with oil of turpentine or spirits of wine. At the end of two or three minutes place your drawing- on the porcelain in accordance with the marks x a and x 6, tak- ing care to place the middle lines so they coincide, a on A and b on n. You fix the vegetal tracing paper by means of small bits of gummed paper, or else with little b-Jls of modeling wax. The sheet of tracing paper being qjaite firm, you slide beneath it the piece of paper rubbed with carmine, blue, or black lead. You then take a porcupine quill with a fine point, and. without lean- ing too hard, go over all the outline. You must be careful not to press your fingers on the drawing, as this would cause a deposit of powder, the same color as the transferring paper, upon the enamel and thus spoil the result. Before finishing all the work, lift up a corner of the overlaying papers to see if" the tracing marks. It will be but an a£fair of habit to trace well, for it is by experiment frequently repeated that one comes to know exactly the amount of strength to be used so that the transferring paper nuiy mark sufficiently. Prick-iracmff.~'m^ consists in pricking the outline with small holes, and in making what is called a Ponc/.^. This can be done by placing the vegetal tracing paper on some cloth, folded several times, with a piece of white paper under the drawing. Prick all the pencil lines with n needle of medium size; when this is done, turn the piece of white pai)er an.l with a smooth piece of pumice stone smooth away the jirojec tions caused on the wrong side by the prickings of the needle; after which you place it on th,^ (^hiua, securing it with lum])s of wax, and rub it ov.m' witli a pad full of scr;iped conte-crayon. or pow- dered carmine. The outline thus becomes dotted over the sur- CnrXA PAINTTXG— CERAMICS. 119 face, and you have only to proceed with the painting. This is an admirable method for beginners. Genera f eHcvnarfva. For transferring on dark grounds, instead of conte-crayon or black-lead, you may use starch, carmine, or vermilion in powder,— substances which are clearly perceptible on the dried coating '>f oil of turpentine. If le tracing has moved, or if, forgetting, you have passed the point over a line a second time, making it double, take the handle of one of your brushes which you have cut to a point, and wetting it, you will be able to remove the useless marks by rubbing them gently. It would be better to keep a very thin stick of whitewood for this purpose. You will make use of the same means to correct drawings done in lithographic chalk; and this chalk has the advantage that it marks again on the place where the wet piece of wood has passed, whereas on China prepared for black lead, the pencil no longer marks, the stick having removed the preparation while correcting the lines. Experience has proved that paintings progress under greater advantages when the porcelain and faience have been prepared with a few drops of :pirits of wine. The preparation with oil of turpentine, being a fatty substance, attracts dust and thus does mischief to the paintings. So li^^lo liquid is used that it is better to have it of the best quality. 'ut great care must be taken to cork up the little bottle of spirits of wine hermetically, or the contents will speedily evaporate. The brushes and dabbers, after each day's work, should be cleaned in spii-ifs of wine. To preserve these useful instruments it is indispensable that no color be h^ft in them .ifter using; care being taken ^o wipe them well after this washing, and even to blow a little on tlKMu fo make the spirits of wine evaporate, for M, 120 CHINA PAINTING— CERAMICS. li if any were to remain it would spoil the color of any subsequent paintin/?. With a few drops of spirits of wine the most loaded palette can be instantaneously cleaned and the dryest painting effaced, and for this reason we recommend that it be kept far away from you during your work, for if a single drop were to fall on the painting it would immediately smear and obliterate the work done. Co^. -or. The second step in painting, after tracing, is f^oloring. Som- ber tints are seldom admitted into compositions on porcelain freshness, brilliancy, and delicacy of coloring are rather the qualities the intelligent artist seeks to take advantage of- she gu-es a proof of her talent and pleases the eye by the harmony of her tints, obtained by juxtaposition, or by mixing. This har- mony IS, moreover, a study of great importance to the amateur and may be pursued with interest by all, as it is common to all kinds of painting. Complementary colors generally agree well together, whether p aced side by side, or round about as in backgrounds, when one ot them is darker or deeper in tone than its neighbor Here we give a list of these colors according to the natural order ot the solar spectrum: The c(miplement of red is green. The comi)Iement of yellow is violet. The complement of blue is orange. The complement of violet is lemon ye^'vvv. The complement of orange is blue. The complement of green is red. The complement of indigo is ochre. The complement of black is white. To tlie artist the word rompJemvntar:/ signifies that if you CHINA PAINTING-CERAMICS. 121 ->lace, ior example, some red en white ground, that red produces on the eye an influence which casts a green tinge on all that sur- rounds It, or is in its immediate vicinity; and, cice versa, green hrows a red tinge. Red has a greater intensity bv its neigh- borhood to green, and green is strengthened in brilliancy by being near red. ^ The more luminous the c Jors are the more this contrast of complementa.ies is perceptible. By experimenting on each one of the simple colors in the above list, one will easily comprehend It Two bands colored with two complementary colors, placed side by side and looked at in the sun, almost hurt the eye at the ^ine of their contiguity. It is well to place colors on different backgrounds. It will be seen that black grounds lighten the colors placed on them, and that white grounds, on the contrary, give them more force, or darken them by heightening the value of their tone. All deco- rations on white grounds should be executed rather pale in order to avoid harshness. By following up these experiments the following inferences will be confirmed : Carmines go well with water-green; sky blue always goes well with pale orange; dark blue with deep orange- turquoise with violet blue. Purple, which partakes of blue' goes well with warm ochrous shades and yellow. Grays go well with every color. In decorations, where ornamental foliage has to be shaded, a good effect is obtained by contrasting cold lights with warm shadows. We call warm shades or colors those which partake of red, the ochres and yellow; and cold colors those which par- take of black or blue. Broken, tints are the simple primitive ••olors containiiiu- gray. Simple colors mixed with gray are also said to be broken, Thr inhi.'i;,! paints bought in tubes are the colors which stand tire, -those ol" Lacioix. of P:ins, Iminn- -.-...KirhM., ,....1 <^i,-, 1-, i :--r\l Llie Dust. Jl 122 CUTNA PAINTINO-CERAMWS. 1 These colors can be obtained in different states; ground in dry powder, extra ground, or in metal tubes containing the color diluted vvith the necessary mediums and ready for use. We append a list of the colors : Special £ofot:> ^ov (^routt^a. II Coral Red, Chinese Yellow, Copper Water-Green, Chromium W^uter-Gfreen, Carmelite Celadon, Fusible Lilac, Grounding Green, Maize, Indian Blue, Marine Blue, Isabella, Light Coffee, Lavender Blue, Chamois Brown, Reddish Brown, Turtle- Dove Gray, Turquoise Blue, Mauve, Rose Pompadour, Salmon, Turquoise Green, Celestial Blue. The colors for backgrounds are of special composition and manufacture. They cannot be mixed with the colors for paint- ing, aj they are not fired at the same heat. If a ground is to accompany some decoration (whether flowexs. figures, or landscape) for which you want a white place kept to paint on after the firing of the ground, begin, before laymg the ground on, by transferring your design on to the* white; go ovei the outline with Indian ink or carmine, and wash the whole of it with water. The general laying of the ground IS done next over every part, covering all as if the tracing and the wash of water had not been done; dabble and leave it to dry. As the water-color outline is perfectly visible beneath the tint, the surface of which has been well sniootlied, take some Lake, in tube for oil painting, set it on a glass slab and add to CHINA PAINTING- CERAMICS. 123 it a few drops of oil of cloves or spirits of lavender. With tliis preparation cover an entire llovver or a leaf, as far as the outline (if you have chosen a lloral design); then with a muslin rag, starting from the (,^'i'' ^,f"^°"^^°^^^ «°ior' and is generally used alone. Thus the reddish tips of green leaves are obtained by placin- the red next the green, and not by putting it over; but with dark colors, on the contrary, it is the red that disappears. Lemon Yellow, Saffron Yellow, Salmon, Straw Color, Yellow Lake, Dark Chrome Yellow, Light Chrome Yellow, Indian Ye. low, Naples Yellow, Orange Yellow, Maize. Light yellows scale off very easily in the firing; the dark yellows, being less fusible, need to be used moderately thin in the first painting, for the first fire develops them; at the second firing they increase in depth, and if they are too heavily loaded fchey cannot be made lighter again. Avoid using yellows next to blues, which would produce a green tint. %-^ liqua- ries, girandoles, flower stands, and round trays for fancy tables. There are several styles in painting. The beginner will know from her previous studies, her tastes and aspirations, that which she ought to adopt. She sli'uld provide herself with authentic models, to guard against mixing styles. Thi^ public is becoming enlightened, and faults of this nature are more and more per- ceived. ClITXA PA L\TINU-VKli\ Ml( W. If i.s als(, v.'.y iiiipoiCuit ix.r ».. ,l..i,art, IVoni (lie style Hpecial to each ware ]K.irrlahis, faience., rtc. On h.,nl pnsfe j.orcelain :iro i)ainte(l h<>arst..,.d it is an inexpensive a.id elegant addition to Home 1) c )rations L. I V L liONZING is the latest improvement in wax work, and i' ropei-ly made, canrot be detected from the most e .nsive artistic Bronze. Tt an.Nwers for Table, Mantel and ^^racket ornamen ,, and ma> be exposed t, dast and uir without sustaining the slightest injury It can be dusted with a feather duster like any piece of furni- ture, and IS a very desirable and inexpensive ornament. The colors required in bronze are: Silver Bronze, Gold Bronze, Copper Bronze, Fire Bronze and Green l^onze. For instruction, let us take a Vase lo be finished in Copper Hronze. First the vase must be moulded. The casting material IS one part wnx, one part spermaceti, two par mutton tallow Melt the three •irticles together and color w..n Bur,.t Cmber n:i-eaco,lof line hair wire, cut it into one-half im-h lengths and when tl,e mixture is melted to the consistency ;f thick '•■•"an, stir in the ,ut wire hy , egrees until th.nv^ is a sp.inklin.r "' -r tln-oughoul, the uuxture, then pour into t lie elastic mouhl .'ind let stand till perfectly cold and solid, then l<,osen the sec- tions of the mould and tak,. it out; should any of ,the .^nds of ti.e vvu-e project, they en n be cut with a pair <,> sharp s.-issors (the cut wires nrike the vase much stronger, and preve.it it hom cracking). Trim the seams caused by the sections of the mould; tlien take a Diece of «'»f^ «i.....,^i ..i-.*i. .t... -^ • a^ ^ . ■ - - „ ■■ ■'•■=-•-= :-"2 , aip iL ILL reiiiiea auiiiis of y 120 130 BRONZE WORK. m turpentine nnd polisli the vase with it, after which it is ready tor Bronzing. Take Copper Bronze No. 4000, nd with the tinting brush bronze the vase evenly and polish it in with a soft piece of w]iite silk. Next, take another brush and with Copper Bronze. No. 6000, give it the last coat. The vase is now ready for draping. The most simple drapery is an ivy vine. Take an embossed ivy leaf (oi embossed muslin leaves, as they are named j, lay a fine wire ilong its mid-rib, leaving two or three inches of wire for stem; cover the leaf with brown sheet- wax, press them together well with the linger and thumb to make the wax adhere to the leaf, get the impression, and hold the wire firmly; then lay another piece of wax on the under side, press the edges together and ?nt away the superfluous wax, leaving the edge plain (the ivy leaf is not serrated), cover the wire stem with wax and the leaf is ready for Bronzing. Rub both sides with tur- pentine, give one coat of Bronze No. 4000, then the last coat of Bronze No. 6000. AVhen all the leaves are finished weave them into a spray, grading them from large to small till the end of the vine is reached, then bronze and drape around the vase in an easy, natural way. The natural fall leaves pressed, make pretty draperies for these kinds of vases. Sprays of mixed leaves, oak leaves and acorns, small maple leaves, the holly leaf and berry, mixed ivy and fern leaves, and many other kinds of leaves and vines, are equ.illy pretty. Take a box-frjuiie of ^he ordinary motto frame size (gilt face), and lin.' it with either Crimson or Royal Purple A'elvet, and it is ready foi- any design. Tlie woid '• WKr.coMK" is the simplest to bpgin with. T;)ke a thick blotting pad, lay it on a table, rub some nrrn-- .-i-t or rice powder over its upper surface and lay a sheet of either Calla or Pond Lily wax, extra thick, on this powdered surface. Select the .^tyle of letter prefen-ed; Gerraarx t^jvt Is ver\ appropriate for the motto, " Welcome." Cut the pattern letters out in paste-board or any kind of thick paper, if tin letter cutters are not convenient. Begin with the capital letter W. Lay it on the sheet of wax and cut out the waxen letter after the pattern with a penknife previously dipped in water. Next cut ou. the E and so on till the seven letters are cut out, care being taken to powder the blotter every time a new sheet of wax is laid on. Lay the back of the box on the table, have melted glue ready, and with a camel's hair brush apply a small portion of it to the- back of each letter, as it is set in its relative i)osition, pressing it gently against the velvet with the palm of the hand. The let- ters should be set an inch apart, and when all on the frame should be put away until the glue is thorouglily dry and the waxen letters adhere firmly to the velvet, then they are ready for ornamenting. This is done in various ways, and all depends on the artist's taste, but a few suggestions may not be amiss. Take a two-inch Fern cutter, and cut the Ferns out of double sheet wax, then bronze them (as directed), on both sides, either with Gold or Silver Bronze. Begin with draping the letter \V. Take the stem end of the Fern leaf and with the bead end of the curling pin fasten it to the lower side of the letter, then turn it over and fasten it down in the middle, letting the point tuin outward. Set the ferns on the letters in such a way as not to obscure their form. /. e., the form of the letti^rs. If the motto is made in white wax, it snould be frosted witli diamond dust. A pretty style of motto is clasped hands in the center, of pure white wax. surrounded with sprays of line Howers and buds, nnished in Fire Bronze. m 132 BRONZE WORK Anotlier style oi motto is a vase in the center, from which vines In different colors of bronze run Green, Fire and Copper Bronzing should have a light background; Silver and ibfold -uiOiuing suoulu have a dark backgrtnind Take a medium sized basket (chip or any solid substance), brush it with glue on the inside, till it with moss and set it away to dry till the moss is stuck to the basket. The moss should be raised in the center in the form of a mound. Have the wax sheeted in Carmine, make the center of the basket in Roses, Rosebuds and Carnations, as they are 'he most durable, mould the petals over the embossed muslin petals and bronze them with Fire Bronze Nos. 4000 and 6000, as previously directed. Drape the basket and the handle in Smilax, having the wax for the Smilax sheeted in Chrome Green, then mould over the embossed muslin leaves, bronze in Green Bronze and drape loosely. Such a basket makes a pretty table ornament. '3)irccnovv3 for cT!?>totv^nq. All kinds of ornaments may be made in bronze— small animals, fish, shells, birds, statuary, etc. The mixture for casts should be the same shade as the bronze used. Fi.s-7t niiiy be bronzed in Silver, Gold, and Copper Bronze. Shells in Silver, Copper, Gold, and some may be tinted with Fire Bronze on the exterior of the shell; but the interior of almost all sliells must be tinted with paint. Dot/s in Zinc, Silver, and Copper. Birds in almost any shade. (^tccu c^totirc ^tatttcirif. Prepare the inixture in Chrome Green No. 1; a little rosin may be added and a thick sprinkling of cut wire; trim the i im object and rub with spirits of turpentine; then apply the Green IJronze, the two numbers as directed. (Hopper SSrovvrc- ^tattuxzu. Prepare the mixture in Burnt Umber, and proceed as directed. 3Srovvi2/t-tnj Statuette*. Statuettes, or any object in plaster of Paris, may be made to resemble bronze by first rendering the plaster non-absorbent with drying linseed oil and then painting it with a varnish made by gnnding waste gold-leaf with honev or gum water Another method is by first painting the article, after it has been rendered non-absorbent. of a dark color made of i>russian Blue. Yellow Ochre, and \erditer ground in oil. Before this becomes quite dry, bronze powder of se- al colors should be dusted on those most prominent parts ^ uch may be supposed to have worn bright. Plaster casts may also be made to resem- ble bronze to a certain extent by merely brushing them over with graphite, which is a brilliant black lead. mcifxob of Sllafxing §m&o..cb Stli^.fbv £cauc*. Take a piece of green muslin, or calico, and size it well with isinglass; then take the natural leaf, lay the sized piece of n^nslin over it on the under, or veined, side of the leaf. Let the muslin remain on it till almost dry and the impn'ssion is sec; then, with a pair of sharp scissors, cut the muslin around the leaf, eitlier plain or sen-ated. The impression may be taken of any leaf or fiower in tliis way. The use of muslin loaves tends to make the work more durable, and is found v i'i\- <•/»»! \-.Jii;onf i\^„ *u,, „»,4.:_x - •• lit. i-ji LUC tiii/iai. Ber/on/a Jle.r.-The Begonia Rex makes a beautiful parlor plant. Five or seven leaves make a nice sized plant. Select live or seven healthy Begonia leaves of different sizes, as no two leaves of the Jiea- are of one size on the same plant. Cut the leaves closely off the stem and immerse them in a solution of cold water and castile soap; leave them in this twelve hours before using. Melt the wax to the consistency of cream in Chrome (Jreen, Permanent (Ireen, iJark Olive Green, and Verdi- gris Green. Now take a leaf out of the soapsuds and lay it on a marble slab, keeping tlie under surface, or veined side upper most; then with a camel's hair brush lay on the melted wax in different shades, foHowing the shades of the natural leaf The soapsuds having made the leaf transparent, all the shades and spots can be i)Iainly seen on the veined side, which is the side the waxen leaf has to be formed on. The belt of lio-ht green over the silvery markings of the leaf, should be put on with \ erdigns Green. Begin the leaf in the cent.r and continue on each side of the mid-rib till the edge is reached and the leaf has a thick coating of wax. Then lay a wire along the mid-rib or center of the leaf, fasten it in the wax by pressing, care being aken to leave it long enough for eight or nine inches of stem Wires must also be laid on all the side-ribs, or veins leading to the mid-rib. These small wires are all brought to the center wire and laid evenly by its side till they all come to th- stem where they are all twisted aroun an in the same way till all the heaves are made, then wax the stems and run them through the Begonia stemming, when they may be arranged in their natural growing manner in a llower-pot tilled with moss; or, if preferred, the iiower-pot may be filled with wax, in Terre Verte Green, and the stems must be i)]aced in it before the wax gets hard. The latter makes a lirm support for a Begonia plant. crCovu to ?'ttafu- ?J»ci.jo)iia Stcuinttiia. Procure the bristles of a very young pig, five or six weeks old.^ After washing, put them in a strong solution of chloride of lime and let them reinaiu in it till whitened. Then rinse well in warm water till free from ngth. Lay one of these striiis on a table or some smooth surface, add another coat of var- nisli, then cover it with (rhnicous Green tlock. care being taken to leave a narrow margin bare on (me side to la)) unch-r the otlier when the juping is lu'ing made. Dip the bristh-s in mastic v;.,.- h mm qlt m 136 HaONZE WORK. nish, sprinkle them thickly over the tiock, and leave for twenty- four hours to d,y. When thoroughly dry, revarnish the bare edge and turn it in underneath the other edg< , thus forming the strip into a pipe, ready to receive the wire stems of the leaves. Brown and Crimson flock may be used. For Begonia Kex, use Crimson flock; for the Rubra, use Glaucous flock, and for the Palmata use Brown flock. Very good stemming may be made by tinting Canton flannel, which has a very long nap or pile. This is a most desirable parlor ornament. The exquisite markings of its leaves in almost every variety of tint, require to be made carefully. Soak the leaves in soapsuds and proceed as directed. The melted wax must be applied with fine tinting brushes, and every tint and mark on the leaf followed accu rately . 1 he colors for a Caladium leaf are generally Permanent ^reen for the background of the leaf; Crimson Lake, Carmine Rose Madder, Burnt Sienna, Cadmium Yellow, Verdigris G'-een' etc., for the markings. The wax must be colored with the tube paints. Wire the leaf and proceed as directed for the Begonia add a few bronze tints in Silver, Gold and Fire. Bronzing adds greatly to the beauty of the Caladium leaf. Tne stemming may be made as directed for Begonia, without the bristles. Use Glaucous flock; ten or twelve leaves make a nice sized Caladium plant. All varieties of tropical plants may be made in this way. (^crciuinitv ^cauc-'N. The Rose Geranmm Leaf.-Thi. leaf is of a dark Chrome Gieen. Irepare the wax in two shades, dark Chrome Green and 1 ght, inunerse th. lenves in soapsuds for six hours, take one oiUof th. so.,, suds, and h.y it on the marble slab; as there is neither shadin a nor maiking on this leaf, all that is required is BRONZE WORK. 137 o ^..e It a coat of dark Chrome Green, thick enough to prevent he wires from showing, then hiy the wires over the veins and oat them over with a light shade of green. Remove the natural eaf and as the texture of the Rose Geranium leaf is rather lough, rub It over with green Hook mixed with hair powder. Geraninm-Happy Thought. -TA.e color oile^t, yellow with green margin^ Prepare the wax in two shades, pale Cadmium Yellow and Emerald Green. Immerse the leaf for an hour in soapsuds; take it out and lay it evenly on the marble slab, then coat the center in yellow and the margin in green. Th; wax mus not be too hot, as the colors might run into each other and spoil the effect Lay the wires over the veins, leaving a stem of a few inches; then lay the second coat on just the same as the first. Remove the natural leaf, rub the waxen leaf with spirits of turpentine, and bronze the center in Gold Bronze, and the margin in Green Bronze, finishing the leaf ^ Gerarvium-Distinction.-The leaf is a dark green. Carmine veins and a narrow belt of deep black near the edge. Prepare the wax m two shades, deep Chrome Green and Lampblack feoak the leaf for an hour in soapsuds, lay it evenly on the mar- ble slab, and with a camel's hair pencil lay the black wax evenly over the black zone on the leaf and lay the green wax on each side of this zone. Then put the wires in, and give it the second coat. Remove the natural leaf and tint the veins with a very little Carmine. Geranium-Lady P/ymoufh. -The leaf is a greenish Car- mine, and silver edged. Prepare the wax in deep Chrome Olive and some in White: prepare the leaf, as directed, then lav the white edge of the leaf first, then the green. When the natural leaf IS removed, tint the veins with Cnnuine. then mix (\-n-nnne nil /I T^iii.»if together (in powder), dust a very little of it on the green part of tlie leaf, and bronze the white part with three roats of Si^-'^T- Hronze. The best .ih. .,o., lat we can give for the tinting and mark- ing ot lea.. , iv .opy from nature. The Cyclamen leaf is well adapted .(. • the practice of marking and tintin<' The leaf of the Pond Lily. Lot.is, Canna, Maranta, Rubber Tree, Magnolia, Camellia Onm-p. and all leaves which have a waxy surface, should ei, \cr be varnislied or bronzed All kinds of leaves may be made by the foregoing directions ^ y^ ^ TTT? DECALCOMANIE Ills is another name for a style of decorating that has been m vogue an indefinite period of time and comes under the head of transferring. It is almost superflu- ous to mention the variety of purposes to which decal- comanie may be applied, as it can be transferred ur.on everything for which ornamentation is required, and the variety of designs which are printed especially for it is so great that something may easily be procured to suit the taste of the most fastidious. A few of the articles that may be decorated can be mentioned by way of showing what a variety this style of orna.ueutation villembra<.e: All kinds of crockery, chinn, porcelain, vases, glass, book-cases, folios, boxes, lap-desks, ribbons, dresses, etc The ■-.. j:^ method of transferring beautiful designs is so simple, and all the materials requisite for the art so easily procured, that it brings it within the means of everyone. Flat surfaces are more suitable than concave or convex ones for this style of decorating, for when the surface is curved the design has to be cut to acconinio date the shape, and in this way is often spoiled unless done by the most careful and skillful hand. The materials required are: Cement, copal varnish, designs, a duck quill sable and a Hat camel's hair brush. Cut your design neatly with a small pair of scissors, apply the cement by means of the sable to the article to be decorated, place on your design, and press equally over its entire surface to exclude the air; dampen it a little and keep pressing equally so that the design may adhere firmly in every i)art. When the cement is sufficiently dry, dampen again with water, a little more freely, and remove the paper. Be careful in manipulating this process, or you will remove some of the colored part with it. If such should occur, instantly replace it as well as you are able, or if you have a knowledge of Orientai painting your panacea will be in that. You can retouch with those colors, and bring it back nearly to its ^^-ig^'nal beauty. In case you have no knowl- edge of Oriental p ting, match the colors as nearly as possible with water-color paints, allow time to dry, and varnish with copal. Sometimes the cement becomes too thick for use. It may be restored to its proper flowing consistency by placing the bottle in a bed of warm sand, and can then be applied while warm. If you apply your design to a dark groundwork, it would be desirable to give your picture a coating of Winsoi' and Newton's Chin, e white The reason for this is that some parts of the picture are semi-transparent, and these would lose their bril- li:mcy if transferred directly upon a dark background, without first painting. 140 BECALCOMAXIE. i^i Dissolve some salt in .soft water, float your engraving on the surface, picture-si.le uppermost, and let it remain about ar hear I he s,Teen, box or table on which ^ ou wish to transfer the d, sign should be oHnrcrs-eye n.aple, or other light-colored, hard wood, varnished with the best copal or transfer varnish Take the picture from the water, dry a little between blotters place the engraving, picture-side downwards, on the varnished wood and smooth it nicely. If the picture entirely covers the wood after the margin has been cut off so that no varnish is exposed, lay over it a thin board, on which place a heavy weight and leave fo. twenty-four hours. If you '.h but a snuill picture m the center of the surface of the od, apply tht var- . nish only to a space the size of your picture. Dip your finger in the solution of salt and water and commence rubbing .if the paper; the nearer you come to the engraving the more careful you must be, as a hole in it would spoil your work. Rub slowly and patiently until you have taken off every bit of the paper and ett only the black lines and touches of your picture on the wood, in an inverted direction. Finish up with two or three coats of copal varnish. 'So %^cx^xi\^^ ou §iffv to dry , then with a brush wash the paper surrounding the S\:"'i; ?r ^^".^^'^---^ f--^^- paper the prepanltiln ^hi h would otherwise soil the silk. Apply a second coating of the same varnish, and when this is sliglitlv dried, place 'he < esign upon the silk, or other fabric to be decorated. !md .it)- he roller press it well down. With the brush wet the back of ^roff'TT 'r'^"' "'"" ^'" ^'■'^'''' -'^yl- at once -I off. Another method is to cut <,ut the ,lesign carefully and cover I w,tb a thin coating „f mastic varnish and lay i\ upon the silk, or other fabric, which should be dampen.,! ;n^ ro]' .i-hly with a rublu-r ,,.ll,.r; .lumpen the back of the .mper - Ji the brush and lift it olf as previously directed. ^KMM® MiiCISglllllllMlilMlIlIMigSM HE pattern for a jewelry box here given is very pretty when arranged with fine fish-scales to form the leaves, butterflies, etc., as shown by the white figures of the cut. These may be gummed on, and the entire out- side of the box raised until flush with the surface of L BOX IN JAPATESE WORK. J r II 142 JAPANESE WORK. the scales by applying japanners si- . This is called "Japanese work." Jewelry or small boxes of all kinds, lap writing-desks o^tc, may all be ornamented in this manner, by using decalco- manie, and made very beautilul. L^. vi^'?^- LADIES' WORK BASKET. 'i:M, .=^t ri^y^ss, viltt 9tccMc-iuorfv. N these dnys of fpsthetic taste and the love fcf the beautiful; when eTubroidering is taken uj) so enthusiastically, and we hear so much about arf needleworl:, conventional and natural designs, oT^^j^^f^ t'i'i<^ ^^le novice will naturally ask- what is meant C-^^O ^y '>i't needlework^ What i3 the difference ■4^ between a cvnrentional and a natural desi'ni '. Art needlework is, in fac-t, only a revival of the ancient art of embroidery, and is founded upon the study of ancient models; and the word ro;/re»h'ona7 hi connection with designs for execution by the needle, signirie'^ (hr method ot alteiing natural forms in such a way as to render them suitable to the mateiial upon which they are to be worked, and to the purposes for which they are intended. The conventionalizing of a flower, leaf, or any natural object simply means the use of its form in an arbitrary fashion, and that these ol)jects cannot be represented in embroidery exactly L:=;: 143 if as tliey are in nnUm^. But, as Ion- as tlie question to be con- sidered is one of material and color only, a sense of h;n7nony and taste for simplicity will b,^ sufficient -uides, but in tlie mat- ter of desi,rs. The ' needle is In-onght throneh tlu- •iiJiterial. and the floss 'wound .ii'ound it <;nce or tAvice. and it is :ig;iin thrust thiough the material •it fhe iH)int Avhere it wasbr()u be made is iirst lined iu * ' Kno, stitch ol ti.e prevailing color; a needle is fl.en ^|"<^='< •" with buttond.ole twist, brougl,, u,. throu-di th/ 1 sgnbetweeu the knots, ami a nuu.ber ol' strand; of „; ■Mlk placed over the design, close to the needle. The nee k s- I m In m 148 LADIES- WORK BASKET. ! is tlien passed back through the design at about the same place it came nj), catching the tilling about a quarter of an inch from one end, so tightly as to cause tlie ends to spring straight up. The ends of the tilling are then clipjjed with a sliarp iiair of scissors, and the operation rei)eated un- til all the knots are cov- ered. AVirh judgment and taste in the clip^ung and in the arrangement of the stitches, striking imita- tions of tlie flowers men- tioned can be produced. The object of the knot stitch is to imitate the seeds in the llowers, which it does very faithfully. In making all of these flow- ers tlie utmost care must be taken in the selection of the matei-ials, it being a matter of much importance P^'/x/' S/fuh. that the flower be exactly true to nature, not only in color, but also in shape. The illustration presents a very i)retty d<>sign lor a tidy, or banner screen, in which the sumach is treated in the plush stitch. The leaves are worked in Kensington stitch and may l)e either green or in brilliant colors to represent the tintings wliich autumn gives them. Ifcrr'nuf-Borie ^S'/'/Yr'//.— This is also a veiy jiopular stitcli, making a good appearance, and for this reason is adapted to a wide range of work. It is especially useful in taking the place li= LADIMS- WORK BASKET. I ! i ; e 1 r WgHwf 1 Hi 1 Sill i ] ^g Bra liil 3 3§^ i 1 1 ' ^^ tt ■ ^Bl 1 SHtaSaK ^Si xtbiitj, Jn Herring-Bone StitcJi. of the unsiglitly ridge made by a fell, and for joining seams. Tlie illus- tration gives a clear idea of the way this stitch i;s made, which is, in this case, made so as to prodnce an ornamental effect. illustration. It is commonly used for bordcis, and for work on tliin and transpiMvnt materi- als. Begin the work at the bottom of the subject, and work /mtii you. Basket Stitch. F.aUur -S///c^._This stitch is worked in tuo colors, with \i^Y\ ])ivtty effect. Tli.> 11- lustrjition, whir'h we o-ive. s.'iows clc-nly the m. fjiod of \v(.i]viii^ on.' variety of rhe fealli.T stiicli. :i Fi'fithn- Stitrh. M<,N,u/ .^-//A//. — Is used b»i' finliididci ino- Mowers v.i,.,n 1 ■ . ha\i)iu' sniiill h..t;il. |',„. '" ""■ ''" l'^-'"'l i-pl; lli,ml.v„v,.rit»oa.s.clH,l.lit IL im I 150 LADIES" WORK BASKET. into place, until the needle is drawn through antl the coil brought securely into l)l:i('e. In making each keinel, only two stitches are required. The very small stitch- es at t'.e ends of the kern(^ls may be Wound stitch. lengthened to represent ti-^ barbs of real grain. See illustration. Cro.ss SUfrh.—'^hU is another k nd of 1 ack stitch, in which the needle always pomts towaid the left, unless there is a desire to change the diroction of the design. This stitch is used in working on canvas or on very thin and transparent materials. AVhen working canvas, not more than two threads each way aie used, one-half of which cross diagonally from left to right, and the other half in the opposite direction. The Ktnaiufftoii PatL rn.—Tha illustration which we give, KtimiKjto.' Patter na. D '•\ f LADlb:s W(HtK BASKET 151 vwy fl«„ly ,|,„«» t!,« ,„anner of working this patfem Tf ««. .-r-A/, Tliis stitd, U made o£ a comhination of the The fomntion of flowei-s and ImkIs in silk or ribbon produces a very natural and T>retty effect, and this is greatly increased li- the materials are of a soft texture i^it^aseuu Open roses are made by cutting the silk into small squares, donblmg each of them on a bia.s, thus foi-ming triangles, anc then bringmg the three corners together by gathering This n-akes ixp.foK of which a number are then made \ circular pieceof luickram is then cut, upon which the petals are sewed Ihis IS begun at the circumference, and the centre is filled in with smaller petals. To make a bud, a large petal is used. It IS gathered through the centre, and the gathering covered by chenille. Tlie seed cvp and ealyx are made with chenille als('. In making 5^r?wp/?.9, chenille is used, care being taken that the color used is appropriate to the flower. To make a leaf, a pattern of the desired shape is made, and chenille embroidered on it, a different color b-ing used for the mid-bibs. Designs in ribbon work are embroidered on plush or velvet and are used to drape either a stand, table or a mantle piece, and sonu-times to cover sofa pillows. A banner made of velvet, satin or plush, and a spray of flowers embroidered in ribbon on it Jooks very linndsome. ' r. rpte* 1 ^1 ■ i\% c 1.1 1 b' '' ' m fh 't/ if '": w 152 LADIES' WORK BASKET. Rihbon WorJc. LADIES' WORK BASKET. 153 Tliis work is easily nuule, and tlie advantage about it is that It uses ui» httlH pie.es of flannel, plu.sh, silk ami fel tint ni f othenvise be wasted. There are two kinds of app i, ue ork fr of the pattern is then moistened and torn away, leaving the design on the loiiiKlalion. ^'iii' illusi ration of the Pansy Pia Cushion, and its sections {fr and /j), show how easily simple but useful arti- cles can l)e madi'. Two sliaHes of yellow, i)urple and laveiidei', i)ur|)le and yellow, bla(>k and yellow, deep pur- P W Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 154 LADIES WORK BASKET. SlAOUAX A. l)le and wliite, or brovvriiind yellow, are the most desirable colors to s»4<-'ct for this style of cushion. The material may be tiannel, plush, velvet or cloth, as desired. The foundation of the cushion is cut the size and shajje of the illustration, and then two parts, one like dia- gram a, and another like di- agram h, are cut for the pansy. The section like dia- gram h is lapped at its double curved edges upon the i)art like diagram a, .;s far as the lower curved dotted line in the latter, and both are sewed together by an invisible stitch, and then to the foun- dation, the cushion being first closely stuffed with saw- dust, bran, or any other de- sirable material. The other dotted lines are outlined \\.\)- on the tiower with silk floss, and then a little shading artistically done is worked from the centre of the cushion. The cushion is sus- DUfiuxB. Diagram of Pansy Pin Cushion. pended to the wall or to the side of a work basket by a loop of twisted tloss or silk cord. The pins are stucK in about the edge. AppJiqne Lamhrequ)n.—T\\m pretty illustration shows a design for a window or mantel piece, which is especially elegant if made of jjIusIi, although it looks handsome worked in felt, silk, or flannel. Any of these materials nuiy be used as a foun- dation, but the pansies {\v^ cut out from velvet. Any of the shades nu^ntioned in making the Pansy Pin Cusliion may be used, caie being taken to use shades that blend and harmonizes i LADIES WORK BASKET. 155 ll best Only two shades are used for each flower. The leaves and buds, ol course, are made of green, and the stems of shaded green, the latter being worked in vine vhiiin stitch. When completed, thework is pressed on the wrong side, and lined with some heavy suita- ble material. If this design is worked carefully a rich effect will be jjroduced. Drawn Work is very popular, and consists in drawing out the threads of linen and W(jrking in patterns with fancy stitches. Card Bafiht in Panama Cr/;z»a.?.— This is easily nuide, and presents a pi' tty appearance. It is a combination^f Panama canvas and straw work, finished with wheat heads. The straws are placed in three bai-s close together at the top, where they are lastened h\ a ribbon, but widening at the bottom, like the tliree-legged frame for a camp-kettle. A cluster of wheat lieads ••ire ])laced at the top, and about an inch from tlie bottom of the straws, a piece of stiff card, cut in a triangular shape, is sewed to the straw sticks. A scpuire of Panama canvas, fringed upon each edge and embroidered in tlie centie and corners in a small l^erlin ])atterTi, is laid over the triangulai- piece of card, to which it is secuied by small st'tches here and there, although it should Tiot have the appearance of lying cjosely to it. Applique Lambrequin. 156 LADIES' WORK BASKET. Basket in Panama Or/im.v.— Thi.s is so well illustrated, a^ to liardl}' requirean explanation. The basl'.ct is made of cardboard, lined with quilted satin, and covered with Panama canvas embroidered in Berlin wool pa*-tern, satin or janina stitch. It closes into the handle, as shown in the second illustration. (See next page.) Panama canvas is a very harsh, stiff canvas, and matches beautifully the straw with which it is largely used in many kinds of fancy work, It needs no grounding, and makes its own fringe by ravelling the edges, which are overcast with a thread of the ravelling. Card baskets, toilet -mats, and a great variety of small fancy articles are manufactured of this canvas, worked in floss silk and combined with straw in making them up. Java canvas is also much used for Berlin work. Basket in Panamn Canrnx. (Opoi.) LADIES' WORK BASKET 157 Basket in Panama Canvas (Shut.) Shmol Strap in Canms Wor7c.—T\\\H is worked upon canvas in bright colored Berlin wool, and sewed down upon wide strips of leather, which is afterwards lined with silk, and a crochet bor- der knit all around, as shown in the illustration. It is after- wards taken up, and after being moistened with a damp clotti is gently pressed with a warm iron on the wrong side, the eci„^es being first fastened dowTi with pins. Care must be taken not"to make the work too wet, and to have the iron only nicely wanned, so as not to injure t)ie coloring, even if it be very deli- cute. (See illustration on next page.) iJ 158 LADIES' WORK BASKET. Shawl Strap in Canvas Work. L This painting is so called because it is an imitation of the Kensington silk einl>roideries done with the needle. It is not an easy paintin; • by any means, bnt work which requires an intimate knowledge of i)ainting, the use of oils, and shading. Of course in all work inferior and tawdry work may be done, whether it l)e with the brush, i)en or needle, b t it ia possible to produce, and there are being l)i"oduced constantly, exquisite ])ieces of Kensington i)ainting by careful workers, which at a distance can scarcely be dis- tinguished from the needle woik they are intended to re- present. It is sciircely possible in a Aviitten ex))lanation of ar- tistic work, to give as full and complete information as in act- ^\^:. L ual teaching, but if tlie instruction hereafter given is carefully followed, a good idea of the mode of operation is obtained "^ In Kensigton Painting, the paint used is obtained in tubes and IS tne same used for oil painting on canvas. It is better to rhinning it. Ihe paint is thus pure,, and gives a lieavi.r and iich^jr appearance to the work. The paint may sonx-times dn m which case It may be moistened with a drop of linseed oil or turpentine. It is not necessary to have a palette in I'sW he paints, as a broad-blad.d knife serves tlie pui^ose just as we 1 he knile is held in the left hand with the shai-p ed^>-e towards the worker. The only other articles required t'o cXleTtll 1st are two long-pointed pens, one smaller than the other for the more delicate work of finishing off ; a camel's hair brush .No 6, cut square off so that it cannot be rolled to a point- a danimg_ needle No. 18 or 20; and a rather fine needle with the eye-point stuck into a pencil, or a wooden handle to make It hrm ^^ ith these few and simple utensils tlie operator is ready for work. ^ fern^nf n '"f''"'"; M '^"^'"'''^ ^o make a spray of daisies and a fern on a piece of black velvet, on which the design has first ss-.v. the operator, until it is well worked and so t. The point of the pen is rhen drawn through the U^nt -SK ewise, until there is a strip of paint in the narrow pait to the point of the pen. The operation is begun at th^ op ot L Hower by sticking tile pen into the pile of the velvet, n aboul near the top of tne leaf as possible. The tine pen is then brougnt into use in stroking the paint down toward the centre of tile flower, with the nibs well opened in so doing As t^^ om of th V' r "* '^^' ''^''' ''''-'' '-^^ '^'^ ^^^^^^de at the bot toni ol th. flower. Care must be taken to put ihe paint on in In making the leaves, the brush is n^^^ t+ • the Ales, which fa afterwards sfmM down hv",?, «' P"'"* "" in making the flower Wl>e„ Tt^i, • .^^ "'*' "'"' P™ '"' instead ofrttL^tf"* '''"™'' brfght colors are required, but .nstead of putting them on separately, it is better co mix them Ib2 LADIHS- WORK ILiSKET. on the knife blade witli tlie i)en, and tlien apply. If, for instance, a rose leaf is to be made, instead of using all green and then i)utting in the veins a n d d a r k shades with some other l)aint, it is better to have a little vellow, burnt sienna, / and Indian led mixed along w i t h the green, and it is then ai)j)lied with the large pen. and stroked with the small (me, as was done with the white in making the daisies. This is done in this uum- ner to give the ]iaint the a])])earance of varied silks. TliM stems and ferns ai'e made by using the darning needle, which is lolled througli the moistened paint until it is thickly covt'ifd. It is then passed heavily along the centre of tl.ie stem to be made, thus leaving more jiaint on the sides. In making the smaller stems and ferns, and all line work, the small needle is used. A great deal (.f judgment and taste must be exercised in the choice and application of the jinints, special care being taken to imitate the natural colors of tho flov.ei s and leaves. In making a leaf that ha^ nothing but green in it, nothing but green jtaint is used. The leaves of feius, and the lily-of-the-valley are almost entirely green, with a slight touch of yellow or red. Diamond dust may be sprinkled into tl>;^ paint while it is moist, as it gives a decided imi)rov»^ment to the work. Tlie vel- vet is left tacked to the board until the i)aint is thoroujihlv dry, whfii it can be dusted with a whisk without injury. I irr: 164 LADIES- WORK liASKKT. is piirrly w(.rkM'""■ ^^"^ "-""■' p'-«' i— *" The table-cover oniiv^f..i.fl,. :.. fill- , . . • '"" '" ••P'"C- -^ ■='••'""••• i iii.-, , iii.-,.-, uL iiihie ;iiid ciiiiii 168 LADIES' WORK BASKET. would particularly recommend to our readers, haviiig found their value for week after week; to enjoy the luxury of fresh glossy, carefully washed covers is no ^mall matter* especially during the hot weather, when everything that adds to the cool and refreshing aspect of the apartment- becomes of momentous importance. And what imparts such a sense of heat and gen- eral aridness as covers of heavy, bright woolen stutfs, which one fairly dislikes to handle ? These may appear trifles to the busy housewife, but it is by just such little matters that the home is made delightful or uncomfortable. OttoMtan. Fig. ^ represents a quaint Ottoman, which has a richly carved frame, but is shown here more on account of the cover tha.x to explain ^\\e framework, and for the reason that it exhibits a method of covering a worn seat by means of applique work of Arabesque pattern. Take a piece of light gray felt cloth of the required size, and over this set a piece of black silk velvet, a design with cen- ter-piece, border and corners marked out on it, and worked in button-hole stitching. The Fig. a. intermediate doth is then cut away, and the outline of th^ design IS finished with gold braid. The effect of this combina- tion IS exceedingly beautiful, nr.d will be found a durable cover for chairs, cushions, and uiiholsfiing in gnneial. Another cover is made in nmn.fm velvet, witli a cluster of Mornini-- Glories embroidered in the center, an I a broken sjn'av of the Tn.ilin- Arbutus worked in each cbruer. Plainer covers for more com" LADIES' WORK BASKET. 169 mon use may be worked on canvas with common cross-stitch A pretty design for such work is a chil.^ scattering seeds oni nuJitaiy dul . A few such ottomans will be found of inesti mab le service in the various apartments, especially if there are children o be accommodated, for these tasteful little seats a e always Inghly appreciated by the "little folks," besides addfn^ a graceful appearance lo an apartment ^^ F„j iU Another pr.,ty ,„to,na,i m,,y h. „u„l.. f,o,n a square pine- vi-oo.1 I,,,x. fourteen i„rl,es liish and f,vo fee, Unv inel.e.s square The sues are eovere,! with any plain u.aferial, an.l castors f sfene, under the oerners. A wide frinse covers the sides, and Simula be th.ek r.nd heavy, though a deep pulF, sli,d,tlv t„]l "'J "■ ^'"'""••"••'' ■" ' - ■■•■"venieu A eushio; thiekly ;;;!;:!;.;,■';::'.■:,•.',:;;.''''•■■'.':•'.'' "!''^"-" ™ '"•-' -'« -th a, wide ••■-— ^=^'- i^wuifd sriiprs, unii rassels at each corner. I ii 170 r.A DTES' WORK BASKET. A prptfy combination of colors for such an ottoman is to make the top and plaited ,«id<.s of the cushion of maroon, and the puff behnvblacl^. with mix.-d black and maroon fringe and tassels. An embroideivd cover may also ornament the top, which adds much to its appearance. %x\u\xnc^ Cfotfic^-ST&a^fict. The materials use^d are an old traveling-basket or box, with coverings of gray sail-cloth, gray cambric, furniture 'cord. Fig. 0. woolen braid, 0\c. Fig. .7 sliows tlie outside of one of these baskets. This is an exc.vdingly handy thing in a bedroom or nursery; is a pretty piec of furniture, and an excellent way of putting to use an old tiiink that cannot be put to use for travel- ing any more. TIh' sid,..w.ills are covered with grav cambric, laid into even box plaits, while a covering of stnmi; linen LADIES' WORK BASKET. 171 secures the bottom; a larr.brequin of sail-cloth sunourds the thTrLriTf" ''w.'"''" ^" ^'^ '^"^^'^^^"- ^^- ^^--ate ^ed w ; ' f "^'^ " '""'^"-"^ Arabesques and deco ■ ited vvuh an oval rosette of cambric, having in the center a handle braided of crochet cord. The points of the I^n requin ai-e each cut mto five scallops and finisned off with redTnd with a border as wide as itself. The rosette on the cover is of gray cambric scalloped all around, button-hole stitcl^ed and decorated with single balls. Fig. 6 shows the interior of the basket, divided into compartments by walls of cardboard cov- ered with cambric. Three i,ockets, with laps, are affixed to fuith ^1 elaborated by luirrow embroidery or white lace. These useful appendages may be covered and trimmed according t.. inaividual taste, and in keeping with the other appointments 01 tlie room. ^'aff-3'ocfvct.>. As a general custom wall-pockets are placed in the sitting- room, library, hall or chamber more frequently than against the wabs of the parlor, but there are many articles even in the par- or which might better be kept in a handsome wall-pocket than ittering tables, pianos, and even the sofas and chairs. Not Hat a little graceful confusion is unpleasant to the artistic taste >nt that this license may be carried to that point which amounts o disorder, and is a sure sign of careless housekeeping; therefore hough a few of the late papers and magazines, an interesting book, a basket of delicate work, or even a game or two mav occupy appropriate ].ositions on tables and stands, let the majority of such articles find an appropriate resting place in tIl(-> bM!lllf Will ,..oII u vet or uan^iii^-basket. ii i! 172 LADIES' WORK BASKET. These articles, wlien used for the parlor, should be of the most elegant kinds, and n)ay be enriched either with embroid- ery, hand painting or other fancy work, as should be also those used for- the chamber. J^f'ff. 7 represents a wall-pocket for brushes and combs carved from black walnut with bracket saws and carving tools. Make the back of a piece of wood one-fourth of an inch thick, fourteen inches high, and the front six inches wide at the top. four at the bottom and six and three- quarters high, with triangu- lar side pieces four inches wide and six and three-quar- ters long, forming a bo:: or pocket. The front is orna- ment* (l with embroidery, worked on fawn-colored car- riage leather or enameled oil-cloth; but some persons prefer silk or satin. To work this embroidery, cut the foundation of the material ^-i- in shape of the front of the ocket, and the foundation hgures of rings and square of oiled lines or light-coloi-;1 enameled oil-cloth, and arrange them in place, cutting th-ouo-h tlie square, passing it through the rings, and covering the slit with tlu. rings. The square is fastened on .he foundation with 1 omt Russ8 and knotted stitches of brown silk, and ed-ed with button-hole stitche.s of the same. The rings are ornamented with herring-bone stitches of old gold silk. The remainder of the embroidery is done in Point Russe, and French knots in LADIES' WOIlIi- BASKET. 173 maize-coIor.a Silk. After finishing the needle- work, interlay it stfr'elv Mon'^''° \ '''"™'' "' ^'^ ^^«"^' ^^^ ^^^^en ttosebiKis may be worked in as designs This wiU be found an elegant pocket, and easOy made. i?apcr-cH'of^cr3 hnlf^' * '^u ''7^P"P«-1>"Wf ti ./»<-» cill.' OTir? iicUv^ wiic iJiiiii cacii oiUO Ui liiU LAI>/KS' WORK rSASKKT. oenter-Loard, then sew tlie silk covering of tlie pasteboard, the Ilk winch forms the end, and the silver board 'together a tl e bottom. Finish with box-plaiting of narrow ribbo^ ail around .tand. rius article i.s very serviceable in eithe.^ a chamber or J-'iO- iO. t>a i-room. It is made of light b.own oil-doth, and pr<,vided with pockets for combs, brushes, et,-. It may be finished ec. Piff. 13 is an illustration of a slipper case, which may ^>e made with very little expense. It is a useful ai)i)liance for Fig. 13. '4. the keeping of shoes and slippers, which are apt to become dis- placed in the bottom of some closet, and, when required, must be searched for. No lady or gentleman should be without this convenient appendage to their bedroom. Cut ^''om very heavy ])asteboard a back, shaped like the toes of two slii)per placed together and merged into one above, end- J LADIES' WO/ih' hasket. 179 ing in a gracefully .•urv.-d point a. th. top. s.n.ilar to ///./ n winch shown the back. Th. pasteboanl pieces bein^^ thus cui out may be covered aud liuished in various vvavs, either with .lark satm en.broidered .r. the toes and upon "the t.p of fh. bark, lined with muslin and trimmed with cord and ,as...|s. or Lavin^r ,overed the front of back anrs of Pansies and Jorget-me-not, and trimmed with corresponding shades of rib- bon, makes an elegant looking slipper-case. From being mere unwieldy contrivances to shelter from < ranght or the heat of the fire, screens have come to be anion- the prettiest ornaments of a modern home. They are made in eyery conceivable design, but the three illustrated here are very pretty and are easily made. J^'ig. /-'Tis a folding screen made in leaf-work. A frame of suitable size is covered with brown linen or serge, which must be stretched tio-iiti-.r ,,.i, — „„x.- i „ , - _ . •o jy rriicii auLUiiiii ica»es, pressed and dried, f ;: Fig. 15. 16U L.UJfh'S' WORK BASKET. 181 may be neatly gummed on in tlie design sliown, or may be varied aooordrng to taste. This screen may also be n.ade 'entirely of light wood, and when the leaves are on and the gum has become dry a coat of copal varnish must be laid with a soft camel's hair brush lightly over t^surface, and the work will be complete. The lines separating ths portions left to be filled with leaves niay be drawn in dark })rown oil col- ors, and give great- er distinctness and consequent greater beauty to the work. /'V/7. It; is a very pretty design for a fire screen, the re- sult of the united labois of the cabi- net-maker and the l;idy of the house. Walnut wood is an ai)pr()priate mater- ia] for the frame; an.l (he design of Fi'.i- Hi. the wool work, of «''.nrse, muy be vai'ii.i according to the taste and skill of the work.-r. The grouj^ .,f Ih.weis .-.nd enclosiiiu' wreath ai-e appro- priate for the chara.'ter of the frame illu^trared; but for a •If^sign of a geometiical kin.l a more ■•;,rma] ],attern for the wool-work maybee.nployed.and the sugi^estiun. of (he desio-ner of the frame will be usef il. ° An elegant >i.eciiiien of a wiii(h,u- screen is shown in Fifj. 17 182 LADIES' WORK Jl.\SK!:r. whirli is osppcially useful and appropriate for a dining room window. The materials required are eoars«^ curtain net, ciooliet thread No. 40, and blade sewiiiiz; cotton. The flowers are of the I'ichest character, crocheted and fastened on the net in a graceful group, A Fiq. 17. as a center piece, and arranu'ed in the coi'Uers and singly around the edge as a boi'der. Delicate jiattei'iis of muslin cnbroidery may be appliqu«Ml on the net in boncpiets of ilowers. Waiteau figu!'<'s, etc Ktchings look exceediiig'y bcautifii! do'-.t-iu coloi's. Another ju'etty p;irtcrii is hkmIc by Ivisriiig Swi1. A veiv preKy Uoie-case or iwu-f f,.li,> ;. , i,,.i :„ rw.. pi.v..s, tlie dark pare l)ei.;g ofleathe; :,n<[ the light "of hne I n 184 LADIES' WORK BASKET. canvas. A dnrk brown leather with the wo"k upon it in green, the leaves in satin stitch, and the stem and tendrils in chain-stitch, x3 very pleasing. The center is worked upon very fine canvas, leaving the ground plain, the flowers in very bright silk, the initial in any coloi- to suit the taste, and it may be taken to a hook-binder and the margin-line on the leather stamped in gold. The case may be made of any size to suit its purpose. The two sides should be of one piece of leather. Fi(]. 19. Fifj. 10 illustratesavery pretty piece of work done in emboss- ing. The materials required are two pieces of bristol-board, one white and th<> other pink, each seven and a half inches long and two inches wide, twice the (piantity of fine white flannel or ojiern cloth, and one- half yard of pink silk ribbon an inch in width. To execute this fascinating work, trace tlie design on the wrong side of the paper, and with a flue sewing-needle pierce flowers, i'^aves and blossoms; the paper being placed over a soft pin- cushion. Stems and tendrils ar . indicated l)y :i few perforations; tlien turn the paper and pierce them o\\ the . .1 side. When K*\fli iK \T« ii'_ I I'l i'f< t\'( fli*^ Iti'is^f nl .1 tM, and looks pretty made of two contrastiua: colors of silk, satin or velvet, or it may l>e maih' of (wo shades of the same col>)r. The center-piece is liuislu'(l with a sqiiare of puff- ing, with bows of ribbon at the coriiei's, and the cushion is liinshed with i!!,'liings of dilfcreiU widths of riI)l)ou. A very ; LADIES' WORK BASKET. * 187 elegant cuslucu is nuule from cream-colored satin The center IS decorated with blue and pink clusters of Corn-tlouvrs The cushion .s finished with pink and blue mixed ,-onl and tassels i'^V..-. IS a pretty cusi.ion of gray satin, eighteen inches 1. mg and .ourteen inches wide. The upper cover is en, i -roidered /■Vf/, ov;. u^ith brin:ht-colored silks in feathery sprays of Daisies and andehons. witli a scarlet Poppy and Convolvulus blosscun thrown in among the Arabesque^ patterns. U is liuishe.l with a border of ccrd. and a suspen- sion libbon and bow of pearl gray satin. A beau.iful :ind ea^ily made pie(>e of fancy work is shown in the cushion Fif/. J.;, which will answer equally well for tabl(> rovers, curtain borders and chair bolsters; indeed, a comi)lete set made in this wa^^ will be found exceedinirlv handsome, and within rh(- ^'''J■ ^-J reach of a very slender pui-se. llie foundation is of ermine or flame doft,>d flannel, and each Itiiure or (lof is edn-e,! uit], luir fntil,,,],. stif-].:..,. -'■ - ... ceivublo shade of silk A b(»rder of scarlet flannel i 1 » I < >ii- s pinked ' i ; 1 , 1 i =TI 138 LADIES' WORK BASKET. out on eacli edge and worked with white. Pinked rosettes of wliite tiannel or opera clotli are fastened on the scarlet border with such colors as fancy may suggest. This pattern also makes an elegant cradle-spread, or is very ornamental thrown over the back of a sofa or lounge as an Afghan or rug. The beautiful sofa cushion, Fig. 2/^, is a most elegant speci- men 6i applique embroidery, and is composed of the richest colors and combinations of beautiful materials, being a group of wild flowers with gorgeous butterflies, etc. The ground is of dark brown velvet; the group shaded in every rich and resplendent color. Tlie large le.,ves are all cut from green velvet of varioi^a shades, the edges button-holed and the veins made of yellow, scarlet and browa silk, accord- ing to taste; and when laid on the cloth these are in sjme cases raised with a little edj^e turned over. The Strawberries" and some flo^eis have a little cotton laid beneath them, to give a rounded appearance. The grass and stems are made Fig. ai with silk, in satin and chain-stitches. With the blue Corn- flowers, green leaves and sj)rigs are mixed, some of very light colors and others of brown in various shades. Close to the clusters of Fox-gloves, which is the most projecting flower, a stately bough of Lilac Campanulas is placed; at the side a clusfpr of unripe nuts of pale green, shaded over into brown, and white Strawberry blossoms peep forth from between the dark green leaves, and have an extremely pretty efl'ect, contrast- ing, as lliey uo, wlili the vivid scarlet berries, dotted with pale LADIES' WORK BASKET. 189 yellow. The small golden Dandelions enliven the whole as thev stand out in all their bright, -saucy prettiness from the lon-r- pomted eaves, and the red bl...soms of the beautiful Heath are scattered over the whole with fine effect, giving a light, airy 1<-1^ to the groui. NVork all he fine leaves in :ario,: shad.^ ot green sdk, and a ith any simple design. The outside cover is elab- orately worked in Arabesques, with gold cord and fancy stitc'\es. The outer edges of both parts are finished with thick silk cord; the inner edge with a pink silk ruching; the corners are finished 1 ^ 1,, UilU lUBOClO. r I LADIES' WOur liASKhT. 191 L w.,h tw„ p,e.e,, of ca,-,ll«u-,l ..a,.], fourteen i„,-„e, square wi,h Wun.e,l oorne... It i. .overed wi.l, a ,lia,„on,l ,,„il,n,., of pi k sat.„ a„„ ,i„i,„„„ „„ the m,i„e „,t„ white' silk ;„,': The edge, are^unu,! .vith heavy ,i,k eo,,l. an.l ,i,e ,,";;• decorated with afaiKjuiltingof iacc and bows of lihbon. Tlie niOlKwrijijji ijj tlie center is made of peurl- lieaded pins. A small sachet can be made from two pieces of -^'i/— '■ different shaded silks, decovated with some fancy picture and filled with per- iiimed batin;- and fastened to the inside upper cover. The case may be closed with a button and loop. J^'ff. 2S illustrates an elegant pin-cushion five inches square and filled with iron ' tilings and bran. The top is covn-ed with quilted cream colored '^ilk, and the sides ^^ ^- 'JHIF^g^^Bf^JMr^ '*'v-? v with blue satin juiff- ^"^^'^ 'S^^Bm^Sm^^^. >^^> i'lg. P'our pointed di-apes of cream-col- ored silk, embroid- ered or painted with ran 'U^l 11 sprt'ys of Fig. 28. 192 L.MUKS- WOUK n.XSKKT. Forget-nu'-nots, nit'et at tlw cDriifis, iind an; fasten^^'l with b(j\v.s of bliu' satin ribbon and tassfls. i'V/'/. 29 sliows a beautifu! fo'^tstool, made by ciittinfj: oui a scjua't' of lloor oil-clotli, loundin;;' ilir coiiie's and iiollowinn; out the centtT (jf ♦■acli side, as sliown in tlie ilhistration. Cut also a strip of tlie sanu" six iuclies lii^h, and with a strong needle anil coarse thread sew this along the bottom, uniting the ends at one of the sides, then stall' it with coru-husks, hair or moss; cover it with coarse muslin, and the case or foundation i.s re.idy for the after em- bellishments. Make a case of crimson velvet, velveteen or any (h'sired material, by cutting a square one-third larger tli"u the oil-cloth bot- tom; also a i)iece to fit tlie sides; sew the ends -f'V/ -"o. of the lattei together, and, dividing it into four • ;nal parts. sew: tit the square, also divided into four parts, to this, and gathering the edges, sew these two firmly tou'ether and lit over the stool, sewing the bottom securely around the oil-cloth, and finish with a thick woolen coid. Xexf take two strips of ecu- colored ribbon, cross them to f'l-n four bands, and embroider them in Arabesques witli rich , , I .r.-. — the corner pieces of gray satin may be worked in contrasting shades of silk ; when finished, baste it closely on the liassock. trimming the edges with gold cord. A wooden handle with the cord passed through, and tassels and frinire around tlie sides and on tlie corners, finish J LAB/hy nohK jiAsiarr. 1 against canvas side piece a heavy cord is sewed and around the bottom •dge, and a quilling ^^- '"• two and a half inches deep cov-^rs the raw edges around the upper part, with full bows of the same at each corner. Fig. SI shows a uniqno and very artistic work-basket in rat- tmg and bead work. The materials are gray silk twist, steel beads (Xo. 3), colored lining and ribbon, and for the bottom a piece of cardboard seven inches long and six inches wide The corners are cut square. For the walls of the basket procure tour thin frames, each one and three-fifths inches square, four other frames one and three-fifths inches high and five inches iong: and for the cover, which consists of two parts, two frames, as shown in the illustration. Two oblong rings of steel sprngs serve for handles. The bottom of the basket is covered with silk. The frames are covered with silk ribbon, the edirea ia.teued logetiier on the inside. The beads decorating them are i ii nl 1P4 LADIES' WORK BASKET. affixed when the tutted insertion is sewn in. Eacli corn* rosette has for its center fonr closed loops, connected with each other at the side; each loop consi ts of live stitches, one short iir' live stitches, one long pnil, one stitch, one short j^url and if ..titches. Now, with the aid of a crochet-needle, slip three ; ads over the long i)url and fasten it where the loop meets. Fiij -n. For the wall parts rejieat the lai'ger ]oo]is of the corner rosettes, decorate all the purls vvith beads, and conlinue so till the basket is finished. Trim the cover witli ribbon rucliing. Fig. oJ is an oblong ba-ket with l)rai ^rritu-, "-i.-i i-.. -.. i the red upph.p.e, which, in it, four curves, is embroidered aU^ i < ', ; ] : im LADIES' WORK BASKET. nately wiMi l)l:ick iiud wliite and black and green silks, and in its center with l)lac'k and yellow riie in^erla(^ed ring below the Fig. 33. Fig. 34. applique is of yellow, with purj)!*' knots, and the center star is of red and white. All the Arabesques are of old gold; the clover , 1 1 l_ 1, I itrav tra ^tffii, *v n u lAtti iv miw»* »* . v'liiD iiil'vi. l^lUt^li oL 4-1^.^ K^vvi^l^ J LA DIES" WO UK n. 1 SKET. Tl 197 Any „l,l basket may be „fili,„l ana ai™,g,vl into the bandy and i.retty avOole represented by Fi,,. .IJ,. Tbe ba,sk.t U covered insKle and ont with white dotted Svvi«, line,l with colored silk or rap-r mnshn; the pockets are cnt ot c-ard-board, rounded at thebott a,„l cove,vd in the same manner as tie baske to wh,ch they are smve.l with very close stitches. A dee, fall' o, lace decomtes the basket all aronnd, canglit „p at four places by bows „ rd,b„„ of a ..olor ,„ match the lininj^ The pockets aud top of the l,aske,are edged with narrow Lee. A bow o ribbon decorates each pocket. J^ig. JS is a bright, fan.-„l looking bag. the central part of wo.k, placed ,n a .liagonal .lirection, the lower points of which ».and out beyond the ,irn, foun.lation. The bo t ^ ons o S.X hrm pieces of stulf, each four and three-quarter inch" deep and lour mches wide at the top. These points are sewn to t,« bag part, m.ide of ,.hain c, het work. S,.arlet „,erino stripe with rosettes of tatting, and various intennediate str pe,'"i green, yellow, widte, ef., each embroidered with some con trastmg cln., as bulf with scarlet, l,la,.k with .reen wIwiH,' «-h„e scarlet with bhick, and white with pi„ir ^o i,, " ak ^ beautiful coufra.'st. "JUiie a Fig. .y; is a very lian.lsome hair, made bv orocliPf in^^ an unner l-•^ and nmu, it around an ..nb.-oidered^ bottom Le of sK Vandykes o l.nen, embroidered and finished at n" top l h >lu<).ed lambrequins to correspond. These In-^-s IZ ve.. efFe,-tive and shouv. bv Vuin- to. ""'^^ ^::;i:"':l'" ''■«'■'''=''''■»'"'■ ™i".^ and \i :,acr;:rt :, »»(' Ki( 19S LADIES' WORK BASKET. ~1 ^IcI-^^-SV:!';. There aie a <;reat many pei\soiis who prefer wliite covers for sofa am. oliair eusliioiis, tidies, and other articles of white mus- lin, lace or net. These will no doubt hail witii delitrht an oppor- tunity for makinu\ in their spare monifnts, various beautiful Fill- .'». Fig. 36. desir as haft Off rfu' .^J.i>o:tK>o. Keep the last line pinned on at both ends; take two threads, draw the second one up under the line in a loop, pass the ends of both threads through this loot), draw them up tij-ht, to form a knot, same as tli*> one at the top line. TUe threads will now be in front between the two last lines. Pass these threads to the back, one at each side of the knot, tie them firmly together at the back; sew these threads neatly to the work, on the wrong side, with a needle and thread. Kei)eat to the end of cushion, and then cut the threads close. Fi(j. 1^1 requires the threads for this pattern one and a half yards long. Begin by fastening on the threads in the usual way; then loosen the second line, hold it in the right hand, and knot each thread twice on to it with the left. Take four threads, hold the three first ones in the left hand, knot the fourth thread Fill. -U- illlt t-y Lllli.*^.'* \J ^ \. L Lll^lll VVlLli til*. lliL-lll. At;t. \iy i.K\J ^fArIiA^fK lack. ."., ,,k,. ,„„ ,1,„.,U IV .,1,, l,ol,l „„...,. i„ ,l„. n.-l,t -I.-' !.,,,,, I,,. ,i,s, ,,,,,,,. ,,,,,,...,,• s .„..,. ,i„.,„:i„ '7 ' , .'':i""' "■■■'"I "f ■■"-lii-i.. Ti,..„ I,,,,.,,, ,i„. ,hi,,i li take the einjith rlueid again as leader, ;,nd make a second row sr. ne as Mip I;,.st; lake the next eio-lit tlireads, make a Solomon's knot with the last four, then tak<- the first tliread, liold it as a leader in tlie I'ight hand, and knot eaeli of the seven threads twice on to it with the left hand. Then take the eight threads again, and make a second row; then make eight Solomon's knots with those tlireads. ^'z «• After this, take the first thread at the left side, hold it in the right hand as a leader, and knot each of the seven threads twice on to it with the left hand. Repeat for a second line. Then take the thread at the right side, hold it in the left l^and as leader, and kiio; ^ach thread twice on to it. Repeat for a second line. Take the first four threads, make a Solomon's knot:, the same with last four liicii laKe iiie next lou threads, hold two in each J; i 20f5 MACRAMf: LACK. hand, iiiid make twelve double chains; make two more rows of double chain. Repeat for two more lines. Take the center tliread at tlie ri<,dit sicU^ hold it in the riglit hand, and knot the five threads on to it wi ill the left hand, llepeat for two more lines, then take the next four threads, and make a row of open cliain, tlien repeat with tl'e next four threads tv- the end of cusliion. Then loc^en the sixth li/e, hold it in the left hand, and knot each thread twice on to it. Take the first four thread', make a Solo- .ion's knot. Repeat to the end of cushion ; loosen the seventh line, hold it in the right hand, and knot each thread twice on to it. The next [)art of insertion is maile like the first, and to fini.sh oiY keep the last line pinned on at botli ends; take two threads, draw the second one up under the line in a loop, then pass the ends of both threads through the loop, draw them up tight to form a knot: the two threads will then be in front, between the last two lines. Pass these threads to the back, one at each side t'ig. -W. 0-\T -^riCk tn/^'f -fiiri ^nti i--\\Tr\ f li i^i^o /^ t? -fi*!**-*!-!-^ i-r • !L Vll.-^ IVii\ .,^fl^. M viiAzy woiiK. 207 (i tK-m lu.itly .lown ,„i the wrong ,si gown gathered by a cord at the waist, and tlie exi)en.se would have been much less. The printing of the cloth and the shaping of the dress was half the labor, and were solely to please the eye. Your house would be as warm and last as long if coated with coal oil instead of the more expensive but more beautiful paint. Even the common needle must be gold- eyed and wrapped in a gilded paper before it can be sold. In fact there is nothing that man uses, from the cradle to the coffin, but what a large share of the labor to produce it was expended for the sake of the beautiful, and ^'ully one-half of all the labor of the past has been to please the eye; but there is no other way by which we can secure so much beauty by the expenditure of so little labor as in the culture of li(nvers. Is it wise, then, to neg- lect this, the best means of securing that which we are working for. "But I cannot have flowers because the children would destroy them." We think this is a mistake. The Michigan State Horticul- tural Society has been anxious to secure the planting of flowers and trees about the school-houses, but was continually opposed by the argument that they could not keep them, "the children would destroy them." Last year, as an experiment, a collection of thirty varieties of flower seeds was seut to every school that applied for them. Some eighty received and planted the seeds, and made their reports. In all these schools there was not a child which disturbed the plants, but, on the contrary, all came to give them loving care. Every child is born with a love for the beautiful, wliich makes him delight in, and enjoy flowers, and if, as he grows older, he cares little for them, it is Ijecause this love has been smothered from want of opportunity to exercise it. Make your plants from the flrst our flowers and we are cer- tain that your children will not only not injure, but will come to love and care for them. But you say: " I have no good place CAJIK AXn CCLTntK OF PI.,I.\TS'. 218 ,I.J 1 , u ?"'•*'• ""'' '"'"''' fr"'" "'^ popular n^Jon ha plants wUl thrive only In windows fnlly .KiLed to the south It s true that in many cases plants are grown larselv for wtnter blooming, and that t..,- will flower brtter in abut dance of hght, but it is also true that there are many beautZ P ants whtoh do well with very little sunlight. One of t,:;: OS of window plants we ever saw, was grown in a small window degiee of north latitude. So we unhesitatingly say that there .s no human habitation which has a window but what some p ant may be made to thrive there. No, my friend, there is no M,l ^ Z'' *'™ "'"""'' ""' ''"« '•■^ «'l"«"i"8 aud refining nfluence of flowers m your liome. And we ask your careful "r::rfor tLm! '°"°"'°« ''''"' •^''-"°- '" S'^'^S and When one is a little cramped for room and wants but a few fftT' IT '' """'f "^'^"'' "^" ^' ^^"^^ '^^° ^"y form of stand. They may be supported in many ways, but we think the neatest method is to have each shelf separate and supported by the iron shelf-brackets, which may be purchased for a few cents at any hardware store. The lower one should be l)elow the level of the window, so that the top of the pots will be about even with the bottom of the glass, -us is much better than to have them placed as they usually are. because, first, the pots do not shut off so much light; second, the plants look much better H^ien looked ,lown U])nf \V uere a second .slu'lf is place.l above the tii'st we u !'<>•(■ that a m II 214 CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. strip of green wire-netting, or other similar material, about as wide as the pots are high, be tacked to the casing to protect these pots from the sun and to hide them from view from the street. Where there is more room and moi'e plants are wanted, a i>lunt-stand is desirable. There are many forms of wii'e stands made which are very pretty, but some of them are objectionable in that when loaded with plants they are so unstable as to be moved with difficulty. We think the handsomest stand we have ever seen was constructed as follows: A circular table or stand four feet in diameter stood on strong, well-braced legs about one foot high, with very large, easy-running castors; it was surrounded by a rim raised about three-quarters of an inch, and fitting nicely to this was a zinc i)an nuide water-tight, so that, if desired, it could be tilled one-half inch deep with water. Standing in the center of this, but entirely distinct from it, was a small circular stand of three shelves, the upper one two feet from the pan and about eight inclies in ring the plant needs and yet allow all surplus water to pass off, and with tlio inside so shaped that the plant <-an be removed to a larger <.ne with as little injury as possible All thesP conditions arn ni.vly n>et in (he ordinary flower pot >rists use. in.iuua Liay IS not only a poor c( )n- i I 1 216 CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. duffor of heat, but allows all surplus water to pass slow^ly throuirh it to the outside, where it is rapidly evaporated, and thus the pot and earth cooled. The shape is such that when suitable soil is used, the ball of earth and roots can be removed unbroken, by simply inverting the pot and giving it a slight tap on the edge. These pots are frequently injured by efforts to improve them — such as glazing or painting the outside. This makes them better conductors of l^eat, prevents the filtering through and evaporating of water, thus tending to make the earth sour and soggy, and, in many ways, they are far less desira- ble than the common form. We admit that the simple earthen pot is not handsome, and the better it is doing its work the more unattractive it appears; the filtering water keeps the outside con- stantly damp, and thus encourages the growth of mould and discolors the clay. To avoid this, pot covers are very desirable —very neat and pretty ones are formed of lattice work, and are for sale at all seed stores and florists. When there is plenty of light and a south window, pknt boxes may be used to advan- tage. They should be set low so that the top is level with the window. Very handsome earthen ones are to be found at the stores, but pretty ones can be made at home by covering a box ot the desired shape and size with some appropriate pattern of oil floor cloth, or any desired pattern can be drawn on paper and finished as directed for pot covers, and this fastened to the box by cement, and then the whole coated with one or two dressings of varnish or shellac. Boxes for the outside of the window sliould have a false side oiip-lialf inch thick nailed in so as to leave a one-half inch air si)are between it and the outside. This will prev^Mlt the true side warping off, and will protect the earth and roots from the heat of the sun. CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. 217 Soif. When we consider that we are asking a plant, which naturally would forage through several square yards of earth soil for its food and drink, to grow and thrive in one or two quarts of earth in a Lttle ])ot, we can see that the composition ,f that earth is of great importancr Where small quantities only are wanted it IS easier to get it already prepared from the florists, but where this cannot be done it may be made as follows: Sods from an old turf are piled up and allowed to thoroughly decay Of the soil thus formed we take one bushel, and add to it one of leaf- mould, one-half bushel of coarse sand, to which we add one or two quarts of wood ashes, one-half bushel of well rotted manure which has been sifted through a sieve with half inch mesh, and thoroughly mix them together. By leaf-mould we mean the rich earth formed by the decay of leaves or other vegetable mat- ter^ It is found in the little hollows in the woods where the leaves have accumulated for years, or beside some old stump or fallen log. Similar and equally good soil is frequently found where a pile of vegetable matter has stood for a long time, or in a fence corner where there has annually been an immense growth of large weeds. This is the general composition of the best pot- ting soil, but the proportions need to be varied according to cir- cumstances. Thus, if the sods come from a heaw clav^oil we add more sand. If, on the other hand, they were from sandy soil, we use less sand and add some clay. To this general pot- ting earth we make additions for different plants. For Azaleas Camellias,,Orange and Lemon trees, and such hard-wooded plants' we add to each bushel of the i)ot.ing earth one-half bushel of coarse sand, about the size of grains of wheat, and an equal amount of clay. For Geraniums and otlioj- rapidly growing soft- wooded plants we add more manure and some cky. ;■;! - ti 1 i i • I (I 218 CARE AND CULTUIiE OF PLANTS. It is impossible to describe in words the many indications which show to an experienced grower tliat a plant needs re-pot- ting. We can only say that, generally, when a plant has reached I what seems a disproportionate size for its pot, and the new shoots start vigorously, but soon cease glowing, it is probable that it needs re-potting. For this purpose prepare soil suitable for your plant, and see that it is of the right degree of moisture, which may be known by gently pressing a handful of it, when it will form a ball or lu p, but will crumble into fine earth again if struck or pinched with the lingers. If too wet, the ball will form but will not crumble; if too dry, it will only form by very hard pressure. Select a pot one or two sizes larger than the old one, and see that it is perfectly clean inside. If particles of dirt or mould are leit adhering to the sides the new soil will adhere to them, so that it will be difficult to remove the plant when desired. Place a large piece of broken ])ot over the hole at 'the bottom so that it will cover the hole with an arch, surround this with smaller pieces, and cover ^hem with a little earth. Place the hand over the top of the pot containing the plant witli the plant-stem between your fingers, invert it and remove the ball of earth by striking the edge of the pot downward upon the edge of the table. If the previous potting has been well done, the ball of earth will come out entire. Place it in the new pot so that the surface will be as high as before, and fill in the earth, pressing it firmly with the fingers, and settling it by giving the pot a sharp rap on the table. If the new pot is clean, and the earth in good condition, you ought to be able to remove the new ball of earth without its crumbling, but it should fall to pieces upon slight ])ressure. "Wliere plants have stood in the same pot for a long time have been in glazed i)()ts or been over-watt red, so that the earth is sour and muddy, it may be well to remove it. This 15 done by sloshing the ball uf earth Ujj and down in a paii ,^ CARE AND CUmuIiE OF PLANTS. 219 i i of uaim water until the n.ot. are perfectly dean. In .such cases take care m repotting to .sift tlie earth evenlv in between the roots so that each will be entirely .surrounded by the new soil Water is most essential to ^he development of plant.s, for by 1 nea:ly all the food finds its v. .y into the circulation, ami with out a uniform and proper supply there can be no healthy growth- so a few words in regard to its action may be of use. if a sq uare inch of soil wa.s magnified one hundred or more times, it X d appear like a pile of broken stone, such as builders use, thrown oosely together, with many irregular sV- .ed air spaces betren them, through which air and water could readily circulate Crowding their way tlirough, and constantly changing the relative position of the parti^-les, are the roots, from the .sin-fl ot which there project innumerable little hair-like tubes with very thin walls-these are the true mouths of the plant 'ihey creep along the sides of the particles of soil and imbibe th; moist lire found upon them, pass it to the roots from which it goes upward through the stems and branches out into the little veins which we save in skeletonized leaves, and is spread out in fhe green portion of the leaf. Here it is subjected to the chemic-al influence of the air and light, by which much of the water is thrown off, and the concentrated sap returns into the c.rowin- portions of the plant to sustain them. Now, the water itsell contains very few of the elements of plant growth; the most es.sential of them are furnished by the decomposition of the par- tu'les of the soil, and the decay of bits of animal and vegetable matter scattered among them, and circulate in a gaseous form througli the spaces between th,> particles, are ab.sorbed by the water gathered on the surface of the particles, and thus conveyed into the plant. If there was no water to carry it. flm rr.nf. ..,-„.i.. be surrounded with the best of plant food, and yet the plant h^: I i 220 CAIiE AXD CULTURE OF PL ANTS. would starv«', ami if the spaces between the particles were filled with water, there would he little oi)])oitunit^ for the develop- ment and the circulation and absorption of this- ffaseous food. The most favorable conditions are where the particles of soil are kept constantly moist so that there is an immense surface of water exj)osed for the absorption, and ample opportunity for the cir; 'lation of air to hasten the production of this plant food. In attempting to secure this condition, we must keeji in mind that the amount of water passed through the plant is enormous, but the quantity varies greatly, being many times larger when the plant is in vigorous growth and exposed to the bright sun- shine than when it is dormant or in a dull light. For these rea- sons, it is impossible to give definite directions as to the precise amount of water plants need; this can only be learned by expe- rience, but a few hints may be of use. Aim ro have the soil always moist, never wet or muddy; examine the plants every day, but only water when it is needed. In judging as to when water is needed, keep in mind the fact stated above in regard to the amount the plant needs, varying with its condition of growth, and also tliat the soil in a i)ot will appear much wetter than it really is after a number of days of dull, cloudy weather, and much dryer than it really is during a igh% sunshiny day. 3 'ct &!iciuic>, 'I'bca.ic^, Siijiiiij. front cFro.it". The most common and evident destroyer of !iouse plants is the ureen fly, or aphis. They are green lice a little larger than a pin head which gather in great numbers upon the fresh leaves and shoots, and, puncturing the skin, suck up the sap, and thus injure and sometimes destroy the plant. The only efl'ective way to get rid of them when once established is to fumigate with tobacco. If your husband and his friends do not do this for you it may oe acconipiisbed by ieiiiuving the plauts io some rwuK A. YD rff.r [■/:/■: of plaxts 221 uit 1 1 old carpet, a..l ihen setting :un..n- tlieru a disl, „f li J -.als, on whh-h a handful -,r toba,v;iu..s be^n 1 i t , V ^"' M , , . . ' ^^ ^"'^t It ^^ill smoulder but not 1=. e up, as tins is very injurious to the phnts. Ca e hou • taken n.,, t.> create too dense a smoke L it nu.ht i ',' ' ^"o^, 'r '''^-l-.-d Hoses, in so„.e conditions o ^ ovvtl aie quite liable to injury in this way. «'^vvtJi, Jied .^pufer.-mich less conspicuous than the fov,.er but uith the naked eye, appearing like little reddisi: -rav specks out which run rapidly about if disturbed. They li;e on the .nder side of the leaves, but their work shows on the upper sur !nHl H ""TTT f"^ ^^"''' "^"'^ ^'-^P'^'^' ^"^^^-« i" numbers until the whole leaf is grey and then soon with-rs and dies ^liey delight in a hot, dry atmosphere, and the most effectual preventive is to keep a pan of water ,>n the stove or furnace and others sitting among the plants. Where they have gained a loothold they may be dislodged by frequent syringing or sprinkling with water; or better still, by r. crueful 'washing off of each leaf with whale-oil soap suds and then thorough r sin<^ in clear water. '' Malej/ hug, ^mZ..-The first looks like a l)it of cotton in the angle of the leaf and stem, and of the second there are many foms, all looking like a little scale, shaped something like the shell of a turtle, and sticking tightly to the leaves or bark. iJiey are mor,- commonly seen on hardwooded plants like the Lemon, Oleander, Camellia, etc. They must be removed by wasiung with whale-oil soap and then rinsing in water They never appear on well cared for plants. J/>7rfe^.- -Mildew appears as a result of want of ventilation a draft of cold air, an insufficient or over sutit^Iv of wato. .. .f unyrning which tends to decrease the vigor and strength of the : i h •i ilj; F 222 CAPE A\D CULTURE OF PLANTS. plant. It is to be avoided by keeping plants in the most vigor- ous condition, and may be clitcl^ed by ditsting the plants with sulphur, applying it on a bright day and when the room is very warm. Treatment of plants wliicJi ham teen frozen. — If possible, remove them before thawinu' out to a dark cellar, where they may thaw out gradually and in the dark. In doing this, handle them with t'.e greatest care; the least jar or motion while frozen is very injurious. If not possible to move them, sprinkle imme- diately with ice-cold water and protect them from the light and direct rays of heat. If a portion of the jDlant is evidently killed and there is hope that the root is alive, cut away the injured portion immediately. General 9ltaitaut cut off the lin.p fronds and bore patient, v with lier fern in a few weeks it would have uncurled fresh fans ',f foliao.; to tremble with e-ery wave of air. "" "House i)lants are usualy kept too war:^^ A ten.perature i.om :^r. degrees to 70 degrees is better than warnuv for the varie- ties generally cultivated in windows. Give th.m air. but never .■vpose to draught, which is disastrous. If f..,,, ^ir can be ■'<^n,>tted hroagli an a.ljoining room it is safer rli:u. W. op.u the -mdow at rbe top. Never lift tiiem from the botto„. iu winter' A.s a rule house plants s.;ffer from lack of moisture in tlie atmes^ Dhere: tins is ean^j^ioU,, *>..^ ...i ., . . i x-.-.^.j -.iuv. v.iicro tiicic is iurnace heat and J t«| i: 1 tl ^sr 224 CARFJ AXn rrLTURE OF PLANTS. gaslight. It is a very good plan to set pans of water on the plant stand, and to fill the vases in the room with water. This makes a healthier atmosphere for people as well as plants. It is often the case that the only person in the house who will have blossoms on her pl-ints will be the cook, whose windows will be gay with roses and geraniums, because the steam from the boiler and kettles will ju'ovide the desirable moisture.'' .'*: is highly important to keep the foliage of plants clean, not alone for their beauty, but their health's sake. Wash the leaves Inside as well as outside, as often as they are dusty. A soft sponge and tepid water are the best for this purpose. To polish Ivy leaves, or those of Palms and Rubber trees, use soft tissue paper. It will make them like satin. Every day pick off any dead leaves or twigs, as these but interfere with the strength of those alive. Blossoms should not be left on too long; they prevent others from forming in perfection. JVever perm a bloom to wWier on the stem. Newspapers may be pinned about plants when rooms are swept to protect them from the dust. They can be shielded irom the cold In this way if the tires get down on occasions of severe nights. Stirring up the soil in pots will contribute to the well being of plants. Care should be taken not to dig down too deep and wound the roots. All blooming plants require sunlight; nearly all foliage i^lantswill spindle and grow " white livered " without this great invigorator. It may be readily determined when plants need more light, as they become "drawn"— a term used by horticulturists to denote the lengthening of stems seekino- light. " " ^ropagati-.i. of '^'faut^ Ijif eiitt-imp. With our first success in ])lant cu'.ture will come requests from our friends for slips o^- plants like ours, and such requests the true lover of flowers is always willing to gratify; so that a knowledge of how to propagate or increase our plants is desirable. CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. 225 Every vigorous brancli contaius plant food enough to sustain some growth and development and the propagation of plants by euttmgs depends upon the utilising of this scored food fo the development of root. thu. convercing tne dependent branch cutting must be in a vigorous condition and supplied with an abundance o water in order to assist in the distribution o the excess ot water or contact with decayi>:g vegetable matter is to be avoided, as it tends to cause decay of the cuttings which have much less power to overcome such tendency than wh n they were connected with the parent plant Gardeners have carefully prepared propagating beds, so arranged that they can control the temperature,'not o^ly o 'tl^ air, but of the soil or sand in which the cuttings are plaL, and can regulate it so that the soil is at all times a few degrees warmer than the air above it. This bottoM keat, as it is cabled has a marked influence in causing the development of roots and where it can be maintained at a proper degree, success is almost certain. But nearly as good success is reached by r.mateurs by meansof much simpler arrangements. One of the best is the lol owing: Secure a small pot, about three inches in diameter and with thin walls of very porous cla>, dress out the hole in the bottom until it can be easily dosed by a ]ong plug or stopper which should reach to the top of the pot; secure another pot at least three inches larger than the other and fill it with pieces of broken pot until the smaller pot placed upon fhem wid come about lialf an inch above the other Place the smaller pot in the center, and fill the space around It up to the lev^l of the outer pot with clean, sharp, j.lasterino- sand. Before using, the saud should be washed in an abundance o water so as to remove .-,11 tl,e vegetal^le mould, clay, lime or other miDurifips JIM I'r Jc ,-.>..,. ;. _, .'- . jg ' -^ :;!iir.ic.;ii; liiac IE ianuuid be per- MWI liil ill ' : 226 CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. fectly clean. Now select good vigorously-growing shoots which have been fully exposed to the liidit, and make the slips or cut- tings by cutting them off just below the second leaf. If the plnnt hn.s two leaves on opposite sides of t'v stem, cut just below the second pair of leaves. Cut off the lower leaf or pair close to the stem, and, making a little hole in the sand with a pencil, put it in so th It the bottom will slant in towards and almost touch the inner pot. Press the sand firmly about the cutting and add others if desired, the cuttings forming a ring around the inner pot. This should then be tilled with warm water, and, as often as convenient, let the cold water out of the pot by remov- ing the plug from the hole in the l)ottom and refill with warm water. If the whole can be covered with a bell-glass it will be an advantage. As soon as they show by their growth that they are rooted, the plants should be removed from the propagating pot and set in soil. A second and very popular method is the saucer system. Common saucers are filled with clean, sharp sand, and the cut- tings inserted close enough to touch each other; then water until the water stands above the surface, and place the dish on the window-sill in the bright sunshine. The sand must be kept con- stantly saturated to insure success. If permitted to dry but for a few moments, the cuttings will wilt and all the labor will be lost. When using this method, the cuttings siiould be removed to pots as soon as they have formed roots half an inch long. ?1o-»5..^n^ry^^^^^^^ ■.-.-<-'^_.,,. /;. ' . ■ 1 ■ I o Tri -■-[ ■'--> ^ V ., ~ ■ ,, '.' .'-■«: ^Y\4-^-*^ <'50-Iwr,v,rrv- ____ -) S^AY^^WW^^^W^ffiWrT'^'"^ §m of i^^'^^?^^^ |NE of the most attractive and ! ous embellishments of the home, one ^^hich, m to the presence of flowers, most gladdens and makes the heart throb, is found in that ever-welcom.^ songster— the canary No home is now considered complete until tliis little visitor has taken up its abode in the window-garden or some quiet nook, and we propose to devote a few pagvs to the proper treatment of this, the most attractive of all domestic pets. ' Of first importance to those who propose to keep canaries is the selection of proper cages. Tlie cages in general use are alto- gether 111 adapted to comfort, being open to the air at every point, and admitting a succession of draughts from moinino- (i[] nigl.t.^ The brass open-barred cages, with sliding doors, no^w so nuich in vogue, should be avoided, as water lodging on tlie brnss : •' •- jvxii.^ - - - O'*- i CiiL*. uua, wnen ihi^s is tasted, produces sometimes 22 S CARE OF CANARIES. a sudden death. The best cage is made Iroiii mahogany and wire. It should be about thirteen inches long, eleven inches liigh, and eight inches deep, having tha top, back, and one of the sides of wood and the other side and front of tinned wire- work, so as to admit tlie air and at the same time exclude a drauglit. The cage inside should be painted white. A long, scpuire, but narrow perch should run from end to end, about ;he center of the cage; and a second of a similar kind, directly behind the two tin pans inserted at the front of the cage, one on either side, to hold the seed. In the middle of the wire-work, at the front, let tliere be a hole sufficiently large to admit the bird's head while drinking. By having two perches only, the bird's feet will be kept clean and he will have plenty of room for exercise, without injuring his plumage. In addition to the water supplied in the tin, it is always expedient to have a square earthenware hath, fitted in a mahog- any frame, ready for use. Breeding- cages for canaries are required of larger propor- tions. The top and sides should be made of wood, the front of strong tin wire. Thi'ee or four perches should run across the cage, and a little chamber, or rather one large chamber divided into two, should be made immediately under the top of the cage to hold the nest-boxes; in front of these should be circular holes, to give ingress and egress to the birds; and behind, in the side of the cage, doors by which you can yourself get access to them. Beneath the nest-boxes should be a small cage separated by wires from the larger one, "his is for the young birds after they liavf left the nest. A distinct apartment of this kind is rendered necessary by a habit which the old birds have of pluck- ing oif ib'i feathers of their young to line the nest for their next brood. The arrangements for food and. drinking water should be the same as in the inner cage; but breeding birds will not reauire .hi' bath. The wires of r i .t^s should not be painted; the Birds are known to be oU that have blackish, rourfi scale, on their feet, utid strong, long claws. A line, rich, dear hi khv mealy hen, paired with a healthy, clear, yellow c;ck, » bo h ar^ bred iron, clear yellow stock, will prodnce hands^e jonZ birds. There are two classes of clear canaries, of a darker or lighter shade of color, designated by the syn;nymo„s tel, gCrn:st:r':""' ^°"^"^ ™^ ""-''- °-«^ -'^ »"'"™^ To match birds of the same nest for breeding is considered una. visable as it will in every respect weaken tlfem. To S crested birds, if one has a fine crest mntnV, it , Good birds may also be obtained ty Cg t "prnfhra somely pied and the other clear yellow or niealv. cTnL mon' colored birds are to be obtained by matching a ieen maTand clear yellow or mealy female, or the reverse. ^Some perTons pa"r their birds the alter end of February; others a month ate add a little moist sugar to the bread and egg until the hen lZ commenced laying, as i, wi„ prevent her betming Jgl^lIZd (general' 'CSrcafmcnf. In winter canaries shouhl „„r be allowed to remain in a coi.l ■on,; ,„ summer it is proper to allow them fresh air vvlh' 'licy enjoy, and ,n the light and heat of the s,r, thev si ,, . ' """ '-'>-•. "■ « ■■'■- -Hi :. lively sit,,,,, , l ?! W , •ourbi,,lsin.sp„.it„an,l heahh: ,.,„ I,,,,,,. „r p,„ei„„ ,Lm .Iraughts, as m„„y bi,.as ,.o,„raot col.ls, as,h,„a, an,l otli,; , f,... 4.1. M 230 CARE OF CANARIES. HI: Cleanliness heiri<,^ a great preservative against most of tlieir disorders, ;it the l)ottom of the cage a false t)ott()ni should be made so as to draw out, that it may tli- easier be cleaned and covtM-ed with sifted gravel or sand; some persons recommend sea-sand, tlie saline i)roperties of which are considered good. Keep the birds' feet clean, and freshwater should be given them eveiy chiy. The cages and l)irds must be kept free from vernun; examine the crevices and cracks of your cages, and if you find vermin, i-emove the birtl and wash the cage with a mixture of tobacco and sulphur placed in boiling soap and water; should the bird have any parasites, syringe him daily with this mixture when cool, and while the "oird is damp sprinkle over him Scotch snuflf. In the course of a week he will be free from insects. If a piece of old mortar and plenty of gravel are kei)t at the bot- tom of the cage, it will aid in keeping the birds healthy. Canaries should not be put up for breeding too early in the season. When the nests are made, the hens soon commence laying. A canary lays, on the average, from two to five eggs, and the time of sitting is thii-teen days. If three days after- wards any of the eggs remain as they were, remove them with a warm hand and place them gently in some water. If they are alive, you will then, by watching, see 3'^me evidences of the fact, and must tenderly replace them; if you do not, they may be destroyed. When birds are sitting, it is not desirable that they should wash themselves all over, but it should be remembered that the canary loves a bath, anu that she should be judiciously indulged in this way. ^ German canaries are the most delicate, and, in our capricious climate, are not long livers; it is not well, therefore, to use them for breeding ])urposes. The I^elgian birds are largo, give a healthy stock, and are most solicitous in attending to the wants of their offspring. CARE OF CAXARIES. . 1?>\ The rnarenalsfor ne.t-building can be purchased of the deal- ers but before usiug they should be freed from dust and dirt and wel washed in clean hot water to destroy any vermin ]"; may be lurking therein. ^^ Should the parent bird neghrt to feed the young-a result which sometimes follows pairing at the wrong time ^f year n.m pan.ng birds before they are old enough-procure': "e o stale wheaten bread, the best; grate, and nnx with L,me bruised and scalded rape-seed and a small portion from the yolk and .covei the cage up to exclude draughts. Feed with this preparation every quarter of an hour, using, by way of spoo^ the finely pointed end of a short stick. Occasic^nali; let a drop or two of water fall into their open beaks ^ Young birds unless neglected by the old birds, should not be removed unt. they are five weeks old, and their food should be very gradually changed. Afterwards keep them in a warm room, and within hearing of a good songster. During breeding yx3U must not pry too closely into the proceedings of your birds When It IS found either desirable or necessary to feed the young birds by hand, they should be removed from the nest when they are about eight or nine days old. The average duration of a canary's life, in a state of celibacy IS from sixteen to twenty years; but when kept for breeding it will last scarcely half as long. In feeding your birds see that the canary-seed is large and glossy and the rape or flax-seed large and new; and in mixing them together, use the two last in smaller proportions. Give a very little bruised hemp-seed occasionally. Great care should be taken with the food while breeding. Birds should have green food occasionally but not too often; and for this purpose it shoul le gathered dry and given fresh. It is cruel to keen a ^' ' -nan »ighi oi such u lempting luxury as l-l m 1f % I f n C'^/^A' 0/^ CANARIEb. green food, and yet neglect to gratify liini now and then with a gatliep '1 l-"',r. ^^ , ; le in the liabit of letting yonr biids loose, to fly ab' it the room or in the aviary, and want to cateh them, use a circular hoop-net of stout string, made deep and fastened on a wire hoop attached to a pole about six feet long — not less. By the skillful nse ol '/lin iK.f, you may secure the bird without destroying the beauty of its plumage. The canary is generally a very tame bird, and if made a pet of, will acquii-e or may be taught many amusing little tricks, expressive of his appreciation of your love, and consequent attachment. Of all birds, he is the least shy and suspicious. Canaries will sometimes acquire the liabit of picking out their small feathers and thus disfiguring themselves. The only way of combating this habit is by suspending a counter attraction for them to pick at — such as a piece of packthread saturated with sugar and water, and hanging nearly us low as the perch. Sltoufting. When a canary moults in July or August, according to the warmth or coldness of the season, all you need do is to keep him quiet and free from draughts. Feed him with a very small quantity of raw beef, scraped and moistened with water, once a week, and occasionally a little of the yolk of a hard-boiled e^g, with now and then a piece of sponge-cake, and ripe chickweed in full flower. As birds are attacked with various diseases, we enumerate the following symptoms: — Placing their heads under their wings; lowering their wings: their feathers becoming bristled, uiicom- pact. or loose: a cough, whine, or moan, as if they were in pain; panting in their bi'eatliing, <>tc. Great negligence is often dis- Dlaved in not, immediately they appear unwell, administering in CARE OF CAXAJi/FS. 283 their f,K,a or water such medicines as are essential to their cure In al cases wliere milk is administered in warm weather, remove It before it becomes acid. Asthma -Tim disease arises from neglected colds, exposure ;> draughts, or from the birds being kept in very hot rooms He symptom is a gasping as if for breath. Pure mild aT and salutary food may in this case benefit, but it is seldom cured Chickweed, groundsel, or watercress, will sometimes ease the bird, lettuce and endive leaves are also recommended Castor oil, with fresh milk and bread, sulphur in the seed, and a small quantity of camphor in the water, are given to bi;ds suff^":!! from this complaint. ^ Consu7nption, or decline. -Mvov\iy is the form this disorder sometimes assumes in its earlier stages, produced from impure air or improper food. In addition to their ordinary food, give millet-seed, a little fresh milk and bread, watercress, or chick- weed; place in the water a small piece of camphor, and in the seed a small quantity of sulphur occasionally. Epilepsy. -T\ii^ disease exhibits itself in sudden fits The readiest method of treating is to syringe the bird well with water bome persons h ^ recourse to cutting the bird's toe-nail until it bleeds. Ulcers.-lf soft ulcers arise on the head or other parts anoint them with sw. et or olive oil. Tumors require opening and draAvmg. i" » "^ Giddincss.-^ome birds, that have been in cages open at the top acquire the habit of twisting their heads and necks so far t)ack as to overbalance themselves. When fliis is the case reinrn-^ fheiu to covered cages, or place a dark covering over the toj) of the cage. Baldvess.-^lxonU your canary become bald about flie he-id or ne.k, an.l ])e given to moping, tli.re is no doubt that he h-is f» xiiioii rises rroiii ii..- i)ini i)eing fed on bad seed. fp 2;{4 CA HE ; ' f'A \A HIES. or uniipc green food, ciiusing :i humor of an acrid nature to exude from the skin. Wash the biid's head niglit and mornin" in salt and water, drying it with a soft clean cloth. Then nii> in on the hahl places a little lard or fresh butter. Pepeat these operations for a week. This will cure the disorder, and in the spring the feathers will again begin to appear. J/its/ciness.—\V]um this disorder is detected the bird sh,)uld be kept warm and free from draughts. Its food should consist of finely-scraped beef, mixed with hard-boiled yolk of egg, with a lirtle cold water to dilute. Before giving this, i)ut some b^viled milk into the drinking glass; do this for two days and then ^-^ive the piepared meat. •t^^ !t?*?+ff»4HH»*MJ>4«M»«4JU EUUL'i:u:i^Li;L;BEEBEEBaBEULr:ECEEEEtEEE^L^EKELVkSS N tlie preceding pages we have mentioned numer- ous varnishes, compounds, etc., which tHe opera- tor may find difficult to purchase. Some of them being expensive and frequently impure, we give the recipes for making the most important of these, so they may be made at a trifling expense, and used while pure and fresh. Take three ounces of fir-balsam, two ounces of ninetv-five per cent alcohol, and one ounce of rectified spirits of t.u-pentine Shake well together. Strain, if requisite, and it is ready for use.' Spirits Sanbazac ^atui^Pt. Six ounces of pulverized sandarac. two ounces of pulverized shellac four ounces of pulverized resin, four of turpentine, thirty-two onncs of nlcohol. Let the vessel you ^lake it in b^ surrounded with warm water gradually made .:or When -ill the gums are dissolved, strain, and i' a few days it will be ready ZiM p 236 VALUABLE RECIPES. for use. Tills is good for var sliing anything tiiat is wanted to dry quickly. To six ounces of fir-balsam add twelve of rectified spirits of turpentine, shake well together, strain if requisite, and it is ready for use. This is good for transferring engravings, and holds the ink firmly. It is sometimes used for varnishing maps, engravings, etc. Dissolve (without heat) six ounces of b'niised mastic in twelve ounces of rectified spirits of turpentine; when dissolved, strain it into another bottle, cork it and pla'-e where the t'ln will strike it. After a time there will be a preripitatf, and the clear por- tion may then be put in another bottle. This is good for maps and engravings. Take an opaque color and mix it witli a very weak solution of gum water. The opaque colors best for this purpose are Indian red, yellow ochre, chronie yellow, and white. AVlien mixed, coat it over thin drawing paper with :) fiat brush; when dry it is ready for use. It u very serviceable to transfer your sketch made on the tracing paper. For oil pictures, for ■iistance, when you have made your sketch on the transparent tracing paper, place your transfer paper the coloi side to face the can- vas. Fit on your trac*' and nrirk all your drawing with a bone tracer or with the point of a shar])ened ])encil stick, when a very legible outline will be transferred to the canvas of whatevei color your ti-;nisft>i' ]>ape'- is. Of course you will choose acolur that will show, (^ln'oiiif or yellow ochie shows quite sufficiently on light color<'(l cMi'vas. Aft<'i' ii'ino\ iim; your paper it is well to mark over on your cjinvas with lead i)encil. VALUABLE RECIPES. ■2;!: Ill making the trraisler paper be careful not to put too much gum m, or the color will not leave so .reely as is requisite for tracing Get a sheet of fine tissue paper and rub it all over thinly with clarihed linseed oil, when it will be quite transparent; Iuuk'^ it up to dry; it takes some time to dry, but it must bt allowed to dr thoroughly before using it, or it may spoil the picture or engrav- ing you trace from. With this kind of tracing paper, being transparent, you liave merely to place it over pictures or engrav- ings, and with a lead pencil mark over your ^Unwin- with a steady hand. ° This recipe has never before been gimn, although large sums hate repeatedly been offered for the secret. All other recipes are worthless, and no other preparation will stand the test of time as this has done. Take one ounce of pure Venice terpentine, mix well with two ounces of pure spirits of turpentine, warm in a large bottle In another bottle put four ounces of best iir-bulsam (it viust be pure) with two ounces of ninety-five per cent, alcohol, shake each bottle frequently for six hours or more, then mix both preparations in tlie large bottle. The whole should staud in a warm place for several days before usino- To one gallon of alcohol add six ounces of gnm sandn-ac three ounces of gum mastic, one-lialf ounce turpentine vainish,' put all in a tin can and in a warm place, occnsionallv sliaking Twelve days or so will dissolve the gums, strain and it is ready or use. This varnish is good for any kind of wood work, vio- lins, etc. \ ^kti 238 VAL UABLE RECIPES. 'iSti.tpcnliiic *^\Ttni,>ri. To one gallon of oil of tiirpentini. add live pounds of pow- dered resin, boil for thirty minutes, strain it; when cold "t is lit for use. ^Icclpe for S'llafiuv^ ^^^^^ Sice. Take one pint of boiled oil and three-quarters of a pound of litharge, boil them together for three hours, occasionally stirring it lip, when cold let it settle for a few days, pour off the clear liquid and it is ready for use. '{go efca.v eab.;vet 'Wozh. An excellent method is, in the first place, to saturate the sur- face with pure olive oil, and then aj)ply a solution made by dissolving gum arable in boiling alcohol. This will give to the furniture a most brilliant appearance. Another mode is to dissolve a pound and a half of po'ash in a gallon of hot water, then add a i^ound of virgin wax, and after boiling it for half an hour allow it to cool and the wax wall rise to rhe surface. Put the wax into a mortar and work it with a marble pestle, adding soft water until it becomes of the consist- ency of soft paste. Lay this on the furniture and rub it care- fully, when dry, with a woolen rag, and a beautiful brilliancy is soon obtained. Take two drachms of isinglnss. moisten it with water, and let it stand until softened; add as much proof spirit as will rather more than cover it, and dissolve with ;i moderate heat. Take one drachm of gum mastic and dissolve it in two and a half drachms of rectified spirits Mix tlie two solutions and stir in one draclun of gum ammoniacum. in a fine powder and rubbed down with a little water. Kfi'p it in a Ix^ttle ^iizlitly corked. When required for use, put the bottle in warm water and ajiply '-1 1*4 ; , Sh» I si loiiKi l.a>e !,««,, p,vv,o„sly warmed. Use a very tl.in layer Th« «;ment is easily kept aad is very useful. ^ Poplar, or white wood, may be made to assume the appear anoe „f the flnest .„ack walnut by treating as foUo,^:: 'tZ.' oughly dry and warn, the wood, and coat once or twice with a strong aqueous solution of extract of walnut peel. When half dned the wood is brushed with a solutici compounded of one part, by wetght, „f bichromate of potassa in Hve parts of boii™.! "ater, and, after drying thoroughly, is rubbed and polished To stain wood red, take tuo ounces of Brazil wood and stir up well ,n a quart of water; add two ounces of potash and t tand in a warm place for several days. When read v to ue w '-11 'the' ""'". 'f"? ''''' '''' -^'^'''y -^^^ ^ ^-^ to tl; nzsh 1 ' 1 '^"^"V •'^'' '' '^^^^ ^^ '^'^^'^^-^^ -th another biush dipped HI a solution of alum and water, brush over the >tash. To stain wood Mack use a decoction of .ogwood and (lien brush over with good biack ink. All light woods may be dyed by immersion, a fine crimson ■s ni .de as follows: Tahe one pound of ground B, ,.il ^::aZ m three quarts of water, add one-half , . of cochineal ana aga.u boil for the same length u' time. The wood sh.uld be P,>ar wo,,d or Sycamore. _ T<. .stain wood purj.le, take one pouna of ' ,^.uood chips soak m three quarr.s of water, boil wel! Ur- nn hour, and add four ounces imkiv] ash and two ounces powdered indigo .1 240 VALUABLE RECIPES. To stain wood blue, i)Ut one jjound of oil of vitriol in a glass bottle, in which there are four ounces of indigo; lay on the same as black. A fine green: Three pints of the strongest vinegar, four ounces best powdered verdigris (poison), one-half ounce sap green, one-half ounce indigo. A bright yellow may be stained with aloe; the whole may be varnished or polished. To improve the color of any stain, mix in a bottle one ounce of nitric acid, half a teaspoonful of muriatic acid, a quarter of an ounce of grain tin, and two ounces of rain water; mix two days before using and keep the bottle well corked. -g»Ei* n ^1 .'I ^ ^C^-" V ^yj -^^ ^^JM M ^iCl^ORx^ /. i^toi'il of Canada. ^iirvg'jm" '^"iaKB^ir By Prof. H. A. FORD. |hE Dominion of Canada comprises the whole of iiritish America north of the United States except NeAvfoundland, to which are attached for governmental purposes, the island of Antico.fi II \j , 1— I.WV.V.O, Ln^ laiuiiu oi Anticosfi ^"^S^^^ ^"^ ^ P''^^^' «f Labrador. The subdivisions of the CL^PJ) Dommion are the provinces of Ontario. Quel..,- Island British r'l ^;""«"^^^' ^^^-- ^-tia, Prince Er Canada West, is the principal province of the Dominion in population as well as commercial and political importance, and contains the Dominion capital. It covers 101,733 square miles, lying on the north side of the upper St. Lawrence and of Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior. It is bounded on the west by Lakes St. Clair, Huron and Superior, and the District of Keewatin; on the northwest and north by the Northwest Territories; on the east by the province of Quebec. Its north line reaches the par- allel of 50° 30', its west line the meridian of 90° 30'; extreme length from southeast to northwest, about 750 miles; from southwest to northeast, 500 miles. Most of the northern half is still a wilderness. The province has a magnificent water front of about 3,000 miles, with many excellent harbors. Minor inland lakes of some importance .'ire Simcoe, Nipissing, and Nipigon; smaller bays than the great Georgian are Nottawa- saga, Long Point, Builington, ^nd Quinte, and Owen Sound. Besides the lordly St. Lawrence, the jtrovince has the Ottawa Ih IILSTOnV OF CANADA. 245 (which nio.st'y sepamtes it from Quebec^ witl. nnr,, taries, the Prenc-h, Severn, Gran\ Til ' V" 'nT'TH ."h"" rivera, beside, the Nia«.,., Detroit, St C Sr Ina 's Mai r uponwhtch, aaon.he St. Lawrence and the great lakefjuri^' diction of the waters is shared with the United States Ontario had a population in 1881 of 1 •)■)) ■»« „, , 627,202 were Irish, m,.m English, 3^ Ji ' 'cl^ ', ^X"™ Geman, 102,743 French, 22,103 Dutch, 0,397 WelsL Wm Indians, and ,2,007 Africans. In 1791 it had about mm inhabitants; in 1821, 122,710; 1830, 210,437; 1839 407 "iV ]K4^ 723,292; isol, 9fl2,«,4; 1861, 1,390,09 ; 1871 1 0208^ iff; subdivided into forty.nine coun.ie; w^ich conS e e%h " four electora or representative districts. Its capital is To^„ r with a population in 1871 of 60,092, and in 188, of 80 "n Unhke 11^ neighboring sister, Quebec, the province has a mimber of other large cities and towns, as Ottawa Kin'sL Hamilton, London, Brantford, St. Catharine's, Bel lerile Ind Guelph. Twenty-four Senators and ei..htv eio-ht r„T represent it in the Dominion P>n-n.rnJt7,:?^re^:ZZZ all the provinces in the Dominion Parliament win be mlt nallJ inc eased as soon as the new apportionment is made mln the basis of the cen.sus of 1881. ' ' ""* QoEHEo is the nrovincp f.f ti,.i TA .„• • as Lower Canada, or C n"l E fsr Tuh" ?™"^^' '"^'""'^^^^^ populated, excepi on a C a ^ ^ " o/ 1 e^sTir "'^ '""^'^^ empire in size, coverino- is^ r«cf !" ^'^^^''^"^^' '^ ^^ ^n to U .,n' 4. "^"^f^""- 188,68b square miles of area from 4'.^ to .>3 .W of north latitude, and 57^ 8' to 70° 30' of lon"^ i west from Greenwioh Thoxr .i /L '"^ ''^ •^'' or Ion<;itude bound it on r? ;, ^'^"''''^^''^^^^^'•"^ories and Labrador on the nst the U I nt I"'"" ''^"^^ '''' '''''' '' ^'- ^— "- tne east, the Bay of Chaleurs, the provinrp r.f v<.„> t> -Hi N,..- ^ .,rk „„ the »ou,h; Ontario on the Jt un.l ;o;th::::: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) {./ 1.0 I.I IM 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 "II 1.4 „iii — J4 ^ 6" — ► v. <^ //, e. <3 "^s iy^ "y. 7* / o^,. ^* Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER. NY 1 4580 (716) 872-4503 % 246 HISTORY OF CANADA. Unlike the latter province, it occupies both shores of the St. Lawrence, whicli is its chief inland water, whose navigation has been improved by a splendid system of ship canals, at a cost of many millions of dollars. The province has a coast line along the Gulf of 1,104 miles. There are many tine lakes in the Northeastern wilderness, but none of them large except the St. John, about thirty miles long by twenty-five broad, lying one hundred and twenty miles north of Quebec city. The Saguenay and St. Maurice are principal rivers on the north of the St. Lawrence; the Chateaugay, the Richelieu or St. John's, the St. Francis, and the Chaudiere, those to the southward. In 1871 the province had a total population of 1,191,516, the vast majority (929,817) of French origin, with 123,478 Iiish, 09,822 English, 49,458 Scotch, 7,963 German, and 148 African, besides less than 7,000 Indians. The census of 1881 found l,:r)9,027. The old province in 1070 had 8,415; in 1734, 37,252; 1770, 91,078; 1780, 127,845; 1827, 423,378; 1831, 511,920; 1844, 690,782; 1851, 890,201; 1801, 1,111,566. There are sixty-one electoral districts. Quebec is the capital, and the strongest, most important military position in the New World. Montreal is the only other lai-ge city, strange to say. Three Rivers, the next largest city, having in 1881 a census of but 9,290 people. Most of the inhabitants speak French, and the public laws ire printed in both French and English. Nearly all of them are also Roman Catholics. The representation in the Dominion Parliament is twenty- four Senators and sixty-live members of the House of Commons. Ni^w Bkixswick is one of the smaller, but not least import- ant, provinces of tho Dominion. It has 27,174 square miles — a little larger aiea than Scotland — lying between Quebec and Maine on the west, Quebec and the V>ay of Chaleurs on the north, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strnit on BISTORT OF CANADA. "ll 247 I the ea«t, and the Bay of Fundy and i\ova Scotia on the south It« coast line measures 54.) miles, upon which St. John is the chief harbor Here debouches the river St. John, a fino stream of 4.50 miles length, forming in part the boundary of the United States and the Dominion. Fifty-six miles from its mouth is smiated Predericton, the capital of the province. There are no other cities of size in New Brunswick. In 1784 the population was 11,457; m 1824, 74,176; 1834, 119,457; 1840, 156 162- 1801 3,800; 1861, 252,047; 1871, 285,594, including l,4of Indians'- 881, 321.2.33. Much of the interior is rocky and infertile, but' there are dense belts of population along the coast and in the valley of the St. John. New Brunswick has twelve Senator! and sixteen Commoners in the Dominion Parliament. Nova Scotia ("New Scotland") is yet smaller than New Brunswick, comprising only the peninsula of Nova Scotia (16,9..6 square miles) and the closely neighboring island of Cape Breton (4, 77.o) covering a total of 21,731 square miles. It I however, much more thickly settled than New Brunswick' EnX^hl - population of 440,572, mostly of Scotch and English origin. Inhabitants in 1784, not far from 20 000- 1806 67,515; 1817, 91,913; 1827, 142,578; 1838, 208,237; 185r2;6 854 Hanfa''''^^. '''\ '"'r- ^'^ "^''^^ ^-- and tapor Is Halifax, which IS also the capital and a strong military post Eighteen counties occupy the province, with a Parliamentary (Dominion) representation of twelve Senators and twenty-one Commoners. It is nearly surrounded by water, only an Isthmus of fourteen miles width connecting it with New Brunswick- and he coast line is 1,160 m:ies long, without reckoning the countless indentations of t],e land. A large lake, called Bras d Or, covers about one-sixth of the surface of Cape Sreton 248 HISTORY OF CANADA. Prince Edward Island, the smallest of the provinces, was called lale St. Jean (St. John) by the French, buc after the English occupation it was changed to its present name, in honor of Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. Until 1873 it declined to enter the confederatioi^. It lies in the south part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, separated by the Strait of Northumberland from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with a length of one hundred and thirty miles and breadth varying from four to thirty-four. Area, 2,133 square miles. Population in 1841, 47,034; 1S4&, 62,478; 1861, 80,857; 187'., 94,021; 1881, 108,891. Most of the people are farmers, but extensive fisheries are carried on. Counties, three. Capital, Charlottetown, a seaport of about 10,000 inhabitants. Representation in Domin- ion Parliament, four Senators and six Commoners. Manitoba, long known as the Red River or Selkirk Settle- ment, from the Earl of Selkirk, who colonized a large tract on both sides of the Red River in 1812, is the only province of the Dominion north of the United States boundary of 49°, except British Columbia. It occupies a fertile tract of 123,200 square miles between the United States and Lake Winnepeg and the Saskatchewan, the Ontario boundary on the east and longitude 101° 30'. It was erected as a province by the Dominion Parlia- ment in 1870, with four great counties, and allowed a represen- tation of two Senators and four members of the lower House. The population of the region in 1823 was about 600; in i843, 5,143; 1849, 5,291; 1856, 6,523; 1871, 12,228; 1881, 65,954. The opening of a railway from the United States into the province, with the extraordinary fertility of its soil, has induced a rapid growth of late years. Capital, Winnipeg, formerly Fort Garry. British Colt^mria became a province of the Dominion in 1871. It includes the former Britisli Columbia in part, and also J ll BISTORT OF CANADA. 249 were 20,000 immigrants the next year In 1S71 fl,„ „ contained 10,580 people-^,«0 whur 1,548 CWnet a";'4"S toba and British Colnmhin tI ^^^^''' ^^^^^^ ^^^i" inland waters I'd wZn 3 I^^^^^ %^^^^' ^^^^^^ «^ end of the yyorldr -coverL tlth ^^^ Keewatin, an area of Tf^7'o% ^ '^''*'' ^''''^°^« ^°d this tract' wl:ra^KlrBars,,^r"a:'; "™ ^^t^a -tf rr -af r ^n--' -" --^^ consideration „V £3oo 000 Vr " V^' °°"''"'''" ''" ^ its existence and „r;,T' T''V™P™y. how_..r, maintains ui ci ^leutenant-tTOvernor and rnimr.;! ..t ♦• --Ci, •l"^i,e!" Zir:l ^^m^ir Th?f1 ^n.pot.tant place, ho.eve, has heen Vo-U Fa^c^y^ron 'tlsr: Kkewatix fa cornipHon of "Keewivnin " th^ ni • ™,.d W„o,.th„.est „ind„ „a „ BirtH^'lrth'Ind'r^^ I I! 2r)() IIISTOIiY OF C.iXADA. Manitoba, extt-nding to Ontario. Tt was organized from the Xortliwest Territorit's, by act of the Dominion Parliament, October 7, 187G, and comprehends 39."),()(X) square miles, bounded on the south by the United States, east by Ontario, west by the Northwest Territories, and north by Hudson's Bay. Rich r, liver mines on the north shore of Lake Superior have brought ir; many miners, and a large Icelandic immigration is populating the rich country west of Lake Winnipeg. The eastern terminus of the Canada Pacific Railway has been fixed at Fort William, on the Kaministiquia river. Newfoundland, provision for whose admission into tlie Dominion is made in the act of confederation, is a large island of 370 by 290 miles, with an area of 40,200 square miles, at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Population in 1809 146,536; 1874, 161,486. Chief town and capital, St. John's! Labrador, along the coast from Cape Chudleigh to Bhmc Sablon, with 120,000 square miles and 5,000 people, including 4,000 Esquimaux, was attached to Newfoundland for go ern- mental purposes in 1809; also the island of Anticosti, ir- the Gulf, a barren tract of 2,500 square miles and a population in 1871 of 102. The rest oi the old Labrador has been transferred to the Dominion, and divided between Quebec snd the North- west Territories. |HE first men of European stock lo see, and no doubt to visit, the coasts of Ouiada, were the Northmen from Greenland. Their first recorded voyages to the southward were in 98G, under Bjarne Herjulfson, and ^ in 1001, under Leif Erickson, wlio went ashore some- where on the Labrador coast, and explored it for a long distance A few years later a colony was planted in Nev, En.- ^and, and the country called Vinland, from the abundance of vvi d giapes found. By this name some of the old maps desi- nate a vast tract extending far into the present Canada There IS evidence, indeed, that the Icelanders and Norwegians planted colonies about the same time in Newfoundland and No Js o 'a but none of them, nor that further south, became permit' Colnmbn r. ' ^''''" ^^""^''^ ^^^'' *^« f^e«^ ^^i^covery by VeneTianl 1 ' T ''' ''^' '' J^^' '^^'^ '^^^ ^abot, a Lbas^n ^iVhV." ?°^'"' "^^^^^' — Panied by his ^on of Bet iLle'^^^^^ land m Labrador, probably near the Straits lid He In "'' " '''' discoverer of the American main- land. He also saw an island, which he called St John •nid is presumed to have been Newfoundland or Prince Edwird lli Lpon he return of Sebastian Cabot the next year, he unmis- takably reached the Newfoundland shores, and'coa ted fa^to Fast India and China, and thence went home 261 i iff 2r>2 niSTOnV OF CANADA. Tn moo (.amf3 the Poit.icruese Gaspai- de Cortereiil from Lis- bon fo Lahiatlor, whit-li lie named Terra \'erde, or the Green Land. Cabot had railed It Prima \'ista, or the First View Cortereal entered the Gulf of St. Liiwrence, and probably landed heie, .since he bore away and sold into captivity lifty-seven native.s, whose description lits well what is known of the Indians of Acadia. He met his own deserved fate the next year, when he a-ain set sail with his slave-ships for America, but was never more heard from. Four years afterwards (if not before Cabot, indeed) the hardy Basque and Breton mariners made a beginning of the since magnificent fisheries on the Newfoundland Banks. The island of Cape Breton, now a part of Nova Scotia, is named from the latter. Newfoundland was at first named Baccalaos, then the local word for codfish. The French were now at the front of exploration in this quarter. In 1006 Denys of Honfieur pushed into, explored, and made a rude map of the Gulf. Into it also sailed Aubert of Dieppe, two years af^er. Ten years more (1518), and the first serious attempt— only an attempt- was made by the Baron de Lery to plant a colony. He left some horses and cattle on Sable Island; and that is about all that came of it. In ir)24 John da Verrazzano, a Florentine fexploring for France, came up the coast from the North Carolina way, where he had first sighted the continent. He sailed to 5()° north latitude, and then away. He discovered nothing important; but made his voyage memorable by giving the entire country he had coasted the since-renowned name of New France, and to the French King a claim of dominion over all. At last, in 1534, forty-two years after Columbus landed and thirty-seven after Cabot found Labrador, came the hero of Canada's earliest history, Jacques Cartier, or Quartier, as the old French historians style him. He was a native of St. Malo, mSTORV OF CANADA. 2r,;} b(..n in l.-i(.(), became a bold and .skillful pilot, and was now sent by King Francis 1. to push disrove,!.. lor Franrc in tiie Aew n orld. He reached and named Cape Bona Vista, on the New- foundland coast, May 10, and piesently rested in St. (Jatheriiu^'s Haven, five leagues so4theastward. Thence he skirted a good part of what is still caUed the French shore, passed the Hdle Isle Strait, sailed . uth to Cape St. George, on the odier side of Newfoundland, then to the Magdalen Islands, and thence west to New Brunswick, where he probably landed near Miramichi Bay. From this sailing to the north, on the 9th of July he entered a fine bay, which from the intense heat that prevaih>d he entitled the Bale des Chaleurs, or the Bay of Heats. Exploring this carefully, and visiting the present Gaspe harbor, he here set up a cross thirty feet high, bearing a shield with the lilies of i^ ranee and an inscription signifying the occupation of the m the New World. .on. B,a he had heard of the great river Tron, the natives and A, 'u'srsTrl ''^}' T"""" '° '«* "• «» '"elOft J ot the St. John, and called it St. Lawrence, the name since gmndly ennobled by its extension to include one of th» Jlht L Assl* o! ™r"'°"'""1 ^""'^'''«- -"-'' "« I'ionsly named onlheTstof Sent r"""'' '"-'''^'y ""o rte •> "Re river, and on the 1st of September cast his anchors at the frowning month Z the ^ ;"■"';"*,'•■'"'■'""■'* "P™ "• ^"^ '"« I^'' d« ''-"'..s at tie f , "1 °''""'"'^ '■'"'" '•" f^^'- A "«'" "hove thi,s, a the foot „f j^, „,.„^,y ^,,j ^^^^^ _^^^ ^_^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^^^ Quebec, wns the Algonquin village of Sf.adacond, the residence of the chief Donnacona. The narrowed river here was called by JUSTOHY OF CANADA. iIh' natives Kepec, or strait, wliich in the French writing easily l>ec.june Cjiieb«*c. Cartier was kindly received at Stadacone, but soor. hasteneo up the streaiii to a larger village of whicli lie was told, named Hochelaga. ".he Indians below had mentioned an indefinite place above as Kanuata, or a collection of wigwams; and it is supposed that Cartier, thinking this a name for the whole coun- try, designated it as Canada. He found Hochelaga a Huron town on a laige, fertile island, the same upon which Montreal now standi. He named the island Ste. Helene, from his wife, and the lofty hill near it Mont Royal, which afterwards, in slightly corrupted form, gave the name to the great city at its feet. Returning to Stadacone in early October, Cartier made an apparent beginning of occupation and settlement by erecting a stockade near his vessels, defended by cannon. His men were sadly afflicted with cold and sickness during the winter, losing twenty-five of their number; and as soon as he could get out the next spring, May 6, 1536, he set sail for France with all the sur- vivors, and with Donnacona and four other chiefs, whom he had treacherously seized at a banquet. In 1540 Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, was mnde Viceroy and Lieutenant- General of New France. The next year Cartier came again, but did not dare to land at Stada- cone, where he had stolen away the friendly Algonquins, not one of v7hom lived to return. At Cape Rouge, however, some distance above, he mqde a temporary settlement under the pre- tentious name of Charlesbourg Royal. He revisited Hochelaga, but could not pass the Lachine Rapids to go further, as he desired, and returned to Charlesbourg, where he wintered. Two small forts protected the place; but the Indians had become so hostile that when the opening spring allowed he re-embarked his people and started home. Roberval had meanwhile sailed m\ for Ins new doir.ain, and n.et Cartier at St. John's, whom he ordered to return to the St. I.uvrenc.e. Hut the hold .'.cque del not rehsli suborclination to Koberval, and had had enough of savage Canadian life; .o he spread hi. sails in the night and «ed avay from the humbled ^'iceroy. He never returned to aftehis death his heirs received license to trade in the new land lor twelve years. Koberval went on to Cartier's late post at Cape Rouge, also plant..! a colony, „,„te,ed there, and explored the SagnLy in June, ..;48; but, wearied of hardships, -kness, and mdial^ dangers, he hkewise abandoned the Held and returned to France the ame year In 1,M9 he adventured another expedition with a cc^ony for the St. Lawrence; but it met an unknown fate on the high seas. With this disaster for the most part . .ded the efforts of the sixteenth century to colonize New Prance. On the 5th of Augu,,t, 1,,S3, Sir Humphrey Gilh-rt, with four armed ships and a strong party of colonists, sailed into the harbor of St . ohn-, and formally, in the name of Queen Elizabeth annouLed the sovereignty of England over Newfoundland. P fteen velrs aterti. Marquis de la Roche was nominated sec d Vic:;oy and L,eutenant.(Jeneral of the French possessions in America and .nvested with power "to grant leases of lands in Net Prance, .n orm of flefs, to men of gentle blood." The feud^U eilTrie's" la'tl"""' V'""'"''' "^ '^"^^'-' Richelieu n e.gno.te , la ted more than two and a half centuries, or until w'thnn V? '": "''"'' °' ""■'""^'"ion. the Marquis sailed mth an e:;ped,aon for Nova Scotia, and while looking for a site anded forty convicts upon the barren Sable Island He ,™s retaking them on board. When sought for by .he K'n^'s orders in 1605, only twelve were living. They were returned"to I I ■:u 256 niSTORY OF CANADA. France and pardoned, by reason of Iheir liardships and suffer- ings. The Marquis also died, after sacrllicing his fortune with- out accomplishing his objects. Just one more effort was made to establish a colony befoi-e the century went out. In 1599, Chauvin, a Huguenot captain in the French navy, at the instance of Pontgrave, a merchant of St. Malo, who had rbtaiued a similar patent of powers to that granted De la Rocae, reached Tadoussac, where he wintered and tried to found a trading post. But his men suffered intensely from hunger and cold, and must have perished but for food obtained from the Indians. Chauvin abandoned the post, but came back with Pontgrave, and was preparing for a third expe- dition in 1602, when he died. A small stone building at Tadous- sac, the first put up in Canada, was the only permanent memo- rial of their visits. The seventeenth century was to be very greatly distinguished for exploration and settlement in New France, Eymond de Chaste, Governor of Dieppe, succeeded to Chauvin' s commis- sion, and a strong company of Rouen and St. Malo merclu.nts and others was formed to prosecute trading enterprises. Port- grave was leader of the new expedition to Tadoussac, and with him sailed the renowned explorer and naval captain, Samuel Champlain. They went up to the Lachine Rapids (then the Sault St. Louis), where Champlain made a chart of the island and the river for the King. De Chaste died, and Champlain' s services were next secured by Pierre du Gnast, the Sieur de Monts, who obtained a patent, Nov. 8, Uio;?, as Lieutenant- General of the new-created Territory of Acadia, extending from the latitude of Philadelphia to the forty-sixth degree, and from ocean to ocean. The conflicting claims of France and P:ngland to American territory, and their long struggle for supremacy in the Western L .rid, were foreshadowed two and a half years afterwards, in the g^.nt by James I. to the Plymouth Company of all that part of North America lying between the 34th and 4nth parll lels, or from the mouth of Cape Fear River to Passamaquoddy Bay. A mighty belt of live degrees' width (40° to 45°) was now covered by both English and French grants. Twelve years afterwards, when the Plymouth Company was merged into the Council of Plymouth, a grant was mad. to the new corporation, in fee simple, of the entire tract between the fortieth and forty! eighth parallels, or three degrees north of Montreal, e-bracin^ more than a million of square miles! It is needless to say that ttie Council actually confined its jurisdiction to a very small part of this great territory. De Monts, with Champlain, Pontgrave, and the Baron de mto the Bay of Fundy, where Poutrincourt obtained from De Monts a grant of the Port Royal site ,now Annapolis), upon condition that he should colonize it within ten years The St. John river was discovered and named, and then the St. Croix, at the mouth of which the party wintered Bn^ h site .vas unfavorable for a colony, anci I C^tm" Po Royal, whore the foundations of the first permanent -rench ertle nent in America were laid Nov. 14, 1605. This h; tiTns -^ted ti. irnrons and ^.^n^iz^::^,::::^::^ oquo. unng which he found and entitled tL beaut^ het tha still bears his name. For .overal rears he .n.H-nn.^ >.;„ explorations^ in the region of rhe great laKes and 'far to Z 208 HISTORY OF CAXADA. 27ew j;^M northward. In 1612 he was appointed Deputy Viceroy of France, and in 1620 the first Governor of Canada. When Que- bec was captured by the English nine years after, he was carried as a state prisoner to England, but return<3d in 1653 to resume his governorship, and closed a long and honorable career by his death at Quebec in 1655. The English had likewise been pushing their explorations with some vigor. Sir Henry Hudson in 1610 had ended an adventurous and useful life in a search for the Northwest Pas- sage through the great water since named from him, amid whose ice-fields he was set adrift in an open boat by a mutinous crew, and never again reported. ■ He was the first that ever burst Into that unknown sea." It was nearly two generations before another Englishman came to the frozen North, in 1667, following the lead or two Frenchmen named De Grosselier and Raddison, who had made a water transit from Lake Superior to Hudson's Bay, and now offered to show how the far "fur countries" could be reached by ships through the Bay. A Mr. Gillam, who was already in the Newfoundland trade, penetrated Baffin's Bay to parallel 75'', then sailed south to 51", where he named Prince Rupert's River, and put up a small fort. His report to the persons who had fitted out his vessel led to the formation of the powerful Hudson's Bay Company, chartered by Charles II. May 2, 1670. Mr. Bailey was sent out at once as Governor, and built Forts Ru])ert and Nelson, to which three other posts, Albany, Moose, and Severn, were added by 1686. Nelson River was occupied in 1682. All this was in defiance of the claims of the French, who in 1656 had sent an overland expedition througli Labrador, in command ot tlie Sieur Jean Bourdon. Attorney-General of New France. i)ur])osely to lay claim to the Hudson's Bay territory. By 1(J82 the French traders wero on the St. Therese or Hayes (prrrr HISTORY OF CANADA 59 River, at no great distance from the English. The resultant quarrels culminated four years afterwards in the capture by the Chevaher de Troyes of all the English factories (at Forts Rupert Moose, and Albany) on James's Bay. All the posts were sub- sequently taken and retaken by the contending parties- but the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, left the English on^y Fori Hi on James's Bay. Their tmde in this region was I Ctnefo r the nex seventeen years, but the Treaty of Utrecht finally gave hem full jurisdiction, reserving, however, freedom of movement to the French, either by land or sea. "movement In 1612, upon tho pressing solicitation of Champlain the Prince Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, was prlvai d Lieutenaut-General, with Champlain as Deputy. The Prince died soon after, and was succeeded by his son Henri de Bourbon Spat '"uln°?f ' ' ^' "^^""^' ^^ '''^ -^- ^f ^--e again!; troubles he sol. .•T"""^''"' ^' ^^""^ during the poHticai troubles he sold his Viceroyalty to the Due de Montmorency of .t. Louis, Quebec, where its foundations were laid by Cham- plain in 1620, and which was occupied by vicerovs and govern- ors till Its destruction by fire in 1834 " 16lf irlh"" 'r'''^ '^ ' trading-post by Champlain in :=f' r^::; ~r^ - .0.. and t" ^h: Wiiun 1 ^^""^^^^ency Its powers were bestowed upon William and Emerv dp Pnor. ^^ * t, "puu cillery ae Laen, one of whom was sent out as trance In 1C24 a royal deorw restored peace. Three vear<, after, .he charter of the De Oaea Compar,; was revok",.' a^:, .«u vuni^any ul .Ne„ France (or "of One Hundred Partners") 2(i() HISTOltT OF CANADA. ii was formed bj the famous Cardinal Iticlielieu, with almost imperial powers. In 1030 the colonists in the Hudson's E;iy country formed, the Beaver Company, for purposes of trade. Du Luth l)uilt f. trading-house at the mouth of the Kaministiqua in 1078, and no^v gives the name to a flourishing city in the State of AVisconsin, at the head of Lake Superior. The missionaries of the Cross had not been less energetic than the missionaries of traffic. The lirst masses in Canada were said in 1(15 by the four Recollet fathers who came with Champlain— D'Olbean and Du Plessis at Quebec, and Jamay and Le Caron at the Riviere des Prairies. The pioneer Jesuits came in 1025. About thirty years later, missions were founded among the Indians by Fathers Mesnard, Chaumonot, Le Moyne, and Dablon. T'he first of these perished in the wilderness in 1000, on his way to the Hurons of Lake Superior. During the previous years jVIonseignor de Laval came to Quebec as Vicar- Apostolic, where he had a long and eminent career in behalf of religion and education, and died there in 1708. The missions of Father Allouez to Lake Superior in 1005, of Dr.blon and Mar- quette at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1008, of Marquette at St. Ignace, near Mackinaw, in 107i, and other pious enterprises oi the century, should also be noted here. The great lakes to the northwest had been visited, it is believed, by a young Frenchman named Jean Nicolet, in 1634, who is thought to have readied Green Bay. Fathers Jogues and Raymbault visited Lake Superior in 1641. Allouez and Dablon pushed on to the Illinois region in 1070 and 1072, where they first heard of the Mississippi. Marquette, however, with Joliette, under commission from Talon, was its discoverer, in 1073. They flofited down to the Arkansas. But Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, was the great explorer of the cen- tury, lie discovered the Oliio in the winter of 1669-70, and went down it t" the Falls at Louisville, explored the Illinois and BISTORT OF CAy-ADA. 261 Mississippi to their mouths in successive voyages 1078 80 ..^ finally perished March 20, 1687 by the han^ff'^ '• after a vain attempt to -loni;J ^h "Texrcolt" Tl^^^^^^^^^^^ French had a chain of .nilitary posts fron. Que lee to^h^Il Its' and were m full possession of the great Northwest ' x>ova fecotia. Charles I. confirrued the srrant in ifio;: a Company of 0„rH'„d«rpr "" '™' '° °'"""^^ "^ ""e and k.i Royr«l"el Sn brrD::-a7:;r'^ T!f -- Quebec the next year. But m^6; b" le C^^o sf ' p"' mam.en.Laye, all Canada, with Nov^ Scotil and r n ■■" was confirmed to France Near hi T Tt ""' ^""°°' 1689, another war was dechtd , 1°' ""' '"='"'"■>'• '» which the Iroquoirdestrotl Lrr" 'f' »™'""-. 0»™8 massacred its inhabitatrat 'cM Z'tr: T"/™'""'' "'"' fort; and for ten weeks derhM thf '!, "'""^ ™'""'"^ """ soon took the war-„atl, l! , f , ** settlements. Frontenac its people slauZrrf b " ' S="enectady to he burned and ^«'" h other mi"o be d " ' ° '^'™'''' ""* "'"•'"«• ""'l ..ndertook a,t .nst Iful '"."■-'"'«"«" ™'onies. They and another to ^Z:::^t:':^'yZ "?'"' *""^" '" ''"'' 'I'e Treaty of Ryswick i„ ,no" "^ ' ^™™ '^''"'^ '■'=^'»'-'''' ^y ScoS;"2^'i;:iO^^:;:t? "'f« - -- -"l™ents in Nova oount.:. Which :.tr:li;;,,;:rr;!^ :i" •;■-- '" "'e succeeded as (Governor in 1(^33 hv^^'^iV .;;7 = V'''"'*'' ^''''* ibj,i by De Razillai, in 1047 by It am 262 HISTORY OF A. De Charnizay, in 107)2 by T).- la Tour, In l(>s:, by Manival, and iu 1687 by JJe Villebon. The French had suffered terribly from fhe Indians, who waged fierce and unrelenting war ui)on them in lOoO-.-)?. The French Government was advised the next year that if immediate hel]) were not afforded, the country must be abandoned. Hut the Indians presently desisted from their attacks, which were not renewed for several years. The Indians always took a very active part in the French and English wars. ^ The Due de Ventadour succeeded his uncle Montmorency as Viceroy in 1(5:?.'/. Champlain followed in 10;^:}, and was sues ceeded temporarily by De Chateaufort on his death in iniC), until De Montmagny, the new appointee, arrived the next yeai-. His successors were D'Ailleboust, in 1047; De Lauzun, a leading member of the Company of One Hundred, in 1651; DArgenson, 1658; D'Avangour, 1661, and and De :^^:esy, 1663. Hitherto the government had been in the hands of the Company of One Hundred; but that was dissolved by royal order in 1663, and the royal authority resumed, with a Sovereign Council at Que- bec, and other reforms. The trading interests of the province passed to the West India Company in 1664. In 1665 De Tracy came as Lieutenant-General, De Courcelles as Governor, Talon as Intendant — a strong trinity of rulem. The renowned and able Count de Ffontenac succeeded De Courcelles in 1672, and upon the extinction of the West India Company two years after, he received full authority as Royal Governor. He remained in office, with an interval 1083- 59, when De la Barrt' and De Denonville were successively Governors, until his death iu 1698, at an advanced age. De Callieres, previously Governoi' of Montreal, took his place. In 1047 Canada had nn ojiportunity to join the league of American colonies proi)osed by Xew England; but declined, i HISTORY OF CANADA. 263 since the English wo.ild n„t accnpt the condition that they should join the French in war upon the Iroquois. riiree Rivers was settled in 1034, and the trading-post and fort at Cataraqui, now Kingston, was erected by De CourceUes in 16,2. The eighteenth . entury opened auspiciously for New Prance It was to b.> loss an era of exploration and of Indian warfare than of material grow f h and of prolonged struggle with England for supremacy in the New World. In its first year (1701), De la Motte Cadillar, ( Governor of Mackinaw, was sent with one hurdred colonists -id a Jesuit missionary to make a settlement at Teuchsa Gronen. , .,e Huron village at Detroit, or "the Strait." A fort was buili, and the beginnings of that large and beautiful city made. It is probable that there had previously been a small stockade and trading-post here. "Queen Anne's War," or the War of tne'spanish Succession broke out the next year, hostilities being declared May ^5 1702 De Rouville, with parties of French and Indians, moved against the English settlements at Haverhill and Deerfield, Mass where dreadful massacres and devastation were perpetrated' The New England seaboard v as harried by the savages and the whole country put in alarm. In May, 1704, the colonists attempted reprisals by an expedition against Acadia, under Capt. Benjamin Church. He destroyed and plundered to some extent, and took a few prisoners; but his main attempt, against I'ort Royal (Annapolis, which now had about 500 inhabitants) was unsuccessful. Land forces were then set on foot to move agamst Quebec and Montreal. An army, including many of the Iroquois Indians, was collected at Lake Champlain; but it was not strong enough to attack without aid from England, which was awaited in vain, and the expedition was abandoned. ' Later '• '"- '"■"■' -■-■•"■''- ••••;"j i!-iiiiria, aaci lilt- next year, upon L_ ft tif L. ).' u — — h t t 264 HISTORY OF CANADA. the arrival of 5,000 troops from the motl.er country, an attempt upon Quebec was made by land and water; but it failed, through the wrecking of half the fleet and the inability of the rest to co-operate with the land forces. April 11, 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht ended the war, and transferred Acadia, Newfoundland and the Hudson's Bay Territory to the British Crown ThJ same year Cape Breton, which remained in French possession was colonized, and the strong post of Louisbourg was fortified In the second year of the war De Callieres died, and was suc- ceeded as Governor by the able and accomplished Marquis de Vaudreuil, who remained in office twenty-two years, or until his death in 1725. In 1718 Fort Prince of Wales, at the mouth of the Churchill river, in the Hudson's Bay region, was built, to protect the English trading interests in that quarter. Two years afterwards Charlevoix, the distinguished traveler and writer, visited New France and traveleu widely over it, making a history of the explorations and settlements, and writing accounts of his travels. In 1725, upon the death of De \audreuil, the Boion de Lon- gueuil took the helm of government for a year, and was fol- lowed by the Marquis de Beauharnois, who administered affairs for twenty-one years. In 1728 he sent a large detachment against the V/estern Indians, which made its victorious way beyoT.d Chicago to a point not far from the upper Mississippi. He ;.]so built Fort St. Frederic at Crown Point, on Lake Cham plain, and took other measures, including the exih ofall Eng- lish residents at Montreal, to resist the encroaclimonts of Great Britain upon the French territory ov other interests. An extensive s-hemeof exploration Avestwaid was undertaken in 1731 for a company of Montreal merchants, by M. Dela Veren- drye. with his sons and a bi-other. Starting from Lake Superior, they filled several ye-irs wirli Tuinute researclies in the country between Suiierior '.wv-X Sh* CJi.'i' iii. ill >'\e(i I mSTORT OF CANADA. 265 south and vvest by the upper Missouri and the Yellowstone to the Rocky Mountains, which two of the party reached in 1743 In the second year of their exploration they built Fort St' Cuarles on the Lake of the Woods, Port Maurepas on Lake Win- nepeg in 1734, and afterwards Fort Rouge on the Assiniboine, Ports Dauphin and De la Reine on Lake Manitoba, Fort Bour- bon on Cedar Lake, and Fort a la Corne on the Saskatchewan Ihis was the French outpost on the west until 1763 In the far Northwest the Strait of Juan de Fuea is thought to have been seen by Sir Francis Drake in 1578; but its discov- ery was not made certain until 1779, when it was entered and partly explored by Captain Mears, of the Royal Navy. During the previous year the ill-fated Captain Cook had explored the -ast f.. Nootka Sound. In 1792 Captain Vancouver sailed through and named the Gulf of Georgia (from George III.), and also gave the names to Vancouver's and Queen Charlotte's Islands Important discoveries were also made in the North by John Hearn in 1771, and later by Sir Alexander Mac-kenzie trom whom Mackenzie river is entitled The great and final conflict for the donunaiion of colonial Am.rK-a was now at hand. In 1745, during "Kino- George's IndKuis moved out from Fort Sf. Frederic in a successful raid against the English hamlets, while thelisheries of Nova Scotia and n-rchant ^^ssels of New England w^ere mercilessly attac-ked by pnv..teers f rom Louisbourg. The colonies, led by Gov. Shirl..^ ol Massachusetts, promptly sent a naval force under Sir Willian P^pperell, to reduce that place, which was triumphantlv accom Plished on the i7th of J„n.. Not only Lou.sbour.- wa.; .urZ 'I'^red. b„t the whole <.f Cap. H.vton. Tl.ev we.v. however wlucli all'oiiled but temoorarv r..«f <-> h... wilds of Anierici )Uiiii:s iii tiie !r I' 266 IIISIORT OF CAN WA. By rhe .niddle of this century, the French ports and settle- ments had been pushed westvvard and southward to tlie Manmee the St. Joseph's, ami the Illinois rivers; to Green Bay, beyond Lake Michigan; to \incennes, on the lower Wabash; toKaskas- kia and Fort Kosalie, where Natchez now stand --., on the Missis- sippi; and the Bay of Biloxi, on the Gulf. En -W -->• ;■ 'i. ;■'". ■■;■.!•■ . , ■ Z^i' - • I - -^ * > ;« i'" '■:-\ ••■'■■■■-' ,-'t ' y; :. , . ■;- -■ • ,.,:; ■■ - "» . ■ j;k- ■•-"■' :■- ; \' ' : r - - • '.,'■< ■I- ^ ■: ^. • ■■ • ■'-.■ . \. ■'. SV' , . , , , ■ ■ '< . ; ■ . -.^ 'h\ . . • |^:-'^^^^S| ^ . - r , • UmvitY OF CAS ADA. 271 De,.o, ana „,1,H,- 1,,,,,, further we,, „..re»u„vn,l,.ml, in ,,,„su. an,-e „f ,)•, oai„mlad.,n „f Be \au,lreuil; unci „n ,l,e loth of JC "",'■', ?• !"" '^'■™'>- "' I'-- '.an^ferred tron. Franee to Ku« and all the lu.e ,,„»,es.i„„, of the former power eastward of he .I,s.,s,tppi. Canada, in it, government and n.ainly n Its mstitutions, was English thenceforth. In the same year the famous conspiracy of Pontiac the O tawa chief,_a league of the Western Indians a" T; le whites was at its worst, and mas..a,.resof some magn? ,de we e -e petrnted at Mackinaw and Detroit. The next .veTrs" ^V ll,a.n Johnson effected a treaty with the principal trii.es, by Obtained."™ "" '"'""' """" ^°""^ ™=^ -»'"- »' 'and .n."n* v^T"' ^'^ ancceeded Jonqniere in 1762 as Governor ,cn f^^ fT' •^''™«'""' "» '"»' ^''•»»1' I'iceroy in Cr tea, followed h.m in IT.-iS. After the peace the British Province of Quebec was created (1763), and Gen. James Mnrray Cde Governor-General. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, llrrdor and the north country generally, were not included in the T, rRive"; w ^ ""T?" i"^'"<"^ "^ ^^^^' '^I-treal and I uee Buers were retamed, with a governor for each. The C nat htrf \'"™"" °'^'-'"-e -on after created Mhns tr C n r '"'"'"' "'''"'•"=""'. including 8,000 Indians Sir Guy Carleton b-came Govemc.-Gei =r " ir i7nn and again in 1774 and 1786 (the latter time as Lot ' D^chest^r ' ;:: rt/tf ""°'' ^r •■ "^'^ "^ "■ «-"»• '^^^ ear Ihmnton ?•„■■""' '' '"'"■ ^'"'^"* Haldin.and Henij lUmilton, and Henr- Hope, Lientenant. Governors I,^ n ., he two Provinces o, Upper and Lower Canada, and popu- Ui, parliamentary government was instiluted. with LegiSve ij " ■" ' "■-■•"''" '''' "i'i'^^' ^'^"^<-i;i. Fifty members were . 272 maiuuv OF caxada. returm-(l to tlie other House in Lower Camida for the first Par- liament, whicli opcied ut guebec, Dec. 17, 1702; sixteen in Upper Canada, the first Parliament session beginnin .i :F i 27H HISTORY OF CANADA. was Lieutenant-Governor and commander of th*^ forces in Upper Canada, and moved with promptnebs and energy. Some minor captures were made within a montli after the declaration of war, and on the 17th of July, under his orders, the Mackinaw fort and island were taken. The Americans had invaded Canada fi-om Detroit; but Brock's strategy compelled their retirement on the 7th of August, and on the 16th Gen. Hidl, commanding at Detroit, was intimidated into the surrender of 2,500 men ahd thirty-three guns, without a battle. An armistice prevailed until September, when hostilities were resumed. On the 13th of October anotlier invading force, under Gen. Van Rensselaer, was defeated at Queeuston, but at the cost of Gen. Brock's life and that of his aid, Col. Macdonnell. A fine monument on Q enston Heights marks the fatal scene. The Americans were also discomfited in further atte*" pts at invasion above Niagara Falls and from Lake Champlain, and the year ended with little encouragement to their arms, except from successes on the sea. The year 1813 opened with the victory of Proctor over the Americans below Detroit, the sequel to which has given it the sad name of "the massacre of the Il;usin." Toronto was taken by the Americans in April, and Fort George, at Niagara in May; while the British were successful in their movements about Ogdensburgh. The Anunican Gens. Chandler and Winder were made prisoners in a night attack near TTaniilton, and their command forced to retreat. Another detachment of invaders^ under Col. Ban-stl"", was taken by an inferior force at Beaver Dams, on the Niagaia frontier. A number o^ forts and villages on both sides of the Niagara re destroved by the contending parties. In September tlie first important victory was olitaiued by the Americi-ns in the Battle of Lake Erie, won by Commo- dore Perry over Barclay; and the next month another in the Battle of the Thames, in which a land-force under Gen. Harrison, HISTORY OF CAXAIjA. 277 t.: and killed his great Indian ally, Tecumseh. In Lower Canada an army under Gen. Hampton, ihvading the province from Lake Champlain, was obljoed to retreat by a crrpatly smaller force in command of Col. De Salaberry. A large detach ment under Gen. Wilkinson, co-operating in the movement agamst ^fontreal, was met ^^ov. 11 at Chrysler's Farm, on the St Lawrence, and defeated with heavy loss, including the officer immediately commanding, Gen. Covington. The next year, the concluding year of active operations in this quarter, an attack was made by AVilkinson March 31 upon the post at Lacolle Mill, eight miles from the foot of' Lake Champlain, but was beaten back. A British attempt upon the forts at Oswego in May was successful; but the next, at Sack- ett s Harl)or, proved a failure in the very moment of apparent victoiT. Fort Erie was taken by the Federal forces July 3. and Gen. Riall driven back at Chippewa two days after. The Amer- u,ans won another victory July 15, at Lundy's Lane, near the Kills, in which their Gen. Scott was wounded, and Gen. Riall wounded and taken. Gen. Drummond failed to recapture For Erie August 15; but the Americans retired from it in November TmirBHtT' '"■"" ^" '" ^™^ ^^^^^ ^-^^ become 11; and the British marine strong. On the other hand, the Amer- W "i, ^^^^:^.^^^^"^1^1^»"' fought Sept. 11. The same month A\ashingron City was seized and parti, destroyed, and there were some other British successes. Peace, however, Ivas ali^dy ■• d ivinf " ;'? ''' '''"""^"^' ^'-^ ^-^^>' '^f ^^-"^ -- ^::^r^ r- ' ^''""^''"^ intelligence of the peace to be flashed ?on I T ' '"""^'''' '''" l='"'^"^able Battle of New Orleans, ougl t J.,.,,ary 8, 1815, with its great destruction of human life would have bt-en prevented. I 278 HISTORY OF CANADA. It is the boast of Canada that the .stni^^^le closed without the presence of an armed invader upon her territory. Her mil- itia had borne the brunt of the war in the Xorth, and, almost unaided by regulars, had won brilliant victories at Chrysler's Farm and Chateaugay. The patriotism and loyalty of the provinces had for the fifst time been fully developed, and many gallant sons of the Canadas had sealed their devotion with their blood. Agriculture and other industries of peace suffered much by the war; but some compensation was had in the very large expenditures made here for the material of military and naval service and in maintaining the campaigns. Particularly N ova Scotia, upon which very little of the real burdens fell, was benefited by the vast sums expended by the Home Government. The year 1815 was distinguished by the beginnings of the magnificent system of ship-canals, by which the commerce of the Dominion has been so greatly facilitated. In February, a joint committee of the Upper Canadian Parliament submitted a report on canal connection between Lakes Erie and Ontario, and some other work to improve navigation. Money was appropri- ated for surveys on the Erie and Ontario route, and down the St. Lawrence to Montreal. The matters thus in hand by 1821 were referred to a commission appointed that year, which reported in favor of the work now famoub as the Welland Canal. A company for its construction was formed, the labor begun in 1824, and ia five years (Nov. 30. 1829) the first vessels passed from Lake Ontario to the "Welland river, amid the acclamations of the people. The whole was completed in 1853, and about twenty years thereafter, to answer tho imperative demands of larger vessels upon the lakes, an enlargement was m.'ide. so that the locks are each 970 feet long, 45 wide, and 12 dee]** The canal is 28 miles long, with 27 locks, making a total lift of 330 feet, and lias cosr about sio, 000,000. Since its construction was beguu, ihe Lucliiue (pi miles iong), the Beauharuois (,lli), I I innTOlir OF C'AJ^ABA. 279 the Cornwall (lU), Farran's Point (f), Rar)i,le Plat (4), and the Galops (7^j, canals have been made for the passage of the several rapids of the 8t. Lawrence, at a total cost^of about $7,500,000. The Rideau Canal, from Ontario Lake to the Ottawa river, was projected in 1826, and the Kingston Marine Railway the next year. A desolating f re broke out at St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1816, with a loss of $i500,000. The next year about four times as much property was lost by two fires in the same city, causing a famine and bread riots, .which were generously relieved from both Old and New Englana, and other quarters. This city has since been repeatedly scourged, one tire in 1846 destroying about 2,000 buildings. In 1817-18 a joint commission of survey, under the Treaty of Ghent, ran the boundary line between the United States and New Brunswick, a part of which, from the source of the St. Croix :o its intersection with the St. John, was confirmed by the Ashburton Treaty in 1842. The year 1819 is chiefly memorable for the sad and singular death of the Governor- General of Lower Canada, the Duke of Richmond. While on an .oflScial tour up the Ottawa river, he was bitten by a tame fox, and died the dreadful death of hydro- phobia, August 27. The population of the provinces was now rapidly increasing, chiefly by immigration from the British Isles. During this year 12,434 immigrants, principally Irish, arrived at Quebec. In 1823 a scheme for the union of the two Canadas was pro- posed by the Home Government; but, after much discussion by the people and in the Parliaments, so much opposition was develop.: to the plan, that it was not pressed. Political agita- tion for several years was marked by great acerbity, in some cases proceeding to violence. The editor of the Quebec Spec- tator was rwiue iuresied f'-i- iibel, and the editor of the Colonial 280 ULSTCliY OF VAAADA. Advocate, at Toronto, had liis office niided, and the type thrown into the Bay, for which tlie rair ts liad tinally to pay damages The first census of New Brunswick, taken this year, showed a population of 74,0()o. The era of internal im] -overp-^ut reached Nova Scotia the next year, when an act was passer^ for the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal, to connect Halifax with Cobequid Bay. The great fire of New Brunswick's history occurred in the fall of 1825, for which -, he dry summer had prepared. Early in October 5,000 square miles of field and forest, extending from Miramichi to the Bay of Chaleurs including two towns and a million dollars' worth of property' were swept by the flames. One hundred and sixty persons lost their lives, and many others were seriously burned. In 1827 the first overt act of the so-called "Aroostook War" was committed. Some friction ha ' previously existed between the settlers of Maine and New Brunswick, from uncertainty a? to the possessic i of about 12,000 square milos of territory c.uth of the S^ John, which was claimed by both Great Britain and the United States. During this year a small party of Ameri- ans under oae Baker entered the Madawaska District and raised the Yankee flag. It was promptly captured by a sheriff and Baker sent to jail. The Governor of Maine summoned his militia, and troops on the New Brunswick side stood ready to meet the threatened invasion; but more peaceful counsels allayed the irritation without bloodshed, and the boundary difficulties were referred to the King of the Netherlands for arbitration. He gave the larger part of the disputed tract to the I nited States; but that did not satisfy the people of Maine, and troubles continued until in 18;i7 war seemed imminent Ten thousand Maine militia were called out, and an army prepared to march to the border. Tlie Governor of New Brunswick placed two regiments there, as an "army of observation,'" and Nova Scotia offered ample aid in troops and money. Bnt Gen. J IIISTOIiY OF CAXADA. 2si Scott, the hero of Lundy's Lane, now commander of the United States forces, promptly countermanded all hostile demonstra- tions preparing in that State. Lord Ashburton and Daniel AVebster negotiated a treaty within the next four or five years, by which most of the territory went to the Cnited States. The yea: 1831 was a fatefnl year of cholera in the provinces Tlie disease was greatly aggravated by a foreign immigration of 60, (KM), principally Irish peasantry, which arrived at Quebec in the ^summer, and sc itered thence through the St. Lawrence Valley. About this time the splenuid reconstruction of the fo-tifications of Quebec, after designs by the Duke of Welling- ton, then Prime Minister of England, were undertaken. The cholera returned in 1834, with yet more fatal and wide visitation Fort Garry, still standing at \Yinnipeg, was furnished and occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1835. An important commission was appointed by the English Government, to inquire into the political grievances of Lower Canada, growing mainly out of race hostility between the French and British elements of population, espec. -y as alleged in the famous Nmety-two Resolutions, passe. the House of Assembly in the interest of the French inhabitants. Thev received severe criticism when the report of the commission was discussed by the Imperial Parliament in 1837, and some of them were voted down by heavy majorities. Upper Canada had in turn its fierce agitation the next year, upon the sudden creation of fiftv-scven Chuirh of England rectories by Sir John Colborne, just" before his retirement from the Lieutenant-Governorship. The J^iberal opposition to the Government was now very formidable. It was led in Lower Canada by Papineau, and '^n the Upper province by Mackenzie, editor of the Colonial Advo- cate, whose office had been mobbed ten years before Xo important redress of alleo-ed grievances was \v,A fr,.n. the Home ^.over.u.ieni, and poiirical feeling became so intensitied that Ij 9H'> mfron r of ca v. i da. rf'belliou was orgiinizcd. Secret eniolliiu'iits were made, coiin- fils lield, and plans matured. Exciting addresses to tlie people were issued, and ni»'t by warnings from the clergy, tlie loval leaders, and the Governments. November 7, ]H:]7, the first outbreak occurred in the streets of ^fontreal, when tlie "Sons of Liberty ' attacked a party of loyal volunteers. Both sides now armed more generally, and many skli-mishes took place during the month. Martial law was proclaimed in Lower Canada. Early in December Toronto was menaced by a force under Mackenzie; but the insurgents were dispersed after a short contest. Mackenzie took his following to Navy Island, near Niagara Falls, where more Canadians and many Americans joined him. Col. MacNab, with S.oOo men, watched them from the Canadian side, seized their supply vessel, the Caroline, fired it, and let it go over the Falls. Artillery was presently brought to bear upon the island, when the rebels crossed to United States territory and fled. Two concerned in the Toronto affair were hanged. During the next year several ineffectual attempts were made to invade ne provinces from the United States. The more important were those in November, at Napierville, Iiower Canada, and near Prescott, Upper Canada. In the latter case a Polish refugee named Von Shoultz held the stone windm^'ll still remaining at Wii.dmill Point with a party of insurgents for three days, when the position was taken. The leaders in both attempts were hanged, and their followers exiled or transported. (In 1849 a general amnesty acL relieved from further ])enaltie.; all surviving members of the insui'gent parties.) Duiing the winter some feeble efforts were made from Detroit against Windsor and Sandwich, but they came to nothing, in the absence of general sympatliy on either side the l)oundary, and the rebellion w;is soon a Hat failure, (»n its military side. But there was at least one important resnlf, The Earl of X^urhani. sent '"it p.s Gr>vern()!'-(T*^neral ii! IS'^S. \\:!^. .-i'sf.- r>>n!^f JIJ8T0RT OF CANADA. 283 Ivonl Hifrh Commis«;oner to imiuire into Co adian affa;f.s Hia duty was discharged with great diligence and efficiency, and an ehnbonite report made, in wliich, among other recommendations the union of tht; ('anadas was strongly urged. In November ]H:«>, the Special Council of Lower Canada (formed at the out- break of rebellion two yeau before;, consented to the jdan, as did the Legislature of Upper ':;anada the next month. Li July, 1840, the Act of Union was patL v i by the Imperial Farliament and under royal proclamation it took effect February 10 of the ne^.: year. Thenceforth, until the Dominion was indtituted July 1, 1867, the two Canadas were one. In 1837 occurred the first of the great fires that have deso- lated the beautiful city of St. John, New Branswick. It destroyed 115 houses and $1,000,000 worth ol propex-ty. The last of tliese afflictions fell June ?0, 1877, when three-fifths of the city, including more than 1,600 buildings in its most import- ant districts, and several millions of property, were swept away. In 1838 the Executive-Legislative Conncil, previously a part or the Government of Nova Scotia, was dissolved, and separate Executive and Legislative Councils organized. A confederation of all the provinces was proposed, and a deputation sent to the Governor-General at Quebec, to consult as to the proposed changes in the local constitution. " Responsible government," however,— a system responsible to the Legislature, and through that to the people,— was not introduced until 1848. The year 1841 had great political importance in Canada. It «yas the first year of the Union, which provided a single Legisla- tive Council of at least twenty-five members, named by the Crown, and a Legislative Assembly of eighty-four members— forty-two from each of the late provinces, elected by the people. An Executive Cmncil of eight Mini>-*ers constifited the Cabinet of the Governo leneral, with s-iits in the Legislature, and power to hold tl. "ir porM'olios only .so long as their measures J 284 HISTORY OF CANADA. commanfled its assent ("responsible government " again). The public debt of the provinces, of which Upper Canada had much the larger buiden, mainly from its splendid public works, was made a charge upon the common treasury. Bills involving exi)enditure of public money, which before might be introduced by any member, were to be moved by the Government only. Kingston was selected as the new capital, and the Right Hon. Charles Poulett Thompson, now created Baron Sydenham and Toronto for his efforts in promoting the union, was made the first Governor-General ni United Canada. He had scarcely opened an administration of unusual intelligence and vigor, when it was terminated by a fatal fall from his horse in Septem- ber, 1841. The first United Parliament met at Kingston in June, and instituted measures concerning municipalities, the currency, the customs duties, popular education, the public works, etc., which proved of great and enduring benefit. A Board of Public Works was created, and a loan of £1,500,000 obtained in England for its disbursements. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company leased Vancouver's Islond and the adjacent coast from the Crown, founded Victoria, now capital of British Columbia and a flourishing town of 7,000 people, and established trading- posts there and at other jjoints. In 1846 the international line was determined as midway of tht channel between the island and mainland. But just here was the island of San Juan, of much military importance as com- manding the entj'ance to Fraser River; and both nniiona claimed it. After the gold discoveries on Frasei- in IS.VS, fji^ foices of the United States occupied the island, and a c(>ri)s of Biitish marines was also sent to it at ' ■ ' .-A. ' ' •■ ■ ■ • ■ - '■ * !wmH \ \ !fnHHH^^^3 «,■,■« ■im^rs^^'-wisiP^M- •'* HfF"' ■jii, ■ ' '^> y / ^mm§ :■ -■*M ^a 3«* -*'■ ^ ■ , • 1 ''»'W''''3iSEii'''''^ *^'*" "'•■•■■•'' 3f "■■ --^fe»«*^4.^r "r\ ■f .-,!';|!i|'i'!,i( n 4" i^w^i^^i.;. ••-'" -"^If V f ■ -i -.','. \ •^ -3 « O Q as e< b O a: o S :>] H 2; BISTORT OF CANADA. 285 reunited with British Columbia, and with that province became an integral part of the Dominion in 1871. The seat of Government was removed from Kingston to Montreal in 1844. Sir Charles Bagot, who had succeeded Lord ^-^ydenham as Gc-'^rnor-General in 1841, died at Kingston in May,^ 1843, and was followed by Sir Charles Metcalfe. He remained in office but two years, when he retired from ill- health, and Lord Cathcart, Commander of the Forces in British North America, became G-vernor- General ad interim, untU the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine came to relieve him in 1847. This was a year of heavy immigration from Ireland, in which famine and fever had wrought fe^irful havoc. Seventy thousand arrived at Quebec by the 7th of August. Pestilence came with them, and 4,000 soon died of it, notwithstanding every effort of public and private charity. This terrible year had, however, at least one bright spot for Canada, in the introduction of the magnetic lelegraph, whose wires now reach nearly all settled parts of the Dominion, and stretch across vast spaces of wilder- ness. In 1858 the first ocean telegraph was landed in New- foundland, and operated imperfectly for a few days, when there was sOence beneath the sea until the cable of 1866. In 1848 New Brunswick began to enjoy the blessings of responsible government, similar to iiie Canadian system. The Navigation Laws, by which commence had been seriously obstructed, were repealed by the British Parliament iu 1849, and this measure, with the previous repeal by the Canadian Asseml)ly of differential duties on imports from foreign coun- tries, practically ema; ..npated the colonial trade, although some embarrassment was at first felt from the repeal of the Naviga- tion Laws. The financial state of the province was eminently satisfactory, and the general feeling was hopeful. But one event of 1849 had for the moment clouded the situa- iiou. : he passage of a bill foi- indemnifying residents of Lower rri 286 HISTORY OF 6'.4.V.li;,l. Canada for losses sustained in the Rebellion, was followed by a riot in Montreal, during which the Parliament House was burned, and several houses of obnoxious Ministers and members of Parliament were wrecked. The Governor-General was attacked, but escaped without serious injury. The capital was thereupon removed to Quebec and Toronto, each for alternate terms of four years, until Ottawa became the capital in 1857. A law for free banking was enacted in ISoO, and -another for a uniform postal rate of five cents per letter within * .e province the next year. A great railway convention at Portland, Maine, attended by Canadian and Nev/ England delegates, met in July, 1850, and prepared the way for the construction of the European and North American (from the United States to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia), the Grand Trunk, and other important iron roads. The next year the ground was broken for the Northern Railway of Canada by the fair hands of Lady Elgin, wife of the Governor-General. The same year another impetus was given to Canadian prosperity by the successful exhibit of provincial products made at the first World's Fair, in London. In 1853 the House of Assembly in Parliament was increased from 84 to 130 members. In 1954 the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States was procured, under which practically free trade with that country was enjoyed, with great benefit to both sides, until 1860, wheU; partly as a retributive measure for asserted Canadian sympathy with Southern rebels during tlie Civil War, the treaty was abrogated. Seigniorial tenure, which had replaced the feudal tenure long before, was gradually abolished in Lower Canada in 1855-57, and after 1854 the proceeds of the clergy benefit lands reserved in Upper C;niada were devoted to municipal purposes. In the latter year Lord Elgin closed his able and generally i)opular administration, and was succeeded by Sir E. W. Head, who was followed in 1801 by Lord IMonck. The Legislative Council was made elective bv the iieonle in 1^ I !>■■ HISTORY OP CANADA. 287 1856. A line of ocean-going steamers to Great Britain was started. The next year a financial and commercial stringency came upon the country, and lasted in many of its phases until after the great conflict in the United States had ceased. The seat of Government was fixed in 1857 at Ottawa, and the erec- tion of superb public buildings was begun. When the Domin- ion was created ten years later, it was again chosen the capital. In 1858 the convenient decimal system of currency was adopted, and this year and the next a route from Fort Garry westward was explored for the Canadia n Pacific Railway. In the latter year and the following the statutes of both Canadas were codified and published. The Prince of Wales came in 1860, and was received everywhere in the provinces with great enthusiasm He formally opened the great Victoria Bridge at Montreal, and laid the corner-stone of the Parliament buildings at Ottawa Durmg the next four years tho great rebellion in the United States gave Canada some trouble; but nothing very serious resulted excep! the St. Albans raid in 1864, and the repeal of the Reciprocity Treatj in 1866. To prevent further raids from Canada, the Government placed thirtr volunteer companies along the frontier. Many Southern refugees and Northern sympathizers, and Northerners fleeing from the drafts, took temporary refuge in the provinces. Armed inroads from the United States were attempted in 1866, by parties of Irish Fenians; but were repelled with some bloodshed in one case, a skirmish at Limeridge, near Fori Erie. About 2(),()()0 volunteers offered their services; but few of them were actually needed. By 1866 the old scheme of confederation had gained very hopeful headway. On the 28th of the ne^ t March the new Act of Union, passed by the British Parliament, became a law, taking Hffect^ the 1st of July following-a date since patriotically observed every year as " Uomiiuon Day." The act constituted BISTORT OF CANADA. the Dominion of Canada from the provin es of Upper and Lower Canada (designated as Ontario and Queboc), New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia, but provided for the subsequent admission of all otlier subdivisions of British North America. Each province was allowed its separate Government, with a General Government and Governor- General for the whole. The first Dominion Governor was Lord Viscount Monck, last Chief Executive of united Upper and Lower Canada. He was suc- ceeded the same year by Sir John Young, Baron Lisgar, and he in 1875 by Lord Dufferin, an exceedingly able and popular ruler, whom the Marquis of Lome, son of the Duke of Argyle and son-in-law of the Queen, followed two years after. In May, :.870, the Red River countiy was organized as the Province of Manitoba. In 1869-70 the standard of rebellion was raised in that region by a Frenchman named Riel, at the head of a party of half-breeds, over a land question; but nothing more serious resulted than the capture and occupation of Fort Garry and the killing of a citizen or two. The last decade has been marked by no great events in Canada, but rather by healthful and large progress, and the immense extension of the railway and telegraph systems. The census of 1881 showed a growth in population during the next preceding ten years of 18.05 per cent, in Ontario, 14.01 in Que- bec, 13.61 in Nova Scotia, 12.44 in New Brunswick, 29.80 in Manitoba, 65.28 in the Northwest Territories, and 76.66 in British Columbia; or an average increase for the whole Domin- ion of 18.02 per cent. The last bulletin of information from the Canadian railways, brought down to July, 1881, gives the splen- did total of 7,597 miles, representing stock to the par value of $109,427,980, a bonded debt of $84,891,313, and net .earnings during the preceding year of $7,866,091. The growth of the Dominion in other material matters has hardly bren less, and lis future ia radiaul wiili promise and hope. ru-Ar>-??^4> By p. c. HEADLEY, Autlior of -History of the Two Americas." UTHENTIC American history dates back only about four centuries. Previous to that period through an almost unlimited age, tbe existence of a vastly numerous and pre-historic race may be traced through the ruins of their cities, their won- derful caves, and subterranean habitations in which skeletons of some of their ancient inhabit an s, .tone implements of warfare and husbandry, andV^eces of pottery and earthen vessels of rare and peculiar workmrnsh'p and coloring, are found. In some of thesp n,nr. r..., .1 I^ «tructed mounds, tools of copper, brass, and silVer^'and ^aLr^i 290 GREAT UISrORICAL EVEyXS. ^ pottery, ornaments, and precious stones, have been found. These ancient inhabitants also worked the ooi)per mines of Lake Superior and their old pits are still called the "ancient dig- gings." In one of these mines a mass of copper was found which weighed over forty tons, and which had been -^parated from the original vein by removing the e,":th and ore, and th surface made smooth by pounding. About this huge piece oi copper were found the very tools those ancient miners had used —stone hammers, copper chisels and wedges, as if the workmen had departed, intending soon to return. Upon some of these deserted mines the largest forest trees are found growing, and upon a mound near Marietta, Ohio, were found trees which, at least, must have seen eight centuries. The most marvelous and peculiar of all the relics of these ancient inhabitants are found in the valleys of Arizona. Here almost every hill-top within a range of 10,000 square miles is covered with broken pottery, so perfectly glazed that its bright and varied coloring is well pre- served. Here, also, are ruins of buildings four stories in height, and with walls two feet thick, reservoirs, irrigating canals, and fortifications, where multitudes of caves are cut in the solid rock, and closed by mason-work of stone ana cemei.t, which is well preserved. These caves are only accessible by means of ladders, and the larger ones are bastioned and loop-holed; and an entrance, large enough to admit one person only, was made at the topi which connected with a series of chambers that honey-combed the whole mountain, while their walls are still black with the smoke from the fires of their ancient dwellers. These subter- ranean caverns were evidently prepared with a vast amount of labor as asylums against a fierce and invading foe; and long and cruel must have been the warfare which forced them to forsake their villages and cultivated fields and make their homes in the rocky depths of the mountains. AVliere and how the last of this numerous and woiideiiui race were blotted out of existence, GREAT mSTOniCAL EVENTS. The ruins of Spanish cathrfrals ami towns which were in ill their g ory, when a few half-slarved English refnC from oppressica were stru«gli„g f„r existence on the si o' « of T w.ldsof New Mexico and Arizona, bnt their earliest record, 21 no acconntof these wonderful ancLnt inhabiean Nei hX intelligent and semi-civilized Monteznmas, nor the vast tribes 't Indians subject to them, have any knowledge or dto ti"dHon ev^n concerning these monnmenta of a lon^forgottel g 'a^d i TJie figures at the right hand refer to the p(wes in ar, ^tu.^- Ch n3«, traditron alleges the discovery of Mevico ^ Iceland discovered by the Normans Greenland discovered by the Xormans ~ TheDanespeopled Greenland under Eric'Raud l Natiw, di«)ovcred in Newfoundland "'='•'»<» 2 mSsS-Sl u:rj S?S: i:£^';- -'"'?- »" -".c <»,« ■ o? 458. 861, 889. 985. 1003. 1004. 1003-06, 1006, 1170, to be the first child born of £„.„,. A Welch prince, named JIadoc"'s :°°.,^'.l'?™ '"' .^»"i?f^ Snorri, sui.posed t. 2 uropean parents on the American continent. •supposed to have discovered America ^, . COLUMBrs. ranean "'"'• °^ t«iirtecn— his nrst voyage on the Mediter- .._'_""^.'.. ;^ _ j-76 1470-74. He conceived Ilic7(lea —that another continent must 1447. '1461. 1467. 1474. 1493. that bv ,.a.li„,.r west he would reach the East Indies Uiat dirticlion. . . . ^^^S^I^Sll^:'^.:^^ '" courts'of Poriugai; ^;ain Vn April 17. — Ferdinnr-r? belli! fitting out the d 5-77 „ _ n,ii;ro;'";",;"' '" '^'""" fe^'^ant nim n commission. Isa- I III L 1493. 1494. 1496. 1497. 149a 1499. 1500. 1501. 1502 1503. 1504. 1506. 1508. 1513. 1513. arriv,.sat thoCanary I>lan.!s,,S,.pt..n>lK..M,.-Iin,ft tl.Manarirs. and. wh^ out (,t siirht of land his men lH.r()nic iK'jcctcd and l)cg of him to return Ho (■ncoiira-cs th,.m and nstoirs ronlidcnc.'; ((ctobcr l.-\ot liavinir discovrwl th(.„; O<'toh..r l-'.-Land . isrov.r.d. uh.n his m.-n prostrat.. th,-n>s<.|vos at tlic tcct ot ( ohiiidm.s and hf'' "f ^h^^ natives and carries them drfc'lhem SL' he cUv' ""^^ " ^™> '"""^'-'■^"^ ' "" tl-' KpaniaVdV 2 aftS'S":': ::-^^^^';"- -end; ti;; s;;aits- ;hK;i; have-;incVbee;;namS April 28.— Reinforced "•■■•'- ■>-:—'-" " ' "•' ■■■■.': 134 1521. 1528. IS repulsed by the .\Lxicans S ^T '''r 'Z''''"' ''"■* l^*' "'^' •">• '^"' August 13 the Mexicans surrender . '' '■''"•^'''' "'^ '^"'":k After three years Qe of Magellan's s person who ever circumnavigated the Sp?fn aLico7'^febX^ °f.^^-'''! •^PP"'^*'^^ Cortez t them to workintac n£.^^'':':^''P''»^ '^'^'"^'^ the Indians and compel. and onf ^S.^r:,;S Sfvi^^r^^^- -I'^'^^r!^^^ ^-°- comma;S:;'S n,.rc^., ,„K?, _. '"I'Mint \ i(tor\) sails round the world, beimr the first " 134 toz Governor of Xcw lobe. 135 1523. 1524. 1525. Bermuda Islands discovered by .Juan Bermuda. lJ:S^t ^£\: ;^;:i;[?;'° ^° -^'^-r central' America, and in two year, Xorth America explored hy Vorazzani who calls it New France 11 at one' tim^'r:: ^::^:^ ^^'^■'^"^^ '-'» ^-- ^"'-•-i Cobles b.;:;:d^t th;- ;;ake .135 PIZARRO AND TIIK CONQUEST OF PERf Francisco Pizarro sailed from Panama to atte J once de Leon commission into iho conduct of Cortoy" ami if"\rm'i';''^"'f V ''""'"■'•'■^^^ '" ^lexico to inquire ♦" c....:_ v-uiit/,, .inu II guilty of trcu.son to arrest and ' " ' ' by Charles V to Spain Ponce de Loon dies without executing'his'miVs bastian Cabot s;iil< nlnn.r ti „., .\r ^ .. nipt the conquest of Peru. 130 bring mm 135 1.36 1526. 152ft. 151U. 1532. 1533. 1533. 1554. 1535. 1535. 1535-50. 1536. Pizarro ..xplnrfs Pvni, the inlmhitants wrrr dmnflv rl,.,i ,„„] riilfivaf<..l tl.n «o.l; ^r.,1,1 ,,,1 s.v.T won. al.u.pluut and were use.l by e n uivSrm^^^^^^^^ lal.s for VL-i.sel.s of (0111111011 use. •' "'"'vis JW matei- I arm rcturn.s to Spain and meets Cort-^z. . ^37 .•ompi;;;'i•em^'!!^".!'^'! it'' """^ l^Omonsans'npon an V;.p;ditio„ 'to Pizarro fo,ind« the first rnlony in Peru, naniine; it W." Michael Athiiniana nndllua.sear. s„n.softheforn.,r Knip.Tor of P,;„ l.ein^ . war wifl^^ S o herfor hesupn-maey. ,^ to accept tlie Spanish n.|i, :,.n upon suPh au horit' (i 1537. 22 feet 1.,,,;: by 16 feet wicU:* with-,oid.;";;:;s;:i; ThlSr'iirh'ci^'n.^^r rf'TrS'^'." .\'-™' :'.°^'''' S^''^^"^ ''■"^"^•-"^- pour in for the r~ Pi/arro melted the -old an(l divided it nmon- his .soldiers" according to'their rank. So vast wa.s the (,uantily, tliat after reserving one-fifth for the crown niere remained over »1,500,()()() to be divided between Pizarro aid his sol- •'40 bvF'in.^r V ^"'■'T'''- 7f."«P« to release Athualapa, who submits to baptism D\ I'allier V aiverde, and is condemned to be str^mgeled. . . . 140 Pi, irro-s success inflames the minds of the Spaniards in P,.>,namaand Nicar- agua, who rush ui, in great numbers ; j4q upSMii!'"""'"" *'''^"''^' "" '^"'"•"'"'^ «f ^'^^'° and confers' great' power •lame.s Cartier circumnavigated the island of Newfoundland and soon France". ".'.'' ,'.°'" '^'. ''''' ^'^ ^'^^'■"^"^'^'^ = ^P'""*^'^ 5.-IIe returned to Havana destroyed by the French. ofSr«np!re tlire''.^^^^^^^ establishes his palace and the capital an?:aiirt;;;S'^:'fiSence'!!"'"°'TT"f:^': th Jm*" ^tI?".™""' 200.000 strong, attack all Spanish .settlements and destroy thtm. They surround Cuzeo and Lima. The whole Spanish army at thes.. two pomts are shut in and besieged for nine months. ... " {40 ■Vsm.^To.rs 'r'''"f-''r' ''"' .'-''!:'' '"^l»''l ^^ tlif- -^it*- of th(. present town of .>.sii,,Mon. h. A., which gav.> it ?:} years tli,. precedence of Jamesto vu the hrst c.uiopean settlement in the Uiiit(.(! States. oauiLsio vu, mi Cortez discovered the peninsula of California. J i L GREAT IIISTOUKM. KVHMS. 29.- l.V)9. May 3(».— Ffidii. ulo dc Soto arrives upon the wtMern cosst of Flnrirl. with 9 vxs.st'l8, 600 nu.i.. ai;j liorsrs, an.l u herd of swine 1540. August :;:5. -Curlier arrived at the port of St. Croix upon hi.' tliird vovagc 1541. In tile sprin- Canier visits Xewfoundlan.l m roule for Kranre whei,. he fln.ls three ships with 2(K) ihtsoiis of both s, xes, on their way to Ca m a to found a colony, undur command of Lord Uoberval j lpff"i;v7;.T,'!fr'''''Tr ""''■'•'^"! ^,!- ^''•(^i-:' »n.l .-tahlish themselveVartlM- fort left by ( artier. Hiev jm.ss a t.-dious winter, sulferin.- .'i„ni si, kness and ■.- vation, and return to Vraiice tlie following summer. . ', ' ^ De Soto discovers ' - MLssi.ssippi. 1542. King Charles dcciu .o change the form of Government in tl, Americai prov iiices-abolishing slavery of the nations nnd military despc^ism. . 145 1545. Silver mine •" -ovcred at Potosi, South America. 1548. Pizarro publ. , executed j^o 1553. The entire Indian population in Cuba become e.xliiinV tin ii'irh the ru-ltv of the Spaniard.s. lu.n^ 1554. The mi es of Santa Barbara antl .San Juan di -overed. Havana again destroyed by the ' nch. 1563. Negro slavery lirst introiluced ... 'he West Indies 013 1576. June— Martin Frobisher sailed from En-land with uvo email .c.-ls. Is 1577-80. Sir Francis Drake sailed aK-ng the rmst of California, taking formal nos ses.sion m the name of the Queen of England; tliinki ,- to Hnd aTortirrn ?tZX''r.^'"!'^/'"■ ■^"'^"''^•.•^•^ ^iled north till he reached l^.^egio of eternal cold, but fouu,i no gap in the ice-bound coast. Fearing o meet the Spaniard cruisers he sailed westward, and reached England after circ mnav Em^Xr t\ "' "econiplished his purpose and reached En^Zl in sien:?"chi^4'i:T '' """'^ ^''"'- ^*^"«- ™^ ^- -^^^^-^ - - 1578. Frobisher sailed for a third x oyage to Labrador, with a fleet of 15 vessels and^ rn?kt7.,!il.m7^^'"'°'''-Pl'f"V'"°'" Q"*''"" Elizabeth to discover ^^^^^^^lt^Stl^:T^^^ '^''^'^ ^"-- - ^^--^1' America '^^' eriS''%om' wZ)' -n 'T"'!"J'°' "^^ Newfoundland, establishes Vhe cod flk- S'Ind had bet"/ .ed°Srh t^old VJne';''^' "•^^ ^^°*^' "'^^ "^^ ^^^^^ '^ ^^- ^^^ wlhcVlSeB ^'"^.':T^'" '° ^'""•^'^ ^^"'-^'"^ ^J- Q"^^° '^«''«th to Sir 1585. Richard Granville with 7 vessels and 108 men'land at Ro" moke." '.'. 214 l.)87. Davis's Straits discovered by John Davis, an Enr.-:ishman. Tobacco first introduced into Ensiland bv .^Ir Lauc 16 !-S' l!!'"'"'''' ^"'l' ^^'' ^''^ "^"''^ '^'^^'^ °^ ^^Slisi. pp.rcntage in Xorih America. "'• att^3:^^/rSlf^ ""''"' '^^^'^- '"'■ •' "^'^'-- '^-'-'^ '"='' '* -- 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold, an Englishman, in a small vessel and but 30 men saied directly west and reached the shore.s of America upo.i M^clm etts i<, 215 KXPEDITIOX OF Cfl.VMrLAIN IfiO.'? r'I,.,rr..^lo!., yy,^^^. .„ .11 , .. , . _ ' """' """ '"■"■ ~'"'''" -^---^i', .'aiiuu lioiii i''iauce and entered the ;jt 1604. 1606. 1607. 1608. 1609. 1610. 1610. Lawronro river. He passp.l the promontory upon whicli Quoboc now .stands to the hsland upon wlncli Montreal is built. With a motley crew Cliamplain aaaiu visited Canada and attempted a .=-1- tlenient on an island in Passama(iuoddy Bay. Alter e.xi)ericneini: the horrors ■"pt. Latcli, New Brunswick lirst colonized. April 30.— Xorth America, between the 34th and 3«th deCTees of north latitude -ranted by chart-r of Kin- .Janies I. of Ei-hmd. to the Plymouth Company and from the 41st to the 45th to the London Company. Sir .Tohn Pnpham attempts to found a colony on the Kennebec River at oagadaliuck, Jlame. May 13.— Colony at .Jamestown, Ya., planted under Christo^ Xew Por( ' .^Ig .Tamestown colony reinforced by 120 men and a Inrie stock of provisions ana impkinents of husbandry .-^^^ Cbamplain returns to America and founds the city of Quebec .^26 Sept. 10.— Capt. Smith chosen President of the council of .Tamestown colony ^,jy Pocaho-ta.s s:.id '- hr,/e saved the life of Capt, Smith ,'. . , '.',".217 ^ Champlain -ivcover-^ ke which Loais his name Ind'defeated'die iroquois m a battle. For 20 years Champlaiu presided over his colony He died at Quebec, December, IGiio. "' ' DISCO VEKY OF THE IfUDSON. 21.— Tlenry Iludon, an Englishman, in the employment of the discovered the Hudson, whicl bears nis nanit . lle"^ ascended the Btream as far as Troy ^qq May23.— England jirants the Virsrinia colonies a new .-hurter and sond.s over a set of outlaws and imposes them upon the colonies 218 Smith nearly loses his life throujrh an exi losion of powder. He returns to ±.n!,daiid, leavin- mi iieisons in the colonv, wliieli were, w six months reduced by famine to (50 persons " ofO Lord Delaware arrives with three ships, a number of settlers and i l,ar-e store of i)ro visions " .,jq Lord Delaware visits Delaware Bay, -iving it his name. Lord Bacon's Company attempts to settle Newfoundland. nuiXSOK's LAST VOY.\Op-. Hudson sailed nn hi- Lis , yajre. ...id before h, had been a month at sea he discovered inuliiiy anioni: nis crew wliieh. with ^rR.at dillieultv he sun- pressed. Atler sailin- two months le entered the -reat bav ^\hicl^ has since >>een called by his name, and whieii he siijiposed was tlii' lomr sou-lit pa.s.sa-c to the l'a(iti( . Here he s.ioii found himself liemnied in, and' di.se(7verin- tile faef too lilt,- \n r-unn to the .Vtlaiitic. he saw he must winter in that des'olate re-ion, with little iirovision inid a miilinous crew lie remiin.d there .•i-la nmnths before the iee broke up around his shin so that .le ciiild eave. I tteily f.irloni, anc! aiiprehendiiiir the worst result- he prepared lor them as best he could. He ^.ive each .if ..is m..n .. ,.,.,•(;.•„. ..ti, r,t \ GltEAT HISTORICAL EVEXTS. 297 1612. 3- 1613. 1611. 1615. 1617. 101«. Itil9. 16^'(l. 1621. p.«r. "n iron po,, mul a l.ag of iu<.al. Tlu-v tl,.., cast oil' the rle „nl sai , aiKl k-ft tlicm to their fate. Xothiug „ „,,. ^.,^, ^.^...^ i,,,^"^\ ™P^' "^"^^ a i.l they n.ust have all miserably peri.shed in a few dus^ it was too S for l)inl.s to be seen in that frozen rei,riou. ^ ^-'^^^ Green and his ciiief abettor were, u few davs after killpH ;„ „ fi„i . -^i SOUK. Indians an.l another died f-oni hung,- and^ Je ml able femnZ eniaeiatod to the last .lejrree, reached En.dand in Sep en^?, t Xre two of their number rev. iled what had been done. ... 31 The nefario.is lottery scheme was enacted and put into nracticc in the Vir gima colony, bnngmg £->9.00a into the treasury o^f theLomlonTUipJny ^20 l'ocalionta.1 \fAii taken prisoner by Cr.pt Aro-yl ooq April— Pocahontas was married to John Rolfe ooq ^.New York settled by the Dutch on Manhattan Isiand"inow 'xew' Vork ^ '' ' O jjQ Two r.ngM.sh yes.sels uniler command of Cant John Smith and Thos TT„nt Capt. Argvl i.^akes a raid upon the settlement of X( w York and demanHo Clmmplain explores the country of 'he IIui ■ ,ns. The Dutch erect a fort on Long Island 301 The cultivation of tobacco first introdaccd into Virginia. .'.' ." g-'O Jafflr's Bay discovered bv Baffin. Pocalio.u.is died in E nglmd, leaving a son who was educated there. ... 34 J.ord I elaware died on his pa.ssage to Vir-inia . 001 June li>.-Flst Colonial Assemblv in Vir-inia ogi of Ei^dSi'."'":,;;:!""'!"''? ::' P''t ''f •';"'""■• ^^^^- «'-t white' ddid 'hZ, 01 c.n^ii,n , ... nt.ige in Xew England .inii iianieu Peregrine White id l.A.VDIXG OF TIFK I'lL.ililMS. D.., mher -I.an.linu ..f the l'il-,ims at INvnmuth. Mass . 40 v,.n/f ""! '?:"!';"'!':'!. I'"' ''■'"'" '" ""■ ^'''''^""" •"'"">■ '" '''■ "«^<^'««'«;^ August.— .V cargo of negroes 'bron-hV from' th.' c.Vist of Guiana' i)vfh^ Dutch au.l sol.l to the Virginia planters . . " o-^l (inu.s S.U.I) AS wivKs. C.irg.. nf girls sent to tlw Virginia eolonv ami sol.l as wives lai.N ol tlie lust s.nlers wii.) cam,, to Virdnia wen^ niventnrers and Mngl.; m..n. .-uul came ,„ th.'sc ,lisi,,nt shores' ..xn..ctin. ■ to ..0";^, n,.,, .i, "^■" ' " '* -*'"' '" """■" "" 'I"'"- native ountry ,m.l liv.; ul ease; but !l findinfr tliat if forluncs were iniide. tlirymiist l)c developed hvcultivatinf; the Hoil; tlieretore, in order to successfiflly esiiil)lish tlieinselves iiud build up homes the}- must procure llie " liome-kei'pi rs," and as there were none here, they must be "imported," and to i)ay tlie expense of their passage, the}- were sold. ]Sinety youii;^ and respectable women were brou^rlit ov( 1 in fjie first com- pany, and were (juickly disposed nf. and (iie emer])rise i>r()ved so sucCLS.-^ful that a second company were ordered, and sixty more same over. The price of a wife wa.s at first estimated at 120 pounds of tobacco, wliicli sold for three shillimrs per pound, and afterward they brouirJit l.")!) pounds. Thi.s was coiisidereii a vcrv lionorable tran.saction. and tlie wives were received with so much fondness, iuh; were so conifortalily established, that the proceeding added nuich h.nppiness and diirnity to tlie colony 231 May 12.--First marriage at Plymouth, Mass. The W. I. Company build New Amsterdam (New York) and found Albiiny ! 300 School for Indians established in Virginia. 1622. Tlie Indian massacre at .Tamestown; 347 of the colonists killed in open day by tlie savages ooo 1623. Maine and New Hampshire .settled by the EuLdisli 260 1G23. New- .Jersey settled by the Swedes and Dutch and Fort Nas.siu built on the Delaware River. First white diild born of Dutch parentage at New Amsterdam. 1624. King James dissolved the \'irginia Company, and assumed control of the colonies in Virginia. 1625. House of Keprcsentatives in Virginia discontinueass a l.iw restricting all participation in public allairs and all citizenship to chureli meiiiliers V;! 1 .J GREAT IIISTORICAL EVEyrs. •I'd'i) 1631. 10:33. 1031. ir>;ifi. 1637. 1638. 1639. 1640. 164a-4o, 1G44-45. 1644-46. 1645. FinST lUO.V WORKS. First iron works in the U. 8. built at Lvnn Mass Country north oflhulson Buy e.xplon.J by Cap. James, an Englishman. First vc. scM uuUt u. ,1,. I' « ^^ ,.;,,. ;., ;,. „.,,^ ,,^ ,,^^, ^^^,^^" h.ior'on£QL;n5e';;iV:ii:^^/':':^.»".^"^ Canada restored to tliu Frencli. ~" Maryland settled by a Roman Catholic eol„ny under Lord Taltiniore 2" t irst house erected in Connecticut at Windsor Maryland settled by Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore Roger Williams banishetl from M..ssachus'tt ■,-, Hartford, Conn., settled. "^^ July 4.— Providence, R. I., founded bv Ro-cr Williams Harvard College founded. ~'*^ A fleet of 20 ships arrives in Massachusetts with 3,000 emi• ^v<.re punished with great of ,;*;,";;,',■;''■' ""'■"""" " ■"-■•■»• '•■wi-"'. »' '«'" i..-«.« f«,i,; -..rimo (■.....I........V. ..v." *■.■;;■■■.■■■*, 271 1646. 1647. 1647. 1651. John Elliot preaches to tl;^ indiaiis in tliuir own tongue. unh''isal^''uidfe"^^ '^'''' ■""PP^'"^ "^ "-'^'°"'-' compulsory, and education Stuyvesant arrives at New Amsterdam Xa *avi£ration act jiasscd by T'nirimiil rostrictine nies ■' ' ' " ^ the commerce of the 264 18 fhc En.^lish Parliament attempts to subject tlie colonies of Virginia but IS defeated by the colonists f _ 226 Thu-ty lashes were inflicted upon Obediali Holmes for preaching Baptist doctrines in ila.ssachu.sctts. 1652. 1656. 1659. 1660. 1662. 1663. 1664. 1665. 1666-7 1666. 1669. 255 tans. 1681. 1682. The first regular book-seller in Ameri-a was Ilezekiah Usher, of Boston PERSECUTION OF Tn. QU.^KERS. Quakers first arrive in Massachusetts, Their jiersecution bv the Puri- ins Keligious intolerance was carried to such an extent bv these mis- guided zealots that they actually tormented and put to death bv scores the only ChrLstian sect in America who advocated the doctrine of peace.'and who demed the right of man to take life under any circumstances.. 255 Four Quakers executed on Boston Common. 226 Quakers jirohibitcd from - migrating to Virginia under severe peralties A duty ot o per cent, was levied bv the English ffovernment upon all mer- chandi.se ot import or e.vport in the American colonies 226 Great Engli.sh navigation act established 227 Three persons hung for witchcraft in Hartford, Conn. Remarkable earthquake lastmsr with short intervals for six months The face ot the country in some localities entirely changed. First settlement in Xorth Carolina. Elliot translated and printed the Bible in the language of the American In ^'^''^ ....? 253 First permanent settlement in Xew .Jersey. June 12.— Xew York City incorporated. 5. Marquette explored the Mississippi River. Death of Lord Baltimore 281 First settlement in South Carolina. Foundation of modern Charleston laid, which soon becime the port of trade and the capital of Carolina .29;5 A war broke out between the C arolina colonies and the Indians, which was speedily terminated by the Governor oll'cring a bountv uiton everv cantive Indian ; ' • ' oy;} Indians were sold to the West Indies as .slaves, in exchange foi rum.. . .293 ■Wn.I,I.\.M TENN, March 14. Pennsylvania granted to \Vm. Peun, who colonized it 326 Penn starts a colony on tlie Delaware River 326 Oct. 24. Penn arrives in .Vnierica ,f}28 Penn makes a treaty with the Indians, and pays them fen- their lands. .329 The rily of Phila 'jiliia founded ,3,39 De La Snlle takes possession of the couiitry ou both sides the Missis.sinni River, cjillinir it I.nniviinnM ' '^ ORE A T 11 IS i ■() li / r. I /: /; ( 'HNTS. 301 1683. First Legislative Afscmhlj- held in Xew York 303 Second Assembly helti in I'hiladelpliia, anil a new Constitution adopted and new laws iiassed ",:,,, _^ it--ii- 1. . Ofj\j Hoger \\ illiains dies in his Sttli year. 1685. KinL' James, through Governor Arnold, cancels the ciiarfer of Rhod,. Island, and extends tlie royal government of Aew England to that depend- Arnold proceeds to Hartford with a hody of iroops and demands the snr' render ot then- charter The Assembly were in session. Thev art full v con ceal the charter, and refuse to give it up ' • ., ., 1687. First priuting-prcss established near Piiiludelphia by William Bradford." -V -WOMAN EXECITKO FOIl WITCIK KAFT. 1688. A wimau executed in Boston for witchcraft, after a Ion- ard <;olomn inves igation and a book was published with a full account of th ■ prS ings, to which w,i« added a preface, by the Rev. Richard Haxfr, in w dch he declare.1, "that any one who disbelieved the truthfulness of the account was a badducee "1,^ ^'''^^' Fn^lL^f ""tT^ Andres seized and imprisoned in Boston,'and senlhom^Io ±.ngland. The i)eople rise in mass and resort to arms o^y 168&-97. King William's war between the French, wMli their Indian allies 'andXcw •^■^t'-aiHi o^jjj ^^^^' ret w ^tr^ f "''^'^ 9'^^''''' "''*^"" P1"PP'* ' reinforcements failing him,'hc retreats with a loss of l,00(i men ogu FIRST PAPER MONET. IfifH). First paper money issued in Massachusetts. ^^' of Treason ^ execution of Leisler and Milbourne, at New York, on a charge New England contained l,iO,000 inhabitants. ^^^^' liamR^nn ""*'"' ™"'^'' '"" ^"^""^ l'™^'ice. and Pennsylvania taken from Wil A PLAGUE AMRinED TO WITCIICR VFT deiSJic? dTsIeimK^'r- " fr ">^'">'.P<''>Ple put to deatli. A strange and epi- ners n led tl nSr* i^r Y*'"' ^"1 '°.'^. »" account for it. or produce a cure, ptrsu.KK.i the poor victims to ascribe it to "Witchcraft ' Imnclled bv a nali'r tun" oT^?"'""' "V 'l^'f-- People." -LcWed Se unf!:^,^ a^mbies for rlrr? '''''■'' "* "^" ^''^"•" Accordingly, sol.'mn fasts and fan Ik 1 /e d n r n •"'"7, '"■'''■'■'■': y'''' '"■''' ^'y ♦!»« 'Clergy. Inflamed bv a n"; is ifs ti.;. w.^ '••" ''' -P'"^ ^^'"''^ ^^"^ '' >••■"*= of f'e dark and Imr- o is and nio s',.^ •^"'' •■".erging from, the.se • NORTH CAROLINA. Indian ma.ssacre in Xorth Carolina. One hundred and thirty-seven of the colonists killed at first attack. Assist 'd by South Carolina, the colonists make a general attack upon the Indians and defiat them with great slaughter, u id drive them from the province 299 Ciose of Queen Anne's war. Slaves arc transported to South Carolina, by British ships, in great num bers, to cultivate rice. Impost duties laid by Massachusetts on English manufactures and English ships. Tea first introduced into New England. Inoculation for small-pox introduced into N". E 40.') Paper money first used in Pennsylvaiiii. First newspaper in Xew York (X. Y. (j.izctk) published by W'ni. Bradford. Tobacco and corn made legal tender in Maryland. BIRTH OF WASHrNGTON. Birth of Geo. "Washington in "Wa-shingtou parish, Virginia. Carolina divided into North and South Carolina 3.'52 FIRST MASONIC (ai.VND LODGE IN AMERICA. July 30. — First Grand Lodg(> of Freemasons on the American continent, constituted in Xe>v England, and called St. .lohn's Grand Lodge, by Henry Price, a su(<'essful merchant of Boston, who received his ap])ointment from Anthony, Lord Viscount Montague, Grand Master of England. Mr. Piico Ls considered the father of Masonry iu the United States. Freemason's Iwlge held at Boston. First stove (a cast-iron fireplace) invented by Dr. Franklin, upon which ho refuse(l to accept letters patent otTered him by the Gov. of Pa., wishing to give the benefit of his discovery to the people. "General ^lairazine and Historical Chronicle" published bv Franklin. July 18. — Vitus Behring, a celebrated Russian explorer, discovered Alaska. 1751. 1753. 1754. 1755. 17.56. 1757. 1758. 1759. 1760. 1763. «i OliKAT UISTOIUCAL KVKSTS Fiineuil Hall, built I.v Peter Fiincuil ^ , 353 Su-ar-ran,. first rultivate.! in the Unite,! State- ',v the Jesuits on the banks WASIIIXGTON'S PEIULULS MISSION. Geoi-ire \\'a.shini;ton. at the aire of 21 years wis sent !„• ^^^,. r<- • i i- o^ Virginia, to the French coninuuKlor, on' ti;er.k 'of '^.."^ ,,f r:S:r n re.i^anl to a settlement of riglits of territory. Unsucxrssf,,! i is ,„,. on ho return...! on toot, a distance of over m niUcs, tlu-.,u.rh awl ml in rr' ous .■ountiT, with but one companion. Tiic In.liai^^ foi^o e, hi,r,^^ . attcn>pted hi.s life in- .shooting at him from an ambu.sh ^"'" 354 Tennessee lirsl settled. April 2 -Col. Frye was sent with a regiment of Virginia troons aided l>v G..orge Washington, who was .second in com.nan.l. to occupy "he fort of tl^ Al egh..ny and 5 onongalu.la riyers. Finding the French hai a Ldy erec ed a fort. <-.ilhng It )u Quesne," they ha.stened to attack the French surnrh force."' ^-^ ~^"'- '^'•'■I'^^lock arrived from England in Virginia with a large May 19. -War declared with France by Great Britain George WaaWDgonyieiter/pWo^kginia^ ""' which, Wolfe\2rMont;5mWsla^.r''""'''' '='^"" "'^^ f""J?ht, duri^ Sept. 18.— Surrender of Quebec fZ^ Montreal capitulates, and the French surrender Canada 359 Canada ce.led to England by France. Feb. lO.-Peace con.Iuded between the English and French at Paris. . .488 CIIIKK PO.NTI.Vt's W.\R. A sagacious Ottawa Chief an.l a former ally of the Fn^nch secretly efTeefe.l i, lit 1^ 1:66. 767. THK r-T.\.Ml' A( T. 1765. March 23. — Passagf ol tlic Slaiiij) Act. Tliis act rciniiml the people to pureliase for spccitled sum-;, and upon all written dociinients. (}overnnient ■itainps must he placed. Tliis act caused the most inteuse excitement and indii^nation in .\meriea. First .Medical t'ollcire established in Philadelpliia. Oct. 7.— .V con!,'iess (if -^7 deleu'.ites convenes at New York, and publishes .1 declaration of rights and rules against the Stamp Act. March 18.— Stamp Act repealed. MethotUsm first introduced into America by Philip Embury and Capt rVebb, a British officer whom "Wesley had ordained as a local preacher. June.— Tax laid on paper, glass, tea, and painters' colors 363 M.\soN .\.ND Dixon's line. Mason and Dixon's Line, nm by surveyors of that name, sent out bv the heirs of William Penn and Lord IJaltimore, to dctine the boundaries of 'their possessions. It afterward became the acknowledged line between the free and slave States. 1768. The British Government stationed a military force in Boston. This wa.s the bednning of hostilities, which rapidly engendered a spirit of resistance in the American colonies toward the mother country 364 1769. Boston refused to receive goods from Great Britain, and sent them back. 1770. Jrarch 5.— Boston massacre. A mob composed of citizens of Boston attacks the British soldiers, and during the fray three citizens are killed and five wounded 3gg THE NORTH C.\ROLIN.\ REBELLION. 1771. Rebellion ir North Carolina against the Goyernment officers by the Regu- lators, a band of citizens who determined to resist the oppression of the English Government, and redress the people. May 16. — The rebellion suppressed by Governor Tryon, and six Regulators hanged, which created intense hatred against the British Government. 1772. June 9. — A British manof-war, the Gwpi, burned in Narraganset Bay, l)v a party of Americans from Providence. 1773. First .Methodist Conference, consisting of ten preachers, all of foreign birth. DESTUrCTION OF TE.\ IN BOSTON II.VRBOR. Dec. 16. — The citizens of Boston throw a cargo of tea into the ocean, which was .sent by Great Britain in open disrcL'^ai'd and violation of the act of the colonies against receiviiiL:' any merchandise • ibject to tariff 368 1774 Shakers founded by Ann Lee. an Enirlish oman. General Gage arrived in Boston harbor as commander of the royal forces of North America 371 June 6. — Boston harbor was blockaded by the English, and all commerce interdicted ' 3oy The members of the Massachusetts Assembly resolve themselves into a Provincial Congress '. 371 The colonies all unite in approving the spirit of resentment shown by Mas sachusett^ against the oppressive taxation of Great Britain 371 Was jciiiioiucu uj liciiio 01 oomic J 1775. Thu colonies proocvd to onli^l and .Irill a portion of the citizuns -is minnt« men, find appoint co.nniittecs ot .atety and supplies """"l^" Massachusetts calls for Vijm men to be equipped for service .' .'.' .' .' ." ' ' ." 'a;;} Great Britain prohil)it.s the exDortation of mliii.ir,- ., „ >• ,' people of I«HKl, 'island sei.ed 4(1 I^lT o/'cuu^^^, ^ L' publ^ buLl^ and proceed to arm the inhabitants. puuiic battery, FinST OOXTIXEXTAL COXORESS. Sept. 14. — Representatives from twelve colonie« mnt ir. di -i i i r.- Continental ConVess, to enact mea,sures for/he 1m! • Pi"'a'?elphia as a the protection of the people ... . . . .^"''"'°° °^ '"■''•''■• "^^'l /l?.'" They prepared an addres.s to the Kinc deci'irino- th.'ir iV u " 'i*^'"^ demanding redress for their grievances . . . . .^ '''^''^'>'' H" All the colonies, except New York, heartilv conpnrrrJi Uii ",. of the Continental Congress ...Z proceedings Great Britain prohibited all the colonies, excent \ew Vmi.- 'n!,i„',V " " "^'^ These colonies .«purned the favor desioriPf? r^ni,. t„ ••■oi-i Qu^S*""'"' P'''''^ '° "'' '° J^'"""''^'' ^°'" '^' government of the province of April 14 —First Societv for the Abolition of Slavery was formed in Pi.ii„ delphia. with Benjamin f'ranklin as President. ^ " ^'"''*- BATTLE OP LEXIXGTOX. April 19. — Battle of Lexinn-ton was foiirrht t»,4„ ™ *i. ,. . . open hostilities. The British with S(K? snU i^r ^'^r .*^'' beginning of marched from Boston on the ni^ht''.f^?L''j'^!'.?'^L"."^57 L'eut.-Col. Smith, colonis The RfcairnT'aBrTtiZ'oftlce; mde"" '":;\r ^'-'•^ington to resist them. Maj t ci^ngh^pisto. aS- :So^r;^&£j;:;^;^-^ .^a:^. i^ aJ^h-Sr3Ztr-y^^^^^^ ■n hostilites. The British with Hm ake Chaiiiidain 388 .Tunc 1.1. — George Washiuirton was appointed commander-in-chief of the American army 386 BATTLE OF HUNKEII JIILL. June 17 — Battle of Bunker's Hill fouijht. The American Commanders order 1,000 men to intrench )n Bunker's Hill the night of the 16th. By mistake Breed's Hill was selected, and before morning a redoubt of eight rods s(iuare was t hrown up 383 The British began firing upon them at daylight from their vessels. At noon thev landed a force of 3,000 men uniler Gen. Howe, and marched towards Breed's Hill. They kept up a constant artillery lire, under which the Americans continued work on the intrenchments 383 The British set fire to Charlcstown on their way, and the citizens of Boston and the surrounding country view the awful scene from every pinnacle and height, and the liill-tops are corered with thousands of anxious inhabitants. 383 The American forces engaged numbered b\it l.-WO. They reserved their fire till the enemy was within a few rods, when ihey pouretl such a fierce and incessant volley upon them, that they were forced to retreat in dis- order 383 The British officers urged their soldiers at the point of the sword, and as they approached, the Americans aij:ain reserved tire, and when near, .sent a second volley with such terrible cllect, that they again retreated 383 The British made a third attack, bringing their cannon to bear upon the intrenchments. The tiie from the ships, batteries, an i artillery were redoubled, and the intrenchments attacked upon three sides. The Americans, finding their powder nearly expended, ordered a retreat. The soldiers reluctantly obeyed, fighting with their gunstocks until the enemy had taken possession of the tnuches 383 The British attempted to flank them, but were met with so much resist- ance that Ihey desisted, and the Americans retreated to Prospect Hill, aud proceeded to fortify themselves. The Briti.sh retired to Bunker's Hill and prepared for defense. Their loss in this lialtle amounted to l.O.'J-t, among whom 19 were commissioned officers, and 70 more wound( d. The loss on the American side was 139 killed, among then' the brave Gen. Warren. The wounded and missing luunbered 314. Tli Americans lost five pieces of cannon. 1775. July 13. — Gen. Washington took comniimd of the American Army at Cambridge. The combined forces numbered but 14,000 men. unacquainted with military discipline, and destitute of everything which renders an army lOiJiiiUubic o6u 1775. 1776. L Gen. Montgomery, with a commiind of 1. ()()() men. ultacks St. Jolins Can- ada, capturing the town and ii large number of cannon, lield pieces, and 'siaall arms, takiiii: 000 prisoners ' vjyy At the same time Col. Ethan Allen was taken prisoner near .Montreal He was loaded with irou.s, and sent iu tlial condition to England .38S Col. Benedict Arnold, witii 1.000 men, succeeded in reachin" Quebec bv traversing the wilderness of Northern Maine and Canada, and .Hiiilin''- down the St. Lawrence 'i' _ y d'termined'to "rcniove the army, the gieater part of which he had placed upon Long Island, to the city ot >. ew York. The wind being favorable, and a dense f.v^ <'nn!in.r an the foo!- "ere .•>!! removed during the night, before the enemy was aware of the movement! .401 1770. 1778. to rccov'iii/.L' the lii-< tirotlicr. Gen. Ilowt- l.'NStTCKP« Congress, ".' private citi- . ''oni,Tess, ijut d to eornpro 401 . Init delegnted 'er with Lord 401 owe failed to satisfy h.Tn that i,is anthor ,y extended farther than tli;;,; e ;:• " „t ianh ^^• pon snhmiss.on to !• „dish n.le. Unt the colonies were not^ s "inffo n. r don, nor were they willing to relinquish their independence. . . . ^ % Oct. 28. -The battle of White Plains was 'ought. ro^"".?'''''' ?,"°'"'°''*^ '"} Ti'iKim""'. -in'! resolved upon prosecuting the war S^SIie^^of'iif:;"::!^:^!-. .T?'""'^^^^ ''■^^" - "''^ '- ""■ --' f-- ^ 1777. During this 3-c.ir Great Britain estab all 403 yslem. *: ^ ' """"^ cstabrshed the infamous i-rison-ship •^ ••••• , »1U 1 anfrAmcTkr.''.*"'^"! "^ '^'"^"''''" prisoners by the British,' both in England Jan. 3.— 1;,, ie of Princeton. "^^ July 8.— Bu'.tle of Fort Anne. ARRIV.M. OF LAFAYETTE. J"'^: ^V— T-'f-\ve'te arrived from France with troops and sunnlies and Offered his ser . ices to the colonies '. _ supP'ies. and Aug. IG. -Battle of Bennington fought by Gen. Starke. 409 ^^^- 1^-^''^''''" "^^^'•■■'"'b'^vine under Gen. Washiuffton. Gen', TnfnVJ^ and Woodford were IvSr"! ""'!" ^'" ^'^^^•"^ton. Gens. Lafayette Sept. 19. -Battle of Stillv, tcr .'.].."!'..'.'"! 430 " 20. -British troops under Sir Wm. Howe enter Philadelphia 407 Oct. 3 and 4.— Battle of Germantown '"424 6.— Capture of Fo -ts Clinton and .Montgomery, on the Hudson* " ' " 7.— Battle of Sf 'a oga ' ' ^.jg r'Cr. ^J~w"^,""'^'''' " ' ^ ""t'.-''"'^ ^° -^^-'J- ^''^^"- G'iteVat Saratoga' .'."'" 4;« ♦ ■/. • f~^ nsl'.ington am. h.s army en .nped on the Vallev For-e Des titute of sufncient clothing and food, the army sulfered incredible hardships '' " '" ; • V V," ■ ; -^^li coast of Alaska. DKVtCE. ''Battle of the .fvegs." A coutrivance of the Americans to destrov the British llee t. V was composed of a lar^e number of lifle machines resembli' S'n^iron'ihv" '^h ^"."f •"^" ""^'^ «'"iy ^'-"'riii wouKi s^t t;;:^BSh sluppiiui on in e The British ^vere very much astonished at theirannearance and ca led out Iheir forces to meet tluir new and mvsterious enem ■ Tt r ' suited lu little harm to the lleet, but much consternation to the Brit sh which caused great merriment to the Americans. i"iusn, wnicU Bills were pa.ssed by the British Parliament granting all that the colonies had a-sked, but Congress rejected their offers. ^ " "wt me colonies in the midst of a rigorous -w- Jan. 5. — Capt. Cook e.\p )ivii A YANKEE i 1778. 1779. 1780. 1780. The Bruisl. los.s, up to tl.is date. a„,ou.te,l to oo,,K).) „,on and 550 versels Marc 7 r-: ''^■^""^^•'^■"f -^ '•- i-l«-P.adence of the Tnited S at " 34 for 1100; and 1781, May 1. fX^^iH^u^^m "^'" ''' '"'*'"^ ^^•^■- '■ June 28. -Buttle of Monnioutli upin ^he i^^a-- .jv^Sir;';-^ to d™[.!\i^ ■"■■•> T-- ''" stroying everything i„ their suv,?^cf f mv *'"*'" J"""' °* "" '''• June IC.-War between England and Spain. ^^'' JONES' NAV.VL VirrORY. lanT' ThirSrs'therst Kr^r ^S""^' f ''" T"* "^ ^'°'-'^«'-«- ^n^- nary battle ever fo .^ht .etwee/^wn ?^^^ '""l?'^'; ;""' " ''** '•«' "'«''' «a"ffiH- squadron nf r, shiiy^ TlTltn S>?«1^/^//"";' ' '■ "^■■'' ""^ ••'"'"lander of a Clu.n.sy vcs.sel of 42 guns-etf:^,.,.nRriH >''''''' '",' •'"'" ^l^n-"" ol«l and ship of .50 guns C(rmn an,l,vi 1 "V .'■'*' man of-war, the .-v,,,/,^,, „ new by I'O nick'ed \'nc'u ""TdSer ■ fiXS^^^^^^^^^^ by the force of the wind Xare alon^si > ^f ,, f *^',"^'" "''""■'■' «■■"""•>. theiryardHbein-rentan ecf Tnm.„ r)? .v,"^ ""^/^"'' ^^""""" HMx'rd. and the most fearftU^'nSucT v/eo ^e,n';^nV^' '^'";'^'"''"* *^''""'^- The.. Ix-gan ship touching, and ami ) the r nnf '" °"^''>' ^..story. The cannon of each both vessels Toorrt-e \ , L ..S? l"^' •"■ '!;"' ^''""'''"fe' "^ f"*'""?^' ">='«'«• of Jones' .squadron V,e4n fiHn. T *. ■■;"".• ""' ^"P""" "^ ^be yl/W,;,.,., one R'cfu^ra, caLsrnlTher'lo ea^ fS'ui'n;;"'Vh'i:f''r ""l ^'^ f " ^^-- act was caused by personal h tred Vni^l[ . ' ''^ 'histanlly and traitorous increasing in t).e si in r . 'iJn . ^ '"^^ superior commander. The fire hiscolors^bu h. ef^;id'^\.^,J^'''"f"'>''«™"^'-^to Pe-'suade him to strike Dec -Ponl fir , . t^^ >'»'1'1. and soon the &-mpis surrendered. D at^of PafS "? " ''"",""' '^ ^""'^ Pennsylvania blacksmui.. i^t-im or f atnciv Henry, aged G3. Feb. 6.— Congress calls for 35,000 men ^^ ,. 10 TVr >OT.\BLE D.\RK DAY. da;knL7c;;S'he£;J coiuinuinrf;?"'^'™^" "^ ''^"^^ -^"-^ '-•-'^"""^ hearts with wonder and .nuUitZ If iH.f' ''"''T '" '^'''''' ^'°"'"^' ^''i"'-' »" stitious regarding it ",."'. V;,n;''' ^'''}f «nd oon.ternation-tl.,. .sujut- ne,ss at n i.i.luvva s^Z' •,. '.'''*''• Pl"'"'"»"'on. The dark- print, or determine tlut me" fvC'el'n^ """^"'i ^° ''^'^ ™'"'"'^" although at the full of tie mm n IJ^^l "'' '''"'■'"■■'' '""^ "' °'.^''t- thick th;,t travelin- was imnr.rti ''"■,/'":''!"'!" ^^'"^ ^'^ impenetrablv P;q..r was .■q..ally n,^:!ii,,e' ", f t,,^; '^1! , ;^'*^,^"'l - ^'-'t of -bite charired witii a thick oilv m.1 ,i ,,, ' , ^be atmosphere s.-emed covere,lwithath'kscum ,n , ; ■ '''T' ■'""' -^t--^ ■'m'* of water were dark color, and mt^Tir ClliliriubCid l^h'^r" '™'' ''^'P'^^"'' "^ ^ TREASON- OF ARVOLP Nept. 23. -Treason of Benedict Arnold, and arrest of .Major Andre. d...-i..i the /i.-s^Srs ofVlu .^•'''''}r''";;:';T''''"'"- ■■•":"',"']'■ ""•'.'■"d..r,-,nce v.upt,uutuihatoiM:g.<;..n.ral,lu:,:,;;ingor'aVni;i;i=i;Hii:;u^^^^ rr 810 !| GREAT HISTORICAL EVKXTS. 1780. and t'.\cc('(lini,'ly .imbitions, his envy at s('?inL: others rank above him, laid •he foiiiulalioii di' Ills Ireacliery and treason, w iiieh finally ctilnunated iu the heu,,yHl of Ids cDiiiitry to its enemies. He iiad been stationed in Pliiladel- ])hia\v.iile untitt'd for service from wounds reeei'i'd in a battle near Still- water, and while there his reckless v'Xtravairance caused his censure by Con- t^ress, and a trial by court-niartial and reprimand from the Commander in- cliief of the army, which was approved by Conifress. This disiirace was more than his proud, imperative nature could brook, and he immediately oei^an plottinir to betray his cruntry. His correspondence with the British conuiiander, Sir Henry Clinton, was conducted throuirii Maj. Andre, an ofH C(T, of great distinct ion and merit, in the British army. He was captured upon his return from in interview «illi Arnold, withiii the American lines, by three privates, John Pauldiiur, David Williams and Isaac Van Wert, who s,-arehed his person and discovered the treasonable documents in his boots. Arnold learned of the capture of Andre, and succeeded iu makiiiir his escape but a short time before the arrival of Gen. Washington, who had appointed to breakfast with him . , 407 HANGING OF .M.iJOK ANDUK. 1780. f)rt. 2 — Alajor Andre was hung after a trial by court-martial, upon the uiKiuestioned evidence of his guilt. Great sym|)athy was manifested by both friends and enemies for .Major Andre, but the in<'.\or,able demands and usage of war, and the safety of the country, necessitated his execution as a spy. Oct. '■(.—Battle of King's .Mountam 463 Xov. 20,— Batile of BJackstock 462 Doc. 2. — Greeue takes command of the Southern army 478 Dec. 20.— AVar between England and Hjlland 469 Dec. 30.— National Thanksgiving 482 1781. Jan. 1. — Revolt of Pennsylvania troops at Morristown 470 Bank of North America established at Philadeli)hia. I^vpedition of the British into Virginia under Benedict Arnold 472 Jan. 17. — Battle of the Cowpens 478 . " 19. — Cornwullis joined by Leslie at Charleston 474 Fi b. 2.— Battle of JIcGowan's Ford 474 " in.-Battle of Guilforil's Court liou.se 473 .Tan. and Feb. — I'einarkiilile retreat of Gen. Greene through South Cfti-o- liiia 474 April 22.— Surrender of Fort Watson to Gens. Marion and Lee 476 2.-,.— Battle of Hobkirk's Hill 476 3Iay 9. — Surre?ider ( ! Pensacola. 10. — Camden evacuated 47(> 12. — Fort Schuyler (I'tica) destroyed by tin 12.— Fort Mott taken 476 I.'). — British abandon Nelson's Ferry 477 June 6. — .\ugusta, (Ja., caiiilulate>< 4; lS-19.—Sieire of Ninety Six, S. C. July 6. — B.'illlr of Gicen SpriiiL Aug. 3.- .Viiixal of ill,' l''r( nch Heel under 1)1' fli-.'eisp 476 11 Oni:AT illSTouiCAL EVEXTS. 32I ^ '^^' x;w V,!,i:~;"^ v""-''"-' ""'1 Fronclialli...! armies marrh from the Hudson near ^e^v \oilv, u, \ irgana. Cornwallis lumincd in at Vorktovn 481 Sept. 6. -Burning of Xcw LoiKion l)y Benedict Arnold ^^o Massacre at Fort Griswoki. Coun. " Greene. .*^T.^''!*."*: "^ ^'"""' ^'"'"*^'= "" 'P'"'"'''' ^""'^^O'^' "'"der Gonrral Oct. 6.— Bombardment of Yorktown ,y! 1 " l^J-i^'i'TerKler of rornwaliis at Yorktown. Gen. Lincoln ai.nointed by \Va.slungton to receive liis .sword ' . . . -'I'PointeM Oct. 24.— Indian battle at Johnstown. Natior 1 tnanksgiving pjoclaimed. FIIIST STF.AMBOAT. ^"'^^' Jml^ H\?-?/erril'7' ''■' '"■","• 7""^ ''■•'"'^^*^ "1^°" ""• T-^.tomac River, by Jinus Ki..ns,y , a Bolienuan, ^^hK■h was seen and certiti,..d to by Washin.^ton K'b. (i.-Hesolutions passed in the House cf Commons in favor of peiTce ' April 17 —Holland ;u knowledges the independeiu'c of the United States aml^ajreatyof annty and connneroe secure,! throudi .H^g!,tiations of !iolm 488 I..VST n.VTTM.: OF THE nEVGLUTro.V. June 24.— Last battle of the F.evolutionary ^^ar-a skirmish ncir S'lvm nah an.l sonu slight skirmishes in Soa.h Carolina, in oS vh ch tl^ ga"-" lant young Col. Johi, Laurens lost liis life. ^ July 11.— Savannah, Ga., evacuated by tlic British. Aug.— War closed between the United States ami Great Britain Dec. 14.— Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the British. LOSS DfHINr. TUE REVOLUTION. ^'^^^' aryTv "r'' "'"*"'''"'^ ""'" ''^""'■''^'•l '" I'^ve b.-en lost during the Rovolution- Oliver Evans introduced the first improved grain mill. Fur-trading established in Alaska, Feb. 5.— Indei)endence of United States acknowledged by Sweden. Feb. 2.").— In:! —Washington resigns his commission 495 1-84. (;rr,.|t ,n\l:vss orev.'iil, d in the United .S|,,|,.s o.vinu' to scarcity oV inoney 1 rcal\ (,f j)eace wilii the Si.\ Nations at Fort Schuyler, i Ifjf 1784. 178^ 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. First agricultunil society ii- 'lie Unitpfl States at Philadelphia. Methodist Churcli organized l)y Uibhoj) Coke. Feb.— First voyr.ge made from fhiiia to Xew York. Portu'rr'''''' ^'"*'""''"' '"■''''''"'" '•'"'"''^ ^'''''*' ''"'^ i'russia. Denmark, and Thomas JeiTerson sent as .Alinister to France. T^S?;V,';'!;"'^ Minister to London. He was the first ambassador from the Lnitcu states to Great Eritam. Copper cents first i.s.sued from a mint at Rupert, Vt. Financial embarrassment threatens the peace of the country. Death of Gen. Greene " .^g First cotton mill in the United States built at Beverly, Ma.ss. SII.VY's REIiELLION. pec.-Sh.'jy's rebellion in Massachusetts. After the war there occurred a series of outbreaks against the Governinenf, which were cau.sed by the impov- erished eond.t,on of the country, and the tVeling of discontent and dissatis- faction of lie soldiers, who as yet had received littie toward satisfvin.r their Claims, and also, as a conse,iuent result of war, bv a demoralizing' influence which was rea< y to be kindled into a tlanu- byevc'rv aj.j.eal to p.ission or sel- tisliness A rebellion was organized under the ((Huniand of Daniel Shav J.uke Day. and hli Parsons, wli. Ii attenii.'cl the ovrtlirovv ..flaw and ord/r' and the establislinH;nl ot mob force. TIicn ,,roceede(i to maich upon Sprinir: fiekl, and prevent the sitlin- of court, and if possible, seize th<' arsenal But Governor Bowdoin smnmone.l the niililia, numbering over four thousand under command of (Jen. Lineol,,. ,.ui,l l,v prompt anc! decisive mea.sures it was quickly sujjpre.ssed v^a^uies n ^ May to Sept.— (\,„ven ion held in PhiLuh Ipbia of the States toform a Fed- crui L oiisititutioii .... Sept. 28.— The Ponstitution as it now stands, minus the amendments since added, was laid before the Contin.ntal Congress, which sent it to the .sev. ral btates lor apprtual. ^>-i.u IXVF.! TIOX OF lUON lUilDGES. Iron brid-es invnied by Thomas Paine, the author of "Common Sen.so" and Age of Reason. He m.ade a model for an iron l.ridge to be built over the Seliuvlki 1. with a single arch ..f iron of 400 feet span. The idea wis suggested to his mmd by ooserving the construction of a spider's web niiST COXSTITT-TIONAI, conckess. March J.-First Congress under the Xational Constitution assembled at .Maeken/ic. in the employment of the XorthwiMcrn Fur Cotnii.'inv neide inUHliI (rctic's^^^^^^^^^^ '"■'"' ''''''' "^'""■'' '"'•'»"'■ vln''liV'mpti,.. Aug. :22. — ro/iii Fitch c.rlnhitaj a liont ,,), th, .K-hiii/U.; pd/al /,i/sf,'„w. :m<\ afterward ,■, stock eomi)anv was |,,rn steam jiaeket that r.iii till the company failed in"]7!)0. •rm: (iKh.iwi. riiiKTKKN st\ti;s. When Ih,. Xation.il (Jovcrninent was establis' ' il„. nuinbii- of the States wa. Ilmteen. v,/. : Nrw HamiKhiiv, Ma..acl„ s, IJlmde M,.,nd. Connec- K I ^ '■ ,^ '"■'-, >^";^-''-^';.v. I'<.nnsylvania. 1), .aware. Marvland, Vbginia Aor.h ( arolina, Ninth (arolina, , and (Ir.iiiiJa. * ^ ' ^hiUuhljihld. pro- '. which built a 1789. 1790. 1791. 1792. Oil HAT HISTORICAL KV i:\TS. 313 Tn^^i^^eS' ""' '-'''^ '"'■ ^"'^'^ 'l^Partments of State, War, and THE FIRST rUESIDENT Ar-^'asvi;;Ss:;;:': ."!.'?::':=?. ;)''^^'''"»'"» - ^^--i-t. an,i .Toh„ lin Carroll the first Catholic Bi.«hop in'the United StaieV "^^^ LiSXff r;u;rc;^;:Si^[""'' '^ ^^^'^ ^-^^^^ ^^^^^ ^y ^^ farmers in fo,^SrE';^S/;;t^h;"*° ;"/f'^'^^ '° P^-'^l^ ^o^- payment of trea,sona,HlT,inuT p'na vfor onf^^.^ .^^ ■ ''"' ^OP^";-''* 'aw; law'deflninu settled; State dtbts. elc ^ °"'' ''^"^""-' «'**^"« -* tl»« slavery question Congress removed to Philadelphia tici oi^ u;c;lSSS.:;S.;at'"' ^'^'^^'^ ^'^^^^ ^^ ^^-^'-'^- ^o^ the loca. ne^^Fon n^;;^;^"^::^^;;;^;^;;- Indians o^ i, I„,,„, Indians with .^.nall d^.tachoients of h r W.r" f ^"^'^^^ "'''"■ '"'acked th.. great loss. "' wonments of h loree, and was twice defeated with First rolling • nil introduced into the United States April 17. -Death of T^enjaniin Franklin ,o. x?r, ;:"'■■' • ■» ' -> "->■ i^Sic'SeUrl^inhniia FIRST CENSUS. First census taken— population 4,000 000 uiS':;LS:r;';^;;SinnC:::^:!n::,r-""^'>^^-^ - ^^^ ^ -^ states, .t sto^SuSnf 'trll;:r ■'' ''^- ^-^— it" a capital of |10,000,000; Concress laid a tax on whisky— the first int<.rrTiI t.iv.t;,.,, . in the Uu''' jd Status. "Ucrnal ta.xation to raise money First piitent issued for thresliinii-machincs. Gen. W.Mie appoinlrd Comn.ander-in-Chief of the Ameriran forr.s 498 Cmada!'' '""'^' """ ''^'P'^'' '""^ ^ower, or afterward, East and' West ST. ri..\IR's nF.FKAT. Clair's ,|,.f,,,t hy M,,. Indians. Wliilr <.nramped with his . . . iir, upon . tn,,n. tributary to tile Wahash he w;is e.rly ,n the niorn.ng hy a lar-,. tone of Indians, under the chief uriiriM' was so (omiilete. the tniiips liavinLT just Xov. 4. wii,.'- irii.y, 20(10 stroi sui , ...> Turtle." T dNtni^sed from 11 lad „., ,, „ ... . . , '"' *''■"■ ^'' <'lMii not beiuir able t,, inountlrs horse .1..U the mililui. «)m, w, n. lir>t ..,lt.ukrd, lied in ull.r ennfusion. >ren rse, -JS9 I"" .lassed for esialili-.i]inu- ,1 mhil. (■onin-ess passed an mt appo'tiMnin- ,v],p .rnlaliv.^s under the new census wiiK'li ir:nc Coniiress 10.-, ni( inliciv < < n.sus. Cn at 'l'l"'"iliiin I.. I'll' la\ on \vbi^kv. 314 GREAT HISTORICAL EVKXT.S. 1792. May T.— ('apt. (Iray, conimand'T of the American ship (''■'muhiu, discov ered tliu Coluiiilna Rivi r, uamiiig it after iiis ship. Academy f(ir the education of girls opened at Litditield, Conn., by Miss Prime. First dail}' jiapcr establislicd. Oldest canals in the United States (hiir aronnd the rapids in the Connecticnt Riv( r, at South lladlcy and Montague Falls. 1793. Washington inaugiirateil the .second lime a.s President, with Joliii Adam- again as Vice-I'residcnt. Fugitive Slave Law passed. John Hancock and Roger Sherman die. I.NVF.NTION OF TIIF. COTTON" GIX. Cotton gin invented by "Whitney. A machine for separating seeds from cotton; an invention which revolutionized the cotton trade, and which added more to the wealth and coMimcrcial imjiortancc of tlu; United Stffte.s than any Other invention or enterprise could have done at that time. Ycihir Fiirr Jirst rixitcl the United S!ati:sat PhikuMphid. Automatic signai telegraph introduced imd applied in New York. Steam tirst applied to saw-mills in Pennsylvania by Gen. Benthani. President's .salary fi.xed at $2o,000. WlllSIiV KF.nF.I.LKO;. 1794. Great whisky rebellion in Wester-: P->nir ui>on whisky. A large distiiei in }', luis . were overabundant, and no a(hM(uate inar! distillers, openly resisted the tax by reNorii]iu to mob law. Otticials and loyal citizens were whipped, bianded. tarred and IVathered. and great excite- ment prevailed in all he Northern States. The Union was imperiled, id Wasliington headed an army to meet the crisis. The rebellion was soon sup- pressed, and law and order established 498 First woolen factories and carding machines in Massachusetts. W.VYNF/s jiHE.VT VICTORY. Aug. — Wayne's great vie' iry over the Indians, under " T.ittle Turtle." Gen. Anthony Waj-ne. or '■ .\fad Anthony," as lie was called, on account of his reckless courage, attacked the Indians upon the Mauniee. in Ohio, and by Ills determined and impetuous charge, he routed the whole Indi.an force from their favorite fighting ground, and drove them more than two miles through thi<'k woods and fallen timber in the course of one hour, causing them to sue for pniee on the conqueror's own terms. Their confederacy was com- pletely annihilated " 49.S Act passed for builnin!" ships of war, which laid the "foundation for the present navy ;-^•:■,tem. American vessel; were prohibited from supplying .slaves to any other nation^. First sewincj thread ever made from cotton produced at Pawt ticket, Rhodi^ Island. 170."). Great opjiosition to the treaty with Great Britain. War immiiKMit, but the great <'vii'ne^s and decision of Wasliiu^i-lon averls it 4!)!) ''•'■'i--s; 1,-irge Anieriean glass fa( tory built ,it l^itlsbui-L'-. 1790. .b'lin Adan.- and Thos. JetTerson ele'i»'>eraUc, or ohl Ikpuhlicaii nnrtn elected its tirvt can- didate lor President. yi-AxvXx \. — l,nvi'nirntion. of Th»m,i.o J,ff,rs,„i as Pirmh i,t of the United States, with Aaron Hurr for Vice-President ,-,o;5 ■June 10.— War with Tripoli commenced .-jo^ June U.—l)utth «f B, i,,(/irt Arnn a„cl Wm Brent I,e,.an the manufacture of pianos iu Boston. a irst ellort made toward teaching mutes. '.OUISIAXA PL-RCHASE. Feb. 4. -Frigate Presicknt destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur 505 i ort Dearborn built— tlie present site of Chicago. Lewis and Clark exploring expedition start .cross the plains lyil ;'c?^'o?The'' An" i '^':'^".f'\t!"' ^'"'''^^'1 ^''■'t''^ '^n ^■xtensive tract of land fes Mississippi River, an.l between the Ohio and Wabnsh 505 DUEL BETWEEN ALEXAXDER HAMTLTOX .^VD AARON BCRK Hitka, Alaska, founded by the Russian-American Fur Company Ice hrst became iin article of commerce in the United States ' " Enffland seized m^cral armed American .m.,',s and Insulted the national flun tonSvitjl^iS -^^'""^ re.inan,urated as President, with George Clin: 503 COLUMBIA RIVER AND OREflON EXPLORED inf vlyage"^''"'"'' ""'^ ^^'"''' '"''''■'-"' "' '^''' ^'"''•^■"'^i'^ I"ver on tlieir explor- SPOTTED FEVER. Tlie spoiled fev,;r ai)p,.,nvd i„ .Ma^saciiuselN. sprea.ling over the other fetates, and contmuir.g until the year 1,^15, and proved very fatal Joamia lu^L!::"'" ^'"' " ''''"^" ""^ '■""^''■^"' ^'^""''-^ '» ^"^^ York by Tolal eeiip .uraiiist ihe Uovernm.ni. and will, bein- anibiii.u.s f„r dominion -md Mitheontrn.plalin-tMundin-a new empire, will, himself for sove • , B, tbe pros,.,„lion failed in iis le.al p.^oofl, and 1„. was ar',uiiu,l ^"- ^^"' Congress ordered the fi,-st (xn.st survey. 1807. 1808. 1S09. -10, 1«11. SLAVE TKADE DECLAKED TO BE PIRACY pi^l^jr"-'""^'" "^■^''"■->"-^''«'" "y (0..^^.., and „.; traffic dcclarca to be ^ Uooden <;o,.ks n.s, ,nanufa.twn.d by machinery in C'on„,.,.,in.t, by Eli tukin-.nil car-oes, and all iZa^thv ^^^TJ^o]^'^^:^'^. 1 ).ei-a v(.ss..1.s from .500 land lliuir cargoes iu tliu Unifxl States. Fulton's steamboat First mireeHRful !at built bv Robt Fulton •. mf.Vn «<■ t> , . and .alled tbe Cl , *" ^^n^itic." None man who had taken p .^a^e in is'm n„.T-^ - ^ 7"""'-' in.ack a concern? \ tell kee ^J^! t^Z'^arm^^iM^S'lirif "^f^ T' Jittherouqhtfo restrain tfwe" Hut on F'ri,!, ' ;'^"«-/f'" "'•"U^ a«rf % the 6'^,.!.. left the wha^f. ^'^^^^.^Z!^- S^^ ^./^^^^ berth, twelve in number, emrajred to V 11 nn T w. V ""''•'•"n witu every Fulton stood upon the cl^ek and view^VSe-mot Jv .n P^J"'-' ''^^™ t"'^"" the shore, with silent satisfac'tion As she ,,Tf ,\^K i''''"''"« "°^''^ "P"» majestically up tlie stream there ■irot'.. ,1, ?f } ""*^'-''' ^"^^ ""'1 "»oved throats. IMieSia senf4r^re?ur iJiTbe ,^.^r ii'T'''' ^'■"•" '^''^ tl'""^'""! an,: m.mly beaLg, r^^i^-S^ee h£s ' h!; S S?^;X'bi t^'^^ 7*^ hour of trnimph. They ^vere ebeer,>,l .,ii i A '«' '"s long-sougli; hamiet anUtown and at VN^sPpoin , v '1°"'^ ■^''' P''''"«" f"-""' '^^vSry mu.. lustily. At X • wbur r thf n ''' ^T'""" '"''-''' ""^ ""'' ^^''^^''-ed an.; -he siae-hili eky sSfrrnJw t „rio7"""'\'"» '■""?''>' '''"' m^'^n-xl. boat reache,! Albany sa'ek- noV^ ''-^••'*'''' nmltitu.le.s. The m. ^.v.n....asaL^:::i^J,';^xl^Vu.,;!SS's^^^^^•'™■'' - =^"- Jan. 1.— .'5('«re-^/'((,fc jVi Wt Unitul .states <,bolishtd il^iSr -^'^ '"^' -' '"^ ''''^-^^^' ^^-' '• -'^blished at St. Louis, by First BiMi- Society founded iu Philadelphia. First ^y,: :,.n mills set up in New York. 3Iarch \.~Thf Embargo repmlal . vicc'preid;^!"" ''"'^"" ""' '^^'^'•^^ c^in;o;"ii;;ug;u;;;dp;: ■i;{;n; ;m,i .507 BONAPAUTE'S OUDEKS anSS",^3af^jS;-ioo''' "'' "^ ^^^ -'«-'-" American vessels soS^t T^S^dt;:;'';:;^::;;;:; ■r:':':'.''^;^''^"''''^"' "^'^--"^ ="> ^-i-a . ves. Mamifaciure of st, rl pens be-:m in Baltimore '^"^ Fir.ta,rirMuralf..ir in th- United States held at Georgetown D V ^oi^LaFm^.':':'^""''''''^''- '• '^'-^^ Pre^l>Jn,anA thcBrit.sh Depredat.ons „po„ American vcsici; byEugll^nd and Fran.^ ;.ont;nued:508 n 318 1811. 1812. 1813. GltEAT IIISTO RIVAL E VESTS. iron, us a defense against shot and shell, Plan for platiii!; vessels with devised liy R, L. Stevens. The Jiru uteamboat Jar Western waters, the New Orleans, built at Pitts- Nov. 7.-Batlle of Tipiu-cmwc. Tecuiaseh d.-feated by Gen. Harrison .".lO Dvr.— liiirnuifi. , fa thmtrr in Richmond. The Governor (,f Vn--i„i„ .,„,i fuinily, aud a large number .,f persons, perished in the' Il'une.s! ^ ' ■'""' (illK.VT K.VIlTIKil AKE. Great and e.xtensive eartlnnak.^ at New Madrid. Mo., extending ncarlv 300 miles along the .M.ssi.ssipj.i, an.l .loing great (lan.a.^. ,. tlu,.mmrTenn ing the currents of the rivers antl swallowmg uj. lai-e sections of la.id ° O^egon.'^'"'"'' ■*'''"■'" ^"■'■'''' '''"■^"'"^^".'/'•^tablished their post at Astoria, Breech-loading rifles were invented bv Jol-n Hall. V^tra'^T^'^f «T"'''-V'■'''^^''^^^ *•'/ ^^"^^'"^'^ ''' '^'^ preceding f.ne yeam >m. jh, .,,i Ju-anc- oob, and 10,000 seamen were impressed. Apnl Z.—Enhar/jo laid for 00 days. May.— Congresi levied a tax of |3, 000,000. W..H f^V KIOIITEEN IIITNDUED .\ND T^ ;LVE. .TuiK 18.— War declared witii Great Britain . . 23.— British Orders in Council repealed. July 12.— IIuJl invaded Canai^i " 17.— Surrender of Mackinaw Aug. 5.— Van Horn defeated. " 8.— Miller defeated. 13.— The Essex silenced the Briiish ship of war Alert fitn.cL ^•^•-^""•e"^'^^'- «f Gen. Hull at Detroit before the first blow wa.s 508 508 508 509 (•■ter^i^'r. "' .'!" British friga... G^....V,. by the 'cousUtntion Oct. 13.— Defeat of the Americans at Queenstown. "^^18. -Capture of (he British brig Frolic by th,. United States sloop of ■war 508 .SV,?/r!' S^'DeSr"^ '''*" ^''''''' ^"'^*'*^ Mocrdonlan by the tuf^aXc United .. n- 2|>--r>estruction of the Briti.sh frigai, Jam. off the coast of Brazil bv the Constdutwn. Capt. Bainbridire 5()!> Mc.-'^tcre hy the Indinn.-< at Frnu-htown of American prisoners "in" care- o' Oen. Proctor, who left tliem unprotected jqq March j^—.ramcs Madison rc-ina>i;i>irated as President, with Elbridse Gerrv tor V ice-President ° r.rf. The Creek Indians .subdued by Gen. Jackson " 51 j The British hlocade the American coast Duel between Gen. Jackson and Col. Benton. IMexico declared independent, and a National Cono-ress Monues, - lYrst rolling-mills built at Pittsburg, Pa. 506 called under 1813 1814. GREAT IIISTORWAL EVEyTS. 319 Skrcotypingfrxf uitrodumt into the United Staltx. col''.'. .'^'•~'^'"'' ^'"''"■'' ^''^'- ^^'^"^■"••''. f^'l"u'n.s ti.e Hrilish .sloop Pea- April 27.— C'iiptur g(jg >tur(. of York (Toronto). Upper Canada. 'l.'y"n"riff'-G-n li.s hh- l,y tl... ,..xj,lo,sion of the magazine, during the ij09 509 Fort Meig.s and Fort oop Pelican. Piku, who lost action •. "_ _ ;_ "" ""*»" May 27.— Rattle of Fort George " 28 -British attack Sacketfs Harbor and are repulsed -m Jnnc \ -Capture of Ihfrinatr ('!„•,„ penkt. C:xu\ Lawrcn... hv the'H,';.'; I, fnga e Sluu^no,^ Thecaptain of the ti«,;-.«wa' killed i^'tS aitio^l'^S July. -Attack of Bru.sh and Indians upon yteplienson ' by the l' dia,fs"""' "' ^"' '''"'"^- '^^''- ^l-... hundred persons killed oept j.—E/iferpn.'tc captures the Boxir. " 10.— Commodore Perry's great victory on Lake Erie 510 TECUMSEII KILLED. Oct 5. -Battle of the Thames, Canada, between Gen Harrison nnd Oen J^tioi"; .";:'; . ';.': . '"'r:". :'i:'r: . ""'::. .'''^'"""''' ^^"° -ai' kinedln^'ti'^ Nov. 11.— Battle of Williamsburg! ^^'^ Dec. 12.— Burning of Newark, Canada. 13.— BufTalo burned by the British. '• 29. -Capture of Fort Niagara, X. Y., bv the Briti.sh. aO. -Desolation of the Niagara frontier by the British April 29.— Peacock captures the Epervicr. ^^^ May 5.— 0.swego bombard-d and taken by the Briti.sh June 25.— The Ikimieer captured by the Wasp. July 3.— Fort Erie capture. 1 from the British g^j July 5. -Battle of Chippewa fought by Gens. Brown and Scott 511 Bnni^of BriIorgan). Ala. The American loss .511 820 IHM. 1815. 1816. 1817. GREAT HISToiUCAL EVEMS. Hrm' h ll.'i'^.'fi'^'""""'^^''' '''''''"'" ""' '■"'" ^'^"""/''■"•". >H-ar Plattsburg. The liriti^li lost 111 tins (■iigiij,'cinciil over 2,()(K) nu-n. Sept. 12.-I5attl<^ nciir I5altinu,ic. Hoiiibanlincnt of Fort H,nry ^ov. 7.-nritish,.xi„.ll(.,l from IViisacola, Flu., I.y J uksoii Dec. 14 —Battle on Lake lior-uc, La '. r^jg " 22.— Haltlc below Xew Orleans, La . . . . ' . . . . . .' . ..513 24.— Tre.ity of Peucc .signed at Ghent, Helgium \ 514 Jethro WoodiKtU ided Jii» iron moldhoard plow. FirxtHtcel plate, for emjmriwi mad. h,/ Jacob Pa-kins, of yfassacJirndts Indian massacre at Fort Jkarbom {now Chicuyo), III., and the fort burned CliuVall.'y"''' "■■'' ^^"^''"-«"^"" *'tltT in California, settled in the Santa JACKSON'8 tillEAT VICTORY AT NEW ORLEANS. fo;?c"' un7ren''p.f.u'"T ^""^rr^'n -^'l"- '^"^''""° ^om>"andcd the American thp Hr'it h 1 iickenhatn the British. Jackson obtained a great vietorv ^Miritish l,.,s.s amounting to nearly 2,000, while the Americans lost but ?3 gjo Jan. 15.— The President captured by a British squadron. Feb 17.— Treaty of Ghent ratified by the President 514 Feb. 20.— Constitution cr.ptures the Cyane and Levant March.— War declared with Algiers 5^4 March 2^.— Hornet captures the Ptufjuin. Do^uglassl'MaS.''""^""'"'"''' '"^ "'' ^'°''''^ ^*"''^^' ''>' ^^'"'' ""«', in East GREAT OALE IX NEW ENGLAND w.fslurl'"" ^''"^ -?^«" '^"'<' ""'1 fl 1 in New Endand. Immense Uns^j:^t ^L'^^lnn^"^"' "'" '^'^ '^^' 6«,v<.r ^-to;;^ ,^- ,/,« p;.,,,,^ i;,,it^^i ^^^^^^^ ^,^^^.^^ ^^^.^.'■ u. «. mi. In G-ou. Jackson. FIIIST STEAMnu.^T CnosSKD MIK ATL.UNTIt ^T^ Am..rK.a„ s„.ams.Hp .s....... .„,.,.. „.,. „rst s,.am voya;rn across ,ho ODD FELLOWsmi- IN THE UNITED .HT.\TE.S. Ti;?,i:uiw^l "S^Cms ' /Cr "T"' '" Baltimore. M,I.. by called Washin^^on Lodje \ ■ To l-v i;"""'"'"^ "^ ,".^' Hve persons, 'anj numbered by score, of t^h^imnd; ' ^^"^ '"^'"''^■'■^li'P of the Order is MIS.SOLUI COMl'UO.VIISE. Missouri Compromm agreed to by Conyrem askml'i;;Ky "o "or.^T' ( w/it.';"""T^ ''""? '"^ '^'^-'''"7 of Missouri. Talma-e, a New York {en .111 ,n f'"" '' ^'"'''- '" ^eb., 1819. .Mr intro'' I ^'"'H "ot hesitate to contrib- lost. 'In 1820 a b"' w as ,r,ss • h,! ''' •''•' ""l':"iea.hng woolen blankets on the surface ai ^^^S^-7f ^"^ '""■°''"^'^'' '"'" '"^' ^'"'""^ states. l-ntJnl' ,? onlmel.^r:;:,::' ^^"'"^l^^- -' Atncican pioneer, explorer, and July 21._,Ta,.kson takes possession ,jf Florida .,7 First cotton-mill b„i!, i„ Lowell, Mass. ^^^ 3, If uiii I r^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // .// 5' g^/ ^^ / 4> > % J .#.. ^^ 1.0 Li I !^ Ilia ^ -^ iiiiffl 1.25 i 1.4 1.6 ^ <^ /}. //, 7. 0'/% /A Photographic Sciences Corporation # ^^ ^> V \ \ %^ ^ \ 23 WEST MAIN SVREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) S72-4S03 «> if ll! 1822. Gas successfully introduced into Boston. War by Commodore Porter on the Cuban pinitcs. "MONROE DOCTRINE." 1823. June 18. — Monroe Doctrine. The message of President Monroe, for this year, contained the following declarations; "That we should consider any attempt, on the part of the allied powers, to extend their system to :my portion of t'ais hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety," and " that we could not view any interposition for tlie purpose of oppressing governments on this side of the water, whose independence we had acknowledged, or controlling, in any manner, their destiny by any Euroi)ean power, in any other light than as a manifestation of an unfrieuuly" disposition toward the Cnited States." 1824. Congress paseed a tariff to protect and .-ncouragr cotton manufacturers. March 13. Conveution with Great Britain for the suppression of the slave trade 518 Aug. 13.— Arrival of Gen. Lafayette on a visit to the United States 413 Nov — John Quincy Adam.s elected President, and John C. Calhoun Vice- President. Mexican Congress proclaimed a new Constitution similar to that of the United States, and a Republic of 19 States and five Territories formed with Guadal ipe Victoria as President, and Gen. Bravo as Vice-President. 1826. The capitol at Washington completed. FIRST OVERLAND JOURNEY TO CALIFORNIA. Jedediah Smith, a trapper, performed the first overland journey to Cali- fornia, and established a post near the town of Folsom. Sept 7.— Departure of Lafayette for France. 1826, .July 4. — The 50fh anniversary of American Independence. A grand jubdee was universally observed throughout the United States. July 4. — Death of John Adams, first Vice-President and second President of the United States. July 4.— Death of Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States. Visit of Baron Alexander von Humboldt, the great German naturalist, geologist, and distinguislied scientist, to the United States. Oct. 26. — Opening of the Erie Canal with a grand celebration. First pianos manufactured in the United States. Duel between Henry Clay and Jdhn Randolph, caused by personal insults flung openljr in the Senate ChambL'i at Mr. Clay, as Secretary of State. Both of these illustrious men lived in times when, and were educated under a code of of morals which recognized no other means of satisfying insulted honor. It was much practiced in the early days of " Southern Chivalry," but which was ever regarded by the cool and more philosophical statesmen of the North as A pernicious, dishonorable, and brutal custom. Mr. Randolph refused to retract, and also refused to take the life of his antag.)nist. and resolved not to return the fire of Mr. Clay, yet he made every preparation for death, as far as his worldly atfairs wcre'concerned. Upon the ground, the pistol of Mr. Randolph accidentally went olf while lepeatmu: the words ol ^igIlal after his second, but which Avas adniittc'l to be purely accidental. Two shots were cxclianged, Randoljih's first lodging in a stuni|") in the rea'- of Mr. Clay, and the hitter's ball striking the earth scyeral feet behind Mr. Rand.dph. The second firing resulted the same, except that Mr. Randolph discharged his ;,i.stol in the air. He reniurked to Col Benton, just after the first fire: "I l> 1827. 1828. ''^' plin;rir^^Z/lr;^«;if -C^:- ^loubtfuny wounded for all Mr. Clay upon sc-ein,^ Mr.'^lSndoh.lrfpS diSrSl in Ih'"'"'^' ''''"'r': ^T '*"'l^'*h rieep emotion sai.. '' I trust in f^f^n ?- f '' ■"PP™'*'=''«^ untouched: after what has occurred I ^lA . . '"-^ /''-'»'• s"". you are thousand world.s." The nta^oSfoLXl . T '"'''' ''".™^'-''' >'o» f*"- •* tions of courtesy werereSi Thu pnj-^^^^^ - "i".'"' """^ •''"''• ■"'^•'i- the progress of civiliz'.Uol. h. belom; iu^heeve o'^f .h'.V '^ ^""7^' ^''"^'^ ^^ barous and inhuman practice. ™*^ '" ^^"^ '-y^^ "^ "" '»onorable men a bar- Sta'lteya^d'^h^rCbr^of te^^^ ''^^ ^™-- ^^ween United Great excitement over the " Mnro-m * ^^ Quincy. Mass.. aid o^ed by g^Congres. passed a protective tariff, which caused much opposition at the PrSSenf and Vic^eJr^rid'em ''°'" ''■ ^^"^'^"'^ ^^°^° ^« A" ^he offices of 1829 S''"- °^ "'i' P*"*"*'^ ^^ •^^- Woodworth, of New York 1829. J^xtcan mdependeuce n^cognized by the United States m stReroT t^n ' r^' 'P*^^^^ '^^'^'^^''^S ''^'^ Constitution. . . .528 the Unired States Ta^TlTi'ir ""^ ''' ^^'^S'"''' "'^"^'^ °^ ^'^''^Sates against May 2.-Hail falls in Tuscaloosa. Alabama, to the depth of twelve inches. ^Prk.n T .-. ""^"^ ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND. through ^ce'Ks orDr^^n'"'''V ^^' '^' Blind established Di^cfor. whoteTciVjpSti'oX;^.tSt%T?' ^^- '''■""'^' ^^ «'^-' - dent^^S's^cfeyfXworSfTs'"'^^^^ T'^''^'^'^ "- P-- victor belong the spoils. " ' credited wuu the saying, "To the 1830 April 6 — M ^^^^ ^^ mormonipm. Joseph Smith, Ti^nor^nT'di^nrt'^K''"" ''"^ «"P«^™atural pretensions of noreputationforg,'od[n Tlu <^mmMn>"' l''^''''}'^}^^ X""".'-' "^^'n. who had Smith was tiip pretend .?1 „?V'""-^' '^''*^'"'' he lived, in Palmva, ^. Y "Bookof Morm'Ln-or .^; ,W«V,' ^'^:/T''»lion. which he" called the Cowdery, while seate hel ind !^,I^"l^ ■ "'' '^iftot^.l the contents to Oliver fane eyes from iXl in . '! '.''"'''^■' '"'"f J!'^'-"^- «!'.. room, to keep pro- claimed to have exh med ^,i;''T- ''T'i^'- i"" '"''f"'"'' Pl='«'s whiVl, he fease.l to be rea.lin'r " ^ ,\Z : ^^^ "^ » "' ""'y ^Pirit ! Th.'s,. he pr„- 8to.-e.. revived-by Tjoki, . ,; '. "• /""'.'" "'"' Thummim-tl,,. ancient verted into English T f/ir '^^ "'^' '"■""»-"' <'l'aracters wre con- nfe"*.a . I he tru^ orufui of this book is claimed to be the mauu- ! i I I script of ill! ('(•(■(■iitri(: iircaflicr, hy tlic ikuiic of Spauldin^-, wlio became involved in (lcl)t, aiid undertook the c(,nipo>iiion of a liMorieal novel, entitled ''.MaiiiiM:ript Found;" hy wliieli means he hoped to liquidate his debts. The MSS. wtTK writtei.i in 1H12, and left in a printiri!,' olliec where Sydney Hiirdon vvaa a workman. In 1810 Mr. Spauldinj,' died. When the "new "Bible ap- peared, .Mr. Miller, a partner of SI)auldin!,^ also Mr. Spauldin',''s wife, recoj^- uized the pla;^iarism. and testi'led to a i^reat ])ortion of the book as be'injr the produetioa ot Spauldini^'s pen. The characters, names, etc., were verlwtim from Spauldinjj, but mixed up with Serijiture (juotat ions, together with Bible doctrines and altoirether forming a book of several hundred pages. Tlie main features of the Mormon religion were the pretended "gifts of the Church," by ■which the same miracles w hieh were wromrht by Christ wer^ claimed to be wrought by ISmith and his apostles, e\ en to the raising of the dead. Kirtland Ohio,l>ecame the headquarters of the :Mormons in 1831, and they began rapidly to mcrease. A body of them started a ( linrcli in Jackson Co. , Mo. , where their numbers increased so rapidly that t!ie old settlers becoming alarmed, held public meetings, prot"sting against the invasion of the new sect. The citi- zens demanded the suppression of their paper, which being refused, it was destroyed by u mob. The excitement prevailed to such an extent, that some of their houses were destroyed and their leaders whipped, and during a fray several lives were lost on both sides. Persecutions but strengthened the zeal of the fanatics. Thev moved about from place to place, and finally settled down in Nauvoo, 111., where they began the erection of a Temple. They now took the name of " Latter-Day Saints." In 1833 Brigham Young was converted to the new faith. In 1837 the Mormons cnrric 1 their new religion to the Old World, where superstition and ignorance abounded. There it flourished and took deep root among the lower classes, who have ever been the dupi ■- of designing religious pretenders. The light of reason and educa- tion aUvaj's di.spels the dark clouds of superstitutionand bigotry, and no sect, founded upon superstition and pretended wonders and miraculous demon- strations, can longer hope to flourish where an open Bible, free schools, and a free press abound. In 1839 the " Latter-Day Saints," under the leadership of Smith, united their forces and began a settlement and the building of their Temple in Nauvoo. Polygamy was now introduced by "revelation to Smith," as a special privilege to the head of the Church. During 1842-3^, Smith was repeatedly arrested on charges of muvder, treason, and adultery, but managed to avert punishment, until the summer of 1843, when, with his brother Hiram, he was sent a prisoner by the (Jovernor of Illinois to Carthage, where they were arrested for trca.wii, and placed in prison under guard. On the 27th ()f .June a mob of outraged citizens, disguised, broke into the .jail and summarily killed them both. Great mourning and lamentations w'ent up from the afflicted ;Mon ions. They s(>nt word tii all tlu; faithful far and near, that the " Lord's Prophet " was killed. Brii^ham Young was appointed suc- cess()r to Joseph Smith, much to the cluiL'-rin of Sydney Kigdon. The Mormons were no\v compelled to abandon their City and Temple. They proceeded at once to establish themselves beyond the bounds of civil- ization, where they could carry out their dark and 'devilish designs, and lay the foundation ot their unholy schemes, unmolested by law, order, or even decency. A dcsohite region near the shores of the Great Salt Lake was chosen for the seat of their city and government, for thev aspired to no less preten- sions than the " Veritable Kingdom of God," and hrigham Young Ills chosen Frop/nt, Priest, and Kiitfj. U-injxn-nl. or ruler of the " Saints of God"— could mortal man aspire to greater dignity or power? \h\{—",\firabil6(Uc(it!" — this chief of imiiostois actually suece('ded in establishing a form of government in the very center of the United States, with himself as governor, with 1 iws to suit himself, defying the tiovernmeiit and all law and interference ui on «' 1830. 1831. 1833. the pntciikd nnthoritu of •' Dituw Iij-rphit!,.„ •• / .. the heart „f the great w.l.lerne4sUievlS, "'"^ "l>l>o^"''»-nt! - Here in sine., ealled Salt^Lake City II, re . Pfl '".''"'W tin, " A'ew Jerusalem "- -Hi imported their dS-es^inn'^e iV^rtf .'"^r '•''"■-" "^'O' tree " Europe by thousinds. under pretenL ,, " .rin "'', ''I'P''''^'^«» th-s.se.s of proniise.''" They rapidly incrLledimilev^ ^'*"" '" "'»-' "''"'^ "^ became a terror toemii,rition an eivU z. ^ Pn r'n '";'">' "'""^^ands. and they waylaid wlujle cmi-rant tra n. r li ' ^^'" ''^t'"' ^''^gu'seof Indians, helpless-victims at thei? w 1 T he J^^^^^^^^^^ murdering the cleM.n.ed and prosecuted l^yh,- Mormon leaders ^''' ^^\";'^*'^ Ma.s.s,i?re - successful evasion, brought to li-^ht aiinm/r ft i V' ""'^^'" '^■"">' ^■'^■'"•^' States authority. liut i" i.s ..retlVk^neralTv U^ii ' ' 'f f,'l^'-'l/'-:'«ut«i (>y United and his apo.stles were instrume ta^i^ nf/rl^ 1 n 'Y ^".^'^""' ^'"^°« ^nd throughout the ^eat plain.s of ^ e W st w-n^l. I "" '^^V'^'^^^'^"^^^ committed One great .secret-'of the indifferenee ofli.e rnv^.Jn " ^"ributed to the Indians, of this monstrosity in the St of h r ^ --^ ° tlie very borders of civilizat on and „ 7/"''^'.'^''' '^"^ remotene.sl from in founding a city and "tovernr^em ^ '^f o^n'^'ng »}^<^cess of its leaders systematic fndustry and peSran™wh?.T"h'f^^ ''"^ improved by dint of who visitea that oasis of ihc Gr"? nei^^li ^^?"''?S^ the admiration of all The Government and military offlckl, n^^"""" ^^^^-famed Salt Lake City, jnent men of the nation !iWv2ed Utah wrK' T'^^^P^^dent^, and proi^- times bought up by tnat greai aignitar^ BrTJh^,^*'^'' ^""^ «f ^Tf, «"*^ •^o'"^- sway over a - ', territory of willin7subip?.ff ^ ^°"k^' ^^"^ ^'''•' unlimited the press, the .chool.s. an^d the re °lon hf.f /.,« « ^^"^ controlled, not only representing immense resources aL^JweahhV^Tr' "^ "" ^'''F '"''^''^'y civilization is fast accomplishing to daTi But the onward march of have done at the start; for no Ireat nn,,^ • '''"^^ Government should rounded by the elements of frecdo^n ''PP'*""'^'^^ Po^^r can long exist sur- Dec 9.-Building of the South Carolina Railroad. JuTv 4 n H '";?' ^''™'"-^ ^'^•^"''"1 ■■" Boston. ~b. — iariff Convention at New York ^Manning mowing-machine patented (tl,; fi.st useful mowin.-maehine Chloroform discovered by Samuel Guthrie, of Sacketfs Harbor N Y ^eam k.tting madiine first used, at Albany. K Y., by Timothy Bailey ^.Di. Howe, of .New lork. invented the fir.t practical ma..hi„e for makiTg cSSl^,;"* •"='"'" ''^- '"-'""-y in "le United States by .loel Ilayden. of '■■iiiDs, TitE riTt.vTi., KXEcrrr:) had been .oneenu.i in'robbin- • ■ o,,,- '"V""f'r;"" J' ' •''•'"'l Hmt he near a score of v,..s,.|s (ak.n bv t he .ir, " r'"', ?""' '"' «''^'' "'^' "■"•"'s of which were murdered. ' P"""' ""''"" ^"^ '"'"inand, the crews of bill. Conirress passed a new protective ,arifT S)uth Caroli-ia threatened se- which he received the great gold medal from the Mechanics Institute. He had been in this country but one year at the time Mr. Lric.s.son planned and superintended the building of the first "Monitor, ' at Greenpoint, N. Y., which at its first trial disabled the iron-clad ram "Merrimac. Adams' Express Company founded. Nov.— Gen. Harrison elected President, and John Tyler Vice-President. March 4.— Inauguration of Gen. Harrison as President. April 4.— Death of William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the United States. April 6.— Inauguration of John Tyler as President 538 Webster's Dictionary appeared. Upper and Lower Canada united in one Government. Imprisonment for debts due the United States abolished. New York "Tribune" established by Horace Greeley. Bunker Hill monument completed ; great celebration. Attempts to re-establish a National Bank vetoed by the President 587 ^ Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island in support of a new Constitution and the rights of suffrage. It was soon put down. Mormonism became prominent and received large accessions to its numbers. Aug. 9.— Treaty of Wtushington negotiated by Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton, defining our north-eastern boundary, and for suppressing the slave trade and giving up fugitive criminals. This closed the Aroostook war. FREMONT'S EXPEDITION. Fremont made his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains. He explores the Great West, and discovers the South Pas^, that wonderful gatewav to the golden shores of the Pacific. Thomas Kingford produced his first sample of pure com starch. His great starch fr.ctory at Oswego now produces 21,^,00,000 pounds annually, or 35 tons a day. Average number of workmen 700. First mutiny in the Unitr-1 States Navy instigated by Midshipma.' Spencer, son of a United States Cabinet officer, on board the United States brig-of-war Somri-fi, Capt. A. S. McKenzie. Spencer and his comrades were hung to the yard arm, rnngress voted $30,000 to Samuel F. B. IMr.rse to establish his telegraph linos— first in the world. Fremont extcrdoil his oxpedition to the Cohimbia River. Oreion, and from that point up the Wi Unmet Vnlley to KliimMth Lnke, pushinL' on through snow and cold, over LTiinitiMirnks and thronixh deep r.n vines, without trail, and March 0. 1844, lie veiichcd the soiitlu>rn .slope of the Sierras, 'II 1844. 1845. 1846. GREAT lllSTonicAL EVEXTS. '61'.) 1843. OKKAT tOMEl' OF 1843. Of £ piisi:;?;:;;!!" If':: •::'!:^:; t ^^:^r- r'^'"^ '•- --^ — >-- aa.i .startled tlu country n-U.,,",. ami r li m^'". '' "'.'" \^''^'" "' "'>^"'*- It was .usible to the naked eye for wJeks w n u ^ ^ ''T'""'''' '"■ ^''*'"- Honfi, r- \r 1 i.r , "^ ^t-tKt, When It .suddenly disappeared Death c^^oal^ Webster, author of the Diciionary toe., ..5. Polk olccW Prcldct »d Goo. M. D.lla. Vicc.Pra,id»,. . 538 MORMON WAR. Copper excitement in Michigan. Election of Polk announced t)v telcTanh -Im fir.f over the wire?. ^ it"t„rapa, ilie first new.s item conveyed lOWK'a SKWINC-MACIIIXE. Elias Howe produced his first .sewing-machine Files arst made in the United State.s. the'^w?3te?n"ho.n^L\7of''Kas'^'""''-^^^ ^'"' ^•'^' «°'^'«" t° Corpus Christi. Indies to balance the incr:rse'off;J,^?Srinl:'^U""''"^' '" '''' ''''' States' '-'''^''^ "' ^'^••^^^ J-k.son, seventh President of the United Free Soil party originated. Watchword. "Free soil for a free people." ME.XICAN WAR. \ i846. May N — IJiiltl- of I*:il:) Alto, oil tlic Ifio (Jrandc. The Amcriom forrt-s iniinlicrcd litii 2,(MMt men, wlio toii^rlii a;:,iin>t «,U !».— Aiiollier lialllc fought at Hesaca do la I'alma. The Me.\ic:ins again outnumbered the Anieric ans three ty one, and the Aiiierieaiis gaining the victory, which was due to the liold and daring charge of Cant. Miiv, who took their battery and captured their coninianding ofli'er, Gen La Vega. 540 July 28.— Now tariff bill passed. Aug. a— President Polk vetoed the river anu harbor bill. Aug. 6. — Revolution in Mexico in favor of Sunta Anna. Congress authorized the President to accept of 50,000 volunteers, 300,000 offering their services. May 13. — Proclamation of war with Mexico. Aug. a— The President called upon Congress for 1(3, 000, 000 to negotiate a treaty with Mexico. The " Wilmot proviso" again.st the extension of slaverv passed the House, but not the Senate. Three hundred buildings and other property burned in Louisville, Ky. Aug. 18. — Gen. Eeamev took possession of Santa Fc, New Mexico, with- out a blow, having marched from Fort Leavenworth, a distance of 900 miles. Aug. 19.— Commodore Stockton blockades the Mexican ports on the Pacific. Sept.— Gen. Taylor al. rskinir him to hasten to his aid. and in two hours the General was on his way to Victoria. I5oml):irdment of the Mormon city of Nauvoo, 111 , and the exit of the Jlornions at the ])oint of the liayonet, Louis Asiassi/, visited tlic United Stales to delivci' a ((uirsc of l.'cturcs in Boston, and to study the biology and ii.itii.-al hi-lory of tliis country. ^ GltHAT lllsroltlCM. E\i:.\T.S. 331 1847. Jan. 8-9 -Bam., of San Oaf.r.,.! and Mf.s,i, in Cal.f„miu under Gen Kearney. Hit- enemy wciLMJelti-.ttd. ^-"""m.u, unuer uen. -American-; und.'r Col. Price Jan. 21.— Battle of Canada, in New Mexico are victoriou.s. TlI)'M,i;t^'^~^^""'? f ""•;"'' Vista, by Oen. Taylor, a 1 l.y (},.„ Wool H, M vi '"''''''■'■^'^' 'l^'^'"""' Anna with greatly .sup, rior nu, . rs l.ut i;^s^tr^i;;:.;^or;;^:^f;i::; ,""':^ '•- -•• ''-y - •■••'- .n;^ denicfWn£i;i>?'"*""°'°- ■^°'- ^""P"""- wiih'oo, ..-.j;^;;;^^ March l.-Gcn. Kearney declares California a part of the Unit.'d States 542 CAPTURE OF \-EHA CHUZ. «rmv'":.i;?"7V'™r£'^'- *'■''"■" ''J'.^*'"- ^"" ""•' ("ommwiore Perrv with army and fleet. This was considered, wUh the exceution of t).,,.).;:,. .i, most strongly fortitied city in America. "-^ttption ot t^uebec, the April 2.— Alvarado taken by Lieut. Hunter. April 18.-Battle of Cerro Gordo fought." Santa Anna was stronrfv in re.uhe(l wi h a large ar.ny. Lee an.l Beauregard engineered The mmjnta n attack while the army in front si.n»ltane,,uslyopt.n..,l tire umn hem The Mexicans abandoned their works and beat a h.isty retreat. T-jspan taken by Commodore Perrv. LTNCn'8 EXPEDITION TO THE KIVER JORDAN AND THE DEAD 8E\. to circumnavig^ue and thoroughly e.xplore the laVeXaa^," ^ After some de ay favorable decision was given to hi.s Sli^aton The Lnited States stores up .SV/p^v was placed under his commanran.l w w l.den with stores for the American squadron in the Miniiterranean Slu als Ir ned two meta he beats, one of copper, the other of galvanized iron for he V.^i of he e.xped.tion The members of the expedition^were :ourt^H"'i„ n imter The ten seamen shipped to serve as crews of the boats were of tcinnerate halts' all of them naying pledged them.selves to abstain from allintox c?^.t Sn£' The expedition set out from New York, November 26. m; Ks°o^' ping ui Port Mahon the Supply on February 16th anchored before SmvrT pitched their tents on the .south bank of the Rel s I ,!,,; '^•,'1" '"'7'' storeship Supply, which now stood ou to .''^'^ ij' ^^SjE''; i/,'!:;;"^ ErvS? the Sea of Galilee, or Tiberias, as tiri^r^t'Slnl in tUdr'to^S Lieutenant Lynch, in order to transimrt iWc )i...ro.., i i to each carnage, two abreast and one us kader. flic lirst 'J.t'mi.t to dJaw sf 1^^^"^^ 332 1847 |l ! t (.UK. I ■/' Ills TiniK ■. I /, E 1 7; \ 7'.v, .•ii:ir cniwcl of iiciipli-. '\\w sue- in iiiikiKiwii 111 ii>iii|iliMlmiciit in atiiiii.il. whirli ll c y liail lirt'drc lliou;,'lit til on!v to load upon its l)a< k." On tlic 4lii of April llicy look losvliiLT lllr lioats wilh .sixtcrii lioiso:, ( Irvi 11 lomliil party iiuMilicrcd sixteen in all, ineliidini? tlie driip iiccoinpanieil liy '"'■ .... the trucks i)y ( anicK was w itri(s.,n| hy ,in eessful ii.Mill laii;,'lil lliern the exislcnee ot that patient and powerful plod alonij with its heavv up llieir line of manli. t'o juinels, and a mule Tin ••man and ,,„,k. TJiey were accompanied liy tifleei' IJedouiim all w. mi.iintei . The metal l.oals, willi tla-s llvim;. rattliiii,' .ami l.iml.lini' aloii.' mounted on carriages drawn hy Inijre camels the oilieers and mounted sad- ors III sm«:lc tile, the lua.led eamel.s, the sherilT and .'•^heikli with their tufted spears— ull Imd the appearance of a 'riumph.il march. On tlie «th of April tlie party reached the Sea of (iaiilee. " I nahie to restrain my impatience " says' Lieut. Lyuch, "I now rode ahead witti Mustafa, and soon huw Inflow tar down the jpn'cn siopinR clia.sm, tlie .Sea of Galilee, haskin>,Mn the sunliLdit! Like a mirrorit lay omlwHou'ed in its rounded and hcauliful, liut fieolens hill.s How (h'lir to the Christian are the memories of that l,i dii- lake of the New Ti'slanient The roadside and the uncultivated slopes of the hi'da were full of flowers, and iihounded with sitiijinK liirds; there lay the holy lake consecrated hy the presence of the Uedeemer! Xear hy was the field where, ucconling to tradition, the disciples plucked the ears of corn upon the t^iihhathday; yet nearer wits the spot where tiie .Saviour fed the famishiuff iiiultiludes, and to tho left the mount of Heatitudes Not a tree' not a shrub: nothing but green grain, grass, and ttowers. yet acres of bright ver- dure. ..... lieyond the lake and over the mountains, rise majestic in the cleur sky the snowy peaks of Mount llermou. " On the 8th of April, hining arrived at Tilx-rias, the two boats, after some diltlculty in getting them down the mountain, were luunch-d into the Sea of OiUilee with their flags tlying. " Since the time of Josephus and the Romans no vessel of any size had sailed upon this soft, and for many, many yeare but a .solitary keel had furrowed its surface." In order to a.ssist the transporta- tion of his goods. Lieutenant Lynch purchased the onlv bo,it used by the mi.s- goveriied and listless inhabitants to navigate the beautiful lake of Tiberias a lake which was tilled with tish and abounding wilh wild fowl. This boat was purchased for about twenty-one dollars, ,;nd was u.sed by the inhabitants merely to bring wootl from the opposite side of the lake. On the IWh of April the expedition started from the f"ot of the lake, and commenced the de.sceni of the river Jon'.an. Notwithstanding the most diligent inciuirv at Til)eri.is, they could not procure any rell ()le information respect in -• the river They found, to their consternation, that the Jordan Wiw interrupted in its cc arse by frequent and fearful rapids. In some instances they tiad to clear out old channels, to make new ones, and sometimes plunged with headloii"- velocity down appalling descents. So great were the diHiculties in jiassing down the Tver, that on the second evening they were but twelve m'les in a direct line from Tiberias. So tortuous is the oourse of the .lordan, that in a space of sixty miles of latitude, and four or five of longitude, u ^raversis at least two hundred miles ! On the 18th of April thev reached the Dead Sea and lound its northern shore an extensive mudt'lat. wilh a .sandv plain b<'y'.nd, and the very type of desolation. IJranches and trunks o. tiecs lay sc-;ttered in every diriiou; .some charred and blackened by lire, others whit(; with an incrustation of salt. The waters of the sea they found a nauseou- comitoiinil of bitters and salt. As they passed on. they found scenes '■ where there was no vegetation \vli;itever; barren mountain.s, fragments of rocks blackened by sulphurous dejiosits, and an uniietural sea, with low dead trees upon its margin, all within the scope of vision bore a sad and sombre aspect,"' 1847. Ni'iirtlic soiillit'i'ii lAii'i'iiiitv rif till- ))..'., ,<, . .1. . I Milt, slnny niu.l.in.rusI.Ml will, sail, a.i.l a ,r ,IKi V ' , '"' ':"'' ''"'' " Holi.1 sal.. ..a,.p..,l wi.l, .■a,l,.„m" T.M Ju-t "" ""'"' '" '"■,'"■ n u.sum,.,l u ,lr„p.si<.al app,,,ran,<. Tl w', ■ i ' ''•' 7I"'- g..o.i Hpp..,i,.;. >nci'\h:;tct;^}:ri '" oi: ^z'!;.r :;r m;.;';!:;" "f ma.iean e.xcur.mn t„ k^-rak; conUiininjr a n .p. htio of al ,f 7w. f '-r""'^ of whom .hr«-.fourths profc-,s.se,i ChrisUan y ff v fLmlTl e^ r..r''r'''''' though impovt-r s hfd aii-i oonr-'sscl ,w I ;, ( ' "'yipund ihe.st- Christians, were insolent. On Mi. h of Vlav f'l X- ^' . '^,""'1 "»"g'ng a.s the Moslems twenty two days in its ixpbnuion'^ ' Ve la v ' '':;vs /''' f"' ''T''"l" "carefully soun.ied this sea .letermine.l i ■ i - , L'*^^'.''.*'"""' f^vn(■h, exavnrM,iw(r bv the writ i of f 'n, . ""\"\"" i»sm was u plain .sunk dinary eharact,. of"^Jr so^;:;^^^ ^"'- """(v "i,:;!:;^^'r??r"" '""•"• k conrt.rtmg opinions. One of the nartv v-.s sr,l,- ."P"". ^'""* '*'' ^"^ pr<.fesse.llinl,el,ev,.r of the CsaL aermm. 'I A' " f"'* ""''*''*^''' ^ 'h'""^' ^ investigation, if I am no m,Sn wn r '^■''''' '^'.''"'y-two days' dose thetrurhof theScriSur am^rn^^^^^^ ''''' conviction of After leaving the Dead sT lo nVr,r the plain." they pnu'eded to M ta wlurf 3^,?^^^^^^^^^^^^ T^'^'r /■•"'" ^-^'t ready. ,ho expedition re:eXUfoth;uiSstS'7' '''I '^"^''•^, ^■"'" early in December "'••«>cu lor luc tmted btates, and urrived there Aug. 30. -Battles of Contrcra.s and Chunibusco . . ..« Sept. la.-Stormir-g of the citadel of Chapiiltepec ,46 Jj w f i 1847. saved the total destruction of Santa \nna's army, as under the cover of darkness the Mexicans fled, and at sunrise the American army entered the city, and the Stars and Stripes were soon floating above the Halls of the Mon- tezumas 547 Sept. 13 to Oct. 12. — Siege of Puehla, held by the Americans against the Mexicans. The Mexicans were repulsed by Geu^ Cliilds 547 Oct. 9. — Iluamantla taken by the Americans under Gen. Lane. Dec. 31. — The sevend ^Mexican States occupied by the American army pkced uuiler military contributions. War with Mexico ended. si'iKiT K.\rprNGa. Great excitement at Rochester, X. Y., and surrounding country caused by mysterious knock.s, noises, and peculi.ir and strange demonstrations. The first appearance of these knockings was at Arcadia. Wayne County, N. Y. The family where they lirst made their appearance fled from the house, aiid it was afterward occupied by Mr. John Fox. His daughters were the first mediums through which this mysterious agency professed to communicate. 1848. Feb. 21.— Death of John Quincey Adams, sixth President of the United States. Feb. '2. — Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico and Upper California were ceded to the United States, and the western boundiiry of Texas fixed at the Rio Grande. This war cost the United States nearly 25,000 men and |160,0'DO,000. Feb. 18.— Gen. Scott relinquishes the command of Mexico to Gen. Butler. GOLD DISCOVEHED IN CALIFORNIA. May. —Gold discovered in California, at Sutter's M'll, near Sacramento, by James Marshall. The news soon spread over the State, and great excitement prevailed. All cl.isses rushed to the mines. Ships were deserted by their crews. Soon the whole world was electrified by the report that a new Gol- conda had been discovered. Thousands ru.shcd to the new gold fields from every State ai.d from almost every civilized country. In a little over a year California 'lad a suflilcieat number of inhabitants to entitle its admission as a State Tb . city of San Francisco grew up like "Jonah's Gourd." Its streets were nm thronged with daring and reckless nciventurers from all parts of the world. Gambling became the daily pastime of the idle and the success ful miners, and murder was of almost daily occurrence. Vigilance committees were appointed . and f^vr"*'^i ""y<'i""r over wi.„.ss,.,f at a puhiiccoS bhe gave one hundred concerto ~^~.. ....I. .,.o ciiiuusm.sm e.xcecdcd niivtluni'- e\ or dramatic entertainment in the United States. 336 II. I :r (J HEAT HltilOlUCAL EVE^rrs. 1850. under engajrement and direction f.f P. T. Uarnuni, in all the large cities of the Uuiorx, involving nearly a million dollars in total receipts. The first ticket for her New York concert was purchased by Gcnin, the hatter, for which he paid %'i'i'i. The proceeds of this concert wen devoted 'o charitable objects Ossian E. Dmlge paid $tJ2r) for a ticket in Boston. The highest price paid for a ticket to any of her concerts was .$650 by Col. ^V m. C. Ross, of Provi- detice. During her stay in Washington she was visited by the' chief and eminent men of the land, and the most distinguished honors were paid her in every city that she visited. When Jenny Lmd bade adieu to America, she bore the hearts of the American people with her. Never before had prima donna, or queen of song, so thoroughly captivated the whole nation, as did this plain, r,imple Swedish maiden with her pure, sweet nature, and her unparalleled gifts and sweetness of voice and heart. 1851. April. — Erie Railroad completed. July 4.— Cornerstone of Capitol extension lai(', Daniel Webster delivering the oration. ^ Return of the Grinnell Arctic Expedition. Dr. Kane reported having dis- covered an open polar sea. Reign of Vigilance Committees in California, whicn proved eflfectual in checking crime and restoring order and public safety to the litizens. A panic, caused by false alarm of " fire," occurred in a New York public school, containing 1,800 pupils. Nearly 50 children were instantly killea by suTocation, and many seriously injured by jumping from windows, and from fright. June 29.— Death of Henry Clay, an American statesman and orator of great ability and renown. 1852. Oct 24.— Death of Daniel Webster, LL.D., an American statesman of great renown. ° First street railway in New York. Whig Convention in Baltimore. Gen. Winfieid Scott nominated for President, and Mr. Graham of North Carolina, Vice-President '. 550 Aug:.— Free Soil Convention in Pittsburir, nominated John P. Hale for President, and George W. Julian, of Ind., Vice-President 550 1853. March 4. — Franklin Pierce inau::urated President. TKE.\TY WITH RUSSIA. Treaty with Russia guaranteeing neutrality of the United States in the war of the allied powers of Europe against that power, and recognizing the prop- erty rtght of neutral nations wherever found .ohl Exploration fo- a Pacific Railroad. KNOW-NOTIirXOS. 1854. American or Know-Nothing Society formed, which carried the elections in nearly all the Northern States, tiieir watchword being, "Put none but Aincr- icam on guard." " Let AiiMrkunx rule Americii." Prohibition law passed in New York and Pennsylvania 552 Feb. 28.— American mail-steamer Bhick Warrior seized at Havana. March 31.— rnniincrcial tre.Xy be'ween United States and .Tapan signed.551 ^Stephen A. Douglas' popular sovereignty or Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. «nicii Cdusc-u giciit eAcueuieiii lu CCngress and aii over the country. .". . .OSa J 1 1855. 1855. 1856. J Virtual repeal of the Missouri CV mpromise 553 First railroad from Lake Miehigaa to the Mississippi— the Keck Island. Coinpletioi) of ^^fiagara Suspension Bridge. Great emigration to Kansas. Opposition Governments were formed by the pro-slavery and anti-slavery parties. Election riots ensui 1 553 July.— Dispute with Great Britain concerning the attempt to recruit for the Crimean army. Sept. 7.— First Hebrew Temple in the Mississippi valley consecrated at St. Louis. Oct. 17.— The bark Mauray seized at New York on suspicion of bein"- intended for the Russian war service— dischargia the 19th. " Oct. 24.— Snow in Louisville, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn. Dec. 23.— British discovery ship Besolute, abandoned in the Arctic Sea by her crew, was brought to New London, Ct., by a whaler. H03SAC TtTNNEL. Hoosac Tunnel begun. This tunnel is one of the grandest achievements in modern engineering. It is cut throv.gh the Hoosac Mountain, near the town of Adams in the north-western pan of Massachusetts; and— except the Mt Cenis runnel through the Swis.s Alps— is the longest tunnel in the world beinjr 4 3-4 miles long, and in its widest point 26 feet, and 34 feet high and admits sf two lines of railroad trains. It is on the Troy and Greenfleld'line atid -as begun by that railroad, and in 1854 the State pa8,sed an Act author- izing a loan of the State credit to enable them to complete it. In 1863 the btate assumed the entire responsibility and control rt the project. John Brown's vi( lory at Ossawattomie. Ocean telegraph projected. Republican party established. There were three parties in the Presidential campaign. Democratic, Know-Nothing, and Republican (or Free SoU) ■Peh— Contest for Speaker of the House of Representatives lastintr two months, settled by placing Nathaniel P. Banks, of Cchusetts. in thelhS April ll.-Great bridge across the Mississippi at Rock Island completed. ASSAULT UPON SUXTNEB. -3''T^^''"^^ ''''^"'- o^P'-'^^ton S. Brooks upon Charles Sumner in the senate Chamber, occasioned by his speech, "Crime against Kansas." 1< irst wood-type made by machinery by Wm H Page errmeminV?ins'n.s .,'n !n? T^^^S^ .declared the creation of a free State Gov- ernment in Kansas an act of rebeaion r^jo by^ur '^;;:;;^!^:::^ at'WasiungtorC Tohn^'c ^F,^!inn/ ""'"'"'^f'^S Tlcpublican Conve-i'tion ' held 'at Philadelphit JohnC.iiemont chosen for President, and William L Davton VicePrec, aXolSfn!"" ."."'".''"°' P'*:'"'^'' •" ^^^ '"'^^' platform being anU-sla'eryan^^ steime;TlT/j«^>'in''/«'-'o" ^"^^^'f>'^ E.xpress Companj'.iwhich was' "lost on"the pre^™i ' ^ '^ ^"'^'''" '"'■''■■• ^^« c""'e"ts were well ^ Aug. 10. -Lost Island, a summer resort on 1 ,■ Louisiana roa.st. .is, and declares martial law. Sept. 30.— The Philiiiiclphia banks suspend specie payments. Oct. 14. — New York banks suspend specie payments. Oct. 15. — Boston banks snspenil specie" payments. Dec. 13. — Xew York banks resume specie payinents. Doc. 14. — Boston banks resume specie paj uients. 4^ 1858. 1857-8. Y'"^'"'t religious revival, apparently the result of the ' ' cra-sh" in the bu.siness and flnancial world, the ruin tf which was widespread. Daily nraver-ineet- lugs were held iu every city and town. J i' J April 10,— Death of Thomas liart Benton at Washington, aged 76. April :iO.— Congres.s passed a bill admitting Kansas into the Union under the Lecompton (pro-slavery) Constitution .' . . .553 EXCITING CAMPAIGN. Lincoln and Douglas' campaign in Illinois. These popular competitors to a seat in the United Statos Senate made a tour of the State, ahly discussin? the merits of th'.-ir respective parties. It was ore of the most noted political campaigns upon record. Jan 14.— Governor Gumming, of Utah, pardons all trea.son and sedition heretofore committed in the territory. WIIliarnH. Seward announced his "Irrepiessible Conflict" doctrine which startled the country and aroused the pro-slavery element to much opposi- Aug 3 —The people of Kansas voted to reject by an overwhelminff maior- ity the Lecompton CoD-^titution *. _ _ _ ;553 Aug. 16.— First message sent across the .-'.tlantie by cable from Queen Victoria to President Buchanan. ^uccu Sept 13— Duel between Hon. David Broderick, United States Senator from California, and Hon. D. S. Terry, Chief Ju *tice of that State. Broder- ick was mortally wonded and died the 15th. Terry escaped on a steamer and landed in Sacramento. Two American vessels captured by a Peruvian steamer by order of Castella. ir.P^n^xli'^'^ ^Saniiatwn perfected under the active and efficient agency of John O Mahoney, who became its " head center" in the United States. FL'b. 10.— Treaty between United States and Paraguay. PETROLEI-JI. and durrnlThe i't v'^ at Tjtusyille, Pa., by Col. Drake, of New Haven, Conn.. S:t;S!^;^K,?Sr|ii:;' ea^ ^'"^' -"" ^'^ Pennsylvania oil- Worcester's large Dictionary published. JOHN brown's capture of harper's feruy. deSrr'tSi'^.nfto'M° '^"''" ^'""r"' V^f«'-in Abolitionist, had long cheriseda Wpnomv ^f , ^"^ "f ^'■°'^' "^ ""* ^""t'» f--""^ slavery. He had been a life- hn H,« Ti f ^Y "•'■'''"i' '•* "'"'''"1 '^^^i slavery man.' He was in the Kansa.« wl hi. [ -'"'iT' ''"'^ participated in the battle of Ossawattomic, from f^vfol w'J ?''™'"^ "Ossawattomie Brown." He had enlisted a fn V V ,. 1 H !■',''''"''"'■"* "leading Virginia and freeing the slaves, and fr, .J, m ••,.!. ''''.'^''''''•"'''"•■" among them would l)e a •' watchword for r[se , 1 n..?.w , i',"^''"'" '^'U"'"^ I'lou was struck, ti.cv would unanimously ^nt- •?'''■'/'''''''"'•'■• ."'^r'^in'* «'^'>n lik'' thosi. of an insane mind, Cndf nTof n'n ' f '■' ('-''''"'''■■''• "■■"" '■•^i'lTi*'"'''''! stat.-sman Wi'h a little fr n 1 il ,,?^ • ^^''•''7" -"venteen v .re whites an.l live colored, this mis- in c'm in , y '■""* f""^"'<'"vaded tl... State of Vnginta, and succeede.l of ,,'■ r^^'"''''"'"''"' -^'•"""•.^- I'liildn.irs. rontainin- a vast ,|uantity ot a 11- and ammumiion. ih,. railroad bridge, an,ltakinii- prisoners th.' keepers fno nir.''.nH. ♦'';■,■•■•;"•■ '"!''"• ■•'"-V"''''-*'"'""'^''-^- ''-' "'e prisoners, who To the question by what authority it wardoiic'ilc'replied: ''By^he authority 1859. i I 1859 of (Jod Aliiiiirlity." Urown Mirmd in In- iiiipris-id with tli»' iilc.i tlmt God hail ilicx'ii liiiii to Iw tlif in>li iiiiicMiiMlity in fnciin: llii' nci^rocs Iroiii slavery. Soon the tidiiiLTs spread, awl an armed force appeared. Tliev attacked the (•nj.rinc hou-i.' where Hro>vii and hisa->iieialis were tcatfiercd, and were repulsed by the hrave old man. Several were killed on both sides. Great excitement ,'revaikd. Military comi.anies arriveti from ditlerent places. The news spread to Washinj^on, Haltiniore, and Richmond, and produced the wildest excitement, and troops were instantly ordered to the scene of action. Ccl. Kobert E. Lee, wiiii a company of United States Marines and two field-pieces, was sent from Washington, arid with their loniliined force Brown and hi.s men were finally cai)tnred. lie was greeted wiili e.xeeratiotis, and one of the Government ollicers struck him witli a sabre several times in the face, which kiicx'ked him down, and another soldier run a bayonet twice into the body of th" prostrate old man. But he was protected from furlher violence by the soldiers. He was immediately indicted for treason and nmr- d3r by the Virginia authorities. He asked for time, on accoimt of his severe wound;), wiiich was denied, and he was tried on the 26th of October in Charle.stow ii, Va. Brown being unable to sit up, lay upon a mattress during his trial, which lasted three day.';. He was found guilty of the charges pre- ferred, and sentenced to be hung on the 2d of Deceml)er. On being asked why sentence should not oe pa: sed upon him, he replied, in a gentle and mild Voice: "I deny everything but the design on my part to free the slaves. .... That was all I intended. I never did intend murder, or trea.son, or the destruction of property, or to excite or incite the slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection." IFis kind, gentle, and patient manner, and his sincere religious fervor deeply impressed even his enemies; and his great courage and bravery elicited the admiration of all who witnes.scd both his defense at the Arsenal and his manly fortitude during his trial. Governor Wise said of him: " He is a bundle ef the best nerves I ever saw, cut and thrust, and bleed- ing in bonds. He is a man of clear head, of courage and fortitude, and simple ingenuousness. He is cool, collected, and indomitable, and inspired me with great trust in his integrity as a man of trutli." Two of his sons were shot and eleven of his men were killed ; four escaped and the rest were taken prisoners. Upon the arival of the hour for his execution he walked coolly and calmly out of the jail, his countenance radiant and his step elastic. A colored woman, witii a child in her arms, stoml near. He paused, and stooping, kissed the child. The colored people, as ho jias.sed, blessed him. His proud and manly bearing as he asceniied thi! seaiTold and calmly gazed about him, and his great courage and insensiijility to fear, filled even the armed soldiers with amazement. His firmness an' courage continued to the last. He died like a hero, winning the admiratio ')f the military, the sheriff, the jailor, and the undertaker. The citizens wei , not peruiitted to witness his execution. His body w.ns sent to his family at Xorth Elba, N. Y., wliere an ehxiuer.t eulogy wa.s pronounced by Wendell Phillips at the place of burial 553 KANSAS FHEE. Dec. 6. — An unr!isputed election was held in Tlansas under the new Consti- tution, and Republican otHcers and Menioers of ('ongiess elected 553 GUEAT TiOXANZA MINE. Comstock Lode originally discovered by James Fennimore, known as "old Finney," who, not knowing its value, sold it to P. (.'unistock for an old, hobtiiilefl Indian pony and a nnantitv of wliiskv. Coins! . k tiimself Ix'ing ignorant of the immense value of the lode, disposed of h ~ I'ulire claim for * 1859. 1860. tZiixummi^^''r^\- 'V.''''' P'°P'''''-''' '".'T ^»"" ^ y™'- «o'd for more Irrnifi ; • f V"^''''V"" '»"!"'«V'»'^"t »f tlood i: O'Brien, it has since provL'd tu be tlie ncliu.st mIvlt mine in tlie world. KMUASSV FKOM JAPAN. r,!ff?^rlf^r''T^ ^'T ■^i'Pf'v^^'i'l' 'i 'r'^ty «f peace and commerce, to the L»utod btate.s,be.n!^ the first Amba-ssadors ever sent to any nationality by tliat empire. The Air.bassadors were treated with ffreat resnect bv the ftov dZ"";Lf ^'^''^ '^r' '''' "''^'-'"'; °f W..«hington. ^The pTul Lri[y 5f Thel; dress, customs, and manners excited much curiosity. f J ^ PRINCE OF WALES. Tour of tlff>Princo of Wales through the United States. He was every- where received with nrarks of respect and distinction, and the unbound^ hospitalities of the nation and people were extended to him. "noounaea Fr?nklin ^'''° °^ Charles. Francis Hall to the Polar Sea m search of Dr. April 23.— Democratic Convention met at Charleston, S. C, to nominate candidates tor the offl•' °; ".''^ English iron'steamship 'c^rm* Kcst- ''Konhl\r^'- ,T'''''^^^^^ ^^^'^cJ «^'^'- constructed since of 400 ''''''' '^ ""^ carrying 10,000 soldiers, besides her crew Great agitation in Congress ovit a book entitled "The Imnendinsr Cri-^i^ " K si.' •;. "'.'f " '' "^■'•r'"' r""-^^''"- ''y arguments, statisti^ andLa , , h-s tli.it sla\ t'is was injurious to (he interests of the South -,r,4, of Mr.ifi7\-T'V''"l' -'ri'" "' ''."""••of the Prince of WmI... at the Academy o H..S1C 111 ^ew \ ork. It was the greatest allair of the kind ever known iii this country. Over a, 000 of the elite present. '•:i-ECTIO.\ OK LINCOLN. fr,^vi'' ^'--V,"'''''"" f''"<'"'" waselecled President, with Ilannihal Ilnmlin foi \ lee-lVesident. (Jreat exciioment pivvailrd all over the Uni:>n Univcrs atZ S^Jinr 'n!';-'.. 'V:''"'''!'!::':'.'^', ^?"'.^":;"V r'»l ^''"e'-al dissatisfaetlon siou in bu>iViess aud\iu.\'oVerumenrcr^liru^i/'!^^;d-nK ! '.'?'!:?^'.'!'!.'!'!'!!^ 1 W. Dec ;{ — Presick-nt liiiflmnim, in his Mct^,,.^,., advised mii amciuliiifnt of thf Constitution— 1st. in lavor of reco,i;iii/iiiu; ilif ii;;lits of slavi'-holdtrs to hold iiKiperty in slaves vlitre shivery does or iiiav exist; 2(1, in favor of their I)roleciiou by Coniires-s in this riglii in all the Territories until admitted as States; and ;jd, in favor of the rij^dit of t!ie master to eaplure his shives who had escaped to aiir.cher S'ute— thereby attestin'r the validity of the Fn(/itiie aiaie Late. The ' 'essage further declares that unless chi.s amendment was granted, the South would be justified in revolutionary resistance to the Gov crnment 554 Great agiiation was caused in Congress by this ^Message, both pro-slaverv and anti-tlavery members denouncing it 054 SECESSIOX OF SOCTII CAIIOLINA. Dec. 20.— Convention met in Charleston, S. C, which passe,;id eight wounded. Ten unarmed companies of the Phila(lel])hia Washington Brigade were iilso attacked and retired to Philadelphia Th's was the first blood shed in the Rebellion April 20.— Large amount of property at the navy yard and fort at Xorfolk Va.. destroyed by the Union coiiinianiler, Capt. McCauley, upon the approach of a rebel military force to seize it ' ,^gg .1.;:::: ; i. i ;;; ;l:;l:s i;;;;;;;'.}' ;\c r,;r; aiiii fujint Uieu iiag 556 m ; ■■ I M.VUYI.AM) I.OYAI,. 18C1. April 27.— The Lcgislutiirc of Miiiyhnid ilccMitd not to wct'de from tht; Lmon 550 COLONEL KLLSWOHTII. May.— Col. Ellsworth, n hravo ami fflicicnt offlcor in command of the New lorkKire Zouavi's, wan sliot Ity .i.iciison wiiilc rcmovinj,' a sfcc'.>s.sion tiaf? from his iioiel in Alexandria. Ja-'k.son was in turn shot by Frank E. Brow- nell, a Union soldier 55y May 2— .Mis.souri turned ovi'i to (lie rebels the entire control («f the mili- tary and pecuniary resources of the State 557 May 3.— Government calls for 42,000 additional volunteers for three years. and ten regiments were added to the regular army 556 May 4.— A large Union meeting held in Baltimore. May 9.— Tennessee pa.ssed an ordinance of secession— East Tennessee voting largely against it. Arkansas seceded from the Union. May 10.— Capt. Lvon, aided by Col. Blair, at the head of 6, 000 armed Union volunteers, surrouiided the State Guard formed at Fort Jaek.son, in the inter- ests of the Kel)ellion, and demanded its surrender, which wcs immediately complied with 557 May 12,— Gen. Wm. S. Ilamcv took command of the Union forces in Mis- souri. He entered into a compact with Gen. Price, the rebel leao tlidr slaves. For this he lost prestio-'' with the V»ur JJepariiuem an; was shortly superseded by Hunter. 1861. Gfii. Scott sulimiN four rour'^cM of nction to tli(' President, from whirh ho must clioose. 1. To surrender to slavery luilf tlie territory iicijuired or to Ihj aoiiiired. 2. To liloekiuh' all revolted ports. ;). To sav totlie Mccdinjr States, " Wayward sisters, ;,r,, i„ peace;" or 4. To eoncnier tile South. .Iui;c 1.— {}en. I'aUerson, with 20,()00 men ailvanced from Chambc.-sbiirir Pa., to llaprstowii. Md ,-,,5y June 1.— The Siranitu/i, a rebel privat«H'r, cftpturcd a Union mcrchant- niaii 501 8TEPIIEN A. DOrOLAS. .Tunc 8.— Stephen Ar/iold Douglas, an Americen statesman, died at Chicago. He began the practice of law at .lack.soi.villc. III., anil before ho ■was twenty-two years of age was eL-eted Attorney General of the State. In ISao ho became a Member of the Legislature; ii- 18^7 he was appointed Itegisterof the LandOfflceat Springtield; In 1840 he wa.s appointed Secre- tary of the State; in 1841 he was elected .ludge of the Supreme Court of 111.; in 1848 he was elected Member of Congress, and reclcotf'd to a second term; in 1847 h(! was chosen United States Senator for the term of six years, whicli position he continued to hold until latc,'ui, when the enemy were asriiin reinforced bv Josei)h K. .lolin.ston's army under Kirby Smith. Tlie liiioii army now began a retreat, alter thirteen hours of severe action, not having once been reinforced. Sud- denly a strange panic seized them, and tliev tied in wild disorder, leavincr ev(."ytliing l)ehin(; them. In this halllc the rebel (ien. T. J. Jackson received the name which he carried tlirotii^hnut the wnr— " Stonewall Jack^oi " him l)y one of his ollicers, who s;iid. ■•There stands .lackson wail, facing tlie enemy while Destruction of the I'lfn/. a rebel i)iivatcer. bv the Uipted States frigjite St. L- - 4uo. lieijei ioss 600. 1861 Nov.— Ocn. S(()ii w,, [iliici'd ou the lutirt'd list wiiii full pay, and McClel- Ian made UeuLral-m-clncl ." gg;) ILVSON AND KLIDKLL. Nov. 8.— f'apturo of tiic vvWl envoys. Mason and Slid.ll, on hoard the Ilntish steamer 'Iinit/m tiie IJiiliatna eimnnel, liv C'apt. Wilkes, of the U 8. steamship .*v/;/ Jwinto. They were hrow^ht ha'ck to the Inil'ed Stales am! contined at Fort Warren, I'-ur ijosion, hut were tlnaiiy siirremU'red lo dreat Britain i>y Seeretary Seward, \ipon the ilWalitv of the act— C'api. Wilki failure to hriug the Trml iuto port for udjudieutiou by the U. S. iiuihorities. Nov. 7.— Port Royal bomhanied and takeu by Gen. Sherman an(' Com Du Tout. Nov. 7.— Sprinirfleld, Mo., aband'^rofl to the enemy hv ordei of Gen Me- tlellau, much to the disadvaiitai,'e of tl •: Uniou forces in'Mwsouri .560 Nov. G. Gen. Nelson's victory in Ea>l Kentucky. Nov. 9.— Gen. Scbocpfs tligut from E. Tennessee. Battle of Beln'ont, Mo. Gen. Grant attacks the rebels, damaffinir them seriously. * *■ Nov. 12.— Gen. Ilalleck appointed to the command of the ^' • JJepartmeut. Nov.— Raid of Price throu-h Missouri, burning villages and destroying railroad tracks, and re?-;^.:;- Lexington and other points ou the Mis- ^°"" 574 Nov. 19.— Missouri massed an ordinance of stoessioa Dec. 3.— Gen. Phelps lands on Ship Island with the advance of Gen Butlers expedition. Dec. 4— John C. Breckenridgo expelled from the United States Senate by a unanimous vote. Dec. 6.— Beaufort taken by Gen. Sherman. Dtx. 15. -Gen. Pope routed the Confederates from Lexington, capturinr 70 supply wagons i id 300 pri-soners ^ . . . . , . " . .sef Dec. 17.— Stone fleet sunk to block up the mouth of Savannah River. ,?r;-^'^"^f\r^"J- ''^f-F^- ^''^'^ captured a confederate camp at Milford nsislmg of 3 colonels 17 captains, 1,000 men. and 1,000 stand of anS' itn tents, baggsige, and supplies. ' x2tr cT^^'iZ^ZZ-'"' r'^,.«'.'-':"Sthened bjr -a force of 5,000 Indians vmder Gen. Pike, making the division in 8. Mis.souri 30,000 562 Gen. Pope uefcats the rebels with great loss at Shawnee Mound, Mo. .. , • r^;— C}™. Ord, commander of the 3d Pennsylvania Bri-nide wis attacked by the Confederate forces under Gen. Stuart Tie enemy we^^^^^ Snded'': ^^'":!."^'f^•"™■ 'T'"-' ^'"'"" '"^^ bdng 9 kizru eo Dec. 20. -Battle of Druin.sville. Gen. MrCali "defeats the rebels.' Dec. 20.— Tybec Island, comm,-.nding the approach to Savannah, taken. i)ec. 21.— Charleston Harbor shut by sinking a .stone fleet at its mouth. consist with mi . . .558 22,000 Dec. 31.— Battle of Hunters rille Dec. 3I.-rnite(l States fore, to-day numbered 660,971 soldiers sailors, and 2KJ ships with 1,892 guns. Dec— Bng.-Gen. Grant led an e.viKilition from Cairo tn Bel... ,-,nf „ r„K..i crxwuu,„iuta unuei uen. I'oiK. t'oik l.euig reinforced, Grant retreated. .563 348 a liE AT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1861. Union .stt'aiiier Fuuny, lou'lrd with store-;, captured by rebels .I.'U Union forces attack the relicis on (loatan Sound hy land and water, entirely routing tlieni. The slauuhter was immen.-e on tlii' rebel side, as there wus no escape, being surrounded by the land and naval forces. . .501 1861. Galling Gun invented by Richard .J. Catling, of Xorth Carolina. MDn\, under Little Crow, fell upon the white settlements at New Ulm, Yellow Medicine, Cedar City, Fort Kidgely, and Fort Al)ercronibie, and butchered, in the most cruel antl shock- ing manner, some 500 persons, chiefly defenseless women and children. Tlio citi/.ei i were unprotected, and their (nily escape was by tlight. Great con- sternation ensued all through the Northwest, and troops were immediately sent to their rescue. The Indians in that district were finally subdued, and the leaders in the massacre were executed .584 Jan. 1. — Fort Pickens breaches Fort Barancas and binns the navy yard. Death of Lopez, President of Paraguay. Gen. Sam. Ramon chosen President of Ecuador. Jan. 8. — Battle of Blue Gat), Va. Rebels defeated. Hospital boats \vere established on the Western rivers, and cars on the rail- road Iciiding from the seat of war. Jan. 10. — Johnson and Polk, of Missouri, expelled from the U. S. Senate. Jan. — Col. Garlield attacks the Confederates in S. E. Kentucky, and forces them to retreat to Virginia 563 .Ian. 19. — Gen. Geo. 11. Thorras took command of the Union, forces in Kentuckj , with a force of 8,000 men 563 Jan. 19. — Gen. Thomas was attacked by Gen. Geo. B. Crittenden. A des- perate conflict raged, resulting in the retreat of Crittenden's army, with the loss of (Jen. Zollicoffer and nearly 300 men. The rebels escaped through the night, leaving 12 guns and equipments, 1,500 horses, and all their army material 563 Jan. 30. — Ericsson's Monitor launched at Greenpoint, L. I. CU'TTJEE OK FOIiT IIENUY. Feb. 6.— Com. Foote, with seven gun-boats, and Gen. Grant, with 15,000 men on steamboats, attacked Fort Ilcnry aid captured it. Feb. 7-8.— Battle of Roanoke Island. Burnside takes the island, with 2,500 prisoners. FORT DONELSO.f smUKNDERED. Feb. Id — Surrender of Fort Donelson to Gen. Gran! by Gen. Buckncr, aTter 84 hours of tighting and watching, taking Kt.OOO prisoners, the fort being abandoned by (Jeneral Floyd and ('ol. Forrest .j(j4 Feb. IS. — First regular Rebel Congress a.ssembled at Richmond. 19. — Col. Canby confronted by a band of Texas Rangers at Valverd(>, New Mexico. V\w\\ the death of iiieut. MeCrae and the loss of his battery, the Union infantry bei'ame (Icni.iiali/.nl and tlnl |ii'ecipitately .j6;{ Feb. 21. — (Jonlcin. the slaver, hunij: at Xew Yoi'k. " 22. — Cunibirland Gap •■ibam! med to the Unionists, and .i Confederate camp surprised and captured h\ (Jen. (laitield 50;i fe ^ T\ J Feb 23 —A general advuiico toward Richmond ordered by President I^incoln 568 Feb —At Coclie, Ky., Gen. Curtis was attacked by a band of Texas cavalry, under (Jcncral Alhert Rusli, wliicli lie routed after a sliort eugage- nieut, by an iiiii)etuous I'liargo of 1st Indiana Cavalry. Gen. Curtis then marched to Helena, taking a large number of negroes whom the rebels had employed building roads, and who were entitled to their freedom 5C:i Feb. 23— Jeff. Davis inaugurated President of the Confederate States for SIX years. Feb.— Retreat of Gen. A. R. .Tfihnston from Eowling Green to Xashville beiore Gen. (). M. ^litch-jl, bringing constc'rnation to the citizens of :N^a.sh- yille, hundreds of whom tied in terror from the citv. Gen. Jolmston con- tnuung his tlight South, and the Government and Legislature also the bankers, with their specie, following. Feb, 24.— Nashville .surrendered to Gen. Buell, and Gen. Nelson and his troops took possession of the city jO-l March 3.— Columbus, Ky., abandoned by the rebels at the approach of Com, Foote and Gen. Sherman 564 BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE. Ma'c^i 7.— Battle of Pea Ridge, fought by Gens. Curtis, Sigel, O-steruaus, and Jeft. C. Davis, lasting three days and resulting in the complete vie' ory of the Union forces. The rebel forces were 30,000 strong under Gens Price VanDorn, McCulloch, Slack, and Mclnto.sh. The Federal loss was I,:).-)!.' Rebel loss not ascertamed, bvit must have lieen much more. Gens, McCul- loch and Mcintosh killed, and Gens. Price and Slack wounded 503 March 8.— The Cumberland and Merriiiuic r^^•■^ March 9.— The Werrimnc disabled and which also disabled the Yorktown. CongrcKs destroyed by the rebel ram put to flight by the little Monitor, Mar. 10.— Rebels evacuate Manassiis Junction, and Union forces occupy it. " 13.— X"w JIadrid evacuated by the Confederates, after a heaw can- rionadmg by c. n. Pope, who took immediate jjossession. The enemy left thirty-tliree cannon, several thousand small arms, and a large amount of other war material 564 March 14.— Battle of Newborn, N. C. Gen. Burnside defeats the Con- federates, and occupii's the city, capturing 09 cannon, two steamboatf with large (juantities ot munitions, and 500 prisoners .508 Miircli 23.— Battle of Win. iiester, Va. Rebels badly defeated, losing 1,000 besides jirisoners. March 35.— Fort Mason oecui)itd by Union forces. —Soldier's Home opened at Cairo by the Chicago Branch Committw. April 4.— Beginning of Peninsular campaiuai. Army of Potomac advance toward \oikto\vn, HATTLE OF SIIILOII, OU riTTSBrilO I.AN'TJING. April 0-7.— Surprise and attack of the Union army under Grant, Sherman and Prentiss at Pittsburg Landing; their |„inic .ind' retreat. (Jenerals Buell and Lew Wallace come to the rescue, .•uid the tide furned. The rebels were l'!!,^!'" 'l.'""!^ l".,*''^'"""*''-. ^''.''"- ^i>»ll''''k tjiking command, he attacked the t:ut;:;i} ai v-uMui:i a::;; gaiiicii possession of tUul iiiipoiiauL i.tiiioau Center. =il i thi I lij 1 ^ 1862 ISLANn Nl). 10. April 7. — Oon. Pojic. liavinir cut a canal Iwclvo miles Ion"- across the Mis- souri jieninsula opposite Island No. 10, attaclicd the rclK'l slron;;hold under Gen. ^IcCown, who sinili tiu; l)i)ats and ♦ransporl.s, and escaped eastward, leavinsj Gen. MeCall to surrender tlie Island, with :{ (Jeiurals, and 271} ofH- cers. (),T0(( s'lldiers, 123 pieces of heavy artillery, 7,000 stand small arms, and a lar^re (iuauliiy of umniuuitiou and other stores reported in the cajituro. 504 April 11. — Surprise and capture of Huntsville. Ala., together witli ., large number of Incimotives and cars, by (Jen. O. M. !Mitcliel. At Husselville, Gen. Mitchcl ^ijlured a large amount of Coafederute property without loss. April 11. — Fort Pulaski surrendered by the rebels after thirty hours' bom- bardment. April 16. — Slavery nbolislicd in District of Columbia. " 17. — Bombardment of Fort Pillow by Commodore Footc, lasting two weeks, with little elfect, owing to the high water, which prevented the co-operation of the land forces. 5C4 FAUHAtU'TS GHKAT FEAT. April 24. — Com. Farragut ran the batteries on tne Mi.ssissippi River at Fort Jack.son, destroying that fort and Fort St. Philip, also twelve Coiifederate gun-boats. He proceeds to New Orleans. April 25. — Fort Macou, N. C, taken after eleven hoi .s' fighting. SURRENDER OF NEW ORLEANS. April.— Com. Farra^t with his fleet approaches Xew Orleans. The Con- federates burn their shipping and a vast amount of [)ropcrty — 15,000 bales of cotton, and vessels richly freighted with merchandise — estimated at from $8,000,000 to 110,000,000. But the city made no resistance, and surrendered to the American fleet. April 29. — Gen. Mitchel defeats the rebels and captures Bridgeport, Ala. May 1. — Arrival of Gen. Butler in New Orleans. Tie takes possession of the city, marclung through the ])rincipal streets, from the Levi to the Cus- tom House, to the tune of " Yaidvce Doodle," viewed l)y 50,000 rebels with mingled feelings of curiosity and ilefiauce 507 May 4. — McClellan enters Yorktown, the rebels having fled in the night. " — Fight between rebel ram ^fallor^/ nm\ the I'nion gtm boat Cincin- nati; liDth vessel^ disabled and sunk; the rebels n'treating under cover of smoke from the burning gun-boats which 'he Vincinntiti fired before sinking. May 5. — Battle of W'lliamsbnrg between Gen. Honker and Gen. Magruder. Rebels evacuate in the night. May 7,— Battle of West Point, Ya. Rebels driven over Chickahominy. " 8. — Skirmish at Bull Pasture Mt. lietween Generals Schenck and Mil- n)y on the Union side, and Johnston and Jackson "f the Confederates. . . .569 SrHRENDER OF NOnFOI.Iv. May 10. — Norfolk surrendi'red to Gen. W«ol, tlio enemy bav'ng evacuated it, toiretber with the n;ivy yard and Pcul'-iuoutli, which wen. Wool also re])osscs-icil. May 10. — Severe naval light on tjie Mississipi)i near Fort Wriglit. Rebels f .Jl\ oL '■';';•■' '1^''^"'?3'<'^1 t''^'"- celebrated iron-clad Merrimac and spiked 200 cannon before leaving. Gen. Hooker fought desperately for nine hours against great and superior forces, with 30,000 Union trooos under McClellan in ln.s sight, which were not permitted to reinforce liim. ." 569 May 13.— Steamer Planter run out of Charleston by liobert Smalls, a iiC'L,r(>. ^liiy 20.— ilcClellan witliin eight miles of Richmond. ", ,-■"•— -^^ f^ront Royal, a force of 900 men under Col. Kenly was cao- tured by a djtacliment ot rebel cavalry under command of Ashby. 569 May 23.— McClellan in position, five miles from Richmond, tifcf "v -^^'^S=>:?™cnt at Louisburg, W. Va., between Col. Crook, United States Army, and Gen. Heath. Unionists victorious. iVIay 25.— Gen. Banks defeated at Winchester; retreats to the Potomac. 30.— ilalleck's troops occupy Corinth; the rebels evacuating .569 " 31.— McClellan badly beaten at Fair Oaks by Gen. Hill. p !' —Juarez removed the seat of Government from Mexico to San Luis Union troops enter Little Rock, Ark., Rebel Government running off. .570 Tnne 1. -Battle of Fair Oaks renewed under Gen. Sedgwick, and the Unionists recover much of their losses. ^ June 1.— Gen. Mitchel summoned to command Port Royal, S. Carolina. 566 Fremont advancing up the valley, occupies St.asburg. June 4.— Fort Pillow and Fort Randolph evacuated by the rebels 565 SURRENDER OF MEMPHIS. June 6 -Surrencjer of Memphis to ^^ommodore Davis after a desperate fight on the river between the rebels and Union gun-boats, the rebel fleet bemg nearly annihilated, while not a man was killed on the Union fleet *u'^''^'^'."'"° P'n-l««t ^r^'/nd City blown up bv a rebel ball, which passed through her steam drum, at St. Charles, and nearly on all b-nrd perished Amirn*; n~^/'"''""' ^■^,f'"7fl^''l- ^I"-; '-Tthe rebel Gen. Marmaduke. with 4,000 men wlio was gal antly repulsed by Gen. Browne, of the Missouri mililia, with a little band of 1,200 men. . 583 ^J'T \~^u^^\^'^ ^''■"'' .^T' y^"- ^'°'"" fo''^'^^ under 'Fnmont." "rebels led by Lwell. Desperate tigiiting, and retreat of the rebels during the ^W^^ gjjg June 14.— Union tooops repulsed, with much loss, on James'islandVnear v.- llill IL .'^lUli, June KJ.-Gen. II. S Wri-ht advanced with 6,000 men and attacked bec'ssmnville, commande.i by Col. Uaumr, but were repulsed with a loss „f over oOO men .' ' June 17 -SurrendcT of the powerful iron-clad .1//^;;^^' " io* CaptV John Rogers, ol the Wii/uuc/cen, alter IZ minutes' engagement. June 19.— Slavery abolished by act of Congress ixi all the Territories. TT ■ " • f''r'^'"'rnn;! General Diek Taylor captured lU-.i^hrnr City the Unionists losing 1.000 prisoners, 10 heavy guns, and .*.'.000 dou and I'nanv thousand negr.x's, lil)erale.l hy Hanks, w.re tore, d back into slaverv 57^ T Ai -*T /.111 1 . ^ *•' „-u::c ^i. -TiL-ViUii;i;i l}r-^]U^ U» " i iiali-u ills blA8C' *" lO JailK'S KlVcr. !l i: ruri, I.N (OMMAND. Jtiii" '"" -Gen. Pope jihwcd in cniiiiimiKl over iLic army of Virginia, 50,000 strou^^. .June 2fl. — Battle of MccliJinicsvilk' hciwct-n Fitz John Porter and Jackson. Ileuv} losses on both' .sides, the enemy retreating 570 June 27. — Uattic ol' Gaines Mills. C!en. I'ori.'r engaj.>-e(l with Sii.OOO against Gen. Lei s forces of 00,000, under Geu. Jaek.sou. .McClellan holding at the same time 60,000 troops on the other side of the Chickahominy, idly watching the rebels, who were stationed near with but 25,000 men. The Union fores were compelled to retreat from overwhelming odds, after a des- perate and iong-continued struggle 570 June 27. — Hooker occupied Frederic City. " — Meade placed in command of the i\jmy of the Potomac. June 28. — Hooker supersedeii by ]Meade. —Rebel General Early invaded York, Pa,, and levied a large stun of money upon that place. June 29. — Meade adv.'.nced to South Mountain. — Longstreet and Hiil march oward Gettysburg and order Ewell to meet them there. June 29.— Battles of Savage Station and Peach Orchard. June 30.— Battl.^s of White Oak Swamp and Charles City Cross-roads, Jeff. Davis and Lee 'ittonuing in person. Union forces led by McCall, Franklin, and Slocum, reinforced by Hooker late in the day. June CO, — Battle upon the James river, with Commodore Porter's fleet and Heintzelman upon the held. McCall captured, and tlie Union forces retreat to Mulvern Hill on James River 571 July 1.— Presidc'it Lincoln calls for 600.000 volunteers. " —Attack of the rebels on Malvern Hill; their repulse and the decided victory of the Union forces 571 July 2.— Evacuation of Malvern Hill- where the army was strongly posted — by order of Gen. McClellan. The Union losses during the seven days' battles amounted to 15,249. July 5.— Murfreesboro, Tenu., captured by the guerrilla chieftain, Forrest. July 7. — Battle of Bayou de Cache. Arkansas, Gen. Curtis severely defeats Pike. July 7,— Raid of Morgan on Cvntlii-ma, Ky,. and his repulse by Green Clay Smith. July 8. — Surrender of Port Hudson !•;• Gen. Gardne'- to Gen. Banks. . .578 " —Gen. Lee withdrew his forces to Ric'amond. UAI.LKCK OENEH.VL IN-CHIEF. July 11.— Gen, Halleck appointed Crimnander-in-chiof of the Union army at Washington. Gen. Grant succeeding him at Corinth 566 J' 'y 13.— Murfreesboro, Tenn., taken liy rebels, capturing the garrison with Gin. Crittenden. July 14.— Gen. Pope takes corimand of the Arniv of Virgina, and issues an a(idr"'^s. July 15.— Battle of Fayetteville, Ark. Maj(jr . thoroughly beating J [cClellan to retire from the Peninsula with all his forces 57I Rebel Gen. .JelT. Thompson defeated with great loss near Memphis. Aug. 4.— Draft of 300,000 men ordered, unle>s volunteering .should pre- vent. Aug. .'i.- Unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge by the Confederates under Major-Gen. .John C. Breckenridge, with a loss of 400 men and one of th( ir Generals (Clarke) 537 Aug. G.— Rebel ram Arkansas destroyed near Vicksburg by Com. Porter. " 6.— At Kirkville, Mo., Col. -John ^IcXeil, with a force of 1,000 cav- alry and 6 guns, attacked a band of Mis.souri partisans, numberino- twice his own, under Col. Porter, and after four hours' severe lightiag. defeated them kdlmg 180, wounding 500, and taking a large quantity of a.-ms 062 Aug. 8 —Battle in New Mexico. Gen. Canby routing rebels under Gen. Sibley, who was killed by his own men. ^^"S:,?T^\'"'''?^t'e(lar. Mountain. Banks defeated by .Jackson. Rebel Gen. Winder killed and Union Gen. Prince taken prisoner. Aug. 11.— Gen. Buell .surrendered the garrison at Independence, consi.sting of ,3' 2 men, to a rebel band of 800 under Col. Ilugi.es. . ..'563 Aug IG. -Cavalry raid of Col. .1. .1 Phillips imo MississippV as fa'r'as Gre- nada, destroying titty locomotives and five hundred cars. Aug. 24. -Gen. B^ao:g'.s army invades Middle Tennessee and Kentucky, and Lniou Gen. George W . Morgan retreats to the Ohio river. Aiii:. 26.— Skirmish at Lewisburg between Union Gen. W. W. Averill and Coi. George b. Patton -uj Aug. 28.— Union victory at Ccntreville under command of Pope, aided bv Kearney and Mgel, and reinforced by Hooker and I{(-no late in the da v hoiigNtr-et commanding the reb(>l forces ,-,70 Aug. 29-30.— Pope defeated near Bull Run and ;cntreville Til2 , ^Vi'-^'' ~3-.T^^''f''-'.' /'f tl^*-' 1^'"="" 'orce under Gen. Nelson at Richmond, Kv., by Gen. kirhy Smith. SrRlUCXDKU OF MKMniTS. Surr.'nderof Memi)histoCom. Foote, t'ivii.g the Union army the control of the Memphis and Cliarlotoii Railroau. RACE BETWr.F.V r.RAOti AM) RIEM.. ^ (Jen Bragg's raid into Ki-ntueky, and race of IJOO miles between Urn"" and Uen. Buell. with thnr respective iirmies, to gam Uoiiisville. Bratro- being aciaiiiLu \nduct a campaign against the Siou.\ Indians . • ■ 572 Sept. 2.— Attack on the rebels under Col. Poinde.xter at Chariton River by Col. Guitar, who drove them north, where they were met by Gen. Loan and again attacked by Gen. Guitar, who utterly annihilated the conunaud. Sept. 3. — Gen. McClellan takes command of Pope's army. Sept. 4. — Li'c's army cross the Potomac at Poole'.ville, Md. General Porter was, in like manner, driven back upon Gen. McNeil by Gen. Loan, and compelled to disperse liis conunand to save it Irom destruction. The.se skirmishes drove the enemy entirely south of the Missouri River, where they remained during the war 562 Sept. 14.— Battle of South Mountain, conducted by McClellan, Gen. Hill aiding the rebel forces. Union arms victorious. Maj.-Gen, Jesse L. Reno killed 5^ J Sept. 15.— Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the rebels by Gen. Miles 573 BATTLE OF \NTIET.^M Sept. 16-17.— Battle of Antietain. between Gen. McCle".an and Gen Lee. Nearlv 100,000 men engaged on each side. Battle raged for fourteen hours, extemling four miles alone the line. Gen. McClellan was aided by Burnside, Hooker, Mansfield, Sumner, and Franklin; Gen. Lee by Hood, Hdl. Walker, and McLaw. The Union arms were victorious. L<'e retreated across the Potomac, leaving behind 40 of their colors and 25,000 men either dead or taken prisoners. Sept. 19.— Gen, GriflRn crossed the river by night and carried eight rebel batteries on Virguiia Bluffs. gept, 19.— Battle at luka. Rosccranz wins, against superior forces under Gen. Price, who retreats in the uight with the loss of 1,438 men 574 Sept. OQ.—Gen. Porter was ambushed by Gen Hill and driven back to the river with great slaughter. Sept. 32.— Re-occupation of Harpers Ferry by Union forces under Gen. Sumner. EMANCIPATIOX PROCLAMATION ISSUED. Sept. 22.— President Lincoln issues a proclamaiion abolishing slavery in all the States that should be in the rebellion on the 1st of January, 180:1 Gen. Schofield, in command of Missouri, was superseded by Gen, Curtis. Gen. Sehotie'd. with 10,000 men, drove the Confederates from Southwestern Mi; 563 Sept. 24.— Proclamation of suspension of writ of habeas coq^us in military cases. Oct 3-4.— 7?(('^/<' nf C,v!nth. Despenite tiL'litins: between Rosecranz and Price. A "Bunker Hill" encounter— the rei)els throwing Hway their arms, and Heeimi in wild disorder. The Union forces engaged nunibered 15.700^ tllitl I lie ^ ' # 1862. Oct. «-9 — BatUe at Puriyvillu, Ky., bctwci'ii McCook's division of Biidl's army and (Jen. Unigj;. Surprise and desiKTatt- diar^'e by the enemy, then their defeat aud precipitate retreat, throiii,di a timely arid rapid iliarw by Phil Sheridan 5~4 Oct. 10-12.— Stuart's rebel caval-y raid into Pennsylvania ; they .seize and rob Cliambersbiirg. Oct. — Bucll superseded i)y Maj-Gcn. Uosecninz 574 Oc< '::2.— Gen. Blunt routs the rebels at Maysville, Ark. Gen. McClellan, after repeated orders, advances into Virginia. Nov. 8.— Gen. Burnsidc assumed command of the army of the Potomac, and began a rapid march toward Fredericksburg. Gen. McClellan relieved. BtniNSinE'S EXPEDITION. Gen. Burnside, with 11,000 troops, and flag-officer Goldsborough in com- mand of the fleet, conduct an expedition against Koanoke. They destroy the rebel fleet and capture the forts, and gain command of the whole coast of North Carolina. Nov. 28.— Gen Blunt defeats the rebel Gen. Marmaduke at Cave Hill, Ark., with heavy loss. Dec— Battle at Prairie Grcve Ixitween Gen. Blunt, aided by Gen. Heron, and Confederate Gen. Hindman, resulting in victory to the Union arms; Gen' Stein, aide to General Hindman, was killed [ , .563 BATTLE OP FREDERICKSBUTtO •P*^^- ^,^^„~J^'*"''^ °^ Fredericksburg: 100.000 men engaged on the Union side^ and .^0,000 on the rebel. The Union arm v led by Burnside, Confederates by Gen. Lee. The rebels were thoroughly posted on the terraced hei'^lits above the city, and well supported, and the fighting on both sides was valiynt and desperate. The Union army nearly destroveci the city, but failed to gain any advantage, and, at the earnest solicitation of his officers, Burnside withdrew ftom action, and at the dose of the l.^jth removed his forces across the river Ine Lnion loss this bloody day summed up 13 771 wounded, and missing. Ihe i3bel loss was .j 000 inclu ing killed. B.VN'KS SUPEnSEDES TlT-TLEn. Dec. 14. -Gcn^ N P. Banks .superseded Gen. Butler at New Orleans- But- ler having gained 4,000 soldiers, iiicludin- three recrimentsand two batteries of negroes. He coUecteti $1,088,000 by taxation and confiscation after feed- Jo^i !'t?T^' "'" '''^y VJ."'H '■'''"'* ''^ $52.-..000. he turned the balance over 10 flit V. » ireasury. His rigorous administration of law and iustice caused ?ZTrf'V"/ VT^'^}.'' "^^■^•^'^ ^"^ ^''^ •'«l>*»^''^d or alive by a leading rebel 01 Charleston, S. C "^ gg^ First issue of Greenbacks. _ Lee 20.— Col. JIurphy surrendered Holly Springs, with 2,000 men, includ- ing a large hospital filled with sick and woundecl, and |4, 000, 000 worth of property to Gen. Van Doni, of Sherman's command Dec. 23. — ,JefY. Davis issues a proclanLition outlawing Gen. Butler. 26.— Com. Porter's gun-boats opened fire upon Vicksburi.'. Dec. 27-28. —Sherman attacked Vicksburg by land, and carried two lin"s of ntU'.pits, but hnding the city inipi-egnal)le. he retired with a loss of 1,734 men. ivec. — oiiuiiiiuu su])erseued by MeCieruaud. I 18(J2. 1863 BATTI.K OK Mi:. lUKKSIiOKo, D.r. SI to Jan. 3.— Ko.scrninz (i.'tVals Uia.L'K iiltcr .Micrcs.sivc and exhau.st- aifooV,'" r.?"'V''" r'P'"""'' ""'"•'^•'•«- Tli.- Union forrrs amount,.,! t,'. al.out 40 0, an.l tlif ( „nl,vi,.rate (iO.OOO. Union Io.sh l,r,:W kili..,l, 7.24:5 woun.lcl ~,»UU nii.ssing. I ho killutl and woandcd of the enemy amounted to 14,560. ' Dec. '61.—Muiutor founders at sea oil' (ape Ilatteras. E.M.VNrtPATION I'ROCL.VIMKD. Jan. 1.— Great Emancipation Proclamation announced tr, be in force It ^a8lon-,,mtemphu,;,l, but a.s a " war niea.sure " was (hOavd until a propi- StV'"MvHi''''?''^^'^'V'""V""''''''- "•"' *'""'»^i''«>i'-^'ll.v received Tt the JNorth. B\ tliLs act mor,' than 8,000,0(10 slaves were made free. T^Ss' r,:t7J?n"',»?^"n'""''" f •'"•'^'''1 'l"- ^Ias.sa,liusetts troops at Galveston, atHpke.l i. r^' ,5 ri, ^" ^•"."I'f'-atiou with Ma.irru,!,,-. thr,>c rebel rams attacked the Union Heet. bh)cka,iinK the bay, and captunn.irthe //a,v,V,: Lane, lich 578 Se hS'hS Me*'"^ ''ommander of the H?.^?*^ t^ iiiow iier u^/in ^^i^^l LYMAN BEECHEH. Jan. 10.— Lyman Beech,. D. D., died in Brooklyn, N. Y., at the age of 87 vears. lie was an Americm clergyman, and aulhor of great eminence and father of Henry Ward Beeelier'and Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Mr Beaher enjoyed a large po|!ilarity as an elo,iuent and able minister of the Gospel and bore an unbleniishe 1 reputation. In 1K5-2 h,. was called to the presidency ot the Lane Iheological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, which post he main- tained until nis ,leath Jan. 11.— Gen. Banks attacks the enemy at Carnev's Bridge, defeating them and destroying the gun-boat Coffon .' 578 Jan. 11.— Arkansas Post surrendered to Gen. McClernand. Jan. 12.— The gun-boat JfatL.as sunk by the rebe. privateer ^/o^awrt at Galveston r~Q «),o Jan. 21.— Two rebel gun-boats captured at the mouth of the Sabine. . .578 " 27 - -Bombardment of Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee, by the Mon- itar. .No results. ■' Jan. 28.- -Gen. ITooker succeeded Burnside over the Army of the Potomac. Feb. — Soldiers' Home established in Louisville by the Kentucky Branch Comniis-^ion. F,'b. 25. — Art to provide a national riir'-eney becomes a law. r<>b. 28. — Ri'bel st,'amer Ndn/irilk destroved bv th,' Mon/auk on the 0"-ee- clie,' River. " " " March —Soldiers' Home establishe," in Cairo bv the Chicago Branch Com- mission. Mar,h.— Col. A. D. Streisht was captured Iiv Gen. F'orrest, aft,'ra running fight of lu'arly KK) miles. lie was sent to Libhv Prison with his men, uunv bcrintr 1,:!('>5. Ar.'irrli S.— Twenfy-tlirce rebel sl,'amer'< captured up the Yazoo river. .March 9.— (Jen. Custer sueceided bv Gen. Sriiotield in command of the De- partment of .Missouri I ,f-,y4 ^[arch 14.— Severe bombardnu'nf of Port Hudson, ami attempt by the fleet to pass rebel batteries. ¥ t..''rv'L,i^,-S!i,,A,,i!,.,S','jr'™'«'. «»• «"«». ». Mi,„ .Ma„.|, l-.-li,,,,,.! |„ri ,|,,„.,,y,,| ,,,,,„„i„, „„. L-„i„„ „,„■,;,; against ....57« -the Union forces to jk";;.::,;^ir"!^"^5 ini!, and allcra hloodv ciicoii'' com!;^/-'''^"'^^"' ™"^ ^''"'■^*- ■'' G-°J «"lf and ravages Red liive^ Be^J;:;£^toi:::tT"''' ""' ^"'"- ^"'-"^ '« ^^^'^^ ^-.t Su.nter. with "^l'"' ^,«~n'" °:f '' '"''^'''^ ""' ^'■'^'^'^"° by Gordon Granger 576 April 27.— Chancellorsville campaign begins " 577 B.\TTLE OP CILVNCELLORSVILLE. ver,^ heavy on botli .si, estle rebel p^,"'^o "'^^^^^'.^e^- ^ut los.se,s were woimded.andGen nook.^.st,une.r.?nd ?n ' ^^/r'7''" ^''^'^^o" '""rtal'v Bon-ball striking a piliarai£^^'i4"L'S^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^--- ^-^ --- JXo;^)^:^:' ^°^«' '•-^^•^^ ^atoa Rouge ^fc after fifteen days' V.^LAXDIGir.\r,l's .\RRE8T. the&firatStaiSlK^^^^^^ publicly expre.s..ing sympathy with istration. treasonable language agamst the military and t^ivil admin- May 10. -Death of Stonewall Jafkson. sued'to Him f i;!v,:;' .^;.^^^;;'-:'^ ^^'Uion. Enemy defeated by Grant, and pur- reSir!d-;ih IgUH -r jSee""' '''"•' ^"^"^ ' ^^ 'c™^^-' ^'^f^aihig 'To ^^i^J<^7:Snl'u:j^^:!%:^::^^- ^--^^ --netcly routes Pemberton, siKGK OP vicKsnruii m-fax '"' Jo ~H';L'''nr Ir""^'" '" "" '■''^'"""■■^ ^''"' •^"^'- "- -^'^e o77 IJ.-H.imes Hlufrcvaciu.t.Ml hv ilK enemv ' rlL ,, " '-'■>.— Admiral ForiiT dcMnivs AW 000 ooo" „.,„..l " '<■ ' Yazoo. • 'f^"'""Jl'.''"0 north of property up the -,..:^;!!!:;:,^.'::j'"!:>'. /";■"■'■ 'i'"''^'- f-'- saundns c,„ ITS lOa T,.i rgc iju;iiilit_v ol' rebel stores -i-wrai Jiiiportant bridge- ,,,1 ,i(.>t ^..j.f, .,,-,,1 rovinii .a ..'...583 f Si? •Junt'.— Gen. Uosccrunz caiituicN Slull)vvillt CJiult;iiio()''ii ind Tiillahiiinii ca route for 5«3 SIUUE.NULU OK KOIIT 1II.\U.M.V.N. «',',".''/-•"''''"■' ",'"''"'■'"• ':'■ •'^'•'^■'"^•'- Post, s.invndfml ioGfti. MoCIrrnand ^Mti 1, .ann.m, :{,0()0 M,-...d of amis, m.v..., stan.l of ,-.,lors, 5,U0() prisomr. aim larg.- (luaniiti.., of ni,iniiioiis. Gen. .McCkniaud destroyed tile works' tuid rcturiad to Milliktn's Ik-nd, ^ "*' V'Tz Ol < nF-HEI, SCARE. >,l,I'"' '•'■''!''^f";P«"'''«' ;!"• I""'"" '•■•ims V""" ';/• (h<- WM and LuH.tnda, lull ) , "'■',.' , l'" "","'!' ='l'l"""''' "f '^ lomitci-f.il nim-niadc out of a flat- rwiljcol^^ona- .1'!':!'!'. ;:''''''■ '""' '"•"'-""•"''<"^^— 't " . -"•.— Andrew Hull Foote died in New Y'^rk. He was an American near- Admiral who sew-d in the civil war with great distinction. June 28.— Gen. Meade supersedes Hooker. Lee'.s forces within four milt s of Harrisbur<:. r> J"'y ^■— •^'x':-'*' Tooley, of the Xcw Orleans Bar, was shot in a duel by Col K. ii. Ituutt, a political opponent. MOROAN's RAID. July 3.— Morgan began his raid tliroutrh t!ie border States, capturinn- pris- oners and ;lestroying ])roperty. and committing acts of depredation and host'lity; robbimr the mail, and phinderin;,'' jtrivate citizens He sas c-ii)- tuiv.i. with over 3,000 guerrillas, near \ew Lislion. ()., bv Col Shackle- ford, and, with s(veiiil of his officers, contliied in the Penitciitiarv at Colum- bus, (rom which iu' escaped in Nover.iber. and reached Kichiinni'il Va and again entered the rebel service, and w.as killed the following,'- year. .' '. .TiXX l!\TTr>E OK OKTrVSl'.IHC. Jul.y 1-4.— The battle of Gcttysburu', between Gens. Meade ,..,„i i,(,p .^^..(.., one ol the mo.st liioodv and li-ird-fou<:ht battles of the war. Thi' armies ,ve're each about so.ooo >iron- They foudit de^pcnitrlv for three d.avs but tinallv VI ;ory crow lied the I nion arms. Total Union loss w,is 3:! 1S()' ^Ii-ule (••in fured41 tl.'i-s iind DS.fi'Jl jirisoners. Lee made no reiiort. but his sunnosed * ■■■-*- " • •••i:i^-i-M, .!::•.: :.'j^'j'j\; i;i:;v^"i;iic;i:u pihSijiieL-^. , . .."iiSo i' i' ''■/.'/■;. 1 1 iiisio i;n ■. I /, i:vf::t!<. SI UUKNDKU OF vicksiicik;. 1863. July 4.— Virk'^I>uiir, witli ;{1, ()(»(» mcii. siirniKl.rr m Ocn (}rn— The (Mm|.aiij;M had iMcn '"-ZtTn'',"""''''''*' ''«"7'.'""1 niurden.d in the most inhuman man.ier |2„)00,(K)0 damages were claimed, and the number of lives lost w.as by the efforts of Gov. Seymour ami Archbishop Hughes, but chietly by the unt.nng e(f,,rts of the police and the mili-iu and the suppression of "L draft anKUrafwoldef •''"'' "'""' "''' " ^" '^''^^'''^^' ^^ ^^^ "oter killed Aug. 16.— Rosecranz begins his march upon Chattanooga. Qt'.VNTHF:i,LS RAID IX K.iXSAS. giKTrli:^,7S"rb7on.n?!.'\i"''T r'^^^ynce, Kan. A band of 300 rebel ?,,n"epingin,uSbu,ii,^ Be^lii^gSi^S^'"""" ''^' "" ^'""" ''''' '"'" Charleston, nearly six r ■ fS T;.n„7*T.?",- ^^f "^'ll-^ '"•':"Pi^'^ Kno..vllle. T.-nn. The loyal people of ^^..w Unne.M.e,.c,.u,. bun with expressims of infuse joy at-their deliver- py'^'t'llnl'r''^'" "''"'' '■''"■''■''" ^'"'^ '^^''-"^■'' =""^ ^''•'•" '^"'1 «il I more occu- <-UMiiK'naii(i Gap to iiurnside, with i, 000 men. .. 583 V . i s ! i i 860 1863. GHKAT illSTOluCAL KVKSTS. ^ BATTI.K OK finCKAMAldA O.'n. 1 l.om...-, .vh„ sto.,,1 his ,r,-oun,f w 1 , h i ' '";"""""*-'"■, '"•'"•'■fl lUc toliil Liiioii los,s was .(j,:r,l, anil Gun. Hi; rcpuit-d a lus., 18,000..5.i;> !-m.liiIA.Ns MAJKU. Oct. -i -A I.L. ,i irv f r '''"°''" "''^^'"va.led c..umry.583 Mc.Mi,.„vill,.l.;ui \V^iTc'r He u!^ J* ; 1 '\''';-^''"""'''y "' supplies at ton. an.l rf,r„,sM.,l tli T niKss^., iv7^ r'' "^ ^ "'•fn'<''^l)<)ro and i'^^^'^' '^^'^ •" ^^'-^- tl>e net pro- First Fenian Congress held in the United States MounTain\:^:?';.^T."" '^"""^ " ''""'^ ^'''''' ""^^er Gen. Echol.,, at Droop .nd ^o'n^^pSed"''°'^ ''"^^''^^ "' ^"^--^^'^ ^'^ «-: w: E.- jo;2! ro7'w~i?""i '^^*:f ' "°''^' *''' ftippahannock southward. Lee retiring Col. W oolford, w th 2 000 men -iff irked h- ~ nnn ^r t . , '•^""°S- Nov. 17.-Longs,reet begins the siege of Kuc^-i'Ie, occupied" by Bu. aside BATTLE OP ClfATTANOOGA. Lookout >r<,unta inl Si s o P ■ """k^''' «^^J'V1^'' "P 'l'<^ '^"li'S of enemv.iown tree in'' '', ^""•"' ""''"■ '•' "'"'k fo.^r. drivin,^ the attacks tiieenenv's,iT.?t ah; il-'. "^ the mount.-.!,,, while Sherm..-, attacked tlw. In?,.? "r" "V^''««i<>"i'i-y Kid?o, and Gen. Thomas uith '>,5 o(,() Hnorl:;:! ;^;idShuI;':.:!;;:;'';:ri^>j!:;L^='i''? -?«! a>«!"J t:SS tions with 0.000 soldieri 40 Sc^or ^ ■ Iv an '^olil'/T '•''■".^^''''V^ P"^'" in til., hands „f the nionists ^ . . "^«1. ^vith great slaughter, in iheiVaitack on Knox- I 1863 1864. L niti-:. I -/• Ills Ti,i:i> . i /, a- i -hsts. .'iOl IIAXKS' ICVI'KDITION TO TIX ,S 5.474 pipes. It,s cost was |do,UOO '' " " '"^ '"°"'' '*"'^ '^'^ Dec- -Rebel Gen. Forrest n.id. d throuirh \V Tennes-sco tanni J.;"''^'""'' ''"'''■'' ""-' '^^'"''"- ^^'"" ^^""'^entrates his army at Chat- Dec. 5.-Longstreet raised tte .siege of Kao.xville and moved east 583 men lost." ^VeeJuzx^ken sinks at her anchorage at Cliarleston, ^d 31 Sanitary Fair held in Cincinnati. Net proceeds were |235 000. Dec. 8. -The President i.ssues his amnesty proclamation Virgin!!; ~^'"- '^'■"■'"■' '■'"'^ '^"■'^'■"^^ """^ '•'-■'^<-'' «"PPli<^« at Salem in S. W. Jan.-Second voyage of Hall to the p^I^r seas The L^on'Tcr'"? "'^'^'^'"^"•y ^'"'I'^brated by many colored people. Petersburg ^ui'ufe o s, retire to their position before T«n OQ n „, "^**^^'*'"^'^ *«'"^''*'^'. worth 1800,000. Jan. .i9.— Gen. Palmer occupies Tunnel ITill r» fi,„ , k i m l..e night. ""'Uli mil, Ga. ; the rebels ev.ncuating ^T^DSrs^^^r=r°^"°^^^-*--^°^^^^^---«^ mour. '^-<5"'"°'-^'-^ "flv""^" lands at .Tacksonville. Fla., und.T 0. n. :^ey. iack.^,„e. leaving the [leaJi ii ^ll^.^^^ZS ^"°^- ^''^ ^^^ ,g .^ ,r^ •;!' -^ '"•'""'•3-. Hartford, Ct , destroyed bv fire ' Los«' gi OOO 000 which also-^'^'^'""''^ sunk at Charleston by rebel tonredo:b!I; T'.' .■aSj^lil^eHjr'aniy^eaJiudn: ^^irl"''''- "7!^ '"" ^ ^^^>' — ^ "^ refugees . . , ' . . .■^'. . ™ '"" ^"" P' "soikts, 1,000 white and 5,000 negro oSe, FliT^'"- ^'^™°"''' ^''"> Gilnuire-; ;;oop;."s;;en.iy' 'defeated '!1I o.£i'; ^! M!s;iSp;;,,'S';j'i;;;!S;.:Sem""'"^ '^^"^ ^^"" ^-■'-' -^^ Feb. 2:].-Gen. Palmer .Irives the rebels at Tunn,.l Hill. ;„. Kii.i>\Ti:rcK's liAii). Feb. 2S.-Kl]n;,t,iel<-s n,„l in.,. -V ,.„;..:., „ of iiichmon,.. (;c.„. Dahlgreu kill^dhrthe exSion!' u iiiiiu I wo niiies lir ORE A T IIISTORrcA I. K VENTS Gol'''ir!i,!:T^Ii;'T,,^!f''iH'''''''"'™™'^^''' Louisiana was inai.gunited, wifli 000 nED KIVEU EXPEDITION. Marcli.— Ad Porter's cxpt'ditinn sailwi up tlip Rod River to Vlpxandri'i cap urn., on the way Fort De Knssa, with tc^ ,n,n., and^!] pri;'^ nl^ 15th ^^--TJie President calls for 2(>0,()0() more men to be drafted April March 16.— Arkansas votes to become a free Slate. '! -, ■~'^''-^'»'^'^"'^ surrendered to Porter without a struiigle 586 United Stit'er^™' ^""'^ '^^^"•"^■'^ "I'in. eomniuHd of all the armies of" the rebei'ueu~ T7jS?r"'' °^ ^''°' ^'^''''' ^"- ^'™- ^"""^'^ ^"^^'^'^ 'i'^f^at the soWi'^^'f^T'^"""'''^' ''■'"' '•'" <"'i^»»ft. Government officials, and a band of soldier took possession of Monterey, and established .he naiu.nal capitol Aprd 4.— Gen. Steele attacked by Kirliv Smith, at Jenkins' Ferrv Ark wuu .\ loss ot i,6m men and three Generals gg- ^ April 4-23.— New York Sanitary Commission Fair, receipts" over 11,000,- Apiil 8.— Defeat of Gen. Banks at Sabine Cross Roads by Kirby tmith. 9.— Smith repulsed by 1 : ks at Pleasant Hill jgg ■c " ,^~ r:^"*^ Pillovy Massacre under orders of the notorious ffuerrilhi Forrest wliuli «as a relentless and wholesale murder of colored m.,,, women' and eiiildren, by the mos' cruel and savage means, many Iving fastened in the tents and burned al.ve, and the wound,..} an.l suk were made to .stand up and be shot down like .attic; the only plea being that the loyal white Southerners wer- " home-made Yankees," and the colored troo])s "niggers " April 10 —Porter's ticef aground in Red River by low water \ ..-,86 •.u'^ „^1!~?'^J''""'"''. ^- <^-. ><"rren^-^S. and is again T.ine IS TT ;■ . ""'^'"^'^"''^I'wl l^'s -'"-..ly, ana besieged the city. 5H9 tiia'iS;;/ ;S.i'K'&jj'^fi '::!' «"'^'"^ 'i •'^•"^■">- ->"^«-"» "' to Jleadow Bluir ii. W v' ' *''""l'ly pursued accross the AlieghanV rm "KEAR9ARGE" SINKS TUE "AI,\B\MV " France Aflei ■ ,, l '.nrl ^ •'' '''""■•^"'•.'/''. v'apt. \Vins!..w, off Vhi'vlmiv^ ^<',.^...,, Ti;,. J/!^:;. ';';,, ,:,S'' '^''^i-'' ""■ hh.m. yacht pail of her ci-ew sh,. ,),,) "^ """'< "i-"<'l, 1 he Aw,- „.,/,. ,,„ke(i up a ni-rtally wo,„,ded. ''" '' '"•"' '" ""-' '"''""• ■""! '"•< o»e was June 33.-E.,.a.icipatic.u an;:;,:!;;,:^;- ;u;,,,i,;;,^- ^^ ;;^- ; -; - ^^;_^;^ GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 365 1864. .Iiine-,>-^. — I{utl(T occupi.d Deep Hot torn, ten miles from Kicluiiond and throws ii pontoon hridfT,. ,,v,.r tlic .Jamus iit that pomt. Juuu 24.— Maryhuid Constitutional Convention adopts emancipation clause. 20.— Slioridan has a successful cavalry tight on the Peninsula. 27.— Tiionias and .McPliennn repul.scd at Kenesaw, by .lohn.ston's forces, with heavy loss. Gens, llarker and McCook among the kille-i. . .591 June 28.— Wilson and Kautz attacked, and their troops di.spersed at Double Ridge, oil Xottoway River. CHASE RESIGNS. June 30.— Salmon P. Chase resigned his post as Secretary of the Treasury after a laithful and wonderfully successful discharge of the auties of the o*ce 593 early's raid. July 2.— Early caused Sigel to retreat from Martinsburg to Maryland Heights, leaving heavy stores behind. July ;i— Sherman occupies Marietta and Kenesaw .All., having flanked Johnston, and compelled him to evacuate 592 July 5-13.— Early's raid into Maryland. 9.— Jolin.«ton retires to OpeHka, and is soon superseded by flood who assumes the olfensive , ' ggo July 9.— Attack of the rebels upon Gen. Tallaco near Frederick who was forced to retreat. July 10.— Rousseau, with 2. .i)0 men, moves into Alabama on a raid. Reb. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson approaches 1 Itimore, robbing a Philadel- phia mail-train and the passengers 7 _ ^90 July 12.— Early's entire army within six miles of Wa.shino'ton ' A skir- mish ensues, and discovering the Union forces :o be non; than double 1 is own, he retreats across the Potomac with a vast amount of plunder .590 slsiipj;.'^'''''"^'""' ^"''"' ''''^'"''^^ ^"'^'"' """'^ others in Ave battles in Mis- .July -,5.-Six steamers, worth $300,00G, burned at St. Louis by incendi- cenr'^ l^'-C^old about this time at its highest in New York, viz., 284 per July 17 —Hood succeeds .Tohnston in command at Atlanta. -Jacques and Gilmore in Richmond vainly suing for peace, in Alab'in~^°^'^^'^" destroys an immense value in railroads and provisions IsIanlfFilrd"^'"'' "^^"S*'*' fo"«^'i°g 'D Pur«»5t of Early, was repulsed n...n- gull's'^ ~*''~'^""'"''' '*''^*^"'' adivisioa of Early's command, and capt; ires foiir rroon'H defeat. July 2(t, -Hood, with his entire army, as.sailed Sherman live miles from Atlanta and was vigorously repulsed, with a los^ of 5,(t()(), ineludin.-- several Generals. I niou loss 2,500 51^0 . •'"'>■ -'-'■,— ^'i''^"^ publication of -tatements concerning the "Order of Amer- ican knights. 366 1864. GREAT lILSTOIilCAL EVENTS. July 2--',— Sliciinaii udvaiiccd t,, wii.iin u\n iiiilus of Atlanta 593 1 • ,.-, ~''"'"' "i"'^*-''* •' -TiiiKl attack iii)()n ISiiorman without siutpsx osmg 12,o00 men. 18 stand of colors, and 5.1)00 small arms. Uu on o ' 3 T-'l' •Itidmr- Gen. McPhcrson aiiionj,^ the killed 592 Av/!.!ii~'^.~^'"''^';,^'"'." '^"'"'' *'"■•■''' '""^ "P"n tl'« foonVof Crook and 1-n! Mulh'an"^' "'"" """ ^^^''''J'""'!' ^^'"^ '^ '"«« of 1 200 men, including ^ •■-•• fjO) ) und^.Vi.nvu^'^^.''*^'"'"^''"'' '■'■^'i-' !'''' I'^^'om-if; 'i"'l approached c'hamberslm%" July 30.— Explasion of a mine under the rebel works of Petersburg result- wfrs'"dSstrnn'''H'"'TV'.' ">''>'^'^°° «• =^"" >"-'• but which bfought a n^wpVfL.-i^ 7°° *'"'. V""". f°''''^' ''•''''•^' attempted crossing the crater; 4,400 were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. ^ >^ ^' , farkagut's figiit in mobile bay. Aug 5.— Commodore Farraffut's splendid achievement in Mobile Bay He mlenced the forts at the entrance of the Bay, fought the whole Confederate fleet, and captured the monster ram nnne.see, with her attendants. Forts Morgan and Games soon a It er capitulated. tJ^^Sv/— Averill totally defeats JlcCausland and other rebels at Moorefield west Virgmia. ' Aug. 7.— Gen. Sheriian takes command of the Middle Department. . . 590 8.— Fort Gaines, at Mobile, surrendered to Farragut and Granger 10. — Canal at Dutch Gap, below Richmond, begun. J. ," 18.— Battle at Reams' Station. Warren holds liis position on the rail- Aug. 23.— Fort Morgan, at Mohih surrendered to F i ragut and G-anger. —The 5th Illinois captured by Shelby near Little Rock, Ark. . .587 25.— Second battle at Reams' Station— the rebels win. 31. — McClellan nominated for President at Chicago 593 EVACrATIOX OF ATLANTA. Atig 31.— Hood hastily evacuated Atlanta, blowing up magazines and stores, de,troymg seven locomotiv° lugitive army, 'himself retreating »vuiic me enemy were plundering Ihe deserted camps . 590 baU'vf ~^''''°' '''^"^^ ^'■°"' Canada rob banks and citizens 'at's't'. ' Al- SIIEniDAN's RIDE. nn? wJV~^''V'"'- ?-^ ^"""^ Washington. Gen. Sheridan .slept a* Winchester lue soui. 1 ot battle, and soon met the tivina fugitives of his arniv .■'iittin^ h arte ':.;f' T'' ''' r''^''^'^ "'" f'-'"'"'' ''^- '« -^- M.. and cl ee"^g h 'S v^ 7^^:^ r' ^"'\'''^«"™":''- "f -'K'cess. and assuring them bv 1 ipre - tnce. the retreat^.ng and <'restfallen armv i.rnorl and w-re su,!d<.-nlv tr ns formed luto valtant soldi.Ts -a^er f,.r-victorv. At .3 i- m 1 e nler w is' f;,^T"., :Ti"" '\'l''' ^'"'":' """^ to a.lvance. In" an ins, „ . i nio ve wi iy mus^e v^ Fa Hn f^'Y '.r^'"'""' '"''^'' '' tremendous fir,, of nrti e, y ,?1 musketry . i alhug back, they were again roused to one grand overwliJlming '11 I ' Ml' notable vuctoiy closed tlie ^.•ar iu Shenamloah Valley. . . ... ^ "■ ^rm i„„^^''' ~f'-— f'"'ce again routed l>v Pleasanton ^t .Wirias dcs Cunnfo .il;- leaving 8 guns. 1,000 p.lsone-s, two Generals, and other omcers.^^.'..os7 LIEUTEXANT CISIIIXg's FEAT. Oct. 21 —lieM mm Albemarle, .estro,i,d in the Roanoke bv a tornedo whiVh heT. caned to S.:'-'l-''n-'^' ""'•^",' "' ".'■'■• '"'" *'^'""'""^ ^«i «.Kta j'^jf.^ ae escaped to tlie Lniou vessels I'l liie oiling ^ iog Oct. 31 . -Pl^ n , .uth retaken by a fleet under Com. McComb." ." .* ." .' . .' ." .' .' .' 586 uxiox srrPLiEs huuxei). so^villi" Tenn^" Tho".P.fr't ""^r ^■•'^«^■l^"".''•■ '"""unt of |l,oOO,000 at John- sonviiit, lenn. Hie store budduigs took tire from the Union vpsspk whi,.h were burned to prevent their capture by the enemy. ! ...!!.''. .592 Nov. 8.— McClellan resigns his commission. linxoln's ue-election. Nov. 8.— Abraham Lincoln was elected by an overivhelminff miioritv to « S?.V£™Vl!i''j^?!'ilf\^°''°g 'l!-'='.'-'y four to one in hisfavor-the Republican platform being " The Re-establishnu Dc^cratic piatforn. ^v^ith MK^MLi^n^-I^SS'^^clSl^'Xe'seS^ ation of the Lnion or Us re-establislnnent with slavery. . ^593 ■!l°Ti, ^1-— *^:'''-'''"'''^" ■'*'^"t '"^ ^^^^ message by the tclpffranh connprt'ino- tTere 1 /^"'"'i T'^'f- ""' 'ff ''"'■ ""'' '"^ved from A^k seatte nf fte h^ ilTr' 'r^'""" '"?'• ••'"'' ''•■'-"■.'.ying the railroads, and subs sting upof the^nnuied territory, and acrunuilating sion-s for the future supply of his nn?F!'n.nf'~\r"'''"" "V^""' inrendiarips fire several hotels in New York and Barnuin s Museum, but forlunately without success. Nov. 30.— Battle of Franklin, Tenn. Hood attacks Schofield and 'ifter 1 ft'tPn p"' r^'w^^r """''l "''" ^'•^•"'";'-^ '"'•' ^^"^"^'^'^ nmskets.'the ba Ue cased Dec. 1.— Hood prepares for siege before Nashv: ille. SLAVT;RT AliOLISnED. JnP.tn.i^f"'''^'' Thirtopiiih Amendment to the Constitution passed abolish- ing and forever prohibiting slavery throuLdiout tli.> United States Ta'!ey, !ti["["" ^- '^^^''^'*-' ='l'P"i"^''<» Chief-Justice in place of Roger B. wiUuh,> rtm'^'!'^'!"":''' """"''''""''^^ beleuguered, and Sherman communicates ' .'i'l.'* Dec. l:i.— Capture of Fort :\[cAllisfer " 1.1-Hl.— Hattleof N':isjivi!i Thoni.is, lied in dismay, pursued by Wilson's cavalry Dec. ^0. —Evacuation of Savannah by Harden 59,-) '. Hood's army, fatally defeated by Gen ly \V ilson s cavalry. 595 H! 1864. 1865. CAPXrUK ^)\ SAVAX.NAII. !)(■(• 23.— SluTinaii ontcrs Savannah with hi.s army ..nd captures "5 000 the news to President Lmcohi a.s a Christnius present to the Lation" "95 se^;: 42; wui;^l^eR:!;^i:g;' cietSl^hi;;. southwestern Virginia, has a pr^^tJJi^'^vol^*'''''"^'^ '"" "' ''''''^ '""^ -'^'^ -'- P- Dec. 24-2.J.— Butler and Porter attack Fort Fisher, N. C., in vain War between Ecuador and Spain. InfpTri^iSs'"'"'^"' °^ ^^"^ Republican forces in Mexico, under Diaz, to the War declared by the Argentine Republic against Paraguay. FBEEDMEN'S BCREAC. E,stablishment Of the Frecdmen's Bureau, an organization to nrotect the liberated slaves, the refugees from the tvranny of the secessionists and for ^e further protection of the rights of Government property and of 'the loya people in the South, and e pecTally for the education and protecUon of the minder. '"''■ '^'°- ^''""' ^^ "°^''^'* "PP°'°'^d its head, or chfef com Jan. 8.— Blair and Singleton -isit Richmond to treat for peaca of thr2'd;^?s"'3'fL°! ^"r ^'fe^to.Gen. Terry, after a terrible resistance woindTngf^ oTtV 'victors'"!!'. .''r."!':f "^ °/. .^^^ ^^'^'^'^/^ ^^^ ^^ wItT ^^— ®^''™'1" «ets apart lands for freedmen from ' Charies'ton south- BOMBARDMEXT OF WILMINGTON. teiiMe?rp""fS'"^i°°- ^rSl- ■'surrendered to Gen. Terry, after suffering a 2W UiiSnkL nlr '■ r Vn^ """^^ '"°™'"S ^^'^ magazine blew up. killing ■iwj cniouists and wounding 100 more. f & grSo^iVirs^au?^""'""*' amendment abolishing slavery submitted by c.a- Feb. 1.— Sherman leaves Savannah and starts nonuward 595 3.— President'.s conference with rebel commissioners. SrRRE.NDER OF COLUMBIA. hvS,^^"^"'""'!"''' ','"' ''^11'''''^' "f South rarolma, surrendered to Sherman befo, 1. ll'tf T,?''' , ''^"^ ^^'"'" "'""I""" -"■"'■"^^ «'-^^ to the stores of cotton ■I < r t o t ni, of', ""•:' Y''"' <'';".""""i<-"«l '•>• a li'gh wind to the citv.anri o".m ■< w 1 1 '!*;■> '".!'"'' '" "P"*-" "^ ^^"^ ^'^^''^ "^f the Union soldi.rs 10 pieveut ■ ■'' '•"'"'•e.l n-iment. war ' 1 P ^h V w 1 "'?"'"■"] ;""' '"■''.'■■"^^ "»^' ^^^'ti'">a! Hag. The -reater portion s i'f ,n7;r ''"^^'."^T'' ''>;'•" tin. tVo,„ tl„. l.n-nin.^ eol.on. whi.h the reh- killo,! 'li'- explosion of large quantities of powder. 200 persons w Feb. Iti evacuated •,'-1 ere 595 -(Jen. Schofield cajjtured Fort Anderson. Georgetown hastily .506 I ^^^' defSs-s.Sobnr' ^'^°^'' '^'^P'"'"''' '^P""''*'' J^'ort and Fort Blakcly, the retSs'in tii7ni!ff °^ ^^'''■''''■"'""■"' •'^'- ^' "'^'•'•™ withstands Sherman, hut Kiniuiiipiition iinK'n.— Last charffo of the .l..f,...t, i ern army uader (ica. tjobert E. i^^ u::^(,T^^^^ "' '"^ «°"'h. Anrii 11 «, , ""•"^'-°- l^- ^- <"antatAppomat. Apnl ll.-B ockadc changed by procla.na.iou ,o 1...,! closure of , , Mareh,^-^-^^^ '-P« -- Mo.i,, the siege'' ^^^^Lll^'lee Apnl I3.-Montgo,„ery surrendered to Wilson order. puUin. a "S'ti^f Iml" r'SS' ';"' "'■"■"""•>■ ^^ ^- 'o issue an ^^-^^anJannouaced tl. ^V^-^l^'S^^nT^^ZZ^^-il^^^L ^Z Anderson, who had so valiantly defended i^ilsoi. ^^ ' ^""^^ ^"""^ ^'^l^"' April 14 _J^^"'^SI^'ATIOX OF ABRAILVM LIXCOLN S^-'^i^^S^v-^-™ atten(5edbytheablestme.icalskino n ? 7^'"" Government. H,/ vvas or con^riousness the g wt br rn who In'''/''' '''" """"ng could awake to life by th, ,tal messenix^T of de' .r \ 'r ?"'' "'""■'^''t ^™« forever sUled en-njk. trage,lyover^tlem;;; of wirff '■"'''"'"" ^I^*^^ '"« news of ,h to the other, there went m, o ,> nniJ^ '/™"J •'"^' <^"'' of "»« vast republic anguish from the hea^ of i^ts lovTmm- "' «"'! Prolonged wail of grTeKd of Abraham Lincoln^s du ful Sild in°°'' ^^'^"'o^'ed and revered Uien^o ^P ete ly caused by th.- fall of their.",". ■ , L "^ •'">' ">''n-n.ler or civilian-as tha^ with tears, and a universal n.Il';:^' ™"'^ ""'" '^''^P' ^^ho were unacninin pH the cIou,ly curtain wl Li/ ,fiJm"f r^n"^^ "f'"'^ "^ '"^ whole Jl-ielke the Saviour: for, to miMions nf o . • . noonday sun at the Cnieitixlon n? a cruel bondage 'as wdirtLsa'iou"''oM^^^ '" "="' ''""" '^ ''•■'^'Ter f om destrayers. There wa.s not hamH so nn li ''"""''•'' *'""'» '''«^ ''"'"1^ of i^ to the sorrowful tidings witl 1 e^m ,1" "nf ' "■" '■''I"«te that did not respond seemed almost to vie with each Vh^rnA ■ "?"n'-nin,?. and citi.-s and towns orators and poets g:u.. eru o thJ n' ''' "?'""'" ^''^ funereal pomp The mes of eloquent eulogy an neauredn';rr:"'/P'"' «^'''»Jness in lengtheiid took up the refrain. °^ nieasurtd metre of mournful song, and all hearth "^ wl; l^inu ""'''" '^•inhood. down, VV e bl ndly question, wliv ? (I 372 GREAT UlSToiilc.xi, FA'HSTSi. '"■iii-in- a PKscrinrioi, fm,„ hi. , N«.ml „„,|,.r ,„-,.t,.n.s(" of .•^c'wanisM„/Mt,h,.',i, . M ;^^^::;;';.;^;;^^'''''•'^' 'v' "'"""''"' ■^''•• H'Vfral tinu.. I„.i,„v ].,. \vMs nw;.l ■ V ' ' ,' '"' '"''' '""' ^"''""■'' '"'"' ^va:< i..,,,n,,l tlmt it w as ; r^M. f ;, ,, ,', •' '"-':"niat.„n ..„mi..,I wh,.,! it Govemnu.nt. '" "'^"^ '""' '^'^ t"'"'"' '""1 take violent ,,o.s.sc.s,sio,. of the Stmif ^^-^"'^-'S"^^"'"" <'f An.hvw Johnson as President of the United April IC— Columbus tulccn hv Wilson -West Point, ui.i, it. Harrison, captured by I.i Grange 596 snKUMAx's n: vci- sruni-xnF.R of JtACON w^r™nei^||'^S'l];,,;!:i[<^ -•' ^~^^ C VTTraE OF BOOTH. den'wii'f °''' ''""^'"•■'' '" •■' ''^'^ '" V-ffi"-- -d, refu..in;, to snrren- 591 .JOnN-STON'8 SURRENDER. ar#';;;:^TL^'™l^„;::o?LeeSuSe:'"' '^'^''»°^""^°* Of Johnston's LOSS OF THE "srLT\.\\ " 2Am^ 28.-Steamer SulUma b. e.l near MJn,phi,.. 1,500 souls lost out of ^^^r^<^V^^^ "'■^^^'■'■" ^^--S™"- R'Tubllc. Un.guay, and 3Iay 4.-Surrender of g". n. Di.k Taylor to Gen. Canby. 9.-Ass.ssins of r^Ir, Lincoln put uixm trial at Washington. f-^PTt-RE OF .rKFF. DAVrs g'^'w !ii;!;^f:'^V?i:^^.-';:|,^'-''7';, •T<«T.Tson Davis, near Irwinsville. ^^ ^ r.RAN-n HKV)r.v.- of TttE AR\n-. the ^n^idenrS^ rllli;;! t'"' p' ' "' ^'^^^'ii"^^"" P"^« i" grand review before r.„„..i.. •""• <'''""et, toremn .Ministers, and a vast concourse of 599 people ,, _ *"^^'- WIlTIl's Stl!Ui;N-DEIl. Can^.tT^^r^'' "*■ ^'■"- ^"'''"' ^""^ I"« -"tire command, to Gen. men, into Brazos. ^"P^™! loicc, drove Col. Barrett, with a. lo.ss of 80 <;HKAT IlLSTUlilCAL EVENT8. 1865. .'^73 1 tions!^' -** -^''■•^^^''''^^"' •'"'"-'■' Vn,.Mm. a„ amnesty with 14 .lifTuront cxcep- May 30. -Second Sanitary Fa.r at Chicago. V fund rai.scd of |.'00,000. IILUNINU t V UNION .ST()UE8 ..Sh'iiVSXSand'p^,::;;""- •^"--« -^^^ - '- tnimon doHa. Ti'/au'lion •"~^''' ''■'"' '"'■' ^■'^■'^'"'- ^'''^'^^•"^ I'^i'^'ly "^'^"Pied by Admiral June 28.-UP to thi.s date the pirate Slunandoak had destroyed 10 whalers Trade re.stnction.s removed and blockade ended. HA.\(iI.\(i OK THE A.SS.v.^.SINs imprisoned for life. ' '- ''''"SK-r. and McLaughlin, July 13.— Barnums Museum, New York, destroyed by fire Aug. 15.-Wirz, keeper of Andersonvill.; prison," put upon nial M.s,s...is>ppi nullifiem;rrjSlSrrXl"S ^°'^' •'^"'^'''"^^ ^'"-^ W?n-en'^~'^''-'- ^^'^'"''^'"^ •■^"'' -^'-hcr prominent rebels released from Fort guS^iki.;;;^^[i; LouiSr"'"''-'" """^ '" ^'^^^^^^^^ "»'i ^^'^s^^d.r the ^.f o-'~Jfr'f ^"'"^ '^'"^''■'^^ '^"^'■•^ •« I^-^^tucky by the President. .o.-Florula annulled the secession ordinance theMerscy and surrcn.^lmi t^ uii^jiw! Go"";;,^ """^"^ '^"^"'^'^ '" lO.-Wirz executed at ,;,. old Capitol prison. nee 1 "u ■.""!• ?'r""" "■'"'"' ""' <'""^'i'"tional Amendme- ident '" "^ ^""'"' '""■^'"^ '■'■^^'"•'■'' i" ""■ Xorthern States .. the Pres- Dee. 3.-Alabanu rati.lcd the Anti-slavery Ameudment, - 4.-Geor,ria .Icclatv.l slavc^v abolished, and nullilied her war debt. ■ .6.— iioiiUa declared .«Jave. abolished. I I V 374 18»l.-> 1866. 1837. OJIKAT HlSTOnirAr KVEXTS I).', ^.s Fiori,,,, r,,iiii,.,l .1... Thirtr. ,.11.- Amrn-imcnf Sou'li;: ''-''^•''■^'^>-«'"- i-nuu for ,i„. pro,..,.,io„ .,f loy.,1 ntizen. in the Jan. ■i^-Fn. S..l.,„,l bUi ,,,,f.,,„,,, ;„ ,^^ Tonnosseo S<-natr.. the '",.ni;:;i'':^S"r""" "'' "'" ^'^'■^'"•'■'" "^''--^ "- i"-.rro<«tio„ .nded In May 29.-D( atli of Brevet Lieut.-Gcn. Winfl-ld Scott. FE.\I.\X INVASION. ^,£h;^:;!::r::;,;;;;Sr,;['»;;;-;;;';'; 'r^7 'T""-" "^ ^"^ "-^-i but A numl,..r of th, K.!, ia^s w^r • a. ^"'"""''7 =^t"T h sl...r,, skirmi.sh. and sevH-al wounded I-r.^on.r.s, and ,une Volunteers killed KOCUTEENTII .VJIENU.MENT. Of T^To n~JnH .V"'i.''""'"'"^T='' '^'"•■"'Iment passed the "-^nato by -ote of J3 to 11, and the House, on the 13th, by a vote of 1J>0 a.^ .nst 32 June IT.-Deatl, „f Hon r.ewis ("ass, an American statesman. mitXINO OK POUTL.VND. ME. July t.-A tire oauirht frnm a fire-eraek.T thrown amontrsome sh,avin*' "'onal Equ.il-Rlirhts League Convention of cnloi-ed men met at Washington and adopted an address to Congress ,. . .o(U ij ISfil 1868. L cuKAT nisiuUKM. i:v i:\is. '6io The Xt/'i/jitrril, or Aincricati Life lliit't, wiili thrci- imii, (T ■,." "7^^'"*^'^'''' Rrig.Gen, Christopher Carson, better known !i.s "Kit Larson, :i famous mountaineer, trapper, and guide, died from a rupture of an artery in the neck at St. Lynn, "ol. The President censured br Congress for the removal of Gen. Sheridan from the (.overnorship of the Fifth Military Dinrict (Texas and Lo.iisiana). June 1.— Death of .James Buchanati, l-jth President of the United States. M.VTIIKW VASSAK. _.June23,— .Matl.ew Vassar, founder of Vas^ar College, died in Pouirhkccp- sie N. 1 . He .'o,.;ittv! an a!rgre<:a;e of i^soo.OOO for its endo cut repair aii.l fiirnishuig. he died very suddenly while addressing Hie ■. tees at the anniversary of its opening. July 4.— T!u; President i.ssued a full p.irdon and H.miiestv uioclu nation. !i [}! I • i I 376 GliEAT UlnroiUCAI EVEM'S. 186S. July 4.— Xiilional Doinocriitic Coiivfiition me in \\.«- V i • . Sf'ymour and Ijlair ><^ii""ii iik in Acw \(,rk, nominating foAu^; "-'^^''•" "f '^"-^•'•■- «'— . -^ American statesman and re- pSenr^'"- '"'"'^ ""^ ^■'"^•^^''^ ''■•^'■^'J-^t anf branches, tunneled in sevenil p a.es a^;, . „ wZ .rfn'l'T''"; '''''"'''■ '^'"^*' ^'■''e ning clmsn,s of fearful and Vi i \,s .H^ tm^ ^^^^ ^""''' 'P""" begun in ,3(J2 and completed in S ^ ^''■''"' ^'"'erprise was GREAT PEACE JUBILEE. l,r.n'^r)^^^-~A P*"' '*' •1"'"'''^ and musical festival was held in Boston ,,, honor of (he restorauon of th.. Union of the States. Tlu-re were WK M?nl tors. It was held in tlie ColiscMim. an immense buildiiiL- erected for tl Tn, . PO.S0, and was conducted by Prof. P. S. Gilmore. P"'" GRANT FAVORS LABOR. by^-I'i&Or^lr''"'' "" ''""'' ''■'' '"•■ ««-'-"'"ent employes ordered ciiruers alter one year's vesid,.ncc in the United St' '(, ' "•"•"■'''^•""•■' "' f^r- eighl'^;;u,^;':;;'.;;' '-''""■ <""^'-'i">' "'^■' i" Philadelphia, reaffirming the Auii-. r,— Tot.d eclipse of the sun. Tomperuncc and Pioliiliition c.iiv,.,,*;.,,, .„..i •.. f.i.; _. i I 1869. 1870. ni.ACK i'mi:.\v. Sept. 24.— Tln! Icrril.lc V.'.il Street Pniiie. A monioralile diiy in Now York. The panic wiw produced liy tiie ; " befian. The railroad (stock pmihlers liad tor weeks been plavin.ij: a desperate ffune, iiau the excitement becomin'r intense, th(! .i,'reat j^old " manij.ulalors " of V/all Street betfan their raid They ran up thi! price of ;rold from 1^7^ to UifJ. Tlie " bidls " went into the fiLdit deternuned to win if tliev ran irold up to 200, but at 160 they collapsed Th(! Secn.'tary of tlie Treasury .Mr. Boutwell, with the L'dvice aiid by order of the President, .sold $4,000,000 of gold on the street. This broke up the 'corner," and .saved hundreds from ruin. The Fisk-Gould ring, designiii"- to control the market, had implored the Secretary to loan them a^large amount, l)ut the Government preferred to place the gold in the market. The total depreciation in stocks and gold, for the week ending October 1st amounted to $100,000,000. * The Gold-room presented a scene of the wildest e.\(,itement. Money was loaned at 500 per cent, per annum. When the bids reached 155, men shrieked and raved like wild beasts. The room was filled widi curses, and men rushed about in i)aro.\ystns of fury. Speyer, a large operator, became crazed, and raved like; a madman, and was taken home by his friends. The Stock Exchange was deserted, all rushing to the Gold room to witness the death struggles of the " bulls." Tlie scene outrivaled any low gambling den— men at a "prize tight " do not .so utterly forget tliem.selves and their humanity as did these great Wall Street brokers. They were more like a pack of fam- ished wolves coming suddenly ujion fresh blood. Outside the excitement was almost as intense. New Street was packed, and all travel was shut out- all were watching with .strained eyes the dial that marked the lluctnations of tlu; Gold-room. The struggle to reach the Gold-room was worse than a scene at a large fire; men were pushing and jamming to get out, and fighting to get m. Fisk jiiid Gould left the streets, and could not be found. .Men were everywhere threatening tin; life of F:sk. The bankers and brokers sent 2,2:i2 messages over their wires on that day, and the other lines were in proportion burdened with the exciting dispatches. All contidence was destroyed in the markets and in trade. .Millionaires were hourly becoming beggars, and mush room operators suddenly found tlieinselves worth milltoiiH h'i^s than iiolhimi Wholesale dry-goods houses refused to sell goods, as they coukl not deter- mine till: prices to place iijum them National VV.vmaa'^* Suifrage ('onv.iu'::,ii, ,~tev. Ileniy Ward Reecher pre- snlm.j. /)ec. 10.— National Colored Labor Convention met and sent a deloi^ntion congratulating President (Jrant, and olTering him the su|)port of all colored laborers, becau-e he had opened the gates ui the navy yard, and other depart- ments of skilled labor, to their race. The census makes the value of the United States |3 1,000, 000, 000. Dec. 14.— Death (.f Edwin M. Siaiiton, LL D.. statesman and Cabinet ofticer. Auir. 14.— Death of David Glasi Farragui. .Vdmiral of the Fniied States Navy, and one of the most iliu'-trious nf naval coininamlers. Aug. 22.— President Giant i--iied a piuclamal loii ol' iieiilr.ilily in relalion to till' Fn!!!C(' ( Jc!!!!:!'! \V ;:!• ::!;r! ::!-:: :iT-: J : 1 ! il ! • :;;r )!:.; >:;;..:■;. ,.i;l i. .-.■:.. f becoinilig depots tor iiiah liaN o u r (iO.j V- 1 ! I i 1 9 378 ^ 1870 F 1871. ORE A T /IIS TOi:i( \ 1 /. K \ 'h'.Srs. Adiiii-^sioii (if IJcvclx, (lie llrst coldnMi SciiMtor, Id Coiiijn'ss. Ufcoiwiniciion of llir Soiiili .ircoriiiilisli,.,! l)v ili,. adiiiis-cioii of Ucprrscnla- fives 111 Coilirii'ss tvoill Vll'.uili::!. .Mississippi, ;illil Texas. .Vuir — Nali()n;il I,ali..r ('(invi'iillciii luM in ( 'iii.iniiali. wliicli viilcd tlio ininu'dmlf toiinatuiM of an iiiilc|)cn(lciit polilical oix^aiii/.alion known as Hit- .Ni.tioiial Labor Ut'foiin parly. An;;. 2-,\— l»iv( lamiilion of nciiliality i.^siicd l.v Prcsiiicnt (),;,ni oiiiDininir Anieriiun citizens not to take any [larl iu the I'Vimco-Ueniiaii coiillict. Irish Nutiouul Cougres.s in I'inciunati. ivi :iii,rx Ki,A.\. Ka-Klu:cism investiu;ate,l. an.l a .i.nk nronl of miinhT. wliippinL', aud Vioeiuv use,' to iiiiiin.uale the I nion nun an.l iie,i;,(...s fur poUl i.ul imriH>Kt-.s by that str ret anil (laugerous oii.ani/,iiii,„| revealetl. "lilier nnd Lee of till' Oct. 12 -Drnth of Rol)ert Kdward Lee, LL. D.. an .\mrrirni edileutor, mid son of (}en. Henry Lee, ••||ie Li!;lit-lioise Ilarrv l,ee ol tin- Hevohilionary war, II," Personal and political friend of (Jen" Wasliimrion Koliert Iv Lee was a jrradiial.' of Wesi I'oinI in IS'J!). lie was aCaptani in the re,!j;ular army when the .Mexican wv.v i.rok<'out. an April 2()lli he .sent in his resi).;iiatioii to (hn. Scoll. He was soon after ai)poiiilcd commander of the C• -"•-" wi.i.. .^^■ju...' ir I),.„(1,,.1CI,„.,.„( L, VMllM.>,li,^l,un., u l)..,n.HrHlir,...im,.„l l-.Mlrr .Inly 1(1. !• irsi rxposwr.. ,.1' ••Taimimny It.n^; • hy ,|„. n,,„ V.mU yV/mx muNiMi l civili/,..! mhIio.im. ,sw.v|„nK ever •^, KM „,,■... ,,1 uruu ■ M ,„il s ±r^;;;;;/;,,,; :;7>'"^ ' v''"!. '" r ""■' '"-■ ••'""- -'^^ w..i; V r , f^(H),ll(K),(HHI itiid Iniinlrcds ul liiiiimn livo. • imcAT h.';i;!0, and at intervals, to the present lime, allhough this was, perlia|)s, its lir>t visit to the N'mv World. It was evidently an epidemic, and during its |)revalence was the cause of much mconveiiiitnce to niuu and gnat sullering to domestic anin>'.ils, Nov.— At the election in Rochester. X. Y.. Susan H. Antlinnv and fifteen other ladies voted, hjr wliich illegality they were d'dy arrested." Nov. 6.— Death of George Gordon Meade, LL. D./Muj.-Gcu. U. S. A. THE NATIONAL GRAXdERS. A .secret organization or movement among the laboring cla.sses, espe- cially lh(! faruK rs, to unite the peoole through a system of universal co-oper- ation between producers and consumers The "movement extended over uearly the entire Union, embracing all laboring or producing classes. Nov. 9.— A fire broke out in the heart of the city of Boston and destroyed 800 buildings. irO..ACE GREELEY. Nov. 29 —Horace Greeley, an American reformer and founder of the New York Tnhi(iu\ died in Westchester ("o , N. Y. Mr. Greeley was born of poor parents, in the town of Amherst, N. H., in 1811. and worked iipon a farm till he was l."j yi'ars of age. when he entered the printing-olHce of the NoHheni Siuxtdlor. in East I'oultney, Vt,, as an apprentice, where he remained over four years, mastering his trade in all its br.inches. He then went to Erie, Pa., and found employineiit in .i newspaper otHce, where he made many -riend.s! and was oirered a partnership in the business, th-Migh but twenty years old.' In Aug., 1S:!|, Horace (Jreehy arrived in New York with onlv (en "dollars in his pocket, and a scanty wardrobe tied up in a bundle. \{v had never seen a city of such size, and was utterly ignorant of its ways and wonders. He began to .sea ,li for work, but his verd.int a|)pearancc w.is much airainst him, and he was told by Mr. David Hall, the editor of the ./■i^iriKi' "iCommrra-', that he b.'lieved him lo be a runaway apprentice from .some countrv printinu' ottiee. Becoming di.scouraged, and' bis money about iroiie, he resolved u> leave the city, but in the evening '. ''11 in wi'lli some ^ o;iii-- Irishmen who t()()k an mterct in the wanderinii ter. and directed hi:nlil,. ,,iintiiiir otiice ol .Mr. .lolni T. West, who had a piee- of work so diirK ult l!i;it no printer acquainled in the city could be indiKvd toaccept it. ll wa - the eom- position ot a niiniatuiv New Testament in a curiouslv intricule sivie of tvpo- gripiiy Hut notbimr daunteil, this "green connlrv'bov " nndert(')ok the'job, and ov l.ihoriou- and constant applie:ition from I we'lve t'o fourteen iiours ('.aeh day he could I'.irn six doll.ars per wi of the .<;,/)■// nf f/n' 7V///CV, ,ind beeomin mill of llie Dili otlicc streets. Owiiiir to Ih Mr. (ireeley next eiKcred the ollice oon on inliniale terms wi'b thefore- tlie two eiitereil a i)artners|iiti to cstabli-ha j >li printini:. and look a contr;ict to print a eli(>ap dailv newsp.-iper to be sold on the "^^'I'li-'' lo the ineompelencv of its editor it provdl a failure, hut the job otliee continued lo prosper. His partner was s,„in ;irter drowix'd, and he procured .■inolhei'. and in :t sliovl time i||e new linn si.ni d a wi'cklv news- p.ip (irei'|e\- Hell panion llie pulilisher. This jiaper lived loi- dih o\ er seven :iild his colli ;ii| ..rose from i: i '4' lifi t - 'i k ' |> i f li 382 1 i ORE AT inai,irn "paper, which attained a subscription of 15,!MM). and was admirably conducted. During the Harrison campaign Mr. Greelejr conducted the Ijir; Cnhin, which was subsequeutlv merged into the N. Y. Tribune, which pai)er Mr. (ireelcy was identified with till the time of his death. The original list of Trihnac subscribers numbered (500, and at the end of the first year its success was establi>hed. The hiirh character of that journal under Mr. Greeley's supervision is so well established that it is un- necessary to detail its history. Mr. Greeley was a Whii,- in jiolitics and a liberal thuiker. He was elected to Congress in 1848 to till a vacancy, .ind never afterward was a member of any deliberative body except the late Con- stitutional Convention of New York. IIi.s greatest power was exerted in the editorial chair, although his career as a lecturer ^vas successful. Mr. Greeley was the author of several minor works, the most interesting of which was I' Recollections of a Busy Life," which was his autobioirraphy. Mr. Greeley joined the Republican party at its start, being one of its founders. When the war was over (which he aided in every laudable wav), he was exceedingly anxious for peace, and bearing' no malice' to the South." he became one oC Uie bondsmen to Jeff. Davis, which act lost him an election to Die Senate and made him very unpopular for a while; but he still e, aimed he li.id done ri"lit Upon his nomination to the Presidency in 1872, the stormy campaign and vituperous abuse of the press, together with the sickness and death of his wife, and lastly his defeat at tlie election, and liis continued mental labors all culminated in the wreck of his noble intellect and his sjid death But whatever may have been said of Mr. Greeley diirin": the excitement of a polit- ical campaign, no man could bear him any malice, for his character was singularly pure and his nature one of the most frunk and ',!n«"lfi-h vp^'n the political records of any nation or ])eople. Wm. Henry Seward, LL.D., an eminent American statesman, died at Auburn, N. "1. Dec. 13.— Edwin Forrest, an eminent American tragedian, died in Phila- delphia, his native city. United States Lad 00,853 miles of railroad. A fatal and unknown distemper visited Brazil, and carried oflf in three towns. 18,000 out v)f 18,000 inhabitant-. 1878. April 1. — Wreck of the ocan steamer Atlantic 533 lives were lost. MODOC MASS-iCRE. April 11.— Gen R. A. C.uiby was murdered by the Modoc Indians in the Lava Beds of \. Caiifoinia. He \\as a uraduale" of West I'omt in 18;i!) in the same class with Gen, H.illeek. it, i ,,Tyed in the Florid:i war from 1839 to 1843. He served ihrougli llie X. .iean war as First Lieutenant, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, .M.ijorof Infantry, etc.. and attained distinction for his bravery and purity of character. He w.is emi^loyed by the Government to bring the Modocs to a^-eept the terras offered them liy the Government; in which expedition, through the etVort to use ])raclicabl("' me^is-res and moral suasion with the savages, this noble and gallant ollieer lost uis life. COLF.VX M.\SS.\CHE. Massacre of over 100 neirroes at Colfax, Grant P.irish, L,i . by the "White Leairue" setting tire to the Court-house where marly 400 iieu-mes were con- giegaieu for ueiense., and -iiooting tliemdown when they atfenii)led to escape. L July— Beocher aud Tiltou scuudul breaks out. GUEAT SXOW STOinr OIXON BUinGE DISASTEH. Falling of the bridge at Dixon. 111., wlii.h was covered with neonle wit ne«siug a bapti.iual rite in the river. lOU lives were lost ^^ hALAnV GRAB BILL. Salaries of the Government oIlurrH ,ind Members of Con-ress increased to which great objection was raised throughout the country ° "^^^^a^^d, to GREAT STORM. dotaVuie^rnlf'lnfT''^ ''^°°^ "'", ^"'■'""^ ^"''^t- 100 ves,sels went Aug. 27.— National Temperance Society held at Saratoga. N. Y. TIIK GREAT FINANCIAL CRASH. beS^eaS nd vi h tifrifi. ^'"' ^^l^T""^ ''« forces. For months it had ucLu iLarea, ana witli terrific force its fui-v wis nnv nn'iroH -iTi/^r, \r •■ Stnv,. uueriy pa^Uy^,ag all busines.s. Th; ri\ia crasirwa^the^m.^^s tLt the banking-house ot Jay Cooke .t Co.. the best -know and mosrenterorki ^^ii^j^rb-r"^" *f '^* ■'^- •- «- '^^- a!,;:r ::f'j5 ;k .'"T^^t!^k Fm n, .ui ba,krf"ir'" r"-' r'^""'"'- '" "'^ most reckless manm^ on m tlic iL\Luue» of the Govermueut, he must have recourse to taxation ^' ••S.u.rhcr"''"schnn?-'''>''i'r*'^- ^'•*''^""' "f ♦''« Modoc Indians. THE "VIRGIXirs." Nov. 2:2. -Tweed sentenced to twelve years imprisonment, i.ons AdAssrz. >^S'^\^nZST±fJ:'::i;^^ir^^^^^ "f modern scientists. Dec. -Escape of Tweed f rom thx- New York County jail. !, I I .< 1874. m;.. u 1 '""''■'■"■•' '-y th.; Supivnu. Court of Illinois in thf case jMy/a Hradwdl apiinsl tli,. State of Illinois, vefusin- her a licens.- to nr ^?i law, on the ground that she was a woman " P'*'''^' of ICO Automatic signal telegraph wits introduced and applied in Xew York ta^l."'nwl',r?'' •''■''^"'^••y,^^'"-' adopted in all cities containing 2(),()00 inhabi- tants, and the penny postal cards introduced. woman's ( ItlSADE. This year witnessed the ni.>-t wide >pread and intense excitement unon the oft?>l.'' "•■ f"'"" J'f-'^'-^ "f '-'S- «"" of Chris. ] i. )L, • .^'^^^""""'own, Pa., a suburb of Philadelphi;" He was, v.kh hoiw wll^^';/',?'^ "-^ ^'- ''"''• '^'">''"" "'"•" ""■ ''^^'^'^^ '"■f°'-e hm father's of tin. cr el,.rs ,° "^,*-^!» ''^ '\ ^^•"^^"" ^'nticed them with ■ ^'>m'' »i "-crackers. A^s soon as he enteral the sto'e they drove off with the little one, and were never seen or of tti'b, ,.""': "I ''''o ^" '''r'^ " ^vc-k after the child was .stolen, one the ill ?' "■''"'" ^^' ^^":;V' ■'■"•■'•• '" ^^•'"^•'' '"■ proposed to deliver up i 1 1 son r H^iV";- """"• ^'"' '"^'^ ""^ ^''' ''='^" "^ brigandage, or hold- ing a peison or child for a ransom, ever attempted in this country an? i;;i,?o;:of edu:.S.''"' '' '''■" ^"'•'^- ^'^ C--" -- ^ Pluianniropi^ thc^Unlted Stail''"' ^''''' "'"■' '''''' ^-^'"^ ""'*^'' «f '^^^'^^'^ "> op-'ration in Nearly $6,000,000 of tlie Public Debt canceled this fiscal vcar. There were 5,830 failures in business this year. IJEFrUER TRTAL. Broo'l'vlf v'^ V-' 7''"''^^,''''''""''.1^'^^'^'" o'' T'l.vmonth ron-ro-ntionnl Phurrh. hus An ^,f}'':;;-'"'"'"'r.v with Mrs. Theodore Tilton. as diar-red bv her New V iri- T , T^'""'i w.-K .•. prominent litf.nirv man. and editor of tho fr; 1 . J '"'''!"'>"'''>''■ .'il-^o a very intimate friend of Mr Beeeher The S 1™ '.r""!?;'', ""•''•';'"•' "";"^'''>' ''■^••i'-:"'-^ o"" "f tl"- kind in tbeannals U e neoni it '■ r ^ '•■^""' 'T'" '""'^ '"'iHinit.. and unstroyed by fir.'. •• 10.— Ibiniimrot tli.> propeller .s7, Cliur m\ Lake Super'.jr. Seventeen pas.s.'iigrrs an.l ten of th.' crew lost. i-- il. 8.— Tw.^ed arr.'steil at Viv'o. Spain, and returned to the United States. 13.— Death of Henry Ale.xand.'r Wise, Governor of Virginia and Bri-r - Gen. in the Conlederate army, au^ed 70 years. °' MOM. IE M.MUIHKS, Oct,— Trial, sentences, and .■xecuiion- of .Mollle Ma^iiires in the niinin" districts of P.-nn-ylvani.-i, A daiiiierous Or.ler and secret organization which committed many lolil blooded nuinlers. Oct. 13— A terrible boiler .'Xpl.wion in Pittsliur-r. Pa Sixty persons buried in the ruins; fifty-seven killed anrl woumled. The shock was felt'dis linctlytwo miles inmi the wreck. The ruiiH to, k fire and the scene was lieart reiiiluiLr. \ov,-Woman s X.uional Temperance Convention held in Cleveland- six- teen States represented. ' T To noil I.INfoI.N'rt (ill.WK. Nov 7.-I)astai,IK attempt t„ r.,1. tlu- -rave of frosidrnt Linroln. at iJpnii^li.'ld 111., I)y a oMiplc ot dcsixiudoc^ Miillin.s and llu-li.s Thev wore tried Jiinu 1, l,s.;, louiid jjuilly, and .Miitciicud to oue year la. Ii in the IVnilfuliary. " Dec .x-IJurnin-of tlic Hmoklyn Tlieat.-, vvliich took (ire from the wind hiowin-oneof th<. tiles upon the Ma-e a.L„.in>t a ga.sjel, whicii was unpro- t.ited. 2.0 lives wen- reported loM, amonu' whom were il, S MurdrK'k a very poi>ulur aetor, aud v laude liurnm-hs, a ycuuig actor of risiiii,' rep' ' \\. Dec 21.— Pas,saj;e of an e.xtmordinary meteor from S. K to N" \ which wa.s witnessed from Kansas to I'eiinvyh ania and from Wisconsin to Kentucky and dcserihed as Ik'His; a.s large vs an ordinary washf.il), wit' ■ -idl nrarly 400 feet in lenu'th. prodiiciiif,' u noise, in some places, which , i scrilied ua louder than a w'lolc lialtery, aud llghlmg up the sky with a vivid i^dow. IlKMATIOX. Dec. 0.— Tlir first furnace built at Washington V Moine, and co.st |l,' ;e" .scandal 'T'w'"""^ "■ "t?T "^ ^'?- ■^'■'"■"fk : and last, thou-b not lea- the Secretary of \Var, Gen. Belknap, charged with " bribery," or with selli.r- Government appointments. BLfE fJLASS ^fA^•^A. . -T'l"— Wonderful experimeiiuof Gen. Plea.sonton with blue .rl„ss as aheal- iiig medicme, and the marvelous cures which he claimed as resulliier fnim Us use m windows, caused a general excitement throucrhout the coiiiitrv and adve.dsmg receuvd a fresh inii.etus. " Blue glass" was ofTered for 'sale in wonderful quanlitu's and at marvelous prices Ills tlicory claimed th.it the suiiliiihl admitted tliroudi blue irlass iravi' a fresh impetus to the "-rowih of vegetation and imparled life and health to the sick. At a (Ire in Montreal. Ouebec. (he red-hot walls of a burnin" bric'k build- uig tell outward and iiiiied ovit a score of firemen beneath tluMu- nine were kill'jd outright and ten -.vere very seriously injured. GRKAT POLITICAL KXCTTEMKNT Great e.xeilrinent jirevailed oyertlie whole Union in con-i'(,U(>nre of the con- te^ti.il i.li.cli/ui (if til.. P!-;.f <')L' ^Uahanui Claims fonirni.sMo.urs, in Washington With becretary Fiih prusidiuij. "nioion, F.CT.CTTTIOX OP LEE, THE " MOrXTAIN AfEAPOW" .WnDEUEIl Mar. 2:j.-E.xocuti<)n of John I). I.,.,.. ...ic nf the Ira.l.rs i„ the "Mountain M.a ~'' T- ''•■"""""" "'^■•■•"^ ■' ••'■^^••^r.l of ^:•.lO,00() for the restoration Charlie Ross to his i)arcnts. May 20— Denfh of Flrteher ILiijier, the last of the founded the House of HariUT Brothers in New Yoik, May 'JO.— A gathering of Fi'ui.ins. to tlie numlier of 1 Maloiie. X. Y., l)y a boi'y of luitul States troo|)-. 111.. •p. 1 -el of four brothers who oCO. was dispersed a.t C til AT M tsi IMC > 000 feet of staiiilinn- pin<' buiiied. l-OKEST W EITJES. iscoiism aiui Miciuiran- ovc. L •100 000, 1877. 1878. a J ! EAT IlISTOiUVAL EVKXTS. 391 Vu l~. X ,T ',■' '" ^'}""''»''y ('ounty, Canada. Ov.t 1,0(K) fami- iml ; m .;w;M''-nn""""'"^ '"•';' '^'t^'^''^' '''-■^"'""^^- 1^'"' ^•ont' ^-ration .ov- crtd a spate of 1,.jOU xiuure mi)',.s; U jxtsous kiiowu to have lost tht.r lives. OSTILVCrSM. June 13.— JmlKc Hilton refuses to admit James Seligmaii a well-known and intiuentialLanker of New York, and his famiiv, to his ho e in Su" tCL declaring tliat I'e could uot open his house to Jews: ^aiatoga, GUE.VT FIKE IM .ST. JOUN. June 20.-De.struetive tire in St. .John, X. R. The principal part of the ty c.on ai.ung lorty blocks, was .lestroyed, an.l thirteei. I>ve ejortcd $12,000,000:" "'""'^ ""'"''°- ^^" ^°'' ^" P'"!''''^ '™-^ *10,000,000 to June 27.— Hanging of six Mollie Maguires at rottsville, Pa. E.vtra session of Congress called by the President. .Tuly-Ai.g. -Great and extensive •■• tea per oent. in wages. " ocrerai ST.VXLET'8 RETniN'. se,^,nd;":^'l"™Vf"^ "'"7 ^^ ,^'^'"''y' ""> great African explorer, from hi.s S ,.,,„;'; f-H ^'"■'■'' ^" ''"'^V.'"''" "i"^' '»'"""'- '"aking .nanv g..,- wnrU , f""' '''^'"yv"'^- «i"''' liis return he l.as prep'.ied Ti lar-o v^ork. u ith a full account ot his travels and di.scoveri.s. Aug. 29.-neath of tho groat .Mormon leader. Gov. Youn-. of Utah llo LaLc™ "'' ^'^P'- ■' """ "'Sli i'riest, an.l the "founder of Salt Oct. 13. -Army ap; -opriation bill passed "vJ^TGov^ior'-^JlSi:;;;''^"^ '""""• ^''•<"' states Senator and great Nov 2:i-Fisliery Commission sitting at RaHfax. N. S. o-;,ve a ^•erdirt against the Lmted htates, and awarded Great Britai.uhe sunrof *,5„300 000 Ku-Ivlux bill passed by Congi-ess. Loss of the stcar"er Alabama, with 70 live appoimS" "^ "" '■''''' '""''"' question 1 a Boa.d of Commissioners ^e!;'T.l!lnrri"f"' "^ P^.l-'i'^'" Franklin Wade, u. Ar,erican Senator of great abihiy and force ot character. by^E'ciate^"^'^'^'^ Taylor's appointment as Minister to Germany confirmed OR.V>'GE.MEN .VXD C.A.TII0I.1CS March m -Riot in Toronto. Canada, .... !]„■ o.vasion of a lecture by the f. n ;■,""''"""• / """van Hossa A mob of 7.000 rouirl.s surround..',! the iiai, bicakui-all t.-iewuKhnv glass wiili missdes, nnd dnvim: die speaker and audience Iron, ti.e buildin-, ;iO() ,..M-sons vvre iniured-20 hv pisl,.i .pilots llieallair ended iti a prolonu.Ml airht between 'the Or.uigefnen and >Tar. 21,— flanging of three Mollie Magiiires in Rloo.u.sljiirg, liliAV' cai;(>, i , ISTt. which. 111 !liu .sounds tclegiapl.ically. ri:i,KPiio\i:. :.iiguage of the inveiaoi :'a. i-ii-iia < .lay 01 c 111 wlii tiansinil vocal (L^ 392 ORE A T JUS TO RICA L E VENTS. 1878. phone.'""'"" "^ ^'^'^°'^' ^' ^^-'« P-k. N. J., ba.s also invented a tel.- ^^^^^rXoZ:^^^ Tr^^'V^^ permanently recording those of the hui n vo ee T e s ShP T' " ' ^'°?' "^ ^oun.is. includini Thomas A. Edison and i-, a ,„.r .k'm, i '•^H°""-™P'' ^'''^ invented hy Mr used. • ^ '' *" ''"'■> •n'-'cl'anical mvention. no electricity being ^^■^^^^S^f::^''^'^' •/j'-g-t -TammanvRing" ber:.s connected Juh the \linic Dd vLlT "^<' ">'7"'t' P<'wer in'the rob- stoleu from its treasury. ''^""'^'P'^' Government, when $50,000,000 were m£ ttcnSi-gSt '&^Z^ S tl^H i ■■" """ ?^'"^ ^' Mmneapolis. Of .vend othe? la^e mills! ''fo^ S^^^&S^^ "^^S^^^ '- ative^lrom s5:t ''""' ""' ^''"■^'"P' ^'^P-' ^^'"^ -^ich should be oper- a„K's^"^^LS^;;'!;^;;?^,f„Be«,h^, -ter of Henry ward Beecher uiid virtue. Aged 77 yearV '''"■'^""''" ""''""•• -1"^ =» woman of rare sense WILLIAM CrLLEN BRTAXT .bfS S S";!' "' "■"""" •:■'""■" "'>•"»'■ ""• ™l»"" American p„,, .. June-July -Gen. John C. Fremont contirmed us Governor of Arizona FKOM QirEBEC TO THE GULF OF MEXICO IX A PAPER C.UNOE. ^„;^"''^'*-.7^'-!^'*"'^' ^^- ^'"'^'^P ^t'i''f«l from Qnohor Canada with a l-rsp canoe w,lh .sad., to make a trip to the Gulf of Mcxu,. I \d Lnid ^s b tforapap..r.a„oeon the wav in one of the New En.ian. Ss ami ^|en' <". b.s way. ,,rrformi„g ,1„. journey pleasantly and .s-.tefy m n me weeks m.M!''m,l"r"^r'r'' '" ^^""I'"''''' ^'T'^fl '"• ■! 'breathed riot amon- the Onm-e- on that da3 " """" ""' '"""■"'P'^'"''* ^™"^1 P'"'"!'' "f 'I'" 0.aus..men srxsTIiOKKS. he?!-', '^h ~?"'''r"S ■''. ^''■^^' ''"''■"- -^"'^ 5*^ ^•'■'' P"^""'' '^''''l f'oni excessive UeatLMhcdlv^f St Louis. :\[,,. ,.,nd over 50 in Chica.iio. July ^^(1 —Death of •• Arinnie W.innn ' the dw.'irf wife of ^Fii NVwell (also a dwarf) and sister. ,r Mrs T,.m Thumb, ^ ^' ' miinJlvM -'^"'■'' '.■'^'iPf "f tbr sun. s,.,.n in the United States in a path 110 'or -lie year ending with Julv. ISTM, lift een .Mollie .'Nlaguires were hunir GREAT HISTORICAL EVEyTS. 1878 1879. :s80. 393 Juiy-Aua:. — Unprecedented and prolonged heat all over the United States. Great suffering and many deaths in couse(iuenee. Aug 7-9.— Terrible storm in Central Illmois, sweeping across the State .domsr much damncje ' Aug -Sept —C/niie.te Embassy, among whom were several Chinese ladies visit the United States. ' Sept 3-8 —Grand parade and national tournament of firemen in Chicago- processioa three miles in length. ' sil\t;u bill. Silver bill passed both Houses of Congress by more than .a two-thirds vote. It was vetoed by President Hayes, but'imnietiiately passed again over his veto. Under this law the United States Mint proceeded to coin the new silver dollar. Dec. 17.— Gold wa>J sold in New York at par. It was first sold at a pre- mium January 13, \^G2. It reached its highest rate, $2.85, July 11, 1864. Dec. 27 —Death of Major-General Daniel Craig M'Callum, manager of mil- itary railways during the civil war, aged 64 years. RESUMPTION OF SPECIE P.\YMENTS. Jan. 1.— The resumption of specie payments l)v the Government took place on January 1, 1879, as provided l)y law. It took place without produoinff the slightest unfavorable impression. The enormous exportation and dimin- ished importation of the previous year still continued, and .soon enli'X'nedthe stagnant trade that had prevailed during the larirer part of 1878. Tiie conse- quence was a state of remarkable prosperity during 1879. Feb. 2.— Death of Richard Henry Dana, editor, poet, and essayist. March 7.— Dcati« of Elihu Burritt, a scholar and philanthropist born at New Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 1810. April 31.— Death, in New York citv, of General John A. Dix, ex Governor of New York, in his 81st j'ear. May 7.— Th(! New York Legislature passed a bill fixing the legal rate of interest at six per cent June 10.— Both Houses unanimously pa.ssed a bill to erect a monument on the site of the hou-e in which Washington was born. Sept. 18. — Death, in Now York city, of Daniel Drew, aged 83 years. Oct. 9.— Collision at Jackson, on the Micliigaii Central Hailroaii Fourteen persons killed and thirty-two wounded. Oct. 31.— Death of General .Joseph Hooker, Commander of the Armv of the P(>toinac. Nov. 1.— Death of Zachariali Chandler, a Senator, member of the Cabinet, and politician He was born in Beill'ord. N. H., Decrinlxr 10, IHKi Mr. Cliandlfr took an active part in the Pn sidcnti.il campaign of 1S7(), beins the hard wirkinsx President of tli(> Kepul)li< n National Evectitive Committee. llr was during llie greater portion of his life cnir.,nr,.,i n, i;i|-i:e business enter- prises, from which he had realized a handsome lortune. lie was a man of commaiidiug appearance. ;iiid po.sse.ssed an excellent practical judgment, ureal eiiei'Liv. ami pcsrvcr'Uice. Jan. :!. — Dciitli. .'it Maldi M.'i (list l'4Mseopal ( liurcli, in bis ."ilUh ye.ii r Risliop Oill.rrt Haven, of the .M 'tli 394 GREAT I/fSTOfifr'AL EVENTS. 1880. 1881. April IH.-Tornmlo swept ov.-r parts of Wcsfrn and Soutlicrn Sfilcs d.Mroy.n,!: niuch properly and :..,llin^r „„„„. ,,, |„ .,-,„. ,„,v //.f Marshli M ;nwn"'rFr'p "*'^' '^ '•'■■''^■•oy«l. On,. Inindn .,1 killed an.l 150r,„n! S Tl^ town ot h\ I'aso, Arkansas. wa.s also destroyed '"".uo, i nt w.!S1;?l4S ^i''''' " '"'-''' ^"'•''"" '^^ '-"-"' ^- -'--y was laid June 9.— The Xational Heptiblican Convention at Chiea.'o 111 nomin.^t .,i and William il. English, of Indiana, for V ice- President. ' ^ "■"'''"^• PUESIDEXT GARFIELD IXAUGCR VTED mother and wite with a kiss a. the close Sen it r F-,, ] ! u i' • ''" -'Vf '"^ Secretary of State in the new C.-.inet.^^ Gn;;;';;;;;^:/:;^!^^!^^^^''"^' THE PRESIDENT ASSASSIXATED. July 3.-At the railway depot in Washington, on his wav to attond thp CiZn?'r'"^ ;'f '■•■'^''^=" ^yi'li'""'^ ^'on.';.. of wLJcI, l,.: was a Slate I resident Garheld was shot down l.y a pistol in th." hands of (^Imr es V fo weeks' *''^''>;i":"""'' l"'""""^''- for ^^ce. who had watch,.,! his op, niiv flw.^; -1 , ^''^V^"^^"^V" was at once arrested. Profound sensati, n ov-r all i;^,^:^";',' s,i':.:3"oE?{„'*s;:; ''<"""••' »>" '■■'■ ' -"■» «'« Sept. ;J-7. -Michigan forest fires. Great loss of life and property Sept 19 -After a lingering and mo.st painful illness, the Pr,.si,lVnt dies at Elberon, near Long Branch. N. J. Great grief throughout the nation Sept 20 -Vice-President Artlmr privat,>ly takes the inauguration oath us President an,l re takes it mor," formalh- and publicly at WaslFSi Sent 22 when he delivers his inaugural addresi. ^ '«Miingion, stpt. ii, t,r?'^/;r'*'r''','"^r'"'V'.'' °^ President Garfl,>ld Imri.l at Lake View Ceme- tery, ( l,.v,. and ( ). . with great pomp and ceremony. The f.mera procession was more than four miles in length. ""^i.u proctssion thfuniled Sta'^tLs" '"'''''''' """^'"^ September 30th, 560.000 emigrants arrive in OUITEAU INDICTI.!. mm-dei""^'"''^ '^ Guitcau, the a.ssassiM ,)f the President, is imlieted for \r?h,'.;'^'!'^~;*^'"'5''^^ "'■"''"" "'^ "'^' ^^"'i^*^ opcm^l to consider President Arthurs Cabinet appointments. YOUKTOWN CEXTENMAI.. Oct. 13-01. -C,.nt,^nnial eelebnition of the surrend.'r of Cornwallis at ■mJ I ',??,'; <,'■' 1 •' '''P'-''^'-'"^'''^-''-"*' Lafayetl... the Count Ko,ha.Hb,.au. il V , ^''■"'"•". were ,.res,.„l. ()„ ,he ISth was „.i,l th,. ,n,.r-ston.. of th, \,.ikloun monument, to cost about !?'J()(MHH). and b,. built a, th.. national eXp( Use Washiii:.;lo:i wuHcuu ijiyiu^, biiure (he C liininai I'ourt m ^S^ A DAY OF DEATir. 1882. Jan. 7.— Death of Hon. E. W. Stouirhton, of New York, lato minister to Russia; also of Uicliard II. D.-ma, Jr., of Hoston, poet, essayi.st, and lawyer and ot Chief Justice John Pierpout, of Vt-rnioiit. ' C.LITKAU SKNTKNCKU. Feb. 4.— The a.«saf 'in C'has. J. Guiteau, having been found Lniilty of the murder of President Gartield, was setitenced to be hani^'ed on the'jioth'of June next following, at whieli date he piid the penalty of his gigantic crime. Great floods prevail this month in the Ohio and Mis.sissippi valleys causing almost unprecedented destruction of property. ' DKATII OP A I'OET. March 24,— Henry Wadsworth Longf. How dies at his home in Cambridge Mass. , aged To years. ' The l)ill to restrict Chinese immigratinn pa.sses Conuress, It was vetoed by the President April 4, but on .May 8 lie signed a new bill subseiiuently passed, limiting tlie time of restrictidu to ten years. ALirch 27.— General S. A. llurlbut, Minister of the United States to Peru died at Lima, in his si.xty-seventh year. TE illBLE KIVER DISASTEK. ,^Iarch 30.— The steamer Golckii City ^- ah ' 'irned at Memphis, with a loss of thirty-tive lives. April 27.— Death of Ralph Waldo Ei Concord, Mass., within a few days of ( -on, "theCarlylc of Am(iica,"at ipleting his sevcnty-niuth year. A.NOTIIEII AWKUL DISASTEIl. July 4.— The excursion steamer S<-ioto collided with a tuii boat near Mingo Bottom, on the (Jliio, and went down with tifty -nine of her passengers. July 24. —The Hon. George P. Marsh, for many years minister to Italy died in that country, aged 81. Aug. 1.— A river and harbor bill, providing for unusually large expenditures, was vetoed by President Arthur, but was passed again by both hou.ses of Con- gress the next day. POLITICAL TIDAL WAVE. Nov. 7. — Result of elections a great surprise to the eountrv. Democrats secure a large majority in the Lower House of Congress, and f()r the tir^t time in th(! history of the Republican partv elect Governors in Michi'ran and Kansas. T'ley choose a (}o>-ernor in New York by nearly 200.000 majorilv. and carry the elections by large majorities in Penu.sylvania and many oilier States. TRANSIT op VENUS. Dec. 6 —Transit of tlie jilanet Yenus. Yisiblc in North and South America. Eurojie and Africa. The i iitire transit {l)olli ingress and egress) was visible only in .Vinerica, Astronomers from all i)arts of the glolie came to America to view this great astronomical i)heiiomenon. Careful observations were made by parties sent out by the V . S. (}overmiieiil with instruct ion^ prepared bv a ( .M.n..i.-.-.i,,ii (,11 ill,. Traiisir of Venus, autlion/ed liv Coimfess and under charge of the Secretary of the Xavy. In the middle jiortions of the United States the weather was cloudy and" the (jbservalions made were net as satis- r I I tn ;^9r. 1882. 1883. 1881. 1883. 1883. 1881. GREAT IIJ. r^'' ^''^ span is 120 feet above hieh walks. x'llfbri^J'^. is^^iin^nS jVn^^^^ -^ S U^tit was over tturteen years in'co2£S.^ }^S^ 'f Si^J^i^c^^ we'n^t^to'"v^i^X^;t\^rXki;:'^'|S^^ ^S^l!:r"^^7■ '^°"-°^?°^ P-P'^ and people were crowded of the stlirf^t ^ T ?"'° '^ P''°'«^ ensued, by th'e edited crowd!" Ablt"a dS uie^ were'lo'st' '"''^^''^ "°^^^ '°°' ADUKNDA. for^'reK^V^"' ^""''^''" "°"'' °^ ^"'""^""^ ^°^"-' '^ ^'^q^est for home rule eduction,T?ej'78.°' '^"^- ^'^'''■'°° "^^^^°"- ^^'^'^^ Canadian pioneer of GenemfofT^anada.^'''''^^'""'' '''''''''' '" ^^"'•'^ I^^^"'^- inaugurated Gov. kiS: ^lllle'oa'ihfi^^'Sv t'worh ^;:!'"'^-',r'- ToroMo. Ont. 25 men railway. - "^ "''' ''-' '' 'oH'sion on the Grand Trunk prS.y'-"^''''' ^""'^^ °" ' ■ ^"''" «'^'«^- ''oi^A' '■•nmen.e damage to J!^£-St^l^^}:^i^];^^^::i:^--o^ ^-.lulent tnals of July 1.— Senii-eentenuial )f Toronto. Dec. I0.-O,eningof the Worlds Fair at New Orleans i(.0. .J.--Vtteniptoa a.s.sassii.n.tion. in New YnvV- ^r ■-sa, ifiSii airilatur. n'r> I _>!- ^ .1, ^ ^i, .,1. -1- _>l^ ^1^ ^ -a. ^ P>S^^en known to the ancients. Guinea, the coast of, discovered by some seamen of Dieppe, about this period. Porto Santo, discovered by Vaz and Zarco, Portuguese. Senegal River, discovered by the Portuguese. Cape Verde, discovered by Denis Fernandez, a Portuguese. Azores Island-^ discovered b\ Gon/alio Velio, a Portuniifse. Cape Verde Mands, discovered l)y Antonio de Noli, a Genoese in the ser- vice of Portugal Island of St Thomas, under the Equator, discovered. Congo, discDxcred by the Portuguese, under Diego Cam. Cape Bojador, or Nun, doubled for the first time by the Portuguese. Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Bartholomew Diaz. Luc.'ivos, or Bahama Islands These were the first points of discovery bv t.oluminis. Nni Salvador, one of these inlands, was first seen bv this great navigator on the 11th or 13th of Ociober in thi- ye.ir. Cuba, Island of Ilispaniola, or St. Dt)mingo," discovered by Columbus in his first voyage. " Janiaica, St. Christopher's Dominica, discovered by Columbus in his .second voy.aLii'. Cai)e of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco di Gama. and the passase to India discovered. Newtouiuiland, discovered by .Tolin Cabot, who first called it Prima Vista and Baccalaos. .,n- ^:-f-3 1498, 1515. 1516. 1517. 1518. 1519. 1530. 1521. 1534. Continent of America, discovered by Columljii.s. .A!,iliil)ar. coast of, di.scovered l)y Vasco di Gama. 31()/.anil.iiiue, island of, discovered by Va^ro tii Gama PonuguesetaJ''"''"'-''''' '^''''''''''''^ ^y «J' ■»'» "°d Amerigo Vespucci, under Brazil carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci Lal)rador and River St. Lawrence, di.scovered by Cortecal who sailed fmm Lisbon on a voyage of discovery for the I'ortuguc'se hi.?i2 voyjgf ''■ ^°'"' "^ '^' "^''''' ""^ '^'' S"'^ ^^P^"'-'^'! ^y Columbus on St. Helena, the island of. discovered by Jean de Nova, a Portuguese in tb^tinle'STSus^ ^'"' ^"^'"^"'^^^- ^^"^-'^ ^^ >^-- ^o «'- Romans Madaga-scar, island of, discovered bv Tristnn rtn r„r,i,o „„^ • * j i thePonug,:esenavig,Uor, Fernancrlz'ffifi?^ ^ cal let! bt. Lawrence, having been discovered on the day of 1 hat Sam r be'n^?ll?r;i1lSe'S/i^r:^et"'"'- ^^""^''^ '^'^'^ ^° «^'-™-- -»- »>^d Ascension Lsle. discovered by Tristan da Cunha. Sumatra, island of. discovered by Slqueyra. a Portuguese. Sumatra, more accurately examined by the Portugue'se. .Molucca Lsles, discovered by the Portuguese. Sunda Isles, discovered by Abrew, a Portuguese. in^^fi'"-^'*^^' 1 '^ ^"'"tuguese navigator, wrecked on these islands, found them m occasional po-ssession of the Arabians. Florida, discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spanish navigator. Borneo and Java. Tlie Portuguese became acquainted w.th these islands. South Sea. The Great Ocean was discovered this year from the mountains ot Uarien. byNuguezde Balboa, and sul),sequently navigated by Magellan The supposition of the New Worid being part of India now ceaseu. ' Peru, disc&verea t.y Perez de la Rua. Rio Janeiro, discovered by Diaz de Soils. Rio de b. Plata, discovered by the same. China, discowry of, by sea, by Fernand Perez d'Andrada. Bengal, discovered by some PortuLniese thrown on the coast by a tempest. Mexico discovered by the Spaniards; conquered by Cortes in 1519. }».'*H^'''v "• ^" ''J.', ' ''■'"'^'' ''>' ^ragellan with a fleet of di.scovery fitt. d out ■\ . ^'V!"'""'"" ^'""■'''^ ^'- 'The first voyage around the world "was under- ini!> ^^ 1 ""'■'.':»,""■; ""^1 liis ves.sel performed the enterprise, although tiie commander pi-nshed. ° Terra del Fucgo, discovered by Magellan. Ladrone Islands, di.scovered by :Magcllan. Pliillipine.s. Tiiis archipelago was discovered bv Magellan, who Ins* hig lite here in a skirmish. " ° FrScis hTfIv . T.'"'*'';^' 7>"'^'^'^ "f (lisoovery made by the French under asfur ,V^ • o'"' "f, ^V"-''' f "'''■ ;'^"''' '•«>f'li'"ir Florida, coaste.i along rr^t'J^"^ .ir-rees nnrth latitude, and gave to this part the name of new 1534 1525. 1527. 1530. 1534. 1535. 1537. 1541. 1543. 1545. 1553. 1553. 1575. 1576. 1577. 1580. 1587. 1594. 1596. 1606. 1607-10 1607 North Amerini, tiiivclled over from Florida to Newfoundland by Verri- zauu, a I'loreulinu. iii the service of France. New Holland, discovered by the Portuguese about this time; this immense tract was tor some tniie neglected by Europeans, but was visited by the Dutch, at various periods, from 1619 to 1644. New Guinea, discovered by Sauvedra, a Spaniard, sent from Mexico by Corle/, ' •' Guinea, the first voyage to, made by an English ship for elephant's teeth. Canada, visited by ('artier, of St. Malo; a settlement having previously been made in 1538, by Verrizani, who took pos.se.ssiou in the name of Francis I. of France. Cahfornia, discovered by Cortez. Chill, di.scovercd by Diego de Almargo, one of the conquerors of Peru. Labrador, discovered by a French engineer, Alphonse. India, the first English ship .sailed to, for the purpose of attacking the Por- tuguese. Japan, discovered i)y the Portuguese, Antonio de Meta and Antonio de Peyxoto, who were cast by a tempest on its coast. Potosi, mines of, discovered by the Spaniards. Spitzbergen, observed by the English, but mistaken for part of Greenland Visited by Barentz, a Dutch navigator in search of a north-east pa,s,sage, in White Sea. This sea. which had not been visited since the time of Alfred was now supposed to be discovered by Chancellor, the English navigator. ' Nova Zembla, discovered by Willougliby, an English seaman. Solomons Isles, discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, sent by the Governor of Peru Frobisher's Strait, discovered by the English navigator whose name it bears Greenland further explored by Frobisher, who also penetrated farther between this country and Labrador. New Albion, discovered by Drake, who was the .second to attempt a voyage round the world, which he performed in three years. Siberia, discovered by Yermak Timophclevitch, Chief of the Cossacks. Davis' Straits, discovered by the English navigator whose name it bears in his voyage for the discovery of a nortli-west pa.ssage. Falkland Islands, discovered by the English navigator, Sir John Hawkins. ]\Iarqucsas. discovered by Mendana. a Spaniard, on his voyage from Peru to found a colony in the Solomon Isles. Solitary Island, discovered by Mendana on the above-named voyage. Archiiielago del Espirito Santo, discovered by Guirns, a Portuguese sent from Peru. These islands are the cychules of the Houirainville, and the New Hebrides of Conk Otaheito. supposed to be discovered by Guirns, who named ii Seirittaria. Hudson's Ray. discovered by the celebrated English naviirator, Hudson, on his third vovage. Venturing to pa.ss the winter in this bay on his fourth voyaire. he was, with four others, thrown by his sailors into a boat, and left to perish Chesapeake Bay, discovered by .lohn Smith. =ij 10 1.-,. 1010. 1642. 1654. 1073. 1686. 1690. 1693. 1699. 1728. 1741. 1765. 1767. 1768. 1770. 1773. 1774. 1778. 1797. Vru! Jicmau's Land, diMovumi In- the Dutch Balllu's Bay, discovered by Wdliam I3a(Iiu, an Endishman Froziri Ocean In tlii>; \;-,r ti„. ^>. ,■ """"• the Lena into this .sea. ''■ ^''' '"'"' ^^"■^^'"" '^^'iP «i'l' ■! 'iown TaSun^;r m";^,:;;!; ;;;:;-"'-» P- of van Dien^an. Land, d.scovcred by Bourl)on, isle of, occupied by the French. Louisiana, discoyercd bv the French Tl,i^ «» . . fro. U Salle, a Frenchn.an. .Jl^La ll^^'y^Zri^'Im '^ "'""^ Easter slands discovered by Hoggewein, a Dutch navigator of by the l{ussia,s in Wjz •^'""^^'^O- 1 1"> country was taken possession Japan, carefully visited by Kemfer, a German G^Z'':i^,.ri;%1^,^;!' S^islSrn?''" "^^^^'^ '^ ^-- New round the world at the' pe;ioToVthiTIil:covST ''"^ '*-'""'"" '"'"^" "^ ^'^^^g^ viSt'H£ia!'So"i;lr if bearr'^^l:^' "^/l I^-'^^-vi,ator in the ser- tinenls of A^ia an 1 An XVa not m, 7 "" '•■^'"''"■■^l^"! Uiat the con- about thirty.nine mile" ' ''"^ ="<' ^ii^tant from each other Kamschatka, ascertained by Behrin- to be a peninsula n,^ra:^.:^i^u;;^.?vre^s^5^™;S;.tXr^ ^ meut, by Captains Billing and Sarv,'hert>Jm iW] to 1798 ^^"'""" ^°^''""- Duke of York's I-lands, discovered by Byron. Isles of Danger, discovered l)y Byron. Otaheitc, discovered by Wallis. wS'laLte!! Snn'no'urun.'''""" ^'^"'^ °" '"^ ^°^-='' --^1 the world. New Soutli Wales, discovered bv Captain Cook Island of Desolation, the fir-t land south of India discovprcl l». t' and ..,,.l^by h,s name. Subsequently eailci .h;^' ^^.^I^^Ji^.i^S'^ ^^Xew Caledonia, discovered by Captain Cook in his second voyage, 177o_ Icy Cape, discovered by Captain Cook. I Sandwich Islands, discovered bv C.int lin Cook in 1,1c ti,;,. i commenced in 1770. He lost hi. lilc in I7:u. '" """' '"'">•'■-"• ^-^'i^'l' Bass's Straits. >Ii-. Ba«s snr"-eon tiT n \r ii t> <■ as Western Port, in a sn m\' 'n l' a f,, „, P ,h nl""""' ^T'"''''''^ ^' f^*'" that a strait existed between Xew S^ u T, , i r::"i;''"' ^^=!^ f «!•""«" 1799, Lieut. Fluulers circumn-ivi-,i , V" ,,' »■ ^ " '*"''"'in'^ I-^'ikI. In Strait after .Air. IJaJs! ' """""-'^ '-"'■'' VanDicnums l.an.l, and named the to Va'^.S. ''""'"''■ """""^ '■J' '"■ «°"«'- »' ■>« ""is «-iIl,„„,. I»u.d 1819. 1819-22. 1821. 1825-6. 1827. 1829-33. 1830. 1838. 1849. 1855. 1856-59, 1857. 1858. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. ..v.. „ ^.....,.,,e„, ,„u norniern limits of. determined bv Pan fr«m the mouth of the Coppermine Kiver to Cu™ Turnagain^ Asia the northern limit.s of, determined by Baron Wrangle the moutih'" niie Co^nn^r''"'''' ««7"'l ':^P«liti"n, in which the coast bef.veen 140 S of co^st^? ivn '^ f'"'" ^'>' ^'^^'' ^" P"'°t Barrow, leaving about Barnnv illSOrw. I'onT ' ""'"■" "'''' ^'''"^ '^"^ P°i°' Beechey.^ Point ISt^^'JJV^"'"'"'- North-west pas.sage. Discoveries of Captain Ross. October No^emlSTstlf ™'°''*'°° °^ 'Uscovered by Richard and John Lander. Arctic discoveries by Dease and Simpson. Livmgstone and friends trace River Zouga, Africa. Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa. Uu .'haiUu explores Equatorial Africa Captain Burton cros.ses Equatorial Africa. Captain Speke discovers Victoria Nvanza. Cameron crosses the continent of Africa British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of North Pole thesame.^ '°'''^'' '^' great African rivers Congo and Lualabaaaone and SlKn^..,^'^eSSSS^fS^SJr ^--^--^ the anJ'lhfl£-^--^Arri.^.^^^ to?JacMha;™ii; from rh?no7h'""' '™" ''°^°^^'' "" '^'-^-'«°' '^^ ^^^ L Bt p. B. DICKER80N. N his publication on Education, John Locke says: "The writing of letters has so much to do in all the occurrences of human life, that no gentle,..an can avoid showing himself in this kind of writing; occasions will daily force him to make use of his pen, which always lays him open to a everer examination of his breeding, sense, and abijities than oral discourses, whose transient faults, dying for the most part with the sound that gives them life, and so not subjeci u, strict review, more easily escape observation." Letter writing was the link that in the last contury bound together those literary coteries that we would now sneer at as "provincial," and in the interchange of epistles we get glimpses of literary life that are as vistas of green fields and fresh waters to the wri^er of the present day. The cultured leisure recog- nized as the natural nef^fssi^Ar r>f +iir>,,^v,f +i.„ ,1 402 Jl n -^T^ hCIENCE OF I.KTTER WRITING. 408 ai» A' orkmansliip by which alone siicli tliought coukl 1)«> in.suivd f> '.Iff expression, the exact hahincinj^ of a period, the ch)se ' nsion of feet, and the (h^iicate ear-ringing of rliynies, have to mass of writers of t!ie present time iliesume picturescpie and '•arming antiqueness that the stage-coach lias to the lmrri<.'() .iveler who must perform his journeys by express train. We flatter onrselvea that we can do cdl that our predecessors did in much less time and with decidedly less fuss. This may be true; but still, when we examine closely, we discover that we are in a great measure reaping where they have sowed, and that our pres- ent haste is largely indebted to their leisure. And whatever we may say when we find our pens in request, and when study is so much time wasted that might have been given to reproductive writing, the old ideal of the literary life is the only one that will commend itself to the truly literary man. Napoleon's instructions to his son, through his executors, were: " Let my son often read and reflect on history. This is the true philosophy. Let him read and meditate on the wars of the great captains. This is the only means of righUy learning the science of war." We believe the application of Napoleon's advice to his son the only correct way of learning Science in Letter Writing, hence we publish as our "sample letters" let- ters from the most noted men and women of this and other coun- tries, including letters from every President of the United States and fourteen signers to the Declar.. ion of Independence. Tn making this selection, we have endeavored to have them relate to as great a variety of subjects as possible, and every lover of pure society will welcome this volume, which is the" result of the expenditure of great labor, time and money. erftnt> to Covvtpo^itvovi.. Cobbett's advice "to know first what yon -.vant to say, and then say it iu the iirst words that occur to you," is sound, and 404 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITIXG. Miss Miirrineau, in her co' jus autobiography tells us that early in her career she gave up the practice o: "ODying anything she wrote. "For," as she goes on to say, "I perceive that great mischief arises from the notion that botching in the second place will compensate for carelessness in the first. It seemed to me that distinctness and precision must be lost if alterations were made in a different state of mind from that which sup-gested the first utterance I have alwajs made sure of what I meant to say, and then have written it down without care or anxiety, glancing at it again to see if any words were omitted or repeated, and not altering a single phrase." "As a rule, it is well to banish all thought of ornament or elegance, and to aim only at expressing yourself plainly and clearly. The best ornament is always that which comes unsought. Do not beat about the bush, but go straight to the point. Reniem- ber that what is written is meant to be read; that time is short; and that— other things being equal— the fewer words the better.' Repetition is a far less serious fault than obscurity. Young writers are often unduly afraid of repeating the same word, and require to be reminded that it is always better to use the right word over and over again than to rej^lace it with a wrong onet— and :. word which is liable to be misunderstood is a, wrong one. A frank repetition of a word lias >nen sometimes a kind of chprm, as beailng the stamp of tntth, the foundation of all excel- lence of style. Many conventional ex])r-ssions, partly common- place and partly vulgar, should be caref;''Iy avoided." Nearly all the writing of most ])ersons is in the form of let- ters, and yet in many of our sch'H)]s this kind of composition is s;idly neglected. This neglect is probably due in some measure to the fact that a complete and systematic treatise on letter writing has heretofore been wanting. When it is considered that m the art of corres])on(ience thrre is much that is conven- tional, requii-ing a knowledge of social ciistf.ms, which, if not im\m il' SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING. m early taught, is obtained only after years of experience and observation, and that the possession or want of this knowledge does much to determine a person's standing in good society- tlie value of this art, and of a thorough text book by which it may be taught, will be duly appreciated. Mucn of the material has been gathered from original sources and now appears in print for the first time. G eat care has been exercised to give the best present usage in regard to all subjects treated. The selection of letters written by the various Presi dents of ihe L^nited States, and other pers(.iis of note wiU be found especially valuable as examples of domestic and 'familiar correspondence. 91Catcriaf>. Paper.— \^ this paper age there is seldom an excuse for writing a letter on paper not especially intended for the purpose It may be had in nearly an endless variety, and suited to all tastes and wants. Formerly the preference was given to that size (about 8x10 inches) known as letter paper, and it is still to be preferred in business letters; but in social letters it has been almost entirely superseded by the size known as note. Gentle- men generally use what is known as commercial note (size about 5x8 inches), but packet note, which is somewhat smalle-, is more suitable for ladies' use. B(-i(les the above, wliicli are standard, there is n great variety of fancy note papers ],ut up in boxes with env.-h.jr-s to match. Never write a lett.T on loolscMp under an>/ virrmn- s'fanc's. Tf it is the only ]i;ip.'.- ohtainab],. r,it it down r.. i.,,fe or h'tter size. T)o not use a half .she.'t .'X(v].t Wn- a business ],■( un: ^ In a privat.' letter it m.t only looks nie;m and stingy, but is disrespectful to the rt;ceiver. No color is more elegant and tasirful than whitp, an street :md inn.il.er sh-.i-Jd ;.ls!. be written. The date siiould give the nuMitli. the dav ot li SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 407 month and year, and may also include the day of the week, social notes the year is often omitted. In The introduction includes two parts, the address and the salutation. The former consists of the name and title of the person written to, with his place of residence. The name should be written plainly and in full. Courtesy requires that some title should be affixed to the name, unless the person addressed is a member of the society of Friends. The ordinary titles are Mr., Esq., Mrs., and Miss. Master is used in addressing a boy. Two of these titles cannot be used, nor should they be used in connection with professional, literary or military titles, except in one or two instances. In case of a clergyman it is allowable to write Rev. Mr., and if a married man has a professional or literary title, Mrs. may be used before it to denote his wife. T7ie salutation or conipliinentary address is a term of polite- ness, resp<'(«t, or affection with which we introduce a letter, such as Dear Sir, My dear Madam, Gen^hmen. Most of the saluta- tions used in business letters are equally appropriate in many oth^r letters. It would be absurd to attempt to prescrih,^ set forms for all the varieties of social correspondence, the particular expression to be used dep.-^nding on the feelings or fancy of the writer, and his relation U, tlie person addres^^ 1. The introduction may consist of the address and salutation, .>r the salutation alone. In fh(^ latter r- f,ie address is plac t. at the end of tlie letter. In busiu; ..'tters, not official it should inv;iri:il)ly precede the body of ili^^ letter; ia military and oilier (illiciiil letters if souietinies prec-'\ \ and sometimes fol- lows. Hoth forms ;iie ;illi Mv;il,]e j;, sori;il letters. T/ic ,i,Jdr>s.s s\\in\h\ '*enin ,ui ilie first or second line below the (l:iie iiii,", (Y,,;), one foiirfli to three-fourtlis of an inch from m} ■•• « •408 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. i the left edge of the sheet, and may occupy one, two or three hnes. The first line of the address should contain the name and title only, the second the Postotfice and State, or, if the street and number are given, they should occupy the second, and the Postoflice and State the third. Each succeeding line of the address should begin Irom half an incli to an inch further to the right, according to the size of paper used. The salutation should be written on the next line following the address, and may begin immediately under the initial letter of the first line, or half an inch or more to the right of the begin- ning of the last line. The arrangement of the address and salutation, as well as the punctuation of the same, will be best understood by reference to the following models: Q^^^. -(^yffjfz^t Q!'rf/je-jz. '/io-t^'/'. '^eei-l em '/ri-. ■y^z^ • /eftJe tr.c^fA ^ -yy ^ .r. ^ffl^i ^2l¥'eTyiylyU., ^^ yfrr.i ;j/r.t r cry } rrrr ////. SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 409 3-u»i-vvc>^ oForvH^. ^.J^eU^. (%id€/C Ml/ry-, ^aZ/i^Ti (^ 6a, I Made, M//o?z (Fa., J^naf. Ja/^ J.J, J^S.Q. ^cati G^ird, ~€?ic/c6 cf/ /^ {ewS c And r \ 410 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITINO. WiB Aa/Ue lAe/v/eud- ^J<^ JY/e^don Mile., W\s- /iwUejud^ U^)t-^: — O/ /<^ /Ae /iper distance) and not under the end of the preceding one as many suppose. Pe.iimanship.~-\\\\i^ neatly and legibly at all events, ele- gantly If yon can. If not an insult, it certainly is an impo- sition to send your correspondent a letter so badly written that ir compels him to take double the time todcrlpJin' it that he ^^ould to ruul it if well w.itten. Flourishing is er.tirely out of place. Leave that for the itinerant writing teacher and the eoi.iiiiei'cial college student. It^ IS Ite.st to ,^■rito upon every page unless the paper used is so thm that the writing sh.AVs through. Business letters that are to l)e copied in a ]u-ess should be written upon but one side of the sheet, as when the paper is dampene-^M<)^ '^/-^ ffCfl^ y f/ct ■ jA^l€.-n^_, SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 410 el-?/^ dtricede/ij- ^t/^)-t4yUi, 7 '^rt^^-f r/ Cy^^fTy- ^ . sSuatM-cai cFoz.i4i>, ^auT^d. It^u/u^ JlaiTiU ^€U^')i6o?i. ^^^ t^e6/iecf/(M^ ycif/^^ c^ hMie (^6a. I ! i»- ^M^^i^^^'%^'^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y// / . V ^^ :/. 1.0 !:■■- i I.I ■le 2.5 |22 M 1.8 I. 1^ 1.25 1.4 s -• 6" ^ V] <^ /w 0%. ^'%. '^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTEk.N Y 14S80 (716) 872-4503 -^ ;\ 1^ 416 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITIXG. I I Official cFottn*. i^-^ ^^)t^ <-<>^e^ -i^a^Cid- ^ <^^^? •/ 'i4('in^^ (Z^T%)f^€A. Model for a letter addressed to a foreign conntry. TAMF. L p. .afh 'JJ^f:f.i^■ -(cJ^//. //•■^ed ■/6S3. fF 426 SCIESCE OF LEITEU WlilTINO. ^f ii rer.'ption ,.s fo Ju- n-iv.-n at th.. residence of the l)ri(l(>'s parents, the f(.]I(,win- .-ard should he enclosed with (he invitation: i Or the I r foil ovv ■in«r more elahorafe card may he used: Wuf^^a>^ rT^/e,„^cu. Ja.tt^d)^ ^icyi/.f, At a wedding of any pretensions where it is desired to avoid the church being filled with mere sight-seeing strangers, the fol- lowing usher's card should be used : I HCIE^CE OF LETTER WUTIXQ. ni cForm for *^'l':.!-{-v;u 3uut|-atioH. n f>fl:±:t^ '■ 7^'U^<^/. /<^6 ^J.. -•-'t^C v_,^.— -*-<—<: /^ AZ-o-»-^-<'C-ci— «^^ *\^ -€-«-. /'cJ^ . (j^ . _J I'C r 428 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. With the foregoing should be enclosed the cards of the bride and groom, and for those who are desired to be pr.-sent at the i ceremony a third card like the following: The announcement of a private or informal wedding, if made by the bnde's parents, may be in the following form: L^(\ ^^^ (^^U. J^.n^ ^2t.^^r^^ %>«• S:'^y«y,Jan.,«,^ .,^^/)t. ra/s SC^,a/ cs/-^,. SCIENUE OF LETTER WRITING. 429 It is, hoM^>ver, more generally customary in the case of a private or informal wedding, that the bridegroom make the announcement of the marriage. Two cards may be used, one bearing the names of the married couple, and the other the maiden name of the bride. These should be enclosed in double envelopes and mailed to the friends whom it is desired to inform of the event. 430 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. Another form of announcement is ns ff)ll.nv« cyfp-i. Q{^'^jt. '::yf(c^j^ia'€4^M^it4. t€r '-/i'i€i^>te f.)i^ (Z^^i iZ'^lt-V^ ■i Thp invifntinna clinnlrl Ko r>!Mr.«^f"1 "> .^^^1-1 ^-r- — _jj: x- -i i SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 433 Fall Dress Receptions are events of the social season that are attended with more than ordinary solicitude and expenditure. Previous to issuing the invitations a call is made in person or by card on all acquaintances who are to be honored. The invitations should be sent two weeks previous to the reception day to avoid other engagements interfering. We append models of invitations. They may be delivered by special messenger in unsealed envelopes, or sent through the mails in double envelopes. ■^^■'^— o ■» -wfc -C—c— <«,- Full Dress Receptions are given afternoon and evening, the afternoon more particularly designed for elderly acquaintences. and the evening for youn^ ladies and gentlemen. m'. U |:1 434 SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING. JKovc-l ^ot 3nuUa.tiovw. e4d€d C^y^-i-zfe o^>t The following form is for a reception given in honor of a dis- tinguished person : '^.. ^. -^.Q ;>/ C^^-«^, SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 435 T CZ- 7ru. L--^-*- >^^?Z^ .^.: 48(3 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. -i^-a^-ed^^i ^5€. r^^i/ tut fA A i^ f «■ •-»--^ ^'V^w,^/^ SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 443 The following are samples of gentlemen's hand-written cards. The address may be added in the lower left-hand corner, if desired. 11 444 SCIENCE OF LETTER W^JTING. Oj'I'icvat VSatb. ^^. C^^e^/J. (Zj^ey^. CHIEF SIGNAL OFF CER U. S. A. ^ZQ^z^t'vovicxi (Eat-b. ^. J^^^r^ ^c/'^UU.,,, % Olficn, No, r5 Lafayette A\enue Hours, 11 ti) 10 and ■.Miii to -1. SCIEXCE OF LETTER WniTIXG 445 3n 'SKcnxoziant Q,azbA. An English custom rapidly gaining favor in this country is the sending out of Cards in Memoriam to friends to announce a death, of which they might remain in ignorance but for this mark of respect. Of t/ie *• £1{U« fife's fit{it£ fe-tMi A» o(eef» \mM." =di I i' Biasiness Correspondence . AND— Nlercantile Korms. A business letter should be brief and to the pointy yet clear- ness should never be sacrificed in oraer to secure brevity. Endeavor to make ycur meaning perfectly clear, and use as few words as possible to do it. In penmanship avoid everything in the nature of flourishes, and as well a careless style of writing that renders words indistinct and liable to be mistaken for others. Mistakes are expensive— they cost both time and money— and one-half that are made in business transactions might be avoided by a very little care. It is a most excellent rule in business to copy every letter in which anything is said that there is the least possibility of being referred to in future. It not only enables one to be sure of just exactly what he said, but affords ?. current history of a man's business that is useful in many ways. In answering letters follow the same order that is observed therein, discussing each subject thoroughly before proceeding to the next. If one's business correspondence is at all extensive the letters should be filod away in alphabetical order as soon as answered, so that any letter may be readily found when reference is desired to be made to it. Pull information regarding materials, forms of address, super- scription, etc., will be found in tlip i^^oneral remarks in the open- ing chapter on letter writing. Relow are given samples of letters embracing rge range of subjects, and illustrating the prin- ciples underlvintr correct business rnrrp«nnnucin.j a '^J/outvj STCan '^uxv»li^x<^ on S8u>iHe»». Henry Watson, Esq. , ^°''°°' ^"'^^ 29, 1882. Charleston, 8. C. Sir, -We recommend to your particular favor and attention the bearer, Mr. Geo. Holmes, eldest so. of Mr. Wm. HoUes, of the highly ri*.pectabie house of Holmes, Martin & Co., of this city. Our esteemed young friend is about to visit the Southern States byway of ( ^ar^ston, on bu.sincss for the house; we therefore request you, most earnestly, to afford him your advice and assistance, and to render his stay in vour city as "^ree able as po.ssible. He is clev.., steady and unassuming, and we are convinced' that on a near acquaintance wi'l prove himself deserving of your esteem and good will Command us freely in similar cases, and be assured we will use our best endeavors to do justice to your introduction. We are, respecitull, yours, HENRY MINER St. CO. i!,a>*s^'- ! 448 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. cJl«covw»vtetic»ittq- a "Scacfict. T K TLT. ^. r.^ . Detroit, Mich., Mar. 4, 1882. John Mine/, Lsq., Chairman, Sydney, Ohio. Dear Sir:— The bearer, Mr A)>ram Morton, who is about to leave this district, where he has been engaged in teaching, is, I am pleased to say, ^i good standing here, both as a teacher and member of society. His character is above reproach, and I cheerfully recommend him to a position in one of the district schools of your town. I am, respectfully yours, ANDREW F. WILLIS, Chairman School Committee. -.c -.rr .^ ^ Denver, Col, May 9, 1882. Messrs. W. W. Barton & Co., < > i ". ^°o«- Omaha, Neb, Gentlemen : The bearer, Mr. "Walter Beard, being about to leave our employ, it gives us pleasure to testify to his merits as a clerk, the capacity in which he served us. He has been with us the past four years, and during this time has dis- charged his duties with skill and ability. He has been punctual at his work, courteous in his manners, and by his care and attention to our business has made himself specially valuable. He bear, a good character as a gentleman as well as a man of business. Yours very truly, F. D. VINING & CO, ^ftAxe/fxi o'?ccomiMc»tiiation. Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1883. To whom it may concern : The bearer, Mr. Thomas Myers, is perwnally known to me as a young man of sterling worth. He is a graduate of Yale College, is of good family, possesses an unblemished character, and ;is a member of society is highly esteemed. I cordially recommend him to good people everywhere, and especially to those to whom he may offer his services. Very resp°,ctfully, iiJJLJVy'AivD C GRAHAM. SCIENCE OF LETTER WRTTINO. 449 Qppfication for a Cfcrfia^. Messrs. F. B. Dickerson & Co., ^""^ ""'°°' ^''=^' ^"'7 l^- ^882. 47 Larned St, West, Detroit, Mich. f .., •*• ,°^" ^''"' '~^ "'^'■'''"^ ^'■°'" ^ ^"<'°'' ^^I'- Jas. JohnsoD) of the vacancy of the position of junior clerk m your house. I cake the liberty of making aoplicat.on for the same. I have not had much business experience, but have a good common school education and can write a plain hand rapidly. I am eighteen years of age and have relatives in your city, with whom I would make my home ' For information as to my character, pier ,e inquire of J. R. Hanson. Esq of your city. ^ ' Very respectfully, JAMES BROWN. appeioatiill| 450 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRTTINO. 'ukI would be pleased to have a trial with you, if preferable, previous to a permanent engagement. I am at liberty to refer to J. C. Johnson & Co., of your city, in reference to my ability and character. Very respectfully, JOHN C. BRYAN. ClppficcitioH for a»v 3iicicai« oi Safatu. M TN A , „ ^ ^cw York, June 1, 1883. Messrs, D. Applcton & Co. , < > Gentlemen:— Will you permit me to call your attention to a subject of considerable importance to me, namely, the question of an increase of salary. I have been with you nearly two years, in which time you have deiermined upon my disposition and ability to do the work required of me, and in calling your attention to this subject, I do so believing it has escaped your notice in the more pressing demands upon your attention. I have endeavored to perform my duties faithfully and punctually, and if I may venture to hope for encouragement from you, believe me ever ready and willing to respond to any demands your interesU may require. I am, yours respectfully, FRANK C. CHAPMAN. £cttct of (Jiciiit. ,, „ , T^ . " Cincinnuti, Ohio, May 9, 1882. Mr. Benj. Davis, N. Y. Sir, — Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance the bearer of this letter, Mr. Alex. Jones, who proceeds to N. Y. on his way to Eng. Should Mr. Jones desire to take up cash for the payment of his passage, etc. , you will pleasn advanc? him any sum not exceeding $500, taking his draft at three days' sight on his house here, Messrs. Calkins, Vauce & Co., in reimbursement. I shall feel greatly obliged by such marks of attention as you may be able to show Mr. Jones, whom you will find highly deserving of your regards. I am, respectfully yours, Mr. JoDcs' signature. Alex. Jonks. JOSEPH ELLIS. SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 451 J. C. Boyer, Esq.. Cleveland, Ohio, Ma^ 1, 1882. Indianapolis, Ind. Dear 8ir,-Your favor of the 19th ult , requesting a Letter of Credit on some house in New York, is just received. We regret to inform you that it is .mposs,b le, at present, for us to comply with your request. Hoping our Inability to perform this service will not m.'.rially inconvenience you. We are, yours very truly, W. C. BAKTON & CX). apofogtj fot 36wa4tng SSuMne^^ appot,.t,Mc„t. John C. Walters, Esq., ■^""'' '^^^^^^■' J"°- 18. 1883. Detroit. Mich. Dear Sir -Owing to unforseen circumstances my failure to meet you yesterday, according to appointment, was unavoidable I very much regret having disappointed you, and beg you to beUeve it was not wilhngly done. Hoping you will pardon me in this instance, I am, respectfully yours, JOSEPH M. b.VKER. Messrs. F. B. Dickerson & Co., BarnesviUe, Ohio, Dec. 15, '82. Detroit, Mich. Gentlemen, •.K ^ V . , ?°*'L°'^'* P'*^^ ^""^ *° °'"'*^' ^°' ^^ ^°P'«« "Our Deportment," with N. Y. draft f >r $117.45, to pay for same. I believe this order entitles me to 10 extra copies in the best binding, which plea.se send with the order, as I shall need them to supply *ll my subscribers. I wish to deliver these books on the 23d and 24th If you think they will reach here in t.me, send by freight; if not. by express Trusting my order will receive prompt attention. I am, very Uui_y, JAMES M. PATTERSON. I mr 1 1 i 452 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. Kokomo, Ind., Dec. 5, '82. Thorndike Nourw, Esq. , Detroit, Mich. Dear Sir, Enclosed I hand you an order for a misceraneous assortmeit of odds and ends in Stationery, of which I see I shall rvn short before Holidays. PIsase get this order off at once by express. I also enclose my check for |387.40 to cover invoice of Oct. 8. The last bill (Nov. 30th) had not arrived up to last night. Please have tne kindness tc start a tracer after the goods, as I am needing some of them now. I am. Very respectfully, JOHN P. ALLEN. iroopestown, 111., ^ , Feb. 26, '82. Gentlemen : Will you be so kind as to ci; 1 me your latest catalogue of garden and field seeds, and also catalogue of flower si-eds, if ready. I remain. Very truly, TA « T^ c_ ^ HENKY HUNTSB. D. M. Fetuiy & Co., Detroit, Mich. £«tte( oHcmteattMa SdtivMatc». Detroit, Mich., Oct. 15, '82. Mr. S. A. Gibsoa, President Kalamazoo Paper Co. , Kalamazoo, Mich. Dear Sir, We hand you with this two samples of book paper. We would like to have you examine them and let us know at what price you can furnish us paper equal in quality and finish. Of the Rose tint we shall use from 375 to 400 tons. It is 21ix32 in., 60 lbs. to the ream, super-calendered. The fle.sh tint is 25x34 in., 75 lbs. to ream, and also super- calendered. We SCIKXch: OF LKTTER WIUTINQ 463 Awaiting your reply, We are, Very truly, F. B. DICKKRSON ft OO. fftom a (2ommi»>u,H ^H^tcfvant Sof^cUuv, a SonM^vtmcnt. Office of Oliver Cromwel!, Commission Mprchant, St. Louis, Mo., Jamea Marlborough, Esq., '^^'^ ■*'^. 1883. Moberly, Mo. Dear Sir, ■t you would con>lp, . f„ », ,<^. ,„ „,. H.t1„. been ^Zl "'°""' "^ «"^ m,„i„o bu.too«. „d givleg „, p.„„„., .,«„„: ^.^I'Tf^' J„'° V"" 0, .b^rre.': zr^r "'^°"™"' ■ "" -'" '»- •» «'»'^'" * «»■ Tpuoting to beT from y„„ t.vo„bly at oo distant date. I am. Very truly, OLIVEK CROMWELL. A. Guibord, -l^q., Detroit, Mich., Nov. 15,'82. Cashier First Nat. Bank, Dear Sir: Plattsburg, N. " Nn io., , n i^"''.°'"^P'*^'^*'*'fl°'^«™ff« for collection, as follows: iNo. UH.^, A, G. Bardin, :20 ds 1384, • " ;iO •'.'.'.'.' $11110 You need not remit until both are paid. ^^^ ^^ ~f J ^^'UlO, F. B. DICKERSON & CO. 8VIKS( K OF I.KTTF.n WniTrXG. Evening News Association, '^™^' ^^''=^- ^^"'' ^•^- "^^ Detroit, Wwh. Gci tit-men :— I e-irlose with this, American Express Companys Money Order for |r,.00. f.ir wLid. pk.wse forward to my address the daily e.'ition of the "Evening News " for one year. Very truly, 11. COLEMAN. Jb. fetter o^ Sticiiiitit. L. K. Gould, Esq., ^'y*°' ^^•°' ^^»- 1<^' 82. Toledo, Ohio. Dear Sir, I take the liberty to inquire if you can give me the address of some good live commission merchant in your city to vhom I can send a large consign- ment of choice Catawba grapes. An immediate reply will greatly oblige, as the giapes must be shipped very soon. Trusting that opportunity will soon occur to allow me to reciprocate the favor now aaked, I am, Very truly, E. H. AUSTIN a eommidoiott STCctcfvant SHceosin,j SSiff of Sabivtg {^ §oob> to U S>oth o\\ (SotuHtoaioH. r»i- /> „ ^ Huron, Ohio, Oct. 11th, 82 Oliver Cromwell, Esq., ^.ii", o-s. Buffalo, N. Y. Dear Sir:— I taij morning received your favor of the 10th request- ing a trial consignment, and on the same mail a letter from my old friend. Iliram Hawley, .speaking so highly of your facilities for handling fruits, that I have decided to send you some of my choice Catawbas to dispose of. You will accordingly find enclosed a Bill of Lading for 740 br^kets, each con- taining 10 lbs. net. They were very carefuiiy packed, and leave here in first-class order. Trusting you will be able to put them in a good market, I am, Truly yours, E. II. AUSTIN. CORRESPONDENCE OF NAPuLEON AND JOSEPHINE. Napoleon was married to Josephine de Beauharnai8, widow of Court Beau- harna.8. March 9ti, 1796. The marriage was di.s.solved December l.th ,S09 Bonaparte taken prisoner to St. Helena August 11th. 1815-died May 5th. 1821 at Bonaparte to Joskphinb. T , . ^ Marmirolo, July 17th. 1796. ^:ve received your letter, my adorable friend. It has filled my heart with loy. Ah! I entreat you to permit me to see some of your faults. Be less beautiful, iess gracious, less affectionate, less good. Especially be not over-anxious and never weep. Your tears rob me of reason, and inflame my blood. Believe me It 18 not in my power to have a .;.. e thought which is not of thee, or a wish which I could not reveal to thee. •»♦»♦»(, A thousand kisses. BONAPARTE. Bonaparte to Josephine. T , ... May 16, 1800. I leave this moment to sleep at St. Maurice, I have received no letters from you. This, snot kind. I have written you by every courier, • * * A thousand affectionate wi.hes for you. my good little Josephine, and for all who surround you. BONAPARTE. mlac^aT tf """"^ """'" '"" ''''''''''' ''''■ ''' '^'- Tbe beautiful palace at Mnlma.son wa.s a.s...g„e,l for her residence. She retained the title of iirmpress and received an income of jifiOO.OOO r>. vr-.-.r 4.M ■.'i-*i 456 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. My Love : you wish. Bonaparte to Josephine. Wednesday, 1810. I see no objection to your receiving the King of Wurtemberg whenever I am just going to dine, all alone. Adieu, my love; never doubt my affection for you. If you do, you will be unjust and wrong. NAPOLEON Josephine to Bonaparte. April, 1810. A thousand, thousand tender thanks that you have not forgotten me. My son has just brought m^ your letter. With what eagerness have I read it, and yet it required much time, for there was not one word in it which did not make me weep. But these tears were very sweet. I have recovered my heart all entire and such it will ever remain. There are sentiments which are even life, and which can only pass away with life. * ♦ * Adieu, my love, I thank you as tenderly as I always love you. JOSEPHINE. Sire: Josephine to Bonaparte. Navarre, March 21, 1811. Amid the numerous felicitations you receive from every corner of Europe, from all the cities of France, and from each regiment of your army, can the feeble voice of a woman reach your ear, and will you deign to listen to her who so often con.soled your sorrows and .sweetened your pains, now that she speaks to you only of the happiness in which all your wishes are fulfilled ? Having ceased to be your wife, dare I felicitate you on becoming a father? Yes sire, without hesita- tion, for my .soul renders justice to yours, in like maimer as you know mine. But it is from you that I desiro to know if your child be well, if he resembles 3-ou, if I shall one day he permitted to see him; in short, I expect from you unlim- ited confidence. Sire, of the boundless attachment I shall cherish for you while life remains. JOSEPHINE. .., ^ BoNAPAKTio TO Josephine. My Love: Manli •.'■>. isii. I have received your letter. I thank you. My son is stout and very well. L. SCIENCE OF LETTER WUITIXO. 4:, I hope he will be prospered. * * * He has my chest, my mouth and eyes. I hope that he ^-'1 fill his destiny. I am always pleased with EugCue. He has never caused me any dissatisfaction. NAPOLEON. BONAPAnXE TO JOSEPmNB. - . June 20, 1812. I have received your letter of the 10th of June. I see no objection to your gomg to Milan near the Vice-Queen. You will do well to go incognito ♦ ♦ • Never doubt my interest in your welfare, and my affection. NAPOLEON. Bonaparte to Josephine. y , August 25, 1813. I have received your letter. I see with pleasure that you ,re in good health * * * Introduce order into your affairs. Do not expend more than |300 000 a year. Lay aside as much yearly. * » ♦ * If you wish to please me, so manage that I may know that you have a large treasure. Ju MK. Then a little my hope revives again, and tin. keeps me alive Were il no, f„r that I must .sink; I .howld .lie i„ my p, .ent .situation. But my blessed I{e,le..nu.r is making intere, ssion with the Futh..- for us to meet again to ■"' "*"' """' ^"triccvcr^ vLiii, every ijuiac ijtula high for your Health, SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. your safety, and your wishes crov.-ned. Do not, ni/ beloved husband let the love of country, fame and honor make you forget you have one. Without you, I would think them all empty shadows. ***»«#, May the Almighty God of Heaven shower down ;iis blessings, His mercy on you. assist you in the ways of life, ui the ways of righteousness, be your shield in the time of danger, support you in all things, and keep you in the paths ot wisdom -the ways thereof is peace afar. Well, think on me, your dearest friend on earth.' Mr. a. Jackson. RACUEL Jackson. Gen. Georck Washington's Advice to Miss Ne- k Custis (nis Step-Dauoiiteu) IN THE Selecting op a Husisanl.— An Extract Men and women feel the same inclination wards each other now that they always have done, and which they will confn.e to do, until t^ere is a new order of thmgs; and you. as others have done, may tind that the passions of your sex are easier raised than allayed. Do not, therefore, boaat too soon, nor too strongly of your insensibility. * ♦ Love is said to be an involuntary passion, and it is therefo/e. contended that it cannot be resisted. This is true in part only fc • like all things else, when nourished and supplied plentifully with aliment, it is rapid in its progress; but let these be withdrawn, and it may be stifled in its growth. Although we cannot avoid first impressions, we may assuredly place them under guard ♦ ♦ When the fire ia beginning to kindle and your heart growing warm, propound these questions to it. Who is this invader? Have I a competent knowledge of him? Is he a man of good character? A man of sense? For, be assure., a sen- sible woman can never he happy with a fool. What has been his walk in life? * * * Is his fortune sufficient to maintain me in the manner I have been accustomed to live, and as my sisters do live' And is he one to whom my friends can have no reasonable objection? If all the.se interrogatories can be satisfactorily answered, there will remain but one more to be asked; tluit. however is an important one. Have I sufficient ground to conclude that his affectioMs are en-.r-ed l,v me" Without this the heart of .sensibility will struggle again>. u p.issiou that is not reciprornted. Yours affect ijuately, (lEORUE WASHlNCJTi N'. ~^ ■: 'i i IL 400 SCIENCE O/^' l.ETTER WRITING. The foIlowinK !s a fao-simile of the original letter written by John Wesley, In the 70th year of his age, to Mrs. Eliza Bennis, London, Eng.. Feb. 12, 1773. Given by her daughter to Dr. Wm. Gray, of Philadelphia, as compensation for medical services Dr. Gray willed the letter to Julius King, of Clevelani', Ohio, anu he presented it to Mr. Lou. Burt, of Detroit, Mich., in whose possession It now remains. SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 461 Ar, [Copt.] „ ^ Feb. 12, 1773. My Dear Sister: When we draw near unto God In His apnointed ways He will surely draw nigh unto us. Pray remind Mr. Qlasbroolt of using the same means and you will find the same bless- ing, and when you write, encourage Mr. Slater to do at Waterford as he did at Umericlc. I am glad Mr. Scott has so much courage as to receive the preachers, and stiU more so, that Mr. Fleury is rather a friend than an enemy. This hath God wrought ! I can observe by Mrj. Dawson's manner of writing, a very conside Die change in her spirit; more acquaintance with God; more humiUty, and more artless, simple love. She is an amiable woman. I love her much, and so I do all of the family that I know. Charies Harrison does not »e« with my eyes or he nee>l have gone no farther than AtMone. I wish he does not malce a foolis;! bargain at last, one that lie will repent of aslong as- he live: He surely will if he does not acknowledge God in His way, but lean to his own understanding. As long as you trust, not in yourself, but in Him that has all power in Heaven and in earth, you will find His Grace sufficient for you and His strength made perfect in your weakness. Look to Him continuaUy and trust on Him, that you may increase with all the increase of God. I am. My Dear Sister, Your ever affectionate Brother, T WTtroT jp-v .£«:-" 4fi2 SCIENCE OF LETT EH WHITING. Daniel Webster to Misb Piiebk Coleman. Dear Phebe Coleman ; I was much obliged to your mother for bringing j-ou to see mc when I was at the Astor House. I send you my autograph, and pray you to believe that, for your father and mother's sake, as well as your own, I shall always be your friend. dan'l webster. Charles Dickens to His Son on Going to College. My Dear Harry : I have your letter here this morning. I inclose you another check for £25 Now observe attentively. We must have no shadow of doubt. Square up everything whatsoever it has been necessary to buy. Let not a farthing be out- standing on any account when we begin together with your allowance. Be particular in the minutest detail. I wish to have no secret from you in tue relations we are to establish together, and I, therefore, send you Joe Chitty's letter bodily. Reading it you will know exactly what I know, and will understand that I treat you with per- fect confidence. * * * ***«»# You know how hard I work for what I get; and I think you know that I never had money help from any human creature after I was a child. * * * * Whatever you do, above all other things, keep out of debt and confide in me. If you ever find yourself on the verge of any perplexity, come to me. You will never find me hard with "ou while you arc manly and truthful. As your brothers have gone away one by one, I have written to each of them what I am now going to write to you. You know that you have never been hampered with religious forms of restraint, and that with mere unreasoning forms I have no sympathy. But I most strongly and affectionately impress upon you the priceless value of the New Testa ment. and the study of that book as the one unfailing guide in life. Deeply respect- ing it, and bowing down before the character ,)f our Saviour as separated from the vain constructions and inventions of men, you cannot go very wrong, and will always preserve at heart a true spirit of veneration and humility. Similarly I impress upon you the habit of saying a Christian prayer every night and morning. These things have stood by me all through my life; and rememh-r that I tried to render the New Testament intelligible to you and lovable by you when you were a mere baby. And 80 God bless you. Ever your affectionate father, CHARLES DICKENS, John G. Whittteu to R. 8. Rantocl. R. S, Rantoul, Esq, Danvers, Second month, 11th, 1880 I am not able to accept thy invitation to nttcnd the moclitig to morrow of its objeci. Tiieru iiui> possibly be some diflerences T r..ii — SCIENCE OF LETTEIi WRiriNG. cannot wait for the slow remedies of w.Vr . i T , '"^''°'^ ^*"'='» reforms. Starvation cannot betr.ued" J T l """ ""' '"'"^^"'^ speeches and resolutions We „, i , ^""'" 'P''""' *-'''°"°' "^^^ '"'^ '^y We are one grerh^ho!^^^ c^ rtr^[:'T''^'^^^ "' '^"' ^'^''' '"^' """^'^-^ Ail-Father, and it is not for u^ to ask thf m ""^ ''°''''''°''' '"^'^ ^"""^ '"« keeper?" Whenever and wherev '"""°" °' """" "^'^ ^ ""^ '^'•"^"''"•'^ irre necMve of anT 7 '°' """""^ ^"'^ *^'^"'^^^° suffer we are bound heretofore, I doubt nt the b ess nl tho" T "' ^° ''^ ^^" °' "^*'^- '^"^ --' ^ her. I en, truly thy Wead, ^ "'° "' ■"^'^''^ ''^ P^"^'^ ^"' --« »Po° JOHN Q. WHITTIER. A 1 . North Leeds, July 28 1775 ^ J «»dv.sed you once, and you took it as ea affront: nevertheless I .will do it once Scream no more, at the peril of your soul n^A „«„ He has set over you. ^ ° """^ "^""^ ^^^ ^^ '"«• ^'^"'^ but wft?'' '' T"''"'' *" ^°" ''"• '"' ^ "^* «^^^-^- Speak with all your heart but with a moderate voice. # * « » « "^'^ ' O John, pray for an advisable and teachable temper! By nature you are^very john wesley. Ladv Jane Grey to her Father, three days before her Execution Father: Although it has pleased God to hasten my death by you. by whom my l.fe should rather have been lengthened, yet I can so patiently take i . that I y, M God more hearty thanks for shortening my voeful days, than if all the woHd'h d be n given mto my possession, with life lengthened at my own will * * , , aiU.ou«a perhaps u may seem woeful, yet there is nothing which can to me be more dJ , :!ll w 4^)4: SCIENCE CE LETT.:it WRITING. welcome, than from this vale of misery to aspire to that he venly throne of all joy and pleasure with Christ my Saviour, in whose steadfast faith (if it may be lawful for the daughter so to write to the father) the Lord that hath hitherto strengthened you, 80 continue to keep you, that at the last we may meet in heaven, with the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. I am, Your obedient daughter till death, JANE DUDLEY. Madam: Db. Samuel Johnson to Mks. Piozzi. July 3, 1784. If I interpret your letter right, you are ignominiou.ly married; if it is yet undone, let us .-,, Norwich, Apnl 12. 1754. I received yours of 1 instant, and was glad to hear that you was well- pray my dear let your first consern be to make your pease with god as itt is of all conserns of ye greatest importance. Keep a steady watch over your thoughts words, and actions, be dutifull to seperiors, obliging to equalls and afflbel to inferiors! from your affectionate, „ HANNAH ARNOLD. i-.h. \ our father and aunt joyns with me in love and servia to yourself, your sister is from home To Mr. benedict amold, at 1 30 Canterbury. 1 4(36 SCIEyCE OF LETTER WRITING. Robert Southky to a Yoi'no Aitiior. Dear Sir: Kt'swlek, 15 Scpr., 1881. If you publish your poem. I cannot but consider your dewire of dedicaliui; it to me, as a compliment wliicli au old author who thinks he has deserve'' .veil of his couutrymea, must always be gratilied by receiving from a young one who is likely to pursue the same honorable course. But I advise you not to pu' ish. ***♦♦*»♦««■» Let your fruit ripen, and it will amply repay yon for its culture, but do not gather it green. And be assured that no advicc was ,cr offered with more sincere good will, and that I shall not meet you as a stranger if chance at any time should bring you in my '/ay. God bless and prosper you. Yours very truly. ROBERT 80UTHEY. Miss Louisa M. Alcott to Boys. My Dear Little Men : I was very much i)leased ti. get such a fine batch of letters, and much surprised at tl ^ curious coincidences cf my imagina'-y and ycir real sch ol. I am g'ad you like my boys, for you are the best judges of the truth of the pictures I drew of them. If I had known of your school before I wrote the book, I should have been tempted to ask Mr. Beck to let me come and study you a little, and put yof into the story. I wrote it in Rome, and had no* a boy anywhere to refresh myself with, so I recalled many of my own early scrapes, and got some artists and gentlemen to tell me theirs, and just popped the pranks into my book. * * * With best wishes u>. you, every one, and regards to Mr. and Mrs. Beck, I am, my dear lads, very sincerely your friend, U M. ALCOTT. Carlyle's Letter to a Young Man. My Dear Sir: London, September 21, 1841. The truthful, genial temper manifested in your letter cannot but increase the interest I felt in you. It will be good news in all time coming to learn that such a life as yours unfolds itself according to promise, and becomes in some tolerable degree what it is capable of being. The problem is your own. to make or to mar; a great problem for you, as the like is for every ma-, born iLto this world. *********** You can take comfort in the meanwhile, if you need it, by the experience of all wise men. that a risrht heaw burden Is nreci^elv the thinir vvMntPiI f,>r .i v^Minn- ctr^nr. SCTEXCE OF LF/nim WRTTrxo. 467 )-^ man. (Jri-vous to he born... l.ui b.ur ii uvll; y,„. will fi„,i i, one .lay to have he,.,, vm.y . e.e. -I wonMuo, for any money," say. the brave Jean l>a^ in Z:.^: z; t.. :::;'"' """^"^ ■" '"^' ^""'■' "^' ^^^■•^"^ ^ '^"'•^ "^-- ^^-^-'^ - - -ay 1 l.ave no time here, in this immeasurable treadmill of a place, to answer Iciters ^n you may take it for a new fact that if you can. a.s y.u say, write without answer' .our etters shall be altogether wekome. u at any time a -letinite serviee can be done by answenng, doubt not I shall muk. time for it. I subscribe myself in grea haste yours with true wishes and hopes. ^ T. CAitLYUi. Mrs. Lincoln on the Receipt ok a Medal in Memoht ok Her Husband Abraham Lincoln. Gentlemen- ^,. . , . _, Chicago, January 3d. 1867. I have received the medal you have sent me. I cannot expres.s the emotion wh Which this proof of the sentiments of so many thousands of Jour count'm n services „ the cau.se of liberty, by those who in another land work for the same great end. touches me profoundly, and I beg you to accept, for yourselves and t lol whom you represent, my most grateful thanks. I am, with the profoundest respect, your most obedient servant. MAilY lilNCOLN. KlSQ OF SlAM TO Gen'l U. d. GrANT. Rir * T >,o^o . '^''*' ^'■*°^ Palace. Bangkok, April 11, 1879 have very great pleasure in welcoming you to Siam. It is lam informed ;;lf / ?"' ""^"°° ^'°""^ "« ^ '^^^-^ -- ^-' vou musT ^rrme at ™ Lu:n"wh"r\ ^'''' "^'^^'" '" """^'^ ' '^"'^ ^^« --* eminent dti.en Brother: TEcmcsEn to Gen'l W. H. Harrison. I give you a few words -"^til I will be with you myself. words anHT . "^^'^T ' "''' ^°" *° "^^^° '' "^^ ^''"'^^ ^ ''^^' y°" ^ few words, and I hope that they will ease your heart; I know you look on y;ur young inen_and your women and children with nitv. to ...,. ,1, , „,, ..,..„...„., ^ ^ iirother, 1 wish you now to examine what you have from me. I hope that it 4()ft SriEXrE OF T.F.TTF.n wnTTrxG. will Ik" II ■iiilisfiutioii to yuii. if your iiitcnlion^ :!!■<■ likr tiiitir. to \v;i--li awiiy nil these IikI slorii's tliiit Im' ' 'u circiilHtcil. I will lie with you niy'«'lf in eighteen (hiys. *» »**«•»»♦» Brother, if 1 liiid that I can be with you in less time tlian eiglifeen diiys I will send one of inv young men before me, to let you know what time I will be with you. July 4th, 1«H. '■ — .^-mS v^- 4 A letter of congratulntioa is one written to a friend who has experienced some good fortune or great joy. Such :i letter should of course be written in a lively, cheerful style, suited to the occiision, and should be free from all admix- ture of envy or foreboding. It should be a rose without a thorn. If there is any unpleasant news to communicate, concerning yourself or any one else, or if you have any advice to give, leave it for a subsequent letter. Exaggerated expressions of joy have an air of in'-'ncerity, and should the..efore be avoided. To sum up all, in a word — feeJ rirflit, and write as yn\i,feel. The following letters will illustrate our remarks: TnoMAs .Jefferson to nis Sister on her Marriage. My Dear Sister: Pa'-is, July 12, 1788. My last letters from Virginia inform me of your marriage with Mr. Hustings Marks. I sinecrely wish you joy and happiness in the new state into which you have entered. I have seen eiough of Mr, Marks to form a very good opinion of him, and to believe that he will endeavor to render you happy, I am sure you will not lie wanting on your part 'Vou have seen enough of the different conditions of life to know that it is neither wealth nor splendor, but tranquillity and occupation, which give happiness. This truth I can confirm to you from larger observation and J ffc/hwrr; OF i.hriTnn winriso 4m I I shoM ,1 .v,.h to kn,.w wlKT- >-. Marks propose- to sc-.tl. .r . what lino of l.fr he will follow I„ ,.v,.r.v sinmtion I shouM wi.h t„ n-n.lor him an.l you ..v.-ry service .n n,y powr, us you .nuy In- assured I shall over feel .nysdf war.Mlv unerested in your happuM.ss, and preserve for you that siuc.r. .,v,. I haw a.wuys horn, y Mv dau.'hters rememhor you with equal afToction, and will one of these davs t,n,l..r .t t^ you m person. They join me in wishiog you all earthly feUcty and a eontinuance of your love to them. Accept assurances of :he sincere attachme a with which I am, my dear sister, Your affectic -tie brother, TH. JEFFERSON. Sib Waltk- Scott to Roaert Sodthey on his investiture as Poh.r Laureate. , . . , Edinburgh, Novemt)er 13, 1813. I do not delay, my dear Southey, U. .say my gratulator. Long may you Uve as Paddy says, to rule over us. and to redeem the crown of Spenser and of Dryden to Its pristine dignity. ♦ » • ♦ » , ♦, I was greatly delighted with the circumstances of your investiture. It remind'ed me of the porters at Calais with Dr Smollett's baggage si.x of them seizing one small portmanteau and bearing it in triumph to his lodgings » # * , Adieu, my iear Southey; my best wishes attend all that you do, and my best congratulations every good that attends you-yea, even this, the very lea • .,f Provi- dence s mercies, as a poor clergyman said when pronouncing g- ce over a herring. My best compliments attend Mrs. Southey and your fLmUy. * Ever yours, WALTEU SCOTT. To A Gentleman Tlected to Conoress. rr u, », L , Metropolisville, Nov. 5, 1875 fri.n^''^.'^ ■ " '°"-''' ''"' '''' ^'"^'"'•^ """' ^'-^ "- vour hand, old friend while I give it a good squeeze of congratulation on your election. The result has not surprised me in the least. I knew you would be elected, because I knew that Vni deserved to be, and that the people of your district had .sense enou.h to klw 00. Some say, •■Principle:-, not men;' but I s,,y, "Prineiples ../men " This honor >s as much a tribute to your personal worth as to the correctness of your prin- ciples, .lust such men as you are needed in Conjrress-never more than now; and i be eve you will fulhl. every expectation, and honor your.seif and your constituents. That such may be the case s) ever be th.. pr..,yer of- Yours faithfully, i'uvui.Ks aoonMiv. Eso.. t;.,oo- ,,f i-.,!!,.. r-f....:.. JAMES HOPEWELL. ^ ^ (*1 f t \ 5^5 &' ''h '^ f^ c^ (^^ r^ .'^ ^^ ^ ■sja # <# tj9 <4a '4> "\-^ '"tj,."" «j»"^""t^ %''-^'^''<^^~ii^\p '>p~^$i~''S^~~S^'^^~iip'—i$r^' A letter of condolence is one written to a friend who has suf- fered some grievous loss or bereavement. To write a good letter of condolence, one that shall comfort and console the sufferer, requires good taste and fine feeling. Persons often, by injudicious words, probe afresh the wound they are trying to heal. In offering condolence, do not call up tlie harrowing details of the sad event, nor attempt to argue the sufferer out of his (or her) sorrow. Reasons that appeal to the head cannot touch the heart. Above all, do not reflect any blame, directly or indirectly. What the bleeding heart most needs, in the first gush of grief, is sympathy— that genuine, tearful sympathy that lessens another's grief by sharing it. The expression of this in a few loving words, and a pious reference to the great source of consolation, are all that a letter of condo- lence requires. The following letters afford excellent illustrations of this kind of composition: To A Sister on thk Death of a CniLD. [The followine tender and tonrhinu letter was written by a celebrated Amerinm authoress. The bereaved mother said that no other letter gave her bo much comfort. ] Sister Darliner: I cannot write what i.-. in mv heart for vo,, to-dnv; it is too full-fillrd with a double sorrow, for y,m nnd for myself Tenrs blind ,ne: mv pen trembles in my band. Ob, t.. be n.'ar yo„' to .■lasp you in mv arms' ,,, draw yuur head to my bosom ami weep with you' Darlinir, God cotnrn,) vu;i. I , annol -170 S. SCIE.VCH OF LETThJR WHITING. 471 Anotiikbi on Till-; DKATir df a Mauk. LTlie concluding sentences are very beautiful and appropriate.] My Dear Mary : Charleston, 8. C. . Dec. 4. 1875. I feel that a mother's sorrow for the loss of a beloved child cannot be assuaged by the commonphuesof condolence; yet I mu.st write a few lines t,> assure you of my hea/tfelt sympathy in your grief. There is one thing, however that should soften ; lie sharpness of a mother's agony under such a bereavement It is the rertoct.on that little children arc pure and guileless, and that "nf such is the kingdom of heaven." "It is well with the child." Your precious babe is now a treasure kid up m a belter world, and the gate through which it has passed to peace and joy unspeakable is loft open, so that you. in due time, may follow. Let this be your consolation. Affectionately yours, Mrs. Mary Bbownino, Norfolk, Va. sarad young. La Fayette to Jefferson, announcing the death of Madame de La Fayette. [The following sadly beautiful letter, though not strictly a letter of condolence relates to the subject of death, and therefore belongs to this class.] My Dear Friend: ^^^^^i, j^^,,^^^ ^^ ^^^ The constant mourning of your heart will be deepened by the grief I am doomed to impart to it. Who better than you can sympathize for the loss of a beloved wife? The angel who for thirty-four years has blessed my life, was to you an affectionate grateful friend. Pity me. my dear .Tefferson, and believe me for ever, with all my heart, ' Yours, La FAYETTE. Thomas Jefferson to John Adams on the death of Mrs. Adams. [The following is probably one of the finest models of a letter of condolence that this kind of literature affords.] Montlcello, November l."? ISIft The public papers, my dear friend, announce the fatal event of which vnur letter of October the 20th had given me ominous forcbndin- Tried myself i,- the school of uffli, ,ion, by the loss of every form of connection which can rive the human heart, I know well, an.l f,...| wiiat yru have lo.t, what vou hav suff, red an- suffer- ing, and yx Imv,. ,o end:,,-,. T!,. s.ime trials have tauirht me ,h., for ilU =. 472 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITTNG. less condolences, open afresh the sluices of your grief, nor. although mingling sincerely my tears with yours, will I say a word more where words are in vain, but that it is of some comfort to us both that the time is not very distant at which we are to deposit in the same cerement our sorrows and suffering bodies, and to ascend in essence to an ecstatic meeting with the friends we have loved and lost, and whom we shall still love and never lose again. God bless you and support you under your heavy affliction. TH. JEFFERSON. We append, in as concise a form as possible, the laws of business that are in most common daily use: Ignorance of the law excuses no one. The law does not require one to do impossibilities. Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. The acts of one partner bind all the rest. Eacli individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm, except in cases of special part- nership. A receipt for money is not always concliisive. Sin;nntnres made with a lead pencil are held good in law. A contract mnde with n minor is A-oid. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be Hiifoi-ccd. No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illegal in its nature. SCIEXCE OF LETTER WIUTiyCr An agreement without consideration is void. An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A written agreement proves itself. The law prefers written to oral evidence because of its precision. Written instruments are to be construed and interpreted by the law according to the simple, customary and natural meaning of the words used. No evidence can be introduced to contradict or vary a written contract, but it may be received in order to explain it when such evidence is needed. A note made on Sunday is void. A note by a minor is voidable. A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxication, cannot be collected. If the time of payment of a note is not named, it is payable on demand. Value received should be written in a note, but, if not, it may be supplied by proof. The payee should be named in a note unless payable to bearer. The time of payment of a note must not depend on a contin- gency. The promise must be absolute. The maker of an accommodation bill or note \v, not bound to the person accommodnted, but is bound to all other parties, the same as if there was :t good consideration. Cliecks or drafts should be presented for payment without unnecessary delay. Cliecks and drafts should be presented during business hours; but in tliis country it is not compulsory except in the case of banks If the d^^w^^.' of n cliock or di'aft has changed Ins residence, the holder mii^f nsp dn- niid reasonable diligence to find liim. If one vvliu iMi(i> a . iit'ck as payee, or otherwise, transfers it 174 SCIENCE or LETTER WRITING. to another, he lias a right to insist tliat the check be presented on that day, or, at farthest, on thf dny foHowing. An indorsement of a bill or note i!i:iy be written on the fare or back. An indoi-si'r may prevent his own liability to be sued by writing icithoiit recourse, or similar words. An indorsee has a right of action against all whose names were on the bill when he received it. A note indorsed in blank (the name of the indorser only written) is transferable by delivery, the same as if made payable to bearer. If a note or bill is transferred as security, or even as i)ayment of a pre-existing debt, the debt revives if the note or bill be dis- honored. Tlie holder of a note may give notice of protest to all the pie- vious indorsers, or to only one of them. In the latter case, he should select the last indorser, and the last should give notice to the last before him, and so on through. Each indorser must send notice the same day or the day following. Neither Sunday nor any legal holiday is counted in reckoning time in which notice is to be given. If a letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into the postoffice, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving notice. Notice of protest may be sent either to the place of business or to the residence of the party notified. If two or more persons, as partners, are jointly liable on a note or bill, notice to one of them is sufl^cient. The loss oi a note is not sufficient excus- for not giving notice of protest. The finder of negotiable paper, as of all other property, must make reasonable efforts to find the owner, before he is entitled to approjjriate it to his own l)enelit. If thi> finder conceal it. he •• •'" • Ji-ti^T- us. itiiceny oi" tuuii. 9lc<^ona6fe 9lote. j^^p.40. ^S/lf)/^ ^rr^ „^/e-i. ^/e c//^.^^^ /t^ /^uy (ti^i '-n-9te^i# /^ ^^ O Me c/(i/j<:^^ft^4ri. 'irref^yft^. td Dollars, with interest. Value received. Harry Blodgett. ^oivvt akv6 Sfructaf 9lotc. $1,500.00. Sixty days after date, we or either of us, promise to pay to Hiram Sanford, or order, Fifteen Hundred Dollars. Value received. Robert Fulton. Ionia, Mich., Oct. 15, 1882. Cnarles Darwin. S 100. 00. Cincinnati, 0., Sept. 6th, 1881. Three months after date, I promise to pay Henry Holmes, or order, One Hundred Dollars, with interest at the rate of seven per cent, per annum, from maturity until paid, without defalcation. And I do herehy confess judgment for the above sum, with interest and, costs of suit, a release of all errors, and waiver of all rights to inquisition and, appeal, and to the benefit of all laws exempting real or personal property from levy and sale. Wesley Wood. "Iseal.t ^u^c^Htont 9lotc, -Hjij-fv '^'^'ciiuct. awh !Potucr of flnot tic ij. ■S500.00. Chicago, III., May 3d, 1^83. Three months after date, T promise to pay to the order of A. S. Brown Five Hundred Dollars, at the First Kallonal Bank, for ralue received, with interest at scven per cent, per annumfro/n muhirity until paid. Moses Wat.'s. isKiL. | SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 477 Know all Men by these Present8: That I. the undersigned, am justly indebted to A. S Brown, upon a certain promissory note, of even date herewith, for live hundred dollars, value received, with interest at the rate of seven per cunt, per auuuiu, from maturity until paid, and maturing August 3d and (Jth, lb83, x\ow, tlierefore, in consideration of the premises, I do hereby make, constitute, and appoint .John Wells, or any attorney of any court of record, to be my true and lawful attorney, irrevocably for and in my name, place, and stead, to appear in any court of record, in term time or in vacation, iu any State or Territory of the United States, at any time after said note becomes due, to waive the service of process, and confess judgment in favor of the said A. S. Brown, or his assigns, upon said note, for the amount thereof and interest thereon, together with co3ts and ten dollars attor- ney's fees; and also to file a cognovit for the amount thereof, with an agreement therein, that no proceeding in error or appeal shall be prosecuted, or bill of equity tiled to interfere in any manner with the operation of said judgment, and also to release all errors that may intervene in the entering up of said judgment or issuing execution thereon ; to waive all benefits which I may be entitled to by virtue of any homestead, exemption, appraisement or valuation law, now or hereafter in force, wherever such judgment may be entered or enforced, hereby ratifying and confirm- ing all that my said attorney shall or may do, by virtue hereof. Witness my hand this Ist day of May, 1883. MOSES WATTG. |se!^| Jtotc- toz 3»vbiana. $^00.00. ilanover, Ind., July UK ^882. On demand, for mlue received, I promise to pay J. P. Will-ins & Co., or order. One Hundred Dollars, with interest- payable without any relief whatever from valuation or appra isement. Samuel Srover. li 478 SCIENCE OF LETTER WUITINO eFotlU of" criccfi HATIOMAL BANK, Qiftiit^, ot cie/e>, ;<*« e/i. 'e^doy>^ &■ '^<';:o cFortii of ^zaft. CO B $260.00 Cd KIS)BIK1EGEI£ y/«€io-<.t /, (^^(-^ Ta Hnmar Pattan & Co, B No. 626. la St, Lnuis, Ma, c^. (#-(^^W^^; cFot-m. c(^ c^tccctpt. I accotc?il. ■aiiuuiuiiuuiiiuiiiiuuiiuiiiia n ^nrnmmwMf A Z^g;T^: l.-^T^:^.^7^.1:^:^^^^:^.^:^^?^^^:yi:^ BY PROF. L. G. GORTON. ^r By our sense of smell. What are the other sources of hiidro-rarhon in our dwellinosf The decom- posing animal and vegetable substance >f drains and water closets. Great caro should be taken to secure effective drainage and in keeping the drain pipes in order. What is heat f Heat is a for. ^ f energy. It consists of vibratory motions of the par- ticles of matter or results from such motions, and gives rise to the well known sensations of warmth and cold. What are its effects^ Expansion, fusion, evaporation, and decomposition What are the principal sources of heat? The sun, chemical action, mechanical action, sound, light and electricity Why do burn- ing glasses set fire to combustible substances? Because they gather all the rays of heat that fall upon them to a single point (.1- focus, thus making the heat more intense at that point What is fire? It is the rapid union of elements. What is smoke? Small particles of solid carbon, which have not been consumed by heat. Why does smoke ascend ? Because it is held In heated air; when the air becomes cold the smoke settles WJty does smoke ascend more directly one day than it does another^ Because the air is not of the same density at all times. How is heat diffused? By conduction, convection and radiation What is conduction? The process by which heat passes from the hotter to the colder part of a body. Whij does not a piece of wood burning at one end become hot at the other ? Because wood is a bad conductor of heat. What is convection of heal ? The method of diffusing heat by actual motion of heated fluid ::.rt--^-,, u- v.wru ;i(;t wctrer rises ironi the bottom of a vessel, and *.."j' IF 482 .■-( jL'xr/-: OF cDM.mjy things. conveys heat to the colder wattT above. What /•«■ radiation of heat f T^ > propagation of heat l^y ether. Can heat I rt^/ltcttd .* It can. What is absorption of heat? The taking off of heat by the body to which the heat is transmitted. Why d(» some articles feel colder than others, ichen all are of the same tem- perature f Because, being better conductors, they take away the heat of the hand more rai)idly. V/hich are the better con- ductors, dense or jiorous substances ? Tlie dense ones, gener- ally Is air a good conductor of Jieatf No. Why is a piece of ice longer in melting when wrapped inflar^ d ? Because the liannel is a poor conductor, and keeps the lieat from reaching the ice. Why do iron articles f set very cold in ucinter ? Because iron is a good conductor, and takes the heat from the hand rap- idly. WJty is it painful to touch the tongue to a very cold iron f Because the heat is taken from the tongue so rapidly the tongue is frozen. Wliy is it frequently warmer when a frost sets in ? Because when a liquid is changed to a solid heat is given out. Why is it so;.>i('timcs colder when a thaw sets in? Because when a sub-;fance changes from a solid to a liquid it takes up heat. How is ice cream frozen f By placing salt on pounded ice. The salt melts the ice, and in melting the heat is taken from the cream. Why does sprinMing the streets make the air cooler ? Because the water evaporates or changes into a vapor, and whenever a liquid changes to a vapor it takes up heat. W7ty does fanning the face make us cooler? It increases the evaporation rf moisture from the face by bringing fresh, dry air in contact. What are the best reflectors of heat? Smooth, bright surfaces. Why are white articles of clothing cool? Because they reflect the heat. Why are dark articles of cloth- ing warm ? Because black absorbs heat. What is the cause of wind? The temperature of different localities is unequal, con- sequently the air at some places is lighter than it is at others; the lighter air is forced upward by the heavier air, which, when SVIEyCE OF COMMOX TIIL\GS. 483 ir flows in, partakes of a circular u ^reat difference in teraperatur rakes place and f( w hich we call wind. If )rni.s a whirlwind, hiirri motion y exists a sudden change of air ranc, or tornado. ing filled Whii does a soap-huhbh- rise i,, the airf Becaus- be,...^ uiieu with wann air it is lighter than an equal bulk of the suncund ing air. Why does air nd the chi,>nie,/f Because U-^ heated by the fire it is lighter than the air of the room Whl d^es the flame of a r„ ■ die terminate in a point ? Becar se the cold air rushes to the h..ne from all sides, and is carried upwar,' Why does hlmcing sharply at a candle put :t out^ Beriuse too rapid a fiow < ' air reduces the temperatuic below the burn ing point. Why does a lamp chin, . y increase the ItrHluivr,, of the flame f Because it conducts an increase of air Xu ili'e flame. What has become of t?te candle when it has burned ^ It has been changed to carbonic acid and water, the latter e^ ■m in,!,' as a vapor. Why does friction produce heat ? Heat bein.^ a mod,, of motion of the particles of a body, friction or anything else that increases that motion produces heat. Why on a warm day does moisture collect on the outside of an ' ice-pitcher ^ Because the ir.oisture of the atmospliere is condensed by comin- m contact wirh the cold ^ " tcher. What causes dew ? At nigirt the earth and rll objec* upon it radiate the heat recdved from the sun during the day and become colder D ni the air nd the vapor of the air coming in contact with the cooler objec. .s con- densed and deposited in the form of dew. Why is d. w heavier on some objects than on other, f Becaus. soa.e objects are better radiators of heat than others. Why is but little dew formed on cloudy niyhts ? Because the heat radiated fro-.a the earth is reflected back by the clouds and the earth Is thus kept at neariy the same temperature as the rJr. Why do hear., de^os formi rain ? Because they show that the air is well charged mth moisture. What is hoar frost f Frozen dew. What are TT ^„ii ;.iic ^ii io cooiea tile /'••'isture in it is paitiaiiy _j^' 484 SCIENCE OF coyi.mjy things. Cirrus Clouds. condensed and thiis rendered visible as clouds. What are fogs f (Jiouds near the earth. Why do they disappear soon after sunrise ^ Because tlie heat oi" the sun expands and disperses them. Wltat are the different hinds of clouds f The principal are the cirrus or "cafs-taiJ," the cumulus or "bail of cotton " the stratus or "v/hite sheet," and the nimbus or ' ' rain clouds. ' ' What produces the imi 'mis shapes of clouds ? le state of the atmospiiere, the electrical condition of the cloiids, and the winds. Wffat do cirrus clouds foretell ? When they are high, thin and light, fair vreather ; when th-y form fleecy lines across the sky, light rain or a gale of wind. What do cu/muhis ('loud" fore- tell f Fine weather when they are well defined and avTvance with the wind. Rain, when tliey are thin J and dull and float in a J direction opposite the j surface wind. A thun- dei' ptorm, when they increase in size and be- Cumu'us Cloud. ^^^g ,|^^jj ^^^ gj.,^y ^^ sunset. What do stratus clouds foretell? Damp, dreary weather. What do nimhus clouds foretell ? Rain and thunder. What causes rain? When a warm current of air containing ;i great amount of moisture comes in co?:tact with a cold current the moisture is condensed and falls as rain. Does rein ecer J SCIENCE OF COMMON THINns. 485 I occur without clouds f Souietinies a sudden J'ull of temperature vvil.1 produce rain without forming visible clouds. ^Yhy does ■vtore rainfall in March and April than iu July and August f Because the changes in ti-mperature are more frequent, and every fall of temperature in the air condenses its vapor. Why thcn^ is the. iveatJier not colder before a rainf Because this change in temperature is in the upper currents of air, and n-^*^ on the surface of the earth. What is snow? Snow consists of the watery particles of the atmosphere fi-ozen for the mort part in a stratm ciouda. crystalline foim. Why U snoio white > On account of the aggregate rel'ection of light from the sides of minute crystals. Why are high mountain peak), covered loith snow ? Because the upper regions of the atmo.^ nere aro in- tensely col... What is the cause oj' hail f If ,],e rain-drops in falling \:.s.s through a c'l'-re it n\ mv of low teni]ifi-|,iii'(^ tlie di'ops become IV(./;-hand ynn,,„. ciouds. fall .s hail. 117..// is .vAv-/.> If .s„o.v, in fnllina'. ]k.ssps .In-ona-h a warm cunvn. of air, it is partially mcltrd an<1 becomes sleet. How far is Ih, sun f run, the rarth ? Mneiv-oup million miles. What is H:/hf/ Li,.|,t is ,h:,t m.x].^ <.r motion whieh is capable of alfee.i,,.- th,' optie ,„.rve. i( J. ll,.Mil„,,fi.m of .-n. Iff (?=^ 486 SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS. i infinitely rare, exceedingly elastic, an-l subtle medium known as ether, which fills all space and permeates every transparent substance. How fast does light travel f One hundred and eighty-six thousand miles per second. What is a ray of light ? It is the smallest portion of light discernible. What is a beam of light / A collection of rays. Of what is a ray of light com- posed ^ It is composed of seven elementary parts, giving the colors violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Why are some substances white f Because they reflect all the light that faUs upon them without changing it. Why are some snb- stan ves black f Be- cause they absorb all the light and refle't none. Why are soiue substanns red? Because they absorb all but the red i)art of the wave. Blue sub- stances absorb all snoto Crystals. but the blue, etc. If a straight stick be partially svhmerged in water at an angle why does it appear to be bent f Because the rays of light com- ing from the i)art of the stick which is under water are bent as they leave the water. For the same reason the apparent depth of the water is deceptive. What causes the rai)d>awf The refraction and reflection of light by the drops of falling water. Wh(d is a halo ^ It is a luminous or colored circle seen around the sun or moon under certain conditions of the atmosphere. Wh,d is its caitse/ The ivfracti n of light by minute crystals («f ice fioating in the liiuher regi,ms of tlie atmosjiluMv. Why do hiilos fori'/rll ir> t ir,'(ifhi'r.^ Because they show a, great amount of moisture in the atmosphere which will probably foini SVIE^'VE OF COMMON TUL\ Go. 4S7 L rain. Whi/ do star.s tici)ikle? Because there are a great many non-luminous bodies in space, and .vlien tJiey puss between us and a star they cut uil" its iiglit just for a)i instant, tlius causing the twinliling. W?iat are ' ' shooting stars ^' ' They are not stars proper, but are non-luminous bodies coming in concact with the earth's atmosphere, and becoming ignited by their friccion upon the air liave the appearance of stars. Why are meteor- olites or shoot inp stars seen most frequently beiiocen the 12th and Uth of Norember of each year ? Because the earth at that time is passing througji a portion of space where the greatest number of these bodies is found. Wliat _.^^ _ is the miraffe, and, what is its cause. ^ Mirage is the appear- ance in the air of an erect or inverted image of some distant object which is itself invisible. It is most frequently seen on water, where it is termed loom ing, but has also appeared to persons traveling thi-ough des- erts with such vividness as to make them believe that they Mirage saw trees and springs before them in the distance. Captain Scoresby, while cruising in a whaling ship, recognized his father's vessel when distant from him more than thirty miles (and consequently below the horizon) by its inverted image in the air, though he did not previously know it was in that part of the ocean. Mirage is caused by the rays of light from theol)ject l)eing bent differently by different layers of the atmos- phere until tliey are curved so as to strike the eye. What ca/fscs t>rilighf / Tlie bending and retlecting of liglit by the atmosphere. U'//>/l <;ius;'.>i tin rolorcd sky nt sinisct* The sun s rays are )Kiili;;ily (leroinijoscd In- tlio Mnior fliMf jh in ths^ 488 SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS. atmosphere. W?u/ does a highly colored sunset predict a storm f Because it shows that the air contains a great amount of moisture. TF'- I is electricity f It is tha* mode of motion which is manifested by the peculiar phenomena of attraction and repul sion. It is best understood by its effects. How is the electric light produced f In two principal ways, viz., by incandescence or glow and by the electric arc. The electricity is produced either from a powerful battel, or from a magneto-electric machine. In the first method the electricity i)asses through platinum or carbon, and heats it until it glows. In the second case, two points, usually of carbon, are separated a short dis- tance, and the passage of the electricity over this distance, carry- ing with it heated particles of carbon, gives the light. Wlmt is the cause of lightning f It is caused by electricity passing from the clouds to the earth. The earth and the clouds become oppositely charged, and the tension of the electricity overcomes the resistance of the air between the earth and the clouds, and passes through it. Why does it sometimes talr a zigzag course f So as to pass where there is the least resistance WJiat is heat lightning ^ It is an unsteady glow of lightning seen near the horizon, and is simply the reflection of liglrning so distant from US as to be invisible. Why is it dangerous to stand near a tree durin;/ a thunder sf,,nu ? Becnuse the tree, being :i high object mid a good conducrnr of electricity, is very liable to form the conductor for the lightning. Tf7/// is it dangerous to he near a fire d tiring a thunder sforni ^ Becnuse smoki and flame are conductors of electricity. Wh(r<' is fh<' safest place during a thunder sfonu .' In the center of a diy room, away from all con- ductors of electricity. Whw do flies walk nn the ceil in;/ ? Tlieli- feet are .so fornu'd that when they attem]»t to withdraw tlu-ni I'loin the ceiling a in.i-tial vacuum is formed, and the pressure of tlie aii- holds th«' fly up. 117/// /,v if that when wr i„nrt a yli/sy Umt is ////rd tri/h /ra/er, and liasa paper orer the t,,p^ (hid IJn irah r il,„x not fall <,nf ? Because the upward pressure of the aii holds it in. What is the f ifl 490 li SCTEXCE OF ro.VMOy THINGS. loeigU of air. ^ One hundred cubic inches weigh thirty-one grains. Why dots a stoi^e smoke when the fire is first lighted f Because the air in the chimney is of the same temperature as the air in the room, and does not ascend. What is the best method of conveying air to fires f Tubes built in the walls communi eating with the outer air, and terminating beneath the grates. Why do chimneys smoke in damp iceather f The heated air in giving off its moisture becomes heavier than the outer air. What is a barometer .' An instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. There are two forms; the mercu- rial, consisting of a glass tube over thirty inches long, filled with mercury, and the aneroid, a cylindrical box of metal, with a hand to indicate the pressure. The glass tube filled with a watery Huid is a humbug. Why is the barometer called a ''weather glass T Because changes in the weather are pre- ceded h-j changes of atmospheric pressure, and these changes are indicated by the barometer. How can the weather he predicted by a larometer f The rising of the barometer generally presages fair weather, the falling the contrary. A sudden change in the barometer, a sudden change in the weather; a gradual change in the barometer, a gradual change in the weather. Which is the Jieamer, dry air or moist air f Dry air. What is a thermom- eter f An instrument for denoting temperature. Why does the mercury rise lohen the temperature becomes greater, and fall when it is less? Because the mercury expands with hent and contracts with cold. Why does wafer boil ? Because heat enter- ing the lower portions of the water forms vapor bubbles there,, which rapidly ascend. Why is rain wafer soft? Because the minerals which m;ike water hard do not evaporate. Wh>f is if difficult to icash with hard wafer ? Because the soap unites witli the Miinernls of tlio wnter and loses its cleansing powers. 117/ y is the sea salt? The salt, which prevails largely in the earth and SCIENCE OB' COMMON THING S. 49 ^ is readily soluble in water, is carried by the ri^^l^^^^^T^ and as salt does not evaporate it must remain there in solution W/iai is attraction f The tendency of bodies to approach each other. What is r^ravitationf Every particle of matter in the universe has an attraction for every other particle, and his attraction is called gravitation. Why does oil ascend in the wwk a lamp ^ It is drawn upward by capillary attrac- tion. For the same reason, if we dip the corner of a towel in water the whole towel will become wet. Why do clouds gather around mountain tops .^ Because they are attracted by the mountains. Why does a feather fall more slowly than a stone. On account of the resistance of the air ; in a 'vacuum it would fall with the same velocity. Why does a needle float when laid carefully on the surface of water? The needle repels the water, thus displacing an amount of water equal to Its own weight. How do some insects walk on water f An oilv substance is secreted from their feet which repels the water, and thus the weight of the water displaced equals the weight of the insect. Why is spring water more palatable than distiUed water f Because it contains carbonic acid. Why does boiled water taste flat? Because the carbonic acid has been driven ott. What is soda water f It is water charged with carbonic acicl. Why does gunpowder explode? Because it is composed of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur ; substances which Hhen heated to a certain degree, unite rapidly, forming a :ras tliat IS many times larger in bulk than the powder. Why %re soap-bubbles round ? Becau^ the air within them presses with equal force on all sides. Why do balloons ascend in air ^ Because they are filled witli a gas which is rarer than air, consP- quently the upward pressure of the air on the bottom of the balloon IS greater than tlie downward pressure on top of the balloon and thp wfiiu-in- -^f fi.- iw.n, Mrr . , _ • .. =n J 492 SCTENCE OF COMMON THINGS. in the air? It rises by rhe forc-e of the wind which strikes obliquely on its under surface. WJty does a hoop roll without folUihj f Owing to the tendency which matter has when revolv- ing to retain its plane of revolution and to go in a straight line. Whu does a top spin? On acconnt of the persistence of the plane of revolution. Whij is it that when we whirl a pail, that is partially filled with water, over our heads, the water does not fall out? Because of centrifugal force, or the tendency which matter has to keep away from the center of revolution. Why do fiat stones ''skip'' when thrown obliquely on water? The water is compressed by the stone and by virtue of its elas- ticity it causes the stone to bound. What causes a hall to rebound when thrown against a surface ? The ball and the sur- face are slightly compressed and in suddenly regaining their original forms the ball is thrown. What is the cause of dreams ? Weariness, or a derangement of the digestive apparatus. It is a semi-unconscious working of the mind. Why do we cough ? Because the respiratory organs are irritated by some foreign substance and coughing is an effort to free the organs by rapidly forcing the air from the lungs. Why do ice sneeze? Because particles of matter enter the nos- trils a- d excite the nerves, and sneezing is an effort to drive away these particles. The nerve can also be excited by cold air coming in contact with it. Sneezing is a sudden contraction of the respiratory muscles. Why do some plants droop at sun- set? Plants grow by heat :md light, and some do not receive force sufficient during the day to keep them erect at night. What is a telephone? It is an instrument for the trans- mission of sound. There are two principal kinds, the string te]e])hone and the electrical telephone. The string telephone consists of some kind of on elastic diaphragm supjiorted at its edges so as to be free to vibi-ate. and liaving a strong cord or wire attached to its middle and extending to a similar instru- SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS. 403 ment at the other end of the line. A very cheap and serviceable telephone for a line not exceeding a mile in length can be made out of two cigar boxes and enough common stovepipe wire to make the line. Support the boxes, one at each end of the line, by means of strips fastened to the ends of the boxes, leaving the bottoms free to vibrate. Fasten one end of the wire to the center of one of the boxes and extend it to the other box, draw- ing it tightly and being careful to support all parts of it by some flexible substance as cotton or silk. See that there are no sharp turns in the wire, and that it does not touch any wood or metal excepting the boxes. A few sharp blows on the box wi«.h a pencil will serve for the call. A diaphragm of parchment may profitably be substituted for the cigar boxes. The electrical telephone demands that a person have a thorough knowledge of electricity la order to be completely understood. The sound wave is turned into an electrical wave, which travels along the \vire ; the electrical wave is then changed to a magnetic wave, the magnetic wave to a sound wave, which is heard. 3 LADIES- nv>/.7,' BASKET =D *> 11 .la ml ma. I K V' 1 1 .^ i 1 1 a [c 1 1 Oil. Paintliuj (.11 V,Jr,t v'iUt Brush dud j: .— Ccl. rs nsprl- Geranium T^ike, WHiif,', M.-hI.I.t L:,kfi, Eiiicrald-r r>.- Chrome- Yellow, Raw Sienna, Raw UiiiL.'r, Xaples-^'vMl> ad Yor- inilicm Red. This sliows plainly h. v to paint J.'.ss Roses AVild Roses, Easter Eilies, AVegelia, Poppy, ^ ^ ., Golden Rod and Wheat; telling what ])aints to nse lor each tlower the order in which they aie apj)lied, and how to mix them to produce tlie desired shade in each flower, etc. It is the design of this chapter to give, in an easy and sin^ple manner, such useful and practical instructions to beginners in tlie P-- of flower painting, as shall enj.jle them to make rapid iin' .ttisfactory j rogress. In the range of material objects whicii attract the attention and now employ the pencil of the artist, none are le re inviting than flowers. Everything which v;\n charm the eye is found i. be associated in their forms, elegjint, graceful iu\A varied, giving rise to combinations of light and shade, simila/ly diversifled and charming. These colors, langinr from one end of the chromatic scale to the otheri embrace within their scoi)e the most brilliant and gorgeous hues, the tenderest and mo.-, delicate tints, while they possess, m addition, surface and texture of equally varied character ; thus combining in themselves every physical attribute of that subtle and elusive qualit-'— beauty. It is only surprising that more regard has not 'litherto been bestowed upon flower painting. Directims.— To put m. ...-? on the stretcher, first procure a piece of card-board a little larger than the cloth upon which you are going to pamt; then baste the material upon the card- board, stretched enoug' to lie sm jtlily. It may be surprising to know that the most of the painting is done with a tooth- pick or pen placed in a holder, the same as for writing. Instead of using a pallet for holding and mixing paints, you must use a common table knife; then take a small quantity of LADIES' WORK BASKET. t2 r y''\^^"'TV''''^ I'^'^"" ^''''"^ '-^"'^ there along the secret's of r^ w -^"^ ' ^''' ^"'^^^^^ '^'' ^'''^^'^ ^' ^^^ -^ the on the p.aiet, and you dip your pen in it, the paint lias clogged the point of your pen bo that you cannot see the point li order to do the work neatly this must never occur. When vou point of the pen should be where the ink would naturally min''tZvT Z.'r'^'' ''^^" ""^ *^^ P^"- I" ^'^^^'^ that the use 1 !^. i/f '"'^.'^ '''' ^"^^^ «^^^^ «f *^^ P^^' >-^ "^"«t use xoi . pullet something that has a sharp edge; so that by ha. e a desimb e edge to draw the edges of the pen over, thereby the back, or in the hollow of the pen. The proper way to Tcw'th °t "'' '!':^7 !" ^'^ ^^^* ^^"^' "p ^-- *^« t^bii: material if you wish, when you have finished one part of a flower, to the position Lhat will be most convenient for yourself being^careful not to res^. your hand on the paint you have jusi for w^tf ^^' ^^^— Hold the pen in your hand the same as for writing; place the point of the pen on the line of th-^ design with the edge side of the pen under (instead of the hoUow^-co under as in writing), with the hollow side of pen facing outside of pattern. Then, as you draw the pen toward you m making the stitch, gi-adually turn the f,- x lo that the hollow side of It would come under (a. in ./riting). The stitches are generally from ,V to i of an inch in length. It is difficult to scy just how long the stitch should be, as they vary in differ- ent flowers and different parts of the same flower. It is a very peculiar painting; ..anding a short distance from the work it looks verv much like the Kensington embroidery. After the !•; t LADIES' WORK BASKET. outline of the leaf is Unislied with the pen, representing the Outline Stuc'ti, the ]>ru.sh is used for filling in the proper shade of the leaf. After the leaf has been painted with the brush between the outlines, the pen is used in making the veijis of the leaf. The veins are painted to imitate the s<^itch the same as th(j outline. Nearly all the large Howers are made similar to the leaf TIk* outlines of tlie Huwers and corolla are tinished with the pen, also representing tlie stitch ; tlie tilling iu between the outline is done Avitli tlie brusli. Always paint the corolla near the centre a tritie deeper than the outside or edge of the Hower. The Sfrvriiiral Arrangement of Floioers.—Th.i^ blossom of a plant, or that which is usually denominated a flower, is gen- erally composed of tiie following distinct i)arts : The Calyx, so named from a latin word signifying a cup ; the Corolla, named from a l;itin word denoting a crown : the Pericarp is the seed vessel, or o.'gan of generation. Wlien coloring a flower or object, use a color the same as the objec^ to be deliniated ; the outline completed, the next process is to tint in the different local colors. Never worlc to, but always from the starting point. Properly speaking, tin 're are but three colors in nature, these are J-ed, yellc^w and blue; tliey are called jirimaries. Orange, green, purple, and all other hues, ai-e only composed from the first thr»,'e named. The student has tlien to consid-.n* when regarding a color iu nature, if it be not one of the prinmries, in what i>i-o])ortion it is composed of them. For instance, if oranue be the color undei- ccmsideration, the jirop*-: (luantitie- of the led and xcllow must be determined bv mixinir ii little of each, adding a little of (me or rlie other until the desired shade is obtained ; if green is desii'ed, niix the yellow and bine; a very small poition of r.d will snbdue the brilliancy of given; thus again with jnirple, which is foi-med of red and blnt\ the addition of yellow destroys its purity : in the case of orange, blue will destroy or subdue its brilliancy. whit^ r- 7"' ■^"' ^""'"^"'-^ '^^''' ^^^^^-Cxeranium lake and ^.tt- T\ '". ""'"'^ ^"^ 1^"^^'^"S the bu>I or blossom ; for painting the darker .hades in the tlower, use madder lake • the mo.s IS paint, d with emerald-green, mixmg i.r -a little wIrU. or jellow to get the lighter shades- .o get brown shades, nse raw Hienna and raw nmber. In painting tiie leaves, brush in with s lades This must be done before the outlines are painted as all outlines are put on with tlie pen, representing the stitch K oushouh. put the outlines on first, when you are tilling in ^vitli the brush you would be liable to touch the stitches -.nd your work would not be as nout when hnished. In painting the ou^i^^o get the bnght shade, nse emerald-gr.en with aTitt : ch ome->ellow or wh.to; you can get the dark sha/• Pa/nt/^^r/ i^V.sAr Z%. -Beginning with the bud, to get the pink shade, use a little geranium lake wi^h th._.vliib>; in jKiinting the open blossom first brush in a little white, then tlie outlin.^s aiv put on in white with the ])en to iiintat. ilie stitch. The veins are also put on in whiti • 'the pistil, projecting from the centre of the flower, is put on with l he pen nsmg enu-rald-green at the top of the pistil; the ii-dit shade ]s ma • the Sa nirnsare put leaf is put on witli tl..- ,.,., rei".- LADIES' WOIiK BASKET. i resenting the stitoh ; for the bright shades use emerald-green mixed with chrome-yellow or whit. ; for the dark shades use emerald-green mixed with raw sienna. The veins are put on with the pen, representing the stitch ; for the light colored ones, use Naples-yellow and white ; for the dark ones use raw sienna and emerald-green. The stem is put on with the pen (imitating the stem or outline stitch as nearly as possible) using raw umber and emerald-green. Instructions for Wild Mose.-'nie corolla is finished first Its colors are first brushed in with white and geranium lake' mixed so as to -lake a very bright shade. After vou get this ^hade brushed in go over it with the pen, making the stitch using the same color used for brushing in. The centre is made with the pen in stitch form, ur 'ng for the bright shade emerald green and chrome-yellow, and for the darker shade, emerald- green and raw umber. The stamens are made with the pen in stitch form, using chrome-yellow; for darker shades of leaves use raw umber ; for the light shades, emerald -green mixed wi ha little chrome-yellow or white; for the dark bud use emerald-green, and chrome-yellow for the lighter shades on the bud ; for dark shade on bud, use i-mber. If vou are Daint ing on dark material, use the paints given for tie lio-ht slrule on the entire bud. The buds are made with the p^n t^. renting the stitch. Between the stitches scratch in wit i a sharp tooth-pick or with tlie back of tlie pen, a little paint ot the same shade as the bu in'o.aHes-yelhnv..UHl white, mixed; i. making outline of i-aves use tli,> pen, n-aking the outline in form of stitch You !i LADIES' WORK BASKET. use raw *-.a and Napies-yello. ; ^^JZZ^ first with NaplesveUo, h ™' *" ''*"^ '■'" t""*"! in making the s,i'te?;rnd°nX*tvS;::r *'^" "''^^ '''"^ P»' "L i f i. r- r^?''"'"^° tlie.titch; the centre of the l..,/,u,'-oi,s for <:„M„i Jlod.-'Vh: flow,.,- i. Iinish«l (ir.,f »ie..n.,. , „x«l. lh,i entn-.. H„wer i, li„isii.,a with the pu,. LADIES' WORK BASKET. making the stitches irregular, but in such a manner that they will run toward the stems. For the light shades on stems, use emerald-fn-een. It would be well to take your pen and put a stitch on here and there among the flowers, close to the stem, with emerald-green. Tnstructims for WTieat.—The tops are finished first. You can get the proper shade by using Naples-yellow and white, mixed. The tops are made with the pen, used in a different manner than you would use it for most all other flowers. You must first get quite a large quantity of paint on the pen, clean the edges on the edge of the knife in the usual way, then, instead of beginning the stitch with the edge of the pen on the material, place the pen squarely on the material, with the hollow side underneath ; then press on the pen until it opens so that it will leave paint on both sides of the pen and a trifle in the middle; a stitch in this way f;. tins a grain. The small delicate fibre that projects from the wKnt tops is made by the pen with same color as the wiieat. The leaves are first brushed in with Naples-yellow and white, mixed ; the outlines of leaves and stems are put on with the pen, using same color as used for the vvheat ; in order to get a green shade for lower leaves, luix a little emerald-green with white and yellow, mixed. The outlines and stems and veins are put on with pen in stitch form, using same colors as for brushing in the leaves.