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 THE 
 
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 SALVATION ABMY, 
 
 •ITH 
 
 GOVERNMENT, PRINXIFLES, 
 
 ■AHD 
 
 PRACTICES, 
 
 By the Rev. ANDREW WILSON, 
 
 TORONTO. 
 
 «• ■ » 
 
 PRICE TEN CENTS. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 James Bain & Son, 
 1884. 
 

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 THE 
 
 SALVATION ARMY, 
 
 ■ITS 
 
 GOVERNMENT, PRINCIPLES, 
 
 ■AND- 
 
 PRACTICES, 
 
 By the Rev. ANDREW WILSON, 
 
 TORONTO. 
 
 PRICE TEN CENTS. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 James Bain & Son, 
 
 1884. 
 
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 THE SALVATION ARMY, 
 
 -ITS- 
 
 GOVERNMENT, PRINCIPLES, AND PRACTICES. 
 
 ♦•» 
 
 HE Salvation Army is a religious phenomenon that 
 has sprung up within the last twenty years, and 
 now appears in many lands. Its originator and 
 Commander-in-Chief, William Booth, was brought up in the 
 Church of England, passed from it to the Wesleyan Methodist 
 body, and thence to that of the New Connection. He is 
 described by one who saw him, as " a tall, slender, military 
 figure with keen eyes and crooked nose." In 1861, he 
 commenced to work independently of the Church. In 1865, 
 he began open air sei*vices in the east end of London, Eng- 
 land. His influence spread, and the number of his followers 
 rapidly increased till, in 1878, the movement assumed its 
 present form and title. It is now an organized body, with 
 Sergeants, Lieutenants, Captains, Majors and Colonels for 
 officers, who are promoted from time to time from the lower 
 to the higher ranks, and all under the one Commander-in- 
 Chief, General Booth, whose Autocracy is secured by trust 
 deeds to his successors in office. It now comprises six 
 hundred and thirty corps, and, during 1883, two hundred 
 and fifty millions of copies of its paper, " The War Cry," 
 and eighty-five thousand dollars worth ot musical instru- 
 ments, unifoims and badges were disseminated. Thus what 
 promised at first to be an auxiliary to the churches, has crystal- 
 lized into a new sect, sending its officers into many countries, 
 issuing publications in several languages, acquiring property, 
 and alluring by its peculi^ir modes of operation and sensa- 
 tional practices, not a few from the various churches 
 wherever it ostabhshes stations. Its professed object is tht 
 
 t 
 
salvation of men and the worst of characters, hcnco its 
 peculiar name—" The Salvation Army." 
 
 1. Its Government, supreme and absolute power is 
 lodged in its Commander-in-Chief, who is as much, if not 
 more, in point of government, a Pope to the Army, as tlio 
 Pope of Rome is to Romanism. The Chnstinn Monthly and 
 Family Treasury, for July, 1882, says : "It is itself a pure 
 despotism. Mr. Booth is General of the Order in the sumo 
 sense that Ignatius Loyola was General of the Jesuits. His 
 will is law. All the officers, from the highest to the lowest, 
 derive their commissions immediately from him, and act 
 solely under his direction. Reports, we are told, go up as 
 regularly to • Headquarters ' from the stations, as the re- 
 ports of the Sergeants of a regiment to their commanding 
 ofQcer. There may possibly be councils of war when the 
 opinions of individuals are taken, but within this strange 
 communion the people have no voice." The rank and file 
 have no voice whatever in the appointment of their officers. 
 The exercise of this arbitrary power in a Station at thr village 
 of Portsmouth, near Kingston, was the cause of a division 
 which resulted in the formation of •* The Saved Army." 
 Its property, though acquired by their own liberality and 
 that of their friends is, I have been informed, held and con- 
 trolled by its superior officers. All subordinate officers are 
 bound to obey their superiors in office. Whatever may have 
 been .the case at first, its members are not now permitted to 
 attend the churches. A young woman of the Station, at 
 Kingston, last spring was threatened with expulsion if she 
 went to one of them to hear the minister under whom she 
 had sat for many years. But even if there were full liberty 
 in this resyect; tew, if any, who have joined its ranks, would 
 avail thomselves of it, and of the ordinary means of grace in 
 ary of ihe churches ; for they become so intoxicated with 
 the Army, and carried away with its sensational practices so 
 far beyond ordinary christians, and the ordinary means of 
 grace that thosn, if not despised by them, are at least but 
 little esteem H. And Mrs. Booth, the wife of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, who appears to be of great authority in the 
 Army, in her '♦ Aggressive Christianity," takes every oppor- 
 tunity of reflecting upon and disparaging ministers of the 
 
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 I 
 
 pospol, and tlioir laboiuv,, ilio olinrchos and their efficiency. 
 I^rinifitGrs in aomo pl.icorf have <j:();ioto their mootings hoping 
 to toach and guiilo tiio awakonod and gatlior thorn into their 
 congregations. But th' y have goiiorally found it to ho 
 impossible. They mnst cither go along with the Army, and 
 see theii* people drawn into its ranks, or withdraw from it 
 altogether. The presence of ministers and persons of edu- 
 cation and piety attending its meetings, has been largely 
 Ui^ed to promote it 3 interests and to advance its prospci'ity. 
 But for this it would not occupy the position it now does m 
 many places. Its officers exercise entire control over all its 
 mombers, practices and services ; and the Commander-in- 
 Chief exhorts thom thus — ''Govern your corps. Sit upon 
 the box and hold the reins, grasp them lovingly, but firmly. 
 It is never safe to let high spirited horses feel that you are 
 driving with slack ruin. If they do, they will take liberties 
 with you and your vehicle that may be inconvenient, and, 
 as a rule, it will be best for you to drive with a tight rein. 
 It is safest and best for society, in all its grades and relations, 
 to feel that there is a real authority which must be respected, 
 and real law and discipline which must bo obeyed. And I 
 am sure it is the best for our people, and for the time being 
 you are, in your station, responsible for the maintenance of 
 this necessary discipline." (" Salvation Soldiery," p. 74.) 
 From this brief sketch of its Government, it is evident that 
 so far as its government is concerned, the Lord Jesus Christ, 
 as the sole King and Head of His Church, and the only 
 Captain of our salvation, is set aside — the offices which He 
 has appointed, and the rules and regulations which he has 
 made, are ignored; anrl General Booth and his Army officers, 
 orders and regulations substituted. This is one of the rocks 
 upon which, sooner or later, the Army will make ship- 
 wreck. 
 
 II. Let us now turn to some of its distinctive principles. 
 Rightly and fairly to formulate its principles is not very easy. 
 But the following appear to be the most important and 
 peculiar : — 
 
 1. While all power to save app3ars to be ascribed to the 
 Holy Ghost, yet it seems to be held by the Army that this 
 power is exercised by and through its menjbers, so that by 
 
^«PIF 
 
 6 
 
 this power thoy arc able to make mon willing to be Raved, 
 to turn them from sin and Satan to Cod. Hence they re- 
 gard themselves as responsible, not merely for the use of the 
 means in order to the salvation of men, but for their salvation 
 itself. And as they think all may liave this power, and ought 
 to have it, any who have it not arc responsible for all the 
 good they might have done had they possessed it. In 
 '♦Aggressive Christianity," the General's wife says, " we arc 
 called by the Word, not only in these direct passages, out by 
 the underlying principle running through it all, and laying 
 upon us the obligation to save men. In fact, the world is cast 
 npon us, we are the onbj people who can nave the vnvx>nverted.'' 
 •♦ We are called by the Spirit to this work. Obey the call. — 
 Do it. Never mind if it chokes you — do it. Say ' I had 
 better die in obedience than live in disobedience.' "... 
 *' There would have been thousands of souls saved if all those 
 who have had those urgings had obeyed them." . . . 
 *' And what is our work ? To go and subjugate the world to 
 Jesus; everybody we can reach, nverybody wo can influence, 
 and bring them to the feet of Jusns, and make them realize 
 that he is their lawful King and Law-giver ; that the devil 
 is a usurper, and that they are to come and servo Christ all 
 the days of their lives. Dare any of us think of it without 
 this equipment of power ! Talk about, * Can wo have it ? ' 
 We are of no use without it." . . . •' Oh ! friends, wo 
 want the power that we may bo able to go and stretch our- 
 colves upon the dead in trespasses and sins, and breathe into 
 him the breath of spiritual life. We want to bo able to go 
 and touch his eyes that he may sec, and speak to the dead 
 and deaf with the voice of God and make tham hear. This 
 is what we want — power." . . . ** Then let me remind 
 you — and it makes my own soul almost reel when I think of 
 it — that God holds us responsible. He holds you responsible 
 tor all the good you might do if you had it." . . . '« Go 
 ai.d wake them 1 You can do it if you have the Holy Ghost 
 in you." . . . ''Take hold of them by the mighty power 
 of your moral suasion, and zeai, u,nd love, and energy, and 
 turn them right round from sin and Satan unto God." 
 
 And the General, in exhorting his officers and men says, 
 *• Bhake them up, startle them with apparitions of death and 
 
 
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 jii(li<in('nt, and tlovils tiiul lioll. What matters tauto ami 
 pro['i'icty to you ? tlio man, tlio crowd yon speak to are goiiijj 
 to Jiell — they are abuoHt there ah'cady. Yon will hear tlicy 
 arc dead and damned in a few days, unless Bomothin'.^ 
 happeuH. So do for their soul';; sake, wako them out of 
 sleep, and then you will have a chance. And, Salvation 
 Army Cadet, if you hring the giants down, and keep on 
 brinj^'in^Li' them down, (lod and men will behove in you, and 
 neitlier God nor man will believe in you if you don't. And 
 oh 1 Cadet, and any one clao whom it may concern, succoso 
 is a necessity for thee ; killing one giant will last somn 
 soldiers for a lifetime, but a Salvation Army warrioi 
 should kill one or moro at lea^t every day. Anyhow, ho 
 must have Vivtori/, Afore Viclonj, Conxtunt Victory. And it 
 you are what David was, you cannot bo otherwise than a 
 success, and therein a joy and a strength to the Salvation 
 Army." 
 
 Many more extracts frc.n their writings might be given 
 in support of what we have stated is held by the Army anent 
 the agency of the Holy Spirit, and responsibility in relation 
 to tho salvation of men. It is ours, no doubt, to bo instant 
 in season and out of season in tho use of the necessary and 
 appointed moans of salvation, and in maintaining a godly 
 example, that may inlluenco for good those with whom wo 
 conie in contact. But is it not of tho direct operation of the 
 Holy Spirit that these are effectual ? *' It is not of him that 
 willetli, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth 
 mercy." — Rom. ix. IG. God only can make the means effectual 
 for salvation by the power of the Holy Ghost directly ac- 
 companying the Word and ordinances of His own appoint- 
 ment. Nor can we limit the Spirit's agency to these. May 
 He not work without them ? May He not quicken tho 
 spiritually dead in trespasses and sin by the reading of the 
 Word by the sinner himself, or without the Word as in the 
 case of infants and others ? 
 
 The views of the Army on the agency of the Holy 
 Spirit, and the responsibility of believers in relation to *hat 
 agency are mystical. It is easy to see the effects they .ast 
 have upon those who sincerely hold them. Believing that 
 they are responsible, not only for the use of means, but for 
 
8 
 
 the end, the salvation of those who aro on the broad road to 
 destruction, and that they are possessed, or may be possessed 
 of power, by the Holy Ghost imparted to them to make men 
 wiUing to be saved, to open their eyes to see their diuiger, 
 to turn them right round from sin and Satan unto God, will 
 prove to be a prolific source of evil. Men and women who 
 regard themselves as possessed of such a power and under 
 such a responsibility for the accomplishment of such a 
 momentous end, will, in all likelihood, run into great extra- 
 vagance, nor will they be apt to regard anything or any 
 means wrong or improper or out of place, which they may 
 think calculated to accomplish the end in view. Such views 
 seem to me to lead to, if they are not actually, pantheistic 
 mysticism. They are not unlike the views that made their 
 appearance during the time of the Eeformation which 
 brought Luther from the castle in which he was immured, 
 and which he so ably refuted. " What infatuated folly," 
 exclaimed Carlstadt, ** for men to think that the Reformation 
 must be left to God's working. A new order of things is 
 opening. The strength of man must be brought in, and woe 
 to him who shall hold back instead of mounting the breach 
 in the cause of the mighty God." " Men who imagined 
 themselves," says Dr. Hodge, in his Theology, ** to be forms 
 in which God existed and acted, were not likely to be subject 
 to any authority, human or Divine, nor were they apt to 
 regard anything as sinful which they felt inclined to do." 
 
 2. Holding such mystic views of the Holy Spirit's agency, 
 it is not surprising that the Army should hold that the Spirit 
 produces, not only moral and s^uritual, but physical effects. 
 For these Mrs. Booth, in her •' Aggressive Christianity " 
 pleads, '• In the north," she says, •' when I was there we had 
 an all-night of prayer-meeting, at which one thousand people, 
 admitted by ticket, waited all night on God. The meetii-'^ 
 began at ten, and went on until six in the morning, and 
 there \yere strong men, men in middle life and old men, lying 
 on their faces on the floor. There were doctors there who 
 examined them, and tried to account for it from whysical 
 causes, but they could not. It was the power of God. The 
 Holy Ghost does come, and because, in coming thus into our 
 souls, and thus filling us. He sometimes prostrates our bodies; 
 
 . 
 
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 9 
 
 people rebel as they did on this occasiou, and reject the 
 manifeatation, and say, ' Excitement ! fanaticism !'" . . 
 ♦' What right have you to say that the Holy Spirit coming 
 into a human soul can operate upon that soul to the full 
 extent without, in some degree, prostrating the body ? Wo 
 know hov/ people tall under great emotions of anger, grief 
 and joy. Why ? Because the influence of tho mind has so 
 affected the body that the body cannot bear it, nnd when t,be 
 Holy Spirit of God comes into a human soul luid opens 
 its eyes and quickens its perceptions, and enlarges its 
 capacities, and swells it with glory, is it an unlikely or 
 improbabb thing that the body should ^omotimes be 
 prostrate under His power ? What did Paul my ? * I bear 
 in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus,' and • I have been 
 in the third heaven and heard things that it was unlawful 
 (or impossible) to utter.' Do you think God intended such 
 experiences and visions only for Paul and the apostles ? " 
 They have, then, among them " glory fits," and bodily pros- 
 trations, and the most sensational and wonderful manifesta- 
 tions and demonstrations, so that sometimes, and in some 
 places, it is ** confusion worse confounded." It is in keep- 
 ing with these views to advertise, as has sometimes been 
 done, a " Tremendous Free and Easy," a '• Hallelujah 
 Gallop," and on the same placard fix an hour for " The 
 descent of the Holy Ghost." I am reminded by the quota- 
 tion from Paul of the wonderful bodily prostrations in con- 
 nection with the revival of 1859, in Ireland, when some 
 went so far as to point out the very spot on their bodies 
 where the Holy Spirit entered them. In the early history 
 of religious movements in the United States astonishing 
 physical effects were produced. Men and women were seized 
 with what was called the •• jerks," and involuntarily made 
 to turn summersets and were so violently jerked about that 
 sometimes it seemed as if their lives were in danger. In 
 Prince Edward Island there exists a sect called ** The 
 MoDonaldites," in whose meetings a few years ago much 
 the same bodily effects were manifested. Women, I have 
 been told, by those who saw it, would make their dishevelled 
 hair snap like a whip. But to attribute these things to 
 the Holy Spirit, who is a Spirit of order and not of confu- 
 
 
10 
 
 Bion, is dishonouring to this heavenly and Divino agent. Thoy 
 may all, I bolieve, be accounted for by the power of human 
 sympathy which is a mighty power, when rightly guided and 
 controlled for good ; but, also, a mighty power when uncon- 
 troled or misdirected for evil. Any one at all acquainted 
 with the sensational character of the Army's meetings, of 
 the passionate appeals to the feelings that are made, the use 
 made of what thoy call the penitent form to which people 
 are induced to go in order there and then to get salvation, 
 and be restored to perfect men and women, and all this con- 
 tinued day after day, and night after night, will not be 
 surprised that the nervous system of some oC those who give 
 attendance upon them for any length of time becomes 
 deranged, and that they should go oft into what the Army 
 calls ** glory fits," and, as has been the case, in more instances 
 than one, become insane or religious monomaniacs. A 
 physician in Kingston informed me last winter that he had 
 a number of cases of nervous prostration brought on by 
 attending the Army's meetings. 
 
 In relation to tLis, Dr. Alexander, in his " Thoughts on 
 Beligious Experience," asks, ** Is it then judicious, by impas- 
 sioned discourses addressed to the sympathies of our nature, 
 to raise this class of feelings to a flame, or to devise measures 
 by which the passions of the young and ignorant may be 
 excited to excess ? That measures may bo put into opera- 
 tion which have a mighty influence on a whole assembly is 
 readily admitted, but are excitements thus produced really 
 useful ? We may bring young people who are diffident to a 
 decisioi , and, as it were, constrain them to range themselves 
 on the jord's side ; but the question which sticks with me is, 
 does this really benefit the persons ? In my judgment, not 
 at all, but the contrary. If they have the seed of grace, 
 though it may come forth slowly, yet this princijjle will find 
 its way to the light and air, and the very slowness of its 
 coming forward may give it opportunity to strike its roots 
 deep in the earth. If I were to place myself on what is 
 called an anxious scat, or should kneel down before a whole 
 congregation to be prayed for, I know I should be strongly 
 agitated, but I do not believe that it would be of any perman- 
 ent utility. But if it shoidd produce some good eftect, am I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
11 
 
 
 i 
 
 at liberty to resort to anything in the worship of God which 
 I think will bo useful ? If such things are lawful and usoful 
 why not add other circumstances to increase tlio effect ? 
 Why not require the penitent to appear in a white Bheet, or 
 to be clothed with sackcloth, with ashes on his head? And 
 these, remember, are scriptural signs of humiliation. And 
 on these principles who can reasonably object to holy water, 
 to incense, and the use of pictures or images in tho worship 
 of God. AH these things come into the church upon the same 
 principle of devising new measures to do good ; and if tho 
 anxious seat is so powerful a means of grace, it may soon 
 come to be reckoned among the sacraments of the church. 
 The language of experience is, that it is unsafe and unwise 
 to bring persons who are under religious impressions too 
 much into public view. The seed of the Word, like the nat- 
 ural seed, does not vegetate well in the sun " (page 115). 
 
 8. Nor is it surprising, that people, holding such views of 
 tho Holy Spirit's mission, as they do, should, also, hold and 
 teach the doctrine of sinless perfection. The Commander- 
 in-Chief, in his " Salvation Soldiery," (page 87) states it 
 thus, "under sin, over sin, without sin." " It implies," he 
 s;iys, " (1) full deliverance from all knovai sin ; (2) the con- 
 secration of every power and possession to God and His 
 work ; (8) constant and uniform obedience to all the require- 
 ments of God." Again, on page 89, " Love is tho fulfdlingof 
 the law," and with a heart full jf love to God, and everybody 
 else, the soul has no cousciousnee j of sin." On page 81, in 
 relation to Isaiah, he writes, *' Isaiah exclaims, ' My iniquity 
 is taken away and my sin is purged, my uncleanuess is gone 
 — heart and lips unclean no longer.' Hold there, Isaiah. 
 What is it you say ? Beware of absolute perfection. Sin- 
 lessness, couceitedness ! Beware 1 What do you say, All 
 my iniquity is taken away, and all my sin is purged? How 
 do you know ? Tho Seraphim said so, and I believe him. 
 It is gone ; I have no iniquity now, it is taken away ; and I 
 have no sin, it is purged. All glory to God forever. Halle- 
 lujah ! Hallelujah! Hallelujah I " Extracts might be given 
 from other of their writings to prove this point. But take 
 the testimony of one or two who have visited their meetings. 
 A gentleman who had attended some of their meetings in 
 
12 
 
 England, iu describing one of them, wrote, " One after 
 another rose to say, that since they had joined the Army, 
 and got into the full light to which it introduced, they had 
 been conscious of no sin. A lady, whose words had in them 
 the genuine ring of earnestness and- sincerity, told us that 
 the sunshine was in her soul perpetually, and that every day 
 she was perfccthj and in all things satisfying God.'' The Eev- 
 erond Dr. Wylie, of Edinburgh, and author of " The History 
 of Protestantism," in an article on the Army, which ho 
 wrote, after having attended one of its great gatherings to 
 ascertain for himself what its views were, says, *• Perffction- 
 is)n is the weak point of the Salvation Army. Our readers 
 ask, what is Perfectionism ? Perfectionism ia the doctrine 
 that faith, wherever it exists, exists in full assurance, and 
 that in the converted man all sin is. rooted out. An expres- 
 sion which dropped from one of the speakers, a female, at 
 the Alexandria Palace, implied this belief. The Holy Spirit, 
 she affirmed, had extinguished all sin in her. This woman 
 was an object of great interest to us, being the one perfect 
 human being we had ever seen, or ever read of." It is 
 nothing to the members of the Army to be told that John, 
 the beloved and inspired Apostle, says, *♦ If we so.y we have 
 no sin we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us," and 
 *' If we say wc have not sinned, we make Him a liar, and 
 His word is not in us." Or to point to the numerous cases 
 in which, when the outward restraint that is constantly 
 brought to bear upon them is relaxed or removed, their con- 
 verts, like the sow that was washed, return to their wallow- 
 ing in the mire. Dr. Wylie rightly and well remarks, •* It 
 will prove a weakening and, in the end, a destructive element. 
 It will work after this fashion : having reached their full 
 spiritual stature, as they imagine, the Salvation corps will 
 of course, neglect the means appointed for growing in grace. 
 Falling away from the reading of the Scriptures, from 
 prayer, and from the ordinances of the church, their present 
 show of piety and zeal will wither like the grass on the 
 house-top. Nay, more, their perfectionism will fill them 
 with heady and high-minded notions, and, puffed up with 
 pride, they will ' fall into the condemnation of the devil.' 
 In BO many conversions, so suddenly accomplished, the 
 
 
18 
 
 , 
 
 largest charity cannot but fear that many of these are simply 
 a change of purpose, not a change of heart." 
 
 4. Again, the Army confound assurance of salvation 
 with salvation itself ; so that whosoever is saved mubt be 
 fully persuaded of it. Assurance of hope is regarded as of 
 the essence of faith, so that whosoever believeth must enjoy, 
 immediately on his believing, a full assurance of his salva- 
 tion. " Of course," says Mrs. Booth, *• people are not 
 assured because they have nothing to he assured of! They 
 have no salvation, and, therefore, they cannot be assured of it. 
 Get salvation and you will get assurance. Oh I friends, this 
 is what you want. It is for you. Here it is. There is no 
 other religion recognized in this book. All the saints to 
 whom Paul wrote knew they were saved. " If this be so, 
 then Paul and Peter must have differed, if not in their views 
 on this point, in their experience. For Peter recognized, in 
 his second letter, first chapter, those who had not attained 
 to assurance as brethren in Christ, and exhorted thorn to 
 ** Give diligence to make their calling and election sure " — 
 that is, to assure themselves that they are the called and 
 hence the chosen of God. 
 
 5. Further, though the Army may not avow it, yet it 
 practically acts on the principle, namely, that the end justifies 
 the means. Hence all manner of means and expedients are 
 employed to awaken attention, excite curiosity, and draw 
 persons to its meetings to jn'oduce a sensation, work on the 
 imaginations and feelings of those who have been drawn 
 to its barracks. •• People contend," says Mrs. Booth, '* that 
 we must have quiet, proper, decorous services, I say, whore 
 is your authority for all this ?" It is nothing to quote to such 
 people the injunction of inspired writ, namely, " Let all 
 things be done decently and in order." " We are as free," 
 says Mrs. Booth, *' as the air and sunlight as to our choice 
 of agencies." Hence the Army has its ** penitent form," at 
 v/hich salvation may be obtained for the coming thereto, its 
 uniform for men and women, its bands of music and its 
 banners, with the inscription on them, " Blood and fire," its 
 processions by day and night, and week day and Sabbath day, 
 with the sale of its publications, especially the " War Cry," 
 to the great annoyance of those dwelling in the neighbour- 
 
14 
 
 hood, and tlio disturbance, somotimos, of services in churclios 
 on ilio Lord'B day. It is noiliiug that God commands us to 
 ** liemcmber the Sabbath day to keep it holy," or that the civil 
 law itself is violated so that in not a few instances its mem- 
 bers have been iiuod and imprisoned. The end justifies the 
 means. In relation to this, the Rev. Archibald Brown, who 
 has been a missionary for many years in the East end of 
 London, England, wrote in hii last year's report, and witli 
 special reference to the Army's operations, ** Just now evan- 
 gelistic enterprise is in a feverish and, therefore, unhealthy 
 condition. All sorts of extraordinary experiments are being 
 tried without a question about the Master's warrant. Fiddles, 
 tambourines, millitary titles and uniforms, song sermons, and 
 every imaginable clap-trap device are in full swing, and things 
 are done in the name of Christ sufficient to shock and horrify 
 any soul that has reverence for the holy Master's name. 
 
 The Jesuitical doctrine that, " The end justifies the 
 m<'-ans " is spreading its poison in all quarters, and one 
 wonders with dread, what the next method to reach the 
 masses may be. These delirious efforts are doing terrible 
 harm to those who i)ut them forth. They drink of the rank 
 sensational cup they offer to others. Spiritual taste becomes 
 vitiated, and the worship of Jesus Christ grows insipid, and 
 needs the spice of something sensational to give it flavor. 
 Even were these methods a great success, our judgment 
 concerning them would not be altered. The church of 
 Christ is not responsible for success, but for faithfulness to 
 her Lord's commands. But are they a success ? A genuine, 
 not i.pparent success? Our deliberate opinion, after living 
 and iabouL'ing for many years among the class for which these 
 efforts aro specially intended, is that they are not; ^^ While 
 here and there a soul is truly converted, hypocrites are bred 
 wholesale." 
 
 With these distinctive principles the Army holds, at 
 the same time, some of the cardinal doctrines of the gospel, 
 as the total depravity of sinners, repentance, faith in the 
 Lord Jesus Christ, and holiness — only this repentance is made 
 ** a condition of pardon," not only in the first instance, but 
 of ** continued salvation all the way through," and this holi- 
 ness means " not only saved from the guilt and power of sin, 
 
16 
 
 but," as the Commandor-in-Cliicf snyR, " from its very 
 indwelling — sanctitied body, soul, and spirit ; and preserved 
 blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus (" Salvation 
 Soldiery," page G9). 
 
 111. In the third place we propose to consider some of its 
 most important and prominent practices : — 
 
 1. In practice the stated ministry of the gospel is ignored, 
 and another gospel for that of revelation, is largely substi» 
 tuted. All the members, male and female, young and old, 
 are, in their way, preachers. But the subject-matter of their 
 preaching is not the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ. Its 
 converts dwell almost exclusively, day after day, and night after 
 night, not on the objective Word revealed in the Holy 
 Scriptures, but on their, own experience. This, in their 
 military language, is called '* volley fiving." At the word of 
 command, '* fire a volley," one after another rises and nar- 
 rates his past history, what he has done and been — the 
 wonderful change that has come over him, and the very 
 great joy and happiness he now possesses. The ammunition 
 used on these occasions is almost, if not altogether, drawn 
 from the magazine of their own experience and subjective 
 feelings, and the person who can tell the most sensational 
 story of his or her past life, affirm with the greatest confi- 
 dence the most wonderful change that has been effected in 
 him and his life, and manifests in the most boisterous man- 
 ner his present joy and happiness is the greatest gun. An 
 old woman in England, who could teli of her having been in 
 prison two hundred and forty times for drunlvcness, was 
 exhibited everywhere and was regarded as a very great gun. 
 Paul enjoined upon Timothy to *' preach the Word," and in 
 his epistle to the Eomans, says " The preaching of the 
 gospel is the power of God unto salvation." But the Army 
 makes comparatively little use of the Word — does little, if 
 anything, in the way of teaching its converts out of it, and 
 seldom is it expounded or preached. Its soldiers, though the 
 Word of God is the sword of the Spirit, and one of the prin- 
 cipal means by which the Spirit comforts and sanctifies His 
 people, dwell upon and preach chiefly their own experience. 
 
 This is also called " Testimony Witnessing " and Mrs. 
 Booth insists upon it that this is the one thing which the 
 
 I 
 
16 
 
 world needs nnd diaparfigcp " sermons, and creeds and 
 faiths." ** The world," she says, *• is f imishing for the lack 
 of real spiritual bread. It wants sometliing to eat, and you 
 give it a stone. But God is raimvi up a people who known 
 \rh<tt it wdnta, and how to give it, who knows how to break 
 the bread of life and tentifn what God has done for them, and 
 what he can do for other poor famishing souls." 
 
 This " volley firing" is one of those things that attracts 
 the crowd. Many people are curious to hear about their 
 neighbour's past life — what he has been and what 
 he has done, and to hear of the change that has 
 been wrought upon liira, and to ^^iUless his manifesta- 
 tions of joy and happiness. A sailor at one of its meetings 
 in England, after testifying to wh(it he had been, and the 
 change that he had experienced, to cxnrcss his joy at the con- 
 clusion danced a '* hornpipe," and that with the approbation 
 of the leader of the meeting. At Kingston, not long ago, a 
 convert, called Happy Bill, was so boisterous a.id acted so 
 demonstratively, as expressive of his happiness, with the 
 approbation of the Captain, that some of the sergeants them- 
 selves were disgusted and tendered their resignation. In the 
 Toronto Mail of the 29th Jan., 1884, there appeared, as an 
 item of news from Kingston, the following, namely, **Tlie. 
 Salvation Army had a great time to-day. Captain Madden, 
 of Barrie, and Happy Bill Cooper danced on the stage, and 
 the latter carried on worse than a negro minstrel. He was 
 encouraged by Major Moore," And just recently, on ac- 
 count of similar proceedings, it is stated that a number of 
 sergeants withdrew and appealed to General Booth. 
 
 This may gather the crowd, but it is dangerous to the 
 converts themselves, tending, as ii. evidently does, to self- 
 deception, self-conceit, self-righteousness, and to bring con- 
 tempt upon true religion. It is another gospel than that 
 which Paul preached, and will prove to be most detrimental 
 to the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ; When their feelings 
 subside, and their excitement is over, they may find that 
 their religion is gone, if not, come to the conclusion there is 
 no reality at all in religion. A writer, who attended some of 
 their meetings, says of one at which he was present : •* There 
 may have been a congregation of two thousand persons 
 
17 
 
 present, and theac worn arldvesHod by two or fhroo nr^n whoso 
 ideas bore to heir words about liic proportion ol' it drop of 
 wine to a gallon of water. They spoke with tromondous 
 noise and volubility, but when you watched for something 
 substantial to lay hold of it perpetually eluded your grasp. 
 After all, when I tried to sum up the results of the three 
 services which I attended it was a very small rmdum of 
 material which I had managed to carry away. Much of tlio 
 speaking consisted in testimonies, and some of those were 
 unquestionably touching. But to others oi* them I listened 
 with misgiving and pain." 
 
 2. Another practice, to which I would now refer, is, 
 namely, the employment of women equally with men to fill 
 the offices of the Army, and to preach, and to command its 
 corps. In this Army, so far as its officers and exercises are 
 concerned, there is neither male nor female, all are one and 
 the same. It is nothing to them that God has enjoined, by 
 His inspired apostle, " Let the women learn in silence, with 
 all subjection ; but I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to 
 usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. For 
 Adam was first formed, then Eve, and Adam was not deceived, 
 but the women being decived was in the transgression." — 
 1 Tim. ii, 11. Also, in his first epistle to the Corinthians, 
 fourteenth chapter, "Let your women keep silence in the 
 churches; for it is not permitted unto them to speak, but 
 they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the 
 law. And if they will learn anything, let them ask their 
 husbands at home ; for it is a shame for women to speak in 
 the church." The reasons given for these strong injunctions 
 are as cogent to-day as when they were first penned. Yet 
 in the Army women are made lieutenants and captains, to 
 preside over and command the Army's corps. This prac- 
 tice is not only inconsistent with the position in which it has 
 pleased God to place women, but, also, with that modesty 
 which is such an ornament to her sex. 
 
 In closing, I should not overlool^ one thing which char- 
 acterizes all its exercises, and much of its publications, 
 especially its hymns, and that is irreverence for the Divine 
 Being and sacred names, and sacred things. There is groat 
 famiUaritjr with these manifested. OnQ would suppose in 
 
18 
 
 listcninp; to thorn that the p:rcat God is their equal and com- 
 panion. Ho is spoken of, and to, in such a way, with such 
 a lack of reverence, that it is painful to any right-minded 
 Christian. And bo;,; in their addrer.ses and. ii their liymns, 
 they appear to bo vci^ familiar with the great enemy of God 
 and man, and one favourite expression is " we licked the 
 devil." Their treatment of sacred things, and of Divino 
 names and persona, if not profanity itself, is, to say the least 
 of it, very irreverent and cannot but have a very bad effect, 
 especially upon the young. Their treatment, also,oi the sacra- 
 ments of Lniptism and tho ijord's Supper cannot but prove 
 to be injurious to tvuo religion. Women are permitted to 
 baptize, and laymen disjjcnsc the ordinance of tho Lord's 
 Slipper. Their late howi's and all-night meetings of both 
 sexes together do not promote good order, or the morals of 
 tho community. Servants, especially female servants, have 
 been led to violate their obligations to their employers and, in 
 not a few cases, have been dismissed from their services. 
 A religion which leads to such consequences ought not to be 
 encouraged. 
 
 But, it is said, these people go into tho back streets and 
 lanes of our towns and cities and gather out the people. 
 But do they go into these to enter the houses and read the 
 scriptures to, and pray with the inmates ? Nothing of the 
 kind. And how do they go into these ? With bands of music, 
 not with tracts and Bibles to be distributed. If I were to 
 go into the lanes of the city beating a big drum, with one of 
 my elders beating a little one, accompanied with several of tho 
 women of the congregation, playing tamborines and fiddles, 
 what would be thought of us ? Would it not call forth ll'O 
 severest criticism and condemnation ? 
 
 But, then, they are doing so much good in reclaiming 
 bad characters and saving the lost. In answer to this, it 
 may bo said their work is not sufficiently tested, and it is to 
 be borne in mind that a man is as much a citizen of the 
 devil's kingdom in hypocrisy and self-righteousness as in 
 drunkenness and other vices. 
 
 If it be asked, how should this army be treated ? I 
 unhesitatingly say, leave it severely to itself, except where it 
 interferes with tho rights of citizens, and the peace and good 
 
19 
 
 order of society. lu some places, especially in towns and 
 cities, it has carried its performances and parades on the 
 public streets to sucb an extent as that it has become a pub- 
 lic nuisance, and the authorities have been obliged to inter- 
 fere and stop them. Can it be made use of by the 
 churches for accomplishing the great work given them to 
 do? I say emphatically, No, not without danger to the 
 truth, danger to themselves, and danger to the cause 
 of true religion. The Army may do some good by re- 
 straining some, at least for a time, frOM sinful habits and 
 courses, and the truth whicli is mingled with its errors, moy 
 be made effectual for the salvation of some. But are we at 
 liberty on this account, to encourage and aid an organization 
 with such a government, holding such principles, and follow- 
 ing such practices ? Let us remember that conversion is one 
 thing, and regeneration, which can be effected only by the Holy 
 Spirit, is another Whore regeneration is effected, there will 
 ever follow a genuine conversion. But a person may he 
 converted many times and never be regenerated. And it is 
 to be feared that there is very much of this kind of conver- 
 sion in the Army. Let us also remember that the salvation 
 of men is not the sole end of preaching the Gospel, or the 
 only end of the visible church's existence. The preaching 
 of the Gospel is not only the savor of life unto life, but the 
 savour, also, of death unto death. " And this is the con- 
 demnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved 
 darkness rather than light because their deeds were evil."— 
 Jno. iii : 19. The maintenance and dissemination of the 
 truth, the edification, sanctification, and preparation of 
 God's people for the upper and better sanctuary, are great 
 and important ends to be accomplished by the visible church, 
 as well as the awakening and the ingathering of the re- 
 deemed. Like many other sects that liave arisen in the past 
 the Army will only have its day. Where now are the 
 Millerites that in 1844 and '45, swept over this country, and 
 the United States, causing great excitement ? Is there now 
 much heard of the Plymouth Brethern that so recently 
 caused so much commotion ? All these movements and 
 excitements remind us that the end draws near ; for are we 
 not told that •* in the last days perilous times shall come ? " 
 
 t, 
 
 irJ 
 
20 
 
 And •• the Spirit spcukotli cxprcFsely, that in the latter times 
 Korae shull (hpart from tlio faith." ITarken, then, to the 
 exhortation of tlio written Word of God, •• Beloved, believe 
 not every spirit, hut try the spirits Avhether they be of God ; 
 because many false prophets are gone out into the world." — 
 1 Jno. iv : 1. •' And, then, if any man shall say to you, lo, 
 here is Christ ; or, lo, there, believe him not ; for false 
 Christs and false prophets shall arise and shall show signs 
 and wonders to seduce, if it were possible, even the elect?" 
 — Mark xiii : 21. 
 
 In view of the presence and operations of the Army, in 
 which every member is a soldier and expected to do his duty, 
 there are two or three practical questions which we may do 
 well to ask ourselves. Are we as zealous and earnest in the 
 use of the appointed means as we might and should be ? Do 
 wo employ the officers and members of our churches, young 
 and old, in promoting the cause and kingdom of Christ to 
 that extent to which they might and should bo employed ? 
 '•Ye are the light of the world;" Ye are the salt of the 
 earth," and '• the leaven that is to leaven the lump." Ought 
 not, then, this light to shine more brightly, and steadily and 
 constantly into the darkness ? ought not this salt to exert 
 its savour more efficiently on the mass that is round about 
 it? and should not this leaven work, though quietly, more 
 persuasively and effectually ? Ijastly, do we throw into the 
 religious and public services as great a variety as we might, 
 and are these services more formal and routine than they 
 need bo ? These questions call for careful and serious con- 
 sideration, on the part of all who desire and pray for the 
 progress of the kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
'• ( 
 
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