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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 .^■■^ >.:' ^ I.-:, f ! • 1 :V^: I--, ma 'f.^- ">»r«.-j«p« (P- mS^< , «v " Pi ^ 2%/' Dance of the (hlwnet of the K^un,cn* tipe of pem^, pepfonneil oh nuK9t tS^n :*N\ "jf K ...... ,:3fi?v ">-*i? •M.,«?-«i»isstt;;-'. ■^.'iMXV^b" -» :. , | » »l»a? ■-riF**"*' t SEIZURE OF THE SHIP I N D U S T R Y,. BY A CONSPIRACY, * And the consequent . ^ ^ ; SUFF.EHINGS OF CaptJamesFox and his Companions; THEIR CAPTIVIFY Among the Esquimaux Indians iit North America : AND THE MIRACt;LOUS ESCAPE OF THE CAPTAIN ; The Disasters which attended the Mutineers; IXTERSmilSED WITH ANECDOTES, DESCRIPTIONS, c\r. ALSO, THE PROVIDENTIAL ESCAPE AND SUFFf Nl^GS OF CAPTAIN BOYCE, lathe Year 17 -i7. mf^mmtt LUMDON: rriMltd far THOMAS TEGG, ill, Clieiqi«ide. rillCE ONLY isixrciiGK. it m I u li '^>M, ■r ■_. . t t 'a .;.v ■(• W ■£.,' i; .( t ■}■>.'-, .■1 \k .' *>F •■ r, v- 1 ► - ^ • I ^,' V * i » f.,j . * H ,h:>to!i r jA:fs'i:) .**»..- »4-«»^-*r.^.<*-"-v(it^*^- — -r'- " 'iii^.Hli. ...' ..'.ii -ft-,-=-a*i **-JMi» fv* s«'.ri. ivSi*'.'''^ »t . :; •< '1' ,1, ••!■;.•<.' 'I. '!>» hriJ? 'Tin '■•■.. . ■••{I' , ■«» '^ii' ^ r{| .'v-J ) > 'i ;;--;.i'>Mii--;:-^,':r; ^f E I Z U R £ -i^uh-n|<|rt -..-^ • ;?'*// 7>!V;f; iff*'/ '>.; h>>^)a 'f!li;./ji)i>vi. . '■(• '■ .'<. ) •!*:!.' , ■■' i WH: , r , ;•! ' OF THE SKIP t-» j; 'Ji. ^i-y -i/ • .-iy i ■ ■^ -ii *. , ;f Id r t INDUSTRY,- «« . ■ AND THE CONSEQUBVt SUFFERINGS OF CAPTAtN JAMES VOK 'i r AmcI Inn Com|)tinion8. Ti ♦. ,^ i.. »>iir^;i' '^i T-4 >■.' i^iT i-.- ^ >•■-/■ Ul*' -';/ >.'-, E. i .'. •'i •4H4^(|^^^kH ■ r *_ It if rARLY in the l7th century the Ship Industry, Captain James Fox» sailed on a fishing voyage to Hudson's Bay, at which place they arrived after a good paiisage. They com* menced the (isheiy, which was for some time very successful. This done, they shaped their course for Cumberland Island, in order to water their ship, preserve the fish, and procure skins. For the last purpose they had fitted up the lon^ boat. The Industry now lay in a small creek on the north side of the island ; and not meeting with the expected suc- cess, their departure was considerably retarded. The weather now became extremely cold, and provisions very shorty except the preserved fish, which they began to get weary ofl; In order to facilitate their departure from Cumberland Island, the captain and some of the officers would frequently go in the long boat to difierent parts of the island in quest of furs and game for the supply of the crew ; utid in some parts, the latter was found in great quantity. . The season being now considerably advanced, and the ship's cargo not completed, Capt. Fox was resolved to re- move to a more convenient harbour; and to station the ship there during the winter ; wliich intelligence was commuui* 26640 A a. * $ SEIZURE OF 1 h rated to the crew, the captain and others having, for tlie last time, ^one in the long boat after water and j]^atne. Previous to their departure from the creek, the crew took the opportunity of consulting together during his absence ; and immediately entered into a conspiracy to run away with the vessel, at a certain time when the signal should be given. On the captain's return, the ship was ordered to be got under weigh, and as the wind was not then altogether fa- vourable, they stretclied across towards the Rskimaux shore, where they were frequently intercepted by the floating ice. ,, they did not attempt Tiie New England Whales are of several kinds : the right, or whalebone whale is very bulky, measuring sixty or seventy feet in length. Instead of scales, it has a soft, smooth skin. On each side is a fin, from five to eight feet long, which they, use only in turning themselves, unless when young, and carried by thedam on the flukes of her tail ; at which time they clasp their fins about her, to hold them- selves firm. This fish, when brought forth, is about twenty feet long, and of little value ; but then the dam is very fat, . At a year old, when they are called short-heads, they are very fat, and yield fifty barrels of oil ; at which time the dam, though of great bulk, will not yield more than thirty. 'At two years old, they receive the name of stunto, being stunted after weaning, and will then yield generally from twenty-four to twenty-eight barrels. After this, they are termed ocull-fish, their age being unknown, and only gues- sed at by the length of the bones in their months. The eyes of the whale are not larger than those of an ox, and are placed in the back part of the head, where the au- mal is broadest. In place of ears, it has two small holes hardly perceptible; but within the head, immediately un- der those, are organs well formed, by which it has an acute ■ sensation of sound. It has two pipes on the top of thf head, that serve the double office of breathing and discharging the water it has swallowed, which is thence often spurted to a considerable height, and in great quantity. The raouth is between four and five fathoms wiile, and the lips broad and thick, and of enormous w eight. The animal 'has no teeth, and its gullet is very narrow. 'I'he tongue is about eighteen feet long, and ten broud, covered with thick , fur tlie last le crew took lis absence ; 11 away with should be L'd to be got ogetlier ta- rn aux shore, floating ice, They now tather being: their boats, kinds : the ing sixty or has a soft, eight feet Ives, unless 1 of her tail ; hold thern- 30ut twenty 1 i» very fat. Is, they are ch time the than thirty, into, being erally from is, they are I only gues- se of an ox, ere the an - small holes L'diately un- as an acute >rthf head, Imrging the purted to a de, and the The animal le tongue is 1 with thick THE Sirt^ mOUSTRY. f hairs like those of a horse, and fasten^ to thosehonesin the upper jaw which are called whale-bone. The female seldom brings forth more than one young at a time ; the male is between sixty and seventy feet long, but the female of a larger size. The tin-b&ck whale is distinguished from the right whale by having a fin on the back, from two feet and a half to four feet long ; and the bunch, or humpback whale, by having a bunch in place of the tin in the preceding kind. The spermaceti whale is nearly of the same dimensions, but is of a greyish colour, whereas the others are black. This species has likewise a hump on the back, but no whale- bone in the mouth ; instead of which, there are rows of fine teeth in each jaw about five or six inches long. The whales in general are gregarious, but the different species keep separate. They are sometimes found to the number of a hundred, in a skull or shoal ; and they are great travellers. In the autumn, the whalebone whales go westward, and in the spring, eastward. .f» We shall now return to the Industry. The watch on the look-out having descried the main land, the ship was ordered to put about, which was accordingly done. They now stood direct to weather the island, had this course been puriued, but John Hardey, the boatswain, ordered the ship to be hove to. This being the signal, tht;* conspirators immediately began to carry their nefarious project into execution : putting a small stock of provisions into one of the boats, some fire-arms, and powder, they for- ced Capt. Fox and six more on board, to encounter the dan- gers of the ocean. *^ . Jt : ' ;> v>4 v ; ;i The expostulations of the captain and his officers had no effect ; the rins-leaders were deaf to humanity ' the boat was immediately cut adrift, and the ship steered for Diggis Island, where they soon arrived.. Here, Hardey, the captain of the mutineers, and four more of the ring-leaders went on shore to furnish the ship with wild f:>wl and other ne- cessaries. ■' ■■ ■ -^ ■ ? V- i- '-» -^-.^i. ^ '• t?>^v'^'r 'ri-:':»^^; They penetrated a thick wood, wherein the native Indians were concealed, who immediately ruihed on them and cut them to pieces, except Richard Ward, who ran towards the boat and pushed off instantly, but not without receiving ma- ny wounds from their darts, and other instruments of war. Charles Price now took the command of the vessel upon. *^im ; and being fearful of another attack from the natives, if they landed^ accordingly shaped their cour»« througll A-3 I K' - Hi ¥ 4 i 'I 10 r; SEIZURE OF f. Hudson's Strait, and touched on the north coast of Lnbre-^ dore, where tliey furnished the ship with a small stock of water and wild fowl. They then sailed for Halifax^ but the weasher setting in against them, with frequent gales of wind, they were quite worn out with fatigue, and want of proper nourishment. They had not handb «uil4cient to work the ship ; and the intense cold frequently occasioned them to let the vessel drive at the mercy of the gale. At length, after many struggles, they reached the Bell-land Straits, where they were picked up by a small sloop bound to New- foundland. They were all so weak, that they were no longer able to navigate the ship without the assistance of the sloop*s crew. Part of them were actually starved to death ; and some lost their hands and feet by the frost, which had morti* lied, and dropped off. From the relation of Captain Fox, this unfortunate gen- tleman and his fellow-sufferers had to contend with a severe and boisterous element in a small and open boat, which could scarcely withstand the fury of the sea, that was fre- quently bursting in upon them, and which every moment threatened to founder their crazy vessel. However, by the mercy of Providence, after three days and nights almost frozen, they at length reached a small bay on the Ksquimaux shore, where they landed with considerable risk, the surf running so high upon the beach that it nearly drove the boat )»igh and dry, which was a fortunate circumstance, as it en» iibled them to save their fire-arms and powder, which other- wise must have been debt roycd— the loss of which would have been irrepairablc. They withdrew from the beach as well as thei^- cramped and weury limbs would admit, and as the sun hud just with- drawn below the horizon, they espied a few wigwams, or In- ilian huts, at a small distance, skirting a wood. 'Ihere they approached with the greatest timidity, but found no inhabi- tants therein. They took up their abode in the largest hut ; and having gathered some long grass and wood from the ad- jacent forest, set fire to it by meansof their powder, and laid their wearied limbs around the fire once more to rest. The next day. Captain Fox and his associates went to ex- plore the country, and ascertain the means of future support. They suddenly met with about half a dozen Indians, who gazed at them with stedfiist admiration. Captain Fox at , this criticHl moment laid down his arms, and submissively , approached the chief of tli«m. They thea made signs tbt Till:: SHIP INDUStllV. Tl f Labre-- l stuck of tax", but t «^aleji of d want of t to work ned them ^t length. Straits, to New- no longer le sloo|)*s ath ; and ad morti* mate gen- h a severe it, which was fre- ' moment ?r, by the its ahnotst squimaux , tl»e surf e the boat , as it en- lich other- ,ch would ; cramped just with- ms, or In- ['here they no inhahi- rgest liut ; )m the ad- r, and laid 'St. k^ent to ex- re support, lians, who lin Fox at bmissively le signs tbr the rest to do th< hich thev did, and after about hall same, an hour^s examinatioti and derd>eratioii, they were desired to follow them. The Indians now tookthese unfortunate Kn- glishmeu to their huts, wiiere thej- wei*e disposed of as slaves, otlierwise they would iiave been put to death in a most bar- barous manner. On tliis occasion, the calumet of peace was introduced. This is an instrnnicnt ot'great importince here in public transactions. It is intended for smoaking to- bacco, or some bark, leaf, or herb, when they enter into an alliance, or on any other solemn occasion ; this ceremony being considered by them as equivalent to the most sacred oath. The calumet of peace consists of a red stone, like marble, formed into a cavity resembling the head of a tobacco-pipe, and fixed to a hollow reed. They adorn it with feathers of various colours, and name it the calumet of the sun ; to ■which luminary they present it, in expectation of obtaining a I change of weather as often as ibey desire. They dare not I wash themselves in rivers in the beginning of summer, nor taste of the new fruits without performing the ceremony which is called the dance of the calumet. This dance is performed in the winter in their cabins, and in summer in the open fields. For this purpose, they choose a spot among trees to shade them from the lieat of the sun, and lay in the middle a large mat as a carpet, setting upon it the monitor or god of the chief of the company. On the right hand of this image they place the calumet, as their great deity, erecting around it a kind of trophy with their arms. Things being thus disposed, and the hour of dancing come, those who are to sing take the most honorable seatti' under the shade of the trees. The company is then ranged round, everj- one, before he sits down, saluting the monitor, which is done by blowing upon it the smoke of their tobacco. Every person next receives the calumet in rotation, and holding it with both har is, dances to the cadence of the vo- cnl music, which is accompanied with the beating of a sort of drum. During this exercise, he gives a signal to one of their warriors, who takes a bow, arrow, and axe from the trophies, and fights him ; the former defending himself with the calumet only, and both of them dancing all the while. This mock engagement being over, h« who holds the calumet mrtkes a speech, in which he gives an account of the battles he bus fought, and the prisoners he has taken ; and then re- ceivvs » cloak, or some other pre9eat| from the chief of the }| 'M SEIZURE OF ball. He then resigns the calumet to another, who having acted a similar part, delivers it to a third, who afterwards gives it to his neighbour, till at last the instrument returns to the person that began the ceremony, who presents it to the nation invited to the feast, as a mark of their friendship and a confirmation of their alliance. The calu tnet of war is different from that of peace. The •pipe and all its ornaments are usually red, or sometimes red only on one side. The size and decorations of the calumet are for the most part, proportioned to the quality of the per- sons to whom they are presented, and to the importance of the occasion. This instrument is regarded by the Indians with the most superstitious veneration. As Captain Fox and his associates rendered themselves useful to the Indians in their wars, they in a short time ac- quired their confidence, and were treated more like friends than slaves. They also assisted them during summer in in fishing, which is their chief employment. The winter begins here about Michaelmas, and continues till May, du- ring which time it is extremely cold ; but there is seldom any scarcity of provisions, as hares and partridges are in great plenty. At the end of April the geese, bustards, and ducks return thither in such numbers that they kill as many as they please. They also take great numbers of cariborea, or reindeer, in March and April. At this season those animals come from the north 60 leagues along the river, and return home in the months of .July and August. For catching them the natives make hedges with branches of trees, in the openings of which they place snares, and when the deer swim the rivers in returning north, the people kill as many of them as they please wilh cassacs and lances. They fish in summer with nets and take pike, trout and carp, and a white fish resembling a herring, which is reckoned excellent food. They preserve those as well as ftesli, by putting them. in snow, or freezing them ; and they also keep geese, ducks, and bustards in the same manner. These Indians lead an erratic life, and subsist entirely upon game, seldom staying longer than a fortnight in one place, and hardly missing a day from the chaoe, even in the greatest storms of snow. At night they return to their temporary huts, which are made of the branches of trees. The smaller game got by traps or snares, is generally the employment of the women and children, eurh as the mar- tins, squirrels, cats, eriuins^ &c. while the elkt, stags, reiu* !; THE SHIP INDUSTRY. Id ^lio having afterwards returns to ts it to the dship and ice. The etitnes red ilumet are if the per- ortance of e ludians hemselves t time ac- ke friends ammer in he winter May, du- I is seldom re in great ind ducks 18 many as I'iborea, or ^e animals md return r catching trees, in I the deer I as many They tish irp, and a 1 excellent tin^ them. ese, ducks, st entirely ^ht in one :ven in the n to their 9 of trees, [lerally the J the mar- tags, rfiu* deer, bears, tygers, wild beeves, wolves, foxes, beavers, ot- ters, &c. afford employment to the men. When the latter kill any jrame for food, they leave it on the spot, and send their wives next day to carry it home, strewing the road from place to place with branches of trees, or moss to serve as a direction. These Indians by their laws are permitted to have as many wives as they choose: those however, of the lower orders, seldom have more than one or two. The chiefs liave a plu- rality of wives, and their marriages are performed with less ceremony than those of the lower class ; they are satisfied with sending for the father of tliC girl of whom they have made choice, and declaring to him that they have placed her in the rank uf their wives. The marriage is then con- clnded, and they make a present to the father and mother. Although they iiave several wives, they keep only one or two at a time in their cabin ; the others remain with their parents, where they have access to them wiieu they think proper. There are certain seasons of the moon when these men do u6t visit their wives. Jealousy enters so faintly into their breasts, that many find no difficulty iu lendintiT their wives to their friends. This indifference in the conjugal union arises from the liberty ivhich they have of changing when they please, provided their wives have had no children by them ; for if there are any born in the marriage, nothing but death can separate them. In winter these Indians, before they go abroad, rub them- selves all over with bear's grease, or that of beavers. Their coveriiii*' is made of beaver's skin, from which the fur ha« been taken off. They also wear a kind of boots, or stockings of beavers' skins with the fur inwards, well rubbed with the oil of that animal, which nev*r freezes. Over those is an oiled skin, laced about their feet, which not only keeps out the cold, but likewise the water, when there is no ice iior snow. In summer they go naked, but always rub themselves with oil (>r grc\i!?e to prevent their beini;' scorched by the sun, or niolestfd by the inusijuitoe.s, which would otherwise be very troubletionje. I he >o\\ and «_'limate differ grcaily in the sevend cnuntne* ndjoining to the T^iiy. The Ea^jt lMm«», Ironi Slude Uiver to Ilndi^on's Strei;^d«t, is the least known, there hi iu«;- no facto- hcs ciitubliihed here f<»r trade, altlioujjh the country aboun4i I 11 14 SEIZURE OF with the best sable and black fox skins. Here the Nortway or Esquimaux Indians live, who are almost perpetually per- secuted by the more southern Indians They are ot a v-hite complexion, not copper coloured as the other Americans, and have beards growing up to their eyes. In winter they live in caves under the snow, they feed upon sesds and dried fish, and drink of the same oil that they use for their lamps> with which they also anoint their liodies. Their huts or cabins are made of s^^akes of wood driven into the ground, and covered with branches of trees or reeds. They lie on the floor, either on mats or the skins uf wild beasts. Their dishes are of timber, but their spoons are made of the skulls of wild oxen, a. jd their knives oF flint. A ketlle and a large plate constitute almost the whole uten- sils of the family. Their diet consists chiefly in whet they procure by hunting ; and segamite, or pottage, is likewise one of their most common kinds of food. The most honourable furniture amongst them is the scalps of their enemiet ; with those they ornament their huts, which are esteemed in pro- portion to the number of this sort of spoils. The only occupation of the men is hunting and war, agri- culture being left to the women. In eating and drinkiug, they observe neither decency or bounds. They are ex- tremely grave in their deportment upon any serious occa- sion, observant of those in company, and respectful to the old. There is no p^^ople am«ng whom the laws of hospi- tality are more sacred ; their houses, their provisions, even their young women arc nut enough to oblige a guest. To those of their own nation ; they an; likewise very humane and beneficent, but to their enemies abroad, or those who have privately oft'ended them at home, they are impla- cable. No length of time is sufficient to extinguish an In- dian's resentment, he conceals his passion till a convenient opportunity occurs, when he exercises the most shocking barbarities on the obnoxious person, even to the eating of his fle^h. Liberty in its full extent, is their darling passion, and their education is d driven or reeds. s of wild )oous are i,i' flint. oie uten- hct they ■wise one •uourable liet ; with d in pro- war, agri- drinkiug, y are ex- ions occa** ful to the i of hospi- ons, even nest. To jr humane those who re inipla- ish an In- ;onveni«iit shocking eating of Lssion, and to cherish vcr, upon re selaoiii thtir chil- that time ifrht damp ish motive to action. When jg^rown up, they experience nothing like iomniand, d* pendance, or bubordiuation ; even strong per- suaicion is industriously withheld by those who have influ- ence among them. On the same prinei pl«, they know no punishment but death ; and this capital retribution, which they sometimes inflict, is rather the consequence of a sort of war declared against apublic enemy, than an act of judicial power execu- ted on H citizen. This free disposition is general, and though some tribes are found with a head whom we call a king, his power is rather persuasive than coercive, and he is reveren- ced as a father, more than feared as a monarch. He has no guards, no prisons, no officers of justice. The other forms of government, which may be considered as aristocratical, and are most common in North America, have no greater power. Among some tribes there is a kind of nobiLty, who, when they come to years of maturity, are entitled to a place and vote in the councils of their nation. But amongst the five nations, or troquois, the most eminent commonwealth in North America, and in some other nations, the only qua- lifications absolutely necessary for their head men, are age, experience, and ability. For the most part, however, there is in every tribe some particular family, which is the object of peculiar respect. Their great council is composed of those heads and tribes of families, with such others whose capacities have raised them to the same degree of consideration. They assemble in H house, which they have in each of the towns fcrt'the pur- pose, upon every solemn occasion. Those councils are open to the public; and here all such matters concerning the state are proposed, as have already been digested in the se- cret councils, at which noni- but the head men assist. The chiefs seldom speak much in public assemolies, thinking such a practice beneath their dignity ; but on these occa- sions, they employ a person who i:» called their orator. The address ol" this delegate consists mostly in giving an artful turn to affairs, and exprossin^- theiinhoughts in a bold, figu- rative nianniM-, accompanit-d with suitable action. When any business of consequence is transacted, they rip- point a *cast upon the occasion, of which almost the whole nation p*«'tikes. At those feasts, if they do not consume all the victuals, the remanuier is thrown iulo the hre ; tor they regard this eleuK^ut as sacred. Before the entertainment is ready, the principal person begins a song, the subject of ;•!■ -j^Ttij^f^ KaSWlL^,^^^ li 16 SEIZURE OF i\ I which is, the fubulous* or real history of their nation, or any remarkable events tliat have happened; and the rest sin ^ in rotation, the company, in the meantime, all joining in a dance to theuiusic. No solemnity oi public business is con- ducted without an entertainment of this kind. To assist their memory, they have belts of small sliells, or beads of diil'erent colours, each representing a particular object, which is marked by their colour and arrangement. At the conclusion .of every subject on wliich they discourse, when they treat, with a foreign state, they deliver one of those belts, for if this ceremony should be omitted, all that they have said passes for nothing. Those belts are carefully dt- posited in each town, as the public records of the nation : and to them they occasionally have recourse when any pub- lic coiitefet happens with a neighbouring tribe. Though the Indian women generally bear the most labo- rious part of domestic occonomy, their condition is far from being so slavish as it appears. On the contrary, the great- est respect is paid by the men to the female sex. The wo- men even l.old their councils, and have their share in all de- liberations which concern the state. The women are re- markable for their chastity after marriage, but not before. They are not prolihc, seldom producing more than two or thr«e childrc'i). No man among them is held in great es- teem unless he hos encreased the strength of his country with a captive, or adorned his hut with the scalp of one of his enemies. ..!;■";.. '. -. -.- / After Captain Fox and his associates had assisted these Indians in a battle'with a neighbouring tribe, notice was re- ceived by couiiers of a treaty of pcac«, and a day was ap- pointed for receiving the ambassadors. The grand chief theo gave orders to the master of the ceremonies to make the ne- cessary preparations on this occasion. They began by nam- ing those who w<»re to entertain each day the strangers, for the chief was never at this expence. '1 he chiefs seat was adorned with featiiers, and rudely painted; the ground was covered with large mat*. On the appointed day, th« people were all assembled. The masters of the ceremony arranged the princes, the chiefs, and the ancient chiefs of family, near the grand chief, upon benches allotted for them. When the ambas- sadors arrived within the distance of live hundred yards from the grand chief, they stopped, and suu^ the song of peace. 1 he embassy couNsted usually of thirty men and rest, Afte ing to hi 1, or any rest sins ning ma ess is con- To assist beads of ir object. At ihc rsc, when e of those that they fully dt- e nation : any pub- most Ijibo- is far from the great- The wo- e in all dc- en are re- not before, han two or in great es- iis country p of one of sisted these ice was re- Jay was ap- chief theo ike the ne- iin by nam- angers, for fs seat was ground was assembled, rinces, the the grand Ue ambas- dred yards he song of ^y mea »ud THE SHIP INDUSTRY. 17 six women. Six of the best proportioned, and having the htrongest voires, marched in front ; they were followed by the rest, who likewise sung, regulating the cadence by the chidticoaa. When the chief desired them to approach, they immedi- srtely advanced ; they who had calumets sung and danced with much agilitv, turning around each other, and some- times presenting tliemselves in front, but always with violent movements, and extraordinary contorsions. When they en- tered into the circle, thev danced around the scat on which the chief was placed ; tfiWy rubbed him with their calumets from the feet to the bead, afterwards moving backwards un- til they rejoined those of their suite. They then BUed one of their calumets with tobacco, and holding *ire in one hand, and the pipe in the other, they advanced together towards the grand chief, and gave him the pipe to smoke : they push- ed the^i-st mouthful to the sky, the second to the earth, and the others towards the horizon ; after which ihey pre- sented, without ceremony, the pipe to the princes and the other chiefe. " ' r .,,..; The ambassadors, in token of alliance, came to rub theit hands on the stomach of the chief, rubbing at the same time the whole of their own bodies, and placed their calumets be- fore him on small forks stuck in the ground. The umbas^ sador who was particularly charged with the instructions of his nation, delivered ah harrangue of an hour in length. When he had finished, a signal was made for the strangers to be seated on benches, arranged near the chief, who an- swered them by a speech of equal length. The master of the ceremony then lighted the great'pipe of peace, and gave the strangers to smoke, who swallowed the fumes of the to- bacco ; they were afterwards conducted to the cabin set apart for them, where they were regaled. , In the evening at sun-set, the amDassadors with the pipe in their hand came sinking, in search of the grand chief, and taking him upon their shoulders transported him to the place where their cabin stood. They spread upon the ground a large skin, on which they invited him to sit. One of them posted himself behind, and placing his hands on the shoulders of the chief, agitated his whole body, whilst the rest, sitting around on the earth, sung their warlike exploits After this part of the ceremonv^ which was performed morn- ing and evening during four ^ays, the grand chief returned to his cabin ; and the treaty was concluded. ' • ♦ ' 18 SEIZURE OF I ' When the council resolves upon war, they do not imme- diately declare what nation they are determined to attack, that Jthe enemy may not be prepared. The war-kettle how- ever is set on the fire ; the war song and dances commence ; the tomohawk painted red, is sent to all the villages of the nation, and its vallies, with a belt of wampum. The mes- senger throws the tomohawk on the ground, which is taken up by the most expert warrior among the people to wh,m it is sent, if they choose to join in the war ; but if not it is returned with a belt of wampum suitable to the occasion. The men and women then join in hideous acclamations, la- menting those whom they nave lost, either in war or natural death, and demanding their places to b e supplied from thir enemies ; thus stimulating the young men to action in the cause of their country. When by those means the fury of the nation is raised to the highest pitch, the war captain prepares the feast, which consists of dog's flesh. All that partake of this entertain- ment receive little billets, which are considered as engage- ments to be faithful to each other, and obedient to their commander. None are forced to the war ; but when any person has accepted a billet, it is dfjath to recede. All the warriors in the assembly have their faces blackeccasion. ions, la- natural rom thir >n in the raised to t, which ntertain- engage- to their rhen any All the ith char- their hair chief be- time, he )f prayer, , to be fa- tion upon ayer with his song ; ttage, and tuts of the expedition exchange n token of the town, nd attend- :h all dredt U, without tinging the ud silence. er them all their finery, and putting on their worst clothe?, proceed on their expi ;*tion. Every nation has its peculiar ensign or standard, which is generally some beast, bird, or fish. Those among the five nations are the bear, otter, wolf, tortoise, and eagle ; and by these names the tribes are usually distinguished. They have the figures of those animals pricked and painted on se- veral parts of their bodies ; and when they march into the woods, they commonly, at eveiy encampment, cut the repre- sentation of their ensign on trees, especially after a success- ful campaign, marking at the same time, the number of t>calps or prisoners they have taken. Their military dress is extremely singular. They cut off, or pull out, all their hair, except a spot about the breadth or two English crown pieces near the top of the heads ; and entirely destroy their eye-brows. The lock left upon their heads is divided into several parcels, each of which is stiffen- ed and adorned with wampum beads, and feathers of various kinds, the whole being twisted into a form much resembling the modern pompoon. Their heads are painted red down to the eye-brows, and sprinkled over with white down. The gristles of their ears are split almost quite round, aud disten- ded with wires and splinters so as to meet and tie together on the nape of the neck. These are strung with ornaments, and generally bear the representation of some bird or beast. Their noses are likewise bored, and hung with trinkets of beads, and their faces painted with various colours, so as to make an awfiil appearance. Their breasts are adorned with a gorget, or medal of brass, copper, or some other metal ; and that dreadful weapon the scalping-knife, hangs by a string from their neck. Their principal motives for war, are either the glory of victory, or the benefit of the slaves which it may enable them to add to their nation ; and they seldom take any pains to give their wars even the colour of justice. It is not uncom- mon for the youn^ parated by.a v(\st desart frontier of almost 'bouiidlesK fpreHtft ; these must be travelled before they meet with their enemy. They never fight in the .open field, but upon some tery «txr traordinury occasion ; despising this metliod as unworthy of an able warrior, and as an affair which is not governed by pru- dence so niucii Hsby fortune. What chiefly assistn in * veriniT the eueniy, is their tracks, and the smoke of their fire, which they smell at a distance almost incredible. But as the nations that are attacked have the same knowledge, their great address is to baffle each other in thche points. On their expeditions, therefore, they generally li^ht no fire to warm themselves, or prepare their victuals, but subsist on meal mixed with waier^ and lie close to the ground all day, and march only in the night. As they usuaUy march in files, he that closes the rear, diligently covers with leaves his own tracks, and those of all that preceded him. If any stream occurs in their route, they march into it acofnsiderable way, to foil their pursuers. When they halt to rest and refresh themselves, scouts are sent out on all sides to reconnoitre the country, and l>eat upon every place where they suspect an enemy may lie hid. In this manner they often enter a vil- lage when the strength of the nation i* employed in huating, ivhere they massacre all the old me^, women, and children, and make as many prisoners as they can manage. When they discover the enemy, their way i» to throw thenihelves f^at on their faces amongst the withered leaves. They jb^eneraiiy let a part pass unmolested, and arising them- selves a little, take aim, being excellent marksmen. Then setting- up a most tremendous shout, which they call the war cry, they pour a storm of musket balls upon the enemy, for tijose nations which have commerce with the Europeans have long since laid as^ide the use of bows and arrows. The party attacked returns the same cry, and every man imme* diately covers himself behind a tree, from which they con* tinue the engagement. After fighting in this manner some time, the party which has the advantage, rushes out of its cover, bearing in their hands small axes, whirii- n (liiico- of thf ir e. But a poi II ts. It no tire ibgist on all d^y, I in files, his own y stream We way, i refresh oitrt iVie spect an er a vil- nuMting, ihildren, to throw d leaves, ig them* . Then the war my, for ropeans 9. Th€ I inime* ley con- y which in their address lidtttin^ :r. B^ led, and le mu»t The fate of their prisoners is most dreadful. During the the greater part of their journey homewards, they suffer no injury, but when arrived in the territories of a conquering state, or those of its allies, the people fr*)m every village come out to meet them, and think that they shew attach- ment to their friends by the inhuman treatment of the un- happy prisoners, whom they bruise and wound in a most dreadful manner. 'I'he conquerors manage their march so as not to eater their town till towards evening. Next morn- ing at day break they dre«*s their prisoners in new cloaths, adorn th^ir heads with featheni, paint them with various co- lours, and put into their hands a white staff, tasseled round witli the tails of deer. The commander of the expedition then gives as many yeels as he has taken scalps or prisoners, and all the inhabitants of the place assemble at the water side, if situated near a river ; as soon as the warriors appea four or five of their young men, well cloathed, get into a ca- noe if they come by water, or otherwise march by land ; the two foremost carrying each a calumet, and singing all the while, advance towards the prisoners, whom they lead in tri- umph to the village. The war captain then waits upon the head men, and in a low voice delivers an account of the expedition, which having done, the public orator relates the whole to the people. Before they resign themselves to the joy which the victory occasions, they lament the friends whom they have lost. The parties most nearly concerned are apparently afflicted with sorrow, but as if disciplined in their griefs upon the signal of rejoicing, in a moment all tears are wif)ed from their eyes, and they break forth into marks of the most extvavagant joy. Meanwhile the fate of the prisoners remain undecided un- til the old men meet. It is usual to offer a slave to each house that has lost a friend. The person who has taken the captive attends him to the door of the cottage to which he is delivered, and with him gives a belt of wampum to shew that he has fulfilled the purpose of the expedition in supplying the los* of a citizen. The people belonging to the family take a view of the present which is made to them, and ac- cording to caprice, the resentment for the loss they have sustained, or their natural barbarity, either receive him into the house, or sentence him to death. If the latter be his fate, they throw away the belt with indignation, after which it is beyond the power of any person to save him. Tfie whole tribe is then assemliled, a scaffold is erected, to whicfi Ba J ! ^ ^t SEIZURE OE ' r they tie the prraoner, who opens his death tcng, ahd pre- pares for ihe ensuing scene of crtielty with astonishing for* titude. The tormentors laying hold of the devoted victim, begin to exercise their brutal fury on the extremities of his body, and gradually approach the trunk. One plucks out bis nails by the roots, another takes a finger or a toe in his mouth, and tears off the flesh with his teeth ; a third thrusts the mangled parts into the hole of a pi{>e made red hot, ivhich he smokes like tobacco. The next pounds his fin- gers and toes between two stones ; they make circular in- cisions round his joints, and large gashes in the fleshy parts of his limbs, which they afterwards tear with red hot irons^ Then pulling off the flesh bit bjr bit, they devour it with great greediness, besmearing their faces at the same time with the blood, in a frenzy of enthusiasm. They next pro- ceed to twist the bare nerves and tendons ab(»ut an iron, tearing and snapping them, while others are employed! n pulling and extending the limbs in every way that can in" crease the torment. This scene of horror often continnes five or six hours. Tliey then frequently unbind him to give • pause to their fury, and to refresh the strength of the suf- ferer. After this interval he is again fastened to the frame, «iid ihey renew their cruelty. 'J hey stick him all over with «maU mutches of wood, that easily take fire, but burn slow- ly ; at the same time running sharp reeds into erery part of nis body. They drag out his teeth with pincers and thrust out his eyes. After having so mar^gled the liody, that it is «H but one wound, after having mutilated the face in such a manner as to carry nothing human in it, and after having peeled the skin from' the head, and thrown red hot coals or 4)©iling water on the scull, tiiey oncemore unbind the wretch, who staggering with pain and weakness, and assaulted on every side with clubs and stones, runs hither and thither in all the anguish of torture, until one of the chiefs, either out of compassion or weary of cruelty, puts an end to his life with a club or a dagger. The body is then put into ibe kettle to be prepared for a savage feast, with which this •hocking tragedy concludes. If none of the bye-standers are inHined to lengthen out the torments of the prison* i he i> either shot to death with arrows, or inclosed in dry bark to witi< ii they set hre. On the evening; tiucceeding the scenes they run from hut to hut, striking with small twigs the walls, the roof, and the furni- ture, to prevent his spirit from remaining wUhin thelir dwel- lings, to take vengeance of tlicir cnielty. THE SHIP INDUSTRy. rtd pre- ing fofT- victim, of his cks out : in his thrums red hot, his fin- :ular in* hy parts >t irons^ it with me time ext pro* an iron, iloyedi n can in^ ontinttes n to giv6 the suf- le fi'Hnie, over with urn slow- y part of nd thrufit that it is ' in such er having t coals or le wretch, aulted on thither in either out to his Vife it into the ivhicli this gthen out eath with tire. On ^uttohut, the furni- ;hclir dwe4- Th« prisoners who have the good fortune to please those to whom they are otfered, are immediately adopted in the ikmily, and auffer oo other restraint than that ef not being- permitted to return to their own rountry. ' ">n<*«i But if they iiave been unsuocessfui against their enemies,, things wear a quite different fiice. ihey then enter the village without ceremony by day, with tj^rief and melancholy in their countenances, keepititjr a projfound silence; or if they have sustained any loss, tiiey enter in the evening, sounding the death whoop, and naming those they have lust, either by sickness or the ei>emy^ 'I'he village being assembled, they sit down with their heads covered, and all weep tegether without uttering a word tor a considerable time. When this silence is over, they lament aloud for their companion!*, and every one wears the appearance of mourns ing for several days. ■;»! '^•^' The \ois of any person, whether by natuml death or war, is lamented bv the whole town to whioh he belongs. On such an occasion no business is transacted, however pres- sing, till all the pious ceremonies due to the dead are per* formed. The body is washeii, anointed^ and painted ; thea the women lament the loss with hideous bowlings inter- mixed with songs which celebrate the great actions of tli^ deceased and his ancestors. The men mourn in a less ex^- travagant manner, ihe whole village is present at the in- terment, and the corpse is habited in their most sumptuoua ornaxaents. Close to the body of the defunct are placed his bctws and arrows, whatever he valued most in his life, and a quantity of provisions for his subsistance on the journey which he is suppo'^ed to take, ibis solemnity, like every other, is attended with feastin<^. The funeral being ended, the relations of tlie deceased confine themselves to their huts for a considerable time to indulge their grief. Afte- an in- terval of some weeks they visit their grave, repeat their sor- row, new clothe the remains of the body, and act over again all the soienintties of the funeral. Among tiie various tokens of their regard for their decea- sed Iriends the most remarkable is what they call the feast of the dead, or the feast of souls. The day for this ceremony is appointed in the council of their chiefsj who give orders for every thing which may enable them to celebrate it with pomp and magnificence ; and i\m neigh bwiring nations are invited to partake of ^ entertainment. Ac this time all who have died since thel^sav^Of^he-kir^t, are taketi^ out4>f 24 7 SEIZURE OF i their graves?. Even those who been interred at the greatest distance from the villages, ur.e diligently sought for, and conducted t«i this rendezvou!* of the dead, which exhibits a gcene of horror bey<>nd the power of description. When the feast is concluded, the bodies are dressed in the finest skins whicli can be procured, and alter being exposed for some time in this pomp, are ai^aia committed t(» the earth with solemnity, which is succttclod with funeral games. Controversies among the Indians are few, and quickly de- cided. Wlien any criminal matter i so flagrant as to be- come a natioiial concern, it i-> brought under the jurisdiction of the great coui»cd, hut in ordinary cases the crime is either revenged or compnmiised by the parties concerned. If a murder be committed, the family wiiich has lost a relation prepares^o reialiaie iii that of me oflender. They often kill the murderer, ai»d wlien tliis happens, the kindred of the last person slain look upon themselves to be as much injured, and to have the same right to vengeance as the other party. In general, however, the ott'ender absents himself, the friends .send ciMjtplimentsof condolence to those of the person thut has been iuurdered. The head of the family at length ap- .pears with a number of presents, the delivery of which he ac- companies witii a formal speech. The whole ends, as usual, .in feastings, s'tfigs, and dances. If the murder IS committed by one of the same family or cabin, that cabin has the lull right of judgement within it- self, either to punish the guilty with death or to pardon him, or to oblige him to give some recompence to the wife oi- cinldren ol" the slain. Instances of i»uch a crime how- ever very sehlom happen, for their attachment to those of the same family is remarkably strong, and is said to produce such frundships as may vie with the most celebrated in fa- bulous antK|iiity. These people hold the existence of a Supr* me Beini: eter- nal and incorinpuljle ; l)ut satistied with u( kiiowU-iliring this doctrine, which IS traditionary among them, thty pay him no sort of houiuge. Some worship the sun and moon, and most of them believe in iiivisible beings and demons, .ynho they ^uppose immediately to preside in human atfnii>, and to whom they make aii oblation of their tirst fruits. They universall) hold that the soul is immortal, but that the happiness which it enjoys in the next world is of the sen- euul kii\d. in this assurance tltey meet death with the greatest indiflerence and composure^ . ....... i. : ». ^.." lit' I" THE SHIP INDUSTRY. §5 greatest for, and chibit» a ^hen the est skins for some irth with ckly de- ls to be- isdiction ■ is either d. If a relation often kill ed of the I injured, icr party. le friends ;rson thut enij;th ap- ieli he ac- as usual, family or within it- o pardon o tjie wife ime how- o those of produce 1 ted in fa- Jeinur eter- thiy pay ind moot), I demons, an atfnir^, irst IVuits. but that of the sen- I with th« .... u..rf» 'i'heyare great observers of omens and dreams, and place preat dependence upon their diviners, au^erh, and magi- cians who also disc harge the offices of priests and physicians. Almost every disease is healed in the same manner ; the practice most universal is to inclose the patient in a narrow .hut, in the midst ot which is a stone red hot. On this they sprinkle water till he is well .soaked with the warm steams, when they hurry him from the bagnio and plunge him sud- denly inti) the next river. Tliis process is rejjeated as often as they judge necessary, and extraordinary cures are sometimes performed by it ; but it frequently happens likewise that the person dies under the operation. They have also the use of some specifics, said to be of great efficacy, but the powerof which they chiefly ascribe to the mfagical ceremo- nies that accompany their administration. After a stay here of near two years, Captain Fox and his fellow-cuptives began to be weary of their situation, and de- sirous of seeing again their native home. On this subject they continually consulted together, as they were under no restraint, having been adopted, according to their custom, by tlie families which had received them, and having, as before intimated, rendered themselves useful by their ser- vices. Still it appeared a life of slavery ; destitute of rela- tions, and the comforts of society. Sometimes it was hinted by one of the party, that they shoald make their escape, and, by travelling, endeavour to return home. But Captain Fox, who was at this tim^' perfectly well ac(]uainted V¥\th the dispositions of the natives, always opposed this project. He remarked; that they should in all likeli!KM)d be pursued and overtaken, when a torturing death would be their in- evitable fate ; but if they had the good fortum to effect their escape, the difficulties K'hich they must encounter, would, he feared, render their return to England impossible. He therefore advised his friends to truj^t still in Providence, who might, when least expected, bring to pass their fvishes. Thus it happened accordingly. While the Captain and his associates were one day rummating on their situation, a party of Indians «'ame to them in great haste, and told them they must come with them, by deaire of tlwiir chief, to con- verse with some of their countrymen, who had arrived in a very large cnnoe. Captain Fox immediately conjectured that it was an English vess*'!, ** and gladness now began to dawn." liojMi was not dittappoiiited. An account of the 26 SEIZURE OF mutiny had reached Ens^Iand by the wreck of the Industry, and the confession of one of the surviving mutineers. A vessel had been speedily fitted out by the Hudson's Bay Company, which fortunately touched near this island, in quest of Captain Fox, the commander of which, Thomas Smith, and some of his men, ventured to land, and by pre- sents obtained the favour of the natives. As soon as Captain Smith had learned the situation of our sufferers, he invited them and the Indians, to whom they belonged, on board his vessel, when he found means of amicably releasing his countrymen from their bondage, by making the parties, whv> had adopted them, suitable remuneration. Captain Fox and his men, having been supplied with necessaries by Captain Smith, they proceeded to the coast of Greenland. Having staid awhile at Bottle Cove, they resumed their voyage, which, for several days, was retarded by contrary winds: they were, however, in the course of time, relieved from their fears by a safe anchorage in the river Thames. ►1 Providential Escape and Sufferings -Hi;.' :*rr'.:' i ■ ."^f. CAPTAIN BOYCE. A^APTAIN BOYCE, who for many years enjoyed the highly honorable situation of Lieutenant Governor of Green- wich Hospital, and died in 1774, was, in the early part of his life, employ eel in the merchants' service. In the year 1727 he was second mate of the Luxbortmgh, a ship belonging to the South Sea Company. In that year the most terrible of all misfortunes befel the above-mentioned vessel, of which, and the subsequent distresises, we have the following melan- choly account from Captain Boyce himself. On the '23d of May, 17'i7, ^e saiied from Jamaica, and on Sunday, the ^2.5th of Juno, wire in the latitude of 41 ps fishing, for which we stieri'd, hav ing a fine gale of wind ri;.'hl on shore. We w that couid be conferred on him, at that place. Thus out of the unfortunate crew of the Luxborough, it ap- {)ears that sixteen perished with the ship, sixteen died with lunger, and only seven lived to get on shore, one of whom, th* captain, died a tew hours afterwards. '1 he boat in which the survivors reached Newfoundland, fifter traversing a distance of about one hundred leagues, wa only sixteen feet long, live feet three inches broad, and tw feet three inches deep. It is relaU d of Captain Boyce, that from the year 172T t( his deatli, he annually observed a strift and solemn &st on the 7ih of July, in ronunemeiration of his arrival in Newfoundlanc? afur the dreadful hai'dships he Iji^^ endured in cooaequencc e the loss of the Luxborough. T. PlumimTf Printer f Sfething-Lane. boistcil it Lich a dis- ook ys in tliat they nU water ; itk water, }ii SO dry, bligcd to ;o prevent wn water ; iptain, the Ig imbibed which we could, we 3tlics with 'xprcssible men, and , aiwl find- Ives to the thirst, we Id of cut- after they ght in ihf At eight c liarbour, ly Captair irbor. Oi died abou' all the ho .1 ugh, it ap- diid with whom, th< fpundland, :agues, wa' L and tw ir 1727 tt fast on the i^foundlanc' sequence e