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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ly errata Bd to int ne pelure, ipon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 r N ■V -^ I /J SKETCHES ON ^ ffi:ottr TimOLGU TIIC iNORTHERN AND EASTERN STATES, f THE CANADAS & NOVA SCOTIA, BY J. C. MYERS. HARRISONBURG J. ir. WARTMANN AND BROTflKRF. Tlkf . 184^ M 272088 M «• > i. 3?*** \ .h 4. FRi:rA(K, While on a- tour to the North and Kast, durinj? thd mouths o£ May, Juno and July, 1848, 1 took notes on the piincipal objects of attraction which presented (liemselvcs to my view, which, after my return home, I revised at my leisure hours, by prefixing a short sketch of the general as- pect of each Slate, for the sole purpose of refreshing my memory in after days, and for the inspection of several of my friends. To these sketches I added the population of many of the cities, towns and villages, as given by the cen- sus of 1840, so that I might the better test their growth in future, should occasion require. I also added several his- torical sketches, together with occasional remarks. The memorandum thus sketched, I have been induced by several of my friends to publish, which is done with a good deal of reluctance, — because no thonght of such a thing occurred to me during my tour, or I should not have rushed over my route in so short a space of time, but would have supplied myself, (as 1 would have h.ad abundant op- portunities of doing.) with sufficient materials for a work which would have been useful and interesting. While on the other hand, the materials which compose the little volume here olTered, were oidy sketched in a small mem- orandum book, while in the pre.sence of the object. The notes thus taken during ihe day, were again sketched as- sisted by memorV; and placed in another memorandum book during the evening, when alone in my room. The reader therefore, must not expect the life and freshness of a finished picture ; but mere sketches and outlines, — nor that minute exactness of detail on many subjects, which may be desirable, although I believe that the sketches will bci found to be gencralh accurutc. For the truth of the i I r i I \0 ■ ,- ir r R c F A e £. facts Btated oh my own knowledge I vouch, and those sla- ted on the information of others I believe to be true; for many of which 1 am indebted to some of the good people of the North and East, whom I ever found as ready and willing to give information as I could be to ask it. The sketches thus collected, being written out at leisure hours in the manner first described, exclusively for my own use and several friends, by writing them in a simple, plain, plantation manner, reserving to each State, County and City their respective scenery as [passed them on my route. In this same manner they are olfered to the public, with- out even being written over again or revised for the press; so that the author, for the purpose of dividing the sketches into chapters, was compelled to insert strips of paper, on each of which was written the contents of the chapter, which is of itself a convincing proof that the sketches were not originally designed for the public. Had the author de- signed the materials even thus hastily collected, for the public eye, he would have prepared them in a different manner, and not have given them to the gaze of the world in the manner here presented. The hurried manner in which these sketches were col- lected and (heir private design, it is hoped wiil be a suffi- cient apology for the style in which they are prepared, in noticing many cities, towns, villages, and perhaps some other objects, which might be considered by some, as be- ing more wearisome and tedious than interesting and use- ful, and also for such remarks as may be found in the work, together with the absence of proper language and correct spelling ; for the absence of capital letters at proper pla- ces ; the classification of correct sentences, &c. ; and for the presence of such errors as may be found in this little volume. THE AUTHOR. New Hope, Va , 1849. As ibosc sia- trnej for id people t. . at leisure or my ow" iple, plain, lomity and 11 my route, iblic, wiil»- i- the prP98 ; he sketches )f paper, on he chapter, etches were 16 author de- nted, foi- l^^e a different of the world rs were col- |iil be a sufh- prepared, in erhaps some some, as be- lting and use- din the work, and correct [t proper pla- l&c. ; and for in this little AUTHOR. CONTENTS. PkErACB, Page 3. C H A P T E R I. District of Columbia. Aspect of the District; site and plan of the city of Washington ; west front of the Capitul ; jMonument ; east front of the Ciipi- lol ; Btatuo of Washington ; statue of Coluinbns ; rehevos ; statues of pence and war ; Capitol ; rotundo ; paintings ; relie- vos ; Hall of lleprescntatives ; SiMiate Chamber ; central dome; President's House ; War and Navy departments; State and Treasury departments; Post (3(Hce department ; Patent OtHce; National Museum ; clothes and dishes ot General Washing- ton ; Printmg Press of Dr. Franklin; Navy-Yard; Columbia College ; Congressional burial-ground ; Georgetown ; Catholic College ; National Observatory, 10 CHAPTER II. Stato of Maryland. Aspect of the State ; Villages; Annapolis; Old Sta House, Baltimore; Washington Monument; Battle Monumejit; Ex- change ; City Hall ; State Penitentiary ; University ; Cathe- dral ; Hospital ; Washington Medical College; Commerce; Manufactures; Fort M'llenry ; Chesapeake Bay; North Point, • 32 CHAPTER III. State of Delaware. A^ipect of the State; Swamps; Fruit Trees; Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ; New Castle ; Wilmington ; Manufactures ; Arsenal ; Hospital, 38 \L 'I I I r H A PT K U [ V^. State of New Jcis::y. Afjiert of llift Sljito ; lied rJaiik ; INIml Isl.iiul ; C.'atndcn ; Hiir- linirtou ; Bvr«k!n>uwii , Into rc>«iilt mpo ol Jonrpli Monupart'c ; IMaiiiH ofMoiimoutli -, Sonlli Aiuboy ; yiniit of Aiulmy, . 4'2 CHAP T E R V. State of Now York. Asppct of llio State ; City of New York ; nnfural advnntajres of the cily ; throng's of peojile ; C'ity Hall ; vi«w from the cupo- la ; Exchange ; Astor House; Custom House; Halls of Juk- ticG ; Post Olfico ; IJattcry ; Union Park ; Castle Garden } ^^^ hunbia Colleije ; Hosj)ital ; Asylum ; University, 47 C H A P T E R V I. American Museum ; jjreat eoUeclion of curiosities ; Paintinjrs ; Sfriptural statuary ; Jewish Saidiedrim ; High Priest; Cai- ])has ; dress of the Hig!i IMcsIs ; Scrihos and Lawyer; Bar- rahbas ; executioners ; figure of the Saviour; llomni. Council ; l*oulius Pilate ; Pilate's wife ; Mcsius Quintus ; position of tho Council ; Homan guards; Scriptural sketch ; atlecti»g scene ; Any ; Krio nnd Champlain canals ; basin ; bo.i ts ; sito of Al- bany ; Heights ; prospect ; Capitol nqiiare ; City Hall ; Stato Hall ; Academies ; Capitol ; public buildings ; old biiiklings ; public 6 . cannon shot; lifM<:jlit of thn C'ita— surrounding scenery — Museum — commerce — departure CONTENT?. Xlll streets — -harbour atory — -steamer -Augusta ctures — 1 — Calais i;s — fishc- oal fields, . . . 2T0 B — cliffs — le bay of undy — the cliffs of masses of Joggins — rees — coal bssil trees dy — hasty . . 281 jotatocs — Jluff— gyp- —blue no- lity of the country — tion— Hal- -departure for Massachusetts — dense fogs — the ocean — the tempest — sublimity of the ocean, 292 CHAPTER XXVII I. State of Massachnsctts. Green mountain range — agriculture — shipping — aspect of the State— railroads — remarks on the past history of the State — Gloucester — Cape Anne — Salem — trade — East India Marine Society — witchcraft — historical sketch — remark on the delu- sion of the Colony— Lynn, 303 CHAPTER XXIX. Boston — site of Boston— harbour — bridges— State House — statue of Washington— four large marble slabs from the Beacon hill moniimpn+, with inscriptions —representatives hall — devices and inscriptions— dome — senate chamber — arms of the State — cap of Liberty — number of rooms — height of the cupola — regulations— objects seen from the north window of the cupo- la — from the east window— from the south window — from the west window, 310 CHAPTER XXX. Faneuil hall — view from the cupola— old buildings— paintings — Quincy market — Custom House— order of architecture— mu- seum— Massachusetts General Hospital — Court House— Old State House — houses of industry, correction and reformation — Athenaeum — institution for the blind— eye and ear infirmary — Trinity Church — St. Paul's Church — Park street Church- bridges— wharves — Boston Common— valuation of the common — remark — cemetery — pond — great elm tree, ....,., 396 CHAPTER XXX L Celebration of the 4th of July— order of the procession— the af- ternoon — colours — national salute~sky-rork«tK — position a nrj XIV (; o >J T n N T » . appearance of the apparatuses connected vyitli the fire-wo^ks —commencement of the chief part of the fire-works— spoiitinir fire — circle ofstars — statues, dome, American eagle and ban- ners — sugar refinery — a portion of the various apparatuses and processes connected with the refining establishment, . . 340 C H A P T E R XXXI T. Charleston— Bunker-Hill— Bunker-IIill Monument— commence- ment of the monument — cost of the ground — enclosure— west front — windows — charming prospect— remark — lightning rods — cost of the monument— Navy- Yard — ship houses— frigate Constitution — Dry Dock— park of artill<»ry — park of anchors — singular gun — rope walk— marine and naval hospital-Win- ter Hill, 353 CHAPTER XXXIII. K 1^ [ Cambridge Harvard University — Professors— examination of ihe students— education in Massachusetts— bequests and donations — popular libraries— heavy sale of books — education law— pop- ularity of Professors and Tutors — Bible — Lexington — Monu- ment—towns — Lowell — manufactures — number of mills — cap- ital invested — number of operatives — number of schools — bank- ing institutions — Mr. John Lowell— Merrimack valley — towns, 362 CHAPTER XXXIV. re- state of New Hampshire. Nashua — manufactures — towns— Manchester — streets— buildings — Falls of Amoskeag — manufactupes— sad accident — labour of the operatives compared with slave labour of the South — abo- litionists of New England — emancipation of slavery — villages —Concord— bridges— State House— State Prison- -Merrimack Falh— railroads- rclurn to Boston 373 < J O N 1 K N T » . XV »-wo?ks poutini? nd ban- iisos an all of f e a grand ly statues, nished dc- tween Mr- Maryland, The hall r members, h decorum The de- not to be ering mind rho appears T which he people. ,f the Hall It is seven- pported by chair is sit- >rted by f<*ur ones being ir. Among IS which a- h and gaudy hair, crown- ed with the American Eagle with expanded wing«, looking down and watching all their deliberations. The Chamber contains seats for filty-fix members, and in their deliberations the greatest decorum prevails. This however, could not be otherwis^e was there a dis- position on the part of any member to do so, he could not transcend the limits of decorum in the presence of that dignified and venerable old gentleman, Mr, Dal- las, who presides over their body — whose white head, handsome person, keen and intelligent eye, added to his deportment, will inspire the admiration of all. In this Chamber I heard a discussion three successive days, on the Yucatan bill. Mr. Cass of Michigan, and Mr. Foote of Mississippi, for the bill, and Mr. Miller of New Jersey, and Mr. Calhoun of South Carolina a- gainst it. The day on which Mr. Calhoun spoke the galleries were crowded to overflowing ; many persons being excluded for the want of room, from hearing an oration clothed with the animating fire of a Homer, and the thrilling eloquence of a Demosthenes. It was with no little delight I listened with others, in the still- ness of the Chamber, to the thrilling words as they dropped from the lips of this great Cicero of the A- merican Senate. In the west adjoining the rotundo, is the Library of Congress, containing sixteen thousand volumes, placed in a hall ninety-t .vo feet high. I now ascended to the top of the central dome, which is one hundred and twenty feet from the ground. From this place a beau- tiful prospect is presented t© view : embracing th« Potomac 1 mg many all t ! i ^ 28 president's iiousi: the pleasing diversity o-f landscape scenery upon 1(3 banks, including large portions ofthe cities oi Alexan- dria and Georgetown. At a distance of one and a hall miles west of the Capitol, on Pennsylvania avenue, is situated the Pres- ident's House, — which is also built of freestone paint- ed white, two stories high, with a basement, and has a front of one hundred and eighty feet, adorned with two Ionic porticos. It is magnificently iurnished and sur- rounded with beautiful and extensive grounds. These grounds are ornamented with the choicest species of shrubbery and the most graceful trees our country af- iords. Within the circumference of these grounds are situated four ofthe offices of the executive department. On the west are the War and Navy, — in the first of which can be seen the trophies taken during the wars. The most singular however, are those taken during tl^e Tripolitan and Mexicaiji wars : among which are some brass cannon and other weapons of war, and a number of banners, some of w^hich are singular enough^ while others are made of fine and excellent material. A few paces in ffont ofthe door of this department may be seen a rocljL of copper ore weighing from iour to five tons. On the east of the President's flouse^ are th,e State and Treasury departments, The Igitter is a mas- sive structure of granite, three hundred and forty-four feet long, three stories high, together with a lofty base- ment. The front of the structure has a powerful por- tico, supported by thirty-one fluted columns about thir- ty feet high. The same front contains ninety-sthye© "Svindows, besides ttiirty^one arched windows in the OFFICES OF Tilt: EXECUTIVE DErAKTMCNTS 20 pen lis t of the tie Pres- e paint- md has a w'ithtwo and sur- . These pecies of untry af- ounds are partment. le first of the wars, uring the are some a number ;hj >yhile ll. A few ,t may be lur to five ^ are th,e is a mas- forty-ionr jlofty base- 'erful por- labout thir- lety-sthye^ iws in the '% basement front. The portico is gained by a flight of Ihirty-tvvo stone steps. The floors of the whole struo- iure are a tesselated pas^ement, each one containing thirty-six rooms, with a beautiful arched passage the whole length of the building. The structure contains no less than six pair of circular stairs. The Post Office department is situated about half way between the President's House and the Capitol, in an edifice recently biiilt of white marble, which may be said to be the most beautiful structure in the city* It contains forty-two antas on the iront. The building is about two hundred feet long, two stories high, with a lofty basement which contains eighteen semicircular windows. The portico is gained by a flight of thirty- three stone steps, some of the lower ones of which are about thirty feet in lengthy The floors are a beautiful Mosaic, on which stand a number of splendid fluted columns to bear up the structure. The Patent Office is situated a short distance to tne north of the Post Office. It is a beautiful edifice of freestone, wherein are deposited a rare and highly in- teresting collection of models. The upper part of this massive structure is occupied by the National Museum —where are deposited rare and highly interesting col- lections of Natural History and other treasures, col- lected during the voyage of discovery to the Antarctic regions, the South Seas and California. Among this valuable repository may be seen the hair, clothes, reg- imentals, chest and dishes of General Washington ; the printing-press and cane of Dr. Franklin ; ike nriilitJjry dress worn by the heroic Jackson at the battle of New '!t T ,( ^0 I'ATK.NT (jVVU'K — XAVY YARD. Orleans, &c. This great national repository would be invaluable at Philadelphia, New York or Boston ; but here there is no University, no classes of students in science or literature, no philosophical societies, no people who seem to have leisure enough to render the collection as valuable as it would be if situated in some larger metropolis. The members of Congress rarely have their town residences in this place ; but leave their families at home or in large cities, where they may enjoy perhaps more refined society ; and they live here in boarding houses until their political duties and the session is over. On the eastern side of the city, upon the Anacostia or east branch of the Potomac, is the Navy Yard, situ- ated at a distance of three-fourths of a mile from the Capitol. It contains twenty-seven acres of ground — - where may be seen massive designs in naval architec- ture, in viewing which an hour or two may be spent with considerable interest, where the sound of the hammer, saw and axe are mingled with the song of the jolly workmen. The Columbian College, delightfully situated about two miles from the Capitol, was incorporated in 1821. The structure occupied by this institution is handsome and appropriate. The next object of interest out of the city, is the Congressional Burial-ground, about two miles from the Capitol, containing ten acres of ground, handsomely enclosed with a strong fence co^^dructed of brick. The ground contains a number of very beau- tiful tombs and monuments of various styles and height, some of which co'^sist of very splendid obeJisk shafts UEORCJETOWN. 31 would oslon ', udents ies, no der the in some J rarely it leave jre they .nd they •al duties Vnacostia |ard, situ- from the rround— - architec- be spent id ol the e song ot lited about ial821. [handsome lest out of ] about two lof ij;round> n?U"ucted [very beau- ind height, Lisk abaft* o< considerable height, all wrought with a workman- ship which cannot fail in attracting the admiration of the beholder. Notwithstanding the extent of the city, its popula- tion is small, being only 23,364 inhabitants. It ap- pears more like a group of villages than a continuous city, as the buildings are principally situated in three different clusters, viz : in the neighborhood of the Cap- itol, the Navy- Yard and Pennsylvania avenue. The Potomac, which separates it Irom Alexandria, is cros- sed by a bridge more than a mile in length. On the west the city is separated from Georgetown by a flour- ishing stream called Rock Creek. Georgetown has a population of 7,312, is situated three miles west of the Capitol, on a commanding em- inence, possessing a delightful prospect of the river, the neighboring city and the diversified country in its vicinity. The houses are mostly of brick, and the city is a very thriving place, having considerable commerce; but the navigation is in a degree obstructed by a bar just below the town. There is here a cannon foundry, four banks, seven churches and a Catholic College, said to be a very respectable institution. On my return to Washington, I visited the National Observatory, a high tower on high and commanding ground, affording a charming view of Washinojton and the surroundino- cities, embracing a view ol the various scenery bor-* dering on the winding Potomac for many miles, ;?'• 32 MARYLAND. CHAPTER II. STATE OF MARYLAND. Aspect of the State — Towns — Annapolis — Old State House — Baltimoro — Washington Monument — Battle Monument — Ex- change — City Hall — State Penitentiary — University — Cathe- dral — Hospital — Washington Medical College — Commerce — Manufactures— Fort McHenry— Chesapeake Bay-North Point. In travelling from the city of Washington to French- town, by the way of Baltimore, I found the maratime part of the S tate to be penetrated far into the interior by the Chese^^pake Bay, which like a vast river divides it into two disti net portions, called the eastern and western shores. These shores are found to include a low, level and alluval country, intersected by tide wa- ter rivers and creeks. The eastern part of the State being almost cut off by the Chesepeake bay, forms with the little State of Delaware, a peninsula. The west- ern shores of the Chesepeake, north and south of the city of Baltimore, contain some very beautiful lands, at once fertile and admirably adapted to the growth of the various kinds of grains and grasses. Above the tide-waters the land again becomes agreeably undula- ting. Still farther west commence the Alleghany Mountains, with their numerous ridges. The vallies between them are said to be loamy and rich and yield fine wheat and all the products of the Middle States, (^n my return route I found broad belts of this admi- rable soil in Washington county. Qn the Washington and Annapolis Railroad, about ANNA POM:*. 33 L— Ex- Catbe- lerce— 1 Point. rench- nterior divides rn and ;lude a ide \va- e State ,s with |e west- of the il lands, [owth of lOve the undula- leghany vallies |nd yield States, is admi- idj about SIX miles from Washington, is the town of Bladrnsbiirg, quite a thriving town on a fine site, though situated in a poor region of countr}'. The country as far as can be seen from the road, contains much land of an infe- rior quality, being wooded with scrubby pines, chest- nut and shrubs, the soil having a pale, cold appearance, presenting- few attractions in agriculture, and, to all appearance yielding a small reward ior the labor be- stowed. Continuing our course north-east, on arriving in Anne Arundel county, the land was found rapidly to improve in quality. Annapolis, with a population of 2,792 agreeably sit- uated on the west side of the Severn river, two miles from the Chesepeake Bay, is the capitol of the Stale. The city is regularly laid out, with the streets diver- ging from the State House and the Episcopal Church. The State House is the most beautiful and capacious edifice in the city. In this venerable old building the old Conorress held some of their sessions durinor the Revolution ; and the Senate Chamber in which On, Washini^ton resio^ned his commission as commander-in- chief of the American army, has been preserved unal- tered to this day. Here is also the State Library of 10,000 volumes. The city contains St. John's Col- lege, which is a branch of the University of Maryland. The city is well situated to command a large portion of the commerce of the Chesepeake Bay. Baltimore, with a population of 102,313,* situated in a county of the same name, in the year 1752 con- tained 25 houses. It received a city charter in 1797, H/cnsiib of 1840,iriven in all rases. 'M i;ALri:.ioiu:. if ;i:id ij now rankLil as the third citv in the United State* ior population, comnierco and wraith, being admirably situated as an inland city on the Patapsro river, l^ miles from Chesepeake Bay. The harbour is capacious and sate, and consists of an inner basin into which ves- sels of 200 tons can enter, and an outer harbour at I'ell's Point, accessible to the largest merchant ships. The entrance i-s commanded by Fort M'Henry. Objects of attraction. Amongj the first things to attract the attention of the stranger, is Washington Monument, at the intersection of Charles and Monu- ment streets, it being a most splendid structure > It consists of a Doric column ol white marble, with a cir- cular staircase inside, by which you ascend to the top of the column. It is supported by a pedestal, fifty feet square and twenty-five feet high. The column is 20 feet in diameter at the bottom, 180 ieei high, and sur- mounted by a colossal statue of the Father of his coun- try. The Battle Monument, corner of Calvert and Lafay- ette streets, built of white marble, 52 foet in height, was erected m commemoration of the successful de- fence of the city ao;ainst the British in 1814, and as a lasting monument to those whose lives were offered up to secure so glorious a result. The Court-Housp, corner of Monument square and Lexington street, is built of marble and brick and is 145 feet long and G5 feet wide. The Merchant's Ex- change is a large and handsome structure, 366 feet long by 40 feet wide, with & hall 86 by 53 feet, light- ed from the top through the dome, which is a delight- ■» tlAt,TlM«-knK. .1.1 atci ably , U cious I ves- ur at ships. ngsto ington Monu- •€, It 1 a cir- ihe top fty feet is 20 nd sur- s coun- Lafay- height, sful de- tnd as a fered up lare and and is Int's Ex- }66 feet it, light- I delight- i*ul and imposing hall. The City Hall, on Ilulliday street, is three stofles high and has a portico with tou massive columns. The State Penitentiary occupies four acres of ground, and consists of three large buihlings, surrounded by a wall 20 [^{'t in height. The University of Maryland, St. Mary's College, the Maryland Institute and the A* cademy of Science and Literature are celebrated and flourishing institutions. The Cathedral is a beautiful edifice, 190 feet in length and 127 feet high to the top ot the dome. It is of the Ionic order of architecture, and contains a very large fme-toned organ. There arc also 107 large and elegant church edifices. The Hospital, a large and splendid structure, erect- ed at a cost of $150,000, and the Alms House are each well conducted benevolent institutions. The city is supplied with water from Jone's Falls, whence it is conveyed to a reservoir on Calvert street, by an aque- duct half a mile in length. Numerous springs in the city also, contribute to supply the inhabitants, which water is generally good ; and even that from the falls is as good as that usually found in large cities. Washington Medical College, situated on the south- east corner ot Market and Hampstead hill streets, on the most elevated ground within the limits of Balti- more, and commanding a magnificent view of the Pa- tapsco river, the city and the surrounding country. — The buildings are constructed in a style of architecture which will vie with the proudest collegiate of our land and is perhaps the most splendid structure in the city. The buildings of this College will range on Hampstead 3(5 \iAHisuniK, hill street 195 foot, and consist in part of a circular centre building about 40 feet in diameter, having four stories at unequal hei;j;ht, for the convenience of Lec- ture halls, Library, Museum, Dissecting rooms, kc. — This part of the edifice is (lanked at four corresponding equi-distant points, by turrets one story higher, making this part of the structure six stories from the ground. These turrets are castellated with obeleisk roofs, and decorated with beautiful Cothic windows and doors. The wings are five stories in height, and each GO feet long by 40 wide. They contain numerous apartments which are spacious and lofty, affording ample room for the classification of the patients, and will contain be- tween three and four hundred beds. The apartments appropriated to house students, will contain and com- fortably accommodate about fifty individuals ; and are most agreeable and inviting to young gentlemen who may prefer to reside in the College edifice. In other portions of the building are apartments especially de- signed for strangers who may be taken sick in the city, and who prefer being retired from the noise and con- fusion of a hotel, and wish a place where good nurses, medical attendance and every convenience contribu- ting to their comfort, will be provided. This peculiar feature has rendered this institution very popular with strangers who have tak^n apartments here, and who had the attendance of any physician they preferred. No person with an infectious disease is admitted at all, and the College presents every feature of one of the most admirably conducted institutions in our country. The citizens of Baltimore are not more distinguish- izel up aft atel nALTlMORC. 87 cular ; four ' Lec- AC. — nding aking round. i, and 10 rs. iOleet tments )om for lin be- •tments d com- ind are en who [1 other illy de- he city, id con- nurses, ontribu- peculiar lar with md who referred, edat all, e of the country, tinguish- rd for their hospitality and agreeable manners, than for bold and. persevering enterprise ; as they have the mer- it of lirst projecting and commencing the two greatest works of internal improvement in the United States, viz: the Ch^*sepeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio V ailroad. They also have three Railroads branching out from the city : one to Washington, one to Philadelphia and one to York in Pennsylvania. — JJaltimore posseses nearly the whole trade of Maryland, and is so situated c? to command a portion of the trade of Western Virginia, P^'nnsylvania and some of the Western States. Its inland communication has been extended and facilitated by the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The city and neighborhood carries on manufacturing to a considerable extent in cotton and Woollen goods, paper, powder, chemicals, pottery, &c. Baltimore al- so has the merit of beins one of the laro;est flour mar- kets in the world, inspecting annually between eight and nine hundred thousand barrelsof flour, besides thir- ty or forty thousand half barrels. The foreign trade is also considerable, employing a capital of about $5,000* 000. The city has nine banks and nine insurance companies ; and in addition t ) the public buildings al- ready sketched, may be named two large and elegant theatres, one circus and a museum. From Bowly's wharf a steamef belonging to the cit- izens Union line, carried us to Frenchtown, by sailing up the Chesepeake bay a distance of 60 miles. Soon after leaving the wharf we passed Fort M'Henry, situ- ated on the left bank of the Patapsco river, about three 3S STATE OJ* DfeLAWAnf:« miles below the city. This fort is admirably situated for defending the harbour of the city. Alter entering Chesepeake bay, our steamer soon brought us in sight of North Point, celebrated for the death of Gen. Ross, and the repulse of the British army in their attempt to get possession of Baltimore, after their infamous con- duct at the city of Washington, which added an indel- ible page to the history of their crime. CHAPTER III. STATE OF DELAWARE. Aspect of the State — Swamps — Fruit Trees — Chesepeako and Delaware Canal — New Castle — Wilmington — Manufactures — A rsenal — H ospital . The general aspect of this little State is that of an extended plain, chiefly favorable for cultivation. Near the centre of the State the country is elevated in a small degree, so as to form a kind of table land. This forms a dividing ridge about half way between the Chese- peake and Delaware bays. This belt or ridge is a chain of swamps, from which the waters descend in one di- rection to the Chesepeake and in the other to the Del- aware bay. These swamps are generally covered with coarse grass, equatic trees and shrubs, and of course present a wild and cold appearance, and but few if any poiUtj of picturesque beauty. These swamps, as all others, are of course filled with frogs and crickets, who by their ceaseless din fill the plain with animation du- i ring bog] drai whi a fe thro this ing to tl qual allt G the and thir The loan drn tecti ed a almi thei are the two ted cro] nua whi \ ^is€ ably situated Iter entering t us in sight if Gen. Ross, •ir attempt to ifamous con- ded an indel- STATE OF DELAWARE. 39 lesepeako and r Manufactures that of an i^ation. Near ed in a small This forms the Chcse- ge is a chain 1 in one di- * to the Del- overed with 1 of course it few if any imps, as all 'ickets, who imation du- ring the summer months. Many of these swamps are beginning to loose the charms of their wildness by draining and the hiojh state of cultivation in the lands which surround them ; and no doubt, in the course of , a few years more, they will almost entirely disappear through the agency of man. The northern portion of this little State is generally a fine tract of country, be ing highly and skilfully cultivated, and well adapted to the growth of wheat and other grains of a superior quality. In a word, this portion of the State presents 2 all that is delightful in agriculture. ^ Great attention is also paid to fruit trees, especially the Peach tree, which is here found in the most hardy and luxuriant condition ; frequently living twenty and thirty years and bearing annually in great abundance. The soil of the State is a kind of light, warm, sandy loam. The orchards are situated on as much of a South- ern exposure as possible, which to some extent pro- tects them from severe bleak winds. They are plant- ed about twenty feet apart. The ground is cultivated almost every year, which is said to be necessary for their growth and bearing. None but the choicest kinds are cultivated, and these are generally inoculated into the seedling when a vf^ar old, and transplanted when two years old, The soil and climate are so well adap- ted to the cultivation of the peach, that it is said the crop of a single proprietor often amounts to $5,000 an- nually ; and in some instances far exceeds that sum, which is generally realised in the city markets. When the yellows, which is one of the most fatal >^ diseases of th^ peach-tree, is discovered, the tree is ioa- 40 STATE OF DELAWARE. "!;>•; mediately removed from the orchard, which is said to be the only means of checking the disease. The grub or peach worm, which punctures the bark of the tree and lays its egg beneath it, at the surface of the earth, is prevented by forming a bank or cone of earth or leach- ed ashes, about a foot high, around the trunk ol the tree, which is done about the first of June and remo- ved in October ; which is said to afterwards harden the bark below the reach of the fly the following year. The manufactures of Delaware are more extensive than its commerce. Home-made or family goods are produced to some extent. Two woollen and eleven or ^twelve cotton factories produce a vast amount of arti- cles. Small as is the State of Delaware, it has about $1,600,000 invested in manufactures, the principal ones being propelled by the waters of the Brandy wine river. The Chesepeake and Delaware canal is an im- portant public work. It commences at Delaware city on Delaware river, and extends 14 miles to Back creek, a tributary of Elk River. It is sixty-six feet wide at the top and ten feet deep, having four locks nearly 200 feet long by 25 feet wide. It unites Chesepeake bay with the Delaware river, being navigable for sloops and steamboats the whole year except when frozen. — This great canal, though only fourteen miles in length, cost the sum of ^2,750,000. This canal is fed by the w^aters of the Delaware, which presents an appearance as transparent and beautiful as spring-water, which is increased in beauty when viewed at one of the tide-locks, which .when filled with these delightful transparent waters rising to a great height, and bearing up a sloop or s ^ STATE OF DELAWARE. 41 ich is said to The grub or fthe tree and the earth, ig irth or leach- trunk of the e and remo- ds harden the ing year, re extensive ly goods are md eleven or ount of arti- it has about ^e principal Brandy wine lal is an im- elaware city > Back creek, eet wide at s nearly 200 sepeake bay e for sloops ?n frozen. — es in length, 5 fed by the 1 appearance r, which is le tide-locks, transparent I up a sloop or steamboat, presents a scene worthy of admiration. The town of New Castle contains a population of 1200, is delightfully situated on a handsome site on the left bank of the Delaware river, 17 miles from French- town, with which it is connected by Railtoad. This little town has many advantages of becoming a place of some note, being 36 miles do\^n the river from Phil- adelphia, and having on its west the beautiful and fer- tile valley of Christiana river. In sailing from tliis place up the Delaware, the fertile and beaiitiful lands bordering on the river, presented themselves in all the charms and loveliness of the month of May, while the rays of the noonday sun, falling on the silvery bosom ■M of the noble DelaWafe, added grandeur to the scene. The city of Wilmmgton, with a population of 8367, . is pleasantly situated near the junction of the Brandy- wine and Christiana rivers. It is a well built, grow- . ing city, the most important in the State, the Brandy- wine being navigable to this place for the largest ships; The river above the towri has a fall which affords a fine water power, which js occupied in propelling va- rious machinery, among which are four flour mills, said to be among the largest in the United States ; alsd, pa- per mills, powder mills, cotton mills, woollen mills, i- ron factories, &c. The city is well located for trade, in which it is largely engaged for a place of its size. It is also engaged in the fisheries, in the whale depart- ment of which it has several ships. The city contains ' an arsenal, a hospital and 16 churches. Water- works i on the Brandywine, supply every part of the place I with water for domestic uses. 42 STATE OF NEW JERSEV. CH A PTER IV. d STATE or NEW JERSEY. Aspect of the State — Red Bank — Mud Island — Camden — Bur- lington — Bordent( 'vn — Late residence of Joseph Banaparte — Plains of Monmouth — South Amboy — Strait of Amboy, In sailing up the Delaware from New Castle to Cam- den, opposite Philadelphia, and then travelling north- east to Perth Amboy, on the Raritan bay, I found the Southern half of this State to be low and level, and on my return found the Northern part to be hilly. The soil of the State is not naturally well adapted to agri- cultural pursuits, much of the land being either sandy or marshy. Many large swamps may be seen in this State, many of which are much larger and present ten- fold the wildness of those in the State of Delaware. — Large bodies of land in these regions must have been swallowed up at an early day by those swamps whose great fleeces of green moss, rough grass and equatic shrubbery must have presented an object oi singular wildness to every beholder. Yet with all its swamps and other natural impediments ; its proximity to the city of Philadelphia on the i?outh-west and the city oi New York on the north-east,, two of the largest mar- kets in the United States, the industry of the inhabi- tants have rendered it exceedingly fertile in all kinds of grain, fruits and vegetables common to the climate. The peach in this State flourishes with almost as much luxuriance as they do iji Delaware, the soil being saa» STATE OF XEW JERtiEV. 43 !amden — Bur- 1 Banaparte — Amboy. stle to Cam- lling north- I found the evel, and on hilly. The ted to agri- lither sandy- seen in this present ten- elaware. — have been rnps whose ,nd equal ic oi singular its swamps ity to the the city of irgest mar- the inhabi- all kinds Ihe climate. )st as much being saU" dy and well adapted to the culture of that fruit, which is here a source of considerable profit. The greater portion of the sandy tract of this State is yet covered with extensive pine forests, which afford supplies of fuel to its numerous furnaces and the steamboats of the neiorhborino; waters. The middle section of this State is the most highly improved and wealthy part. It is divided into small farms and kitchen-gardens, which are cultivated with a superior degree of skill, the product being heavy and always rewarding the proprietor sat- isfactorily for his industry ; all of which finds a ready market in the manufacturing towns of the district, and in the great cities of the adjoining States. A tour through the various sections of this State is attended with considerable interest, and renders a rich equivalent for the trouble and expense attending it. — This does not consist alone in seeing its various pictur- esque and delightful scenery, but also in experiencing those thrilling associations which pass in rapid review over the mind when gazing on many of the battlefields, rendered memorable for that martial strife which re- sulted in the overthrow of British oppression over the colonies, and laid the legions of King George prostrate at the feet of the Americans. In that desperate con- flict, this State suffered more than any other in propor- tion to her population and wealth, as the State was oc- cupied for several years by the British and American armies. At one time the New Jersey militia constitu- ted the principal strength of Washington's army. On sailing up the Delaware, the principal object worthy of notice was Red Bank, memorable for tho i ■ I 44 RED HANK. death of Count Donop and the slaughter of his Hessians in 1777. This celebrated place is situated on the right bank of the Delaware, 8 miles below Philadelphia. — ' On the lelt bank or Pennsylvania side of the river, is a marsh called Mud Island, a poor place indeed for a fort, but the beft Washington coudl find. Here he or- dered Col. Greene to erect a redoubt, and also one on the Jersey side at Red Bank, which Greene command- ed himself, and placed the gallant Samuel Smith on Mud Island with 230 men, where they prepared for the blciod}'' strife^ while the flood-tide of the Delaware was giroanino: under the enormous weight of the British fleet which was approaching them, who soon poured ♦their thunder and fldme upon this Mud Island band. — We are told they stood the . aock to a miracle, and threw into the fleet some 32 pounders an d bombs, which blew up the Augusta, a 64 giin ship. While her frag- ments and her crew were yet floating in the air, the Black Bird, another Ship, blew up likewise, and went to join the Augusta. Count Donop t\'ith his host of Hessians made a gallant attack upon Red Bank where Greene gave theiti such a tremendous shower of grape shot and spike nailsj that the host gunk down b}'^ hun- dreds into the sweet slumbers of death, scarcely sensi-^ ble of the fatal blow that relt their lives; The city of Camden, in Burlington county, with a population of 4306, situa'ed opposite Philadelphia, is a beautiful town of 850 dwellings. Several steam fer» ry-boats are constantly plying between the two cities. It carries on some branc hes of manufacturing iudustry, which appear to bo in a flourishing state. The city BUnMNOTO.V r>ORDKNTC)W\. 4.5 s Hessians 1 the right ielphia.— ' ! river, is leed for a lere he or- Iso one on command- Smith on epared for 1 Delaware the British on poured nd band. — racle, and mbs, which le her frag- e air, the and went is tiost of nk where r of grape n b}*^ hun- cely sensi-i ty, with a [delphia, is steam fer* I two cities. jg iudustry, The citv contains a very splendid Court-house and other county buildings, eight churches, an academy and one hand- some bankinor-house. Its trade is considerable, its wharves excellent and the location of the city delight- ful, commanding a fine view of Philadelphia, from which it is distant three quarters of a mile, which is the width of the Delaware at this place, Burlington, with a population ol 3434, is delightful- ly situated on the same river, 17 miles above Philadel- phia. This city is partly encircled by a beautiful stream of water, over which are four handsome bridg- es. This place was incorporated as a city in 1784, is regularly laid out, contains some fine private mansions and other buildinjxs, amongr which are six churches possessing great elegance. The most beautiful build- ing however, is the residence of the Bishop of New Jersey. The town is located in a fertile tract, posses- ^ng many delightful little farms, adorned with suitable fliansions ^nd fa?*m buildings. Bordentown, with a population of 1800, is situate i on the Delaware, 27 miles above Philadelphia. Ine town is regularly built on a site 70 above the river. — Steamers from Philadelphia and Trenton touch here several times a day, Bordentown is the most splendid- town in the State, being most admirably situated on a commanding eminence, overlooking the Delaware riv- er and surrounding country, at the termination of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. The town is adorned with the princely mansion of the late Joseph Bonaparte (Count de Survilliers,) and brother of Napoleon. This unfortunate l^ing afler abdicating the thro, e of Spain, '. 'ru.M iioi^r:. 58 laM on the two sides, orthe saniu height, five iVvt wide and iicQily four loct jiroji'ctions IVom the wAh. 'i'he () iniKT columns of the main front are l feet H inches in diameter at the hottom and the antas corr(?spond. — The huilding is two .stories lii^h except the ^neat busi- ness hall, which is vaulted as high as the roof will per- mit, and its centre finished with a dome GO leet in di- ameter. 'J'his hall occupies the centre of the Luildinjr, and is 115 leet long, leavinC AR1)E\. f$ During the Revolution it was used as a prison for a- bout 3,000 Americans, and afterwards as a riding school for the British cavalry. The North Dutch Church, in William street, was also used for the same purpose. The Battery, at the southern extremity of the city, \H a delightful open piece of ground, containing about 1 1 acres, well shaded with beautifnl trees, commanding a very delightful view of the harbour and its ports, isl- ands, ships, steamers, fishing-boats, &c. The Park is a very beautiful spot of ground, centrally situated, has a handsome fountain, is the site of the City Hall and Mall of Records, which will be noticed in their places. It ip also the site of the New York Gallery of Fine Arts. Union Park, at the upper extremity of Broad- way, is a handsome piece of ground, neatly arranged, and contains a very pretty fountain. Each of these Parks are enclosed with a strong, handsome iron fence. Castle-Garden is a place celebrated /or pleasure — a structure used in winter as a place ior large meetings of a public character, for balls, concerts, &c. ; and in summer as a place to promenade. The interior has a very imposing elTect to a stranger, owing to the mag- nitude and neat arrangement of the place, which is considered the largest audience room in the world, be- ing over 700 feet in circumference. Its capacity is ample for the accommodation of between 15 and 16,- 000 persons. Columbia College, at the loot of Park Place, founded nearly a century ago, has a library of over 14,000 volumes. The New York Hospital is a large, handsome and well conducted institution at 319 Broadwa.v, The Deaf and Dumb Asylum is located in i \»W YORK TTNIVSRSITY. 55 ison for a- iing school Church, in mrpose. f the city, ig about 1 1 manding a ports, isl- he Park is ituated, has ' Hall and heir places. ry of Fine r of Broad- y arranged, h of these iron fence, pleasure — a ;e meetings LC. ; and in erior has a o the raag- which is e world, be- capacity is 15 and 16,- Dot of Park library of ospital is a it ion at 319 is located in 50th street. Visitors are received in those institutioni by tickets from the managers, on Tuesdays, from 1 to 6 P. M, The New York University is a splendid edifice ot white marble, which truly exhibits a specimen of the handsomest English collegiate style of architecture, — It is situated between Washington Place and Waverley Place, and fronts Washington square towards the west. This structure is 100 feet wide and 180 feet long.— The building on every side that it may be viewed, has a very splendid appearance, consisting of a central building with wings flanked by towers, one rising on each ot the four corners of the edifice. This central building or chapel, is 55 feet broad and 85 feet deep, and is truly a masterpiece of pointed architecture and h l^iKW VOKK CTTl'. ; ."!ii The principal floor in the building is the one gainetl by the broad flight of steps above named, which floor contains the rooms devoted to the use of literary soci- eties, one large lecture room and some smaller rooms ior classes in mathematics, natural intellectual and mor- al philosophy, history, civil engineering, and the high- er classes in the various departments of learning. On the second floor are the studio of the professor of de- sign, with a cabinet of models, &c. In other parts of the building are seen libraries,, antiquities, &c. The atranger after examining several oi the most prominent structures presented to his view, his mind becomes sufiiciently composed to receive other and e- qually agreeable impressions of New York ; and he goes forth to satisfy his curiosity ansong her stately edifice* and crowded thoroughfares. The dimensions, extent and colors of the buildings, the strange and various costumes, the number and style of the equipages of this magnificent city, as seen in the light of a summer's sun, never fail to delight the stranger, or call forth his repeated exclamations of amazement. The great Broad- way, filled with cwnnibusses, carriages and footmen, in liveries of every variety and description, are in them- selves sufiicient to surpass all the expectations ot the tourist, if he went no farther, and went away with no other than this passing view to remind him of the great emporium of the western hemisphere. Here he may find numerous gardent, public squares, parks, fountains and churches with walls and towers of every hue, stand forth in fantastic grandeur. On every side, a- raund him, for miles and miles extend the mwltiforaa :i:W YORK LlTV 57 le {jaineJ hich floor ^ry soci- ler rooms I and mor- i the high- ng. On sor of de- r parts ol' the most his mind icr and e- nd he goes ly edifice* ns, extent id various igesofthis sammer's II forth his eat Broad- otmen, in e in them- >ns ol the ly with no >f the great « he may , fountains very hue, / side, a- multiform and variegated mass of buildings, with chequered walls, red, green and gilded roofs, cupolas and spires without number. He may behold a portion of her streets broad, straight, well paved and beautiful ; while on the other hand he will see others dirty, narrow and irregular, turning and twisting in every direction, and in their windings constantly presenting some singular and nov- el feature, — which being continually thronged with people and equipages passing to and fro in an unbro- ken stream, and filling with life the narrow windings of ground before him. On the right and left are pala- ces, cottages, churches and noble halls of various ar- chitecture, in red, blue, green and white succeed each other with a rapidity which at first surprises and then bewilders the passing stranger ; and it is not until he ascends to the cupola of the City Hall and takes in the whole at one great view, that he is enabled to receive a fixed and decided impression of the greatest of A- merican cities. The traveller on walking the pavements of thest winding »treets, which present one ol the most singu- lar and animating scenes of any other city in the Uni- on, is often much annoyed by the eager shopmen, who Irom every door will beseech him with bows and gen- tle violence, and with many promises to sell cheaper than his neighbors. Among the moving throng he will be able to discover ladies and gentlemen who are bred in the lap of luxury, who employ and practise all the accomplishments and seductive arts that most en- chant society. The ladies have much vivacity ol mind, ^race of manner and display the most exquisite taste f>8 AMl'RRAN' MlrJKlM. in all apportalning to dress. Among the gentlemen may be found some possessing all the moral, intellect- ual and religious training and cultivation necessary to develope the nobler faculties of our nature, while oth- ers may be pointed out, more distinguished for then- wit and pliability of mind, than for their attainments in sound philosophy ; while still another class may be observed who are almost destitute of every thing cal- culated to adorn. m" CHAPTER VI. American Museum — Great Collection of Curiositios — Painting! —-Scriptural Statuary — Jewish Sandhedrim — High Priest — Caiphas — Dress of the High Priests — Scribes and Lawyer — Barabbas — Executioners — Figure of the Savior — Roman Coun- cil — Pontius Pilate — Pilate's Wife — MesiusQuintus — Position of the Council — Roman Guards — Scriptural Sketch — Affect- ing Scene — Death Warrant of Jesus — Sketch of its Discovery — Hall of Records. The American Museum, a very large and splendid marble building, is situated at the corner of Broadway and Ann street. It is said to be the largest in Ameri- ca, containing several larore and commodious halls over 100 feet in length, filled with an innumerable quantity of curiosities from every portion of the globe. Here are birds of every variety and clime, from the Ostrich to the hundred kinds of Humming birds ; from the Bird of Paradise of the Tropics, to the Penguin of the Polar regions; besides preserved animals and reptiles. The ■m AMERICAN MUSETM. 5^ ' gentlemen il, intellect- lecessary to , while oth- ?d for their attainments lass may be r thing cal- oa — Paintings Ugh Priest- id Lawyer — Roman Coun- tus — Position etch — AfTect- its Discovery d splendid ' Broadway in Ameri- 8 halls over le quantity >be. Here he Ostrich m the Bird t the Polar iles. The ^«partraent8 of Conchology, Entomology and Mineral- ogy are very perfect. The grand Cosmorama contains a very large number of views of the most celebrated cities, beautiful land- scapes, water views and many other things executed by the first artists in Europe. The^ miscellaneous cu- riosities include a fine collection of old paintings and rare engravings, many Chinese curiosities, ancient suits of armor, mail and arms, antique coins, splendid fossils, beautiful statuary, finely preserved Egyptian mummies, &c. The picture gallery contains several hundred por- traits of the great men of America, the most of whom have passed off the stage of action: such as Franklin, Washington, Jeflferson, Madison, Monroe, the Adams and Hancock family, John Jay, Jackson, &c., besides many who are still shining lights in the western hem- isphere, as Clay, Calhoun, Cass, Col. Johnson, M'Duf* fie, Webster, Generals Scott, Worth, Quitman, Twiggs, Pillow, &c. This splendid gallery is one of the most interesting objects to the thousands of visitors of the Museum, both citizens and strangers ; and can never fail to excite the admiration of every beholder, wheth- er amateur in painting, or a mere admirer of the whole, as forming a grand gallery of thaintelligence and mor- al worth of our nation. The performances are chaste and interesting, and of such a nature as to secure the patronage of the better classes of community. The Lecture room is large, beautifully and tastefully ar- ranged, and capable of seating about 1200 persons. — The entertainments take place every afternoon and eve- ning and are always of an unexceptionable nature. — U I' : 1'' ' ' \m''' i 60 iSIKniCAN Ml'!»E^l'!l*. Such regulations are established and enforced as (o ren- der it perfectly safe and pleasant for ladies and children to visit the Museum at any time, without being accom- panied by gentlemen, In different parts of the build- ing various mechanical works and figures are exhibi- ted, affording a great deal of amusement ; and their va- rious tables are surrounded by admiring crowds, A- mongst the rest is an automaton writer and draughts- man, which gives the population of Paris in figures, writes legibly in FreRch and can draw on paper, birds, butterflies, &c., in very handsome style. The third floor of this famous Museum contains some very splendid Scriptural Statuary, exhibited in four different groups, representing in figures the size of life, the Birth of Christ, the Last Supper of Christ and his twelve Apostles and his Trial before Caiphas and Pon- tius Pilate. The whole ol this statuary has an appear- ance as natural as life. The two last named groups are intended to represent that moment in the trial ol our Saviour, when Caiphas says to him, " I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be Christ the Son of God." As the spectator approaches this statuary, the group on the right represents the Sanhedrim or Jewish Counr cil, of which the High Priest, Caiphas is President. — He is at once recognised by his breast-plate, which consists of twelve gems set in gold, and on each is in- scribed the name of a tribe of Israel, which are set in tour rows, three in each row, making up the twelve different tribes. This ornament we are informed, was never to be separated from the priestly garment : an4 A^fliRlCA^' ML-fiiuM. r,i as fo retl" d children ng accora- the build- re exhibi- i their va- »wds. A- draughts- n figures, per, birds, tains soine ;d in four size of life, St and hiis s and Pon- an appear- ed groups le trial ol djure thee r thou be the gtoup rish Counr esident. — te, which ?ach is in- are set in le twelve •med, was lent J an4 it was called the robes, having caps upon their heads, bearing the same inscriptions as that of the President. The dresses accord in every particular with the description given in the Bible. Standing on the left of Caiphas, is the Jewish Priest Samach. He is giving great attention to the Scribes and Lawyer, who are at the table, to whom he says — " Be he guilty or innocent, yet because he ob;serves not the la>y of his ancestors he is not to be tolerated." — Here we have his ideas of justice. Quilty or innocent, it matters not to him. He says Jesus is not to be tol- erated because he does not follow in the footsteps of his ancestors. It can be perceived by the expression of their countenances, that the whole Jewish Council wet-e predetermined to put our Saviour to an ignomin- ious death ; while the Roman Council on the left, plain- ly express an anxiety that Christ, who they are satis- f^eJ IS innocent, should be released. About halfway between the two groups or Councils, is a table, around which are seated the Scribes and Lawyer. The Scribes are intent upon writing down i ill : 62 AMERICAN MUBGUM. the proceedings of the tiial, lor which purpose they u- sed pointed instruments called stiles instead of pens, and wrote upon parchment, as paper was unknown.— They appear to express no opinion of the merits of the trial, although there is not that appearance of resent- ment as exhibited in the Priests. They are surround- ed by parchment, on which the laws were written, and to which they are referring, and listening to the Priest, who is addressing them in regard to the laws un- der which Christ is condemned. — But the answer of the Lawyer does not seem to be satisfactory to the ha- tred which desires his death. Between the Jewish Priest Samach, and the President, is the Priest Ehieres, who is in earnest conversation with the Higrh Priest. He is saying, "be he innocent of tiiis crime, yet shall he die, because he stirs up the people to sedition by his discourses." They were determined to crucify their prisoner at at all events; and if they could not convict him of one crime, they had others ready to lay to his charge. — The Council of the Jews but too much resem- bled their President, Caiphas, in sheir injustice and fu- ry against Jesus. At the left of the Priests are Aure- lius and Fabrius, two Roman soldiers. To the right of the table already named, are the three Marys, who lis- ten in grief to the cruel proceedings against their dear- ly beloved Master. To the extreme left of Caiphas, there is seen a group of great interest, both with respect to the genius of the artist, and the part they sustain. The figures are the centurion, who was despatched to release Barabba^i, and Birabbas, who the populace chose should be set f ^ AMKRICAN MUSEUM. 68 I they u- ot pens, nown. — its of the f resent- lurround- written, ig to the I laws un- nsvver of the ha- e Jewish it Ehieres, rh Priest, yet shall ion by his cily their ot convict ay to his ch resem- ce and lu- re Aure- le right of , who lis- leir dear- m a group liusof the s are the abbas, and set free^ rather than Jesus ; as Pilate had said, "ye have a cus- tom that I should relea55e unto you one at the passover, will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the Jews." "Then cried they all again, saying, not this man but Barabbes ; now Barabbas was a robber." The eagerness of the Centurion to execute the will of the people, is admirably shown, as also the emacia- ted and haggard appearance of the prisoner, Barabbas, who looks like one having suffered imprisonment and become spirit broken. Directly before the last mentioned figures, are the executioner and his assistant, who are conversing upon the manner of the punishment which is just accorded to Jisus;, that of crucifixion. The life-like appearance of these two cannot be surpassed. The assistant has in one hand a hammer, holding a nail in the other, as if about to strike, while he seems to be asking directions of his principal, who appears to be hesitating^ and not so willing as usual to perform his duty. There seems to be some feeling of compassion in his countenance. Just before them is a box which contains their tools. This is a brief sketch of the group on the spectators right, which represents the Sanhedrim or Jewish Coun- cil, before which Christ was arraigned and condemned to death. In this representation he is placed just in front of the Scribes' and Lawyer's table already noti- ced, which is about half way between the Jewish and Roman Councils. Being in front of the table he is thrown in advance of the centre, and is therefore near- er the spectator than any other figure therewith con- nected ; and by walking a few paces to the left, we ar- Il' I ei ▲ MKRICAN Ml'toEl'M. I*. ., ri!,: riv5 opposite that figure which represents our Lord, the prisoner, the object of the hatred of the Jews.— Here we see the Son of God, the Prince of Peace, the Saviour of the world, the Redeemer of sinners, bound as a criminal, treated like a culprit, guarded by soldiers, arraigned like a felon, clothed in a purple robe, his (lands bound by a leather thong, and a crown of thorns upon his head, which is seen has already caused the blood to flow from his forehead. The figure of Christ is most admirable, and his countenance is surpassingly beautiful and heavenly. The artist has almost expres- sed the attributes of divinity in a human form. It in- finitely surpasses any thing ever before attempted in wax, and periectly accords with the description given of our Saviour. Thus stands the Saviour, bound and placed in their midst, guarded by the first Centurion, Quirilus Corne- lius, who is on the right of the prisoner, and has charge of him as a criminal, with his eyes fixed steadily upon him. He exhibits no particular feeliftg in the matter, either for or against Jesus : but stands waiting patiently the termination of the trial, when he is ready to obey orders, having hold of the prisoner. In the midst of this agitated scene, and in conformity with his nature, he appears at once a superior being. No anger, ha- tred, or even impatience in his expresiion. — I am the Redeemer, for thee I must die — The cup is most painful, but cannot pass by. Thy sins which are many, are laid upon rtie<, And all this sore anguish I muffer for thee. Near the prisoner are the two false witnesses who testified at this tribunal, and said of the Saviour— <«this 'if ■s AMKllKA.N >Ili»L:iM. 65 ir Lord, Jews. — ' •ace, the B, bound soldiers, robe, his ofthorns used the of Clirist passingly it expres- i. It in- mpted in :>n given in their xs Corne- as charge dily upon ic matter, patiently to obey midst of is nature, nger, ha- by. rafei 3. essea who >ur— *lfiRlCAN MUSSUM. 1? ■* sion, when testimony of compel- ire inform- igh Priest he was de- les that it ill. 1 regard to ?rs, "why 'hat I have r said."— ers which hand, say- Jesus says »vil, but if ace under igh Priest an accom- committed affront to lis of the 1 a prisc- or Jewish lich brings esents the )ught after i the false gladly put prisoner ; if but they dare not take his life, for the Romans had re- served the power of life and death. So soon as the spectator arrives at this group, the first thing which at- tracts his attention is Pontius Pilate, the Governor of Judea. He is seated on a throne partially surrounded with a rich canopy, in keeping with his splendid dress. At the feet oi Pontius Pilate is Claudia Procula, his wife, who has thrown hersell before him, begging her husband to have nothing to do with that just man, for she had suffered many things that da}^ in a dream be- cause of him. This advice from his terrified wife he would have taken, had he listened to the voice of his own conscience. 11 was customary for the Roman of- ficers to be accompanied by their wives in their cir- cuits ; and although the proper residence of Pilate was Cesserea, he was always at Jerusalem during the feast of the Passover, when the city was filled with stran- gers. Her wife was acquainted with the emergency in which her husband was placed, and the agitation of her mind naturally caused her to dream upon the exci- ting subject. Common rumor had spread the intelli- gence of the wonderful character of Jesus, which now mingles with her imaginations in sleep, and excited her apprehensions lest her husband would be forced to condemn him against his better jud^^ment. On the right of Pilate is Mesius Quintus, a Roman General attached to the Court of Pontius Pilate. He was a distinguished man, as can be seen by his dress and his proximity to the Governor. Concern, marked emotion and almost a desire to rescue the accused, are marked in his face. H« is listening intently to the an- I, s- ] Iii'i!" 66 A:.ri;R iLA.\ Misia M. swer our Lord makes to Caiphas, President of the San- hedrim, declaring himself the Messiah ; and although he did not believe the prisoner to be the Son of God, yet he was anxious that full justice should be done him. He says, "is there none in the whole city to defend an innocent man ;. if he be right let us go to him, if he be wrong let us banish him from us." So it appears that Mesius Quintus was in favor of preserving his life, e- ven if guilty, and punishing him with banishment on- ly. On the left of Pilatfj is Subires, one of his Gener- als, who appears in earnest conversation with him. Near the Governor is seated Joramus, one of the Ro- man disrnitaries, who belonojed to the court of Pontius Pilate. He is evidently very anxious and his sympa- thies are with Christ. His brow is knit and his whole face shows anxiety for the fate of Jesus. He appears astonished too, that the prisoner, after having so long remained silent should declare to Caiphas that he should see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of Heaven. The surprise and astonishment of Joramus at these words, are not confined to him alone ; they will be seen to pervade the whole group, except perhaps the centurions. He feels that Christ is unjustly accused and exclaims, "why should we suffer this man, being innocent to be con- demned." He sees that the charges aojainst the Saviour are not sustained, and says, "this man is not proved guilty of any crime, wherefore should we keep him bound." At the left of our Saviour is seated Simeon* dus, one of Pilate's Council. He is looking very ear- nestly and partakes of the feeling of Joramus, who if AltfERlCAN MtrjiEtM. 69 )f the San- i althouorh n of God, done him. defend an n, if he be •pears that is life, e- hment on- (lis Gener- h him. of the Ro- of Pontius is sympa- his whole [e appears g so long he should of power, surprise are not pervade ions. He ms, "why be con- le Saviour )t proved keep him Simeon- N'ery ear- who if standing close by, which is, that Christ is unjustly ac- cused, and his sympathies are with him. Zoradius, Achius and Marcellus are Roman Guards, standing in the same group. The same indifference of expression with regard to th? result ot the trial, may be seen in their faces, as is denoted in that of the firit centurion, Quirilus Cornelius, who has already been no- ticed as holding Christ. Their countenances indicate no malice or anger, neither do they exhibit any sym- pathy for the prisoner. They look upon the proceed- ings w^ith apathy, and stand ready to execute the orders ot their Governor, and lead our Saviour to the place of crucifixion without the least emotion of sorrow. Such are evidently the obdurate hearts these Roman guards and centurions possessed. The spectator after viewing the position and counte- nances of the members of this Council, his attention is aorain drawn to the Governor. His countenance is dig- nified, but his feelings are violently agitated on this trying occasion. The emotions of his soul he tries hard to suppress. He is anxious for the fate of Christ, and would have released him had he listened to the dictates of his own conscience'; for he was perfectly satisfied of his innocence, as all his declarations prove. When the Saviour was first presented to him and accused, he questioned him and the witnesses closely ; and after a thorough, searching investigation of his case, finds no fault in him. He asks, "what evil hath he done ;" and they cried out the more, saying, "let him be crucified." When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water and wj^sh- % i- ^ Ml 70 AMERICAN ML'SfiCM. If, W y ed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am inno- cent of the blood of this just person ; see ye to it." — They answered, "his blood be on us and our children." What an awful imprecation ! and how fearfully fulfil- led in the seige and destruction of Jerusalem ; when 1100,000 Jews were sacrificed ; and among them, no doubt were some of the same individuals who were pre- sent at the trial of our Saviour, as it occurred in the year 70, about 36 years after the crucifixion ; and suf- fered the same death they were so eager to infiict upon our Lord* It does not appear that Pilate was malig- nant. We see the efforts he made to save Jesus. But he was a public officer ; he was intimidated by the out- cry which the Jews had raised against him ; calling in question his fidelity to the Emperor of Rome, under whom he held office ; and for fear of a dismissal from office, he disregarded the voice of his own conscience and the entreaty of his own wife, yielded to the Jews, gave them a warrant for the execution, and thus sacri- ficed his innocent prisoner to an infuriated mob, which innocent prisoner he at every hazard was bound to pro- tect. How affecting is the condition of the prisoner ; he is the object of bitter hatred and the victim of mer- ciless cruelty. His judges are controlled by the worst passions of the human heart. When reviled he revilta not again ; he alone is calm and meekly submits ; while he has all the power, and could instantly call legions of angels to his aid, he allows his foes to execute their unholy purposes, that he may give to the world an ex- ample of patience under wrongs, and offer himself a ransom for the sinp of man, and lead a guilty world td AMERICAN MU?EI:M. 71 am inno- to it."— hildren." illy fulfil- n ; when them, no werepre- d in the and 8uf- flict upon as malig- sus. But V the out- calling in le, under isal from }nscience he Jews, lus sacri- )b, which id to pro- prisoner ; 1 of mer- he worst le reviles ;s ; while legions ite their Id an ex- imself a kTorld to love and worship the Father. He illuminates the be- nighted mind with the splendors of truth ; he converts the habitations of woe into palaces of peace and praise. How truly then, is he worthy of the love and honor of all hearts, and the unceasing gratitude of a redeem- ed world ! He is despised that we may be loved ; he is rejected that we may be accepted ; he is condemned that we may be justified; he dies that we may live; he found no comfort any where that we may be filled with all comfort ; he is made a curse that we may be blessed ; he is led out of the city that we may be brought unto the heavenly kingdom. There is no feeling in the spectator's heart of deep- er, holier sympathy, than that awakened by the con- templation of the sufferings, persecution and death of our blessed Saviour. Our very horror and detestation of the cruel authors of his doom, is lost in the admira- tion excited by the patience and humility with which he endured their cruelty. He is derided and insulted, and every artifice is resorted to, to extort one sign of human passion. He who could command the powers of heaven to his aid, submits with meekness, that the word may be fulfilled ; and to the last, under the agony of a death most painful, still on his lips lingers the prayer, "Father forgive them, they know not what they do. If then, the mere mental picture recorded in the sacred volume excites such lively emotions in the heart, how vividly must they glow when gazing on the almost breaking reality ! What a great moral lesson is written in the meekness of that face of super- human beau, In the year seventeen of the l!lmpire of Tiberius Ctr** sar, and the 25 day of Marck, in the city of holy Jeru- salem, Anna and Caephus being Priests and sacrifica-- tors of the people of God, Pontius Pilate Governor of Lower Galilee, sitting in the Presidential Chair of Pre* tory, condemns Jesus to die on the Cross, between two thieves; the great and notorious evidence of the peo- ple saying : — 1 Jesus is a seducer ; 2 he is seditious j 3 he is an enemy of the law ; 4 he calls himself false* ly the King of Israel 5 he entered into the Temple followed by a multitude bearing palm branches in their hands. Order the first. Centurion Quirilus Cornelius to lead him to the place of execution. Forbade any persons whomsoever cither poor or rich, to oppose the death of Jesus. ■f -.'1 Ferlng of heart in ving God re seated) a copy of prisoner : n copper- «*^ simi" other side Governot jYazareth iberius Ctp«* lioly Jeru- l sacrifica** overnor of lairofPre* itween two Df the peo- seditious •> self false* e Temple es in their Corneliur< rbade any oppose the !!A!.L OF RECORD?. '/I The witnessses who siijncd thp condcinnation, are as follows : 1 Daniel Robani, a Pharisee ; 2 Joannes Zo- robatal ; 3 Raphael Romani ; 4 Capet, a citizen. Jesus shall go out of the city of Jerusalem by the gate of St ru en us. The above sentence, as before stated, is engraved on a copper plate. It was found in an antique vase of white marble, while excavating in the ancient city of Aquila, in the kingdom of Naples, in the year 1280, and was discovered by the Commisaries of Arts, attached to the French armies at the expedition of Naplc^\ It was found enclosed in a box of ebony, in the Sacrist}^ of Chartrem^ The vase is in the chapel of Caseira. The French translation was made by the members of the Commission of Arts. The original is in the Hebrew language. The Chartrem earnestly requested that the plate should not be taken away from them. The re^ quest was granted as a reward for the sacrifice they had made for the armv. M. Demon one of the Savans, caused a plate to be made of the same model, on which he had ena-raved the above sentence. At the sale of his collection of antiquities, &c., it was bought by Lord Howard for 2,890 francs. The next object worthy of notice in this city, is the Hall of Records or Register's Office, situated on Cha- tham street, east side of the Park, a few yards east of the City Hall. It is appropriated for city and county is one of the most chaste specimens of if which this irreat purposes, a architectun ity 80 feet deep, 62 feet in width and 4S feet in height, with two porticos, one at each end, which are support- ed by six marble column^, each from the great quarries \i % i « ■!i: i! H HFFliCT^ UF SILAW, ofSingsIng. The walls of the building, which are of stone, are stuccoed on the exterior in imitation of mar- ble. The style is Grecian, the model being that of the Temple of Ephesus. It unites strength to beauty and simplicity. The building is entirely fire-proof, the floors being supported by arches of stone. It contains the offices of the Register of Deeds, the City Comp- troller, Surrogate, Collector of Assessments, &c. CHAPTER VII. Effects of Steam — Cook Bindery — Arsenal — Trinity Charcli — Grace Church — Broadway Tabernacle — Croton Water-work* — Coaches — Brooklyn — Atlantic Dock — Greenwood Cemete- ry — East River. While visiting the various portions of the city of New York, I had an opportunity of seeing the wonders of Steam, which is here substituted for human exertion. It is here that it relieves man from the greater portion of physical toil, under which he with the rest of his fellow-men has groaned ; it is here that steam is chang- ing everything, and everything for the better ; it is hero arming man with a power that is irresistible, and al the same time the most pliant — one which can up- root a mountain, and yet be controlled by a child ; it here imparts motion to a large portion of the arts. — Here its effects can be seen on the one hand, by spin- ning and weaving threads as fine as those of the gossa- nipr, and for-i:in3; tons of iron into sinofle bars with al- most eq\ial rapidily and ca>e ; while on the other Innd M M :i KPfnctS OF 51KA>t. [\ are of 1 of mar- latofthc auty and roof, the? contains f Comp- tc. jT Charcli — Vater-work» ►od Cemete- le city of le wonders exertion, er portion est of his is chang- Itter ; it is stible, and h can up- child; it he arts. — |d, by spin- the gossa- s with al- oiher hiiul tire ae»n scores and hundreds of steamers, urged through the watery element, with the velocity of wind, in spite of the raging tempest and rolling waves. It is here connected on every hand with the manufacturing of pa* pet and with the printing press, and is perhaps doing more to rouse and exercise the moral and intellectual energies of our nature, than any other city on the globe. What a proof is steam of the high destiny that awaits our species! The most fervid imagination cannoi- re- alize the importance of those discoveries in science and the arts, of which it is merely the forerunner. The first is that new catalqi^ue of agents that are oitlained to change the condition of men, and to regenerate the earth ; for all that is yet done is but as the twilight that ushers in the orb of day. Hitherto man has been com- paratively asleep, or in a state resembling it, insensible of the rich inheritance which the Creator has placed at his disposal, in the elastic fluids, and of their adap- tation to impart motion to every species of mechanism. How few persons are aware that the grand inrention of imparting motion to a piston by steam, is the pivot on which the chief affairs of this world is destined here- after to turn ; and by the noble progress of. the sciences, the time is not distant when by means of it the latent energy of the gasses, or other properties oi inert mat- ter, will supersede in a great degree, the drudgery of man ; will perform nearly all the labor which the bones and sinews of our species have hitherto been doomed to accomplish. There are persons however, with minds biassed by the eternal bondage in which the mass of our race has always been held, who will startle at the 'III r I a;t •^6 BOOIC-DINDERV pU Vr I idea of their becomirij^ an intt'lligorit and hi^^hly Intel lectual body. They cannot conceive how the affairs of life are to be continued, the execution ot innumera- ble works which the constitution of society requires, should be pLM'formcd, if these helots become free. But can they, can any one seriously believe that the all- wise and benevolent Creator could possibly have in- tended, that the highest class of beings which he has placed on this planet ; the one capable of appreciating his works, and realising correct Ideas of bis attributes ; that the great portion of these should pass through life, in incessantly toiling for mere food, and undergoing privations and sufferings to attain it, from which the lowest animals are exempt ? Assuredly not. Had that been his design, he would not have created them with faculties expressly adapted for nobler pursuits. Among the many things of the city worthy of notice, is Mr. Walker's Book-bindery, in whose employ are a number of persons, and among them about fifty females whose weekly earnings vary from $2,50 to $7,50, who are principally employed in folding and sewing sheets. The folder sits before a table, on which she spreads out the sheets in succession ; in her right hands she holds a small ivory folding-knife, with which she flattens the folds of the sheets ; which is a process requiring con- siderable accuracy, so as to make the lop and bottom lines of the print range. The sewer is seated some- what obliquely at a little machine, called the sewing- press; which consists of a flat table, from which rise iyvo end-bars, connected at the top b}*- a cross-bflr.— Three or more strinirs, according to the size of the book. s; \y Intel-* e affairs inumera- rcqini'es, ree. But the all- bave in- h he has jreciatinfij ittributes ; rough life, ndergoiiig ivhich the not. Had ated them pursuits. r of notice, ploy are a fty females ;7,50,who ing sheets, preads out she holds flattens the liring con- nd bottom ited some- le sewing- which rise ross-bflr.— )f the book. TiOOK-lllNDKUV. i i are fastened by loops to the croos-bar, and are tighten- ed down by a simple contrivance at the bottom. The sewer has her left arm passed round the left vertical bar; and proceeds to sew the various sheets to the bands or strings, her left hand being behind the strings, bear- in": down the lu\if of each successive sheet as sLe spreads it Hat on the sewing-press, with the back edge in contact with the strings, in which position it is held and the middle fastened to the strings by passing a threaded needle backward and forward through the centre fold of the sheet, each thread after passing from the inside to the out, being made to loop or twist round one of the strings, before entering the sheet again. As soon as one sheet is fastened, another is laid down and fastened in a similar manner. A curious kind of stitch called 'kettle stitch,' is made near the top and bottom of each book, as a means of allowing the thread to pass from one sheet to another. There are many other pro- cesses in a book-bindery worthy of notice. The great variety of patterns to book covers is given by a cylin- der machine, with heated rollers having the various patters engraved on them, under which the covers pass, after which they are fastened on the sewed sheets, in various ways, owing to the style of binding. A strip of iron is then inserted between the bookand the back, which keeps the sheets all square, when it is placed in a cutting machine, which cuts the edges smooth and square. In the extra finishing shop it receives its various devices. It is first coated with size, then two or three times with white of egg, after which it is slightly touch- ed with a piece of oil cotton v.'hen the gold is laid on, hi, [ I'. '' i I ii Vi I t-nl ir 78 ITATU An?U'\AT. — TRINITT CllVHCU, kC. The State Arsenal, opon every day to citizens and sti'an'Trrs, is situated on tlic corner o( Centre and Frank- lin streets, and well worth a \isiit. Tfio trophy room contains many interestin;^o!j(»cts talv(Mi during the wars. Trinity Churrh, in Hroadway, oj)posito Wall street, is a very elegant structure, built entirely of sand stone. Tower and spire 283 feet hi^^h. The Orjjan is of the very largest class, weighs 4<0 tons, and cost $10,000. The church is the higheht and most splendid in the State of New York. It is open daily for public rcli- gfious services, ami cost, including furniture and all oth- er expenses except the clock, the sum of $3()S,629 64. Grace Church, in Broadway, above Tenth street, is a splendid edifice of white marble, which cost the sum of $l4'r),OvOO. Here is to be seen the Monument erect- ed by order of Congress, to the memory of the noble and daring General IVlontgomery, who fell in the as- sault upon Quebec dm'ing the revolutionary war ; his bones being removed from Quebec in the year 1818, and deposited beneath this monument, which bears ap- propriate inscriptions. Among the many tombs and monuments in the church yard, can be seen a very tall but slender obelisk, erected to the memory of the cele- brated Emmet, of Ireland. Broadway Tabernacle, in Broadwav, above Antho- ny street, erected in 1836, is 100 feet square, and is capable ot seating comfortably, 2500 persons, being the most spacious building of the kind in the city. It is frequently let for public meetings, lectures and con- certs, the rent money being applied to the discharge of the mortgage on the building, which w;is purchased in, i WAlER-WORk* COACHES. izens and i\d Frank- phy room T tho wars, /"all street, sand stone. I is of the $10,000. id in the ublic reli- md alloth- ;iS,629 64. h street, is Dst the sum nent erect- the noble n the as- war ; his rear 1818, 1 bears ap- tombs and a very tall )f the cele- )ve Antho- re, and is s, being the ity. It is and con- ischarge of urchased in, 4 1840 by tho Ih ;re 7^ Th« society now worsnippin^ churches named are the most conspicuous ones in the city ; there are, however, 193 other large, fine and splendid churches in this metropolis. The Croton Water-warks is one of the mokt magnifi- cent enterprises of the age. The aqueduct of thit mighty work is built of stone, and commences 5 miles from the Hudson river, at a dam built over the Croton river, a distance of 40 miles from the city. The wa- ter crosses Harlem bridge, in an iron pipe laid as an inverted syphon, A massive structure is however nearly completed over the river, called the High bridge, over which the water will be permanently conveyed. The bridge is 1450 feet long and 114 feet high, and will cost the sum of $900,000. The receiving reser- voir, at 86th stjeet, 38 miles from the Croton dam, covers 35 acres of ground, and contains 150,000,000 gallons. The distributing reservoir, at 40th street, about 3 miles from the City Hall, encloses an area of 4 acres and contains 20,000,000 gallons. From this reservoir the water is distributed through the city in 150 milei of iron pipes. The cost of the whole, by the time th« new bridge is completed and the pipes laid thereon, will exceed the sum of $13,000,000. The cheapest conveyance to the reservoirs is by the cars of the Har- lem Railroad, which leave the depot in Centre street, every 15 minutes during the day. Fare 12i centi each passenger. Hackney Coach and Cab fares are most unfortunate- ly influenced by the distance and number of passengers. In this particular, New York has Ih^ ! „ ^ so BIlOOKLVN. I i! :i-i i 11 W''^\ ments of any ckty ia the Middle and Eastern States, whose cities regulate by law, the fares of the different carriages belonging to their respective cittes. In this great metropolis, however, numerous as they are, they are allowed to charge what they please, which is gen- erally pretty heavy, and demanded of the passenger with a very good grace. There are no less than 427 licensed hacks and cabs^ 327 omnibusses, who are thun- dering over the streets from daylight till IQ o'clock at night, in addition to which there are 3033 licensed drays» Each drayman is required to own a horse arwJ cart. After visiting the principal objects of attraction in the city, a beautiful ferry-boat carried us over East river to Long Island, landing us on the pier of another city. Brooklyn, with a population of 59,558, is beautifully situated at the west end of Long Island, on command- ing ground, just opposite the city of New York, This city holds the second class in population in the State, is handsomely and regularly laid out and contains sev- eral beautiful buildings. The Heights, a precipitous bank on East river, afford a very delightful view of the city and harbour of New York, Inhere is in this place a City Hall in process of construction, which, when completed, will be a grand ornament to the city. The United States Navy Yard, on Walabout Bay, covering about 40 acres of ground, contains many objects of in- terest. Here a large and splendid Dry Dock has been constructed, ofvery beautiful stone, at a cost of §1,000,- 000. The Marine Hospital is a very large and beauti- ful building, having about 33 acres of ground attached^ *'i» ATLANTIC I;(H'K-. 81 1 States^ different In this are, they h is gen- .^assenger han 427 are thun- 'clock at licensed lorse and ittraction )ver East f another pautifully ommand- •k. This le State, ains sev- -ecipitous ewof the his place when ty. The h coverincr cts of in- has been §1,000,. d beauti- attached^ which is highly and skilAilly cullivatt'd in the various plants suited to the climate. The Atlantic Dock, at the southern extremity of the city, where can be seen ships of the very largest class crowded together, with their towering masts, which, when viewedfromthe tower of some ofthe commodiou* warehouses built on the piers, have a most imposing aj)- pearance. The dock with the piers and warehouses cost $625,000. Greenwood Cemetery, about 2 miles frcm the city, covers an area of 200 acres, possesses eminent natural beauties, and is richly worth the trouble and ex- pense of visiting it. It is perhaps the most beautiful, neat- ly laid out and tastefully ornamented with shade trees and flowers of any cemetery in this or any other State. The city contains 30 very large and beautiful churchcsj among which is the elegant and superb structure callttl Holy Trinity, the most magnificent edifice in the city. A large number of steam ferry-boats connect the city with New York, by running across East river continual- ly during the day and night with little intermission. This city is well situated for trade and partakes largely in the commercial activity and prosperit}^ of its neigh- bor, being washed on its northern bank by the waters of East river, and on its southern bank by the Atlantic d^ cean, while a railroad extends from the city to Green- port, 96 miles, at the eastern extremity of Long Island, which forms a portion of the nearest route to the city ot Boston. After remaining in Brooklyn a few hours, I a- gain crossed East river for the city of New York, while the right and left of the ferry presented all the charm:- that a great forest of ship masts could possess, 1^ i m i -i i .* 8-2 DiirAHT: ni: — cuMi'irrrnox ox Trip, hiu^o.v. CHAPTER \' I I r . Departure — Competition on the Iliulson — Tarry town — Sleepy Hollow — Sing riing — State Prison — Palis ules — »Stony Point — Ilidtorical Sketch — Mountain Peaks — Forts ('linton and INIuntgoniery — West Point — iMilitary Acacieniy — Halls aid ]3uilclino-s — Fortilications — Deliijlitful Location — Monument of Kosciusko — Mountain Peaks — Newburg — Towns — Hudson city — Shipping — Athens — Catskill — Catskill Mountain — Ho- tel — Prospect. I now felt a desire to leave the noise and uproar of New York atid those minti;led masses who crowded her streets, and seek the pure air of the country, and her exceedingly beautiful ucener}'^, which I flattered myself would have a better effect in recruiting my health. — For this purpose I detennined to go froni this city north, by sailing up the Hudson, and halting at some of the principal places of interest, on the banks of that noble river, until I would get as far north as the city of Troy, a distance of 156 miles from the city of New York ; and after some perambulati6ns in the vicinities of the cities of Albany and Troy, travel west to the Falls of Niagara. For this purpose I left my kind host of the Croton Hotel, in Broadway, and repaired to the wharf at the lOot of Cortland Street ; and on my arri- val was surprised to find that I could get passage on board a steamer for nothing, owing to the great oppo- sition on the river ; where one company would take a passenger on board their boat for no fee whatever, be- fore they would suffer him to take passage on board a boat belonging to their opponents, which is a course l\. i ARRYTOWN &LEi:rV HOLLOW — blNO 9I^T I'rtMkn itratPgy, expense it ion arc • of four ee story a width, reposito- ification, beautiful n got hie irary and •e is 150 front has isual way tower is le whole ting it to :e are al- :ers of the two cav- to which iers bar- occupied ary posi- udson, is idence, a- 00 yards Fort Put- s and bat- teries, crowning the various omitiencet? in the vicinity, built under the direction of the celebrated Kosciusko as engineer. No place in the Union probably, exceeds West Point in regard to its beauty of location, and the stirring in- cidents connected with its early history ; being hallow- ed by the footsteps of Washington and Kosciusko during the revolutionary struggle- In the year 1777, imme- diately after the capture of Forts Clinton and Mont- gomery by the British army. West Point was occupied by the American army and fortified at the instance of Governor George Clinton, of revolutionary memory. In August, 1780, it was placed under the command of Gen. Arnold, who in September, basely agreed to sur- render it to the British. But his treason having been discovered by the capture of Major Andre, his object was not effected. Close to the shore of the Hudson, stands a large white marble Monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko, which is a ver}^ beautiful structure. There is also here a spacious and well kept hotel where visitors will meet with every accommodation that a kind host can bestow. At the distance of about 5 miles up the river, are Crow's Nest and Butter Hill, two high and beautiful peaks; the former being 1410, and the latter 1529 feet in hei";ht, above the waters of the Hudson. They are situated opposite Breakneck Peak, the last of the range ol Highland; on the east side of the river. The profile of a human face (called Turkis face,) can be seen on the point of rock which projects farthest out. A few miles above this is the town of Windsor, a tjourishin^ 90 ^riMCRY OF TIIK iriDBOX. place, near whicli is Newburg, with a population of 8,933, a city very beautifully built on the declivity of a hill. It probably makes a better appearance from the river than from any other point. The place how- ever, contains many iine houses and some handsome streets, being also a place of considerable trade having a number of boats and several excellent pier sand ware- houses. • About a quarter of a mile south of the town stands the old stone house, in which Washington held his quarters, at the time the celebrated Newburg Let- ters made their appearance. Duchess County, {east side.) — The towns of Fishkill, with a population of 10,437, Hamburg and Barnegat are each pleasantly i^ituated betwoen the Breakneck Peak, the last of the Highlands, and the city of Pough- keepsie ; having in their rear a rich agricultural region of country, and may be said to be in a prospering con- dition. They possess some points of interest for river towns, especially Fishkill, memorable for the head-quar- ters of Washington during a wrtion of the campaign of 1780. In passing through the mountain gorges which ^^ive passage to the waters of the Hudson, we were at times overshadowed by the towering peaks of the Highland range, and at others the eye could range over a pros- pect, which for variety is rarely surpassed. The scenes which skirt the margin of the Hudson until it reaches the Catskill mountain, consist of numerous objects of romantic interest, where is presented a checkered land- scape of hill and dale, meadow and thicket, as well as the o;raceful forest tree, with tha earth benor»^»^ ;♦ m.^-.. ftKNfiRY or Tllli Mru»ox. 91 lation «f clivity of ice from ace how- landsomc le having ind ware- the town orton held c burg Lt't- fFishkill, Barnegat breakneck of Pousch- iral region ;ring con- for river lead-quar- campaign riVQ hich •e at times Hisihland er a pros- rhe scenes it reaches objects of Lered land- as well as i ered with a profusion of wild flowers. After emerging from those picturesqiif and attractivegorgc's, and leaving behind us the last peak of the Highlands, on the cast side of the Hudson a broad and beautiful valley spread its verdant bosom before us with all the charms of vi'jx- etation, while in the distance the blue Catskill moun- tain reared its towering summit conspiciously to our gaze. Poughkoepsie, a town with 7500 inhabitants, at- tracted attention, beinoj situated with the highest regard to beauty of location, the buildings and grounds display- ing much taste. Its importance as a river town is consid- erable, as it has an extensive back country to support its commerce. The eye of the passenger is met in success*" n by the towns of Hyde Park, Straatsburg, Rhinebeck, Redhook, Claremont, Marlborough, Milton, Paltz, Pel- ham, Kingston, Columbus, Glasgom, Bristol, and a num- ber of others presenting activity and beauty. Columbia County, {east side.) — The city of Hudson, With 5472 inhabitants, is situated on a- high and com- manding eminence, overlooking the river, being ad- vantageously located 116 miles north of the city of New York. The city has in its employ seven or eight whale ships and four steamboats, with a number of freight barges, besides several sloops employed in the transportation of produce and merchandise to and from different places. The city has in its employ a steam ferrv-boat which plies regularly between the city and Athens on the opposite side of the river. The city was first settled in 1783, and received a charter in 1785. It contains a large and beautiful Court House, l\ij feet in length, and other count v buil^i'i'^'' • "-^-^ ^^^'» i .1:; o IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 121 1^ !£: us, 12.0 •» .^^ l£ IL25 i U I; ■ ^Ii4 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4S03 'y /. V Ua .< ^ ■J A ■1^ \ iV :\ \ ;\ Q2 lAlSKIl.L Mot'NTAr.N, Hudson Lunatic Asylum, situated on State street, fa- cing the Court House on the south, with delightful grounds attached, adorned with the choicest species of flowering shrubbery. A spring at the footof Becraft's mountain, two miles from the city, supplies it with water. Greene County^ [west side.) — Athens has a popula- tion of 2387, is situated opposite the city oi Hudson, with which it is connected by a steam ferry-boat which runs regularly every hour during the day, in a canal which has been cut through a low, marshy island in the river, between the two places. The town is loca- ted on a very beautiful plain, gently sloping towards the river. A large number of sloops sail from this J. lace; the wharf presenting a busy scene indeed for so small a place. The inhabitants show many signs of having received lessons on commerce at New York or some other great mart. The town is adorned with nu- merous mansions of private gentlemen. The next town worthy of notice is Catskill, a place with 2800 inhabitants. It is located on both sides of the Catskill creek, near its junction wiih the Hudson; the principal street being situated about half a mile west of the steamboat landing. The town contains some fine churches and dwellings, especially on its principal street ; which are ornamented with handsome avenues of trees of various speeies, many of which presented a graceful appearance. A most beautiful Pine orchard or grove, to the southwest of the town on Catskill moun^ tain, is a favorite resort of travellers in the warm months. A handsome hotel has been erected there several years ^a the brow of a' great rt^ck, at an elevation of about At.CANV. 93 If 1200 feet abuve the Hudson ; which commands a most charming view, embractng about 70 miles from north to south on the valley of the Hudson and the hilly country to the east, including a number of peaks of the Green mountain range, in Massachusetts and Vermont, which presented the most romantic and sublime ap^ pearance in the distance. During my visit to this mountain, a thunder storm could be seen passing down the valley of the Hudson. It seemed to be below a level with the hotel, and presented a scene grand and awful. The air was cool, which is said to be the case during the year. Two ponds in rear of the hotel unite their streams, and the water falls 175 feet and soon al- ter again 85 feet into an immense ravine between two ridges of mountains. C H A P T E R IX. Albany — Eric and Clnmplain Canals — IJasin — Boats — Site of Albany — Heights — Prospect — Capitol Square — City Hall — State Hall — Academies — Capitol — Public Buildings-Old Buil- dings — Public Squares — Streets — Grcenbush- Railroads-Troy — Public Buildings — Institution — Manufactories — Steamboats — Water power — Railroads — Streets — Mounts Olympus and Ida — Prospect— Landslip — Quaker Village — Drees and mode of worship — Scenery of the Hudson — Departure for Buffalo. The city of Albany with a population of 41,339, is the capitol of New York, being one of the oldest cities in the Union. The place was originally called Beav- er Wyck or Beavertown, alter which it received the name of Williamstadt : not receiving the name of Al- 94. Al.nAW. ban J till the year 1664, in honor of Jamca, Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II, in whose reign Governor Dongan chartered it as a city, July 22, 1886. It is situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, 150 miles north of New York city, and is classed the second city in the State in population, wealth and resources. It is indebted for its prosperity to the enterprise ol its inhabitants, and the impulse given to its trade by the Erie and Champlain Canals, which enter the Hudson river at the north end of the city, previously uniting eight miles north of the centre of the city, and termi- naring at a basin, which is formsd in the Hudson river by a pier, one mile and a quarter in length, furnishing a safe harbor for vessels of all descriptions, and secu- ring them from injury by the ice, which in the spring freshets comes down the river in immense quantities, sometimes causing great damage. In this splendid ba- sin, sloops, tow-boats and canal-boats are brought side by side, or have their cargoes exchanged over the pier. The city is commanding in its situation, and appears to great advantage from the river. There are three ra- vines running from east to west, known as the Foxes Rill, the Rutten Rill and the Beaver Rill, on either side of which the land is high, being at an elevation of from 150 to 160 feet high, which is gained by a gradual ascent from the Hudson. The view from these heights is picturesque in the highest degree. To the north may be seen the city of Troy and the adjacent villages, and in the distance the hills and mountain peaks of Vermont ; to the east the beautiful extent of country lying beyond the Hudson river, and to the riTAAe r.nL!>i\«:« or xr.hANv. 95 south are the bold Helderberg and Catskill mountains, >vith the noble Hudson gliding at their base, ^hosc transparent bright waves, mingling with the golden rays of the sun, appeared like liquid gold in the sun- light, while rolling in sublime griindeurat the base of the towering Helderbergs. The Capitol occupies a delightful elevated situation at the head of State street, being located in the midst of a large and splendid square, formed by Capitol and Academy Parks, which arc enclosed with a substantial iron fence erected on stone cappings, and are laid out with walks lined with ornamental trees of the choicest species. A more delightfut square in summer, is not to be found in any city in the Union. There are a number of public buildings facing this splendid square, among which are the City Hall, lacing the west. This is a noble edifice of white marble, 110 feet long and 80 feet wide, surmounted by a gilded dome 40 feet in diameter. This structure is occupied at certain peri- ods by the Courts of the United States Circuit, of Com- mon Pleas, the Mayor, &c. The State Hall, for the accommodation of public officers, ii a massive and ele- gant structure, 140 feet long and 90 feet wide, erected at a cost of $350,000. The Albany Academy, having 400 pupils, is a very splendid edifice of red freestone j and the Female Academy, erected in 1834, a building possessing many attractive features, are among the beau- tiful buildings facing the capitol square. The Capitol itself, is situated in the centre of this great square, facing the cast. It is a large and superh edifice, built of hewn sandstone, having a large and !^6 ftl n.DIN(*iS ANt) STIirims Ol' ALB.AN'Vi splend'ul gilded dome, surmounted by a cupola or cir* cular lantern, which is in turn surmounted by a statue of Justice, holding overhead a large gilded scale. The east and west fronts of the Capitol are adorned with a heavy and powerful portico, each containing twelve massive fluted columns. The interior of the building contains two spacious and richly furnished chambers for the Senate and Assembly. Much taste and gran- deur is displayed in the chambers and the whole of the capitol of the Empire Slate. In addition to the cham- bers, are rooms for the Supreme and Chancellor's Court, an office for the Governor, rooms for committees, ju- rors, &c. In addition to the public buildings noticed, the city contains 19 others, all of which are large and posses- sing much elegance, among which may be named, the Albany Exchange, a massive granite structure, con- taining four wholesale stores, the Post Office, &c. The Medical College occupies a building admirably adapted for the purposes of its design. This College possesses one of the most valuable museums in our country. — The Albany Orphan Asylum, St. Joseph's Orphan A- sylum, (a Catholic Institution for females only, under the charge of the Sisters of Charity,) the Museum, Stanwix Hall, Knickerbocker Hali, two beautiful halls. The ceiling and walls of the latter are very, tastefully ornamented in the Italian style. The ball-room of Stanwix Hall is the largest in America, and is lighted by a dome 60 feet high, supported by four columns and eight antas. The Athceneum, the Commercial and PcnnBuildinirsare amoniithe jirrat buildings of the city. ALDAN Y — GRKE.NBUMl. \n Albany was founded !)y the Dutch as early aslG23, who appear to have had singular ideas of architecture, at least so far as we find them displayed in Albany ; as the city contains many of those old, antiquated, gablc^ ended, top-heavy houses, v^hose singular points ol ar- chitecture, with a great fleece of moss clinging to their roofs and walls, which time has woven around them, causes them to present an ancient and gloomy Rppear- ance ; among which may be seen se^n^ral old churches, whose walls according to the inscriptions on the i^ock above the doors, have received the tempests of those regions for more than two centuries. The whole num- her of church edifices is 31, a large portion of which are of considerable elegance, some being iituated ad- joining the public squares, of which the city abounds, there being no less than 11 delightful public squares distributed through the city for the accommodation of the inhabitants. Albany contains many rough and nar- row streets. Their roughness is owing in a considera- ble degree to the rising ground the city occupies and their being paved with round river rock, which are al- ways kept bare by the action of the rains. Over these rouo^h streets are constantly thundering scores of omni- busses, cabs and drays, w^hich is somewhat annoying to a stranger from a quiet home in thf' country. The town ofGreenbush, with !J700 inhabitants, is situated on the east bank of the Hudson, opposite the south port of Albany, with which it has a ro mimication by steam ferry. The Uo.^ton and Albany Railroad terminates in the north part of this town. — Thi"* road forms an uninterrupted cajninnnicalion with .5 d8 TKor. the city oi' Boilon, and is one ot tho greatest links be- tween the castorn and western States ; a railroad being constructed from this town to the city of Troy, where it unites with tho Troy and Schenectady railroad, thus forming a regular connected railroad line from Boston to Buffalo on Lake Erie, a distance of 530 miles. Troy, with 26,709 inhabitants, is pleasantly situated on the east bank of the Hudson, at the head of tide wa- ter and steamboat navigation, six miles above Albany, and 156 north of the city of New York. Its existence as a village may be dated from 1790. It was incorpo- rated as a city in 1816, and has recently been made a port of entry. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in commerce, trade and manufactures, especially since the completion of the Erie and Champlain canals, which unite tha waters of the Lakes with those of the Hud- son at this place, to which the city is endebted for the rapid increase of its wealth. Here are situated a fine Court-House, built of marble, on tho Grecian Doric or- der ; a Jail, constructed of brick ; a county Poor-house, to which a farm containing 200 acres is attached i the Rensselaer Institute, founded by the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, where the sciences are practically taught to young men under the charge of Professor Green ; the Troy Female Seminary, a floui ishing chartered in- stitution ; the Troy Academy, also an excellent classi- cal and chartered institution, for the education of boys , btsides stveral select schools for males and females. — Troy contains two new, finely modeled and extensive market buildings, 8 Presbyterian churches, 4 Episco- pal, 3 Baptist, 4< Methodist, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Uni- Trov. 99 bere thus jston ic 01- houise, I i the jnVan versalist, 1 Frieiitl'8 meolin^-houso, ti JcvviBh Syna- gogues, f) Banks, 1 Mutual Insurance Company, 1 Ly- ceum of Natural History, with a choice scientific li- brary, and an extensive collection of minerals and col- lections in various branches of natural history, a young men's association for mutual improvement, with a large library, an extensive reading room, and a select cabi- net of curiosities, 20 Hotels, '3t importing houses, and 400 dry goods and grocerie.s, and other stores. In the manufacturing lino may be named, 4« cotton factories, 2 woollen factories, 10 flour and plaister mills, 1 saw-mill, 2 paper mills, 3 extensive iron rolling and slitting mills, 4 furnaces, 8 lulling mills, 7 tanneries, several large factories for boots and shoes, 3 breweries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 5 stage coach, railroad car, car- riage and wagon factories, 6 printing offices, 10 hat and fur cap factories, 2 steam planing mills, 1 brush factory, 4 looking glass and picture frame factories, 1 hammer and hoe factory, a large number of tin, sheet iron, stove, chair and cabinet factories, besides factories and workshops of almost every description. Here are owned about 60 masted vessels, 7 larje passage steam- boats of the first class, among which ix ocUeLs or sleeves ; their hats bDad-hrirniTied aiul horizontal, the socks white with a neat shoe, rarely wearing a boot. The dress of tho worn