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1
2
3
4
5
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V'er^r©?
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-)OF(
SB '^I'^BBAUTY
o«.
7\>
Th<
"^-'a. ^,, .,d U*--'^^ Ed.,^^^^
TWO rOLUMSS IS ONE.
PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED.
By a Corps of Special A
UTHORS.
WINDSOR, ONT.:
1886.
J
PREFACE.
iia great public works, is alwav«» in
valnef^r^atin/ to t^t"!^ ^"'°™'" ■"""«' of interest and
UnitedStates and hewXa 1?^^-°* '^"^'h America, the
'etter.writing, Good haMtrrthtf' "^'^ "— *"« an of
needs of our business and socW li^ T'"'^ *''^ '"■■«""•»'
exercise necessary to reason.M ' "'"' ^'* *'' ''"''y ='»'•
almost wholly neglectedTnT """'""P"'"'"™' ^ them are
*o be thoughfof fnThel *;eZar ^'T' '''■^ "'"■ ""^^
subject wUl be found „,.i,1 "'"'• °'"' "-^'raent of the
>.e found quite um,j,,e. Most of the materials used
IV
PI'MFACE.
were collected from original sources, and are now lor the first
time m ])rint
The ladies, howe-er, will naturaUy take chief interest in the
ornamental part of the work. Here they will find a multitude of
aecorative arta tenght, and a myriad questions answered ,1a
they have doubtless often asked themselves or others. Su h a
body of instrucfon m the light and pleasant labors that so
greatly promote the happiness and comfort of home, has never
Lt'T r ^■'T'"* '° ^ """"^ °f «"' "^'"d. ^-1 «<""e of the
arts taught can be nowhere else so effectively learned as through
this medmm. It is hoped and believed that this one feature of
the Treasure.," if no other, will carry a miniature world of
intelhgence, beauty, culture, and refinement into countless
Canadian homes.
Pains and cost have not been stinted in the preparation of
this volume. All useless matters have been rejected, and the
useful and elegant have been procured and illustrated with
lavish expense. The pictures alone cost more than some entire
subscription books of the size that could be named. Writers of
recognized ability, specialists in their several fields, have been
secured and liberally paiS to furnish the text, which, together
with the Illustrations, has been put in print with rare finish of
typography. The whole is now confidently commended to the
generous patronage of the citizens of the far-spreading and
powerful Dominion.
^=^<s:z*
THE PUBLISHERS.
'1
i
'• K:'..-
'
J
-
^^mM
"^
:":::::::::::r::::::^^^.^^
^..v.-.:-.-... .■.■.■.■.■.■.-.-.■^■.^'^iifU^'q:;::^
"^aUc of eo-pttcnfe^.
MAKE HOJre ATTRACTIVE
HOME DECORATION IN NATURAL FLOWERS "
PRESERVIN3 NATURAL FLOWERS "
EMBALMING FLORAL PARASOL......... "
Pi?ESERVIN(> FLORAI. KORSE HHOE. "...",'',[[ "
PRESERVATION OF AUTUMV leaves!,!!.!' ". *"
PH.iNTOM on SKELETON LEAVES !!... "
PBEPARINf* LEAVES AND FLOWERS "
BLEACHING LE.4VES AND SEED VESSELS "" ^
LI^T OF PL.VNTS FOR SiCELETOyiZING " '^
SEED VESSEL? 70
LEAF PRINTIXG 80
HOME DECORATION 80
WINDOW GARDENING 89
CHINA PAi.VTl;v^O IW
BRONZE work: 112
DFOALCOIIANIIS 129
JAPANESE WoitK 188
LADIES' WOKK BASKET: "'
KEXSIXnTuN PATTEK.VS ^*^
RIUBuN WOllK '"iJ
APPLIQUE WORK ISl
KEXSINT.TON OUTLINE PAINTING '•'^■'
MACRAME LACi: 1"^
CR.VZY WORK "'^
WMIAN'S WORK AND VICTORY ~°~
CARE a.ND CULTURE OF PLANTS ^
CARE OF CANAEIES 210
Valuable RF:cii'F;s 2S7
23.^
il
TABLE OF COATEA-TS
PART II.
PICTORIAL HISTOKY OF CANADA: GEOOhAPHICAf.
ONTARIO-QUEBEC-NE'.V BRUNSWICK -NOVA SCOTIA-PRmCEVDwlRD'JsL'^'vD" ^^
MAMITOBA-BRITISH COTUMBIA-THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES-. ISTRICT OF
KEWATIN-NEWFOUNDLAND
HISTORICAL: DISCOVTRIES "^
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ^'
• .i»g
THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
••••••• jj„
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
' <W1
T;:E NINETl-.tNTH CENTURY
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GREAT t VENTS "'■*
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCO VERIES "'^
SCIENCE OF LETTER WKITING '"''
NOTES AND CARDS '"^
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND MERCANTILE FORMS....... "'^
LETTERS OP AFFECTION BY EMINENT. PERSONS ^^^
MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS BY E3IINENT PERSONS ^^
LETTERS lK CONGRATULATION BY EMINENT PERSONS ^^^
.ETTERS OF CONDOLENCE ■***
iUSINESS LAWS BRIEFLY STATED *'°
(COMMERCIAL FORMS *^
SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS *''^
in
:^ of Mi^tzaUon^.
Portable Ivt Scbbbw
Ornamented Fieeflack "^
Box m Japanese Work ^^^
Blanket, or Embossej) Stitch. ^^^
Border in Bdtton-Holk Stitch ^^
Chain Stitch ^^^
Satin Stitch. ^^^
Kensington Outline Stitch *^^
Janina Stitch ^^^
Knotted Stitch ' ' • ^*'
Plcsh Stitch **''
Herring-Bone Stich ^*®
Basket Stitch ^^^
Feather Stitch ^^^
Wound Stitch ^^^
KENsiNGT<:i Patterns ^^
Ribbon Work. 150
Pansy Pin Cushion ^"2
Pansy Pin Cushion (Diagrams) ^^^
Applique LAHBRE(itJiN ^^
Basket m Panaka Canvas (open) ^^®
Baskei, in Panama Canvas (shut) ^^^
Shawl Strap in Canvas Work ^^'
Kensington Outline Painting ^^^
Natural Easter Cross 1S8— 162
Table AND Table Cover ^^^
Sewing ChaxR and Table ^^^
Ottoman 167
168
4
:•!
viu
XJar OF ILLUBTRATIONS.
CrxjTHEB Baskbt OB Box
Clothes Baskbt, Intbriob of.
Wall PocKwr
Papkb Holher
Papbb Receiver
Wall Fbotectors
Wall Pocket. . .
Fire Scbebns.
169
... 170
172
173
174
.175, 176
Slippbb Cabbb ^^^
178
Window Screbh ^^' ^^^
N^oTB Cabe OB Pobtfolio
Needle Book
Sofa Cushion
Cushion 'WITH Lace TiDT
Cushion — Satin
Table Cover ob Chaib Bolbtbb
Sofa Cushion ^^'
Toilet Cushion
Handkerchibf Casbs
Pot Cushion
Footstool
Brioche
Work Basket
Work Basket, Oblonq
Work Basket, KsNBiNaTOH Stitohbs
Work Basket
Work Baqb
Net Work
Lace Mat in Etching
Macramb Lace— Illubtratkd
182
183
184
185
186
187
.... 188
. ... 18S
190, 191
.... 181
.201, 20a
, 19S
. 193
. 194
. 195
ICG
190
198
199
199
-206
LIST OF ILLVSTRATIOSB.
PART II.
A FinsT Sktti.emknt
In a Hudson ba7 Foiit ^'"'''
Montreal from the .Mountafn ^^"
ioNo Sadlt Rapids ^^"^
Port HopK 260
Monument to Wolp and Montcal„1"q^;^;;,; ^'^
The Plains OF Abraham-Nkah Ql,;,;i:c f^
Qdeenston ^'0
Locks OF the Rjdeau Canal "^"'^
Interior of the Cathedral-.Mos . kea,!. . . ^^®
Cirrus Clouds ^^
Cumulus Clouds ^^^*
Stratcb Clouds ^^^
Nimbus Clouds '*^
Snow Crystals ■*^^
MiSAOS ^^
487
"cSonnHa tohich abbrtaa the «r«« lost anb bit
In one shott fwur ; bat thai tohich strikes the cge
SiJjeB long npon the minb ; the faithful aieht
CnfiTKbe* the knotoiebgt toith » beam of iight."
<v<Ky5i^
HE greatest art that the world has ever prodnced
isthear, ^f beautifying and making home attract-
ive. As the grandest piece of sculpture the world
has ever seen adorns a temple front, and the most
beautiful painting is found to be in the decoration
of a room, so the grandest and noblesi motives
wiM • .^ I '''''' ^^'^ ^^^ ^*""'^^" ^^""'^ '-^re those awakened
wUhm the pale of domestic life. Beautiful art can ,nly be
ITof tLt'""dT'^'^""'^^ ^'^"^^^^^^' ^-' ->- -"-le^
hZe how ''""^f^'^'^'y «- P-vided for the leisure hours at
ome, how can it be expected that the young may find their
r;n '""^"^ ''T ^'"^^^^ '^^ - and\mnsen.nt :d
\X iT ' r' ^''^■'^' '-^"^ ' ''''-' ^' refinement.
A^ l...t a fullness of enjoyment has our Creator placed within
cn.r.ea.h by surrounding us with an nfuH.spl.ere l" l!^^^^
shaped into sweet snnml« n,.,i ..„ ,.i.. .... . ' ,. ^ ^"^^^ "^
•' i "'» "i^ ^'"1 <^iisi)()sal many
MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE.
*
I
beautiful things ; „,„1 yet tl.is g„„,l„e., is lost ,o „,a„v „, „,
u e must h,st liave cleanliiiess, wliich is tlie special ele-ance of
ook uponi Tliere is no reason why all should not surround
hemselves wrth the evidence of beauty and comfort in all ttek
shapes, and thus do homage alike to the gifts of God and t^
labors of his creation. The ta.te for the bL.tif, iTs „ne "1 the
ot CIV, hzafion Beauty and elegance do not necessarily belong
ng B?a':::.t'ariif- ^•'y— 'ghtto be,ai4;rlrd'
soSalfnd dl'tJcli'fe:""'' '" """'"• '" ""' '» "'--'-' »
The cheapest and the most beautiful gifts that belonir to .11
aie Known to us as common flowers A ro^P fr.r \l f •
among the most beautiful of the smiles of nll'^^ThS!
ng flowers," m which there is more than gavety, thot^^f it
are full . li„ng ,n midwinter one of the commonest field flowera
}ou seem to have brought a ray of sunshine into tlie 1 lace
Tbere IS a cheerfulness about flowers that brings deli.-M to the
d^..op,ng invalid. They are a sweet enioyment, coming an
t^T , T '""""""■>•• "■"' -".mg'o.say. "Come and .se ■
M.t t„ he ,„„.e and innocnt. A heart that s not love
tl." .•!. or the volc of a „l:,yf„, chil.l cannot be cheerful
ave a llowe,. i,, „:.. ,„„„, by ,„| ,„,.„.,. In sunnuer thev
»■" --t ,vou ,.,„h,„g, m winter but a „ Hie if your ambition is
m
II
I
JfAEE HOME ATTRACTIVE.
13
modentte, and tlie gratiiication it will give will be beyond price
An eminent physician says: ''I have known the presence of a
flower, by its cheerfulness, to save a life." If you can htvp I
flower in your window, so much the better. What can be more
delunous than the sunlight streaming through them-through
the midst of crimson fuchsias and fragrant geraniun.s. To look
out tnrough them and to break the force of the sunbeams by the
tender resistance of green leaves is, indeed, poetry. If you can
n-am a clematis or smilax round the window, you will have the
mos beautiful frame you can invent for the picture without
whether It be the busy crowd, the distant landscape, the tree!
wKh their lights and shades, the change of the passing clors
or he earth wrapped in its mantle of snow. Any one mat th !^
look through flowers for the price of an old song A^d^^^^
pm-e taste and rerinement does it not indicate on the part of the
cultivator? Flowers in the room, whether in their natural state
or preserved, sweeten the air, make the home look giacefu g've
beauty. They are companions that will never utter a cross word
K> any one, but always look cheerful and sm 1 nt ^n ^
despise them because they are cheat) \ndh^' . ''"^
„,„„ !,„,,„ ,, , ^ "^^^^ cneap, and because everybody
may have the luxury as well as vnnr«aif n , ^^.y^ouy
Cheap ana eo».on"^,M„,s"rt^:r/;.a,Sr.rwt^^^^^^^^
■1 """"'' "" """"■« """ ^0 'Jo not half enioy
;™ ,„ e„ah,eu3 .0 :nS:;J^::zLT:£2
^Mtr s,ra:„r :: :r» :r ""-"-- -
,-. ..iT^l"""" \°""'- ."o -"tter how tiny it may be. so that U
"-""""'' »'"""»•» '"to which the sun can shine cheerily; a
MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE.
few good books (and who need be without good books in these
days ot umversal cheapness 0, no duns at th! door, tcn2Z
wellsupphed, and a flower ot son.e kind in th.roonZ surtv
o7;ovr "™^ "^"^"''^^ '"-^ "™-'^ <" K'-- cz
;"!« Tr.:' :f?r.:?7zr;/':hanr" "T"^ ""■•"-
.«.nspare„oies, ieaf pain';ing.to:L''s ^e '"or^L^' ,1^
graphs autotypes, engravings, etc., which rende It po Me
for aU to furmsh their rooms with -ome beautifuf specimen "?
he^ic ao/:: r,; tt^ ^ """^ '"-'eh'' «>'* ""p^^ -
orTt eet nto our o'"^ """""^ " "" <"' """"'^ '™» "'" «^W^
at,ut it Tt / ?r ""'"" "'^""<' -**''^ » S-^ <" feauty
seH Id in ' , «'"*"™y *™"> "»e considerations of
to;,, r '"' ""■■" "' delightful associations with the
world wtthout as well as within. The portrait of a great ,nan
for instance, helps us to read his life. It invests him lith a m'
sonal tnterest. Looking at his features we feel as if e knew
h.m better and were more closely acquainted with h m iC
letsure hours unconsdou,,ly seem to lift „, ,p and su.stain us
^ZT':^ """V"'"' ™^ "'"'' "■' '° •■• hisl-r and nobler
iiattt.e. They remind us of the observation made by Hazlitt
uponaptcture, "It looks as if a bit of Heaven were in the room "
costlv a7/? "'°°'" "'?■''■" '""'''' """"■■"■"l"^''. no ™.-.tter how
costly and numerous the tables o\^^^^v« nr^r ,.ff
XI ■, Lai>ir-.>, ijiairs ancj. orronians iiri1p«a
there be something to grace the walls and naked tables
The art of living may be displayed in many ways.' It mu.v
HOME DECORATION IX NATURAL FLOWERS.
■ . -lo
l«su,„,„«l„p in tlie .,orf., "Make the best ofT^erythinJ"
Nothmg ,. beneath its care ; even common and Httlffhtngfi^
turns to account. It gtve, a brish»e,s and g.ace to the home'
and ,„ves« nature w.th new charms. Through it we enjoy a^
d. man s parks and woods, as if they were our own. »•« -,^1
f ne common air. and bask under the universal sunshine w'
g orym the grass, the passing clouds, and the Howers Welove
the common earth, and hear joyful voices through all natut^i?
~dr ri^i;' re^rxT: . r--^^-
as7)ire to fhp Tnl . T. I ^^^^^^^^g creatures cf earth, and
H.^r rS-g J- ;- - - -- eternity, where
ration.
i
'oraf WhcU.
wt'rder',"''' "'?'"^' "'" ''''» ^-^idered as
h«ng a decoratton only .-ipprcnate for marriage
vemontes. It was then made of pure white Lwers
. " ""'^^^'^"^^ It takes its Dlare for
'„,,™!' ."!?:"" ^"'""■°» '»■• ais design is between
.,-.,,, """ ""^^ uesi^n IS betwef^n
*^u.ua D« «u«pendea by a bright-colored ribbon."
16
HOME DECORATIOy IX y.iTUEAL FLOWERS.
In mak>.g a iloral bell, care nmst be taken that the fom is well
hlled with lorest moss, having been previously soaked in water
Cover the outside of the form with Triumph de Luxemburg
Roses, .^ichare of a bright coppery color ; line the inside or
bowl, wuh yellow Tea Kc.s, and liU the clapper in rusty yeUow
Immortelles. Or, the outside may be covered with diffJ„T
kinds o± flowers, tastefully arranged and hamonizing in color,
Wrtl T "'' TT ^'^'^^ ^' ^^^^^^^«' -'l ^he bell
clapper fiUed m pur3)le shaded Immortelles. Or, the outside
may be covered with scarlet Bouvardias, the bowl lined with
white Daisies, and the tongue fiUed in scarlet Immortelles.
hr.t^^^'T^''''^^ ^''^ ^'""^ '^"'^ ^^ ^'^^^ ^^^'^ I^' «- heavy
branches of Fern leaves mixed in with Smilax. Place bunches
of Hyacinths at the four corners. A Canopy should be sus-
pended above a table, and a bour let composed of bright flowers
may be placed on the table underneath.
FUl the pedestal with Geranium kaves and Ferns ; the four
leaves should be filled with bright flowers - Primroses, Hya-
cinths, Verbenas, pink Daisies, Polyanthus, and such. The
order may be reversed: fill the pedestal with scarlet flowers
such as scarlet Verbena, Gladiolii and Bouvardia; work the
leaves in green, Geranium leaves or Ivy, Smilax, Myrtle ; or the
pedestal may be filled in white Daisies, which has a very pretty
ettect standing on a shelf or mantel.
Cf,
latt.
The back and arms of the chair may be festooned with Smi-
lax mixe'i with clusters of yellow rosebuds. Fill the seat with
half-blown Roses of various hues. The rungs and legs may be
f
"0>'E DECOIUTIOS IX y^iTnui. F,.OWEn.^
L
wiorjc-Sfioc.
Ilv".intl,s" xfT" '"'""""' "' '■"''"'^' """ """»"- of scarlet
1> . . in l,s. Make a oenter-piece in the «„or of double Pefum-n?
;;;;;:";;::;::;r:"' "'*'■'' «-- ^'"'''- --^^:^
The Clirysalis should be filled in black Immorfelle^, fi.. •
maybe tilled in almost all bright shJes /r , '''"^'
1-ini, different shades of yellow fi I e W^v^^^hn^ hues
^^•inaow d.ape.y, o. unde/l" ;,;:;::;;r '^ '''''' """''
A boat can be made the most ele.^rant of any parlor de..-n.
and a three-master can be made to Innl- ,• , ^'
>;'"i 'i,e ,...„ with »n..itt; o^t"::'•':;;'^^"'f"'■
l>lo\vn Roses. Carnations Phii-^ to • . "" ^"11 and Jial^-
_^^. l___^...^.he side, to £„„„ ,-„a,,,., „,,, it should be .et on a
.■tara.^^.■>f.
The form should b? comiiactlv fill i •.,
secured with wire. lilies o7 he k "^^' ""''' '"^ "'"
^he ed,.e to form a fri n^ F Mn'^? "'^ '^ ^^'-^^^^ — ^
Z2 'T """" "'"""""' ""^ '""-Wo™ Ro^esjeaving;
^■^^^
HOME DECORATION IN NATURAL FLOWERS.
0'^\)W\ of three or lour inches for a bordering. It may be filleu
in scarlet Gladiolus, scarlet Bouvardir, or dark lavender Helio-
trope, and it should be lined with white flowers. Place a sprig
of Hyacinth at the end of each rib, and cover the handle with
Smilax.
CtaMc.
Sliould be filled with Primroses, Polyanthus, pink Daisies,
Sweet Alyssum, Candytuft, etc. This design is pretty and
appropriate for a christening.
Sicjvtct Siittg.
Border with small Geranium leaves, fill the ring with pink
Daisies, Rosebuds and Carnations and the signet with Hyacinths.,
Fuchsias, or Heliotrope ; this should hang in the window.
Cotvi-ticopia.
The pedestal may be filled in Smilax or Geranium leaves,
with an occasional broken bud or flower thrown in. The horn
may be fllled in a variety of bright colored flowers. The larger
end of the horn may be fillea in Heliotrope; this should be
placed near a window.
cFatv.
A floral fan, if made properly, may be carried and used by a
lady as any ordinary fan. The form should be of ^ne wire, and
filled with layers, or a sheet of sponge instead oi mos.-!. An
ivorv, or anv kind of handle, can be fastened in - ;xi; before
it is filled. Wet, or rather soak, the sponge and then fill in,
commencing at the handle with the smaller flowers. Tuberoses,
Tea Rosebuds, pink Daisies and Hyacintlis ; place a full-blown
either white or pink Camellia in the center and form a border of
bright colored flows is in scroll work. The sides may contrast in
pnlor
HOME DECOHATWS IS NATURAL FLOWERS.
19
A floral fan may b^ carried, and is in good taste for marriage
ceremonies, full-dress evening parties, balls and operas.
3Jatijo — 2iano,
A banjo should be tilled with the brightest colored flowers
Piaro frame and legs should be tilled in green. The small baskei
which IS generally placed on top should be tilled in bright
powers the keys in white Daisies, and the ilat. and sharps in
black Immortelles. ^
Floral musical designs are more appropriate for musical par-
ties, or for the decoratior. of a music hall.
A bonnet of natural flowers is the Most eleg-. ut head-dress a
lady^can wear at an evening reception, marriage ceremony, or
The form should be almost a network of exceedingly finp
wire and filled with a layer of sponge. It should be lined with
sheets o thick tin-foil, to protect the head from moisture
The form, or foundation, may be filled with Camellias, Tea
Roses, Tuberoses, Rosebuds, Primroses, Polyanthus, Com
Flo. ers and Lilies of the Valley. The stems of the flowei. must
be cut long enough to fasten in the sponge with pins. There is
no definite direction in regard to the arrangement of the flowers,
as that must be left to the wearer^s taste and judgment.
bonnet'f "''"'' ^"'"I '"''""' '^' ''''''^^'' "''^^^^"^^^' '^^ ordinary
maj be either sewea or pinned on.
^o-ia<^z Si'oncfu.cti.
ihere :.re different modes of making these bouquets For a
flat bouqupt take a piece of milliner-' --^^^^ - ^-^ ^ V
s netting, cut it to the
c tae nowers cut with long stems and fasten
It
I III
J'
i
tlieju individually to tlie nettin*; witli a needle and stron.i? thread,
takinu- care to fa.sten each one as eiose to the Hower as possible,
in order to let the stem hani;- loosely and iiiacet'ully ; for tlie
stems form almost as prominent a part in the bouquet as the
tiowers.
For a shoulder bouquet the stems must be left longer, and it
i.^ held together by merely tying the stems securely. The stems
of a bouquet for th? side corsage should be cut still longer than
for the shoulder, and held together with ribbon fonning loops
and ends. These bouquets may be fastened to the corsage with
gold safety pins.
Lilies of the Valley, Field Daisies, Polyanthus, German Vio-
lets, etc., answer nicely for flat bouquets.
Camellias and Roses should always be used for shoulder and
side bouquets, care being taken not to have them full-blown
when cut, a ■ the petals are then more apt to fall o£f.
iSSX?<
'^fe^
^HScScS cScHa S''
HIS method is an entirely new feature in ;he art of
I preserving nat„ral (iowers, and the profes In
e„d«^.„.okee, it a trade secret for itLo^r
It i^s lucrative to the artist, and gratifving to
friends'"* '" '■""° "°"" '"^■»™'°- »' '-'4
re.,un.l'tT'''f "'f ■'r'^ '""-I-™-'!™, and a floral design which
requnes only two days steady work to embalm it (after the
nt date. They are used on all occasions. They ador ■ tl,f
banquet, ,,„d consecrate the chamber of death
But the trade of preserving natural flowers lies chieflv in
t:n;^i^';,™XriZ.;x:r'"™'°^-~-
I;>«-.ng .nstructious are strictly adhered to. tl,» „.,.!;... ..'.:..!"'■
m«.. Will be no failure, and _that an an.at^^.r with ,a;ii;;;;;
22
PRESEUVINO NATURAL FLOWERS.
capacity ir.ay learn to do the v.ork as well from these strictly
accurate instructions as bv paying fifty dollars (the current
charges) to a teacher. The amateur must exercise due care in
t.ie bleaching process, for in this lies the great secret of success.
The strength of the solution must be regulated by the col(,r
and texture of the Hovvers. The temperature must be even while
the bleaching process is going forward, for a change of tempera -
tuiv, either too warm or too cold, is injurious. If too cold, it
retards the progress of bleaching, and the petals become brittle
when dried; and if too warm, the petals are liable to macerate.
Flowers wliicli are deeply tinted are more difficult to manage,
and consequently require more care while undergoing the
bleaching process.
Floral emblems, such as crowns, harps, anchors, etc., come
in wire forms ready for filling, and may be purchased for a trifle
at any first-class wire-work establishment. These forms are first
filled with forest moss, and held in place by means of fine wire
or cord, which is wound around both moss and form ; then they
receive a thorough soaking in water immediately before the
Howers are set in.
Flowers for this purpose are cut with short stems, and a fine
wire is mn through the calyx, and wound around a wooden
toothpick, which forms the stem, and which gives a firm support
to the flower when set in the moss. The green leaves and vines
used for bordering a design generally retain their natural stems.
SiitGcifniiuvj a cffotaC Cro^i.
Let us take a cross of funeral fiovvers for our design, wliicli
is composed of all white flowers (except Heliotrope and the green
bordering), Camellias, Calla Lilies, Carnations, Roses, Daisies,
Feverfew, Candytuft, Sweet Alyssum, Heliotrope, (teranium
md Sniiiax.
PRHSERVIXG KATriiAn FLOWERS.
ri
Draw the diagram of the cross on a sh3et of white paBer
Write the name of everv ♦Iowpv in >. • paper.
T ^1 eveiy nowei in its respective position on th^
S)3>fcacfiincj iJFfitlb,
Take 12 oz chloride of lime; 24 oz. carbonate of so<la
Dissolve the soda in six pints of soft warm water and the chlo^
;ute of hme in four pints of soft cold water; stir well with an
n-on spoon til all the himps are dissolved, then let it stand till
all the particles of lime have settled upon the bottom of the
vessel, mix the two fluids together, let stand for twenty-four
hours, and bottle and cork tightly to prevent evaporation ; set it
away in a cool place, if not wanted for immediate use.
•Sfic 91.UVC. .f If,, ^.ffc.cnt ^att.-. of a ^fou,e^.
Calyx~The cup surrounding the corolla. The parts of a
calyx are called sepals. l^ns oi a
Corolla-TYie blossom, the parts of which are called petals
Sfamcns-Xv^ found next within the corolla ; they are' a
number of thread-like organs, the parts of which are the anthei-
pollen, and filament.
nv.f'''''f^^^^'''"^''''^ ^'^''''" ^^ ^^'^ fi°^«^; if^ P'^rts are the
ovary, style and stigma.
^^.r.M../.-The re<.eptncle is the end of the stem which sup-
ports the other parts ..r organs of the flower
^ The parts of the ('alia Mly are the .spatha and .padix. Tlie
xormer is the Dio..om ; riio J^.tter is the central organ.
i
24
rRESERVlXG NATURAL FLOWERS.
Begiri by taking the Camellias out of the form. The tooth-
pick anct wire must be removed carefully in order not to tear the
petals — these appliances can be thrown away, as they are of no
further use — have at hand a package of soft white blotting pads.
Now lemove first the outside row of petals from the Camellia,
and every petal which is plucked off must be laid smoothly on
one of the blotting pads ; continue thus, till the pad is tilled
with a single layer of petals ; then take another pad and lay it
over the one which is filled, pressing them together gently, tie
them together with a cord, and the" are ready for tlie solution.
Continue the same till all the Camell'ns are finished.
^ofiitio»v ^ov Caittcffia.
To three pints of soft warm water add one pint of bleaching
fluid. Place the pads in a wide-mouthed glass jar, and cover
them with the solution to the depth of two inches, cork and
keop in a temperature of from 95 to 100 degrees.
When the solution begins to look dark, pour off pcnu add a
fresh quantity. Keep in solution thirty hour^, then lake them
out of the jar, have a large basin filled with tepid water, loosen the
cords and separate the pads gertly, so as not to injure the petals,
throw the pads with the petals adhering to them in the water.
In a short time the petals will sejjarate from the pads and float
on the surface of the water. Tlie pads can then be taken out
iiiid dried for further use. The petals may ))e left in this water
for some hours, until they are thoroughly rinsed and free from
chlorine.
Take 6 ozs. of borax and 1<> ozs. of alum, dissolve in two
quarts of boiling water. To a gallon of pure cold water add one
• _.„4».i« t i_* "» * - i ^. . 11- —1- ■*•
pint ui rfiiS .SuiUtiOIi i-i U .1. iiOlii' iULiJ bUiiiC v iJooUi ilii^iJ UiiUU^ii LO
1
*
> •
-
\
■ • /i*#l
1* '
p
I / ' . "^
\ • ^^'^■
1 » \
\ '^■—
^. y ' ^ <
\ •
Hsi
PRKSERVIXG NATURAL FLOWERS.
25
o-.ve It plonty of surface ; then take the petals ,.ut of tl.. b sin
uhich ,s done by placing the pahn of the han<l under .hem in
t u- water : raise them up and Jet drain a little. Then inunerse
'1"'" I'and ,n the vessel cf soluti<,n, an,l all the petals will rise
.eparately to the surface. Let them ren.ain in this solution for
t;-" liours, dipping them under occasionally. Petals done in
tnis way will never turn /<^'l]o\v.
The petals being tiioroughly bleached, are ready for pressing
and drying. They shouhl be taken out of the vessel separately
It IS done in this way : Place an ivory paper-cutter underneath
a petal, let it drain a little, then lay it on a thick blotting j,ad
smoothing it out wit! he paper-cutter till it is entirely free froin
wrinkles; continue thus till the pad is fille.l, care being taken
that the pelals do not touch each other, lay another blotting pad
over this and set it aside till all are finished, press the pads in a
etter press, take them out and lay between the covers of a heavy
book lor twenty-four li.urs ; they are then ready for use. Petals
done in this way look . s if they were newly plucked from the
flower,
^tocc^A for. Caffa £ifij.
To three pints of warm water add one and one-half pints of
bleaching fluid.
Remove the spatha from the spadix carefully with the blade
of a penknife. Lay the spatha smoothly on the blottin, pad
and lay another pad o.er it, then proceed as in bleaching the
Cainelhas. A Calla requires forty-eight lunirs to bleach, and
the l^uid must be changed twice. Then rinse in tepid water, and
hnally in the borax and alum solution. Press and dry as
described for Camellias. ^
'iiiocos for (E'a:natioii.>.
Carnations require some care in handlin- on account nf th.,-..
quaied and ragged edges, which make them more liable to be
I quiuea
I'llESEIlVTyO XATUn \L FLOWERS.
torn. Tlicy should l»f^ sinootlKMl out (n\ the l>l()^tin<^ pad witli ji
earners liair hrusli, and ^:(':iie extra care sliould bo <;iver in tying
the i)ads tot^ethei-.
To three pints of warm water adil one-half pint of bleachin.if
fluid ; (diange solution twice. They will bleach in thirty hours :
then proceed as formerly directed, with the exception of sniootli-
iuf; out the petals on tlie diTin<r pad with a camel's hair l)rush
instead of t].;; pajier-cuttcr. Carnations should be thoroughly
rinsed to free them from chlorine before drying.
atoc>:.^3 for c'lojc^.
To three pints of warm water a(i 1 one and one-third pints of
bleaching fiu'd. Prepare the petals as formerly directed, and
leave in solution twenty-four hoars. Change the solution once,
then proceed with the rinsing and drying as with Camellias.
2rocc3^ I'or- ^aisto.
Take two o/^arts of the finest silver sand (it must be perfectly
dry) ; to t\is add 6 ozs. of finely pulverized alum and 4 ozs. of
best plaster of Paris.
First mix the alum and plaster together thcro^ighly before
adding them to the sand, then mix well with the sand and ift
through a tine wire screen or sieve. Take a paper box, 6x8
inches, cover the bottom of it to the depth of several inches with
this mixture and place the Daisies in it, stems downward — the
sand must have depth enough to hold the tiowei- firmly. Fill
the box with the flowers, leaving jjlenty 'T si)ace lietween each
one ; then sift the mixture over them gf n ly, so as not to crush
any of the petals, till all the flowers are buried. Cover the box
and i)ut it carefully in some place where it is sure not to be dis-
turbed ; keep it in a temi)erature of 00 to !)."). and in seventy-two
i/sj iL'Uiiy tO uiivu oiii.. v^'peii tiie i)ux iiiiii.
.... . jI, ,
;ii.-5 t III
hold i^ in a slanting position in ord.-r to let enough of the mix-
tiiie run out to expose the flowers; then witli the finger and
rhumb draw the flower up by the stem, turn it upside down and
shake it gently to free r from the mixture. Shotdd any of the
IMrtich- still adhere to it, blow them off with the' breath
Daisies .lone ii. this way look as clear and fresh as when cut'.
The alum toughens and keeps the petals flexible. The i.las-
ter (,f Paris preserves their original whiteness. The sand draws
the moisture (,ut of the flower, and by this means preserves it.
Floweis should be free from moisture and perfectly drv when
])laced in this mixture, /. .>., free from dew or rain. The success
ot the preserving depends greatly on the freshness and develop-
num of the flower. Care must be given to the temperature of
th- locality wliere tlie flowers are placed; if too warm it is apt
to discolor the flower, and if too cold the recepl. i- is liable to
rot, and therefore injure the flower.
'^tocc:>3 for cFcuczfcvo.
To two quarts Ox silver sand add 4 ozs. finely pulverized alum,
and 2 ozs. best plaster ot Faris. Mix well together, sift, and
proceed ixs with Daisies. Temperature of room, 90 degrees;
- should be kept in the mixture sixty hours.
2tocc5> for Canbijtuj't.
To two quarts of silver sand add 3 ozs. finely pulverized alum
and 1 oz. of plaster of Paris. Mix well together, sift, and follow
the given directions. They must be placed in the mixture care-
fully, as the flowers are very small and tender; plenty of room
should be given to each cluster, they being very easily bruised
Temperature, from 85 to 90 degrees. Lerve in the mixture
"O'**
1^.=
I'll'
1
j
28
ruESERVixn yArruAr. flowers.
Sweet Alyssnm and C'andyhift Ix'ini;- of tlie same color and
texfiiiv iv(iiiiiv tht- saiii" process, an.l .ih require a dexterous
hand in Dlr-ng them in and taking- rh.iu out of tlic mixture.
iroc.'^A f.^r. fH'cfiotropc (c)lotij ^c S^llci^cttc).
To two (quarts of silver sand add 'J ozs. of iinely pulverized
alum and 2 ozs. of i)ulverized caibonate of ammonia. Pour a
deep layci- of rl; - mixture in the box, deep enough to cover the
stems and form a surface to support the base >>[ the flower; on
this spread the spiigs of the cluster, then sprinkle the mixture
over them carefully in order not to crumple any of the florets.
TempMvate.re, S(i to !io degrees. Leave in the' mixture forty-
eight hours. \Mien taken o^t, the Uower looks fresh and retnius
its natural tint.
3'rc'CC3> [or. (oHo.^c) (^crciuip-ti £cauc^.
To two quarts of sand add f) ozs. pulverized alum. lAfix well
together and silt. Pour a deep layer in the bottom of the box
and lay the leaves evenly on it, an.l cover them to the depth of
several inches. Temperatui'e of the room, !)() to 9.-) degrees
Leave th.MU fifty iiours in the mixture. When taken out, sliould
any of the leaves look rusty, through causes over which the
artist has m, ccmtrol, su<h as ins.-ct stings-which rust the leaf
in the preserving process-and also in case of the leaf being too
long cut before commencing to pivserve it. it can be remedi/nl by
nd)b;ng it with green down, or witli a camel's hair brush di])ped
m Chrome Green.
'.'1 : o c c -^ ^ ^ct- § 111 i fa x.
This is one of the easiest l.lants to preserve in the whole Horal
Biir. ir., hai.i iexiuie adapts it particularly to sand pre-
Cili
i,
PRESERVING NATURAL FLOWERS.
29
, Bervin,. All that is necessary is to lay it evenly in pure silver
: s:nul ^ive it a temperature of 9u degrees, and in ^Mrty hours it
I will be ready for use. ^ "
To one pint of sand add 1 oz. of pulverized alum ; mix well
pour m a small box, and embe<l the spadix in it. Leave 'in the
mixture seventy-two hours, at a temperature of 100 degrees.
Stu6afiitinc| tftc ?FPcnje:x
Now that all this collection is bleached and preserved the
next that follows is to .mbalm them. The nuitenals reo.dred
are : A table, box of tine toothpicks, rubber roller, niouldin-^ or
.'urlmg pms (these are long steel needles of different sizes with
iH-ad heads), a pair <,f snudl scissors, a penknife, a glass of cold
water, packages of the very best transparent wax, drv and wet
pnmts, dirterent shades of down, sheets of white paper, and the
collection of preserved leaves and petals.
<?'iii&arniiiio) M'lo C".Hiicrfia.
llegin by undoing one of tli.' Ciiin.Hi;, ]):i.ls. Liiy a sheet of
tr;ins].arent wax on a sh<-et of white paper uiid wi:h il,,. pniuf of
til'' P"nknife remove one of rlb^ j.-'tals rn.m the pad and lay it
sm..oil,]yon tliPsj tor wax: continu.' in this Avav till theshe.-t
<slill...l. taking care to ].-ave spac- en..iigl. b.'tw.-'en each potnl
for a margin. Lay another sheet of wax over this one whi,.!, is
hll.Ml. nnd roll it lightly with the rubber roller, to nnikc [W wax
i'nd ]H'taIs adhere ; this method facilitates the work in cuttin--
Dip the scissors in the water to prcv.nt (he wax from stickiu"- To
tl-'H.. and cM.t the wax a.onnd each ])etal, leaving a small nmr-
^nn. \\ hen the petals are all ...t. moisten ,he palm of the hand
vt.-H. i. lo p,evenc the wax from adhering to it), lav the petal in
30
PRESERVING NATURAL FLOWERS.
it, and with the curling pin mould it to its natural shape and
curve around the margin.
When the petals aro nil prepared, take a piece of wax and
roll it around the point of a toothpj 'k (this forms the receptacle
of the flower), pressing it firn..y wit i the finger and thumb ; then
take a narrow strip of wax and cut it into tine thread-like pieces,
roll this also around the end of the toothpick t j represent sta-
mens. Now begin by first placing the smallest petals around
the stamens, pressing them firmly between the finger and thumb;
continue thus, making every tier of petals larger, till the last
row is on. Take a tinting brush and tint the stamens with
Chrome Yellow.
SHv6aCvMi)i(j tfic Caff a.
Take a Calla mould, and after dipping it in warm water, cover
it with a double sheet of creamy ti.insparent wax ; on this lay
the bleached spatha, pressing it gently on the wax ; over the
spatha lay another sheet of single creamy transparent wax, shave
around the edges with a penknife, dip the end of the finger and
thumb in water and press the edges evenly around (he mould,
turn the mould over and let it (the Calla) drop out in the palm.
Fasten the spadix to a toothpick with a piece of wax, roll the
spatha around the spadix at the receptacle, and tint it very
lightly with Chrome Green.
(^■>Ul
Gaf
HIDK-
Ific- Carnal
uat'ion.
A Carnation requin s great cnre in nmnipulation, especially
in taking it off tlie blotting pad, as it is veiy easily torn. Mould
the petals one at a time. Great care must be given to curling
the edges, for in this lies the beauty of the Carnation. Rrb the
petal with white down (this will make tlie wax more pliable),
then roll the curling ]>in backwards and forwards ov(>r it till the
edire of tllP! Jiphil l>wcnnuj< frillu/l '1.1,1 i.i
u
p
It
PRESERVING NATURAL FLOWERS.
81
form the ridges. Wrap the end of the toothpick in u piece of
wax to form the receptacle, cut a narrow strip of wax in thread-
like shreds to form the stamens and two long narrow strips to
form the pointal, attach this to the receptacle, and then pat on
the petals, beginning with the narrowest. It is a great assist-
ance to have the natural flower to copy from.
See directions for Camellia.
A box frame, glue-pot and brush, paper of pins, paper of
tacks and tack hammer, diagram of the cross, and table.
For funeral flowers the frame should be lined with eituer
black velvet or white satin, and should be of sufl5cient depth to
allow plenty of space bet^veen the glass and the flowers.
Lay the frame on its back on the table. Fasten the form
evenly and lirmly with small nails or tacks to the back of the
frame. The wires are close enough in the form to hold the heads
of the tacks, or it may be fastened to the frame with strong glue ;
but nailing it is the safest way.
Pin the diagram in a convenient place, where it can be easily
referred to.
Before refilling the form, care must be taken that the moss is
thoroughly dry. The marks of the toothpicks can be plainly
■'een in it, and almost every large flower can be replaced where
it was extracted.
Begin by putting the larger flowers in first. Have the glue
melted and ready for use. With a small brush apply a small
portion of the glue to the base of the flower, and also to a por-
tion of the t()otli])ick, and place the flo^7er in its proi)er place in
*i - 'ni- • • » , 111'
iuij iiiinci^jai uuu most cousi)icuous flowers should
32
lUiESERViyG XATUIiAL FLOWEJi.s.
be placed in lirst, then follow the snmll ones, and lastly the bor-
dering.
Glue the stem of the Geraninin leaf, and with the aid of the
steel punch reset it. The Sniilax cj>n be held with line hairpins,
by catching the vine between the prongs and pinning it down
tightly in the moss and adding a very little glue. The Daisies
must be fastened to the moss with common i)ins.
Wasli the glass with alcohol, slide in the frame, and the work
is tinisheti. T///s is the most rdiahle icay of embalming natu-
ral flowers. Floicers done in this way may be warranted to
keep iJicir colors for centuries.
Supposing there is a design to embalm on which there is an
inscription in Greek, Hebrew^ or in characters with which the
artist is not familiar, and might find a difficulty in refilling, the
trouble is easily overcome. Take a sheet of tracing paper and
lay it smoothly over the inscription, holding it down with four
curling pins. Then with a tracing pencil trace the characters
accurately on the paper. In refilling the form ])lace this copy
on the moss in the exact place of the original inscription ond fill
in through the papei-. Such inscriptions should be refilled
before any of the othev fiowers are put in.
All kinds of colored, as well ns white fiowf^rs, may be pre-
served, l)ut they require a difi".^rtnit treatment, wliicli will
now be considered in giving directions for em1)a]ming a
floral parasol composed of colored fio\v(>rs. The artist will do
well to attain some proficiency in preserving the white flowers
before attempting the colored ones, as these requii-e great Ciir"^
in manipulating and tinting.
#
I
%t
■3
j'^fic i^tt of gjuGafniluci a yFTotat^
OR instruction let ns take a floral parabol containing
the following choice flowers :
Gen. Jacqueminot Rose, brilliant crimson ; Mar-
shal Neil Rose, intense yellow; Princess Adelaide
(Moss) Rose, bright pink; Camellia (Elata), dark
crimson ; Camellia (Alberti), light rose ; Pansy (Emperor Wil-
liam), indigo ; Pansy (Beauty of St. Osyth), deep black purple ;
Pansy, sky blue; Pansy, , urple and yeUow; Double Pink
(Dianthus), crimson purple.
For colored flowers the best bleaching agents are muorine
and Eau-de-Javelle, which can be obt-;ined at any first-class
drug store, in solution ready for use.
Strip off all the petals carefully, lay them evenly on the biot-
ting pad, care being taken to give each petal plenty of room •
this pad being filled, lay another over it and fasten the two
....jj....... . -r-tii L.ujjc , tiicii j^jicparr rue soiutlOii.
3 33
II
34
E.VnAL.V/XG A FLORAL PARASOL.
Bleaching Process.— To one pint of warm water add two
parts of Fluorine; wet the pads in a glass jar, with solution
enough to cover them to the depth of several inches; cork the
jar tightly and set in a temi)erature of 95 degrees. Let remain
till solution turns almost bla'-k (twelve hours should accomplish
this); then pour the Huid off and rei)lace with a solution of two
parts warm water and one part Eau-de-Javelle ; let remain in
this twenty-four hours, at a teiiperature of lOO degrees.
Fhafinf/ Process.— Take tle^pads from the solution, undo
the tapes, and put the pads in a large basin, tilled with tepid
water. The petals will now sepaiate from the pads and will tloat
without curling on the surface of iie water. The pads may now
oe taken out of the water and can be dried for further use. Let
tile petals remain in the water for twelve hours, then take them
out. Make a strong solution of orie part borax and one part
alum, pour this solution into a basin of pure cold water, put the
petals in th's and let them float on its surface for seveial days,
until they are of a pure snowy whiteness.
Drying and Pressing Proc€SS.—Y{'^xe medium-sized blot-
ting prds, cover one side with a sheet oi tracing paper the same
size, thi>n with an ivory paper knife take up one petal at a time
and lay "t smoothly on the blotte^^; over this place the secoul
blotting pad, continue thus till all the pett.ls are on the blotters,
then press and dry them in a letter press (>r between the covers
of heavy b )oks, care being taken to keep ihem in a dry place.
Tinting tlie Petals.— The next operation is tinting or paint-
ing the petals. Before removing tae petals from off the blotters,
tint their upp-r sides with Crimson Lake, tube colors, and when
dry remove tlum Avith the point of a penknifV. turn them over
and tint the otaer side. If not wanted for inrnediate use, lay
them away in a o^x labeled "Jacqueminot Petals."
Embalm ing Process.— ^VnVe a sheet of superhne transparent
sheet wax and coAer the dull si(le of ir with <^h<^ tint«irl i-,uf..iu
E}mALMING A FLORAL PARASOL.
^
3;-;
caiv beiii^' taken to leave room enoii^^h ])etvveen the petals for
.•utrin- lay another waxen sheet over this and press to^^ether
with the i)alni8 of the hands; then cut them out and mould
^rrnrly around the margixi with the bead end i.' the curling i)ln
r<) make the wax adh' .-e. Next take a piece of wire several
inclies ir length, twist one end of it around a knob of wax
cover thi- knob with a piece of wax and dip it in thin gnm
water, tlir-n sprinkle it with y^dlow H(,ck, and the heart or
receptacle, of the flower is finished. The smaller petals may
now be applied ; press them firmly against the under side of the
receptacle, followed by the larger ones, and so on till th>- flower
is finished; then twist the wire firmly around the toothpick.
Bleaching Process. -Prepare the petals as directed for the
Jacqueminot Hose ; then to one part of water add one part of
Fluorine ; let remain in solution from ei^ . to ten hours at a
temperature of 90 degrees; then pour the solution off' and
replace with one part water and two parts Eau-de-Javelle ; let
xemain in this solution twenty-four hours, at a temperature of
100 degrees.
Floating Process.— Q^re must be exercised in manipulating
these petals, as they are very tender. Let them Hont on the first
water six or seven hours, make the second solution one part
water and one part borax, and alum; leave in this twenty-four
hours, then press and dry for use,
Tinting Pnursfi.—Tmt the petals before removing from the
blotter with No. 1 Chrome Yellow, tube colors ; when dry, turn
the tinted side underneath and tint the othei side; set them in
a place free from dust to dry.
Embalming Process. ~T\i^ best of transparent wax should
beused^for this Rose. Cut the wax large enough to leave a
^•eyoiid the petal, roil aii.d mould slowly and evenly,
EMBALMING A FLUUAL PARASOL.
i
^iviii^r tiu. liir^vr i.t'tuls tlie boui and cml of tlu' narural ones.
Cover a piece of wire with wax, form a knob at one end, cover
tills l<:nob with ^reen Mock and lay on the petals in .such a man-
ner as to crive it the soft and fluffy appearance peculiar to the
Marshal Neil; twist the wire lirmly around the toolhpiek, and
the fiower is finished.
Bleaching F-ocess.— Remove the moss carefully from
around the petals, and prepare them on the blotters as directed;
then immerre in solution, two parts water and three parts Fluo-
rine; let remain for twelve hours, at a temperature of 95
degrees; pour off this solution, and replace with one part water
and two parts ^iau-de-Javelle; let remain for twenty-four hours,
at a tea- erature of 100 degrees.
Floating Frocess.~T\ie petals should be allowed to float on
the water two or three days; have the borax and alum solution
quite strong, and let remain in this also for two or three ays,
or a longer period will not injure t'- petals of this Rose. Press
and dry as previously directed.
Tinting Frocess.—Beiove removing the petals from the
blotter, tint them deeply with Rose Bloom, in tube paints, r in
dry colors mixed in gum water— but the former is much to be
preferred-turn over with the blade of a penknife, taking care
not to tear the petal in the operation, and tint the other side.
Embalming Process.— Lay the petals smoothly on the trans-
parent wax and cut out the petals, leaving a very little margin;
mruld them easily and smoothly on the palm of the hand.'
maKing the extreme edges slightly ruffled, ^vax the wire, attach
the waxen knob to one end and dip it iii Chrome Yellow, apnly
the petals and set them on quite closely and compactly. The
Rose is now ready for the moss.
EMDALMiyo A f'-LOHAL PARASOL.
37
lrocr...Yor J/o.v.v. -Pulverize 1 oz. of carbonate of ammonia
and 1 oz. of alum; add this to a quart of sand and bury the moss
in It; let remain for twenty-four hours, at a temperat.ire of 90
d^ffrees. It should stand for a day after taking it out of the
, mixture before using. The outside of the Princess Adelaide
I Rose ,s entirely covered; the moss can be set on with mucilage
I Tw,st the wire stem firmly around the toothpick, and the fiower
! IS hnisued.
! £amcma (Sfata)
Bleaching Proc..*. -Prepare the petals as directed. To one
part of warm water .dd two parts of Flu-^ne; leave in solution
eighteen hours or more, until the fluid looks black; then pou.
off and re,,lace with two parts Eau-de-Javelle and one part water-
deg^r "''' twenty-four hours at a temperature of loJ
Floating Process.-I^^ye the petals in the tepid water for
twelve hours then float them in the alum and borax sobnion for
several days if need be, until they b. .ome of a pure milky white-
ness. Then press and dry for use as airected
Tinting Process.-Tn.t the petals before removing from the
bio ^rs, with Crimson i.ake, tube colors; this must bf donTw th
a so t camel s hair brush. When one side of the petals has
drie<i, turn them over and tint the otiier side
^;.6«J;;^m^ Process. -L.y the petals smoothly on a mod-
erately thick sheet of transparent wax, then lay . diinn«- sTeet
over th,s and roll gently with the rubber roller, L ou the pet J
and mould into .hape: wax the stem wire; apply a w.xen Wh
petals a ound this in their natural order, twist the stem wire
around the toothpick, and the Canuliia is finished.
I
38
EMBALMING A FLORAL PARASOL.
eamcffia (ClfGcr|-i).
Bleaching Process. -mixm^ prepared the petals as directed,
to two parts warm water add tliree parts Fluorine; let remain in
this solution twelve hours, at a tenipei-ature of 90 degrees, then
pour off the fluid and replace with a solution of one part water
and two parts Eau-de-Javelle. Let remain in this twenty-four
hours, at a temperature of 100 degrees.
Floalinu Process. ~-\^t the petals float on the surface of the
tepid water from twelve to eighteen hours, then in the alum
water from two to three days, until the petals have become of a
pure white color; then press and dry as directed.
Tinting Process.— Before removing the petals from off the
blotters, with a soft camel's hair brush (tinting brush) tint the
petals; tint darker in the center and shade lighter towards the
margin: when dry, turn over and tint the other side the same.
Use Hose Madder, tube No. 2.
Embalming Process.-Lay the petals smoothly between two
sheets of transparent wax of medium thickness, roll together
with the rubber roller, then cut the petals with a sharp pair of
scissors and mould into shape; wax the stem-wire; form the
receptacle, or knob, at one enc, and dip it in Chrome Yellow-
then apply the petals in their natural order, and fasten each by
the stem-wdre to the toothpick.
Bleaching Process.-Take the petals apart carefully and lay
them smoothly on the blotter, imm^^rse them in a solution of one
part warm water and three parts Fluorine, let them remain
eighteen liours, at a temperature of 95 degrees; ,,our this off
aadpour«ma fresh quantity, and let remain six Ix.urs nu)re-
tlien repla<-e with one part watei- and three j.arts Kau-de-Javelle
an(' let remain in this from e ghteen to twentv-four hoim
at a
(if'iiiees.
EMBALMING A FLORAI PARASOL.
89
Floating Process:— Leave tlip petals in the tepid water from
twelve to eighteen hours, and in the alum and borax solution
from two to three days. Press and dry as directed.
Tinti7iff Process.— Betore removing the petals from off the
blotters, tint the center of each with lampblack and the margin
with indigo, care being taken to shade the one into the other.
Only one side of the Pansy petal need be painted.
Bmhulminri Proves s.~V\a^e the petals between the two
sheets of transparent wax, press between the palms of the hands,
or roll with the rubber roller, cut the petals and mould into
shape with the bead end of the curling pin ; wax the stem-wire
anil place a very small knob of wax on one end ; then dip in
Crimson Lako (powder), and apply the petals. Fasten the stem-
wire firmly around the toothpick.
'^an^t^ [S)3cauti.^ of St. ©^.t^tfv}.
Bleaching Proce^^.— Prepare the petals as directed; immerse
them in pure Fluorine, let them remain for ten hours, at a tem-
perature of 95 degrees. If the petals still look black, which
may })e seen through the glass jar, pour off the fluid and add
fresh. Let them now remain from six to ten hours more, then
pour off the fluid and replace with clear Eau-de- Javelle ; let
remain in this fiom twenty-four to thirty hours, at a tempera-
ture of 100 degrees. This is one of the most difficult to bleach
of the whole Pansy family,
Flontimi Process— Y\oa\ the petals on the tepid water for
about ten hours, then transfer into the alum and borax water,
let remain il-ere for several days, then press and di-y for use.
Thitimj Process.— V>eUne removing the petals from the blot-
ter, tint them with dark pui-ple Lake, one side only.
Emhalmiu;/ Process.— Uiy the •l)etals between the two sheets
()£ traiisi)iirent wax and proceed as directed for the P.-insv
(hmi)er(>r William).
40
EMBALMING A FLORAL PARASOL.
Bleaching Prooe*^. -Prepare the petals on the blotters as
directed, then cover them to the depth oi an inch with one part
warm water and one part Fluorine ; let stand for ten hours in
the fluid, at a temperature of 95 degrees ; then replace with one
part water and one part Eau-de-Javelle ; let stand in this solu-
tion from eighteen to twenty-four hours.
Floating Process.-Yloat the petals on the warm water till
they look clear and free from streaks, then transfer to the borax
and alum solution and let them remain ^ jr several days; press
and dry as directed.
Tinting Process.~Tmt the petals, before removing, with
Cerulean Blue; on one side only.
Embalming Process.— Pvoceadi as directed, and follow the
instructions given for embalming the Pansy.
6»
Bleaching Process.— Prepare the petals as directed for the
Pansy and immerse in a solution of one part warm water and
two parts Fluorine; let remain for ten or twelve hours, at a tem-
perature of 95 degrees; then replace with one part water and
two parts Eau-de-Javelle; let remain in this solution for twenty-
four or twenty-six hours, at a temperature of 100 degrees
Floating Process. -¥\oa,t the petals on the warm water for
ten or twelve hours, then remove them to the alum and borax
solution and let them float for several days until they are per-
fectly clear; then press and dry as directed.
Tinting Process.-Tmt the petids while on the blotters with
Royal Purple and C:i(lniinm Yellow.
Embalming Process. -VoWovf the directions for embalminir
the Pansv. *
EyfB AIMING A FLORAL PARASOL
41
Bleacfiing Process.— Smooth the petals out carefully on the
blotter with a camel's hair pencil, immerse them in a solution of
two parts Fluorine and one part warm water; let stand from
twelve to sixteen hours, at a temperature of 95 degrees; then
transfer into solution of one part water and two parts Eau-de-
Javelle; let remain in this from twenty to twenty-four hours, at
a temperature of "• J degrees.
Floating Process. -Y\o2.t the petals as previously directed
press and dry the same. '
Tinting Proce^^.-Mix equal portions of Crimson Lake and
Royal Purple, tint the petals on both sides, giving close atten-
tion to the markings and shadings of the natural petal.
Emhalming Process. -For embalming the Pink some artists
prefer to cut the wax with a tin pink cutter; insert the natural
petal between and mould gently into shape, taking care not to
tear the ragged edges. Wax the stem-wire, and place the waxen
knob at one end; to this knob stick the two pointals, which may
be made of brown wax; place the petals around this in their
natural order, and fasten the wire around the toothpick.
Fill in the ribs of the parasol with forest moss, very com-
pactly and well stayed with wire.
Begin from the top, around the shank point set in the
flowfrs, which should be the smaller ones-the Pansie? and
Pinks. Set them in promiscuously to the depth of several
in hes, then begin to add in the larger flowers, blending the
different colors according to taste, and ending with a border of
tl.e moss or Gen. Jacqueminot Rose, then add a heavy frin-e of
Pampas grass.
A sntin ribbon of any britrlit color ti.>d at flm i-iinr <>]• thr
shank or handh^ and again tied into a bow and fastened into the
42
EMBALMING A FLORAL PARASOL.
flowers half way down, by means of a hair-pin, the ends being
left to droop down on the fringe loosely, adds very much to the
beauty of the design. The lining, or inside, of the parasol
should be done in the different shades of Pansies.
The design shown in the illustration may be put in a box
frame, or placed under an oval glass globe.
This is the proper method of embalming flowers, and if done
according to directions they will last for an indefinite period of
time. All petals done in this way must be painted of a much
deeper tint than the natural, on account of being covered with
the wax, which causes the petal through the wax to appear one
shade lighter than the natural tint. Some artists, in order to
facilitate labor, tint the petals after they are waxed; but the
effect is not so satisfactory^ nor the tinting so lasting.
All species of colored flowers may be preserved by this
method, but the artist must use judgment in regard to the color
and texture of the flower, and use the strengths of the different
chemical agents accordingly.
As these two chemicals for preserving colored flowers have
hitherto been a trade secret, and have been used only by
experienced artists, it may be well for the amateur to confine
herself, in the first few attempts at petal bleaching, to Labar-
raque's or Powers & Wightman's bleaching fluids, which can
be used without being diluted, under the same directions in
regard to time and temperature, as the combined chemicals.
Fluorine and Eau-de-Javelle.
X illustrating this method we will take a floral horse-
shoe containing the following flowers: Forget-me-not,
German Violet, Azalea, Passion Flower, Oleander'
Abutilon, AVild Rose, Pansy,
Convolvulus.
Petunia, Salvia and
This fa-zorite little flower must be handled with much care
Have at hand two thick blotting pads, separate the flower from
the receptacle, keeping it whole if possible, and lay it on the
pad, face upwards. Take a soft camel' s hair brush and dip it in
a solution of three parts soft water, one part ox gall and a few
drops of spirits ammonia, and moisten the surface of each floret-
next, lay the other blotter over it, and with a moderately hot
smoothing-iron press the pads, letting the iron rest upon them
lor a few minutes till all the moisture is extracted from the
flower; remove the upper blotter and the flower is ready for use.
If the iron is in proper heat and the work done artisticallv, the
flower will possess its natural hue and texture.
The next operation is to stay the flower. Lay it on a sheet
43
il
44
PRESER VINO A FLORAL H0RSE-8U0E.
of wax (Cerulean Blue) and cut the wax around the edge of the
flower, giving it a small margin; presi the flower and wax
together between the flnger and thumb, an 1 mould it gently into
shape with the steel end of the curling pin. Take a piece of
wire, two inches in length, cover it with a thin piece of wax,
bend one end of it around a small knob of way, and to this knob
fasten the flower with the steel end of the mou.Ming pin. Make
all the flowers in the same manner and group them into clusters
of eight or ten; finish by twisting all the wires together and
fastening them to the tootl lick.
direction* fot Srcaetuin^ tfie cFoxget-STle-giot S.c<i!^.
The leaf of the Forget-me-not, and almost all kinds of leaves,
may be preserved in the following manner: Take one ounce of
gum sandarac, half an ounce of gum mastic, and a piece of cam-
phor gum the size of a hazel-nut. Pulverize and mix these
together and put it into a long, narrow oottle, pour in a pmt of
first proof alcohol and after shaking, heat it mildly. After the
ingredients have become thoroughly dissolved, let the bottle
stand quietly until the dregs have settled at the bottom, when
the clear portion should be poured off. This will soon assume
the appearance and qualities of a transparent varnish.
Lay the leaves on a table, or some smooth surface, right side
uppermost, and with a camel's hair brush apply a thin coat to
the surface of each, when they can be set away in a place free
from dust to dry. When perfectly dry, put them singly on a
clean blotting pad, put another pad on the top of this and press
with a hot smoothing-iron. Stay the back of each leaf with wax,
the same shade as the back of the leaf— the back, or under sur-
face, of almost every leaf is a shade or so lighter than the upper
surface— and add one or two to the spray.
=J
PUESERViyO A FLORAL HORSESHOE.
45
Separate each flower from the receptacle and flaoten it gently
on the blotter until the blotter is filled; moisten each violet with
a soft camel's hair brush, dipped in a solution of two parts soft
water, three parts ox gali, and ten or twelve drops of spirits
ammonia; then overlay wuh another blotte- aid press with a
moderately hot iron. If the color should cha. ge any on account
of the solution being too strong, or the iron too hot, the petals
may be tinted lightly with Purple Lake (tube colors) Take a
sheet of wax (violet purple) and lay the vio.ets, face upwards
evenly on its surface-care being taken to cut the wax a little
.smaller than the flower. Press the wax and flow^- gently
together between the finger and thumb, place it in the palm of
the hand, flower under, and with the steel end of the curling
pm mouM it into shape. Care must be taken that the natural
petals are not torn in the moulding. Take a wire two inches in
length and cover it with wax, form a knob at one end, and to
this knob fasten the violet with the curling pin, and continue in
this way till there is enough made to form a cluster: twist the
wires together and fasten to the toothpick. The leaf should be
made according to the given directions.
a^af
ate a.
Strip the petals from the receptacle and lay them smoothly
on the blotter. The stamens need not be saved, as it is better to
replace them with waxen ones. When the blotter is filled with
the petals, moisten them with a solution of one part ox gall, two
parts water, and a few drops ammonia; then lay the other blot-
ter over this and press with a warm iron, care being taken not to
have the iron too warm, as the texture of the Axalea is very
delicate.
Lay the petals smoothly over a pink sheet of sin^-le wax and
cut the waxen petal a trilie smaller than the natural one, press
{
I
mat
mm
4<;
rUKSKIiVlAG A Fl.iHiM, UOUSKHllOE.
both together with the linger and thumb and bend them slowly
together, keeping the curling pin on the waxen side. Care must
be taken not to press too hard for fear of tearing tu« natural
petal. When the petals are all moulded, take a narrow strip of
wax and cut it into six shreds; fasten these to the end of a tooth-
pick witli a piece of wax, dip them in Chrome Yellow powder,
lay the petals on in their natural order, and preserve the leaf as
directed.
Strip the petals off carefully and lay them on the blotter,
face or right side uppermost. With a soft camel's hair brush
moisten their surface with a solution of two parts ox gall, one
part water and ten drops of spirits ammonia ; with a moderately
hot iron press the pads slightly and remove them to another dry
blotter; again press with the same degree of heat Petals
which are fleshy do not press readily, and sometimes require to
be transferred to different blotters several times before the
moisture is thorouglily extracted.
Take a piece of pink staying wax, lay the petals smoothly
on the sheet, cut the wax smaller than the natural petal, press
between the finger and thumb and mould into shapp, taking
care to always ijiould over the waxen side. Cut a narrow strip
of wh' -ax hito fine shreds, for stamens, dip the ends into
Chro. e \ '^ow, wind it around the end of the toothpick and
attach the petals. ut a few pink strips of wax and notch them
with the scissors to look ragged ; then stick them in the jenter
to represent the crown of torn appendages. Preserve the leaf
as directed.
'Xa^itov eFfoivcr.
The petals must be cut with a pt^nknife from the heart of the
flower, as they adhere firmly to it and cannot be removed by the
fingers without tearing.
riiESERViyO A FLO HAL HORSESHOE.
47
Uxy tlie petals evenly on the blotting pad, n.oisfen their
surface with a scaiMon of two parts rlear ox gall, one part
water, and fifteen d.ops of spirits ammonia, and press quirkly
witii a hot iron
For the passiflora carulea use staying wax one shad- from
white, or the palest shade in Cerulean Blue, for the petals
which must be moulded very carefully. Take a strip of wax an
mch .n width and several inches in length, lay it on some
smooth surface and with a sharp penknife notch the extreme
edge on one side; then roll evenly around the end of a tooth-
pick, taking care to keep the coils perfectly even and compact
to look as much as possible like the natural heart of the Hower'
If the notches have closed any in coiling, separate them with the
point of the curling pin and dip Ju i3urnt Umber (powder)
^ext take the finest silk wire, cut it into lengths correspond-
ing to the natural spike? of the flower, cover them with sever-il
thicknesses of wax and roll them between the palms to give
them a cylindrical form; dip them in Raw Sienna, fasten to the
heart of th^ flower, attach the petals evenly, and the flower is
finished.
The natural heart and spikes of the Passion Flower may be
preserved in sand and used, but tlie waxen heart and spikes' are
more durable in this method of preserving natural flowers.
cl&tdifoii..
The petals must be separated from the receptacle with a
knife or sharp scissors, and the bowl slit, in order to let the
petals lie evenly on the pad. Then take a solution of one part
clear ox gall and three parts M-ater, moisten the petals and press
with a warm iron. Cut the wax to the petal while flattened out
draw the slit together, and mould in the l.rm of the bowl with
the bead end of the curling pin. If the artist wishes the
Abutllon to rptfiin i"fa K^ll .^1. ^i • • -, „ ,
■ ■-■■-" -""i'^-j i^iio iusKie 01 lUe iietai must be
m
48
PRESERVING A FLORAL HORSESHOE.
"1
Stayed and moulded to tlie natural shape; but if a blown shape
is desired, then the outside of the petal must be stayed and
moulded as for a full open flower.
Place a small knob of wax on the end of the toothpick and
mould the petals to it with the curling pin, roll the petals back
with the steel end of the pin, if for a blown Abutilon, and over-
Up them if for a boll shape.
The petals of the Wild Rose are exceedingly delicate and
require great care in handling. Lay them smoothly on the
blotter and moisten slightly with sulphuric ether and press
quickly with a hot iron; if the petals look dim, tint slightly
with Rose Madder. Stay with rose colored wax, care being
taken not to tear the petals in moulding. Cut a narrow strip of
wax and make one edge into short fine shreds, dip into Chrome
Yellow powder, coil around the point of a toothpick to form
the stamens, fasten the petals to the stamens, bei- g careful to
give them the natural outward curve, and preserve the leaf as
directed.
This is one of the easiest flowers to manage, and is well
adapted for this method of preserving natural flowers. Lay the
Pansy smoothly on the blottei- without separating the petals,
but removing the stem ; moisten with pure ox gall mixed with a
few drops of spirits anunonia, and press slowly with a moder-
ately hot iron. The petals must be stayed with wax of corre-
sponding color. If the Pansy if' brown, the wax must be
brown; if a yellow, the wax must be yellow; if purple, the wax
must be purple; if variegated, the wax must correspond to
■f r» /-k T^-«<^-iT*-» ii^v^m --».^i.l.rt*.
PRKSfJRViyo A FLORAL HORSESHOE.
>
49
After tlie flower has been pressed, should the petals adhere
to each other, they can easily be separated with the point of the
curling pin, care being taken not to tear thtm. and the wax can
easily be moulded on each separate petal without much incon-
venience. Place a small knob of wax on the end of the tooth-
pick and fasten the Hower in the center of the ey^ to it. Tf jt ^s
desired to form them into bun- hes or clusters the Pansies may
be attached to wires and thsn fastened to the toothpick.
' ztu.wicX' (Smafe).
Slit the Petunia oi> ^e seam (or it may be slit into five differ-
ent parts, and after these differt " parts have been _ayed by the
proper shade of wax :Iiby can ne joined together without the
seams being detected), and smxooth the petals out on the blotter.
Then moisten sparingly with a solution of one part ox gall, two
parts water, and a few drops of spirits ammonia, and press
gently with a moderately hot iron. Stay v/ith w?x the same
shade as the flower, and curve ihe edge: outward with the steel
end of the GUI ling pin. Cut sevex-al long thin shreds of wax for
the stamens, roll a piece of wax aiound the end of the toothpick,
press the stamens on with the finger and thumb, and then run it
down through the throat of the Petunia and press tht ^rhole
together with the finger and thumb, or with the bead er of the
nio'ilding pir.
9Ttotttin<j (^forij^ (Couuofvufto).
Same directions as for the Petunia.
Safuia.
Strip the petals from the spikes and lay them f^m; othly on
the blotter if possible, regardless which side is uppermost, as
the petal of the Salvia is the same on both sides. Moisten v.ifh
a I'ew drops of diluted spirits ammonia and stay with crimson
4
i> mj i
30
PHESERVUVG A FLORAL HORSESHOE.
wax. Cover a piece of wire several inches in length with Chrome
Green wax, and set the flowers at jiroper distances from each
other along- the wire, fastening them on at their base with a tuft
of green wax.
Fill in the form of the horse-shoe compactly with forest moss,
stayed with wire or thread, and set in the flowers according to
taste. Tlie dc-ign given in the illustration can either be placed
in a box frair.e or under a glass globe; if the latter is used, the
design must be supported by a rest.
This method of preserving natural flowers can onlv be accom-
plished successfully with single flowers. Tulips, single Holly-
hocks, Poppies, Clematis, etc., look exceedingly beautiful and
natural done in this way. and although they are not so durable,
yet they make the finest specimens for exhibition.
^ Madame St. Emery, a noted French artist, took the first pre-
mium at the Paris Exposition for this method of preserving nat-
ural flowers.
Jil 'il?~WW^il^'"WW'W"'^^W'6£^
;^^^^"^ "^
<^ "^ iij^'^^^
~'^\
HOSE v/ho have experimented in pressing ad pre-
serving Autumn leaves by means of v...nishing,
ironing, etc., are aware of the fact of their work
proving unsatisfactory, because of their changing
color, becoming spotted, curling at the edges, rtc.
Now, for the past year or two, we have fol-
lowed a different course, and our success has been
so signal that we feel glad to mention our method to our readers
m hopes of their testing it with as much satisfaction as we have
uone.
As soon ac the trees begin to change their livery in the
Autumn, begin making collections of all the various colors and
shades of color, as the leaves gathered early always retain their
color longest. Gather as large a supply as possible, as it is
always desirable to have a large number and good variety from
s^lZ^Zk,^ ^v>iUUi/iOiio
Luxge leaves work up well on large
51
I
V
li.
.it
Is
i. )
I
PRESER VIXO A UTL MX LE. I YES.
panols— sucli jis foldiug-screens, tables, etc., in imitation of
Japanese work; and small leaves and sprays are valuable lor line
work, ami also for bouquets.
Old books are best as a receptacle for dryinf^. We use old
Patent Office Report })ooks and others of similar character; and
some liles of old newspapers and magazines are invaluable.
Blank-book paper is too stiff to answer well, yet such can be
made available in case of uecessit;v'. Commence placing the
leaves at the back part of the book, laying each one smoothly
and never allowing them to touch each other, nor placing too
many on one page. Turn five or six pages on these and place
another layer, continuing this until the book is full. Then put
in a cool dry place, under a heavy weight, for twenty -four hours
or until the following day, and then remove to dry books and
again place under pressure as before. This change is made three
times in all, and after the last they remain in pr'^ss for several
days, when they will be found in beautiful condition and ready
to arrange.
Then procure some cake-wax, such as is used for fruit
moulding, put, it in a vessel and set that in a pan of water upon
the stove; when melted, add to it a few drops of turpentine or
fir balsam, to render the wax pliable, by which means the leaves
can be bent into any form desired. If the wax is in proper con-
dition, the process may be continued, and this is best ascertained
by dipping a leaf and drawing it over the edge of the pan upon
both sides; hold it up by the stem with the face horizontal,
when, if the wax is at right temperaiine, the leaf will appear as
if newly varnished. If too hot it will shrivel; if too cold the
wax will cool in lumps and the leaf will present a didl, rough
appearance. When the wax is nv de of proper temperature,
proceed to di{) the leaves one by one, holding each until per-
fectly cool, and then placing upon new'-pai)ers to harden
vviii pre.->HiiL ihe natural appearance of the
^....e .
iiicSf
J
PliESERVISa A UTlWrX J.EA VES.
58
leaf. But if a glossy surface is desired for any of them thev
may receive a thin coat of Demar varnish, applied with a camel's
hair brush.
A friend writes us as follows of some pretty arrangements
winch have been made successfully by her •
To arrange single leaves into bouquets, get green thread wire
and cut into pie.es as long as you wish the stems; break the
stem nearly off the leaf and pass the end of the wire through
the bottom ol the leaf about an inch and bend it down and twist
around the remaining stem and long wire, so as to hold the leaf
firmly. After the leaves are fixed, armnge them in bouquets
with a few pressed ferns. These will be pretty for your small
vases For large bouquets use large sprays of leaves, sumach
and ferns; mix a few dried or crystallized grasses and o-min
laack brier, black alder, and bitter-sweet berries, and yoit will
nave as handsome bouquets for your stands and mantels as vou
could wish. Small clusters of Autumn leaves and ferns prettily
arranged on the picture cords look nicely. Blackberry vines
twined on the cords and left to hang gracefully around the
picture-frame with a cluster of bright berries here and there
are beautiful. A butterfly on a cluster of ferns is pretty on
picture-cords. A corner bracket, draped with Spanish moss,
may be filled with Autumn leaves having two or three butterflies
among them. Ferns filled in around a bracket form a pretty
back-ground for a vase of berries and leaves. You can mnke
pretty lambrequins by pinning Autumn leaves and ferns in
gniceful forms on your lace curtains; and you can ornament
your white shades with them in the same manner.
Am)ther pretty ornament is made of sticks about a foot
long. Take three and cross them to form a rustic stand, and
cover them with gray moss and a few beiTJ.'s and leaves; seta
bii'd's ncsf in the liollou- li,.fu-.'.'n flu' Mfifk- fiv..-l =r..f ^ ,,-.-.. f*..
Htulfed bird and set if on the nest. '^ " i'^^*-^.'
-..:::.:;::::::.J
i
54
PliESHM VI NG A UTUMN LEA VES.
First Wash the seaweed in fresh water, take a plate or dish
he larger the better, cut your paper to the size required, plac^
It on the p ate with fresh water, and spread out the points
with a good sized camel's hair pencil in a natural form-
picking out wiih a pin gives the seaweed an unnatural appear-
ance and destroys the characteristic fall of the branches, which
should be carefully avoided. Then gently raise the paper with
he specinien out of the water, placing it in a standing posi
tion for a few minutes, so as to allow the superabundant water
to run off, after which place it in the press. The press is made
with either three pieces of board or pasteboard. Uiy on the
hrst board two sheets of blotting paj^er, on that lay your speci-
mens; place over and smooth a piece of old m'uslin, fine
cambric or linen, and then some more blotting paper; place
another board on the top of that; continue in the same ;ay till
all the .eawe^d is on. The blotting paper and the muslin should
be carefully removed and dried every day and then replaced; at
he same time those specimens that are sufficiently dried may be
taken away. Nothing now remains to be done but to write on
each the name, date and location. You can either gum the
specimens in a scrap-book, or fix them in as dmwings often are,
by making four slits in the page and inserting each corner; thi^
IS by far the best plan, as it admits of their removal, without
injury to the page, at any future period.
Some of the larger Algae will not adhere to the paper and
consequently require gumming The following method of' pre-
serving th.m has been communicated by a botanical friend-
Alter well cleaning and p.essing, brush the coarser kind of
Alg^e over with spirits of turpentine, in which two or three pieces
of gum mastic have been <lissolved, by shaking in a warm place
- tu-o-thirds of a sn.al- phia! is th. proper i,ro,,ortion-aud this
(L
will make the specimens lefaii!
ti
[HANTOM bouquets, so universally admired by all
who can appreciate the chaste and beautiful in' art,
although but recently introduced to the notice of the
American public, are nothing new.
The art of preparing the fibrous skeletons of plants
was understood and practiced by the Chinese many
centuries ago, and there are still to be found in our
fancy stores reasonably perfect specimens of these skeletonized
leaves, generally painted and corated with Oriental designs
and mottoes, according to the taste of that remarkable people.
Whether they have ever advanced so far as the grouping or
arranging of these delicate tissues uito anything approaching a"
bouquet, we cannot say; as no evidences of their faculty for pro-
ducing such combinations have reached this country; or whether,
if they had progressed so far, their stiff and awkward ideas of
artistic effect would agree with the cultivated taste of Ameri-
cans, remains to 1 imagined.
The works of Chine.^^c art v.'hich reach us, whether on lac-
queied tables, work-hox^^. waiters, etc., show how widely their
conceptions of beaiuiful curves and graceful postures dilFer from
55
i
II
If
I
i*
At;
PHANTOM OR SKELETON f EAVES.
our own .stiindards of bejuity Hut be this as it may, American
tourists witliin tlie last fev*^ years have been struck with tlie great
beauty of these Phantom Bouquets, as exhibited in the far.-y
bazaars of European cities. 'I'hese vere evidently the work (>f
the few who, in other lands than theirs, had acquired a knowl-
edge of the art. A number of these bouquets thus found their
way to this country, where they fortunately came under the
notice of cultivated minds, by whom the art of producing them
has been so patiently and successfully pursued, that the speci-
mens now produced in this country surpass in lichness, brilliancy
and faultless nicety of preparation and arrangement, all that
have been prepai id in foreign lands.
But a few years ago the first Phaatom Bor _c ever offered
for sale on this side of the Atlantic was made by an American
lady, and was exhibited in the spacious window of a large '■ w-
elry establishment in one of our chief cities. Although sur-
rounded by flashing silver ware and sparkling gems, yet the little
bouquet, composed of only a few phantom leaves and flowers,
attracted the highest admiration of all who beheld ? , and as may
be supposed, it soon found an appreciative purchaser at a very
large price. A few others (all that could then be furnished) were
disposed of at the same establishment during that season. This
public display served to awaken a wide interest in the subject,
stimul^iling inquiry into the wonderful art by which the perish-
'able leaves and blossoms of the forest and the garden are con-
verted into durable illustrations of the complex structure of the
floral world.
As is usual with so decided a novelty, many amateurs were
ready to experiment the following year. Among numerous
lamentable failures, a few only were partially successful in their
attempts to reproduce them. We say partially, for in many
cases a fine leaf was marred by stains, spots or blemishes occa-
sioned bv the ravages of inspf*f«- -^r-.A oifi,^,i^i. „tx ;_„ z^ .^
[I
L
PHANTOM OR .SKELETON LEA VES.
i>l
have been perf keletonized and tlie shape preserved entire
and beautiful, yei ,ese blemishes served to spoil the effect, and
to destro^v iis valre for a bouquet. Many of the less particular
artists did : ■'■ tate to nux a few such defective specimens in
fbpii-i!rrai.gemc.-.,i; but most persons of correct taste preferred
to i^roup gzP , .y their half-dozen perfect leaves under a small
shade, than .o make a towerin<j bouquet of imperfect or discol-
ored ones.
The time which has elapsed since the art was first introduced
here has been a season o^' patient experiment and investigation
There were no published essays to which the learner could refer
for directions. All must be studied and acquired by laborious
and caiefur observation, and often whole seasons would be lost
while ascertaining the peculiar properties of a single leaf, the
process being too slow to allow of a second gathering before
Autumn had stripped the trees.
The first summer of the writer's experiments was lost in vain
attempts, and bushels of carefully gathered leaves were wasted
for want of a few items of knowledge, which to a careless opera-
tor, would seem of small importance. Five years of practice
have taught her many things indispensable to a successful pros-
ecution of the art, such as are neither understood nor appre-
ciated by those who have just commenced the work. It is the
obj-Bct of these pages to furnish plain and practical directions
fur producing perfect Bouquets of Skeleton Flow- s, together
with a list of such plants as will repry the artist's labor.
A late writer on this subject enthusiastically declares that
the art is yet in its infancy, and exp^-esses h's belief that diligent
experiment will lead to results even mor'3 wonderful than any
that have yet been achieved. In the confident belief that such
will be the case, we shall feel glad to have given our readers an
mipulse in the light diiectio.i, and can assure tliem that
cioselv fo]'"""'"- '■'^ '
r'lni
the I'ules here givt n, sue
cess
-•ill
cer
tainly
-«J4te.*r_«^.. _ , J,™ . , ,rt
58
PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS.
reward thoir efforts. Those whom reped^^d faihires may have
so far discouraf?ed as to induce tliem i^ abandon flie pursuit,
will be stimulated to renew their interesting labors. Others,
whose entire ignorance of the process may have withheld them
from even beginning, will be induced to make a trial. The
probability is, that among the asjnrants thus stimulated to enter
the field, some superior genius v/ill be found, at whose animating
touch this beautiful art v,-ill receive a l)rilliancy of development
surpassing all that could have been imagined by those who
pioneered it into public notice.
Preparing *f^ Leav3S
aiifl Flowers.
~m
HEX Spring has once more dressed both tree and
shrub in their gorgeous livery of g-een, the ai'tist
'••'.iiins to look around her for the most suitable sub-
'^^'^ .i''''f^ tor experiment. The influence of tb.e n(nv shidy
'¥ on licr mind becomes imniediardy aTipnrent to herself.
The tr.M.s. whicli Inuv lieretofore ajij-eared to Ii.m' as ])resent-
ing an iiiil.iokcu iiniforinity of foli.-i-v, now displ.-iy tlieir
leaves to li.'c slinv r-iii'd ol.s.Mvatioii with :i nridtji of ciipiibilities
before uiiiuiowii to her. and sh.' is surprised to learn how
|L.
4
PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS.
59
infinite a variety exists in the vegetable world; varietv not only
in size and outline, but in those other characteristics vvhir^h are so
important to her purpose, strengtli of liber and freedom from
l)lemishes occasioned by the destructive ravages of ins-cts \s
..bservatiou is directed to the subject, so the mind becomes
expanded under the influence of the new study. The surprising
difference between the leaves now first becomes apparent Thev
are seen to be serrated or entire, ovate, acuminate, cordate or
irreguh.r. The magnificent luster of the Ivy and Magnolia now
ior the first time, attracts attention and secures for them v new
a.lmiration. As the season advances, she will be struck with th.^
num. rous changes to which the leaves are subject before the chill
winds of Autumn strip them from the trees, thence depositing
them in rustling piles upon the ground. As incidental to the
study, the habits of a multitude of insect depredators will be
noticed, afl'ording new subjects for surprise and fresh accessions
of knowledge. Everywhere the wonders of the Divine Hand
will be displayed under conditions to which she had been a
stranger; and the mysteries of Nature thus unfolded will
infinitely surpass all we may mention in these pages.
Without some directions to guide her, the enthusiastic learner,
111 haste to begin the work, gathers indiscriminately f.-om forest
and garden, selecting leaves remarkable only for their ample size
or i)leasing shape, and places the whole diversified collection in
the prepared receptacle to undergo the process of maceiation.
In her ignorance of certain first principles, she does not imagine
that she has overlooked some of the most indispensable ingredi-
ents of success, which, standing as they do at the v. ly llu>rsho](l
ot tlu' undertaking, must not (mly infiuence, but when disre-
garded, unist render al)solutely futile, all subsequent steps in a
process uliiel, niuier any ei.runistances is excee.Iingly tedious
\\." may suppose that in her natural impatience to commeme
her labors siu' has gath.-red up an ami,h« store of leaves, inane-
? I
60
PREPARI^'G LEA VES AND FLOWERS.
%-:■
diately on tlit^ir attaining tht^ir full growtli. It is true tliat in
this early preparation she has anticipated the attacks of destruc-
tive insects, but the leaf will then be too immature to withstand
the macerating process. The libers will be found too succulent
and not sufficiently ligneous to sustain the pressure and hand-
ling always necessary to produce a perfectly skeletonized leaf.
After probably two months of patient watchfulness, she is con-
sequently compelled to throw away her choice collection, the
whole having become a mass of pulp, in which there is neither
stem nor fiber to identify a single leaf.
By this time the season has advanced and the foliage on the
trei^s has undergone important changes. Many of the leaves,
liaving lost their early succulency, have assumed a strong ligne-
ous character. In place of excessive pulpiness, an undue i)ro-
portion of fiber pervades the whole structure of the leaf. It has,
in fact, become too old for maceration. In other cases the leaf
has either been stung by an insect, and the channels through
which the sap so mysteriously circulates having become
obstructed by the poisonous infusion injected into thein, its
shape becomes distorted, or its sui'face is disfiijured by blisters.
Others have been attacked by a different tribe of enemies, who
by half devouring the leaf, as effectually destroys it for the
artist. The latter catastrophe invariably overtakes the foliage
of the Elm, the Magnolia and the Ma.nle. These facts we have
verified in our own experience; and having been compelled thus
to learn them, the resulting knowledge was acquired only from
ivpeated and trying disappointments. They make evident the
impoitance of knowing the exact point in the season at wliich
each leaf is in ])roper condition for the artist's hand.
Another error (consists in i)lacing in the niac<>ratlng vessel
many difr.'rpnt sorts (.!' le;iv.>s. without a knowledge of their
chemical i)r()perties. For instance, thos.' (.f the Oak. ('hestnut.
Walnut. P.ircli and Hickory contain so large a (piantity of tannin
PREPARiyO LEa/ESAXD flowebs.
61
to render it almost
ible
tlit
iiupossil
way. If placed among other and more perishable leaves, the
inlusion oi' tannin thus created will act as a preservative and
entirely prevent their decomposition. The writer leanip'' these
facts, to her cost, daring the first season's experiments. A few
beautifnl Oak leaves were phiced among a large number of other
varieties which were in course of preparation, and not until after
months of patient waiting, watchfulness and handling did she
discover the true cause of her disappointment, when it was too
late in the season to repair the loss. The reader will at once per-
ceive how important are these rules and cautions, thus placed at
th(^ head of our directions.
Throughout the Middle States by the fifteenth of June most
of the desirable leaves will be found fully grown, and many of
them are then old enough to gather. Elms, Swamp Magnolias,
Maples. Deutzias, Pears, Silver Poplars and English Sycamores
nujy be selected, but none but the firmest and most perfect leaves
should be taken. These kinds may be placed together in open
vessels and covered with soft water, and then set in a warm or
sunny place in the open air. A broad weight nuiy be i)laced on
the to]i, so as to insure continued immersion. A "nvspaper,
doubled and laid over the top of tlie leaves, will ansv.er the same
])ur])ose as a weight '.;nd is ])erhaps l)ettei, as it kee])s its phu;e
while the weiglit sometimes falls to the bottom o!" tlie vessel.
The best vessel for the ])urpose is a common earthen jar with a
wide mouth, the size to be proportioned to the quantity of leav
to be macerated.
•\t the ^ ')! six W'eeks the paper Uiay be remove'"* "" :i
few of the leases carefully taken out fof examinat ., and
pl::<< (1 in a basin of cleim wai-m water. To do liiis, thv j.iimaii
hand \ lie best instrument; but r.s many jiersons inpy o^-' . t to
thus (l.p{iing into what h:is now become an unpleasant mass of
vegetable decomposition, a broad wooden spoon may be substi-
u
r^
m
li
PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS.
tilted. Then, taking a leaf between tlie thumb and finger,
immerse the hand in the warm water and press and rub tlie leaf
either gently or firmly, according to the strength of its texture.
Tliis rubbing i)rocess will remove the loose green matter from
the surface and expose to view the fibrous network of the leaf.
With those which are strongest, especially tlie Swamp Mag-
nolias, a brush will be needed to efl'eetiuilly clean them— a soft
tooth-brush will answer best— but in using a brush, the leaf
should be laid in the palm of the hand, on a plate, or on any
other surface equally fiat and smooth.
This constitutes the first washing, and a few of the leaves
will now be found perfectly clear. But to some of them thus
washed and but partially cleared further care must be extended.
It will therefore be necessary to have at hand a second vessel of
water similar to the first, in which all such imperfectly skele-
tonized leaves may be placed, where they must remain until
finished, which, with all but the Swamp Magnolias, will i)rob-
ably be two or three weeks longer.
We may suppose that the artist has made a beginning wifli
the leaves already mentioned in this chapter. On taking"^ them
out of the macerating vessel and washing them as dire(!ted. she
will find the Deutzias and Silver Poplars perfectly clean, and
they should then be placed in a basin of clean water until all
the contents of the macerating jar has been examined. A few
of the Norway Maples will also be found perfectly prepared:
but the majority of all contained in the jai- will still be only
partially so.
In the latter condition will be found the Sycamores, tie
Silver Mai)les, the Elms and the Pears. These must, con-
sequently, be dei)()sited in the second vessel, as before mentioned,
to undei-go .still further macei-ation. The .Afagnolias will rei^nire
another two or three montlis' soaking before the outer -idlde
will become soft enough to remove; bit if more convenient, th-y
PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS.
63
may be placed in the same vessel with those last named After
covering these half-cleaned leaves ^^ith water, all in diff-ent
stages of progress, they should be left in the same warm, sunny
place to be finished. We may here remark, for the comfort of
the learner who has persevered thus far in an operation which
AMll be discovered to be decidedly unpleasant to her olfactory
organs, that the most offensive portion of the labor is over at
least with this particular set of leaves, as after having recei'ved
tlieii hrst washing, they part with most of the putrefactive
odors which have so long pervaded the air in the vicinity of the
macerating jar.
The clear and perfect leaves which were deposited in the
clean water, a^^aiting a leisure hour to give them further atten-
tion, may now be deprived of their moisture by .•arefully press
mg them between the folds of a soft blotter until they are
}.. .'•f<-c!l> dry. On no account let them be laid on a table, or
other \) .1 surface, while in a wet state, as in drying they will
Mdherc to It so closely as to tear in the effort t()\-emove them
The Xorway Maple, being extremely delicate, will adhere, while
wet, even to the hand, and great care must ^e exercised in
removing its leaves to avoid tearing. It will be noticed that
many of the leaves will lose their stems in passing thro ,.di the
process; but the mode by which this deficiency is to be supplied
will be explained in its proper place hereafter. When dried
the leaves may be placed in boxes, ready for bleaching when the
assortment has been completed.
We append another metliod. which may not be so efficient
but which IS more expeditious and not at all offensive •
First dissolve four ounces of common washing soda in a
quart of boil mg water, add two ounces of slacked quick-lime
..Hi l>o,l for about fifteen minutes. Allow the solution to cool-
afterwards pour off all the clear licpior into a clean saucepan.'
When this liquor is at its boiling lieat, place the leaves carefully
i
64
BLKAcrnxr, i.k.\ iv-.x and seed vessels.
ill the pail and hoi] flic wliolt' togt'tlier for an lioiii-. a(l(lill^■ from
time to time t'iioui;ii water to make u]) for the loss by evapora-
tion. The epidermis and piarenchj^ma of some leaves will more
readih- sejiarate than those of others.
T-^T
BLEACHING LEAVES AND
SEED VESSELS.
h 6
-i— i_i.
^TTIYTP
FIE next process, and on:' of great importance, is that
of bleaching the leaves, flowers ond seed-vessels. It
is an operation which requires the greatest care, as
upon the perfect whiteness of all the component parts
of a bouquet its beauty will depend. Xo matter how
perfectly the leaves and seed-vessels may have been
skeletonized, if they ar^ permitted to retain any shade of their
original yellow they are deficient in beauty, at laist to the eye
of the connoisseur.
The first step in this part of the process is to procure proper
bleaching materials. Many persons are entirely successful in
the use of i'hloride of lime, while others prefer Labarraque's
solution of chloride of soda, or Powers »t Wightman's. The
former should be prepared for use in the following mannei- :
Take a half pound of strong chloride of lime and place it in an
earthen or other pitcher. Add three pints of soft, cold water
and stir carefully with an iron s]W(m. pressing so as to mash the
lumps well against the sides of the vessel. Keep it covered and
allow it to stand in a cool place unti! the lime has precipitated
=^
I, IJ'
BLEACHING LEA VES AND SEED VESSELS.
65
upon the bottom of the pitcher, which will be done in about an
lio.ir, except a small portion that may remain lioating on the
surface. This should be removed with a spoon or skimmer
after which the clear liquid should be poured off into a bottle'
then corked up tightly and kept in a cool place.
When ready to commence leaf bleaching, take a qlass jar,
such as IS used for pickles or preserves, having a mouth wide
enough to admit the largest leaf. First, select those intended
to be whitened, but be careful not to place leaves and seed-
vessels in the same jar; then with soft, clear water cover the
leaves in the jar and add the bleaching solution, which is
extremely powerful and should be diluted with from three to
six times the quantity of water (soft), according to the texture
of the leaves to be bleached. The jar should be covered tightly
and set in a warm place. When coarse seed-vessels and stems
are to be bleached, this proportion of the chloride of lime may
be doubled, but the delicate leaves, and especially the Ferns,
will be destroyed if the solution be made too strong.
Labarraque s preparation of chloride of soda acts ^ently and
more slowly, and being free from the caustic properties of the
lime, is less likely to attack and corrode the delicate framework
of the leaves. The quantity of this solution to be added to
water must be double that of the first named preparation. It
will whiten the flowers. Ferns and more tender of the seed-ves-
sels, but it is not strong enough to act on those which are coareer
and more ligneous. There is great difficulty, however, in pro-
curing this preparation of the required freshness and strength,
as its bleaching properties '"lepend entirely on the amount of
chlorine contained in it; and this being a very volatile gas, it is
readily lost by keeping a length of time, even when carefully
corked and sealed.
The best prei)aration for this purpose is Powers & Wight-
man's. One bottle of this will whiten a large number of leaves,
(U]
BLK ACHING LKAVK8 AND 8KKD YKSSKLS.
without injiiriii..- tli.- IHkt or milking tlie.ji lu-ittlf. as i.s the case
witli the ohh.iide of lime. The proper proportion for mixing
V ill he about half a leacupfui to a j.int of water. Thi.s will gen-
erally whiten two .sets of leaves; that is, as soon as tho.se first
put in are perfectly white, they may he taken out ami a second
h)t placed in the same mixture. Sometimes, however, it will be
necessary to achl a small quantity more, .say a tablespocmful, in
ordei- to complete them. For amateurs, and even for accom-
plished artists, a superior solution, thus ready i)repared will be
found safer and more likely to insure perfect success than any
preparation they will be al)le to comj)ound for themselves. The
saving of trouble in using it will be quite a consideration.
In i)utting the delicate leaves into the jar, care should be
taken to aiiange them beforehand with the stems all pointing
the same way, that is, downwards in tlie jar. The reason for
this exists in the fact that the bleaching commences first at the
bottom of the vessel; and as the thick stems and mid-ribs require
more time to whiten than the lace-like portion of the leaves, it
insuies their being satisfactoi-ily finished in a shoi-t time. A '|ar
of leaves will usually require from six to twelve lumrs for bleach-
ing: but as the jar is of glass, an outside inspection will enable
tile operator to judge of the degree of whiteness without raising
th<' hd until it may be time to remove them.
When vhey are discovei-ed to be entirely white, they mnst be
taken carefully out witli tlie hand and laid in a l)asin of clean,
warm water. If suffered to remain too long in tlu^ jar tliey will
become too tender for removal. They may then be thorouglily
\v:isl„.,l trom the chlonne, by changing them several times in
I ivsh water, a ft.r which tliey will be ready for tlieir final drying
I Ins ,s accom])lished :.s before, by h.ying them })etween blo'tting
pads; whde the more delicate ones, which are apt to curl in dry-
ing, should now be laid between the leaves of a book until
entirely dry. Tlie washing is a very inq)ortant part of tlie opera-
BLEACniNO LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS
fi7
ticn, as if not thorouglily done, the bouquet will soon become
yellow and otheiwise discolored, .-ind tJius in the end lose its
attractiveness and beauty as a juirlor ornament
As before stated, it will be advisable to keep tlie seed-vessels
separate Irom the leaves and to put them in <lifFerent bleachin.
jars If placed pron.iscuously in the same j.r, the seed-vessels
wd become so entangled in the fine network of the leaves tl-at
m the attempt to remove them the latter will be seriously injured
beed-vessels and lowers require the san.e treatment in bleaching
and washing, only remembering that the c-oarser seed-vessels
may need a stronger infusion of the bleaching preparation." A
httle expenem,-e will soon inform the operator as to the exact
qnantity required for all kinds of leaves and seed-vessels
The bleaching of the Ferns will need some special dii^ctions
Many who have succeeded admirably with leaves, ha^■e invaria-
bly failed m their attempts at preparing these graceful sprays
As they constitute the most brilliant embellishment which nm
be introduced into a bouquet, such failures are especially morti-
fying But by closely following these simple directions, there
will be no difficulty in producing entire spr.vs of white Fern
ready to be arranged with other materials for the IxMiquet
Having gathered Ferns of different varieties during' their
season ot maturity-which is when the seeds are to be found on
the back of the leaves-they should be preserved by pressin<>-
hem between the leaves of a book, th^re to remain until required
for bleaching. When ready for that process, let the operator
select such as she desires, and place them carefully in a jar
causing them to curi around the sides rather than with stems
downward, in order to avoid breaking the dry and brittle leaves
The smaller separate leaflets may occupy the space in the center
for t n • ^ 1 "'' ''' •^■"' '"'''' ""™ ^^'^^*-' '--"- room
for the bleaching solution, in the T.roportion of half a teacupful
of the solution to a pint of water. Cover the jar tightly and set
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23 WEST MAi.4 STREET
WESSTcR,N.Y MSSO
(716) 873-4S0:«
68
BLEACIIINO LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS.
in a very warm place. After twenty-four Jiours, gently pour off
the liquid and replace with fresh, mixed as before. They should
remain in the second water about forty-eight hours, when this
in like manner, will require to be clianged. In about three or
tour days the Ferns will begin to whiten at the edges, and this
whiteness will gradually extend itself over the entire surface of
the spray, changing it from a dark, brownish green to the spot-
less purity of a snowllake. Each one must be carefully taken
out as soon as it is seen to be entirely white, without waiting for
the whole contents of the jar to be finished.
In the bleaching of a large spray, it sometimes happens that
Its extremity, perhaps half of the entire length, will l,ecome per-
fectly white, while dark spots remain on the upper or stem end
In such cases it will be safest to take out the branch, and layin-
It in a basin of water, cut off the white portion, and return the
unhnished remainder to the jar. Afterwards, when both are
ready for the bouquet, the two portions can be neatly united
with gum arable. The process of changing the water will have
to be repeated four or five times during the operkion of bleach-
ing the same lot of Ferns, and the time required to whiten them
completely will extend over a period of from one to two weeks
The time depends on the varieties of Ferns which may be used
as there is a wide difference in their susceptibilities, some bein^
wholly unfitted for this purpose.
When the sprays are found to be entirely white, they must
be taken from the jar with the fingers, always holding them by
the stem, and laid in a broad basin of clean, warm water, where
they should be allowed to remain for several hours They may
be thoroughly rinsed by changing the water several timJs, but
they will not l)ear handling in the same manner as will the skele
ton leaves. When ready to be dried, take one spray 7 y the stem
and lay it in a broad dish or basin of water, allowing it to float
on the surface; then pass under it a sheet of unsized white
BLEACHING LEA VES ASD SEED VESSELS.
69
1
paper, and in this way lift it out of the water. The spray will
cling to the paper and assume its natural shape. Shoulcl any
of the small side leaves become crooked or overlapped, they may
be readily straightened by using the point of a pin to spread
them out m proper shape upon the paper. To get rid of the
supeiHuous moisture contained in the latter, lay the sheet first
on a soft blotter for a few minutes. The blotL willl^^^^^^^^
most of the excess of water. After that it must be laid between
iZ boolT ''"'' """""^"^ "^^'' P"^^^' ^^^ P^««««d
When all the sprays have been thus removed and committed
to the keeping of the book, a heavy weight should be placed on
It, m order to insure their drying smoothly. If desirable, the
drying may be accelerated by changing them, after a day or two
into another book, or into new portions of the first When
entirely dry, if some of the thinner varieties are found to adhere
to the paper, they may be loosened by pressing the thumb nail
on the under side of the paper. It is better, however, even after
they are thoroughly pressed and dried, to keep them shut up in
a book until wanted for the bouquet, as they have a tendency to
curl when exposed to the air.
The writer has given directions for the bleaching of Perns
only by the new ..reparation of Powers & Wightman, as it has
oeen prove, to be the most reliable compound Tor that purpose.
She has fully tested chloride of lime, and finds it altogether too
severe or these delicate tissues, while Labarraque's solution is
much slower in its operation-one bottle of the new preparation
being equal in strength to two of the article last named
HE process of maceration has already been shown in
the preceding pages. We have endeavored to give
sncli clear and practical directions as will apply to
all varieties of plants, but there are certain peculiari-
ties which seem to be inherent in each particular leaf,
se.d-vessel and flower, so as to call for specific direc-
Tn . A .. /' '"^ °'"'^'' ^^""^ '"'"^'« ^'^y be insured with all
Instead, therefore, of dismissing the subject widi a mere ist of
eaves adapted to the purposes of the irt, and JvTng Ich
r":of"tir T^V^^y'^^ P-""-ities for hersdHt
^rea cost of time and labor, we shall give a few general rules
lie tl'Ttt Tf: ^"^ "^"^^^- ^'- learner'^^"al
Ittilr I- ;. if '^'^"° "" '''' ^"^J^«^' '-^^d the minute
paiticulars which follow will contribute largely to her successful
de^- "ir of ^': r "'^ "^""^'"^"^"'^ ^^^ accomplny th
reaTr t?r T'" "' '^" ""^' ^"^P^^'^^"^' ^^^^ ^^^^le the
reader to determine the names of doubtful varieties.
This splendid genus of trees .les.rves to be placed at the
head ot our list of those plants whos3 leaves are
70
I'e well adapted \<
PLAM'S fon -^KhLETU.MZiya
71
the purposes of our art. Its varied species are to be found on
the eastern shores of both the great continents of North America
and Asia. The United States produces no less than eight
varieties, while China and Japan have four or live. Neither
Europe, Africa nor South America can offer a single species of
indigenous Magnolia.
The different varieties of Chinese Magnolia have, with one or
two exceptions, been acclimated with us, and are to be found in
most of our ornamental shrubberies, their lovely white and
purple blossoms and spicy fragrance, together with the neat and
regular appearance of the tiaes themselves, making them Gen-
eral favorites. Most of the Chinese varieties will answer" for
our purpose, but we give preference to the following : First,
{Magnolia conspicua.)
This variety blossoms during April in the Middle States, and
by the Chinese is called the Lily Tree, from its lily-shaped
flowers of a creamy white color. The leaves arrive at perfection
in June, and may be gathered for maceration between the loth
of that month and the middle of September. After that time
the ravages of insects begin to show themselves.
Magnolia Purpurea and Magnolia Soulangianna are purple
varieties of Chinese origin, and may be gathered and treated as
the above-named. From four to six weeks will generally be
long enough for their perfect maceration, when they can he
readily cleaned by the aid of warm water and rubbing between
the thumb and finger.
(Uiucticati 6iuamp SHagttofia.
{MiigiioH.t glaum.)
{Ficf. No. 1.) This is the fra-rant wild Magnolia, which
blooms in June, and is found in great profusion in the swamps
I
n
72
i;
PLA.\T3 FOR SKELETONIZING.
and marshes of New Jersey. ^Vhen transplanted to the garden
the leaves are produced in great perfection, while their size is
increased by cultivation. They are in perfection at the time of
blossoming, and on no account should be gathered later, as after
that time they become too tough and abound with invisible
stings of insects, which injuries, not becoming apparent until
after the cleansing process has been completed, the otherwise
beautiful leaf will be found covered with small black spots
which can neither be whitened nor removed. These leaves
require three or four months to macerate, and may then be
brushed with a tooth-brush to remove the little cellular particles
which fill up the interstices and which give to tuem a thick and
cloudy appearance.
{Abele.)
{Fig. No. 3.) This leaf is one of the most desirable, as well
as most easily cleaned since it requires but four or five weeks to
macerate, and has a strong fiber. The leaves of this tree present
much variety of shape, and the sizes of those which are matured
vary from half an inch to four inches in length. They may be
gathered as early as the 1st of June, and generally remain free
from spots until September. Avoid the foliage of the suckers
which are frequently found growing vig ously around the
parent tree, as the fibers of such leaves are too weak and tender
for our purpose. They will lose their stems by maceration, but
these may be replaced, as diiected in a previous chapter.
fllapc.v fopfat.
(Populiia trchciili,.)
_ The leaf of this tree is larger than that of the preceding and
IS also nioi'e delicate. It may be gathered in June or July, and
,will require about a month to macerate. Great care will be
necessary in handling them.
Ah
IS
of
er
le
11
36
ts
»e
II
'I
4
if
li
PLANTS FOR SKKLETOMZIXO
73
{Liriodendroa tuUpifera.)
£om6ar«>y ^opfat.
(^pulvi jiyramuialiM.)
Both these may be gathered early in summer, and should be
treated like the Aspen Poplar.
(AcfT platoTwides.)
{Fifj. No. I^.) The most beautiful of the Maple family in
shape and general adaptability to the present purpose. A single
branch taken from one of these trees will present great variety
In size and shape, the sm;ill leaves at the extremities cleaning
quite as perfectly as the largest. They should be gathered by
the 20th of June, ceicainly nof kter than the middle of July.
They will be finished. in a">our six weeks, losing their stems, as
is invariably th.^ case with all Maples. The Silver Maple may
be treated by the same rule.
{Fig. No. 16. Willow.) These two desirable leaves may be
gathered in July, and will macerate in from six weeks to two
months. They need very careful haniling, or brushing with a
camel's hair brush on a i^late.
Suropcait Su cat-note.
{Acer pxfudo- platanus.)
{Fir/. No. 6.) A beautiful leaf, in shape somewhat resem-
bling the Norway Maple but possessing a firmer and thicker
texture. It must be secured early in June, as by the close of
that month it becomes unfitted for our use, and but fev^ of those
collected after the 20th of June will come out entirely free from
74
!!!
PLANTS FOR SKELET0M7AN(h
Clouds or blemishes. About two months will complete their
maceration.
{Fig. No. 5. English A^h.) There are several species of
this family which are admirably adapted for our object Of
these, the Flowering Ash {Ornnx Europims) and tiie English
Ash are the most beautiful. They will become clear and per-
fectly skeletonized in about six weeks after gathering, which
may be done In July and August.
Suerfa^l-in.j ^I'ca, or efiicfif.i.cj <^ztck.
(Lathy run )
{Fig. No. 11.) This pretty garden perennial, with an abun-
dance of deep pink blossoms, is too well known to need descrip-
tion. The leaves may be gathered at any time during summer
and require but a few weeks for maceration. They lose their
stems. The graceful tendrils of this vine may also be placed in
water with the leaves and after remaining some weeks the outer
cuticle can be easily removed without untwisting the curl and
these, when bleached, will be found ornamental to the bouquet
especially where the design adopted consists of a vine.
©fvM-.
The leaves of this beautiful tree must be gathered very early
Indeed, so soon do the caterpillars begin their ravages, ^that in
some sections of the country, before the leaf is strong enongh
for the purpose of the skeletonizer, it is too much eaten to be
worth collecting. June or July will answer, if anv perfect leaves
are then to be found. They will macerate in about four weeks
and, being very delicate, will need the greatest care. If the leaf
be laid on a plate, or something similar, a camel's hair pencil
will remove the softened particles, leaving the liber clean, to be
'.i -^4
r;=
PLAJfTS FOR SKELETONIZING.
75
foweTjfr^"'' '''^ '"" °' "^^^' ^"^ '^^" ^^'^ --^""y - a
The Evergreen Elm ( Ulmus sempervipcns) {Fig. iVo 10) is a
season of the year, requiring about three months for its perfect
clearing. A native of France and is rare in America.
. J^« .f"" ^-^ T^"^ ""^ '^^ "^^'' ^"^'^^^^"l ^'"''^^l leaves we can
ized in tt '% ' "/"'^' '''^^^ ""^ '"^ ^^^'^-^^y skeleton-
ized in three or four weeks, without losing their stems. These
graceful httie leaves, with serrated edges, fc. .a beautiful wreaths
and spntys, either for black velvet crosses or to be twined around
the base of a bouquet. "^"uiiu
Deutzia Gracilis, another variety of this desirable garden
plant, requires somewhat longer for its perfect preparation.
These leaves contain a slight portion of tannin and had better
be kep separate from other kinds. A few drops of muriatic
acid added o the water in which they are placed for maceration
^ill hasten the procesa They may be gathered in July and will
require several months to become completely skeletonized.
"DM-cprf Seat, Sa^aafxa* at^ Qikhcc.
n,nif^;^'- '-^ ^^'^'" ^^ ^"'y- ^^^ '«q^i^« ^bout two
months to macerate.
{Fig. No 7.) The common annual blooming dark velvet
Rose furnishes the best description of leaves for our purpose
They should be gathered in July before the insects have sZg
them and will require about two months' soakinp- Thev are
very delicate and must be brushed on a plate.
..^-^
76
PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZING.
(Chionanthus Virginica.)
Gather in July. Will be ready for cleariug in about two
months.
(Aristolochia tomentosa.)
This is a rather coarse vine, of rank growth, well suited for
covering unsightly buildings or decaying trees. It bears a curi-
ous wiiite blossom, shaped somewhat like a pipe, whence it
takes its homely name. The leaves are heart-shape, of thick
and woolly texture, but the skeletons they produce are so
exceedingly beautiful as to make them indispensable to a com-
plete collection. They should be taken from the vine not earlier
than the middle of July, and perfect specimens may be obtained
as late as the middle of September— probably about the first of
August will be the best time. Select the finest and oldest
leaves. Some of them wUl be clear in four weeks after immer-
sion.
3uu.
{Fig. m. 17.) These much admired leaves may be gathered
at any time durir.'- tl o year, always selecting those a year old
m preference to the younger growth of the present season. The
Ivy leaf, like some others, has a tough outer cuticle on each side
between which the fibrous skeleton is concealed, the interme-
diate space being tilled with the green cellular matter common
to all leaves. During the process of macei-ation this green sub-
stance becomes dissolved, though the outer skin remains whole
and entire. When taken from the macerating vessel and laid in
the clean water for cleansing, this skin will present the appear-
ance of a bladder tilled with green watei'. By puncturiug, or
gently tearing the skin on one or l)oth sides of the leaf, the water
will escape and the perfect skeleton will Moat out. ready for
gi
1:1
W
I
.. f.
I
PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZING
77
rinsing and drying. Four or iive weeks will be sufficient to
allow for their preparation, althougli some varieties require a
lew weeks longer.
cKofft
{Fig. No. m.) This leaf is quite difficult to clear properly,
owing to the tough outer cuticle adhering so tenaciously to the
thorns on the edges, as to tax the ingenuity and patience of the
operator in removing the one without breaking off the other.
For this reason most amateurs give up after the first attempt and
content themselves with more beautiful and less troublesome
subjects. About three months is the time necessary for skele-
tonizing them; and being evergreens, they may be gathered at
any time.
Wistaria. Bignonia, Greenbrier and Wild Yam— all vines
that are tolerably well known— may be skeletonized by the usual
process in from six weeks to three months, and should be gath-
ered about the middle of July.
Of greenhouse plants, the leaves of Camellia Japonica, Cape
Jasmine, Laurestina and Caoutchouc may be done after months
of soaking. A shorter process, however, which some parties
prefer for all descriptions of leaves to the slower method which
we have adopted, is found to answer well for these particular
species. Their tough epidermis requires something more than
the ordinary sluggish operation of water and summer heat to
soften and remove them. The process consists in boiling them
for several hours in strong soapsuds, using the ordinary chem-
ical soap of the shops.
This will generally succeed with these last named plants, but
for those which are tender and delicate, as before described, it
is too severe. Besides this, the chemical properties of the soap
affect the leaf in so peculiar a way as to inci ase the difficulty of
bleaching; and notwithstanding all possible care be taken to
II
I'l.;
Sli:
PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZINO
wash after the boiling process is over, enough of the refractory
element remains to defeat all attempts to make the leaf perfectly
and permanently white. Therefore, while we mention the pro-
cess as an item of information due to the learner who desires to
understand the whole routine, and to test for herself the various
modihcations of practice now in use, yet we prefer and still
adhere to our own formula, as at first described. We consider
It tne best, and by far the most reliable, although it is unques-
tionably slow and tedious in all its various processes
In concluding our list of these, the most desirable leaves that
have so far come under oui own observation, we would bv no
means limit the researches and experiments of other artlts
Different locahties will unquestionably furnish different speci^
mens and thus their collections may be greatly enlarged by he
adoption of new and more beautiful leaves. Is a general rule
to governin the selection of appropriate subjects for experi-
S fl' IT ' ''"^^ ^""^ "°°'^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^--' rather fha.
thick fleshy leaves, whose veins or ribs may be soft and juicy
Avoid, also, those which have veins traversing the lea in a
longitudinal direction, inste^a of forming a network ti sue
radiating from the mid-rib to the outer edges of the leaf The
^oTTf ry''''"'^'°""'' '''' J-«--« exogenous varie-
ties of leaf s ructure. As an example of the endogenous, we
may cite the leaves of different kinds of Lilies. If put into Z
macerating vessel, a few days, or a week, will be Sufficient to
reduce them to a mass of pulp, resembling a bunch of thread or
strings with apparently no connecting framework to hold the
discoverer '^ " ''™- '^^-P--^--d eye can in most case
discover the character of the leaf under observation, by merely
holding It up against the light, when the veinwork will be
plainly perceptible, and its value decided by the closeness or
coarseness of its vascular structure.
PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZINO.
79
We add the foUowing as having been successfully skele-
tonized :
Horse Chestnut {^sculus hippocastanum).
Kentucky Coffee Tree [Oinnocladus Canadensu).
Flowering Pear {Pyruc Japonica).
Andromeda.
Rose Acacia {Robinia Tiispiaa).
Witch Hazel {Hamamelis Virgi7iica\ said to be very beauti-
lul; should be gathered early.
Wild Cherry {Cerasus serotina).
Sugar Berry {Celtis occidentalis).
Fi-axinella Dictamnus.
Franciscea,— very beautiful.
Erythrina Crystigalla.
Virgilia Lutea.
Matronia.
Barberry {Berberis aristata, and purpurea).
Mountain Laurel {miododendron)
Box.
Butcher's Broom {Ruscus hypophyllum).
L
J
0^^MMMMMimMMMMMM^m^^
y
^eed Ve^^el^.
IFFERENT varieties of the Ground Cherry family
{Physalis) are entitled to particular notice. The
peculiar characteristic of this family of plants is the
berry, enclosed in a bladder-like receptacle. These
berries are about the size of the cherry, with color
yellow, red or purple, and having a pleasant, sweet taste. The
green covering becomes of a yellowish color when the fruit is
ripe, and they fall to the ground together, when the curious case
will soon become perfectly skeletonized by contact with the
damp ground. But as they are very liable to be eaten by insects
while on the ground, it is much better to gather them as soon as
they fall and place them in the ma( erating vessel, allowing the
berry inside to remain until softer 3d. in order to avoid tearing
the delicate little bladder. Twc ,)r three weeks will be Ion-
enough to allow for their preparation. Thov may be washed by
passing rapidly to and fro in hot water, when the softened berry
may be pressed out, then dried with a soft bioiter. Some
species lose their stems and may be prepared for the bouquet by
using the gummed thread, being r-arefu! to bend gracefully, so
us to give the effect of drooping.
80
SEED VESSELS.
81
(Ptelia trifoliata.)
, lif '•''k ^°' "■* , ™'^ '" " membranous capsule surrounded by
a leafy boraer, winch after about two weeks' soakinK becomes
very lace-l ke and beautiful. Befor. bleaching, the eed Tay
be removed by making an incision on one side ;f the capsule
One of the most desirable and showy for this purpose The
blue Nicandra should be cultivated by all makers of the Phan
torn Bouquet^ The calyx of the plant, enclosing first the flower
aad afterwards the seed capsule, is of a curious baUoon shape
of bright green until the seed is ripe, when it becomes browniL'
Each one has a tough stem, which is retained through macera'
tion, and is attached to the stalk of the plant, the iftter bei^g
covered by the calyxes, at a distance of an inch apart, quiti to
the end of the bmnch. This calyx seems to be form^d^ of five
distinct divisions, like leaves, which, when pressed open and
bent in proper shape, has after bleaching, every appearance of
a flow-er To increase the variety in the bouquet, they can be
used both in their natural form to represent buds, or in the way
described They require about three weeks to macerate, when
they may be cleaned in hot water, aided perhaps by the tooth-
brush. A whole branch may be done without separating from
the mam stem. e ""*
%ho^n eippfo. : ^ame^toM.M, ^ccb.
(Datura Stramonium.)
A well-known rank wayside weed, very poisonous to the taste
but not to the tourh
6
Thf^
£n1 „ „"U IT 1 .-» - -
82
SEED VESSELS.
rip ', and soaked about six weeks, when by the aid of a stiif
brush, the beautiful skeleton will appear. When bleached,
they resemble carved ivory, and are much admired in the bou-
quet. The only drawback to their value is their tendency to
become brown agaii. after bleaching. For this reason we have
entirely discarded them.
(Echijwsystis.)
This is one of the most curious specimens in our list of beau-
tiful seed-vessels. It is said to grow in abundance in the neigh-
borhood of Boston, bearing a profusion of seed. The seed-ves-
sels vary in size from an iLoh to nearly two inches in length and
about half that in thickness. They become perfect skeletons on
the vme, where they should be allowed to remain until the frost
has opened them and dropped the seed. If not entirely clear
when gathered, they may be completed by a few weeks' soaking
They form beautiful vase-like receptacles for the base of the
bouquet, and as they retain their whiteness, are exceUent sub-
stitutes for the Stramonium burrs.
SoGcfla.
The little wild species is very beautiful, with its delicate
globes set along the stem. About three weeks will do for them
when they will become clear by passing to and fro in a basin of
hot water.
S>huU Sap.
{Scutellaria.)
These delicate clusters of seed-vessels may be skeletonized i.i
twr or three weeks, and cleared in the same way as the Lobelia.
i
i
HEED VEStiELS.
83
Sficff-oFfovuer.
(Phyioii Concha.)
A curious shell-shaped calyx, with four seeds which remain
in the extreme point of the horn. The plant is rare and rather
difficult to cultivate. It seems to belong to the Sage family and
has an aromatic odor when pressed. The calyx is very delicate
and will macerate in ten days or less. When seen in a group of
Phantom Leaves, they somewhat resemble the Convolvulus
blossom.
The cultivated garden varieties will macerate in a week or
two. The fiber does not remain very perfect, at least in a gen-
eral way, as it is apt to tear by removal of the inner skins But
the star-shaped summit of the capsule looks well upon the velvet
cushion. The black lines which radiate from the center may be
removed by aid of a pin, when a beautiful lace-work appearance
will be imparted to it.
Sltaffovui.
Several varieties. The common garden Mallows, with calyx
enclosing seeds, are the prettiest. They grow in clusters, and if
suffered to remain until a frost, will become skeletonized on the
plant.
{Fig. No. 13.) The well-known garden species— the bunches
should be left on the plant until late in September, in order to
become firm. Separate into small bunches, leaving not more
than four or five in a cluster. They will require about ten or
twelve \7eeks for maceration, and may then be cleansed by pass-
ing to and fro in hot water, changing the water frequently as it
becomes filled with Ic-ati rkorfioirvo t^ . — „„ j? .-, ^ >__ '
i' *-~- ^' :5u:.:u ui iiic ieu.Vt;s are
I
n
84
SKKD VESSELS
j separate,!, they can easily be repkcecl v. IMi gum arable after
bleaching.
^fi^bravvgca Quct^ofio-: ©afi-£eauei> 9Ci^bra^gca.
{I^ig. No. U.) This is a tougher and coarser species, com-
posed of four flat petals. It requires longer time to macerate
than the Hydrangea Hortensia, but should be gathered as soon
as tne bunches begin to turn brown on the tiee. A brush will
be necessary to clear properly.
The seed-vessels of the several species of these, including the
Canterbury Bell, a.e much admired in the bouquet, although
not so delicate as the Lobelia, which they resemble. Some vari-
eties will become sufficiently prepared on the plant and only
require blea<;hing, but others require two or three weeks'
maceration.
To the above list the foUowing may be added:
Black Henbane {Hyoscyamus niger).
English Monkshood {Aconitum Napellus).
Toad Flax {Oolutea arlorescens)
Wild Salvia.
Figwort {Scrophularia nodosa).
Jerusalem Cherry {Solanum pseudo-capsicum).
Bladder Nut {Staphylea trifoUa).
Safflower: False Saffron {Carthamus tinctoria).
False Pennyroyal {Isanthus cerula).
Lily ot the Valley: The dried Flowers.
In concluding these instructions in the art of preparing and
completing the Phantom Bouquet, we have endeavored to be
plain and practical in every particular, seeking not only to direct
the learner in her experiments, but also to guard her against the
mistakes and disappointments which must invariably attend the
labors of the unassisted amateur.
When the first bouquets appeared for sale in this country
he admiration they excited awakened a general curiosity as Jo
tae process by which they were produced. Inq.aries were
addressed to the editors of some of our scientific journals, but
they could answer only according .o their o^^n very limited
knowledge of the art ; and hence this occasional information was
exceedingly vague and unreliable, and, indeed, it often misled
the learner, resulting in discouragement to some and in entire
disgust to others.
The writer has here given her own practical rules and ideas,
adopted from actual experience, and no careful learner need
hesitate to follow in her footsteps. But, however invaluable
instruction may be to the beginner, personal experiment will be
found indispensable. We cannot write up the amateur to the
position of an artist. Yet a desire to reach the status of the
latter will stimulate to exertion and perseverance, and these
with ordinary taste and skill, will surely be rewarded with suc-
cess. None, therefore, whose love for the truly beautiful in art
IS deep and strong, and whose aspirations for eminence are
decided and sincere, will permit a few early discourp-ements to
turn them aside from the undertakino-
=1
ill;
LEAF PRINTING,
- V
AJs^ times it will be desired to make impressions of
the skeletonized leaves, either for preservation as
curiosities in the scrap book or photograph album, for
transmission by mail as specimens of the art, or for
the engraver to reproduce on wood. The making of
these impressions directly from the leaves, though an
exceedingly simple process when (,nce understood, requires
much care and skill to learn. Whoever may undertake to pro-
duce them, should call in, if possible, the aid of some friend
who hus a practical knowledge of printing, as the processes by
which books and newspapers are printed are all applicable to
leat printing.
with nVr u' ";■ '*'"""" P™""-" » ^V'«n(:l „t printer's ink and
«tJ.ac.-,«e.kn,te.„i.ead a small quantity over half the .surface
of a marble slab about a foot square. Wh«, . ^rjino- tl ■ ■••,k
<m the slab let it be confined to one e,:d of it, „„t Lttin. it
er more than half the stone. Care must be taken not to
elt ,■ ""■. ' "' "'-"' "' '■''^' """ '" 'Vre^A a thin film or
cmenuK as untform as ..ossible. .^s printins ink is a thick and
paste-hke comp.mn.l uhich stiffens in .■old weather, if the oper-
ation IS to b- performed when the tempeiatife is low, the stone
b6
I
\
LEAF PRINTING.
87
should be slightly warmed before the ink is laid on The
warn^th will render the ink sufficiently fluid to operate in a
b^teTTh"'"'"- \ r "^^'^^ ^^^^ ^^" '^^ conveniently
obta ned, then a smooth board, about an inch thick, may be
substituted^ The board will not -equire to be warmed
^^ hen the stone has been supplied with ink as above directed
quanti ties-that is, more in one place than in another-with ust
as much irregularity as it has been laid upon the stone with^he
knife. This irregularity must now be remedied, and the ink
uniform tt ^^i:- ^'^ ^"t ^"'^^^^ '' ^^^ ^^"^^ ^'^^^^ ^^-^"^^
he rX t I .' '' ^'"'^^'^ accomplished by frequently passing
the roller to and fro over that half of the stone on which no ink
beforl^ " '^' '^""^ ""^ *" S^^^ i^ '-^ ^-'^ -volution
befoie again putting it down, so that its surface shall come in
contact with new portions of the surface of the stone. By fol-
lowing these directions the ink will become distributed evenly
over the surface of the roller, whence it will be transferred with
corresponding uniformity to the delicate framework of the leaf
and will produce a perfect impression of its most complex vein-
work. If the ink is not thus nicely distributed on the roller
the luterstices in the leafy structure will become filled with it
and the impression will present an u:>sightly blotch
For taking impressions, thin letter paper will be found the
bes , If ,t be nicely glazed and free from ridges or water-marks
It should hrst be cut into pieces about the desired sizes, and then
s .Ah l.v sprinkled with .lean water, say two or three pieces first
On these as m.ny dry ones should be laid, and fnev sprinkled
int 1 he whole quantity has been sprinkled. Let (he pile lie
lor Jialf an hour, or until tl ' ■
LEAF PRINTING.
Then take the pieces, one at a time, and turn them over, placing
the hrst on a board, and the others on top of the first, but shift
ing them about as they are turned; that is, if a very wet end or
corner is observed in one piece, turn the piece around so that the
excessively wet places shall come in contact with dryer surfaces
in the new pile. Be particular to smooth all wrinkles with cUe
back of the thumb nail. If the paper has been made too wet
the accident can be lemedied by interposing dry pieces betwe-n
two wet ones. When the whole has been turned, put a slight
weight on the pile to press all down smooth, as much depends
on having the paper in perfect order.
Being now ready to commence the printing, a leaf is placed
on a smooth board, with its under side uppermost, as there the
leafy veins or ribs are more prominent than on the upper side
The roller having been charged with ink, it is rolled to and fro
over the leaf until the latter is seen to have received a sufficient
supply. Three or four times going over will generally be enough.
Then lay the leaf with the inked side down, on the top sheet of
the damp paper pile, and over it place a double sheet of dry
paper, press on with the left hand so tightly that the leaf shall
not move, and with the thumb nail of the right hand rub pretty
hard over th whole leaf. This pressure of the thumb n: =1 will
transfer the ink on .he leaf to the surface of the damp paper
and If the inking has been carefully done, a clear and distinct
impression wid be obtained. All the leaf impressions contained
in this volume were taken for the engraver by the process
described above.
i
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<v-i5?Koi
]t is almost impossible for the average female mind
to confront unmoved the delightful possibilities
now afforded by the manv new and beautiful, yet
inexpensive, articles of home adornment. The
^ housekeeper has full scope to develop her taste,
^M in both purchasing and making household ele-
^v>^^ gancies.
It is not necessary to have costly furniture, expensive
pictures, fine paintings, elegant draperies, or Haviland and
A\ edgewood wares to produce pleasant effects; but have the
colors harmonize and have nothing too good to use Violent
contrasts should generally be avoided; yet sometimes, if well
<-hosen, they produce a more pleasing effect than severe har-
mony. In the furnishing of a home, there is at present an
a^sthetlc mania for adornment; but rich, warm colors, and hnnd-
scrne furniture always maintain their pre-eminence, however
laihiou niav chanue.
for
The Chi,. f features to be ol)seived In house-furnishing are color,
HOME DECORATION.
out tlie .same ulea as to color and form m the whole. It is not
luM .;\ T '^'^^'";^f«"'^ ^'^ -^« -P--^; the arrangements
shnuk all be done with odd pieces. Every room in the house
sliould he arranged for occupancy, having nothing too good for
use and the judicious housewife will follow a medium course
and adopt no extreme of fashion.
2« «^vle and arrangement of the furniture should correspond
o th size of the room, with a due regard to the place a piece of
unmne or ornament will occupy. The order of arrangement
m furnishing is subject to individunl taste, but the following
suggestions may not be inapTiropriate :—
In decorating a dining-room, deep, rich tones should be used
-a drawing-roon. or parlor should have bright, cheerful shades
-m a library use deep, rich colors, which give a sense of worth
-a sleeping-room or chamber- should have light, pleasing tints
which give a feeling of repose. '^smg tints,
The hall being the index to the whole house, due care should,
therefore, be given to its furnishing. Light colors and gilding^
should be avoided. The wall and ceiling decorations now mosth
used are in dark rich colors, shaded in maroons, or deep red^.
Plain tinted walls and ceilings in fresco or wainscot are also fre-
quently used.
The latest shades of hall paper come in wood-colors, dark
ohve-greens, stone-colors and grays, in tile. Arabesque, land-
scape designs, and with these are used a corresponding dado
and friezp. '^
_ A tile or inlaid wood floor is the most appropriate: but if
circumstances ,io lu.t admit of one of tliese, a floor stnined -i
dee],, ^.„„d-brov^■n. baseboard and UKaihlings to co, ,n,.\ m-.v
be substituted, when India matting and rugs may W used ' ' '
The colors now in vogue for hall carpets are crin.sons, or
Pompenan reds, with small figures of moss green and peacock
blue. The -revailing shades of the walls and lloor should be
mcorpora' i tlie stair carpet.
If the i.all IS narrow, none but the most essential pieces of
urniture should be used; but if wide enough, there may be a
lounge placed against one of the walls, an old-fashioned\-lock
of the cuckoo style, set in a quiet corner, two high-backed
chairs upholstered in leather, a table, an umbrella-stand placed
near the door, a jardinier filled with tropical plants, set near the
foot of the stairway, and a hall-mirror with a deer's head and
antlers placed above it, and a wooden or marble slab nnderneaf h
The slab should be covered with a Roman scarf, allowin- a fall
of twelve inches at each end. The hat-rack must also'find a
place. Family portraits or a few well-selected pictures, are
appropriate for these walls.
^ If the door -lights are not stained glass, lace shades in designs
Ox birds, cupids and garlands of flowers are used; also etchings
in various colors and designs are worked on different fabrics
Crimson silk shades, lined with black netting, are very desir-
able, as the light penetrating through them fills the hall with a
rich, subdued glow.
L
The furnishing of the parlor should be subject to its archi-
tectural finish. The first things to be considere 1 are the walls
and floor. The former may be decorated in fresco or paj.ered
according to individual taste and means. The latest styles of
parlor paper come in light tints of gray, olive, pearl a^id laven-
der grounds, and in small scroll patterns, panels, birds and
vines, finished m heavy gold ti-.-iceries, with dado and frieze to
correspond
most
I'l^ets
5tly
92
HOME DECORATIOIiS.
Tapostry and Axminster. A tapestry carpet in light canary
ground, Avitli clusters of Lotus or Begonia leaves, makes a
charming backgrounu to almost all the colors generally used in
upholstery.
In selecting the furniture, the first thoughts should be given
to its true worth. Chairs and couches should be chosen for
comfort rather than for style. They should be of solid make,
easy, graceful, and of good serviceable colors and materials.
The most serviceable woods to select in frames are ebony, oak,
mahogany, cherry and walnut. These frames are finished in
different styles, plain, carved, inlaid and gilt, and are uphol-
stered in all shades of satin, plush, rep, silk and velvet brocade,
and India goods. These come at prices within the means of a
glender purse. That slippery abomination in the shape of hair-
cloth furniture should be avoided.
The latest design in parlor furniture is in the Turkish style,
the upholstery being made to cover the frame. Rich Oriental
colors in woolen and silk brocades are mostly used, and t-he trim-
mings are cord and tassels, or heavy fringe.
Formerly the i)arlor appointments were all in sets and pairs,
but this fashion is no longer observed, as the most tastefully
arranged parlor has now no two pieces of furniture alike; but
two easy chairs placed opposite each other are never out of
plai?e. Here may stand an embroidered ottoman, there a quaint
little chair, a divan can take some central position, a cottage
piano, covered with some embroidered drapery, may stand at
one end of the room, while an ebony or mahogany cabinet, with
its panel mirrors and quaint brasses, may be placed at the other
end, its racks and shelves affording an elegant display for pretty
pieces of bric-a-brac.
iVfaible topped center tables are no longer in use. Tables in
inlaid woods, or hand painted, are used for placing books and
albums on. A ;
ill
.,...«4^,..l :«
HOME DECORATIONS. 93
gilt, may stand near a window or wall. The mantel mirror, with
its beveled edges and small racks arranged on each side, looks
very effective when decorated with pretty oddities— ferns, grasses
and pieces of old china. A jardinier filled with living plants
and placed n-^x a bay window, makes an elegant ornament.
Care should be taken iu arranging that the room is not over-
crowded. There should be a few good pictures, or painted
plaques mounted in plush, hung on the wall; a portrait may be
placed on a common easel, and draped with a scarf in old gold
or peacock blue, and tiny lambrequins, painted or embroidered,
may hang beneath a bracket supporting a bust or flower vase.
An embroidered scarf with fringed ends may be placed on the
back of a chair or sofa in place of the old-fashioned lace tidy.
A sash made of small pieces of bright colored plush or silk in
crazy work may be flung across the table, the ends drooping
very low. The mantel-piece may be covered with a correspond-
ing sash, over which place a small clock as center piece, and
arrange ornaments on each side— statuettes, bannerettes, flower-
holders, small Japanese fans, pieces of odd china, painter! can-
dles in small sconces, may all find a place on the mantel.
Window curtains of heavy fabric, hung from brass or plush-
mounted poles, may be gracefully draped to the sides, while the
inner lace ones should hang straight and be fastened in the cen-
ter v\ith some ornament or bow of ribbon, corresponding in shade
to the general tone of the room. The straight shades next to
the glass may correspond in tone to the outside walls, or window
facings; but this is a mere matter of taste. White or light tinted
shades, finished in etching or narrow lace, are always in vogue.
The dado shades are the latest innovation in window decora-
tions. These come in all colors, from the lightest to the darkest
shades, with dadoes in tile. Arabesque, and fresco patterns, fin-
ished in lacts fringe and brasses,
s tz/t.-ovco vourcain aoois; uuve aUxwraeued folding doors.
94
HOME DECORATIONS.
These should be in shades to contrast .*ith the general blending
of all the colors in the room. The fabrics mostly used are India
goods, but they may be made of any material, from expensive
to pestries, satins and plushes, to ten-cent factory cottons.
These curtains, if made from striped tapestry and Turcoman,
will give the finishing artistic touches to almost any room, but
the last softening polish comes only from the genial presence of
trailing and climbiug vines.
The preceding suggestions for furnishing and arranging a
room v/ill be found of value to most of those who are making
homes for themselves; but the following suggestions may be
practicable to t>ose of smaller means:
''I have known a young niu'i," says an authority, "who had
but twenty-five dollars to furnish his room, and he made such a
den that no one could enter it without envying him. The room
was entirely bare when he took jiossession. The first thing he
did was to take down the common-place marble mantel. Being
handy with tools, he built oi.e of white pine, with a high, broad
shelf and several smaller shelves the whole covering the chim-
ney-piece. Then he painted the wood-work black, and the brick
a dark red. A pair of andirons cost him a dollar and fifty
cents. The walls he colored a Pompeiian red, in calcimine;
two pieces of plain olive green wall paper furnished the dado.
Pine strips painted black made the mouldings, and above this
were tacked Japanese fans for a frieze. Now for the floor ! A
carpet was impossible, so the next best thing was lO stain the
floor. Two pounds of stain were bou,t,ht for sixty cents, and the
floor received two good coats. A thick bright-colored rug was
bought for seven dollars, and looked exceedingly pretty when
laid on the dark floor. For window curtains he bought dark
brown Canton flannel at twelve cents per yard, and finished with
a dado of old gold Canton flannel. The curtain poles and win-
i rviir •xtrciY*£^ T\m
ryf -rl V\lor»lr
t:^^
/i^u^
iL/WlilllX V iXl.
XJVJi
HOME DECORATIONS.
95
cabinet, with innumerable shelves and brasses, battered and
stained by time and use; this he polished up with liie aid of an
old felt hat, pumice stone and linse':d oil, for the small f ^st of
thirty cents, and an old mahogany table, bought for three
dollars, was treated in the same mai ner. This was covered with
Canton flannel the same shade as the curtains, and trimmed
with a band of old gold fabric. An old-fashioned mirror, the
gift of his grandmother, was placed above the mantel, with pea-
cock feathers stuck all around it. A pair of brass candlesticks
from his grandfather, did duty as mantel :;rnaments, with a
neighboring pair of Japanese vases which cost twenty-five cents.
A few engravings and one or two etchings hung on the walls,
the frames of white pine shellaced, and each cost, without the
glass, thirty cents. Japanese fans were placed on the walls at
irregular intervals, and made bright bits of color. For fifty
cents apiece he bought three battered up chairs, which he
painted black and yellow in imitation of black and old gold.
The gas fixture in the room was an unsightly object, but a new
one was out of *^ie question. Again Japan came to the rescue,
and a rose-colored umbrella was purchased and fastened on to
the pipe, handle upwards, so that when the gas was lighted it
tVirew a delicate roseate hue over all who sat beneath.
''The window was- filled with Alpine plants, and the walls
and pictures festooned with ivies and creepers.
"The effect of the room was exceedingly pretty, and no one
could believe that it had not cost a large sum of money to fur-
nish and arrange it."
A0(Ve Sittivvg-ci'ioovM..
The sitting or every-day room should be the brightest and
the most attractive room in the house.
Its beauty of decoration should not lie so much in the rich-
W ' '
1
1 ?■
; ll
i
n=
96
nOMf-: VKCORA Ti OXS.
n
the liarmony of its tints — the main feature being the fitness of
e'^ch article to tl>e needs of the room. In these days of so many
advantiges mucli can be done in adornment by simple means.
The wall-papers mostly used come in grounds of cream,
umber, rose, pale olive, favn, ciel blue and light gray, with
designs an<l traceries of contrasting hues.
The carpet, if in tapestry, looks more effective in grounds of
pale canarj^ or light gray, with designs in bright-colored wood-
land flowers and borders to match. The new ingrain carpets,
with their pretty designs and bright colors, are very fashionable
for r^oms that are much used.
Whatever may be the prevailing tint of the carpet, the win
dow curtains should follow it up in lighter tones or contrast
with it. The curtains may correspond with the coverings of the
chairs, sofas, mantels i.nd table draperies in color and fabric.
If the furniture is of wicker, bamboo or rattan, the curtains
should be made of Japanese or any kind of Oriental goods.
Curtains of muslin, either white or tinted, gay ( ^lored chintzes,
lace, or dotted Swiss muslin looped back with bright toned rib-
bons look very pretty, and are appropriate for the sitting-room
at almost any season.
That clumsy structure, called the cornice, for putting up cur-
tains on, has happily given place to the more light and graceful
curtain pole, which comes in plain and ornamental woods,
brasses and nickel, with rings to correspond. The latest styles
are covered with plush.
One large table, covered with a pretty embroidered cloth,
should be placed in some central location for a catch-all. A low
divan with a pair of square soft pillows, may stand in some
quiet nook; a rocker, handsomely upholstered, with a pretty
tidy pinned to its back, a large, soft, easy-chair, a small sewing-
chair placed near a work-table, and a bamboo chair trimmed
with ribbons, will be tastefully arranged in the room.
HOME DECORATIONS.
97
Window-stands and <fipHy-tal)les may be draped witli some
rich fabric, the surrounding valance being caught up in small
festoons and fastened with bows or tassels, finished around the
edge of the table with cord or quilled ribbon.
If the furniti, re is old, or in sets, it can be covered with differ-
ent patterns of cretonne or chintz, wluch not only protects the
furniture but breaks up the monotony and lends a pleasing
variety to the room. A Turkish chair is a grand accessory to
the family-room; this may be made by buying the frame and
having it upholstered in white cotton cloth, and covering it wiih
a rich shade of cretonne, finishing it with cord and fringe; this
makes a chc^) and a handsomo looking chair to fill up some angle.
A foot-re. j frame can be mad t ic the same way and covered
with a piece of home-made embroidery, finishing it off with a
cord or narrow gimp around the edge. Home-made easels,
screens and pedestals may be made out of black walnut, and
when stained and draped look exceedingly pretty. An old
second-hand -abinet may be bought for a trifle, and when pol-
ished up may be set in a corner, on which to display some
pieces of bric-a-brao.
If the house has no library, the sitting-room is just the place
for the book-case. An .old superannuated cupboarc. may be
fixed up in such a way as to make an elegant book-cas<?. Knock
off the doors— and if there are too many shelves take out one or
two of them— paint the inside a deep red, or cov 3r the sides and
shelves with deep crims«)n cloth, and fasten with brass uphol-
stering nails. On these shelves put your books, or any orna-
ments such as vases, pieces of odd china, mineral specimens,
brass ornaments, or anything quaint and pretty. Curtains cr
be arranged on a rod to draw across the opening. A few of
these tastefully arranged things give an air of comfort and lux-
ury to a room, hardly to be compared to the small amount
exnendfid.
L.
!
55H?
J'
98
nOME Di:CORATIONS.
ii'i
An ordinary stone jar, such as is used for pickles, nay be
painted in some dark shade and decorated with either Boucher
or Watteau subjects; these, if of symmetrical sliape and taste-
fully decorated, make very pretty ornanients.
Some family portraits and a f"w steel engravings may hang
on thf walls. A bunch of oats, a sheai of wheat or a duster of
preserved autumn leaves, tied and suspended by a ribbon under
a picture frame, looks exceedingly pretty.
The mantel mirror may be decorated with peacock feathers,
pamjjas plumes, ferns and grasses, and the shelf covered with
some drapery and filled with different ornaments. A great vase
tilled with plants and mosses m-iy be placed on each side of the
grate, and the fire screen tai^es its place at a short distanc".
Some people would think it a poorly furnished room if it
didn't contain several card tables — pretty little tables, inlaid in
cloths of different hues. People who are fond of games stock
their table drawers with cribbage and backgammon boards, cards
of every variety, bezique counters and packs, and the red and
white champions of the hard-fought battle of chess.
Tnese tables and games should be one of the attractions of
the family sitting-room. This room is also well adapted for the
window garden, where an abundance of climbing and *: iling
plants may Le grown from boxes and brackets. T'e climbers
may be Japanese woodbine, climbing over a doorway; the
Madeira vine winding around a mirror or picture frame; the
family of ivies may be trained to adorn an easel or pedestal,
while the Yinca with its pale blue flowers, the Trailing Arbutus
with its rich tinted foliage and ^^ "etty pink blossoms, and the
lovely little Kenilworth Ivy, al] I oep and trail among the win-
dow drapery.
With the windows and walls festooned with vines, they form
an effective background for such bloomers as the Carnation,
Fuchsia, Geranium, Petunia, Bouvardia, Heliotrope, Abutilon
and Calla.
A room of this character, witli floods of sunshine, makes a
most attractive and comfortably living room.
*Sfvc- £ii)za,zu.
The walls should be hung witn rich, dark colors, the latest
style in wall-paper being a black ground with old gold and
olive green designs.
The carpet comes in Pompeiian red with moss green and pea-
cock bluv' patterns. Statuary and the best pictures should find
a place in the library. The library table should be massive and
the top laid with crimson baize. There should be a few high-
backed chairs upholstered in leather, a reading chair, soft rugs,
foot-rests, a mantel mirror, a few mantel ornaments, and the
piece de resistance — the book-jase xn .. '-ge libraries the book-
cases are built in the wall. It Is quite in * ygue to hang curtains
on rods in front of book-cases, instead of doors, but we think the
old style is the best, inasmuch as the books may be seen, riiid
the glas' ioors exclude the dust.
Heavy curtnins of raw silk, Turcoman and Canton flannr ',
with a full valance at tlie top, are used for the window dry per} .
Cfiaiit&ei-a.
The walls should be decorated in light tints and shadings,
with a narrow rail and deep frieze.
Most housekeepers prefer the rug and oiled floors to carpets,
but this is a matter of individual taste. Rugs are as fashionable
as they are wholesome and tidy. These floor (;overings should
be darker than the furniture, yet blending in shade. If carpets
are chosen they should be in the lightest shades, and in br"ijlit
field-flower patterns. Avoid anything dark and somber for the
sleeping-room. Pink and ciel blue combined is very pretty;
r!
i
scarlet and gray, deep red and very light blue, 'dark blue with
sprays of Lily-of- the- valley running through it is exceeaingly
pretty for bed-rooms.
Dark furniture will harmonize with all these colors, but the
i , shades are preferable. Cretonnes in pale tints, and
r . ; / .zes in harmonizing colors, are used for light woods. Square
piiiows [■ cretonne on a bamboo or wicker lounge are very
pretty. Caiiion matting is often used, either plain or in colored
patterns.
Formerly the bed coverings were spotlessly white, but the
profluent tide of color has included these also. The coverings
now in vogue are Nottingham lace, darned net, applique, antique
lace and Swiss muslin; these are used over silk and silesia for
backgrounds, and are exceedingly pretty, with pillow shams to
match. Cretonnes, chintzes, dimities, and silk in crazy work or
South Kensington patterns are al^o used.
Chees'3 cloth, bunting, Swiss muslin, cretonne and Swiss cur-
tains are used for window drapery . hese may be trimmed with
the same fabric or antique lace. They are hung on poles above
the windows and draped back with ribbons.
The appointments of a bed-room are a low couch, a large
rocker, a small sewing chair, a work basket, foot-stools, a toilet
table prettily drai)ed with muslin, or a dressing case, brackets
for vases, flower pots, a few pictures, small tables, hanging
shelves for books, etc., ana the bed.
The washstand should have a full set of toilet mats, or a
large towel with a colored ))order may be laid on it; also a
splasher placed on the wall at the back of the stand is very essen-
tial. If the room has no mantel a shelf can be arranged very
prettily with mantel draperies at very little expense. Canton
flannel makes a pretty shelf valance, if etched or embroidered.
A screen is a very desirable part of the bed-room appoint-
ments, es])ecially if there is no dressinL'-room TIsm f}ir<>!'-1fnf
UOME DECORATIOyS.
101
folding Japanese screen — or a less expensive one may be made
by getting the frame made, then covering it with cloth or thick
paper, and decorating it with Japanese figures, flowers, or any-
thing that fancy may suggest— is very pretty.
A rug should be placed in front of the bed and dressing-case,
to save the carpet, and pretty wall pockets filled with flowers,
ferns, or mosses, may be placed on the walls with good effect.
'5§f,
ve-
,-SHc
^lunvg-c^Vooviv.
The dining-ro>m should be furnished with a view to con-
venience, ricliness and comfort. Choose deep, rich grounds for
the walls — bronze, maroon, black, Pompeiian red and deep olive
— and the designs and traceries in old gold, olive or moss green,
with dado and frieze to coiTespond. But in these days of mod-
ern improvement tlie dining-room walls and ceilings are wain-
scoted with oak, walnut, maple, etc. Some are finished in plain
panels with different kinds of wood, otliers again ave elaborately
carved in fruit, flowers, and emblems of the chase.
This somber style of wall finish is very handsome if the room
commands a sunny situation; but if on the dark side of the
house, a generous share of gildinp, to throw np lights and
brighten the room is very desirable in the wall decorations.
The floor is the next point for consideration. It may be of
tile or laid in alteinate strii)s of different colon d woods, with a
border of parquetry. Rugs or carpets may be used on thes?
floors, or dispensed with, r.ccording to taste. If a carpet is used,,
the dark, rich shades found in the Persian and Turkish designs
should be chosen.
The window drapery should bc^ those deep, rich coloi's that
hold their own il<'s])iff tinif nnd tisc flit pomegranates, the ri( h
crimsons, the dark blues, the dull Pompeiian r(>(ls and the soft
olives. These curtains may be hung on poles, and should fall
102
nOME DECOR ATIOXS.
ill heavy folds to the lloor, tlien loo])ed buck witli ii wide embroid-
ered dado.
Screens of staint^d glass are now used in the windows; they
.are both useful and ornanienta", for they exclude the strong rays
of the sun, and the light lilteiing througii them beautilies the
room with its many mellf)\.- hues.
Dark woods should be used for the furniture; the chairs
should be chosen in square, solid styles, and upholstered in
embossed or plain leather, with an abundance of bra?^ s or silver-
headed nails, which are used for upholstering Isather and add
much to the substantial appearance of the articles.
The dining-table should be low, square or bevel-cornered,
heavily carved, and when not in use should be covered with a
cloth corresponding in shade to the window drapery. The bor-
der may be embroidered in some aesthetic design — a handful of
scarlet Poppies droi)ped on one side, a corner adorned with a
cluster of languid Lilies, and a Sunflower wrought in old gold
and umber may be left on another corner. Pretty designs in
etching may also be introduced, and the cover finished with i.
heavy fringe.
A buffet may stand in some corner for the display of ceramics
or decorated china, The sideboard should be of high, massive
style, with shelves and racks for glassware and pieces of china;
when convenient, it is built in the wall, after the Gothic style of
architecture.
There was a time when the dining-room looked like a , "cture
gallery; l)ut the prevailing fashion now confines the number of
pictures to two or three small fruit i)ieces and one or two phupies
of still life. A Japanese scroll may hang on the doors with
good effect, and a painted panel is very appropriate lor filling a
vacant corner.
Ileie the fire ])lace with its many appointnu'?its may l»e dis
played to good advanta.ue. TIk; urate with its accomr.anvinL>-
HOME DECORATIONS.
103
bri'S.ses should be polished to the highest def]jree of brightness.
The mantel cabinet with its small bevel-edged mirrors, numerous
racks and tiny cupboards, is just the place for all the trifling
oddities that would not be appropriata in any other room. All
the knick-knacks, from grandmother's spinning-wheel to the
flnest marine and mineral specimens, may be set on these dimin-
utive shelves.
A case of stuff 3d birds, a few large pots of tropical plants
and a fernery are in keeping with the dining-room appointments.
A three-leaf folding Japanese screen should not be forgotten;
also a lamp-shade of antique lace lined with crimson silk is very
desirable.
AVhile speaking of the different rooms we must not forget ro
take a peep into the kitchen. It is a remark too often made
that this or that "is good enough for a se-vant.'' We take a
decided stand against anything f this kind, and wish to be
known as a friend to the servant. If all knev that unpleasant
surroundings made unpleasant servants and illy prepared meals,
we think more pains would be taken to have plnasant and com-
fortable kitchens. There should be a pleasant window or two
through which fresh air and floods of sunlight may come, a few
plants on the window sill — for plants thrive better in the kitchen
than in any other room in the house — a small stand for a work
basket, an easy cliair that the servant may "drop into" when
an o])portuiiity offers, the walls ])ainted or calcimined with
some beautiful and cheerful tint, the wood work grained, instead
■ r painted in some dingy color, as is usually the case, and a gen-
eral air of comfort pervi. ling the whole kitchen, as well as the
parlor. She who aims at making the kitchen pleasant seldom
has dissatisfled servants. Good and faithful servants ai'e the
best fri''Mds of a family; it is tlie-x wlio picpart' our meals and
administer to our waiils, and it i< but human that tlieii' sur-
roundings be made pleasant. We have often noticed, too, that
JOJ''
chose who take pleasure and pride in making their apartments
as cheerful as tli. means allotted them will allow are the ones
who give til' best satisfaction. We can recall an instance where
the kitc'-"n windows were so filled with beautiful ->lants, and
the floor and wood-work so scrupulously white and clean, that
the lady of the hcuse often rem_arked that "her girl" had the
mos! pleasant room in the house, and that she was always so
.neerfui and happy while going about her duties that she almost
envied her.
HE universal popularity of window gardens, whether
large or small, simple or elaborate, from a few flower
l)ots of Pansies on the wojkn>an's window to the fern-
■" <'ry and Wedgewood jardmiere of the artistocratic
mansion, is the evidence of a growing and permanent
taste for flowers and ornamental pliiuts in all circles of
society.
There are a great number of desipns for window gardens, such
as the window box for evergreens, ferns or ornamental plants,
the hanging basket, the jn.diiiiere. luindsome bulb-<r]asses, tlie
fernery, flower stands, mantel-shelf gardens, etc., etc., which
are of great variety and tasteful construction.
WI^'DO W GAlWlJMyrr.
105
A good location or exposure is desi-able. Those plants which
love the shade, such as Pansies, Sweet Violets, some of the vari-
egated plants, etc., will grow and blooni if not placed directly in
the sun's rays; but the sun is the great invigorator in the way of
growth and bloom and a healthy appearance generally, and only
those plants which love the shiide will prove at all satisfactory
without this tonic. All the exposures for plants that vury from
the east to the west, and even a little to the northwest, may be
included as available for window gardens. The east and south,
with the exposui-es between them, are, of course, the best for
some plants, but for others the western and northern windows
are used with better success. A northern window is used chiefly
for Ferns, Alpine phints, some species of Fuchsias, and to win-
ter shade-loving plants. Among the lists given for various expos-
ures the following will be found w 'ful:
For an east, rn, or from that to a southern exposure, may be
cultivated the Bouvardia, Zonale Geranium, Cactus, Begonia,
Oxalis, Lily-of-the-Valley, Salvia, foliage plants, Nierembergia,
Amaryllis, Narcissus, Hose, Cobsea Scandens, sweet scented
Geraniums, etc.
For sunny windows the Abutilon, Rose, Iris, Calla, Hyacinth,
Passion Vine, Cyclamen, leaf plants, Azalea, Cineraria, Lilium
Auratum. Daphne, Chinese Primrose, Heliotrope, eU\, are used.
In western windows may be grown to good advantage the
Amaryllis, Cnlla, Zonale Geranium, Cineraria, Heliotiope,
Fuclisia, Yinca, Wax Plnnt. German Tvy, Winter-blooming
Pink, Tulip, Hyacinth, Lilium, etc. Some of these plants
flourish in all the exposures. Moisture is one of the most
iin])<)rtMnt considerntions for house plants, as the dry air of the
average living room is fatal to t;,eir bloom and iH'aufy. A gera-
nium oi- two in an ordinary kitchen generally has greener leaves
^. ^
106
wiNDo w (i.\ ni) f-:\/xa.
and a richer show -f blossoms than the plants in more luxurious
quarters, foi' the simple reason tha^ the steam of cooking sup-
plies the moisture needed, und the constantly opened door the
proper ventilati(jn.
The larger the windows, the })etter for growing plants, bow
windows bei-nr particularly adapted for this style of floriculture.
C^Ct
nc:ic;>.
Ferneries offer to us rlie simplest of all means of household
plant culture. The advantages of these snudl glass cases for
plants are numerous. They occupy very little room, are usually
ornamental enough to be placed on any table or parlor stand
and when once lilled, they need little or no attention for many
weeks, require no unusual care as to watering, can be easily
removed from one room to another, and are not as quickly
affected by changes of temperature as plants in the open air of
our sitting-rooms.
The soil for fern cases should be carefully attended to- no
common garden earth will answer, but get it from the most
reliable florist if possible-and even some of these may not
know exactly the needs of the plant.
An authority in the I^hral World, speaking of soils, savs :
^ 'l^or the fern case, mix equal parts of silver sand, good
.oam, powdered charcoal, and refuse of cocoanut fiber Cover
the bottom ot the pan with a layer of powdered charcoal, or
bricks or rock broken to the size of hazel nuts, to the depth of
one inch; then lay the soil over this, and press firmly that all
the plants may set solidly."
Fern cases may l)e placed in almost any situation. They
may be shifted from one window to another nt will, with little
ear of dangerous consequences. A half shadv i)osition is mucli
better than n sunny one, while a northern outlook will suit them
admirably, if not too cold.
1
In arranging plants for tlie fern case, care nrist be taken to
place tlie largest growers in the center, and the smaller ones at
the sides. A great nnmb. '• of woodland plants may be chosen.
The Climbing Fern, Li/f/odinm pnlmatum, is very suitable, and
can be usually found in shady or moist spots; it is also very
desirable for rock work.
The Partridge Vine, MiMiella, is also invaluable, for its
brilliant scarlet berries enliven the sober green of the ferns or
form an excellent contrast with the mosses.
The Trailing Arbutus, with its gorgeous foliage and waxy pink
flowers, is one of the choicest for this purpose. The Maiden-
Hair fern is also a great favorite; it may be found on most shel-
tered hill-sides, or away in some deep, moist woods, and maybe
known by its black, hair-like stems and curiously shaped fronds.
Gold Thread, with its daintily cut foliage, and Linewood, with its
blue blossoms, will form pretty features. Many other treasures
may be transplanted from the woods to the fern case with
perfect safety.
Plenty of the green, native mosses should be packed around
the roots of all these plants, to help keep up a cool, wild, woody
retreat. The Ostrich Fern, Brocken, Maiden-IIair, Lip Fern,
Spleen wood, Woodsia, etc, also Begonias, Caladlum, Marantasi
Cacti, Seclum and Orchids may be added.
Hanging or basket gardens form our simplest style of window
ornament. They need very little care and their chances of suc-
cess are almost certain.
The directions for culture are very simple. Choose porous
])ots or vessels, which may be encased in artistic frames (the
directions for making these will be given further along in our
work) for in non-porous vessels, where all side ventilation is cut
Oii, pianis Will not tiinve so vvt-il Tlio soli becomes sodden and
.^J>
r f
r
108
WLXnOW GARDENTNO.
the roots are liable to decay. Fill the bottom of the basket to
the depth of an inch or two with small pieces of charcoal for
drainage; some place a coarse sponge in the bottom if the basket
IS deep, to drink up the surplus moisture, and yet keep tiie soil
moist by giving it out again. The best soil to use is composed
of one-third river sand mixed with dark loam and leaf mould; or
soil from around pine trees is most excellent for baskets. If the
basket becomes very dry from excessive heat, it is better to place
It in a dish of water for half an hour. Thus treated, the roots
suck up a copious supply and need not receive any more for two
or three days.
The devices for making hanging baskets are nearly endless
Open wire baskets must be filled with moss first, then a little
soil in the center and the plants added afterwards.
Large sea shells-nautilus or conch-will hold soil enough to
support trailers, and make elegant window ornaments. Holes
may be bored through the edges, and cords fastened in them to
hang by. The rind of the Gourd and of the scallop Squash make
elegant baskets for drooping plants. Halves of cocoanut shells
in their natural state or embellished, are also very pretty these
may be filled with Lycopodiums, Lobelias, Tradescantia and
Moneywort.
Begonias, Coleus, Geraniums, Ivy, ornamental grasses and
quite a variety of other flowers are appropriate for baskets
The Morning Glory, Co7iro7mlus mauritanicus. is a highly
ornamental plant, of drooj.ing, half shrubby character, with a
prolusion of elegant blossoms, admirably adapted far vases or
baskets. It continues long in bloom, and its porcelain-like blue
blossoms are conspicuously beautiful. A very unique basket
may be made by filling a wire basket-frame with moss, then
hiding away small bottles filled with water in tlu> moss; in these
put the . ems of Ivy, Pmtridge \ine and Ferns. The branches
of the I artridge Vine will hang over the side of the basket: the
I
wnvnow OARDENiya.
109
Ivj will twine its arms around the cords, drooping in dense fes-
toons at the top, and M;he P'erns will grow in graceful profusion
in the center. The most popular favorites for drooping vines
are the Convolvulus Minor, Honeysuckle, JSTasturtium, Sedum
Sieboldii, Periwinkle and Smilax.
In arranging a basket, do not crowd in too many plants of
upright growth. Usually one erect plant of showy appearance
should be used, such as a Begonia or a bright-flowering Gera-
nium; around this set the different varieties of lower and more
compact growth, and around the edge plant both the climbeis
and trailers. Fuchsias, Heliotropes, Carnations, Verbenas, the
Cyclamen with its valuabJo foliage, the popular Geranium and
many others may find a place in the hanging basket.
For home decoration there is no plant that equals the English
Ivy, Hedera helix. It accommodates itself to all temperatures,
save that below freezing, and when in full growth it adds more
grace to the window than any other plant yet mentioned. A
single root has b< \ known to wreathe a bow window with thick
garlands, and then strike off into lovely, independent paths along
picture cord and above cornices, till the walls were covered with
it. It will cover a screen of wire, curtain a window, festoon a
pillar, frame a favorite picturp, -li^nb and twist about a mantel
mirror, drape an easel, and droop over statuettes its dark, ever-
green leaf and by its loveliness add to them all an increased
beauty,
^ottaote Screevt ol 3ih4.
The screen here illustrated makes a very beautiful and useful
article for the living room. A common window garden flower
box is made the length required, and mounted on castors. A
number of laths of wood, as long as the screen is to be high,
must be placed upright at intervals all along the box, against
the back of it, and restiner on the bottom of it
"Moil fV..-.»y, ^y.
n
Wa
m
h
Wiy/)0 \V (iA/iDKXrXG.
tlieir places. A number more laths, as Ion- as the box is wide
must now he fixed across these, beginning with the first an inch
above the box. Fix it across by two tacks, one at each extrem-
ity, and to every upright luth with fine flower mounting-wire
uncovered. AVheu all th(-laths are on, a trellis-work is f(,rmed'
which may be observed through the foliage in the cut It
PORTABLE SCREEX OF IVY.
should be painted green; when dry, the box is filled with the
same soil as used in the fern case and set with Ivv plants, which
will cover the trellis completely as they grow. The front of the
box should be set thickly with Lily-of-the-vallev. or scented
Violet roots or sown in the summer with Mignonette. This
scre^en and box, without the castors, may be fixed outside a
window which has a bad look-out and not only hide this from
view but prove a v<jry handsome object in itself.
}\j.\Dt/ ir <; MiDEMya.
Ill
It is frequently desired to ornament fire-places, when not in
use during the summer. An elegant way of doing this is as
follows : Order a piece of looking tIuss, in a plain gilt frame,
ORNAMENTEL FIREPLACE.
and fit it in as a chimney-board; displace the steel fender and
use a rustic one; inside of this place a tin. painted green and
charge with flower-pots containing plants in bloom. From the
mantel hang point lace in dee]) Vandykes mounted on silk,
o/lrrii/1 H71+-4*
Mil
I!
Si
I
la ■,
Cuitains (,f fine lace, lined vvirh coloml tarlatan or
thin silk, may he looped eiudi side with .^ood effect in the sleep-
m^ apaxtments, while for the dining or sitting-room they should
be made of cloth or velvet, the prevailing color of the room
The annexed illustration shows the disposition of these adorn-
ments.
^^^-=^'
CHINA F/HNTING-CERilMICS, !'
•=^.tszr
a
ANY persons who have never given art a thought are
nevertheless influen-^ed by the charm of pictures
engravings, handsome buildings, the magnihcent pro-
ductions of industi^ -without knowing why ! They
have the poetic intuition for art; they are sensible to
the beauties of nature, which speak to them a
language unknown to the mass that are lesc refined
and less easily impressed.
For the instruction of such let us begin at the initial element
of Ceramic Arl^the potter's wheel. Nothing can be more
curious or more astonishing than to follow the work of an
experienced potter through all its phases. First, he places a
■™r^ of clay on the upper slab of his wheel, the motion of
which IS regulated at will by means of the impulse given by his
foot to the large parallel slal) :)elow, and the vase grows as if by
magic from the tips of his fingers. How many various shapes
appear and succeed each other as the wheel revolves' He
' HIS A PAISTISG-CKKA allCS.
113
1
L
accomplishes all by the intervenrion of :i sponge and water and
the skillful pressure of the Hji^rpi-^, „^,.,i ^^.j^i^ jua^rmenr.
The lump r)f chiy has at first u simple and massive form. It
rises into a .-one, is hollowed out to^,nve it capacity, and, getting
thinner >>y degrees, it becomes elegantly curved. The flower
pot is turned into a bottle or decanter; suddenly a movement
dexterously performed with a tiat knife makes another object
succeed to the decanter, which now becomes a bowl. This bowi
compressed in its lower part, ri«es on a thin stem, and by a new
transfoi-mrtion becomes and -e ins finally a .up, a few seconds
having sufficed for all Ih^^se metamorphoses.
The potter's wheel is the simplest, one of the most necessary
and ancient implements of a..«n's industry. The ceramic arts
owe to It their greatest development throughout the entire
world. It offers us a lively image of the creative power of man.
By the help of a simple tool, and in an exceedingly limited
space of time, he can fashion the rough, inert material and
impose on it the forms created by his imagination. The fire will
continue his handiwor. • by firing the moxst dust will become
stone. Amateurs and ..x tists will then take possession of the
work to embellish and decorate it. They also will create.
To creL.e a work of art, what an ineffable pleasure! How
much happiness there is in ornamenting, in decorating your
liome yourself with the colors, the forms, and the objects vou
like best !
When you have bought an ornamented service in a shop, you
have already borne testimony to the superiority of your taste.
But your money alone has procured you a satisfaction, whicli is
common enough after ail-that is, eating out of another's dishes
—only those who have painted and decorated their own services
can truly be said to ent out of their own dishes. How uich
more valuable, then, will these objects become whereon you : ive
put your own work, and whiph vr.u k'^^r^ .v..,r,,i ,..
-- O-^'
i.
CHINA PAINTING— CERAMICS.
"ll
friendly presents to those you love or by whom you are beloved
— objects that no one else could procure at any price.
Let us then follow the march of progress; let us popularize
art. No more exclusiveness, no more trade secrets! Make
room for art in the family circle, and let it take a seat by the
fireside.
Our ideals in art are continually rising, and by perseverance
only can we hope to scale the summits of true art. Observe the
old adage: Labor omnia mncit (Labor conquers everything).
Some of the greatest painters, of both the old and modern
schools, owe their high rank more to perseverance than to the
inspiration of genius.
Drawing and coloring require observation, knowledge, skill,
and, above all, taste. Thought must also be included, as much
for form as for color which are insep^^mble. In painting there
is thought in the selection of the principal subject, and art con-
sists in giving it interest and beauty. A noted French author
has said: "Beauty is the art of choosing and hiding." Let us
never forget this great precept, which is the fundamental basis
of all aesthetic knowledge.
A table. It is easy to transform almost any table into a pot-
tery painter's bench; all that is required is to add a long and
narrow board, called a rest. Fixed outside the table, at a right
angle, the rest furnishes a support for the artist's right arm.
Have on the table a small easel, a color box, a glass palette,
a China palette with recesses for the colors, a steel palette knife,
a horn or ivory knife (these are to take up the colors with), a
small muller, a box containing lead pencils, three lithograpliic
crayons, one porriii^ine quill, a scraper, and red sable and
camel's h-iir brushes. In another romi)artrient will be kept
vegetal tracing paper, black, red and blue transferring paper,
CHINA PAINTING— VERAMl US.
115
gummed paper for sticking, three small drop bottles, some soft
cambric or old cotton rags, and a stick of modeling wax to Sx
the prick tracings and transferring paper.
Whirling tables for describing lines. These may be bought
ready for use of any dealer in artists' materials
The studio of a painter on porcelain should have a good light;
that from the north is preferable. The table should be set in the
best possible situation, so that the artist when at work may have
the light come from the left, and thus not be hindered by the
shadow of the hand at work.
Absence of dust and the most scrupulous cleanliness are
urgently recommended for successful work. Great care should
be taken to avoid dampness, especially that which comes from
an open window, while it is raining. Dampness is unfavorable
to the mixing of colors with a palette knife, as the mediums
employed do not amalgamate well with the colors, and they
remain lumpy beneath the brush; the painting, under these cir-
cumstances, does not glaze in the firing, which is a serious fault,
*59o tfve dHiatcut.
The decorator will take a seat at the table, on which are
placed all the requisites for China painting. She should sit
rallior high and far back in the chair, so as to be supported by
the back. The work being long and minute, it is necessary that
the body should be at ea?e, and that none of the members should
suffer from an awkward position. She can also paint at the
easel, which permits her to work either standing or seated, but
for that she must have already had some practice in painting,
for firmness of haiid is required to paint in this way, and this
method is greatly preferable for good effects.
Seated before the table, on the inntT side of the I'csty wliich
is placed to her right, the amateur leans her forearm on it.
\r
y ,
lie.
cmyA PAiynxG-CERA mrs.
ac(iuirin,n- by this a linn and free handlinir of the bnisli for her
working hand, wliile her left hand, resting on her left knee— the
foot placed on the stool— supports the piece to be decorated,
when it is of large dimensions, and presents to the brush, one
after another, the portions of the surface to be painted on.
For painting on tiles, as well as on hollow articles, it is
important that the hand should rest on a flat or a round ruler,
in order to allow the brush only to touch the China, and never
the hand, as any such paint might rub off and spoil all the
work you had taken much trouble, and in many cases much
time, to do.
Place on the easel the original to be copied, and nearer to you
the object to be decorated. On your right set the glass slab,
upon which are the three small phials containing spirits of tur-
pentine, spirits of lavender, and oil of turpentine. To the right
of the slab set the box containing the crayons, pencils and
brushes. On the other side of the object you are painting set
the color-box containing the tubes, and at a safe distance from
your work place a phial containing a small quantity of spirits of
wine. These, with a small cambric rag retained near the slab,
finishes the arrangement of the table, and the decorator is now
ready to begin her work.
A^roicuici.
If the decorator can draw well, she will outline her subject
lightly on the object she wishes to paint, directly without tracing,
by means of lithographic chalk, the point resting on the index
tingei-, care being taken not to lean hard, as it is very brittle.
This ch:dk being greasy, should be rolled up in paper or placed
in an ordinary porte-crayon. It ^ aws on Cliina without nny
i<re[)aration. and its false marks can be wipcnl off with a brush
slightly moistened with watei-. or with a diy rag.
When you want to make a minute and complicaled drawing.
VIirXA PA ^XTiya-CERAMICS.
117
you are obliged to transfer to avoid getting double lines on the
China; but before transferring, prepare your piece of ware as
follows: Pour a few drops of oil of turpentine on the plaque or
white plate intended for decoration, then take a small pad formed
of pieces of rags of tine material, soaked with two or three drops
of rectified spirits of turpentine. Pass this rag round and round
over the entire surface, so as to leave a sort of film very thin
and misty, which you allow to dry by exposing to the open air
for a few minutes; the object of this operation is to render the
tracing visible; you may also have recourse to it to get stronger
marks from litliographic chalk. It is very easy t.. trace on a
perfectly flat surface. We shall mention several ways
Tracing by MuhMng.-Aitev having traced from the engrav-
ing or original model to be reproduced the outline of your sub-
ject (figure, oruament or landscape), with one of Gilbert's H. B
black lead drawing pencils, you reverse the tracing paper, and
go over the outline again on the reverse side with the same
pencil; this being done, prepare your piece of China with the
medium, as we have just described. The vegetal tracing paper
is then fixed by means of little lumps of modeling wax on the
exact spot the subject is to occupy; and when this is done you
have only to rub all over the outline with an ivory knife to make
the lead that is on the vegetal tracing paper convey itself dis-
tinctly upon the previously oiled enamel.
Tracing wit7t a Tracing Po//;A-Take either black, blue, or
cnrmme transferring ])nppr. according to the tint of the painting
that is to be done. The cMrmine gives security for the success
•'f the painting; it does not soil it. When the ].iece of paper
has been rubbed with carmine from a soft crayon, after taking
great care to r»>move what is sui)erfluous, it is cut to the size of
the subject, or I'ather to thnt of the space you are to ]Kunt cm.
To miike sure of trncing on tli(> exact spot, you aiust draw a
horizontal line in tlin middle
.(• ^■,
A
\*t\ . I'l «-t
middle of the tracing paper, and one as well on the porcelain,
with crosses and letters at each end as landmarks— two crosses
marked A and B on the horizontal line of the enamel, and two
crosses marked a and b on the horizontal line of the tracing
paper. Prepare your piece with oil of turpentine or spirits of
wine. At the end of two or three minutes place your drawing-
on the porcelain in accordance with the marks x a and x 6, tak-
ing care to place the middle lines so they coincide, a on A and b
on n. You fix the vegetal tracing paper by means of small bits
of gummed paper, or else with little b-Jls of modeling wax. The
sheet of tracing paper being qjaite firm, you slide beneath it the
piece of paper rubbed with carmine, blue, or black lead. You
then take a porcupine quill with a fine point, and. without lean-
ing too hard, go over all the outline. You must be careful not
to press your fingers on the drawing, as this would cause a
deposit of powder, the same color as the transferring paper,
upon the enamel and thus spoil the result. Before finishing all
the work, lift up a corner of the overlaying papers to see if" the
tracing marks. It will be but an a£fair of habit to trace well,
for it is by experiment frequently repeated that one comes
to know exactly the amount of strength to be used so that the
transferring paper nuiy mark sufficiently.
Prick-iracmff.~'m^ consists in pricking the outline with
small holes, and in making what is called a Ponc/.^. This can
be done by placing the vegetal tracing paper on some cloth,
folded several times, with a piece of white paper under the
drawing. Prick all the pencil lines with n needle of medium
size; when this is done, turn the piece of white pai)er an.l with
a smooth piece of pumice stone smooth away the jirojec tions
caused on the wrong side by the prickings of the needle; after
which you place it on th,^ (^hiua, securing it with lum])s of wax,
and rub it ov.m' witli a pad full of scr;iped conte-crayon. or pow-
dered carmine. The outline thus becomes dotted over the sur-
CnrXA PAINTTXG— CERAMICS.
119
face, and you have only to proceed with the painting. This is
an admirable method for beginners.
Genera f eHcvnarfva.
For transferring on dark grounds, instead of conte-crayon or
black-lead, you may use starch, carmine, or vermilion in
powder,— substances which are clearly perceptible on the dried
coating '>f oil of turpentine.
If le tracing has moved, or if, forgetting, you have passed
the point over a line a second time, making it double, take the
handle of one of your brushes which you have cut to a point,
and wetting it, you will be able to remove the useless marks by
rubbing them gently. It would be better to keep a very thin
stick of whitewood for this purpose.
You will make use of the same means to correct drawings
done in lithographic chalk; and this chalk has the advantage
that it marks again on the place where the wet piece of wood has
passed, whereas on China prepared for black lead, the pencil no
longer marks, the stick having removed the preparation while
correcting the lines.
Experience has proved that paintings progress under greater
advantages when the porcelain and faience have been prepared
with a few drops of :pirits of wine. The preparation with oil
of turpentine, being a fatty substance, attracts dust and thus
does mischief to the paintings. So li^^lo liquid is used that it is
better to have it of the best quality. 'ut great care must be
taken to cork up the little bottle of spirits of wine hermetically,
or the contents will speedily evaporate.
The brushes and dabbers, after each day's work, should be
cleaned in spii-ifs of wine. To preserve these useful instruments
it is indispensable that no color be h^ft in them .ifter using; care
being taken ^o wipe them well after this washing, and even to
blow a little on tlKMu fo make the spirits of wine evaporate, for
M,
120
CHINA PAINTING— CERAMICS.
li
if any were to remain it would spoil the color of any subsequent
paintin/?.
With a few drops of spirits of wine the most loaded palette
can be instantaneously cleaned and the dryest painting effaced,
and for this reason we recommend that it be kept far away from
you during your work, for if a single drop were to fall on the
painting it would immediately smear and obliterate the work
done.
Co^.
-or.
The second step in painting, after tracing, is f^oloring. Som-
ber tints are seldom admitted into compositions on porcelain
freshness, brilliancy, and delicacy of coloring are rather the
qualities the intelligent artist seeks to take advantage of- she
gu-es a proof of her talent and pleases the eye by the harmony
of her tints, obtained by juxtaposition, or by mixing. This har-
mony IS, moreover, a study of great importance to the amateur
and may be pursued with interest by all, as it is common to all
kinds of painting.
Complementary colors generally agree well together, whether
p aced side by side, or round about as in backgrounds, when one
ot them is darker or deeper in tone than its neighbor
Here we give a list of these colors according to the natural
order ot the solar spectrum:
The c(miplement of red is green.
The comi)Iement of yellow is violet.
The complement of blue is orange.
The complement of violet is lemon ye^'vvv.
The complement of orange is blue.
The complement of green is red.
The complement of indigo is ochre.
The complement of black is white.
To tlie artist the word rompJemvntar:/ signifies that if you
CHINA PAINTING-CERAMICS.
121
->lace, ior example, some red en white ground, that red produces
on the eye an influence which casts a green tinge on all that sur-
rounds It, or is in its immediate vicinity; and, cice versa, green
hrows a red tinge. Red has a greater intensity bv its neigh-
borhood to green, and green is strengthened in brilliancy by
being near red. ^
The more luminous the c Jors are the more this contrast of
complementa.ies is perceptible. By experimenting on each one
of the simple colors in the above list, one will easily comprehend
It Two bands colored with two complementary colors, placed
side by side and looked at in the sun, almost hurt the eye at the
^ine of their contiguity.
It is well to place colors on different backgrounds. It will be
seen that black grounds lighten the colors placed on them, and
that white grounds, on the contrary, give them more force, or
darken them by heightening the value of their tone. All deco-
rations on white grounds should be executed rather pale in
order to avoid harshness.
By following up these experiments the following inferences
will be confirmed : Carmines go well with water-green; sky blue
always goes well with pale orange; dark blue with deep orange-
turquoise with violet blue. Purple, which partakes of blue'
goes well with warm ochrous shades and yellow. Grays go well
with every color.
In decorations, where ornamental foliage has to be shaded, a
good effect is obtained by contrasting cold lights with warm
shadows. We call warm shades or colors those which partake
of red, the ochres and yellow; and cold colors those which par-
take of black or blue. Broken, tints are the simple primitive
••olors containiiiu- gray. Simple colors mixed with gray are also
said to be broken,
Thr inhi.'i;,! paints bought in tubes are the colors which
stand tire, -those ol" Lacioix. of P:ins, Iminn- -.-...KirhM.,
,....1 <^i,-, 1-, i
:--r\l Llie Dust.
Jl
122
CUTNA PAINTINO-CERAMWS.
1
These colors can be obtained in different states; ground in dry
powder, extra ground, or in metal tubes containing the color
diluted vvith the necessary mediums and ready for use. We
append a list of the colors :
Special £ofot:> ^ov (^routt^a.
II
Coral Red,
Chinese Yellow,
Copper Water-Green,
Chromium W^uter-Gfreen,
Carmelite
Celadon,
Fusible Lilac,
Grounding Green,
Maize,
Indian Blue,
Marine Blue,
Isabella,
Light Coffee,
Lavender Blue,
Chamois Brown,
Reddish Brown,
Turtle- Dove Gray,
Turquoise Blue,
Mauve,
Rose Pompadour,
Salmon,
Turquoise Green,
Celestial Blue.
The colors for backgrounds are of special composition and
manufacture. They cannot be mixed with the colors for paint-
ing, aj they are not fired at the same heat.
If a ground is to accompany some decoration (whether
flowexs. figures, or landscape) for which you want a white place
kept to paint on after the firing of the ground, begin, before
laymg the ground on, by transferring your design on to the*
white; go ovei the outline with Indian ink or carmine, and wash
the whole of it with water. The general laying of the ground
IS done next over every part, covering all as if the tracing and
the wash of water had not been done; dabble and leave it to
dry. As the water-color outline is perfectly visible beneath the
tint, the surface of which has been well sniootlied, take some
Lake, in tube for oil painting, set it on a glass slab and add to
CHINA PAINTING- CERAMICS.
123
it a few drops of oil of cloves or spirits of lavender. With tliis
preparation cover an entire llovver or a leaf, as far as the outline
(if you have chosen a lloral design); then with a muslin rag,
starting from the (<ontour towards the center, wipe away the
color of the ground, moistened by the Lake, and ^he silhouette
of the parts to be p erved white appears very clearly. You
continue to regain s. .'cessively the parts wherever some white
of the enamel is wanted, so that the removal of the reserved
spaces with the Lake is completed in a very short time. The
background is then lired at a gentle heat, called tixing heat, and
afterwards the painting on the white enamel may be executed,
and fired over again when all is washed in properly.
There are some grounds laid with unmixed color and others
of which the tones are composed. It is the decorator's business
to choose the color and shade most suitable to her subject
Some colors for grounds are already prepared, and others are
brought to their shade or color by laying on two coats; thus the
first coat IS often prepared of a beautiful light yellow It is
fired the first time, and for the second firing a coat of carmine
or purple is laid over it, which gives a vermilion or an orange
red that could not be obtained by mixing or by a single coat.
The same rules may be applied to other colors; but it is well for
the amateur to practice it on defective plates, used as tiles for
testing.
In a smooth sky, starting with pale yellow and graduated by
imperceptible degrees into blue, the blue may be laid directly
and allowed to die away on the white of the China, the darkest
part beginning at the top and becoming graduated by thinning,
which IS very easily done with a dabber. It is fired to fix it,
and after this gentle firing the yellow is laid, which is also
graduated with a dabber, beginning at the bottom, in such a
way that when the white of the China has disappeared the sky
may be fired with the rest of the L.-nnfin.,-
- ^ _.
124
CmXA PAINriyG-CERAMICS.
By making an outline in water-color which is not removed
by the influence of the medium, you may dabble on any object
since you are sure to find again tlie place whereon you wish to
apply other tints. Removal of color in the course of the execu
tion of a work, done before firing, with bits of whitewood
carved to a point, or with a flat edge, affords the landscape
painter charming resources for foliage. We shaU now append
a list of the mixing colors :
White is obtained y Permanent white (for high light) and
Chinese white, a color of very limited use in painting, it being
preferable to keep the white of the China when possible ^
Permanent white, alone or mixed with other colors for
heightening which is called heighted lights or reliefs requires
r^b fo" "'• ': T"^^ '^ ^"^^ ^^' -^-^^^ and welLred
tests before using it for important works. It is lifted up with
the point of the brush and laid without spreading. It cou d
not bear two firings; it is put at .he second firing, which is
always less powerful.
Pr„!a:;ea?4r'' '''"'' ^'^^"-- '^"-- Blue, Cobal,
of e!baTr andT* "'"T"^ '"" ™''-''"' ""* "^ the mixtures
ot cobalt and iron prodnee proportionable tints, varvino- from
gh' gray to black, it is well to take precaution n^inZ
» hen blues are used with reds, tieshes, brmvns and ochres ire
must be taken that the brushes used for these be thorourhl'v and
properly cleaned before using them for blues "'"'""S"'' =""^
IC3.
^I'crimL^""'"^ ""''"■ ^"'"-^ P""^- ^■■'-» ^•'«. Bed
J
CIHNA i'AlNTINO— CERAMICS.
125
Carmines must be put on very thin lest they^h^^i^iT^^^^^
low in the hring, and little oil must be used to avoid shriveling
^ hen purple is added to pink, a few drops of lavender or
oil of turpentine must be used.
In the first painting, carmines and purples are to be laid on
very hghtly; .is only for the second firing that strengthening
touches are made. *
Lilac, Mauve, Magenta, Violet, Light Pansy. Deep Pansy
The same precautions are required in using lilacs as for car-
mines.
Capucine Red, Poppy Red, Madder, Venetian Red
T>,^'i'' ^,f"^°"^^°^^^ «°ior' and is generally used alone.
Thus the reddish tips of green leaves are obtained by placin-
the red next the green, and not by putting it over; but with dark
colors, on the contrary, it is the red that disappears.
Lemon Yellow, Saffron Yellow, Salmon, Straw Color, Yellow
Lake, Dark Chrome Yellow, Light Chrome Yellow, Indian Ye.
low, Naples Yellow, Orange Yellow, Maize.
Light yellows scale off very easily in the firing; the dark
yellows, being less fusible, need to be used moderately thin in
the first painting, for the first fire develops them; at the second
firing they increase in depth, and if they are too heavily loaded
fchey cannot be made lighter again. Avoid using yellows next
to blues, which would produce a green tint.
%-^
<l^\^.
Emerald-Stone Green, Water Green, Veronese Gre^n, Mala-
chite, Blue Green, Dark Green, Sap Green, Emerald Green.
126
CHINA PA /A' TING— CERA MIC8.
Yellows mixed with diflFerent blues give a great variety of
greens. If these greens are found to be too brigh , or too promi-
nent, they may be made grayer by adding either carmine or
purple. For foliage it is well to remember that dark tints
shaded into light ones destroy the latter in tiring. All the
greens, whetlier in foliage or in drapery, can be shaded with
brown, reds, and carmine tints. By painting over for tbe second
fire, foliage can be made purple or bluish. Blue greens are used
for the distance, but must be laid on excessively light, and tinted
with Capucine red for the horizon.
SSrovuHd.
The artistic browns for China, and which resist the action of
the fire well, are Golden Brown, Vandyke Brown, Raw Sienna
and Orange Mars.
§©taCH^.
Raven Black, Ivory Black, Iridium Black— which answer all
purposes.
Dove Color, Ash Gray, Pearl Gray, Russet Gray, Brown
Gray.
\ gray of some kind may always be obtained by mixing com-
. . ntai-y colors— reds with greens, or yellows with \iolets,
v^iole' being r combination of carmine and blue. The grays
obtained by xxing greens with carmine and purple are gener-
ally used in flower painting.
Cfioice of tPorccfain.
There are two kinds of porcelain for artistic decoration, hard
paave and soft pa^.te porcelain. Hard porcelain favors the man-
ufacture of articles of the utmost delicacy. Anr.ong the innu-
merable wonders of the Sevres manufactory are caps and saucers
almost as thin as an egg-shell, and slightly transparent.
LUIS A FAliM'lAU— VtCRAMICS.
127
TL- enamel of the Sevres porcelain is thin, so as to permit
the (lec( itor a higher degr*-.! of finish, which would lose some-
what of its clearness if the fMiamel were thicker. The plaques
manufactured for painting by the trade have a rather handsome
but i^hicker enamel, which favors the successful glazing of the
colors.
It is, therefore, very important that the decorator should w^
ascertain the effects produced by applying the colors on each
kind of China, and making trials or tests, in order to ,t . to
b.ing about, by combinations and thorough knowledge cf the
work, united with a view to the firing, the results so much
desired — a very beautiful glazing joined to brilliancy and har-
mony of coloring.
The porcelain chosen for painting should be as white as pos-
sible, its borders very clean, without any breach in the enamel
at the edges, which would spoil the gold lining and burnishing.
Porcelain marked with black specks, nr having other visible
defects, must be put aside if it is impossible to conceal them in
backgrounds or in the center of ornaments, where the paint
lying over them would prevent them from being as objectionable
as if Ihey were on a white ground.
The articles for decoration may include dinner ser ices,
coffee, tea and breakfast cups, bowls, vases, ash pans, < 4,ndle-
sticks, sleeve links, bon-bon boxes, jewel boxes, plaques, r> liqua-
ries, girandoles, flower stands, and round trays for fancy tables.
There are several styles in painting. The beginner will know
from her previous studies, her tastes and aspirations, that which
she ought to adopt. She sli'uld provide herself with authentic
models, to guard against mixing styles. Thi^ public is becoming
enlightened, and faults of this nature are more and more per-
ceived.
ClITXA PA L\TINU-VKli\ Ml( W.
If i.s als(, v.'.y iiiipoiCuit ix.r ».. ,l..i,art, IVoni (lie style Hpecial
to each ware ]K.irrlahis, faience., rtc. On h.,nl pnsfe j.orcelain
:iro i)ainte(l h<>a<l», li-n.e siii)jects, animals, still lif,., flowers and
frnit, lan(lsca}„.s, Arahes<iues, the'Chinese and JaiHinese styles,
heraldry, and ornamented mono^q-ams.
K.sp<.eially on i)orcelain of th, Sevres maniifact(,rv the choice
of sub|e<.ts is much restricted. i?y conforming with" the follow-
in- suggestions, u value and a «tamp vvill be given to your pro-
duction.
On id.-des, flowers with brown backgrounds are to be painted
Oil small cups, light flowers, Watteau subjects. L(,ng plaques
mounted in old silver /or sconces an.l female figures, after
Kaphael, in gray niono-clirome, will nuike charming objects.
StijfcA for- i'7a;ctvcc.
The coarse nature of faience doc^s not admit of as careful
painting, or as higli flnish and as true a tone, as that on porce-
lain. Its clay is not fine enough, and its ei-ui el alters certain
important colors. The faience clay ])eing more i)orou8 than that
of porcelain, the management of tlif work must be modified so
that a single firing may sufiice. For this reason you must wash
in and let it dry; retoich it and again let it dry. Finish by
strong touches; then have li fin^l.
The styles which suit it best are animals, still life, larg. land-
scapes, mar.ne subjecs, UKmo-.'hron.es, and armorial bearings.
Til.' chance of a piece firing well is one of fl„. great trials of
the China i)ainter; but the miniuture kiln, which may be bouirht
forn trille at any first-class (!hina house, enables the artist to
fire sinidl artichvs of decorated (^liiua with perfect success.
The amateur has to make up her nund to a great many fail-
ures at lirst, l,ut after the art is und.>rst..,.d it is an inexpensive
a.id elegant addition to Home 1) c )rations
L.
I V
L
liONZING is the latest improvement in wax work, and
i' ropei-ly made, canrot be detected from the most
e .nsive artistic Bronze. Tt an.Nwers for Table,
Mantel and ^^racket ornamen ,, and ma> be exposed
t, dast and uir without sustaining the slightest injury
It can be dusted with a feather duster like any piece of furni-
ture, and IS a very desirable and inexpensive ornament.
The colors required in bronze are: Silver Bronze, Gold
Bronze, Copper Bronze, Fire Bronze and Green l^onze.
For instruction, let us take a Vase lo be finished in Copper
Hronze. First the vase must be moulded. The casting material
IS one part wnx, one part spermaceti, two par mutton tallow
Melt the three •irticles together and color w..n Bur,.t Cmber
n:i-eaco,lof line hair wire, cut it into one-half im-h lengths
and when tl,e mixture is melted to the consistency ;f thick
'•■•"an, stir in the ,ut wire hy , egrees until th.nv^ is a sp.inklin.r
"' -r tln-oughoul, the uuxture, then pour into t lie elastic mouhl
.'ind let stand till perfectly cold and solid, then l<,osen the sec-
tions of the mould and tak,. it out; should any of ,the .^nds of
ti.e vvu-e project, they en n be cut with a pair <,> sharp s.-issors
(the cut wires nrike the vase much stronger, and preve.it it hom
cracking). Trim the seams caused by the sections of the mould;
tlien take a Diece of «'»f^ «i.....,^i ..i-.*i. .t... -^ • a^ ^ . ■ -
- „ ■■ ■'•■=-•-= :-"2 , aip iL ILL reiiiiea auiiiis of
y 120
130
BRONZE WORK.
m
turpentine nnd polisli the vase with it, after which it is ready
tor Bronzing.
Take Copper Bronze No. 4000, nd with the tinting brush
bronze the vase evenly and polish it in with a soft piece of w]iite
silk. Next, take another brush and with Copper Bronze. No.
6000, give it the last coat. The vase is now ready for draping.
The most simple drapery is an ivy vine. Take an embossed
ivy leaf (oi embossed muslin leaves, as they are named j, lay a
fine wire ilong its mid-rib, leaving two or three inches of wire
for stem; cover the leaf with brown sheet- wax, press them
together well with the linger and thumb to make the wax adhere
to the leaf, get the impression, and hold the wire firmly; then
lay another piece of wax on the under side, press the edges
together and ?nt away the superfluous wax, leaving the edge
plain (the ivy leaf is not serrated), cover the wire stem with wax
and the leaf is ready for Bronzing. Rub both sides with tur-
pentine, give one coat of Bronze No. 4000, then the last coat of
Bronze No. 6000. AVhen all the leaves are finished weave them
into a spray, grading them from large to small till the end of the
vine is reached, then bronze and drape around the vase in an
easy, natural way.
The natural fall leaves pressed, make pretty draperies for
these kinds of vases. Sprays of mixed leaves, oak leaves and
acorns, small maple leaves, the holly leaf and berry, mixed ivy
and fern leaves, and many other kinds of leaves and vines, are
equ.illy pretty.
Take a box-frjuiie of ^he ordinary motto frame size (gilt face),
and lin.' it with either Crimson or Royal Purple A'elvet, and it
is ready foi- any design.
Tlie woid '• WKr.coMK" is the simplest to bpgin with. T;)ke
a thick blotting pad, lay it on a table, rub some nrrn-- .-i-t or
rice powder over its upper surface and lay a sheet of either Calla
or Pond Lily wax, extra thick, on this powdered surface. Select
the .^tyle of letter prefen-ed; Gerraarx t^jvt Is ver\ appropriate
for the motto, " Welcome." Cut the pattern letters out in
paste-board or any kind of thick paper, if tin letter cutters are
not convenient.
Begin with the capital letter W. Lay it on the sheet of wax
and cut out the waxen letter after the pattern with a penknife
previously dipped in water. Next cut ou. the E and so on till
the seven letters are cut out, care being taken to powder the
blotter every time a new sheet of wax is laid on.
Lay the back of the box on the table, have melted glue ready,
and with a camel's hair brush apply a small portion of it to the-
back of each letter, as it is set in its relative i)osition, pressing
it gently against the velvet with the palm of the hand. The let-
ters should be set an inch apart, and when all on the frame
should be put away until the glue is thorouglily dry and the
waxen letters adhere firmly to the velvet, then they are ready
for ornamenting. This is done in various ways, and all depends
on the artist's taste, but a few suggestions may not be amiss.
Take a two-inch Fern cutter, and cut the Ferns out of double
sheet wax, then bronze them (as directed), on both sides, either
with Gold or Silver Bronze. Begin with draping the letter \V.
Take the stem end of the Fern leaf and with the bead end of the
curling pin fasten it to the lower side of the letter, then turn it
over and fasten it down in the middle, letting the point tuin
outward.
Set the ferns on the letters in such a way as not to obscure
their form. /. e., the form of the letti^rs. If the motto is made
in white wax, it snould be frosted witli diamond dust.
A pretty style of motto is clasped hands in the center, of
pure white wax. surrounded with sprays of line Howers and
buds, nnished in Fire Bronze.
m
132
BRONZE WORK
Anotlier style oi motto is a vase in the center, from which
vines In different colors of bronze run Green, Fire and Copper
Bronzing should have a light background; Silver and ibfold
-uiOiuing suoulu have a dark backgrtnind
Take a medium sized basket (chip or any solid substance),
brush it with glue on the inside, till it with moss and set it away
to dry till the moss is stuck to the basket. The moss should be
raised in the center in the form of a mound. Have the wax
sheeted in Carmine, make the center of the basket in Roses,
Rosebuds and Carnations, as they are 'he most durable, mould
the petals over the embossed muslin petals and bronze them
with Fire Bronze Nos. 4000 and 6000, as previously directed.
Drape the basket and the handle in Smilax, having the wax for
the Smilax sheeted in Chrome Green, then mould over the
embossed muslin leaves, bronze in Green Bronze and drape
loosely. Such a basket makes a pretty table ornament.
'3)irccnovv3 for cT!?>totv^nq.
All kinds of ornaments may be made in bronze— small
animals, fish, shells, birds, statuary, etc. The mixture for casts
should be the same shade as the bronze used.
Fi.s-7t niiiy be bronzed in Silver, Gold, and Copper Bronze.
Shells in Silver, Copper, Gold, and some may be tinted with
Fire Bronze on the exterior of the shell; but the interior of
almost all sliells must be tinted with paint.
Dot/s in Zinc, Silver, and Copper.
Birds in almost any shade.
(^tccu c^totirc ^tatttcirif.
Prepare the inixture in Chrome Green No. 1; a little rosin
may be added and a thick sprinkling of cut wire; trim the
i
im
object and rub with spirits of turpentine; then apply the Green
IJronze, the two numbers as directed.
(Hopper SSrovvrc- ^tattuxzu.
Prepare the mixture in Burnt Umber, and proceed as directed.
3Srovvi2/t-tnj Statuette*.
Statuettes, or any object in plaster of Paris, may be made to
resemble bronze by first rendering the plaster non-absorbent
with drying linseed oil and then painting it with a varnish made
by gnnding waste gold-leaf with honev or gum water
Another method is by first painting the article, after it has
been rendered non-absorbent. of a dark color made of i>russian
Blue. Yellow Ochre, and \erditer ground in oil. Before this
becomes quite dry, bronze powder of se- al colors should be
dusted on those most prominent parts ^ uch may be supposed
to have worn bright. Plaster casts may also be made to resem-
ble bronze to a certain extent by merely brushing them over
with graphite, which is a brilliant black lead.
mcifxob of Sllafxing §m&o..cb Stli^.fbv £cauc*.
Take a piece of green muslin, or calico, and size it well with
isinglass; then take the natural leaf, lay the sized piece of
n^nslin over it on the under, or veined, side of the leaf. Let the
muslin remain on it till almost dry and the impn'ssion is sec;
then, with a pair of sharp scissors, cut the muslin around the
leaf, eitlier plain or sen-ated.
The impression may be taken of any leaf or fiower in tliis
way. The use of muslin loaves tends to make the work more
durable, and is found v i'i\- <•/»»! \-.Jii;onf i\^„ *u,, „»,4.:_x
- •• lit. i-ji LUC tiii/iai.
Ber/on/a Jle.r.-The Begonia Rex makes a beautiful parlor
plant. Five or seven leaves make a nice sized plant. Select live
or seven healthy Begonia leaves of different sizes, as no two
leaves of the Jiea- are of one size on the same plant. Cut the
leaves closely off the stem and immerse them in a solution of
cold water and castile soap; leave them in this twelve hours
before using. Melt the wax to the consistency of cream in
Chrome (Jreen, Permanent (Ireen, iJark Olive Green, and Verdi-
gris Green. Now take a leaf out of the soapsuds and lay it on
a marble slab, keeping tlie under surface, or veined side upper
most; then with a camel's hair brush lay on the melted wax in
different shades, foHowing the shades of the natural leaf The
soapsuds having made the leaf transparent, all the shades and
spots can be i)Iainly seen on the veined side, which is the side
the waxen leaf has to be formed on. The belt of lio-ht green
over the silvery markings of the leaf, should be put on with
\ erdigns Green. Begin the leaf in the cent.r and continue on
each side of the mid-rib till the edge is reached and the leaf has
a thick coating of wax. Then lay a wire along the mid-rib or
center of the leaf, fasten it in the wax by pressing, care being
aken to leave it long enough for eight or nine inches of stem
Wires must also be laid on all the side-ribs, or veins leading to
the mid-rib. These small wires are all brought to the center
wire and laid evenly by its side till they all come to th- stem
where they are all twisted aroun<l U to fonn one long and thick
stem. Give the leaf another .-oating . , D.rk Olive Green wax-
this covers ihe wires-^then finish with a thin coating of Burnt
Lmber tinted with Vandyke Brown, and the unde. surface of
the leaf is hnished. R.-nove the natural leaf from the waxen
an<l tint the veins lightly with Carn.ine. n-,,sh a little ( 'nrmine
loosely on the darkest shrde in the center ot the leaf, and before
BRoy/.i-: WORK.
135
it sticks blow ofT as inucli as possible, when enough will be left
to give it that reddish-green tint pecidiar to the J3egonia Kex
leaf. The next is to linisli the silver belt, or silvery leaf mark-
ings, midway between the center and the edg*' of the leaf. This
strip must be rubbed with spirits of turpentine, thenwiili the
tinting brush apply a coating of Silver Bronx.; Xos. 4()()(> an<l
GOOd, -are being taken that the bronze does not scatter over the
leaf. Xow the leaf is linished.
If the work is done according to directions, the waxen leaf
will be a tru.; copy of the original. Continu(> in the same way
till all the heaves are made, then wax the stems and run them
through the Begonia stemming, when they may be arranged in
their natural growing manner in a llower-pot tilled with moss;
or, if preferred, the iiower-pot may be filled with wax, in Terre
Verte Green, and the stems must be i)]aced in it before the wax
gets hard. The latter makes a lirm support for a Begonia plant.
crCovu to ?'ttafu- ?J»ci.jo)iia Stcuinttiia.
Procure the bristles of a very young pig, five or six weeks
old.^ After washing, put them in a strong solution of chloride
of lime and let them reinaiu in it till whitened. Then rinse
well in warm water till free from <hlorine. Color them while
damp, some in diflFerent shades of green and some in different
shades of brown. After the bristles are ready, the next thing
is to make the stemming. Take a square piece of cambric and
fasten it in a stretcher, thou give it a thick coating of mastic
varnish, and when the varnish is dry, cut the cambri(; on a true
bias, into straight strips of different widths, from an inch to
two inches, and half a yard in l(>ngth. Lay one of these striiis
on a table or some smooth surface, add another coat of var-
nisli, then cover it with (rhnicous Green tlock. care being taken to
leave a narrow margin bare on (me side to la)) unch-r the otlier
when the juping is lu'ing made. Dip the bristh-s in mastic v;.,.-
h
mm
qlt
m
136
HaONZE WORK.
nish, sprinkle them thickly over the tiock, and leave for twenty-
four hours to d,y. When thoroughly dry, revarnish the bare
edge and turn it in underneath the other edg< , thus forming the
strip into a pipe, ready to receive the wire stems of the leaves.
Brown and Crimson flock may be used.
For Begonia Kex, use Crimson flock; for the Rubra, use
Glaucous flock, and for the Palmata use Brown flock. Very
good stemming may be made by tinting Canton flannel, which
has a very long nap or pile.
This is a most desirable parlor ornament. The exquisite
markings of its leaves in almost every variety of tint, require to
be made carefully. Soak the leaves in soapsuds and proceed as
directed. The melted wax must be applied with fine tinting
brushes, and every tint and mark on the leaf followed accu
rately . 1 he colors for a Caladium leaf are generally Permanent
^reen for the background of the leaf; Crimson Lake, Carmine
Rose Madder, Burnt Sienna, Cadmium Yellow, Verdigris G'-een'
etc., for the markings. The wax must be colored with the tube
paints. Wire the leaf and proceed as directed for the Begonia
add a few bronze tints in Silver, Gold and Fire. Bronzing adds
greatly to the beauty of the Caladium leaf. Tne stemming may
be made as directed for Begonia, without the bristles. Use
Glaucous flock; ten or twelve leaves make a nice sized Caladium
plant. All varieties of tropical plants may be made in this way.
(^crciuinitv ^cauc-'N.
The Rose Geranmm Leaf.-Thi. leaf is of a dark Chrome
Gieen. Irepare the wax in two shades, dark Chrome Green
and 1 ght, inunerse th. lenves in soapsuds for six hours, take one
oiUof th. so.,, suds, and h.y it on the marble slab; as there is
neither shadin
a nor maiking on this leaf, all that is required is
BRONZE WORK.
137
o ^..e It a coat of dark Chrome Green, thick enough to prevent
he wires from showing, then hiy the wires over the veins and
oat them over with a light shade of green. Remove the natural
eaf and as the texture of the Rose Geranium leaf is rather
lough, rub It over with green Hook mixed with hair powder.
Geraninm-Happy Thought. -TA.e color oile^t, yellow with
green margin^ Prepare the wax in two shades, pale Cadmium
Yellow and Emerald Green. Immerse the leaf for an hour in
soapsuds; take it out and lay it evenly on the marble slab, then
coat the center in yellow and the margin in green. Th; wax
mus not be too hot, as the colors might run into each other and
spoil the effect Lay the wires over the veins, leaving a stem of
a few inches; then lay the second coat on just the same as the
first. Remove the natural leaf, rub the waxen leaf with spirits
of turpentine, and bronze the center in Gold Bronze, and the
margin in Green Bronze, finishing the leaf
^ Gerarvium-Distinction.-The leaf is a dark green. Carmine
veins and a narrow belt of deep black near the edge. Prepare
the wax m two shades, deep Chrome Green and Lampblack
feoak the leaf for an hour in soapsuds, lay it evenly on the mar-
ble slab, and with a camel's hair pencil lay the black wax evenly
over the black zone on the leaf and lay the green wax on each
side of this zone. Then put the wires in, and give it the second
coat. Remove the natural leaf and tint the veins with a very
little Carmine.
Geranium-Lady P/ymoufh. -The leaf is a greenish Car-
mine, and silver edged. Prepare the wax in deep Chrome Olive
and some in White: prepare the leaf, as directed, then lav the
white edge of the leaf first, then the green. When the natural
leaf IS removed, tint the veins with Cnnuine. then mix (\-n-nnne
nil /I T^iii.»if
together (in powder), dust a very little of it
on the green part of tlie leaf, and bronze the white part with
three roats of Si^-'^T- Hronze.
The best .ih. .,o., lat we can give for the tinting and mark-
ing ot lea.. , iv .opy from nature. The Cyclamen leaf is well
adapted .(. • the practice of marking and tintin<'
The leaf of the Pond Lily. Lot.is, Canna, Maranta, Rubber
Tree, Magnolia, Camellia Onm-p. and all leaves which have a
waxy surface, should ei, \cr be varnislied or bronzed
All kinds of leaves may be made by the foregoing directions
^ y^ ^
TTT?
DECALCOMANIE
Ills is another name for a style of decorating that has
been m vogue an indefinite period of time and comes
under the head of transferring. It is almost superflu-
ous to mention the variety of purposes to which decal-
comanie may be applied, as it can be transferred ur.on
everything for which ornamentation is required, and
the variety of designs which are printed especially for it is so
great that something may easily be procured to suit the taste of
the most fastidious.
A few of the articles that may be decorated can be mentioned
by way of showing what a variety this style of orna.ueutation
villembra<.e: All kinds of crockery, chinn, porcelain, vases, glass,
book-cases, folios, boxes, lap-desks, ribbons, dresses, etc The
■-..
j:^
method of transferring beautiful designs is so simple, and all the
materials requisite for the art so easily procured, that it brings
it within the means of everyone. Flat surfaces are more suitable
than concave or convex ones for this style of decorating, for
when the surface is curved the design has to be cut to acconinio
date the shape, and in this way is often spoiled unless done by
the most careful and skillful hand.
The materials required are: Cement, copal varnish, designs,
a duck quill sable and a Hat camel's hair brush.
Cut your design neatly with a small pair of scissors, apply
the cement by means of the sable to the article to be decorated,
place on your design, and press equally over its entire surface to
exclude the air; dampen it a little and keep pressing equally so
that the design may adhere firmly in every i)art. When the
cement is sufficiently dry, dampen again with water, a little more
freely, and remove the paper. Be careful in manipulating this
process, or you will remove some of the colored part with it. If
such should occur, instantly replace it as well as you are able,
or if you have a knowledge of Orientai painting your panacea
will be in that. You can retouch with those colors, and bring it
back nearly to its ^^-ig^'nal beauty. In case you have no knowl-
edge of Oriental p ting, match the colors as nearly as possible
with water-color paints, allow time to dry, and varnish with
copal.
Sometimes the cement becomes too thick for use. It may be
restored to its proper flowing consistency by placing the bottle
in a bed of warm sand, and can then be applied while warm.
If you apply your design to a dark groundwork, it would be
desirable to give your picture a coating of Winsoi' and Newton's
Chin, e white The reason for this is that some parts of the
picture are semi-transparent, and these would lose their bril-
li:mcy if transferred directly upon a dark background, without
first
painting.
140
BECALCOMAXIE.
i^i
Dissolve some salt in .soft water, float your engraving on the
surface, picture-si.le uppermost, and let it remain about ar hear
I he s,Teen, box or table on which ^ ou wish to transfer the d, sign
should be oHnrcrs-eye n.aple, or other light-colored, hard wood,
varnished with the best copal or transfer varnish
Take the picture from the water, dry a little between blotters
place the engraving, picture-side downwards, on the varnished
wood and smooth it nicely. If the picture entirely covers the
wood after the margin has been cut off so that no varnish is
exposed, lay over it a thin board, on which place a heavy weight
and leave fo. twenty-four hours. If you '.h but a snuill
picture m the center of the surface of the od, apply tht var-
. nish only to a space the size of your picture. Dip your finger
in the solution of salt and water and commence rubbing .if the
paper; the nearer you come to the engraving the more careful
you must be, as a hole in it would spoil your work. Rub slowly
and patiently until you have taken off every bit of the paper
and ett only the black lines and touches of your picture on the
wood, in an inverted direction. Finish up with two or three
coats of copal varnish.
'So %^cx^xi\^^ ou §iffv
to dry , then with a brush wash the paper surrounding the
S\:"'i; ?r ^^".^^'^---^ f--^^- paper the prepanltiln
^hi h would otherwise soil the silk. Apply a second coating
of the same varnish, and when this is sliglitlv dried, place 'he
< esign upon the silk, or other fabric to be decorated. !md .it)-
he roller press it well down. With the brush wet the back of
^roff'TT 'r'^"' "'"" ^'" ^'■'^'''' -'^yl- at once
-I off. Another method is to cut <,ut the ,lesign carefully
and cover I w,tb a thin coating „f mastic varnish and lay i\
upon the silk, or other fabric, which should be dampen.,! ;n^
ro]' .i-hly with a rublu-r ,,.ll,.r; .lumpen the back of the
.mper - Ji the brush and lift it olf as previously directed.
^KMM® MiiCISglllllllMlilMlIlIMigSM
HE pattern for a jewelry box here given is very pretty
when arranged with fine fish-scales to form the leaves,
butterflies, etc., as shown by the white figures of the
cut. These may be gummed on, and the entire out-
side of the box raised until flush with the surface of
L
BOX IN JAPATESE WORK.
J
r
II
142
JAPANESE WORK.
the scales by applying japanners si- . This is called "Japanese
work." Jewelry or small boxes of all kinds, lap writing-desks
o^tc, may all be ornamented in this manner, by using decalco-
manie, and made very beautilul.
L^.
vi^'?^-
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
'i:M,
.=^t
ri^y^ss,
viltt 9tccMc-iuorfv.
N these dnys of fpsthetic taste and the love fcf
the beautiful; when eTubroidering is taken uj)
so enthusiastically, and we hear so much about
arf needleworl:, conventional and natural designs,
oT^^j^^f^ t'i'i<^ ^^le novice will naturally ask- what is meant
C-^^O ^y '>i't needlework^ What i3 the difference
■4^ between a cvnrentional and a natural desi'ni '.
Art needlework is, in fac-t, only a revival of the ancient art
of embroidery, and is founded upon the study of ancient
models; and the word ro;/re»h'ona7 hi connection with designs
for execution by the needle, signirie'^ (hr method ot alteiing
natural forms in such a way as to render them suitable to the
mateiial upon which they are to be worked, and to the purposes
for which they are intended.
The conventionalizing of a flower, leaf, or any natural object
simply means the use of its form in an arbitrary fashion, and
that these ol)jects cannot be represented in embroidery exactly
L:=;:
143
if
as tliey are in nnUm^. But, as Ion- as tlie question to be con-
sidered is one of material and color only, a sense of h;n7nony
and taste for simplicity will b,^ sufficient -uides, but in tlie mat-
ter of desi,<j:n some knowledge of art principles is necessary, at
least it is desirable to imderstand the meanin<,r of terms con-
stantly met with in suggestions for decorative needlework.
Transferring Designs for Kensington Work and Etching.—
This process varies according to the nature and color of the
material to be used. If the ground is liglit, a good way is to
trace the design carefully upon tissue paj^er and fix the pattern
fiat npon the material, then, placing I -'tween them a hheet of
carbonized paper, go over the pattern with a shai-p metallic pen-
cil, and the design will be accurately traced upon the ground
Bnt occasionally, by this method, the color of the carbonized
paper remains behind and soils the material, if it is freshly used
A piece that has seen service is safer to use if the material is
delicate. To transfer on dark grounds another method must be
resortetl to.
_ Ponncing.-Ej this process the design must be drawn upon
thick paper, and the outlines pricked through with a pin
AVhen th=" pattern is pricked out. it is fixed face (k)wnward
upon the material, and rubbed over with starch or fine powder
sewed up m a thin muslin bag; pulverized pipe ch, v mav be used'
rubbed on with a lirmly-rolled piece of fiann.d or wad. Then
'■a-vluliy re.nove the pattern. A pen dipped in India, Ink, or a
.sc.l.itH.n MKi.h.of i.ipe-ch.yandgumarabi... will eifectuallv trace
out the i)attei'n.
It is Mgreed by the b.vst authc.i-itie.. that in makinu' embroid-
ery the b'wer and simpler th<. stitches used the l)ett.'r The
"'I'"'"-'' ^'U.l character of the stitches depend, of course, upon
the (h's.gn t.. b.. niado. as s..ni.. designs a.e much more elaborate
than others, and require a great (h'al more work.
LADIES WOIiK BASKET.
. 14:0
ing in tlie work. i^Peatecl, only .e long stitch show-
c(Hmnonlj used in edging materials. By
Blavket. or Embossed Bntton-hole.
Border in Button JmIc Stitd,.
sloping tl„. stit,.l,es in m^r,'nt dilution, ami va.vim, ,l, •
l^gth, a very pretty effect i, produced. ^ ** ""■"■
it h'tf"1-7^"' "'™''°' •"<■ oW-fo«hi«ned stitche, bnt
for fastening down the
wlfff^s of ai,,]ique work,
etc. Tlie illustration [i{.
lustj-iition L. thr side of
reading) we have given,
CJKiin StitcJi.
v(n-y (■! - , explains the
niann. ^n which this
stitch x.^ made.
w
S!atin Sf!frJi.
work witl, enU.Jd:tV";uk:'''iT;:'r f'*' ''■ "-"V" """'""'^ '-
uiu 1^ suKs, zepJix rs, flo-^ses and crewels. In
146
LADIES" WORK BASKET.
the iirst place tlie design is stamped on the goods and the whole
snrfnct' of it weli lilled
in with worsted or silk,
and then the embroidery
is begun. The work
apjx'iirs the same on
both sides, as it is an
over-and-over stitch that
is usi'd. (xi'eat care must
be taken that the edges
are even all round. The
illustration gives a clear
idea oi' the way the work
is done.
Koishipton Oiitlhie
Sftfr/^.—Thh stitch is in
reality the same as the
stem stitch, only that by &1/111 Stifrh.
the insertion now and then of a stroke representing the folds of
drapery and the
veins of leaves, the
unbroken outline is
reli<'vcd. This is
now recognized as
the best stitch foi'
embi'oideiy wdik.
The fa\()rit(' di'signs
foi' this stitch air
foliagt'. buMfi l':-s
and animals; Ih.-y
are usiiallv made on
satin. This stitch
I'eprest'iits outline
sketching Avith a
pi'ucil or ciaN -in.
KcmcKjlua Outline Stitcfi.
I
i
1
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
Janhia
satin stitc'li
^'Mibroidei
StiMt.
only tile (1
Til general outline tlds
y is be"
e.sign i.s not filled
un, and the work shows only
res
in
on
Jiniimi Stitch.
except
shoit
is ti
the o
needle should he
inserted at the
next to the hist
stitch, ;is shown
i" fhe illustra-
tion. It is suit-
able for toilet
articles and table
(^overs, or for any
article where a
surface stitch is
re(][uired.
Knoffe.7 .^tifrl.-l^ „sed in making ends of stamens and
Mie centre of iloAr«>rs. The '
needle is In-onght throneh tlu-
•iiJiterial. and the floss 'wound
.ii'ound it <;nce or tAvice. and it is
:ig;iin thrust thiough the material
•it fhe iH)int Avhere it wasbr()u<di{
up.
KiLottoI StitrJi
PMSfrfr/^.^riusUn dcided noveltv in ar, en.b-oiderv '
'f.'^ nsed m n.ak.ng gol.len rod. snn.ach. cockscou.b and
™.s eather. The llower b> be made is iirst lined iu *
' Kno, stitch ol ti.e prevailing color; a needle is fl.en
^|"<^='< •" with buttond.ole twist, brougl,, u,. throu-di th/ 1
sgnbetweeu the knots, ami a nuu.ber ol' strand; of „;
■Mlk placed over the design, close to the needle. The nee k
s-
I
m
In
m
148
LADIES- WORK BASKET.
!
is tlien passed back through the design at about the
same place it came nj),
catching the tilling about a
quarter of an inch from one
end, so tightly as to cause
tlie ends to spring straight
up. The ends of the tilling
are then clipjjed with a
sliarp iiair of scissors, and
the operation rei)eated un-
til all the knots are cov-
ered. AVirh judgment and
taste in the clip^ung and in
the arrangement of the
stitches, striking imita-
tions of tlie flowers men-
tioned can be produced.
The object of the knot
stitch is to imitate the
seeds in the llowers, which
it does very faithfully.
In making all of these flow-
ers tlie utmost care must
be taken in the selection of
the matei-ials, it being a
matter of much importance P^'/x/' S/fuh.
that the flower be exactly true to nature, not only in color, but
also in shape. The illustration presents a very i)retty d<>sign
lor a tidy, or banner screen, in which the sumach is treated in
the plush stitch. The leaves are worked in Kensington stitch
and may l)e either green or in brilliant colors to represent the
tintings wliich autumn gives them.
Ifcrr'nuf-Borie ^S'/'/Yr'//.— This is also a veiy jiopular stitcli,
making a good appearance, and for this reason is adapted to a
wide range of work. It is especially useful in taking the place
li=
LADIMS- WORK BASKET.
I
!
i
;
e
1
r WgHwf
1
Hi
1
Sill
i
] ^g
Bra
liil
3
3§^
i
1
1
' ^^
tt
■ ^Bl
1
SHtaSaK
^Si
xtbiitj,
Jn
Herring-Bone StitcJi.
of the unsiglitly
ridge made by a
fell, and for joining
seams. Tlie illus-
tration gives a clear
idea of the way this
stitch i;s made, which
is, in this case, made
so as to prodnce an
ornamental effect.
illustration. It is
commonly used for
bordcis, and for
work on tliin and
transpiMvnt materi-
als. Begin the work
at the bottom of the
subject, and work
/mtii you. Basket Stitch.
F.aUur -S///c^._This stitch is worked in tuo colors, with
\i^Y\ ])ivtty effect. Tli.> 11-
lustrjition, whir'h we o-ive.
s.'iows clc-nly the m. fjiod of
\v(.i]viii^ on.' variety of rhe
fealli.T stiicli.
:i
Fi'fithn- Stitrh.
M<,N,u/ .^-//A//. — Is used
b»i' finliididci ino- Mowers
v.i,.,n 1 ■ . ha\i)iu' sniiill h..t;il. |',„.
'" ""■ ''" l'^-'"'l i-pl; lli,ml.v„v,.rit»oa.s.clH,l.lit
IL
im I
150
LADIES" WORK BASKET.
into place, until the
needle is drawn
through antl the coil
brought securely into
l)l:i('e. In making
each keinel, only two
stitches are required.
The very small stitch-
es at t'.e ends of the
kern(^ls may be Wound stitch.
lengthened to represent ti-^ barbs of real grain. See illustration.
Cro.ss SUfrh.—'^hU is another k nd of 1 ack stitch, in which
the needle always pomts towaid the left, unless there is a desire
to change the diroction of the design. This stitch is used in
working on canvas or on very thin and transparent materials.
AVhen working canvas, not more than two threads each way aie
used, one-half of which cross diagonally from left to right, and
the other half in the opposite direction.
The Ktnaiufftoii PatL rn.—Tha illustration which we give,
KtimiKjto.' Patter na.
D
'•\
f
LADlb:s W(HtK BASKET
151
vwy fl«„ly ,|,„«» t!,« ,„anner of working this patfem Tf
««. .-r-A/, Tliis stitd, U made o£ a comhination of the
The fomntion of flowei-s and ImkIs in silk or ribbon produces
a very natural and T>retty effect, and this is greatly increased li-
the materials are of a soft texture i^it^aseuu
Open roses are made by cutting the silk into small squares,
donblmg each of them on a bia.s, thus foi-ming triangles, anc
then bringmg the three corners together by gathering This
n-akes ixp.foK of which a number are then made \ circular
pieceof luickram is then cut, upon which the petals are sewed
Ihis IS begun at the circumference, and the centre is filled in
with smaller petals. To make a bud, a large petal is used. It
IS gathered through the centre, and the gathering covered by
chenille. Tlie seed cvp and ealyx are made with chenille als('.
In making 5^r?wp/?.9, chenille is used, care being taken that the
color used is appropriate to the flower.
To make a leaf, a pattern of the desired shape is made, and
chenille embroidered on it, a different color b-ing used for the
mid-bibs.
Designs in ribbon work are embroidered on plush or velvet
and are used to drape either a stand, table or a mantle piece, and
sonu-times to cover sofa pillows. A banner made of velvet, satin
or plush, and a spray of flowers embroidered in ribbon on it
Jooks very linndsome. '
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152
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
Rihbon WorJc.
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
153
Tliis work is easily nuule, and tlie advantage about it is that
It uses ui» httlH pie.es of flannel, plu.sh, silk ami fel tint ni f
othenvise be wasted. There are two kinds of app i, ue ork
f<ud and n,.Uud. in making on-laid work the p t e m ' , t out
Ok ra iw ■; ' 'T^ V^'" ''^^ edges are sewed down with
n ft;..,-. 1 ; '''^'^"' ^'^' '''^^^in.^ the same pattern from two
iMt in-Iaid seroll-saw woik is done. The inlaid part is then
fastened witu embroidery silk.
vervim^nvHreet'"''' '"n^'-f^'^ ^"^^PWly done, and presents a
vei3 p, ttv effert, especially if new and tastv designs are used
It may be necessary to explain that the pattern, wlfen .rpaied
^ n^ ed on the foundation to which it is intended toZaSed
a 11 the edges are fastened down in couching or bu tern- lot
thut aie an^v lines inside the figures, such as the veins of
leaves, they are worked in
■''■fr/// Stitch; and outside the
figures, stems, smail leaves,
^c, are worked in herring-
bone or embroidery stitches.
The ])ai).>r of the pattern is
then moistened and torn
away, leaving the design on
the loiiiKlalion.
^'iii' illusi ration of the
Pansy Pia Cushion, and its
sections {fr and /j), show how
easily simple but useful arti-
cles can l)e madi'. Two
sliaHes of yellow, i)urple and
laveiidei', i)ur|)le and yellow,
bla(>k and yellow, deep pur-
P<v)\i/ Pin C'liJiunt.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY 14580
(716) 872-4503
154
LADIES WORK BASKET.
SlAOUAX A.
l)le and wliite, or brovvriiind yellow, are the most desirable colors
to s»4<-'ct for this style of cushion. The material may be tiannel,
plush, velvet or cloth, as desired. The foundation of the
cushion is cut the size and shajje of the illustration, and
then two parts, one like dia-
gram a, and another like di-
agram h, are cut for the
pansy. The section like dia-
gram h is lapped at its double
curved edges upon the i)art
like diagram a, .;s far as the
lower curved dotted line in
the latter, and both are sewed
together by an invisible
stitch, and then to the foun-
dation, the cushion being
first closely stuffed with saw-
dust, bran, or any other de-
sirable material. The other
dotted lines are outlined \\.\)-
on the tiower with silk floss,
and then a little shading
artistically done is worked
from the centre of the
cushion. The cushion is sus-
DUfiuxB.
Diagram of Pansy Pin Cushion.
pended to the wall or to the side of a work basket by a loop
of twisted tloss or silk cord. The pins are stucK in about the
edge.
AppJiqne Lamhrequ)n.—T\\m pretty illustration shows a
design for a window or mantel piece, which is especially elegant
if made of jjIusIi, although it looks handsome worked in felt,
silk, or flannel. Any of these materials nuiy be used as a foun-
dation, but the pansies {\v^ cut out from velvet. Any of the
shades nu^ntioned in making the Pansy Pin Cusliion may be
used, caie being taken to use shades that blend and harmonizes
i
LADIES WORK BASKET.
155
ll
best Only two shades are used for each flower. The leaves
and buds, ol course, are made of green, and the stems of shaded
green, the latter
being worked in
vine vhiiin stitch.
When completed,
thework is pressed
on the wrong side,
and lined with
some heavy suita-
ble material. If
this design is
worked carefully
a rich effect will
be jjroduced.
Drawn Work is
very popular, and
consists in drawing
out the threads of
linen and W(jrking
in patterns with
fancy stitches.
Card Bafiht in Panama Cr/;z»a.?.— This is easily nuide, and
presents a pi' tty appearance. It is a combination^f Panama
canvas and straw work, finished with wheat heads. The straws
are placed in three bai-s close together at the top, where they
are lastened h\ a ribbon, but widening at the bottom, like the
tliree-legged frame for a camp-kettle. A cluster of wheat lieads
••ire ])laced at the top, and about an inch from tlie bottom of the
straws, a piece of stiff card, cut in a triangular shape, is sewed
to the straw sticks. A scpuire of Panama canvas, fringed upon
each edge and embroidered in tlie centie and corners in a small
l^erlin ])atterTi, is laid over the triangulai- piece of card, to which
it is secuied by small st'tches here and there, although it should
Tiot have the appearance of lying cjosely to it.
Applique Lambrequin.
156
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
Basket in Panama Or/im.v.— Thi.s is so well illustrated, a^ to
liardl}' requirean explanation. The basl'.ct is made of cardboard,
lined with quilted satin, and covered with Panama canvas
embroidered in Berlin wool pa*-tern, satin or janina stitch. It
closes into the handle, as shown in the second illustration. (See
next page.)
Panama canvas is a very harsh, stiff canvas, and matches
beautifully the straw with which it is largely used in many
kinds of fancy work, It needs no grounding, and makes its
own fringe by ravelling the edges, which are overcast with a
thread of the ravelling. Card baskets, toilet -mats, and a great
variety of small fancy articles are manufactured of this canvas,
worked in floss silk and combined with straw in making them
up. Java canvas is also much used for Berlin work.
Basket in Panamn Canrnx. (Opoi.)
LADIES' WORK BASKET
157
Basket in Panama Canvas (Shut.)
Shmol Strap in Canms Wor7c.—T\\\H is worked upon canvas
in bright colored Berlin wool, and sewed down upon wide strips
of leather, which is afterwards lined with silk, and a crochet bor-
der knit all around, as shown in the illustration. It is after-
wards taken up, and after being moistened with a damp clotti is
gently pressed with a warm iron on the wrong side, the eci„^es
being first fastened dowTi with pins. Care must be taken not"to
make the work too wet, and to have the iron only nicely
wanned, so as not to injure t)ie coloring, even if it be very deli-
cute. (See illustration on next page.)
iJ
158
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
Shawl Strap in Canvas Work.
L
This painting is so called because it is an imitation of the
Kensington silk einl>roideries done with the needle. It is not
an easy paintin; • by any means, bnt work which requires an
intimate knowledge of i)ainting, the use of oils, and shading.
Of course in all work inferior and tawdry work may be done,
whether it l)e with the brush, i)en or needle, b t it ia possible to
produce, and there are being
l)i"oduced constantly, exquisite
])ieces of Kensington i)ainting
by careful workers, which at a
distance can scarcely be dis-
tinguished from the needle
woik they are intended to re-
present. It is sciircely possible
in a Aviitten ex))lanation of ar-
tistic work, to give as full and
complete information as in act-
^\^:.
L
ual teaching, but if tlie instruction hereafter given is carefully
followed, a good idea of the mode of operation is obtained "^
In Kensigton Painting, the paint used is obtained in tubes
and IS tne same used for oil painting on canvas. It is better to
rhinning it. Ihe paint is thus pure,, and gives a lieavi.r and
iich^jr appearance to the work. The paint may sonx-times dn
m which case It may be moistened with a drop of linseed oil or
turpentine. It is not necessary to have a palette in I'sW he
paints, as a broad-blad.d knife serves tlie pui^ose just as we
1 he knile is held in the left hand with the shai-p ed^>-e towards
the worker. The only other articles required t'o cXleTtll
1st are two long-pointed pens, one smaller than the other for
the more delicate work of finishing off ; a camel's hair brush
.No 6, cut square off so that it cannot be rolled to a point-
a danimg_ needle No. 18 or 20; and a rather fine needle with
the eye-point stuck into a pencil, or a wooden handle to make
It hrm ^^ ith these few and simple utensils tlie operator is
ready for work. ^
fern^nf n '"f''"'"; M '^"^'"'''^ ^o make a spray of daisies and a
fern on a piece of black velvet, on which the design has first
ss<J^Ht/<^^,^ been stamped, the velvet
is stretched on a smooth
piece of board, and fas-
tened to it with very
small tacks, care being
r^^ -^^^r-ZA J^.^""^^^ liTX' ^•'^ken tl.'at the pile, or
nap, of the velvet select-
ed, is not too long or
thick. The velvet is put
on without any wrinkles,
and the pile worked
down as smooth as possi-
ble. The white of the
daisies is the first thing
IP
tc, make, wlu.-h is done by placing as nui.h zin. paint on the
knife as will complete the tloueis. A sn.all slice o paint is ul
blade nd worked from side to side of the pen, with the liollow
].art o the peny>-.v. the operator, until it is well worked and
so t. The point of the pen is rhen drawn through the U^nt
-SK ewise, until there is a strip of paint in the narrow pait to the
point of the pen. The operation is begun at th^ op ot L
Hower by sticking tile pen into the pile of the velvet, n aboul
near the top of tne leaf as possible. The tine pen is then
brougnt into use in stroking the paint down toward the centre
of tile flower, with the nibs well opened in so doing As t^^
om of th V' r "* '^^' ''^''' ''''-'' '-^^ '^'^ ^^^^^^de at the bot
toni ol th. flower. Care must be taken to put ihe paint on in
In making the leaves, the brush is n^^^ t+ •
the Ales, which fa afterwards sfmM down hv",?, «' P"'"* ""
in making the flower Wl>e„ Tt^i, • .^^ "'*' "'"' P™ '"'
instead ofrttL^tf"* '''"™'' brfght colors are required, but
.nstead of putting them on separately, it is better co mix them
Ib2
LADIHS- WORK ILiSKET.
on the knife blade witli tlie i)en, and tlien apply. If, for
instance, a rose leaf is to be made, instead of using all green and
then i)utting
in the veins
a n d d a r k
shades with
some other
l)aint, it is
better to have
a little vellow,
burnt sienna,
/ and Indian led
mixed along
w i t h the
green, and it
is then ai)j)lied
with the large pen. and stroked with the small (me, as was done
with the white in making the daisies. This is done in this uum-
ner to give the ]iaint the a])])earance of varied silks.
TliM stems and ferns ai'e made by using the darning needle,
which is lolled througli the moistened paint until it is thickly
covt'ifd. It is then passed heavily along the centre of tl.ie stem
to be made, thus leaving more jiaint on the sides. In making
the smaller stems and ferns, and all line work, the small needle
is used.
A great deal (.f judgment and taste must be exercised in the
choice and application of the jinints, special care being taken to
imitate the natural colors of tho flov.ei s and leaves. In making
a leaf that ha^ nothing but green in it, nothing but green jtaint
is used. The leaves of feius, and the lily-of-the-valley are
almost entirely green, with a slight touch of yellow or red.
Diamond dust may be sprinkled into tl>;^ paint while it is
moist, as it gives a decided imi)rov»^ment to the work. Tlie vel-
vet is left tacked to the board until the i)aint is thoroujihlv
dry, whfii it can be dusted with a whisk without injury.
I
irr:
164
LADIES- WORK liASKKT.
is piirrly w(.rkM<l with the needle iind piirtly with the brush.
The flowers uud buds are generally painted, and the vines, stenio
and leaves are worked in Kensington stitch. Th'. center of the
leaf is always worked with crewels in the darkest shade of the
colors used, and looks exceedingly pretty if the lighter shades
in the edges of the leaf are thrown in with corresponding shades
of filoselle. Another method of making this work has lately
come out, which gives it a far richer look thaix 'he old method
of painting. The flowers and buds are put in with different
widths of ribbon, and corresponding in shade to the flowers
designed. The ribbon is shirred and creased to form the petals,
and are held in place with gold thread.
*{9fvc 9latutaf Salter Cxo5»
is in imitation of rough granite, supposed to be placed m
the open ground, which, at the Easter season, is adorned with
those lovely spring blossoms that would naturally be found
blooming around and upon it in the early spring, while the
ice and snow still cover the earth during some of those cold
days which visit us after the early flowers have commenced
to bloom. The cross should, if possible, be quite large,
from eighteen to twenty-one inches high. Fasten it to a
solid block of wood; then arrange stones around it in imita-
tion of a naturcd wayside cross. The wood is then pain led
with three coats of granite-colored paint, varnished and heavily
sanded, and cut in imitation of irregular stones. The stones
around the base are dipped in melted wax of the same color
as the cross. The next step is to form the ice and snow:
Take a quantity of pure wax, and melt it to the consistency of
fhick cream; then, with a small ladle, take up some of the wax,
i
(^
LADIES' WOliK BASKET.
_ 165 1 1
and proceed to ^mitate the ice, which has frozen upon the cross
b«.o.e too coo,, or it wi„ fo™ „ o Ip ,,Zl ""'' °"'
placa the rippled appea-.n,. natural to ic: look 11 aIT
on ,s al,„ po„rea upon ,l,e top, and a little upon the sto'es
Violets, a few Snowdrops, and the e.^-r lovely trailing Arim
as w,th .ts gorgeous leaves and delieate pink Ho "If tl
1 e chief adornment, and is arrange,! to cluster thicklylwrd
.he base, peep.ng out from the snow and ice about the es
and fastened up around the body with long sprays, falling o"^^.
rnixrwr '^'•"■■' -'-"'• •- '"-«-- '^o:id
'iSatfo anb "BaCfi 600815.
One of the chief features of a tastefully arranged room is a
table covered with some prettily designed cloth. Ilmost every
Z,'7^^ : "T "'■ "•"" "' *"""' old-fashioned stand „r
small tables stored away in some out of the way place waiting
a convenientjime to make kindling of them, or, p rhaps w 1, f
more laudable purpose of presenti.-g them to some Tj
fry cousm; but in these days of advancement, t^e ^Z
occupants .are dragged ont, divested of dust and Cobwebs a^d
..ilwd as pretty and useful household furnishings. The m"y
hrst ebonized, then gilded in lines or Arabesque, whiTh"^-^
fancy „ ,„^^,,, ^.^ ,_ ^^,,^.^,j,_ .^ ^^^^^ "height ," j
fashion." .showsoneof these old-fashioned stan.ls renovated and
™uld not be purchased for le,ss than sH as i, stands
i"
lr)f;
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
The cover is a maroon plush, appliqued with figures of black
velvet, fastened with chain stitch in old gold colored silk, and
ornamented with Kensington stitches in shaded silk. It is cut
bracket form at the ends, and trimmed with fringe of a corre-
sponding shade. Scarves are
more in vogue now than the
square cloths. A very pretty-
scarf may be made with a blue
center of felt cloth, the ends
being of old gold colored serge.
One end may be embroidered
with r droo})ing spray of Wild
Roses, and the other may be
worked with a cluster of deep
violet Pansies; the ends are fin-
ished with tassels and i-ings.
Another way in which one of
these old stands may be used:
First ornament the legs with
gilding, after having ebonized
them. Then have made for the top a box exactly fitting it, with
hd to raise, and UxrAsh with lock; stain and embellish the sides
and front very tastefully. Make a shelf of a narrow strip of
board laid on the bar between the feet. This will be very con-
venient foi' holding a basket or other article used about sewing.
Embroider a cover for the top and the shelf, fastening the cover
on the top with gimp tacks. Tlien trim both with fringe, and
you have a tasteful work-stand which cost ve'-y little.
Fi(f. i shows a pretty sewing-chair and table, both present-
ing such a tasteful and inviting aspect that any lady might
desire to take a, pattern by tlipm. for no prettier arrangement
can be made fen- the sitting-room or any room which is much
occupied. Both chair and table, as far as the framework is con-
^.2.
LADIES' WOJlh' BASKET.
_ m
c™«,l are so exceedingly simple in "to^iTte^h^^ri;;^
n ..le wen b„t little .rouble or expense by any person wUh^
httle mechanical skill. To make the chair'more .oXa e i'
:»kea :;;;.'"" " ">'""■ ^^"^ "-""■' p'-«' i— *"
The table-cover on<l strip for the chair are made of .-mv
pressed tiannel, with a lining of soft, colored staff of „1 kt^i
conventent; which, taoked evenly together, is stitid Tn .lia
Fig. 3.
cover .nd '^ ="""«-™''^'""«- ""'^ 'he center of the table-
cove, and clnur-pad are embroidered with bouquets of bright-
colored crewes As a border, strips of scarlet and dark -fray
flannels are p.nked out on each edge and fastened with feal ." r
elb, ■ , r '^''"^ ""'' «''n.col„red dama.k linens
en ,o dered ,n Kc„si„g,„„ stib^h on the Hgures, or in Hococ^
Zt: ■'":,' 'I'ese possess the valuable recomn.en.lation of being
M,sc,.p„ble of cleansing-no light „,a,ter when ,l,e^ are i„ apart
nieiirs c<>iiv^f..i.fl,. :.. fill- , . . • '"" '" ••P'"C-
-^ ■='••'""••• i iii.-, , iii.-,.-, uL iiihie ;iiid ciiiiii
168
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
would particularly recommend to our readers, haviiig found
their value for week after week; to enjoy the luxury of fresh
glossy, carefully washed covers is no ^mall matter* especially
during the hot weather, when everything that adds to the cool
and refreshing aspect of the apartment- becomes of momentous
importance. And what imparts such a sense of heat and gen-
eral aridness as covers of heavy, bright woolen stutfs, which
one fairly dislikes to handle ? These may appear trifles to the
busy housewife, but it is by just such little matters that the
home is made delightful or uncomfortable.
OttoMtan.
Fig. ^ represents a quaint Ottoman, which has a richly carved
frame, but is shown here more on account of the cover tha.x to
explain ^\\e framework, and
for the reason that it exhibits
a method of covering a worn
seat by means of applique
work of Arabesque pattern.
Take a piece of light gray felt
cloth of the required size, and
over this set a piece of black
silk velvet, a design with cen-
ter-piece, border and corners
marked out on it, and worked
in button-hole stitching. The Fig. a.
intermediate doth is then cut away, and the outline of th^
design IS finished with gold braid. The effect of this combina-
tion IS exceedingly beautiful, nr.d will be found a durable cover
for chairs, cushions, and uiiholsfiing in gnneial. Another
cover is made in nmn.fm velvet, witli a cluster of Mornini-- Glories
embroidered in the center, an I a broken sjn'av of the Tn.ilin-
Arbutus worked in each cbruer. Plainer covers for more com"
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
169
mon use may be worked on canvas with common cross-stitch
A pretty design for such work is a chil.^ scattering seeds oni
nuJitaiy dul . A few such ottomans will be found of inesti
mab le service in the various apartments, especially if there are
children o be accommodated, for these tasteful little seats a e
always Inghly appreciated by the "little folks," besides addfn^
a graceful appearance lo an apartment ^^
F„j
iU
Another pr.,ty ,„to,na,i m,,y h. „u„l.. f,o,n a square pine-
vi-oo.1 I,,,x. fourteen i„rl,es liish and f,vo fee, Unv inel.e.s square
The sues are eovere,! with any plain u.aferial, an.l castors
f sfene, under the oerners. A wide frinse covers the sides, and
Simula be th.ek r.nd heavy, though a deep pulF, sli,d,tlv t„]l
"'J "■ ^'"'""••"••'' ■" ' - ■■•■"venieu A eushio; thiekly
;;;!;:!;.;,■';::'.■:,•.',:;;.''''•■■'.':•'.'' "!''^"-" ™ '"•-' -'« -th a, wide
••■-— ^=^'- i^wuifd sriiprs, unii rassels at each corner.
I ii
170
r.A DTES' WORK BASKET.
A prptfy combination of colors for such an ottoman is to make
the top and plaited ,«id<.s of the cushion of maroon, and the puff
behnvblacl^. with mix.-d black and maroon fringe and tassels.
An embroideivd cover may also ornament the top, which adds
much to its appearance.
%x\u\xnc^ Cfotfic^-ST&a^fict.
The materials use^d are an old traveling-basket or box, with
coverings of gray sail-cloth, gray cambric, furniture 'cord.
Fig. 0.
woolen braid, 0\c. Fig. .7 sliows tlie outside of one of these
baskets. This is an exc.vdingly handy thing in a bedroom or
nursery; is a pretty piec of furniture, and an excellent way of
putting to use an old tiiink that cannot be put to use for travel-
ing any more. TIh' sid,..w.ills are covered with grav cambric,
laid into even box plaits, while a covering of stnmi; linen
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
171
secures the bottom; a larr.brequin of sail-cloth sunourds the
thTrLriTf" ''w.'"''" ^" ^'^ '^"^^'^^^"- ^^- ^^--ate
^ed w ; ' f "^'^ " '""'^"-"^ Arabesques and deco
■ ited vvuh an oval rosette of cambric, having in the center a
handle braided of crochet cord. The points of the I^n requin
ai-e each cut mto five scallops and finisned off with redTnd
with a border as wide as itself. The rosette on the cover is of
gray cambric scalloped all around, button-hole stitcl^ed and
decorated with single balls. Fig. 6 shows the interior of the
basket, divided into compartments by walls of cardboard cov-
ered with cambric. Three i,ockets, with laps, are affixed to
fuith ^1 elaborated by luirrow embroidery or white lace. These
useful appendages may be covered and trimmed according t..
inaividual taste, and in keeping with the other appointments
01 tlie room.
^'aff-3'ocfvct.>.
As a general custom wall-pockets are placed in the sitting-
room, library, hall or chamber more frequently than against the
wabs of the parlor, but there are many articles even in the par-
or which might better be kept in a handsome wall-pocket than
ittering tables, pianos, and even the sofas and chairs. Not
Hat a little graceful confusion is unpleasant to the artistic taste
>nt that this license may be carried to that point which amounts
o disorder, and is a sure sign of careless housekeeping; therefore
hough a few of the late papers and magazines, an interesting
book, a basket of delicate work, or even a game or two mav
occupy appropriate ].ositions on tables and stands, let the
majority of such articles find an appropriate resting place in
tIl(-> bM!lllf Will ,..oII u
vet or uan^iii^-basket.
ii i!
172
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
These articles, wlien used for the parlor, should be of the
most elegant kinds, and n)ay be enriched either with embroid-
ery, hand painting or other fancy work, as should be also those
used for- the chamber.
J^f'ff. 7 represents a wall-pocket for brushes and combs
carved from black walnut with bracket saws and carving
tools. Make the back of
a piece of wood one-fourth
of an inch thick, fourteen
inches high, and the front six
inches wide at the top. four at
the bottom and six and three-
quarters high, with triangu-
lar side pieces four inches
wide and six and three-quar-
ters long, forming a bo:: or
pocket. The front is orna-
ment* (l with embroidery,
worked on fawn-colored car-
riage leather or enameled
oil-cloth; but some persons
prefer silk or satin. To work
this embroidery, cut the
foundation of the material ^-i-
in shape of the front of the ocket, and the foundation
hgures of rings and square of oiled lines or light-coloi-;1
enameled oil-cloth, and arrange them in place, cutting th-ouo-h
tlie square, passing it through the rings, and covering the slit
with tlu. rings. The square is fastened on .he foundation with
1 omt Russ8 and knotted stitches of brown silk, and ed-ed with
button-hole stitche.s of the same. The rings are ornamented
with herring-bone stitches of old gold silk. The remainder of
the embroidery is done in Point Russe, and French knots in
LADIES' WOIlIi- BASKET.
173
maize-coIor.a Silk. After finishing the needle- work, interlay it
stfr'elv Mon'^''° \ '''"™'' "' ^'^ ^^«"^' ^^^ ^^^^en
ttosebiKis may be worked in as designs
This wiU be found an elegant pocket, and easOy made.
i?apcr-cH'of^cr3
hnlf^' * '^u ''7^P"P«-1>"W<T, with embroidered strips This
holder n,ay be placed on the table or hung on the wall! and is
made of carved wood. The inner
surface, which is divided into three
bars, measures eleven inches in
height and six inches in width;
together with the outer open-work
decorations its height is fifteen
inches and its width ten inches.
The requisite slits through which
the embroidered straps that hold
the newspapers are passed are pro-
vided at the top and bottom of the
frame. These straps are usually
of silk or satin ribbon, and should
be worked with bright colors. A
chain of Daisies or a running vine
^ of the Trailing Arbutus is a very
^' appropriate designs.
i^/7. 9 represents a paper-receiver, and will be found a useful
fancy article for letters, pamphlets, etc. The standard is formed
with two pieces of rattan, eighteen inches long, and two hori-
zontal pieces fourteen inches lo:ag. A round piece of wood
sawed in two, hollowed out in the center, will furnish the stand
••-...u .cct. rasten together with tacks and glue, and varnish
:!!
174
LAD IKS' WORK BASKET.
black when the standard is firm. Cut a jnece of pasteboard—
the cover of an old box will answe/ this purpose— twelve and a
half inches wide and thirteen inches long. Cover both sides
with anydesiied
sliade of silk by
sewing the silk
edges together.
This forms the
center of the pa-
per - case, which
has two pockets.
The fronts of tlie
pockets are niiide
of silver i)ei-for-
ated board, and
are eight inches
long and tweb.e
inches wide, and
the pattern is
worked in corre-
sponding shades
of silk and wool.
The heavy black
lines are nnr-
r )w black vel- ^''J- ^■
v.'t, worked with silk in cross-stitcli. The lialf-dinmond shape
is tilled in silk cross-stitcli. or may be tilled in satin stitch. The
center pattern may be woi-ked in darker shades of silk or wool.
Cut two pieces of silk eight inches long and six wide; make a
narrow hem for the ends of the pockets: sew this to the silver
bon-d, which should be lined with the same shade of silk. S^w
firmly eight inches from the bottom of the center pasteboard to
the uiiddle
r>f ti
./»<-» cill.' OTir?
iicUv^ wiic iJiiiii cacii oiUO Ui liiU
LAI>/KS' WORK rSASKKT.
oenter-Loard, then sew tlie silk covering of tlie pasteboard, the
Ilk winch forms the end, and the silver board 'together a tl e
bottom. Finish with box-plaiting of narrow ribbo^ ail around
.tand. rius article i.s very serviceable in eithe.^ a chamber or
J-'iO- iO.
t>a i-room. It is made of light b.own oil-doth, and pr<,vided
with pockets for combs, brushes, et,-. It may be finished e<l
:d. around by a niching or braid of scarlet worsted] On the
I'Mttern of the cover the place for the pockets an<l the arran-c.
m-nt of the pocket parts for the combs are indicated Yov xW
hitter, tiiree parts, graduating in size, nre r..,uisite: these are
each bound at the top with braM. and then all three toirether
scvved iu liie proifclor, but in such a manner that
176
l..\')IKS- WOh'h' BASKHT.
lie flat, but a litrl»' liollow. The top part of the bnish-j.ocket is
also bound with black braid, a deep plait laid at the bottom,
and the jx^-ket then seweci to tlie protestor, according to the
space designat<'d ior it in the i)attern, and t:imnied to corres-
pond with the edge of the protector. Three brass rin.'^s affixed to
the top rferve to hang if uu. The rack in the center holds a
Fig n.
basket, in which soap and the like may be placed. Sponge,
towel, etc., may aiso be hung on the rack.
Fig. 11 is intended t(^ haner over the wash-stand. This may
be mad. plain or very ehiborare. The protector in the illustra-
tion is made of oilcloth, twenry-tliree inches wide and thirty
inches long, cut into curves and lined with gray percales. It is
bound around the edge with braid and decorated with black
china buttons. The binding is edged by two rows of cord of
different shades, and confined by over-hand stitches of thick
I.MUHS- WORK liASKET.
177
L
clotl, l,v ,„ea„» of^bhu-k l„„tons. The snHa.e „I the proteotor
is (lecoratt^d by two pockHfs
for the reception of brushes,
and a little tin shelf, sur-
rounded byaluinbreciuin of
oil-clotb, to which a hook
IS attached to hang sj)onge
or wash-glove. Another
more fancy article may be
made from dotted muslin
and trimmed with lace and
uows of ribbon.
Fir/. 12 shows a vall-
pocket, appropriate for the
sewing or sitting-room, but
better known by the appel-
lation of liousnaife. It is
very easily made, and no
housekeeper should be with-
out one, for "^ may be made
of so small a size that it can
be carried in tlie pocktt
without the slightest incon-
venience. Our illustration shows one, six inches wide and ten
inng: the outside of maroon morocco and the linings and
pockets of maroon colored silk. It may be bound with braid
(luilled ribbon, or anything that fancy mav sun-o-est The
spools are held by a piece of strong wire, which is'fastened at
one end into a round pin-cusliion, and at the other fits into a
riece of pasteboard, covered with silk. A piece of tin, bent in
--_ .. ^.^. .i n„..-.,,^^, ^3 piiiucu oetween the outside and
FUj. Vi.
178
L.XniKH' WORK n.iSKKT.
n
lining;, und fastrncil tluTf; ;i round piii-ciisliion doses one end
and the pasteboard the other. The pin-cushion is fastened in
hy only half a dozen stitclies. so that the wires on which the
spools are strung may be movable.
Slipper Ca-">c.
Piff. 13 is an illustration of a slipper case, which may ^>e
made with very little expense. It is a useful ai)i)liance for
Fig. 13. '4.
the keeping of shoes and slippers, which are apt to become dis-
placed in the bottom of some closet, and, when required, must
be searched for. No lady or gentleman should be without this
convenient appendage to their bedroom.
Cut ^''om very heavy ])asteboard a back, shaped like the toes
of two slii)per placed together and merged into one above, end-
J
LADIES' WO/ih' hasket.
179
ing in a gracefully .•urv.-d point a. th. top. s.n.ilar to ///./ n
winch shown the back. Th. pasteboanl pieces bein^^ thus cui
out may be covered aud liuished in various vvavs, either with
.lark satm en.broidered .r. the toes and upon "the t.p of fh.
bark, lined with muslin and trimmed with cord and ,as...|s. or
Lavin^r ,overed the front of back an<l toes with l.ron/e o. o'rna-
".Hntal paper, ami marbled or any other kind on ,|,.. back and
nis.de of toes, paste hamlsonie-co'.n.d pictures upon the ,„es
and back, and with strong needle and thread sew the toes to the
back, comn-.encing at the outside. This cuvved side being made
last will cause .ne inner points to curve m against the back
exactly into the proper position, doing away with anv necess, ,
for stitching, which would be difficult in tliis place. The stitches
n.ay then be covered witi. a narro^- border of gold paper, which
also edges the back and fronts of the toes. Another prettv way
o. covering is with brown paper leaves, cutting the heavy browli
hardware paper into triangular pieces, folded in the center into
leaves, stiffening with glue, and sewing one over the other like
scales, and finally Garnishing with copal. Monograms worked
in sib: and bullion are also set on the toes, and look very effect-
ive. Cardinal satin embroidered with clust,>rs of Pansies and
Jorget-me-not, and trimmed with corresponding shades of rib-
bon, makes an elegant looking slipper-case.
From being mere unwieldy contrivances to shelter from
< ranght or the heat of the fire, screens have come to be anion-
the prettiest ornaments of a modern home. They are made in
eyery conceivable design, but the three illustrated here are very
pretty and are easily made.
J^'ig. /-'Tis a folding screen made in leaf-work. A frame of
suitable size is covered with brown linen or serge, which must
be stretched tio-iiti-.r ,,.i, — „„x.- i „ , - _ .
•o jy rriicii auLUiiiii ica»es, pressed and dried,
f
;:
Fig. 15.
16U
L.UJfh'S' WORK BASKET.
181
may be neatly gummed on in tlie design sliown, or may be varied
aooordrng to taste. This screen may also be n.ade 'entirely of
light wood, and when the leaves are on and the gum has become
dry a coat of copal varnish must be laid with a soft camel's hair
brush lightly over t^surface, and the work will be complete.
The lines separating
ths portions left to
be filled with leaves
niay be drawn in
dark })rown oil col-
ors, and give great-
er distinctness and
consequent greater
beauty to the work.
/'V/7. It; is a very
pretty design for a
fire screen, the re-
sult of the united
labois of the cabi-
net-maker and the
l;idy of the house.
Walnut wood is an
ai)pr()priate mater-
ia] for the frame;
an.l (he design of
Fi'.i- Hi. the wool work, of
«''.nrse, muy be vai'ii.i according to the taste and skill of the
work.-r. The grouj^ .,f Ih.weis .-.nd enclosiiiu' wreath ai-e appro-
priate for the chara.'ter of the frame illu^trared; but for a
•If^sign of a geometiical kin.l a more ■•;,rma] ],attern for the
wool-work maybee.nployed.and the sugi^estiun. of (he desio-ner
of the frame will be usef il. °
An elegant >i.eciiiien of a wiii(h,u- screen is shown in Fifj. 17
182
LADIES' WORK Jl.\SK!:r.
whirli is osppcially useful and appropriate for a dining room
window.
The materials required are eoars«^ curtain net, ciooliet thread
No. 40, and blade sewiiiiz; cotton. The flowers are of the I'ichest
character, crocheted and fastened on the net in a graceful group,
A
Fiq. 17.
as a center piece, and arranu'ed in the coi'Uers and singly around
the edge as a boi'der. Delicate jiattei'iis of muslin cnbroidery
may be appliqu«Ml on the net in boncpiets of ilowers. Waiteau
figu!'<'s, etc Ktchings look exceediiig'y bcautifii! do'-.t-iu coloi's.
Another ju'etty p;irtcrii is hkmIc by Ivisriiig Swi<s muslin
upon the net. and Ir.n'iii"; ;i piitti'i'ii o|' .'irnpcs mid uiiipe leaves,
])oth for ci'Utei' and coiiii'i' pirccs. rlieii wori^ till' oiti line with
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
183
fine embroulery cottcm .\o. 18 in chain-stitcl,, tl.e grapes in
satin-stitch, and, after all i,s completed, cut awa v the nnislin from
he onn< ation, leaving only the de.ign. When the work is
hnished, lace it over a frame of polished rods titted to the size of
rh
fi
!i
Flq. 18.
!•- u-indow. The net must l,e rut somewhat smaller than the
.une. ^ueh screens :..■• <xceedi,igly elegant, ami give a l.eau-
lii! finish to a wiudou-
oil o.
7^/;/. J>1. A veiv preKy Uoie-case or iwu-f f,.li,> ;. , i,,.i :„
rw.. pi.v..s, tlie dark pare l)ei.;g ofleathe; :,n<[ the light "of hne
I n
184
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
canvas. A dnrk brown leather with the wo"k upon it in green,
the leaves in satin stitch, and the stem and tendrils in chain-stitch,
x3 very pleasing. The center is worked upon very fine canvas,
leaving the ground plain, the flowers in very bright silk, the
initial in any coloi- to suit the taste, and it may be taken to a
hook-binder and the margin-line on the leather stamped in gold.
The case may be made of any size to suit its purpose. The two
sides should be of one piece of leather.
Fi(]. 19.
Fifj. 10 illustratesavery pretty piece of work done in emboss-
ing. The materials required are two pieces of bristol-board, one
white and th<> other pink, each seven and a half inches long and
two inches wide, twice the (piantity of fine white flannel or ojiern
cloth, and one- half yard of pink silk ribbon an inch in width. To
execute this fascinating work, trace tlie design on the wrong
side of the paper, and with a flue sewing-needle pierce flowers,
i'^aves and blossoms; the paper being placed over a soft pin-
cushion. Stems and tendrils ar . indicated l)y :i few perforations;
tlien turn the paper and pierce them o\\ the . .1 side. When
K*\fli iK \T« ii'_ I I'l i'f< t\'( fli*^ Iti'is^f nl .1 tM<i t'f 1 It-ivti l\Ai*an *»/it»i 1 ili-if".:*/! i»ii* n
•■•••- i 'I • ; "
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
185
double 1.. yer of llanii.-l somewhat smaller than the covers and
scallop all around or button-hole stitcli with pink embroidery
' silk. In order to
conneet the flannel
leaves and the cov-
ers, pass a narrow-
pink ribbon through
holes made in the
covers and flannel,
and tie with a pretty
bow, as in the e!i-
.li-raiing. For clos-
in,i,^ the book, two
ends of the ribbon,
each four inches in
length, are passed
through holes b(jred
for the purpose in
the cover parts, and
stitched to them.
The materials for
Fiff. 20 are English
rubber, brow] rdoth,
dark green velvet
ribbon, one and one-
half inches wide,
green plush for lin-
ing, cord ;m<l tas-
sels, oldiidld, black,
red. white and blue floss-silk, and dnrlv nnd light brown twist-
Tlie foundation of the cushi..ii (•.•nsists of English rubber, a
-I:
I'i
18B
LADIES WORK BASKET.
gray cloth covered with h)oi)s, is fifteen inches square, is deco-
rated with bright col I'ed embroidery and appb'que work, lined
with green plush, and huished oif with green cord and tassels.
The center-piece represents a sj)hinx cut ol' brown cloth and
embroidered with l)rown silk, and is surrounded by a frame, ten
Inches square, oi' green velvet ribbon, button-hole stitched at the
■^^^^
Fig. •Jl.
eages with brown silk. The corner figures and Arabesques are
embroidered with a tasteful blending of all the given shades,
which should be very bright, as the curly ground of the rubl)er
has a terdency to subdue them.
i'Vy. J/ illustrates a cushion with a lace tidv. It is eiiihteen
inches squan>, and looks pretty made of two contrastiua: colors
of silk, satin or velvet, or it may l>e maih' of (wo shades of the
same col>)r. The center-piece is liuislu'(l with a sqiiare of puff-
ing, with bows of ribbon at the coriiei's, and the cushion is
liinshed with i!!,'liings of dilfcreiU widths of riI)l)ou. A very
;
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
*
187
elegant cuslucu is nuule from cream-colored satin The center
IS decorated with blue and pink clusters of Corn-tlouvrs The
cushion .s finished with pink and blue mixed ,-onl and tassels
i'^V..-. IS a pretty cusi.ion of gray satin, eighteen inches
1. mg and .ourteen inches wide. The upper cover is en, i -roidered
/■Vf/, ov;.
u^ith brin:ht-colored silks in feathery sprays of Daisies and
andehons. witli a scarlet Poppy and Convolvulus blosscun
thrown in among the Arabesque^ patterns. U is liuishe.l with a
border of ccrd. and a suspen-
sion libbon and bow of pearl
gray satin.
A beau.iful :ind ea^ily made
pie(>e of fancy work is shown
in the cushion Fif/. J.;, which
will answer equally well for
tabl(> rovers, curtain borders
and chair bolsters; indeed, a
comi)lete set made in this wa^^
will be found exceedinirlv
handsome, and within rh(-
^'''J■ ^-J reach of a very slender pui-se.
llie foundation is of ermine or flame doft,>d flannel, and each
Itiiure or (lof is edn-e,! uit], luir fntil,,,],. stif-].:..,. -'■ - ...
ceivublo shade of silk
A b(»rder of
scarlet flannel i
1 » I < >ii-
s pinked
'
i
; 1
,
1
i
=TI
138
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
out on eacli edge and worked with white. Pinked rosettes of
wliite tiannel or opera clotli are fastened on the scarlet border
with such colors as fancy may suggest. This pattern also makes
an elegant cradle-spread, or is very ornamental thrown over the
back of a sofa or lounge as an Afghan or rug.
The beautiful sofa cushion, Fig. 2/^, is a most elegant speci-
men 6i applique embroidery, and is composed of the richest
colors and combinations of beautiful materials, being a group of
wild flowers with gorgeous butterflies, etc.
The ground is of dark brown velvet; the group shaded in every
rich and resplendent color.
Tlie large le.,ves are all cut
from green velvet of varioi^a
shades, the edges button-holed
and the veins made of yellow,
scarlet and browa silk, accord-
ing to taste; and when laid on
the cloth these are in sjme
cases raised with a little edj^e
turned over. The Strawberries"
and some flo^eis have a little
cotton laid beneath them, to
give a rounded appearance.
The grass and stems are made Fig. ai
with silk, in satin and chain-stitches. With the blue Corn-
flowers, green leaves and sj)rigs are mixed, some of very light
colors and others of brown in various shades. Close to the
clusters of Fox-gloves, which is the most projecting flower, a
stately bough of Lilac Campanulas is placed; at the side a
clusfpr of unripe nuts of pale green, shaded over into brown,
and white Strawberry blossoms peep forth from between the
dark green leaves, and have an extremely pretty efl'ect, contrast-
ing, as lliey uo, wlili the vivid scarlet berries, dotted with pale
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
189
yellow. The small golden Dandelions enliven the whole as thev
stand out in all their bright, -saucy prettiness from the lon-r-
pomted eaves, and the red bl...soms of the beautiful Heath are
scattered over the whole with fine effect, giving a light, airy
1<-1^ to the groui. NVork all he fine leaves in :ario,: shad.^
ot green sdk, and a<ld the b.-autiful tints of wood-brown put-
ting several shades of pink at the points of the small, .eathery
Fif). 25.
sprays. ^ The curving border of contrasting colored velvet is to
be applied with herring-bone stitches of old-gold silk.
Our model, Fig. 25. is made of muslin or any firm-textured
goods for foundation, and is seven inches square. It is covered
with red satin, and is decorated with a square of Guipure la-e.
The cros.ses are of while silk, embroidered in red. The cushion
is edged with blonde lace, and headed by a quilling of white
satin ribbon. Each corner is decorated by a dainty spray of
flowers resting on a bow of ribbon, which look^ 3xceedino-W
pretty tor a toilet cushion. °'^
ff
190
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
Another very elegant cushion may be made from pale blue
satin, vitli apple blossoms painted or embroideriHl in the center
and We edyes iinislied with two nnvs of pearl beads; or, if a
cardinal satin, a broken Calla Lily, or several I'ond Lily buds
look exquisite, either jjaiiited or embroidered, for a center-
piece. The edges may be finished with -white chenille cord. A
pink satin looks elegant decorated with Blue Convolvulus blos-
soms, and the edges finished with blue silk cord and tassels.
3fa^l^f^v:rv;flic[ Ca^v:.
Fig. ^tf represents a hnndkenhief rase which is made with
two i)ieces of cardboard twelve inches long and eight inches
Fill. -X.
wide. Blue silk, fine white sewing silk, fine gold cord, thick
silk cord, fancy buttons with little tassels, white muslin and
batting are all the requisites. The parts of the cardboard are
covered on the inner sides with blue silk, wadded, and then
quilted in diamonds with white silk. Tli." bottom part is
smoothly covered with silk; the to]) is pi'ovided with a cushion,
embroidered a> ith any simple design. The outside cover is elab-
orately worked in Arabesques, with gold cord and fancy stitc'\es.
The outer edges of both parts are finished with thick silk cord;
the inner edge with a pink silk ruching; the corners are finished
1 ^ 1,,
UilU lUBOClO.
r
I
LADIES' WOur liASKhT.
191
L
w.,h tw„ p,e.e,, of ca,-,ll«u-,l ..a,.], fourteen i„,-„e, square wi,h
Wun.e,l oorne... It i. .overed wi.l, a ,lia,„on,l ,,„il,n,., of pi k
sat.„ a„„ ,i„i,„„„ „„ the m,i„e „,t„ white' silk ;„,':
The edge, are^unu,! .vith heavy ,i,k eo,,l. an.l ,i,e ,,";;•
decorated with
afaiKjuiltingof
iacc and bows
of lihbon. Tlie
niOlKwrijijji ijj
tlie center is
made of peurl-
lieaded pins. A
small sachet can
be made from
two pieces of
-^'i/— '■ different shaded
silks, decovated with some fancy picture and filled with per-
iiimed batin;- and fastened to the inside upper cover. The
case may be closed with a button and loop.
J^'ff. 2S illustrates an elegant pin-cushion five inches square
and filled with iron '
tilings and bran. The
top is covn-ed with
quilted cream colored
'^ilk, and the sides ^^ ^- 'JHIF^g^^Bf^JMr^ '*'v-? v
with blue satin juiff- ^"^^'^ 'S^^Bm^Sm^^^. >^^>
i'lg. P'our pointed
di-apes of cream-col-
ored silk, embroid-
ered or painted with
ran
'U^l
11 sprt'ys of
Fig. 28.
192
L.MUKS- WOUK n.XSKKT.
Forget-nu'-nots, nit'et at tlw cDriifis, iind an; fasten^^'l with
b(j\v.s of bliu' satin ribbon and tassfls.
i'V/'/. 29 sliows a beautifu! fo'^tstool, made by ciittinfj: oui a
scjua't' of lloor oil-clotli, loundin;;' ilir coiiie's and iiollowinn;
out the centtT (jf ♦■acli side, as sliown in tlie ilhistration. Cut
also a strip of tlie sanu" six iuclies lii^h, and with a strong
needle anil coarse thread sew this along the bottom, uniting the
ends at one of the sides, then stall' it with coru-husks, hair
or moss; cover it with
coarse muslin, and the
case or foundation i.s
re.idy for the after em-
bellishments. Make a
case of crimson velvet,
velveteen or any (h'sired
material, by cutting a
square one-third larger
tli"u the oil-cloth bot-
tom; also a i)iece to fit
tlie sides; sew the ends -f'V/ -"o.
of the lattei together, and, dividing it into four • ;nal parts.
sew: tit the square, also divided into four parts, to this, and
gathering the edges, sew these two firmly tou'ether and lit over
the stool, sewing the bottom securely around the oil-cloth, and
finish with a thick woolen coid. Xexf take two strips of ecu-
colored ribbon, cross them to f'l-n four bands, and embroider
them in Arabesques witli rich , , I .r.-. — the corner pieces of gray
satin may be worked in contrasting shades of silk ; when
finished, baste it closely on the liassock. trimming the edges
with gold cord. A wooden handle with the cord passed through,
and tassels and frinire around tlie sides and on tlie corners, finish
J
LAB/hy nohK jiAsiarr.
1
against
canvas side piece a
heavy cord is sewed
and around the bottom
•dge, and a quilling
^^- '"• two and a half inches
deep cov-^rs the raw edges around the upper part, with full bows
of the same at each corner.
Fig. SI shows a uniqno and very artistic work-basket in rat-
tmg and bead work. The materials are gray silk twist, steel
beads (Xo. 3), colored lining and ribbon, and for the bottom a
piece of cardboard seven inches long and six inches wide The
corners are cut square. For the walls of the basket procure
tour thin frames, each one and three-fifths inches square, four
other frames one and three-fifths inches high and five inches
iong: and for the cover, which consists of two parts, two frames,
as shown in the illustration. Two oblong rings of steel sprngs
serve for handles. The bottom of the basket is covered with
silk. The frames are covered with silk ribbon, the edirea
ia.teued logetiier on the inside. The beads decorating them are
i
ii
nl
1P4
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
affixed when the tutted insertion is sewn in. Eacli corn* rosette
has for its center fonr closed loops, connected with each other
at the side; each loop consi ts of live stitches, one short
iir' live stitches, one long pnil, one stitch, one short j^url and
if ..titches. Now, with the aid of a crochet-needle, slip three
; ads over the long i)url and fasten it where the loop meets.
Fiij -n.
For the wall parts rejieat the lai'ger ]oo]is of the corner rosettes,
decorate all the purls vvith beads, and conlinue so till the basket
is finished. Trim the cover witli ribbon rucliing.
Fig. oJ is an oblong ba-ket with l)rai<le(l Inindle. is elegantly
lifted up, lined with white silk and decorated on the outside by
a lambrequin worked with beads on canvas, and linislied with a
ruching of white ribbon. The landn-equin is decorated at the
bottom by a twisted fringe of beads, and is sewed beneath the
outward curved rim of the basket. The white silk lining is
liiiied (m the sides of tiie basket and stretched oxer a cushion
^
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
195
at tlie bottom, ed^ed wifli -i vnoi,,-r.^ f i •
handle i. deeo,.at«rwi,h 1,1, „, ".i.Z;. '" """^ '■"'^™'- '"'«
The elegant basket shown in Fin n.j i, ,,f !,.„
w«.k, ornamented with yellow fane The 1 T "' "
en.l.oideredinOHenta, st.vl^e on bl^rolot ^wi htZ I'.o':
.tttohes; the appliques, light blue side stripes and red cleite^
Fi(i. 33.
piece, are fastened to the bla.'k «r.„„-..I with bntton-hole stiteh
"■orked ,n white .silk. The three single h.gures on t^e ,
» pes are surronnded by golden yellow .Uabe,s.,„es edged with
«h„e, and , he long stifhes wiihin them are of red. ^hile „
elongated b,,,„eh and the five lo„g sl.tehes at the ton are bhck
Arowof bghtblue Kensington stitches n.arks „J,o"e e, ,t
Of the lambrequin betwpFH tli<> ^rritu-, "-i.-i i-.. -.. i
the red upph.p.e, which, in it, four curves, is embroidered aU^
i <
', ; ]
:
im
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
nately wiMi l)l:ick iiud wliite and black and green silks, and in
its center with l)lac'k and yellow
riie in^erla(^ed ring below the
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
applique is of yellow, with purj)!*' knots, and the center star is
of red and white. All the Arabesques are of old gold; the clover
, 1 1 l_ 1,
I itrav tra ^tffii, *v n u lAtti iv miw»* »* .
v'liiD iiil'vi. l^lUt^li oL
4-1^.^ K^vvi^l^
J
LA DIES" WO UK n. 1 SKET.
Tl
197
Any „l,l basket may be „fili,„l ana ai™,g,vl into the bandy
and i.retty avOole represented by Fi,,. .IJ,. Tbe ba,sk.t U covered
insKle and ont with white dotted Svvi«, line,l with colored silk
or rap-r mnshn; the pockets are cnt ot c-ard-board, rounded at
thebott a,„l cove,vd in the same manner as tie baske to
wh,ch they are smve.l with very close stitches. A dee, fall' o,
lace decomtes the basket all aronnd, canglit „p at four places
by bows „ rd,b„„ of a ..olor ,„ match the lininj^ The pockets
aud top of the l,aske,are edged with narrow Lee. A bow o
ribbon decorates each pocket.
J^ig. JS is a bright, fan.-„l looking bag. the central part of
wo.k, placed ,n a .liagonal .lirection, the lower points of which
».and out beyond the ,irn, foun.lation. The bo t ^ ons o
S.X hrm pieces of stulf, each four and three-quarter inch" deep
and lour mches wide at the top. These points are sewn to t,«
bag part, m.ide of ,.hain c, het work. S,.arlet „,erino stripe
with rosettes of tatting, and various intennediate str pe,'"i
green, yellow, widte, ef., each embroidered with some con
trastmg cln., as bulf with scarlet, l,la,.k with .reen wIwiH,'
«-h„e scarlet with bhick, and white with pi„ir ^o i,, " ak ^
beautiful coufra.'st. "JUiie a
Fig. .y; is a very lian.lsome hair, made bv orocliPf in^^ an unner
l-•^ and nmu, it around an ..nb.-oidered^ bottom Le of sK
Vandykes o l.nen, embroidered and finished at n" top l h
>lu<).ed lambrequins to correspond. These In-^-s IZ
ve.. efFe,-tive and shouv. bv Vuin- to. ""'^^
^::;i:"':l'" ''■«'■'''=''''■»'"'■ ™i".^ and \i :,acr;:rt :,
»»(' Ki(
19S
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
~1
^IcI-^^-SV:!';.
There aie a <;reat many pei\soiis who prefer wliite covers for
sofa am. oliair eusliioiis, tidies, and other articles of white mus-
lin, lace or net. These will no doubt hail witii delitrht an oppor-
tunity for makinu\ in their spare monifnts, various beautiful
Fill- .'».
Fig. 36.
desi<z;ns for this kind of work, Avhich is inexpensive, as the mate-
rials are dilferent textures of netting, cotton or linen floss. The
style shown in Fi<i. S7, with the various squares used in makinu'
it, is of great beauty and well worthy of imitation. In this
pattern, the divisions of diamond squares, which make triangles
. ■, _ _ _ _ ._!_ , i ' ., „ ,,*,...:-!.•- "ii*- r. v»» »-v --1 <» f 1 /-v^^ T^^o /ill
ui me i**.n uf i.
lu
LADIES' \V(iUK llASKET.
199
Fi,j. :jr.
diamond is of forty-
four net holes on eacli
side, these being first
run round plain with
the floss, and after-
Avards filled in, the
plain spaces being left
for colored ribbon.
Elegant bed-spreads
and pillow-shams may
be made from this kind
of work; the center of
each should be worked
w'tli white fioss, in
scro.'l or wreath pat-
wMmi
jjss-li
i:
200
MAC'RAMli LACK
tern. The bord»-i worked in Arabesques with scarlet embroi-
dery cotton, and this lined with either pink or blue paper-
muslin, looks exceedingly beautiful.
Mg. JS illustrates a lace mat in etching, the center being a
branch of ('ornflowers, surrounded by a border, which exhibits
three bea .tiful patterns, each easily executed, and which may
be rapidly accomplished.
vWvvyy'vvvyvyv^^ vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
':j:;M;vii';ii':i;T**;i:';j;;M:':if':ir:i;'i;';!r;iv;!;";jv;i;??:F^
II MACRAME LACE, ];|
"rr^'i'iirirFiininr?TTiTiTi''f:ii'!rirv":'"'':'ViJ'ii''rY': ■' rr't^'irFir?'^^^
.i;;i:"+;i;\V"+"+";i:"i:'t + + + T+ + + +'f -i-"!-'-!^" + -i- + -i- + + + -i- -i- + -i- "+ "n- -i- + + + + -i- -t-
ATEiilALS: A cushion, pins, heavy and fine Macrame
thread, according to the texture of the lace desired.
This thread comes in all colors, and may be purchased
either at a dry goods store or ship chandler s.
The cusliion must be heavy, of an oblong shape, and
should rest upon a small table.
Begin by pinning the foundation or top line ai eadi end of
the cushion with strong pins. The line should be of double
thread, and cut the length of the lace required. The lace is
made by knotting threads together. One thread is held firmly
over the otht>r as ha<lei\ and each single tlireiid is knotted twice
on to it. When a leaf is worked from right to left, the leader is
iit.i<i in flit, luff iiMiwl fiiiil wjiMii !i luiif i'.j u'oi'kt^d from left to
MACRAMf] LACE.
201
riglit the leader is lield in tli. right hand. Pin on as many
straiglit lines as are reqnired for the pattern.
In .-oTnTneneing a nattern, fasten the threads for workin- on
the top line as follows: Pass the two ends of each thread under
the line, pointing them
up; then draw them
back through the loop;
repeat to the end of the
cushion; then put in a
pin between every four
threads; then loosen
the second line, hold it
firmly in the right hand,
and knot each thread
twice on to it with the
left hand. The straight
lines are always worked
in this way. The lace,
as a rule, should be
Fig. 39.
worked tightly, as it
adds much to its beauty and durability. Fig. JO shows .^o
foundation knots of the lace.
G. ^illC|fc G'ficttvt-.
Take two threads, hold one straiglit in the left hand, knot the
other thread on to it once, witli Mie right hnnd; hold this thread
straight in the right hand, and knot the other on to it with the
left. Repeat.
This is made in the sanie way as the single chain, but with
I foil.. fU,
...,i
1 •« W I 111 t i4<l.-l fiU 11 I I lilt'
uiMeud ()L one.
202
MAVliAAlJ^ LACE.
I
Take four threads, commence with the two at the left side,
hold the lirst of these in the right hand as leader, knot the second
twicr on to it with the left hand, pass the same leader to tiie left
hand, knot the same thread as before, twice on to it; take the
next two threads, hold the first thread in the right hand as leader,
knot the second thread twice on to it, pass the leader to the left
hand, knot the same thread as before twice on to it, hold the
leader still in the left hand, and knot the first leader twice on to
it with the right hand: knot the remaining thread at the left side
twice on to it. leaving a loop before drawing it up tight. Pass
the same leader back to the right hand, and knot the same thread
twice on to it with the left hand. Then take up the two threads
at the right side, hold the under one in the right hand, as leader,
knot the other thread twice on to it, leaving a loop as before.
Pass the same leader to the left hand, and knot the same thread
twice on to it. Hold the leader still in the left hand, and knot
the leader at the left side twice on to it; knot the remaining
thread at the ^eft side on to it. leaving a loop as before. Then
pass the leader back to the right hand, and knot same thread
twice on to it.
^. — Sofomo»v'i cfCuot.
Take four threads, hold the two center ones straight, pass
the thread at left side loosely over these. Take the threiul at
right side, pass it over the first thread and under the center ones.
and up through the loop at left side; draw it up tight. Then
take the right-hand thread, pass it over the two center ones
loosely, take the left thread, pass it over this, under the center
ones, and up through the looji at the right side; drav. it up
tiglit to meet the first part of the knot. Tiiis forms one Solo-
in nn"s kiiof.
MACRAMf: LACE.
20H
The Raised Picot rno.stly come.s between two leaves Take
the four center threads-two Iroiu each leaf-hokl the two cen
rer ones straight, and make six Solomon's knots ..n t., tli^m
pass tlie tw(. center threads down through the opening l.etw.n^n
the two leaves; take one of these threads and knot it ,»nce to tlie
thread at the left side, take up tlie other and kn.^t it once to the
remaining thread at the right side.
/V/. .'fO is commenced
by ])iiiiiing on tiie
stniight lines in the
usual way. The threads
for this pa' tern should
be one yard long. Pass
the two ends of each
threa'i under the line,
pointing them up; then
^'3.40. draw them through the
loop; loosen the second line at the right side, and knot each
thread twice on to it with the left hand. Then make a row of
Solomon's knots with every four threads to the end, after which
loosen the third line and kno. ;he threads on to it as before.
Then take four threads and make three Solomon's knots with
them; repeat this five times; then make two more chains exactly
the same as last. Take six threads, hold the first in the right
hand as leader (the leader should always be at the top and the
threads underneath), and make a leaf of two rows; then take
the next six threads and make a leaf of two rows; then take
the center threads of each leaf and make a row -* six Solomon's
knots; then pass the two center threads of these four between
the two leaves, pointing them down, and knot these tliivads to
the other two to form the Raise,! Pi,.„t. Then take the centei
mivau ai the left side, hold it in the left hand as leader, knot
■Mil
•20-i
MAfJiAM/': LACE.
i
tlie threads on with the ri.i;ht haii'l to luiikt' fht- lowrr Ifuf :it tlie
left side, midve tliree more cIkuiis and another stiir of four leaves,
witli Raised Picot in tlu' ctMit.'r; repeat to the end of the cushion.
Loosen the lifth line, and knot each thread on to it as before; talw
four threads; make tliree Solomon's knots with these; repeat to
the eud of cushion; sixth and seventh are done in the same way.
%o rTi.u>ft Off rfu' .^J.i>o:tK>o.
Keep the last line pinned on at both ends; take two threads,
draw the second one up
under the line in a loop,
pass the ends of both
threads through this
loot), draw them up tij-ht,
to form a knot, same as
tli*> one at the top line.
TUe threads will now be
in front between the two
last lines. Pass these
threads to the back, one
at each side of the knot,
tie them firmly together
at the back; sew these
threads neatly to the
work, on the wrong side,
with a needle and thread.
Kei)eat to the end of cushion, and then cut the threads close.
Fi(j. 1^1 requires the threads for this pattern one and a half
yards long. Begin by fastening on the threads in the usual
way; then loosen the second line, hold it in the right hand, and
knot each thread twice on to it with the left. Take four threads,
hold the three first ones in the left hand, knot the fourth thread
Fill. -U-
illlt t-y Lllli.*^.'* \J ^ \. L Lll^lll VVlLli til*. lliL-lll.
At;t. \iy i.K\J
^fArIiA^fK lack.
."., ,,k,. ,„„ ,1,„.,U IV .,1,, l,ol,l „„...,. i„ ,l„. n.-l,t
-I.-' !.,,,,, I,,. ,i,s, ,,,,,,,. ,,,,,,...,,• s .„..,. ,i„.,„:i„ '7
' , .'':i""' "■■■'"I "f ■■"-lii-i.. Ti,..„ I,,,,.,,, ,i„. ,hi,,i li
take the einjith rlueid
again as leader, ;,nd
make a second row
sr. ne as Mip I;,.st; lake
the next eio-lit tlireads,
make a Solomon's knot
with the last four, then
tak<- the first tliread,
liold it as a leader in tlie
I'ight hand, and knot
eaeli of the seven
threads twice on to it
with the left hand.
Then take the eight
threads again, and make
a second row; then make
eight Solomon's knots
with those tlireads.
^'z «• After this, take the first
thread at the left side, hold it in the right hand as a leader,
and knot each of the seven threads twice on to it with the left
hand. Repeat for a second line. Then take the thread at the
right side, hold it in the left l^and as leader, and kiio; ^ach
thread twice on to it. Repeat for a second line. Take the first
four threads, make a Solomon's knot:, the same with last four
liicii laKe iiie next lou threads, hold two in each
J;
i
20f5
MACRAMf: LACK.
hand, iiiid make twelve double chains; make two more rows of
double chain. Repeat for two more lines. Take the center
tliread at tlie ri<,dit sicU^ hold it in the riglit hand, and knot the
five threads on to it wi ill the left hand, llepeat for two more
lines, then take the next four threads, and make a row of open
cliain, tlien repeat with
tl'e next four threads
tv- the end of cusliion.
Then loc^en the sixth
li/e, hold it in the
left hand, and knot each
thread twice on to it.
Take the first four
thread', make a Solo-
.ion's knot. Repeat to
the end of cushion ; loosen
the seventh line, hold it
in the right hand, and
knot each thread twice
on to it. The next [)art
of insertion is maile like
the first, and to fini.sh
oiY keep the last line
pinned on at botli ends;
take two threads, draw
the second one up under
the line in a loop, then
pass the ends of both
threads through the loop,
draw them up tight to
form a knot: the two threads will then be in front, between the
last two lines. Pass these threads to the back, one at each side
t'ig. -W.
0-\T -^riCk tn/^'f -fiiri ^nti i--\\Tr\ f li i^i^o /^ t? -fi*!**-*!-!-^ i-r
• !L Vll.-^ IVii\
.,^fl^.
M
viiAzy woiiK.
207
(i
tK-m lu.itly .lown ,„i the wrong ,si<le, repeat to u.d of ,..:.;,iop
and cut oil" the ends close. " '
Fi!,.s i.' and y represent patterns which are verv appropri-
ate lor fuiinture decoration. '
The reader will see that all tlie patterns are given in Fuj U
with the exception of the scallop. '
*Go mahc tf.c Sea ffc-p.
Take six threads; hold the lirst thread in the right hand, and
knot the other five threa.ls ;■ e on to it w'^i. the left Repe-it
three times more. This ioiras the first leaf. Then take the
next SIX threads; hold the sixth threa<l in the left hand, and
knot the other five threads to it with the right hand. Kepeat
hree times more. .Join the leaders of both these lo^.the, by
holding one straight, and kn.H the other twice over if th.n eke
the next six tlireads, hold the first thread in the right hand, and
knot each of the five threads twh-e ,m to it. IJepeat three times
more to f<,rm the leaf. Then taKe the next six threads, hold the
N.xtli thread in the le-'t hand, and knot tl- others twice on to it
witl, the rght. Rep..f three times nu.re. When this leaf is
finished hold the lender still in tlie ].ft hand, atul knot six
lireads -vice on to it. Repeat three times more to form the
l*'.-.f. Then take the six threads that were used in mnkini, the
second lea of the scallop; hold the first of these in the rio-ht
hand, and knot each thivad twi.-e on to it with the left. Repeat
l.ree times moi. for the leaf. Then join the leader of this leaf
to tlie leader of the leaf next to it Repeat till the scallop is
completed. ^
Crazy work, Kaleiaoscopic, Kensington patterns, are .- ••le of
the technics bestowed upon this remarkal)le needle wnvU m.o.
iKts become a mania for home decoration. This work is not' at
208
WOMAX'S WORK AXD VICTOm'.
111! expeush e, und i! done artistically, is very inetty and effective.
All that is necessary is to cut square pieces, of any desired size,
of cotton or calico, for lining, and on these baste the pieces of
silk, satin or velvet to be used. Tiny pieces, inch-square strips,
triangles, or any shaped pieces may be used. Silk and velvet
are the prettiest, and in these days of handsome ribbons are
quits easy to get. Where the pieces overlap and join, they are
worked ir. fancy stitches with dilferent shades of embroidery
silk. No two pieces of silk should be alike, if a variety of pieces
can be had to make this possible, and every conceivable design
may be etched or embroidered on the larger pieces— initials,
monograms and small flowers may be embroidered and painted.
Cupids, horse-shoes, and anything from grandfather's silk hat
to grandmother's spectacles, may be appropriately mtroduced.
This work is u.sed for sofa pillov/s, chair-tidies, table-covers,
etc., and, when worked in with plush or velvet borde'-s, looks
exceedingly beautiful. But Xha plece-de-resistance of this work
is the bed spread; here full s(!ope may be had to exercise both
taste and imagination, until a beautiful kaleidoscopic scene is
presented.
These articles, whe.<. pro]ierly finished, are very expensive.
One small spread having Oscar W^ilde (as center piece) in aesthetic
costume, with a lily in one hand and the orthodox suuliower in
the other, sold at a recent fair for !?150.
-<D 7^ _
In 1870 the wife of General Gar-field wrole a letter to her hus-
band, which was intende<1 for no eye but his own. It is so prac-
tical, and seem:-: so c'osely associated with the preceding topics
on woman's work, that we yield to oiu- desire to give it in this
connection. It is an admirable advocate for the necessity of
WOMAy-S WORK Ay D VICTORY.
■
I
L
200
busy hands and cheerful hearts, and although not intended f.-r
pu bhcalion, It was made use o^' by President Hinsdale, of Hiram
tolle^^e in a lecture, and was afterwards published in thecolle^^e
paper ot that institution. The extract from the letter is as follo^v^-
I am glad to tell that, out of all the toil and disappoint^
ments of the summer Just ended, 1 have risen up to a vktory-
that silence of thought since you have been away has Ion «;
my spirit a triumph. I read something like this the other day
There is no healthy thought without labor, and thought makes
the labor happy.' Perhaps this is the way'l have S able to
climb up higher. It came to me one morning when I was mak-
ing bread. I said to myself, ' Here I am, compelled by an inev-
itable necessity, to make our bread this summer. Why not
consider it a pleasant occupation, and make it so by trying to
see what perfect bread I can make ? ' It seemed like an inspira-
tion, and the whole of life grew brighter. The very sunshine
seemed flowing down through my spirit into the white loaves-
and now I believe my table is furnished with better bread than
ever before. And this truth, old as creation, seems just now to
have become fully mine, that I need not be the shirking slave to
toil, but its regal master, making whatever I do yield me its
best fruits. You have been king of your work so long, that
may be you will laugh at me for having lived so long without
my crown, but I am too glad to have found it at all to be entirely
disconcerted, even by your merriment.
" Now, I wonder, if right here does not lie the 'terrible
wrong,' or at least some of it, of which the woman suffra-ists
complain. The wrongly educated woman thinks her duties a
disgrace, and frets under them, ..r shirks them, if she can. She
sees man triumphantly pursuing his vocation, and thinks it is
the kind of work he does which makes him grand and regnant
whereas, it is not the kind of work at all. but the wnv in v^\n^
and the spirit with which, he do Ut " " ^'
14 '
lilts
V \\
1
I
!
1
'*
wM
By prof. W. W. TRACY.
HE careful reader of tlie foregoing pages cannot
fail to see that one great essential to success in
ornamenting and beautifying the home is true and
correct taste, or knowledge and appreciation of
what is true beauty, so that the formation and
development of such taste are most important
elements of our work. How shall we secure this ?
It is ceirainly true that no high degree of perfection in any
knowledge or art can oe attained without constant intercourse
and contact witli examples of the highest types of that art.
Kow, without the philosophical discussion and proof by which
we iniglit establish the proposition, we will simply state that the
iiltiiiKite source of all human ri'^ ^ of beauty is in the thought of
tlie (-reator, as expressed in the material world, and surely there
is no part of the creation which is richer in things ^^f perfect
bcniitv than the vegetnhle l:in(j(loin, whiv-li seems fo liave been
iillv formed to oinament and beautify tbis earth. H then
especi
210
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
211
we would develop and increase the appreciation of the beautiful
and our ability to enjoy the marvelous beauty which is e e7y
where around us, if we would prevent our children from .row-
ing up into mere human animals to whom
" A yellow primrose by the river's brim
Or by the cottage door,
A yellow primrose is to them—
And nothing more,"
we must have the educating and refining influence of plants and
We think the failures in the past have come largely from the
want of knowledge how, and persistent endeavors to grow them
We hope the information contained in the following pa^^es
.ull enable you to overcome the first difiiculty. As an incentive
to effor to overcome the latter, we mention the case of Mrs J
C. Loudon Up to middle life she not only " never had any luck
wi h plant," bu. did not care to have; yet after her mLag:
t W i ^ '7 ^^" ^ ""^^"^ horticulturist, she came to love
them dearly, and was not only one of the best writers on Flower
Culture, but one of the best practical growers of them, her plants
competing successfully for premiums with those raised fn the
finest green-houses, and the production of the most skillful gar
deners in all Europe. We know of hundreds of such instances
and they are so common that we do not hesitate to say that with
a few plain and simple directions, such as we aim to give, and a
Jittle persistent effort any woman can grow beautiful house-
plants which will make her home pleasanter, herself hapr.i, ■
and her children better by their influence. But yousay "Ihave
no time to care for them."
Analyze your expenditures for the past year and s.-p ir ,t
least one-half of that ntnount. even though you have tried to b.
" ' '■' f^---"-". iiii:-; nor Ot-t-ij io j)ieas. rin^ eve 'V\v\\
calico dress would liave bean as serviceable if made of anl,l.,„.l,ed
m
IffI
212
CARE AND CULTURE OJP PLANTS.
cotton and as a simpU> gown gathered by a cord at the waist, and
tlie exi)en.se would have been much less. The printing of the
cloth and the shaping of the dress was half the labor, and were
solely to please the eye. Your house would be as warm and last
as long if coated with coal oil instead of the more expensive but
more beautiful paint. Even the common needle must be gold-
eyed and wrapped in a gilded paper before it can be sold. In
fact there is nothing that man uses, from the cradle to the coffin,
but what a large share of the labor to produce it was expended
for the sake of the beautiful, and ^'ully one-half of all the labor
of the past has been to please the eye; but there is no other way
by which we can secure so much beauty by the expenditure of so
little labor as in the culture of li(nvers. Is it wise, then, to neg-
lect this, the best means of securing that which we are working
for. "But I cannot have flowers because the children would
destroy them."
We think this is a mistake. The Michigan State Horticul-
tural Society has been anxious to secure the planting of flowers
and trees about the school-houses, but was continually opposed
by the argument that they could not keep them, "the children
would destroy them." Last year, as an experiment, a collection
of thirty varieties of flower seeds was seut to every school that
applied for them. Some eighty received and planted the seeds,
and made their reports. In all these schools there was not a
child which disturbed the plants, but, on the contrary, all came
to give them loving care. Every child is born with a love for the
beautiful, wliich makes him delight in, and enjoy flowers, and
if, as he grows older, he cares little for them, it is Ijecause this
love has been smothered from want of opportunity to exercise
it. Make your plants from the flrst our flowers and we are cer-
tain that your children will not only not injure, but will come
to love and care for them. But you say: " I have no good place
CAJIK AXn CCLTntK OF PI.,I.\TS'.
218
,I.J 1 , u ?"'•*'• ""'' '"'"''' fr"'" "'^ popular n^Jon
ha plants wUl thrive only In windows fnlly .KiLed to the
south It s true that in many cases plants are grown larselv
for wtnter blooming, and that t..,- will flower brtter in abut
dance of hght, but it is also true that there are many beautZ
P ants whtoh do well with very little sunlight. One of t,:;:
OS of window plants we ever saw, was grown in a small window
degiee of north latitude. So we unhesitatingly say that there
.s no human habitation which has a window but what some
p ant may be made to thrive there. No, my friend, there is no
M,l ^ Z'' *'™ "'"""'' ""' ''"« '•■^ «'l"«"i"8 aud refining
nfluence of flowers m your liome. And we ask your careful
"r::rfor tLm! '°"°"'°« ''''"' •^''-"°- '" S'^'^S and
When one is a little cramped for room and wants but a few
fftT' IT '' """'f "^'^"'' "^" ^' ^^"^^ '^^° ^"y form of
stand. They may be supported in many ways, but we think
the neatest method is to have each shelf separate and supported
by the iron shelf-brackets, which may be purchased for a few
cents at any hardware store. The lower one should be l)elow
the level of the window, so that the top of the pots will be about
even with the bottom of the glass, -us is much better than to
have them placed as they usually are. because, first, the pots do
not shut off so much light; second, the plants look much better
H^ien looked ,lown U])<m from the inside of the room, and the
effect from the outside is incomparably better; and last and
mos important of all, by this n.eans we protect our ,.lnnts from
what IS one great cnuse of failure, namely, [lie killing of the
■•oots by the dim.r rays „f the sun on the si.les of H,p ,>nf
\V
uere a second .slu'lf is place.l above the tii'st
we u !'<>•(■
that
a
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214
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
strip of green wire-netting, or other similar material, about as
wide as the pots are high, be tacked to the casing to protect
these pots from the sun and to hide them from view from the
street. Where there is more room and moi'e plants are wanted,
a i>lunt-stand is desirable. There are many forms of wii'e stands
made which are very pretty, but some of them are objectionable
in that when loaded with plants they are so unstable as to be
moved with difficulty. We think the handsomest stand we
have ever seen was constructed as follows: A circular table or
stand four feet in diameter stood on strong, well-braced legs
about one foot high, with very large, easy-running castors; it
was surrounded by a rim raised about three-quarters of an inch,
and fitting nicely to this was a zinc i)an nuide water-tight, so
that, if desired, it could be tilled one-half inch deep with water.
Standing in the center of this, but entirely distinct from it, was
a small circular stand of three shelves, the upper one two feet
from the pan and about eight inclies in <liameter, the other two
concentric with this, and about six inches wide, leaving about
eight inches of the bottom stand as a lower shelf. A little leaf-
mould was placed in the center of the zinc tray, covered with
moss, and a few plants of some of our large, coarse growing
native Fei'ns set out in it. The upper shelve.^ were then placed
in position and the whole covered with tastefully arranged
plants, the jjots of those on the lower shelf being concealed with
Moss and growing Ferns, while these plants concealed the pots
on the up})er ones, and the Ferns, peeping out fi-om the inside
here and there, united to foi'ui a benutiful pyramid of foliage
and flower. There are many adva;.iages in stands made on this
principle, ["'irst, they c:in be made very strong and stitV, so that
even wlit'ii iilU'd with plants they cnn be moved fiom ])]ace to
phice to secure suidight or nvoid frosts. Second, the j)huits can
be freely watered, and even si)rinkl<'d with an ordinaiy watering-
pot wiiliout irijury tu tlio carpet; iiiu vvaler-tiglri tray caicliiiig
CARE AXB CULTURE OF PLANTS.
21i
all the drip and throwing .t off again in vapor is most refreshing
to the plants in the hot, dry air of our over-heated rooms \nd
lastly, durmg the sunmier months the upper stand can be put
away and the bottom one filled with Moss and shells in which
cut li(,wers can be placed, forming the best possible central orna
ment. Whatever form of stand is used, see that, first, it is low
enough to bring the lo^•er pots below the level of the window-
second, ^hat it is strong and stiff enough to move withoui
shakmg, even when covered with plants; third, that it has laroe
ei sy-running castors. "^
cFfotuct !Pot3.
In this connection we wish to call attention to a few facts in
regard to plant growth. First, the roots of plants naturally
extend to great distances, those of such a plant as we would
grow in a two quart pot occupying a circle from two to six fee^
in diameter. When we pot such a plant the roots soon reach the
inside of the pot, and then in their constant effort to extend
themselves go around and around close to it, so that nearly all
of the roots are on the outside of the ball of earth in which the
plant is growing. Again, roots are very susceptible to injury
from heat or want of water, but, on the other hand, are equally
sensitive to an over supply, or to stagnant water, and can onl\-
thrive in cool, moist (not wet) soil. Still another thing to be
remembered is. that as our plants grow they must be removed
into larger pots. What is desired, then, is a pot which is not
injured by the damp earth, which will protect the roots from
injury from the hot, dry atmosphere of our rooms, will allow the
abundant \vat;>ring the plant needs and yet allow all surplus
water to pass off, and with tlio inside so shaped that the plant
<-an be removed to a larger <.ne with as little injury as possible
All thesP conditions arn ni.vly n>et in (he ordinary flower pot
>rists use.
in.iuua Liay IS not only a poor c(
)n-
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216
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
duffor of heat, but allows all surplus water to pass slow^ly
throuirh it to the outside, where it is rapidly evaporated, and
thus the pot and earth cooled. The shape is such that when
suitable soil is used, the ball of earth and roots can be removed
unbroken, by simply inverting the pot and giving it a slight tap
on the edge. These pots are frequently injured by efforts to
improve them — such as glazing or painting the outside. This
makes them better conductors of l^eat, prevents the filtering
through and evaporating of water, thus tending to make the
earth sour and soggy, and, in many ways, they are far less desira-
ble than the common form. We admit that the simple earthen
pot is not handsome, and the better it is doing its work the more
unattractive it appears; the filtering water keeps the outside con-
stantly damp, and thus encourages the growth of mould and
discolors the clay. To avoid this, pot covers are very desirable
—very neat and pretty ones are formed of lattice work, and are
for sale at all seed stores and florists. When there is plenty
of light and a south window, pknt boxes may be used to advan-
tage. They should be set low so that the top is level with the
window. Very handsome earthen ones are to be found at the
stores, but pretty ones can be made at home by covering a box
ot the desired shape and size with some appropriate pattern of
oil floor cloth, or any desired pattern can be drawn on paper and
finished as directed for pot covers, and this fastened to the
box by cement, and then the whole coated with one or two
dressings of varnish or shellac.
Boxes for the outside of the window sliould have a false side
oiip-lialf inch thick nailed in so as to leave a one-half inch air
si)are between it and the outside. This will prev^Mlt the true
side warping off, and will protect the earth and roots from the
heat of the sun.
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
217
Soif.
When we consider that we are asking a plant, which naturally
would forage through several square yards of earth soil for its
food and drink, to grow and thrive in one or two quarts of earth
in a Lttle ])ot, we can see that the composition ,f that earth is of
great importancr Where small quantities only are wanted it
IS easier to get it already prepared from the florists, but where
this cannot be done it may be made as follows: Sods from an
old turf are piled up and allowed to thoroughly decay Of the
soil thus formed we take one bushel, and add to it one of leaf-
mould, one-half bushel of coarse sand, to which we add one or
two quarts of wood ashes, one-half bushel of well rotted manure
which has been sifted through a sieve with half inch mesh, and
thoroughly mix them together. By leaf-mould we mean the
rich earth formed by the decay of leaves or other vegetable mat-
ter^ It is found in the little hollows in the woods where the
leaves have accumulated for years, or beside some old stump or
fallen log. Similar and equally good soil is frequently found
where a pile of vegetable matter has stood for a long time, or in
a fence corner where there has annually been an immense growth
of large weeds. This is the general composition of the best pot-
ting soil, but the proportions need to be varied according to cir-
cumstances. Thus, if the sods come from a heaw clav^oil we
add more sand. If, on the other hand, they were from sandy
soil, we use less sand and add some clay. To this general pot-
ting earth we make additions for different plants. For Azaleas
Camellias,,Orange and Lemon trees, and such hard-wooded plants'
we add to each bushel of the i)ot.ing earth one-half bushel of
coarse sand, about the size of grains of wheat, and an equal
amount of clay. For Geraniums and otlioj- rapidly growing soft-
wooded plants we add more manure and some cky.
;■;!
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218
CARE AND CULTUIiE OF PLANTS.
It is impossible to describe in words the many indications
which show to an experienced grower tliat a plant needs re-pot-
ting. We can only say that, generally, when a plant has reached
I what seems a disproportionate size for its pot, and the new shoots
start vigorously, but soon cease glowing, it is probable that it
needs re-potting. For this purpose prepare soil suitable for
your plant, and see that it is of the right degree of moisture, which
may be known by gently pressing a handful of it, when it will
form a ball or lu p, but will crumble into fine earth again if
struck or pinched with the lingers. If too wet, the ball will
form but will not crumble; if too dry, it will only form by very
hard pressure. Select a pot one or two sizes larger than the old
one, and see that it is perfectly clean inside. If particles of dirt
or mould are leit adhering to the sides the new soil will adhere
to them, so that it will be difficult to remove the plant when
desired. Place a large piece of broken ])ot over the hole at 'the
bottom so that it will cover the hole with an arch, surround this
with smaller pieces, and cover ^hem with a little earth. Place
the hand over the top of the pot containing the plant witli the
plant-stem between your fingers, invert it and remove the ball of
earth by striking the edge of the pot downward upon the edge
of the table. If the previous potting has been well done, the
ball of earth will come out entire. Place it in the new pot so
that the surface will be as high as before, and fill in the earth,
pressing it firmly with the fingers, and settling it by giving the
pot a sharp rap on the table. If the new pot is clean, and the
earth in good condition, you ought to be able to remove the new
ball of earth without its crumbling, but it should fall to pieces
upon slight ])ressure. "Wliere plants have stood in the same pot
for a long time have been in glazed i)()ts or been over-watt red,
so that the earth is sour and muddy, it may be well to remove it.
This 15 done by sloshing the ball uf earth Ujj and down in a paii
,^
CARE AND CUmuIiE OF PLANTS.
219 i i
of uaim water until the n.ot. are perfectly dean. In .such cases
take care m repotting to .sift tlie earth evenlv in between the
roots so that each will be entirely .surrounded by the new soil
Water is most essential to ^he development of plant.s, for by
1 nea:ly all the food finds its v. .y into the circulation, ami with
out a uniform and proper supply there can be no healthy growth-
so a few words in regard to its action may be of use. if a sq uare
inch of soil wa.s magnified one hundred or more times, it X d
appear like a pile of broken stone, such as builders use, thrown
oosely together, with many irregular sV- .ed air spaces betren
them, through which air and water could readily circulate
Crowding their way tlirough, and constantly changing the
relative position of the parti^-les, are the roots, from the .sin-fl
ot which there project innumerable little hair-like tubes with
very thin walls-these are the true mouths of the plant 'ihey
creep along the sides of the particles of soil and imbibe th; moist
lire found upon them, pass it to the roots from which it goes
upward through the stems and branches out into the little veins
which we save in skeletonized leaves, and is spread out in fhe
green portion of the leaf. Here it is subjected to the chemic-al
influence of the air and light, by which much of the water is
thrown off, and the concentrated sap returns into the c.rowin-
portions of the plant to sustain them. Now, the water itsell
contains very few of the elements of plant growth; the most
es.sential of them are furnished by the decomposition of the par-
tu'les of the soil, and the decay of bits of animal and vegetable
matter scattered among them, and circulate in a gaseous form
througli the spaces between th,> particles, are ab.sorbed by the
water gathered on the surface of the particles, and thus conveyed
into the plant. If there was no water to carry it. flm rr.nf. ..,-„.i..
be surrounded with the best of plant food, and yet the plant
h^:
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220
CAIiE AXD CULTURE OF PL ANTS.
would starv«', ami if the spaces between the particles were filled
with water, there would he little oi)])oitunit^ for the develop-
ment and the circulation and absorption of this- ffaseous food.
The most favorable conditions are where the particles of soil are
kept constantly moist so that there is an immense surface of
water exj)osed for the absorption, and ample opportunity for the
cir; 'lation of air to hasten the production of this plant food.
In attempting to secure this condition, we must keeji in mind
that the amount of water passed through the plant is enormous,
but the quantity varies greatly, being many times larger when
the plant is in vigorous growth and exposed to the bright sun-
shine than when it is dormant or in a dull light. For these rea-
sons, it is impossible to give definite directions as to the precise
amount of water plants need; this can only be learned by expe-
rience, but a few hints may be of use. Aim ro have the soil
always moist, never wet or muddy; examine the plants every
day, but only water when it is needed.
In judging as to when water is needed, keep in mind the fact
stated above in regard to the amount the plant needs, varying
with its condition of growth, and also tliat the soil in a i)ot will
appear much wetter than it really is after a number of days of
dull, cloudy weather, and much dryer than it really is during a
igh% sunshiny day.
3 'ct &!iciuic>, 'I'bca.ic^, Siijiiiij. front cFro.it".
The most common and evident destroyer of !iouse plants is
the ureen fly, or aphis. They are green lice a little larger than
a pin head which gather in great numbers upon the fresh leaves
and shoots, and, puncturing the skin, suck up the sap, and thus
injure and sometimes destroy the plant. The only efl'ective way
to get rid of them when once established is to fumigate with
tobacco. If your husband and his friends do not do this for
you it may oe acconipiisbed by ieiiiuving the plauts io some
rwuK A. YD rff.r [■/:/■: of plaxts
221
uit 1 1 old carpet, a..l ihen setting :un..n- tlieru a disl, „f li J
-.als, on whh-h a handful -,r toba,v;iu..s be^n 1 i t , V ^"'
M , , . . ' ^^ ^"'^t It ^^ill smoulder but not
1=. e up, as tins is very injurious to the phnts. Ca e hou
• taken n.,, t.> create too dense a smoke L it nu.ht i ',' '
^"o^, 'r '''^-l-.-d Hoses, in so„.e conditions o ^ ovvtl
aie quite liable to injury in this way. «'^vvtJi,
Jied .^pufer.-mich less conspicuous than the fov,.er but
uith the naked eye, appearing like little reddisi: -rav specks
out which run rapidly about if disturbed. They li;e on the
.nder side of the leaves, but their work shows on the upper sur
!nHl H ""TTT f"^ ^^"''' "^"'^ ^'-^P'^'^' ^"^^^-« i" numbers
until the whole leaf is grey and then soon with-rs and dies
^liey delight in a hot, dry atmosphere, and the most effectual
preventive is to keep a pan of water ,>n the stove or furnace
and others sitting among the plants. Where they have gained
a loothold they may be dislodged by frequent syringing or
sprinkling with water; or better still, by r. crueful 'washing off
of each leaf with whale-oil soap suds and then thorough r sin<^
in clear water. ''
Malej/ hug, ^mZ..-The first looks like a l)it of cotton in the
angle of the leaf and stem, and of the second there are many
foms, all looking like a little scale, shaped something like the
shell of a turtle, and sticking tightly to the leaves or bark.
iJiey are mor,- commonly seen on hardwooded plants like the
Lemon, Oleander, Camellia, etc. They must be removed by
wasiung with whale-oil soap and then rinsing in water They
never appear on well cared for plants.
J/>7rfe^.- -Mildew appears as a result of want of ventilation
a draft of cold air, an insufficient or over sutit^Iv of wato. .. .f
unyrning which tends to decrease the vigor and strength of the
: i
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222
CAPE A\D CULTURE OF PLANTS.
plant. It is to be avoided by keeping plants in the most vigor-
ous condition, and may be clitcl^ed by ditsting the plants with
sulphur, applying it on a bright day and when the room is very
warm.
Treatment of plants wliicJi ham teen frozen. — If possible,
remove them before thawinu' out to a dark cellar, where they
may thaw out gradually and in the dark. In doing this, handle
them with t'.e greatest care; the least jar or motion while frozen
is very injurious. If not possible to move them, sprinkle imme-
diately with ice-cold water and protect them from the light and
direct rays of heat. If a portion of the jDlant is evidently killed
and there is hope that the root is alive, cut away the injured
portion immediately.
General 9ltaita<jeMtc»tt of cKou^e tCfant^.
Under this head v^e cannot do better than to quote from Mrs.
F. A. Benson, in Our (Continent:
"It is frequently asserted by amat.u^^ that a knack or
witchery is requisite to be successful with house plants, which
they do not possess. There are many persons who apparently
take little pains with their window gardens, yet their plants
thrive excellently and bloom throughout the season, while with
others who are continually fussing over the growth in their win-
dows, and perch? nee coddling it too persistently, the result will
be yellow leaves and never a tiov r. It is well to remember rliat
house plants are very much like infants — they are entirely
dependent for their well being u])(<n the j'nd/cioff.f care of thr -^
who nurse them. Ladies very often till their windows with fine
plants and then consign these to the tende^' mercies of the parlor
maid, with instructions to w.iter occasionally, and possibly to
give them a breath of fresh aii" once in a while. As a matter of
Course the poor things will become sickly and i):ne awaj, when
their owner will wonder 'what ails them.' and nrobablv declare
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
223
.ense, careful jadgment, and only a little attention are requi.it.
o liave window, lull of bloom and stands covered with healthy
tbnf ty plants Those who do not love them well enough, now!
ever, to give them personal care need not expect to keep them
in hrst niie condition. ^
fhaiit'iust erf '" """' '' P''^"'" ^^^^^ ^^^ P^-^^-- one
hat IS just entering upon its season of rest, when nature requires
It to remain dormant. If i, shows no inclination to put forth
new shoo: U there is to be do.e is to keep it clean and water
t modera.y. Frequently plants ar. nurcliased just as ^heir
tohage IS at maturity .hen within a snort time they will wither
and droop. This is particularly the case with Maiden Hair Ferns
which are the finest just before their fronds shrivel. V lady
brought to a florist the other day the most pitialne looking
Adnmtum. which she had pi.rchnsed but a week before, when
Its quivering, wiry stems hung luxuriant with green, la.y foil-
age She indignantl;- inquired if 'that was ihe kind of plants
he kept. Like many others selecting Adiardums she had
picked out one for its beauty, when just at its full maturity
\ery soon its leaves began to turn, when it drooped, and cer^
ainly presented a most .lejected appearanc Had its owner
»>ut cut off the lin.p fronds and bore patient, v with lier fern in
a few weeks it would have uncurled fresh fans ',f foliao.; to
tremble with e-ery wave of air. ""
"House i)lants are usualy kept too war:^^ A ten.perature
i.om :^r. degrees to 70 degrees is better than warnuv for the varie-
ties generally cultivated in windows. Give th.m air. but never
.■vpose to draught, which is disastrous. If f..,,, ^ir can be
■'<^n,>tted hroagli an a.ljoining room it is safer rli:u. W. op.u the
-mdow at rbe top. Never lift tiiem from the botto„. iu winter'
A.s a rule house plants s.;ffer from lack of moisture in tlie atmes^
Dhere: tins is ean^j^ioU,, *>..^ ...i ., . .
i x-.-.^.j -.iuv. v.iicro tiicic is iurnace heat and
J
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224
CARFJ AXn rrLTURE OF PLANTS.
gaslight. It is a very good plan to set pans of water on the
plant stand, and to fill the vases in the room with water. This
makes a healthier atmosphere for people as well as plants. It
is often the case that the only person in the house who will have
blossoms on her pl-ints will be the cook, whose windows will be
gay with roses and geraniums, because the steam from the boiler
and kettles will ju'ovide the desirable moisture.''
.'*: is highly important to keep the foliage of plants clean,
not alone for their beauty, but their health's sake. Wash the
leaves Inside as well as outside, as often as they are dusty. A
soft sponge and tepid water are the best for this purpose. To
polish Ivy leaves, or those of Palms and Rubber trees, use soft
tissue paper. It will make them like satin. Every day pick
off any dead leaves or twigs, as these but interfere with the
strength of those alive. Blossoms should not be left on too
long; they prevent others from forming in perfection. JVever
perm a bloom to wWier on the stem. Newspapers may be pinned
about plants when rooms are swept to protect them from the
dust. They can be shielded irom the cold In this way if the
tires get down on occasions of severe nights.
Stirring up the soil in pots will contribute to the well being
of plants. Care should be taken not to dig down too deep and
wound the roots. All blooming plants require sunlight; nearly
all foliage i^lantswill spindle and grow " white livered " without
this great invigorator. It may be readily determined when
plants need more light, as they become "drawn"— a term used
by horticulturists to denote the lengthening of stems seekino-
light. " "
^ropagati-.i. of '^'faut^ Ijif eiitt-imp.
With our first success in ])lant cu'.ture will come requests
from our friends for slips o^- plants like ours, and such requests
the true lover of flowers is always willing to gratify; so that a
knowledge of how to propagate or increase our plants is desirable.
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
225
Every vigorous brancli contaius plant food enough to sustain
some growth and development and the propagation of plants by
euttmgs depends upon the utilising of this scored food fo the
development of root. thu. convercing tne dependent branch
cutting must be in a vigorous condition and supplied with an
abundance o water in order to assist in the distribution o the
excess ot water or contact with decayi>:g vegetable matter is to
be avoided, as it tends to cause decay of the cuttings which
have much less power to overcome such tendency than wh n
they were connected with the parent plant
Gardeners have carefully prepared propagating beds, so
arranged that they can control the temperature,'not o^ly o 'tl^
air, but of the soil or sand in which the cuttings are plaL, and
can regulate it so that the soil is at all times a few degrees
warmer than the air above it. This bottoM keat, as it is cabled
has a marked influence in causing the development of roots and
where it can be maintained at a proper degree, success is almost
certain. But nearly as good success is reached by r.mateurs by
meansof much simpler arrangements. One of the best is the
lol owing: Secure a small pot, about three inches in diameter
and with thin walls of very porous cla>, dress out the hole in
the bottom until it can be easily dosed by a ]ong plug or
stopper which should reach to the top of the pot; secure
another pot at least three inches larger than the other and fill it
with pieces of broken pot until the smaller pot placed upon
fhem wid come about lialf an inch above the other
Place the smaller pot in the center, and fill the space around
It up to the lev^l of the outer pot with clean, sharp, j.lasterino-
sand. Before using, the saud should be washed in an abundance
o water so as to remove .-,11 tl,e vegetal^le mould, clay, lime or
other miDurifips JIM I'r Jc ,-.>..,. ;. _, .'- .
jg ' -^ :;!iir.ic.;ii; liiac IE ianuuid be per-
MWI
liil
ill '
:
226
CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.
fectly clean. Now select good vigorously-growing shoots which
have been fully exposed to the liidit, and make the slips or cut-
tings by cutting them off just below the second leaf. If the
plnnt hn.s two leaves on opposite sides of t'v stem, cut just below
the second pair of leaves. Cut off the lower leaf or pair close to
the stem, and, making a little hole in the sand with a pencil,
put it in so th It the bottom will slant in towards and almost
touch the inner pot. Press the sand firmly about the cutting and
add others if desired, the cuttings forming a ring around the
inner pot. This should then be tilled with warm water, and, as
often as convenient, let the cold water out of the pot by remov-
ing the plug from the hole in the l)ottom and refill with warm
water. If the whole can be covered with a bell-glass it will be
an advantage. As soon as they show by their growth that they
are rooted, the plants should be removed from the propagating
pot and set in soil.
A second and very popular method is the saucer system.
Common saucers are filled with clean, sharp sand, and the cut-
tings inserted close enough to touch each other; then water until
the water stands above the surface, and place the dish on the
window-sill in the bright sunshine. The sand must be kept con-
stantly saturated to insure success. If permitted to dry but for
a few moments, the cuttings will wilt and all the labor will be
lost. When using this method, the cuttings siiould be removed
to pots as soon as they have formed roots half an inch long.
?1o-»5..^n^ry^^^^^^^
■.-.-<-'^_.,,. /;.
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§m of i^^'^^?^^^
|NE of the most attractive and ! ous embellishments
of the home, one ^^hich, m to the presence of
flowers, most gladdens and makes the heart throb, is
found in that ever-welcom.^ songster— the canary
No home is now considered complete until tliis little
visitor has taken up its abode in the window-garden
or some quiet nook, and we propose to devote a few
pagvs to the proper treatment of this, the most attractive of all
domestic pets.
' Of first importance to those who propose to keep canaries is
the selection of proper cages. Tlie cages in general use are alto-
gether 111 adapted to comfort, being open to the air at every
point, and admitting a succession of draughts from moinino- (i[]
nigl.t.^ The brass open-barred cages, with sliding doors, no^w so
nuich in vogue, should be avoided, as water lodging on tlie brnss
: •' •- jvxii.^ - - -
O'*-
i CiiL*.
uua, wnen ihi^s is tasted, produces sometimes
22 S
CARE OF CANARIES.
a sudden death. The best cage is made Iroiii mahogany and
wire. It should be about thirteen inches long, eleven inches
liigh, and eight inches deep, having tha top, back, and one of
the sides of wood and the other side and front of tinned wire-
work, so as to admit tlie air and at the same time exclude a
drauglit. The cage inside should be painted white. A long,
scpuire, but narrow perch should run from end to end, about ;he
center of the cage; and a second of a similar kind, directly
behind the two tin pans inserted at the front of the cage, one on
either side, to hold the seed. In the middle of the wire-work,
at the front, let tliere be a hole sufficiently large to admit the
bird's head while drinking. By having two perches only, the
bird's feet will be kept clean and he will have plenty of room
for exercise, without injuring his plumage.
In addition to the water supplied in the tin, it is always
expedient to have a square earthenware hath, fitted in a mahog-
any frame, ready for use.
Breeding- cages for canaries are required of larger propor-
tions. The top and sides should be made of wood, the front of
strong tin wire. Thi'ee or four perches should run across the
cage, and a little chamber, or rather one large chamber divided
into two, should be made immediately under the top of the cage
to hold the nest-boxes; in front of these should be circular holes,
to give ingress and egress to the birds; and behind, in the side
of the cage, doors by which you can yourself get access to them.
Beneath the nest-boxes should be a small cage separated by
wires from the larger one, "his is for the young birds after
they liavf left the nest. A distinct apartment of this kind is
rendered necessary by a habit which the old birds have of pluck-
ing oif ib'i feathers of their young to line the nest for their next
brood. The arrangements for food and. drinking water should
be the same as in the inner cage; but breeding birds will not
reauire .hi' bath. The wires of r i .t^s should not be painted; the
Birds are known to be oU that have blackish, rourfi scale,
on their feet, utid strong, long claws. A line, rich, dear hi khv
mealy hen, paired with a healthy, clear, yellow c;ck, » bo h ar^
bred iron, clear yellow stock, will prodnce hands^e jonZ
birds. There are two classes of clear canaries, of a darker or
lighter shade of color, designated by the syn;nymo„s tel,
gCrn:st:r':""' ^°"^"^ ™^ ""-''- °-«^ -'^ »"'"™^
To match birds of the same nest for breeding is considered
una. visable as it will in every respect weaken tlfem. To S
crested birds, if one has a fine crest mntnV, it ,
Good birds may also be obtained ty Cg t "prnfhra
somely pied and the other clear yellow or niealv. cTnL mon'
colored birds are to be obtained by matching a ieen maTand
clear yellow or mealy female, or the reverse. ^Some perTons pa"r
their birds the alter end of February; others a month ate
add a little moist sugar to the bread and egg until the hen lZ
commenced laying, as i, wi„ prevent her betming Jgl^lIZd
(general' 'CSrcafmcnf.
In winter canaries shouhl „„r be allowed to remain in a coi.l
■on,; ,„ summer it is proper to allow them fresh air vvlh'
'licy enjoy, and ,n the light and heat of the s,r, thev si ,, . '
""" '-'>-•. "■ « ■■'■- -Hi :. lively sit,,,,, , l ?! W ,
•ourbi,,lsin.sp„.it„an,l heahh: ,.,„ I,,,,,,. „r p,„ei„„ ,Lm
.Iraughts, as m„„y bi,.as ,.o,„raot col.ls, as,h,„a, an,l otli,; ,
f,...
4.1.
M
230
CARE OF CANARIES.
HI:
Cleanliness heiri<,^ a great preservative against most of tlieir
disorders, ;it the l)ottom of the cage a false t)ott()ni should be
made so as to draw out, that it may tli- easier be cleaned and
covtM-ed with sifted gravel or sand; some persons recommend
sea-sand, tlie saline i)roperties of which are considered good.
Keep the birds' feet clean, and freshwater should be given them
eveiy chiy. The cages and l)irds must be kept free from vernun;
examine the crevices and cracks of your cages, and if you find
vermin, i-emove the birtl and wash the cage with a mixture of
tobacco and sulphur placed in boiling soap and water; should
the bird have any parasites, syringe him daily with this mixture
when cool, and while the "oird is damp sprinkle over him Scotch
snuflf. In the course of a week he will be free from insects. If
a piece of old mortar and plenty of gravel are kei)t at the bot-
tom of the cage, it will aid in keeping the birds healthy.
Canaries should not be put up for breeding too early in the
season. When the nests are made, the hens soon commence
laying. A canary lays, on the average, from two to five eggs,
and the time of sitting is thii-teen days. If three days after-
wards any of the eggs remain as they were, remove them with a
warm hand and place them gently in some water. If they are
alive, you will then, by watching, see 3'^me evidences of the
fact, and must tenderly replace them; if you do not, they may
be destroyed.
When birds are sitting, it is not desirable that they should
wash themselves all over, but it should be remembered that the
canary loves a bath, anu that she should be judiciously indulged
in this way.
^ German canaries are the most delicate, and, in our capricious
climate, are not long livers; it is not well, therefore, to use them
for breeding ])urposes. The I^elgian birds are largo, give a
healthy stock, and are most solicitous in attending to the wants
of their offspring.
CARE OF CAXARIES.
.
1?>\
The rnarenalsfor ne.t-building can be purchased of the deal-
ers but before usiug they should be freed from dust and dirt
and wel washed in clean hot water to destroy any vermin ]";
may be lurking therein. ^^
Should the parent bird neghrt to feed the young-a result
which sometimes follows pairing at the wrong time ^f year
n.m pan.ng birds before they are old enough-procure': "e
o stale wheaten bread, the best; grate, and nnx with L,me
bruised and scalded rape-seed and a small portion from the yolk
and .covei the cage up to exclude draughts. Feed with this
preparation every quarter of an hour, using, by way of spoo^
the finely pointed end of a short stick. Occasic^nali; let a drop
or two of water fall into their open beaks ^
Young birds unless neglected by the old birds, should not
be removed unt. they are five weeks old, and their food should
be very gradually changed. Afterwards keep them in a warm
room, and within hearing of a good songster. During breeding
yx3U must not pry too closely into the proceedings of your birds
When It IS found either desirable or necessary to feed the young
birds by hand, they should be removed from the nest when they
are about eight or nine days old.
The average duration of a canary's life, in a state of celibacy
IS from sixteen to twenty years; but when kept for breeding it
will last scarcely half as long.
In feeding your birds see that the canary-seed is large and
glossy and the rape or flax-seed large and new; and in mixing
them together, use the two last in smaller proportions. Give a
very little bruised hemp-seed occasionally. Great care should
be taken with the food while breeding. Birds should have green
food occasionally but not too often; and for this purpose it
shoul le gathered dry and given fresh. It is cruel to keen a
^' ' -nan »ighi oi such u lempting luxury as
l-l
m
1f
% I
f
n
C'^/^A' 0/^ CANARIEb.
green food, and yet neglect to gratify liini now and then with a
gatliep '1 l-"',r.
^^ , ; le in the liabit of letting yonr biids loose, to fly
ab' it the room or in the aviary, and want to cateh them, use a
circular hoop-net of stout string, made deep and fastened on a
wire hoop attached to a pole about six feet long — not less. By
the skillful nse ol '/lin iK.f, you may secure the bird without
destroying the beauty of its plumage.
The canary is generally a very tame bird, and if made a pet
of, will acquii-e or may be taught many amusing little tricks,
expressive of his appreciation of your love, and consequent
attachment. Of all birds, he is the least shy and suspicious.
Canaries will sometimes acquire the liabit of picking out their
small feathers and thus disfiguring themselves. The only way
of combating this habit is by suspending a counter attraction
for them to pick at — such as a piece of packthread saturated
with sugar and water, and hanging nearly us low as the perch.
Sltoufting.
When a canary moults in July or August, according to the
warmth or coldness of the season, all you need do is to keep
him quiet and free from draughts. Feed him with a very small
quantity of raw beef, scraped and moistened with water, once a
week, and occasionally a little of the yolk of a hard-boiled e^g,
with now and then a piece of sponge-cake, and ripe chickweed
in full flower.
As birds are attacked with various diseases, we enumerate
the following symptoms: — Placing their heads under their wings;
lowering their wings: their feathers becoming bristled, uiicom-
pact. or loose: a cough, whine, or moan, as if they were in pain;
panting in their bi'eatliing, <>tc. Great negligence is often dis-
Dlaved in not, immediately they appear unwell, administering in
CARE OF CAXAJi/FS.
283
their f,K,a or water such medicines as are essential to their cure
In al cases wliere milk is administered in warm weather, remove
It before it becomes acid.
Asthma -Tim disease arises from neglected colds, exposure
;> draughts, or from the birds being kept in very hot rooms
He symptom is a gasping as if for breath. Pure mild aT and
salutary food may in this case benefit, but it is seldom cured
Chickweed, groundsel, or watercress, will sometimes ease the
bird, lettuce and endive leaves are also recommended Castor
oil, with fresh milk and bread, sulphur in the seed, and a small
quantity of camphor in the water, are given to bi;ds suff^":!!
from this complaint. ^
Consu7nption, or decline. -Mvov\iy is the form this disorder
sometimes assumes in its earlier stages, produced from impure
air or improper food. In addition to their ordinary food, give
millet-seed, a little fresh milk and bread, watercress, or chick-
weed; place in the water a small piece of camphor, and in the
seed a small quantity of sulphur occasionally.
Epilepsy. -T\ii^ disease exhibits itself in sudden fits The
readiest method of treating is to syringe the bird well with water
bome persons h ^ recourse to cutting the bird's toe-nail until it
bleeds.
Ulcers.-lf soft ulcers arise on the head or other parts
anoint them with sw. et or olive oil. Tumors require opening
and draAvmg. i" » "^
Giddincss.-^ome birds, that have been in cages open at the
top acquire the habit of twisting their heads and necks so far
t)ack as to overbalance themselves. When fliis is the case
reinrn-^ fheiu to covered cages, or place a dark covering over the
toj) of the cage.
Baldvess.-^lxonU your canary become bald about flie he-id
or ne.k, an.l ])e given to moping, tli.re is no doubt that he h-is
f»
xiiioii rises rroiii ii..- i)ini i)eing fed on bad seed.
fp
2;{4
CA HE ; ' f'A \A HIES.
or uniipc green food, ciiusing :i humor of an acrid nature to
exude from the skin. Wash the biid's head niglit and mornin"
in salt and water, drying it with a soft clean cloth. Then nii> in
on the hahl places a little lard or fresh butter. Pepeat these
operations for a week. This will cure the disorder, and in the
spring the feathers will again begin to appear.
J/its/ciness.—\V]um this disorder is detected the bird sh,)uld
be kept warm and free from draughts. Its food should consist
of finely-scraped beef, mixed with hard-boiled yolk of egg, with
a lirtle cold water to dilute. Before giving this, i)ut some b^viled
milk into the drinking glass; do this for two days and then ^-^ive
the piepared meat.
•t^^
!t?*?+ff»4HH»*MJ>4«M»«4JU
EUUL'i:u:i^Li;L;BEEBEEBaBEULr:ECEEEEtEEE^L^EKELVkSS
N tlie preceding pages we have mentioned numer-
ous varnishes, compounds, etc., which tHe opera-
tor may find difficult to purchase. Some of them
being expensive and frequently impure, we give
the recipes for making the most important of
these, so they may be made at a trifling expense,
and used while pure and fresh.
Take three ounces of fir-balsam, two ounces of ninetv-five per
cent alcohol, and one ounce of rectified spirits of t.u-pentine
Shake well together. Strain, if requisite, and it is ready for use.'
Spirits Sanbazac ^atui^Pt.
Six ounces of pulverized sandarac. two ounces of pulverized
shellac four ounces of pulverized resin, four of turpentine,
thirty-two onncs of nlcohol. Let the vessel you ^lake it in b^
surrounded with warm water gradually made .:or When -ill
the gums are dissolved, strain, and i' a few days it will be ready
ZiM
p
236
VALUABLE RECIPES.
for use. Tills is good for var sliing anything tiiat is wanted to
dry quickly.
To six ounces of fir-balsam add twelve of rectified spirits of
turpentine, shake well together, strain if requisite, and it is
ready for use. This is good for transferring engravings, and
holds the ink firmly. It is sometimes used for varnishing maps,
engravings, etc.
Dissolve (without heat) six ounces of b'niised mastic in twelve
ounces of rectified spirits of turpentine; when dissolved, strain
it into another bottle, cork it and pla'-e where the t'ln will strike
it. After a time there will be a preripitatf, and the clear por-
tion may then be put in another bottle. This is good for maps
and engravings.
Take an opaque color and mix it witli a very weak solution
of gum water. The opaque colors best for this purpose are
Indian red, yellow ochre, chronie yellow, and white. AVlien
mixed, coat it over thin drawing paper with :) fiat brush; when
dry it is ready for use. It u very serviceable to transfer your
sketch made on the tracing paper. For oil pictures, for ■iistance,
when you have made your sketch on the transparent tracing
paper, place your transfer paper the coloi side to face the can-
vas. Fit on your trac*' and nrirk all your drawing with a bone
tracer or with the point of a shar])ened ])encil stick, when a very
legible outline will be transferred to the canvas of whatevei color
your ti-;nisft>i' ]>ape'- is. Of course you will choose acolur that
will show, (^ln'oiiif or yellow ochie shows quite sufficiently on
light color<'(l cMi'vas. Aft<'i' ii'ino\ iim; your paper it is well to
mark over on your cjinvas with lead i)encil.
VALUABLE RECIPES.
■2;!:
Ill making the trraisler paper be careful not to put too much
gum m, or the color will not leave so .reely as is requisite for
tracing
Get a sheet of fine tissue paper and rub it all over thinly with
clarihed linseed oil, when it will be quite transparent; Iuuk'^ it up
to dry; it takes some time to dry, but it must bt allowed to dr
thoroughly before using it, or it may spoil the picture or engrav-
ing you trace from. With this kind of tracing paper, being
transparent, you liave merely to place it over pictures or engrav-
ings, and with a lead pencil mark over your ^Unwin- with a
steady hand. °
This recipe has never before been gimn, although large sums
hate repeatedly been offered for the secret. All other recipes
are worthless, and no other preparation will stand the test of
time as this has done.
Take one ounce of pure Venice terpentine, mix well with
two ounces of pure spirits of turpentine, warm in a large bottle
In another bottle put four ounces of best iir-bulsam (it viust be
pure) with two ounces of ninety-five per cent, alcohol, shake
each bottle frequently for six hours or more, then mix both
preparations in tlie large bottle. The whole should staud in a
warm place for several days before usino-
To one gallon of alcohol add six ounces of gnm sandn-ac
three ounces of gum mastic, one-lialf ounce turpentine vainish,'
put all in a tin can and in a warm place, occnsionallv sliaking
Twelve days or so will dissolve the gums, strain and it is ready
or use. This varnish is good for any kind of wood work, vio-
lins, etc.
\
^kti
238
VAL UABLE RECIPES.
'iSti.tpcnliiic *^\Ttni,>ri.
To one gallon of oil of tiirpentini. add live pounds of pow-
dered resin, boil for thirty minutes, strain it; when cold "t is lit
for use.
^Icclpe for S'llafiuv^ ^^^^^ Sice.
Take one pint of boiled oil and three-quarters of a pound of
litharge, boil them together for three hours, occasionally stirring
it lip, when cold let it settle for a few days, pour off the clear
liquid and it is ready for use.
'{go efca.v eab.;vet 'Wozh.
An excellent method is, in the first place, to saturate the sur-
face with pure olive oil, and then aj)ply a solution made by
dissolving gum arable in boiling alcohol. This will give to the
furniture a most brilliant appearance.
Another mode is to dissolve a pound and a half of po'ash in
a gallon of hot water, then add a i^ound of virgin wax, and after
boiling it for half an hour allow it to cool and the wax wall rise
to rhe surface. Put the wax into a mortar and work it with a
marble pestle, adding soft water until it becomes of the consist-
ency of soft paste. Lay this on the furniture and rub it care-
fully, when dry, with a woolen rag, and a beautiful brilliancy is
soon obtained.
Take two drachms of isinglnss. moisten it with water, and
let it stand until softened; add as much proof spirit as will
rather more than cover it, and dissolve with ;i moderate heat.
Take one drachm of gum mastic and dissolve it in two and a half
drachms of rectified spirits Mix tlie two solutions and stir in
one draclun of gum ammoniacum. in a fine powder and rubbed
down with a little water. Kfi'p it in a Ix^ttle ^iizlitly corked.
When required for use, put the bottle in warm water and ajiply
'-1
1*4 ; ,
Sh»
I
si loiiKi l.a>e !,««,, p,vv,o„sly warmed. Use a very tl.in layer
Th« «;ment is easily kept aad is very useful. ^
Poplar, or white wood, may be made to assume the appear
anoe „f the flnest .„ack walnut by treating as foUo,^:: 'tZ.'
oughly dry and warn, the wood, and coat once or twice with a
strong aqueous solution of extract of walnut peel. When half
dned the wood is brushed with a solutici compounded of one
part, by wetght, „f bichromate of potassa in Hve parts of boii™.!
"ater, and, after drying thoroughly, is rubbed and polished
To stain wood red, take tuo ounces of Brazil wood and stir
up well ,n a quart of water; add two ounces of potash and t
tand in a warm place for several days. When read v to ue
w '-11 'the' ""'". 'f"? ''''' '''' -^'^'''y -^^^ ^ ^-^ to tl;
nzsh 1 ' 1 '^"^"V •'^'' '' '^^^^ ^^ '^'^^'^^-^^ -th another
biush dipped HI a solution of alum and water, brush over the
>tash. To stain wood Mack use a decoction of .ogwood and
(lien brush over with good biack ink.
All light woods may be dyed by immersion, a fine crimson
■s ni .de as follows: Tahe one pound of ground B, ,.il ^::aZ
m three quarts of water, add one-half , . of cochineal
ana aga.u boil for the same length u' time. The wood sh.uld
be P,>ar wo,,d or Sycamore.
_ T<. .stain wood purj.le, take one pouna of ' ,^.uood chips soak
m three quarr.s of water, boil wel! Ur- nn hour, and add four
ounces imkiv] ash and two ounces powdered indigo
.1
240
VALUABLE RECIPES.
To stain wood blue, i)Ut one jjound of oil of vitriol in a glass
bottle, in which there are four ounces of indigo; lay on the same
as black. A fine green: Three pints of the strongest vinegar,
four ounces best powdered verdigris (poison), one-half ounce sap
green, one-half ounce indigo. A bright yellow may be stained
with aloe; the whole may be varnished or polished.
To improve the color of any stain, mix in a bottle one ounce
of nitric acid, half a teaspoonful of muriatic acid, a quarter of
an ounce of grain tin, and two ounces of rain water; mix two
days before using and keep the bottle well corked.
-g»Ei*
n
^1
.'I ^
^C^-" V ^yj -^^
^^JM
M
^iCl^ORx^
/.
i^toi'il of Canada.
^iirvg'jm" '^"iaKB^ir
By Prof. H. A. FORD.
|hE Dominion of Canada comprises the whole of
iiritish America north of the United States
except NeAvfoundland, to which are attached for
governmental purposes, the island of Antico.fi
II \j , 1— I.WV.V.O, Ln^ laiuiiu oi Anticosfi
^"^S^^^ ^"^ ^ P''^^^' «f Labrador. The subdivisions of the
CL^PJ) Dommion are the provinces of Ontario. Quel..,-
Island British r'l ^;""«"^^^' ^^^-- ^-tia, Prince E<lw.rd
Island Biitish Columbia, and Manitoba, with the Distri.r of
Keewatm and the Northwest Territories. Newfoundland wi
Ir iter "' "'" "^^^^^^^^^^ i«- ^'- confederation sooner
The total area of the Dominion is 3.470.302 square miles
includmg an estimated surface of 100.000 snunre mile foT flu'
Arctic islands attached to the Northwest Terrir:.!: It i
vast country, stretching from its southernmost point in Lake
243
J
-1
2-14
IllSlOJir OF CAIiADA.
Erie, wt 41 :?() north latitude, to an indetiaite line beyond the
An^tic (Circle, and from f)cean to orean.
The population of the Dominion, by the census of 1881,
exclusive of the Northern Indians, was 4,324,810. In 1871 tliere
were ;3,9()(;,81U— 1,082,1)40 French, 846,414 Irish, 706,369 Eng-
lisli, 549,946 Scotch, 202,991 German, 29,622 Dutch, 23,035
Indians, 21,496 African, 7,773 Welsh, 2,962 Swiss, 1,623 Scandi-
navians, 1,035 Italian, 879 Spanish, 607 Russians, 125 Jews, and
89 Greeks. The number of Indians officially reported in 1877
was 99,650.
The capital of the Dominion is Ottawa, formerly Bytown, a
city of 30,000 people, pleasantly situated on the banks of the
Ottawa river, at the mouth of the Rideau, ninety-seven miles
above the St. Lawrence.
Ontario, formerly known as Upper Can?.d?'., r>r Canada
West, is the principal province of the Dominion in population
as well as commercial and political importance, and contains the
Dominion capital. It covers 101,733 square miles, lying on the
north side of the upper St. Lawrence and of Lakes Ontario,
Erie, Huron, and Superior. It is bounded on the west by Lakes
St. Clair, Huron and Superior, and the District of Keewatin; on
the northwest and north by the Northwest Territories; on the
east by the province of Quebec. Its north line reaches the par-
allel of 50° 30', its west line the meridian of 90° 30'; extreme
length from southeast to northwest, about 750 miles; from
southwest to northeast, 500 miles. Most of the northern half is
still a wilderness. The province has a magnificent water front
of about 3,000 miles, with many excellent harbors. Minor
inland lakes of some importance .'ire Simcoe, Nipissing, and
Nipigon; smaller bays than the great Georgian are Nottawa-
saga, Long Point, Builington, ^nd Quinte, and Owen Sound.
Besides the lordly St. Lawrence, the jtrovince has the Ottawa
Ih
IILSTOnV OF CANADA.
245
(which nio.st'y sepamtes it from Quebec^ witl. nnr,,
taries, the Prenc-h, Severn, Gran\ Til ' V" 'nT'TH ."h""
rivera, beside, the Nia«.,., Detroit, St C Sr Ina 's Mai r
uponwhtch, aaon.he St. Lawrence and the great lakefjuri^'
diction of the waters is shared with the United States
Ontario had a population in 1881 of 1 •)■)) ■»« „, ,
627,202 were Irish, m,.m English, 3^ Ji ' 'cl^ ', ^X"™
Geman, 102,743 French, 22,103 Dutch, 0,397 WelsL Wm
Indians, and ,2,007 Africans. In 1791 it had about mm
inhabitants; in 1821, 122,710; 1830, 210,437; 1839 407 "iV ]K4^
723,292; isol, 9fl2,«,4; 1861, 1,390,09 ; 1871 1 0208^ iff;
subdivided into forty.nine coun.ie; w^ich conS e e%h "
four electora or representative districts. Its capital is To^„ r
with a population in 1871 of 60,092, and in 188, of 80 "n
Unhke 11^ neighboring sister, Quebec, the province has a
mimber of other large cities and towns, as Ottawa Kin'sL
Hamilton, London, Brantford, St. Catharine's, Bel lerile Ind
Guelph. Twenty-four Senators and ei..htv eio-ht r„T
represent it in the Dominion P>n-n.rnJt7,:?^re^:ZZZ
all the provinces in the Dominion Parliament win be mlt nallJ
inc eased as soon as the new apportionment is made mln the
basis of the cen.sus of 1881. ' ' ""*
QoEHEo is the nrovincp f.f ti,.i TA .„• •
as Lower Canada, or C n"l E fsr Tuh" ?™"^^' '"^'""'^^^^^
populated, excepi on a C a ^ ^ " o/ 1 e^sTir "'^ '""^'^^
empire in size, coverino- is^ r«cf !" ^'^^^''^"^^' '^ ^^ ^n
to U .,n' 4. "^"^f^""- 188,68b square miles of area from 4'.^
to .>3 .W of north latitude, and 57^ 8' to 70° 30' of lon"^ i
west from Greenwioh Thoxr .i /L '"^ ''^ •^'' or Ion<;itude
bound it on r? ;, ^'^"''''^^''^^^^^'•"^ories and Labrador
on the nst the U I nt I"'"" ''^"^^ '''' '''''' '' ^'- ^— "-
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246
HISTORY OF CANADA.
Unlike the latter province, it occupies both shores of the St.
Lawrence, whicli is its chief inland water, whose navigation has
been improved by a splendid system of ship canals, at a cost of
many millions of dollars. The province has a coast line along
the Gulf of 1,104 miles. There are many tine lakes in the
Northeastern wilderness, but none of them large except the St.
John, about thirty miles long by twenty-five broad, lying one
hundred and twenty miles north of Quebec city. The Saguenay
and St. Maurice are principal rivers on the north of the St.
Lawrence; the Chateaugay, the Richelieu or St. John's, the
St. Francis, and the Chaudiere, those to the southward.
In 1871 the province had a total population of 1,191,516, the
vast majority (929,817) of French origin, with 123,478 Iiish,
09,822 English, 49,458 Scotch, 7,963 German, and 148 African,
besides less than 7,000 Indians. The census of 1881 found
l,:r)9,027. The old province in 1070 had 8,415; in 1734, 37,252;
1770, 91,078; 1780, 127,845; 1827, 423,378; 1831, 511,920; 1844,
690,782; 1851, 890,201; 1801, 1,111,566. There are sixty-one
electoral districts. Quebec is the capital, and the strongest,
most important military position in the New World. Montreal
is the only other lai-ge city, strange to say. Three Rivers, the
next largest city, having in 1881 a census of but 9,290 people.
Most of the inhabitants speak French, and the public laws ire
printed in both French and English. Nearly all of them are
also Roman Catholics. The representation in the Dominion
Parliament is twenty- four Senators and sixty-live members of
the House of Commons.
Ni^w Bkixswick is one of the smaller, but not least import-
ant, provinces of tho Dominion. It has 27,174 square miles — a
little larger aiea than Scotland — lying between Quebec and
Maine on the west, Quebec and the V>ay of Chaleurs on the
north, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strnit on
BISTORT OF CANADA.
"ll
247
I
the ea«t, and the Bay of Fundy and i\ova Scotia on the south
It« coast line measures 54.) miles, upon which St. John is the
chief harbor Here debouches the river St. John, a fino stream
of 4.50 miles length, forming in part the boundary of the United
States and the Dominion. Fifty-six miles from its mouth is
smiated Predericton, the capital of the province. There are no
other cities of size in New Brunswick. In 1784 the population
was 11,457; m 1824, 74,176; 1834, 119,457; 1840, 156 162- 1801
3,800; 1861, 252,047; 1871, 285,594, including l,4of Indians'-
881, 321.2.33. Much of the interior is rocky and infertile, but'
there are dense belts of population along the coast and in the
valley of the St. John. New Brunswick has twelve Senator!
and sixteen Commoners in the Dominion Parliament.
Nova Scotia ("New Scotland") is yet smaller than New
Brunswick, comprising only the peninsula of Nova Scotia
(16,9..6 square miles) and the closely neighboring island of Cape
Breton (4, 77.o) covering a total of 21,731 square miles. It I
however, much more thickly settled than New Brunswick'
EnX^hl - population of 440,572, mostly of Scotch and
English origin. Inhabitants in 1784, not far from 20 000- 1806
67,515; 1817, 91,913; 1827, 142,578; 1838, 208,237; 185r2;6 854
Hanfa''''^^. '''\ '"'r- ^'^ "^''^^ ^-- and tapor Is
Halifax, which IS also the capital and a strong military post
Eighteen counties occupy the province, with a Parliamentary
(Dominion) representation of twelve Senators and twenty-one
Commoners. It is nearly surrounded by water, only an Isthmus
of fourteen miles width connecting it with New Brunswick-
and he coast line is 1,160 m:ies long, without reckoning the
countless indentations of t],e land. A large lake, called Bras
d Or, covers about one-sixth of the surface of Cape Sreton
248
HISTORY OF CANADA.
Prince Edward Island, the smallest of the provinces, was
called lale St. Jean (St. John) by the French, buc after the
English occupation it was changed to its present name, in honor
of Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. Until
1873 it declined to enter the confederatioi^. It lies in the south
part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, separated by the Strait of
Northumberland from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with a
length of one hundred and thirty miles and breadth varying
from four to thirty-four. Area, 2,133 square miles. Population
in 1841, 47,034; 1S4&, 62,478; 1861, 80,857; 187'., 94,021; 1881,
108,891. Most of the people are farmers, but extensive fisheries
are carried on. Counties, three. Capital, Charlottetown, a
seaport of about 10,000 inhabitants. Representation in Domin-
ion Parliament, four Senators and six Commoners.
Manitoba, long known as the Red River or Selkirk Settle-
ment, from the Earl of Selkirk, who colonized a large tract on
both sides of the Red River in 1812, is the only province of the
Dominion north of the United States boundary of 49°, except
British Columbia. It occupies a fertile tract of 123,200 square
miles between the United States and Lake Winnepeg and the
Saskatchewan, the Ontario boundary on the east and longitude
101° 30'. It was erected as a province by the Dominion Parlia-
ment in 1870, with four great counties, and allowed a represen-
tation of two Senators and four members of the lower House.
The population of the region in 1823 was about 600; in i843,
5,143; 1849, 5,291; 1856, 6,523; 1871, 12,228; 1881, 65,954. The
opening of a railway from the United States into the province,
with the extraordinary fertility of its soil, has induced a rapid
growth of late years. Capital, Winnipeg, formerly Fort Garry.
British Colt^mria became a province of the Dominion in
1871. It includes the former Britisli Columbia in part, and also
J
ll
BISTORT OF CANADA.
249
were 20,000 immigrants the next year In 1S71 fl,„ „
contained 10,580 people-^,«0 whur 1,548 CWnet a";'4"S
toba and British Colnmhin tI ^^^^''' ^^^^^^ ^^^i"
inland waters I'd wZn 3 I^^^^^ %^^^^' ^^^^^^ «^
end of the yyorldr -coverL tlth ^^^
Keewatin, an area of Tf^7'o% ^ '^''*'' ^''''^°^« ^°d
this tract' wl:ra^KlrBars,,^r"a:'; "™
^^t^a -tf rr -af r ^n--' -" --^^
consideration „V £3oo 000 Vr " V^' °°"''"'''" ''" ^
its existence and „r;,T' T''V™P™y. how_..r, maintains
ui ci ^leutenant-tTOvernor and rnimr.;! ..t ♦•
--Ci, •l"^i,e!" Zir:l ^^m^ir Th?f1
^n.pot.tant place, ho.eve, has heen Vo-U Fa^c^y^ron 'tlsr:
Kkewatix fa cornipHon of "Keewivnin " th^ ni •
™,.d W„o,.th„.est „ind„ „a „ BirtH^'lrth'Ind'r^^
I
I!
2r)()
IIISTOIiY OF C.iXADA.
Manitoba, extt-nding to Ontario. Tt was organized from the
Xortliwest Territorit's, by act of the Dominion Parliament,
October 7, 187G, and comprehends 39."),()(X) square miles, bounded
on the south by the United States, east by Ontario, west by the
Northwest Territories, and north by Hudson's Bay. Rich r, liver
mines on the north shore of Lake Superior have brought ir;
many miners, and a large Icelandic immigration is populating
the rich country west of Lake Winnipeg. The eastern terminus
of the Canada Pacific Railway has been fixed at Fort William,
on the Kaministiquia river.
Newfoundland, provision for whose admission into tlie
Dominion is made in the act of confederation, is a large island
of 370 by 290 miles, with an area of 40,200 square miles, at the
mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Population in 1809
146,536; 1874, 161,486. Chief town and capital, St. John's!
Labrador, along the coast from Cape Chudleigh to Bhmc
Sablon, with 120,000 square miles and 5,000 people, including
4,000 Esquimaux, was attached to Newfoundland for go ern-
mental purposes in 1809; also the island of Anticosti, ir- the
Gulf, a barren tract of 2,500 square miles and a population in
1871 of 102. The rest oi the old Labrador has been transferred
to the Dominion, and divided between Quebec snd the North-
west Territories.
|HE first men of European stock lo see, and no doubt
to visit, the coasts of Ouiada, were the Northmen
from Greenland. Their first recorded voyages to the
southward were in 98G, under Bjarne Herjulfson, and
^ in 1001, under Leif Erickson, wlio went ashore some-
where on the Labrador coast, and explored it for a long
distance A few years later a colony was planted in Nev, En.-
^and, and the country called Vinland, from the abundance of
vvi d giapes found. By this name some of the old maps desi-
nate a vast tract extending far into the present Canada There
IS evidence, indeed, that the Icelanders and Norwegians planted
colonies about the same time in Newfoundland and No Js o 'a
but none of them, nor that further south, became permit'
Colnmbn r. ' ^''''" ^^""^''^ ^^^'' *^« f^e«^ ^^i^covery by
VeneTianl 1 ' T ''' ''^' '' J^^' '^^'^ '^^^ ^abot, a
Lbas^n ^iVhV." ?°^'"' "^^^^^' — Panied by his ^on
of Bet iLle'^^^^^ land m Labrador, probably near the Straits
lid He In "'' " '''' discoverer of the American main-
land. He also saw an island, which he called St John •nid is
presumed to have been Newfoundland or Prince Edwird lli
Lpon he return of Sebastian Cabot the next year, he unmis-
takably reached the Newfoundland shores, and'coa ted fa^to
Fast India and China, and thence went home
261
i
iff
2r>2
niSTOnV OF CANADA.
Tn moo (.amf3 the Poit.icruese Gaspai- de Cortereiil from Lis-
bon fo Lahiatlor, whit-li lie named Terra \'erde, or the Green
Land. Cabot had railed It Prima \'ista, or the First View
Cortereal entered the Gulf of St. Liiwrence, and probably landed
heie, .since he bore away and sold into captivity lifty-seven
native.s, whose description lits well what is known of the Indians
of Acadia. He met his own deserved fate the next year, when
he a-ain set sail with his slave-ships for America, but was never
more heard from.
Four years afterwards (if not before Cabot, indeed) the
hardy Basque and Breton mariners made a beginning of the
since magnificent fisheries on the Newfoundland Banks. The
island of Cape Breton, now a part of Nova Scotia, is named
from the latter. Newfoundland was at first named Baccalaos,
then the local word for codfish. The French were now at the
front of exploration in this quarter. In 1006 Denys of Honfieur
pushed into, explored, and made a rude map of the Gulf. Into
it also sailed Aubert of Dieppe, two years af^er. Ten years
more (1518), and the first serious attempt— only an attempt-
was made by the Baron de Lery to plant a colony. He left
some horses and cattle on Sable Island; and that is about all
that came of it.
In ir)24 John da Verrazzano, a Florentine fexploring for
France, came up the coast from the North Carolina way, where
he had first sighted the continent. He sailed to 5()° north
latitude, and then away. He discovered nothing important;
but made his voyage memorable by giving the entire country he
had coasted the since-renowned name of New France, and to the
French King a claim of dominion over all.
At last, in 1534, forty-two years after Columbus landed and
thirty-seven after Cabot found Labrador, came the hero of
Canada's earliest history, Jacques Cartier, or Quartier, as the
old French historians style him. He was a native of St. Malo,
mSTORV OF CANADA.
2r,;}
b(..n in l.-i(.(), became a bold and .skillful pilot, and was now sent
by King Francis 1. to push disrove,!.. lor Franrc in tiie Aew
n orld. He reached and named Cape Bona Vista, on the New-
foundland coast, May 10, and piesently rested in St. (Jatheriiu^'s
Haven, five leagues so4theastward. Thence he skirted a good
part of what is still caUed the French shore, passed the Hdle
Isle Strait, sailed . uth to Cape St. George, on the odier side of
Newfoundland, then to the Magdalen Islands, and thence west
to New Brunswick, where he probably landed near Miramichi
Bay. From this sailing to the north, on the 9th of July he
entered a fine bay, which from the intense heat that prevaih>d he
entitled the Bale des Chaleurs, or the Bay of Heats. Exploring
this carefully, and visiting the present Gaspe harbor, he here
set up a cross thirty feet high, bearing a shield with the lilies of
i^ ranee and an inscription signifying the occupation of the
m the New World.
.on. B,a he had heard of the great river Tron, the natives and
A, 'u'srsTrl ''^}' T"""" '° '«* "• «» '"elOft J
ot the St. John, and called it St. Lawrence, the name since
gmndly ennobled by its extension to include one of th» Jlht
L Assl* o! ™r"'°"'""1 ^""'^'''«- -"-'' "« I'ionsly named
onlheTstof Sent r"""'' '"-'''^'y ""o rte •> "Re river, and
on the 1st of September cast his anchors at the frowning month
Z the ^ ;"■"';"*,'•■'"'■'""■'* "P™ "• ^"^ '"« I^'' d« ''-"'..s
at tie f , "1 °''""'"'^ '■'"'" '•" f^^'- A "«'" "hove thi,s,
a the foot „f j^, „,.„^,y ^,,j ^^^^^ _^^^ ^_^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^^^
Quebec, wns the Algonquin village of Sf.adacond, the residence
of the chief Donnacona. The narrowed river here was called by
JUSTOHY OF CANADA.
iIh' natives Kepec, or strait, wliich in the French writing easily
l>ec.june Cjiieb«*c.
Cartier was kindly received at Stadacone, but soor. hasteneo
up the streaiii to a larger village of whicli lie was told, named
Hochelaga. ".he Indians below had mentioned an indefinite
place above as Kanuata, or a collection of wigwams; and it is
supposed that Cartier, thinking this a name for the whole coun-
try, designated it as Canada. He found Hochelaga a Huron
town on a laige, fertile island, the same upon which Montreal
now standi. He named the island Ste. Helene, from his wife,
and the lofty hill near it Mont Royal, which afterwards, in
slightly corrupted form, gave the name to the great city at its
feet.
Returning to Stadacone in early October, Cartier made an
apparent beginning of occupation and settlement by erecting a
stockade near his vessels, defended by cannon. His men were
sadly afflicted with cold and sickness during the winter, losing
twenty-five of their number; and as soon as he could get out the
next spring, May 6, 1536, he set sail for France with all the sur-
vivors, and with Donnacona and four other chiefs, whom he had
treacherously seized at a banquet.
In 1540 Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, was
mnde Viceroy and Lieutenant- General of New France. The
next year Cartier came again, but did not dare to land at Stada-
cone, where he had stolen away the friendly Algonquins, not
one of v7hom lived to return. At Cape Rouge, however, some
distance above, he mqde a temporary settlement under the pre-
tentious name of Charlesbourg Royal. He revisited Hochelaga,
but could not pass the Lachine Rapids to go further, as he
desired, and returned to Charlesbourg, where he wintered. Two
small forts protected the place; but the Indians had become so
hostile that when the opening spring allowed he re-embarked
his people and started home. Roberval had meanwhile sailed
m\
for Ins new doir.ain, and n.et Cartier at St. John's, whom he
ordered to return to the St. I.uvrenc.e. Hut the hold .'.cque
del not rehsli suborclination to Koberval, and had had enough
of savage Canadian life; .o he spread hi. sails in the night and
«ed avay from the humbled ^'iceroy. He never returned to
aftehis death his heirs received license to trade in the new
land lor twelve years.
Koberval went on to Cartier's late post at Cape Rouge, also
plant..! a colony, „,„te,ed there, and explored the SagnLy in
June, ..;48; but, wearied of hardships, -kness, and mdial^
dangers, he hkewise abandoned the Held and returned to France
the ame year In 1,M9 he adventured another expedition with
a cc^ony for the St. Lawrence; but it met an unknown fate on
the high seas.
With this disaster for the most part . .ded the efforts of the
sixteenth century to colonize New Prance. On the 5th of
Augu,,t, 1,,S3, Sir Humphrey Gilh-rt, with four armed ships
and a strong party of colonists, sailed into the harbor of St
. ohn-, and formally, in the name of Queen Elizabeth annouLed
the sovereignty of England over Newfoundland. P fteen velrs
aterti. Marquis de la Roche was nominated sec d Vic:;oy
and L,eutenant.(Jeneral of the French possessions in America
and .nvested with power "to grant leases of lands in Net
Prance, .n orm of flefs, to men of gentle blood." The feud^U
eilTrie's" la'tl"""' V'""'"''' "^ '^"^^'-' Richelieu n
e.gno.te , la ted more than two and a half centuries, or until
w'thnn V? '": "''"'' °' ""■'""^'"ion. the Marquis sailed
mth an e:;ped,aon for Nova Scotia, and while looking for a site
anded forty convicts upon the barren Sable Island He ,™s
retaking them on board. When sought for by .he K'n^'s
orders in 1605, only twelve were living. They were returned"to
I I
■:u
256
niSTORY OF CANADA.
France and pardoned, by reason of Iheir liardships and suffer-
ings. The Marquis also died, after sacrllicing his fortune with-
out accomplishing his objects.
Just one more effort was made to establish a colony befoi-e
the century went out. In 1599, Chauvin, a Huguenot captain
in the French navy, at the instance of Pontgrave, a merchant of
St. Malo, who had rbtaiued a similar patent of powers to that
granted De la Rocae, reached Tadoussac, where he wintered and
tried to found a trading post. But his men suffered intensely
from hunger and cold, and must have perished but for food
obtained from the Indians. Chauvin abandoned the post, but
came back with Pontgrave, and was preparing for a third expe-
dition in 1602, when he died. A small stone building at Tadous-
sac, the first put up in Canada, was the only permanent memo-
rial of their visits.
The seventeenth century was to be very greatly distinguished
for exploration and settlement in New France, Eymond de
Chaste, Governor of Dieppe, succeeded to Chauvin' s commis-
sion, and a strong company of Rouen and St. Malo merclu.nts
and others was formed to prosecute trading enterprises. Port-
grave was leader of the new expedition to Tadoussac, and with
him sailed the renowned explorer and naval captain, Samuel
Champlain. They went up to the Lachine Rapids (then the
Sault St. Louis), where Champlain made a chart of the island
and the river for the King. De Chaste died, and Champlain' s
services were next secured by Pierre du Gnast, the Sieur de
Monts, who obtained a patent, Nov. 8, Uio;?, as Lieutenant-
General of the new-created Territory of Acadia, extending from
the latitude of Philadelphia to the forty-sixth degree, and from
ocean to ocean.
The conflicting claims of France and P:ngland to American
territory, and their long struggle for supremacy in the Western
L
.rid, were foreshadowed two and a half years afterwards, in
the g^.nt by James I. to the Plymouth Company of all that
part of North America lying between the 34th and 4nth parll
lels, or from the mouth of Cape Fear River to Passamaquoddy
Bay. A mighty belt of live degrees' width (40° to 45°) was now
covered by both English and French grants. Twelve years
afterwards, when the Plymouth Company was merged into the
Council of Plymouth, a grant was mad. to the new corporation,
in fee simple, of the entire tract between the fortieth and forty!
eighth parallels, or three degrees north of Montreal, e-bracin^
more than a million of square miles! It is needless to say that
ttie Council actually confined its jurisdiction to a very small
part of this great territory.
De Monts, with Champlain, Pontgrave, and the Baron de
mto the Bay of Fundy, where Poutrincourt obtained from
De Monts a grant of the Port Royal site ,now Annapolis), upon
condition that he should colonize it within ten years
The St. John river was discovered and named, and then the
St. Croix, at the mouth of which the party wintered Bn^ h
site .vas unfavorable for a colony, anci I C^tm"
Po Royal, whore the foundations of the first permanent -rench
ertle nent in America were laid Nov. 14, 1605. This h; tiTns
-^ted ti. irnrons and ^.^n^iz^::^,::::^::^
oquo. unng which he found and entitled tL beaut^ het
tha still bears his name. For .overal rears he .n.H-nn.^ >.;„
explorations^ in the region of rhe great laKes and 'far to Z
208
HISTORY OF CAXADA.
27ew
j;^M
northward. In 1612 he was appointed Deputy Viceroy of
France, and in 1620 the first Governor of Canada. When Que-
bec was captured by the English nine years after, he was carried
as a state prisoner to England, but return<3d in 1653 to resume
his governorship, and closed a long and honorable career by his
death at Quebec in 1655.
The English had likewise been pushing their explorations
with some vigor. Sir Henry Hudson in 1610 had ended an
adventurous and useful life in a search for the Northwest Pas-
sage through the great water since named from him, amid whose
ice-fields he was set adrift in an open boat by a mutinous crew,
and never again reported.
■ He was the first that ever burst
Into that unknown sea."
It was nearly two generations before another Englishman
came to the frozen North, in 1667, following the lead or two
Frenchmen named De Grosselier and Raddison, who had made
a water transit from Lake Superior to Hudson's Bay, and now
offered to show how the far "fur countries" could be reached
by ships through the Bay. A Mr. Gillam, who was already in
the Newfoundland trade, penetrated Baffin's Bay to parallel
75'', then sailed south to 51", where he named Prince Rupert's
River, and put up a small fort. His report to the persons who
had fitted out his vessel led to the formation of the powerful
Hudson's Bay Company, chartered by Charles II. May 2, 1670.
Mr. Bailey was sent out at once as Governor, and built Forts
Ru])ert and Nelson, to which three other posts, Albany, Moose,
and Severn, were added by 1686. Nelson River was occupied in
1682. All this was in defiance of the claims of the French, who
in 1656 had sent an overland expedition througli Labrador, in
command ot tlie Sieur Jean Bourdon. Attorney-General of New
France. i)ur])osely to lay claim to the Hudson's Bay territory.
By 1(J82 the French traders wero on the St. Therese or Hayes
(prrrr
HISTORY OF CANADA
59
River, at no great distance from the English. The resultant
quarrels culminated four years afterwards in the capture by the
Chevaher de Troyes of all the English factories (at Forts Rupert
Moose, and Albany) on James's Bay. All the posts were sub-
sequently taken and retaken by the contending parties- but the
Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, left the English on^y Fori Hi
on James's Bay. Their tmde in this region was I Ctnefo r
the nex seventeen years, but the Treaty of Utrecht finally gave
hem full jurisdiction, reserving, however, freedom of movement
to the French, either by land or sea. "movement
In 1612, upon tho pressing solicitation of Champlain the
Prince Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, was prlvai d
Lieutenaut-General, with Champlain as Deputy. The Prince
died soon after, and was succeeded by his son Henri de Bourbon
Spat '"uln°?f ' ' ^' "^^""^' ^^ '''^ -^- ^f ^--e again!;
troubles he sol. .•T"""^''"' ^' ^^""^ during the poHticai
troubles he sold his Viceroyalty to the Due de Montmorency
of .t. Louis, Quebec, where its foundations were laid by Cham-
plain in 1620, and which was occupied by vicerovs and govern-
ors till Its destruction by fire in 1834 "
16lf irlh"" 'r'''^ '^ ' trading-post by Champlain in
:=f' r^::; ~r^ - .0.. and t" ^h:
Wiiun 1 ^^""^^^^ency Its powers were bestowed upon
William and Emerv dp Pnor. ^^ * t, "puu
cillery ae Laen, one of whom was sent out as
trance In 1C24 a royal deorw restored peace. Three vear<,
after, .he charter of the De Oaea Compar,; was revok",.' a^:,
.«u vuni^any ul .Ne„ France (or "of One Hundred Partners")
2(i()
HISTOltT OF CANADA.
ii
was formed bj the famous Cardinal Iticlielieu, with almost
imperial powers. In 1030 the colonists in the Hudson's E;iy
country formed, the Beaver Company, for purposes of trade.
Du Luth l)uilt f. trading-house at the mouth of the Kaministiqua
in 1078, and no^v gives the name to a flourishing city in the State
of AVisconsin, at the head of Lake Superior.
The missionaries of the Cross had not been less energetic
than the missionaries of traffic. The lirst masses in Canada
were said in 1(15 by the four Recollet fathers who came with
Champlain— D'Olbean and Du Plessis at Quebec, and Jamay
and Le Caron at the Riviere des Prairies. The pioneer Jesuits
came in 1025. About thirty years later, missions were founded
among the Indians by Fathers Mesnard, Chaumonot, Le Moyne,
and Dablon. T'he first of these perished in the wilderness in
1000, on his way to the Hurons of Lake Superior. During the
previous years jVIonseignor de Laval came to Quebec as Vicar-
Apostolic, where he had a long and eminent career in behalf of
religion and education, and died there in 1708. The missions of
Father Allouez to Lake Superior in 1005, of Dr.blon and Mar-
quette at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1008, of Marquette at St.
Ignace, near Mackinaw, in 107i, and other pious enterprises oi
the century, should also be noted here.
The great lakes to the northwest had been visited, it is
believed, by a young Frenchman named Jean Nicolet, in 1634,
who is thought to have readied Green Bay. Fathers Jogues
and Raymbault visited Lake Superior in 1641. Allouez and
Dablon pushed on to the Illinois region in 1070 and 1072, where
they first heard of the Mississippi. Marquette, however, with
Joliette, under commission from Talon, was its discoverer, in
1073. They flofited down to the Arkansas. But Rene Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, was the great explorer of the cen-
tury, lie discovered the Oliio in the winter of 1669-70, and
went down it t" the Falls at Louisville, explored the Illinois and
BISTORT OF CAy-ADA.
261
Mississippi to their mouths in successive voyages 1078 80 ..^
finally perished March 20, 1687 by the han^ff'^ '•
after a vain attempt to -loni;J ^h "Texrcolt" Tl^^^^^^^^^^^
French had a chain of .nilitary posts fron. Que lee to^h^Il Its'
and were m full possession of the great Northwest '
x>ova fecotia. Charles I. confirrued the srrant in ifio;: a
Company of 0„rH'„d«rpr "" '™' '° °'"""^^ "^ ""e
and k.i Royr«l"el Sn brrD::-a7:;r'^ T!f --
Quebec the next year. But m^6; b" le C^^o sf ' p"'
mam.en.Laye, all Canada, with Nov^ Scotil and r n ■■"
was confirmed to France Near hi T Tt ""' ^""°°'
1689, another war was dechtd , 1°' ""' '"='"'"■>'• '»
which the Iroquoirdestrotl Lrr" 'f' »™'""-. 0»™8
massacred its inhabitatrat 'cM Z'tr: T"/™'""'' "'"'
fort; and for ten weeks derhM thf '!, "'""^ ™'""'"^ """
soon took the war-„atl, l! , f , ** settlements. Frontenac
its people slauZrrf b " ' S="enectady to he burned and
^«'" h other mi"o be d " ' ° '^'™'''' ""* "'"•'"«• ""'l
..ndertook a,t .nst Iful '"."■-'"'«"«" ™'onies. They
and another to ^Z:::^t:':^'yZ "?'"' *""^" '" ''"''
'I'e Treaty of Ryswick i„ ,no" "^ ' ^™™ '^''"'^ '■'=^'»'-'''' ^y
ScoS;"2^'i;:iO^^:;:t? "'f« - -- -"l™ents in Nova
oount.:. Which :.tr:li;;,,;:rr;!^ :i" •;■-- '" "'e
succeeded as (Governor in 1(^33 hv^^'^iV .;;7 = V'''"'*'' ^''''*
ibj,i by De Razillai, in 1047 by
It am
262
HISTORY OF <A.\M>A.
De Charnizay, in 107)2 by T).- la Tour, In l(>s:, by Manival, and iu
1687 by JJe Villebon.
The French had suffered terribly from fhe Indians, who
waged fierce and unrelenting war ui)on them in lOoO-.-)?. The
French Government was advised the next year that if immediate
hel]) were not afforded, the country must be abandoned. Hut
the Indians presently desisted from their attacks, which were
not renewed for several years. The Indians always took a very
active part in the French and English wars.
^ The Due de Ventadour succeeded his uncle Montmorency as
Viceroy in 1(5:?.'/. Champlain followed in 10;^:}, and was sues
ceeded temporarily by De Chateaufort on his death in iniC),
until De Montmagny, the new appointee, arrived the next yeai-.
His successors were D'Ailleboust, in 1047; De Lauzun, a leading
member of the Company of One Hundred, in 1651; DArgenson,
1658; D'Avangour, 1661, and and De :^^:esy, 1663. Hitherto the
government had been in the hands of the Company of One
Hundred; but that was dissolved by royal order in 1663, and
the royal authority resumed, with a Sovereign Council at Que-
bec, and other reforms. The trading interests of the province
passed to the West India Company in 1664. In 1665 De Tracy
came as Lieutenant-General, De Courcelles as Governor, Talon
as Intendant — a strong trinity of rulem. The renowned and
able Count de Ffontenac succeeded De Courcelles in 1672, and
upon the extinction of the West India Company two years
after, he received full authority as Royal Governor. He
remained in office, with an interval 1083- 59, when De la Barrt'
and De Denonville were successively Governors, until his death iu
1698, at an advanced age. De Callieres, previously Governoi' of
Montreal, took his place.
In 1047 Canada had nn ojiportunity to join the league of
American colonies proi)osed by Xew England; but declined,
i
HISTORY OF CANADA.
263
since the English wo.ild n„t accnpt the condition that they
should join the French in war upon the Iroquois.
riiree Rivers was settled in 1034, and the trading-post and
fort at Cataraqui, now Kingston, was erected by De CourceUes
in 16,2.
The eighteenth . entury opened auspiciously for New Prance
It was to b.> loss an era of exploration and of Indian warfare
than of material grow f h and of prolonged struggle with England
for supremacy in the New World. In its first year (1701),
De la Motte Cadillar, ( Governor of Mackinaw, was sent with one
hurdred colonists -id a Jesuit missionary to make a settlement
at Teuchsa Gronen. , .,e Huron village at Detroit, or "the
Strait." A fort was buili, and the beginnings of that large and
beautiful city made. It is probable that there had previously
been a small stockade and trading-post here.
"Queen Anne's War," or the War of tne'spanish Succession
broke out the next year, hostilities being declared May ^5 1702
De Rouville, with parties of French and Indians, moved against
the English settlements at Haverhill and Deerfield, Mass
where dreadful massacres and devastation were perpetrated'
The New England seaboard v as harried by the savages and
the whole country put in alarm. In May, 1704, the colonists
attempted reprisals by an expedition against Acadia, under
Capt. Benjamin Church. He destroyed and plundered to some
extent, and took a few prisoners; but his main attempt, against
I'ort Royal (Annapolis, which now had about 500 inhabitants)
was unsuccessful. Land forces were then set on foot to move
agamst Quebec and Montreal. An army, including many of the
Iroquois Indians, was collected at Lake Champlain; but it was
not strong enough to attack without aid from England, which
was awaited in vain, and the expedition was abandoned. ' Later
'• '"- '"■"■' -■-■•"■''- ••••;"j i!-iiiiria, aaci lilt- next year, upon
L_
ft
tif L.
).' u — —
h t t
264
HISTORY OF CANADA.
the arrival of 5,000 troops from the motl.er country, an attempt
upon Quebec was made by land and water; but it failed, through
the wrecking of half the fleet and the inability of the rest to
co-operate with the land forces. April 11, 1713, the Treaty of
Utrecht ended the war, and transferred Acadia, Newfoundland
and the Hudson's Bay Territory to the British Crown ThJ
same year Cape Breton, which remained in French possession
was colonized, and the strong post of Louisbourg was fortified
In the second year of the war De Callieres died, and was suc-
ceeded as Governor by the able and accomplished Marquis de
Vaudreuil, who remained in office twenty-two years, or until
his death in 1725.
In 1718 Fort Prince of Wales, at the mouth of the Churchill
river, in the Hudson's Bay region, was built, to protect the
English trading interests in that quarter. Two years afterwards
Charlevoix, the distinguished traveler and writer, visited New
France and traveleu widely over it, making a history of the
explorations and settlements, and writing accounts of his travels.
In 1725, upon the death of De \audreuil, the Boion de Lon-
gueuil took the helm of government for a year, and was fol-
lowed by the Marquis de Beauharnois, who administered affairs
for twenty-one years. In 1728 he sent a large detachment
against the V/estern Indians, which made its victorious way
beyoT.d Chicago to a point not far from the upper Mississippi.
He ;.]so built Fort St. Frederic at Crown Point, on Lake Cham
plain, and took other measures, including the exih ofall Eng-
lish residents at Montreal, to resist the encroaclimonts of Great
Britain upon the French territory ov other interests.
An extensive s-hemeof exploration Avestwaid was undertaken
in 1731 for a company of Montreal merchants, by M. Dela Veren-
drye. with his sons and a bi-other. Starting from Lake Superior,
they filled several ye-irs wirli Tuinute researclies in the country
between Suiierior '.wv-X Sh*
CJi.'i' iii.
ill >'\e(i
I
mSTORT OF CANADA.
265
south and vvest by the upper Missouri and the Yellowstone to
the Rocky Mountains, which two of the party reached in 1743
In the second year of their exploration they built Fort St'
Cuarles on the Lake of the Woods, Port Maurepas on Lake Win-
nepeg in 1734, and afterwards Fort Rouge on the Assiniboine,
Ports Dauphin and De la Reine on Lake Manitoba, Fort Bour-
bon on Cedar Lake, and Fort a la Corne on the Saskatchewan
Ihis was the French outpost on the west until 1763
In the far Northwest the Strait of Juan de Fuea is thought
to have been seen by Sir Francis Drake in 1578; but its discov-
ery was not made certain until 1779, when it was entered and
partly explored by Captain Mears, of the Royal Navy. During
the previous year the ill-fated Captain Cook had explored the
-ast f.. Nootka Sound. In 1792 Captain Vancouver sailed
through and named the Gulf of Georgia (from George III.), and
also gave the names to Vancouver's and Queen Charlotte's
Islands Important discoveries were also made in the North by
John Hearn in 1771, and later by Sir Alexander Mac-kenzie
trom whom Mackenzie river is entitled
The great and final conflict for the donunaiion of colonial
Am.rK-a was now at hand. In 1745, during "Kino- George's
IndKuis moved out from Fort Sf. Frederic in a successful raid
against the English hamlets, while thelisheries of Nova Scotia and
n-rchant ^^ssels of New England w^ere mercilessly attac-ked by
pnv..teers f rom Louisbourg. The colonies, led by Gov. Shirl..^
ol Massachusetts, promptly sent a naval force under Sir Willian
P^pperell, to reduce that place, which was triumphantlv accom
Plished on the i7th of J„n.. Not only Lou.sbour.- wa.; .urZ
'I'^red. b„t the whole <.f Cap. H.vton. Tl.ev we.v. however
wlucli all'oiiled but temoorarv r..«f <-> h...
wilds of Anierici
)Uiiii:s iii tiie
!r
I'
266
IIISIORT OF CAN WA.
By rhe .niddle of this century, the French ports and settle-
ments had been pushed westvvard and southward to tlie Manmee
the St. Joseph's, ami the Illinois rivers; to Green Bay, beyond
Lake Michigan; to \incennes, on the lower Wabash; toKaskas-
kia and Fort Kosalie, where Natchez now stand --., on the Missis-
sippi; and the Bay of Biloxi, on the Gulf. En<dish had
their outposts only at Oswego, on Lake Ontario, und Tn a weak
scatter of cabins in West Virginia. U a line of French posts
were run south from the post at Presque Isle (now Erie), on
Lake Erie, the English would be cut off from the great Missis-
sippi and Ohio valleys, the latter of which the Frencli had not
yet occupied. In 1749 Galissoniere, for two years Governor of
JSew France, while Jonquiere, successor of Beauhainois, was
held prisoner by the English, dispatched Bienville with a force
from Detroi^ to plant in?^ribed plates of lead at the mouths of
all principal rivers falling into the Ohio, in token of the juris-
diction of France; while a letter warning off the English traders
was sent to the Governor of Pennsylvania. The French had
doubtless been incited to this action by the formation, in the
early i)art of the year, of the Ohio Company, to which George
II. granted half i. million acres of the fertile wilderness, to be
located between t.ie Kanawha and Monongahela, east of th^
Ohio, or on the north bank of that river. It sent an explorer
into the Ohio country, but made no lodgment there.
The other plan of the French was vigorously prosecuted.
With Presque Isle as a base of operations, they moved south-
ward and built Fort Le BnMif on French Creek, a tributary of
the Alleghany, and Fort \'enango, on rhe latter stream. Eu--
lish trad'Ms on the forbidden ten-itory wei-e seized; runujr can?.^
that Du Quesne, now Governoi' of Canada, had sent twlve hun-
dred colonists to settle the land; and in Octob. r. 17r^:i a youn-
.survey<.r iianied (un.rge AVashington was .■onnnissionrd by (iox.
l)inwi(ldie.()r V'ii'uinifi f,, )„..i..., * / < .. . i ... ■..'
■ 1 'i ' ' '•'•' ''• ii' icii .~ i . i itiie, nl
' I'
J
r
■•'■^ ^
BISTORT OF CANADA.
267
Presque Isle, commander of the French forces in the West,
warning his Government against further intrusion. He met St'.
Pierre at Venango, but to no purpose. The remonstrance of the
Western Indians at a great council held the preceding spring at
Logstown, on the Ohio, was equally fruitless. "The land is
mine, and I will have it," haughtily replied the Frenchman.
In the spring of 1754 both parties were pushing for the
important strategic point at the head of the Ohio. The English
reached it first, and built a rude stockade; but were driven out
by the French in April, who enlarged the work and named it
Port Du Quesne. Washington set out in May to retake it, and
defeated i French force marching against him, but was himself
overpowered, and surrendered his position at " Fort Necessity,"
where he had long and vainly awaited reinforcements.
The attempt of the colonists, at their first Congress, held in
Albany about the same time, to form a federation or league, had
failed; but England was now fully awake to the dangers of the
situation, and although war was not declared until May 17, 1756,
?he n'oved a force of two regular regiments to America more
than a year before, under Gen. Edward Braddock. With these
and some colonial militia, and Col. Washington on his staff, he
marched into the wilderness to recapture Fort Du Quesne, but
was assailed in the dense woods near that post on the 9th of
July, by nearly nine hundred French and Indians, and defeated
with terrible carr -ge and utter rout. Another expedition, to
co-op .rate with Braddock by reducing Fort Niagara, was conse-
quently abandoned. But the movement against Nova Scotia
under Gen. Lawrence and Col. Moackton, which was a part of
th3 general plan, was successfully executed, and resulted, in
part, in the painful banishment of the French Acadians from
their happy homes in the Basin of Minas, and to some extent
elsewhere.
i!
HISTORY OF CAXADA.
i
still anotaer expedition, one of the four movements proposed
by (.en Braddock, in conference with the colonial governors
was led by Sir Wm. Johnson to the capture of Fort St Freder c
at Crown Point. To this post had come the Baron Dieskau a
brave and able general lately arrived m Canada with a forr^'^.
able force. He did not wait for Johnson, but moved out t^
naeet him overthrew a detachment under Col. Williams, and on
Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake George. Johnson was
oo strongly posted, however; and after Dieskau had been
wounded and taken, his men were forced to retreat without
attempting Fort Edward, on the Hudson, which was Johnson's
main stronghold and the objective point of the French expedi-
tion But Jonnson was too weak to go farther;.and this move-
ment also was a practical failure.
A strong worli had just been built at Tic nderoga by the
French and named Fort Carillon. Successful but minor cam-
paigns had been conducted in their own States by the Virginia
B^t-^rr^^'""^' volunteers, when, in the spring of ITSe! the
Biitish Government sent a force of veteran troops and supplies
for the colonists, under the Ear. of Loudon and Gen. Aborcrom-
bie. War was formally declared; De Levis caj^tured Fort Bull
between S.henectady and Oswego; and the Marquis de Mont^
calm, who had succeeded Dieskau, reduced and destroyed the
.ovts at Oswego, and strengthened St. Frederic and Carillon
The English in large force remained idle at Albany, save for
some ditch-digging and other useless military operations In
the summer of the next yeo^- Loudon moved against Louisbouro-
with a superb naval and land expedition, but without effect"
from his slowness and cowardice. The next year, July 28 IT'-^s'
the^ stronghold w.s .aptured in n brilliant campaign bv Si^
Jeffrey Amherst, and never returned to the possession of
i
niSTORT OF CANADA.
France. Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island were lost
with it.
Returning to 1757, we find the French taking the initiative in
movements from the north. In Marcli Fort William Henry was
again attac^ked, and the attack again defeated. But in August
after Fort Edward had been assailed with some success, Mont-
calm in person led another urmy against William Heury, and
took it after desperate resistance. The surrender was fol-
lowed by a treacherous massacre, and leading some two hundred
English into captivity, by Montcalm's feroci^ius Indian allies.
He destroyed the fort, and retired. The settlements on the
Hudson and in the Mohawk valley were soon after desolated by
the savages and French.
Loudon was superseded in 1758 by Abercrombie, who in July
undertook the siege of the fort at Ticonderoga, but was dis-
gracefully and signally defeated by Montcalm in front of
that position. Col. Bradstreet immediately afterwards partly
redeemed the reverse by his gallant capture and destruction of
Fort Frontenac, on the present site of Kingston. Later a large
English detachm-nt, under General Forbes, compelled the evacu-
ation of Fort D Quesne, which was reconstructed and named
Fort Pitt, from the English premier then in office, who also
gives the name to Pittsburg, the smoky city that has risen upon
its site. Gen, Amherst tooK. chief command of the British
forces.
The next campaign, that of 1759, was even more disastrous
to the French, and completed the destruction of their power in
America. It did not open until tlie year was more than half
gone. Fort Niagara was taken by Sir William Johnson July
10. Carillon and St. Frederic (Ticonderoga and Crown Point)
were abandoned the same month, before the advance of Gen
Amherst with a strong force. Major Rodgers, moving from
v^rowii iroiut wiLu a party of provincial rangers, penetrated rap-
270
insronr of Canada.
idly to St. Francis, on the St. Lawrence, surprised the Indians
..ho inhabited the village, and punished them very thoroughly
for the massacres and depredations for which they had long
been infamous. Six hundred English scalps were found in
their lodges.
Only the renowned capture of (Quebec remained, to complete
the war. General Wolfe, v*-ith 30,000 troops, going up the St.
Lawrence, apperred before it June 25. After much cannon-
ading and change of position, with some indecisive combats, on
the night of the 12th of Angus* Wolfe sent 8,000 men in boats
up the river, answering the hail of the French sentinels with
their countersign, which he had learned from deserters, and
landed them without opposition in a little bay above the city,
since called Wolfe's Cove. The heights were successfully
scaled during the night by a convenient ravine, and the entire
force stood arrayed in the early morning upon the Plains of
Abraham. Montcalm, now in personal command at Quebec,
moved out courageously with 4,500 soldiers to the attack, but
vv^as defeated after a short action, in which both Wolfe and
Montcalm lost Iheir lives. A monument to the memory of be a
brave leaders stands upon the battle-field, a little out of the
city.
Quebec was soon occupied by the English, but the citadel
was not surrendered until the 18th of September. In April,
1760, Gen. De Levis, with a force from Montreal, made a sharp
attack at Ste. Foye, in the rear of the city, and forced the Eng-
lish to retire to the shelter of its walls; but upon the arrival of
reinforcements for General Murray, then holding the post, he
had to retreat. Further movements this year secured the whole
of the St. Lawrence and Chamjilain valleys to the English pos-
session, Montreal being surrendered to Gen. Amhersf in Septem-
ber without a battle. The lone: struggle of a century and a half,
for supremacy over a mighty tract of the iVew A\"orl(l, was over.
I .1
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UmvitY OF CAS ADA.
271
De,.o, ana „,1,H,- 1,,,,,, further we,, „..re»u„vn,l,.ml, in ,,,„su.
an,-e „f ,)•, oai„mlad.,n „f Be \au,lreuil; unci „n ,l,e loth of
JC "",'■', ?• !"" '^'■™'>- "' I'-- '.an^ferred tron. Franee to
Ku« and all the lu.e ,,„»,es.i„„, of the former power eastward
of he .I,s.,s,tppi. Canada, in it, government and n.ainly n
Its mstitutions, was English thenceforth.
In the same year the famous conspiracy of Pontiac the
O tawa chief,_a league of the Western Indians a" T; le
whites was at its worst, and mas..a,.resof some magn? ,de we e
-e petrnted at Mackinaw and Detroit. The next .veTrs"
^V ll,a.n Johnson effected a treaty with the principal trii.es, by
Obtained."™ "" '"'""' """" ^°""^ ™=^ -»'"- »' 'and
.n."n* v^T"' ^'^ ancceeded Jonqniere in 1762 as Governor
,cn f^^ fT' •^''™«'""' "» '"»' ^''•»»1' I'iceroy in Cr
tea, followed h.m in IT.-iS. After the peace the British Province
of Quebec was created (1763), and Gen. James Mnrray Cde
Governor-General. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, llrrdor
and the north country generally, were not included in the
T, rRive"; w ^ ""T?" i"^'"<"^ "^ ^^^^' '^I-treal and
I uee Buers were retamed, with a governor for each. The
C nat htrf \'"™"" °'^'-'"-e -on after created
Mhns tr C n r '"'"'"' "'''"'•"=""'. including 8,000
Indians Sir Guy Carleton b-came Govemc.-Gei =r " ir i7nn
and again in 1774 and 1786 (the latter time as Lot ' D^chest^r '
;:: rt/tf ""°'' ^r •■ "^'^ "^ "■ «-"»• '^^^
ear Ihmnton ?•„■■""' '' '"'"■ ^'"'^"* Haldin.and
Henij lUmilton, and Henr- Hope, Lientenant. Governors I,^
n ., he two Provinces o, Upper and Lower Canada, and popu-
Ui, parliamentary government was instiluted. with LegiSve
ij " ■" ' "■-■•"''" '''' "i'i'^^' ^'^"^<-i;i. Fifty members were
.
272
maiuuv OF caxada.
returm-(l to tlie other House in Lower Camida for the first Par-
liament, whicli opcied ut guebec, Dec. 17, 1702; sixteen in
Upper Canada, the first Parliament session beginnin<r Sept 1.
of the same year, at Newark, now Niagara. In 1790 tie seat of
government was removed to Little York, now Toronto Lord
Dorchester, formerly Sir Guy Carleton, wa-. tlie first Governor
oi Lower Canada; Col. J. G. Sim.-oe of tlie other "lovince
None of the battle-fields of the American Revolution, in
which the thirteen colonies south of Canada sought relief from
the oppressions of the mother country, were upon Canadian soil
after the declaration of independence. Previously however
the people at some of the fortified towns heard again the sounds
of conflict. In the latter part of 1775, Canada having refused to
join the revolt of the colonies, and hostilities having already
begun, two land expeditions were oiganized-one under Col
Benedict Arnold against Quebec, and the other against Mon-
treal, under Gens. Montgomery and Schuvler. The latter-
captured Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and other posts between
Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, and seized Montreal
after but slight resistance. Much sympathy with the American
"rebels" was now apparent in the Province, but not t..ough to
move its Government from steadfast loyalty. Quebec was
stouHv defended, u.o jallant young Montgomery killed and
Arnold wounde(^ in an assault upon its gates, and the siege
which was maintained until May, 1776, effectually defeated.
Montreal and the other captured posts, including Ticonderoo-a
and Crown Point, were retaken the same year, by Governor
Carleton, in command of a large British force.
At the close of the Revolution, a large number of loyalists
r.3Sident in the United States, estimated at not less than 2o,0()0
having been proscribed and their i)roperty confiscated, left their
homes and again sought refuge under the English flag. Most of
IlISTUHV OF CANADA.
278
them settled in Canada, principally in New Brunswick and
Nova Scotiu.
The population of Canada was still almost altogether Roman
Catholic, very few Protestant cler<,'ymen having yet entered the
Provinces. Between 1780 and 1790 a number came in. under
missionary arrangements and otherwise; and in 1791 an act of
the British Parliament dec \-ted to their support the avails of
one-seventh of the unsurveyetl lands— a measure 'vhich after-
wards induced much discontent and agitation, especially in
Upper Canada. In that Province another beneficent measure
took eifect in 1793, for the abolition of African slavery; and ten
years afterwards the courts declared the institution unlawful in
Lower Canada.
Notwithstanding so numerous wars, trade in the interior did
not wholly languish. In 1784 the Montreal traders dealing in
nirs in the North joined their interests, and formed the North-
'St Company of Canada. Some of their ventures to the Paci
lie
L
coast were sent around Cape Horn.
In 1770 Prin... Edward Island was separated from Nova
Scotia, and forn,,'.! a government of its own, with a Governor
named by the Crown. Walter Patterson, Esq., was the first
Governor. It h.-;.l ])oen settled about 1715, and attached to
Nova Scotia in 1763.
New Brunswick was also detached from Nova Scotia in
1784-85. with Fredericton as the capital and Thomas Carleton,
Esq., first Governor. The largest immigration to this region
had been in 1764, from the mother country, and from the
revolted Amercan colonies after the Revolution.
Nova Sootia, formerly Acadia, received its constitution from
the British Government in 1758, and its first provincial Parlia-
ment assembled October 2 of that year. French governors had
ruled the country from 1604 to 1710, at Port Royal, and Eng-
'-h governors then, at the same place, to 1749, and thereafter
274
UISTORY OF ^ANADA.
at Halifax, tlie present capital. Cape Breton was annexed in
17(5:3. Much symp iiy with the rebellious colonies was felt in
parts of the Province at the outbreak of the Revolution, and
some members of Parliament, representing the disaffected dis-
affected districts, were not allowed to take their seats.
«
.^
The great century not yet closed opened hopefully for
Canada, but without any stirring events until the war of 1812-15.
In 180o the " X Y. Company," which had been formed by a
number of discontented members seceding from the Northwest
Company, was consolidated with the parent institution, a' d a
formidable rival to the Hudson's Bay Company was again in
the field. Many troubles, even robberies and murders, were
results of their eager competition.
The next year the first French newspaper, Le Canadien, was
started in Quebec, which had an English journal, the Gazette;
as early as 1764. The Montreal Gazette began in 1778. In the
sister province the first paper was the Upper Canada Gazette,
founded at Niagara in 1793. By 1571 the number of newspapers
and periodicals in the Dominion was four hundred and twenty,
of which nearly fifty were daily. The number now can hardly
be less than five hundred.
The same year (1806) the militia of Nova Scotia were
organized, Simon Fraser, one of the Northwest Company's
employees, made an exploration from Lake Athabaska beyond
the Kockies, and gave the name to Fraser Lake and River,
upon the former of which he established a trading i)(xst. Tlie
militia of Lower Canada were called out and organized the next
year, to demonstmte the loyalty of the French residents, in
view of already threatening lelations between Ejigland and the
United States.
The first Canadian steamer, the "Accommodation," was
i:i
r
PI8T0RY OF CANADA.
275
November 1-4. No steamboat was built in Upper Canada untU
1810, when the "Frontenac" was launched at Ernestown
In 1811 Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, a Scotsman of
unusual intelligence, enterprise, and energy, was Governor uf
the rludson's Bay Company. Observing the importance of the
Red River country as the fertile seat of settlement, and as fur.
nishing strategic points for defense against the aggressions of
the Northwest Company, he secured the grant of 16,000 square
miles of land, and at once proceeded to colonize it from his
estates in Scotland and, some years afterwards, with Swiss and
French Canadians. Fort Douglas was built where Winnipe^r
now stands, at the forks of the Red River and the Assiniboine''
and the officers and employees of the Xorthwest Company were
ordered away; but, so far from fleeing the country, they
armed, organized, and drove off the c< lonists repeat.dly in at
least one case (in 1816) with considerable bloodshed. But Lord
Selkirk was persevering and courageous, and in the face of most
formidable difficulties established his settlements, which now
as a part oi Manitoba, promise to become the most popHous and
wealthy district of the Dominion. In 1821 the " . -years'
struggle between the rival companies ceased by tht -oaibina-
tion and thereafter there was peace on the Red River. The
Hudson s Bay Company had then undisputed sway from the
Labrador coast to the PaciHo. Fifteen years afterwai.ls the
land granted to Lord S,.lkirk, and not yet conveyed to settlers
was bought back by the company, for £84,000. Sir Geur-e
Simpson was made Governor of the Territory, and remained tn
that office for forty years.
Tlie growing irritation of the United States against Great
Britain, f,-om tlie impressment of seamen and other causes cul-
minated in a declaration of war by the Federal Congress on the
18th of June, 1812. Most of the land-movements in this coutlict
-.v^x^- lo occur upuu the soil of Canada. Gen. Sir Isaac Br.jck
".:..■_,■>
.i :F
i
27H
HISTORY OF CANADA.
was Lieutenant-Governor and commander of th*^ forces in Upper
Canada, and moved with promptnebs and energy. Some minor
captures were made within a montli after the declaration of war,
and on the 17th of July, under his orders, the Mackinaw fort
and island were taken. The Americans had invaded Canada
fi-om Detroit; but Brock's strategy compelled their retirement
on the 7th of August, and on the 16th Gen. Hidl, commanding
at Detroit, was intimidated into the surrender of 2,500 men ahd
thirty-three guns, without a battle. An armistice prevailed
until September, when hostilities were resumed. On the 13th
of October anotlier invading force, under Gen. Van Rensselaer,
was defeated at Queeuston, but at the cost of Gen. Brock's life
and that of his aid, Col. Macdonnell. A fine monument on
Q enston Heights marks the fatal scene. The Americans were
also discomfited in further atte*" pts at invasion above Niagara
Falls and from Lake Champlain, and the year ended with little
encouragement to their arms, except from successes on the sea.
The year 1813 opened with the victory of Proctor over the
Americans below Detroit, the sequel to which has given it the
sad name of "the massacre of the Il;usin." Toronto was taken
by the Americans in April, and Fort George, at Niagara in
May; while the British were successful in their movements
about Ogdensburgh. The Anunican Gens. Chandler and Winder
were made prisoners in a night attack near TTaniilton, and their
command forced to retreat. Another detachment of invaders^
under Col. Ban-stl"", was taken by an inferior force at Beaver
Dams, on the Niagaia frontier. A number o^ forts and villages
on both sides of the Niagara re destroved by the contending
parties. In September tlie first important victory was olitaiued
by the Americi-ns in the Battle of Lake Erie, won by Commo-
dore Perry over Barclay; and the next month another in the
Battle of the Thames, in which a land-force under Gen. Harrison,
HISTORY OF CAXAIjA.
277
t.: and killed his great Indian ally, Tecumseh. In Lower
Canada an army under Gen. Hampton, ihvading the province
from Lake Champlain, was obljoed to retreat by a crrpatly
smaller force in command of Col. De Salaberry. A large detach
ment under Gen. Wilkinson, co-operating in the movement
agamst ^fontreal, was met ^^ov. 11 at Chrysler's Farm, on the
St Lawrence, and defeated with heavy loss, including the
officer immediately commanding, Gen. Covington.
The next year, the concluding year of active operations in
this quarter, an attack was made by AVilkinson March 31 upon
the post at Lacolle Mill, eight miles from the foot of' Lake
Champlain, but was beaten back. A British attempt upon the
forts at Oswego in May was successful; but the next, at Sack-
ett s Harl)or, proved a failure in the very moment of apparent
victoiT. Fort Erie was taken by the Federal forces July 3. and
Gen. Riall driven back at Chippewa two days after. The Amer-
u,ans won another victory July 15, at Lundy's Lane, near the
Kills, in which their Gen. Scott was wounded, and Gen. Riall
wounded and taken. Gen. Drummond failed to recapture For
Erie August 15; but the Americans retired from it in November
TmirBHtT' '"■"" ^" '" ^™^ ^^^^^ ^-^^ become 11;
and the British marine strong. On the other hand, the Amer-
W "i, ^^^^:^.^^^^"^1^1^»"' fought Sept. 11. The same month
A\ashingron City was seized and parti, destroyed, and there
were some other British successes. Peace, however, Ivas ali^dy
■• d ivinf " ;'? ''' '''"""^"^' ^'-^ ^-^^>' '^f ^^-"^ --
^::^r^ r- ' ^''""^''"^ intelligence of the peace to be flashed
?on I T ' '"""^'''' '''" l='"'^"^able Battle of New Orleans,
ougl t J.,.,,ary 8, 1815, with its great destruction of human life
would have bt-en prevented.
I
278
HISTORY OF CANADA.
It is the boast of Canada that the .stni^^^le closed without the
presence of an armed invader upon her territory. Her mil-
itia had borne the brunt of the war in the Xorth, and,
almost unaided by regulars, had won brilliant victories at
Chrysler's Farm and Chateaugay. The patriotism and loyalty
of the provinces had for the fifst time been fully developed, and
many gallant sons of the Canadas had sealed their devotion with
their blood. Agriculture and other industries of peace suffered
much by the war; but some compensation was had in the very
large expenditures made here for the material of military and
naval service and in maintaining the campaigns. Particularly
N ova Scotia, upon which very little of the real burdens fell, was
benefited by the vast sums expended by the Home Government.
The year 1815 was distinguished by the beginnings of the
magnificent system of ship-canals, by which the commerce of
the Dominion has been so greatly facilitated. In February, a
joint committee of the Upper Canadian Parliament submitted a
report on canal connection between Lakes Erie and Ontario, and
some other work to improve navigation. Money was appropri-
ated for surveys on the Erie and Ontario route, and down the
St. Lawrence to Montreal. The matters thus in hand by 1821
were referred to a commission appointed that year, which
reported in favor of the work now famoub as the Welland Canal.
A company for its construction was formed, the labor begun in
1824, and ia five years (Nov. 30. 1829) the first vessels passed
from Lake Ontario to the "Welland river, amid the acclamations
of the people. The whole was completed in 1853, and about
twenty years thereafter, to answer tho imperative demands of
larger vessels upon the lakes, an enlargement was m.'ide. so that
the locks are each 970 feet long, 45 wide, and 12 dee]** The
canal is 28 miles long, with 27 locks, making a total lift of
330 feet, and lias cosr about sio, 000,000. Since its construction
was beguu, ihe Lucliiue (pi miles iong), the Beauharuois (,lli),
I
I
innTOlir OF C'AJ^ABA.
279
the Cornwall (lU), Farran's Point (f), Rar)i,le Plat (4), and the
Galops (7^j, canals have been made for the passage of the
several rapids of the 8t. Lawrence, at a total cost^of about
$7,500,000. The Rideau Canal, from Ontario Lake to the
Ottawa river, was projected in 1826, and the Kingston Marine
Railway the next year.
A desolating f re broke out at St. John's, Newfoundland, in
1816, with a loss of $i500,000. The next year about four times
as much property was lost by two fires in the same city, causing
a famine and bread riots, .which were generously relieved from
both Old and New Englana, and other quarters. This city has
since been repeatedly scourged, one tire in 1846 destroying about
2,000 buildings.
In 1817-18 a joint commission of survey, under the Treaty of
Ghent, ran the boundary line between the United States and
New Brunswick, a part of which, from the source of the St.
Croix :o its intersection with the St. John, was confirmed by
the Ashburton Treaty in 1842.
The year 1819 is chiefly memorable for the sad and singular
death of the Governor- General of Lower Canada, the Duke of
Richmond. While on an .oflScial tour up the Ottawa river, he
was bitten by a tame fox, and died the dreadful death of hydro-
phobia, August 27.
The population of the provinces was now rapidly increasing,
chiefly by immigration from the British Isles. During this
year 12,434 immigrants, principally Irish, arrived at Quebec.
In 1823 a scheme for the union of the two Canadas was pro-
posed by the Home Government; but, after much discussion by
the people and in the Parliaments, so much opposition was
develop.: to the plan, that it was not pressed. Political agita-
tion for several years was marked by great acerbity, in some
cases proceeding to violence. The editor of the Quebec Spec-
tator was rwiue iuresied f'-i- iibel, and the editor of the Colonial
280
ULSTCliY OF VAAADA.
Advocate, at Toronto, had liis office niided, and the type thrown
into the Bay, for which tlie rair ts liad tinally to pay damages
The first census of New Brunswick, taken this year, showed
a population of 74,0()o. The era of internal im] -overp-^ut
reached Nova Scotia the next year, when an act was passer^ for
the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal, to connect Halifax
with Cobequid Bay. The great fire of New Brunswick's history
occurred in the fall of 1825, for which -, he dry summer had
prepared. Early in October 5,000 square miles of field and
forest, extending from Miramichi to the Bay of Chaleurs
including two towns and a million dollars' worth of property'
were swept by the flames. One hundred and sixty persons
lost their lives, and many others were seriously burned.
In 1827 the first overt act of the so-called "Aroostook War"
was committed. Some friction ha ' previously existed between
the settlers of Maine and New Brunswick, from uncertainty a?
to the possessic i of about 12,000 square milos of territory c.uth
of the S^ John, which was claimed by both Great Britain and
the United States. During this year a small party of Ameri-
ans under oae Baker entered the Madawaska District and
raised the Yankee flag. It was promptly captured by a sheriff
and Baker sent to jail. The Governor of Maine summoned his
militia, and troops on the New Brunswick side stood ready to
meet the threatened invasion; but more peaceful counsels
allayed the irritation without bloodshed, and the boundary
difficulties were referred to the King of the Netherlands for
arbitration. He gave the larger part of the disputed tract to the
I nited States; but that did not satisfy the people of Maine, and
troubles continued until in 18;i7 war seemed imminent Ten
thousand Maine militia were called out, and an army prepared
to march to the border. Tlie Governor of New Brunswick
placed two regiments there, as an "army of observation,'" and
Nova Scotia offered ample aid in troops and money. Bnt Gen.
J
IIISTOIiY OF CAXADA.
2si
Scott, the hero of Lundy's Lane, now commander of the United
States forces, promptly countermanded all hostile demonstra-
tions preparing in that State. Lord Ashburton and Daniel
AVebster negotiated a treaty within the next four or five years,
by which most of the territory went to the Cnited States.
The yea: 1831 was a fatefnl year of cholera in the provinces
Tlie disease was greatly aggravated by a foreign immigration of
60, (KM), principally Irish peasantry, which arrived at Quebec in
the ^summer, and sc itered thence through the St. Lawrence
Valley. About this time the splenuid reconstruction of the
fo-tifications of Quebec, after designs by the Duke of Welling-
ton, then Prime Minister of England, were undertaken. The
cholera returned in 1834, with yet more fatal and wide visitation
Fort Garry, still standing at \Yinnipeg, was furnished and
occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1835. An important
commission was appointed by the English Government, to
inquire into the political grievances of Lower Canada, growing
mainly out of race hostility between the French and British
elements of population, espec. -y as alleged in the famous
Nmety-two Resolutions, passe. the House of Assembly in
the interest of the French inhabitants. Thev received severe
criticism when the report of the commission was discussed by
the Imperial Parliament in 1837, and some of them were voted
down by heavy majorities. Upper Canada had in turn its fierce
agitation the next year, upon the sudden creation of fiftv-scven
Chuirh of England rectories by Sir John Colborne, just" before
his retirement from the Lieutenant-Governorship.
The J^iberal opposition to the Government was now very
formidable. It was led in Lower Canada by Papineau, and '^n
the Upper province by Mackenzie, editor of the Colonial Advo-
cate, whose office had been mobbed ten years before Xo
important redress of alleo-ed grievances was \v,A fr,.n. the Home
^.over.u.ieni, and poiirical feeling became so intensitied that
Ij
9H'>
mfron r of ca v. i da.
rf'belliou was orgiinizcd. Secret eniolliiu'iits were made, coiin-
fils lield, and plans matured. Exciting addresses to tlie people
were issued, and ni»'t by warnings from the clergy, tlie loval
leaders, and the Governments. November 7, ]H:]7, the first
outbreak occurred in the streets of ^fontreal, when tlie "Sons
of Liberty ' attacked a party of loyal volunteers. Both sides
now armed more generally, and many skli-mishes took place
during the month. Martial law was proclaimed in Lower
Canada. Early in December Toronto was menaced by a force
under Mackenzie; but the insurgents were dispersed after a
short contest. Mackenzie took his following to Navy Island,
near Niagara Falls, where more Canadians and many Americans
joined him. Col. MacNab, with S.oOo men, watched them from
the Canadian side, seized their supply vessel, the Caroline, fired
it, and let it go over the Falls. Artillery was presently brought
to bear upon the island, when the rebels crossed to United States
territory and fled. Two concerned in the Toronto affair were
hanged. During the next year several ineffectual attempts were
made to invade ne provinces from the United States. The
more important were those in November, at Napierville, Iiower
Canada, and near Prescott, Upper Canada. In the latter case a
Polish refugee named Von Shoultz held the stone windm^'ll still
remaining at Wii.dmill Point with a party of insurgents for
three days, when the position was taken. The leaders in both
attempts were hanged, and their followers exiled or transported.
(In 1849 a general amnesty acL relieved from further ])enaltie.;
all surviving members of the insui'gent parties.) Duiing the
winter some feeble efforts were made from Detroit against
Windsor and Sandwich, but they came to nothing, in the
absence of general sympatliy on either side the l)oundary, and
the rebellion w;is soon a Hat failure, (»n its military side.
But there was at least one important resnlf, The Earl of
X^urhani. sent '"it p.s Gr>vern()!'-(T*^neral ii! IS'^S. \\:!^. .-i'sf.- r>>n!^f
JIJ8T0RT OF CANADA.
283
Ivonl Hifrh Commis«;oner to imiuire into Co adian affa;f.s Hia
duty was discharged with great diligence and efficiency, and an
ehnbonite report made, in wliich, among other recommendations
the union of tht; ('anadas was strongly urged. In November
]H:«>, the Special Council of Lower Canada (formed at the out-
break of rebellion two yeau before;, consented to the jdan, as
did the Legislature of Upper ':;anada the next month. Li July,
1840, the Act of Union was patL v i by the Imperial Farliament
and under royal proclamation it took effect February 10 of the
ne^.: year. Thenceforth, until the Dominion was indtituted
July 1, 1867, the two Canadas were one.
In 1837 occurred the first of the great fires that have deso-
lated the beautiful city of St. John, New Branswick. It
destroyed 115 houses and $1,000,000 worth ol propex-ty. The
last of tliese afflictions fell June ?0, 1877, when three-fifths of
the city, including more than 1,600 buildings in its most import-
ant districts, and several millions of property, were swept away.
In 1838 the Executive-Legislative Conncil, previously a part
or the Government of Nova Scotia, was dissolved, and separate
Executive and Legislative Councils organized. A confederation
of all the provinces was proposed, and a deputation sent to the
Governor-General at Quebec, to consult as to the proposed
changes in the local constitution. " Responsible government,"
however,— a system responsible to the Legislature, and through
that to the people,— was not introduced until 1848.
The year 1841 had great political importance in Canada. It
«yas the first year of the Union, which provided a single Legisla-
tive Council of at least twenty-five members, named by the
Crown, and a Legislative Assembly of eighty-four members—
forty-two from each of the late provinces, elected by the people.
An Executive Cmncil of eight Mini>-*ers constifited the Cabinet
of the Governo leneral, with s-iits in the Legislature, and
power to hold tl. "ir porM'olios only .so long as their measures
J
284
HISTORY OF CANADA.
commanfled its assent ("responsible government " again). The
public debt of the provinces, of which Upper Canada had much
the larger buiden, mainly from its splendid public works, was
made a charge upon the common treasury. Bills involving
exi)enditure of public money, which before might be introduced
by any member, were to be moved by the Government only.
Kingston was selected as the new capital, and the Right Hon.
Charles Poulett Thompson, now created Baron Sydenham and
Toronto for his efforts in promoting the union, was made the
first Governor-General ni United Canada. He had scarcely
opened an administration of unusual intelligence and vigor,
when it was terminated by a fatal fall from his horse in Septem-
ber, 1841. The first United Parliament met at Kingston in
June, and instituted measures concerning municipalities, the
currency, the customs duties, popular education, the public
works, etc., which proved of great and enduring benefit. A
Board of Public Works was created, and a loan of £1,500,000
obtained in England for its disbursements.
In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company leased Vancouver's
Islond and the adjacent coast from the Crown, founded Victoria,
now capital of British Columbia and a flourishing town of 7,000
people, and established trading- posts there and at other jjoints.
In 1846 the international line was determined as midway of tht
channel between the island and mainland. But just here was
the island of San Juan, of much military importance as com-
manding the entj'ance to Fraser River; and both nniiona
claimed it. After the gold discoveries on Frasei- in IS.VS, fji^
foices of the United States occupied the island, and a c(>ri)s of
Biitish marines was also sent to it at <mce. The hostile l)and3
remained quietly in joint occupation, however, uiiiil arl)itration
gave permanent jxissfssion to tlie United States.
rpon the gi;int of it ill ISli) t(. the Iludsoir.s Bay Comi)any,
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BISTORT OF CANADA.
285
reunited with British Columbia, and with that province became
an integral part of the Dominion in 1871.
The seat of Government was removed from Kingston to
Montreal in 1844. Sir Charles Bagot, who had succeeded Lord
^-^ydenham as Gc-'^rnor-General in 1841, died at Kingston in
May,^ 1843, and was followed by Sir Charles Metcalfe. He
remained in office but two years, when he retired from ill-
health, and Lord Cathcart, Commander of the Forces in British
North America, became G-vernor- General ad interim, untU the
Earl of Elgin and Kincardine came to relieve him in 1847. This
was a year of heavy immigration from Ireland, in which famine
and fever had wrought fe^irful havoc. Seventy thousand
arrived at Quebec by the 7th of August. Pestilence came with
them, and 4,000 soon died of it, notwithstanding every effort of
public and private charity. This terrible year had, however,
at least one bright spot for Canada, in the introduction of the
magnetic lelegraph, whose wires now reach nearly all settled
parts of the Dominion, and stretch across vast spaces of wilder-
ness. In 1858 the first ocean telegraph was landed in New-
foundland, and operated imperfectly for a few days, when
there was sOence beneath the sea until the cable of 1866.
In 1848 New Brunswick began to enjoy the blessings of
responsible government, similar to iiie Canadian system.
The Navigation Laws, by which commence had been seriously
obstructed, were repealed by the British Parliament iu 1849,
and this measure, with the previous repeal by the Canadian
Asseml)ly of differential duties on imports from foreign coun-
tries, practically ema; ..npated the colonial trade, although some
embarrassment was at first felt from the repeal of the Naviga-
tion Laws. The financial state of the province was eminently
satisfactory, and the general feeling was hopeful.
But one event of 1849 had for the moment clouded the situa-
iiou. : he passage of a bill foi- indemnifying residents of Lower
rri
286
HISTORY OF 6'.4.V.li;,l.
Canada for losses sustained in the Rebellion, was followed by a
riot in Montreal, during which the Parliament House was
burned, and several houses of obnoxious Ministers and members
of Parliament were wrecked. The Governor-General was
attacked, but escaped without serious injury. The capital was
thereupon removed to Quebec and Toronto, each for alternate
terms of four years, until Ottawa became the capital in 1857.
A law for free banking was enacted in ISoO, and -another for
a uniform postal rate of five cents per letter within * .e province
the next year. A great railway convention at Portland, Maine,
attended by Canadian and Nev/ England delegates, met in July,
1850, and prepared the way for the construction of the European
and North American (from the United States to New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia), the Grand Trunk, and other important iron
roads. The next year the ground was broken for the Northern
Railway of Canada by the fair hands of Lady Elgin, wife of the
Governor-General. The same year another impetus was given
to Canadian prosperity by the successful exhibit of provincial
products made at the first World's Fair, in London.
In 1853 the House of Assembly in Parliament was increased
from 84 to 130 members. In 1954 the Reciprocity Treaty with the
United States was procured, under which practically free trade
with that country was enjoyed, with great benefit to both sides,
until 1860, wheU; partly as a retributive measure for asserted
Canadian sympathy with Southern rebels during tlie Civil War,
the treaty was abrogated. Seigniorial tenure, which had
replaced the feudal tenure long before, was gradually abolished
in Lower Canada in 1855-57, and after 1854 the proceeds of the
clergy benefit lands reserved in Upper C;niada were devoted to
municipal purposes. In the latter year Lord Elgin closed his
able and generally i)opular administration, and was succeeded
by Sir E. W. Head, who was followed in 1801 by Lord IMonck.
The Legislative Council was made elective bv the iieonle in
1^ I !>■■
HISTORY OP CANADA.
287
1856. A line of ocean-going steamers to Great Britain was
started. The next year a financial and commercial stringency
came upon the country, and lasted in many of its phases until
after the great conflict in the United States had ceased. The
seat of Government was fixed in 1857 at Ottawa, and the erec-
tion of superb public buildings was begun. When the Domin-
ion was created ten years later, it was again chosen the capital.
In 1858 the convenient decimal system of currency was
adopted, and this year and the next a route from Fort Garry
westward was explored for the Canadia n Pacific Railway. In the
latter year and the following the statutes of both Canadas were
codified and published. The Prince of Wales came in 1860, and
was received everywhere in the provinces with great enthusiasm
He formally opened the great Victoria Bridge at Montreal, and
laid the corner-stone of the Parliament buildings at Ottawa
Durmg the next four years tho great rebellion in the United
States gave Canada some trouble; but nothing very serious
resulted excep! the St. Albans raid in 1864, and the repeal of
the Reciprocity Treatj in 1866. To prevent further raids from
Canada, the Government placed thirtr volunteer companies
along the frontier. Many Southern refugees and Northern
sympathizers, and Northerners fleeing from the drafts, took
temporary refuge in the provinces.
Armed inroads from the United States were attempted in
1866, by parties of Irish Fenians; but were repelled with some
bloodshed in one case, a skirmish at Limeridge, near Fori Erie.
About 2(),()()0 volunteers offered their services; but few of them
were actually needed.
By 1866 the old scheme of confederation had gained very
hopeful headway. On the 28th of the ne^ t March the new Act of
Union, passed by the British Parliament, became a law, taking
Hffect^ the 1st of July following-a date since patriotically
observed every year as " Uomiiuon Day." The act constituted
BISTORT OF CANADA.
the Dominion of Canada from the provin es of Upper and
Lower Canada (designated as Ontario and Queboc), New Bruns-
wick, and Nova Scotia, but provided for the subsequent
admission of all otlier subdivisions of British North America.
Each province was allowed its separate Government, with a
General Government and Governor- General for the whole. The
first Dominion Governor was Lord Viscount Monck, last Chief
Executive of united Upper and Lower Canada. He was suc-
ceeded the same year by Sir John Young, Baron Lisgar, and
he in 1875 by Lord Dufferin, an exceedingly able and popular
ruler, whom the Marquis of Lome, son of the Duke of Argyle
and son-in-law of the Queen, followed two years after.
In May, :.870, the Red River countiy was organized as the
Province of Manitoba. In 1869-70 the standard of rebellion
was raised in that region by a Frenchman named Riel, at the
head of a party of half-breeds, over a land question; but
nothing more serious resulted than the capture and occupation
of Fort Garry and the killing of a citizen or two.
The last decade has been marked by no great events in
Canada, but rather by healthful and large progress, and the
immense extension of the railway and telegraph systems. The
census of 1881 showed a growth in population during the next
preceding ten years of 18.05 per cent, in Ontario, 14.01 in Que-
bec, 13.61 in Nova Scotia, 12.44 in New Brunswick, 29.80 in
Manitoba, 65.28 in the Northwest Territories, and 76.66 in
British Columbia; or an average increase for the whole Domin-
ion of 18.02 per cent. The last bulletin of information from the
Canadian railways, brought down to July, 1881, gives the splen-
did total of 7,597 miles, representing stock to the par value of
$109,427,980, a bonded debt of $84,891,313, and net .earnings
during the preceding year of $7,866,091. The growth of the
Dominion in other material matters has hardly bren less, and
lis future ia radiaul wiili promise and hope.
ru-Ar>-??^4>
By p. c. HEADLEY,
Autlior of -History of the Two Americas."
UTHENTIC American history dates back only
about four centuries. Previous to that period
through an almost unlimited age, tbe existence of
a vastly numerous and pre-historic race may be
traced through the ruins of their cities, their won-
derful caves, and subterranean habitations in
which skeletons of some of their ancient inhabit
an s, .tone implements of warfare and husbandry, andV^eces of
pottery and earthen vessels of rare and peculiar workmrnsh'p
and coloring, are found. In some of thesp n,nr. r..., .1 I^
«tructed mounds, tools of copper, brass, and silVer^'and ^aLr^i
290
GREAT UISrORICAL EVEyXS.
^
pottery, ornaments, and precious stones, have been found.
These ancient inhabitants also worked the ooi)per mines of Lake
Superior and their old pits are still called the "ancient dig-
gings." In one of these mines a mass of copper was found
which weighed over forty tons, and which had been -^parated
from the original vein by removing the e,":th and ore, and th
surface made smooth by pounding. About this huge piece oi
copper were found the very tools those ancient miners had used
—stone hammers, copper chisels and wedges, as if the workmen
had departed, intending soon to return. Upon some of these
deserted mines the largest forest trees are found growing, and
upon a mound near Marietta, Ohio, were found trees which, at
least, must have seen eight centuries. The most marvelous and
peculiar of all the relics of these ancient inhabitants are found
in the valleys of Arizona. Here almost every hill-top within a
range of 10,000 square miles is covered with broken pottery, so
perfectly glazed that its bright and varied coloring is well pre-
served. Here, also, are ruins of buildings four stories in height,
and with walls two feet thick, reservoirs, irrigating canals, and
fortifications, where multitudes of caves are cut in the solid rock,
and closed by mason-work of stone ana cemei.t, which is well
preserved. These caves are only accessible by means of ladders,
and the larger ones are bastioned and loop-holed; and an entrance,
large enough to admit one person only, was made at the topi
which connected with a series of chambers that honey-combed
the whole mountain, while their walls are still black with the
smoke from the fires of their ancient dwellers. These subter-
ranean caverns were evidently prepared with a vast amount of
labor as asylums against a fierce and invading foe; and long and
cruel must have been the warfare which forced them to forsake
their villages and cultivated fields and make their homes in the
rocky depths of the mountains. AVliere and how the last of this
numerous and woiideiiui race were blotted out of existence,
GREAT mSTOniCAL EVENTS.
The ruins of Spanish cathrfrals ami towns which were in ill
their g ory, when a few half-slarved English refnC from
oppressica were stru«gli„g f„r existence on the si o' « of T
w.ldsof New Mexico and Arizona, bnt their earliest record, 21
no acconntof these wonderful ancLnt inhabiean Nei hX
intelligent and semi-civilized Monteznmas, nor the vast tribes 't
Indians subject to them, have any knowledge or dto ti"dHon
ev^n concerning these monnmenta of a lon^forgottel g 'a^d
i
TJie figures at the right hand refer to the p(wes in ar, ^tu.^-
Ch n3«, traditron alleges the discovery of Mevico ^
Iceland discovered by the Normans
Greenland discovered by the Xormans ~
TheDanespeopled Greenland under Eric'Raud l
Natiw, di«)ovcred in Newfoundland "'='•'»<» 2
mSsS-Sl u:rj S?S: i:£^';- -'"'?- »" -".c <»,« ■ o?
458.
861,
889.
985.
1003.
1004.
1003-06,
1006,
1170,
to be the first child born of £„.„,.
A Welch prince, named JIadoc"'s
:°°.,^'.l'?™ '"' .^»"i?f^ Snorri, sui.posed
t.
2
uropean parents on the American continent.
•supposed to have discovered America
^, . COLUMBrs.
ranean "'"'• °^ t«iirtecn— his nrst voyage on the Mediter-
.._'_""^.'.. ;^ _ j-76
1470-74. He conceived Ilic7(lea
—that another continent must
1447.
'1461.
1467.
1474.
1493.
that bv ,.a.li„,.r west he would reach the East Indies
Uiat dirticlion. . . .
^^^S^I^Sll^:'^.:^^ '" courts'of Poriugai; ^;ain Vn
April 17. — Ferdinnr-r?
belli! fitting out the
d
5-77
„ _ n,ii;ro;'";",;"' '" '^'""" fe^'^ant nim n commission. Isa-
I
III
L
1493.
1494.
1496.
1497.
149a
1499.
1500.
1501.
1502
1503.
1504.
1506.
1508.
1513.
1513.
arriv,.sat thoCanary I>lan.!s,,S,.pt..n>lK..M,.-Iin,ft tl.Manarirs. and. wh^
out (,t siirht of land his men lH.r()nic iK'jcctcd and l)cg of him to return Ho
(■ncoiira-cs th,.m and nstoirs ronlidcnc.'; ((ctobcr l.-\ot liavinir discovrwl
th(.„; O<'toh..r l-'.-Land . isrov.r.d. uh.n his m.-n prostrat.. th,-n>s<.|vos
at tlic tcct ot ( ohiiidm.s and hf<r his foririvcni'ss. Oiilaiidin"- lie finds the
shores Imed witli iiake.l iidiahitants. Cohinihus named tids island Sau
Salvador, and continued his vovatce in seaieh of -old; Oetoher 2a —He dis-
covers uba and nuinerous otjier small islands, all of whi.h are inhabited,
and tinds small .,uaiitili,s ot iro!.l; I)ec..ml.,r (i.-( Olumlms sail.^l eastward-
I)ee.inher 24. -One ot his vessels is lost in a storm olT the .•oast of Havti."
llie natives assist him in landiii- and treat him with kindness. . . .78, 89, (WJl
Columhus leaves Ilayti for Spam, leavini: behind liim a colony of thirty-
eight men; March l,,.-Ho arrives in Spain and is received with ev.Ty mark
of graitwde; September 25.-He returns on his s-cond vovage to the
West Indies with a larger fleet .•onsisting of seventeen sliips'and fifteen
He!!Ji', ,''k?"'/ November 22.-He arrives at Hayti and finds hi.s colony
destrojed, but plants another, naming it Lsabella g-82, 83
Columbu.s suppresses a conspiracy at Hayti and sends the leader to Spain
He discovcTs god in large .,uantities; May 4.-( ontinuing his voyage
among the \\ est Indies he .liscovers .Jamaica and Porto Hico; September 27 -
the rnn"^" f T."'V'"J'-'^ !^rol' '"' '"■°"'"" «"rtholomew whom lie had sent' to
the Court ot Lngland in 1481 C-83 84
June 11.— C'olumbus learning that enemies in Spain were working his over-
throw repaireu to court with products of his adventure in gold from the New
World, and convmced his patrons of liis success and the value of his enter-
P"^' ••••■••• 7-85
June 24.— .John and Sebastian Cabot, Italians, sent out by Henry VII and
discover Labrador and Newfoundland f ." . . ..... 10
May.— Sebastian Cabot sets out upon liis second voyage to the New World
and explores the toast from the extreme north to Florida 11
May 30.— After a delay of nearly two y^ars Columbus sails from Spain on
his third voyage with ten ships; July 31.-He discovers Trinidad and the
urinoco; August.— He discovers the continent of South America 7-80
May 16.— Americus Vespucius, after whom America is named, sailed from
Spam to explore the n. \v world. He follows tlie course of Columbus. . 18-87
Columbus is sent to Spain in irons by Bovadilla; November 5 —Col-
umbus upon Ins arrival in Cadiz meets Ferdinand and Isabella, who being
ashamed of their course toward him, invite him to court and openly anolo
gize for their conduct \^ ^ 7-ii8
Negro slaves are imported into Ilispaniola.
May 9, —The Spanish government send Columbus upon his fourth and la.st
voyage 7-89
The Spaniards introduce negro slaves into the West Indies 96
August 13.— Columbus again arrives at St. Domingo 6-90
May 20.— In the fifty-ninth year of his age Columbus dies at Valodolid
Ihe gold mines of Hayti yield great wealth to Spain 8-91
A Canadian Indian seen in France.
Juan Ponce-de-Leon discovers Florida 94
September 26.— .Uter exploring Central America, Balboa crosses the Isth-
WUS ot Drtl'IPn anil <lian<-vvofa fVio li.,«;«„
OREAT IIISTOlilCAL EVENTS.
293
I
;515.
1516.
1517.
1518.
1519.
Alonzo de lu R,m. a Spanianl. 1,,..m„. ,i.,, ,,,p,„r,„
Nata the first Spanish city fouudo,! on the Faciflc
The Rio do la Plata discovered.
Charles V. grants a
ion of Pom.
iieiflc coast.
Africa " " ^'^^^^^ ^^^ "" '^"""'il
Mexico discovered by Grijalva.iind ■'
.94
import of 4,()0() negroes from
... 96
fe'old in considerable quantities found 98
MO-'«'TEZLM.' \SD ORTKZ
C.ortoz romniis.sionod with Ann rr or. .„ i
Hereceivosa letter from tie VfBn"rsof\'in^^^^^^ ""'' r^"^'^' ^^'^^'^^o, 119.
inquiring the object of his "^itCo,,"; iiTlwTS"'" ■^'•'•^''-•"" '""""^'^h
intentions by sending him prosont.s Montezuma of his friendly
August 30.-rortoz plants a colonv'at'vr™' r ,' ^^®' ^^
allegiance to Cuba; \ ,vomlK-r H ?wtt; , ^^l"' '""^ renounces his
invitation of Montezuma ; Doc/mK f r,T"'' ""m''7 "^ ^^^''^'^o by
denceof Montezuma makes .inrm^L„ ■ . '^^ cowardly betrays the conff-
five officers in a lil^ mXf^om w.C^,7al^.^y'"'^7''^'''''^ ^'"'•"^ ^is son and
1620. Through fear of Cortez Mont^3„ "''^"'/'""'" '^^' """"ry . . 121-124-135
of Spain ^^■' '^^^nf^'^uma .surrenders his supremacy to the King
S^Ai^on^s^rStS^ ''' ^--^^'^^^^alhaons (MageHani.^''
into bonikge .?...'' ."'';. ^''^"•'^1'^ "«">'' "f ^h^^ natives and carries them
drfc'lhem SL' he cUv' ""^^ " ^™> '"""^'-'■^"^ ' "" tl-' KpaniaVdV 2
aftS'S":': ::-^^^^';"- -end; ti;; s;;aits- ;hK;i; have-;incVbee;;namS
April 28.— Reinforced "•■■•'- ■>-:—'-" " ' "•' ■■■■.': 134
1521.
1528.
IS repulsed by the .\Lxicans S ^T '''r 'Z''''"' ''"■* l^*' "'^' •">• '^"'
August 13 the Mexicans surrender . '' '■''"•^'''' "'^ '^"'":k
After three years
Qe of Magellan's s
person who ever circumnavigated the
Sp?fn aLico7'^febX^ °f.^^-'''! •^PP"'^*'^^ Cortez t
them to workintac n£.^^'':':^''P''»^ '^'^'"^'^ the Indians and compel.
and
onf ^S.^r:,;S Sfvi^^r^^^- -I'^'^^r!^^^ ^-°- comma;S:;'S
n,.rc^., ,„K?, _. '"I'Mint \ i(tor\) sails round the world, beimr the first
" 134
toz Governor of Xcw
lobe.
135
1523.
1524.
1525.
Bermuda Islands discovered by .Juan Bermuda.
lJ:S^t ^£\: ;^;:i;[?;'° ^° -^'^-r central' America, and in two year,
Xorth America explored hy Vorazzani who calls it New France 11
at one' tim^'r:: ^::^:^ ^^'^■'^"^^ '-'» ^-- ^"'-•-i Cobles b.;:;:d^t th;- ;;ake
.135
PIZARRO AND TIIK CONQUEST OF PERf
Francisco Pizarro sailed from Panama to atte
J once de Leon commission
into iho conduct of Cortoy" ami if"\rm'i';''^"'f V ''""'"■'•'■^^^ '" ^lexico to inquire
♦" c....:_ v-uiit/,, .inu II guilty of trcu.son to arrest and ' " ' '
by Charles V
to Spain
Ponce de Loon dies without executing'his'miVs
bastian Cabot s;iil< nlnn.r ti „., .\r ^ ..
nipt the conquest of Peru. 130
bring mm
135
1.36
1526.
152ft.
151U.
1532.
1533.
1533.
1554.
1535.
1535.
1535-50.
1536.
Pizarro ..xplnrfs Pvni, the inlmhitants wrrr dmnflv rl,.,i ,„„] riilfivaf<..l tl.n
«o.l; ^r.,1,1 ,,,1 s.v.T won. al.u.pluut and were use.l by e n uivSrm^^^^^^^^
lal.s for VL-i.sel.s of (0111111011 use. •' "'"'vis JW matei-
I arm rcturn.s to Spain and meets Cort-^z. . ^37
.•ompi;;;'i•em^'!!^".!'^'! it'' """^ l^Omonsans'npon an V;.p;ditio„ 'to
Pizarro fo,ind« the first rnlony in Peru, naniine; it W." Michael Athiiniana
nndllua.sear. s„n.softheforn.,r Knip.Tor of P,;„ l.ein^ . war wifl^^ S
o herfor hesupn-maey. <l,d not disturl, Pi/.arro, l.ut , ..H. mad ove „• t
1. 1., t he pref.rred to remain neutral until he should learn the M,en'"h f
lis,.,, MX, r'" '"'"""."' ^'•".■"•'•^'"P. '''^••"•ro n.arehed toCa.x.m. la
II.. Mat oi Athualai-a, who rec,.iv,..s him with mu.h display. olTerin-' him
many valuable presents. Inilamed l,y the sijrht of m, mu.h :^o ,! vTro a
his solders n-solve tr, impriso,. Athualapa in his „w.^ capitaraiu akt i. si n
H.on of the country. Father Vincent' Valverd,.. a ..^S ri • ^w h a
cruc.ttx in lus hand, demanded suhmi.ssion to the ('athodc ei'ion im he
Kmi^of Spam. refu.sm>,^ to accept tlie Spanish n.|i, :,.n upon suPh au horit'
(i
1537.
22 feet 1.,,,;: by 16 feet wicU:* with-,oid.;";;:;s;:i; ThlSr'iirh'ci^'n.^^r
rf'TrS'^'." .\'-™' :'.°^'''' S^''^^"^ ''■"^"^•-"^- pour in for the r~
Pi/arro melted the -old an(l divided it nmon- his .soldiers" according to'their
rank. So vast wa.s the (,uantily, tliat after reserving one-fifth for the crown
niere remained over »1,500,()()() to be divided between Pizarro aid his sol-
•'40
bvF'in.^r V ^"'■'T'''- 7f."«P« to release Athualapa, who submits to baptism
D\ I'allier V aiverde, and is condemned to be str^mgeled. . . . 140
Pi, irro-s success inflames the minds of the Spaniards in P,.>,namaand Nicar-
agua, who rush ui, in great numbers ; j4q
upSMii!'"""'"" *'''^"''^' "" '^"'"•"'"'^ «f ^'^^'° and confers' great' power
•lame.s Cartier circumnavigated the island of Newfoundland and soon
France". ".'.'' ,'.°'" '^'. ''''' ^'^ ^'^^'■"^"^'^'^ = ^P'""*^'^ 5.-IIe returned to
Havana destroyed by the French.
ofSr«np!re tlire''.^^^^^^^ establishes his palace and the capital
an?:aiirt;;;S'^:'fiSence'!!"'"°'TT"f:^':
th Jm*" ^tI?".™""' 200.000 strong, attack all Spanish .settlements and destroy
thtm. They surround Cuzeo and Lima. The whole Spanish army at thes..
two pomts are shut in and besieged for nine months. ... " {40
■Vsm.^To.rs 'r'''"f-''r' ''"' .'-''!:'' '"^l»''l ^^ tlif- -^it*- of th(. present town of
.>.sii,,Mon. h. A., which gav.> it ?:} years tli,. precedence of Jamesto vu the
hrst c.uiopean settlement in the Uiiit(.(! States. oauiLsio vu, mi
Cortez discovered the peninsula of California.
J
i
L
GREAT IIISTOUKM. KVHMS.
29.-
l.V)9. May 3(».— Ffidii. ulo dc Soto arrives upon the wtMern cosst of Flnrirl.
with 9 vxs.st'l8, 600 nu.i.. ai;j liorsrs, an.l u herd of swine
1540. August :;:5. -Curlier arrived at the port of St. Croix upon hi.' tliird vovagc
1541. In tile sprin- Canier visits Xewfoundlan.l m roule for Kranre whei,. he
fln.ls three ships with 2(K) ihtsoiis of both s, xes, on their way to Ca m a to
found a colony, undur command of Lord Uoberval j
lpff"i;v7;.T,'!fr'''''Tr ""''■'•'^"! ^,!- ^''•(^i-:' »n.l .-tahlish themselveVartlM- fort
left by ( artier. Hiev jm.ss a t.-dious winter, sulferin.- .'i„ni si, kness and ■.-
vation, and return to Vraiice tlie following summer. . ', ' ^
De Soto discovers ' - MLssi.ssippi.
1542. King Charles dcciu .o change the form of Government in tl, Americai
prov iiices-abolishing slavery of the nations nnd military despc^ism. . 145
1545. Silver mine •" -ovcred at Potosi, South America.
1548. Pizarro publ. , executed j^o
1553. The entire Indian population in Cuba become e.xliiinV tin ii'irh the ru-ltv
of the Spaniard.s. lu.n^
1554. The mi es of Santa Barbara antl .San Juan di -overed.
Havana again destroyed by the ' nch.
1563. Negro slavery lirst introiluced ... 'he West Indies 013
1576. June— Martin Frobisher sailed from En-land with uvo email .c.-ls. Is
1577-80. Sir Francis Drake sailed aK-ng the rmst of California, taking formal nos
ses.sion m the name of the Queen of England; tliinki ,- to Hnd aTortirrn
?tZX''r.^'"!'^/'"■ ■^"'^"''^•.•^•^ ^iled north till he reached l^.^egio of
eternal cold, but fouu,i no gap in the ice-bound coast. Fearing o meet the
Spaniard cruisers he sailed westward, and reached England after circ mnav
Em^Xr t\ "' "econiplished his purpose and reached En^Zl in
sien:?"chi^4'i:T '' """'^ ^''"'- ^*^"«- ™^ ^- -^^^^-^ - -
1578. Frobisher sailed for a third x oyage to Labrador, with a fleet of 15 vessels
and^ rn?kt7.,!il.m7^^'"'°'''-Pl'f"V'"°'" Q"*''"" Elizabeth to discover
^^^^^^^lt^Stl^:T^^^ '^''^'^ ^"-- - ^^--^1' America
'^^' eriS''%om' wZ)' -n 'T"'!"J'°' "^^ Newfoundland, establishes Vhe cod flk-
S'Ind had bet"/ .ed°Srh t^old VJne';''^' "•^^ ^^°*^' "'^^ "^^ ^^^^^ '^ ^^-
^^^ wlhcVlSeB ^'"^.':T^'" '° ^'""•^'^ ^^"'-^'"^ ^J- Q"^^° '^«''«th to Sir
1585. Richard Granville with 7 vessels and 108 men'land at Ro" moke." '.'. 214
l.)87. Davis's Straits discovered by John Davis, an Enr.-:ishman.
Tobacco first introduced into Ensiland bv .^Ir Lauc 16
!-S' l!!'"'"'''' ^"'l' ^^'' ^''^ "^"''^ '^'^^'^ °^ ^^Slisi. pp.rcntage in Xorih America.
"'• att^3:^^/rSlf^ ""''"' '^^^'^- '"'■ •' "^'^'-- '^-'-'^ '"='' '* --
1602 Bartholomew Gosnold, an Englishman, in a small vessel and but 30 men
saied directly west and reached the shore.s of America upo.i M^clm etts
i<, 215
KXPEDITIOX OF Cfl.VMrLAIN
IfiO.'? r'I,.,rr..^lo!., yy,^^^. .„ .11 , .. , . _
' """' """ '"■"■ ~'"'''" -^---^i', .'aiiuu lioiii i''iauce and entered the ;jt
1604.
1606.
1607.
1608.
1609.
1610.
1610.
Lawronro river. He passp.l the promontory upon whicli Quoboc now .stands
to the hsland upon wlncli Montreal is built.
With a motley crew Cliamplain aaaiu visited Canada and attempted a .=-1-
tlenient on an island in Passama(iuoddy Bay. Alter e.xi)ericneini: the horrors
■"pt.
Latcli,
New Brunswick lirst colonized.
April 30.— Xorth America, between the 34th and 3«th deCTees of north
latitude -ranted by chart-r of Kin- .Janies I. of Ei-hmd. to the Plymouth
Company and from the 41st to the 45th to the London Company.
Sir .Tohn Pnpham attempts to found a colony on the Kennebec River at
oagadaliuck, Jlame.
May 13.— Colony at .Jamestown, Ya., planted under Christo^ Xew
Por( ' .^Ig
.Tamestown colony reinforced by 120 men and a Inrie stock of provisions
ana impkinents of husbandry .-^^^
Cbamplain returns to America and founds the city of Quebec .^26
Sept. 10.— Capt. Smith chosen President of the council of .Tamestown
colony ^,jy
Pocaho-ta.s s:.id '- hr,/e saved the life of Capt, Smith ,'. . , '.',".217
^ Champlain -ivcover-^ ke which Loais his name Ind'defeated'die
iroquois m a battle. For 20 years Champlaiu presided over his colony He
died at Quebec, December, IGiio. "' '
DISCO VEKY OF THE IfUDSON.
21.— Tlenry Iludon, an Englishman, in the employment of the
discovered the Hudson, whicl bears nis nanit . lle"^ ascended the
Btream as far as Troy ^qq
May23.— England jirants the Virsrinia colonies a new .-hurter and sond.s
over a set of outlaws and imposes them upon the colonies 218
Smith nearly loses his life throujrh an exi losion of powder. He returns to
±.n!,daiid, leavin- mi iieisons in the colonv, wliieli were, w six months
reduced by famine to (50 persons " ofO
Lord Delaware arrives with three ships, a number of settlers and i l,ar-e
store of i)ro visions " .,jq
Lord Delaware visits Delaware Bay, -iving it his name.
Lord Bacon's Company attempts to settle Newfoundland.
nuiXSOK's LAST VOY.\Op-.
Hudson sailed nn hi- Lis , yajre. ...id before h, had been a month at sea he
discovered inuliiiy anioni: nis crew wliieh. with ^rR.at dillieultv he sun-
pressed. Atler sailin- two months le entered the -reat bav ^\hicl^ has since
>>een called by his name, and whieii he siijiposed was tlii' lomr sou-lit pa.s.sa-c
to the l'a(iti( . Here he s.ioii found himself liemnied in, and' di.se(7verin- tile
faef too lilt,- \n r-unn to the .Vtlaiitic. he saw he must winter in that des'olate
re-ion, with little iirovision inid a miilinous crew
lie remiin.d there .•i-la nmnths before the iee broke up around his shin so
that .le ciiild eave. I tteily f.irloni, anc! aiiprehendiiiir the worst result- he
prepared lor them as best he could. He ^.ive each .if ..is m..n .. ,.,.,•(;.•„. ..ti, r,t
\
GltEAT HISTORICAL EVEXTS.
297
1612.
3-
1613.
1611.
1615.
1617.
101«.
Itil9.
16^'(l.
1621.
p.«r. "n iron po,, mul a l.ag of iu<.al. Tlu-v tl,.., cast oil' the rle „nl
sai , aiKl k-ft tlicm to their fate. Xothiug „ „,,. ^.,^, ^.^...^ i,,,^"^\ ™P^' "^"^^
a i.l they n.ust have all miserably peri.shed in a few dus^ it was too S
for l)inl.s to be seen in that frozen rei,riou. ^ ^-'^^^
Green and his ciiief abettor were, u few davs after killpH ;„ „ fi„i . -^i
SOUK. Indians an.l another died f-oni hung,- and^ Je ml able femnZ
eniaeiatod to the last .lejrree, reached En.dand in Sep en^?, t Xre two of
their number rev. iled what had been done. ... 31
The nefario.is lottery scheme was enacted and put into nracticc in the Vir
gima colony, bnngmg £->9.00a into the treasury o^f theLomlonTUipJny ^20
l'ocalionta.1 \fAii taken prisoner by Cr.pt Aro-yl ooq
April— Pocahontas was married to John Rolfe ooq
^.New York settled by the Dutch on Manhattan Isiand"inow 'xew' Vork
^ '' ' O jjQ
Two r.ngM.sh yes.sels uniler command of Cant John Smith and Thos TT„nt
Capt. Argvl i.^akes a raid upon the settlement of X( w York and demanHo
Clmmplain explores the country of 'he IIui ■ ,ns.
The Dutch erect a fort on Long Island 301
The cultivation of tobacco first introdaccd into Virginia. .'.' ." g-'O
Jafflr's Bay discovered bv Baffin.
Pocalio.u.is died in E nglmd, leaving a son who was educated there. ... 34
J.ord I elaware died on his pa.ssage to Vir-inia . 001
June li>.-Flst Colonial Assemblv in Vir-inia ogi
of Ei^dSi'."'":,;;:!""'!"''? ::' P''t ''f •';"'""■• ^^^^- «'-t white' ddid 'hZ,
01 c.n^ii,n , ... nt.ige in Xew England .inii iianieu Peregrine White id
l.A.VDIXG OF TIFK I'lL.ililMS.
D.., mher -I.an.linu ..f the l'il-,ims at INvnmuth. Mass . 40
v,.n/f ""! '?:"!';"'!':'!. I'"' ''■'"'" '" ""■ ^'''''^""" •"'"">■ '" '''■ "«^<^'««'«;^
August.— .V cargo of negroes 'bron-hV from' th.' c.Vist of Guiana' i)vfh^
Dutch au.l sol.l to the Virginia planters . . " o-^l
(inu.s S.U.I) AS wivKs.
C.irg.. nf girls sent to tlw Virginia eolonv ami sol.l as wives
lai.N ol tlie lust s.nlers wii.) cam,, to Virdnia wen^ niventnrers and
Mngl.; m..n. .-uul came ,„ th.'sc ,lisi,,nt shores' ..xn..ctin. ■ to ..0";^, n,.,, .i,
"^■" ' " '* -*'"' '" """■" "" 'I"'"- native ountry ,m.l liv.; ul ease; but
!l
findinfr tliat if forluncs were iniide. tlirymiist l)c developed hvcultivatinf; the
Hoil; tlieretore, in order to successfiflly esiiil)lish tlieinselves iiud build up
homes the}- must procure llie " liome-kei'pi rs," and as there were none here,
they must be "imported," and to i)ay tlie expense of their passage, the}- were
sold.
]Sinety youii;^ and respectable women were brou^rlit ov( 1 in fjie first com-
pany, and were (juickly disposed nf. and (iie emer])rise i>r()ved so sucCLS.-^ful
that a second company were ordered, and sixty more same over.
The price of a wife wa.s at first estimated at 120 pounds of tobacco, wliicli
sold for three shillimrs per pound, and afterward they brouirJit l.")!) pounds.
Thi.s was coiisidereii a vcrv lionorable tran.saction. and tlie wives were
received with so much fondness, iuh; were so conifortalily established, that
the proceeding added nuich h.nppiness and diirnity to tlie colony 231
May 12.--First marriage at Plymouth, Mass.
The W. I. Company build New Amsterdam (New York) and found
Albiiny ! 300
School for Indians established in Virginia.
1622. Tlie Indian massacre at .Tamestown; 347 of the colonists killed in open day
by tlie savages ooo
1623. Maine and New Hampshire .settled by the EuLdisli 260
1G23. New- .Jersey settled by the Swedes and Dutch and Fort Nas.siu built on the
Delaware River.
First white diild born of Dutch parentage at New Amsterdam.
1624. King James dissolved the \'irginia Company, and assumed control of the
colonies in Virginia.
1625. House of Keprcsentatives in Virginia discontinue<l by King James and a
new form of government adojited.
Death of King .Tames.
March. — Charles I, ascends the throne of England and appoints Sir George
Yeardley over the colonies at the liead of a council of 12 men.
rruCHASE OF M.\XII.\T'r.\N- ISI..\ND.
1626. York or .Manhattan Island bought of the Indians.
1627. Partnership of .Vmerican settlers 'inil London merchants dissolved.
1629. Salem, .^la.ss,, settled by a colony if Puritans \iiiiier Joiin Endicot.
Ma.ssachiis('tts cliarter surrenden d by the settlers.
First settlement in New- Hainpsliire.
Charlestown founded by the Massachusetts Bay colony 244
Sir John Harvey succeeds Gov. Yeardhy over the \'irginia colony . . . .224
The French having long claimed Newfoundland attempt to coniiuer it.
(Jilebec taken by the English, who were IimI by three refugee French Cal-
vaiiists.
1630. Bo'^ton, Cambridge, IloAUury, and Dorchester founded 244
John Winthrop, tirst governor of Massachusetts Bay colony ,')!)
First (Jeneral Court held at Boston.
Fifte-n hundred I'unians wit' a fleet nf 17 ships, arrive at New Eiil:
land ','.(.<
1631. The Puritans ]>ass a l.iw restricting all participation in public allairs and
all citizenship to chureli meiiiliers V;! 1
.J
GREAT IIISTORICAL EVEyrs.
•I'd'i)
1631.
10:33.
1031.
ir>;ifi.
1637.
1638.
1639.
1640.
164a-4o,
1G44-45.
1644-46.
1645.
FinST lUO.V WORKS.
First iron works in the U. 8. built at Lvnn Mass
Country north oflhulson Buy e.xplon.J by Cap. James, an Englishman.
First vc. scM uuUt u. ,1,. I' « ^^ ,.;,,. ;., ;,. „.,,^ ,,^ ,,^^, ^^^,^^"
h.ior'on£QL;n5e';;iV:ii:^^/':':^.»".^"^
Canada restored to tliu Frencli. ~"
Maryland settled by a Roman Catholic eol„ny under Lord Taltiniore 2"
t irst house erected in Connecticut at Windsor
Maryland settled by Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore
Roger Williams banishetl from M..ssachus'tt ■,-,
Hartford, Conn., settled. "^^
July 4.— Providence, R. I., founded bv Ro-cr Williams
Harvard College founded. ~'*^
A fleet of 20 ships arrives in Massachusetts with 3,000 emi<Tants 248
Another massacre of the colonists of .Jamestown, an.l ,-,00 killed 005
April.— First settlement in Delaware I)y the Sweeds.
FIRST PRINTING PRESS IN NORTH VMERK V
StfpKaf."" P"" "''°'-^' ^'""■"^'^ '^' "I' -^^ ^■'^-bridge. Mass.. by
Corn-planting enforced by law in Maryland, and a grist mill erected
First public hospital foundeci in America ut Ciuebec.
3Iontreal founded.
First powder mill in the United States erected.
New England numbered 2,100 inhabitants. n^^
Indian war in .^laiyland.
Uebellion in Maryland and war with the Indians in Virginia.
NEW ENGLAND ' ' BLUE L VWS "
^J^BlueLaws" passed among which are to be 'found these peculiar enact-
rviov. a k ; ;.rs <^^F ; :;;;'^ " ' '"""-•■•'"'>• ^v<.re punished with great
of ,;*;,";;,',■;''■' ""'■"""" " ■"-■•■»• '•■wi-"'. »' '«'" i..-«.« f«,i,; -..rimo
(■.....I........V. ..v." *■.■;;■■■.■■■*, 271
1646.
1647.
1647.
1651.
John Elliot preaches to tl;^ indiaiis in tliuir own tongue.
unh''isal^''uidfe"^^ '^'''' ■""PP^'"^ "^ "-'^'°"'-' compulsory, and education
Stuyvesant arrives at New Amsterdam
Xa
*avi£ration act jiasscd by T'nirimiil rostrictine
nies ■' ' ' " ^
the commerce of the
264
18
fhc En.^lish Parliament attempts to subject tlie colonies of Virginia but
IS defeated by the colonists f _ 226
Thu-ty lashes were inflicted upon Obediali Holmes for preaching Baptist
doctrines in ila.ssachu.sctts.
1652.
1656.
1659.
1660.
1662.
1663.
1664.
1665.
1666-7
1666.
1669.
255
tans.
1681.
1682.
The first regular book-seller in Ameri-a was Ilezekiah Usher, of Boston
PERSECUTION OF Tn. QU.^KERS.
Quakers first arrive in Massachusetts, Their jiersecution bv the Puri-
ins Keligious intolerance was carried to such an extent bv these mis-
guided zealots that they actually tormented and put to death bv scores the
only ChrLstian sect in America who advocated the doctrine of peace.'and
who demed the right of man to take life under any circumstances.. 255
Four Quakers executed on Boston Common. 226
Quakers jirohibitcd from - migrating to Virginia under severe peralties
A duty ot o per cent, was levied bv the English ffovernment upon all mer-
chandi.se ot import or e.vport in the American colonies 226
Great Engli.sh navigation act established 227
Three persons hung for witchcraft in Hartford, Conn.
Remarkable earthquake lastmsr with short intervals for six months The
face ot the country in some localities entirely changed.
First settlement in Xorth Carolina.
Elliot translated and printed the Bible in the language of the American In
^'^''^ ....? 253
First permanent settlement in Xew .Jersey.
June 12.— Xew York City incorporated.
5. Marquette explored the Mississippi River.
Death of Lord Baltimore 281
First settlement in South Carolina.
Foundation of modern Charleston laid, which soon becime the port of
trade and the capital of Carolina .29;5
A war broke out between the C arolina colonies and the Indians, which was
speedily terminated by the Governor oll'cring a bountv uiton everv cantive
Indian ; ' • ' oy;}
Indians were sold to the West Indies as .slaves, in exchange foi rum.. . .293
■Wn.I,I.\.M TENN,
March 14. Pennsylvania granted to \Vm. Peun, who colonized it 326
Penn starts a colony on tlie Delaware River 326
Oct. 24. Penn arrives in .Vnierica ,f}28
Penn makes a treaty with the Indians, and pays them fen- their lands. .329
The rily of Phila 'jiliia founded ,3,39
De La Snlle takes possession of the couiitry ou both sides the Missis.sinni
River, cjillinir it I.nniviinnM ' '^
ORE A T 11 IS i ■() li / r. I /: /; ( 'HNTS.
301
1683. First Legislative Afscmhlj- held in Xew York 303
Second Assembly helti in I'hiladelpliia, anil a new Constitution adopted
and new laws iiassed ",:,,,
_^ it--ii- 1. . Ofj\j
Hoger \\ illiains dies in his Sttli year.
1685. KinL' James, through Governor Arnold, cancels the ciiarfer of Rhod,.
Island, and extends tlie royal government of Aew England to that depend-
Arnold proceeds to Hartford with a hody of iroops and demands the snr'
render ot then- charter The Assembly were in session. Thev art full v con
ceal the charter, and refuse to give it up ' • ., .,
1687. First priuting-prcss established near Piiiludelphia by William Bradford."
-V -WOMAN EXECITKO FOIl WITCIK KAFT.
1688. A wimau executed in Boston for witchcraft, after a Ion- ard <;olomn
inves igation and a book was published with a full account of th ■ prS
ings, to which w,i« added a preface, by the Rev. Richard Haxfr, in w dch he
declare.1, "that any one who disbelieved the truthfulness of the account was
a badducee "1,^
^'''^^' Fn^lL^f ""tT^ Andres seized and imprisoned in Boston,'and senlhom^Io
±.ngland. The i)eople rise in mass and resort to arms o^y
168&-97. King William's war between the French, wMli their Indian allies 'andXcw
•^■^t'-aiHi o^jjj
^^^^' ret w ^tr^ f "''^'^ 9'^^''''' "''*^"" P1"PP'* ' reinforcements failing him,'hc
retreats with a loss of l,00(i men ogu
FIRST PAPER MONET.
IfifH). First paper money issued in Massachusetts.
^^' of Treason ^ execution of Leisler and Milbourne, at New York, on a charge
New England contained l,iO,000 inhabitants.
^^^^' liamR^nn ""*'"' ™"'^'' '"" ^"^""^ l'™^'ice. and Pennsylvania taken from Wil
A PLAGUE AMRinED TO WITCIICR VFT
deiSJic? dTsIeimK^'r- " fr ">^'">'.P<''>Ple put to deatli. A strange and epi-
ners n led tl nSr* i^r Y*'"' ^"1 '°.'^. »" account for it. or produce a cure,
ptrsu.KK.i the poor victims to ascribe it to "Witchcraft ' Imnclled bv a
nali'r tun" oT^?"'""' "V 'l^'f-- People." -LcWed Se unf!:^,^
a^mbies for rlrr? '''''■'' "* "^" ^''^"•" Accordingly, sol.'mn fasts and
fan Ik 1 /e d n r n •"'"7, '"■'''■'■'■': y'''' '"■''' ^'y ♦!»« 'Clergy. Inflamed bv a
n"; is ifs ti.;. w.^ '••" ''' -P'"^ ^^'"''^ ^^"^ '' >••■"*= of f'e dark and Imr-
o is and nio s',.^ •^"'' •■".erging from, the.se <i,.l„ded yet trulv conscien-
e^f nn n J ^' ' -."'T'^ '« '''^' "'"^^ eruel punishments ,„id death, to
pro,e":^ion;\^S7;;;,;:,'y';'V.;^;^-'^""^f-:^
1693. First printing-press established at New York' by' WilUam' Bradf ord' '
1(594. Penn s rights in Pennsylvania restored.
1697. Close of King William's war.
1698. French colony arrive at the mouth of the iliasissippi.
1699. Capt. Kidd, the pirate, apprehended at Boston.
1700,
1701
1703.
1704.
1710.
1712.
1713.
1718.
1720.
1731.
1723.
1735.
1732.
1733.
1740.
n41.
Lead mines di.scovureil by Le .Suer, a Frt'Uch cxploror, at Dubuquo, Iowa.
Detroit, Mieh., founded by the Frcncli.
Duty of £4 sterling laid on imported nei^roes in Ma.s.sachusetts.
An Indian war. instiLjateil by the Spaniards, was prosecuted witli jireat
viohnice in South Carolina. But (ii)v. .Moore speedily suppressed it, and the
enemy surrendered and .submitted to English rule. The colonies lo.st 800 men.
Fourteen hundred Indians were colonized in Georgia.
^laryland passed an act to "prevent the growth of Popery."
First newspaper (Boston Xncs-Lcftir) published at Boston by Bartiiolomew
Gret'u.
Catholics persecuted by Protestants in Maryland 285
MASSA( UF. IN MASSAC IirSETTS.
French and Indian ^liissaere at Deerfield, Mass. They burned the village
and killed 47 persons, taking IVi captive, among them many women and
young children, who were compelled to march through dense forests and
over deep snows to Canada, many peiishing by the way 046
First colonial post-ollice at New York.
MASSACRE !>• NORTH CAROLINA.
Indian ma.ssacre in Xorth Carolina. One hundred and thirty-seven of the
colonists killed at first attack. Assist 'd by South Carolina, the colonists
make a general attack upon the Indians and defiat them with great slaughter,
u id drive them from the province 299
Ciose of Queen Anne's war.
Slaves arc transported to South Carolina, by British ships, in great num
bers, to cultivate rice.
Impost duties laid by Massachusetts on English manufactures and English
ships.
Tea first introduced into New England.
Inoculation for small-pox introduced into N". E 40.')
Paper money first used in Pennsylvaiiii.
First newspaper in Xew York (X. Y. (j.izctk) published by W'ni. Bradford.
Tobacco and corn made legal tender in Maryland.
BIRTH OF WASHrNGTON.
Birth of Geo. "Washington in "Wa-shingtou parish, Virginia.
Carolina divided into North and South Carolina 3.'52
FIRST MASONIC (ai.VND LODGE IN AMERICA.
July 30. — First Grand Lodg(> of Freemasons on the American continent,
constituted in Xe>v England, and called St. .lohn's Grand Lodge, by Henry
Price, a su(<'essful merchant of Boston, who received his ap])ointment from
Anthony, Lord Viscount Montague, Grand Master of England. Mr. Piico
Ls considered the father of Masonry iu the United States.
Freemason's Iwlge held at Boston.
First stove (a cast-iron fireplace) invented by Dr. Franklin, upon which ho
refuse(l to accept letters patent otTered him by the Gov. of Pa., wishing to
give the benefit of his discovery to the people.
"General ^lairazine and Historical Chronicle" published bv Franklin.
July 18. — Vitus Behring, a celebrated Russian explorer, discovered Alaska.
1751.
1753.
1754.
1755.
17.56.
1757.
1758.
1759.
1760.
1763.
«i
OliKAT UISTOIUCAL KVKSTS
Fiineuil Hall, built I.v Peter Fiincuil
^ , 353
Su-ar-ran,. first rultivate.! in the Unite,! State- ',v the Jesuits on the banks
WASIIIXGTON'S PEIULULS MISSION.
Geoi-ire \\'a.shini;ton. at the aire of 21 years wis sent !„• ^^^,. r<- • i i-
o^ Virginia, to the French coninuuKlor, on' ti;er.k 'of '^.."^ ,,f r:S:r
n re.i^anl to a settlement of riglits of territory. Unsucxrssf,,! i is ,„,. on
ho return...! on toot, a distance of over m niUcs, tlu-.,u.rh awl ml in rr'
ous .■ountiT, with but one companion. Tiic In.liai^^ foi^o e, hi,r,^^ .
attcn>pted hi.s life in- .shooting at him from an ambu.sh ^"'" 354
Tennessee lirsl settled.
April 2 -Col. Frye was sent with a regiment of Virginia troons aided l>v
G..orge Washington, who was .second in com.nan.l. to occupy "he fort of tl^
Al egh..ny and 5 onongalu.la riyers. Finding the French hai a Ldy erec ed
a fort. <-.ilhng It )u Quesne," they ha.stened to attack the French surnrh
force."' ^-^ ~^"'- '^'•'■I'^^lock arrived from England in Virginia with a large
May 19. -War declared with France by Great Britain
George WaaWDgonyieiter/pWo^kginia^ ""'
which, Wolfe\2rMont;5mWsla^.r''""'''' '='^"" "'^^ f""J?ht, duri^
Sept. 18.— Surrender of Quebec fZ^
Montreal capitulates, and the French surrender Canada 359
Canada ce.led to England by France.
Feb. lO.-Peace con.Iuded between the English and French at Paris. . .488
CIIIKK PO.NTI.Vt's W.\R.
A sagacious Ottawa Chief an.l a former ally of the Fn^nch secretly efTeefe.l
i,
lit
1^
1:66.
767.
THK r-T.\.Ml' A( T.
1765. March 23. — Passagf ol tlic Slaiiij) Act. Tliis act rciniiml the people to
pureliase for spccitled sum-;, and upon all written dociinients. (}overnnient
■itainps must he placed. Tliis act caused the most inteuse excitement and
indii^nation in .\meriea.
First .Medical t'ollcire established in Philadelpliia.
Oct. 7.— .V con!,'iess (if -^7 deleu'.ites convenes at New York, and publishes
.1 declaration of rights and rules against the Stamp Act.
March 18.— Stamp Act repealed.
MethotUsm first introduced into America by Philip Embury and Capt
rVebb, a British officer whom "Wesley had ordained as a local preacher.
June.— Tax laid on paper, glass, tea, and painters' colors 363
M.\soN .\.ND Dixon's line.
Mason and Dixon's Line, nm by surveyors of that name, sent out bv the
heirs of William Penn and Lord IJaltimore, to dctine the boundaries of 'their
possessions. It afterward became the acknowledged line between the free
and slave States.
1768. The British Government stationed a military force in Boston. This wa.s
the bednning of hostilities, which rapidly engendered a spirit of resistance
in the American colonies toward the mother country 364
1769. Boston refused to receive goods from Great Britain, and sent them back.
1770. Jrarch 5.— Boston massacre. A mob composed of citizens of Boston
attacks the British soldiers, and during the fray three citizens are killed and
five wounded 3gg
THE NORTH C.\ROLIN.\ REBELLION.
1771. Rebellion ir North Carolina against the Goyernment officers by the Regu-
lators, a band of citizens who determined to resist the oppression of the
English Government, and redress the people.
May 16. — The rebellion suppressed by Governor Tryon, and six Regulators
hanged, which created intense hatred against the British Government.
1772. June 9. — A British manof-war, the Gwpi, burned in Narraganset Bay,
l)v a party of Americans from Providence.
1773. First .Methodist Conference, consisting of ten preachers, all of foreign birth.
DESTUrCTION OF TE.\ IN BOSTON II.VRBOR.
Dec. 16. — The citizens of Boston throw a cargo of tea into the ocean, which
was .sent by Great Britain in open disrcL'^ai'd and violation of the act of the
colonies against receiviiiL:' any merchandise • ibject to tariff 368
1774 Shakers founded by Ann Lee. an Enirlish oman.
General Gage arrived in Boston harbor as commander of the royal forces
of North America 371
June 6. — Boston harbor was blockaded by the English, and all commerce
interdicted ' 3oy
The members of the Massachusetts Assembly resolve themselves into a
Provincial Congress '. 371
The colonies all unite in approving the spirit of resentment shown by Mas
sachusett^ against the oppressive taxation of Great Britain 371
Was jciiiioiucu uj
liciiio 01 oomic
J
1775.
Thu colonies proocvd to onli^l and .Irill a portion of the citizuns -is minnt«
men, find appoint co.nniittecs ot .atety and supplies """"l^"
Massachusetts calls for Vijm men to be equipped for service .' .'.' .' .' ." ' ' ." 'a;;}
Great Britain prohil)it.s the exDortation of mliii.ir,- ., „ >• ,'
people of I«HKl, 'island sei.ed 4(1 I^lT o/'cuu^^^, ^ L' publ^ buLl^
and proceed to arm the inhabitants. puuiic battery,
FinST OOXTIXEXTAL COXORESS.
Sept. 14. — Representatives from twelve colonie« mnt ir. di -i i i r.-
Continental ConVess, to enact mea,sures for/he 1m! • Pi"'a'?elphia as a
the protection of the people ... . . . .^"''"'°° °^ '"■''•''■• "^^'l /l?.'"
They prepared an addres.s to the Kinc deci'irino- th.'ir iV u " 'i*^'"^
demanding redress for their grievances . . . . .^ '''^''^'>'' H"
All the colonies, except New York, heartilv conpnrrrJi Uii ",.
of the Continental Congress ...Z proceedings
Great Britain prohibited all the colonies, excent \ew Vmi.- 'n!,i„',V " " "^'^
These colonies .«purned the favor desioriPf? r^ni,. t„ ••■oi-i
Qu^S*""'"' P'''''^ '° "'' '° J^'"""''^'' ^°'" '^' government of the province of
April 14 —First Societv for the Abolition of Slavery was formed in Pi.ii„
delphia. with Benjamin f'ranklin as President. ^ " ^'"''*-
BATTLE OP LEXIXGTOX.
April 19. — Battle of Lexinn-ton was foiirrht t»,4„ ™ *i. ,. . .
open hostilities. The British with S(K? snU i^r ^'^r .*^'' beginning of
marched from Boston on the ni^ht''.f^?L''j'^!'.?'^L"."^57 L'eut.-Col. Smith,
colonis
The
RfcairnT'aBrTtiZ'oftlce; mde"" '":;\r ^'-'•^ington to resist them. Maj t
ci^ngh^pisto. aS- :So^r;^&£j;:;^;^-^ .^a:^. i^
aJ^h-Sr3Ztr-y^^^^^^
■n hostilites. The British with Hm <X{a\^. , r . oegmnmg of
The joyal forces marched to Con
" "" ■ <all
flred, killing t'ap"t"Vs'',:,f."7)';"''''"'''' the British witl, a companv. when tliev
;J81
the
•Tohn Butterick, Major
fiL' 'J^',';!:!!:;!:?""':"^- approached the British witl , _,. ,...,„ „
But the P-op,.:-;;; J,!j",Bnti Jb^n '^ .^tv^rc^^aV toward Bo;*™'
m
J81
A skirmish ensued.
arms,
' iiie ie(jni(" nrmmoM 1,,. ii • i ii -.ti) n i nin unv ini jjosii
letachment of 900 soldiers
at a gn.at distance buV'thPvln^V'"''''''' "^ f'.'"""". the colonists were kept
did great execution .'l ^* "'' '' ''ontmual. but irregular fire, which
n^U^"!}:!'^:'!^^!}'^ Bu„k;.rVinilnt mghtfali; and '
.'!81
Ohi.rln...,,,-, r„:':.";V." ■,"""^'' '^f" "t mgnttall. audHienevt mom.n.r ^.^ca„^
taken pr.soners.'and'lH.^';:;;:;':!'.^' ""''""' ^v"" 'i '«-^« of 93 men killed and
prisoners, and 18.j wounded
20
.381
306
OREA. uiSTORICAL EVK.VTS.
iiV
1775. Thp rolonisfs liail 50 killoil iiml lis wounded mid 'iiissiiifr. There were
never tnori! timii 4o() of the Ainericaus eugai^ed at ww. time, aud no tliscipline
was observed among tliem 381
Tiie C iiiLrress of Mas-;ai Imsetts c:\\U n\\n\\ tlie X, E. foloiiien for an army
of 30, 000 men, Massaclmsetts i)ledgin,' i;i,iiOO ol Uie numlHT 3«1
Maj'. — Oen. Gaire is ninforeed from Great Britain by a larjre l)o<ly of
soldiers under Gens. Howe, Hiirgoyue, and Clinton 383
May 10. — Tieonderoira md Crown Point were taken by Ethan Allen, aided
by Col. Henedici Arnold and Col. Seth \VarMer 388
Col. Benedict Arnold eautured a British .'loop of war, and gained com-
mand of [>ake Chaiiiidain 388
.Tunc 1.1. — George Washiuirton was appointed commander-in-chief of the
American army 386
BATTLE OF HUNKEII JIILL.
June 17 — Battle of Bunker's Hill fouijht. The American Commanders
order 1,000 men to intrench )n Bunker's Hill the night of the 16th. By
mistake Breed's Hill was selected, and before morning a redoubt of eight
rods s(iuare was t hrown up 383
The British began firing upon them at daylight from their vessels. At
noon thev landed a force of 3,000 men uniler Gen. Howe, and marched
towards Breed's Hill. They kept up a constant artillery lire, under which
the Americans continued work on the intrenchments 383
The British set fire to Charlcstown on their way, and the citizens of Boston
and the surrounding country view the awful scene from every pinnacle and
height, and the liill-tops are corered with thousands of anxious inhabitants. 383
The American forces engaged numbered b\it l.-WO. They reserved their
fire till the enemy was within a few rods, when ihey pouretl such a fierce
and incessant volley upon them, that they were forced to retreat in dis-
order 383
The British officers urged their soldiers at the point of the sword, and as
they approached, the Americans aij:ain reserved tire, and when near, .sent a
second volley with such terrible cllect, that they again retreated 383
The British made a third attack, bringing their cannon to bear upon the
intrenchments. The tiie from the ships, batteries, an i artillery were
redoubled, and the intrenchments attacked upon three sides.
The Americans, finding their powder nearly expended, ordered a retreat.
The soldiers reluctantly obeyed, fighting with their gunstocks until the enemy
had taken possession of the tnuches 383
The British attempted to flank them, but were met with so much resist-
ance that Ihey desisted, and the Americans retreated to Prospect Hill, aud
proceeded to fortify themselves.
The Briti.sh retired to Bunker's Hill and prepared for defense. Their loss
in this lialtle amounted to l.O.'J-t, among whom 19 were commissioned officers,
and 70 more wound( d.
The loss on the American side was 139 killed, among then' the brave Gen.
Warren. The wounded and missing luunbered 314. Tli Americans lost
five pieces of cannon.
1775. July 13. — Gen. Washington took comniimd of the American Army at
Cambridge. The combined forces numbered but 14,000 men. unacquainted
with military discipline, and destitute of everything which renders an army
lOiJiiiUubic o6u
1775.
1776.
L
Gen. Montgomery, with a commiind of 1. ()()() men. ultacks St. Jolins Can-
ada, capturing the town and ii large number of cannon, lield pieces, and 'siaall
arms, takiiii: 000 prisoners ' vjyy
At the same time Col. Ethan Allen was taken prisoner near .Montreal He
was loaded with irou.s, and sent iu tlial condition to England .38S
Col. Benedict Arnold, witii 1.000 men, succeeded in reachin" Quebec bv
traversing the wilderness of Northern Maine and Canada, and .Hiiilin''- down
the St. Lawrence 'i' _ y<j^.
A navy of 13 vessels ordered by Congress.
Congre.ss ordered th ■ i.ssuing of |,5,000.()00. paper money.
Benjamin Franklin appointed first Postmaster-Gcnerul.
Col. St. Clair marched, witli a regiment of soldiers, from Pennsylvania to
Canada during the extreme cold of a northern winter 391
March 4.— Washington fortifies and takes posse.s.sion of Dorchester Heights.
March 17.— The British evacuated Boston with 7.000 men leavin<' Their
barracks standing, and stores to the amount of i;30,000 "..396
_ June 7.— Richard ITcnry Lee mauo tlie first motion in Congress for declar-
ing the colonies free [ ^-y
INDEPENDENCE DECLARED.
July 4.— The American colonies openly declared their independence and
ireedom from British sovereignty 4^,7
_ Eleven of the thirteen States establish a second branch of Legislature callimr
It a Senate ' 4,yg
The States unitedly agree in appointing for each a Governor, or head of
each State jqq
The States agreed in deriving their powers of government from the people-
and m no case was the smallest title or power to be exercised from hereditary
^&ut ^g
• u^\ ^^^''■<'c^'*'i''y privileges and religious establishments were declared abol-
ished, thereby destroying the alliance between Church and State, and levelino-
all social distinctions lyS
B.VTTLE OF LONG ISLAND.
Aug 27.— The battle of Long Island was fought 409
The British forces were commanded by Gen. Clinton, assisted by Generals
Urant andDe Heister, the latter conunauding a regiment of Hessians 400
Gen. Washington, aided by Gen. Sullivan and Lord Stcrlimr had command
of the American troops. The first attack was made very early in the morn
ing by the Hessians.
The action was well supported on both sides for several hours but the
superior numbers and discipline of the English, togetlier with a large force
which cut off the rear of the Americans, intercepted a retreat 401
Ihe Americans fled i)recipitatelv, and many of (hem were lost in the
marshts Their total loss amounted to over 1.000 men. including the
wounded and prisoners: among the latter were 82 ollicers, including (General
Sulhvan and Lord Sterling * 4OI
Gen. Washington called a council of war. and it wa> d'termined'to "rcniove
the army, the gieater part of which he had placed upon Long Island, to the
city ot >. ew York.
The wind being favorable, and a dense f.v^ <'nn!in.r an the foo!- "ere .•>!!
removed during the night, before the enemy was aware of the movement! .401
1770.
1778.
to rccov'iii/.L' the
lii-< tirotlicr. Gen. Ilowt-
l.'NStTCKP«<FrL MISSION.
T.oni IIowp scikIm (Jcnt nil .Sulliviir on jiaiolc wifli
nMiiK'stmir an interview with u eornmiliee oC tlieii ni
/ins. he not havins,' aiitlioritv
declared that ne wa^, witii
mise the diti|)uti b^'twtcn iheui
Con-rrpss decline, I to snnrl a rommittpp in a private ranm.
)r. I'rankhn, .Foiin Adams, and Edwui.l Untied. r ,,,
liowe lu an ulliciul cai)acity "[ '
They wre received with irreat politeness, but Lord
e:iaaife > Congress,
".' private citi-
. ''oni,Tess, ijut
d to eornpro
401
. Init delegnted
'er with Lord
401
owe failed to satisfy
h.Tn that i,is anthor ,y extended farther than tli;;,; e ;:• " „t ianh ^^•
pon snhmiss.on to !• „dish n.le. Unt the colonies were not^ s "inffo n. r
don, nor were they willing to relinquish their independence. . . . ^ %
Oct. 28. -The battle of White Plains was 'ought.
ro^"".?'''''' ?,"°'"'°''*^ '"} Ti'iKim""'. -in'! resolved upon prosecuting the war
S^SIie^^of'iif:;"::!^:^!-. .T?'""'^^^^ ''■^^" - "''^ '- ""■ --' f-- ^
1777. During this 3-c.ir Great Britain estab
all
403
yslem. *: ^ ' """"^ cstabrshed the infamous i-rison-ship
•^ ••••• , »1U 1
anfrAmcTkr.''.*"'^"! "^ '^'"^"''''" prisoners by the British,' both in England
Jan. 3.— 1;,, ie of Princeton. "^^
July 8.— Bu'.tle of Fort Anne.
ARRIV.M. OF LAFAYETTE.
J"'^: ^V— T-'f-\ve'te arrived from France with troops and sunnlies and
Offered his ser . ices to the colonies '. _ supP'ies. and
Aug. IG. -Battle of Bennington fought by Gen. Starke. 409
^^^- 1^-^''^''''" "^^^'•■■'"'b'^vine under Gen. Washiuffton. Gen', TnfnVJ^
and Woodford were IvSr"! ""'!" ^'" ^'^^^•"^ton. Gens. Lafayette
Sept. 19. -Battle of Stillv, tcr .'.].."!'..'.'"! 430
" 20. -British troops under Sir Wm. Howe enter Philadelphia 407
Oct. 3 and 4.— Battle of Germantown '"424
6.— Capture of Fo -ts Clinton and .Montgomery, on the Hudson* " '
" 7.— Battle of Sf 'a oga ' ' ^.jg
r'Cr. ^J~w"^,""'^'''' " ' ^ ""t'.-''"'^ ^° -^^-'J- ^''^^"- G'iteVat Saratoga' .'."'" 4;«
♦ ■/. • f~^ nsl'.ington am. h.s army en .nped on the Vallev For-e Des
titute of sufncient clothing and food, the army sulfered incredible hardships
'' " '" ; • V V," ■ ; -^^li
coast of Alaska.
DKVtCE.
''Battle of the .fvegs." A coutrivance of the Americans to destrov the
British llee t. V was composed of a lar^e number of lifle machines resembli'
S'n^iron'ihv" '^h ^"."f •"^" ""^'^ «'"iy ^'-"'riii wouKi s^t t;;:^BSh
sluppiiui on in e The British ^vere very much astonished at theirannearance
and ca led out Iheir forces to meet tluir new and mvsterious enem ■ Tt r '
suited lu little harm to the lleet, but much consternation to the Brit sh which
caused great merriment to the Americans. i"iusn, wnicU
Bills were pa.ssed by the British Parliament granting all that the colonies
had a-sked, but Congress rejected their offers. ^ " "wt me colonies
in the midst of a rigorous -w-
Jan. 5. — Capt. Cook e.\p )ivii
A YANKEE
i
1778.
1779.
1780.
1780.
The Bruisl. los.s, up to tl.is date. a„,ou.te,l to oo,,K).) „,on and 550 versels
Marc 7 r-: ''^■^""^^•'^■"f -^ '•- i-l«-P.adence of the Tnited S at " 34
for 1100; and 1781, May 1. fX^^iH^u^^m "^'" ''' '"'*'"^ ^^•^■- '■
June 28. -Buttle of Monnioutli
upin ^he i^^a-- .jv^Sir;';-^ to d™[.!\i^ ■"■■•> T-- ''"
stroying everything i„ their suv,?^cf f mv *'"*'" J"""' °* "" '''•
June IC.-War between England and Spain. ^^''
JONES' NAV.VL VirrORY.
lanT' ThirSrs'therst Kr^r ^S""^' f ''" T"* "^ ^'°'-'^«'-«- ^n^-
nary battle ever fo .^ht .etwee/^wn ?^^^ '""l?'^'; ;""' " ''** '•«' "'«''' «a"ffiH-
squadron nf r, shiiy^ TlTltn S>?«1^/^//"";' ' '■ "^■■'' ""^ ••'"'"lander of a
Clu.n.sy vcs.sel of 42 guns-etf:^,.,.nRriH >''''''' '",' •'"'" ^l^n-"" ol«l and
ship of .50 guns C(rmn an,l,vi 1 "V .'■'*' man of-war, the .-v,,,/,^,, „ new
by I'O nick'ed \'nc'u ""TdSer ■ fiXS^^^^^^^^^^
by the force of the wind Xare alon^si > ^f ,, f *^',"^'" "''""■'■' «■■"""•>.
theiryardHbein-rentan ecf Tnm.„ r)? .v,"^ ""^/^"'' ^^""""" HMx'rd. and
the most fearftU^'nSucT v/eo ^e,n';^nV^' '^'";'^'"''"* *^''""'^- The.. Ix-gan
ship touching, and ami ) the r nnf '" °"^''>' ^..story. The cannon of each
both vessels Toorrt-e \ , L ..S? l"^' •"■ '!;"' ^''""'''"fe' "^ f"*'""?^' ">='«'«•
of Jones' .squadron V,e4n fiHn. T *. ■■;"".• ""' ^"P""" "^ ^be yl/W,;,.,., one
R'cfu^ra, caLsrnlTher'lo ea^ fS'ui'n;;"'Vh'i:f''r ""l ^'^ f " ^^--
act was caused by personal h tred Vni^l[ . ' ''^ 'histanlly and traitorous
increasing in t).e si in r . 'iJn . ^ '"^^ superior commander. The fire
hiscolors^bu h. ef^;id'^\.^,J^'''"f"'>''«™"^'-^to Pe-'suade him to strike
Dec -Ponl fir , . t^^ >'»'1'1. and soon the &-mpis surrendered.
D at^of PafS "? " ''"",""' '^ ^""'^ Pennsylvania blacksmui..
i^t-im or f atnciv Henry, aged G3.
Feb. 6.— Congress calls for 35,000 men ^^
,. 10 TVr >OT.\BLE D.\RK DAY.
da;knL7c;;S'he£;J coiuinuinrf;?"'^'™^" "^ ''^"^^ -^"-^ '-•-'^"""^
hearts with wonder and .nuUitZ If iH.f' ''"''T '" '^'''''' ^'°"'"^' ^''i"'-' »"
stitious regarding it ",."'. V;,n;''' ^'''}f «nd oon.ternation-tl.,. .sujut-
ne,ss at n i.i.luvva s^Z' •,. '.'''*''• Pl"'"'"»"'on. The dark-
print, or determine tlut me" fvC'el'n^ """^"'i ^° ''^'^ ™'"'"'^"
although at the full of tie mm n IJ^^l "'' '''"'■'"■■'' '""^ "' °'.^''t-
thick th;,t travelin- was imnr.rti ''"■,/'":''!"'!" ^^'"^ ^'^ impenetrablv
P;q..r was .■q..ally n,^:!ii,,e' ", f t,,^; '^1! , ;^'*^,^"'l - ^'-'t of -bite
charired witii a thick oilv m.1 ,i ,,, ' , ^be atmosphere s.-emed
covere,lwithath'kscum ,n , ; ■ '''T' ■'""' -^t--^ ■'m'* of water were
dark color, and mt^Tir ClliliriubCid l^h'^r" '™'' ''^'P'^^"'' "^ ^
TREASON- OF ARVOLP
Nept. 23. -Treason of Benedict Arnold, and arrest of .Major Andre.
d...-i..i the /i.-s^Srs ofVlu .^•'''''}r''";;:';T''''"'"- ■■•":"',"']'■ ""•'.'■"d..r,-,nce
v.upt,uutuihatoiM:g.<;..n.ral,lu:,:,;;ingor'aVni;i;i=i;Hii:;u^^^^
rr
810
!|
GREAT HISTORICAL EVKXTS.
1780. and t'.\cc('(lini,'ly .imbitions, his envy at s('?inL: others rank above him, laid
•he foiiiulalioii di' Ills Ireacliery and treason, w iiieh finally ctilnunated iu the
heu,,yHl of Ids cDiiiitry to its enemies. He iiad been stationed in Pliiladel-
])hia\v.iile untitt'd for service from wounds reeei'i'd in a battle near Still-
water, and while there his reckless v'Xtravairance caused his censure by Con-
t^ress, and a trial by court-niartial and reprimand from the Commander in-
cliief of the army, which was approved by Conifress. This disiirace was
more than his proud, imperative nature could brook, and he immediately
oei^an plottinir to betray his cruntry. His correspondence with the British
conuiiander, Sir Henry Clinton, was conducted throuirii Maj. Andre, an ofH
C(T, of great distinct ion and merit, in the British army. He was captured
upon his return from in interview «illi Arnold, withiii the American lines,
by three privates, John Pauldiiur, David Williams and Isaac Van Wert, who
s,-arehed his person and discovered the treasonable documents in his boots.
Arnold learned of the capture of Andre, and succeeded iu makiiiir his escape
but a short time before the arrival of Gen. Washington, who had appointed
to breakfast with him . , 407
HANGING OF .M.iJOK ANDUK.
1780. f)rt. 2 — Alajor Andre was hung after a trial by court-martial, upon the
uiKiuestioned evidence of his guilt. Great sym|)athy was manifested by both
friends and enemies for .Major Andre, but the in<'.\or,able demands and usage
of war, and the safety of the country, necessitated his execution as a spy.
Oct. '■(.—Battle of King's .Mountam 463
Xov. 20,— Batile of BJackstock 462
Doc. 2. — Greeue takes command of the Southern army 478
Dec. 20.— AVar between England and Hjlland 469
Dec. 30.— National Thanksgiving 482
1781. Jan. 1. — Revolt of Pennsylvania troops at Morristown 470
Bank of North America established at Philadeli)hia.
I^vpedition of the British into Virginia under Benedict Arnold 472
Jan. 17. — Battle of the Cowpens 478 .
" 19. — Cornwullis joined by Leslie at Charleston 474
Fi b. 2.— Battle of JIcGowan's Ford 474
" in.-Battle of Guilforil's Court liou.se 473
.Tan. and Feb. — I'einarkiilile retreat of Gen. Greene through South Cfti-o-
liiia 474
April 22.— Surrender of Fort Watson to Gens. Marion and Lee 476
2.-,.— Battle of Hobkirk's Hill 476
3Iay 9. — Surre?ider ( ! Pensacola.
10. — Camden evacuated 47(>
12. — Fort Schuyler (I'tica) destroyed by tin
12.— Fort Mott taken 476
I.'). — British abandon Nelson's Ferry 477
June 6. — .\ugusta, (Ja., caiiilulate>< 4;
lS-19.—Sieire of Ninety Six, S. C.
July 6. — B.'illlr of Gicen SpriiiL
Aug. 3.- .Viiixal of ill,' l''r( nch Heel under 1)1' fli-.'eisp 476
11
Oni:AT illSTouiCAL EVEXTS. 32I
^ '^^' x;w V,!,i:~;"^ v""-''"-' ""'1 Fronclialli...! armies marrh from the Hudson near
^e^v \oilv, u, \ irgana. Cornwallis lumincd in at Vorktovn 481
Sept. 6. -Burning of Xcw LoiKion l)y Benedict Arnold ^^o
Massacre at Fort Griswoki. Coun. "
Greene. .*^T.^''!*."*: "^ ^'"""' ^'"'"*^'= "" 'P'"'"'''' ^""'^^O'^' "'"der Gonrral
Oct. 6.— Bombardment of Yorktown ,y!
1 " l^J-i^'i'TerKler of rornwaliis at Yorktown. Gen. Lincoln ai.nointed
by \Va.slungton to receive liis .sword ' . . . -'I'PointeM
Oct. 24.— Indian battle at Johnstown.
Natior 1 tnanksgiving pjoclaimed.
FIIIST STF.AMBOAT.
^"'^^' Jml^ H\?-?/erril'7' ''■' '"■","• 7""^ ''■•'"'^^*^ "1^°" ""• T-^.tomac River, by
Jinus Ki..ns,y , a Bolienuan, ^^hK■h was seen and certiti,..d to by Washin.^ton
K'b. (i.-Hesolutions passed in the House cf Commons in favor of peiTce '
April 17 —Holland ;u knowledges the independeiu'c of the United States
aml^ajreatyof annty and connneroe secure,! throudi .H^g!,tiations of !iolm
488
I..VST n.VTTM.: OF THE nEVGLUTro.V.
June 24.— Last battle of the F.evolutionary ^^ar-a skirmish ncir S'lvm
nah an.l sonu slight skirmishes in Soa.h Carolina, in oS vh ch tl^ ga"-"
lant young Col. Johi, Laurens lost liis life. ^
July 11.— Savannah, Ga., evacuated by tlic British.
Aug.— War closed between the United States ami Great Britain
Dec. 14.— Charleston, S. C, evacuated by the British.
LOSS DfHINr. TUE REVOLUTION.
^'^^^' aryTv "r'' "'"*"'''"'^ ""'" ''^""'■''^'•l '" I'^ve b.-en lost during the Rovolution-
Oliver Evans introduced the first improved grain mill.
Fur-trading established in Alaska,
Feb. 5.— Indei)endence of United States acknowledged by Sweden.
Feb. 2.").— In<lepeudence of Uaited States recognized by Denmark
JIarch 24.-Inilepen(lence of United States xknowledged by Spuiu.
April II.— Peace proclaimed by Congress.
10. —Peace announced 1.3- Washington to the army 494
July.— Independence of United States ncoirni/ed by Uussi'i
StSSFn^.^';!;S:^.;;rT,!':i;.'i,'-'^'^ •"■'--'^ England ;md the United
Oct. 18.— Pnx'l.-unation for disl)an(ling the armv.
Nov, 2.— W.xshingtnn's farewell cirders ." 4^)4
N'.v. 25 — Xew York evacu.Ucd by the British .4U4
](((•. •,>:! —Washington resigns his commission 495
1-84. (;rr,.|t ,n\l:vss orev.'iil, d in the United .S|,,|,.s o.vinu' to scarcity oV inoney
1 rcal\ (,f j)eace wilii the Si.\ Nations at Fort Schuyler,
i
Ifjf
1784.
178^
1786.
1787.
1788.
1789.
First agricultunil society ii- 'lie Unitpfl States at Philadelphia.
Methodist Churcli organized l)y Uibhoj) Coke.
Feb.— First voyr.ge made from fhiiia to Xew York.
Portu'rr'''''' ^'"*'""''"' '"■''''''"'" '•'"'"''^ ^'''''*' ''"'^ i'russia. Denmark, and
Thomas JeiTerson sent as .Alinister to France.
T^S?;V,';'!;"'^ Minister to London. He was the first ambassador from the
Lnitcu states to Great Eritam.
Copper cents first i.s.sued from a mint at Rupert, Vt.
Financial embarrassment threatens the peace of the country.
Death of Gen. Greene " .^g
First cotton mill in the United States built at Beverly, Ma.ss.
SII.VY's REIiELLION.
pec.-Sh.'jy's rebellion in Massachusetts. After the war there occurred a
series of outbreaks against the Governinenf, which were cau.sed by the impov-
erished eond.t,on of the country, and the tVeling of discontent and dissatis-
faction of lie soldiers, who as yet had received littie toward satisfvin.r their
Claims, and also, as a conse,iuent result of war, bv a demoralizing' influence
which was rea< y to be kindled into a tlanu- byevc'rv aj.j.eal to p.ission or sel-
tisliness A rebellion was organized under the ((Huniand of Daniel Shav
J.uke Day. and hli Parsons, wli. Ii attenii.'cl the ovrtlirovv ..flaw and ord/r'
and the establislinH;nl ot mob force. TIicn ,,roceede(i to maich upon Sprinir:
fiekl, and prevent the sitlin- of court, and if possible, seize th<' arsenal But
Governor Bowdoin smnmone.l the niililia, numbering over four thousand
under command of (Jen. Lineol,,. ,.ui,l l,v prompt anc! decisive mea.sures it
was quickly sujjpre.ssed v^a^uies n
^ May to Sept.— (\,„ven ion held in PhiLuh Ipbia of the States toform a Fed-
crui L oiisititutioii ....
Sept. 28.— The Ponstitution as it now stands, minus the amendments since
added, was laid before the Contin.ntal Congress, which sent it to the .sev. ral
btates lor apprtual. ^>-i.u
IXVF.! TIOX OF lUON lUilDGES.
Iron brid-es invnied by Thomas Paine, the author of "Common Sen.so"
and Age of Reason. He m.ade a model for an iron l.ridge to be built over
the Seliuvlki 1. with a single arch ..f iron of 400 feet span. The idea wis
suggested to his mmd by ooserving the construction of a spider's web
niiST COXSTITT-TIONAI, conckess.
March J.-First Congress under the Xational Constitution assembled at
.Maeken/ic. in the employment of the XorthwiMcrn Fur Cotnii.'inv neide
inUHliI (rctic's^^^^^^^^^^ '"■'"' ''''''' "^'""■'' '"'•'»"'■ vln''liV'mpti,..
Aug. :22. — ro/iii Fitch c.rlnhitaj a liont ,,), th, .K-hiii/U.;
pd/al /,i/sf,'„w. :m<\ afterward ,■, stock eomi)anv was |,,rn
steam jiaeket that r.iii till the company failed in"]7!)0.
•rm: (iKh.iwi. riiiKTKKN st\ti;s.
When Ih,. Xation.il (Jovcrninent was establis' ' il„. nuinbii- of the States
wa. Ilmteen. v,/. : Nrw HamiKhiiv, Ma..acl„ s, IJlmde M,.,nd. Connec-
K I ^ '■ ,^ '"■'-, >^";^-''-^';.v. I'<.nnsylvania. 1), .aware. Marvland, Vbginia
Aor.h ( arolina, Ninth (arolina, , and (Ir.iiiiJa. * ^ '
^hiUuhljihld. pro-
'. which built a
1789.
1790.
1791.
1792.
Oil HAT HISTORICAL KV i:\TS.
313
Tn^^i^^eS' ""' '-'''^ '"'■ ^"'^'^ 'l^Partments of State, War,
and
THE FIRST rUESIDENT
Ar-^'asvi;;Ss:;;:': ."!.'?::':=?. ;)''^^'''"»'"» - ^^--i-t. an,i .Toh„
lin Carroll the first Catholic Bi.«hop in'the United StaieV "^^^
LiSXff r;u;rc;^;:Si^[""'' '^ ^^^'^ ^-^^^^ ^^^^^ ^y ^^ farmers in
fo,^SrE';^S/;;t^h;"*° ;"/f'^'^^ '° P^-'^l^ ^o^- payment of
trea,sona,HlT,inuT p'na vfor onf^^.^ .^^ ■ ''"' ^OP^";-''* 'aw; law'deflninu
settled; State dtbts. elc ^ °"'' ''^"^""-' «'**^"« -* tl»« slavery question
Congress removed to Philadelphia
tici oi^ u;c;lSSS.:;S.;at'"' ^'^'^^'^ ^'^^^^ ^^ ^^-^'-'^- ^o^ the loca.
ne^^Fon n^;;^;^"^::^^;;;^;^;;- Indians o^ i, I„,,„,
Indians with .^.nall d^.tachoients of h r W.r" f ^"^'^^^ "'''"■ '"'acked th..
great loss. "' wonments of h loree, and was twice defeated with
First rolling • nil introduced into the United States
April 17. -Death of T^enjaniin Franklin ,o.
x?r, ;:"'■■' • ■» ' -> "->■ i^Sic'SeUrl^inhniia
FIRST CENSUS.
First census taken— population 4,000 000
uiS':;LS:r;';^;;SinnC:::^:!n::,r-""^'>^^-^ - ^^^ ^ -^ states, .t
sto^SuSnf 'trll;:r ■'' ''^- ^-^— it" a capital of |10,000,000;
Concress laid a tax on whisky— the first int<.rrTiI t.iv.t;,.,, .
in the Uu''' jd Status. "Ucrnal ta.xation to raise money
First piitent issued for thresliinii-machincs.
Gen. W.Mie appoinlrd Comn.ander-in-Chief of the Ameriran forr.s 498
Cmada!'' '""'^' """ ''^'P'^'' '""^ ^ower, or afterward, East and' West
ST. ri..\IR's nF.FKAT.
Clair's ,|,.f,,,t hy M,,. Indians. Wliilr <.nramped with his
. . . iir, upon . tn,,n. tributary to tile Wahash he w;is
e.rly ,n the niorn.ng hy a lar-,. tone of Indians, under the chief
uriiriM' was so (omiilete. the tniiips liavinLT just
Xov. 4.
wii,.'- irii.y, 20(10 stroi
sui ,
...> Turtle." T
dNtni^sed from 11 lad
„., ,, „ ... . . , '"' *''■"■ ^'' <'lMii not beiuir able t,, inountlrs horse
.1..U the mililui. «)m, w, n. lir>t ..,lt.ukrd, lied in ull.r ennfusion.
>ren
rse,
-JS9
I"" .lassed for esialili-.i]inu- ,1 mhil.
(■onin-ess passed an mt appo'tiMnin- ,v],p .rnlaliv.^s under the new census
wiiK'li ir:nc Coniiress 10.-, ni( inliciv < < n.sus.
Cn at
'l'l"'"iliiin I.. I'll' la\ on \vbi^kv.
314
GREAT HISTORICAL EVKXT.S.
1792. May T.— ('apt. (Iray, conimand'T of the American ship (''■'muhiu, discov
ered tliu Coluiiilna Rivi r, uamiiig it after iiis ship.
Academy f(ir the education of girls opened at Litditield, Conn., by Miss
Prime.
First dail}' jiapcr establislicd.
Oldest canals in the United States (hiir aronnd the rapids in the Connecticnt
Riv( r, at South lladlcy and Montague Falls.
1793. Washington inaugiirateil the .second lime a.s President, with Joliii Adam-
again as Vice-I'residcnt.
Fugitive Slave Law passed.
John Hancock and Roger Sherman die.
I.NVF.NTION OF TIIF. COTTON" GIX.
Cotton gin invented by "Whitney. A machine for separating seeds from
cotton; an invention which revolutionized the cotton trade, and which added
more to the wealth and coMimcrcial imjiortancc of tlu; United Stffte.s than any
Other invention or enterprise could have done at that time.
Ycihir Fiirr Jirst rixitcl the United S!ati:sat PhikuMphid.
Automatic signai telegraph introduced imd applied in New York.
Steam tirst applied to saw-mills in Pennsylvania by Gen. Benthani.
President's .salary fi.xed at $2o,000.
WlllSIiV KF.nF.I.LKO;.
1794. Great whisky rebellion in Wester-: P->nir
ui>on whisky. A large distiiei in }', luis .
were overabundant, and no a(hM(uate inar!
distillers, openly resisted the tax by reNorii]iu to mob law. Otticials and
loyal citizens were whipped, bianded. tarred and IVathered. and great excite-
ment prevailed in all he Northern States. The Union was imperiled, id
Wasliington headed an army to meet the crisis. The rebellion was soon sup-
pressed, and law and order established 498
First woolen factories and carding machines in Massachusetts.
W.VYNF/s jiHE.VT VICTORY.
Aug. — Wayne's great vie' iry over the Indians, under " T.ittle Turtle."
Gen. Anthony Waj-ne. or '■ .\fad Anthony," as lie was called, on account of
his reckless courage, attacked the Indians upon the Mauniee. in Ohio, and
by Ills determined and impetuous charge, he routed the whole Indi.an
force from their favorite fighting ground, and drove them more than two miles
through thi<'k woods and fallen timber in the course of one hour, causing them
to sue for pniee on the conqueror's own terms. Their confederacy was com-
pletely annihilated " 49.S
Act passed for builnin!" ships of war, which laid the "foundation for the
present navy ;-^•:■,tem.
American vessel; were prohibited from supplying .slaves to any other nation^.
First sewincj thread ever made from cotton produced at Pawt ticket, Rhodi^
Island.
170."). Great opjiosition to the treaty with Great Britain. War immiiKMit, but the
great <'vii'ne^s and decision of Wasliiu^i-lon averls it 4!)!)
''•'■'i--s; 1,-irge Anieriean glass fa( tory built ,it l^itlsbui-L'-.
1790. .b'lin Adan.- and Thos. JetTerson ele<led President and Vice-President .."iOO
Dec. 7.— Washington's la.st speech to Congress, declining further otHce.oOO
ivania, caused In' the ta.x levied
•ania, where the crops of grain
except the great Monongahela
1797.
1798.
1799.
1800.
1801.
1803.
a UK. 1 r irisTouicA l e i -Eyrs
OlO
March 4. Inauguration of John Adams a.s Prcsiilcnt r,(H)
of *i'fuwM^'«^"' "''"r,n' ''■""•'" ''*■ '"''■'•'•"P'ed l.y privateering,' under penahy
ot 110,000 tine and 10 years imprisonment. i' " J'
France incens,.,! at the neutrality of the United States, in their war with
England, banished tlie U. S. minister (Mr. Pincknev) from Paris 503
The treaty of alliance with France revoked bv'conirress, and authoriiv
given for capturing armed French vessels ." " . . . ] ,-,03
Provisions made for raising a small regular army .,303
FIRST C.V.ST IRON PLOW.
First cast-iron plow patented l,y Xewbold of New .Terse v The patentee
expen. ed .Tfao.OOO in perfecting an<l intro.lu.ing the plow,\.mdTlL 'tarm,^
refused to use it, alleging that it poisoned the land and promoted the -rev.th
Comhurdal AdvcrtUer esiablislied in Xew Vork.
A direct tax and additional internal revenues were laid 502
Xavy department created and a nnnibcr of war vessels orderJ.l to "sea ' -l
expectation ot war with France 'gQ2
Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army,' by ' President
OO2
THE " STATi:"s RIGHTS THEORY."
Congress passed alien and sedition laws, which called out the first cxnres
sion of tlie "Stale's Rights Theory." •-■'^P'es
Naval engagement between American and French ships of war. Vmerici
victorious, and terms of peace are secured .^oo
_ First teachers' association, called the Middlesex Co. Association, for the
improvement of common schools, composed mostly of teachers
Death of Washington, first President of the United States.
VON HITMBOLDT.
Humboldt visited South America, and explored the mountain regions, and
gatliered new collections to his vast stores of scientific facts and natural curi-
"SltlCS.
1800. —
Removal of the seat of Government to Washington 503
General bankruptcy law passed.
May l;J.— Disbanding of the provisional army rm
..^^^'■ — '''i"' J>'i»'>eraUc, or ohl Ikpuhlicaii nnrtn elected its tirvt can-
didate lor President.
yi-AxvXx \. — l,nvi'nirntion. of Th»m,i.o J,ff,rs,„i as Pirmh i,t of the United
States, with Aaron Hurr for Vice-President ,-,o;5
■June 10.— War with Tripoli commenced .-jo^
June U.—l)utth «f B, i,,(/irt Arn<M .l;ji
Port of New Orleans closed by the Spanish (Jovernnient. and United
Mates vessels were torliidden to pass down the .Mississippi l{iv,.r.
First public Ijlirary I'oumlcd
Academy , if Fin,' Arts I'^iablivli,,! ii; X,.w York.
First patents issued for making starch from corn and potatoes.
Il
i
316
1803.
1804.
1805.
1806.
1S07,
GREAT inxTOrriAL EVKXTS.
^ Am,.ri,.un fl.rt s,.„t to p.nish pirates in tl.e Barl.ary States an.l North
A<ia>n a„cl Wm Brent I,e,.an the manufacture of pianos iu Boston.
a irst ellort made toward teaching mutes.
'.OUISIAXA PL-RCHASE.
Feb. 4. -Frigate Presicknt destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur 505
i ort Dearborn built— tlie present site of Chicago.
Lewis and Clark exploring expedition start .cross the plains
lyil ;'c?^'o?The'' An" i '^':'^".f'\t!"' ^'"'''^^'1 ^''■'t''^ '^n ^■xtensive tract of land
fes Mississippi River, an.l between the Ohio and Wabnsh
505
DUEL BETWEEN ALEXAXDER HAMTLTOX .^VD AARON BCRK
Hitka, Alaska, founded by the Russian-American Fur Company
Ice hrst became iin article of commerce in the United States ' "
Enffland seized m^cral armed American .m.,',s and Insulted the national flun
tonSvitjl^iS -^^'""^ re.inan,urated as President, with George Clin:
503
COLUMBIA RIVER AND OREflON EXPLORED
inf vlyage"^''"'"'' ""'^ ^^'"''' '"''''■'-"' "' '^''' ^'"''•^■"'^i'^ I"ver on tlieir explor-
SPOTTED FEVER.
Tlie spoiled fev,;r ai)p,.,nvd i„ .Ma^saciiuselN. sprea.ling over the other
fetates, and contmuir.g until the year 1,^15, and proved very fatal
Joamia lu^L!::"'" ^'"' " ''''"^" ""^ '■""^''■^"' ^'^""''-^ '» ^"^^ York by
Tolal eeiip<c of ilic sun at mid(hiy.
of^WIM'.T^'"!'"''"."''''' " ^" '''" .^ir^^-" wiiieh forliade.the inlroducM.m
..M.nd,^h ..nods mio any p,.,, .,t Europe, even l,y ,]„. vessels of neuM-al
British vessels ordered to leave United States wat-rs 50-
J<^/ZJ''~'^^^'''''^ "" ""' •^""■''''"" '■'•'-'"'• ^'^'*'/""^-'"l'y the 'British' ship
^ ''" 50G
AARON lirUR TRIf.T) FOR TRF \sON
snf):r",^rrTr r'"' '"'■'''-'' "'"r""' '""' ^^'^'^ ''1- '■''^'■■^'••' ^^-i"' Heon-
spir.i<> .uraiiist ihe Uovernm.ni. and will, bein- anibiii.u.s f„r dominion -md
Mitheontrn.plalin-tMundin-a new empire, will, himself for sove • , B,
tbe pros,.,„lion failed in iis le.al p.^oofl, and 1„. was ar',uiiu,l ^"- ^^"'
Congress ordered the fi,-st (xn.st survey.
1807.
1808.
1S09.
-10,
1«11.
SLAVE TKADE DECLAKED TO BE PIRACY
pi^l^jr"-'""^'" "^■^''"■->"-^''«'" "y (0..^^.., and „.; traffic dcclarca to be
^ Uooden <;o,.ks n.s, ,nanufa.twn.d by machinery in C'on„,.,.,in.t, by Eli
tukin-.nil car-oes, and all iZa^thv ^^^TJ^o]^'^^:^'^. 1 ).ei-a v(.ss..1.s from
.500
land lliuir cargoes iu tliu Unifxl States.
Fulton's steamboat
First mireeHRful !<icamlM>at built bv Robt Fulton •. mf.Vn «<■ t> , .
and .alled tbe Cl<n,md. Mr Fuito mW bU ir ,i . • °^ P«^""«y^inia.
River, from New York to \ Inn m L \'^ I"P "" ^''^' Hud.son
thronged the shores to witlleiVj^'^Yaii^ of ^FuiLlbe'^'n-'^^r'^^'"'-^
believed, few hoped, and everybodv iZd \n i > , *" ^^n^itic." None
man who had taken p .^a^e in is'm n„.T-^ - ^ 7"""'-'
in.ack a concern? \ tell kee ^J^! t^Z'^arm^^iM^S'lirif "^f^ T'
Jittherouqhtfo restrain tfwe" Hut on F'ri,!, ' ;'^"«-/f'" "'•"U^ a«rf %
the 6'^,.!.. left the wha^f. ^'^^^^.^Z!^- S^^ ^./^^^^
berth, twelve in number, emrajred to V 11 nn T w. V ""''•'•"n witu every
Fulton stood upon the cl^ek and view^VSe-mot Jv .n P^J"'-' ''^^™ t"'^""
the shore, with silent satisfac'tion As she ,,Tf ,\^K i''''"''"« "°^''^ "P"»
majestically up tlie stream there ■irot'.. ,1, ?f } ""*^'-''' ^"^^ ""'1 "»oved
throats. IMieSia senf4r^re?ur iJiTbe ,^.^r ii'T'''' ^'■"•" '^''^ tl'""^'""!
an,: m.mly beaLg, r^^i^-S^ee h£s ' h!; S S?^;X'bi t^'^^ 7*^
hour of trnimph. They ^vere ebeer,>,l .,ii i A '«' '"s long-sougli;
hamiet anUtown and at VN^sPpoin , v '1°"'^ ■^''' P''''"«" f"-""' '^^vSry
mu.. lustily. At X • wbur r thf n ''' ^T'""" '"''-''' ""^ ""'' ^^''^^''-ed
an.; -he siae-hili eky sSfrrnJw t „rio7"""'\'"» '■""?''>' '''"' m^'^n-xl.
boat reache,! Albany sa'ek- noV^ ''-^••'*'''' nmltitu.le.s. The
m. ^.v.n....asaL^:::i^J,';^xl^Vu.,;!SS's^^^^^•'™■'' - =^"-
Jan. 1.— .'5('«re-^/'((,fc jVi Wt Unitul .states <,bolishtd
il^iSr -^'^ '"^' -' '"^ ''''^-^^^' ^^-' '• -'^blished at St. Louis, by
First BiMi- Society founded iu Philadelphia.
First ^y,: :,.n mills set up in New York.
3Iarch \.~Thf Embargo repmlal .
vicc'preid;^!"" ''"'^"" ""' '^^'^'•^^ c^in;o;"ii;;ug;u;;;dp;: ■i;{;n; ;m,i
.507
BONAPAUTE'S OUDEKS
anSS",^3af^jS;-ioo''' "'' "^ ^^^ -'«-'-" American vessels
soS^t T^S^dt;:;'';:;^::;;;:; ■r:':':'.''^;^''^"''''^"' "^'^--"^ ="> ^-i-a . ves.
Mamifaciure of st, rl pens be-:m in Baltimore '^"^
Fir.ta,rirMuralf..ir in th- United States held at Georgetown D V
^oi^LaFm^.':':'^""''''''^''- '• '^'-^^ Pre^l>Jn,anA thcBrit.sh
Depredat.ons „po„ American vcsici; byEugll^nd and Fran.^ ;.ont;nued:508
n
318
1811.
1812.
1813.
GltEAT IIISTO RIVAL E VESTS.
iron, us a defense against shot and shell,
Plan for platiii!; vessels with
devised liy R, L. Stevens.
The Jiru uteamboat Jar Western waters, the New Orleans, built at Pitts-
Nov. 7.-Batlle of Tipiu-cmwc. Tecuiaseh d.-feated by Gen. Harrison .".lO
Dvr.— liiirnuifi. , fa thmtrr in Richmond. The Governor (,f Vn--i„i„ .,„,i
fuinily, aud a large number .,f persons, perished in the' Il'une.s! ^ ' ■'""'
(illK.VT K.VIlTIKil AKE.
Great and e.xtensive eartlnnak.^ at New Madrid. Mo., extending ncarlv 300
miles along the .M.ssi.ssipj.i, an.l .loing great (lan.a.^. ,. tlu,.mmrTenn
ing the currents of the rivers antl swallowmg uj. lai-e sections of la.id °
O^egon.'^'"'"'' ■*'''"■'" ^"■'■'''' '''"■^"'"^^".'/'•^tablished their post at Astoria,
Breech-loading rifles were invented bv Jol-n Hall.
V^tra'^T^'^f «T"'''-V'■'''^^''^^^ *•'/ ^^"^^'"^'^ ''' '^'^ preceding f.ne
yeam >m. jh, .,,i Ju-anc- oob, and 10,000 seamen were impressed.
Apnl Z.—Enhar/jo laid for 00 days.
May.— Congresi levied a tax of |3, 000,000.
W..H f^V KIOIITEEN IIITNDUED .\ND T^ ;LVE.
.TuiK 18.— War declared witii Great Britain . .
23.— British Orders in Council repealed.
July 12.— IIuJl invaded Canai^i
" 17.— Surrender of Mackinaw
Aug. 5.— Van Horn defeated.
" 8.— Miller defeated.
13.— The Essex silenced the Briiish ship of war Alert
fitn.cL ^•^•-^""•e"^'^^'- «f Gen. Hull at Detroit before the first blow wa.s
508
508
508
509
(•■ter^i^'r. "' .'!" British friga... G^....V,. by the 'cousUtntion
Oct. 13.— Defeat of the Americans at Queenstown.
"^^18. -Capture of (he British brig Frolic by th,. United States sloop of
■war
508
.SV,?/r!' S^'DeSr"^ '''*" ^''''''' ^"'^*'*^ Mocrdonlan by the tuf^aXc United
.. n- 2|>--r>estruction of the Briti.sh frigai, Jam. off the coast of Brazil bv
the Constdutwn. Capt. Bainbridire 5()!>
Mc.-'^tcre hy the Indinn.-< at Frnu-htown of American prisoners "in" care- o'
Oen. Proctor, who left tliem unprotected jqq
March j^—.ramcs Madison rc-ina>i;i>irated as President, with Elbridse Gerrv
tor V ice-President ° r.rf.
The Creek Indians .subdued by Gen. Jackson " 51 j
The British hlocade the American coast
Duel between Gen. Jackson and Col. Benton.
IMexico declared independent, and a National Cono-ress
Monues, -
lYrst rolling-mills built at Pittsburg, Pa.
506
called under
1813
1814.
GREAT IIISTORWAL EVEyTS.
319
Skrcotypingfrxf uitrodumt into the United Staltx.
col''.'. .'^'•~'^'"'' ^'"''"■'' ^''^'- ^^'^"^■"••''. f^'l"u'n.s ti.e Hrilish .sloop Pea-
April 27.— C'iiptur
g(jg
>tur(. of York (Toronto). Upper Canada. 'l.'y"n"riff'-G-n
li.s hh- l,y tl... ,..xj,lo,sion of the magazine, during the
ij09
509
Fort Meig.s and Fort
oop Pelican.
Piku, who lost
action •. "_ _ ;_ "" ""*»"
May 27.— Rattle of Fort George
" 28 -British attack Sacketfs Harbor and are repulsed -m
Jnnc \ -Capture of Ihfrinatr ('!„•,„ penkt. C:xu\ Lawrcn... hv the'H,';.'; I,
fnga e Sluu^no,^ Thecaptain of the ti«,;-.«wa' killed i^'tS aitio^l'^S
July. -Attack of Bru.sh and Indians upon
yteplienson '
by the l' dia,fs"""' "' ^"' '''"'"^- '^^''- ^l-... hundred persons killed
oept j.—E/iferpn.'tc captures the Boxir.
" 10.— Commodore Perry's great victory on Lake Erie 510
TECUMSEII KILLED.
Oct 5. -Battle of the Thames, Canada, between Gen Harrison nnd Oen
J^tioi"; .";:'; . ';.': . '"'r:". :'i:'r: . ""'::. .'''^'"""''' ^^"° -ai' kinedln^'ti'^
Nov. 11.— Battle of Williamsburg! ^^'^
Dec. 12.— Burning of Newark, Canada.
13.— BufTalo burned by the British.
'• 29. -Capture of Fort Niagara, X. Y., bv the Briti.sh.
aO. -Desolation of the Niagara frontier by the British
April 29.— Peacock captures the Epervicr. ^^^
May 5.— 0.swego bombard-d and taken by the Briti.sh
June 25.— The Ikimieer captured by the Wasp.
July 3.— Fort Erie capture. 1 from the British g^j
July 5. -Battle of Chippewa fought by Gens. Brown and Scott 511
Bnni^of Bri<lgc,mt,r, or Lnndy's Lane, fought under Gen. Scott,
51 1
una ll.-Stonington, Conn., bombarded by the British
Aug. 15.— Battle of Fort l-rie.
" 24.— Battle of Bludensburg.
WASmXGTON- nmxED.
buf;di^.|'r^':'*'^\';':^"p^ ™""^";^ ;'-' ^u- "- ^^p'^°i ^^d pubue
Aug 29.— Alexandria. D. C, t.iU-en ).,- fi,^ nJw;.i. ;1'\^
511
July 25
who was wounded
Aug. !)
was
-Alexandria, D. C, taken by the British.
Sept. 1 —The Wasp captures the Aron.
'sig^^.T'^"?'"' ."" ^'"''' '^"''■^''" ("«^' >Iorgan). Ala. The American
loss
.511
820
IHM.
1815.
1816.
1817.
GREAT HISToiUCAL EVEMS.
Hrm' h ll.'i'^.'fi'^'""""'^^''' '''''''"'" ""' '■"'" ^'^"""/''■"•". >H-ar Plattsburg. The
liriti^li lost 111 tins (■iigiij,'cinciil over 2,()(K) nu-n.
Sept. 12.-I5attl<^ nciir I5altinu,ic. Hoiiibanlincnt of Fort H,nry
^ov. 7.-nritish,.xi„.ll(.,l from IViisacola, Flu., I.y J uksoii
Dec. 14 —Battle on Lake lior-uc, La '. r^jg
" 22.— Haltlc below Xew Orleans, La . . . . ' . . . . . .' . ..513
24.— Tre.ity of Peucc .signed at Ghent, Helgium \ 514
Jethro WoodiKtU ided Jii» iron moldhoard plow.
FirxtHtcel plate, for emjmriwi mad. h,/ Jacob Pa-kins, of yfassacJirndts
Indian massacre at Fort Jkarbom {now Chicuyo), III., and the fort burned
CliuVall.'y"''' "■■'' ^^"^''"-«"^"" *'tltT in California, settled in the Santa
JACKSON'8 tillEAT VICTORY AT NEW ORLEANS.
fo;?c"' un7ren''p.f.u'"T ^""^rr^'n -^'l"- '^"^''""° ^om>"andcd the American
thp Hr'it h 1 iickenhatn the British. Jackson obtained a great vietorv
^Miritish l,.,s.s amounting to nearly 2,000, while the Americans lost but ?3
gjo
Jan. 15.— The President captured by a British squadron.
Feb 17.— Treaty of Ghent ratified by the President 514
Feb. 20.— Constitution cr.ptures the Cyane and Levant
March.— War declared with Algiers 5^4
March 2^.— Hornet captures the Ptufjuin.
Do^uglassl'MaS.''""^""'"'"''' '"^ "'' ^'°''''^ ^*"''^^' ''>' ^^'"'' ""«', in East
GREAT OALE IX NEW ENGLAND
w.fslurl'"" ^''"^ -?^«" '^"'<' ""'1 fl 1 in New Endand. Immense <lamage
^" .?Hfi:'r'::!lv''"'/."l-'!.^!''i'i-'^..''-<'<!y!'' i'. tlK. harbors. ImZ
n.spe,.ts, so n.„.arkabU. as was this in U.e hi;to;v\,f "th^Sm-l^;?' L^'S
Second Inited States Bank chartered wi'h a capital of |35,0()0 000
bteam nrst applied to paper-makinir at Pittsbur"
P.Sent^^""''"' "^"^ "''■'*"^ P'"'""'"^* """' ^^^ C. Tompkins Vice-
K-\K
Miss Emma Willard opened her famous school for girli "in Troy ' N ' y"
I his was known as the year without a summer.
Pensions granted to Bevolutionarv soldiers
gSs'""' '" ^""■^'''' ""'^ ^^'"'"'""^ ^"'"'"'-■^ V Generals Jackson and
511
<iiii-:. 1 T iiisTi)iu< : I /. i:vi:\Ts.
1820.
321
1817.
1818.
1819.
1821.
1822.
Eric C:mal ronmifncpd.
PublNhiMiT l,ous<. „f H,.,rp.T& Hn.ih.T fnun.l.,! in X.w York
. IIH- { oliiiiiliiaii I'riiilin:: piv^s invcntf.l liv f',., i-\ ' , ^
.rn5;o,tant i.u,,.ove,n.at in ,>Uns^j:^t ^L'^^lnn^"^"' "'" '^'^ '^^'
6«,v<.r ^-to;;^ ,^- ,/,« p;.,,,,^ i;,,it^^i ^^^^^^^ ^,^^^.^^ ^^^.^.'■
u. «. m<r prnnanentlv n inodulcd
Pen.sacolu, Florida, cuptu.-.d from the Spani>i. In G-ou. Jackson.
FIIIST STEAMnu.^T CnosSKD MIK ATL.UNTIt
^T^ Am..rK.a„ s„.ams.Hp .s....... .„,.,.. „.,. „rst s,.am voya;rn across ,ho
ODD FELLOWsmi- IN THE UNITED .HT.\TE.S.
Ti;?,i:uiw^l "S^Cms ' /Cr "T"' '" Baltimore. M,I.. by
called Washin^^on Lodje \ ■ To l-v i;"""'"'"^ "^ ,".^' Hve persons, 'anj
numbered by score, of t^h^imnd; ' ^^"^ '"^'"''^■'■^li'P of the Order is
MIS.SOLUI COMl'UO.VIISE.
Missouri Compromm agreed to by Conyrem
askml'i;;Ky "o "or.^T' ( w/it.';"""T^ ''""? '"^ '^'^-'''"7 of Missouri.
Talma-e, a New York {en .111 ,n f'"" '' ^'"'''- '" ^eb., 1819. .Mr
intro<lu<.tionof slavJiv nt S "^ '? amendment prohibiting the
followed, .i.iringi^i\^/Mr'ol, -^p'''- .^ ^"'.'™y tf^''»it<' of three^lavs
died which all the w tersof t ;.'^ U'orfrv.i, said, -Afire has been kin-
seas of blood, .an ext n'u4"' To Sf ''T'^lK'' ""'• "'"' ^•'''•■•' ""'v
war. which Lrentleme so mu.h.il.' '^''- ^"'^=1^0 replied: '■ If ,.,vl|
come! . ^ "•'"i^n.uh threaten, must come. I can only say, l,.t it
assisted to kindle; w"il U^h '.'r^r^' t".;'-^'i"^7'isli any fire which I have
ute my own." The S 'nat< sfr , .L- ' 7:"'^">'' I ^'"'H "ot hesitate to contrib-
lost. 'In 1820 a b"' w as ,r,ss • h,! ''' •''•' ""l':"<lmt'nt. and the measure was
without restrictions, b^ ' wh ,: r'"!:.'/'-.'^^',^'''''" ?" ^""" '' ("""^'i"><ioa
■n all territories nor li f h i 1 iff, '^ n''' '' '"'.:'" I"-"l'i''i'inff slavery
known as the " Missou i C , n/i . •• ~- f '"'"• ^'''^ '''"'^^ '^'^^'h'»t fs
Clay, and which was kVl'lInv' .::!•'' '.^'^^ warmly advocate.l by Henry
Oct — Cessinn ^f v\ I • ^'"' '^ <-'"ni"-omise .^xeasure."
l.ySp.in'^^'; '.""."' .^'':":''^ '"♦'»' ^-"it"! ^'atesfor |5,0OO,00O. and ratified
Heated discussions in ron^;;;;;nVhe Slav^;; Question ^^^
^^rS:S. ^"^"'"^ ^"" ^'■^""•' '"-. -"" D-iel C. Tompkins again
PICTUOLEfM DISCOVEKED.
knowr;:"'^^S!:^,r;';.!'"^.r!:''f'^''\0''V'. -Ithou^h their existence w.
IS
,-er.
he
nd
^'lown to ;ii, e.irCst settlers nv.nr.ti. V """""«" '"<''r existence w
an.l oil-creeks were fo, n in P "' ''•■'"' ^i"^'''^ ''^^ ""' Alleghany Hiv,
inhabitants ...there. ib sn .••'''"""' ;""' ^''■^^' ^'Tk, from which tl
wringing ihenu.ut ' N>iea.hng woolen blankets on the surface ai
^^^S^-7f ^"^ '""■°''"^'^'' '"'" '"^' ^'"'""^ states.
l-ntJnl' ,? onlmel.^r:;:,::' ^^"'"^l^^- -' Atncican pioneer, explorer, and
July 21._,Ta,.kson takes possession ,jf Florida .,7
First cotton-mill b„i!, i„ Lowell, Mass. ^^^
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23 WEST MAIN SVREET
WEBSTER, NY 14580
(716) S72-4S03
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if ll!
1822. Gas successfully introduced into Boston.
War by Commodore Porter on the Cuban pinitcs.
"MONROE DOCTRINE."
1823. June 18. — Monroe Doctrine. The message of President Monroe, for this year,
contained the following declarations; "That we should consider any attempt,
on the part of the allied powers, to extend their system to :my portion of t'ais
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety," and " that we could not
view any interposition for tlie purpose of oppressing governments on this side
of the water, whose independence we had acknowledged, or controlling, in
any manner, their destiny by any Euroi)ean power, in any other light than as
a manifestation of an unfrieuuly" disposition toward the Cnited States."
1824. Congress paseed a tariff to protect and .-ncouragr cotton manufacturers.
March 13. Conveution with Great Britain for the suppression of the
slave trade 518
Aug. 13.— Arrival of Gen. Lafayette on a visit to the United States 413
Nov — John Quincy Adam.s elected President, and John C. Calhoun Vice-
President.
Mexican Congress proclaimed a new Constitution similar to that of the
United States, and a Republic of 19 States and five Territories formed with
Guadal ipe Victoria as President, and Gen. Bravo as Vice-President.
1826. The capitol at Washington completed.
FIRST OVERLAND JOURNEY TO CALIFORNIA.
Jedediah Smith, a trapper, performed the first overland journey to Cali-
fornia, and established a post near the town of Folsom.
Sept 7.— Departure of Lafayette for France.
1826, .July 4. — The 50fh anniversary of American Independence. A grand
jubdee was universally observed throughout the United States.
July 4. — Death of John Adams, first Vice-President and second President
of the United States.
July 4.— Death of Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.
Visit of Baron Alexander von Humboldt, the great German naturalist,
geologist, and distinguislied scientist, to the United States.
Oct. 26. — Opening of the Erie Canal with a grand celebration.
First pianos manufactured in the United States.
Duel between Henry Clay and Jdhn Randolph, caused by personal insults
flung openljr in the Senate ChambL'i at Mr. Clay, as Secretary of State. Both of
these illustrious men lived in times when, and were educated under a code of
of morals which recognized no other means of satisfying insulted honor. It
was much practiced in the early days of " Southern Chivalry," but which
was ever regarded by the cool and more philosophical statesmen of the North
as A pernicious, dishonorable, and brutal custom. Mr. Randolph refused to
retract, and also refused to take the life of his antag.)nist. and resolved not
to return the fire of Mr. Clay, yet he made every preparation for death,
as far as his worldly atfairs wcre'concerned. Upon the ground, the pistol of
Mr. Randolph accidentally went olf while lepeatmu: the words ol ^igIlal after
his second, but which Avas adniittc'l to be purely accidental. Two shots were
cxclianged, Randoljih's first lodging in a stuni|") in the rea'- of Mr. Clay, and
the hitter's ball striking the earth scyeral feet behind Mr. Rand.dph. The
second firing resulted the same, except that Mr. Randolph discharged his
;,i.stol in the air. He reniurked to Col Benton, just after the first fire: "I
l>
1827.
1828.
''^' plin;rir^^Z/lr;^«;if -C^:- ^loubtfuny wounded for all
Mr. Clay upon sc-ein,^ Mr.'^lSndoh.lrfpS diSrSl in Ih'"'"'^' ''''"'r':
^T '*"'l^'*h rieep emotion sai.. '' I trust in f^f^n ?- f '' ■"PP™'*'=''«^
untouched: after what has occurred I ^lA . . '"-^ /''-'»'• s"". you are
thousand world.s." The nta^oSfoLXl . T '"'''' ''".™^'-''' >'o» f*"- •*
tions of courtesy werereSi Thu pnj-^^^^^ - "i".'"' """^ •''"''• ■"'^•'i-
the progress of civiliz'.Uol. h. belom; iu^heeve o'^f .h'.V '^ ^""7^' ^''"^'^ ^^
barous and inhuman practice. ™*^ '" ^^"^ '-y^^ "^ "" '»onorable men a bar-
Sta'lteya^d'^h^rCbr^of te^^^ ''^^ ^™-- ^^ween United
Great excitement over the " Mnro-m <iff.,ii. " j ^^^
masonry. Political capita^^n.a&VSralleS KeTSoTJ^ ^^^■
hoSe^ower"''' " ^'^ ^'"''"' ^^'^^^ ^->* ^^ Quincy. Mass.. aid o^ed by
g^Congres. passed a protective tariff, which caused much opposition at the
PrSSenf and Vic^eJr^rid'em ''°'" ''■ ^^"^'^"'^ ^^°^° ^« A" ^he offices of
1829 S''"- °^ "'i' P*"*"*'^ ^^ •^^- Woodworth, of New York
1829. J^xtcan mdependeuce n^cognized by the United States
m stReroT t^n ' r^' 'P*^^^^ '^^'^'^^''^S ''^'^ Constitution. . . .528
the Unired States Ta^TlTi'ir ""^ ''' ^^'^S'"''' "'^"^'^ °^ ^'^''^Sates against
May 2.-Hail falls in Tuscaloosa. Alabama, to the depth of twelve inches.
^Prk.n T .-. ""^"^ ASYLUM FOR THE BLIND.
through ^ce'Ks orDr^^n'"'''V ^^' '^' Blind established
Di^cfor. whoteTciVjpSti'oX;^.tSt%T?' ^^- '''■""'^' ^^ «'^-' -
dent^^S's^cfeyfXworSfTs'"'^^^^ T'^''^'^'^ "- P--
victor belong the spoils. " ' credited wuu the saying, "To the
1830 April 6 — M ^^^^ ^^ mormonipm.
Joseph Smith, Ti^nor^nT'di^nrt'^K''"" ''"^ «"P«^™atural pretensions of
noreputationforg,'od[n Tlu <^mmMn>"' l''^''''}'^}^^ X""".'-' "^^'n. who had
Smith was tiip pretend .?1 „?V'""-^' '^''*^'"'' he lived, in Palmva, ^. Y
"Bookof Morm'Ln-or .^; ,W«V,' ^'^:/T''»lion. which he" called the
Cowdery, while seate hel ind !^,I^"l^ ■ "'' '^iftot^.l the contents to Oliver
fane eyes from iXl in . '! '.''"'''^■' '"'"f J!'^'-"^- «!'.. room, to keep pro-
claimed to have exh med ^,i;''T- ''T'i^'- i"" '"''f"'"'' Pl='«'s whiVl, he
fease.l to be rea.lin'r " ^ ,\Z : ^^^ "^ » "' ""'y ^Pirit ! Th.'s,. he pr„-
8to.-e.. revived-by Tjoki, . ,; '. "• /""'.'" "'"' Thummim-tl,,. ancient
verted into English T f/ir '^^ "'^' '"■""»-"' <'l'aracters wre con-
nfe"*.a . I he tru^ orufui of this book is claimed to be the mauu-
!
i
I I
script of ill! ('(•(■(■iitri(: iircaflicr, hy tlic ikuiic of Spauldin^-, wlio became
involved in (lcl)t, aiid undertook the c(,nipo>iiion of a liMorieal novel, entitled
''.MaiiiiM:ript Found;" hy wliieli means he hoped to liquidate his debts. The
MSS. wtTK writtei.i in 1H12, and left in a printiri!,' olliec where Sydney Hiirdon
vvaa a workman. In 1810 Mr. Spauldinj,' died. When the "new "Bible ap-
peared, .Mr. Miller, a partner of SI)auldin!,^ also Mr. Spauldin',''s wife, recoj^-
uized the pla;^iarism. and testi'led to a i^reat ])ortion of the book as be'injr the
produetioa ot Spauldini^'s pen. The characters, names, etc., were verlwtim
from Spauldinjj, but mixed up with Serijiture (juotat ions, together with Bible
doctrines and altoirether forming a book of several hundred pages. Tlie main
features of the Mormon religion were the pretended "gifts of the Church," by
■which the same miracles w hieh were wromrht by Christ wer^ claimed to be
wrought by ISmith and his apostles, e\ en to the raising of the dead. Kirtland
Ohio,l>ecame the headquarters of the :Mormons in 1831, and they began rapidly
to mcrease. A body of them started a ( linrcli in Jackson Co. , Mo. , where their
numbers increased so rapidly that t!ie old settlers becoming alarmed, held
public meetings, prot"sting against the invasion of the new sect. The citi-
zens demanded the suppression of their paper, which being refused, it was
destroyed by u mob. The excitement prevailed to such an extent, that some
of their houses were destroyed and their leaders whipped, and during a fray
several lives were lost on both sides. Persecutions but strengthened the zeal
of the fanatics. Thev moved about from place to place, and finally settled
down in Nauvoo, 111., where they began the erection of a Temple. They
now took the name of " Latter-Day Saints." In 1833 Brigham Young was
converted to the new faith. In 1837 the Mormons cnrric 1 their new religion
to the Old World, where superstition and ignorance abounded. There it
flourished and took deep root among the lower classes, who have ever been
the dupi ■- of designing religious pretenders. The light of reason and educa-
tion aUvaj's di.spels the dark clouds of superstitutionand bigotry, and no sect,
founded upon superstition and pretended wonders and miraculous demon-
strations, can longer hope to flourish where an open Bible, free schools, and
a free press abound. In 1839 the " Latter-Day Saints," under the leadership
of Smith, united their forces and began a settlement and the building of their
Temple in Nauvoo. Polygamy was now introduced by "revelation to
Smith," as a special privilege to the head of the Church. During 1842-3^,
Smith was repeatedly arrested on charges of muvder, treason, and adultery,
but managed to avert punishment, until the summer of 1843, when, with his
brother Hiram, he was sent a prisoner by the (Jovernor of Illinois to Carthage,
where they were arrested for trca.wii, and placed in prison under guard. On
the 27th ()f .June a mob of outraged citizens, disguised, broke into the .jail and
summarily killed them both. Great mourning and lamentations w'ent up
from the afflicted ;Mon ions. They s(>nt word tii all tlu; faithful far and near,
that the " Lord's Prophet " was killed. Brii^ham Young was appointed suc-
cess()r to Joseph Smith, much to the cluiL'-rin of Sydney Kigdon.
The Mormons were no\v compelled to abandon their City and Temple.
They proceeded at once to establish themselves beyond the bounds of civil-
ization, where they could carry out their dark and 'devilish designs, and lay
the foundation ot their unholy schemes, unmolested by law, order, or even
decency. A dcsohite region near the shores of the Great Salt Lake was chosen
for the seat of their city and government, for thev aspired to no less preten-
sions than the " Veritable Kingdom of God," and hrigham Young Ills chosen
Frop/nt, Priest, and Kiitfj. U-injxn-nl. or ruler of the " Saints of God"— could
mortal man aspire to greater dignity or power? \h\{—",\firabil6(Uc(it!" —
this chief of imiiostois actually suece('ded in establishing a form of government
in the very center of the United States, with himself as governor, with 1 iws
to suit himself, defying the tiovernmeiit and all law and interference ui on
«'
1830.
1831.
1833.
the pntciikd nnthoritu of •' Dituw Iij-rphit!,.„ •• / ..
the heart „f the great w.l.lerne4sUievlS, "'"^ "l>l>o^"''»-nt! - Here in
sine., ealled Salt^Lake City II, re . Pfl '".''"'W tin, " A'ew Jerusalem "-
-Hi imported their dS-es^inn'^e iV^rtf .'"^r '•''"■-" "^'O' tree "
Europe by thousinds. under pretenL ,, " .rin "'', ''I'P''''^'^«» th-s.se.s of
proniise.''" They rapidly incrLledimilev^ ^'*"" '" "'»-' "''"'^ "^
became a terror toemii,rition an eivU z. ^ Pn r'n '";'">' "'""^^ands. and
they waylaid wlujle cmi-rant tra n. r li ' ^^'" ''^t'"' ^''^gu'seof Indians,
helpless-victims at thei? w 1 T he J^^^^^^^^^^ murdering the
cleM.n.ed and prosecuted l^yh,- Mormon leaders ^''' ^^\";'^*'^ Ma.s.s,i?re -
successful evasion, brought to li-^ht aiinm/r ft i V' ""'^^'" '^■"">' ^■'^■'"•^'
States authority. liut i" i.s ..retlVk^neralTv U^ii ' ' 'f f,'l^'-'l/'-:'«ut«i (>y United
and his apo.stles were instrume ta^i^ nf/rl^ 1 n 'Y ^".^'^""' ^'"^°« ^nd
throughout the ^eat plain.s of ^ e W st w-n^l. I "" '^^V'^'^^^'^"^^^ committed
One great .secret-'of the indifferenee ofli.e rnv^.Jn " ^"ributed to the Indians,
of this monstrosity in the St of h r ^ --^ °
tlie very borders of civilizat on and „ 7/"''^'.'^''' '^"^ remotene.sl from
in founding a city and "tovernr^em ^ '^f o^n'^'ng »}^<^cess of its leaders
systematic fndustry and peSran™wh?.T"h'f^^ ''"^ improved by dint of
who visitea that oasis of ihc Gr"? nei^^li ^^?"''?S^ the admiration of all
The Government and military offlckl, n^^"""" ^^^^-famed Salt Lake City,
jnent men of the nation !iWv2ed Utah wrK' T'^^^P^^dent^, and proi^-
times bought up by tnat greai aignitar^ BrTJh^,^*'^'' ^""^ «f ^Tf, «"*^ •^o'"^-
sway over a - ', territory of willin7subip?.ff ^ ^°"k^' ^^"^ ^'''•' unlimited
the press, the .chool.s. an^d the re °lon hf.f /.,« « ^^"^ controlled, not only
representing immense resources aL^JweahhV^Tr' "^ "" ^'''F '"''^''^'y
civilization is fast accomplishing to daTi But the onward march of
have done at the start; for no Ireat nn,,^ • '''"^^ Government should
rounded by the elements of frecdo^n ''PP'*""'^'^^ Po^^r can long exist sur-
Dec 9.-Building of the South Carolina Railroad.
JuTv 4 n H '";?' ^''™'"-^ ^'^•^"''"1 ■■" Boston.
~b. — iariff Convention at New York
^Manning mowing-machine patented (tl,; fi.st useful mowin.-maehine
Chloroform discovered by Samuel Guthrie, of Sacketfs Harbor N Y
^eam k.tting madiine first used, at Albany. K Y., by Timothy Bailey
^.Di. Howe, of .New lork. invented the fir.t practical ma..hi„e for makiTg
cSSl^,;"* •"='"'" ''^- '"-'""-y in "le United States by .loel Ilayden. of
'■■iiiDs, TitE riTt.vTi., KXEcrrr:)
had been .oneenu.i in'robbin- • ■ o,,,- '"V""f'r;"" J' ' •''•'"'l Hmt he
near a score of v,..s,.|s (ak.n bv t he .ir, " r'"', ?""' '"' «''^'' "'^' "■"•"'s of
which were murdered. ' P"""' ""''"" ^"^ '"'"inand, the crews of
bill.
Conirress passed a new protective ,arifT
S)uth Caroli-ia threatened se<r .ion
Great oppoMtio,, i,, the South.
0:;'8
1
1832.
1834.
OEN. JACKSON VETOES SECESSION.
President .Iiukson ord'TiM I die naval i.rd military forces to Charleston lo
enforce the laws, which put an end to the secession -y^ti
FIRST APPEARANCE OF CnOLEK^
June 8. — Cholera at Quebec; the first case in America.
June 21.— First case of Asiatic Cholera in the L'nited States, which scourge
swept over the entire laiul, hurrving thousands into a sudden and terrible
^™"i ■ 528
Aug. 27.— Black Hawk War, and capture of Hlack Hawk 534
Andrew .Jackson chosen for President, and Martin Van Bureu, Vice- Pre*
idciit.
Death (.{ Ciiarlcs Carroll of Carrollton, the la.st .surviving signer of the
Declaration of Independence.
President .Jackson vetoed the United States Bank bill.
Dec. 28.— .John C. Calhoun resigned his office as Vice-President.
Electro-Magnetic Telegraph inventctl by Professor Jlorse.
Asiatic Cholera appeared again in Xew York CItv, la.sting two months,
'ind resulting in 8,400 deaths. - o ,
Dr. Samuel Guthrie first published his discovery of chloroform.
March 4.— Andrew Jack.son inaugurated President for a second term.
.lACKSON CLOSES THE TMTED ST.\TES B.\NK.
^ President Jackson being informed that the United States Bank was using
.arge sums for political purpo.ses, removed the deposits and closed all oper-
ations, contrary to the advice of his Cabinet, and in direct opposition to
Long/css. Great excitement was caused by this act, and two attempts were
made to take his life. Thomas II. Benton and John Forsj-th supported the
President in the Senate, but Clay, Calhoun, and Webster united in the oppo-
sition. The name " Whig " was adopted by the oppos'tion party 533
The Southern States held a "State's Rights" Cor.vention.
May 3.— Congress pas.sed Henry Clay's compromise tariff law.
May 24.— Death of John Randolph, a Uistingui.shed United Siates Senator
from Virginia.
First double cylinder printing-press constructed by Hoe & Newton.
First useful reapers patented.
FIRST NEWSBOY.
First copy of New York Sun printed bv Benj. H. Day, and sold for one
cent per copy. Its .sale on the streets crea'ted the first '* newsboy " that ever
cried in the streets of an American city.
Nov. 13. —Groat meteoric shower known as the "falling stars," which
created a great sensation all over the country. Much fciir and con.stcrnation
were e.\citcd among the superstitious, many "supposing the "end of the world"
had come.
A model flying-machine was constructed bv Rufus Porter, of Niw Britain,
Conn., who kept experimenting, until about fourteen vears later he produced
ii model i^ropelicd by steinn, which he exhibited at Wnshinsrlon and in the
Merchants' E.xchange, X-w York, and a journal of the dav declared "it
made the circuit of the rotunda clevcii liiiir- like a tiling aiiiniatcd with life."
March.— Vote of censure liy tlic Sciialc a;2ains| the President for reniovine-
the Bank deposits, but was s(jon after expunged oM
ril
GHEAT lIISrOHlVAl. EVEyrs.
'62:
1834-5.
1836.
1834. The wIioIl- l-nited Slate.s d.'bl paid oft.
Lucifer iiuitch'j.s first made iii America.
FIRST SEWING-MACHINE.
ifWS. The Cherokees sold their land to Government for |,j 200 000
May.-New York HeraM established by James Gordon Bennett
neariySs Ka^r'' °' """^'^ ^''''''' ^^^^'*^'^"' ""''^ ^^'^ fi"ed this high office
and^mTl?^^''''"' '^"^- ^I'r.?*''"'""'^' I'"*'''""- ^^-J^ich la,ste<l seven years longer
ana cost the Government |15,000,000 vLuytars longer.
turned. ^''■"^""^ ^'' '° ^^"^ ^"'■'^ city;' $2S.'000"000' worth "of property
Illuminating oas iirst introduced into the city of Philadelphia.
waSmai^.f. ^'''' ^"^ ^'""^"'^"'^ '^"'"^■^' "^'^^ ^^^ ^^^i Brown, a Detroit
era^Tffusion^o "'ur?n'"'/^'°" *'' ""' ^""^''^ ^''''''' "^ ^515,169 for the "gen-
«ru;fSSt^hT^o::^::i;:;f^jL?^r'^'^ "^^'^^ -
June 28.-Death of James Madison, fourth President of the United States
PrSde^;.''"""^^" ^"^'^^ ^"-'-^ P--l-t. and Richard M. Johnson vS"
Dec. 15.
ton.
Texas declared independent
J. q. ADAMS' GREAT DEBATE.
whl'tei t,t fc" «Si° ' "'"""' "'""" "'»""' "« c<"»«™"d
Death of Aaron Burr.
Gen. Scott subdued the Creek Indians in Georgia
could not pTy its debt; ^^ ^^'^ "' ^"'''''' '"'^'^ ^^*^ ^°'*«*i States
_ ORIGIN- OF THE EXPRESS BUSINESS.
a VT.nn^T*'"" Im^iness originated in the United States with Wm T Ilarnden
establisherr, th cite wi.l. .'" ' '''"''' time an "Express Office" was
which so,n ^re V in o .;, Vv "'.'^'■^''"^'•••■^ employed upon .ach steamer.
course of hr(.e V „'s Mr v.. .n '''r/";' r'"-°rff'^"''"'' '"'^'"''^^- I" »'»«
an ( ini.n-, oi/svs," m wi .",'"" ''.'"'"id also been instrument.d in establishing
n i.mon system, whicli added to tiie wealth of tiu- nation !?80.()00,000
1938.
-Bur-dng of the Geneml.Post-offlce and Patent office at Washing-
i
! ''
1888.
1889,
1840.
1841.
1843.
1843.
E.\ploring fxpedition to the South Pole under the command of Cant
Chiules W likes, of the United States Navy. ^ '
Lnited States Bank suspended specie payaient, followed by the suspension
ot the majority of the banks in the United States, causing a great panic.
Mormon -war in Missouri.
Great political excitement. The Whigs nominate Wm. Henry Harrison
for President, which introduced the "Log Cabin Ci^mpaign. "
FIU8T STEAM FIRE-ENGINE.
John Ericsson, a Swedish engineer, perfected the first steam fire-engine in
Uie Lnited States, fo>- which he received the great gold medal from the
Mechanics Institute. He had been in this country but one year at the time
Mr. Lric.s.son planned and superintended the building of the first "Monitor, '
at Greenpoint, N. Y., which at its first trial disabled the iron-clad ram
"Merrimac.
Adams' Express Company founded.
Nov.— Gen. Harrison elected President, and John Tyler Vice-President.
March 4.— Inauguration of Gen. Harrison as President.
April 4.— Death of William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the
United States.
April 6.— Inauguration of John Tyler as President 538
Webster's Dictionary appeared.
Upper and Lower Canada united in one Government.
Imprisonment for debts due the United States abolished.
New York "Tribune" established by Horace Greeley.
Bunker Hill monument completed ; great celebration.
Attempts to re-establish a National Bank vetoed by the President 587
^ Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island in support of a new Constitution and the
rights of suffrage. It was soon put down.
Mormonism became prominent and received large accessions to its numbers.
Aug. 9.— Treaty of Wtushington negotiated by Daniel Webster and Lord
Ashburton, defining our north-eastern boundary, and for suppressing the
slave trade and giving up fugitive criminals. This closed the Aroostook war.
FREMONT'S EXPEDITION.
Fremont made his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains. He explores
the Great West, and discovers the South Pas^, that wonderful gatewav to the
golden shores of the Pacific.
Thomas Kingford produced his first sample of pure com starch. His great
starch fr.ctory at Oswego now produces 21,^,00,000 pounds annually, or 35
tons a day. Average number of workmen 700.
First mutiny in the Unitr-1 States Navy instigated by Midshipma.' Spencer,
son of a United States Cabinet officer, on board the United States brig-of-war
Somri-fi, Capt. A. S. McKenzie. Spencer and his comrades were hung to the
yard arm,
rnngress voted $30,000 to Samuel F. B. IMr.rse to establish his telegraph
linos— first in the world.
Fremont extcrdoil his oxpedition to the Cohimbia River. Oreion, and from
that point up the Wi Unmet Vnlley to KliimMth Lnke, pushinL' on through
snow and cold, over LTiinitiMirnks and thronixh deep r.n vines, without trail, and
March 0. 1844, lie veiichcd the soiitlu>rn .slope of the Sierras,
'II
1844.
1845.
1846.
GREAT lllSTonicAL EVEXTS.
'61'.)
1843.
OKKAT tOMEl' OF 1843.
Of £ piisi:;?;:;;!!" If':: •::'!:^:; t ^^:^r- r'^'"^ '•- --^ — >--
aa.i .startled tlu country n-U.,,",. ami r li m^'". '' "'.'" \^''^'" "' "'>^"'*-
It was .usible to the naked eye for wJeks w n u ^ ^ ''T'""'''' '"■ ^''*'"-
Honfi, r- \r 1 i.r , "^ ^t-tKt, When It .suddenly disappeared
Death c^^oal^ Webster, author of the Diciionary
toe., ..5. Polk olccW Prcldct »d Goo. M. D.lla. Vicc.Pra,id»,. . 538
MORMON WAR.
Copper excitement in Michigan.
Election of Polk announced t)v telcTanh -Im fir.f
over the wire?. ^ it"t„rapa, ilie first new.s item conveyed
lOWK'a SKWINC-MACIIIXE.
Elias Howe produced his first .sewing-machine
Files arst made in the United State.s.
the'^w?3te?n"ho.n^L\7of''Kas'^'""''-^^^ ^'"' ^•'^' «°'^'«" t° Corpus Christi.
Indies to balance the incr:rse'off;J,^?Srinl:'^U""''"^' '" '''' '''''
States' '-'''^''^ "' ^'^••^^^ J-k.son, seventh President of the United
Free Soil party originated. Watchword. "Free soil for a free people."
ME.XICAN WAR.
\
i846. May N — IJiiltl- of I*:il:) Alto, oil tlic Ifio (Jrandc. The Amcriom forrt-s
iniinlicrcd litii 2,(MMt men, wlio toii^rlii a;:,iin>t «,U<KJ .Mtxicaiis and forced
tliciii to retreat. Amerieau los,s forty-seven \v<, milled aiul nine killed. Major
&auiuel Ringgold aiii()iij,Miic nunilKT.
Ma> !».— Aiiollier lialllc fought at Hesaca do la I'alma. The Me.\ic:ins again
outnumbered the Anieric ans three ty one, and the Aiiierieaiis gaining the
victory, which was due to the liold and daring charge of Cant. Miiv, who
took their battery and captured their coninianding ofli'er, Gen La Vega. 540
July 28.— Now tariff bill passed.
Aug. a— President Polk vetoed the river anu harbor bill.
Aug. 6. — Revolution in Mexico in favor of Sunta Anna.
Congress authorized the President to accept of 50,000 volunteers, 300,000
offering their services.
May 13. — Proclamation of war with Mexico.
Aug. a— The President called upon Congress for 1(3, 000, 000 to negotiate a
treaty with Mexico.
The " Wilmot proviso" again.st the extension of slaverv passed the House,
but not the Senate.
Three hundred buildings and other property burned in Louisville, Ky.
Aug. 18. — Gen. Eeamev took possession of Santa Fc, New Mexico, with-
out a blow, having marched from Fort Leavenworth, a distance of 900 miles.
Aug. 19.— Commodore Stockton blockades the Mexican ports on the Pacific.
Sept.— Gen. Taylor a<ivaneed to Monterev with fi.OOO troops. The city
was strongly fortifled and garri.soned with 10,000 men.
SURREXDEK OF MONTEREY.
Gen. Worth crossed tlie mountains in the rear of Monterey, took the forti-
fied heights, and reachid the walls of the city, cutting off its supplies.
Sepi. 23. — Gen. Taylor made the grand attack, and the city soon surren-
dered, under Gen. Ampudia.
Gen. Taylor granted an armistice of eight days, expecting the Mexicans to
propose peace.
Sept. 26.— California expedition, with Col. Stevenson's regiment of 780
officers and men, sails from New York 540
Oct. 25. — Tobaseo, ^Icxico, bombarded by Commodore Perry.
Oct. 30.— Gen. Wool arrived in Mexico with 3.000 troops of volunteers,
whom he trained on the march over deserts and mountains.
Nov. 14. — Commodore Connor takes Tampico.
Dec. G.— Gen. Kearney defeats the Mexicans at San Pasquai 541
Dec. 25. — Col. Doniphan defeats the Mexicans at Brazito, near El Paso.
Gen, Taylor ndv.inced to Victoria, where he learned that Santa Anna was
approaching with 20,000 men. Just on the eve of a battle. Gen. Taylor
received the word that he was superseded by General Scott, who was en route
for Mexico, and who called for the "rtowcr of his army."
General Taylor sends ;. courier to Gen. Wo(>l. rskinir him to hasten to his
aid. and in two hours the General was on his way to Victoria.
I5oml):irdment of the Mormon city of Nauvoo, 111 , and the exit of the
Jlornions at the ])oint of the liayonet,
Louis Asiassi/, visited tlic United Stales to delivci' a ((uirsc of l.'cturcs in
Boston, and to study the biology and ii.itii.-al hi-lory of tliis country.
^
GltHAT lllsroltlCM. E\i:.\T.S.
331
1847. Jan. 8-9 -Bam., of San Oaf.r.,.! and Mf.s,i, in Cal.f„miu under Gen
Kearney. Hit- enemy wciLMJelti-.ttd. ^-"""m.u, unuer uen.
-American-; und.'r Col. Price
Jan. 21.— Battle of Canada, in New Mexico
are victoriou.s.
TlI)'M,i;t^'^~^^""'? f ""•;"'' Vista, by Oen. Taylor, a 1 l.y (},.„ Wool
H, M vi '"''''''■'■^'^' 'l^'^'"""' Anna with greatly .sup, rior nu, . rs l.ut
i;^s^tr^i;;:.;^or;;^:^f;i::; ,""':^ '•- -•• ''-y - •■••'- .n;^
denicfWn£i;i>?'"*""°'°- ■^°'- ^""P"""- wiih'oo, ..-.j;^;;;^^
March l.-Gcn. Kearney declares California a part of the Unit.'d States 542
CAPTURE OF \-EHA CHUZ.
«rmv'":.i;?"7V'™r£'^'- *'■''"■" ''J'.^*'"- ^"" ""•' ("ommwiore Perrv with
army and fleet. This was considered, wUh the exceution of t).,,.).;:,. .i,
most strongly fortitied city in America. "-^ttption ot t^uebec, the
April 2.— Alvarado taken by Lieut. Hunter.
April 18.-Battle of Cerro Gordo fought." Santa Anna was stronrfv
in re.uhe(l wi h a large ar.ny. Lee an.l Beauregard engineered The mmjnta n
attack while the army in front si.n»ltane,,uslyopt.n..,l tire umn hem The
Mexicans abandoned their works and beat a h.isty retreat.
T-jspan taken by Commodore Perrv.
LTNCn'8 EXPEDITION TO THE KIVER JORDAN AND THE DEAD 8E\.
to circumnavig^ue and thoroughly e.xplore the laVeXaa^," ^
After some de ay favorable decision was given to hi.s Sli^aton The
Lnited States stores up .SV/p^v was placed under his commanran.l w w l.den
with stores for the American squadron in the Miniiterranean Slu als Ir
ned two meta he beats, one of copper, the other of galvanized iron for he V.^i
of he e.xped.tion The members of the expedition^were :ourt^H"'i„ n imter
The ten seamen shipped to serve as crews of the boats were of tcinnerate halts'
all of them naying pledged them.selves to abstain from allintox c?^.t Sn£'
The expedition set out from New York, November 26. m; Ks°o^'
ping ui Port Mahon the Supply on February 16th anchored before SmvrT
pitched their tents on the .south bank of the Rel s I ,!,,; '^•,'1" '"'7''
storeship Supply, which now stood ou to .''^'^ ij' ^^SjE''; i/,'!:;;"^
ErvS? the Sea of Galilee, or Tiberias, as tiri^r^t'Slnl in tUdr'to^S
Lieutenant Lynch, in order to transimrt iWc )i...ro.., i i
to each carnage, two abreast and one us kader. flic lirst 'J.t'mi.t to dJaw
sf
1^^^"^^
332
1847
|l ! t
(.UK. I ■/' Ills TiniK ■. I /, E 1 7; \ 7'.v,
.•ii:ir cniwcl of iiciipli-. '\\w sue-
in iiiikiKiwii 111 ii>iii|iliMlmiciit in
atiiiii.il. whirli ll c y liail lirt'drc lliou;,'lit til on!v to
load upon its l)a< k." On tlic 4lii of April llicy look
losvliiLT lllr lioats wilh .sixtcrii lioiso:, ( Irvi 11 lomliil
party iiuMilicrcd sixteen in all, ineliidini? tlie driip
iiccoinpanieil liy '"'■ ....
the trucks i)y ( anicK was w itri(s.,n| hy ,in
eessful ii.Mill laii;,'lil lliern the exislcnee ot
that patient and powerful
plod alonij with its heavv
up llieir line of manli. t'o
juinels, and a mule Tin
••man and ,,„,k. TJiey were accompanied liy tifleei' IJedouiim all w.
mi.iintei . The metal l.oals, willi tla-s llvim;. rattliiii,' .ami l.iml.lini' aloii.'
mounted on carriages drawn hy Inijre camels the oilieers and mounted sad-
ors III sm«:lc tile, the lua.led eamel.s, the sherilT and .'•^heikli with their tufted
spears— ull Imd the appearance of a 'riumph.il march. On tlie «th of April
tlie party reached the Sea of (iaiilee. " I nahie to restrain my impatience "
says' Lieut. Lyuch, "I now rode ahead witti Mustafa, and soon huw Inflow
tar down the jpn'cn siopinR clia.sm, tlie .Sea of Galilee, haskin>,Mn the sunliLdit!
Like a mirrorit lay omlwHou'ed in its rounded and hcauliful, liut fieolens hill.s
How (h'lir to the Christian are the memories of that l,i dii- lake of the New
Ti'slanient The roadside and the uncultivated slopes of the hi'da were
full of flowers, and iihounded with sitiijinK liirds; there lay the holy lake
consecrated hy the presence of the Uedeemer! Xear hy was the field
where, ucconling to tradition, the disciples plucked the ears of corn upon the
t^iihhathday; yet nearer wits the spot where tiie .Saviour fed the famishiuff
iiiultiludes, and to tho left the mount of Heatitudes Not a tree' not
a shrub: nothing but green grain, grass, and ttowers. yet acres of bright ver-
dure. ..... lieyond the lake and over the mountains, rise majestic in the
cleur sky the snowy peaks of Mount llermou. "
On the 8th of April, hining arrived at Tilx-rias, the two boats, after some
diltlculty in getting them down the mountain, were luunch-d into the Sea of
OiUilee with their flags tlying. " Since the time of Josephus and the Romans
no vessel of any size had sailed upon this soft, and for many, many yeare but
a .solitary keel had furrowed its surface." In order to a.ssist the transporta-
tion of his goods. Lieutenant Lynch purchased the onlv bo,it used by the mi.s-
goveriied and listless inhabitants to navigate the beautiful lake of Tiberias a
lake which was tilled with tish and abounding wilh wild fowl. This boat
was purchased for about twenty-one dollars, ,;nd was u.sed by the inhabitants
merely to bring wootl from the opposite side of the lake. On the IWh of
April the expedition started from the f"ot of the lake, and commenced the
de.sceni of the river Jon'.an. Notwithstanding the most diligent inciuirv at
Til)eri.is, they could not procure any rell ()le information respect in -• the river
They found, to their consternation, that the Jordan Wiw interrupted in its
cc arse by frequent and fearful rapids. In some instances they tiad to clear
out old channels, to make new ones, and sometimes plunged with headloii"-
velocity down appalling descents. So great were the diHiculties in jiassing
down the Tver, that on the second evening they were but twelve m'les in a
direct line from Tiberias. So tortuous is the oourse of the .lordan, that in a
space of sixty miles of latitude, and four or five of longitude, u ^raversis at
least two hundred miles ! On the 18th of April thev reached the Dead Sea
and lound its northern shore an extensive mudt'lat. wilh a .sandv plain
b<'y'.nd, and the very type of desolation. IJranches and trunks o. tiecs lay
sc-;ttered in every diriiou; .some charred and blackened by lire, others
whit(; with an incrustation of salt. The waters of the sea they found a
nauseou- comitoiinil of bitters and salt. As they passed on. they found scenes
'■ where there was no vegetation \vli;itever; barren mountain.s, fragments of
rocks blackened by sulphurous dejiosits, and an uniietural sea, with low
dead trees upon its margin, all within the scope of vision bore a sad and
sombre aspect,"'
1847.
Ni'iirtlic soiillit'i'ii lAii'i'iiiitv rif till- ))..'., ,<, . .1. . I
Milt, slnny niu.l.in.rusI.Ml will, sail, a.i.l a ,r ,IKi V ' , '"' ':"'' ''"'' "
Holi.1 sal.. ..a,.p..,l wi.l, .■a,l,.„m" T.M Ju-t "" ""'"' '" '"■,'"■
<iiti<>n u.sum,.,l u ,lr„p.si<.al app,,,ran,<. Tl w', ■ i ' ''•' 7I"'-
g..o.i Hpp..,i,.;. >nci'\h:;tct;^}:ri '" oi: ^z'!;.r :;r m;.;';!:;" "f
ma.iean e.xcur.mn t„ k^-rak; conUiininjr a n .p. htio of al ,f 7w. f '-r""'^
of whom .hr«-.fourths profc-,s.se,i ChrisUan y ff v fLmlTl e^ r..r''r''''''
though impovt-r s hfd aii-i oonr-'sscl ,w I ;, ( ' "'yipund ihe.st- Christians,
were insolent. On Mi. h of Vlav f'l X- ^' . '^,""'1 "»"g'ng a.s the Moslems
twenty two days in its ixpbnuion'^ ' Ve la v ' '':;vs /''' f"' ''T''"l"
"carefully soun.ied this sea .letermine.l i ■ i - , L'*^^'.''.*'"""' f^vn(■h,
exa<t topography of iu shorvK Z^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"ken rl.e
and velocity , f its tril utHriewolWto?! r,^^^^-^^ "^^ teinperature. width, dopth,
the winds. curr.!nts „ o^^^^^^e^ ''''''y '^'"•'- ""*' "''«'*1
. . . The inferenc ' f , rm th B .r 7ih1s ' ^ '^'Tr''''''''-"^ Pl";""'"-"'^-
and 'o>vnrM,iw(r bv the writ i of f 'n, . ""\"\"" <l>i»sm was u plain .sunk
dinary eharact,. of"^Jr so^;:;^^^ ^"'- """(v "i,:;!:;^^'r??r"" '""•"• k
conrt.rtmg opinions. One of the nartv v-.s sr,l,- ."P"". ^'""* '*'' ^"^
pr<.fesse.llinl,el,ev,.r of the CsaL aermm. 'I A' " f"'* ""''*''*^''' ^ 'h'""^' ^
investigation, if I am no m,Sn wn r '^■''''' '^'.''"'y-two days' dose
thetrurhof theScriSur am^rn^^^^^^ ''''' conviction of
After leaving the Dead sT lo nVr,r the plain."
they pnu'eded to M ta wlurf 3^,?^^^^^^^^^^^^ T^'^'r /■•"'" ^-^'t
ready. ,ho expedition re:eXUfoth;uiSstS'7' '''I '^"^''•^, ^■"'"
early in December "'••«>cu lor luc tmted btates, and urrived there
Aug. 30. -Battles of Contrcra.s and Chunibusco . . ..«
Sept. la.-Stormir-g of the citadel of Chapiiltepec ,46
Jj
w
f i
1847. saved the total destruction of Santa \nna's army, as under the cover of
darkness the Mexicans fled, and at sunrise the American army entered the
city, and the Stars and Stripes were soon floating above the Halls of the Mon-
tezumas 547
Sept. 13 to Oct. 12. — Siege of Puehla, held by the Americans against the
Mexicans. The Mexicans were repulsed by Geu^ Cliilds 547
Oct. 9. — Iluamantla taken by the Americans under Gen. Lane.
Dec. 31. — The sevend ^Mexican States occupied by the American army
pkced uuiler military contributions.
War with Mexico ended.
si'iKiT K.\rprNGa.
Great excitement at Rochester, X. Y., and surrounding country caused by
mysterious knock.s, noises, and peculi.ir and strange demonstrations. The
first appearance of these knockings was at Arcadia. Wayne County, N. Y.
The family where they lirst made their appearance fled from the house, aiid
it was afterward occupied by Mr. John Fox. His daughters were the first
mediums through which this mysterious agency professed to communicate.
1848. Feb. 21.— Death of John Quincey Adams, sixth President of the United
States.
Feb. '2. — Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico and
Upper California were ceded to the United States, and the western boundiiry
of Texas fixed at the Rio Grande. This war cost the United States nearly
25,000 men and |160,0'DO,000.
Feb. 18.— Gen. Scott relinquishes the command of Mexico to Gen. Butler.
GOLD DISCOVEHED IN CALIFORNIA.
May. —Gold discovered in California, at Sutter's M'll, near Sacramento, by
James Marshall. The news soon spread over the State, and great excitement
prevailed. All cl.isses rushed to the mines. Ships were deserted by their
crews. Soon the whole world was electrified by the report that a new Gol-
conda had been discovered. Thousands ru.shcd to the new gold fields from
every State ai.d from almost every civilized country. In a little over a
year California 'lad a suflilcieat number of inhabitants to entitle its admission
as a State Tb . city of San Francisco grew up like "Jonah's Gourd." Its
streets were nm thronged with daring and reckless nciventurers from all parts
of the world. Gambling became the daily pastime of the idle and the success
ful miners, and murder was of almost daily occurrence. Vigilance committees
were appointed . and f<n- five years justice was administered in this miiiiner
with telling (fleet. In 18.56 law and order was established, and for many
years California flourished, and was the great El Dorado of the West in point
of mineral wealth, agricultu.j, and general prosperity 549
PERFECTIONISTS.
The Oneida Commnuit;/, in the State of Xow York, anotlier Sociali.st order,
was established, also a l)ran(li at Wallingford, Ct. Thi-- is a religious ccm-
mnnity of very peculiar ideas, among which arc "personal holiness," "com-
plex iviarriage," " community of goods, ' etc. They are a very industrious
and peaie.ible conuuunity, and in ptiiiit of wcalili arc a success. But they
number, after nearly thirty years' e.\p( riim iit, less tlinii four hundred mem-
bers.
Missouri (^)mpromisc repealed 5,153
/jiu ii.iry i ayior ana ;"ii;;;;irci riiirTiorc TvOiu cicuieil I'lesiueut and Vice-
President.
«
1S48.
i849.
1850.
OREAT IIlHTOniCAL EVEyiS.
335
L
Corner-stoue of WashingMiii Monument laid
fom'a ^"^'''^ "^"P*"'"' °^ California gold in the mi,.t. Great rush for Cali-
President Taylor issues a proclamation against the Cuban filibusters
Cholera agr.in visited the United States, spreadi.ig far and wide- the victims
m bt. Louis and Cmcmnati numbering 6,000 each victims
of Fd^^,!-'r'l^l'''<f/;r'"^^''f^^P'''* """^°- instig'ited and led by the friends
Great fire m St. Louis. |3, 000, 000 lost.
United States gold dollar first coined.
Parliament House in Montreal. Upper Canada, burned down by a mob
Constitution forbidding slavery adopted for California
StatT^^"^'"'^ '^ '^'^'' ^- ^°^^' ^^^^^"^^^ P^^«i<ient of the United
staSSnSi-oS'^aroliJf '^ '^^'"^" ^^^^°"°' ^ ''-'"-^ American
OREGON MARKET FOR GIRLS.
Congress'passed the Donation Law, si vino- everv'Sonvr A?^ ootti.., ^t t\
320 acres of land; also, giving the sa4 amVunt^6 a w"^ S^con^S
of settlement upon it within a given time and remaining foTveai^Verv
X°mS^wS ^s'^clrfelnX/r ^^" ^^^^ '' ^^^ ^^ mlSVanJ
UNCLE TOM's cabin.
"Uncle Tom's Cabin," a novel written on qIh^to lifo ,•„♦».„ o .^
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.
_ Passage of the notorious " Funitite Slave Laic " inModuced hv H^nr,, n
in his great " Omnibus Bilir This law nw.)^ pv^,. - , .^r „f f ^ •.^"'^^ ^''^J
fu5ilivc,„..ubj,cf,,f;S,„<,'|,lS,,"'''™ <"■» ""i"! »' harbored
July 9 -noath of Zad.nry T„j l„r. Iwdt.l, President of the Unllcd Sinte.
at(ompaii}ingthe expedition as naturalist and
Oellaven, Dr/E. K. Kaia
surgeon.
.lENNY Mxn.
the L.iited States at Castle Garden, Xew York. 'ti,:. v,^,VJ1':.,",':'..;;'.:::';'.:.'J»
;^":i;:;'^'!i:"iy>^vr"*'^i ""y<'i""r over wi.„.ss,.,f at a puhiiccoS
bhe gave one hundred concerto
~^~.. ....I. .,.o ciiiuusm.sm e.xcecdcd niivtluni'- e\
or dramatic entertainment in the United States.
336
II.
I :r
(J HEAT HltilOlUCAL EVE^rrs.
1850. under engajrement and direction f.f P. T. Uarnuni, in all the large cities of
the Uuiorx, involving nearly a million dollars in total receipts. The first ticket
for her New York concert was purchased by Gcnin, the hatter, for which he
paid %'i'i'i. The proceeds of this concert wen devoted 'o charitable objects
Ossian E. Dmlge paid $tJ2r) for a ticket in Boston. The highest price paid
for a ticket to any of her concerts was .$650 by Col. ^V m. C. Ross, of Provi-
detice. During her stay in Washington she was visited by the' chief and
eminent men of the land, and the most distinguished honors were paid her
in every city that she visited. When Jenny Lmd bade adieu to America, she
bore the hearts of the American people with her. Never before had prima
donna, or queen of song, so thoroughly captivated the whole nation, as did
this plain, r,imple Swedish maiden with her pure, sweet nature, and her
unparalleled gifts and sweetness of voice and heart.
1851. April. — Erie Railroad completed.
July 4.— Cornerstone of Capitol extension lai(', Daniel Webster delivering
the oration. ^
Return of the Grinnell Arctic Expedition. Dr. Kane reported having dis-
covered an open polar sea.
Reign of Vigilance Committees in California, whicn proved eflfectual in
checking crime and restoring order and public safety to the litizens.
A panic, caused by false alarm of " fire," occurred in a New York public
school, containing 1,800 pupils. Nearly 50 children were instantly killea by
suTocation, and many seriously injured by jumping from windows, and from
fright.
June 29.— Death of Henry Clay, an American statesman and orator of
great ability and renown.
1852. Oct 24.— Death of Daniel Webster, LL.D., an American statesman of great
renown. °
First street railway in New York.
Whig Convention in Baltimore.
Gen. Winfieid Scott nominated for President, and Mr. Graham of North
Carolina, Vice-President '. 550
Aug:.— Free Soil Convention in Pittsburir, nominated John P. Hale for
President, and George W. Julian, of Ind., Vice-President 550
1853. March 4. — Franklin Pierce inau::urated President.
TKE.\TY WITH RUSSIA.
Treaty with Russia guaranteeing neutrality of the United States in the war
of the allied powers of Europe against that power, and recognizing the prop-
erty rtght of neutral nations wherever found .ohl
Exploration fo- a Pacific Railroad.
KNOW-NOTIirXOS.
1854. American or Know-Nothing Society formed, which carried the elections in
nearly all the Northern States, tiieir watchword being, "Put none but Aincr-
icam on guard." " Let AiiMrkunx rule Americii."
Prohibition law passed in New York and Pennsylvania 552
Feb. 28.— American mail-steamer Bhick Warrior seized at Havana.
March 31.— rnniincrcial tre.Xy be'ween United States and .Tapan signed.551
^Stephen A. Douglas' popular sovereignty or Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed.
«nicii Cdusc-u giciit eAcueuieiii lu CCngress and aii over the country. .". . .OSa
J
1
1855.
1855.
1856.
J
Virtual repeal of the Missouri CV mpromise 553
First railroad from Lake Miehigaa to the Mississippi— the Keck Island.
Coinpletioi) of ^^fiagara Suspension Bridge.
Great emigration to Kansas. Opposition Governments were formed by
the pro-slavery and anti-slavery parties. Election riots ensui 1 553
July.— Dispute with Great Britain concerning the attempt to recruit for
the Crimean army.
Sept. 7.— First Hebrew Temple in the Mississippi valley consecrated at
St. Louis.
Oct. 17.— The bark Mauray seized at New York on suspicion of bein"-
intended for the Russian war service— dischargia the 19th. "
Oct. 24.— Snow in Louisville, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn.
Dec. 23.— British discovery ship Besolute, abandoned in the Arctic Sea by
her crew, was brought to New London, Ct., by a whaler.
H03SAC TtTNNEL.
Hoosac Tunnel begun. This tunnel is one of the grandest achievements in
modern engineering. It is cut throv.gh the Hoosac Mountain, near the town
of Adams in the north-western pan of Massachusetts; and— except the Mt
Cenis runnel through the Swis.s Alps— is the longest tunnel in the world
beinjr 4 3-4 miles long, and in its widest point 26 feet, and 34 feet high and
admits sf two lines of railroad trains. It is on the Troy and Greenfleld'line
atid -as begun by that railroad, and in 1854 the State pa8,sed an Act author-
izing a loan of the State credit to enable them to complete it. In 1863 the
btate assumed the entire responsibility and control rt the project.
John Brown's vi( lory at Ossawattomie.
Ocean telegraph projected.
Republican party established. There were three parties in the Presidential
campaign. Democratic, Know-Nothing, and Republican (or Free SoU)
■Peh— Contest for Speaker of the House of Representatives lastintr two
months, settled by placing Nathaniel P. Banks, of Cchusetts. in thelhS
April ll.-Great bridge across the Mississippi at Rock Island completed.
ASSAULT UPON SUXTNEB.
-3''T^^''"^^ ''''^"'- o^P'-'^^ton S. Brooks upon Charles Sumner in the
senate Chamber, occasioned by his speech, "Crime against Kansas."
1< irst wood-type made by machinery by Wm H Page
errmeminV?ins'n.s .,'n !n? T^^^S^ .declared the creation of a free State Gov-
ernment in Kansas an act of rebeaion r^jo
by^ur '^;;:;;^!^:::^ at'WasiungtorC
Tohn^'c ^F,^!inn/ ""'"'"'^f'^S Tlcpublican Conve-i'tion ' held 'at Philadelphit
JohnC.iiemont chosen for President, and William L Davton VicePrec,
aXolSfn!"" ."."'".''"°' P'*:'"'^'' •" ^^^ '"'^^' platform being anU-sla'eryan^^
steime;TlT/j«^>'in''/«'-'o" ^"^^^'f>'^ E.xpress Companj'.iwhich was' "lost on"the
pre^™i ' ^ '^ ^"'^'''" '"'■''■■• ^^« c""'e"ts were well
^ Aug. 10. -Lost Island, a summer resort on 1 ,■ Louisiana roa.st. .<nihmfirc«d
U.I. ...„..,„,„,,,.„,„,,, ,,, cimcdius; i <;( persons Were lost.
Aug. 21,- Famous Charter-oak at Hartford blown down
I
il
1855. Dec— The Jieifolute purchased from its discoverers, and refitted by the
United States, is presented to tlie British Uovcrninent, at Portsmouth, Eng-
land, by Capt. llurtstein, on behalf of tlie United States.
1857. Organization of the Fenian Brotherliood under the namo of the Emmett
Monument As.sMciatiou.
March 4.— Jumes Buchanan inaugurated President, with John C. Brecken-
ridge for Vice-President 553
DKED SCOTT DECI8IOX.
March 6.— The famous Dred Scott Decision, by Chief .Justice Taney, was
made kno.vn ; i passage in which tliese words found expression, " Slaves have
nr rights which the white man is bound to respect," and which were gener-
ally attributed to that document for their origin, but which the defenders of
Judge Taney claim was but a quotation of the sentiments of the people at
the time the constitution was written 553
First attempt to laj the Atlantic Cable. It was coiled upon two vessels,
the United States steamship yidrj.im and tlic British steamer AgnmemiKm.
They proceeded to mid-ocean, and each vessel sailed toward its respective
couatry, laying the cable. After the wire had twice broken, the attempt
was abandoned, but renewed again, the end being fastened at Valencia Bay,
and payed out again till exhausted, when the other vessel joined the wires
and completed the enterprise. This cable worked well for a time, but was
nnally abandoned.
GREAT FINANCIAL CRISIS.
A !r"at and extensive financial "crash," caused by wild speculation,
extra\ ,_ance, and "stock gambling." The terrible ellects ot this "crisis,"
were felt the whole length andbreadtli of tlie land. The rich were ruined by
thousands, and great distress prevailed among the poor.
Foundering of the steamer Central America ofl Qvi.\)Q Hatteras. Over 400
lives and |2,b0O,00G lost.
Trouble with the Mormous in Utah. Col. Johnston, with a military force
sent out to enforce the laws.
MEXICAN nEVOLUTION.
J 857-60. The Congress of ^lexico adopted a Constitution and provided for a popu
lar election. In J.ily, General Comonfort was elected President. A military
rebellion ensued, and the new President was driven from the capitol and Gen-
eral Zuloga was appointed in liis place. Meanwhile Juarez, the great Indian
statesman, master-spirit and representative of Republicanism, who was also
Chief .Justice of the Supreme Court, and President pro tern., according
to the Constitution, proceeded to establish his Govenimeiit at Vera Cruz. A
reign of terror and outlawry ensued, and no foreign or Aniericau citizen
was safe in Me.vico. The t^'i)ublieans at la.st triumphed and peace was
restored.
1857. Sept. 1.^. — J^rigliam Yountr forbi.l-: any armed force entering Salt Lake
City on any pretence; lie orders the Moriiion t-oops to hold themselves in
readiiic>is, and declares martial law.
Sept. 30.— The Philiiiiclphia banks suspend specie payments.
Oct. 14. — New York banks suspend specie payments.
Oct. 15. — Boston banks snspenil specie" payments.
Dec. 13. — Xew York banks resume specie payinents.
Doc. 14. — Boston banks resume specie paj uients.
4^
1858.
1857-8. Y'"^'"'t religious revival, apparently the result of the ' ' cra-sh" in the bu.siness
and flnancial world, the ruin tf which was widespread. Daily nraver-ineet-
lugs were held iu every city and town. J i' J
April 10,— Death of Thomas liart Benton at Washington, aged 76.
April :iO.— Congres.s passed a bill admitting Kansas into the Union under
the Lecompton (pro-slavery) Constitution .' . . .553
EXCITING CAMPAIGN.
Lincoln and Douglas' campaign in Illinois. These popular competitors to
a seat in the United Statos Senate made a tour of the State, ahly discussin?
the merits of th'.-ir respective parties. It was ore of the most noted political
campaigns upon record.
Jan 14.— Governor Gumming, of Utah, pardons all trea.son and sedition
heretofore committed in the territory.
WIIliarnH. Seward announced his "Irrepiessible Conflict" doctrine which
startled the country and aroused the pro-slavery element to much opposi-
Aug 3 —The people of Kansas voted to reject by an overwhelminff maior-
ity the Lecompton CoD-^titution *. _ _ _ ;553
Aug. 16.— First message sent across the .-'.tlantie by cable from Queen
Victoria to President Buchanan. ^uccu
Sept 13— Duel between Hon. David Broderick, United States Senator
from California, and Hon. D. S. Terry, Chief Ju *tice of that State. Broder-
ick was mortally wonded and died the 15th. Terry escaped on a steamer
and landed in Sacramento.
Two American vessels captured by a Peruvian steamer by order of Castella.
ir.P^n^xli'^'^ ^Saniiatwn perfected under the active and efficient agency of
John O Mahoney, who became its " head center" in the United States.
FL'b. 10.— Treaty between United States and Paraguay.
PETROLEI-JI.
and durrnlThe i't v'^ at Tjtusyille, Pa., by Col. Drake, of New Haven, Conn..
S:t;S!^;^K,?Sr|ii:;' ea^ ^'"^' -"" ^'^ Pennsylvania oil-
Worcester's large Dictionary published.
JOHN brown's capture of harper's feruy.
deSrr'tSi'^.nfto'M° '^"''" ^'""r"' V^f«'-in Abolitionist, had long cheriseda
Wpnomv ^f , ^"^ "f ^'■°'^' "^ ""* ^""t'» f--""^ slavery. He had been a life-
hn H,« Ti f ^Y "•'■'''"i' '•* "'"'''"1 '^^^i slavery man.' He was in the Kansa.«
wl hi. [ -'"'iT' ''"'^ participated in the battle of Ossawattomic, from
f^vfol w'J ?''™'"^ "Ossawattomie Brown." He had enlisted a
fn V V ,. 1 H !■',''''"''"'■"* "leading Virginia and freeing the slaves, and
fr, .J, m ••,.!. ''''.'^''''''•"'''"•■" among them would l)e a •' watchword for
r[se , 1 n..?.w , i',"^''"'" '^'U"'"^ I'lou was struck, ti.cv would unanimously
^nt- •?'''■'/'''''''"'•'■• ."'^r'^in'* «'^'>n lik'' thosi. of an insane mind,
Cndf nTof n'n ' f '■' ('-''''"'''■■''• "■■"" '■•^i'lTi*'"'''''! stat.-sman Wi'h a little
fr n 1 il ,,?^ • ^^''•''7" -"venteen v .re whites an.l live colored, this mis-
in c'm in , y '■""* f""^"'<'"vaded tl... State of Vnginta, and succeede.l
of ,,'■ r^^'"''''"'"''"' -^'•"""•.^- I'liildn.irs. rontainin- a vast ,|uantity
ot a 11- and ammumiion. ih,. railroad bridge, an,ltakinii- prisoners th.' keepers
fno nir.''.nH. ♦'';■,■•■•;"•■ '"!''"• ■•'"-V"''''-*'"'""'^''-^- ''-' "'e prisoners, who
To the question by what authority it wardoiic'ilc'replied: ''By^he authority
1859.
i I
1859
of (Jod Aliiiiirlity." Urown Mirmd in In- iiiipris-id with tli»' iilc.i tlmt God
hail ilicx'ii liiiii to Iw tlif in>li iiiiicMiiMlity in fnciin: llii' nci^rocs Iroiii slavery.
Soon the tidiiiLTs spread, awl an armed force appeared. Tliev attacked the
(•nj.rinc hou-i.' where Hro>vii and hisa->iieialis were tcatfiercd, and were repulsed
by the hrave old man. Several were killed on both sides. Great excitement
,'revaikd. Military comi.anies arriveti from ditlerent places.
The news spread to Washinj^on, Haltiniore, and Richmond, and produced
the wildest excitement, and troops were instantly ordered to the scene of
action. Ccl. Kobert E. Lee, wiiii a company of United States Marines and
two field-pieces, was sent from Washington, arid with their loniliined force
Brown and hi.s men were finally cai)tnred. lie was greeted wiili e.xeeratiotis,
and one of the Government ollicers struck him witli a sabre several times in
the face, which kiicx'ked him down, and another soldier run a bayonet twice
into the body of th" prostrate old man. But he was protected from furlher
violence by the soldiers. He was immediately indicted for treason and nmr-
d3r by the Virginia authorities. He asked for time, on accoimt of his severe
wound;), wiiich was denied, and he was tried on the 26th of October in
Charle.stow ii, Va. Brown being unable to sit up, lay upon a mattress during
his trial, which lasted three day.';. He was found guilty of the charges pre-
ferred, and sentenced to be hung on the 2d of Deceml)er. On being asked
why sentence should not oe pa: sed upon him, he replied, in a gentle and mild
Voice: "I deny everything but the design on my part to free the slaves.
.... That was all I intended. I never did intend murder, or trea.son, or
the destruction of property, or to excite or incite the slaves to rebellion, or to
make insurrection." IFis kind, gentle, and patient manner, and his sincere
religious fervor deeply impressed even his enemies; and his great courage
and bravery elicited the admiration of all who witnes.scd both his defense at
the Arsenal and his manly fortitude during his trial. Governor Wise said of
him: " He is a bundle ef the best nerves I ever saw, cut and thrust, and bleed-
ing in bonds. He is a man of clear head, of courage and fortitude, and simple
ingenuousness. He is cool, collected, and indomitable, and inspired me with
great trust in his integrity as a man of trutli." Two of his sons were shot
and eleven of his men were killed ; four escaped and the rest were taken
prisoners.
Upon the arival of the hour for his execution he walked coolly and calmly
out of the jail, his countenance radiant and his step elastic. A colored
woman, witii a child in her arms, stoml near. He paused, and stooping,
kissed the child. The colored people, as ho jias.sed, blessed him. His proud
and manly bearing as he asceniied thi! seaiTold and calmly gazed about him,
and his great courage and insensiijility to fear, filled even the armed soldiers
with amazement. His firmness an' courage continued to the last. He died
like a hero, winning the admiratio ')f the military, the sheriff, the jailor, and
the undertaker. The citizens wei , not peruiitted to witness his execution.
His body w.ns sent to his family at Xorth Elba, N. Y., wliere an ehxiuer.t
eulogy wa.s pronounced by Wendell Phillips at the place of burial 553
KANSAS FHEE.
Dec. 6. — An unr!isputed election was held in Tlansas under the new Consti-
tution, and Republican otHcers and Menioers of ('ongiess elected 553
GUEAT TiOXANZA MINE.
Comstock Lode originally discovered by James Fennimore, known as "old
Finney," who, not knowing its value, sold it to P. (.'unistock for an old,
hobtiiilefl Indian pony and a nnantitv of wliiskv. Coins! . k tiimself Ix'ing
ignorant of the immense value of the lode, disposed of h ~ I'ulire claim for
*
1859.
1860.
tZiixummi^^''r^\- 'V.''''' P'°P'''''-''' '".'T ^»"" ^ y™'- «o'd for more
Irrnifi ; • f V"^''''V"" '»"!"'«V'»'^"t »f tlood i: O'Brien, it has since
provL'd tu be tlie ncliu.st mIvlt mine in tlie world.
KMUASSV FKOM JAPAN.
r,!ff?^rlf^r''T^ ^'T ■^i'Pf'v^^'i'l' 'i 'r'^ty «f peace and commerce, to the
L»utod btate.s,be.n!^ the first Amba-ssadors ever sent to any nationality by
tliat empire. The Air.bassadors were treated with ffreat resnect bv the ftov
dZ"";Lf ^'^''^ '^r' '''' "''^'-'"'; °f W..«hington. ^The pTul Lri[y 5f Thel;
dress, customs, and manners excited much curiosity. f J ^
PRINCE OF WALES.
Tour of tlff>Princo of Wales through the United States. He was every-
where received with nrarks of respect and distinction, and the unbound^
hospitalities of the nation and people were extended to him. "noounaea
Fr?nklin ^'''° °^ Charles. Francis Hall to the Polar Sea m search of Dr.
April 23.— Democratic Convention met at Charleston, S. C, to nominate
candidates tor the offl<e of President and Vice-President. The deSes
£Tammore°nT S'-*^"''" ^ith^lrew, and the Convention adjourned to meU
554
CHICAGO "wigwam."
^r-^^^A ,1®— Republican Convention met in Chicago, in a vast buildine
erected for the purpose, and called the " Wigwam," and nominated Abraham
dent °.. ^'■'-''''^•^"*' ^"'l "^'nnibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice pS
The Constitution Union (late "American" party)' also "met in ' convention
and nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, for I^resident, and Edward Everet"'
of Massachusetts, for Vice-Presiaent ... . g^
DOUGLAS' NOMINATION.
;„S''-^^'^^?'?0';'-'»''e Convention met, and Stephen A. Douglas was nom-
mated for President, and Herschel V. Johnson for Vice-President 554
nominatedTln'r** Hrn'^f "•'. "''''''f]? delegates from the " Cotton States "
fromTeJon Vice-Frc^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ern'Tvu^r''''^^ "' ^'^^ )>•' °; ".''^ English iron'steamship 'c^rm* Kcst-
''Konhl\r^'- ,T'''''^^^^^ ^^^'^cJ «^'^'- constructed since
of 400 ''''''' '^ ""^ carrying 10,000 soldiers, besides her crew
Great agitation in Congress ovit a book entitled "The Imnendinsr Cri-^i^ "
K si.' •;. "'.'f " '' "^■'•r'"' r""-^^''"- ''y arguments, statisti^ andLa , , h-s
tli.it sla\ t'is was injurious to (he interests of the South -,r,4,
of Mr.ifi7\-T'V''"l' -'ri'" "' ''."""••of the Prince of WmI... at the Academy
o H..S1C 111 ^ew \ ork. It was the greatest allair of the kind ever known iii
this country. Over a, 000 of the elite present.
'•:i-ECTIO.\ OK LINCOLN.
fr,^vi'' ^'--V,"'''''"" f''"<'"'" waselecled President, with Ilannihal Ilnmlin
foi \ lee-lVesident. (Jreat exciioment pivvailrd all over the Uni:>n Univcrs
atZ S^Jinr 'n!';-'.. 'V:''"'''!'!::':'.'^', ^?"'.^":;"V r'»l ^''"e'-al dissatisfaetlon
siou in bu>iViess aud\iu.\'oVerumenrcr^liru^i/'!^^;d-nK ! '.'?'!:?^'.'!'!.'!'!'!!^
1 W. Dec ;{ — Presick-nt liiiflmnim, in his Mct^,,.^,., advised mii amciuliiifnt of
thf Constitution— 1st. in lavor of reco,i;iii/iiiu; ilif ii;;lits of slavi'-holdtrs to
hold iiKiperty in slaves vlitre shivery does or iiiav exist; 2(1, in favor of their
I)roleciiou by Coniires-s in this riglii in all the Territories until admitted as
States; and ;jd, in favor of the rij^dit of t!ie master to eaplure his shives who
had escaped to aiir.cher S'ute— thereby attestin'r the validity of the Fn(/itiie
aiaie Late. The ' 'essage further declares that unless chi.s amendment was
granted, the South would be justified in revolutionary resistance to the Gov
crnment 554
Great agiiation was caused in Congress by this ^Message, both pro-slaverv
and anti-tlavery members denouncing it 054
SECESSIOX OF SOCTII CAIIOLINA.
Dec. 20.— Convention met in Charleston, S. C, which passe<l an ordinance
of secession, and ordered the seizure of the Federal property within the
limits of the State ,554
Dec. 21.— A Senatorial Committee of 13 met to consider the distracted state
of the country, lire of the committee being Republicans, five from the slave-
holding States, and three Northern Democmts. Tne committee failed to
agree 554
Dec. 29. — ;Major Anderson, with a small band of Federal soldiers, trans-
ferred his command fn-m Fort Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor, to Fort
Sumter, the principal fort of defense. The remaining forts were immediately
seized by the State authorities, and additional defenses were made to pro-
tect the city 554
The Parrott gun introduced by Robert R. Parrott, and was extensively used
during the war oT the Re' 'llion.
SECESSION OF THE SOUTFI.
18C1. Jan. 9. — Mississippi joined the seceding States 554
Jan. 11. — Florida passed a secession ordinance 554
Jan. 11. — Alabama passed a secession ordinrnce. 554
Jan. 19. — Georgia united with the secession States 554
Jan. 26. — Louisiana joined tne seceding States 554
FIRST ACT OF REIiKLLION.
Jan. — First overt act or the Reljellion was the firing upon the Government
steamer Stai' of the West by the South Carolina State troops 554
Feb. 1. — Texas joined the seceding States.
Feb. 4. — Peace Convention assembled in Washington. Delegates from all
the Northern States assembled 555
Feb. 4. — Delegates from the seceding States assembled at Montgomery,
Alabama, and formed a new compact, c.illed the "Confederate States of
America." and established a Provisional Government, with Jeli'ersou Davis
as President and Alexander II. Stephens as Vice-President 555
Abraham Lincoln, the President-elect of the United States, left his homo
in Springfield, 111., amid the sorrowful and universal regret and .secret fore-
bodings of his friends, to repair to the canital of the nation, and enter upon
the arduous duties of his ottiee 555
Feb. 8. — JelTerson D:ivis made President of the Confcdorate Slates. He
raised troojis and armed for war.
Feb. 22. T'le I'rcsident tarried in Pliibidelnlii:! tn !-.!:!!'.? ;!■..-! fimr .-.f *}:^
Union ui)on the Hall of ludepeudence, but the "gathering storm in Baltimore
1861. led liis trii'iuls to four for his sufctv, iiml lie was pcrsiKulcd to takp ♦he night
train for \Vashin^'»on. lie arrivtil safely at the capital the following morn-
insf _ 5^5
Feb. 26.— West Virginia wa.s admitted into the Union 55(}
INAl(;fU.VTU)N OF LINCOLN.
Marrh 4.— The inauguration ceremonies of President Lincoln were attended
with the protection of the United States troops under Lieut-General Scott. 555
Overtures for a peaceful separation from the South rejected by the North.
March 11.— The seceding States met a* Montgomery and adopted a Consti-
tution with slavery as the chief corner-stone 555
SE'ZLKE OB^ SOUTHERN FORTS.
The. South .seized the mo.st of the defensive fortifications within their bor-
ders, some 30 m number, mounting over 3.000 guns, and costing 120,01 'i),000.
Also the navy j-ard and arsenals were seized, together with ilie entire armv of
the frontier, with all its equipments, revenue cutters, mints, custom-houses,
and sub-treasuries, amounting to |20,000,000 more 555
SUMTER BOMBARDED.
April 12.— Bombardment of Fort Sumter. Gen. Beauregard opened flre
from all the torts and liattcries. Etlmund Huffin, of Virginia a white
haired old man, fired the first gun. Maj. Anderson, with but a handful of
men, and without an ounce of bread in store, b-avely defended the old fort
34 hours, Capt. Doubleday flrina; the first gun. He received the unceasino-
fire from 47 heavy guns and mortars, throwing 2.360 shot and 980 shells into
the fort, during which not a man was hurt. After the barracks had been
burning for several hours, the magazine surrounded by flre and the main
gates of the fort destroyed, Maj. Amlerson surrendered the fort to the rebel"
but only upon the most honorable conditions 55^
LINCOLN CALLS FOR 73.000 TROOPS.
April 15.— President Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 troops to suppress the
Kebellion in the South, and was answered by 300,000 volunteers eager to
e^l'st :..556
BLOCKADE PROrLAMATION.
April 17.— President Lincoln i.ssued a proclamation annv^uncing the block-
ade of the Southern ports.
April 17.— Virginia resolved to secede from the Union, and steps were
taken lo secure the Federal property .556
r.ALTIMORE MOB.
April 19.— The 6th Massachusetts Regiment, in passing through Baltimore,
were tired upon l)y a secession mob; a conip.iny of the regimentreturned fire'
and II of ijie mob were killed and I'onr wounded. Three of the soldiers were
sliiin ;>,;id eight wounded. Ten unarmed companies of the Phila(lel])hia
Washington Brigade were iilso attacked and retired to Philadelphia Th's
was the first blood shed in the Rebellion
April 20.— Large amount of property at the navy yard and fort at Xorfolk
Va.. destroyed by the Union coiiinianiler, Capt. McCauley, upon the approach
of a rebel military force to seize it ' ,^gg
.1.;:::: ; i. i ;;; ;l:;l:s i;;;;;;;'.}' ;\c r,;r; aiiii fujint Uieu iiag 556
m
; ■■ I
M.VUYI.AM) I.OYAI,.
18C1. April 27.— The Lcgislutiirc of Miiiyhnid ilccMitd not to wct'de from tht;
Lmon 550
COLONEL KLLSWOHTII.
May.— Col. Ellsworth, n hravo ami fflicicnt offlcor in command of the New
lorkKire Zouavi's, wan sliot Ity .i.iciison wiiilc rcmovinj,' a sfcc'.>s.sion tiaf?
from his iioiel in Alexandria. Ja-'k.son was in turn shot by Frank E. Brow-
nell, a Union soldier 55y
May 2— .Mis.souri turned ovi'i to (lie rebels the entire control («f the mili-
tary and pecuniary resources of the State 557
May 3.— Government calls for 42,000 additional volunteers for three years.
and ten regiments were added to the regular army 556
May 4.— A large Union meeting held in Baltimore.
May 9.— Tennessee pa.ssed an ordinance of secession— East Tennessee voting
largely against it.
Arkansas seceded from the Union.
May 10.— Capt. Lvon, aided by Col. Blair, at the head of 6, 000 armed Union
volunteers, surrouiided the State Guard formed at Fort Jaek.son, in the inter-
ests of the Kel)ellion, and demanded its surrender, which wcs immediately
complied with 557
May 12,— Gen. Wm. S. Ilamcv took command of the Union forces in Mis-
souri. He entered into a compact with Gen. Price, the rebel lea<ier, to
restore peace to Missouri, which act was repudiated by the Federal Govern-
ment, and he was replaced by Gen. Lyon 557
May 13. — Gen. Butler occupied the city of Baltimore 556
■WEST VIRGrNIA REPUDIATES SECESSION.
"West Virginia met in Convention, and formally repudiated the secession
of the State 556
May 16. — The rebels bum several bridges on the Baltimore and Ohio
R- R 557
May 20. — North Carolina passed a secession ordinance. Arkansas also
resolved to secede and join the Confederates 555
May 20 — The Arsenal at St. Louis was defended by its commandant Gen.
Lyon, and secured to the Government, and its contents transferred to Siirinir-
field, 111 .'..5.^7
coxTH.vnAxn.
May 22. — Gen. Butler took command of the L'nion foTes at Fortress ^Mon-
roe. com|)ose(l of 15,000 raw recruits. l)ut who proved gallant soldiers. Gen.
Butler protected some fugitive slaves, and refused to surrender them to the
o.\ ^r of their master, declaring all rebel projierty contraband 558
May 24. — 10,000 Union trooiis advanced into Yirsinia bv order of Gen.
Scott.
FREMONT IN COMMAND.
General Fremont ajipointed to the command of the Westcm Department.
He took vigoious measures to put down the Rebellion— confiscating the
property of the rcb.\-. .,!>o tlidr slaves. For this he lost prestio-'' with the
V»ur JJepariiuem an; was shortly superseded by Hunter.
1861. Gfii. Scott sulimiN four rour'^cM of nction to tli(' President, from whirh ho
must clioose. 1. To surrender to slavery luilf tlie territory iicijuired or to Ihj
aoiiiired. 2. To liloekiuh' all revolted ports. ;). To sav totlie Mccdinjr States,
" Wayward sisters, ;,r,, i„ peace;" or 4. To eoncnier tile South.
.Iui;c 1.— {}en. I'aUerson, with 20,()00 men ailvanced from Chambc.-sbiirir
Pa., to llaprstowii. Md ,-,,5y
June 1.— The Siranitu/i, a rebel privat«H'r, cftpturcd a Union mcrchant-
niaii 501
8TEPIIEN A. DOrOLAS.
.Tunc 8.— Stephen Ar/iold Douglas, an Americen statesman, died at
Chicago. He began the practice of law at .lack.soi.villc. III., anil before ho
■was twenty-two years of age was eL-eted Attorney General of the State. In
ISao ho became a Member of the Legislature; ii- 18^7 he was appointed
Itegisterof the LandOfflceat Springtield; In 1840 he wa.s appointed Secre-
tary of the State; in 1841 he was elected .ludge of the Supreme Court of 111.;
in 1848 he was elected Member of Congress, and reclcotf'd to a second term;
in 1847 h(! was chosen United States Senator for the term of six years, whicli
position he continued to hold until <he time of his death; m 1852 he was
candidate for President of the United States, and again in 1856, and received
a nomination also again in 1860. In politics he was a Democrat. Mr.
Douglas died in the midst of a splendid political career, and at the beginning
e \^*^ 'T'"'' ^"'^'' ^^'""' ^^''' ''^'^'^ '""" enough to express the strongest feelings
of loyalty to the Government, and a warm symf ithy fcr its noble defend-jrs
in their struggle to maintain its Union.
Juno 11.— Battle of Itomney. Va.
June 14.— Johnson evacuated Harper's Ferry.
June —Gen. Price attacked Gen. Magruder, and after four hours' action,
both sides retreated.
June.— Battlo at Fairfax Court-IIouse; the enemy driven out 558
An attack upon the Confederate battery at Big Bethel repulsed 558
July 4.— Congress met in spc'cial session.
" 5.— Battle near Carthage, Mo,
•• 11.— Battle at Ilich Mountain, Va.
" 18.— Battle near Ccntrevillc, Vif
lllLL Kt:N DEFE.VT.
..A"'^^t'~^""'''"^^""^""- TheNorth, impatient of delay, was crying,
(-)n to Hichmond." (Jen. ^McDowell, with 30,000 troops, mostlv voluntee.s,
attacked the main body of the rebels at Bull Run. The recruits fought
bravely, and the enemy were repulsed, but being reinforced by .lackson's
brigade, they renewed the tight. The Union troops fought gallanllv ami
giiined the i>latc,'ui, when the enemy were asriiin reinforced bv Josei)h K.
.lolin.ston's army under Kirby Smith. Tlie liiioii army now began a retreat,
alter thirteen hours of severe action, not having once been reinforced. Sud-
denly a strange panic seized them, and tliev tied in wild disorder, leavincr
ev(."ytliing l)ehin(; them. In this halllc the rebel (ien. T. J. Jackson received
the name which he carried tlirotii^hnut the wnr— " Stonewall Jack^oi "
him l)y one of his ollicers, who s;iid. ■•There stands .lackson
wail, facing tlie enemy while
Destruction of the I'lfn/. a rebel i)iivatcer. bv the Uipted States frigjite St.
L<nnrii'-'. The l',tr<l sank at the lir-l hriKuKidc ot the St. I.inr
— .i^ivell
ike a stone
iriny were prejiaring to retreat Tyt^
m )trp.
.luly — Stonewall Jackson iiivadeil Ma ■viand.
.558
I t
1861. .ally.— IJatllr of Liuinl Mill. (Si'ii. .McClcllan. with (}cii. Hosccrunz,
K'liu-kcd tin; nhfl force.-* under CJcncriiis (jiarnctt aiul IVgnun, driving them
across the mountains to Montircy 5."J7
All?. 10.— CJon. SiL'cl rcpuNcd and Gen. Lyon killi'<l in battle at Wilson's
Creek 500
Aug. IC. — Gen. Butler succeeded liy Gen. Wool.
2H. — noinl)ardmont of rebel forts — Ilatteras and Clark — by Gen.
Butler.
Aug. 29. — The fort.s surrendered by Com. Barron 56'
" 30. — Fort Morgan abandone(l by the rebels.
" 31. — Fremont iasues a proclamatijn freeiuj^ the slaves in Mi.s,souri
Sept. 3. — ilas,sacre on Hannibal and St. Joseph Riiilroad; Platte bridge
burned.
Sept. lO — Battle of Carnifex Ferry, between Generals Ro^ecran?. and
Floyd. A short, but .severe action took place, resultins in tlie retreat of
Floyd in the night '. 557
Sept. 13. — Rebel privateer Judah destroyed by the Federalist.s.
Rebels twice defeated in aft.icks on Cheat Mountain, West Virginia. Col.
John A. Washington, proprietor of Mount Vernon, killed 558
Sept. 20. — Col. Mulligan surrenders Lexington, Mo., to the rebci Gen.
Price, after fifty-nine hours without water. Loss, 2,500 prisoners and a large
amount of gold.
Oct. 3. — Battle of Green Brier, Va. Rebels defeated with considerable
loss.
Oct. 5. — Rebels attack the T''ninn troops at Chicomacomico, N. C, but
were (' structively shelled by the guu-boat Moiitkdlu and driven off.
The Savannah captured by the U. S. brig Perry 561
Oct. 9. — Rebels repulsed by Wilson's Zouaves at Santa Rosa Island 561
Oct. 11. — The rebel privateer Xdxhrilk ran the blockade at Charleston and
burned an American merchantman in British waters.
Oct. 12. — Repulse of the rebel rum and fire.ship^ by the Union fleet r» S. W.
Pass.
Escape of Slidell and Mason" from Charleston.
Oct. 21.— Battle of Fredcricktown, Mo. Jeff. Thompson's flight 560
Oct. — Lesingtoi , Mo., recaptured by Union troops.
Gen. W. T. Sherman appointed to tlie command of the Kentucky forces
over Gen. Anderson 560
Oct. 21.— Battle of Ball's Rluflf. Colonc. . '" /.i^^d, and the Unionists
defeated. Tlie slaughiiir was fearful, and G'^n was charge! v'th in.-f-
flciency.
Oct. 29. — Rebels defe^'tcd at Springfiekl, iMo., oy Zagonyi.
Xov. 1. — Soldiers' Aid Society formed at Detroit
" 2.— Gen. Fremont superseded by Gen. Hunter, and his body-guard,
composed of the best material and enlisted for three vears, mustered out
by Gen. McClellan '. ,560
Nov. 0. — (irn. Gi'am iiftaeked ("J'U. Polk, routing and burning bis camp,
capturing the guns, /,n<l driving the enemy to tlie river. Gen. Polk, reiu-
foi (1. took posses-ion of 'dluuilius, anil caused the retreat of Grant, who
saved ills a 'is. L iiiu'i ic>- - 4uo. lieijei ioss 600.
1861
Nov.— Ocn. S(()ii w,, [iliici'd ou the lutirt'd list wiiii full pay, and McClel-
Ian made UeuLral-m-clncl ." gg;)
ILVSON AND KLIDKLL.
Nov. 8.— f'apturo of tiic vvWl envoys. Mason and Slid.ll, on hoard the
Ilntish steamer 'Iinit/m tiie IJiiliatna eimnnel, liv C'apt. Wilkes, of the U 8.
steamship .*v/;/ Jwinto. They were hrow^ht ha'ck to the Inil'ed Stales am!
contined at Fort Warren, I'-ur ijosion, hut were tlnaiiy siirremU'red lo dreat
Britain i>y Seeretary Seward, \ipon the ilWalitv of the act— C'api. Wilki
failure to hriug the Trml iuto port for udjudieutiou by the U. S. iiuihorities.
Nov. 7.— Port Royal bomhanied and takeu by Gen. Sherman an(' Com
Du Tout.
Nov. 7.— Sprinirfleld, Mo., aband'^rofl to the enemy hv ordei of Gen Me-
tlellau, much to the disadvaiitai,'e of tl •: Uniou forces in'Mwsouri .560
Nov. G. Gen. Nelson's victory in Ea>l Kentucky.
Nov. 9.— Gen. Scbocpfs tligut from E. Tennessee.
Battle of Beln'ont, Mo. Gen. Grant attacks the rebels, damaffinir them
seriously. * *■
Nov. 12.— Gen. Ilalleck appointed to the command of the ^' •
JJepartmeut.
Nov.— Raid of Price throu-h Missouri, burning villages and destroying
railroad tracks, and re?-;^.:;- Lexington and other points ou the Mis-
^°"" 574
Nov. 19.— Missouri massed an ordinance of stoessioa
Dec. 3.— Gen. Phelps lands on Ship Island with the advance of Gen
Butlers expedition.
Dec. 4— John C. Breckenridgo expelled from the United States Senate
by a unanimous vote.
Dec. 6.— Beaufort taken by Gen. Sherman.
Dtx. 15. -Gen. Pope routed the Confederates from Lexington, capturinr
70 supply wagons i id 300 pri-soners ^ . . . . , . " . .sef
Dec. 17.— Stone fleet sunk to block up the mouth of Savannah River.
,?r;-^'^"^f\r^"J- ''^f-F^- ^''^'^ captured a confederate camp at Milford
nsislmg of 3 colonels 17 captains, 1,000 men. and 1,000 stand of anS'
itn tents, baggsige, and supplies. '
x2tr cT^^'iZ^ZZ-'"' r'^,.«'.'-':"Sthened bjr -a force of 5,000 Indians
vmder Gen. Pike, making the division in 8. Mis.souri 30,000 562
Gen. Pope uefcats the rebels with great loss at Shawnee Mound, Mo.
.. , • r^;— C}™. Ord, commander of the 3d Pennsylvania Bri-nide wis
attacked by the Confederate forces under Gen. Stuart Tie enemy we^^^^^
Snded'': ^^'":!."^'f^•"™■ 'T'"-' ^'"'"" '"^^ bdng 9 kizru eo
Dec. 20. -Battle of Druin.sville. Gen. MrCali "defeats the rebels.'
Dec. 20.— Tybec Island, comm,-.nding the approach to Savannah, taken.
i)ec. 21.— Charleston Harbor shut by sinking a .stone fleet at its mouth.
consist
with
mi
. . .558
22,000
Dec. 31.— Battle of Hunters rille
Dec. 3I.-rnite(l States fore, to-day numbered 660,971 soldiers
sailors, and 2KJ ships with 1,892 guns.
Dec— Bng.-Gen. Grant led an e.viKilition from Cairo tn Bel... ,-,nf „ r„K..i
crxwuu,„iuta unuei uen. I'oiK. t'oik l.euig reinforced, Grant retreated. .563
348 a liE AT HISTORICAL EVENTS.
1861. Union .stt'aiiier Fuuny, lou'lrd with store-;, captured by rebels .I.'U
Union forces attack the relicis on (loatan Sound hy land and water,
entirely routing tlieni. The slauuhter was immen.-e on tlii' rebel side, as
there wus no escape, being surrounded by the land and naval forces. . .501
1861. Galling Gun invented by Richard .J. Catling, of Xorth Carolina.
MD<NESOT.\. JLiSS.^CKE.
1862. Indian maissacrc in Minnesota. The Sir>n\, under Little Crow, fell upon
the white settlements at New Ulm, Yellow Medicine, Cedar City, Fort
Kidgely, and Fort Al)ercronibie, and butchered, in the most cruel antl shock-
ing manner, some 500 persons, chiefly defenseless women and children. Tlio
citi/.ei i were unprotected, and their (nily escape was by tlight. Great con-
sternation ensued all through the Northwest, and troops were immediately
sent to their rescue. The Indians in that district were finally subdued, and
the leaders in the massacre were executed .584
Jan. 1. — Fort Pickens breaches Fort Barancas and binns the navy yard.
Death of Lopez, President of Paraguay.
Gen. Sam. Ramon chosen President of Ecuador.
Jan. 8. — Battle of Blue Gat), Va. Rebels defeated.
Hospital boats \vere established on the Western rivers, and cars on the rail-
road Iciiding from the seat of war.
Jan. 10. — Johnson and Polk, of Missouri, expelled from the U. S. Senate.
Jan. — Col. Garlield attacks the Confederates in S. E. Kentucky, and forces
them to retreat to Virginia 563
.Ian. 19. — Gen. Geo. 11. Thorras took command of the Union, forces in
Kentuckj , with a force of 8,000 men 563
Jan. 19. — Gen. Thomas was attacked by Gen. Geo. B. Crittenden. A des-
perate conflict raged, resulting in the retreat of Crittenden's army, with the
loss of (Jen. Zollicoffer and nearly 300 men. The rebels escaped through the
night, leaving 12 guns and equipments, 1,500 horses, and all their army
material 563
Jan. 30. — Ericsson's Monitor launched at Greenpoint, L. I.
CU'TTJEE OK FOIiT IIENUY.
Feb. 6.— Com. Foote, with seven gun-boats, and Gen. Grant, with 15,000
men on steamboats, attacked Fort Ilcnry aid captured it.
Feb. 7-8.— Battle of Roanoke Island. Burnside takes the island, with
2,500 prisoners.
FORT DONELSO.f smUKNDERED.
Feb. Id — Surrender of Fort Donelson to Gen. Gran! by Gen. Buckncr,
aTter 84 hours of tighting and watching, taking Kt.OOO prisoners, the fort
being abandoned by (Jeneral Floyd and ('ol. Forrest .j(j4
Feb. IS. — First regular Rebel Congress a.ssembled at Richmond.
19. — Col. Canby confronted by a band of Texas Rangers at Valverd(>,
New Mexico. V\w\\ the death of iiieut. MeCrae and the loss of his battery,
the Union infantry bei'ame (Icni.iiali/.nl and tlnl |ii'ecipitately .j6;{
Feb. 21. — (Jonlcin. the slaver, hunij: at Xew Yoi'k.
" 22. — Cunibirland Gap •■ibam! med to the Unionists, and .i Confederate
camp surprised and captured h\ (Jen. (laitield 50;i
fe ^
T\
J
Feb 23 —A general advuiico toward Richmond ordered by President
I^incoln 568
Feb —At Coclie, Ky., Gen. Curtis was attacked by a band of Texas
cavalry, under (Jcncral Alhert Rusli, wliicli lie routed after a sliort eugage-
nieut, by an iiiii)etuous I'liargo of 1st Indiana Cavalry. Gen. Curtis then
marched to Helena, taking a large number of negroes whom the rebels had
employed building roads, and who were entitled to their freedom 5C:i
Feb. 23— Jeff. Davis inaugurated President of the Confederate States for
SIX years.
Feb.— Retreat of Gen. A. R. .Tfihnston from Eowling Green to Xashville
beiore Gen. (). M. ^litch-jl, bringing constc'rnation to the citizens of :N^a.sh-
yille, hundreds of whom tied in terror from the citv. Gen. Jolmston con-
tnuung his tlight South, and the Government and Legislature also the
bankers, with their specie, following.
Feb, 24.— Nashville .surrendered to Gen. Buell, and Gen. Nelson and his
troops took possession of the city jO-l
March 3.— Columbus, Ky., abandoned by the rebels at the approach of
Com, Foote and Gen. Sherman 564
BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE.
Ma'c^i 7.— Battle of Pea Ridge, fought by Gens. Curtis, Sigel, O-steruaus,
and Jeft. C. Davis, lasting three days and resulting in the complete vie' ory
of the Union forces. The rebel forces were 30,000 strong under Gens Price
VanDorn, McCulloch, Slack, and Mclnto.sh. The Federal loss was I,:).-)!.'
Rebel loss not ascertamed, bvit must have lieen much more. Gens, McCul-
loch and Mcintosh killed, and Gens. Price and Slack wounded 503
March 8.— The Cumberland and
Merriiiuic r^^•■^
March 9.— The Werrimnc disabled and
which also disabled the Yorktown.
CongrcKs destroyed by the rebel ram
put to flight by the little Monitor,
Mar. 10.— Rebels evacuate Manassiis Junction, and Union forces occupy it.
" 13.— X"w JIadrid evacuated by the Confederates, after a heaw can-
rionadmg by c. n. Pope, who took immediate jjossession. The enemy left
thirty-tliree cannon, several thousand small arms, and a large amount of
other war material 564
March 14.— Battle of Newborn, N. C. Gen. Burnside defeats the Con-
federates, and occupii's the city, capturing 09 cannon, two steamboatf with
large (juantities ot munitions, and 500 prisoners .508
Miircli 23.— Battle of Win. iiester, Va. Rebels badly defeated, losing 1,000
besides jirisoners.
March 35.— Fort Mason oecui)itd by Union forces.
—Soldier's Home opened at Cairo by the Chicago Branch Committw.
April 4.— Beginning of Peninsular campaiuai. Army of Potomac advance
toward \oikto\vn,
HATTLE OF SIIILOII, OU riTTSBrilO I.AN'TJING.
April 0-7.— Surprise and attack of the Union army under Grant, Sherman
and Prentiss at Pittsburg Landing; their |„inic .ind' retreat. (Jenerals Buell
and Lew Wallace come to the rescue, .•uid the tide furned. The rebels were
l'!!,^!'" 'l.'""!^ l".,*''^'"""*''-. ^''.''"- ^i>»ll''''k tjiking command, he attacked the
t:ut;:;i} ai v-uMui:i a::;; gaiiicii possession of tUul iiiipoiiauL i.tiiioau Center.
=il
i thi I
lij
1 ^
1862
ISLANn Nl). 10.
April 7. — Oon. Pojic. liavinir cut a canal Iwclvo miles Ion"- across the Mis-
souri jieninsula opposite Island No. 10, attaclicd the rclK'l slron;;hold under
Gen. ^IcCown, who sinili tiu; l)i)ats and ♦ransporl.s, and escaped eastward,
leavinsj Gen. MeCall to surrender tlie Island, with :{ (Jeiurals, and 271} ofH-
cers. (),T0(( s'lldiers, 123 pieces of heavy artillery, 7,000 stand small arms, and
a lar^re (iuauliiy of umniuuitiou and other stores reported in the cajituro. 504
April 11. — Surprise and capture of Huntsville. Ala., together witli ., large
number of Incimotives and cars, by (Jen. O. M. !Mitcliel. At Husselville,
Gen. Mitchcl ^ijlured a large amount of Coafederute property without loss.
April 11. — Fort Pulaski surrendered by the rebels after thirty hours' bom-
bardment.
April 16. — Slavery nbolislicd in District of Columbia.
" 17. — Bombardment of Fort Pillow by Commodore Footc, lasting two
weeks, with little elfect, owing to the high water, which prevented the
co-operation of the land forces. 5C4
FAUHAtU'TS GHKAT FEAT.
April 24. — Com. Farragut ran the batteries on tne Mi.ssissippi River at Fort
Jack.son, destroying that fort and Fort St. Philip, also twelve Coiifederate
gun-boats. He proceeds to New Orleans.
April 25. — Fort Macou, N. C, taken after eleven hoi .s' fighting.
SURRENDER OF NEW ORLEANS.
April.— Com. Farra^t with his fleet approaches Xew Orleans. The Con-
federates burn their shipping and a vast amount of [)ropcrty — 15,000 bales of
cotton, and vessels richly freighted with merchandise — estimated at from
$8,000,000 to 110,000,000. But the city made no resistance, and surrendered
to the American fleet.
April 29. — Gen. Mitchel defeats the rebels and captures Bridgeport, Ala.
May 1. — Arrival of Gen. Butler in New Orleans. Tie takes possession of
the city, marclung through the ])rincipal streets, from the Levi to the Cus-
tom House, to the tune of " Yaidvce Doodle," viewed l)y 50,000 rebels with
mingled feelings of curiosity and ilefiauce 507
May 4. — McClellan enters Yorktown, the rebels having fled in the night.
" — Fight between rebel ram ^fallor^/ nm\ the I'nion gtm boat Cincin-
nati; liDth vessel^ disabled and sunk; the rebels n'treating under cover of
smoke from the burning gun-boats which 'he Vincinntiti fired before sinking.
May 5. — Battle of W'lliamsbnrg between Gen. Honker and Gen. Magruder.
Rebels evacuate in the night.
May 7,— Battle of West Point, Ya. Rebels driven over Chickahominy.
" 8. — Skirmish at Bull Pasture Mt. lietween Generals Schenck and Mil-
n)y on the Union side, and Johnston and Jackson "f the Confederates. . . .569
SrHRENDER OF NOnFOI.Iv.
May 10. — Norfolk surrendi'red to Gen. W«ol, tlio enemy bav'ng evacuated
it, toiretber with the n;ivy yard and Pcul'-iuoutli, which wen. Wool also
re])osscs-icil.
May 10. — Severe naval light on tjie Mississipi)i near Fort Wriglit. Rebels
f
.Jl\ oL '■';';•■' '1^''^"'?3'<'^1 t''^'"- celebrated iron-clad Merrimac and
spiked 200 cannon before leaving. Gen. Hooker fought desperately for nine
hours against great and superior forces, with 30,000 Union trooos under
McClellan in ln.s sight, which were not permitted to reinforce liim. ." 569
May 13.— Steamer Planter run out of Charleston by liobert Smalls, a
iiC'L,r(>.
^liiy 20.— ilcClellan witliin eight miles of Richmond.
", ,-■"•— -^^ f^ront Royal, a force of 900 men under Col. Kenly was cao-
tured by a djtacliment ot rebel cavalry under command of Ashby. 569
May 23.— McClellan in position, five miles from Richmond,
tifcf "v -^^'^S=>:?™cnt at Louisburg, W. Va., between Col. Crook, United
States Army, and Gen. Heath. Unionists victorious.
iVIay 25.— Gen. Banks defeated at Winchester; retreats to the Potomac.
30.— ilalleck's troops occupy Corinth; the rebels evacuating .569
" 31.— McClellan badly beaten at Fair Oaks by Gen. Hill.
p !' —Juarez removed the seat of Government from Mexico to San Luis
Union troops enter Little Rock, Ark., Rebel Government running off. .570
Tnne 1. -Battle of Fair Oaks renewed under Gen. Sedgwick, and the
Unionists recover much of their losses. ^
June 1.— Gen. Mitchel summoned to command Port Royal, S. Carolina. 566
Fremont advancing up the valley, occupies St.asburg.
June 4.— Fort Pillow and Fort Randolph evacuated by the rebels 565
SURRENDER OF MEMPHIS.
June 6 -Surrencjer of Memphis to ^^ommodore Davis after a desperate
fight on the river between the rebels and Union gun-boats, the rebel fleet
bemg nearly annihilated, while not a man was killed on the Union fleet
*u'^''^'^'."'"° P'n-l««t ^r^'/nd City blown up bv a rebel ball, which passed
through her steam drum, at St. Charles, and nearly on all b-nrd perished
Amirn*; n~^/'"''""' ^■^,f'"7fl^''l- ^I"-; '-Tthe rebel Gen. Marmaduke. with
4,000 men wlio was gal antly repulsed by Gen. Browne, of the Missouri
mililia, with a little band of 1,200 men. . 583
^J'T \~^u^^\^'^ ^''■"'' .^T' y^"- ^'°'"" fo''^'^^ under 'Fnmont." "rebels
led by Lwell. Desperate tigiiting, and retreat of the rebels during the
^W^^ gjjg
June 14.— Union tooops repulsed, with much loss, on James'islandVnear
v.- llill IL .'^lUli,
June KJ.-Gen. II. S Wri-ht advanced with 6,000 men and attacked
bec'ssmnville, commande.i by Col. Uaumr, but were repulsed with a loss „f
over oOO men .' '
June 17 -SurrendcT of the powerful iron-clad .1//^;;^^' " io* CaptV John
Rogers, ol the Wii/uuc/cen, alter IZ minutes' engagement.
June 19.— Slavery abolished by act of Congress ixi all the Territories.
TT ■ " • f''r'^'"'rnn;! General Diek Taylor captured lU-.i^hrnr City the
Unionists losing 1.000 prisoners, 10 heavy guns, and .*.'.000 dou and I'nanv
thousand negr.x's, lil)erale.l hy Hanks, w.re tore, d back into slaverv 57^
T Ai -*T /.111 1 . ^ *•'
„-u::c ^i. -TiL-ViUii;i;i l}r-^]U^ U» " i iiali-u ills blA8C' *" lO JailK'S KlVcr.
!l
i:
ruri, I.N (OMMAND.
Jtiii" '"" -Gen. Pope jihwcd in cniiiiimiKl over iLic army of Virginia, 50,000
strou^^.
.June 2fl. — Battle of MccliJinicsvilk' hciwct-n Fitz John Porter and Jackson.
Ileuv} losses on both' .sides, the enemy retreating 570
June 27. — Uattic ol' Gaines Mills. C!en. I'ori.'r engaj.>-e(l with Sii.OOO
against Gen. Lei s forces of 00,000, under Geu. Jaek.sou. .McClellan holding
at the same time 60,000 troops on the other side of the Chickahominy, idly
watching the rebels, who were stationed near with but 25,000 men. The
Union fores were compelled to retreat from overwhelming odds, after a des-
perate and iong-continued struggle 570
June 27. — Hooker occupied Frederic City.
" — Meade placed in command of the i\jmy of the Potomac.
June 28. — Hooker supersedeii by ]Meade.
—Rebel General Early invaded York, Pa,, and levied a large stun
of money upon that place.
June 29. — Meade adv.'.nced to South Mountain.
— Longstreet and Hiil march oward Gettysburg and order Ewell
to meet them there.
June 29.— Battles of Savage Station and Peach Orchard.
June 30.— Battl.^s of White Oak Swamp and Charles City Cross-roads, Jeff.
Davis and Lee 'ittonuing in person. Union forces led by McCall, Franklin,
and Slocum, reinforced by Hooker late in the day.
June CO, — Battle upon the James river, with Commodore Porter's fleet and
Heintzelman upon the held. McCall captured, and tlie Union forces retreat
to Mulvern Hill on James River 571
July 1.— Presidc'it Lincoln calls for 600.000 volunteers.
" —Attack of the rebels on Malvern Hill; their repulse and the
decided victory of the Union forces 571
July 2.— Evacuation of Malvern Hill- where the army was strongly posted
— by order of Gen. McClellan.
The Union losses during the seven days' battles amounted to 15,249.
July 5.— Murfreesboro, Tenu., captured by the guerrilla chieftain, Forrest.
July 7. — Battle of Bayou de Cache. Arkansas, Gen. Curtis severely
defeats Pike.
July 7,— Raid of Morgan on Cvntlii-ma, Ky,. and his repulse by Green
Clay Smith.
July 8. — Surrender of Port Hudson !•;• Gen. Gardne'- to Gen. Banks. . .578
" —Gen. Lee withdrew his forces to Ric'amond.
UAI.LKCK OENEH.VL IN-CHIEF.
July 11.— Gen, Halleck appointed Crimnander-in-chiof of the Union army
at Washington. Gen. Grant succeeding him at Corinth 566
J' 'y 13.— Murfreesboro, Tenn., taken liy rebels, capturing the garrison
with Gin. Crittenden.
July 14.— Gen. Pope takes corimand of the Arniv of Virgina, and issues
an a(idr"'^s.
July 15.— Battle of Fayetteville, Ark. Maj(jr . thoroughly beating
J
<f
GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS.
'6m
1862.
July 22.— Vickshurj,' canal coinpk'fed and found useless. Siege post-
poued.
MARTIN VAN BCREN.
•''' 24.— Death of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United
..vu, —Major Foster, with a force of 800 men, at Lone .Jack, was dctValed
by Colonels IIiiH:hes and CofTce with a force of nearly 2,000 foot soldiers and
cavalry, and Gen. Blunt m turn drove Coffer across the Arkansas liuc.
Aug. 2.— Gen. Pope's advance crosses the Itiipidan and occupies Orange
Court-house 571
Aug. 3. —Gen. Ilalleck orders Gen. ,>[cClellan to retire from the Peninsula
with all his forces 57I
Rebel Gen. .JelT. Thompson defeated with great loss near Memphis.
Aug. 4.— Draft of 300,000 men ordered, unle>s volunteering .should pre-
vent.
Aug. .'i.- Unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge by the Confederates under
Major-Gen. .John C. Breckenridge, with a loss of 400 men and one of th( ir
Generals (Clarke) 537
Aug. G.— Rebel ram Arkansas destroyed near Vicksburg by Com. Porter.
" 6.— At Kirkville, Mo., Col. -John ^IcXeil, with a force of 1,000 cav-
alry and 6 guns, attacked a band of Mis.souri partisans, numberino- twice his
own, under Col. Porter, and after four hours' severe lightiag. defeated them
kdlmg 180, wounding 500, and taking a large quantity of a.-ms 062
Aug. 8 —Battle in New Mexico. Gen. Canby routing rebels under Gen.
Sibley, who was killed by his own men.
^^"S:,?T^\'"'''?^t'e(lar. Mountain. Banks defeated by .Jackson. Rebel
Gen. Winder killed and Union Gen. Prince taken prisoner.
Aug. 11.— Gen. Buell .surrendered the garrison at Independence, consi.sting
of ,3' 2 men, to a rebel band of 800 under Col. Ilugi.es. . ..'563
Aug IG. -Cavalry raid of Col. .1. .1 Phillips imo MississippV as fa'r'as Gre-
nada, destroying titty locomotives and five hundred cars.
Aug. 24. -Gen. B^ao:g'.s army invades Middle Tennessee and Kentucky, and
Lniou Gen. George W . Morgan retreats to the Ohio river.
Aiii:. 26.— Skirmish at Lewisburg between Union Gen. W. W. Averill and
Coi. George b. Patton -uj
Aug. 28.— Union victory at Ccntreville under command of Pope, aided bv
Kearney and Mgel, and reinforced by Hooker and I{(-no late in the da v
hoiigNtr-et commanding the reb(>l forces ,-,70
Aug. 29-30.— Pope defeated near Bull Run and ;cntreville Til2
, ^Vi'-^'' ~3-.T^^''f''-'.' /'f tl^*-' 1^'"="" 'orce under Gen. Nelson at Richmond, Kv.,
by Gen. kirhy Smith.
SrRlUCXDKU OF MKMniTS.
Surr.'nderof Memi)histoCom. Foote, t'ivii.g the Union army the control
of the Memphis and Cliarlotoii Railroau.
RACE BETWr.F.V r.RAOti AM) RIEM..
^ (Jen Bragg's raid into Ki-ntueky, and race of IJOO miles between Urn"" and
Uen. Buell. with thnr respective iirmies, to gam Uoiiisville. Bratro- being
aciaiiiLu \<i a inuiuijg iiridgc, isiieil rcarlicd Louisville in advance of uim
II
If
5 i
H
t
1863 Biicll attacks Hrnn:,?, and ii dcsiicratc l)attlc foiiRlit at Perryville. Bragg
rL'trcats l)y niglit, taki'ii; an iinnicnst' (luaiiiity of plunder.
Sept.— Tlie Union forces sutfcr several defeats and quite severe losses from
ill inivised exped 'ons into Southern I ouisiana 579
Sept. 1.— Balti. of Chantilly. Vu. Union army victorious, with the hiss
of Gen. Phil. Kearney and the" l)rave Gen. Isaac J. Stevens 573
Sept. 2. — Gen. Pope .sent to the North-west to cf>nduct a campaign against
the Siou.\ Indians . • ■ 572
Sept. 2.— Attack on the rebels under Col. Poinde.xter at Chariton River by
Col. Guitar, who drove them north, where they were met by Gen. Loan and
again attacked by Gen. Guitar, who utterly annihilated the conunaud.
Sept. 3. — Gen. McClellan takes command of Pope's army.
Sept. 4. — Li'c's army cross the Potomac at Poole'.ville, Md.
General Porter was, in like manner, driven back upon Gen. McNeil by Gen.
Loan, and compelled to disperse liis conunand to save it Irom destruction.
The.se skirmishes drove the enemy entirely south of the Missouri River, where
they remained during the war 562
Sept. 14.— Battle of South Mountain, conducted by McClellan, Gen. Hill
aiding the rebel forces. Union arms victorious. Maj.-Gen, Jesse L. Reno
killed 5^ J
Sept. 15.— Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the rebels by Gen. Miles 573
BATTLE OF \NTIET.^M
Sept. 16-17.— Battle of Antietain. between Gen. McCle".an and Gen Lee.
Nearlv 100,000 men engaged on each side. Battle raged for fourteen hours,
extemling four miles alone the line. Gen. McClellan was aided by Burnside,
Hooker, Mansfield, Sumner, and Franklin; Gen. Lee by Hood, Hdl. Walker,
and McLaw. The Union arms were victorious. L<'e retreated across the
Potomac, leaving behind 40 of their colors and 25,000 men either dead or
taken prisoners.
Sept. 19.— Gen, GriflRn crossed the river by night and carried eight rebel
batteries on Virguiia Bluffs.
gept, 19.— Battle at luka. Rosccranz wins, against superior forces under
Gen. Price, who retreats in the uight with the loss of 1,438 men 574
Sept. OQ.—Gen. Porter was ambushed by Gen Hill and driven back to the
river with great slaughter.
Sept. 32.— Re-occupation of Harpers Ferry by Union forces under Gen.
Sumner.
EMANCIPATIOX PROCLAMATION ISSUED.
Sept. 22.— President Lincoln issues a proclamaiion abolishing slavery in all
the States that should be in the rebellion on the 1st of January, 180:1
Gen. Schofield, in command of Missouri, was superseded by Gen, Curtis.
Gen. Sehotie'd. with 10,000 men, drove the Confederates from Southwestern
Mi;
563
Sept. 24.— Proclamation of suspension of writ of habeas coq^us in military
cases.
Oct 3-4.— 7?(('^/<' nf C,v!nth. Despenite tiL'litins: between Rosecranz and
Price. A "Bunker Hill" encounter— the rei)els throwing Hway their arms,
and Heeimi in wild disorder. The Union forces engaged nunibered 15.700^
tllitl I lie ^ '
#
1862. Oct. «-9 — BatUe at Puriyvillu, Ky., bctwci'ii McCook's division of Biidl's
army and (Jen. Unigj;. Surprise and desiKTatt- diar^'e by the enemy, then
their defeat aud precipitate retreat, throiii,di a timely arid rapid iliarw by Phil
Sheridan 5~4
Oct. 10-12.— Stuart's rebel caval-y raid into Pennsylvania ; they .seize and rob
Cliambersbiirg.
Oct. — Bucll superseded i)y Maj-Gcn. Uosecninz 574
Oc< '::2.— Gen. Blunt routs the rebels at Maysville, Ark.
Gen. McClellan, after repeated orders, advances into Virginia.
Nov. 8.— Gen. Burnsidc assumed command of the army of the Potomac,
and began a rapid march toward Fredericksburg. Gen. McClellan relieved.
BtniNSinE'S EXPEDITION.
Gen. Burnside, with 11,000 troops, and flag-officer Goldsborough in com-
mand of the fleet, conduct an expedition against Koanoke. They destroy the
rebel fleet and capture the forts, and gain command of the whole coast of
North Carolina.
Nov. 28.— Gen Blunt defeats the rebel Gen. Marmaduke at Cave Hill, Ark.,
with heavy loss.
Dec— Battle at Prairie Grcve Ixitween Gen. Blunt, aided by Gen. Heron,
and Confederate Gen. Hindman, resulting in victory to the Union arms; Gen'
Stein, aide to General Hindman, was killed [ , .563
BATTLE OP FREDERICKSBUTtO
•P*^^- ^,^^„~J^'*"''^ °^ Fredericksburg: 100.000 men engaged on the Union
side^ and .^0,000 on the rebel. The Union arm v led by Burnside, Confederates
by Gen. Lee. The rebels were thoroughly posted on the terraced hei'^lits above
the city, and well supported, and the fighting on both sides was valiynt and
desperate. The Union army nearly destroveci the city, but failed to gain any
advantage, and, at the earnest solicitation of his officers, Burnside withdrew
ftom action, and at the dose of the l.^jth removed his forces across the river
Ine Lnion loss this bloody day summed up 13 771
wounded, and missing. Ihe i3bel loss was .j 000
inclu ing killed.
B.VN'KS SUPEnSEDES TlT-TLEn.
Dec. 14. -Gcn^ N P. Banks .superseded Gen. Butler at New Orleans- But-
ler having gained 4,000 soldiers, iiicludin- three recrimentsand two batteries
of negroes. He coUecteti $1,088,000 by taxation and confiscation after feed-
Jo^i !'t?T^' "'" '''^y VJ."'H '■'''"'* ''^ $52.-..000. he turned the balance over
10 flit V. » ireasury. His rigorous administration of law and iustice caused
?ZTrf'V"/ VT^'^}.'' "^^■^•^'^ ^"^ ^''^ •'«l>*»^''^d or alive by a leading
rebel 01 Charleston, S. C "^ gg^
First issue of Greenbacks.
_ Lee 20.— Col. JIurphy surrendered Holly Springs, with 2,000 men, includ-
ing a large hospital filled with sick and woundecl, and |4, 000, 000 worth of
property to Gen. Van Doni, of Sherman's command
Dec. 23. — ,JefY. Davis issues a proclanLition outlawing Gen. Butler.
26.— Com. Porter's gun-boats opened fire upon Vicksburi.'.
Dec. 27-28. —Sherman attacked Vicksburg by land, and carried two lin"s of
ntU'.pits, but hnding the city inipi-egnal)le. he retired with a loss of 1,734 men.
ivec. — oiiuiiiiuu su])erseued by MeCieruaud.
I
18(J2.
1863
BATTI.K OK Mi:. lUKKSIiOKo,
D.r. SI to Jan. 3.— Ko.scrninz (i.'tVals Uia.L'K iiltcr .Micrcs.sivc and exhau.st-
aifooV,'" r.?"'V''" r'P'"""'' ""'"•'^•'•«- Tli.- Union forrrs amount,.,! t,'. al.out
40 0, an.l tlif ( „nl,vi,.rate (iO.OOO. Union Io.sh l,r,:W kili..,l, 7.24:5 woun.lcl
~,»UU nii.ssing. I ho killutl and woandcd of the enemy amounted to 14,560. '
Dec. '61.—Muiutor founders at sea oil' (ape Ilatteras.
E.M.VNrtPATION I'ROCL.VIMKD.
Jan. 1.— Great Emancipation Proclamation announced tr, be in force It
^a8lon-,,mtemphu,;,l, but a.s a " war niea.sure " was (hOavd until a propi-
StV'"MvHi''''?''^^'^'V'""V""''''''- "•"' *'""'»^i''«>i'-^'ll.v received Tt the
JNorth. B\ tliLs act mor,' than 8,000,0(10 slaves were made free.
T^Ss' r,:t7J?n"',»?^"n'""''" f •'"•'^'''1 'l"- ^Ias.sa,liusetts troops at Galveston,
atHpke.l i. r^' ,5 ri, ^" ^•"."I'f'-atiou with Ma.irru,!,,-. thr,>c rebel rams
attacked the Union Heet. bh)cka,iinK the bay, and captunn.irthe //a,v,V,: Lane,
lich
578
Se hS'hS Me*'"^ ''ommander of the H?.^?*^ t^ iiiow iier u^/in ^^i^^l
LYMAN BEECHEH.
Jan. 10.— Lyman Beech,. D. D., died in Brooklyn, N. Y., at the age of
87 vears. lie was an Americm clergyman, and aulhor of great eminence
and father of Henry Ward Beeelier'and Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Mr Beaher
enjoyed a large po|!ilarity as an elo,iuent and able minister of the Gospel
and bore an unbleniishe 1 reputation. In 1K5-2 h,. was called to the presidency
ot the Lane Iheological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, which post he main-
tained until nis ,leath
Jan. 11.— Gen. Banks attacks the enemy at Carnev's Bridge, defeating
them and destroying the gun-boat Coffon .' 578
Jan. 11.— Arkansas Post surrendered to Gen. McClernand.
Jan. 12.— The gun-boat JfatL.as sunk by the rebe. privateer ^/o^awrt at
Galveston r~Q
«),o
Jan. 21.— Two rebel gun-boats captured at the mouth of the Sabine. . .578
" 27 - -Bombardment of Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee, by the Mon-
itar. .No results. ■'
Jan. 28.- -Gen. ITooker succeeded Burnside over the Army of the Potomac.
Feb. — Soldiers' Home established in Louisville by the Kentucky Branch
Comniis-^ion.
F,'b. 25. — Art to provide a national riir'-eney becomes a law.
r<>b. 28. — Ri'bel st,'amer Ndn/irilk destroved bv th,' Mon/auk on the 0"-ee-
clie,' River. " " "
March —Soldiers' Home establishe," in Cairo bv the Chicago Branch Com-
mission.
Mar,h.— Col. A. D. Streisht was captured Iiv Gen. F'orrest, aft,'ra running
fight of lu'arly KK) miles. lie was sent to Libhv Prison with his men, uunv
bcrintr 1,:!('>5.
Ar.'irrli S.— Twenfy-tlirce rebel sl,'amer'< captured up the Yazoo river.
.March 9.— (Jen. Custer sueceided bv Gen. Sriiotield in command of the De-
partment of .Missouri I ,f-,y4
^[arch 14.— Severe bombardnu'nf of Port Hudson, ami attempt by the fleet
to pass rebel batteries.
¥
t..''rv'L,i^,-S!i,,A,,i!,.,S','jr'™'«'. «»• «"«». ». Mi,„
.Ma„.|, l-.-li,,,,,.! |„ri ,|,,„.,,y,,| ,,,,,„„i„, „„. L-„i„„ „,„■,;,;
against
....57«
-the Union forces to jk";;.::,;^ir"!^"^5
ini!, and allcra hloodv ciicoii''
com!;^/-'''^"'^^"' ™"^ ^''"'■^*- ■'' G-°J «"lf and ravages Red liive^
Be^J;:;£^toi:::tT"''' ""' ^"'"- ^"'-"^ '« ^^^'^^ ^-.t Su.nter. with
"^l'"' ^,«~n'" °:f '' '"''^'''^ ""' ^'■'^'^'^"° by Gordon Granger 576
April 27.— Chancellorsville campaign begins "
577
B.\TTLE OP CILVNCELLORSVILLE.
ver,^ heavy on botli .si, estle rebel p^,"'^o "'^^^^^'.^e^- ^ut los.se,s were
woimded.andGen nook.^.st,une.r.?nd ?n ' ^^/r'7''" ^''^'^^o" '""rtal'v
Bon-ball striking a piliarai£^^'i4"L'S^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^--- ^-^ ---
JXo;^)^:^:' ^°^«' '•-^^•^^ ^atoa Rouge ^fc after fifteen days'
V.^LAXDIGir.\r,l's .\RRE8T.
the&firatStaiSlK^^^^^^ publicly expre.s..ing sympathy with
istration. treasonable language agamst the military and t^ivil admin-
May 10. -Death of Stonewall Jafkson.
sued'to Him f i;!v,:;' .^;.^^^;;'-:'^ ^^'Uion. Enemy defeated by Grant, and pur-
reSir!d-;ih IgUH -r jSee""' '''"•' ^"^"^ ' ^^ 'c™^^-' ^'^f^aihig 'To
^^i^J<^7:Snl'u:j^^:!%:^::^^- ^--^^ --netcly routes Pemberton,
siKGK OP vicKsnruii m-fax
'"' Jo ~H';L'''nr Ir""^'" '" "" '■''^'"""■■^ ^''"' •^"^'- "- -^'^e o77
IJ.-H.imes Hlufrcvaciu.t.Ml hv ilK enemv ' rlL
,, " '-'■>.— Admiral ForiiT dcMnivs AW 000 ooo" „.,„..l " '<■ '
Yazoo. • 'f^"'""Jl'.''"0 north of property up the
-,..:^;!!!:;:,^.'::j'"!:>'. /";■"■'■ 'i'"''^'- f-'- saundns c,„
ITS lOa
T,.i
rgc iju;iiilit_v ol' rebel stores
-i-wrai Jiiiportant bridge- ,,,1 ,i(.>t
^..j.f, .,,-,,1
rovinii .a
..'...583
f
Si?
•Junt'.— Gen. Uosccrunz caiituicN Slull)vvillt
CJiult;iiio()''ii
ind Tiillahiiinii ca route for
5«3
SIUUE.NULU OK KOIIT 1II.\U.M.V.N.
«',',".''/-•"''''"■' ",'"''"'■'"• ':'■ •'^'•'^■'"^•'- Post, s.invndfml ioGfti. MoCIrrnand
^Mti 1, .ann.m, :{,0()0 M,-...d of amis, m.v..., stan.l of ,-.,lors, 5,U0() prisomr.
aim larg.- (luaniiti.., of ni,iniiioiis. Gen. .McCkniaud destroyed tile works'
tuid rcturiad to Milliktn's Ik-nd, ^ "*' V'Tz
Ol <
nF-HEI, SCARE.
>,l,I'"' '•'■''!''^f";P«"'''«' ;!"• I""'"" '•■•ims V""" ';/• (h<- WM and LuH.tnda, lull
) , "'■',.' , l'" "","'!' ='l'l"""''' "f '^ lomitci-f.il nim-niadc out of a flat-
rwiljcol^^ona- .1'!':!'!'. ;:''''''■ '""' '"•"'-""•"''<"^^— 't <lown the
Reljels under Lee moving Nortli— Hooker starts to meet them,
t^".?''^^^^''"''' Hi'ceher visits Kn-Jand, and successfullv m..ts the opposition
to our Gov.Tiiment amid vast and tiimultuous mol)s: sile.iein- ti em and
winning ai.phiuse instead of hisses. ~ '
June 14 —Attack on tiie Union forces undr Gen. .Milrovat Winchester by
the rebel Gens. Lwell and Loiigstreet, witli a larg<. f(,rce ".Miirov having but
a tew regiments, maintained his ground until the aft..rn(Min of the ir.th when
he retreated toward .\ artinslairg. Four miles ...u. he was again attacked by
another division, and his fo.ve routed and .lispers.Hl. itundreds of his
fugitive soldiers were ta, en i-risoners, ami 'he loss of artillery and wagons
was e.Mensivc. °
June 15.— The whole rebel army enters Pennsvlvania, amJ marches Noi-th to
witnin IH nules ot harrisbuig Great excitement prevails in the Northern
States. 1 resident Lincoln calls on the nearest States for militia, and is
prompt!, responded to.
June 17. —Rebel ram Atlanta captured bv the Wteluiuken after an cn^aTe-
mcut of 15 minutes. " " ''
r> " . -"•.— Andrew Hull Foote died in New Y'^rk. He was an American
near- Admiral who sew-d in the civil war with great distinction.
June 28.— Gen. Meade supersedes Hooker. Lee'.s forces within four
milt s of Harrisbur<:.
r> J"'y ^■— •^'x':-'*' Tooley, of the Xcw Orleans Bar, was shot in a duel by Col
K. ii. Ituutt, a political opponent.
MOROAN's RAID.
July 3.— Morgan began his raid tliroutrh t!ie border States, capturinn- pris-
oners and ;lestroying ])roperty. and committing acts of depredation and
host'lity; robbimr the mail, and phinderin;,'' jtrivate citizens He sas c-ii)-
tuiv.i. with over 3,000 guerrillas, near \ew Lislion. ()., bv Col Shackle-
ford, and, with s(veiiil of his officers, contliied in the Penitciitiarv at Colum-
bus, (rom which iu' escaped in Nover.iber. and reached Kichiinni'il Va and
again entered the rebel service, and w.as killed the following,'- year. .' '. .TiXX
l!\TTr>E OK OKTrVSl'.IHC.
Jul.y 1-4.— The battle of Gcttysburu', between Gens. Meade ,..,„i i,(,p .^^..(..,
one ol the mo.st liioodv and li-ird-fou<:ht battles of the war. Thi' armies ,ve're
each about so.ooo >iron- They foudit de^pcnitrlv for three d.avs but tinallv
VI ;ory crow lied the I nion arms. Total Union loss w,is 3:! 1S()' ^Ii-ule (••in
fured41 tl.'i-s iind DS.fi'Jl jirisoners. Lee made no reiiort. but his sunnosed
* ■■■-*- " • •••i:i^-i-M, .!::•.: :.'j^'j'j\; i;i:;v^"i;iic;i:u pihSijiieL-^. , . .."iiSo
i'
i'
''■/.'/■;. 1 1 iiisio i;n ■. I /, i:vf::t!<.
SI UUKNDKU OF vicksiicik;.
1863. July 4.— Virk'^I>uiir, witli ;{1, ()(»(» mcii. siirniKl.rr m Ocn (}rn— The
(Mm|.aiij;M had iMcn <ani..,l on witli i^icat viu(,r „■ ...vral m..Mtl,s.' Tho
iiUiiilii ants had l)etn obliged to hiirrow in cavts and hol.s du-' in the
ground to protect themselves from the fiery storm of shot and shHI which
continually poured upon them. Destitute of anununition and nec.ssarv
provisi )ns, the lebels at last eapituiiitwl. To Gen. .McPhersoa Wiw jrninted
tlie lionor of formally receiving the .surrender.
..."^wV^— .^'"■'■•'"'••^'■"f Port Hudson, with 7,000 men, to Gen. Bank.s ami
me Mississippi is thus opened.
M.V.N:I.MIM.V.\ DKCL-VllED K.MPKUOU oK MK.XRO.
July 10.— The provisional French Governrnt nt, set up in Mexico by the
name of Assembly of Notables, numbering ^lo persons, a.s.sembl<'d and declared
foranim|.erial form of Government, and Archduke Maximilian of Austria was
proclaimed Linperor.
July 10.— Gen. Gilmore begins his attack on Forts Wagner and Grccff
C narlestou. ^ =o'
ily 13.— Lee recrosses the Potomac into Virginia.
nroT i.\ sv.w youk.
n;!,'^!^.,r^'^''^i~^'"?', •''"!''.V';*.^' "°* '." ^•^^ ^''"■'^- The mob destroyed the
Draft^othce. burned the bud. ings and the whole block, preventing the tire
department from doing their <luty. Mangling through the cit v thev took no^
ses,s,on ot, an(i destroyed every building which Ihe GovernmJn officers
occupied, gaming entire control of the city, an.l holding it for four days
man'u^'''*->'"-ZtTn'',"""''''''*' ''«"7'.'""1 niurden.d in the most inhuman
man.ier |2„)00,(K)0 damages were claimed, and the number of lives lost w.as
by the efforts of Gov. Seymour ami Archbishop Hughes, but chietly by the
unt.nng e(f,,rts of the police and the mili-iu and the suppression of "L draft
anKUrafwoldef •''"'' "'""' "''' " ^" '^''^^'''^^' ^^ ^^^ "oter killed
Aug. 16.— Rosecranz begins his march upon Chattanooga.
Qt'.VNTHF:i,LS RAID IX K.iXSAS.
giKTrli:^,7S"rb7on.n?!.'\i"''T r'^^^ynce, Kan. A band of 300 rebel
?,,n<T 1 • ; ^ ^e'.''^n''<Il. :i desperado. entere(- the nuiet town of T aw
^ouiS's ';;;i'';^;;i:;r^i/'"i' ^"i^ir' /"•■ ^>"epingin,uSbu,ii,^
Be^lii^gSi^S^'"""" ''^' "" ^'""" ''''' '"'" Charleston, nearly six r ■
fS T;.n„7*T.?",- ^^f "^'ll-^ '"•':"Pi^'^ Kno..vllle. T.-nn. The loyal people of
^^..w Unne.M.e,.c,.u,. bun with expressims of infuse joy at-their deliver-
py'^'t'llnl'r''^'" "''"'' '■''"■''■''" ^'"'^ '^^''-"^■'' =""^ ^''•'•" '^"'1 «il
I more occu-
<-UMiiK'naii(i Gap to iiurnside, with i, 000 men. .. 583
V
. i
s
!
i
i
860
1863.
GHKAT illSTOluCAL KVKSTS.
^ BATTI.K OK finCKAMAldA
O.'n. 1 l.om...-, .vh„ sto.,,1 his ,r,-oun,f w 1 , h i ' '";"""""*-'"■, '"•'"•'■fl
lUc toliil Liiioii los,s was .(j,:r,l, anil Gun.
Hi;
rcpuit-d a lus., 18,000..5.i;>
!-m.liiIA.Ns MAJKU.
Oct. -i -A I.L. ,i irv f r '''"°''" "''^^'"va.led c..umry.583
Mc.Mi,.„vill,.l.;ui \V^iTc'r He u!^ J* ; 1 '\''';-^''"""'''y "' supplies at
ton. an.l rf,r„,sM.,l tli T niKss^., iv7^ r'' "^ ^ "'•fn'<''^l)<)ro and i<Vnning.
^'?- J;--^'-^"^*"' Lincoln calls for 300,000 more men
Cumberland and tX'sS'II^^ "^ ""' P!'P'»r'n"^nt of the Ohio.
Oct. 20.-Gen. Thomas s cceeds Ro.secranz in hi.s command.
.' oo T^' °'''''" *-'"'=amped ia Lookout Valley.
^.-IIooker-.s forces take Lookout Mountain.
SHf^ElP.Si'ii^'oSSr "''^^ ''^ ^°>'^^^'^' '^^'^ •" ^^'-^- tl>e net pro-
First Fenian Congress held in the United States
MounTain\:^:?';.^T."" '^"""^ " ''""'^ ^'''''' ""^^er Gen. Echol.,, at Droop
.nd ^o'n^^pSed"''°'^ ''"^^''^^ "' ^"^--^^'^ ^'^ «-: w: E.- jo;2!
ro7'w~i?""i '^^*:f ' "°''^' *''' ftippahannock southward. Lee retiring
Col. W oolford, w th 2 000 men -iff irked h- ~ nnn ^r t . , '•^""°S-
Nov. 17.-Longs,reet begins the siege of Kuc^-i'Ie, occupied" by Bu. aside
BATTLE OP ClfATTANOOGA.
Lookout >r<,unta inl Si s o P ■ """k^''' «^^J'V1^'' "P 'l'<^ '^"li'S of
enemv.iown tree in'' '', ^""•"' ""''"■ '•' "'"'k fo.^r. drivin,^ the
attacks tiieenenv's,iT.?t ah; il-'. "^ the mount.-.!,,, while Sherm..-,
attacked tlw. In?,.? "r" "V^''««i<>"i'i-y Kid?o, and Gen. Thomas uith '>,5 o(,()
Hnorl:;:! ;^;idShuI;':.:!;;:;'';:ri^>j!:;L^='i''? -?«! a>«!"J t:SS
tions with 0.000 soldieri 40 Sc^or ^ ■ Iv an '^olil'/T '•''■".^^''''V^ P"^'"
in til., hands „f the nionists ^ . . <i\,an(l <,00() .stan.l of sniall arms
rebel loss „„t rcporte,].. . ' ' '"" '"'"''■' "mounted to 5,010; the
Xuv. o«._jror.;,,^ andsixof ,.isofhce;;,'d;gout i^OhiVsuu; P^^^^^^
— J.onsstrei.t repulsed, wit], a loss of SOO
ville." '^-^^^'''^''^ '•^'P>"^«1. ^vith great slaughter, in iheiVaitack on Knox-
I
1863
1864.
L
niti-:. I -/• Ills Ti,i:i> . i /, a- i -hsts.
.'iOl
IIAXKS' ICVI'KDITION TO TIX ,S
5.474 pipes. It,s cost was |do,UOO '' " " '"^ '"°"'' '*"'^ '^'^
Dec- -Rebel Gen. Forrest n.id. d throuirh \V Tennes-sco
tanni J.;"''^'""'' ''"'''■'' ""-' '^^'"''"- ^^'"" ^^""'^entrates his army at Chat-
Dec. 5.-Longstreet raised tte .siege of Kao.xville and moved east 583
men lost." ^VeeJuzx^ken sinks at her anchorage at Cliarleston, ^d 31
Sanitary Fair held in Cincinnati. Net proceeds were |235 000.
Dec. 8. -The President i.ssues his amnesty proclamation
Virgin!!; ~^'"- '^'■"■'"■' '■'"'^ '^"■'^'■"^^ """^ '•'-■'^<-'' «"PPli<^« at Salem in S. W.
Jan.-Second voyage of Hall to the p^I^r seas
The L^on'Tcr'"? "'^'^'^'"^"•y ^'"'I'^brated by many colored people.
Petersburg ^ui'ufe o s, retire to their position before
T«n OQ n „, "^**^^'*'"^'^ *«'"^''*'^'. worth 1800,000.
Jan. .i9.— Gen. Palmer occupies Tunnel ITill r» fi,„ , k i
m l..e night. ""'Uli mil, Ga. ; the rebels ev.ncuating
^T^DSrs^^^r=r°^"°^^^-*--^°^^^^^---«^
mour. '^-<5"'"°'-^'-^ "flv""^" lands at .Tacksonville. Fla., und.T 0. n. :^ey.
iack.^,„e. leaving the [leaJi ii ^ll^.^^^ZS ^"°^- ^''^ ^^^ ,g
.^ ,r^ •;!' -^ '"•'""'•3-. Hartford, Ct , destroyed bv fire ' Los«' gi OOO 000
which also-^'^'^'""''^ sunk at Charleston by rebel tonredo:b!I; T'.'
.■aSj^lil^eHjr'aniy^eaJiudn: ^^irl"''''- "7!^ '"" ^ ^^^>' — ^ "^
refugees . . , ' . . .■^'. . ™ '"" ^"" P' "soikts, 1,000 white and 5,000 negro
oSe, FliT^'"- ^'^™°"''' ^''"> Gilnuire-; ;;oop;."s;;en.iy' 'defeated '!1I
o.£i'; ^! M!s;iSp;;,,'S';j'i;;;!S;.:Sem""'"^ '^^"^ ^^"" ^-■'-' -^^
Feb. 2:].-Gen. Palmer .Irives the rebels at Tunn,.l Hill. ;„.
Kii.i>\Ti:rcK's liAii).
Feb. 2S.-Kl]n;,t,iel<-s n,„l in.,. -V ,.„;..:., „
of iiichmon,.. (;c.„. Dahlgreu kill^dhrthe exSion!'
u iiiiiu I wo niiies
lir
ORE A T IIISTORrcA I. K VENTS
Gol'''ir!i,!:T^Ii;'T,,^!f''iH'''''''"'™™'^^''' Louisiana was inai.gunited, wifli
000
nED KIVEU EXPEDITION.
Marcli.— Ad Porter's cxpt'ditinn sailwi up tlip Rod River to Vlpxandri'i
cap urn., on the way Fort De Knssa, with tc^ ,n,n., and^!] pri;'^ nl^
15th ^^--TJie President calls for 2(>0,()0() more men to be drafted April
March 16.— Arkansas votes to become a free Slate.
'! -, ■~'^''-^'»'^'^"'^ surrendered to Porter without a struiigle 586
United Stit'er^™' ^""'^ '^^^"•"^■'^ "I'in. eomniuHd of all the armies of" the
rebei'ueu~ T7jS?r"'' °^ ^''°' ^'^''''' ^"- ^'™- ^"""^'^ ^"^^'^'^ 'i'^f^at the
soWi'^^'f^T'^"""'''^' ''■'"' '•'" <"'i^»»ft. Government officials, and a band of
soldier took possession of Monterey, and established .he naiu.nal capitol
Aprd 4.— Gen. Steele attacked by Kirliv Smith, at Jenkins' Ferrv Ark
wuu .\ loss ot i,6m men and three Generals gg-
^ April 4-23.— New York Sanitary Commission Fair, receipts" over 11,000,-
Apiil 8.— Defeat of Gen. Banks at Sabine Cross Roads by Kirby tmith.
9.— Smith repulsed by 1 : ks at Pleasant Hill jgg
■c " ,^~ r:^"*^ Pillovy Massacre under orders of the notorious ffuerrilhi
Forrest wliuli «as a relentless and wholesale murder of colored m.,,, women'
and eiiildren, by the mos' cruel and savage means, many Iving fastened in
the tents and burned al.ve, and the wound,..} an.l suk were made to .stand
up and be shot down like .attic; the only plea being that the loyal white
Southerners wer- " home-made Yankees," and the colored troo])s "niggers "
April 10 —Porter's ticef aground in Red River by low water \ ..-,86
•.u'^ „^1!~?'^J''""'"''. ^- <^-. ><"rren<lered to the rebels by Gen. Wessels
with 1.600 prisoners, 25 guns, ,in,l valuable stores .5g6
April 24.— Banks defeats the reli.'ls under Gen. Bee at Crane River .586
'' 28— \Va-hiiig(on, \. C. evacuated bv Union troops; the ram .•!«(«-
»l«W<' controls the Sound. '
SIIERM,N~ OliAXn M.VRril.
May. -Sherman beiran V'< march to the s,.,i throuirh the heart of the South
He swept ev,TvthinLH)ef(ii, liim^ Atl:ml:i laiieii and l.urnrd; Fort Me Vllister
captured; .Sav.u.niili almndoned I)y th, ('.,nfVderales and taken; Columbia
S ( ., Imrne,!, an.l Raleigh, X. (•., t„U,.,i; the (■onf,.d,.rate ;innv under .John
scmsuirend.THig at the latter pjaer (•li;ni. ,.„n also ,.v;irual.'d after a siege
01 i)4J (lavs '^
siiKinrvN hkkoiu; ati.anta.
May. -Gen Slierinan, with 1,)0,(H)() m.^n, comprising the armv ..f tl„. Cum-
ber ami under Gen_ Thomas ,|„. armv of Tenn'ss.,,. ,T,.i,.r (}" i \ ,.|'h,.r on
and the army ot the Ohio under Gen. Schotield, together with 5,54 pk^es of
1864.
^ - - i~i r „
GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS.
IWA
artilk'ry, began tlic campaign against Atlanta, flir rebel army opposing hi,,,
under Gen. J. Joiiiiston, nunil)ere(l 60,000. \va.s divided into three eorus led
by Generals Hardee, Hood, and Polk. '
.May 2.— t ol. Bailey build.s dams acro.ss Red River, and l)y raisintr the
water, saves Porter's entire tleet •' r.M«
-May 4. — Gen.
*lie .Iame.s
5«6
.—Gen. ISutler, in co-operation with Gran', occupied City Point up
L',s Kiver, and began intrenchments, while t'ol. West with a civalrv
lorce, moved up the north bank and occupied Bermuda Hundred.
May 4. —Grant's army cros.ses the Itapidan 5^7
" 5 —Sea-fight in Albemarle Sound with the ram Albemaik\ which is
driven off.
B.\TTLE OF THE WILDERN"ES=
Mays.— The battle of the Wilderness began. This was the longest and
most terrible engagement of the war. lasting from the oth to the 21st with
^!'il^^ \\? ''o'l'/'rinies. Tiif weaih.T was intensely hot, the air still and
stilling. Ihe thickets caught tire, and amid the fearful carnage and din of
war. tiie flames added fresli horror to the terrible scene. The siiioke and heat
blinded and nearly suffocated the soldiers, who fought and fell amid the
trainplmg legions which swept over them in their mad furv, leavinir them to
the mercy of the flames. '
asrertained^^'^'"'" iL'p<»ted the Union loss at 39,791. The rebel loss was not
May 7.— Sherman advances from Chattanooga on his Atlanta campaign.
9.— Gen. McPherson forces his way through Snake Creek Gap
■KtS „^^-^™- ^^"i" ^'^'■^^'-'^ at Wytherville by a heavy force under John
morgan ^^
May. -Gen. Crook repulsed by Gen McCausland near Dublin Station. .590
10.— Johnson evacuated Dalton, and retreated to Re.saca 591
TT. ". "" — Slieridan's raid to the enemy's rear, destrovinc- ten miles of fhA
Virginia Central liiilroad and a large ,iui(iitity of supSTni'Hl^ i' n. 4W
prisoners. Reaching he first line of works^aroun'^ Richmond, !,ecnfoua-
tered the enemy and killed their General, Stuart. i^ulouut
May 15. -Engagement between Gen. Sigel and Gen. Brerkenridee who
)nimanded a large force. Sigel was defeated and (Iriven to CvE^r^k
sing 700 men, 6 guns, and a part of his train 599
May 1 ,1 -Battle of New .Market. W. Va. Sige; defeated.
—Banks' troops defeat the rebels at Aroyelle's l^airic. La
" — Jcilinston evacuates Resaca and retreats in the night io Oostenaiila
River, pursued by tlu; Union army. "= i" v^usienauia
May 16. --Butler attacked Beauregard at Dniry's Bluff and was driven into
his intrenchments with a loss of 4,0{»() men. "riven inio
May 19.— Howard's forgtd proclamation for 400,000 troops apijcared.
21.— Grant advances toward Riciimond to the Xortli Anna.
" 215-24.- Grant crosses the Xorth .\ ma. Lee still retiring.
"OQ __<;,, j,j ,,,„j ^ f..^y.^] . (,„„airement with Fitzhugh Leo and
routed him, with a loss of yOO to the rebels. '•"",-," iac ana
M,ay 28. -Attack of Jolinston upon .McPherson at Dallas Johnston
repulsed with a loss of ;V'<H) '"'■ Jouusion
TlTi" 'It <',.1.I II....l..._ ;.. 11..., . , •'"
lYInj ..{.-........ ....:...,.. -.,,^,; :,.. -;:;;i-;;;.;u OSb
com
lo:
cavTrVul^i^Wal SZS^'^TV^' 'f °' ^^"^ ''^"" -"ts a body of
prisoiK-rs. ii'iinpton, at Ircvillmn Statu,.., tuki.ig several hundred
Moraii:^'SSa-'^!;;;-^Allatoona Pas, and falls back to Kenesaw
^ "ATT ,E AT COLD IIAIIBOR.
costof 2':^0";Sn -^'"^^^"^'^^^■"ff'fe'^ the enemy and hold their ground at a
wSe^i^!t^-^S en|S.e'SU^;?^C;^- -S ^^ ^^^
Tv^ K*^i;;.;^^:;i^5:r:;^,;'?:;;;KS^^uuS ---ter with oen.
r ^?rf ^-r !^"!^:^ .-'!'!! ™ «- :^- ^M a ^^'ss^j/'^^
prilZrl:-^'"- ^"^'^™°" '"'^'^'^ ^''^'S^^ «t Cynthiana, recapturing n^ny
^T' J!~''lr^r"* ?'"'T ^"' """^' "~ ""-' «°"'^ «'de of James River,
trf.— I'ugitive slave law repi'ahi
;; 14.-Engagement between Sherman and Johnson. Gen. Polk killed
—Sherman still advancing. "-"leu.
their woSr'^'"'" "^ ^"'" ^^^°»"''"n- S^'erman drives the rebels back to
by'^the'rei,:;;.^'^'^' ^"'"-^ ««^^*'"^^^- P"««'^«'^. P'aced under fire at Charleston
GRANT AT PETERSBURG
bevy lo», to ,te Union side, .nd So .dKmC gS. . !^ . ^. °'". 58§
SIEGE OK PETEHSBURG.
repZJl^hS "^'rZ^Sen'^.^'T' ''''''' P^l^->^-^S. and is again
T.ine IS TT ;■ . ""'^'"^'^"''^I'wl l^'s -'"-..ly, ana besieged the city. 5H9
tiia'iS;;/ ;S.i'K'&jj'^fi '::!' «"'^'"^ 'i •'^•"^■">- ->"^«-"» "'
to Jleadow Bluir ii. W v' ' *''""l'ly pursued accross the AlieghanV
rm
"KEAR9ARGE" SINKS TUE "AI,\B\MV "
France Aflei ■ ,, l '.nrl ^ •'' '''""■•^"'•.'/''. v'apt. \Vins!..w, off Vhi'vlmiv^
^<',.^...,, Ti;,. J/!^:;. ';';,, ,:,S'' '^''^i-'' ""■ hh.m. yacht
pail of her ci-ew sh,. ,),,) "^ """'< "i-"<'l, 1 he Aw,- „.,/,. ,,„ke(i up a
ni-rtally wo,„,ded. ''" '' '"•"' '" ""-' '"''""• ■""! '"•< o»e was
June 33.-E.,.a.icipatic.u an;:;,:!;;,:^;- ;u;,,,i,;;,^- ^^ ;;^- ; -; - ^^;_^;^
GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS.
365
1864. .Iiine-,>-^. — I{utl(T occupi.d Deep Hot torn, ten miles from Kicluiiond and
throws ii pontoon hridfT,. ,,v,.r tlic .Jamus iit that pomt.
Juuu 24.— Maryhuid Constitutional Convention adopts emancipation clause.
20.— Slioridan has a successful cavalry tight on the Peninsula.
27.— Tiionias and .McPliennn repul.scd at Kenesaw, by .lohn.ston's
forces, with heavy loss. Gens, llarker and McCook among the kille-i. . .591
June 28.— Wilson and Kautz attacked, and their troops di.spersed at Double
Ridge, oil Xottoway River.
CHASE RESIGNS.
June 30.— Salmon P. Chase resigned his post as Secretary of the Treasury
after a laithful and wonderfully successful discharge of the auties of the
o*ce 593
early's raid.
July 2.— Early caused Sigel to retreat from Martinsburg to Maryland
Heights, leaving heavy stores behind.
July ;i— Sherman occupies Marietta and Kenesaw .All., having flanked
Johnston, and compelled him to evacuate 592
July 5-13.— Early's raid into Maryland.
9.— Jolin.«ton retires to OpeHka, and is soon superseded by flood who
assumes the olfensive , ' ggo
July 9.— Attack of the rebels upon Gen. Tallaco near Frederick who was
forced to retreat.
July 10.— Rousseau, with 2. .i)0 men, moves into Alabama on a raid.
Reb. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson approaches 1 Itimore, robbing a Philadel-
phia mail-train and the passengers 7 _ ^90
July 12.— Early's entire army within six miles of Wa.shino'ton ' A skir-
mish ensues, and discovering the Union forces :o be non; than double 1 is
own, he retreats across the Potomac with a vast amount of plunder .590
slsiipj;.'^'''''"^'""' ^"''"' ''''^'"''^^ ^"'^'"' """'^ others in Ave battles in Mis-
.July -,5.-Six steamers, worth $300,00G, burned at St. Louis by incendi-
cenr'^ l^'-C^old about this time at its highest in New York, viz., 284 per
July 17 —Hood succeeds .Tohnston in command at Atlanta.
-Jacques and Gilmore in Richmond vainly suing for peace,
in Alab'in~^°^'^^'^" destroys an immense value in railroads and provisions
IsIanlfFilrd"^'"'' "^^"S*'*' fo"«^'i°g 'D Pur«»5t of Early, was repulsed n...n-
gull's'^ ~*''~'^""'"''' '*''^*^"'' adivisioa of Early's command, and capt; ires foiir
rroon'H defeat.
July 2(t, -Hood, with his entire army, as.sailed Sherman live miles from
Atlanta and was vigorously repulsed, with a los^ of 5,(t()(), ineludin.-- several
Generals. I niou loss 2,500 51^0
. •'"'>■ -'-'■,— ^'i''^"^ publication of -tatements concerning the "Order of Amer-
ican knights.
366
1864.
GREAT lILSTOIilCAL EVENTS.
July 2--',— Sliciinaii udvaiiccd t,, wii.iin u\n iiiilus of Atlanta 593
1 • ,.-, ~''"'"' "i"'^*-''* •' -TiiiKl attack iii)()n ISiiorman without siutpsx
osmg 12,o00 men. 18 stand of colors, and 5.1)00 small arms. Uu on o ' 3 T-'l'
•Itidmr- Gen. McPhcrson aiiionj,^ the killed 592
Av/!.!ii~'^.~^'"''^';,^'"'." '^"'"'' *'"■•■''' '""^ "P"n tl'« foonVof Crook and
1-n! Mulh'an"^' "'"" """ ^^^''''J'""'!' ^^'"^ '^ '"«« of 1 200 men, including
^ •■-•• fjO) )
und^.Vi.nvu^'^^.''*^'"'"^''"'' '■'■^'i-' !'''' I'^^'om-if; 'i"'l approached c'hamberslm%"
July 30.— Explasion of a mine under the rebel works of Petersburg result-
wfrs'"dSstrnn'''H'"'TV'.' ">''>'^'^°° «• =^"" >"-'• but which bfought a
n^wpVfL.-i^ 7°° *'"'. V""". f°''''^' ''•''''•^' attempted crossing the crater;
4,400 were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. ^ >^ ^' ,
farkagut's figiit in mobile bay.
Aug 5.— Commodore Farraffut's splendid achievement in Mobile Bay He
mlenced the forts at the entrance of the Bay, fought the whole Confederate
fleet, and captured the monster ram nnne.see, with her attendants. Forts
Morgan and Games soon a It er capitulated.
tJ^^Sv/— Averill totally defeats JlcCausland and other rebels at Moorefield
west Virgmia. '
Aug. 7.— Gen. Sheriian takes command of the Middle Department. . . 590
8.— Fort Gaines, at Mobile, surrendered to Farragut and Granger
10. — Canal at Dutch Gap, below Richmond, begun.
J. ," 18.— Battle at Reams' Station. Warren holds liis position on the rail-
Aug. 23.— Fort Morgan, at Mohih surrendered to F i ragut and G-anger.
—The 5th Illinois captured by Shelby near Little Rock, Ark. . .587
25.— Second battle at Reams' Station— the rebels win.
31. — McClellan nominated for President at Chicago 593
EVACrATIOX OF ATLANTA.
Atig 31.— Hood hastily evacuated Atlanta, blowing up magazines and
stores, de,troymg seven locomotiv<s and 81 cars, and a large amount of cct-
^°° 592
Sept. 4.— The guerrilla, Morgan, hot by Gilman's men at Greenville East
1 ennes.see.
Sept. 2— Sherman's united forces ocriipv Atlanta, and he orders a removal
ot the citizens cither North or South, as tUey should j)refer.
Sept. 16.— Rebels drive 3,500 cattle safe off from behind Gen. Kautz's lines.
KAni.v's ITETURAT.
Septula —Battle on the Opequan Creek, near Winchester, between Sheri-
rian and Early, and pncipit.ile retreat of Early through Winchester to Fisher's
"111, leaving behind iiis dead and w.Mindcd, and nearly ;{,0()() prisoners with
live pieces of artillery and nine l.attle tlags, Tli,. l-nion loss was .•ibout 8 000
including Gen. David A. Kussell killed. 1 lie rebels lost two (Jenerals. .'."596
^Sept. 19. —Lake Erie sU'amers, Parsons and Inland Queen, seized by
H
Sept 22 — iSIiLTidan pursued Early, and ag 'n routed liim at Fisher's flill
BATTLE AT PILOT KXOB.
nn^*'P^'^'~^™^-'";"'";*^9A""- Ewn- at Pilot Knob with a force of 10-
000. L\ying, luving but 1,200 men, stoutly resisted hini till ni-lit when h.-
blew up Ins works and retreated to Hob;., 'price n.oved North and was foU
lowed by A. J. Smith, Anlh 0,000 men ...... 587
Sept. 29.— Battle of Chapin's Farm, uear James River; rebel works taken
mond. withlPfl^'i'gS""^ ''"^ '''"■■"""• "''' "' '"^ °"'P«-^'^ '' ^^-^•
six^milei"^'*"'*' °^ ^'^^^^ '^^^ Mountain. Torbert chasing Ro:sser twenty-
A 9^\- ^•— S'leridan attacked by Ro.sser with a large body of cavalry but he
for 20 miles" '"^^ prisoners and 11 guns, causing him to flee rapidly
Oct. 12.-Death of Roger Brooke Taney, C;hief-Justice of the United States
Hewasappomtedtothishigboince by President Jackson, as successor to
Chief -Justice Marshall in 1836. which oftice Le held until his death
oto
BATTLE AT MARAI8 DES CLONES.
Rir^nl''H'^'''^°A^''''' « •? PleaP-nton and the united forces of Curtis on the
Si. . . 'T'.^';'!-. .^™' '■""^'^^ ^"'^ ^""^ ^iouthward, pursued by Pleasan^
^^She.idan visits Washington, leaving' 'idV "army" under' ' command '^of
590
BATTLE OP CEDAR CREEK.
Oct. 19.— Early being heavily reinforced, hearing of Sheridan's abspncp
Sk du r.tlieTlht'"^'lr"['' r 1 '''''''"^ '"^^ Cniorc^ips at Cedar
i^rvPli nrf ■ ? , , '^' ^'"5'^'' °f ^"13% under a dense fog, with a deafen-
ing veil, and amid the blaze and crash of 10,000 muskets he cantnred tt?p
criS'i,c'tm"rthS''*^" '"■"•^"^'^ ? confusion'Sre'r Hne'Tba
WnVht L 1™ The army pursued to th.3 third position, o, < upied bv Gen
Sktheenemvwer?n f h''''-''''"\,°^ !'>° lugitive army, 'himself retreating
»vuiic me enemy were plundering Ihe deserted camps . 590
baU'vf ~^''''°' '''^"^^ ^'■°"' Canada rob banks and citizens 'at's't'. ' Al-
SIIEniDAN's RIDE.
nn? wJV~^''V'"'- ?-^ ^"""^ Washington. Gen. Sheridan .slept a* Winchester
lue soui. 1 ot battle, and soon met the tivina fugitives of his arniv .■'iittin^
h arte ':.;f' T'' ''' r''^''^'^ "'" f'-'"'"'' ''^- '« -^- M.. and cl ee"^g h 'S
v^ 7^^:^ r' ^"'\'''^«"™":''- "f -'K'cess. and assuring them bv 1 ipre -
tnce. the retreat^.ng and <'restfallen armv i.rnorl and w-re su,!d<.-nlv tr ns
formed luto valtant soldi.Ts -a^er f,.r-victorv. At .3 i- m 1 e nler w is'
f;,^T"., :Ti"" '\'l''' ^'"'":' """^ to a.lvance. In" an ins, „ . i nio ve wi iy
mus^e v^ Fa Hn f^'Y '.r^'"'""' '"''^'' '' tremendous fir,, of nrti e, y ,?1
musketry . i alhug back, they were again roused to one grand overwliJlming
'11
I
' Ml'
notable vuctoiy closed tlie ^.•ar iu Shenamloah Valley. . . ... ^ "■ ^rm
i„„^^''' ~f'-— f'"'ce again routed l>v Pleasanton ^t .Wirias dcs Cunnfo .il;-
leaving 8 guns. 1,000 p.lsone-s, two Generals, and other omcers.^^.'..os7
LIEUTEXANT CISIIIXg's FEAT.
Oct. 21 —lieM mm Albemarle, .estro,i,d in the Roanoke bv a tornedo whiVh
heT. caned to S.:'-'l-''n-'^' ""'•^",' "' ".'■'■• '"'" *'^'""'""^ ^«i «.Kta j'^jf.^
ae escaped to tlie Lniou vessels I'l liie oiling ^ iog
Oct. 31 . -Pl^ n , .uth retaken by a fleet under Com. McComb." ." .* ." .' . .' ." .' .' .' 586
uxiox srrPLiEs huuxei).
so^villi" Tenn^" Tho".P.fr't ""^r ^■•'^«^■l^"".''•■ '"""unt of |l,oOO,000 at John-
sonviiit, lenn. Hie store budduigs took tire from the Union vpsspk whi,.h
were burned to prevent their capture by the enemy. ! ...!!.''. .592
Nov. 8.— McClellan resigns his commission.
linxoln's ue-election.
Nov. 8.— Abraham Lincoln was elected by an overivhelminff miioritv to «
S?.V£™Vl!i''j^?!'ilf\^°''°g 'l!-'='.'-'y four to one in hisfavor-the Republican
platform being " The Re-establishnu
Dc^cratic piatforn. ^v^ith MK^MLi^n^-I^SS'^^clSl^'Xe'seS^
ation of the Lnion or Us re-establislnnent with slavery. . ^593
■!l°Ti, ^1-— *^:'''-'''"'''^" ■'*'^"t '"^ ^^^^ message by the tclpffranh connprt'ino-
tTere 1 /^"'"'i T'^'f- ""' 'ff ''"'■ ""'' '"^ved from A^k seatte nf
fte h^ ilTr' 'r^'""" '"?'• ••'"'' ''•■'-"■.'.ying the railroads, and subs sting upof
the^nnuied territory, and acrunuilating sion-s for the future supply of his
nn?F!'n.nf'~\r"'''"" "V^""' inrendiarips fire several hotels in New York
and Barnuin s Museum, but forlunately without success.
Nov. 30.— Battle of Franklin, Tenn. Hood attacks Schofield and 'ifter 1
ft'tPn p"' r^'w^^r """''l "''" ^'•^•"'";'-^ '"'•' ^^"^"^'^'^ nmskets.'the ba Ue cased
Dec. 1.— Hood prepares for siege before Nashv:
ille.
SLAVT;RT AliOLISnED.
JnP.tn.i^f"'''^'' Thirtopiiih Amendment to the Constitution passed abolish-
ing and forever prohibiting slavery throuLdiout tli.> United States
Ta'!ey, !ti["["" ^- '^^^''^'*-' ='l'P"i"^''<» Chief-Justice in place of Roger B.
wiUuh,> rtm'^'!'^'!"":''' """"''''""''^^ beleuguered, and Sherman communicates
' .'i'l.'*
Dec. l:i.— Capture of Fort :\[cAllisfer
" 1.1-Hl.— Hattleof N':isjivi!i
Thoni.is, lied in dismay, pursued by Wilson's cavalry
Dec. ^0. —Evacuation of Savannah by Harden
59,-)
'. Hood's army, fatally defeated by Gen
ly \V ilson s cavalry.
595
H!
1864.
1865.
CAPXrUK ^)\ SAVAX.NAII.
!)(■(• 23.— SluTinaii ontcrs Savannah with hi.s army ..nd captures "5 000
the news to President Lmcohi a.s a Christnius present to the Lation" "95
se^;: 42; wui;^l^eR:!;^i:g;' cietSl^hi;;. southwestern Virginia, has a
pr^^tJJi^'^vol^*'''''"^'^ '"" "' ''''''^ '""^ -'^'^ -'- P-
Dec. 24-2.J.— Butler and Porter attack Fort Fisher, N. C., in vain
War between Ecuador and Spain.
InfpTri^iSs'"'"'^"' °^ ^^"^ Republican forces in Mexico, under Diaz, to the
War declared by the Argentine Republic against Paraguay.
FBEEDMEN'S BCREAC.
E,stablishment Of the Frecdmen's Bureau, an organization to nrotect the
liberated slaves, the refugees from the tvranny of the secessionists and for
^e further protection of the rights of Government property and of 'the loya
people in the South, and e pecTally for the education and protecUon of the
minder. '"''■ '^'°- ^''""' ^^ "°^''^'* "PP°'°'^d its head, or chfef com
Jan. 8.— Blair and Singleton -isit Richmond to treat for peaca
of thr2'd;^?s"'3'fL°! ^"r ^'fe^to.Gen. Terry, after a terrible resistance
woindTngf^ oTtV 'victors'"!!'. .''r."!':f "^ °/. .^^^ ^^'^'^'^/^ ^^^ ^^
wItT ^^— ®^''™'1" «ets apart lands for freedmen from ' Charies'ton south-
BOMBARDMEXT OF WILMINGTON.
teiiMe?rp""fS'"^i°°- ^rSl- ■'surrendered to Gen. Terry, after suffering a
2W UiiSnkL nlr '■ r Vn^ """^^ '"°™'"S ^^'^ magazine blew up. killing
■iwj cniouists and wounding 100 more. f &
grSo^iVirs^au?^""'""*' amendment abolishing slavery submitted by c.a-
Feb. 1.— Sherman leaves Savannah and starts nonuward 595
3.— President'.s conference with rebel commissioners.
SrRRE.NDER OF COLUMBIA.
hvS,^^"^"'""'!"''' ','"' ''^11'''''^' "f South rarolma, surrendered to Sherman
befo, 1. ll'tf T,?''' , ''^"^ ^^'"'" "'""I""" -"■"'■"^^ «'-^^ to the stores of cotton
■I < r t o t ni, of', ""•:' Y''"' <'';".""""i<-"«l '•>• a li'gh wind to the citv.anri
o".m ■< w 1 1 '!*;■> '".!'"'' '" "P"*-" "^ ^^"^ ^'^^''^ "^f the Union soldi.rs
10 pieveut <he spread ol tlie llaiuco 595
SIUKVC.VDER OP CHARLESTON.
forn''. !r7n^r-T^''' "*' 7!^"'"^"'" ''.V its Mayor, with all its surrounding
in . M, V ^V "'T''' '""' • V"'<'."P"""" t^'^t' ''>■ ■'' '•"'"'•e.l n-iment. war
' 1 P ^h V w 1 "'?"'"■"] ;""' '"■''.'■■"^^ "»^' ^^^'ti'">a! Hag. The -reater portion
s i'f ,n7;r ''"^^'."^T'' ''>;'•" tin. tVo,„ tl„. l.n-nin.^ eol.on. whi.h the reh-
killo,! 'li'- explosion of large quantities of powder. 200 persons w
Feb. Iti
evacuated
•,'-1
ere
595
-(Jen. Schofield cajjtured Fort Anderson. Georgetown hastily
.506
I
^^^' defSs-s.Sobnr' ^'^°^'' '^'^P'"'"''' '^P""''*'' J^'ort and Fort Blakcly, the
retSs'in tii7ni!ff °^ ^^'''■''''■"'""■"' •'^'- ^' "'^'•'•™ withstands Sherman, hut
Kiniuiiipiition iinK'n<lmeut tliiis far udopted by 16 States'. ''
Manli 19-20. -Hat tie at Hentonville, X. ('. Jolinst.m, with his whole
army attack a <uvis,„n of Shermaifs army, under Hlocum. Johnston hastily
retreated durinu: the nii,dit of the 2(»tli j-(,|.
Mareh 22.-Gen.;i hoinas sends a lar-e force of cavalry, under (Jen. Jame.s
H. Wilson, to raid in Northern Alabama. They aUacked Forrest at Hoyle's
Creek and completely routed him 596
March 27.— Sherman turns over his wliole army to Schotield and hastens
to City Point to consult with President Lincoln and Gen Grant. . . .596
DAVTS FLEES FROM RICHMO.VD.
April 2.-Last grand assault of the Armv of the Potomac upon the Con-
federate forces under Gen. Lee, during which the rebel Gen. Hill was killed
A tek^g^am the sjitne day from Gen. Lee to Jeff. Davis reached him while in
churci;, stating that Richmond must be evacuated that evening, sent conster-
naUon throughout the city, and Davis tied to the South, closely followed by
FALL OF KICHMOND.
^,APy'' •1t^'^'^'"°"^^' ^?"' ^^^P'*^' °* *^^ Confederate States, surrendered
K-4 PL J<[fferson Davis, the Confederate President, and commander-in-
chief of the Southern armies. The city was evacuated by night and on the
morning of the third, Gen. Weitzel, with a colored brigade entered the city
and planted the Stars and Stripes ui)on every prominent point The morn
ing of the 4th President Lincoln arrived, and leadinir his little son by the
hand, walked from the boat-landing to Gen. Weitzel's headquarters ' The
coloreu people thronged about him, blessing him as he passed, and he was
joyful y received by the remaining white people— the rebel element leavine
with the C onfederate army. °
LEE PURSUED.
Sheridan and Meade pursued Lee, who was fleeing with the remnant of hiq
army toward Danville.
April5.— Selma, Ala., captured with large stores, 2,700 prisoners and 32
guns. Forrest and Rhoddy escaping in the night.
SHERro.iN CAPTURES LEE'S FORCES.
Apri'i 6.— Sheridan attacked a portion of Lee', forces near Sailor's Creek
capturing 16 pieces of artillery, and a train of 400 wagons and hcinr rein-
forced, a wneral attack was made, which resulted in a oecided defeat of the
enemy and a capture of C.OOOor 7,000 prisoners, with Gens. Ewell and Custis
and several other oflicers of rank. '
April 7.— Grant demands a surreicder of the Southern army.
!'. 8.— Meade and Sheridan continue the pursuit of Lee, and capture his
provision train and 2o jjieces of artillery, intercepting his flight.
president's address.
April 9.— Address at the E.xecutive Mansion, in Washington of President
Lincoln, to a vast concourse of people, on the reconstruction of the Govern-
ment.
ORE A T msTORTCA L E VENTS.
371
1865.
April !>.— Last charffo of the .l..f,...t, i
ern army uader (ica. tjobert E. i^^ u::^(,T^^^^ "' '"^ «°"'h.
Anrii 11 «, , ""•"^'-°- l^- ^- <"antatAppomat.
Apnl ll.-B ockadc changed by procla.na.iou ,o 1...,! closure of , ,
Mareh,^-^-^^^ '-P« -- Mo.i,, the siege'' ^^^^Lll^'lee
Apnl I3.-Montgo,„ery surrendered to Wilson
order. puUin. a "S'ti^f Iml" r'SS' ';"' "'■"■"""•>■ ^^ ^- 'o issue an
^^-^^anJannouaced tl. ^V^-^l^'S^^nT^^ZZ^^-il^^^L ^Z
Anderson, who had so valiantly defended i^ilsoi. ^^ ' ^""^^ ^"""^ ^'^l^"'
April 14 _J^^"'^SI^'ATIOX OF ABRAILVM LIXCOLN
S^-'^i^^S^v-^-™
atten(5edbytheablestme.icalskino n ? 7^'"" Government. H,/ vvas
or con^riousness the g wt br rn who In'''/''' '''" """"ng could awake to life
by th, ,tal messenix^T of de' .r \ 'r ?"'' "'""■'^''t ^™« forever sUled
en-njk. trage,lyover^tlem;;; of wirff '■"'''"'"" ^I^*^^ '"« news of ,h
to the other, there went m, o ,> nniJ^ '/™"J •'"^' <^"'' of "»« vast republic
anguish from the hea^ of i^ts lovTmm- "' «"'! Prolonged wail of grTeKd
of Abraham Lincoln^s du ful Sild in°°'' ^^'^"'o^'ed and revered Uien<ame
honored parent. ^^cverhcfaloJ ■ •"^^'e'-f' »1h' name of a beloved ,nd
overwhelmed with 2^H at the de.th'or''' "'"''^" "" "'"'•''''■ >^o ^P ete ly
caused by th.- fall of their.",". ■ , L "^ •'">' ">''n-n.ler or civilian-as tha^
with tears, and a universal n.Il';:^' ™"'^ ""'" '^''^P' ^^ho were unacninin pH
the cIou,ly curtain wl Li/ ,fiJm"f r^n"^^ "f'"'^ "^ '"^ whole Jl-ielke
the Saviour: for, to miMions nf o . • . noonday sun at the Cnieitixlon n?
a cruel bondage 'as wdirtLsa'iou"''oM^^^ '" "="' ''""" '^ ''•■'^'Ter f om
destrayers. There wa.s not hamH so nn li ''"""''•'' *'""'» '''«^ ''"'"1^ of i^
to the sorrowful tidings witl 1 e^m ,1" "nf ' "■" '■''I"«te that did not respond
seemed almost to vie with each Vh^rnA ■ "?"n'-nin,?. and citi.-s and towns
orators and poets g:u.. eru o thJ n' ''' "?'""'" ^''^ funereal pomp The
mes of eloquent eulogy an neauredn';rr:"'/P'"' «^'''»Jness in lengtheiid
took up the refrain. °^ nieasurtd metre of mournful song, and all hearth
"^ wl; l^inu ""'''" '^•inhood. down,
VV e bl ndly question, wliv ?
(I
372
GREAT UlSToiilc.xi, FA'HSTSi.
'"■iii-in- a PKscrinrioi, fm,„ hi. , N«.ml „„,|,.r ,„-,.t,.n.s(" of
.•^c'wanisM„/Mt,h,.',i, . M ;^^^::;;';.;^;;^^'''''•'^' 'v' "'"""''"' ■^''••
H'Vfral tinu.. I„.i,„v ].,. \vMs nw;.l ■ V ' ' ,' '"' '"''' '""' ^"''""■'' '"'"'
^va:< i..,,,n,,l tlmt it w as ; r^M. f ;, ,, ,', •' '"-':"niat.„n ..„mi..,I wh,.,! it
Govemnu.nt. '" "'^"^ '""' '^'^ t"'"'"' '""1 take violent ,,o.s.sc.s,sio,. of the
Stmif ^^-^"'^-'S"^^"'"" <'f An.hvw Johnson as President of the United
April IC— Columbus tulccn hv Wilson
-West Point, ui.i, it. Harrison, captured by I.i Grange 596
snKUMAx's n: vci-
sruni-xnF.R of JtACON
w^r™nei^||'^S'l];,,;!:i[<^ -•' ^~^^
C VTTraE OF BOOTH.
den'wii'f °''' ''""^'"•■'' '" •■' ''^'^ '" V-ffi"-- -d, refu..in;, to snrren-
591
.JOnN-STON'8 SURRENDER.
ar#';;;:^TL^'™l^„;::o?LeeSuSe:'"' '^'^''»°^""^°* Of Johnston's
LOSS OF THE "srLT\.\\ "
2Am^ 28.-Steamer SulUma b. e.l near MJn,phi,.. 1,500 souls lost out of
^^^r^<^V^^^ "'■^^^'■'■" ^^--S™"- R'Tubllc. Un.guay, and
3Iay 4.-Surrender of g". n. Di.k Taylor to Gen. Canby.
9.-Ass.ssins of r^Ir, Lincoln put uixm trial at Washington.
f-^PTt-RE OF .rKFF. DAVrs
g'^'w !ii;!;^f:'^V?i:^^.-';:|,^'-''7';, •T<«T.Tson Davis, near Irwinsville.
^^ ^ r.RAN-n HKV)r.v.- of TttE AR\n-.
the ^n^idenrS^ rllli;;! t'"' p' ' "' ^'^^^'ii"^^"" P"^« i" grand review before
r.„„..i.. •""• <'''""et, toremn .Ministers, and a vast concourse of
599
people
,, _ *"^^'- WIlTIl's Stl!Ui;N-DEIl.
Can^.tT^^r^'' "*■ ^'■"- ^"'''"' ^""^ I"« -"tire command, to Gen.
men, into Brazos. ^"P^™! loicc, drove Col. Barrett, with a. lo.ss of 80
<;HKAT IlLSTUlilCAL EVENT8.
1865.
.'^73
1
tions!^' -** -^''■•^^^''''^^"' •'"'"-'■' Vn,.Mm. a„ amnesty with 14 .lifTuront cxcep-
May 30. -Second Sanitary Fa.r at Chicago. V fund rai.scd of |.'00,000.
IILUNINU t V UNION .ST()UE8
..Sh'iiVSXSand'p^,::;;""- •^"--« -^^^ - '- tnimon doHa.
Ti'/au'lion •"~^''' ''■'"' '"'■' ^■'^■'^'"'- ^'''^'^^•"^ I'^i'^'ly "^'^"Pied by Admiral
June 28.-UP to thi.s date the pirate Slunandoak had destroyed 10 whalers
Trade re.stnction.s removed and blockade ended.
HA.\(iI.\(i OK THE A.SS.v.^.SINs
imprisoned for life. ' '- ''''"SK-r. and McLaughlin,
July 13.— Barnums Museum, New York, destroyed by fire
Aug. 15.-Wirz, keeper of Andersonvill.; prison," put upon nial
M.s,s...is>ppi nullifie<l secession ordinance and accepted emancipation
Stt^- '•*-"^''«-'' I^'Ji'i" CW^'f-^ sign treaty of loyalty with the United
slave?;^- aboIi;led"' ^"°' '^''^''^ "'^' ^'''^'^ °^dinance and declared
^T- -^-^^■^^'■•'^^ Convention recognized emancipation
rights ofThenegro.^'"""'''^'' "^ ^^^'^^^'^iPPi. recognized by proclamation the
Un'^t^d i^r"" "' ''"'■■ ^""""^^"'^ "- P'-^^ ^'— ^^ to the
in^-^a^?:^S'>m;rrjSlSrrXl"S ^°'^' •'^"'^'''"^^ ^'"-^
W?n-en'^~'^''-'- ^^'^'"''^'"^ •■^"'' -^'-hcr prominent rebels released from Fort
guS^iki.;;;^^[i; LouiSr"'"''-'" """^ '" ^'^^^^^^^^ "»'i ^^'^s^^d.r the
^.f o-'~Jfr'f ^"'"^ '^'"^''■'^^ '^"^'■•^ •« I^-^^tucky by the President.
.o.-Florula annulled the secession ordinance
theMerscy and surrcn.^lmi t^ uii^jiw! Go"";;,^ """^"^ '^"^"'^'^ '"
lO.-Wirz executed at ,;,. old Capitol prison.
nee 1 "u ■.""!• ?'r""" "■'"'"' ""' <'""^'i'"tional Amendme-
ident '" "^ ^""'"' '""■^'"^ '■'■^^'"•'■'' i" ""■ Xorthern States .. the Pres-
Dee. 3.-Alabanu rati.lcd the Anti-slavery Ameudment,
- 4.-Geor,ria .Icclatv.l slavc^v abolished, and nullilied her war debt.
■ .6.— iioiiUa declared .«Jave. abolished.
I
I
V
374
18»l.->
1866.
1837.
OJIKAT HlSTOnirAr KVEXTS
I).', ^.s Fiori,,,, r,,iiii,.,l .1... Thirtr. ,.11.- Amrn-imcnf
Sou'li;: ''-''^•''■^'^>-«'"- i-nuu for ,i„. pro,..,.,io„ .,f loy.,1 ntizen. in the
Jan. ■i^-Fn. S..l.,„,l bUi ,,,,f.,,„,,, ;„ ,^^ Tonnosseo S<-natr..
the '",.ni;:;i'':^S"r""" "'' "'" ^'^'■^'"•'■'" "^''--^ "- i"-.rro<«tio„ .nded In
May 29.-D( atli of Brevet Lieut.-Gcn. Winfl-ld Scott.
FE.\I.\X INVASION.
^,£h;^:;!::r::;,;;;;Sr,;['»;;;-;;;';'; 'r^7 'T""-" "^ ^"^ "-^-i but
A numl,..r of th, K.!, ia^s w^r • a. ^"'"""''7 =^t"T h sl...r,, skirmi.sh.
and sevH-al wounded I-r.^on.r.s, and ,une Volunteers killed
KOCUTEENTII .VJIENU.MENT.
Of T^To n~JnH .V"'i.''""'"'"^T='' '^'"•■"'Iment passed the "-^nato by -ote
of J3 to 11, and the House, on the 13th, by a vote of 1J>0 a.^ .nst 32
June IT.-Deatl, „f Hon r.ewis ("ass, an American statesman.
mitXINO OK POUTL.VND. ME.
July t.-A tire oauirht frnm a fire-eraek.T thrown amontrsome sh,avin<rs in
a eooper-shop by a boy. which spiead, and swept awav om-hilf ,,? Awf^i
o Portland, Maine. Hundreds 'of fa.nili.vs werl- nS^ s'\?te aL sS
of wealthv mtn l)e,anie poor i, an hour's time i rU),i I ,, i i;'. ! ^^^^^
115, 000, 000 worth of property was di st,oy"d' ' ^'^^ •'"'''!'"{?« burned ;
July 23.— Tennessee Representatives and Senators admitted to ConOTPq.<j
by a resolution (lassin;: both Ilou.ses. congress,
July 27.— Sueressful layiug of the Atlantic cable.
30. — New Orleans mas.sacre.
Visit of Queen Emma, of th<' Sandwich Islands, to the United States
Indians ma-ssacred 93 soldiers near Fort Kearney, Neb.
tlu^piS^r''""'''"^ '■''''''''''''''*''' ^^"^ rebellious Sta'tes over the vet,, of
deJJr",;;!.:?^;: Xi;r' '^ '''"^'"' "™*"" ^'^ ^""''" "^ ""^ p^-'-
Jan. ■}.— Congress passed the Confiscation and Amnesty bill.
ftt W„ l}~,'^ >*' "'onal Equ.il-Rlirhts League Convention of cnloi-ed men met
at Washington and adopted an address to Congress ,. . .o(U
ij
ISfil
1868.
L
cuKAT nisiuUKM. i:v i:\is.
'6io
The Xt/'i/jitrril, or Aincricati Life lliit't, wiili thrci- imii, (T<l^^-l■ll ilii Ailuiilio
Ocean, from New York lo Soiilliariiptoii It was a frail crall, I,' I',' feel liv
24, anil was conslriiclnl Sy la^liint; three |»)inlc(l cylinders inuclln r anil plac
in;; a lloorin;; of canvas ami hoards upon it. .t arrived safe!\ , wiihoiU leak-
ujje or daniuije of any sort.
Jiin. la— Hainuel Dowiiin;,', llie last Ilevolutionary w^ldicr, di( d m lulin-
burgli, N. '.'., ageil 10,5.
.Ian. 20. — Death of Nathaniel I'lirker Willis, an Amcricati poet, essayist,
and journalist of wide re|)ut'itii)u.
Feb. 7.— .Mr. Peahody gave |2, 100.000 for education at the South.
March 3. — Alaska was ceued to the United States in con.sideration of the
Buiii of 17,200.000.
April 20 — .lapancse C'v .sioncrs in Wasl""'rton,
May. — My an act of B. it' -■; Parliament the (Canadian provinces of Ontario,
Quehec. .\(;w !)r'iiiswick. Prince Edwards Island, and Nova Scotia were
federally united into one Uominiou of Canada.
Canada purchased the •"••ritory belonging to the Hudson's Bay Co.
May 13. — Jeff. Davis bailed for !j;lOO,000 by Horace Greeley and others.
Negotiations opeued for the settlement of the Alabaaia Claims 603
.July 1. — "New Dominion of Canada " inauguratw' at Ottawa. '
Aug. 12. — President .Johnson removed Mr. Stanton, a.s Secretary of War,
and authorized Gen. Grant to act in his place ad interim. .
Oct. 13.— Death of Elian Howe, inventor ant. patentee of the sewine-
machine.
Nov. 19.— Death of Gen. Fitz Greene Ilalleck. at Guilford. Ct., aged 77.
The Fourteen." Amendment ratified by a .najority of the States.
.Jan 21.— Senj. transfers jurisdiction over the Southern States from Presi-
dent .Johnson to Oe^. Grant.
Feb. 24.— House of Representatives voted to impeach President John-
'°°, 602
May 19.-Nomin!ition of Gen. Grant for President at Chicago by the Sol-
diers and Sailors Convention.
May 22. -National Republican Convention met in Chicago and nominated
,,'■■ P-!, .■■ ^ 7','*'^'°t and Schuyler Colfa.x for Vice-President; Grant
polling O.)0 votes of 'he Convention.
^ ^''"> ■,." "7^^'"*^'^'''' Rrig.Gen, Christopher Carson, better known !i.s "Kit
Larson, :i famous mountaineer, trapper, and guide, died from a rupture of
an artery in the neck at St. Lynn, "ol.
The President censured br Congress for the removal of Gen. Sheridan from
the (.overnorship of the Fifth Military Dinrict (Texas and Lo.iisiana).
June 1.— Death of .James Buchanati, l-jth President of the United States.
M.VTIIKW VASSAK.
_.June23,— .Matl.ew Vassar, founder of Vas^ar College, died in Pouirhkccp-
sie N. 1 . He .'o,.;ittv! an a!rgre<:a;e of i^soo.OOO for its endo cut repair
aii.l fiirnishuig. he died very suddenly while addressing Hie ■. tees at the
anniversary of its opening.
July 4.— T!u; President i.ssued a full p.irdon and H.miiestv uioclu nation.
!i
[}!
I • i
I
376
GliEAT UlnroiUCAI EVEM'S.
186S.
July 4.— Xiilional Doinocriitic Coiivfiition me in \\.«- V i • .
Sf'ymour and Ijlair ><^ii""ii iik in Acw \(,rk, nominating
foAu^; "-'^^''•" "f '^"-^•'•■- «'— . -^ American statesman and re-
pSenr^'"- '"'"'^ ""^ ^■'"^•^^''^ ''■•^'■^'J-^t an<l Schuyler Colfax Vice-
deb^- ^*-"«"«<-' «f Representatives denounces repudiation of the national
D...th of Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United States.
mPEACmiEXT TRUL.
Feb.— Andrew Johnson, President of fho rT„w„j a* .
cri,nesandmisdenH.mors; ti^rvXe nu.J/hL f H l^^^^' ^"'^^ f'"' '"gh
teen not guilty; he nus aJquitSl "^^'"Ihts found him guilty, and nine-
^^':}'\^;-f^^P^o,^Qui^nd^ prosecution against Jeff. Davis
oredman."^'-'"'^'"^ the Fifteenth Amendment Bill enfrauchising the col-
March 4.-Inauguration of Gen. Grant us President.
Tnc supreme Court pronounced Confederate money to be wortlUess.
PACIFIC HAILROAD COXrPLETED
the'S^J?lil^Sr:;:id^the tS^t^T^^- /^- --P'^tion of
over 2,0(»() mil,.s, and "' ossin r „ f i * L, f .' V'^"'"*"^'^' «>f branches,
tunneled in sevenil p a.es a^;, . „ wZ .rfn'l'T''"; '''''"'''■ '^'"^*' ^'■''e
ning clmsn,s of fearful and Vi i \,s .H^ tm^ ^^^^ ^""''' 'P"""
begun in ,3(J2 and completed in S ^ ^''■''"' ^'"'erprise was
GREAT PEACE JUBILEE.
l,r.n'^r)^^^-~A P*"' '*' •1"'"'''^ and musical festival was held in Boston ,,,
honor of (he restorauon of th.. Union of the States. Tlu-re were WK M?nl
tors. It was held in tlie ColiscMim. an immense buildiiiL- erected for tl Tn, .
PO.S0, and was conducted by Prof. P. S. Gilmore. P"'"
GRANT FAVORS LABOR.
by^-I'i&Or^lr''"'' "" ''""'' ''■'' '"•■ ««-'-"'"ent employes ordered
ciiruers alter one year's vesid,.ncc in the United St' '(, ' "•"•"■'''^•""•■' "' f^r-
eighl'^;;u,^;':;;'.;;' '-''""■ <""^'-'i">' "'^■' i" Philadelphia, reaffirming the
Auii-. r,— Tot.d eclipse of the sun.
Tomperuncc and Pioliiliition c.iiv,.,,*;.,,, .„..i •.. f.i.; _.
i
I
1869.
1870.
ni.ACK i'mi:.\v.
Sept. 24.— Tln! Icrril.lc V.'.il Street Pniiie. A monioralile diiy in Now
York. The panic wiw produced liy tiie <riiml)lrrs in uold, or tlie "hear- " and
"bulls" of Wall Struct, controlled liv the FiskCJould nn;,'. who produced a
"corner" on gold, scllinif in short suni.s until uhout ijilo.OOD.OOO were tlirown
upon the market, when the " jrainl)lin>; " befian. The railroad (stock pmihlers
liad tor weeks been plavin.ij: a desperate ffune, iiau the excitement becomin'r
intense, th(! .i,'reat j^old " manij.ulalors " of V/all Street betfan their raid
They ran up thi! price of ;rold from 1^7^ to UifJ. Tlie " bidls " went into the
fiLdit deternuned to win if tliev ran irold up to 200, but at 160 they collapsed
Th(! Secn.'tary of tlie Treasury .Mr. Boutwell, with the L'dvice aiid by order
of the President, .sold $4,000,000 of gold on the street. This broke up the
'corner," and .saved hundreds from ruin. The Fisk-Gould ring, designiii"-
to control the market, had implored the Secretary to loan them a^large
amount, l)ut the Government preferred to place the gold in the market. The
total depreciation in stocks and gold, for the week ending October 1st
amounted to $100,000,000. *
The Gold-room presented a scene of the wildest e.\(,itement. Money was
loaned at 500 per cent, per annum. When the bids reached 155, men shrieked
and raved like wild beasts. The room was filled widi curses, and men
rushed about in i)aro.\ystns of fury. Speyer, a large operator, became crazed,
and raved like; a madman, and was taken home by his friends. The Stock
Exchange was deserted, all rushing to the Gold room to witness the death
struggles of the " bulls." Tlie scene outrivaled any low gambling den— men
at a "prize tight " do not .so utterly forget tliem.selves and their humanity
as did these great Wall Street brokers. They were more like a pack of fam-
ished wolves coming suddenly ujion fresh blood. Outside the excitement was
almost as intense. New Street was packed, and all travel was shut out- all
were watching with .strained eyes the dial that marked the lluctnations of tlu;
Gold-room. The struggle to reach the Gold-room was worse than a scene at
a large fire; men were pushing and jamming to get out, and fighting to get
m. Fisk jiiid Gould left the streets, and could not be found. .Men were
everywhere threatening tin; life of F:sk. The bankers and brokers sent 2,2:i2
messages over their wires on that day, and the other lines were in proportion
burdened with the exciting dispatches. All contidence was destroyed in the
markets and in trade. .Millionaires were hourly becoming beggars, and mush
room operators suddenly found tlieinselves worth milltoiiH h'i^s than iiolhimi
Wholesale dry-goods houses refused to sell goods, as they coukl not deter-
mine till: prices to place iijum them
National VV.vmaa'^* Suifrage ('onv.iu'::,ii, ,~tev. Ileniy Ward Reecher pre-
snlm.j.
/)ec. 10.— National Colored Labor Convention met and sent a deloi^ntion
congratulating President (Jrant, and olTering him the su|)port of all colored
laborers, becau-e he had opened the gates ui the navy yard, and other depart-
ments of skilled labor, to their race.
The census makes the value of the United States |3 1,000, 000, 000.
Dec. 14.— Death (.f Edwin M. Siaiiton, LL D.. statesman and Cabinet
ofticer.
Auir. 14.— Death of David Glasi Farragui. .Vdmiral of the Fniied States
Navy, and one of the most iliu'-trious nf naval coininamlers.
Aug. 22.— President Giant i--iied a piuclamal loii ol' iieiilr.ilily in relalion
to till' Fn!!!C(' ( Jc!!!!:!'! \V ;:!• ::!;r! ::!-:: :iT-: J : 1 ! il ! • :;;r )!:.; >:;;..:■;. ,.i;l i. .-.■:.. f
becoinilig depots tor iiiah liaN o u r (iO.j
V-
1
!
I
i
1
9
378
^
1870
F
1871.
ORE A T /IIS TOi:i( \ 1 /. K \ 'h'.Srs.
Adiiii-^sioii (if IJcvclx, (lie llrst coldnMi SciiMtor, Id Coiiijn'ss.
Ufcoiwiniciion of llir Soiiili .ircoriiiilisli,.,! l)v ili,. adiiiis-cioii of Ucprrscnla-
fives 111 Coilirii'ss tvoill Vll'.uili::!. .Mississippi, ;illil Texas.
.Vuir — Nali()n;il I,ali..r ('(invi'iillciii luM in ( 'iii.iniiali. wliicli viilcd tlio
ininu'dmlf toiinatuiM of an iiiilc|)cn(lciit polilical oix^aiii/.alion known as Hit-
.Ni.tioiial Labor Ut'foiin parly.
An;;. 2-,\— l»iv( lamiilion of nciiliality i.^siicd l.v Prcsiiicnt (),;,ni oiiiDininir
Anieriiun citizens not to take any [larl iu the I'Vimco-Ueniiaii coiillict.
Irish Nutiouul Cougres.s in I'inciunati.
ivi :iii,rx Ki,A.\.
Ka-Klu:cism investiu;ate,l. an.l a .i.nk nronl of miinhT. wliippinL', aud
Vioeiuv use,' to iiiiiin.uale the I nion nun an.l iie,i;,(...s fur poUl i.ul imriH>Kt-.s
by that str ret anil (laugerous oii.ani/,iiii,„| revealetl.
"lilier nnd
Lee of till'
Oct. 12 -Drnth of Rol)ert Kdward Lee, LL. D.. an .\mrrirni
edileutor, mid son of (}en. Henry Lee, ••||ie Li!;lit-lioise Ilarrv l,ee ol tin-
Hevohilionary war, II," Personal and political friend of (Jen" Wasliimrion
Koliert Iv Lee was a jrradiial.' of Wesi I'oinI in IS'J!). lie was aCaptani in
the re,!j;ular army when the .Mexican wv.v i.rok<'out. an<l when Scoll invaded
Me.Xico Lee was appoinled eliief-en.rin'rr of tlicarniv nn<ler (ieii. Wool- and
Gen. Scoit attrihnted lie reduction oi' Vera Cm/, to liis skill, and in rcc'o.riii.
tion ot Ins vahmhlc. services he was placed on the (iciieials slalT and after
the hattle of (Vrro (Jordo. he wis hifveled .Major; and for liis M-aii,.,,,) .„„i
mcritoriou.s conduct Ht Coiilrera.s and Cliuruliu.sio he was raised to ihc rank
of Lieut. -Col., and in Seiitcinlicr of the same v<'ar he received the hrevct
rank ot Coh)nel for .services at Cha|)iillcpec. In |8.Vi he was Mssiiriied the
iinportant post of Superiiilcndcnl at West Point, retaining; liis tield rank. In
laVi Col. Lee look command of ;i cavalry revdment which had I ice n ordered
to Tc.xa.s, where he remained till lS,-,!». lii^diiins.;- Indians and perl'onnin^ pir-
ri.soii duly. lie then relumed to Washimrion ;iiid took au active part in cap-
tiirinir J-.liii i'rowu, and lnintin;r down his Icelile hand, liiil it is recorded of
liim thai his vn;ilanc<' and thinness saved the prisoners from the fury of th*;
moll. On the Milh of .March, iHdl, he •.■■•is ciiniinissi. I Colonel of ihc First
Cavalrv. and oi> April 2()lli he .sent in his resi).;iiatioii to (hn. Scoll. He was
soon after ai)poiiilcd commander of the C<infederale torces in Viii,'iiiia. and
.■served afterward for a time on the coast with lic;id(|iiarlers at Charlcsloii ■ liiu
lie was shorily placed in coiiiniand ol all the ( ontedeiale forces. whi<h pusi
tion he occupied to 'he end of the w.ir. or until his linyl surrender to (Jen
Grant. (Jen. Lee was a man inark.d liy native i^cnius. and lii^dily endowed
with manly coiira.L'e and physical heauty, and w,is ^'really endeare.l to the
youth, who truly luouruud thtar chicftuiii.
Fir^t narrnw-!rnairc rnilwiiy in tho wwldhuilt— theDenvc-and l{io(Jiandi;.
Manitoha made a separate province.
The treaty of Washimrion.
Tmiicacliment of Gov. Hold , of Xorlh Caroliii.i. for iiialleasanee in
oilii'c.
Labor IJcforni. Woni.iii SulTiai;-c, and Colored Convenlions hcM in St
Louis.
Meetiiii;- of the Alabama Claims Commissioners in U'.i-liinuton, Hon.
laiuiuuii r
i ivrL-.iiiii
ij
1S71.
(;iii:\r nisiomiM. /:\/:\ rs
.■{7}t
■ n,u;.a.i!i .n!.;n'N:;wv::H;:,;'''''''"''"' '''"•'■•-' ->• -"•-" wi.i..
.^^■ju...' ir I),.„(1,,.1CI,„.,.„( L, VMllM.>,li,^l,un., u l)..,n.HrHlir,...im,.„l l-.Mlrr
.Inly 1(1. !• irsi rxposwr.. ,.1' ••Taimimny It.n^; • hy ,|„. n,,„ V.mU yV/mx
muNiMi <iK nil: cirv oi. i lucAUO.
i.i',"'' ■'^ ."■■'''.''''". "'"'""■ """' ''''^""''iv"' ''.nll.iyrn.lion .v.'or(l...l m ||„'
Insloiy <>l civili/,..! mhIio.im. ,sw.v|„nK ever •^, KM „,,■... ,,1 uruu ■ M ,„il s
±r^;;;;;/;,,,; :;7>'"^ ' v''"!. '" r ""■' '"-■ ••'""- -'^^ w..i; V r ,
f^(H),ll(K),(HHI itiid Iniinlrcds ul liiiiimn livo.
• imcAT h<iiti;Mi' lllli;.s.
HW...,,,,,.^ „v,.,- luK- .lis,ri,ls or lH.,.vily liM,lH.,v,l ..MnU, y? „".,:* n^^^^^^^^^
f I '.Mill'," "'r '," n'^ ^^■'"' " '•'"■''"" "' "'■'•• '■■•'"''•-in.,' II HV,o . J I?,;,
IFlllI IIIikIi' m II, lid Mini );isl yuyiiirc l<. Ilir \,r||c s,.|«
N,.V S I,,.,Uh „r (■,„„ |I;„f.,„ ,„,„,,, „,„ ^,,,„./. i„ ,1.,. \,,,.,. .,.,,.
colli.. l,y 111, |i.,,|.l... ov. I m. laii.l, lur.i hm ^^'Min-iiM w,.|,
»'''^H' "<• Ti.uina. HwiiiK. LF, I) . .„ A„H.ri,.nn JuiiH. ,u„| s,h„.sm.h„
nmisli ('()liiii,i,i,i (iiiu'ii iiit,, t|„. i),„„i„i„„
Tl... Ku Kliix liill ,,„,SM,.,! |,v c.n^rn.HM
n.is:::j::;;:^;;;':;;'-''' '""•^•'"■' "^"'•"-'. - -rii ;„• ;.;;i, ;;.„;,: .:,1:
s-.i,sii..-..,f „... rni,,.., sia,..s,...nH,;-f.;;,„7o .....v,;...,; ^.,.,;^^ „.;;^;.;;;;';'
(Kill
liili.iii III' III.. Uiiii..(| Siiii..s:iH li;t'jr,;t
K... ..,,. ™,, „„„ ,, \..Si, .lit,.:zr'S-w:;„i,»;-|;;;„;";:
A.-assi/, maiic.l „„ .^ y„y.,^,. r,„„„| , ,,|„. u'/^'.^'^ ""^
CltKniT M.ilill.il.K
This yar III.. Lirral 'TrnW , !/„/,//„ ,.■. „„„|,,,| „|,,, ,,,„,, ^ ,
i;-M,iM..Mi („v..iii„„„i ,.(,i..iaiH, in.iu.ii.iv 11... v... is' I :,,u ;:,:',, iV'i'
111.. Ii'.i.jiiin' spiiil. I
<t * ' lull., o.
I VVJ,
II. N ( iiii'/r(.sMiiian I
l^iiiii...!, iliai, ilirou^'li lirii
iiiiN Mas ,..liiis.i|..
"ly, |ii.)iiiiiiciii Co,,
-J
I
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1871.
1872.
GREAT lllSTOniCAL EVENTS.
ajilUEL F. MOKSE.
^all<)n,•,l AcMdcmy ..*■ I).si.r„ in N.l Wt^^^ "'" "'i'
lc■c•tu^;ro^fi,..aJa.tlu.^^'^^• -k 1 kI m "m,.*'m' ' '"'""^'■'V- ""*' '^
portrait painfr. His .neat inv,.n(i,.n . , ; , *^I'"'^'' ""^ ■''Is- ;i fine
was not till lH:i5 that a in It t, ' ' ."'■'' ''";'"" ""' ^•''^■'^'■'. l"'t it
au.l tlu. ..xperin.u. t,.st In i4ri.'; "''?,•'-' "^ '^ I'^'lf-niile of wire.
ckhu, „r Ihe l-„!i"l s,"tel° An«.rifa. grMliiis and eslallishSig the
L.ViJOK nKFOHM ('()\VE\T"iX
COLOllED CO^-TE^•TION.
_ National Colored Convention met in XowOrlean^i indorsin-rr.r..nf * t •
* 607
Greeley's nomixation
noted and remarkable
June 1.— Death of James Gordon Bennett
nahst.
jour-
June.-).— ReirnlarReimhliean Convention met at Philidelnhi., „„,..; ,•
by:Kvlun.atton Ulysses S. Gran, for Pre.iden, and Ii;'^;;^'&r";"^;;:;:
July 0— Ren:i,iar Democratie Convention held in [5iltimnre in,i„. ■
nommatK.n of Horace Greeley by tlu. Lib.ral ItcVuI 'liean" '"^'"'^"'- "^e
ALABAMA CLAIMS.
Final settlement of the Alal)ama Claims, whieh -,-,.«- om of .i,- . .
severa vessels, .onie of them buil, and nmn i.-d , Gv ', H,- ., .■''V' "'^
sailed Iron, (onfe.lerate ports under eoniinand of ,1 V ,/I ,* V T'"''''
used as eruiseis bv llie icbrj. Thev .le-t roved nol ,.„ . ' '""' "''''''
Uni,e.l Stales proi-ertv on ,l,e.e^^,d w ■ p, '\ '''!^'" "^!'-"' "^
ports and lake ..„ Mim-lies of provisions and l.,i;V'"*!^;oi': ,::'ll' """ '^"^'-''
lo liie L iiue(i Males Ijy Hjo fonimission. ' ' "'"" "'^"^ .irtuiueu
KI'IZOOTIC.
187a. Sept. 30.— First npiicMniiic' of the. epizootic in America, in Toronto
Onlano. In New York, Octolxr IS, in ten diiv.s, 40,000 horses were
attackeii by it. ami i.i Brooklyn. UJ.OOO. In less liian two monllis it iiad
traveled over the entire Atlanih- slope, appearini,' in (Jalvesion, 'IVxas, and
reaehini; Colorado, Wyoming, and Nevada in .Ian.. ls7;i. and Caiiforiiia a
few days later. The disease proved to he a verv old (me nnder a new name
It hciran ahont 41.j n. c . re-appeared in a. l>.';i;!0, and at intervals, to the
present lime, allhough this was, perlia|)s, its lir>t visit to the N'mv World.
It was evidently an epidemic, and during its |)revalence was the cause of
much mconveiiiitnce to niuu and gnat sullering to domestic anin>'.ils,
Nov.— At the election in Rochester. X. Y.. Susan H. Antlinnv and fifteen
other ladies voted, hjr wliich illegality they were d'dy arrested."
Nov. 6.— Death of George Gordon Meade, LL. D./Muj.-Gcu. U. S. A.
THE NATIONAL GRAXdERS.
A .secret organization or movement among the laboring cla.sses, espe-
cially lh(! faruK rs, to unite the peoole through a system of universal co-oper-
ation between producers and consumers The "movement extended over
uearly the entire Union, embracing all laboring or producing classes.
Nov. 9.— A fire broke out in the heart of the city of Boston and destroyed
800 buildings.
irO..ACE GREELEY.
Nov. 29 —Horace Greeley, an American reformer and founder of the New
York Tnhi(iu\ died in Westchester ("o , N. Y. Mr. Greeley was born of poor
parents, in the town of Amherst, N. H., in 1811. and worked iipon a farm till
he was l."j yi'ars of age. when he entered the printing-olHce of the NoHheni
Siuxtdlor. in East I'oultney, Vt,, as an apprentice, where he remained over
four years, mastering his trade in all its br.inches. He then went to Erie, Pa.,
and found employineiit in .i newspaper otHce, where he made many -riend.s!
and was oirered a partnership in the business, th-Migh but twenty years old.'
In Aug., 1S:!|, Horace (Jreehy arrived in New York with onlv (en "dollars in
his pocket, and a scanty wardrobe tied up in a bundle. \{v had never seen a
city of such size, and was utterly ignorant of its ways and wonders. He
began to .sea ,li for work, but his verd.int a|)pearancc w.is much airainst him,
and he was told by Mr. David Hall, the editor of the ./■i^iriKi' "iCommrra-',
that he b.'lieved him lo be a runaway apprentice from .some countrv printinu'
ottiee. Becoming di.scouraged, and' bis money about iroiie, he resolved u>
leave the city, but in the evening '. ''11 in wi'lli some ^ o;iii-- Irishmen who
t()()k an mterct in the wanderinii ter. and directed hi:nlil,. ,,iintiiiir
otiice ol .Mr. .lolni T. West, who had a piee- of work so diirK ult l!i;it no
printer acquainled in the city could be indiKvd toaccept it. ll wa - the eom-
position ot a niiniatuiv New Testament in a curiouslv intricule sivie of tvpo-
gripiiy Hut notbimr daunteil, this "green connlrv'bov " nndert(')ok the'job,
and ov l.ihoriou- and constant applie:ition from I we'lve t'o fourteen iiours ('.aeh
day he could I'.irn six doll.ars per wi
of the .<;,/)■// nf f/n' 7V///CV, ,ind beeomin
mill of llie Dili
otlicc
streets. Owiiiir to Ih
Mr. (ireeley next eiKcred the ollice
oon on inliniale terms wi'b thefore-
tlie two eiitereil a i)artners|iiti to cstabli-ha j >li printini:.
and look a contr;ict to print a eli(>ap dailv newsp.-iper to be sold on the
"^^'I'li-'' lo the ineompelencv of its editor it provdl a failure, hut
the job otliee continued lo prosper. His partner was s,„in ;irter drowix'd, and
he procured .■inolhei'. and in :t sliovl time i||e new linn si.ni d a wi'cklv news-
p.ip
(irei'|e\- Hell
panion llie pulilisher. This jiaper lived loi-
dih
o\ er seven
:iild his colli
;ii| ..rose from
i:
i
'4'
lifi
t -
'i
k '
|>
i
f li
382
1
i
ORE AT in<T()RrrAL EVENTS.
187-. one dozen siil)-i(TilH'r.s to over !»,0()0, but li:in,i: conducted on the credit system
was a losing speculation tinanciaily. Next Mr. Greeley became editor of the
Jefffr.son'nii., a Whig canii>ai,irn "paper, which attained a subscription of
15,!MM). and was admirably conducted. During the Harrison campaign Mr.
Greelejr conducted the Ijir; Cnhin, which was subsequeutlv merged into the
N. Y. Tribune, which pai)er Mr. (ireelcy was identified with till the time of
his death. The original list of Trihnac subscribers numbered (500, and at the
end of the first year its success was establi>hed. The hiirh character of that
journal under Mr. Greeley's supervision is so well established that it is un-
necessary to detail its history. Mr. Greeley was a Whii,- in jiolitics and a
liberal thuiker. He was elected to Congress in 1848 to till a vacancy, .ind
never afterward was a member of any deliberative body except the late Con-
stitutional Convention of New York. IIi.s greatest power was exerted in the
editorial chair, although his career as a lecturer ^vas successful. Mr. Greeley
was the author of several minor works, the most interesting of which was
I' Recollections of a Busy Life," which was his autobioirraphy. Mr. Greeley
joined the Republican party at its start, being one of its founders. When
the war was over (which he aided in every laudable wav), he was exceedingly
anxious for peace, and bearing' no malice' to the South." he became one oC Uie
bondsmen to Jeff. Davis, which act lost him an election to Die Senate and
made him very unpopular for a while; but he still e, aimed he li.id done ri"lit
Upon his nomination to the Presidency in 1872, the stormy campaign and
vituperous abuse of the press, together with the sickness and death of his
wife, and lastly his defeat at tlie election, and liis continued mental labors
all culminated in the wreck of his noble intellect and his sjid death But
whatever may have been said of Mr. Greeley diirin": the excitement of a polit-
ical campaign, no man could bear him any malice, for his character was
singularly pure and his nature one of the most frunk and ',!n«"lfi-h vp^'n the
political records of any nation or ])eople.
Wm. Henry Seward, LL.D., an eminent American statesman, died at
Auburn, N. "1.
Dec. 13.— Edwin Forrest, an eminent American tragedian, died in Phila-
delphia, his native city.
United States Lad 00,853 miles of railroad.
A fatal and unknown distemper visited Brazil, and carried oflf in three
towns. 18,000 out v)f 18,000 inhabitant-.
1878. April 1. — Wreck of the ocan steamer Atlantic
533 lives were lost.
MODOC MASS-iCRE.
April 11.— Gen R. A. C.uiby was murdered by the Modoc Indians in the
Lava Beds of \. Caiifoinia. He \\as a uraduale" of West I'omt in 18;i!) in
the same class with Gen, H.illeek. it, i ,,Tyed in the Florid:i war from 1839
to 1843. He served ihrougli llie X. .iean war as First Lieutenant, Captain,
Lieutenant-Colonel, .M.ijorof Infantry, etc.. and attained distinction for his
bravery and purity of character. He w.is emi^loyed by the Government to
bring the Modocs to a^-eept the terras offered them liy the Government; in
which expedition, through the etVort to use ])raclicabl("' me^is-res and moral
suasion with the savages, this noble and gallant ollieer lost uis life.
COLF.VX M.\SS.\CHE.
Massacre of over 100 neirroes at Colfax, Grant P.irish, L,i . by the "White
Leairue" setting tire to the Court-house where marly 400 iieu-mes were con-
giegaieu for ueiense., and -iiooting tliemdown when they atfenii)led to escape.
L
July— Beocher aud Tiltou scuudul breaks out.
GUEAT SXOW STOinr
OIXON BUinGE DISASTEH.
Falling of the bridge at Dixon. 111., wlii.h was covered with neonle wit
ne«siug a bapti.iual rite in the river. lOU lives were lost ^^
hALAnV GRAB BILL.
Salaries of the Government oIlurrH ,ind Members of Con-ress increased to
which great objection was raised throughout the country ° "^^^^a^^d, to
GREAT STORM.
dotaVuie^rnlf'lnfT''^ ''^°°^ "'", ^"'■'""^ ^"''^t- 100 ves,sels went
Aug. 27.— National Temperance Society held at Saratoga. N. Y.
TIIK GREAT FINANCIAL CRASH.
beS^eaS nd vi h tifrifi. ^'"' ^^l^T""^ ''« forces. For months it had
ucLu iLarea, ana witli terrific force its fui-v wis nnv nn'iroH -iTi/^r, \r •■
Stnv,. uueriy pa^Uy^,ag all busines.s. Th; ri\ia crasirwa^the^m.^^s tLt the
banking-house ot Jay Cooke .t Co.. the best -know and mosrenterorki
^^ii^j^rb-r"^" *f '^* ■'^- •- «- '^^- a!,;:r ::f'j5 ;k .'"T^^t!^k
Fm n, .ui ba,krf"ir'" r"-' r'^""'"'- '" "'^ most reckless manm^
on m tlic iL\Luue» of the Govermueut, he must have recourse to taxation ^'
••S.u.rhcr"''"schnn?-'''>''i'r*'^- ^'•*''^""' "f ♦''« Modoc Indians.
THE "VIRGIXirs."
Nov. 2:2. -Tweed sentenced to twelve years imprisonment,
i.ons AdAssrz.
>^S'^\^nZST±fJ:'::i;^^ir^^^^^ "f modern scientists.
Dec. -Escape of Tweed f rom thx- New York County jail.
!, I
I .<
1874.
m;.. u 1 '""''■'■"■•' '-y th.; Supivnu. Court of Illinois in thf case
jMy/a Hradwdl apiinsl tli,. State of Illinois, vefusin- her a licens.- to nr ^?i
law, on the ground that she was a woman " P'*'''^'
of
ICO
Automatic signal telegraph wits introduced and applied in Xew York
ta^l."'nwl',r?'' •''■''^"'^••y,^^'"-' adopted in all cities containing 2(),()00 inhabi-
tants, and the penny postal cards introduced.
woman's ( ItlSADE.
This year witnessed the ni.>-t wide >pread and intense excitement unon the
oft?<l'r'r'''?'- /' 1"-"' "' " ■-■■='"'."-" ■" Ohio, at^n^s tKsult
mee inl 'n f •' '""', ■'* '""'"'■" ''''"' '''*'''''' ""' ^''l""'"^- l'«l'l'ug prayer-
to tl ^ ^lo .ns H ^""? 7' 'f,'"'" ^""-' ""^ ''^'''""^- ^^■'«^^" '■'■'■"*^» admittance
nW es 7h In ? ''■'* "''■"; "^■^;""g« "PO" '1«^ sidewalk h, front. In .some
places the' .saloon-keepers u.sed violence m driving the women from their nlace
of business and from the sidewalks, and in a f?w instan<.-s r^ohs f laSess
men congregated and insulted the women with coarse and brumal langtlage
KING K.U,».KAUA.
Visit of King Kalakaua, of the Sandwich Islands. First instance of a relm-
ing crowned head ent(Ting the United States. ^
Senate passed a bill to resume specie payment in 1879.
The revision of tue United States Statutes adopted by Congress.
Inflation of the currency voted by Congress.
Bill to increase greenbacks $400,000,000 vetoed bv the President
Compromise currency bill signed by the President,
in tivJ'd'^.S"'''™"'''"^ overthiown in Louisiana and'restored by the President
CHAKLE.S SU.MXER.
au£s Hi^^Xz^::- '" ""'""^' -'■"""''" ^*'^'^™^"' '''^'^'''' -d
FIUST I{E(iri.AK LADY PHYSiriAN.
Mar.-Death of Mrs. Vn. Tas.sell. a missionary among the Ottawa Indians
who <„,„me..eed her medieal studies at ,W years of a^e. She was the fir!;
Ionian admitted to the full course of medier.l krtuie^ln th^ coiintrv She
spent several years as a medical practitioner in Memphi.s Tenn ^'
SECOXD CUICAGO FIHE.
Another extensive fire oecurnd in the newly built portion of the city des-
mS:'died'nS^^5' V^h!'";;"- ■'""■'•'"'" ^''^'-''^'^P-'- -f™- -'1 states
SIAMESE TWIXS.
Death of the Siamese twins. C/Miir, and Em,, at :\rount Airy, X. C. These
)|)e
unfortunate ereatun
and A
x.vre lor twenty-five years i.iihlielv exhibit, d in Euro
..,r,. „f ."-'''Ii'' "'"'", ''V;'' ■"■'l"infi!Xa .ioint fortune of about JJiSO.OOO. and a' the
age of 4.,, "';;y_f>>l.'<l.l-wn as farmers in Xorti, (arolina, and marric.,! two
IT
Sixers by whon, they had each a .uin.l.er of H,nd;-en . wi '' f " ; ■ n l^^
be.nu^ .leaf and du.nb. They were cnureted lou^,.,!,,., at ,h,. side 1, v " ." 'll.
1874.
1875.
nice uai'li otlur. Cliiin-s dcalli occiiiTcd about two and a half l;ours iH'fore
±.iigs. and was caiiMMl by coiiirotioii of tin- lunirs, and Ent: s dcalli wsis
from no apparent cause, l.iit tlie nervous shock produced by llie death of his
brother.
Dealh of .Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President of the United States.
April r..— Death of Judge Edmonds, an able New York jurist and philan-
thropist. ^
MILL HIVKR DIf<ASTEK.
May 16 ^ terrible disaster occurred in the town of Williamsburg Hamp-
shire Coun.y, Mass., Iiy which 147 i)Lrs()ns lost tli^'ir lives and 1 200 were left
destitute. Over ijil.OOU.OOU of property was destioyed. It was caused by a
defective reservoir of 100 acres in extent.
May 2:5.— Senate passed the Civil Rights bill.
June 1.— Gen. Bristovv continued by the Senate as Secretary of the Treas-
ury.
GUASSIIOITEIl RAID.
Great deva.station caused by the grasshoppers throughout the Northwest
especially in Kansas, Nebraska, Mi.s.souri, Iowa, and Minnesota durui"- this
and the tollowing year.
CIIAnLIE KOSS.
ti'in^lf \j7T'aV'!'''"''""? "^ '-' ,1""'' ''">' "•■ f"'"" J'f-'^'-^ "f '-'S- «"" of Chris.
] i. )L, • .^'^^^""""'own, Pa., a suburb of Philadelphi;" He was, v.kh
hoiw wll^^';/',?'^ "-^ ^'- ''"''• '^'">''"" "'"•" ""■ ''^^'^'^^ '"■f°'-e hm father's
of tin. cr el,.rs ,° "^,*-^!» ''^ '\ ^^•"^^"" ^'nticed them with <andv and a promise
of ftie-ciac kers to get into the wagon and take a ride. They Irove in a zi-zair
enterS, , s.nl^'i* "".'' ^''"I?/'"'' ''">■ ^'>m'' »i "-crackers. A^s soon as he
enteral the sto'e they drove off with the little one, and were never seen or
of tti'b, ,.""': "I ''''o ^" '''r'^ " ^vc-k after the child was .stolen, one
the ill ?' "■''"'" ^^' ^^":;V' ■'■"•■'•• '" ^^•'"^•'' '"■ proposed to deliver up
i 1 1 son r H^iV";- """"• ^'"' '"^'^ ""^ ^''' ''='^" "^ brigandage, or hold-
ing a peison or child for a ransom, ever attempted in this country
an? i;;i,?o;:of edu:.S.''"' '' '''■" ^"'•'^- ^'^ C--" -- ^ Pluianniropi^
thc^Unlted Stail''"' ^''''' "'"■' '''''' ^-^'"^ ""'*^'' «f '^^^'^^'^ "> op-'ration in
Nearly $6,000,000 of tlie Public Debt canceled this fiscal vcar.
There were 5,830 failures in business this year.
IJEFrUER TRTAL.
Broo'l'vlf v'^ V-' 7''"''^^,''''''""''.1^'^^'^'" o'' T'l.vmonth ron-ro-ntionnl Phurrh.
hus An ^,f}'':;;-'"'"'"'r.v with Mrs. Theodore Tilton. as diar-red bv her
New V iri- T , T^'""'i w.-K .•. prominent litf.nirv man. and editor of tho
fr; 1 . J '"'''!"'>"'''>''■ .'il-^o a very intimate friend of Mr Beeeher The
S 1™ '.r""!?;'', ""•''•';'"•' "";"^'''>' ''■^••i'-:"'-^ o"" "f tl"- kind in tbeannals
U e neoni it '■ r ^ '•■^""' 'T'" '""'^ '"'iHinit.. and un<atisfa<.torv to
the people, the jurv disiLnveui- and no verdict ren.lered Tl'- le;uiin.' wit-
Baxo]h^'Z^rr^^-'r ^''y^' ■''"'' '""' ^""''i'Srat and intluentiai c.'zens, and
ga\e tne most conflict mi!: testimonv
2."
386
GREAT nif^TolUVM. EVENTS.
1875. Jan. 15.— Gold the lowest for this year, lllj.
KKEI.Y .MOTOR.
en;n"';Sh,:;fi;';n;;:;:,'"^^-'''-^^''''''^'-"'''^ - -vomtion m the
March 8.-Dainages of ,*«,. ■}:]:, 000 awanled a-ainst Twc.d in civil .suit
A " ■, -"-[^'■^^"■"'•■''^■^' "''-"'Klo '» Georgia. Great loss of life and property
and pro) r etor ot the Phrawlo<iu;,l Journal. \\v wa.s, for many years a.ssoei-
ated with the Fovvlers in the adyaucen.ent of the science of iCnoloV
died.'alaS'^:'"'"' ""■'"■'■• '"""'■ '"""'"■■■ "^ ""•' ^"•'^ "f " "="-per Brothers,"
wJre"losf •"'""'■'""^' "*" ""'*'" ''""'"^''■^ '^^ ""^^ New Orleans levee; fifty lives.
LJul^a^f i^u "iZ ""S: i" ?';r ^"'''- ^^^'■^" ''"'•''"- ''f Arkansas and
cSrJS'S::;lz::fS- -i^/ji^'^- ];-^ ^^ ^or., and
Appearance of grasshoppers in Iowa in great numbers.
May 5 Trial of Prof. Swing by the Presbytery of Chicago, upon the
diarges of heresy and unfaithfulness in duty as a pa.stor, preferred by Mr.
May 17.— Death of John C. Br.'ckenridge, at Lexington, Ky Mr Brecken-
ridge was chosen for Vice-Pres dent of the United States, with Mr. James
Buchanan, President, and in 1860 he was the candidate for President of a
sectional party at the South, and in the .same year he was elected as U S
Senator and defended the Southern Confederacy and secession in the Senate.'
"LOESTICKS."
June G.!. — Death of Mortimer Thompson, a humorous writer, well known
as "Doesticks." He married, for his second wife, the daughter of Mrs.
James Parton. or "Fanny Fern." Ilis lit^Tary name was " Q. K. Philander
Doesticks, P. B."
July S. — Death of Ron. Francis Preston Blair, Jr., at St. Louis, an eminent
politician and Conirressman. He was in 1868 a candidate for Vice-President
on the ticket witli Gov. Seymour, of New York, as President.
July 31. — Death of Andrew Johnson, .seventeenth President of the United
States.
KU-KLUX IN ILLINOIS.
A band of outljiws and desperadoes in disguise infested jiortionsof Illinois,
■whipping and nuirdering citizens and destroying their jtroperty. The citi-
zens formed fliemselves into committees of scouts, under permission of the
Governor, and scoured the whole country. The band was tinally broken uo
and dispersed.
Threatened revolution in .\rexico caused by the pass.agc of liberal lavrs.
Aug. 26. — Sudden suspension of the great California Bank. Intense excite-
ment in San Fnmcisco, resembling "Black Friday" in Xew York, and
41 Aan c\c\[\
The
~.c Apt r\r\t\ nr\r\
~1
(=
1875.
1876.
ORE A T ins TO RICA L E VENTS.
3»7
St'pt— Trial of Will iiim Wrstervclt for romplicitv in the alKluction and
conceiilingof 111,, ••stolen fhiM." Cluirlic Koss. lie wiw found Lruilty and
sentenced to the Penitentiary for .seven years. '
K.\ST .MAII,.
, f^V}- 1 V'-^^''iviil of the first fast miiil train in Chic,i;;o at H 21 \ \i which
left New \ork at 4.17 A M. Ihe Kith. The train was l.n.uirht into Chi.aLn.
by Frank Osgood, ot Llkliart, Ind., who had to make Iwenty-tive minutes of
Ids. , line in one hundred and oi.e miles. He fainted in the cab when the
tram reached the depot, .sr r .at had been the strain upon his nerves and his
mental an.xiely. 1 hey arri\ 1 .sjveral minutes before the expiration of the
allotted lime
Oct. 5.— The highest price of gold for the year 1875 was on this day, 11 TJ
Nov. 2'2.-IIeiiry Wil.son, Vice-President of the Lnited States, died of
apoplexy at Washington. D C.
Nov, 24.— Death of William B. Aster, eldest .son and principal heir of John
Jacob Astor. '
Dec. 4.— Escape of Tweed from the crstodv of the Sheritf of New York
County.
Dec 17.— Burning of the Pacific Mail steamer Japan, from San Francisco
to i okohama; a great number of lives lost.
Duiingtne present year the public debt was reduced |14,344 514 84 and
the contract for refunding it renewed. '
Beginning of the great revivals conducted by Moody and Sankev Their
first meeting was held in Brooklyn, N. Y., in a skating-rink, there being no
other building large enough to hold the audiences.
Forest fires in Pennsylvania Property to the amoimt of $3 000 000
destroyed. ^ '
Great inundation in Texas. Four hundred lives were lost.
Severe storms in the South. Three hundred lives lost.
Threatened disturbances in Louisiana checked by the military under Gen.
Jan.— Di^mte on the Amnesty bill, a Democratic measure, which i)ronosed
granting pardon to all the participants in the Rebellion who had been exc uded
from previous pardons. The bill receive,! the support of 17'^ votes 97 voting
against it; a two-thirds majority not being secured it was declared lost V
second debate followed which was characterized by a great deal of bitterness
and party strife, with like results,
Serious difflculties between ih- Americans and Chinese in ralifornii and
great opposition to Chinese immigration. The whit<. population in Co'ntri
Costa County, expelled the Chinese by force and burned their houses and
property.
WHISKY WAR.
War upon the "Whisky Ring^." by Secretary Bristow, of the United
St.ites Treasury.
Indictment of Gen. Babeock, Private Secretary and personal friend of Pres-
ident Grant, for complieily in the whisky frauds.
Feb 10 —Death of Hon. Reverdv Johnson, the distin^-uished iurist in
Annapolis, Md., aged 79. o j .
Mnrch — Terrible rnvnges of tlie hO"' cholera throi'irlT!'
especially Illinois.
!■*■
388
1870
GRKAT lIHTiJlilcAL HVHyW.
'-.:mX'.
Manh(;.-I|mnin-nf tl.rOl.l I'.opN.'s I loiuc ;, Catholic cliarital.lf institu-
ti<m in l5r.M.kl.yti. N. \. hi;r|,„.,.n ii-r.l an.l d,, .-..pit meu were ^utlofuted
ami niii'iicil In ilcalli.
.Marcl. :!() -lUir-tin- of a reservoir at Woreest.T, Mass. Tlie tl.od carrie.l
every thiii.i; l.eloie ii I..- nine miles, and tinally settled upon a huKc tract of
meadow lan.l. .Mdlioiis ol dollars worth of property wiis destroyed but uo
lives were lost. •' '
April l().-l)eath of Ale.viiuler T. Stewart, the proprietor of the lurircst
retail dry ^'oods house in the world. ^
May 18.— Green huek .National Conveiilion met in Indianapolis, ,„id nomi-
nated I eter ( ...per ol New Vork, for President, with Senator Booth of
California, for \ lee I'resident.
HK.NKK.VL Ct:STKB.
May 25-36, -Shocking massacre of Gen. Custer and liis entire company
by the In. mils ol Little Bi^- lorn Hiv..-, V..ll.,wstone count v. The prmh nee
of Ma,,<.r Reno and the timely arrival of Gen. Terry, saved -the remainder of
the e.\pe.lition from the same fate.
May 30.— Great tire in Quebec; nearly 500 houses destroyed.
SITTING BULL.
This year is memorable for the In.lian war between Sifting Bull with his
ho.stileban.lsaml(4en. Crook with his cmimand < f •J.dOO m"n who during
eiKht monll,., majvhe.l ;{ ;iO(» miles, ;!T0 I„d,a„s u.r.. , aptuird, 3,.6 killed
4o0 w..und.d. J9.J l.i.lg.s .lestroyed, which represented the home.s of 3,000
rEXTE\M.\L EXrOSITION.
Grand Cent.'nnial Exposition, or cel.'bration of the one hundredth birthday
of the Unil.'.l Stat.s H.^public. in Philadelplii,",, Tlic whole nation was repre-
sented by the most skillful and complete wc.kman-liii) of li.r aiti.sans.
.Tune 3.— A bill pas fd in tlie Senate ;,utliori/ini; the Pr.-sident to appoint
fiv.' commissioners to ir-^.it wi*!: liie Siou.\ In.lians for the cession .)f the
Black Hills reijion.
July 9,— Castle Garden, X, Y. City, d(>stroyed by fir.'.
•• 10.— Ibiniimrot tli.> propeller .s7, Cliur m\ Lake Super'.jr. Seventeen
pas.s.'iigrrs an.l ten of th.' crew lost.
i-- il. 8.— Tw.^ed arr.'steil at Viv'o. Spain, and returned to the United States.
13.— Death of Henry Ale.xand.'r Wise, Governor of Virginia and Bri-r -
Gen. in the Conlederate army, au^ed 70 years. °'
MOM. IE M.MUIHKS,
Oct,— Trial, sentences, and .■xecuiion- of .Mollle Ma^iiires in the niinin"
districts of P.-nn-ylvani.-i, A daiiiierous Or.ler and secret organization which
committed many lolil blooded nuinlers.
Oct. 13— A terrible boiler .'Xpl.wion in Pittsliur-r. Pa Sixty persons
buried in the ruins; fifty-seven killed anrl woumled. The shock was felt'dis
linctlytwo miles inmi the wreck. The ruiiH to, k fire and the scene was
lieart reiiiluiLr.
\ov,-Woman s X.uional Temperance Convention held in Cleveland- six-
teen States represented. '
<ii:i:. 1 /• /// s rui;i( ■. i /. i:\/:.\ts.
18"
187
889 I
II., l)y Dr. F. J. Le
.ATTK\||>T To noil I.INfoI.N'rt (ill.WK.
Nov 7.-I)astai,IK attempt t„ r.,1. tlu- -rave of frosidrnt Linroln. at
iJpnii^li.'ld 111., I)y a oMiplc ot dcsixiudoc^ Miillin.s and llu-li.s Thev
wore tried Jiinu 1, l,s.;, louiid jjuilly, and .Miitciicud to oue year la. Ii in the
IVnilfuliary. "
Dec .x-IJurnin-of tlic Hmoklyn Tlieat.-, vvliich took (ire from the wind
hiowin-oneof th<. tiles upon the Ma-e a.L„.in>t a ga.sjel, whicii was unpro-
t.ited. 2.0 lives wen- reported loM, amonu' whom were il, S MurdrK'k a very
poi>ulur aetor, aud v laude liurnm-hs, a ycuuig actor of risiiii,' rep' ' \\.
Dec 21.— Pas,saj;e of an e.xtmordinary meteor from S. K to N" \ which
wa.s witnessed from Kansas to I'eiinvyh ania and from Wisconsin to Kentucky
and dcserihed as Ik'His; a.s large vs an ordinary washf.il), wit' ■ -idl nrarly 400
feet in lenu'th. prodiiciiif,' u noise, in some places, which , i scrilied ua
louder than a w'lolc lialtery, aud llghlmg up the sky with a vivid i^dow.
IlKMATIOX.
Dec. 0.— Tlir first furnace built at Washington V
Moine, and co.st |l,<i'M).
Dee, 6.— The first public cremation w.as that of the body of Maron de Palm
The body wa-. placed lu the retort at Hi a. m., and at 10. 40 -lie cremation wiw
declared to L^ complete. The direct co^ of the operatiou was |7.04.
AsiiT.vm-LA iionnoR,
Doc. 29.-A. disaster the most appalling in its nature vhich over o. eurred in
U.e hi.story ot railway trawl, took place at a brid,.. near A.htabulu station in
Ohio, at about eigii oclo,-km the .veniiiLr. A i.assengertiain of eleven cars
bearing 160 human beings went d,.wn v ;,h the bridge into a drea.lful cha^m
70 feet in depth and into the cr.rk belou, the wre.k taking tire immediateiv
The weather was c.xtremely cold, and a blinding snow storm was driviii-
deat^ '"^ "** ^ One hundred persons were killed outrightor burned to
BEI.KXAP's FALL,
This year was noted for th,. exposure of "of!:- ial corn:ption" and " wirk-
edne.s. in high places The •• Whisky Frauds.- involving ;.- President's
Private Secretary and several revenue officers; the •Emma >' ;e" .scandal
'T'w'"""^ "■ "t?T "^ ^'?- ■^'■'"■"fk : and last, thou-b not lea- the Secretary
of \Var, Gen. Belknap, charged with " bribery," or with selli.r- Government
appointments.
BLfE fJLASS ^fA^•^A.
. -T'l"— Wonderful experimeiiuof Gen. Plea.sonton with blue .rl„ss as aheal-
iiig medicme, and the marvelous cures which he claimed as resulliier fnim
Us use m windows, caused a general excitement throucrhout the coiiiitrv and
adve.dsmg receuvd a fresh inii.etus. " Blue glass" was ofTered for 'sale in
wonderful quanlitu's and at marvelous prices Ills tlicory claimed th.it the
suiiliiihl admitted tliroudi blue irlass iravi' a fresh impetus to the "-rowih of
vegetation and imparled life and health to the sick.
At a (Ire in Montreal. Ouebec. (he red-hot walls of a burnin" bric'k build-
uig tell outward and iiiiied ovit a score of firemen beneath tluMu- nine were
kill'jd outright and ten -.vere very seriously injured.
GRKAT POLITICAL KXCTTEMKNT
Great e.xeilrinent jirevailed oyertlie whole Union in con-i'(,U(>nre of the con-
te^ti.il i.li.cli/ui (if til.. P!-;.<i(l,.i;! T.\,,. j-,,11 .,.,..;,....;..,. ^ ,,.,.'» .-.-M... ... . :..
Zi' . *, ' . , ,', , * . " * '■* i"* ■ - •'- '.i !^ii - ^'.-* 1 I'; tmai '.'tioCo ill
Presidential Llections.
390
GREA r ins TO UK : i l f i i-jxts.
1
1877. Jan. 4.-I)(.all, of Conu'lius Vandt-rbilt a -rcat <,,,,italist and railroad king
«- •,.''< -'•--^''•i;t'"S'>f <')L' ^Uahanui Claims fonirni.sMo.urs, in Washington
With becretary Fiih prusidiuij. "nioion,
F.CT.CTTTIOX OP LEE, THE " MOrXTAIN AfEAPOW" .WnDEUEIl
Mar. 2:j.-E.xocuti<)n of John I). I.,.,.. ...ic nf the Ira.l.rs i„ the "Mountain
M.a<i.,w nmssmiv, a wholcsalr huichny of an ariwint Irainhyt Mor
massacu()t(i lied. Ilr ,nadc out a writ leu .statmcnt, confcssin.^ coniolidiv
n the. nnu.., l.ut d.rlar..,! that la- was forcrd to carry out t L "or l" ' ,| •
tlR. council which wen ,dv..n hy Bishop Geo. A. bi.iith Hri..!,- n \^ „ 's
h.-s ...unsdor and ri^h, haiHl nun, tlut he v;^. Sl^.^:^, Z^
hi, iet'-hr' '■';" '"• HT'.ntcd having anythin.Mo do with it at h ' in ■
b that he vva.s lor.rd to ,arry ouf the project or lo.se his 'ife ' The
^itiu-ses in the ca.se, howev.-r proved the entire ouiH .,f Lee 'I hev vvere
M<.n„ons, and here united testiuiony. ye, a Mormon ju v fuse , , ,„
yet the participators The eviden.v in", he ,.Lse .showed tl.at , e i.i"r, "s
weredcoyed troni tluir camp under |,retensions of friendship and ass r
an.rs ot prote.tion, when they wre suddenly tired upon, and all but
th,.3oun.-est c liilcln.n, \yho would not be able to iein..ml)er the occurrence
^vel•e killed. The wounded had (heir throats cut or their brains were beaten
ou by the Indians, as „ was .laimed. Tliey were left on the uroun,< , ,
in heaps, for the wolves and wild Insists to devour. TJieir property was so'd
at auction under the exi)ivss.,i<ler of President Young. (Jver lol) innocent
victims perished m this hloo.ly slaughter by the hands of a class of neonk.
claiming,., bethe ■•S.iulsof (io.l, ' ,„„l ih,-nun, tnw Church of Godoneavthr
That other par icipat.Hs m thi.s bloody bu,.Ii,.ry, and especially the" h<;.ds«'f
the Morinon ( huirh, were not arrested aiul bro ight to ju.stie'e is a st lh i,"
question lor .,ur (;,.vermn.eut to answer, ,-u. 1 w irremain a black an;i .ursed
stain upon its honor while it has a history
April 11 -Rurning of the great Southern Hotel, at St. Louis, si.x stoiies in
height .and c,v erii.g nearly a block. Twenty persons nerished and several
others . supposed to be lost. " auu stveiai
May. -Terrible forest fires in Xnrihern New York. Whole counties devas-
tated and ever -thing swept away; the people left de.stifut.. and rteein- in
every direction t(,r Iheir lives. "t-eiii^ in
Mavfi— Surrender of 900 liostile Indians under Crazy Horse at the Red
tloud Agent y, '' ' ^^''^
M;iy 11.— -'-he fall of fli< ilome of the new Court-house at Rockford
Killing nine men outright and w -uliug eleven more.
WHOLESALE I'OISOXINO.
May 14— Poisoning of sixty miners at Streator, 111., the re ult of
among tht striking cniDloyes. All of the miners recovered.
f?^'7 \^> ~'' T- ''•■"""""" "'^■•■•"^ ■' ••'■^^••^r.l of ^:•.lO,00() for the restoration
Charlie Ross to his i)arcnts.
May 20— Denfh of Flrteher ILiijier, the last of the
founded the House of HariUT Brothers in New Yoik,
May 'JO.— A gathering of Fi'ui.ins. to tlie numlier of 1
Maloiie. X. Y., l)y a boi'y of luitul States troo|)-.
111..
•p. 1 -el
of
four brothers who
oCO. was dispersed a.t
C til AT
M tsi IMC >
000 feet of staiiilinn- pin<' buiiied.
l-OKEST
W
EITJES.
iscoiism aiui Miciuiran-
ovc.
L •100 000,
1877.
1878.
a J ! EAT IlISTOiUVAL EVKXTS.
391
Vu l~. X ,T ',■' '" ^'}""''»''y ('ounty, Canada. Ov.t 1,0(K) fami-
iml ; m .;w;M''-nn""""'"^ '"•';' '^'t^'^''^' '''-■^"'""^^- 1^'"' ^•ont' ^-ration .ov-
crtd a spate of 1,.jOU xiuure mi)',.s; U jxtsous kiiowu to have lost tht.r lives.
OSTILVCrSM.
June 13.— JmlKc Hilton refuses to admit James Seligmaii a well-known
and intiuentialLanker of New York, and his famiiv, to his ho e in Su" tCL
declaring tliat I'e could uot open his house to Jews: ^aiatoga,
GUE.VT FIKE IM .ST. JOUN.
June 20.-De.struetive tire in St. .John, X. R. The principal part of the
ty c.on ai.ung lorty blocks, was .lestroyed, an.l thirteei. I>ve ejortcd
$12,000,000:" "'""'^ ""'"''°- ^^" ^°'' ^" P'"!''''^ '™-^ *10,000,000 to
June 27.— Hanging of six Mollie Maguires at rottsville, Pa.
E.vtra session of Congress called by the President.
.Tuly-Ai.g. -Great and extensive •■<bor strikes occasioned by a ".ercral
reduction >• tea per oent. in wages. " ocrerai
ST.VXLET'8 RETniN'.
se,^,nd;":^'l"™Vf"^ "'"7 ^^ ,^'^'"''y' ""> great African explorer, from hi.s
S ,.,,„;'; f-H ^'"■'■'' ^" ''"'^V.'"''" "i"^' '»'"""'- '"aking .nanv g..,-
wnrU , f""' '''^'"yv"'^- «i"''' liis return he l.as prep'.ied Ti lar-o
v^ork. u ith a full account ot his travels and di.scoveri.s.
Aug. 29.-neath of tho groat .Mormon leader. Gov. Youn-. of Utah llo
LaLc™ "'' ^'^P'- ■' """ "'Sli i'riest, an.l the "founder of Salt
Oct. 13. -Army ap; -opriation bill passed
"vJ^TGov^ior'-^JlSi:;;;''^"^ '""""• ^''•<"' states Senator and great
Nov 2:i-Fisliery Commission sitting at RaHfax. N. S. o-;,ve a ^•erdirt
against the Lmted htates, and awarded Great Britai.uhe sunrof *,5„300 000
Ku-Ivlux bill passed by Congi-ess.
Loss of the stcar"er Alabama, with 70 live
appoimS" "^ "" '■''''' '""''"' question 1 a Boa.d of Commissioners
^e!;'T.l!lnrri"f"' "^ P^.l-'i'^'" Franklin Wade, u. Ar,erican Senator of
great abihiy and force ot character.
by^E'ciate^"^'^'^'^ Taylor's appointment as Minister to Germany confirmed
OR.V>'GE.MEN .VXD C.A.TII0I.1CS
March m -Riot in Toronto. Canada, .... !]„■ o.vasion of a lecture by the
f. n ;■,""''"""• / """van Hossa A mob of 7.000 rouirl.s surround..',! the
iiai, bicakui-all t.-iewuKhnv glass wiili missdes, nnd dnvim: die speaker
and audience Iron, ti.e buildin-, ;iO() ,..M-sons vvre iniured-20 hv pisl,.i
.pilots llieallair ended iti a prolonu.Ml airht between 'the Or.uigefnen and
>Tar. 21,— flanging of three Mollie Magiiires in Rloo.u.sljiirg,
liliAV'
cai;(>, i , ISTt. which. 111 !liu
.sounds tclegiapl.ically.
ri:i,KPiio\i:.
:.iiguage of the inveiaoi
:'a.
i-ii-iia < .lay 01 c 111
wlii tiansinil vocal
(L^
392
ORE A T JUS TO RICA L E VENTS.
1878.
phone.'""'"" "^ ^'^'^°'^' ^' ^^-'« P-k. N. J., ba.s also invented a tel.-
^^^^^rXoZ:^^^ Tr^^'V^^ permanently recording
those of the hui n vo ee T e s ShP T' " ' ^'°?' "^ ^oun.is. includini
Thomas A. Edison and i-, a ,„.r .k'm, i '•^H°""-™P'' ^'''^ invented hy Mr
used. • ^ '' *" ''"'■> •n'-'cl'anical mvention. no electricity being
^^■^^^^S^f::^''^'^' •/j'-g-t -TammanvRing"
ber:.s connected Juh the \linic Dd vLlT "^<' ">'7"'t' P<'wer in'the rob-
stoleu from its treasury. ''^""'^'P'^' Government, when $50,000,000 were
m£ ttcnSi-gSt '&^Z^ S tl^H i ■■" """ ?^'"^ ^' Mmneapolis.
Of .vend othe? la^e mills! ''fo^ S^^^&S^^ "^^S^^^ '-
ative^lrom s5:t ''""' ""' ^''"■^'"P' ^'^P-' ^^'"^ -^ich should be oper-
a„K's^"^^LS^;;'!;^;;?^,f„Be«,h^, -ter of Henry ward Beecher
uiid virtue. Aged 77 yearV '''"■'^""''" ""''""•• -1"^ =» woman of rare sense
WILLIAM CrLLEN BRTAXT
.bfS S S";!' "' "■"""" •:■'""■" "'>•"»'■ ""• ™l»"" American p„,, ..
June-July -Gen. John C. Fremont contirmed us Governor of Arizona
FKOM QirEBEC TO THE GULF OF MEXICO IX A PAPER C.UNOE.
^„;^"''^'*-.7^'-!^'*"'^' ^^- ^'"'^'^P ^t'i''f«l from Qnohor Canada with a l-rsp
canoe w,lh .sad., to make a trip to the Gulf of Mcxu,. I \d Lnid ^s
b tforapap..r.a„oeon the wav in one of the New En.ian. Ss ami
^|en' <". b.s way. ,,rrformi„g ,1„. journey pleasantly and .s-.tefy m n me weeks
m.M!''m,l"r"^r'r'' '" ^^""I'"''''' ^'T'^fl '"• ■! 'breathed riot amon- the Onm-e-
on that da3 " """" ""' '"""■"'P'^'"''* ^™"^1 P'"'"!'' "f 'I'" 0.aus..men
srxsTIiOKKS.
he?!-', '^h ~?"'''r"S ■''. ^''■^^' ''"''■"- -^"'^ 5*^ ^•'■'' P"^""'' '^''''l f'oni excessive
UeatLMhcdlv^f St Louis. :\[,,. ,.,nd over 50 in Chica.iio.
July ^^(1 —Death of •• Arinnie W.innn ' the dw.'irf wife of ^Fii NVwell
(also a dwarf) and sister. ,r Mrs T,.m Thumb, ^ ^' '
miinJlvM -'^"'■'' '.■'^'iPf "f tbr sun. s,.,.n in the United States in a path 110
'or -lie year ending with Julv. ISTM, lift
een .Mollie .'Nlaguires were hunir
GREAT HISTORICAL EVEyTS.
1878
1879.
:s80.
393
Juiy-Aua:. — Unprecedented and prolonged heat all over the United States.
Great suffering and many deaths in couse(iuenee.
Aug 7-9.— Terrible storm in Central Illmois, sweeping across the State
.domsr much damncje '
Aug -Sept —C/niie.te Embassy, among whom were several Chinese ladies
visit the United States. '
Sept 3-8 —Grand parade and national tournament of firemen in Chicago-
processioa three miles in length. '
sil\t;u bill.
Silver bill passed both Houses of Congress by more than .a two-thirds vote.
It was vetoed by President Hayes, but'imnietiiately passed again over his
veto. Under this law the United States Mint proceeded to coin the new
silver dollar.
Dec. 17.— Gold wa>J sold in New York at par. It was first sold at a pre-
mium January 13, \^G2. It reached its highest rate, $2.85, July 11, 1864.
Dec. 27 —Death of Major-General Daniel Craig M'Callum, manager of mil-
itary railways during the civil war, aged 64 years.
RESUMPTION OF SPECIE P.\YMENTS.
Jan. 1.— The resumption of specie payments l)v the Government took place
on January 1, 1879, as provided l)y law. It took place without produoinff
the slightest unfavorable impression. The enormous exportation and dimin-
ished importation of the previous year still continued, and .soon enli'X'nedthe
stagnant trade that had prevailed during the larirer part of 1878. Tiie conse-
quence was a state of remarkable prosperity during 1879.
Feb. 2.— Death of Richard Henry Dana, editor, poet, and essayist.
March 7.— Dcati« of Elihu Burritt, a scholar and philanthropist born at New
Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 1810.
April 31.— Death, in New York citv, of General John A. Dix, ex Governor
of New York, in his 81st j'ear.
May 7.— Th(! New York Legislature passed a bill fixing the legal rate of
interest at six per cent
June 10.— Both Houses unanimously pa.ssed a bill to erect a monument on
the site of the hou-e in which Washington was born.
Sept. 18. — Death, in Now York city, of Daniel Drew, aged 83 years.
Oct. 9.— Collision at Jackson, on the Micliigaii Central Hailroaii Fourteen
persons killed and thirty-two wounded.
Oct. 31.— Death of General .Joseph Hooker, Commander of the Armv of the
P(>toinac.
Nov. 1.— Death of Zachariali Chandler, a Senator, member of the Cabinet,
and politician He was born in Beill'ord. N. H., Decrinlxr 10, IHKi Mr.
Cliandlfr took an active part in the Pn sidcnti.il campaign of 1S7(), beins the
hard wirkinsx President of tli(> Kepul)li< n National Evectitive Committee.
llr was during llie greater portion of his life cnir.,nr,.,i n, i;i|-i:e business enter-
prises, from which he had realized a handsome lortune. lie was a man of
commaiidiug appearance. ;iiid po.sse.ssed an excellent practical judgment,
ureal eiiei'Liv. ami pcsrvcr'Uice.
Jan. :!. — Dciitli. .'it Maldi
M.'i
(list l'4Mseopal ( liurcli, in bis ."ilUh ye.ii
r Risliop Oill.rrt Haven, of the .M 'tli
394
GREAT I/fSTOfifr'AL EVENTS.
1880.
1881.
April IH.-Tornmlo swept ov.-r parts of Wcsfrn and Soutlicrn Sfilcs
d.Mroy.n,!: niuch properly and :..,llin^r „„„„. ,,, |„ .,-,„. ,„,v //.f Marshli M
;nwn"'rFr'p "*'^' '^ '•'■■''^■•oy«l. On,. Inindn .,1 killed an.l 150r,„n! S Tl^
town ot h\ I'aso, Arkansas. wa.s also destroyed '"".uo, i nt
w.!S1;?l4S ^i''''' " '"'-''' ^"'•''"" '^^ '-"-"' ^- -'--y was laid
June 9.— The Xational Heptiblican Convention at Chiea.'o 111 nomin.^t .,i
and William il. English, of Indiana, for V ice- President. ' ^ "■"'''"^•
PUESIDEXT GARFIELD IXAUGCR VTED
mother and wite with a kiss a. the close Sen it r F-,, ] ! u i' • ''" -'Vf '"^
Secretary of State in the new C.-.inet.^^ Gn;;;';;;;;^:/:;^!^^!^^^^''"^'
THE PRESIDENT ASSASSIXATED.
July 3.-At the railway depot in Washington, on his wav to attond thp
CiZn?'r'"^ ;'f '■•■'^''^=" ^yi'li'""'^ ^'on.';.. of wLJcI, l,.: was a Slate
I resident Garheld was shot down l.y a pistol in th." hands of (^Imr es V
fo weeks' *''^''>;i":"""'' l"'""""^''- for ^^ce. who had watch,.,! his op, niiv
flw.^; -1 , ^''^V^"^^"^V" was at once arrested. Profound sensati, n ov-r all
i;^,^:^";',' s,i':.:3"oE?{„'*s;:; ''<"""••' »>" '■■'■ ' -"■» «'«
Sept. ;J-7. -Michigan forest fires. Great loss of life and property
Sept 19 -After a lingering and mo.st painful illness, the Pr,.si,lVnt dies at
Elberon, near Long Branch. N. J. Great grief throughout the nation
Sept 20 -Vice-President Artlmr privat,>ly takes the inauguration oath us
President an,l re takes it mor," formalh- and publicly at WaslFSi Sent 22
when he delivers his inaugural addresi. ^ '«Miingion, stpt. ii,
t,r?'^/;r'*'r''','"^r'"'V'.'' °^ President Garfl,>ld Imri.l at Lake View Ceme-
tery, ( l,.v,. and ( ). . with great pomp and ceremony. The f.mera procession
was more than four miles in length. ""^i.u proctssion
thfuniled Sta'^tLs" '"'''''''' """^'"^ September 30th, 560.000 emigrants arrive in
OUITEAU INDICTI.!.
mm-dei""^'"''^ '^ Guitcau, the a.ssassiM ,)f the President, is imlieted for
\r?h,'.;'^'!'^~;*^'"'5''^^ "'■"''"" "'^ "'^' ^^"'i^*^ opcm^l to consider President
Arthurs Cabinet appointments.
YOUKTOWN CEXTENMAI..
Oct. 13-01. -C,.nt,^nnial eelebnition of the surrend.'r of Cornwallis at
■mJ I ',??,'; <,'■' 1 •' '''P'-''^'-'"^'''^-''-"*' Lafayetl... the Count Ko,ha.Hb,.au.
il V , ^''■"'"•". were ,.res,.„l. ()„ ,he ISth was „.i,l th,. ,n,.r-ston.. of
th, \,.ikloun monument, to cost about !?'J()(MHH). and b,. built a, th.. national
eXp( Use
Washiii:.;lo:i
wuHcuu ijiyiu^, biiure (he C liininai I'ourt m
^S^
A DAY OF DEATir.
1882. Jan. 7.— Death of Hon. E. W. Stouirhton, of New York, lato minister to
Russia; also of Uicliard II. D.-ma, Jr., of Hoston, poet, essayi.st, and lawyer
and ot Chief Justice John Pierpout, of Vt-rnioiit. '
C.LITKAU SKNTKNCKU.
Feb. 4.— The a.«saf 'in C'has. J. Guiteau, having been found Lniilty of the
murder of President Gartield, was setitenced to be hani^'ed on the'jioth'of June
next following, at whieli date he piid the penalty of his gigantic crime.
Great floods prevail this month in the Ohio and Mis.sissippi valleys causing
almost unprecedented destruction of property. '
DKATII OP A I'OET.
March 24,— Henry Wadsworth Longf. How dies at his home in Cambridge
Mass. , aged To years. '
The l)ill to restrict Chinese immigratinn pa.sses Conuress, It was vetoed
by the President April 4, but on .May 8 lie signed a new bill subseiiuently
passed, limiting tlie time of restrictidu to ten years.
ALirch 27.— General S. A. llurlbut, Minister of the United States to Peru
died at Lima, in his si.xty-seventh year.
TE illBLE KIVER DISASTEK.
,^Iarch 30.— The steamer Golckii City ^- ah ' 'irned at Memphis, with a loss
of thirty-tive lives.
April 27.— Death of Ralph Waldo Ei
Concord, Mass., within a few days of (
-on, "theCarlylc of Am(iica,"at
ipleting his sevcnty-niuth year.
A.NOTIIEII AWKUL DISASTEIl.
July 4.— The excursion steamer S<-ioto collided with a tuii boat near Mingo
Bottom, on the (Jliio, and went down with tifty -nine of her passengers.
July 24. —The Hon. George P. Marsh, for many years minister to Italy
died in that country, aged 81.
Aug. 1.— A river and harbor bill, providing for unusually large expenditures,
was vetoed by President Arthur, but was passed again by both hou.ses of Con-
gress the next day.
POLITICAL TIDAL WAVE.
Nov. 7. — Result of elections a great surprise to the eountrv. Democrats
secure a large majority in the Lower House of Congress, and f()r the tir^t time
in th(! history of the Republican partv elect Governors in Michi'ran and Kansas.
T'ley choose a (}o>-ernor in New York by nearly 200.000 majorilv. and carry
the elections by large majorities in Penu.sylvania and many oilier States.
TRANSIT op VENUS.
Dec. 6 —Transit of tlie jilanet Yenus. Yisiblc in North and South America.
Eurojie and Africa. The i iitire transit {l)olli ingress and egress) was visible
only in .Vinerica, Astronomers from all i)arts of the glolie came to America
to view this great astronomical i)heiiomenon. Careful observations were made
by parties sent out by the V . S. (}overmiieiil with instruct ion^ prepared bv a
( .M.n..i.-.-.i,,ii (,11 ill,. Traiisir of Venus, autlion/ed liv Coimfess and under
charge of the Secretary of the Xavy. In the middle jiortions of the United
States the weather was cloudy and" the (jbservalions made were net as satis-
r
I
I
tn
;^9r.
1882.
1883.
1881.
1883.
1883.
1881.
GREAT IIJ.<T(jniCAL EVENTS.
1885.
fiirtory as in the eastern ami western portions At ilu. T ;,.l- ^»i
:;::^rp.^-eSi^&^^~^
there, wore 180 persons ia the lu u e/ CU TwZu lit tluiMivV''' '''"''
jutnp.ng from the third and fourth stories, on jmt"et do i''""^^ "'""^
men be ow while others were suffocated or burned to cleat Thf ^'^^^
was too horrible to describe more minutely ^^^ ^^^"^^
brW?^cS!isi;!?:rSr,e'^;Si sSs ;Sl!";'" "ri^ ^'^"'P^^^^^- This
in dhm,eter; eueh c b e eon^sts of -^4• 4 n.?^^^^^ by cables 15* inches
each cable 11 "oim, , ' '°""='" ^"^ •J--*'^-* parallel steel wires; the strenjrth of
Height of towers at e e h , n d ^77 Zf ^^ ^ '''"SUi of bridge. 5,984 feet,
water Width s«5 fn, i , •,. 1 > r^'' ^''^ span is 120 feet above hieh
walks. x'llfbri^J'^. is^^iin^nS jVn^^^^ -^ S
U^tit was over tturteen years in'co2£S.^ }^S^ 'f Si^J^i^c^^
we'n^t^to'"v^i^X^;t\^rXki;:'^'|S^^ ^S^l!:r"^^7■ '^°"-°^?°^ P-P'^
and people were crowded of the stlirf^t ^ T ?"'° '^ P''°'«^ ensued,
by th'e edited crowd!" Ablt"a dS uie^ were'lo'st' '"''^^''^ "°^^^ '°°'
ADUKNDA.
for^'reK^V^"' ^""''^''" "°"'' °^ ^"'""^""^ ^°^"-' '^ ^'^q^est for home rule
eduction,T?ej'78.°' '^"^- ^'^'''■'°° "^^^^°"- ^^'^'^^ Canadian pioneer of
GenemfofT^anada.^'''''^^'""'' '''''''''' '" ^^"'•'^ I^^^"'^- inaugurated Gov.
kiS: ^lllle'oa'ihfi^^'Sv t'worh ^;:!'"'^-',r'- ToroMo. Ont. 25 men
railway. - "^ "''' ''-' '' 'oH'sion on the Grand Trunk
prS.y'-"^''''' ^""'^^ °" ' ■ ^"''" «'^'«^- ''oi^A' '■•nmen.e damage to
J!^£-St^l^^}:^i^];^^^::i:^--o^ ^-.lulent tnals of
July 1.— Senii-eentenuial )f Toronto.
Dec. I0.-O,eningof the Worlds Fair at New Orleans
i(.0. .J.--Vtteniptoa a.s.sassii.n.tion. in New YnvV- ^r
■-sa, ifiSii airilatur.
n'r>
I
_>!- ^ .1, ^ ^i, .,1.
-1- _>l^ ^1^ ^ -a. ^ P>S^^<Oa{- ■ '^^2
';]^::::^Ga2£raphical D!:co72r:eG.---C
861.
871.
950.
1002.
1344.
1345.
1364.
1418.
1440-45.
1440.
1448.
1449.
14T1.
1484.
1480.
1493.
1193.
1497.
Feme Islands, discovered about this time bj a Scandinavian vessel.
Icclanil, discovered by .some Norwegian Chiefs, who were compelled to
leave their native country. According to some accounts, it had l)een visited
before this by a Scandinavian pirate, Naddodd.
Greenland, di-scovered by the Icelanders about this period. The first colony
established there was destroyed by a pestilence in the 14th century, and by
the accumulation of ice between Greenland and Iceland, all intercourse was
cut off.
Vinland dat Gode (Good Wine Land), a part of America, was discovered
by the Northmen, Eric and Biorn.
Madeira, the well-known wine producing island, was discovered by Juan
Gonzalez and Tristan Vaz, Portuguese.
Canary Isles, discovered by some Genoese and Spani.sh seamen, having
bL>en known to the ancients.
Guinea, the coast of, discovered by some seamen of Dieppe, about this
period.
Porto Santo, discovered by Vaz and Zarco, Portuguese.
Senegal River, discovered by the Portuguese.
Cape Verde, discovered by Denis Fernandez, a Portuguese.
Azores Island-^ discovered b\ Gon/alio Velio, a Portuniifse.
Cape Verde Mands, discovered l)y Antonio de Noli, a Genoese in the ser-
vice of Portugal
Island of St Thomas, under the Equator, discovered.
Congo, discDxcred by the Portuguese, under Diego Cam.
Cape Bojador, or Nun, doubled for the first time by the Portuguese.
Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Bartholomew Diaz.
Luc.'ivos, or Bahama Islands These were the first points of discovery bv
t.oluminis. Nni Salvador, one of these inlands, was first seen bv this great
navigator on the 11th or 13th of Ociober in thi- ye.ir.
Cuba, Island of Ilispaniola, or St. Dt)mingo," discovered by Columbus in
his first voyage. "
Janiaica, St. Christopher's Dominica, discovered by Columbus in his
.second voy.aLii'.
Cai)e of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco di Gama. and the passase to India
discovered.
Newtouiuiland, discovered by .Tolin Cabot, who first called it Prima Vista
and Baccalaos. .,n-
^:-f-3
1498,
1515.
1516.
1517.
1518.
1519.
1530.
1521.
1534.
Continent of America, discovered by Columljii.s.
.A!,iliil)ar. coast of, di.scovered l)y Vasco di Gama.
31()/.anil.iiiue, island of, discovered by Va^ro tii Gama
PonuguesetaJ''"''"'-''''' '^''''''''''''^ ^y «J' ■»'» "°d Amerigo Vespucci, under
Brazil carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci
Lal)rador and River St. Lawrence, di.scovered by Cortecal who sailed fmm
Lisbon on a voyage of discovery for the I'ortuguc'se
hi.?i2 voyjgf ''■ ^°'"' "^ '^' "^''''' ""^ '^'' S"'^ ^^P^"'-'^'! ^y Columbus on
St. Helena, the island of. discovered by Jean de Nova, a Portuguese
in tb^tinle'STSus^ ^'"' ^"^'"^"'^^^- ^^"^-'^ ^^ >^-- ^o «'- Romans
Madaga-scar, island of, discovered bv Tristnn rtn r„r,i,o „„^ • * j i
thePonug,:esenavig,Uor, Fernancrlz'ffifi?^ ^
cal let! bt. Lawrence, having been discovered on the day of 1 hat Sam r
be'n^?ll?r;i1lSe'S/i^r:^et"'"'- ^^""^''^ '^'^'^ ^° «^'-™-- -»- »>^d
Ascension Lsle. discovered by Tristan da Cunha.
Sumatra, island of. discovered by Slqueyra. a Portuguese.
Sumatra, more accurately examined by the Portugue'se.
.Molucca Lsles, discovered by the Portuguese.
Sunda Isles, discovered by Abrew, a Portuguese.
in^^fi'"-^'*^^' 1 '^ ^"'"tuguese navigator, wrecked on these islands, found them
m occasional po-ssession of the Arabians.
Florida, discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spanish navigator.
Borneo and Java. Tlie Portuguese became acquainted w.th these islands.
South Sea. The Great Ocean was discovered this year from the mountains
ot Uarien. byNuguezde Balboa, and sul),sequently navigated by Magellan
The supposition of the New Worid being part of India now ceaseu. '
Peru, disc&verea t.y Perez de la Rua.
Rio Janeiro, discovered by Diaz de Soils.
Rio de b. Plata, discovered by the same.
China, discowry of, by sea, by Fernand Perez d'Andrada.
Bengal, discovered by some PortuLniese thrown on the coast by a tempest.
Mexico discovered by the Spaniards; conquered by Cortes in 1519.
}».'*H^'''v "• ^" ''J.', ' ''■'"'^'' ''>' ^ragellan with a fleet of di.scovery fitt. d out
■\ . ^'V!"'""'"" ^'""■'''^ ^'- 'The first voyage around the world "was under-
ini!> ^^ 1 ""'■'.':»,""■; ""^1 liis ves.sel performed the enterprise, although
tiie commander pi-nshed. °
Terra del Fucgo, discovered by Magellan.
Ladrone Islands, di.scovered by :Magcllan.
Pliillipine.s. Tiiis archipelago was discovered bv Magellan, who Ins* hig
lite here in a skirmish. " °
FrScis hTfIv . T.'"'*'';^' 7>"'^'^'^ "f (lisoovery made by the French under
asfur ,V^ • o'"' "f, ^V"-''' f "'''■ ;'^"''' '•«>f'li'"ir Florida, coaste.i along
rr^t'J^"^ .ir-rees nnrth latitude, and gave to this part the name of new
1534
1525.
1527.
1530.
1534.
1535.
1537.
1541.
1543.
1545.
1553.
1553.
1575.
1576.
1577.
1580.
1587.
1594.
1596.
1606.
1607-10
1607
North Amerini, tiiivclled over from Florida to Newfoundland by Verri-
zauu, a I'loreulinu. iii the service of France.
New Holland, discovered by the Portuguese about this time; this immense
tract was tor some tniie neglected by Europeans, but was visited by the
Dutch, at various periods, from 1619 to 1644.
New Guinea, discovered by Sauvedra, a Spaniard, sent from Mexico by
Corle/, ' •'
Guinea, the first voyage to, made by an English ship for elephant's teeth.
Canada, visited by ('artier, of St. Malo; a settlement having previously
been made in 1538, by Verrizani, who took pos.se.ssiou in the name of Francis
I. of France.
Cahfornia, discovered by Cortez.
Chill, di.scovercd by Diego de Almargo, one of the conquerors of Peru.
Labrador, discovered by a French engineer, Alphonse.
India, the first English ship .sailed to, for the purpose of attacking the Por-
tuguese.
Japan, discovered i)y the Portuguese, Antonio de Meta and Antonio de
Peyxoto, who were cast by a tempest on its coast.
Potosi, mines of, discovered by the Spaniards.
Spitzbergen, observed by the English, but mistaken for part of Greenland
Visited by Barentz, a Dutch navigator in search of a north-east pa,s,sage, in
White Sea. This sea. which had not been visited since the time of Alfred
was now supposed to be discovered by Chancellor, the English navigator. '
Nova Zembla, discovered by Willougliby, an English seaman.
Solomons Isles, discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, sent by the Governor
of Peru
Frobisher's Strait, discovered by the English navigator whose name it
bears
Greenland further explored by Frobisher, who also penetrated farther
between this country and Labrador.
New Albion, discovered by Drake, who was the .second to attempt a
voyage round the world, which he performed in three years.
Siberia, discovered by Yermak Timophclevitch, Chief of the Cossacks.
Davis' Straits, discovered by the English navigator whose name it bears
in his voyage for the discovery of a nortli-west pa.ssage.
Falkland Islands, discovered by the English navigator, Sir John Hawkins.
]\Iarqucsas. discovered by Mendana. a Spaniard, on his voyage from Peru
to found a colony in the Solomon Isles.
Solitary Island, discovered by Mendana on the above-named voyage.
Archiiielago del Espirito Santo, discovered by Guirns, a Portuguese sent
from Peru. These islands are the cychules of the Houirainville, and the New
Hebrides of Conk
Otaheito. supposed to be discovered by Guirns, who named ii Seirittaria.
Hudson's Ray. discovered by the celebrated English naviirator, Hudson,
on his third vovage. Venturing to pa.ss the winter in this bay on his fourth
voyaire. he was, with four others, thrown by his sailors into a boat, and left
to perish
Chesapeake Bay, discovered by .lohn Smith.
=ij
10 1.-,.
1010.
1642.
1654.
1073.
1686.
1690.
1693.
1699.
1728.
1741.
1765.
1767.
1768.
1770.
1773.
1774.
1778.
1797.
Vru! Jicmau's Land, diMovumi In- the Dutch
Balllu's Bay, discovered by Wdliam I3a(Iiu, an Endishman
Froziri Ocean In tlii>; \;-,r ti„. ^>. ,■ """"•
the Lena into this .sea. ''■ ^''' '"'"' ^^"■^^'"" '^^'iP «i'l' ■! 'iown
TaSun^;r m";^,:;;!; ;;;:;-"'-» P- of van Dien^an. Land, d.scovcred by
Bourl)on, isle of, occupied by the French.
Louisiana, discoyercd bv the French Tl,i^ «» . .
fro. U Salle, a Frenchn.an. .Jl^La ll^^'y^Zri^'Im '^ "'""^
Easter slands discovered by Hoggewein, a Dutch navigator
of by the l{ussia,s in Wjz •^'""^^'^O- 1 1"> country was taken possession
Japan, carefully visited by Kemfer, a German
G^Z'':i^,.ri;%1^,^;!' S^islSrn?''" "^^^^'^ '^ ^-- New
round the world at the' pe;ioToVthiTIil:covST ''"^ '*-'""'"" '"'"^" "^ ^'^^^g^
viSt'H£ia!'So"i;lr if bearr'^^l:^' "^/l I^-'^^-vi,ator in the ser-
tinenls of A^ia an 1 An XVa not m, 7 "" '•■^'"''"■■^l^"! Uiat the con-
about thirty.nine mile" ' ''"^ ="<' ^ii^tant from each other
Kamschatka, ascertained by Behrin- to be a peninsula
n,^ra:^.:^i^u;;^.?vre^s^5^™;S;.tXr^ ^
meut, by Captains Billing and Sarv,'hert>Jm iW] to 1798 ^^"'""" ^°^''""-
Duke of York's I-lands, discovered by Byron.
Isles of Danger, discovered l)y Byron.
Otaheitc, discovered by Wallis.
wS'laLte!! Snn'no'urun.'''""" ^'^"'^ °" '"^ ^°^-='' --^1 the world.
New Soutli Wales, discovered bv Captain Cook
Island of Desolation, the fir-t land south of India discovprcl l». t'
and ..,,.l^by h,s name. Subsequently eailci .h;^' ^^.^I^^Ji^.i^S'^
^^Xew Caledonia, discovered by Captain Cook in his second voyage, 177o_
Icy Cape, discovered by Captain Cook. I
Sandwich Islands, discovered bv C.int lin Cook in 1,1c ti,;,. i
commenced in 1770. He lost hi. lilc in I7:u. '" """' '"'">•'■-"• ^-^'i^'l'
Bass's Straits. >Ii-. Ba«s snr"-eon tiT n \r ii t> <■
as Western Port, in a sn m\' 'n l' a f,, „, P ,h nl""""' ^T'"''''''^ ^' f^*'"
that a strait existed between Xew S^ u T, , i r::"i;''"' ^^=!^ f «!•""«"
1799, Lieut. Fluulers circumn-ivi-,i , V" ,,' »■ ^ " '*"''"'in'^ I-^'ikI. In
Strait after .Air. IJaJs! ' """""-'^ '-"'■'' VanDicnums l.an.l, and named the
to Va'^.S. ''""'"''■ """""^ '■J' '"■ «°"«'- »' ■>« ""is «-iIl,„„,. I»u.d
1819.
1819-22.
1821.
1825-6.
1827.
1829-33.
1830.
1838.
1849.
1855.
1856-59,
1857.
1858.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
..v.. „ ^.....,.,,e„, ,„u norniern limits of. determined bv Pan
fr«m the mouth of the Coppermine Kiver to Cu™ Turnagain^
Asia the northern limit.s of, determined by Baron Wrangle
the moutih'" niie Co^nn^r''"'''' ««7"'l ':^P«liti"n, in which the coast bef.veen
140 S of co^st^? ivn '^ f'"'" ^'>' ^'^^'' ^" P"'°t Barrow, leaving about
Barnnv illSOrw. I'onT ' ""'"■" "'''' ^'''"^ '^"^ P°i°' Beechey.^ Point
ISt^^'JJV^"'"'"'- North-west pas.sage. Discoveries of Captain Ross. October
No^emlSTstlf ™'°''*'°° °^ 'Uscovered by Richard and John Lander.
Arctic discoveries by Dease and Simpson.
Livmgstone and friends trace River Zouga, Africa.
Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa.
Uu .'haiUu explores Equatorial Africa
Captain Burton cros.ses Equatorial Africa.
Captain Speke discovers Victoria Nvanza.
Cameron crosses the continent of Africa
British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of North Pole
thesame.^ '°'''^'' '^' great African rivers Congo and Lualabaaaone and
SlKn^..,^'^eSSSS^fS^SJr ^--^--^ the
anJ'lhfl£-^--^Arri.^.^^^
to?JacMha;™ii; from rh?no7h'""' '™" ''°^°^^'' "" '^'-^-'«°' '^^ ^^^
L
Bt p. B. DICKER80N.
N his publication on Education, John Locke says:
"The writing of letters has so much to do in all
the occurrences of human life, that no gentle,..an
can avoid showing himself in this kind of writing;
occasions will daily force him to make use of his
pen, which always lays him open to a everer
examination of his breeding, sense, and abijities
than oral discourses, whose transient faults, dying for the most
part with the sound that gives them life, and so not subjeci u,
strict review, more easily escape observation."
Letter writing was the link that in the last contury bound
together those literary coteries that we would now sneer at as
"provincial," and in the interchange of epistles we get glimpses
of literary life that are as vistas of green fields and fresh waters
to the wri^er of the present day. The cultured leisure recog-
nized as the natural nef^fssi^Ar r>f +iir>,,^v,f +i.„ ,1
402
Jl n -^T^
hCIENCE OF I.KTTER WRITING.
408
ai» A' orkmansliip by which alone siicli tliought coukl 1)«> in.suivd
f> '.Iff expression, the exact hahincinj^ of a period, the ch)se
' nsion of feet, and the (h^iicate ear-ringing of rliynies, have to
mass of writers of t!ie present time iliesume picturescpie and
'•arming antiqueness that the stage-coach lias to the lmrri<.'()
.iveler who must perform his journeys by express train. We
flatter onrselvea that we can do cdl that our predecessors did in
much less time and with decidedly less fuss. This may be true;
but still, when we examine closely, we discover that we are in a
great measure reaping where they have sowed, and that our pres-
ent haste is largely indebted to their leisure. And whatever we
may say when we find our pens in request, and when study is so
much time wasted that might have been given to reproductive
writing, the old ideal of the literary life is the only one that will
commend itself to the truly literary man.
Napoleon's instructions to his son, through his executors,
were: " Let my son often read and reflect on history. This is
the true philosophy. Let him read and meditate on the wars of
the great captains. This is the only means of righUy learning
the science of war." We believe the application of Napoleon's
advice to his son the only correct way of learning Science in
Letter Writing, hence we publish as our "sample letters" let-
ters from the most noted men and women of this and other coun-
tries, including letters from every President of the United States
and fourteen signers to the Declar.. ion of Independence. Tn
making this selection, we have endeavored to have them relate
to as great a variety of subjects as possible, and every lover of
pure society will welcome this volume, which is the" result of
the expenditure of great labor, time and money.
erftnt> to Covvtpo^itvovi..
Cobbett's advice "to know first what yon -.vant to say, and
then say it iu the iirst words that occur to you," is sound, and
404
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITIXG.
Miss Miirrineau, in her co' jus autobiography tells us that early
in her career she gave up the practice o: "ODying anything she
wrote. "For," as she goes on to say, "I perceive that great
mischief arises from the notion that botching in the second place
will compensate for carelessness in the first. It seemed to me
that distinctness and precision must be lost if alterations were
made in a different state of mind from that which sup-gested the
first utterance I have alwajs made sure of what I meant to
say, and then have written it down without care or anxiety,
glancing at it again to see if any words were omitted or repeated,
and not altering a single phrase."
"As a rule, it is well to banish all thought of ornament or
elegance, and to aim only at expressing yourself plainly and
clearly. The best ornament is always that which comes unsought.
Do not beat about the bush, but go straight to the point. Reniem-
ber that what is written is meant to be read; that time is short;
and that— other things being equal— the fewer words the better.'
Repetition is a far less serious fault than obscurity. Young
writers are often unduly afraid of repeating the same word, and
require to be reminded that it is always better to use the right
word over and over again than to rej^lace it with a wrong onet—
and :. word which is liable to be misunderstood is a, wrong one.
A frank repetition of a word lias >nen sometimes a kind of
chprm, as beailng the stamp of tntth, the foundation of all excel-
lence of style. Many conventional ex])r-ssions, partly common-
place and partly vulgar, should be caref;''Iy avoided."
Nearly all the writing of most ])ersons is in the form of let-
ters, and yet in many of our sch'H)]s this kind of composition is
s;idly neglected. This neglect is probably due in some measure
to the fact that a complete and systematic treatise on letter
writing has heretofore been wanting. When it is considered
that m the art of corres])on(ience thrre is much that is conven-
tional, requii-ing a knowledge of social ciistf.ms, which, if not
im\m
il'
SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING.
m
early taught, is obtained only after years of experience and
observation, and that the possession or want of this knowledge
does much to determine a person's standing in good society-
tlie value of this art, and of a thorough text book by which it
may be taught, will be duly appreciated.
Mucn of the material has been gathered from original sources
and now appears in print for the first time. G eat care has been
exercised to give the best present usage in regard to all subjects
treated. The selection of letters written by the various Presi
dents of ihe L^nited States, and other pers(.iis of note wiU be
found especially valuable as examples of domestic and 'familiar
correspondence.
91Catcriaf>.
Paper.— \^ this paper age there is seldom an excuse for
writing a letter on paper not especially intended for the purpose
It may be had in nearly an endless variety, and suited to all
tastes and wants. Formerly the preference was given to that
size (about 8x10 inches) known as letter paper, and it is still to
be preferred in business letters; but in social letters it has been
almost entirely superseded by the size known as note. Gentle-
men generally use what is known as commercial note (size about
5x8 inches), but packet note, which is somewhat smalle-, is more
suitable for ladies' use.
B(-i(les the above, wliicli are standard, there is n great
variety of fancy note papers ],ut up in boxes with env.-h.jr-s to
match. Never write a lett.T on loolscMp under an>/ virrmn-
s'fanc's. Tf it is the only ]i;ip.'.- ohtainab],. r,it it down r.. i.,,fe
or h'tter size. T)o not use a half .she.'t .'X(v].t Wn- a business ],■(
un: ^ In a privat.' letter it m.t only looks nie;m and stingy, but
is disrespectful to the rt;ceiver.
No color is more elegant and tasirful than whitp, an<l no
other c(,lor should ,'v,.,- h.- used by gmtleinen. Ladies may u.se
400
■..II'IW I.,
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
delicately tinted papers if they choose, but it is regarded as bad
taste for a geutleniar to use eithei- tinted or perfumed paper.
If you can write perfectly straight without a guiding line, by
all means use unruled paper. It is more stylish, and allows one
to wTite i-lose or open as the occasion seems to demand.
Bnodope.—Thki envelope should be adapted both in color
and size to the paper. Those known to dealers as Nos. 4 and 4^
are suitable for ladies, and Nos. 5 and ^ for gentlemen's social
correspondence. Nos. G and G^ are renerally preferred for busi-
ness purposes.
Both paper and envelopes hould be of fine quality. It helps
to create a favorable impression on the recipient, and beside is
conducive of fine penmanship.
//^/l•.— Good black ink can never be in bad taste. It is the
most durable color, and one never tires of it. Purple ink is
allowable, though not so much in vogue as a few years since.
All other colors should be discarded entirely.
^mZ6\— Seals have almost gone out of date since the intro-
duction of gummed envelopes, being now little used except for
valuable enclosures sent by express. Still a seal of wax neatly
put on gives a much more retined appearance to a note, and adds
something of distinctiveness to it.
(phc 3f carina.
The iikadixg consists of the place and date. On ruled paper
it sliould begin on the first line, near the center of the sheet, in.d
may occupy one, two, or three lines. It sliould of course occupy
the same position on unruled paper. The place should iucltKl"..
at least two items, the Posfofu-e nuiX the State, and if the i.Iihv
is not a large one, the county also, unless well known tu the p.T-
son for whom the letter is iii((mde(l. Wlmn wijti.in- f,,,,,) a city
where there is a tVee delivery, th.> street :md inn.il.er sh-.i-Jd ;.ls!.
be written. The date siiould give the nuMitli. the dav ot li
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
407
month and year, and may also include the day of the week,
social notes the year is often omitted.
In
The introduction includes two parts, the address and the
salutation. The former consists of the name and title of the
person written to, with his place of residence. The name should
be written plainly and in full. Courtesy requires that some
title should be affixed to the name, unless the person addressed
is a member of the society of Friends.
The ordinary titles are Mr., Esq., Mrs., and Miss. Master is
used in addressing a boy. Two of these titles cannot be used,
nor should they be used in connection with professional, literary
or military titles, except in one or two instances. In case of a
clergyman it is allowable to write Rev. Mr., and if a married
man has a professional or literary title, Mrs. may be used before
it to denote his wife.
T7ie salutation or conipliinentary address is a term of polite-
ness, resp<'(«t, or affection with which we introduce a letter, such
as Dear Sir, My dear Madam, Gen^hmen. Most of the saluta-
tions used in business letters are equally appropriate in many
oth^r letters. It would be absurd to attempt to prescrih,^ set
forms for all the varieties of social correspondence, the particular
expression to be used dep.-^nding on the feelings or fancy of the
writer, and his relation U, tlie person addres^^ 1.
The introduction may consist of the address and salutation,
.>r the salutation alone. In fh(^ latter r- f,ie address is plac t.
at the end of tlie letter. In busiu; ..'tters, not official it
should inv;iri:il)ly precede the body of ili^^ letter; ia military and
oilier (illiciiil letters if souietinies prec-'\ \ and sometimes fol-
lows. Hoth forms ;iie ;illi Mv;il,]e j;, sori;il letters.
T/ic ,i,Jdr>s.s s\\in\h\ '*enin ,ui ilie first or second line below
the (l:iie iiii,", (Y,,;), one foiirfli to three-fourtlis of an inch from
m}
■•• «
•408
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
i
the left edge of the sheet, and may occupy one, two or three
hnes. The first line of the address should contain the name and
title only, the second the Postotfice and State, or, if the street
and number are given, they should occupy the second, and the
Postoflice and State the third. Each succeeding line of the
address should begin Irom half an incli to an inch further to the
right, according to the size of paper used.
The salutation should be written on the next line following
the address, and may begin immediately under the initial letter
of the first line, or half an inch or more to the right of the begin-
ning of the last line.
The arrangement of the address and salutation, as well as the
punctuation of the same, will be best understood by reference to
the following models:
Q^^^. -(^yffjfz^t Q!'rf/je-jz.
'/io-t^'/'.
'^eei-l
em
'/ri-.
■y^z^
• /eftJe tr.c^fA ^ -yy ^ .r.
^ffl^i ^2l¥'eTyiylyU.,
^^ yfrr.i
;j/r.t r cry } rrrr ////.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
409
3-u»i-vvc>^ oForvH^.
^.J^eU^. (%id€/C Ml/ry-, ^aZ/i^Ti (^ 6a,
I
Made, M//o?z (Fa., J^naf.
Ja/^ J.J, J^S.Q.
^cati G^ird, ~€?ic/c6 cf/ /^ {ewS c And
r
\
410
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITINO.
WiB Aa/Ue lAe/v/eud-
^J<^ JY/e^don Mile.,
W\s- /iwUejud^
U^)t-^: — O/ /<^ /Ae /i<?^j-i<?^i, /^ <-aU -^/^
■i't^l
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITINO.
411
(^ ^2^u ^a^ce/d^ry^ Qc
7^
e/ 9e,
<^^t^^€ .
Cl^^^dt^yit
cc/ifrig^c/i.
{L/ei'(4' K^'Xce-Z^^i^c-'^ . •
''&c/. ^u^-yf^ii, X^^rfA./^/-.
'^i^^€^yy^■
^-{^(yyna^a^.i/c<n'^ /O^ \c/. ^^ oK?/^^^^^
sCtn/n
€^yif^yie
' 'C'Uf-'f^' /^,
'^yii^^t
/
O^.^/
ex /ire^^e f/ie i/ii^t^tA^, ic- j^^^z-j-ha/
In The punctuation of the foregoing it will be notice'l that
l)oth the comma and colon have been made use of. There seems
to be excellent authority for the use of eitJi^r, thougli we incline
to prefer the comma in n-.ost cases. When th( body of tlie letter
begins on the same line occupied by the ctmiplimentary address,
a dash shoidd intervene. l)ut when it begins on the following
line the dash should not be useil.
■ Ai"
■ tU.i
412
SCTEXfE OF I.KTTFAl WIUTIXG.
i
TiiK BODY OF THK LKTTKu is tlu" Communication itself, the
meat in the nutsliell. It begins eitlier on the same line as the com-
plimentary address, or on tlie line f()lk)wing, the hitter style Inung
preferable unless the introduction is long. A blank niai^nn from
one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch wide (according to tlie
size of paper used ) should be left on the left-hand side of each
sheet, but not on the riglit. Great pains should be observed to
have this nuu'gin perfectly straight and even, using a lii^htly
rule<l jiencil line, or a heavy blu.'k line on a sheet bereath the
one written on. if necessar .
Letters should be divided into paragraphs whenever the
writ.'r passes from one subject to another. Sometimes persons
fall into the mistake of making a separate paragraph of each
sentence, but tius is wrong. A letter ma., consist of only one
paragraph, yet contain several comjjlete sentences.
All paragraphs except the iirs,^ should begin the same dis-
tam'e from the marginal line (about three-fourths of an inch or
an inch being the prr>per distance) and not under the end of the
preceding one as many suppose.
Pe.iimanship.~-\\\\i^ neatly and legibly at all events, ele-
gantly If yon can. If not an insult, it certainly is an impo-
sition to send your correspondent a letter so badly written that
ir compels him to take double the time todcrlpJin' it that he
^^ould to ruul it if well w.itten. Flourishing is er.tirely out of
place. Leave that for the itinerant writing teacher and the
eoi.iiiiei'cial college student.
It^ IS Ite.st to ,^■rito upon every page unless the paper used is
so thm that the writing sh.AVs through. Business letters that
are to l)e copied in a ]u-ess should be written upon but one side
of the sheet, as when the paper is dampene<l the ink penetrates
through, making the J-^tter very difficult to read if written on
both sides.
SVIEXVhJ OF LETTER WRITINO.
413
Many persons have a liabit, and a very bad one, of crossing
tlieir letters. It renders the writing illegible, and in tliis day of
cheap paper and cheap postage there is no excuse to be urged
for it.
Blots are not allowable, and interlineations and erasures are
to be avoided as much as possible. Most persons like to appear
well to their friends and to society, neat in person and elegant
in manner. Should they not strive to appear as well through
the medium of their letters ?
Covvcfttaiow.
The conclusion of the letter consists of the complimentary
dose, the signature, and, when it is not written at the head of
th(i letter, the address. It is a phrase of courtesy, respect or
affection that the circumstances of tht case may seem to demand.
In social letters there is opportunity for almost an infinite variety
of forms. In business letters, yours truly, and resj^ectfuUy
yours, with the variations afforded b/ inverting the words and
adding very for the sake of emphasis, make up the customary
forms of the complimentary close. Official letters are more
formal than others in the close, and the term your obedient ser-
vant, once so common, is now in this country almost entirely
restricted to this class of letters.
Signature. — All letters that contain anything of more
importance than mere gossip should be signed with tlie full
name, and care should be taken to write it so plainly that he who
runs may read, especially if the letter is to one who is a stianger
to the writer. It should be borne in mind that a name is much
more difficult to decijiher than a word in the body of the letter,
for there the context wall enable one to tell, in most cases, what
the word ought to be, but no such clue is afforded in making out
a badly written name. If the writer is a lady she should, in
writing to a stranger, so sign her name that the recipient of the
414
SCIENCE OF LETTER WIUTTNG.
letter miiy understand not only her sex, but whether she be mar-
ried or single.
The complimentary close is written on the line following the
end of the letter proper. It may occupy one, two, or even three
lines. Tlie first line should begin an inch or two to tlie right of
the left margin, and each succeeding line haK or three-fourths
of an inch further to the right.
When the address is placed at the end of the letter it should
begin at the left margin on the first line following the one
occupied by the signature, and be arranged in the same general
form as when placed at the l)eginning of the letter.
^ The following models will serve to more fully fix the general
principles above given, and indicate the proper punctuation:
(The dotted Uue reprMente the last line of the letter.)
'%
{^*>-^M<)^
'^/-^ ffCfl^
y
f/ct
■ jA^l€.-n^_,
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
410
el-?/^ dtricede/ij- ^t/^)-t4yUi,
7
'^rt^^-f r/ Cy^^fTy- ^ .
sSuatM-cai cFoz.i4i>,
^auT^d. It^u/u^
JlaiTiU ^€U^')i6o?i.
^^^ t^e6/iecf/(M^ ycif/^^
c^
hMie (^6a.
I !
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTEk.N Y 14S80
(716) 872-4503
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416
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITIXG.
I
I
Official cFottn*.
i^-^ ^^)t^
<-<>^e^ -i^a^Cid-
^ <^^<iie-^^t
d'e4yi'€i/vt,s
/
J^^^'^^^^^f^'^^- G^o-ie/.
•ifemain implies previoiis c rejpondence.
Having the letter finished, it should next be properly folded
Th.' general rule is to fold the sheet so that when opened it shall
present the first page right side up to the reader.
To fold the note sheet, lay it on the table before you, with
the first page up. Turn the bottom up about one-third the
length of the sheet, then turn the top down in the same manner.
The envelope should be a trifle longer than the width of the
sheet. Letter paper requires the same sized envelope, and is
folded by turning up the bottom edge so as to meet the top, or
nearly so; turn the right edge over one-third the width of the
sheet, then turn the left edge over it and press down the folds.
If you are compelled to write on odd sized paper, you will have
to use some ingenuity to make it fit the envelope, but endeavor
to keep in mind the general rule given above.
The SuperscriptioxV.— The superscription consists of the
name and title of the person for whom the letter is intended,
with postoffice, county, state, street and number, etc.
Great care should be used to write the whole of the super-
scription plainly. Thousands of letters go astray every month
on account of being imperfectly addressed. Especially should
the abbreviations of states be plainly written. When carelessly
wTitten, Pa., Va., and N. Y. and N. J. are liable to be con-
founded, and we have known Ind. to be so badly written as to
be mistaken for Md. Unless the town is large and well known
the county should not be omitted.
The writing should be in straight lines, parallel with the
upper and lower edges of the envelope. Do not rule lines to
write upon. If you cannot otherwise write straight, slip a piece
of heavy ruled paper or cardboard insile the envelope.
The proper forms of superscription, i)unctnation, capitaliza-
tion, place for stamp, etc., will readily be seen in the following
models:
27
I
^1
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITHTG
7?z^.
'<». //4 &t<c^t/ c^^
■ve.
STAMP.
(OZ.^
,V(,
M
r
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRTTINO.
•l'.?)
Ifnotcallwi forlnlodajrs
return to
F. B. DICKERSOU & CO.,
DETROIT- - MICH.
STAMV.
^'
-^L<.^/L^ jC.. -^:^;^£«__
CZjU.^^^j2,
.^^
W. 0. KING & 00.,
^(.-.LISHBRS,
aPRINOFlELD, MASS.
Betum If not called for in tan
days.
The above models are suitable for business or social letters,
and show different ways of an-anging the same address.
1 I
420
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
Model for the address of a letter of introduction.
/ ^ /— t— e-'^^z-T —
Model for the address of letter sent in care of a third party.
J X2^. ^U^, (9^? '^.,
Ud/lf-//
'^a-iif ^/'fttj^t^^^taf ^ c^
7
The above are models for the address of a business letter
showing the name of the v-ounty in diflFerent positions.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING.
42T
Another arrangement of the preceding.
STAMP.
€tl€>^?
•/
'i4('in^^ (Z^T%)f^€A.
Model for a letter addressed to a foreign conntry.
TAMF.
L
p. .afh
'JJ^f:f.i^■ -(cJ^//.
//•■<?/- //z
<rr^r/f /■, f }r7 ^
m ■
i
1 1
122
8CIENCK OF LETTKH WRITISO.
SI AMP.
C^j^^..
te^uaiicf'^i ff ^{:yc^^ir/.i€Jj
The postage stamp should be placed in the upper right uaud
corner, right side up. Ee sure and i)ut on sufficient stamps to
prepay the entire amount. It is an act of discourtesy, if not , .f
meanness, to allow your correspondent to receive a letter marked
Postage due.
Letters that require an answer should be attended to at once.
Promptitude in this respect not only facilitates business, but
often preserves friendships In answerin- a letter it is well to
begin with some reference to its contents and recapitulate the
important points, taking tliem up and treating them in the same
order in which they occur.
srf /■::,(■/■; (,/.' /,': /■//,■/( wiuum;
A-l:\
notes are meant tlioso sliort and fonnal
of
messages
transient and local interest 'oy which persons in the
same town or neighborhood make known to each
other their wishes, compliments, or commands. They
differ from letters in that thoy are more formal, gen-
erally written in the third person, and are without
signature, the use of the third person rendering it
unnecessary.
What has been said in regard to quality and color of paper
and envelopes for letters, will equally apply to notes, but no
rule can be laid down in regard to size or shape, as the styles
are constantly changing. Both paper and envelopes may have
printed or embossed upon them the monogram or initial of
the writer.
Cards were originally used only to make known a person's
name, but of late years the uses to which they have been put
have greatly multiplied.
As now used, they may be classed as Visiting, Ceremonial,
Professional and Official, and Business.
424
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITTNO.
Wliatever is lieiv sjiid of Notes will generally equally apply
to Ceremonial Cards, as in reality they are simi)ly notes on
cardboard. Notes are, however, more approi)riate lor (occasions
of formality and importance, and also for acceptances and
regrets.
When notes or cards are to be sent through the mails an
outer envelope of a coarser quality should be used to protect the
envelope proper from being soiled. Upon the inside envelope
should be written the name only of the person for whom it is
intended. The outside envelope should contain the name and
full address.
The language of notes should be concise but courteous, the
wruing or engraving plain but elegant. Excessive ornament
should be avoided, and the elegance allowed to consist of rich-
ness of material, beauty of form, and harmony of parts.
The following French .vords and phrases or their initials are
sometimes used on notes and cards:
B. 8. V. P.-Hepondez s'il tons plait: Answer, if you
P. P, C— Pour prendre conge: To take leave.
Bal Masque: Masquerade Ball.
Le Cotillon: The "German."
Costume de rigueuer: Full dress, in character.
Fete Ghampetre : A garden party.
Soiree Dansante : A dancing party.
^- y—En. Ville: In town or city.
Notes of Ceremony are embraced in two cl^H^es-Imitations
and Acceptances and Regrets. Among the former are invita-
tions to Weddings, Wedding Anniversaries, Dinners, Social
Parties Balls, College Anniversaries, etc. Notes of accept- \
ance and regret are all embraced in two or three general forms !
\V e append appropriate models of all of the above
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
426
Suuit-dtiotV to "•^'^V^^illlJ (EctCMtOVVW.
it^^^^^
^^n.
WZ€rT/l€>^ed
■/6S3.
fF
426
SCIESCE OF LEITEU WlilTINO.
^f ii rer.'ption ,.s fo Ju- n-iv.-n at th.. residence of the l)ri(l(>'s
parents, the f(.]I(,win- .-ard should he enclosed with (he invitation:
i Or the
I r
foil
ovv
■in«r more elahorafe card may he used:
Wuf^^a>^ rT^/e,„^cu. Ja.tt^d)^ ^icyi/.f,
At a wedding of any pretensions where it is desired to avoid
the church being filled with mere sight-seeing strangers, the fol-
lowing usher's card should be used :
I
HCIE^CE OF LETTER WUTIXQ.
ni
cForm for *^'l':.!-{-v;u 3uut|-atioH.
n
f>fl:±:t^
'■ 7^'U^<^/.
/<^6 ^J..
-•-'t^C v_,^.— -*-<—<:
/^ AZ-o-»-^-<'C-ci— «^^ *\^ -€-«-. /'cJ^ . (j^ .
_J
I'C
r
428
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
With the foregoing should be enclosed the cards of the bride
and groom, and for those who are desired to be pr.-sent at the
i ceremony a third card like the following:
The announcement of a private or informal wedding, if made
by the bnde's parents, may be in the following form:
L^(\ ^^^ (^^U. J^.n^ ^2t.^^r^^
%>«•
S:'^y«y,Jan.,«,^ .,^^/)t. ra/s SC^,a/ cs/-^,.
SCIENUE OF LETTER WRITING.
429
It is, hoM^>ver, more generally customary in the case of a
private or informal wedding, that the bridegroom make the
announcement of the marriage. Two cards may be used, one
bearing the names of the married couple, and the other the
maiden name of the bride. These should be enclosed in double
envelopes and mailed to the friends whom it is desired to inform
of the event.
430
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
Another form of announcement is ns ff)ll.nv«
cyfp-i. Q{^'^jt. '::yf(c^j^ia'€4^M^it4.
t€r
'-/i<H^.
Anniversary Weddings, or more appropriately, Anniversary-
Celebrations, are very pleasing to the wedded pair in whose
honor they are given. The invitations are issued, appropriately
engraved, on materials characteristic of the occasion.
Wooden. — Fifth anniversary.
Tin. — Tenth anniversary.
Ckystal. — Fifteenth anniversary.
Silver. — Twenty-fifth anniversary.
f40T
iDEK.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WJtlTINO.
431
<^oo6c.v <^V66iM-g.
/cfcf^.
cJ$^.&Cy^^.J2^.^<^3L,^..^/^
5oi44e
)
The invitation is on wooden or imitation cards. For Tin
Wedding, paper made in imitation of tin is used. If it is pre-
ferred that no gifts be offered the invitation should contain an
announcement tu that effect.
e^^^ta^ ^eb6in<j.
y<9i(^.
/^40.
>'i€i^>te
f.)i^ (Z^^i
iZ'^lt-V^
■i<UiA^,
iue invitation should be on crystallize J cards.
.
432
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
The invitations are on silver-bordered cards.
S>
Thp invifntinna clinnlrl Ko r>!Mr.«^f"1 "> .^^^1-1 ^-r- — _jj: x- -i i
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
433
Fall Dress Receptions are events of the social season that are
attended with more than ordinary solicitude and expenditure.
Previous to issuing the invitations a call is made in person or by
card on all acquaintances who are to be honored.
The invitations should be sent two weeks previous to the
reception day to avoid other engagements interfering. We
append models of invitations. They may be delivered by special
messenger in unsealed envelopes, or sent through the mails in
double envelopes.
■^^■'^— o ■» -wfc -C—c— <«,-
Full Dress Receptions are given afternoon and evening, the
afternoon more particularly designed for elderly acquaintences.
and the evening for youn^ ladies and gentlemen.
m'.
U |:1
434
SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING.
JKovc-l ^ot 3nuUa.tiovw.
e4d€d C^y^-i-zfe
o^>t
The following form is for a reception given in honor of a dis-
tinguished person :
'^..
^. -^.Q
;>/ C^^-«^,
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
435
T
CZ-
7ru.
L--^-*-
>^^?Z^
.^.:
48(3
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
-i^-a^-ed^^i ^5€<? y^^«r?it^^«» ^^^^;l/^ cct^/i-ci^/ii^ ^ ^^^
"f^
o^^t^tza^' €^i^'n-eyttf7-^ ^TJfce'^i^yO^ /e-i^/^^
a^e<n^*^
QTe./.
■i^i^-u-€<i^ut ^/t^ /t-<(e^z<u^ie ^/....
^%?^^» *^^^ <*^^^jr ^^2^ ^'t-^^-.^
SCIENCE OF LETTEli WJilTIAU.
flkccptaivce of "JJimvct- 3wvitatioM..
l. tZO^e
<ice€^
43^
^(^^.^«^^ ^ SL^.a>.
r^^i/ tut fA A i^<uut.i^
f^'f^e
^^-i <^
^
^^^'
II- fl'&Ctt-c
r ^7
Ill
1
SCIENCE OF LETTER W HI TING.
3vvuitatio«v to 'Eott'cgc *£o«vmcnccvuent.
Michigan State Normal School.
YPSILANTI, MICH.
0.-,-^
oo O . ^«i— -'^
J-^£._e^ Gi. 7?z.
A card on which are printed the names of the orators should
be enclosed.
SCIESCE OF LKTTKli WlilTIXG.
UV.)
j
Visiting cards are so familiar as to hardly need a descrip-
tion, but we append a few foniis that will indicai.- what is now
regarded as the best taste.
O^^. ^Aa. ^6\ ^^.^^
■ttt«.
/Sd S^/-ef/. Ofea/.
440
8GIENCE OF LETTER WIUTINO.
=T!
(^/(u. ^^. q0. cJU.4^.
/asSlu-^/. Qf'^.
"Sittdioi^ in. ^aiw^^<x^^^.
The above forms are suitable for a married lady or widow,
the last indicating her "at home," or reception days. Mother
and daughters visiting together may use the following card :
/3S S^i/(^/. 0^-^/
y\n
SCIENCE Oh' ETTER WRITINO.
Or this form.
441
235 Fort St. W«tt.
Form for eldest daughter :
7?^Z^.^ <==^^-:z~t/z^:~-t:z^,.
\t J
L..
442
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
The other sisters use full
names.
Cy^.^^ fye/^ J2/(^crM„u/i-,c^e.
The address may be added on either of the above if desired.
0*^%*-%,..^
/ ^i^t -'^
»'-> f «■ •-»--^ ^'V^w,^/^
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
443
The following are samples of gentlemen's hand-written cards.
The address may be added in the lower left-hand corner, if
desired.
11
444
SCIENCE OF LETTER W^JTING.
Oj'I'icvat VSatb.
^^. C^^e^/J. (Zj^ey^.
CHIEF SIGNAL OFF CER U. S. A.
^ZQ^z^t'vovicxi (Eat-b.
^. J^^^r^ ^c/'^UU.,,, %
Olficn, No, r5 Lafayette A\enue
Hours, 11 ti) 10 and ■.Miii to -1.
SCIEXCE OF LETTER WniTIXG
445
3n 'SKcnxoziant Q,azbA.
An English custom rapidly gaining favor in this country is
the sending out of Cards in Memoriam to friends to announce a
death, of which they might remain in ignorance but for this
mark of respect.
Of t/ie
*• £1{U« fife's fit{it£ fe-tMi A» o(eef» \mM."
=di
I i'
Biasiness Correspondence .
AND—
Nlercantile Korms.
A business letter should be brief and to the pointy yet clear-
ness should never be sacrificed in oraer to secure brevity.
Endeavor to make ycur meaning perfectly clear, and use as few
words as possible to do it. In penmanship avoid everything in
the nature of flourishes, and as well a careless style of writing
that renders words indistinct and liable to be mistaken for
others. Mistakes are expensive— they cost both time and
money— and one-half that are made in business transactions
might be avoided by a very little care.
It is a most excellent rule in business to copy every letter in
which anything is said that there is the least possibility of being
referred to in future. It not only enables one to be sure of just
exactly what he said, but affords ?. current history of a man's
business that is useful in many ways.
In answering letters follow the same order that is observed
therein, discussing each subject thoroughly before proceeding
to the next.
If one's business correspondence is at all extensive the letters
should be filod away in alphabetical order as soon as answered,
so that any letter may be readily found when reference is desired
to be made to it.
Pull information regarding materials, forms of address, super-
scription, etc., will be found in tlip i^^oneral remarks in the open-
ing chapter on letter writing. Relow are given samples of letters
embracing rge range of subjects, and illustrating the prin-
ciples underlvintr correct business rnrrp«nnn<lcTino
446
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
447
Sivott ^orm o^ Stvtzobuctiotv.
My Dear Sir: ^^''="«°' "'- ^P"' ». 1883.
I have the honor of introducing to your acquaintance Mr. John
Darling, whom I commend to your kind attention.
Very truly yours,
Mr. Samckl Thompson. ROBERT T. .VILSON.
Dayton, Ohio.
£««et. Snttobwctn^ t^entfetMan See*iin<j £ooa*ioiv for SSusin***.
J. F. Gaylord, Esq. . ^'^'<=*8°' J""" »• 1882.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Dear Sin— We recommend to your attention and favor Mr. Daniel
Long, a promising young business man of this city. He is seeking a suitrble loca-
tion for opening a general dry goods store, and will be in your city for that purpose
in a few days. He is a gentleman of energy and business capacity, and would be a
valuable acquisition to any city.
I am, respectfully yours,
JOHN lUNNINa.
9Htroi>ucin.j a '^J/outvj STCan '^uxv»li^x<^ on S8u>iHe»».
Henry Watson, Esq. , ^°''°°' ^"'^^ 29, 1882.
Charleston, 8. C.
Sir, -We recommend to your particular favor and attention the
bearer, Mr. Geo. Holmes, eldest so. of Mr. Wm. HoUes, of the highly ri*.pectabie
house of Holmes, Martin & Co., of this city.
Our esteemed young friend is about to visit the Southern States byway of
( ^ar^ston, on bu.sincss for the house; we therefore request you, most earnestly, to
afford him your advice and assistance, and to render his stay in vour city as "^ree
able as po.ssible. He is clev.., steady and unassuming, and we are convinced' that
on a near acquaintance wi'l prove himself deserving of your esteem and good will
Command us freely in similar cases, and be assured we will use our best
endeavors to do justice to your introduction.
We are, respecitull, yours,
HENRY MINER St. CO.
i!,a>*s^'-
!
448
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
cJl«covw»vtetic»ittq- a "Scacfict.
T K TLT. ^. r.^ . Detroit, Mich., Mar. 4, 1882.
John Mine/, Lsq., Chairman,
Sydney, Ohio.
Dear Sir:— The bearer, Mr A)>ram Morton, who is about to leave
this district, where he has been engaged in teaching, is, I am pleased to say, ^i good
standing here, both as a teacher and member of society. His character is above
reproach, and I cheerfully recommend him to a position in one of the district schools
of your town.
I am, respectfully yours,
ANDREW F. WILLIS,
Chairman School Committee.
-.c -.rr .^ ^ Denver, Col, May 9, 1882.
Messrs. W. W. Barton & Co., < > i ". ^°o«-
Omaha, Neb,
Gentlemen :
The bearer, Mr. "Walter Beard, being about to leave our employ,
it gives us pleasure to testify to his merits as a clerk, the capacity in which he
served us. He has been with us the past four years, and during this time has dis-
charged his duties with skill and ability. He has been punctual at his work,
courteous in his manners, and by his care and attention to our business has made
himself specially valuable. He bear, a good character as a gentleman as well as a
man of business.
Yours very truly,
F. D. VINING & CO,
^ftAxe/fxi o'?ccomiMc»tiiation.
Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1883.
To whom it may concern :
The bearer, Mr. Thomas Myers, is perwnally known to me as a
young man of sterling worth. He is a graduate of Yale College, is of good family,
possesses an unblemished character, and ;is a member of society is highly esteemed.
I cordially recommend him to good people everywhere, and especially to those to
whom he may offer his services.
Very resp°,ctfully,
iiJJLJVy'AivD C GRAHAM.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRTTINO.
449
Qppfication for a Cfcrfia^.
Messrs. F. B. Dickerson & Co., ^""^ ""'°°' ^''=^' ^"'7 l^- ^882.
47 Larned St, West,
Detroit, Mich.
f .., •*• ,°^" ^''"' '~^ "'^'■'''"^ ^'■°'" ^ ^"<'°'' ^^I'- Jas. JohnsoD) of the vacancy
of the position of junior clerk m your house. I cake the liberty of making aoplicat.on
for the same. I have not had much business experience, but have a good common
school education and can write a plain hand rapidly. I am eighteen years of age
and have relatives in your city, with whom I would make my home '
For information as to my character, pier ,e inquire of J. R. Hanson. Esq of
your city. ^ '
Very respectfully,
JAMES BROWN.
appeioati<m for Scmtion of SSoo^fiec^e*.
M. W. Ellsworth & Co., ^'"^^ ^P^'^"' ^'^^- ^"^7 17. 1882.
Detroit, Mich.
Gentlemen,-In reference to the enclosed advertisement, which
appeared m to-day's Evening Mm, I respectfully offer my services. I am at present
bookkeeper for John Smith & Co., but desire advancement. I am perfectly familiar
with the duties of the positi n applied for, rnd am at liberty to refer you to my
present employers, who will, i think, satisfactorily answer any questions a., to my
character and qualifications.
Very respectfully,
(Cut out and enclose advertisement.) ^^' ^^OWN.
appfication for 2ositto»t of Safeoman attb CoW^ctor.
Mecars. Smith & Parker, Cincinnati, O., June 1, 1882.
Buffalo. N. Y.
Gentlemen :
I am recommended by Mr. Geo.ge Brown to apply to you for the
situation of salrsman and collector. lately occupied by him in yo.ir warehouse.
I am thirty years of age and have responsible friendp. rssiHinc- -n -.■r.-.-.r- .~\t^ r^h.-.
will give bonds for me if required. I have had experience in yo'ur linVof bu^inesfl^
! *
.'jij&>ill|
450
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRTTINO.
'ukI would be pleased to have a trial with you, if preferable, previous to a permanent
engagement. I am at liberty to refer to J. C. Johnson & Co., of your city, in
reference to my ability and character.
Very respectfully,
JOHN C. BRYAN.
ClppficcitioH for a»v 3iicicai« oi Safatu.
M TN A , „ ^ ^cw York, June 1, 1883.
Messrs, D. Applcton & Co. , < >
Gentlemen:— Will you permit me to call your attention to a subject
of considerable importance to me, namely, the question of an increase of salary. I
have been with you nearly two years, in which time you have deiermined upon my
disposition and ability to do the work required of me, and in calling your attention
to this subject, I do so believing it has escaped your notice in the more pressing
demands upon your attention. I have endeavored to perform my duties faithfully
and punctually, and if I may venture to hope for encouragement from you, believe
me ever ready and willing to respond to any demands your interesU may require.
I am, yours respectfully,
FRANK C. CHAPMAN.
£cttct of (Jiciiit.
,, „ , T^ . " Cincinnuti, Ohio, May 9, 1882.
Mr. Benj. Davis,
N. Y.
Sir, — Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance the bearer of this
letter, Mr. Alex. Jones, who proceeds to N. Y. on his way to Eng.
Should Mr. Jones desire to take up cash for the payment of his passage, etc. ,
you will pleasn advanc? him any sum not exceeding $500, taking his draft at three
days' sight on his house here, Messrs. Calkins, Vauce & Co., in reimbursement.
I shall feel greatly obliged by such marks of attention as you may be able to
show Mr. Jones, whom you will find highly deserving of your regards.
I am, respectfully yours,
Mr. JoDcs' signature.
Alex. Jonks.
JOSEPH ELLIS.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
451
J. C. Boyer, Esq.. Cleveland, Ohio, Ma^ 1, 1882.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Dear 8ir,-Your favor of the 19th ult , requesting a Letter of Credit
on some house in New York, is just received. We regret to inform you that it is
.mposs,b le, at present, for us to comply with your request. Hoping our Inability to
perform this service will not m.'.rially inconvenience you.
We are, yours very truly,
W. C. BAKTON & CX).
apofogtj fot 36wa4tng SSuMne^^ appot,.t,Mc„t.
John C. Walters, Esq., ■^""'' '^^^^^^■' J"°- 18. 1883.
Detroit. Mich.
Dear Sir -Owing to unforseen circumstances my failure to meet
you yesterday, according to appointment, was unavoidable
I very much regret having disappointed you, and beg you to beUeve it was not
wilhngly done.
Hoping you will pardon me in this instance,
I am, respectfully yours,
JOSEPH M. b.VKER.
Messrs. F. B. Dickerson & Co., BarnesviUe, Ohio, Dec. 15, '82.
Detroit, Mich.
Gentlemen,
•.K ^ V . , ?°*'L°'^'* P'*^^ ^""^ *° °'"'*^' ^°' ^^ ^°P'«« "Our Deportment,"
with N. Y. draft f >r $117.45, to pay for same. I believe this order entitles me to 10
extra copies in the best binding, which plea.se send with the order, as I shall need them
to supply *ll my subscribers. I wish to deliver these books on the 23d and 24th If
you think they will reach here in t.me, send by freight; if not. by express
Trusting my order will receive prompt attention. I am,
very Uui_y,
JAMES M. PATTERSON.
I mr
1
1
i
452
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
Kokomo, Ind., Dec. 5, '82.
Thorndike Nourw, Esq. ,
Detroit, Mich.
Dear Sir,
Enclosed I hand you an order for a misceraneous assortmeit of
odds and ends in Stationery, of which I see I shall rvn short before Holidays.
PIsase get this order off at once by express.
I also enclose my check for |387.40 to cover invoice of Oct. 8. The last bill
(Nov. 30th) had not arrived up to last night. Please have tne kindness tc start a
tracer after the goods, as I am needing some of them now.
I am.
Very respectfully,
JOHN P. ALLEN.
iroopestown, 111.,
^ , Feb. 26, '82.
Gentlemen :
Will you be so kind as to ci; 1 me your latest catalogue of garden and
field seeds, and also catalogue of flower si-eds, if ready.
I remain.
Very truly,
TA « T^ c_ ^ HENKY HUNTSB.
D. M. Fetuiy & Co.,
Detroit, Mich.
£«tte( oHcmteattMa SdtivMatc».
Detroit, Mich., Oct. 15, '82.
Mr. S. A. Gibsoa,
President Kalamazoo Paper Co. ,
Kalamazoo, Mich.
Dear Sir,
We hand you with this two samples of book paper. We would
like to have you examine them and let us know at what price you can furnish us
paper equal in quality and finish.
Of the Rose tint we shall use from 375 to 400 tons. It is 21ix32 in., 60 lbs. to
the ream, super-calendered.
The fle.sh tint is 25x34 in., 75 lbs. to ream, and also super- calendered. We
SCIKXch: OF LKTTER WIUTINQ
463
Awaiting your reply,
We are,
Very truly,
F. B. DICKKRSON ft OO.
fftom a (2ommi»>u,H ^H^tcfvant Sof^cUuv, a SonM^vtmcnt.
Office of Oliver Cromwel!,
Commission Mprchant,
St. Louis, Mo.,
Jamea Marlborough, Esq., '^^'^ ■*'^. 1883.
Moberly, Mo.
Dear Sir,
■t you would con>lp, . f„ », ,<^. ,„ „,. H.t1„. been ^Zl "'°""' "^ «"^
m,„i„o bu.too«. „d givleg „, p.„„„., .,«„„: ^.^I'Tf^' J„'° V""
0, .b^rre.': zr^r "'^°"™"' ■ "" -'" '»- •» «'»'^'" * «»■
Tpuoting to beT from y„„ t.vo„bly at oo distant date. I am.
Very truly,
OLIVEK CROMWELL.
A. Guibord, -l^q., Detroit, Mich., Nov. 15,'82.
Cashier First Nat. Bank,
Dear Sir: Plattsburg, N. "
Nn io., , n i^"''.°'"^P'*^'^*'*'fl°'^«™ff« for collection, as follows:
iNo. UH.^, A, G. Bardin, :20 ds
1384, • " ;iO •'.'.'.'.' $11110
You need not remit until both are paid. ^^^ ^^
~f J ^^'UlO,
F. B. DICKERSON & CO.
8VIKS( K OF I.KTTF.n WniTrXG.
Evening News Association, '^™^' ^^''=^- ^^"'' ^•^- "^^
Detroit, Wwh.
Gci tit-men :— I e-irlose with this, American Express Companys
Money Order for |r,.00. f.ir wLid. pk.wse forward to my address the daily e.'ition
of the "Evening News " for one year.
Very truly,
11. COLEMAN. Jb.
fetter o^ Sticiiiitit.
L. K. Gould, Esq., ^'y*°' ^^•°' ^^»- 1<^' 82.
Toledo, Ohio.
Dear Sir,
I take the liberty to inquire if you can give me the address of some
good live commission merchant in your city to vhom I can send a large consign-
ment of choice Catawba grapes.
An immediate reply will greatly oblige, as the giapes must be shipped very soon.
Trusting that opportunity will soon occur to allow me to reciprocate the favor
now aaked, I am,
Very truly,
E. H. AUSTIN
a eommidoiott STCctcfvant SHceosin,j SSiff of Sabivtg {^ §oob> to U S>oth
o\\ (SotuHtoaioH.
r»i- /> „ ^ Huron, Ohio, Oct. 11th, 82
Oliver Cromwell, Esq., ^.ii", o-s.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Dear Sir:— I taij morning received your favor of the 10th request-
ing a trial consignment, and on the same mail a letter from my old friend. Iliram
Hawley, .speaking so highly of your facilities for handling fruits, that I have decided
to send you some of my choice Catawbas to dispose of.
You will accordingly find enclosed a Bill of Lading for 740 br^kets, each con-
taining 10 lbs. net. They were very carefuiiy packed, and leave here in first-class
order.
Trusting you will be able to put them in a good market, I am,
Truly yours,
E. II. AUSTIN.
CORRESPONDENCE OF NAPuLEON AND JOSEPHINE.
Napoleon was married to Josephine de Beauharnai8, widow of Court Beau-
harna.8. March 9ti, 1796. The marriage was di.s.solved December l.th ,S09
Bonaparte taken prisoner to St. Helena August 11th. 1815-died May 5th. 1821 at
Bonaparte to Joskphinb.
T , . ^ Marmirolo, July 17th. 1796.
^:ve received your letter, my adorable friend. It has filled my heart with
loy. Ah! I entreat you to permit me to see some of your faults. Be less
beautiful, iess gracious, less affectionate, less good. Especially be not over-anxious
and never weep. Your tears rob me of reason, and inflame my blood. Believe me
It 18 not in my power to have a .;.. e thought which is not of thee, or a wish which
I could not reveal to thee. •»♦»♦»(,
A thousand kisses.
BONAPARTE.
Bonaparte to Josephine.
T , ... May 16, 1800.
I leave this moment to sleep at St. Maurice, I have received no letters from
you. This, snot kind. I have written you by every courier, • * * A thousand
affectionate wi.hes for you. my good little Josephine, and for all who surround you.
BONAPARTE.
mlac^aT tf """"^ """'" '"" ''''''''''' ''''■ ''' '^'- Tbe beautiful
palace at Mnlma.son wa.s a.s...g„e,l for her residence. She retained the title of
iirmpress and received an income of jifiOO.OOO r>. vr-.-.r
4.M
■.'i-*i
456
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
My Love :
you wish.
Bonaparte to Josephine.
Wednesday, 1810.
I see no objection to your receiving the King of Wurtemberg whenever
I am just going to dine, all alone. Adieu, my love; never doubt my affection
for you. If you do, you will be unjust and wrong.
NAPOLEON
Josephine to Bonaparte.
April, 1810.
A thousand, thousand tender thanks that you have not forgotten me. My son
has just brought m^ your letter. With what eagerness have I read it, and yet it
required much time, for there was not one word in it which did not make me weep.
But these tears were very sweet. I have recovered my heart all entire and such it
will ever remain. There are sentiments which are even life, and which can only
pass away with life. * ♦ * Adieu, my love, I thank you as tenderly as I
always love you.
JOSEPHINE.
Sire:
Josephine to Bonaparte.
Navarre, March 21, 1811.
Amid the numerous felicitations you receive from every corner of
Europe, from all the cities of France, and from each regiment of your army, can
the feeble voice of a woman reach your ear, and will you deign to listen to her who
so often con.soled your sorrows and .sweetened your pains, now that she speaks to
you only of the happiness in which all your wishes are fulfilled ? Having ceased to
be your wife, dare I felicitate you on becoming a father? Yes sire, without hesita-
tion, for my .soul renders justice to yours, in like maimer as you know mine.
But it is from you that I desiro to know if your child be well, if he resembles
3-ou, if I shall one day he permitted to see him; in short, I expect from you unlim-
ited confidence. Sire, of the boundless attachment I shall cherish for you while life
remains.
JOSEPHINE.
.., ^ BoNAPAKTio TO Josephine.
My Love: Manli •.'■>. isii.
I have received your letter. I thank you. My son is stout and very well.
L.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WUITIXO.
4:,
I hope he will be prospered. * * * He has my chest, my mouth and eyes. I hope
that he ^-'1 fill his destiny.
I am always pleased with EugCue. He has never caused me any dissatisfaction.
NAPOLEON.
BONAPAnXE TO JOSEPmNB.
- . June 20, 1812.
I have received your letter of the 10th of June. I see no objection to your
gomg to Milan near the Vice-Queen. You will do well to go incognito ♦ ♦ •
Never doubt my interest in your welfare, and my affection.
NAPOLEON.
Bonaparte to Josephine.
y , August 25, 1813.
I have received your letter. I see with pleasure that you ,re in good health
* * * Introduce order into your affairs. Do not expend more than |300 000
a year. Lay aside as much yearly. * » ♦ * If you wish to please me, so
manage that I may know that you have a large treasure. Ju<ige how bad an opinion I
must have of you, if I know that you are in debt, with a revenue of |600,000
A<iieu, my love; take care of your health.
NAPOLEON.
April 11th, 1814, Napoleon abdicated.
Dear Josephine.
BoNAPAiiTE TO Josephine.
Pontainnbleau, March 16, 1814.
I wrote to you on the Sth of this month, and perhap.s you have
not received my letter. * * » i i^.^^, „„ ,,,„„,j ^^^^ ^^j^ j^.,,^^ ^^..„ ^^^^^^
y*^*^- * * * How many things have 1 to disclose! how many are tile men of
whom a fatal estimate is entertained! I have heaped beuetit.s upon miUion.s of
wretchc What have they done i„ the end for me? they have all betrayed me: yes
nil. I except from the nuniLrp the good E.io-rne, .so worthy of you ami me Adieu'
my dear Josephine. Be resigned, as I am. and ever remember him who never for-
get-s, and never will forget you. FarewidL Josephine,
NAPOLEON.
I
i
ii
'I
i
|i' il
n- 1
If
I
458
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITIXG.
Ar.'inh 20th, 1811. Napoleon departed for tlie island of Elba, retaining the title
of Emp.n.r. wiili the sovereignty of the island of Elbi., and a revenue of 6,000,000
of francs, to be paid by France.
Josephine to N.\p()i,k().n \t Elba.
Malmaison, May, 1814.
Now only, can I calculate the whole extent of the misfortune of bavin-
beheld my union with you dissolve.! bv law. Now, do I indeed lament bein- no
more than your friend, wi:o can but mourn over a misfortune great as it is u'iie.x
pected. It is not the loss of a throne that I regret on your account. I know from
myself, how such a loss may be endured. But my heart .sinks from the grief you
must have experienced on separating from the old companions of your glory You
must have regretted, not only your officers, but soldiers, whose countenances even
r ues, and bnlli:.ut deeds in arms, deprived of their chief, who so often shared ia
their toils, must have struck your soul with unutterable grief. In that sorrow
especially do I participate.
You will also have to mourn over the ingratitude and falling away cf friends in
whom you deemed you could confide. Ah, sire, why can I not dy to you! why can-
not I give you the assurance tuat exile has no terms .save for vulgar minds, and that
far from dminishing a sincere attuchmont, misfortune imparts to it new force!
* • * Say but .ne word and I depart. Adieu, sire; whatever I could
add would still be too little. It is no longer by words that my sentiments for v„u
are to be proved, and for actions your consent is necessary.
JOSEPIiINE.
A few days after writing the above. Josephine died (May 29tli. 1814), in the arms
of her beloved children. Eugene and Hortense.
Ai iF.w Jackson's Wife to Heu Husband.
My Dear Husband: February 8, 1813.
\our letter of the 18i January from the mouth of the Cumberland
River came safe to hand. It was everything to me. I rejoiced, I was happy to hear
you were in health. It was my nightly prayer to the Almighty God. My thoughts
are forever on thee. Where'er I go, where'er I turn, my' tl.^.nights, my fears,' mv
doubts (ii-.;r,-.> MK. Then a little my hope revives again, and tin. keeps me alive
Were il no, f„r that I must .sink; I .howld .lie i„ my p, .ent .situation. But my
blessed I{e,le..nu.r is making intere, ssion with the Futh..- for us to meet again to
■"' "*"' """' ^"triccvcr^ vLiii, every ijuiac ijtula high for your Health,
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
your safety, and your wishes crov.-ned. Do not, ni/ beloved husband let the love
of country, fame and honor make you forget you have one. Without you, I would
think them all empty shadows. ***»«#,
May the Almighty God of Heaven shower down ;iis blessings, His mercy on
you. assist you in the ways of life, ui the ways of righteousness, be your shield in
the time of danger, support you in all things, and keep you in the paths ot wisdom
-the ways thereof is peace afar. Well, think on me, your dearest friend on earth.'
Mr. a. Jackson. RACUEL Jackson.
Gen. Georck Washington's Advice to Miss Ne- k Custis (nis Step-Dauoiiteu)
IN THE Selecting op a Husisanl.— An Extract
Men and women feel the same inclination wards each other now that they
always have done, and which they will confn.e to do, until t^ere is a new order of
thmgs; and you. as others have done, may tind that the passions of your sex are
easier raised than allayed. Do not, therefore, boaat too soon, nor too strongly of
your insensibility. * ♦ Love is said to be an involuntary passion, and it is
therefo/e. contended that it cannot be resisted. This is true in part only fc • like all
things else, when nourished and supplied plentifully with aliment, it is rapid in its
progress; but let these be withdrawn, and it may be stifled in its growth. Although
we cannot avoid first impressions, we may assuredly place them under guard ♦ ♦
When the fire ia beginning to kindle and your heart growing warm, propound
these questions to it. Who is this invader? Have I a competent knowledge
of him? Is he a man of good character? A man of sense? For, be assure., a sen-
sible woman can never he happy with a fool. What has been his walk in life?
* * * Is his fortune sufficient to maintain me in the manner I have been
accustomed to live, and as my sisters do live' And is he one to whom my friends
can have no reasonable objection? If all the.se interrogatories can be satisfactorily
answered, there will remain but one more to be asked; tluit. however is an important
one. Have I sufficient ground to conclude that his affectioMs are en-.r-ed l,v me"
Without this the heart of .sensibility will struggle again>. u p.issiou that is not
reciprornted.
Yours affect ijuately,
(lEORUE WASHlNCJTi N'.
~^
■: 'i
i
IL
400
SCIENCE O/^' l.ETTER WRITING.
The foIlowinK !s a fao-simile of the original letter written by John Wesley, In the 70th year of
his age, to Mrs. Eliza Bennis, London, Eng.. Feb. 12, 1773. Given by her daughter to Dr. Wm. Gray,
of Philadelphia, as compensation for medical services Dr. Gray willed the letter to Julius King,
of Clevelani', Ohio, anu he presented it to Mr. Lou. Burt, of Detroit, Mich., in whose possession It
now remains.
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
461
Ar,
[Copt.]
„ ^ Feb. 12, 1773.
My Dear Sister:
When we draw near unto God In His apnointed ways He will surely draw nigh
unto us. Pray remind Mr. Qlasbroolt of using the same means and you will find the same bless-
ing, and when you write, encourage Mr. Slater to do at Waterford as he did at Umericlc. I am
glad Mr. Scott has so much courage as to receive the preachers, and stiU more so, that Mr. Fleury is
rather a friend than an enemy. This hath God wrought !
I can observe by Mrj. Dawson's manner of writing, a very conside Die change in her spirit;
more acquaintance with God; more humiUty, and more artless, simple love. She is an amiable
woman. I love her much, and so I do all of the family that I know.
Charies Harrison does not »e« with my eyes or he nee>l have gone no farther than AtMone.
I wish he does not malce a foolis;! bargain at last, one that lie will repent of aslong as- he live: He
surely will if he does not acknowledge God in His way, but lean to his own understanding.
As long as you trust, not in yourself, but in Him that has all power in Heaven and in earth,
you will find His Grace sufficient for you and His strength made perfect in your weakness. Look
to Him continuaUy and trust on Him, that you may increase with all the increase of God. I am.
My Dear Sister,
Your ever affectionate Brother,
T WTtroT jp-v
.£«:-"
4fi2
SCIENCE OF LETT EH WHITING.
Daniel Webster to Misb Piiebk Coleman.
Dear Phebe Coleman ;
I was much obliged to your mother for bringing j-ou to see mc
when I was at the Astor House. I send you my autograph, and pray you to believe
that, for your father and mother's sake, as well as your own, I shall always be your
friend.
dan'l webster.
Charles Dickens to His Son on Going to College.
My Dear Harry :
I have your letter here this morning. I inclose you another check
for £25 Now observe attentively. We must have no shadow of doubt. Square
up everything whatsoever it has been necessary to buy. Let not a farthing be out-
standing on any account when we begin together with your allowance. Be particular
in the minutest detail. I wish to have no secret from you in tue relations we are to
establish together, and I, therefore, send you Joe Chitty's letter bodily. Reading it
you will know exactly what I know, and will understand that I treat you with per-
fect confidence. * * * ***«»#
You know how hard I work for what I get; and I think you know that I never had
money help from any human creature after I was a child. * * * *
Whatever you do, above all other things, keep out of debt and confide in me. If
you ever find yourself on the verge of any perplexity, come to me. You will never
find me hard with "ou while you arc manly and truthful. As your brothers have
gone away one by one, I have written to each of them what I am now going to write
to you. You know that you have never been hampered with religious forms of
restraint, and that with mere unreasoning forms I have no sympathy. But I most
strongly and affectionately impress upon you the priceless value of the New Testa
ment. and the study of that book as the one unfailing guide in life. Deeply respect-
ing it, and bowing down before the character ,)f our Saviour as separated from the
vain constructions and inventions of men, you cannot go very wrong, and will always
preserve at heart a true spirit of veneration and humility. Similarly I impress upon
you the habit of saying a Christian prayer every night and morning. These things
have stood by me all through my life; and rememh-r that I tried to render the New
Testament intelligible to you and lovable by you when you were a mere baby. And
80 God bless you. Ever your affectionate father,
CHARLES DICKENS,
John G. Whittteu to R. 8. Rantocl.
R. S, Rantoul, Esq, Danvers, Second month, 11th, 1880
I am not able to accept thy invitation to nttcnd the moclitig to morrow
of its objeci. Tiieru iiui> possibly be some diflerences
T r..ii —
SCIENCE OF LETTEIi WRiriNG.
cannot wait for the slow remedies of w.Vr . i T , '"^''°'^ ^*"'='»
reforms. Starvation cannot betr.ued" J T l """ ""' '"'"^^"'^
speeches and resolutions We „, i , ^""'" 'P''""' *-'''°"°' "^^^ '"'^ '^y
We are one grerh^ho!^^^ c^ rtr^[:'T''^'^^^ "' '^"' ^'^''' '"^' """^'^-^
Ail-Father, and it is not for u^ to ask thf m ""^ ''°''''''°''' '"^'^ ^"""^ '"«
keeper?" Whenever and wherev '"""°" °' """" "^'^ ^ ""^ '^'•"^"''"•'^
irre necMve of anT 7 '°' """""^ ^"'^ *^'^"'^^^° suffer we are bound
heretofore, I doubt nt the b ess nl tho" T "' ^° ''^ ^^" °' "^*'^- '^"^ --' ^
her. I en, truly thy Wead, ^ "'° "' ■"^'^''^ ''^ P^"^'^ ^"' --« »Po°
JOHN Q. WHITTIER.
A 1 . North Leeds, July 28 1775
^ J «»dv.sed you once, and you took it as ea affront: nevertheless I .will do it once
Scream no more, at the peril of your soul n^A „«„
He has set over you. ^ ° """^ "^""^ ^^^ ^^ '"«• ^'^"'^
but wft?'' '' T"''"'' *" ^°" ''"• '"' ^ "^* «^^^-^- Speak with all your heart
but with a moderate voice. # * « » « "^'^ '
O John, pray for an advisable and teachable temper! By nature you are^very
john wesley.
Ladv Jane Grey to her Father, three days before her Execution
Father:
Although it has pleased God to hasten my death by you. by whom my l.fe
should rather have been lengthened, yet I can so patiently take i . that I y, M God
more hearty thanks for shortening my voeful days, than if all the woHd'h d be n
given mto my possession, with life lengthened at my own will * * , ,
aiU.ou«a perhaps u may seem woeful, yet there is nothing which can to me be more
dJ
,
:!ll
w
4^)4:
SCIENCE CE LETT.:it WRITING.
welcome, than from this vale of misery to aspire to that he venly throne of all joy
and pleasure with Christ my Saviour, in whose steadfast faith (if it may be lawful
for the daughter so to write to the father) the Lord that hath hitherto strengthened
you, 80 continue to keep you, that at the last we may meet in heaven, with the
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
I am,
Your obedient daughter till death,
JANE DUDLEY.
Madam:
Db. Samuel Johnson to Mks. Piozzi.
July 3, 1784.
If I interpret your letter right, you are ignominiou.ly married; if it is
yet undone, let us <mce more talk together. If you have abandoned your children
and your religion, God forgive your wickedness; if you have forfeited your fame
and your country, may your folly do no further mischief. If the last act is yet to
do, I who have loved you, esteemed you, reverenced you, and served you, I who long
thought you the first of womankind, entreat that, before your fate is irrevocable, I
may once more see you. I was, I once was, madam, most truly yours,
SAM. JOHNSON.
Mrs. Piozzi to Du. Samuel JonNSON.
S"^= July 4, 1784.
I have this morning received from you so rough a letter in reply to one
which was both tenderly and respectfully written that I am forced to desire the con-
clusion of a correspondence which I can bear to continue no longer.
Farewell, dear sir, and accept my best wishes. You have always commanded
my esteem, and long enjoyed the fruits of a friendship, never infringed by one harsh
expression on my part during twenty years of familiar talk. Never did I oppose your
wiU, nor can your unmerited severity itself lessen my regard, but till you have changed
your opinion of Mr. Piozzi, let us converse no more. God bless you.
Robert Btjrns to Miss Ellison Beobie.
Lochlea, 1783.
I verily believe, my dea- E., that the pure genuine feelings of love are as rare in
the world as the pure genuine princi ..es of virtue and piety. This, I hope, will
account for the uncommon style of all my letters to you. * » *
^ •-:„ii t r^i^^r^ liu-.v ii ;a, liiy acar, lor tnougij, eAc;ept your company, there is
SCIEyCE OF LETTER WRITiyQ.
4(1-
uotliiDg ou earth gives me so much pleasure as writing to you, ;,ct it never gives me
those giddy raptures so much talked of among lovers. # ' ♦ * »
The .sordid earth worm may profess love to a woman's person, whilst in reality
his uflfectiou is centered in tier pocket ; and the slavish drudge may go a wooing as
he goes to the horsemurket, to choose one who is stout and firm, and as we may say
of an old horse, one who will be a good drudge and draw kindly. I disdain their
dirty, puny ideas. I would be heartily out of humor with myself, if I thought I were
capable of having so poor a notion of the sex, which was designed to crown the
pleasures of society.
& a
Henry Clay's Mother's i^AST Lettbr to Him.
^y ^^'■' ^°''- Woodford. Ky., Sepfr 18th, 1827
Your kind favor of the 14th of August came to hand a few days ago
Rest assured, my son, I feel glad that you have got again to the bosom ot your
family, and found them well. I have been a great deal worse than I was when I
had the pleasure of seeing you last. I can make out to cross the room, with the help
of a staff or some one's arm. To-day I feel better, having had a good night's rest
My cough 18 not „„ bad as it was. Mr. Watkins still enjoys his usual health and
joins in love to Lucretia (Mrs Clay) and to the rest of the family. Pray write me
when convenient. That God may bless you. my son, is the sincere prayer of your
mother.
Mr. Henry Clay. Elizabeth watkins.
Hannah Arnold to Benedict Arnold.
DearChilde: xr • v a •,,<>.-,,
Norwich, Apnl 12. 1754.
I received yours of 1 instant, and was glad to hear that you was well-
pray my dear let your first consern be to make your pease with god as itt is of all
conserns of ye greatest importance. Keep a steady watch over your thoughts
words, and actions, be dutifull to seperiors, obliging to equalls and afflbel to inferiors!
from your affectionate,
„ HANNAH ARNOLD.
i-.h. \ our father and aunt joyns with me in love and servia to yourself, your
sister is from home
To
Mr.
benedict amold,
at
1
30
Canterbury.
1
4(36
SCIEyCE OF LETTER WRITING.
Robert Southky to a Yoi'no Aitiior.
Dear Sir: Kt'swlek, 15 Scpr., 1881.
If you publish your poem. I cannot but consider your dewire of dedicaliui;
it to me, as a compliment wliicli au old author who thinks he has deserve'' .veil of
his couutrymea, must always be gratilied by receiving from a young one who is
likely to pursue the same honorable course. But I advise you not to pu' ish.
***♦♦*»♦««■»
Let your fruit ripen, and it will amply repay yon for its culture, but do not
gather it green. And be assured that no advicc was ,cr offered with more sincere
good will, and that I shall not meet you as a stranger if chance at any time should
bring you in my '/ay. God bless and prosper you.
Yours very truly.
ROBERT 80UTHEY.
Miss Louisa M. Alcott to Boys.
My Dear Little Men :
I was very much i)leased ti. get such a fine batch of letters, and much
surprised at tl ^ curious coincidences cf my imagina'-y and ycir real sch ol. I am
g'ad you like my boys, for you are the best judges of the truth of the pictures I
drew of them. If I had known of your school before I wrote the book, I should
have been tempted to ask Mr. Beck to let me come and study you a little, and put
yof into the story. I wrote it in Rome, and had no* a boy anywhere to refresh
myself with, so I recalled many of my own early scrapes, and got some artists and
gentlemen to tell me theirs, and just popped the pranks into my book. * * *
With best wishes u>. you, every one, and regards to Mr. and Mrs. Beck, I am,
my dear lads, very sincerely your friend,
U M. ALCOTT.
Carlyle's Letter to a Young Man.
My Dear Sir: London, September 21, 1841.
The truthful, genial temper manifested in your letter cannot but increase
the interest I felt in you. It will be good news in all time coming to learn that such
a life as yours unfolds itself according to promise, and becomes in some tolerable
degree what it is capable of being. The problem is your own. to make or to mar; a
great problem for you, as the like is for every ma-, born iLto this world.
***********
You can take comfort in the meanwhile, if you need it, by the experience of all
wise men. that a risrht heaw burden Is nreci^elv the thinir vvMntPiI f,>r .i v^Minn- ctr^nr.
SCTEXCE OF LF/nim WRTTrxo.
467
)-^
man. (Jri-vous to he born... l.ui b.ur ii uvll; y,„. will fi„,i i, one .lay to have he,.,,
vm.y . e.e. -I wonMuo, for any money," say. the brave Jean l>a^ in Z:.^:
z; t.. :::;'"' """^"^ ■" '"^' ^""'■' "^' ^^^■•^"^ ^ '^"'•^ "^-- ^^-^-'^ - - -ay
1 l.ave no time here, in this immeasurable treadmill of a place, to answer Iciters
^n you may take it for a new fact that if you can. a.s y.u say, write without answer'
.our etters shall be altogether wekome. u at any time a -letinite serviee can be
done by answenng, doubt not I shall muk. time for it. I subscribe myself in grea
haste yours with true wishes and hopes. ^
T. CAitLYUi.
Mrs. Lincoln on the Receipt ok a Medal in Memoht ok Her Husband
Abraham Lincoln.
Gentlemen- ^,.
. , . _, Chicago, January 3d. 1867.
I have received the medal you have sent me. I cannot expres.s the emotion
wh Which this proof of the sentiments of so many thousands of Jour count'm n
services „ the cau.se of liberty, by those who in another land work for the same
great end. touches me profoundly, and I beg you to accept, for yourselves and t lol
whom you represent, my most grateful thanks.
I am, with the profoundest respect, your most obedient servant.
MAilY lilNCOLN.
KlSQ OF SlAM TO Gen'l U. d. GrANT.
Rir *
T >,o^o . '^''*' ^'■*°^ Palace. Bangkok, April 11, 1879
have very great pleasure in welcoming you to Siam. It is lam informed
;;lf / ?"' ""^"°° ^'°""^ "« ^ '^^^-^ -- ^-' vou musT ^rrme
at ™ Lu:n"wh"r\ ^'''' "^'^^'" '" """^'^ ' '^"'^ ^^« --* eminent dti.en
Brother: TEcmcsEn to Gen'l W. H. Harrison.
I give you a few words -"^til I will be with you myself.
words anHT . "^^'^T ' "''' ^°" *° "^^^° '' "^^ ^''"'^^ ^ ''^^' y°" ^ few
words, and I hope that they will ease your heart; I know you look on y;ur young
inen_and your women and children with nitv. to ...,. ,1, , „,, ..,..„...„., ^ ^
iirother, 1 wish you now to examine what you have from me. I hope that it
4()ft
SriEXrE OF T.F.TTF.n wnTTrxG.
will Ik" II ■iiilisfiutioii to yuii. if your iiitcnlion^ :!!■<■ likr tiiitir. to \v;i--li awiiy nil these
IikI slorii's tliiit Im' ' 'u circiilHtcil. I will lie with you niy'«'lf in eighteen (hiys.
*» »**«•»»♦»
Brother, if 1 liiid that I can be with you in less time tlian eiglifeen diiys I will
send one of inv young men before me, to let you know what time I will be with you.
July 4th, 1«H.
'■ — .^-mS
v^-
4
A letter of congratulntioa is one written to a friend who has
experienced some good fortune or great joy.
Such :i letter should of course be written in a lively, cheerful
style, suited to the occiision, and should be free from all admix-
ture of envy or foreboding. It should be a rose without a thorn.
If there is any unpleasant news to communicate, concerning
yourself or any one else, or if you have any advice to give, leave
it for a subsequent letter.
Exaggerated expressions of joy have an air of in'-'ncerity,
and should the..efore be avoided. To sum up all, in a word —
feeJ rirflit, and write as yn\i,feel.
The following letters will illustrate our remarks:
TnoMAs .Jefferson to nis Sister on her Marriage.
My Dear Sister: Pa'-is, July 12, 1788.
My last letters from Virginia inform me of your marriage with Mr.
Hustings Marks. I sinecrely wish you joy and happiness in the new state into which
you have entered. I have seen eiough of Mr, Marks to form a very good opinion of
him, and to believe that he will endeavor to render you happy, I am sure you will
not lie wanting on your part 'Vou have seen enough of the different conditions of
life to know that it is neither wealth nor splendor, but tranquillity and occupation,
which give happiness. This truth I can confirm to you from larger observation and
J
ffc/hwrr; OF i.hriTnn winriso
4m I
I shoM ,1 .v,.h to kn,.w wlKT- >-. Marks propose- to sc-.tl. .r . what lino of l.fr
he will follow I„ ,.v,.r.v sinmtion I shouM wi.h t„ n-n.lor him an.l you ..v.-ry service
.n n,y powr, us you .nuy In- assured I shall over feel .nysdf war.Mlv unerested in
your happuM.ss, and preserve for you that siuc.r. .,v,. I haw a.wuys horn, y Mv
dau.'hters rememhor you with equal afToction, and will one of these davs t,n,l..r .t t^
you m person. They join me in wishiog you all earthly feUcty and a eontinuance
of your love to them.
Accept assurances of :he sincere attachme a with which I am, my dear sister,
Your affectic -tie brother,
TH. JEFFERSON.
Sib Waltk- Scott to Roaert Sodthey on his investiture as Poh.r Laureate.
, . . , Edinburgh, Novemt)er 13, 1813.
I do not delay, my dear Southey, U. .say my gratulator. Long may you Uve as
Paddy says, to rule over us. and to redeem the crown of Spenser and of Dryden to
Its pristine dignity. ♦ » • ♦ » , ♦,
I was greatly delighted with the circumstances of your investiture. It remind'ed
me of the porters at Calais with Dr Smollett's baggage si.x of them seizing one small
portmanteau and bearing it in triumph to his lodgings » # * ,
Adieu, my iear Southey; my best wishes attend all that you do, and my best
congratulations every good that attends you-yea, even this, the very lea • .,f Provi-
dence s mercies, as a poor clergyman said when pronouncing g- ce over a herring.
My best compliments attend Mrs. Southey and your fLmUy. *
Ever yours,
WALTEU SCOTT.
To A Gentleman Tlected to Conoress.
rr u, », L , Metropolisville, Nov. 5, 1875
fri.n^''^.'^ ■ " '°"-''' ''"' '''' ^'"^'"'•^ """' ^'-^ "- vour hand, old
friend while I give it a good squeeze of congratulation on your election. The result
has not surprised me in the least. I knew you would be elected, because I knew that
Vni deserved to be, and that the people of your district had .sense enou.h to klw
00. Some say, •■Principle:-, not men;' but I s,,y, "Prineiples ../men " This
honor >s as much a tribute to your personal worth as to the correctness of your prin-
ciples, .lust such men as you are needed in Conjrress-never more than now; and i
be eve you will fulhl. every expectation, and honor your.seif and your constituents.
That such may be the case s) ever be th.. pr..,yer of-
Yours faithfully,
i'uvui.Ks aoonMiv. Eso.. t;.,oo- ,,f i-.,!!,.. r-f....:.. JAMES HOPEWELL.
^ ^ (*1 f t
\ 5^5 &' ''h '^ f^ c^ (^^ r^ .'^ ^^ ^
■sja # <# tj9 <4a '4> "\-^ '"tj,."" «j»"^""t^ %''-^'^''<^^~ii^\p '>p~^$i~''S^~~S^'^^~iip'—i$r^'
A letter of condolence is one written to a friend who has suf-
fered some grievous loss or bereavement.
To write a good letter of condolence, one that shall comfort
and console the sufferer, requires good taste and fine feeling.
Persons often, by injudicious words, probe afresh the wound
they are trying to heal. In offering condolence, do not call up
tlie harrowing details of the sad event, nor attempt to argue the
sufferer out of his (or her) sorrow. Reasons that appeal to the
head cannot touch the heart. Above all, do not reflect any
blame, directly or indirectly. What the bleeding heart most
needs, in the first gush of grief, is sympathy— that genuine,
tearful sympathy that lessens another's grief by sharing it. The
expression of this in a few loving words, and a pious reference
to the great source of consolation, are all that a letter of condo-
lence requires.
The following letters afford excellent illustrations of this kind
of composition:
To A Sister on thk Death of a CniLD.
[The followine tender and tonrhinu letter was written by a celebrated Amerinm
authoress. The bereaved mother said that no other letter gave her bo much comfort. ]
Sister Darliner:
I cannot write what i.-. in mv heart for vo,, to-dnv; it is too full-fillrd
with a double sorrow, for y,m nnd for myself Tenrs blind ,ne: mv pen trembles in
my band. Ob, t.. be n.'ar yo„' to .■lasp you in mv arms' ,,, draw yuur head to my
bosom ami weep with you' Darlinir, God cotnrn,) vu;i. I , annol
-170 S.
SCIE.VCH OF LETThJR WHITING.
471
Anotiikbi on Till-; DKATir df a Mauk.
LTlie concluding sentences are very beautiful and appropriate.]
My Dear Mary : Charleston, 8. C. . Dec. 4. 1875.
I feel that a mother's sorrow for the loss of a beloved child cannot be
assuaged by the commonphuesof condolence; yet I mu.st write a few lines t,> assure
you of my hea/tfelt sympathy in your grief. There is one thing, however that
should soften ; lie sharpness of a mother's agony under such a bereavement It is the
rertoct.on that little children arc pure and guileless, and that "nf such is the kingdom
of heaven." "It is well with the child." Your precious babe is now a treasure
kid up m a belter world, and the gate through which it has passed to peace and joy
unspeakable is loft open, so that you. in due time, may follow. Let this be your
consolation.
Affectionately yours,
Mrs. Mary Bbownino, Norfolk, Va. sarad young.
La Fayette to Jefferson, announcing the death of Madame de La Fayette.
[The following sadly beautiful letter, though not strictly a letter of condolence
relates to the subject of death, and therefore belongs to this class.]
My Dear Friend: ^^^^^i, j^^,,^^^ ^^ ^^^
The constant mourning of your heart will be deepened by the grief I
am doomed to impart to it. Who better than you can sympathize for the loss of a
beloved wife? The angel who for thirty-four years has blessed my life, was to you
an affectionate grateful friend. Pity me. my dear .Tefferson, and believe me for
ever, with all my heart, '
Yours,
La FAYETTE.
Thomas Jefferson to John Adams on the death of Mrs. Adams.
[The following is probably one of the finest models of a letter of condolence that
this kind of literature affords.]
Montlcello, November l."? ISIft
The public papers, my dear friend, announce the fatal event of which vnur
letter of October the 20th had given me ominous forcbndin- Tried myself i,- the
school of uffli, ,ion, by the loss of every form of connection which can rive the human
heart, I know well, an.l f,...| wiiat yru have lo.t, what vou hav suff, red an- suffer-
ing, and yx Imv,. ,o end:,,-,. T!,. s.ime trials have tauirht me ,h., for ilU =.
472
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITTNG.
less condolences, open afresh the sluices of your grief, nor. although mingling
sincerely my tears with yours, will I say a word more where words are in vain, but
that it is of some comfort to us both that the time is not very distant at which we are
to deposit in the same cerement our sorrows and suffering bodies, and to ascend in
essence to an ecstatic meeting with the friends we have loved and lost, and whom we
shall still love and never lose again. God bless you and support you under your
heavy affliction.
TH. JEFFERSON.
We append, in as concise a form as possible, the laws of
business that are in most common daily use:
Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
The law does not require one to do impossibilities.
Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents.
The acts of one partner bind all the rest.
Eacli individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole
amount of the debts of the firm, except in cases of special part-
nership.
A receipt for money is not always concliisive.
Sin;nntnres made with a lead pencil are held good in law.
A contract mnde with n minor is A-oid.
Contracts made on Sunday cannot be Hiifoi-ccd.
No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illegal in its
nature.
SCIEXCE OF LETTER WIUTiyCr
An agreement without consideration is void.
An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A written
agreement proves itself. The law prefers written to oral evidence
because of its precision.
Written instruments are to be construed and interpreted by
the law according to the simple, customary and natural meaning
of the words used.
No evidence can be introduced to contradict or vary a written
contract, but it may be received in order to explain it when such
evidence is needed.
A note made on Sunday is void.
A note by a minor is voidable.
A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of
intoxication, cannot be collected.
If the time of payment of a note is not named, it is payable
on demand.
Value received should be written in a note, but, if not, it may
be supplied by proof.
The payee should be named in a note unless payable to
bearer.
The time of payment of a note must not depend on a contin-
gency. The promise must be absolute.
The maker of an accommodation bill or note \v, not bound to
the person accommodnted, but is bound to all other parties, the
same as if there was :t good consideration.
Cliecks or drafts should be presented for payment without
unnecessary delay.
Cliecks and drafts should be presented during business hours;
but in tliis country it is not compulsory except in the case of
banks
If the d^^w^^.' of n cliock or di'aft has changed Ins residence,
the holder mii^f nsp dn- niid reasonable diligence to find liim.
If one vvliu iMi(i> a . iit'ck as payee, or otherwise, transfers it
174
SCIENCE or LETTER WRITING.
to another, he lias a right to insist tliat the check be presented
on that day, or, at farthest, on thf dny foHowing.
An indorsement of a bill or note i!i:iy be written on the fare
or back.
An indoi-si'r may prevent his own liability to be sued by
writing icithoiit recourse, or similar words.
An indorsee has a right of action against all whose names
were on the bill when he received it.
A note indorsed in blank (the name of the indorser only
written) is transferable by delivery, the same as if made payable
to bearer.
If a note or bill is transferred as security, or even as i)ayment
of a pre-existing debt, the debt revives if the note or bill be dis-
honored.
Tlie holder of a note may give notice of protest to all the pie-
vious indorsers, or to only one of them. In the latter case, he
should select the last indorser, and the last should give notice to
the last before him, and so on through. Each indorser must send
notice the same day or the day following. Neither Sunday nor
any legal holiday is counted in reckoning time in which notice
is to be given.
If a letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into
the postoffice, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving
notice. Notice of protest may be sent either to the place of
business or to the residence of the party notified.
If two or more persons, as partners, are jointly liable on a
note or bill, notice to one of them is sufl^cient.
The loss oi a note is not sufficient excus- for not giving notice
of protest.
The finder of negotiable paper, as of all other property, must
make reasonable efforts to find the owner, before he is entitled
to approjjriate it to his own l)enelit. If thi> finder conceal it. he
•• •'" • Ji-ti^T- us. itiiceny oi" tuuii.
9lc<^ona6fe 9lote.
j^^p.40.
^S/lf)/^ ^rr^ „^/e-i. ^/e c//^.^^^ /t^ /^uy
(ti^i
'<?
9t.>-n-9te<jotiaMe Stotc.
^/'/d.OO.
@^:^.^ ^^ e^/ ^,/^ c:/^/<.-^>^i# /^ ^^
O Me c/(i/j<:^^ft^4ri.
'irref^yft^.
t<o
fi
"'ii
i
47()
SCIEXCH or LETTER WNITLXd.
SoOO.OO. Clhtton, N. Y., Sept. 1st, 1881.
On demand, I promise to p<ij Clarke Ecans, or order.
Three IIuiidr>d Dollars, with interest.
Value received. Harry Blodgett.
^oivvt akv6 Sfructaf 9lotc.
$1,500.00.
Sixty days after date, we or either of us, promise to pay to
Hiram Sanford, or order, Fifteen Hundred Dollars.
Value received.
Robert Fulton.
Ionia, Mich., Oct. 15, 1882. Cnarles Darwin.
S 100. 00. Cincinnati, 0., Sept. 6th, 1881.
Three months after date, I promise to pay Henry Holmes,
or order, One Hundred Dollars, with interest at the rate of
seven per cent, per annum, from maturity until paid, without
defalcation. And I do herehy confess judgment for the above
sum, with interest and, costs of suit, a release of all errors, and
waiver of all rights to inquisition and, appeal, and to the
benefit of all laws exempting real or personal property from
levy and sale.
Wesley Wood. "Iseal.t
^u^c^Htont 9lotc, -Hjij-fv '^'^'ciiuct. awh !Potucr of flnot tic ij.
■S500.00. Chicago, III., May 3d, 1^83.
Three months after date, T promise to pay to the order of
A. S. Brown Five Hundred Dollars, at the First Kallonal
Bank, for ralue received, with interest at scven per cent, per
annumfro/n muhirity until paid.
Moses Wat.'s. isKiL. |
SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING.
477
Know all Men by these Present8:
That I. the undersigned, am justly indebted to A. S Brown, upon a certain
promissory note, of even date herewith, for live hundred dollars, value received,
with interest at the rate of seven per cunt, per auuuiu, from maturity until paid, and
maturing August 3d and (Jth, lb83,
x\ow, tlierefore, in consideration of the premises, I do hereby make, constitute,
and appoint .John Wells, or any attorney of any court of record, to be my true and
lawful attorney, irrevocably for and in my name, place, and stead, to appear in any
court of record, in term time or in vacation, iu any State or Territory of the United
States, at any time after said note becomes due, to waive the service of process, and
confess judgment in favor of the said A. S. Brown, or his assigns, upon said note,
for the amount thereof and interest thereon, together with co3ts and ten dollars attor-
ney's fees; and also to file a cognovit for the amount thereof, with an agreement
therein, that no proceeding in error or appeal shall be prosecuted, or bill of equity
tiled to interfere in any manner with the operation of said judgment, and also to
release all errors that may intervene in the entering up of said judgment or issuing
execution thereon ; to waive all benefits which I may be entitled to by virtue of any
homestead, exemption, appraisement or valuation law, now or hereafter in force,
wherever such judgment may be entered or enforced, hereby ratifying and confirm-
ing all that my said attorney shall or may do, by virtue hereof.
Witness my hand this Ist day of May, 1883.
MOSES WATTG. |se!^|
Jtotc- toz 3»vbiana.
$^00.00. ilanover, Ind., July UK ^882.
On demand, for mlue received, I promise to pay J. P.
Will-ins & Co., or order. One Hundred Dollars, with interest-
payable without any relief whatever from valuation or
appra isement.
Samuel Srover.
li
478
SCIENCE OF LETTER WUITINO
eFotlU of" criccfi
HATIOMAL BANK,
Qiftiit^, ot cie/e>,
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Ta Hnmar Pattan & Co,
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St, Lnuis, Ma,
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A
Z^g;T^: l.-^T^:^.^7^.1:^:^^^^:^.^:^^?^^^:yi:^
BY PROF. L. G. GORTON.
^r <Zo we breathe? To purify the blood, ffoio
does breath tny purify th e blood ? The oxygen of
the air combines with the carbon of the blood,
forming carbonic acid. Is the air we exhale
lighter or heavier than pure air? At first, being
raretied by the heat of the body, it is lighter, but
upon cooling it becomes heavier and descends
Accordingly rooms should be venfih.ted Imtli at the top and at
the bottom. Wind is corhon ? It is an .'leuipnlnry substance.
uuu IS iuuud in great abuua;
ince in niitiire. R exists in three
47!»
!i«:
_U»iJi-
4f50
sciKycE OF CO u vox Tiiiyas.
forms, viz., cliarcoal, graphite mA dlanioiul. Whi/ i.s if (hni-
(jeroHS to hum rharnxil hi rooms f Because tlie carbon of the
charcoal unites with the oxygen of the air, forming carbonic
acid. What are the tffects of breathirKj carbonic acid f Tlic
blood is not purified, and this causes drowsiness, stupor, and
iinally death. Of ichcd is the atmosphere composed f It is
c(}mposed of twenty-one parts oxygen and seventy-nine parts
nitrogen. What is oxygen ? It is an elementary gaseous body,
the most electro-negative element known. Wher united with
twice its bulk of hydrogen it forms water, and is found in com-
pound with nearly every known element. What is an element f
An element is a body composed of but one kind of atoms.
What is a compound f A compound is a body composed of two
or more kinds of atoms. What is combustion f It is the rapid
union of elements in forming compounds. Why does exercise
make one feel warmer f Because more muscular tissue is torn
down, consequently more carbon is given off to unite with the
oxygen, thus producing heat. Why does blowing a fire make
it burn brighter ? Because with each current of air it receives
a fresh supply of oxygen. What Is n itrogen ? It is an ele-
mentary gaseous body, and the second electro-negative element
known. It is found in the air, and in nearly all vegetable and
animal tissue. What is the use of nitrogen in the atmosphere ?
The nitrogen is used simply to dilute or weaken the oxygen, and
is not changed by respiration. Why mill a candle when placed
under a closed vessel soon be extinguished.^ Because the oxy-
gen has been consumed, and the nitrogen will neither burn nor
support combustion. What is hydrogen f It is an elementary
gaseous body, the lightest known substance; when united with
oxygen it forms water. Will it s npport life ? It will not. Will
it svpport combustion? It will not. Will it burn? When
pure it will ])urn with a steady bluish light, but if mixed with
air it will explode wdien brought in contact with fire. What /-:
SCIKNCE OF CI).\f.\fOX Tiiisns.
4«1
thr ,,as Hs.d to ilhnninah' thr stneLs^ Hydro-.-arhon, or a
compound of liy<lro-on :.n<l .•arhon; the hvdro-en unites with
the oxygen of the air. foruiin- water, tlie carbon hecon.es heated
to a gk,w, and tlins gives the light. I, an escape of iUun, inathu,
;,as dangei^ous to life? It is (Uingerous to breathe, and is very
hable to explode if a light is taken near u. Hoio can, we detect
an escape of gas > By our sense of smell. What are the
other sources of hiidro-rarhon in our dwellinosf The decom-
posing animal and vegetable substance >f drains and water
closets. Great caro should be taken to secure effective drainage
and in keeping the drain pipes in order. What is heat f Heat
is a for. ^ f energy. It consists of vibratory motions of the par-
ticles of matter or results from such motions, and gives rise to the
well known sensations of warmth and cold. What are its effects^
Expansion, fusion, evaporation, and decomposition What
are the principal sources of heat? The sun, chemical action,
mechanical action, sound, light and electricity Why do burn-
ing glasses set fire to combustible substances? Because they
gather all the rays of heat that fall upon them to a single point
(.1- focus, thus making the heat more intense at that point
What is fire? It is the rapid union of elements. What is
smoke? Small particles of solid carbon, which have not been
consumed by heat. Why does smoke ascend ? Because it is held
In heated air; when the air becomes cold the smoke settles WJty
does smoke ascend more directly one day than it does another^
Because the air is not of the same density at all times. How is
heat diffused? By conduction, convection and radiation
What is conduction? The process by which heat passes from
the hotter to the colder part of a body. Whij does not a piece
of wood burning at one end become hot at the other ? Because
wood is a bad conductor of heat. What is convection of heal ?
The method of diffusing heat by actual motion of heated fluid
::.rt--^-,, u- v.wru ;i(;t wctrer rises ironi the bottom of a vessel, and
*.."j'
IF
482
.■-( jL'xr/-: OF cDM.mjy things.
conveys heat to the colder wattT above. What /•«■ radiation of
heat f T^ > propagation of heat l^y ether. Can heat I rt^/ltcttd .*
It can. What is absorption of heat? The taking off of heat
by the body to which the heat is transmitted. Why d(» some
articles feel colder than others, ichen all are of the same tem-
perature f Because, being better conductors, they take away
the heat of the hand more rai)idly. V/hich are the better con-
ductors, dense or jiorous substances ? Tlie dense ones, gener-
ally Is air a good conductor of Jieatf No. Why is a piece
of ice longer in melting when wrapped inflar^ d ? Because the
liannel is a poor conductor, and keeps the lieat from reaching
the ice. Why do iron articles f set very cold in ucinter ? Because
iron is a good conductor, and takes the heat from the hand rap-
idly. WJty is it painful to touch the tongue to a very cold iron f
Because the heat is taken from the tongue so rapidly the tongue
is frozen. Wliy is it frequently warmer when a frost sets in ?
Because when a liquid is changed to a solid heat is given out.
Why is it so;.>i('timcs colder when a thaw sets in? Because
when a sub-;fance changes from a solid to a liquid it takes up
heat. How is ice cream frozen f By placing salt on pounded
ice. The salt melts the ice, and in melting the heat is taken
from the cream. Why does sprinMing the streets make the air
cooler ? Because the water evaporates or changes into a vapor,
and whenever a liquid changes to a vapor it takes up heat.
W7ty does fanning the face make us cooler? It increases the
evaporation rf moisture from the face by bringing fresh, dry air
in contact. What are the best reflectors of heat? Smooth,
bright surfaces. Why are white articles of clothing cool?
Because they reflect the heat. Why are dark articles of cloth-
ing warm ? Because black absorbs heat. What is the cause of
wind? The temperature of different localities is unequal, con-
sequently the air at some places is lighter than it is at others;
the lighter air is forced upward by the heavier air, which, when
SVIEyCE OF COMMOX TIIL\GS.
483
ir flows in, partakes of a circular
u ^reat difference in teraperatur
rakes place and f(
w
hich
we call wind. If
)rni.s a whirlwind, hiirri
motion
y exists a sudden change of
air
ranc, or tornado.
ing filled
Whii does a soap-huhbh- rise i,, the airf Becaus- be,...^ uiieu
with wann air it is lighter than an equal bulk of the suncund
ing air. Why does air nd the chi,>nie,/f Because U-^
heated by the fire it is lighter than the air of the room Whl
d^es the flame of a r„ ■ die terminate in a point ? Becar se the
cold air rushes to the h..ne from all sides, and is carried upwar,'
Why does hlmcing sharply at a candle put :t out^ Beriuse
too rapid a fiow < ' air reduces the temperatuic below the burn
ing point. Why does a lamp chin, . y increase the ItrHluivr,,
of the flame f Because it conducts an increase of air Xu ili'e
flame. What has become of t?te candle when it has burned ^
It has been changed to carbonic acid and water, the latter e^ ■m
in,!,' as a vapor. Why does friction produce heat ? Heat bein.^
a mod,, of motion of the particles of a body, friction or anything
else that increases that motion produces heat. Why on a warm
day does moisture collect on the outside of an ' ice-pitcher ^
Because the ir.oisture of the atmospliere is condensed by comin-
m contact wirh the cold ^ " tcher. What causes dew ? At nigirt
the earth and rll objec* upon it radiate the heat recdved from
the sun during the day and become colder D ni the air nd the
vapor of the air coming in contact with the cooler objec. .s con-
densed and deposited in the form of dew. Why is d. w heavier
on some objects than on other, f Becaus. soa.e objects are
better radiators of heat than others. Why is but little dew
formed on cloudy niyhts ? Because the heat radiated fro-.a the
earth is reflected back by the clouds and the earth Is thus kept at
neariy the same temperature as the rJr. Why do hear., de^os
formi rain ? Because they show that the air is well charged
mth moisture. What is hoar frost f Frozen dew. What are
TT ^„ii ;.iic ^ii io cooiea tile /'••'isture in it is paitiaiiy
_j^'
484
SCIENCE OF coyi.mjy things.
Cirrus Clouds.
condensed and thiis rendered visible as clouds. What are fogs f
(Jiouds near the earth. Why do they disappear soon after
sunrise ^ Because tlie heat oi" the sun expands and disperses
them. Wltat are the different hinds of clouds f The principal
are the cirrus or "cafs-taiJ," the cumulus or "bail of cotton "
the stratus or "v/hite
sheet," and the nimbus
or ' ' rain clouds. ' ' What
produces the imi 'mis
shapes of clouds ? le
state of the atmospiiere,
the electrical condition
of the cloiids, and the
winds. Wffat do cirrus
clouds foretell ? When
they are high, thin and
light, fair vreather ; when th-y form fleecy lines across the sky,
light rain or a gale of wind. What do cu/muhis ('loud" fore-
tell f Fine weather when
they are well defined and
avTvance with the wind.
Rain, when tliey are thin
J and dull and float in a
J direction opposite the
j surface wind. A thun-
dei' ptorm, when they
increase in size and be-
Cumu'us Cloud. ^^^g ,|^^jj ^^^ gj.,^y ^^
sunset. What do stratus clouds foretell? Damp, dreary
weather. What do nimhus clouds foretell ? Rain and thunder.
What causes rain? When a warm current of air containing ;i
great amount of moisture comes in co?:tact with a cold current
the moisture is condensed and falls as rain. Does rein ecer
J
SCIENCE OF COMMON THINns.
485 I
occur without clouds f Souietinies a sudden J'ull of temperature
vvil.1 produce rain without forming visible clouds. ^Yhy does
■vtore rainfall in March and April than iu July and August f
Because the changes in ti-mperature are more frequent, and
every fall of temperature in the air condenses its vapor. Why
thcn^ is the. iveatJier not
colder before a rainf
Because this change in
temperature is in the
upper currents of air,
and n-^*^ on the surface
of the earth. What is
snow? Snow consists
of the watery particles
of the atmosphere fi-ozen
for the mort part in a stratm ciouda.
crystalline foim. Why U snoio white > On account of the
aggregate rel'ection of light from the sides of minute crystals.
Why are high mountain
peak), covered loith snow ?
Because the upper regions
of the atmo.^ nere aro in-
tensely col... What is
the cause oj' hail f If ,],e
rain-drops in falling \:.s.s
through a c'l'-re it n\ mv
of low teni]ifi-|,iii'(^ tlie
di'ops become IV(./;-hand ynn,,„. ciouds.
fall .s hail. 117..// is .vAv-/.> If .s„o.v, in fnllina'. ]k.ssps .In-ona-h
a warm cunvn. of air, it is partially mcltrd an<1 becomes sleet.
How far is Ih, sun f run, the rarth ? Mneiv-oup million
miles. What is H:/hf/ Li,.|,t is ,h:,t m.x].^ <.r motion whieh is
capable of alfee.i,,.- th,' optie ,„.rve. i( J. ll,.Mil„,,fi.m of .-n.
Iff
(?=^
486
SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS.
i
infinitely rare, exceedingly elastic, an-l subtle medium known
as ether, which fills all space and permeates every transparent
substance. How fast does light travel f One hundred and
eighty-six thousand miles per second. What is a ray of light ?
It is the smallest portion of light discernible. What is a beam
of light / A collection of rays. Of what is a ray of light com-
posed ^ It is composed of seven elementary parts, giving the
colors violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Why
are some substances white f Because they reflect all the light
that faUs upon them without changing it. Why are some snb-
stan ves black f Be-
cause they absorb
all the light and
refle't none. Why
are soiue substanns
red? Because they
absorb all but the
red i)art of the
wave. Blue sub-
stances absorb all
snoto Crystals. but the blue, etc.
If a straight stick be partially svhmerged in water at an angle
why does it appear to be bent f Because the rays of light com-
ing from the i)art of the stick which is under water are bent as
they leave the water. For the same reason the apparent depth
of the water is deceptive. What causes the rai)d>awf The
refraction and reflection of light by the drops of falling water.
Wh(d is a halo ^ It is a luminous or colored circle seen around
the sun or moon under certain conditions of the atmosphere.
Wh,d is its caitse/ The ivfracti n of light by minute crystals
(«f ice fioating in the liiuher regi,ms of tlie atmosjiluMv. Why
do hiilos fori'/rll ir> t ir,'(ifhi'r.^ Because they show a, great
amount of moisture in the atmosphere which will probably foini
SVIE^'VE OF COMMON TUL\ Go.
4S7
L
rain. Whi/ do star.s tici)ikle? Because there are a great many
non-luminous bodies in space, and .vlien tJiey puss between us
and a star they cut uil" its iiglit just for a)i instant, tlius causing
the twinliling. W?iat are ' ' shooting stars ^' ' They are not stars
proper, but are non-luminous bodies coming in concact with
the earth's atmosphere, and becoming ignited by their friccion
upon the air liave the appearance of stars. Why are meteor-
olites or shoot inp stars seen most frequently beiiocen the 12th and
Uth of Norember of each year ? Because the earth at that time
is passing througji a portion of space where the greatest number
of these bodies is found. Wliat _.^^ _
is the miraffe, and, what is its
cause. ^ Mirage is the appear-
ance in the air of an erect or
inverted image of some distant
object which is itself invisible.
It is most frequently seen on
water, where it is termed loom
ing, but has also appeared to
persons traveling thi-ough des-
erts with such vividness as to
make them believe that they Mirage
saw trees and springs before them in the distance. Captain
Scoresby, while cruising in a whaling ship, recognized his
father's vessel when distant from him more than thirty miles
(and consequently below the horizon) by its inverted image
in the air, though he did not previously know it was in that
part of the ocean. Mirage is caused by the rays of light from
theol)ject l)eing bent differently by different layers of the atmos-
phere until tliey are curved so as to strike the eye. What
ca/fscs t>rilighf / Tlie bending and retlecting of liglit by the
atmosphere. U'//>/l <;ius;'.>i tin rolorcd sky nt sinisct* The
sun s rays are )Kiili;;ily (leroinijoscd In- tlio Mnior fliMf jh in ths^
488
SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS.
atmosphere. W?u/ does a highly colored sunset predict a
storm f Because it shows that the air contains a great amount
of moisture.
TF'- I is electricity f It is tha* mode of motion which is
manifested by the peculiar phenomena of attraction and repul
sion. It is best understood by its effects. How is the electric
light produced f In two principal ways, viz., by incandescence
or glow and by the electric arc. The electricity is produced
either from a powerful battel, or from a magneto-electric
machine. In the first method the electricity i)asses through
platinum or carbon, and heats it until it glows. In the second
case, two points, usually of carbon, are separated a short dis-
tance, and the passage of the electricity over this distance, carry-
ing with it heated particles of carbon, gives the light. Wlmt is
the cause of lightning f It is caused by electricity passing
from the clouds to the earth. The earth and the clouds become
oppositely charged, and the tension of the electricity overcomes
the resistance of the air between the earth and the clouds, and
passes through it. Why does it sometimes talr a zigzag course f
So as to pass where there is the least resistance WJiat is heat
lightning ^ It is an unsteady glow of lightning seen near the
horizon, and is simply the reflection of liglrning so distant from
US as to be invisible. Why is it dangerous to stand near a tree
durin;/ a thunder sf,,nu ? Becnuse the tree, being :i high object
mid a good conducrnr of electricity, is very liable to form the
conductor for the lightning. Tf7/// is it dangerous to he near a
fire d tiring a thunder sforni ^ Becnuse smoki and flame are
conductors of electricity. Wh(r<' is fh<' safest place during a
thunder sfonu .' In the center of a diy room, away from all con-
ductors of electricity. Wh<d is the rause of th under ^ Thunder
is caused by tlie <^\\C 'm rush of air into the vncunm which the
clectiicity. ;is it diii'ts with inconceivfil)le Vf'locity, leaves beliind
it. TJ7/// is thunder soniefiiues loud and continuous, and (if
tiCIE2sCE OF VOMMOy THINGS.
489
-fher times broken und utuquai .' Beciuise it is sometimes near,
and the sound from all parts of the tiasli reaches us at the same
instant, and at other times it is at different distances from us, and
consequently all the sound does not reach us at the same time.
What is sound? Sound is that mode of motion which is
capable of affecting the auditory nerve. It is produced by the
vibra, ion of some elastic substance. W?iy do we hear more dis-
tinctly on a damp day than we do on a dry one? Because
damp air is the better conductor of sound. WJiat is an echo ? It
is a reflected sound. How fast does sound travel in the air?
About eleven liundred feet per second. WJiat is the velocity of
electricity .' Two hundred and eighty-eight thousand miles per
second. How can the distance a thunder storm is away he
ascertained from seeiny the flash ? By counting the number of
beats of the pulse from the time th*- flash is seen to the time fhe
thunder is lieard, and dividing by Ave. The answer will be in
miles.
To i (t heif/ht does the atmosphere extend? From fifty to
two hundred miles. What is the pressure of the atmosphere at
the earth's surface? Fifteen pounds to every square inch of
surface. Whaf is the pressure on the aneraye man ? Thirty
thousand pounds, or fifteen tons. Why does he not fr/ this
pressure f Because it presses equally in every direction, and on
the internal as well as on the external surface of the body. How
hiijh will the pressnre ,f Hi,' air rais, miter in a pump?
About thirty feet. Mliy? Because a column of water tl.iity
feet high and one inch area cross section weighs fifteen i)oun<l.s.
IIi>w do flies walk nn the ceil in;/ ? Tlieli- feet are .so fornu'd that
when they attem]»t to withdraw tlu-ni I'loin the ceiling a in.i-tial
vacuum is formed, and the pressure of tlie aii- holds th«' fly up.
117/// /,v if that when wr i„nrt a yli/sy Umt is ////rd tri/h /ra/er,
and liasa paper orer the t,,p^ (hid IJn irah r il,„x not fall <,nf ?
Because the upward pressure of the aii holds it in. What is the
f
ifl
490
li
SCTEXCE OF ro.VMOy THINGS.
loeigU of air. ^ One hundred cubic inches weigh thirty-one
grains. Why dots a stoi^e smoke when the fire is first lighted f
Because the air in the chimney is of the same temperature as the
air in the room, and does not ascend. What is the best method
of conveying air to fires f Tubes built in the walls communi
eating with the outer air, and terminating beneath the grates.
Why do chimneys smoke in damp iceather f The heated air in
giving off its moisture becomes heavier than the outer air.
What is a barometer .' An instrument for measuring the
pressure of the atmosphere. There are two forms; the mercu-
rial, consisting of a glass tube over thirty inches long, filled with
mercury, and the aneroid, a cylindrical box of metal, with a
hand to indicate the pressure. The glass tube filled with a
watery Huid is a humbug. Why is the barometer called a
''weather glass T Because changes in the weather are pre-
ceded h-j changes of atmospheric pressure, and these changes are
indicated by the barometer. How can the weather he predicted
by a larometer f The rising of the barometer generally presages
fair weather, the falling the contrary. A sudden change in the
barometer, a sudden change in the weather; a gradual change in
the barometer, a gradual change in the weather. Which is the
Jieamer, dry air or moist air f Dry air. What is a thermom-
eter f An instrument for denoting temperature. Why does the
mercury rise lohen the temperature becomes greater, and fall
when it is less? Because the mercury expands with hent and
contracts with cold. Why does wafer boil ? Because heat enter-
ing the lower portions of the water forms vapor bubbles there,,
which rapidly ascend. Why is rain wafer soft? Because the
minerals which m;ike water hard do not evaporate. Wh>f is if
difficult to icash with hard wafer ? Because the soap unites witli
the Miinernls of tlio wnter and loses its cleansing powers. 117/ y
is the sea salt? The salt, which prevails largely in the earth and
SCIENCE OB' COMMON THING S. 49 ^
is readily soluble in water, is carried by the ri^^l^^^^^T^
and as salt does not evaporate it must remain there in solution
W/iai is attraction f The tendency of bodies to approach
each other. What is r^ravitationf Every particle of matter
in the universe has an attraction for every other particle, and
his attraction is called gravitation. Why does oil ascend in
the wwk a lamp ^ It is drawn upward by capillary attrac-
tion. For the same reason, if we dip the corner of a towel in
water the whole towel will become wet. Why do clouds gather
around mountain tops .^ Because they are attracted by the
mountains. Why does a feather fall more slowly than a
stone. On account of the resistance of the air ; in a 'vacuum it
would fall with the same velocity. Why does a needle float
when laid carefully on the surface of water? The needle
repels the water, thus displacing an amount of water equal to
Its own weight. How do some insects walk on water f An oilv
substance is secreted from their feet which repels the water, and
thus the weight of the water displaced equals the weight of the
insect. Why is spring water more palatable than distiUed
water f Because it contains carbonic acid. Why does boiled
water taste flat? Because the carbonic acid has been driven
ott. What is soda water f It is water charged with carbonic
acicl.
Why does gunpowder explode? Because it is composed of
potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur ; substances which
Hhen heated to a certain degree, unite rapidly, forming a :ras
tliat IS many times larger in bulk than the powder. Why %re
soap-bubbles round ? Becau^ the air within them presses with
equal force on all sides. Why do balloons ascend in air ^
Because they are filled witli a gas which is rarer than air, consP-
quently the upward pressure of the air on the bottom of the
balloon IS greater than tlie downward pressure on top of the
balloon and thp wfiiu-in- -^f fi.- iw.n, Mrr . , _ • ..
=n
J
492
SCTENCE OF COMMON THINGS.
in the air? It rises by rhe forc-e of the wind which strikes
obliquely on its under surface. WJty does a hoop roll without
folUihj f Owing to the tendency which matter has when revolv-
ing to retain its plane of revolution and to go in a straight line.
Whu does a top spin? On acconnt of the persistence of the
plane of revolution. Whij is it that when we whirl a pail, that
is partially filled with water, over our heads, the water does
not fall out? Because of centrifugal force, or the tendency
which matter has to keep away from the center of revolution.
Why do fiat stones ''skip'' when thrown obliquely on water?
The water is compressed by the stone and by virtue of its elas-
ticity it causes the stone to bound. What causes a hall to
rebound when thrown against a surface ? The ball and the sur-
face are slightly compressed and in suddenly regaining their
original forms the ball is thrown.
What is the cause of dreams ? Weariness, or a derangement
of the digestive apparatus. It is a semi-unconscious working of
the mind. Why do we cough ? Because the respiratory organs
are irritated by some foreign substance and coughing is an effort
to free the organs by rapidly forcing the air from the lungs.
Why do ice sneeze? Because particles of matter enter the nos-
trils a- d excite the nerves, and sneezing is an effort to drive
away these particles. The nerve can also be excited by cold air
coming in contact with it. Sneezing is a sudden contraction of
the respiratory muscles. Why do some plants droop at sun-
set? Plants grow by heat :md light, and some do not receive
force sufficient during the day to keep them erect at night.
What is a telephone? It is an instrument for the trans-
mission of sound. There are two principal kinds, the string
te]e])hone and the electrical telephone. The string telephone
consists of some kind of on elastic diaphragm supjiorted at its
edges so as to be free to vibi-ate. and liaving a strong cord or
wire attached to its middle and extending to a similar instru-
SCIENCE OF COMMON THINGS.
403
ment at the other end of the line. A very cheap and serviceable
telephone for a line not exceeding a mile in length can be made
out of two cigar boxes and enough common stovepipe wire to
make the line. Support the boxes, one at each end of the line,
by means of strips fastened to the ends of the boxes, leaving the
bottoms free to vibrate. Fasten one end of the wire to the
center of one of the boxes and extend it to the other box, draw-
ing it tightly and being careful to support all parts of it by
some flexible substance as cotton or silk. See that there are no
sharp turns in the wire, and that it does not touch any wood or
metal excepting the boxes. A few sharp blows on the box wi«.h
a pencil will serve for the call. A diaphragm of parchment may
profitably be substituted for the cigar boxes. The electrical
telephone demands that a person have a thorough knowledge of
electricity la order to be completely understood. The sound
wave is turned into an electrical wave, which travels along the
\vire ; the electrical wave is then changed to a magnetic wave,
the magnetic wave to a sound wave, which is heard.
3
LADIES- nv>/.7,' BASKET
=D
*> 11 .la ml ma.
I K V' 1 1 .^ i 1 1 a [c 1 1
Oil. Paintliuj (.11 V,Jr,t v'iUt Brush dud j: .— Ccl. rs nsprl-
Geranium T^ike, WHiif,', M.-hI.I.t L:,kfi, Eiiicrald-r r>.- Chrome-
Yellow, Raw Sienna, Raw UiiiL.'r, Xaples-^'vMl> ad Yor-
inilicm Red. This sliows plainly h. v to paint J.'.ss Roses
AVild Roses, Easter Eilies, AVegelia, Poppy, ^ ^ ., Golden
Rod and Wheat; telling what ])aints to nse lor each tlower
the order in which they aie apj)lied, and how to mix them to
produce tlie desired shade in each flower, etc.
It is the design of this chapter to give, in an easy and sin^ple
manner, such useful and practical instructions to beginners in
tlie P-- of flower painting, as shall enj.jle them to make rapid
iin' .ttisfactory j rogress. In the range of material objects
whicii attract the attention and now employ the pencil of the
artist, none are le re inviting than flowers. Everything which
v;\n charm the eye is found i. be associated in their forms,
elegjint, graceful iu\A varied, giving rise to combinations of light
and shade, simila/ly diversifled and charming. These colors,
langinr from one end of the chromatic scale to the otheri
embrace within their scoi)e the most brilliant and gorgeous
hues, the tenderest and mo.-, delicate tints, while they possess,
m addition, surface and texture of equally varied character ;
thus combining in themselves every physical attribute of that
subtle and elusive qualit-'— beauty. It is only surprising that
more regard has not 'litherto been bestowed upon flower
painting.
Directims.— To put m. ...-? on the stretcher, first procure
a piece of card-board a little larger than the cloth upon which
you are going to pamt; then baste the material upon the card-
board, stretched enoug' to lie sm jtlily. It may be surprising
to know that the most of the painting is done with a tooth-
pick or pen placed in a holder, the same as for writing.
Instead of using a pallet for holding and mixing paints, you
must use a common table knife; then take a small quantity of
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
t2 r y''\^^"'TV''''^ I'^'^"" ^''''"^ '-^"'^ there along the
secret's of r^ w -^"^ ' ^''' ^"'^^^^^ '^'' ^'''^^'^ ^' ^^^ -^ the
on the p.aiet, and you dip your pen in it, the paint lias clogged
the point of your pen bo that you cannot see the point li
order to do the work neatly this must never occur. When vou
point of the pen should be where the ink would naturally
min''tZvT Z.'r'^'' ''^^" ""^ *^^ P^"- I" ^'^^^'^ that the
use 1 !^. i/f '"'^.'^ '''' ^"^^^ «^^^^ «f *^^ P^^' >-^ "^"«t
use xoi . pullet something that has a sharp edge; so that by
ha. e a desimb e edge to draw the edges of the pen over, thereby
the back, or in the hollow of the pen. The proper way to
Tcw'th °t "'' '!':^7 !" ^'^ ^^^* ^^"^' "p ^-- *^« t^bii:
material if you wish, when you have finished one part of a
flower, to the position Lhat will be most convenient for yourself
being^careful not to res^. your hand on the paint you have jusi
for w^tf ^^' ^^^— Hold the pen in your hand the same as
for writing; place the point of the pen on the line of th-^
design with the edge side of the pen under (instead of the
hoUow^-co under as in writing), with the hollow side of pen
facing outside of pattern. Then, as you draw the pen toward
you m making the stitch, gi-adually turn the f,- x lo that the
hollow side of It would come under (a. in ./riting). The stitches
are generally from ,V to i of an inch in length. It is difficult
to scy just how long the stitch should be, as they vary in differ-
ent flowers and different parts of the same flower. It is a very
peculiar painting; ..anding a short distance from the work it
looks verv much like the Kensington embroidery. After the
!•;
t
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
outline of the leaf is Unislied with the pen, representing the
Outline Stuc'ti, the ]>ru.sh is used for filling in the proper shade
of the leaf. After the leaf has been painted with the brush
between the outlines, the pen is used in making the veijis of
the leaf. The veins are painted to imitate the s<^itch the same
as th(j outline. Nearly all the large Howers are made similar to
the leaf TIk* outlines of tlie Huwers and corolla are tinished with
the pen, also representing tlie stitch ; tlie tilling iu between the
outline is done Avitli tlie brusli. Always paint the corolla near
the centre a tritie deeper than the outside or edge of the Hower.
The Sfrvriiiral Arrangement of Floioers.—Th.i^ blossom of
a plant, or that which is usually denominated a flower, is gen-
erally composed of tiie following distinct i)arts : The Calyx, so
named from a latin word signifying a cup ; the Corolla, named
from a l;itin word denoting a crown : the Pericarp is the seed
vessel, or o.'gan of generation. Wlien coloring a flower or
object, use a color the same as the objec^ to be deliniated ; the
outline completed, the next process is to tint in the different
local colors. Never worlc to, but always from the starting
point. Properly speaking, tin 're are but three colors in nature,
these are J-ed, yellc^w and blue; tliey are called jirimaries.
Orange, green, purple, and all other hues, ai-e only composed
from the first thr»,'e named. The student has tlien to consid-.n*
when regarding a color iu nature, if it be not one of the
prinmries, in what i>i-o])ortion it is composed of them. For
instance, if oranue be the color undei- ccmsideration, the jirop*-:
(luantitie- of the led and xcllow must be determined bv mixinir
ii little of each, adding a little of (me or rlie other until the
desired shade is obtained ; if green is desii'ed, niix the yellow
and bine; a very small poition of r.d will snbdue the
brilliancy of given; thus again with jnirple, which is foi-med
of red and blnt\ the addition of yellow destroys its purity : in
the case of orange, blue will destroy or subdue its brilliancy.
whit^ r- 7"' ■^"' ^""'"^"'-^ '^^''' ^^^^^-Cxeranium lake and
^.tt- T\ '". ""'"'^ ^"^ 1^"^^'^"S the bu>I or blossom ; for
painting the darker .hades in the tlower, use madder lake • the
mo.s IS paint, d with emerald-green, mixmg i.r -a little wIrU. or
jellow to get the lighter shades- .o get brown shades, nse raw
Hienna and raw nmber. In painting tiie leaves, brush in with
s lades This must be done before the outlines are painted as
all outlines are put on with tlie pen, representing the stitch
K oushouh. put the outlines on first, when you are tilling in
^vitli the brush you would be liable to touch the stitches -.nd
your work would not be as nout when hnished. In painting the
ou^i^^o get the bnght shade, nse emerald-gr.en with aTitt :
ch ome->ellow or wh.to; you can get the dark sha<le by
us ngmw sienna; it the dark shade is too dark, work in 'a
little .^ap^.s-yellow. The same colors are nsed f/n- the sr'n
as for the moss. The st.m, moss-rose, and bud are all pen-work
also veins and outlines of lea/ ; the filling in of the iL is don^
v,uh the orusn.
//^v/r,7,://6;..y >/• Pa/nt/^^r/ i^V.sAr Z%. -Beginning with
the bud, to get the pink shade, use a little geranium lake wi^h
th._.vliib>; in jKiinting the open blossom first brush in a little
white, then tlie outlin.^s aiv put on in white with the ])en to
iiintat. ilie stitch. The veins are also put on in whiti • 'the
pistil, projecting from the centre of the flower, is put on with l he
pen nsmg enu-rald-green at the top of the pistil; the ii-dit
shade ]s ma<h' by mixing chrome-yellow and whit<> • the Sa
nirnsare put <m in the fcrm ,.f the stitch with the pen, usinff
''hron..-ye]lnw. lu i.aintinv; ,he Lav^s, brush in chrome-yelhnv
and white, inixe.l. ]n brushing in the darker shades use
emerald-g,v..,i Tuix.-d wiih ivnv sienna ; let the briditer shades
dry a httl.. b.'foie tho darker shad.^s are brushed in-while vcu
aiv wci'ki.i- on some ..thrr part of the desi<,ni it will dry
enoudi, Theourline of tl.,> leaf is put on witli tl..- ,.,., rei".-
LADIES' WOIiK BASKET.
i
resenting the stitoh ; for the bright shades use emerald-green
mixed with chrome-yellow or whit. ; for the dark shades use
emerald-green mixed with raw sienna. The veins are put on
with the pen, representing the stitch ; for the light colored
ones, use Naples-yellow and white ; for the dark ones use raw
sienna and emerald-green. The stem is put on with the pen
(imitating the stem or outline stitch as nearly as possible)
using raw umber and emerald-green.
Instructions for Wild Mose.-'nie corolla is finished first
Its colors are first brushed in with white and geranium lake'
mixed so as to -lake a very bright shade. After vou get this
^hade brushed in go over it with the pen, making the stitch
using the same color used for brushing in. The centre is made
with the pen in stitch form, ur 'ng for the bright shade emerald
green and chrome-yellow, and for the darker shade, emerald-
green and raw umber. The stamens are made with the pen
in stitch form, using chrome-yellow; for darker shades of
leaves use raw umber ; for the light shades, emerald -green
mixed wi ha little chrome-yellow or white; for the dark bud
use emerald-green, and chrome-yellow for the lighter shades on
the bud ; for dark shade on bud, use i-mber. If vou are Daint
ing on dark material, use the paints given for tie lio-ht slrule
on the entire bud. The buds are made with the p^n t^.
renting the stitch. Between the stitches scratch in wit i a
sharp tooth-pick or with tlie back of tlie pen, a little paint
ot the same shade as the bu<l. The stems are made with the
pen, in sten.-stitcli fonn, using raw sic-nna and emerald-green.
Instrvcf ions for Paint in;, in.^.//.. _The rorolh, is finished
liiNt By nsmg geranium lake an<l white, . ■ A v.,u ,.,,>
in'o<luce the j.roper sluule. The ,.en,re is linished with -th,. p.:„
representing the stitch. The buds are finished in the .une wav
•MisHig the san.e colors. In linishing ,h. .ves. first brush in
. little >.aHes-yelhnv..UHl white, mixed; i. making outline of
i-aves use tli,> pen, n-aking the outline in form of stitch You
!i
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
use raw *-.a and Napies-yello. ; ^^JZZ^
first with NaplesveUo, h ™' *" ''*"^ '■'" t""*"! in
making the s,i'te?;rnd°nX*tvS;::r *'^" "''^^ '''"^ P»'
"L i f i. r- r^?''"'"^° tlie.titch; the centre of the
l..,/,u,'-oi,s for <:„M„i Jlod.-'Vh: flow,.,- i. Iinish«l (ir.,f
»ie..n.,. , „x«l. lh,i entn-.. H„wer i, li„isii.,a with the pu,.
LADIES' WORK BASKET.
making the stitches irregular, but in such a manner that they
will run toward the stems. For the light shades on stems, use
emerald-fn-een. It would be well to take your pen and put a
stitch on here and there among the flowers, close to the stem,
with emerald-green.
Tnstructims for WTieat.—The tops are finished first. You
can get the proper shade by using Naples-yellow and white,
mixed. The tops are made with the pen, used in a different
manner than you would use it for most all other flowers. You
must first get quite a large quantity of paint on the pen, clean
the edges on the edge of the knife in the usual way, then,
instead of beginning the stitch with the edge of the pen on the
material, place the pen squarely on the material, with the
hollow side underneath ; then press on the pen until it opens
so that it will leave paint on both sides of the pen and a trifle
in the middle; a stitch in this way f;. tins a grain. The small
delicate fibre that projects from the wKnt tops is made by
the pen with same color as the wiieat. The leaves are first
brushed in with Naples-yellow and white, mixed ; the outlines
of leaves and stems are put on with the pen, using same color
as used for the vvheat ; in order to get a green shade for lower
leaves, luix a little emerald-green with white and yellow, mixed.
The outlines and stems and veins are put on with pen in stitch
form, using same colors as for brushing in the leaves.