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ItdiKirnniln, l*rop«nri |iail I uf llic rnitc.l Slates (■as<' Xiitc'S ii|H)ii llio I'liilcil Slates' e(Miiit(M--ease liy Mr. 'rii|p|ier I'loliiiiiiiary notes im tlio t'liite I States" <(>iiiitei-iase Criticism in (iiitline uf I'nitcil States' eimiiter-ease Notes on a|i|ieiiilix to I'liited States' counter-ease Notes on eviileiicc, i-liapter \'II of liritisli counter-case Testimony relatiiiL; to tlie ijeneral sealskin imlustry in (ireat Mritain ami Krarjce ' Synopsis of evidence ivlatini; to certain sulijcets contained in atlidavits ami statements in .\|i|irnilix III of l>riti-li case, and sii|i|.lcnu'ntary synopsis in .\|i|ieii(li.\ II of liritisli coiinlercase , ,' Coiii|M)>ition t,( iiclaj;ic catcli, in respeet to niimlier of mules and femali's, in late Years Examination of I nilcd Stales' eviiUnce I'oniparison of statements in tile I'niled Slates' c'ase with those made at a later date liy the same witnesses, and references to United Stales' wit- nesses generally A memorandum to show that the r.'sult of the invesliLjation made t..r thu purposes of the arljitralion could not have lieeii anticipated hy cdther parly to the trealy, and that, iindi-r the circumstaiiees, no regulations should he imposed hy this Irihiiiial 7 Outline of manai,'emeiit and history of iiiimliers killed HcLTulalions proposed. Sucirested scheme Ohservations mi the rei;iilati.>iis propose. as. tory embracing the Aleutian Islands, the Penin- sula of Alaska, and coasts and islands of Behring Sea was undisputed, but that the shores and adjacent islands of the American Continent, south of latitude 60° as far as California, were during the latter part of the eighteenth and the first quarter of the present century the subject of confiicting claims on the part of Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and the United States. V' V.*' / ¥ •»■' f" r ;'lr** Uaitod SUtei' Caw, p- 3»- AppenJi'i I, U- Ibid., p. 40. Jl< V^ (B.) 6 (1). That by the Ukaso of 1799 Russia claimed the exclusive right to all products of the chase and commerce north of latitude 65". b (2). That the Ukaso of 1799, which set forth a claim of exclusive Russian jurisdiction as far as latitude 56°, called forth no protest from any foreign Powers. (C.) c (1). That after the Ukase of 1799 tlie autho- United Suiet' rities of the Russian Company, acting under the *'*' •"■ sanction of the Russian Government, did not permit foreign vessels to visit Rehring Sea. c (2). That the correspondence (relating to the ibid., p. 45. Riccord-Pigott incident) illustrated the complete control which Russia claimed and actually exer- cised over Behring Sea prior to 1821. c (3). There is no record that hunting or lUd., p si. trading [by subjects and citizens of Great Britain and the United States] had ever been carried on within Behring Sea prior to the year 1821. c (4). That prior and up to the date of the ibid., p. Treaties of 1824.-25 Russia did assert and exercise exclusive rights of commerce, hunting, and fishing in all the waters of Behring Sea. 69. United Sutes' Caw, p. 66. Ibid., p. 57. Ibid., p. 69. (B.) d (1). Tliat neither in the protests, negotia- tions, nor Treaties in the years 1821-1825 is any reference found to Behring Sea. d (2). That in the Treaties (of 182-1, and 1825) no reference is made to this (Russian) jurisdic- tion so far as it related to Bohring Sea, although it is expressly and conspicuously renounced as to the Pacific Ocean. d (3). That the body of water known as Behring Sea was not included iu the phrase " Pacific Ocean " as used in the Treaty of 1825. [7021 (B.) That the hest geographers have at all times ^j^^'^ s^;^*' distinguished this body of water (Behring Sea) from the ocean lying south of it. United SuiM* Caie, p. 61. Ibid., p. 69. Ibid. Ibid. |i. 73. United SUtei' Com, p. 67. Ibid., p. 89. Ibid., p. 41. (F.) /(I). That after the date of the Treaties of 1824 and 1825 Russia in fact exercised the same control over the waters of Bchring Sea as hefore. /(2). That after said Treaty of 1825 the Russian Government continued to exorcise exchisive jurisdiction over the whole of Behriug Sea up to the time of the cession of Alaska to the United States, in so far as was necessary to preserve to the Russian-American Company the monopoly of the fur-seal industry, and to prohibit the taking on the land or in the water by any other persons or Companies of the fur-seals resorting to the PribylofF Islands. /(S). That before and after the Treaty of 1825, and up to the date of the cession of Alaska to the United States, British subjects and British vessels were prohibited from entering Beliring Sea to hunt for seals, and that it docs not appear that the British Government ever protested against the enforcement of this prohibition. / (t). By the orders and authority of the Imperial Government foreign vessels were pro- hibited from hunting seals in any part of Behrlng Sea or in the passes of the Aleutian Islands ; and that for the enforcement of this prohibition cruizcrs were employed in patrolling that sea so long as it remained Russian territory. /(6). So far as the fur-seals are concerned, it will be made to appear in what follows that the jurisdiction in question {i.e., of Russia over Behring Sea) was always exercised for their protection. / (C). Ths great object had in view by the Russian Government in excluding Behring Sea from the effect of the Treaties of 1824. and 1825, and also in limiting the privilege of access and trade for even ten years to the coast south and east of Yakutat Bay, was obviour.ly the protection of the valuable fur industry. / (7). That the limit of 100 miles enabled Russia to protect the I'ribyloff herd. [702] (G.) g (1). The Treaty (of 1867) which, prior to its United Statci consummation, had been discussed in the Senate "*' P" of the United States and by the press, was an assertion by two great nations that liussia had heretofore claimed the ownership of Behring Sea, and that she had now ceded a portion of it to the United States ; and to this assertion no objection is ever known to have been made. g (2). That by referring to the debate (in Ibid., p. 76. Congress) on the purchase of Alaska and the contemporaneous discussion of the subject by the periodicals and newspapers of this country, it will be noticed that the acquisiticu of the products of Behring Sea, its fur-bearing animals, and fisheries were regarded as an important^ if not the chief, consideration of the purchase. g {Z). That there was "an understanding which iwd., p. 85. existed in the United States at the time of the purchase and cession of Alaska as to the scope and effect of the jurisdiction exercised by Bussia over the waters of Behring Sea, and the enhanced value which was thereby placed upon the fur-seal herd of the Pribyloff Islands." /w <^^ ^' ^' ^ "" ^/ ^'^ 't. ^r,^^.^ ^- ^^^ ^^^' ' Mm* (H.) United su.e.7.; Tho passago at p. 54. of the United States^ Caie, p. 54. Casc, " ovor all interior waters . . . inaintaincu, is an interpolation and erroneous translation. Any other error of the kind should be noted. (Signed) RICHARD E. Wi HSTEE. w. n. CROSS. September 13, 1892. , f / CONTTDBNTIAIa Memorandum as to Part II of the United States' Case. THE line of action which it is desirable to adopt with reference to Part II of the United States' Case, and the Appendices therein referred to, appears to us to require very grave consi- deration. It is of course still open to us to reserve the whole of our Case under Article VII until after tlie decision of the Arbitrators upon the questions under Article VI. But, having regard to the fact that the Arbi- trators have before them practically the whole of the United States' arguments and evidence, in our opinion, if no reference is made in the Counter-Case to Article VII, or the questions raised thereby, the Arbitrators will unques- tionably come to the conclusion that we arc not in a position to answer the material allegations made by the United States upon this part of the Case. This will undoubtedly prejudice the minds of the Arbitrators upon the questions raised uuder Article VI, especially as we must to a certain extent refer to the points in dealing with the fifth question, namely, the right of protection or property in fur-seals claimed by the United States. We are therefore strongly of opinion that it is essential for the protection of British interests, and particularly those of Canada, that the separate Eeport of Sir G. Baden-Powell and Dr. Dawson, and an outline of the evidence relied on, should be presented with the Counter- Case. Assuming this course to be adopted, it becuaies necessary to consider' what are the allegations and issues of fact put forward on behalf of the United States which we intend to dispute, and what we must concede as established. We think it extremely important, in the in- [709] terests of the Canadian Govemment, as well as of the British Case generally, that we should not contest issues upon which we have no suhsta,utial evidence, or upon which we are satisfied that the decision must be in favour of the United States ; and we think that the attention of the advisers of the Canadian Grovernment should be directed especially to the preparation of those portions of the Counter-Case, and evidence dealing with the points upon which it is intended to insist in relation to this part of the Case. We think it is quite clear that some in- ternational regulations are necessary. We do not understand this to be '^''sputed, and in fact the paragraph at p. 9 of the jBritish Case was, as we understood, framed in the view that some regulations were desirable. In our opinion it is clearly established that a very large proportion of the seals killed in the operation of pelagic sealing arc female. Wliethdh the actual proportion be 80 or 90 per cent, seems to us to be immaterial. We think further that the evidence will satisfy the Arbitrators that the cow seals do suckle their own pups only, and that the death of the mother within a certain time after the birth of the pup will involve the death of the pup. It appears to us to be further established that the birth of pups occurs upon land, and that the birth of pups at sea is exceptional. Assuming the above points to be established upon the facts, it seems to us that the arguments and evidence upon the Counter-Case may well be directed to establish — 1. That the destruction of males alone, without any killing of females, is not desirable and certainly not essential in the interests of seal life. 2. That the death of the pups observed during the period referred to by the United States' deponents was not due solely or mainly to destruction of females by pelagic sec'ing, but to some other causes, and was not observed during the periods when pelagic sealing (if the causa causans) would have had the greatest effect. 3. That the nerds of seals from various parts do intermingle. 4. That the seals live during a great part of the year and are fed entirely outside territorial waters. 5. That the allegations iiuide by tiio United 8 Stateo as to the domestic nature of the seal are untrue or greatly exaggerated. 6. That whatever the result of pelagic sealing, the diminution of the herd of the PribylofE Islands may, according to records of previous experience, be sufficiently accounted for by want of care and proper restrictions in the slaughter on the islands themselves. 7. That no restriction, not even the absolute prohibition of pelagic sealing, will insure the preservation of the seals unless adequate limi- tations are imposed on the killing on the islands. 8. Instances from natural history of other animals, birds, and fishes of a migratory character, breeding, feeding, and living in different parts of the world at different seasons of the year. EICHARD E. WEBSTER. W. H. CROSS. -.16 September, 1892. c:. j^ CONFIDENTIAL. Notes upon the United States' Counc:r- Casi, by My. Tiippcy. Uu.ti^ State.' [>; ,i,j, CoLiiit.T-Caso oL' tlie Cnitfd Scales ii' is said that there is a difVcrcncc ol' opinion rcgnvdinn' the object- oC tlic .irhiiraticni. It is charged tlial the iiritish Case is devoted, almost exclusively, to showing tlial the Goveiii- niciit ol' the I'nitcd States is not entitled to ~- exercise territorial jurisdiction over the waters ol' JJelirin" Sea. It is submitted, on heiiail' of ITer I'ritanuie Jlajesty, that this is \vithoiit dovil)l the chief issue involved, and one which underlies every question suiiniitted to the Trihunal. Ibid., I, 19. The United iStates now a[)i)arently declaro that no exclusive territorial jurisdiction over Behring Sea is claimed liy theai. At one pari Il'iil, f'. 29. of the Counter-Case it is e\en admitted that no instance appears io have been recorded where a vessel was warned or selzt'd ftir actually killing;- , , I'ur-seals in the waters of Hehrini;- Sciti Ts'nt- /.- Hriiisli Ci.uiitor- Cast', |., 79. withstandiuLc th »'>* > important admissions, earo has been taken not to withdraw in "terms any of till,' claims inconsistent witblbein put To, ward h> the Case (if the United States. 'Ibe tir>l four (|Ucstioiis of Article VI are considered fully in both the i?ritish Case \v\\\ in the Case of the Cuitrd Slater. [For reference to mnw cliiusiirn, see United States' Case, I'ail I, pp. 11, 2-"., ;!:i-:!7, 3S 12-1:!, 'U), :>(;, CiO. 71' rf .-cij., 7'.>. so, J:>1, s|. I Mr. Hlaine. in lijs d(>spateli of tlie 17tli December, ISlHt, wrote: — "If liiiMl lilitiiiii call iiiiiilUaiii licl' pasiliiui tli:it lirhiiu;; Si a at tlir tiun' ol llie Trciltii'S with liil ~ia nl 18l'4 mill |.s:i.1 WHS iiicllicli'>l in lla' I'milie Otcan, tin: (ti)\oiiiiiieiil 111' till' riiilod States liiis p.e \vell-L:i. r.ialtMl claim n''aiii>t, her." [10.-.] B i There arc in fact no fewer tlian cighty-flve pages of the United States' Case (bcim; the wliole of Part I) devoted to an attempt to establish tliat Behring Sea was and is a nuu-r cidusum, while ninety pages of the ]?ritish Case are devoted to this subject. In the introduction to the United States' Case Un.ted StucK' the object of the Treaty of Arbitratiun is thus ^''''''' P '• referred to — •TliL' Uiiiloil Slates nf Aiiievicn niul (Ireat Jkitiiiii cutorud into ii Treaty on the I'Otli I'l'luuary, 1892, to provide for an amicable settlunicut nl' llif questions wliieli have arisen IjctweiMi their respeitivc (Icivorniiiont-^ ron- ■ ■ernins the jurisdictional iif;hl- ol' the I'nilivl Stale- ni the waters of Hehrin.i; Sea, and rouceniing also the jircserva- tiou of the fur-seal in, or habitually resorlin;^ to, the said Sea, and the rights of the citizens and subjects of either iiouutry as regards the lakiui? of fur-seal in, or habitiially resorting to, the said waters;' and they resolved, by the Treaty, ' to su1)niit to arbitration tlie ijuestions involved.'" Uavi ig disc .issed the llrst four issues of United State*' Article VI in their order, the United States' ^*''' l'' ^°'- Case invoked judgment to the effect : — 1. That Russia asserted and exercised exclusive rights in IJt^hring Sea. 2. That Great Britain recognized and conceded their claim of jurisdiction as to the seal lisheries. 3. That Behring Sea was not incluiled in tlie phrase " I'aciiie Ocean," and that after the Treaty of 1825 until 1807 Russia continued to exercise th(! same exclitsix e aiilliority. ■I. That Russia's authority, ms above, jiassed in ]8()7 to the l.'nited States. Xevertheless. the Counter-Case of tbe United IJnitod Statin' Mates insists ' that the mam ohjeet had in view ' by the Governmeni of tlial country " i>- tlie ['I'oteclion of the si^al herd wliicli has its home oil the I'ribylolV Islands," and complains of lli(> iimi,, p. 8. attention given by llie J?ritisli Case to (|ucstions of jurisdiction. At another portion of tbe Counter-Cast^ it is ibid., p. id. ^aid: — Til.' dislinctioii bi.nveeii ihr ii,L;ht of cNelusivo uiri- li/iiul juiisdietion •t\ry Itehiilig' Sea, on tin- one baud. and the light of a niitioii, on the other liand, to pre- -crve for the use of its c itizens it,< interests on land by the adoption ot all nrcessarv, lAeii though they be soiiiewhat unu.-ual, lueasme.^. whelhw on laud or at sea, i< so broad as to lecjuin- no I'urthor exposition. It is ihe latlei- right, not the Ibiiiiei , thai ihe riiited States foniend 10 have been exercised, lirst by Ku.ssia. and later liy them- .'} rnileil iStatCB Count' r-Case, p. 31. Iljid.. p. l!il. ibij,, ). 132. <;<:'' tP I'f \\ liiL' ill (jiic pai'l ol' tlio L'liilcd St;;t<-s' (,'ouiiler-C'as(' il is said lliat tli(^ rii;lit in Ww IJiiilL'd Stall's to])ro1(;ct seals is llio mniu (piostioii fov ai'bitralion, at anotlicr i)a;,o it is elainit'd that tlic prnliil)iti()n of all polai^ic sivaliiig is the subject u\ coiitroviTsy. J'inally, il is iu^islcd that all iiroposals ailVct- iii;,' th(3 iini|U(>stionod tomtovlal vii^hls of tho United States arc without thi^ jurisdiction of this Tribunal. I'hcsc propositions toucliing se.il lil'c^^con lined solely in tlie interests of the United States an- hiMtiiU' consistent with ihc proposition on ]). 7 of tlie same Counter-Case, wliorc it is said thai i\w. main object had in view l)y the Government of the United States is llie protection and in'cserva- tion of what is called the ''seal herd." 'I'lie issues, as has been shown, are doHncd by the Com entiou. They are, moreover, based upon a proposition contained in a despatch of the 17tli Dcccmbev, 18!J0, ironi Mr. Blaine, who there explaini'd tlic real issiu^s : — Com'spoiideuce, Canadian, p. 471. / ' Il will mcuii s.mcUiiiii,' t.mi.'ili!'-', in tin' I'n.'-iiluifs u|iiiiiipii, it (ileal Ihitiiiii will cuiisi'iit to rtrliitiutc tlio ixal uuistiuiis wliicli liavL' ln-uii uiiJcv ilisciissiuu Lolwccii the two LioviTiiiueiits tor \\:v ^'^SLJ^^iLJi^'^^^' ' ''''^" .■iiilisivour to stall' wliai, in I'n" jiidyuu'iit "i' tin' I'lusiilnit, llii'Su issues iiru : — "1. Wlial fAoUi-ivi' juvisdiclKm in the .-^i u uuw kiinwii as till: I'.ilirin.L! Sea, ami wluil oxclnsixi' rii;Iits in the ■^••al lislu'Vii's llioiviii, ilicl lliu;siii a-i>i'it and i-\. iv: p ].iiiiv and n)i In the tiiiii' "f the ci-s-inti i\ .\la.-ka le lii.' Vniti'd States ' ■ J. Iluu t'ai \vi,n' thi'Si! i laiuis ut jniisdicti'jli as to ihii -.•al li>lioiii's ivo.i^ni/id and ruii'-edi'd by I oval I'.iitain >. "W. Was tin' liDily "t water, n-iw luiowii as tla' li'.'liiiiig .sea. iiK'lnded in tho pliia^e • I'acitii' Ocean' as used in the, 't'lealy ct I.Si;."i I.etwe.-n (ileal I'litaili ami Itussia: iuul what liLditS; it anv, in the lielnin.; Sea weie -iveii tir ron- eeiled le lilt a! I'.iitain I ■>■ th' >aid TriMiy ( ' I. Hid n..;. m!1 the li-ht- ..| l.'ii-sia as i,, jiii i-diaion, and as lo the seal lisheiics in l'.ehiii;i; Sea I'ast of lluj water lumndary, in the 'fioaty lielweon the Uniied Stiite.-i and lius-i.i el' the :''.eih March, IStiT, iKiss nniinl'aired to the riiited .States ui..ler that 'I'lealy '. •■ '). What are ivav the lii^hts ef the luited St.ites as to the fm-seal fisheries in I he \vatev.s ef llelning ."^ea outside ..r the ordinary territtnial liniils, whether ~ueh ii,i;hts grow out ..I'thi' .essi.jii I'V l!ii."ia of, my ^i-e.-ial riylit- ..i Jnris. dii tinii held by her in ^uoli tisluiies or in the waters. n' P.ehriiiy Sea, or out ol' the uwuorship oi' the. hren.lin;;- islaiiils, and til.' hal.'it- .■!' the seals in resortiii- thither and leaiiiiL; th. ir v.ain'_ thereon. ;',nd 2eiii'_' niit I'roin 'In' % i ' i:.il f"! i'o;, Ml n:\[ of niiy I'llim' fuel nr illiiilnit iMii- II - led wilh llie K-lidiou of tliiHC huh] lir^lirrifs tu llic tciii- t .I'iiil possi.' •sioii'i <>i' llu- UiiiU'il Stall's ' • (1. II' 111" (lutf^niiiinaiiiii nf Uh' l'cire;,'Hin;i i|iu ■>tioii> •Ii.ill Uiivr llif .sii1iji_rl ill ^iiicli |ii>.siti(iii Unit lim luli'-'iir- U'liPf of (ii'L'ut lii'itaiii is ih'ci;''sary in inciciil.ii!;.' l!i\t,'iilii- l^'Mis fill' t!i(- killing of the fui--scal in iiiiy piiil ( f tin v,:-!-.- of I'.cliiiiiL; Soa. then it shall hi' fmllu'i- (liai.T- i.ii;i"'l: lirst, how far, if at all, oulsiJc llic onliiiaiy turri- I Ilia! limit-', it i^ iii'ii's,?ary tli.il t!ie I'liilPil Slati's nIhpiiM ■ ■••irci^u an cvclu-.ivr Jiiri^'lictiou in r.r.U'i lo protr. ! (la :i!';il fov ihi' line living uiniii thr i-laii.!- i.f llic I'liitid S!/.;i.'s, nial froiliiiij tln'Vcfrc-in .' ."-'I'l'miil, wlitlhrr a 1 '"'li'tl sfftMiu ^(lll^illy which tin,- Killiii;^ of soal.; in tin w,' 1-1 SI of I'l'lniip; Sea oiit.siik' tliu (■ulinai'V ti'iiilorial liitiil -hall )"■ [•r<'liiliitril) is ucpi'-sny (o s.ivu tin' -eal- i -!,iug in hi.-!t:y, >ii valiiabh' ami iniiioilant lo iiiaii! shoulil hii ini'liali'il in .■-•1 '■ vfa-o'i, mill over whir-h wati-i- i', hIiouM oNlonil :" ^Vliili', as ai)i)(>ni's rroiii tlio C'asi' and C'mmlci- C.'.M', Uic mniit (il)joct ol' the United Stales is iiri loiihtocUy lo proliihit ijolasjic scaling, and tlius A' acquire a monopoly of tlie scalini;- industry, llic dral't questions aljove indicate tliat tlic material issues between Great J'l'itaiu and the United St:i!es, and now before tlie Arbitration, liavc lii-i-n duly aiipreeiated in (he IJritisii Case. As recently as Ueceinber ISUO the United l^tat:--; did not seek to |irohiliit pelagic scaliiiLr. -Mr. lUaiue thi n rccoirnizcd that il: (ireat ]?ritniii's eoneurrenee in ItcLjnlations became neces-:ary, 1! r !!eu;ulafioiis touchino- what he ecrrectly teirned the '• ■■<:'ti! Ji.-!iall have deeided tliat the waters now known as "Heiniiii^ Sea outside of the 8-mile limit are free and open, then, and then only, il is to be deter- mined what concurrent l'e;;iila(ions are required for the [iroper protection and pnservation of the I'ur-seal in this Sea, and ovei' \\\.-M part of il they fshaTl extend. 'file correspondence between tiie (tovcrnmeiils «lemonstrates in short : — 1. That British shijis were captured and molested when fiutside of the ordinary jurisdie- tional waters of the United States in Behrin!,' Sea. ,/r^'^ nr )^- ^ 2. Tim' 111" mlministratidn ot tlic liiitod Htiitcs liiivr not TCM^'il tlicii' jii^itillcdlioii for tliis assiimi>tinii fil .•nilii.irily nii nny parliculiir ifi'oiurl, liiit liavc s'lii'^'lii at varimis limf'>*' tllpl ' III h 11'.^ ■I (lilt ill tlif' Urilisli Mr liayani tii !^ir I U'ojt, April 19 and ,lii!jr II, 1887 Hritish Caao, |), Hritisli Conntcr- Ci\9V. p. Case ami CuKitti'l'-Cii ^l•. 'I'lii' liriii'-li Casi', nil llir (itlicr liaiiil, wliilc aiis\\(.'i'in!; encli nf (lii' aliovi- pKjpDsitidiis, insists that II1C only possible liMsii* for tlu,' justilicalioii of till' riaim if riijiit and ahtliorlty over sliips cnua'AiiI in scaliiiu- in tliu Anf wators of Bcliriiiii- Sea pit foruawl liy llic I'liiti-il States, was yjatfTaaliy ill fact, and can only now lie. jicconliiin fi- inteinatioinl la\\ and llie praci ice (d' nations, tlie (loci rim ol' mare rlnii.'iuiii. Tlu'i'c was no oilier jiretension su'-ru;es(cd 111 1 I'll Ml hl'lT ^ 1^i^u-t.^--y -^t /C"-*--*-^ » • -^ ■l^^/.i It is the onl> gronnd npon w liieli the I'nitid States' LeifishU lire in this coniiectiijii has been said to have been based. It is the prineijile of the varions decisions of tli(.' I'liited States' 'tribunals. No otlnn' ^'r()und was put lnrwanl by the United States or other authorities until after the seizures of IsSO and 1*^87 had occurred. These seiziu'cs took place undci' the ))rovisions ot Cha])ter in, Itcviscd Statutes ol the I'nited St.i'cs, and the instnictio!is o! the T'reasury of 7.8M and 1 -•'■■ ,-^- [!'• i The Propositions ■unl Uliilimml^ m '/ ■ I'ikUiI Tlic iJiu'lijiraHo, ■■/ :lff, Prfj.o.--ifiuns ",i'' W.'/. S/iiles' Ciiir. mciihiii t/f Uni'i'l Sh'ic-'' ('•ninliT-Ci'v. 'ihv C'oiifenliii/i .f" " TliL' Dllinal l!u-.>i;iii vci.'iinla show llial al'ti'i (III' Vkiis^o 111' t.'liarliT III' 17!lll, i^iautiiij; In Uu' Iiussiiin-Aiiioricaii I 'iiin|)aiiy ctitaiii cxi.'Iiisivc! i.'iiii- tvul 111' tnidi' ami irilniiiziUinii, its aiitlioritios, uctiiij; under llic saiii.liiin nf iljr Itiissiaii (luvnii- ineiil. 'liil nnl (iriMiil loici;,'!! vosfls lo visil r.fiiiij,' Sim/' — iT'iiilrd Sla.lrs' Ciisc, ]i. 4l!,> '■ l'oreigiiri>i in-dliilpili.-cl fvniii visilinj; wali-in lre((Ueiitcil liy sc,i-iittur< ami riir-si'als.'' — (Cnili'ii States' Case, ]i, 47. marginal Synojisis.) " Sii I'ar as ii eoiiLeiiiuii tin; enacts and waters "( llerin^ Sea, the I'kaso of ISJl wa^ merely deela- ratnry of in-ei'xistiiiL; elnims nf uxcliinivi' jiiris- dielion as In tmiif i'-/ii'ih lim! I'n'n fii/ii/vr./ tlieiein i'or many years."- -(I'liited States' Case, p. I'.'.) .\fter treaties i.f IS24-L'.5 liiissia ediUiimed In exereise " tlic same euiiirnl nvi'i ijie waters nf lliat sea" as liefnre. — (United Stales' Case, ji. (il.) " KnOll lla' liire^'niln; llisl. . viral V.view i; a|.- pears ; — "First. 'I'luil prinr and iiji lu the date "f tin; treaties nl' I,Sli4 and IS'J". litissia did as^rii .md exeii'i.sf oxrhisive riLrht« nf I'mnineice, liiintinu, and li'-hing nn tlie shares and in all the waters ■■! Jferiii',' Sea. * ♦ • ■• '■Tliinl, That .liter -aid treaty .a 1Sj5 iIh Kussian (InvernnieiU enntimied tn exereise e\- elitsive Jntisdieti'iti nver the whele nf I'erin'j; Sra 11)1 1" tile time di' tlie cessinn nf .Ma.sUa in tin United Stales, in sn fir as was iieee.s.sary in y\>- serve In the liiissinn-Anu'riean Cnin]iany tli< mnmi|)(ily if the I'ur-si.d industry, and tn jirnluliii the taking on the land nr in ihe walei liy any nlhi-r [iL'tsiins m Cnin|ianii'S n|' the t"ur-s(uls re- snrlinii In the I'lihilnl Idands. ' I'nnith. That hiluli' and allel I he treaty nl 1Sl'"i, and up Id the dale nf the ei'ssimi of ,\la-~ka In the I'liited Slates, Uritisli sulijiiiis and Ihllisli vessels WOK.' piipliil.iled fmm lineriiiH Ili^riuLi Sn.i 111 hunt fiir-se.ils, and that it dues nnl .ippear that the liritisli ( ln\ernment ever pmle-ted a^,iin-t the eiifnieeini nl >i\ this prnliilalinn." — (I'liited Sl'il.s Case, |.p. I'lO and TO.) ■■ ,.\i the ineei'linn nf tliis i;nntrii\ersy tiie United Stales assorted im right tu sovereii;nty nver r.eriiiii Sea."- (I'niled Slates' daintpr-Case, p. 13.) '■ Siinie rvulenee uhieli ilie '. nited Stales' tinxenimeid. had lelied nn. In pro\e that fur many veavs |irinr tn the lime nf the eession nf Alaska llussiii had pi.hilpitcd the killinj; nf fr.r-.seals in ihe waters frei|iieiiled hy them in l!eriiierve for the use of itseiiizens il.s interests on hind hy the adoption nf all iieeessaiy. even ll'nii^h lliey he -niuewliat niiiisual, miiisiiies, whethei no l.nid nr at .sea, is so hioad as In veipiire nn fuiihei expnsilinn. Il is the hitter right, lint the I'nrnier, llial the United Sintes - tend In have Injcii i xeieised, lirsl hy Itllssia. and later liv llieinsihes. - (.United Static' Coiinlei- Case, p.' in.) ■' Later, hnwevei, i-peeially in the years I'nllnw- iiiL; l.'<4il, I'nriiii; Sea wa.'< aeiually visited, ad poinicil out .,1 p)). .'^.'! to !!() of the Ihilisli Case, hy minieii.iii vi'ssi'ls, lunsily whaler-.' — Uniii'd Ii Sl.iies' Cniuiler-Casi;, p. L'4.) " l-'mm the fact llial, for wli.itevei reason he (lliibsia) 11: have -nlli'red ihe larryiiii: on ,,f whalino nr of ,iiiy sort, of ,//.-// in Iteriii'.' Sea, il, dops Hot follow ihiil she relinquished her elear ri;.;hl tn iitnteei, her seal herds nn their way In and from iheir hieedin^-uinuiids —( I'niled Slates' Couiiter-Ca.se, pp. 'J'>, '2>'i.) "While il does not aiipeai Imni iiiy of ||i,. foienoing doeiiiiieiiis In what distanee frniii the slinres of lierino Sea iliissia aetunlly souj>lil Inpio- teet liei lulonies anaiiist inroads from foreeiiieis, i^-e."- (United States' Countoi-Case, p. L'tl.) '■ Il is Inn.' Ill) in-laiiee appears tn have luiii iioiiided where a \essil was warned nr sei/.ed fnr aeiually killing fur-e.ds in the waters of Hering Sea." — (United Slates ('oiintel-Case, p. -".•.) L'uiteil States' Coiinter-Caso, p. u. io & ^' Uriiish Ci)uutt'r- ( ■:.<.■, PIK 18,19. I'lliUTl St.-lll's' CoiinU'i--rn-i', liiii 'Si Ciisi', pp. •.i().34. lii'ili-h {"nr\:iM-- Cit-", pp. !^, 17. t'liiliMi r>l,aL'j *.'omr.i'i'-C.;-p, pp. l,i, 21 ll.iil ■. 20. It is said, " some evidoncc M'hicli the Uuiteil States' Govprnment had loliel onto prove that for many years pr'o/ to tlic cess'()n of Alaska Russia had prohibited tlie kiUing of fur-seals in flic Avaters freriucntcd hy them in Ueriiig' Sou, thti.s turns out to ho untrue." The evidence relied on in llie L'nited .'^rates' Case consisted ciiiefly of letters to and from tlio l!us~iaH-j(.'om])any. Tliose !'„'ttors are referred to on i>p. 4], 12, t;}, 11, 15, iO, 17, 18, and .1'.), on wliii'li liist-mciitioned pan'e it is «aid: — ■ ll llin- :i)i]ii':!r.--, fnjlil llw fiirogniii^- ciKUiniis, l!:,it, .sn i.w a.s it i.n!K'iruvil tin' toiist^ hikI walcis nf Uriiii:; .S'a, liu! I'ka.sc III' \^'1\ w;iH iiK-rrly ilccl.iwtniy nf prc-i'.xistiii^' ihiinis ol' ij.Niln-ivu juri.silielion n.s to lia'li'. wliirb l;ail lini 1 nriirccd tlirreiii for many year.s.'' ^Vith the exception f.f the Pigott case, the d<'s]ia(ehrs fnnn which the citations are ii'ado have since been withdrawn l)y llic United States. 'L'iie I'igott ease has no vcforo.'iee to inariiimc jurisdiction. 1^ l.'nahle to point to a cas,- ol' (lie excrdyv of ('•M'l'ptional jurisdiction l)y Taissia in I5euring Sea, it is now claimed that the Ukase oi' 170!) was directed against forciuncrs because in 1S21 such an. interpretation was placed ujiou it in a l.'tter III ail officer of tin; Eussian-Amerieau Company. 'I'liis communication, !(ildrcs.>-cd to ihe llnssian .Alinister of Finance, is d:itcd the l-2;li r -i.e, 1821. It deals only with (he abortive attempt made llirough ]?aroii de Tuyll to (jualii'y till! language of (he Treaty. It was not pro- diived in the Ca.-^e of (he I'nilcd States. The laugiiago of the t'kase of 17!>:' lannot I'airly be mj construed; on the cunli'ary, it jiistitlcs (he Tnited iSlatcs' iMlrrjirrtation given to it in (he (inu~ ol' ilr. .\dan!N,, llerercnce is made in liu' Unid'd States' ('ouiiter-Case (i) a s(rict " coloiu'al " systmi, and to Itiissia's inten(i(ms regarding tlio application of it to the region in question. Tii(- " colonial" system meant no more than a prohibition of trade and intercourse in remote Colonics where (lie expense of revenue officers would not have been justinahle. It in uo sense involved claims ol' extraordinary maritime juris- diction. No inst:iuc;o is ijivcn of any other application of this system. The case ol I he " rearl"' is said to have been cited in the British Case to prove that Russia ;m 8 .•u;kuo\vl('dii,'eil, Ijy licr rolcasc, "the inanlimc Jiuisdictioii olaiiui'd tlierciu to l)e withuiit warrant as to any of the '.vatcrs lo wliicli it relatod ;" and certain documents relating' to tins Case are Tor tlic first time (it is lj(;liev<'dj made iiublie i'roni the areliives of tlie State Deiiartnient at AVasli- ington to show thai this rofereui'e in tiu- ISritisli t'ase is iueorrcel. The ease oC the " I'eari "' is leferred to in the British Case, p. 58 IWtisli Case as "the only'' ease in which any attempt was, in practice, made iiy llussia to ialerfere witli any sldp of another nation in ^^aters in question outside u' •■•i' )r: il limits. 'fla> despatch of Count ^e • expressly Ibid., p. 7S. ( xcuses the act ol' Itussia by exi- ug that the iiUssian olficer was unaware of the suspension of the tkase. it- It would he (piite agreeable to the British c, intention, touching tlie exercise ot autliorify viiuler the Ukase, to aeeepl the United States' explanations) and tlius remove from consideration the only instance of the exercise of llussian authority mider the Ukase. 1 he papers now produced by the UnlttHl Stales slll>^v on examination : — ]. I'hat the "Pearl" was ordered lo leave .Vpiu'miis lo I'liiicl "tl, at part ..f the norlli-wcsl eoa>l lying north r!^!""!,.^!;^'"'" ol' laiilude 51 .' ■J. The l{u>siaa "dinister suggrsled that llic Il>iil , p. 17?. cajitain of the" I'emd" endcav.iurcil to anticipate the o))eration of I be I'kasc. 3. ^Ir. Middlctou argued that itus.-ia hail Ibid, p|), 17s, 171*. acknowledged s!ie possessed no sovereignly over the coast sine - she had agreed to negotiate about limits, and hc' demanded indemnity. 4. llussia pa'd the I'nited Slates for the arrest li'iil- i>p 179, isu. and detention. It is said that Ibe I'nited Slates' (hneriiment t;„itea Statos' vas comiKdled to reeoi'-nize the correctness ol' C'oimtcr.Case, ^ '^ p '22 el ipif the pretensions of Itussia in the case oi' the " Loriot," and " (o completely aliandon its «daim." ^ It is necessary to ob.scvve that no evidence oi' this reeogniliun or abandonment is lirought forward. In the British Case evidence to the contrary is Britisli Case, p. !J2, given. The case was doid)tless not further pressi'd, since the I'resident of *he T'niled Stales obsi rved, in trair^mitling Ibe papers to Congress, "The capital and tonnage cnr])l, were those of the J3rilish Government to-day. Xo document mentioned in the United States' Coimter-Cuse controverts this. Notwillistanding the admission in the Uuiled Slates' Count er-Casc that wlialcrs frequemod Behring Sea, ii is suggested that their presence there was no motive for protecting that industry, and that " the failure to protect Bering Sea " was due to the great expense required for cruizers. It is also said that Bancroft shows the industi-y was not a prolitable one for the Russians. It has already been shown that the Russian. American Comijany in 1820 had been instructed to turn its attention to the whale fishery. The references to Bancroft given in the United States' Counter. Case arc not complete. Bancroft points o\it — 1. Tliat whale lishcries were left in the hands of foreigners, the Company having no power to prevent their intrusion. 2. That the Russian Minister of Foreign CounterCe.p.eo. ^(yj^j^.s jj^qj ^1^,,^ ^hc Treaty of 1821 gave United States' whalers the riglii over '■' the whole extent of the I'acific Ocean." .'J. Afterwards "complaints of the doings of American whalers were forwarded." These referred " chiefly to the practice of landing." 4. That in IS 19 a whaling enterprise was established under the name of the Russian Tin- land AVhaling Comi)any, the Russi-'u-American Comjxany furnishing half of the capital. The failure of this Comjjany was duo to losses during the war witli France and England. The value of the catch of the North Pacific fleet was more than 11,000,000; dollars in 1852. In 1853 the Company's whaling vessels numbered foui'. The " failure to protect Bering Sea " is, how- ever, an important admission in the consideration [195] D Uaiicroft's " Alaska," p. 583. bee also Ilritisli Biincroft'i " .'Maska," ]). 584 lliid. Ibid., p. 585. Ibid., p. 669. United Stat«s' Counter-Case, p. 159. Ibid., p. 35. 10 a<--/V' IV of Questions 1 and 3 under Article VI of the Convention of 1S92. Touching those questions, it was I'or the United States to jirovc the " exercise of exckuive jurisdiction " on the part of Russia. Unahlo to present a ease of interference by United states' Russia witli a Foreign ship on the high seas f,°ll'"''^"'' previous to the year 1892, tlie United States' Counter-Case refers to certain comnuinications from the Russian-American Company to prove that the movements of whalers were "closely watched " after the year 1850. These communications relate to visits to tlic ibid. Island of St. Paul by foreign whalers. One ll)i 1C2. rumour that two whaling-vessels had been sent in 1801 to trade in the rribyloif Islands. It is significant as to tlie aim of this surveillance 'J'iii"oft, p. 669. that, in 1850, 300 wbalci's visited Alaskan waters .'lud tlic Okhotsk and iJebring Seas. With such evidence the United States' Countcr- (.'ase is compelled to admit that — •it docs nol ajipcar from luiy of tlic I'orojjoiiig docmuentfl United States' lu wlial .listain;o from the .•iliores of IJerhig Sou lUbsia ac- Coimter-Casc, iiially «oiiglil to in'olcut licr Colonics." 'J -J .V yi r 29. finally, the L'nited States' Counter-Case con- fesses that the only evidence as to what Russia would have done between 1791) and 1867 in the exercise of an exclusive jurisdiction is shown by her action in 1892. P.ussia's conduct in 1892 cannot affect the consideration of the issues before this Tribunal, which relate to a period lietween 1799 and 1886. The seizures by the Russian vessel in 1892 have, however, been met by a strong protest on the part of llcr Majesty's Government. That connfry-lias not asserted in /- /:: f D- tr' Mi fit- ■I .i i ■w i-t-' 5^ f ^ / -■V Unitoil Statci' Counter-Case, p. 33. justification eitlier a" property right in sen Is, or exclusive luithority over tliat part of the main Pacific Ocean ■whore tlioso seizures occurred. Tlicro is an expri:ssioii of surprise tluit tlio British Case shoukl declare tliat the right of protection over, and of prf)perty in, tlic seals of the Prihylotr Islands is new in the present dis- cussion, and of an unprecedented character. The statements in the British Case to which reference is made are as follows : — British Cn»e, p 11. "This will be Ijiielly r-on>i>lcrc.1, but thu jiroposition which iijiiioiirs tu be emlioiliid in lbi< ijufstion is of ;i cliaracter so uniiroeedentcil that, in view nt the alisenco of ,iiiy pveciso dc)iMitii>ii, it is imiicwHibl'j to iliscuss it ;it length at the prt'Sunt time. It will, however, be treated in the li{,'ht of such ollicial slali'nients as Iiave heretofori! been made on the i>ait of llie niiilud States, il3 discussion in detail bi;ing necessarily reserved till such time as thupi!ort the claims of protection and of projierty si't up by the United Stales have l;een the, subject of careful i'lvcstigation and discussion between llm two riovernmtnts ' will not bear examiuation. lliJ,, pp. 32.3G. In supiiort of this assertion the Counter-Case refers to : — 1. Mr. Bayard's note of the 19th August, 1887. 2. Mr. Bayard's [despatch of the 2nd March, 1888. 3. Mr. Blaine's note of the 22nd January, 1890. 1. Mr. Blaine's note of the -tth .Tunc, 1890. •i,* 4 12 '). Mr. iU!un(.''s note of the IJlli December, 1890. (J. Mv. Hlainc's note of the 11th April, 18!)1. 1. Mr. Hayard's nntoof ]nni AuLfusl, 18S7, (lolihcv.itely ignores all (jnesduns ol' projierty, and seeks only international co-operation I'or the '■■ hotter jivotoction f)f the fur-soal tisherics in IJoi'ing Sc:i." Cdntrary to the jirescnt contention ol the I'liited States, Mr. Bayard relVrs to the sc.il as a fish, and not as a land animal. lie als(j admits that the seals are migratory, and may he driven from one " resort " to another. J[e seeks, moreover, only the reifnlation of killing in Behring Sea at certain times and (places, instead of the "pvohihition .at all times of pelagic sealing in that sea as no^v jpressod for hy the United Slates. 2. .Mr. Bayard's note of the 2nd March, 1888, relates to " Eegnlations " for the " seal fisheries " iu Behring Sea. Thongh the sciznres complained of oceinTcd two years previously, he expressly refrains from considering " what special measures of its own the exee]>tional character of the property in qnestion laiijlit require" the United States to take " in case of the refusal of foreign Powers to give their co-operation." 3. ^1; Blaine's note of the 22nd .Taiuiary, 1800, deal- with the fm'-seal "fisheries." No 2>ropefly eh, 'm is put forward or defined, hut the "grounds aii' set forth upon which this Govern- ment rests i'.s justification." These grounds are, the jiursuit of seals at sea is a practice " immoral " and "piratical." These grounds are apparently abandoned in the United States' Case. \. An extract is given from Mr. Blaine's note of the 1th June, 1890. In the preceding para- graph Mr. Blaine is dealing with the danger from attacks upon the " rookeries " to pclaiiic scaling in Behring Sea. The question which he puts,"as stated in the United States' Countc'-Case, touching the claim of the United States " to the seals of the Pribiloff Islands," cannot be called a definition of the right of property iu, or to protection over, the seals born thereon. There is certainly no attempt to explain upon what grounds such a claim can 1)0 advanced. 6. ^Er. Blaine's notes of December 1890, and 6. Of the nth April, 1891, are commented upon iu the British Case in this connection. 13 Toiiuhin^' the note of the 14th April, 1891, Mlicrcin it is said — " Til tli(i iiiiiiiiou cif llic I'lf^iilcut, Ijpi'd Sali.'jbury is wlicilly mil! ^Ii;iii;.'i'ly in crrm in iiiaking tlm Collowiiiy staU'MiiMit ; ' Xor dn tlicy (tlie ailvi.'iur- nl' lliu riosidciit) ivly lis II Juslilication lor tlio .seizure of ISiitisli aliijis in tlic open sun upon tl ntcntion that lli(^ interests ol' tlie oenl fisheries •,'ive to thr I niled Stivtes' (iovernnient any ri^;ht tor liiat iiui'iimi' wliiih, leeiu'dini,' to inti'i'Mnlioniil law, it would not otherwise possi's^j,' The Cloveinnirtit ol th" rnited Slates lias steiulily Indd just the reverse of the position which Lord Salisl airy has iniiiuted to it. It liold.s that the ownership of tlie islands upon which the seals liiTd; that Ihr haliit of the simIs in ri'^'idiiily lesoitmg tliitlier and rearing their yiainjj' thereon : llial thrir ;_'(iinj; oiil in si-an-h of food mid le'^iilaily rrluniin;^ thi.Ti'to, and (ill the liiuts ami imidents irf tliiir lelation to the island.--, i;ive the I'liiled States ii jirojierty inten^st tlierein," Uiitiili Case. p. i.i;i. the Bi'itisli Case coiTcetiv il)servcs — '■ It does not appear, liowevi r, that the .-pecial right.s now apparently claimed liy the United .State's in respect of a special property in fur-seals have ever heeii otherwise advanced or more definitely foruiulateil than as aliove mentioned.'' United 8ute»' The .statement tiiat the I'liited States' Goveru- Casr p. 85. ,^^^.,,, ,,^^ "a riyht of ]iriiteetiuii aiiil proprrly in tin' fur-seals fu- ([Ui'iilini^ till' I'liliilof Island- wdieli loiind oulside the ordinary ;i-iiiile limit, and it liases this right upon tlie established principles of the coiniiion and the civil law, ujio'.i the practice of n.itions, upon the laws of natural history, and upon the < oniiiion interests of nianUind." is iiiiprcei'dcnlod in legal liistory, and even in the covresjiondenee hetween the Governments of Great Britain and th(? United States since isso. It is not sn])i)orted in the Case or Counter-Case. 'L'he followinu; propositions toiiehing tliis pio- \)vv\\ ehiim ean, it is l)elieved, he found only in the I'nitcd St;ttes" Case presented to the Ihitisli Ciovernnieiit in Septemlitr lSi)2 : — 1. 'I'lial llieie is :i distinction and no euni- niinu'lino' lu'twecu sn-eallcd " lierds " oL' Alasliaii and lliissiaii seals. 2. 'i'liat tlie seal I'miiul on flie rrihyloiV Islands is ii l.aiul :"';urii. ;i. 'I'liat tl.erriliylolV seal is a domestic animal. 4: That he only home of tiie (so-i'alleil) Alasjuit! hei'd is on the rriliyloir Islands. That it resorts to no other laud. [1U5] E 14 Suuli propositions have certainly '■ not been the .subjeot of careful inve-itigaliuii aiul discus- United Slates' siou Ijetween llie two Orjvernuieuts." Counter-Case, It is urged tliat tlic case of the " llarrict " docs iiii.i , u. 38. uot support the British Case whou it is cited " for the purpose of showing that tlie United States have denied to other nations a right of protection and property in seals when on tlie high seas." The British Case made tlie following statv^- nicnt : — \ ■' Till' (invenimeut of the Uuitdl .States lia- nioro tliaii Uritibh Case, uiicc di./iuetly ii'-^erted the priii'iiple llial the fur-soal I'- '^°- lishery is part of tlie ocean tishery, and free to all lioyond the 3-inile Hniit." ,( The language of the United States' Cliarge Ibid., pp, 1 16, 187, d'AU'aires, given iti support of this statement in the British Case, is uot disputed. Indeed, a further extract from the eommuiiica- tion of the Charge d'A.lfaires is given. It Is as follows : — r ' ■' \J iS^ l"" '* /'.^\,yy/y ; r i> t ■y y^ ,f >• / / ivi y ' S laid United States' Counl"r-Ca9e, p 190. 1. That the ritiht of the United States to the ocean ■ The fiillowinp; conditions fnnii Ilie jircini iown are inevitable: lisliory, and in the bay.s, amis of the sea. gulfs, and other inlets Ciipable of being fortifii^d, is junfect .and entire.' The importance of this ])rop )sition is cvithnt wlieu it is recollected that the whale auii seal lishcries were under cflnsideratioo, '^^X /A. S. c.c.yd^-' 5 /i.^^^.^r:^^^r-^^ CTY^^..-^ v.^/^-- y-' v-^ ■ «, I ■ ,1; / /'J' :/ y / ^A'y ./ rr P' J^\^'^v' ^' V .5 /O^-iS^l 1.1 / 18 Touching the note of the 14th April, 1891, wherein it is said — "In the opinion of tlio President, Loid Salisbury is wholly and striuiguly in error in making tlie following statoniont: "Nor dn they (the advisers of tin,' Prcsideiit) ruly as a jnstilication for thu seizure of liritisli ships in the otMjn sea upon the contention that the interests of the seal fisheries give to the I'nited Statt's' (lovernment any right f(jr that purpose whifh, according to internati(jual law, it would not olher\vis(.- possess.' Tlie Governnionl of the United States 1ms rstc'iidily lu'ld jusL the reverse of the position wliirh Lord Salisljury lias imputed to it. It holds thai the ownersiiip of the islands upon which the seals herd; tlml llie lud.ii. of tlie seals in regularly resorting IhilhiT and rearing their young thereon ; tliat their going oul in siaieh of food and regularly returning thereto, and all the faets uiul incidents of their relation to the islands, L'ive till- I'nited States a property interest therein," British C*M, p. 133. t'nittd Sutei* Cnse, p, 85. the British Case correctly observes— •■ It do(.> not api.ear, liowev-r, that the special rights now aj.purently clanned by the United Stales in respect of a sjieeial property in fur-seals have ever been otherwise advanci-d nr in^ire menlimied.' ilelinitrlv f'.irninlaled than as above The statcmoiit tliat the United States' Govern- luent has "a ri.ubl of imiteolion and prM]«'rty in 'he fur-seals frc- cpieiiting the I'ribilof Ishin iiractice oft nations, upon the laws of natural history. .>nd upon the Common interests of mankind," is imiirecedentcd in legal history, and even in the corresi")ndence between the Governments of Great ISiitaiii and llie United States siucc 188(5. It is nol supported in the Case or Counter-Case. The i"(dl I'libylofT seal is n domestic animal. l. That (h(> only home of the (so-called) Alaskan herd is on the I'libyloR' Islands. That it resorts to no other land. [195] E m 14 Such propositions have certainly " uot beeu the subject of careful invuiiiyutiou aud disca?- sion between the two Govcinmeats." / Unit^ Statei' Cqifiiter-Ca>ei It is urged that the case of the " JIarrict " doe^ ibid., p. 38. not support tlic Britisli Case when it is cited "ibr the purpose of showing that the United S^tcs have denied to otlier natious a right of proJfGctiou and property iu seals when ou the higli s^s." The British Case made the follo\y ment : — statc- ■'TliL' Uovornmcnt of Ibe Unitu.l St.i^T ha-> moi-i! tliiiu Hritiili C««», ou(.c distinctly n-iocrlcd thu priuciplu' llmL lliu l'ur-ae:d ?■ 136. tisliory is jjiii t of the occiin lisliury, auA free In Al Ijuymul llie J-iiiile limit." / The languagi! of the loiiitod States' Charge d'Afl'aires, giveu iu supn/in't of this statcineat iu the .British Case, is not'tlisputud. ludeed, a further Lvjtc)'act from the commuuica- tion oi! the ChargiVcl'AH'aircs is given. It is as follows : — Ibid., pp. 136, 187, fruiii till' jiivuiiscs liiid United Statei' Counlcr-Ciiic, R 190. "1. That llKi li'-litof the United "^■"•- '■■ " " "^ ' The followiijiS couchwon: ilown rire iueviUule: Slate.-:. t(i llie ocean fishery, aud /n the buys, anus of the sea, gidfs, and other inlets capafdc of beuig fortified, is perft^ct aud entire." Thc/importance of this proposition is ovidcut when it is recollected that the whale aud seal fisheries were under consideration. It is argued thai the Britisli contention, that Ibid., pp. 17, 18. the United States contested Russia's title to any portion of tlie North American Continent, is sufliciently disposed of by tlie following extract from a Memorial by ^Mr. Middleton. Speaking of early Russian discoveries, he observes : — " Krom these di.scovevies, Kussi.-i derives her rigtits to that lony clittin of islands intervoniug between the western and eastern continents, and even to a very cousidenible portion of the continent (jf America — rights which have never been contested." The " confidential Memorial " to wliich re- ference is made has been frequently alluded to, but has not been produced ' i full. It was written about four months before the Treaty of 182 1. The full nature of the dispute, which was begun by Mr. Adams years anterior to this date, cannot be ascertained by a brief reference to a paper 15 Mi>lilleton to Aduins, Decem- ber 1 (13, " American Slate Papers, Foreign Uclations,' vol. v, p, 449. prepared by .Mr. ilitkllL'tou toudiiuf,' the Icrri- toriiil elaim of the United States uliortly lirtoro the Treaty, wliieli was a sottleiueiif of eonveii- (imiul limits. Nor can it bo fairly claimed lliaL (be statements )nad(! by tbc Secretary of Stato for the United Statt's arc in any way all'eete:! by Mr. .Mid'lh.'t oil's Meinoramliim. Mr. Middleton's coidideiitial iAfemoraiidiuii does not purport to qiialily Ihe statements and protests of ^[r. Adaujs. The U^uited States were at that period eonlent, so far as their territorial claim was concerned, lo negotiate resjjcetinj; (lie coast below the (iOtk degree of north latitude. The Memorandiini, however, sets out tiint in 1790 Eussia's lerritorial claims were north of GO" north latitude, and while, he says, her rij^lits there had never been contested, b.e pi'oceeds to sliow how easily they could be resisted. lie refers to Spain and England's claims south of this. Reviewing the record of Russian discoveries uoith and south, lie continues :— " l-"roiii these facts, iiicoiitfSliiblyiiriiYud liy liistoiicnl ilucu- monts, lui irrusistiblu coutlusioa follows, which ngiLt s witli thi' clcclaraliuii nf I!ussia in 1700; and it (lUght to ajipeai- ileGnilivc that sho liad no ri;^ht lo claim, eitlicr umler tlio title of discovery ov of possi'ssion "n the ii/ntincnl (italics in original) oast or south of Hcliring's Strait aljout tha (lOtli degriX' cif nortli latitude." British Couiilor- Cane, pp. 27, 28. liritisli Case, pp. 33-35, G4. Ibid., p. 81. It denies that possession of Sitka can give tho United States rights " upon the continent " (it.'iUes in original). "Mr. Adams, in referring to these claims at an early stage of the discussions, had already insisted that Russia's riijhts were confincil to ei'rlain islands, and iiad no existence on Ihe Contimmt oF America. Mr. Forsyth, Secretary of State for the United States in 1837, wrote ; — ' ■■ Tho I'nitO'l Status, in agruciny not lu I'omi now r~tab- lishnionts to the north nf latitude .54' 40' north, nia le no acknowk'dgniont of the right of Itnssia to iIk; territory above llial line.' ^ A-f // CONFIDINTIAL. Preliminary Notes on United States' Counter-Case. " (PAGE BY PAGE.) Ftges 7-13, © Page 21. Page 28 Page 26. THE statement that the United States' Govern- ment con.sider tlie main object of referenci; to arbitration to be (he protection of the seals, and not jurisdiction in Behring Hea, is contradicted by the prcambh' to the Treaty itsolf, which classifies the references as : — ft 1. .lurisdiction over Behring Sea. 2. Protection of seals, 3. Rights of individuals to take seals. [Note. — The Proncli translation of the British Case (p. 2) may be quoted by the United States against us in this respect.] It may bo noticed that the United States always use the phrase " Fuvseal Arbitration " in place of ♦• Behring Sea Arbitration," which indicates that they abandon the " jiu-isdiction " contentions. The " Colonial Syntem " was specifically confined to tciTitories and territorial waters. Russia's right to "protect her seal herds'' at sea was never raised or examined, because there was at that time no pelagic sealing. Seals were never taken at sea. " Clearing of tho.se waters " and " Colonial seas " (pp. 27, 28) should be shoM'n to refer only to territorial v aters. Page 29, "Actually killing fur-seals in the waters of Behring 8ca." Such a thing was never done in those days. The Russian documents show that all they guarded against in the matter of fur-seal was killing on shore. (See p. 200, "Measures necessary for guarding the Pribylolf Islands.") [I8'.<] ' ~ B Eussiau action in 1892. The result of the Page 89. present correspondence — in which Russia vrill probably only claim usual territorial limits (as in case of " Araunah ") — might be hastened in time for moetiug of Arbitrators. " At sea." No ; no measures were ever taken Pag* 80. to protect at sea. No seals were in those days ever taken at sea. That one "principal motine " for the acquisition Page 31. of Alaska was the seal fishery is shown from Elliott, Jenner, &c., to be unfounded. To " second " and " third " jileas, reply is that Page 31. Russia never claimed or exercised any right of protection of fur-seal, except on shore. These claims were all set out in my " Notes pjgg 32. for Case," and again in " Material for Counter- Case." "No such right was, in fact, either asserted or Page 40. denied " is contradicted on previous page, and can bo further contradicted out of the correspondence referred to. Part II deals entirely with British Commis- sioners' Report. PART II. " The only intercourse" with the United States' pj„, 45^ Commissioners was because the United States' Commissioners, on the 6th August, left Bcliring Sea for home. But iu the Joint Report, signed by all four at Washington, tLoro is the clause — " 1. The joint invcatiijnlidn htia hcin con ikI mil hij us, and we have iitilizcd uU sources of information iiMiilablo. " 2. The several breeding phices on the I'l iliylolt Ishinds have Ijeen examined, and tlie general management and inelbods of taking steals ujioii the islands have been inves- tigated." Secretary Blaine on the Gtli February. See British Com'^i-isioucrs' Supplementary llcport, which sl'.ows that United States' Commissioners were no; commissioned until the 0th F(;bruary, and tlat British Commissioners were in Washiugtoa introduced to Mr. Blaine on the Ist Page 45 February, expressing tliemselvcs there and then ready to commence work, having hoen duly com- missioned on the i:;th January, 1892, as Joint Commissioners, hut on the 13th June, ISOl, as Commissiouers to inquire, willi a view to their being appointed Joint Commissioners, so soon as the United States' Government were ready. Page 48. " Subsequently prepared."— As a matter of fact, our Ilcport Avas virtually decided on ))etbro Christmas, ^vhcn I reported its main eonehisious to Lord Salishurj'. Then Dr. Dawson and I dis. cussed with Sir John Abbott ff^BSBi^ flkHP^k our provisional decision as to measures of preservation, and explained the conclusions at which we had aiTived. The conclusions of our Ecport were those which guided us in all our proposals and arguments at the Conferences of the .Joint Commission. Our Report was com- pleted and submitted 21st June, nearly three mouths before the Tnited States' Case was submitted to us. Page 50. "Various other ways " in which Commissioners obtained information is fully set out in the Counter-Case, Appendices, &c., and in Keports on evidence obtained in 1892. P»ge60. Observations of seals at sea are greatly strengthened by extended obscrvatious in 1^92. Page 5'.>. Our Chart 2 is not intended to show that "C(-mman(ler and Robbiii Island seals inter- minL'lc." Page 53. Piige 66. Page 59. Page 60 As to cows nursing pups, Counter-Case and later evidence bear out our lleport. United States altogether omit to notice that there are, after the Gth August, bit a small pcr'':ntagc of cows on shore (see p. To. In lbU2 Professor Evermann counted, on the 19th .Inly, 90 cows and 211 pups at one place). Mr. Maeoun contradicts 'Sir. Townsend's testimony, and made a ^'special study of sful lifn on the island in 1891 and 1892" (p. GO). llookories were at their fullest end of July, even though the females were beginning to go to aud fro to the water eloso to the shore. (Seo paragraph 134 of Keport.) *IS!i~'' 4, Coition at Sea. — Further 1892 evidence is Page 61. *' ample proof," Period of gestation. Commissioners', para- Pog* •*• grapli 434, woi-ds arc : " Nearly t\.?lve months' " coition in the water might take place wich these young (virgin) females as with those which, not having been impregnated the previous year, or avoiding the islands, became scared, and do not get ashore. In our Report wo never say the Russian was the P»ge 65, best method. In Sect ion G59 wc say that this was good, but that the United States was not, for the specific reason that the United States allowed twice as many seals to ho taken. Section 670 merely says that the islands were in excellent condition when handed over by Russia, but that tliey have "never since been so well stocked with seaL" We flatly deny that the " Regulations in force " under the United States arc the best that could have been adopted, as is shown in the quotation from Section 002. (At bottom.) Pelngic sealing, as is shown by Page 65. tlie United States' figures, was never of any groat extent until 1880 and 1887. The weight of skins fell V(>ry low first in 1883, Page 67 et uq. and long before 1889. "/nl892 a di crease appears over 1891." Wo Page 67. say a decided inc 'Ciise, and certainly there was not one-third the nuriber of seals taken at sea on the American side of 'be North raeific. (At bottom.) " Management could not have Page C7. caused a decrease." — But twice over in history, and in the absolute absence of pelagic scaling, excessive killing on the islands nearly caused extirpation. " Slaughter of females." United Stales alw.iys Page 73, forget, and so may Arbitrators, tliat in all other cases— eatlh', sheep, pigs, &e. — females are alw.ays killed to th(! benefit of the " herd." "Amiuul quota ranged from. !j{),000 to 70,000." — 'llio actual number of killed never reached anjiliing liki! these; numbers. In the letters of instiiielimisllicy were aulbori/.cd to kill, but tliey did not,. Page 74. Avcraye number of cows to bulls is not the exceptional cases. I'iigc 75. Professor Evermanu says 13 hulls, 90 cows, and 211 pups ; therefore, average of 15 cows to a hull ! which is well within our avovagc. I'age 75. '' /Jc/// on « Newspaper report." — The United States here mentions Elliott's Report. It should 1)0 asked for. Wo corroborated all our ([ nota- tions by reference in Washington to the Report itself. Wc have a copy of its main passages here. Page- 76 Whetlier this is, or is not, in Elliott's Eeport, can Ijest be provs-d by the exhiliit of the Report itself. Vn„j;t. 77. The Nortli Rookery figures given in the text arc; selected, but the Tal)lc in Appendix amply indicates .Mr. Webster's statement. On p. 78 the United States' Counter-Case points out exceptional years. Por instance, they do not say that the figures for 1881 are 17,000, and for 18S3 oidy 13,000— well below Mr. Webster's lowest. Page 73. The bitter remarks as to a faulty reference are due to a printer's error in the placing of asterisk. Page "9. " The other food. First to observe, the Pups. — "Wo show wv. were, Page 87. and so does United States' tostiniony. lien; pp. MS and Si), only testimony is that nthers said the pups irnuld perish, or )iiHst perish, but not one word that dead linps liad ever been noticed on the islands. " No one tiiiin an allcijed Sliimpeilr." — W(! saw IV"" »0 several real stampedes ourselves, and all residents everywhere agreed they ('re(|uently took plaee. In visiting rookeries, we were alw.ivs warned to go cautiously, so as to "avoid stampediiin', wliiidi would kill pups." "All the liodie.i nf Pup.i." — J)r. Akerly ex- I'age 91. amincd v/.r, and Dr. (iunlher mie — seven in all. 1892 as compared with T"-'.)!. We have ample i'»ge 91. evidence — photographs, kt-,, to show that the deaths weio wore numerous in 1^02 thau l^Dl. The evidence of ^lajor Lavender, that there Phro 92. were no dead ])ui)s on St. (ieorge, e(jrrohorates our statement that there «cri' no dead i)U[is on St. Georye, t.iu suiTcptitiously obtained, but that tbi'v (lisapi)oav from *iu' coiiiil aKdjrctlicr, and are sold by oilier hands lu other markets. " Deny " tlmt inoro than one Goveninient P»g<' 120. Agent W's before in ep'ploy of Coni]iany. A list should be made out. It is cert ai. that slieli faets as the deereasc in the uiunl)er of seals, .idniittcd in the United States' Case tu have cjmmoneed in 1881, were never mentioned in the Gnvernment Oiheird's lli'iiort until the lease expired in IS'.IO. It is quite true that the killing' (.n the islands Pa>e 122 is not. submitted to arbitration. ]?ul Ave were commissioned to examine into and report upon all the facts of sc;il life in the North Paeitic Not admission of United States that "a change Pago 12a may he beuelleial." "Propelled Inj Machinery." — Vi'c wished to P.ige 124. stop a gTowini; — rapidly ;.,'rowinLr — fashion which would he injurious. 'Ue.ilrictions for pelagic nealiiKj" arc, as to P.ijn 125. time and place, because this is the only cfleetual metliod, as explained in our lleporl, of providing: as t'l number and kind of seals taki'u. The zuiie was stated by !Mr. Blaine himself tf) Pur^- 12(i. l)e ample, if i^ranti'd. It Avould certainly enable till raids to be easily prevented, because no vessel would hav(! any riijht to be Avithin 20 miles of the islands, and W(mld he seized at once. " Bairrii Females,'' Here Jiyain ihi-^ is not the Page 128. point: we say it does not " injure the herd " to take a pro[)orliou of females, as is (hine in all c-iscs. '' One iL'cek of pehiyie seolimj (7yH(//,v 10,000 ih Conimis- Puges ^y. riO. sioners on the "Danube" oniitted from mention. Claim madi' that no consideration shoiUd be I'.igi- ■><). given to indications of British Commissioners' raajis because sources and names not all s))(>eilied. Claim made that British ComniissioiKU's' data Pngisi .50, 51 chiefly from men-of-war ious, and that it does not justify maps showing dcTisity and distribu- tion. It is true that the density indications around the I'l'ibylolt' Islands were chielly 'tased on these, but it is not true that the indications east and west were so based. Examination of routes j)rinted by United States show that the crui/es of men-of-war were for the most part confined to vicinity of the I'rihylotl Islands, and it is therefore apparent that these could give but a small anioni\t of information Mriti.sh Commissioners' Report was written it coidd not be known that this point would come into (|uestion lo so important a degree. It was treated like other points. For the British Commissioners to have s(!t out all detail on all subjects would have been to make the Kepoi't •( series of volumes. ,M. Gri'bnitsky is cited to the elVeel that Page 52. < ' inunander and Holtben l-.land seals do not intermingle. 'I'lie route given on eliart depended on pev'-onal kuowleiluc of Captain Brandt (parn. 203). 2. — "Allci/ed piyiinisciiiius Siirsiiuj of Pups." The Commissic eeiMuake no detinile alienation I'agc 5,i. nl fact in this eonneetion, liiouiili so statcMl in I ara. 1, p. 't'^. T'he actual evidence on Iwth sides is given by the Comtnissioiieis, and is discussed liy them. Bryant and lilliott are most often ((uoted as llii.l. lutiiorities beeatise their observations liavi' been fully published in United States' ollicial ISejiorts. \\ lii'ie aetn.il obser\atioM- :ire stated, doubt is 1 '^liH,). 3 l*airc 53. P.UM 54. •na-e> .H, r,S Pau. 55. Ibiil. Briliili Coinmis- sinncrs' Ilejioit, A|>|)cii.|ix, p. iSS. Uniti'cl Slalos" Coiinlor-Cii"!' fi6. I'iigi sc'!(li)in, il' (.'Vi'i', cast on tlu.iu (ilioiiijh tli(.' Ix.'bt of obscrvois may at fimos err), 1ml when clodiielioiis aro (Irauii Irom ubscrvatiovis, i, is ([iiiti; fair t') criticize tliose, cvimi where flu; oliscrvcr may bo |)crl"(K-tly imprcju'liccd. Ti:' (lat.i quoted by Mryant and Hlliott on tho(ju(;stioii ol' tlie.siicklinn' o\' piiii.s leave tlieir conclusion evidently in I ho liositioii 111' a not proven deduction or theory. I'llliott's .statement as to the want oT atVection for pups by their mothers was qnoted because it .lecorded wilh tin; Uritish Commissioneis' 'nvn i)bs('r\!itions on the i'ribylofr Islands. Thrvt- was no need to (juote jrcCoy, for the eireumslanees in Australia may be ditrercnt in this ri-sjiect. Tile late evidence contained in ilii; Apjii'iiili^ to Ihi I'liited States' Counlei'-Case, and intendi'd t.o sliiiw a sti'oni;' alVi.'ction of the female lor her yonnj', are. as in ma)iy other eases of such kite ('\idenee, opposed to former statements and experience. No posilioii is taken in tin' liritish Com- missioners' Depdi't.as iiefi' an'ain nnii'iuefkoii (his snbject. Sir S. AVilsoii, li()\\i.'\(,M', state-, ilia: lambs ofti.'U tnake a livinij; by stealing' I'roni otlu;' ewes. '• I'vineipal authorities of Uritish Commission- ers " it ma_\ be -.upiHised Mlliott and Bryant {iinte), (.'ontrary I ) what is here said, .Jack.sou .says th.al he has availed himself of the i pinions of the best pr.aetieal experts in the Colonv . Sir V. ^feCoy is not ([Uoted lu the Hrilish Commissioners' {{eport as personally responsible for tile assertion, as atbrmeil by the Ignited States. His iueorpov.ition of ilie assi'rtiwr. younn'. but the r-'niark made liy bim is only incidental, and he advances no proof. So also with the i'vjdence referred ;<> in llic Apjiendix to the foiled States' Case. TL's consists of "itlier uiei'e assertion, or, when proof is ('luleavoiired to be .ulv.tne si, it is ([nite iiu-on- eliisiv • in character. Here .main the ilelinili' '■ assertion.' a\aiiabie, and t\r:\\ possible. II i- lse\\liefi- staled ill Mi' lleport in ..■bat manner ihe Commis.sioners faniilinri/e 1 thcin- sehes Willi Ihe ojeniotvi on the resp.'clive <.''ininiis.sioiiers make no llicy [iresciit the (nidi-iKv '\itli ti as imparl ially as A ™ isliiiids. 11 i» iiol iioccssni'V, wliciii'vri' siicli oniiiiims ;in' I't'liTvcd ti\ tn (|Ufi1(' iiiimc^ of ;ill the n.'itivcs inlcrvicwcd. Oil wIkiI "^I'ouiuls is tl.o slati'iufiit lii'i-c iiiiiiK' I'agf SR. nil authority of Ili-r ^liijcsty's Minister !it Tokio said to 1)0 based ou no nctual kn()wl('dj;(.' r He sjiys, on the contrary, tliat the slatenicnls are linked on ;in experienecnl aiitliorily. Compare Hryant's stateuK-nls here discussed. I'sc^es 58, 59, No oA'ichnicc of his havin"' •' |Mil)lielv discarded " „ .,„, ,,, , ' ■ Sec \i. Mi. .Mli'i) I lii> former position. Monoirrapli. riie Commissioners' own oliservnt ions are nol iiicluih'd under what is cited as residuary e\ idenee. 'i'he fact lliat tlie rookeries were ditferent in Pago 60 apjH'Oranee ou the 27tli .7>dy in 1^!)! and ]s!)2 is not strange. Il does not sIkiw tliai ol)st'rvations niailo in 181)1 were erroneous. [Sec Maeoun lor 1892 lierc] liven Brown makes females stay on land four- tei ;i to seventeen davs after "'ivin" hirtli. •*>■« Co I linn. 'I'lie Commissioners' Kcp'irt does not attrihute any nefarious ohject to the statements of " most Avriti rs,'' hut inrii iy, ;is exphiined, a Avaiit of kuowhMli^c. A^ain, afleel tn dishclieve evidence hccause names of informants not u;iveu for every item. I!r\ ant's deposition mad'' twenty years after his ohservations now relied un \n prove incoiTecl- ness of these. (>''i-.) Dal! called in lo eontradiel himself. Il<'niade a i)erfectly (dear statement, hut now douhts if he Avasri^^ht. Of what value is scientil'ie evidence of any kind puhlished if it is of this kind r In any case there is nmr ample and positive (not negative) evidence on the subject. The Avhole iu-gnment here is erroneous and special i)leadinL;. \'iri;iii females do not neces- sarily land at all, and of ihis large class many ])rol)ahly are covered at sea. There is no evidence that su(di females actually come aslio/e on the islands at all. Further, none of the state- ments as to dates made hy the British Comnd'-- siiii crs are ahsulutely ex'dusive. No such rules are I'ound in Nattire. Exceptional ease- of various kituls are, no douht, snilieieutly common. j\gain, if not sullieiently served at. fii'.sf, females lluil. I'a-i. Gi ll>i,l. ll,i!. I'ai^c li:!, |i;iiM. ■-'. Uritiflii CoiinhT- < 'a«f, Appendix. Kritish Ccuiilcr. Cm;!'. .Appuidix, vol. i, pp l:iii, )40. uu'l Itryjuit in "Oil Earcil Si'iilb," p. 102, mill *■ Mono;:r!ipii ol .N'ortfi .-\iiiciicaii Piiiiiipc'ds," p. 411. (juolod ill Uniifili C'fiiiiitcr-CiiM', .^ppc^dix, vol. i, pp. Vlb, 126. ii.id,. p. i:;a. would undoubtedly conic agnin into lital lutcr, after a few days or ;> lew wcokH. The later births rd'errfd to us n inffssary consequence (? necessary in all eases) is, in fact, specially referred to by tbc Commissioners in another passage, para. tt8. Page 64. Nil pr('(.'is(! di'y;rcc of l'ro(|Ucney is attributed by th(,' Uritish Commissioners to coition at .sen. The argument is based on the assumption tb.al the Connnissioncrs state such coition to be very ri('(|ii('iit, and, tbei'el'orc, nlea^^ nothing'. The nniiii)rr of ea'^es actually vouclieil Tor liy jiclagic sealiT- v.ii\ild, h'uvi'vcr, show thai it mu^t be eomnion. (Tables pri'-cutrd liy United States' Commi.s- sioncrs lia\c ah'caily been discussed in the Counter-Case.) P.TJI' i;5. Ibid. Pairi- 66. Ibid. Ibid. Mdiiaijcmcnt of I'ribijlnjf lalnnth. The Uritish Connnissioncrs' Report does not, as here st.'ited, allirm excellcnec of ))rinci])les of methods without (^ualilieation. It admits their tlieonitieal cfricicney, but denies tlie validity even ol' till' tlii'ory on whieh thesr were based. i'niteil States insist that attention as to deci'ease should be eonilneil to first decade of Alaska Commercial Comjiauy, before pel.iiiie seal- ing, becau.se we admit tiiat alter this there wen- concurrent cau-;es. Insistence on the same point would invalidaie all the Tnited States' argu- ments on pelagii' sealing, and tin; conclusions in respect to such sealing at which they arrive. Moreover, the United States in their Case have held thai in these recent years females only were wantinu'. Tliey have endeavoured to prove this at length, and cannot now complain if we adduce opposite evidence on the same subje.-l fm the same period. Only under certain conditions do the United States consider a broader view del'ensil)!e. J>ut the British Coinmi-.>ioiu'rN in their iirgunnnl practically eiim|ily wilii these eondttioiis. Tlie\, in fact, show that tliC nu'thods on ilie islands did jnactieally injure .seal life. Now for the lirst lime the I'nited States are brought to admit that after pelagic sealing the number killed on the islands was too high. The Uritish Commissioners show, howe\er_ that the decrease was surely felt at least as cai'ly [220] ' C IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 4 A // :/. f/. 1.0 t^^ ^= ^ ■- |||12 II ^ '^ IIIIM ^ lllim 1.25 1.4 11.6 — = = 1^ — = « 6" ► V] ^^4 7 7 j^ PbotDgraphic Sciences Corporation ^^ #>><. o^ -b^ # ^ <> u ■\ 6 as 1879, or ten or eleven years before 188!), here allcj»ed as first notable decrease on islands. In 18S9, for the first lime, I he weight of skins Ptjo 66. IS stated to have fallen below the average of former years I Evidence in the British Commis- sioners' Report and tlie Counter-Case of Great Britain shows this to be untrue. Decrease continuing; in 18!)1 and |w.)2, here Pay,. j;. stated, is by u; dcMiied. (Evidence must l)e eNaniined and nur cviileMce produced.) Eailuve to take into account the •" new lactor" ibid. is certainly irreU'vanl, il no eousideration was expected to l)e iriveii to the |M'i'sorvation of the seals— only elTort 1o take as many as ))ossibli;, whether injurious or not. The quotation in whidi the liritish Commis- P.ngt C8. p^ra. I. siouers are here made to chnraeterize the system employed on the PribylolV Islands ;\s "appro- priate and even perfect " is misleading', as a reference to tlie rest ol' the statement from Uniteil States' which it is extracted will show. Conntpr-Casi., The general statement made in the paragrajtb is incorrect. We do show that the standard weight of skins was lowered af least as early as 1883, and this is further and fully borne out by the Tables and Diagram in the British Counlcu'- Case. The limiting ol' the [leriod considered to 1880. morcov(!r, iMuibles the warnings and pro- tests of Government Agents previous to that year to be (diniinatcd, as W(>11 as the ehanires in methods and an>a of driving begun about 1879. Reference to " unjustifiable insinuations," &c., Page 68, jiam. j. against United States' olllcials and those of .Vlaska Commercial Company, &c., referred to, as an attempt to mislead smd obscure the true issue. These are returned to later in the '.'uited Stat(}s' Counter-Case, and are denlt witli in the consideration ol' that later pa.t ol' the Counter- Case. The i)ublislied statements of United States' officiaN, (juotcd in British (Jounter-Case, are, however, move than sullicient evidence of the existence of very e(|uiv()eal relations and conduct between officials and by tliem. It is here again insisted liy Mie L'nitcd States Ibid., pari. 3. Iliat all references (o the condition of the islands subsequent to the introduction of jjclagic sealing are irrelevant. This is in no way admitted. The Commissioners were to inquire into all the causes affecting seal life and lesiding up to the i'ngf CD, i«ira. 1. Criiisli Corn- present conditions, wliich aiv in iinrai,'i'ai)li Iu-imj refem-d to spoken of as (l('i)let ion of the PribyloiV rooki'rics. It would hi' scn-el<->s to omit tVoni consideration tlio infliioiice ol' action on tlio islands dni'in^ tlic iiroccdinir ten or twelve years. .^^oreover, the methods adojded oil the i-lands s1io\ild liave Ijei-n sudi as to provide for causes ol' decrease generally when these should occur. li there had Im'cii no pelai,'ic sealing, had seasons or other natural causes nuLrht equally liavc hrouglit ahoiit a decrease similar to that which is alleu:i"d to have occurred. The facts show that in this ease provisions would have heoi c(|U!ilIy wantiii;^ to meet such a case. 'I'herel'ore the nn-tlu.d of control, Su;., was clearly inipcrfeel in itself. The statement here made that the killing; of 100,000 young males annually couhl only have been injurious hy leaving an insufficieufy of males to fertilize the females is incorrect. Neither is the excessive killing above referred to hy the Jh-itish Connnissioners as an instance of bad nianagemenl on the ishuids. Th(- att(>nipl ■to this one point in p.ir, ''■7-i ioiiirs' lioport, made to uarrow down t lie issue %on^ms-Ui. one of its aspects is thus again enl irely misleading. Special attention is then paid, aiid at Mnno length, to endeavour to weaken the force of a statement made by IJryant as to excessive killing on the islands in 1^^7">, which is (iuot(>d by the British Commissioners. As is stated in United SlaK's" (.'.lunter-tAise (p. (i!))- ih,. IC.I-..1IS iMi lii.- |l'>vyaiir.-| IJciH.il .^1 isr.'i .11 ■ ^ Ii.oly shuwii liv .111 cx.iiiiiiialieii ni" lii> ii-iiiiiuii\ lii'i'oii' .1 Ciiiii- iiiiuei' uf ill.- IImii-i' mI' i;,],i;s( in,iii\c^ ill IsTH.' In reply to the v Si'i'li in my itcUiil,'.! li,'i...n 1,1 ihe >,.. ii'tiiiy .ii tlie TrciHiu'y, iii,'lii,l,.l ill til,' .vuli'ii,.. wliii'li iiiis lifcii liiiil bcl'or,' 111,. Cuiiiiiiltei'. 'I'li.iv w-v iiiili, ali'.iis ..r .liiiiiiiiili..ii 111 ill,, iimiit'.r of nial.. ,<,'als. I ..^av.. iliat and aii..Ui''r va-.ai. wlii.li 1 .■\|ilaiii,'il al laij;,' ui llial lii.|i.in.' Till' (illin- reason llu'ii follows, and is that (jiioted in till' Uiiiti'il Stale-' {'ounler-Cav. Tlial tliis other reason was considered l)y Captain H. U., 44tli Cong., Bryant to have been of sli^lit importance is no sslm^ 176,°*' tcry evident wlien his Report is referred to. 177. After writing of the frequency witii wliieli hauling-grounds arc driven from, he says : — ■'TllUs ll will be M'i'll the wilhul i\l /;//,.;/ 'Idi'S Mill ii'liiiil of till' wtliiig ii|Mrl "\ tt s|pri ial iiniiil" r tinil taking till' iciiiiiindcr lor tlic quotii loi llir iiiarki't ninl llic only |.(issil)li' way I'l presiTvi' llic n'i|iiisiU' nmnbiT l'..r ini'i'tliiij; |iiiiiiiises is l(j icslricl tiio muulicr tu lie killrcl so hw «itllill till' lUiiiluct On tcp inline rllnu;4ll csc;i|'ili;; I'"! till- OI'JIM I." Immediately following tliis comes tiie passage quoted in the Report of tlie British Commis- sioners (para. G78). Bryant then treats at some loiij^th of the great number of seals that hy natural causes lose tlieir lives while they are iihsent from the islands, and winds up his remarks on this subject with these words : — " One ollior (•ausr slidilKl I"' stated tluit lias dircrtly (Miiti ibiiti'd III uimiiiisliiug till' invsciit stuck i^f I'leeding luali'^ I'.iiriiig lla' seasuii !■!' I.S1J8, bfl'in'c tlic i-iiactiiU'iit ol the |iioliibitory law, the sevcial paitics scaling lliero (■■, k J4(l,0U0 seals UKiuthly [iiiustly] cf tlir |M"diiel- ul W-.'- .\i'ais liSlid and IS67. Tln'se wmuM Iiavr nialmi'd and |ie( 11 ailded to till' |iri'.iciit stnuk "1 breeding males in the years 1S7l' and 1873, and tu tliis " ;i<'/-/ ol' llie pnis|ieetive (leli.ieney is In be attribulod." These !irc Captain Bryant's " reasons for his Report of 1875," and nothing further is neces- sary to show that while there may have been other causes that contributed to the scarcity of breeding males, he evidently considered the one quoted by the ]h'itisli Commissioners to be that to which the diminution in this clas of sesils was to he principally attributed. Discussion is here l)cgun of statements in Page 71. JU'itisli Commissioners' Report respecting de- crease between 1870 and 1880. The United States insist that ntimber killed (11 the islands is irrelevant, unless it can be .shown that this caused decrease. It is for this very purpose, however, that the inimber is here considered in the British Commissionei-s' Ue^jort. Complaint is made of the alleged " unfairness " of the comparison of the annual juimbcr of skins taken during the Russian period with the lUO.OOO quota of the United States. It is now stated by ^ 9 tli(! United States that in llio Comrnissionois' l{o])()rl — "Till! (li',--ir' is to sup;j;i'Sl llir iiil'eiciiru lliid lli'.' killiiij; ut 50,0110 was rxrc.-sivc." TliP C'ommissiiini'i's wen-, Iiowcmt, in tlio parai^raplis iicre .>.|)i'ci!illy (|Uolc(l, couccriKvl in givinii' a liistoricil n'snmo of tlic circniiislaiu'cs connected with killing, and tlu; nunibci' killed. Furtiicr information on the same suhj(>et will he found in the Hritisli Commissioners' ile])ort, j)aras. 0.")9-70;5. In ))arM. (iOt tliey stall- : — " From llic I'xiii'ricacc lliu.s iwrndwi. it iip]jciiir.s tu l)e very diaily shown iliiit in tln' avci-.'JL'C nf yciirs the liilliiig of 40,(100 tu 50,000 seals on St. I'aiil was niniv than this— the iirincipnl 8cul-l marine; islaml- r..ulil stand, whil.' tlial, pi'iicti.si'd dining the later years ol' the IJuNsian control scarcely fell shoit of the lij,'ure 111 wliieh all ecmliniied increase in number of se^.ls woiilj cease." Allen. "Mono(T''aph of Norlli American I'liniipeils," |). 370. Hritish Conimis- sioticrs' lii'|i(irl, pan. CCS. Sec al.:l, 1H(51, ls()."i, and IStK!, for which tin- llgtires are somewhat iiiio viain. On p. 7;{ of the United States' Counter- Case (-xtraets and disconnected fragments from Ilnssian eorrespondi-nce relating to the islands are n-fern-d to tipparently for tlu- purpose of indicating that a high rate of killing was e.stablisho,! fmni 18(10 to IStiO. An examination of these communications (imperfect as they are), [2.0 J .£> *^ 10 lioucvcr, slinws tlial ihcy mcn'ly iiicliuli' ir(|iu'sts or inslnictioiis from llio Board ol' .MaiiaLcenient or ilu' Cliiof Maiiai^rr I'oi' the killiiuv ol' I'crlain iiiiiiil)orN of seals for >kiiis. 'I'lu'rc is iioltiiny to show lliai lln'sc iirojccls for killinj,' were caviicd out. Ill fai'l, ill one ease, in IHCiO, the the Cliief Manager, llioiii.;li instriieled to i,'ct ."(1.0(10 to ()0,('<>*' skills, expressed doiilit in bejii!; able to do so, owiiiu: lo eeilaiii iinlavourable conditions in 1859. or Ihe years ineirloned in tin' eorri'siioiidenee for wliieli llie niimlier killed on liie islands lias l»ei'n aseeilained, we liiid as follows: — Nmiiipti- :»>lvt'il to (Ilu.^siaii Corropun- N tinlicr laki-ii Year. (l!r tiS t ( 'ii nllli^sioiKT^ ".It. p. 132). IH.iO •lO.UdO or tUI.OOO •2 1 ,yjo l.SGl ■17.1,110 'J'.i,li'.i9 lSf,2 IVnuilli'il at first, 80,000 ; rciliiecil bv order to •18.000 ol.J'Jl For tlie remaining years to !>>(> i, the uiimlier requested or ordered to he killed was a.s follows : — IRGS 1804 180.5 (by Boaril) . ,, (l)y MaiKiL^t'r) IKGti 80,000 70,000 .03,000 ■18,000 50,000 The appro.ximatc numbers actually killed, as British Commi*- .sccrtained from the best available data, are in ''"Jsa. '^''° ' tliesc years miudi lower. rt is not, liowcver, to bo supposed that in Elliott, Census failing thus to carry out the instructions as to pp''76''77"''"°*' killing, the persons on the islands could not obtain enough seals. The difTieulty arose chiefly, if not entii'cly, from the time consumed and the amount of labour involved in curing a large proportion of the skins 1)y drying. The special circumstances connected with the excessive number taken in 1807 (7r>,0()0) are e.Kplaincd in the Report of the Uritish Commis- sioners (paras. 807, 779.) United States, in Case, however, ailirin that Page 73 (bottom), the want is in females, and not in males. If this ^^H?^ u Page 74. Elliott, Uiiiii'il Slates' Cl'Iisus Report, p. 3C. Page 74. I'agn 75. British Counter- Case, Appendix, vol, i, pp. 140, Ml opposili! cffuiif, as Lun- doiif V Comtni>sii)iHM-s arc cliari!;!'!! uilli llay;iiiit violritioiKirinshMiotiiiiiNiisdiiiniiiirliality, licci'iisu tli.'V do iinl c|n.>1n llii' wliulc (if !l p;ini^f!ipli 'py llllioll rifcniiiu; to llii' pf(-piillii)li ol' hull', io I't'iii'ilL's. 'I'll'' jiiirt of till' p;ii!iL;niiili ((iioid, liowc'vci', 'Aivi's i;lli!)1t'.s;;iMirr'ilcci.,c'Iiisi.iii. Il was not iicei-isai-y to ([iiolc llir '■\cc'|ifi(iii;il cases for tlic object ill vii'W. lie notes liolli mii<:li Ini-rer Mll'l iiiiicli siiialliT •imiilieis oj' leiiiales Io ii ;,iill tljaii 'lie a\('r!i',;'e. In coi-recliiiu; tlio "omission'" ol' flic roiiilin-.sIoMeis, (lie Ciiiled States (iiiote only iiiirt (.f !lie adiiiliona! iii.iMi;f I'ci'ci'riiU' to flic e\ee|itio!ia1 eases ol' \ I'ly lai 'j;o niimliers of lemalos, Moi'eovev, tlie stateiiienl t'.iat his eslimate \\;is no( eiilircly satisraclory toliiinseU'is well envc.cd liy liis note quoted first as to tlie diHu-iilty Ins found in iiiakiii;„' an estimate. Tlic entire passai^o is licre given, tlic italiri/.eil pa'ls Lein;; IIiomj (luoted liy 111'- iiiitisli (Jomifissioneis. 'I'lie vords In liraeketsare tliose uliieli wevi' omitted fmrn tlie (|Uotation ulven in tlie I'liited States' Countcr- Case:— '• I fiHiiil il 'in •.icciiliiujlji (lij/lii'll iiiiilt'i- Ici K'h'.i/if iiimrlf ai Io (I f'lir fji-ii'-rnl neerci/r ninahri- nf ' ms to cirli, liiil! un It i-""l.'ri/ ; I"'! "fttr /irdlnirlnl stiul;/. I think it vill he lU-Ki-lii ■■„i-i-iii I'-hni f 'ixaiijii. In rti'li mi'lr ii iinnnif. ratio iif frviK f/leni ^' tn-iiili//' ni"li-: nl !!•'• sliitHiii.i nn'rat the iriiler ; ami f>'r tli'taii. rs wlicir I'eiiy-tivo an. I fifty ffmaK'H nre all innliT mir inali'; (aii'l tlii'ii, ajiaiii, wlicrc llifiv are two i.r linn' l'('lllall■^ unly, tlial this c|iu-.-;- lidii was, auil is, nnl I'litin-ly -.ilisfaitnry in its sctlli'iiii'iit 1(1 my miml.]" Not true. Ill para. .">."), immediately I'ollowiiii,' that referred to, the ("oniniissioners refer to their own observations. ITow can a photograph show whether the bulls were vij;orous or iiot'r ilr. ilaeoun states that at Nortb-cast roiiit (a part of which is shown liy Ilrown's photograph) there were, in his opinion, more old Iiulls Mian on all the otber rookeries combined, but that even there the numhev was not great, ard luany of those charaeterizid as " old hulls "— "showed the };i'cy wijr, whidi iirnviil tlieiii to lie luil \<'l, iuUy orowai, while oiheis weiv, willioin. ilnubl, wiiiii-.,in. riUl hulls, 110 Ioniser lit for service." J 12 I'vciMimnn's count of jiui't of om.'of tlic siu;illo.st I'.i.m- 75. vookerii's is (jnoteil to show an iiljiiiulaiice of l)llils. ll('f(>r<'nci' to Ivlliott's llcport oT 18'.)i), wliidi is i'^;.,. 75. iuioiuic.l t:> tliri)u- (loiilit on llu' siimnirirj jjiib- lislicd by liiin — a (loul)i wholly lia.sclcs^. It is fnu! Ihal thi' particular figaires here l':ii;i: 76. ivrcrr.Ml t) ajjiicar alter Elliott's siuaiatuiv of SSmnuiavy of his oiruiial Rojiort addnssi'd to }.h\ Wii'.doni, Si'crctnry of Trca-^iirN . U is, however, stat/d that the liijiires wer(> forwarded hy ilr. lllliolt, and the ;issiini])tion is that they were an additioM.al e\ei'r])t I'roni liis full I'eport. If otluTwise, the I'uited States can easily disprove hy produeini;' the actual Jleport in ipiestion. As to till' ;K'cnr;U'y of fhi; llu;ures tlK-niselves, the Conitni- to refer were those imblislied l),v llie United States. Therefore, wlieii the United Stales produces new :u\d more detailed figures alleged to have l)een on file iu the Treasury Department, no proof of uiii'airnoss or inaeeuraey can justly bo urged as against '.he Commissioners. Thus, in the Tables of liilliiigs heretofore aeeessihle, il was iiajxissihle to appor- tion the number of " pups " killed for food in each particular year, foi' oiilv the ji'raud total for a number of years was ^iveii. J3iit accepting the new Table heii' piiiited and refern-d to l)y the United States, the killing in 1875 is even there shown to have been more than l.OOO h'ss than in 1S74. A reference to the diagrams given in the Commissioners' lieport will show graphi- cally the character of the change rei'errcd to by them as begun iu 187">. I'iijff 77. United Statesdenies lowcringof standard v\ciglit of skins till ISStJ, referred to in Commissioners' Report, para. OOl, &c., but United Staters ignores the abso]ut(" evidence to this elTeet by one of their own principal witnesses (II. If. ifelntyrc). This carries the lowering of weight back to 1883 (para. (IDfi). Lowei'ing admitted in IssO, " eoinei- dentiy with increase of pelagic sealing," but in United States' Case stated that great decrease of seals on islands began in 18S(-S.O. The lowering of standard weight relerred to b\ Commissioners only as a ])roof of decrease of ii l)cen made up of extra large and extra small skins. I Sec letter as to tliis ami as to comparison with Poland's Tables. Kusseli.] The denial of the Uniieil Slates as to rc^duef ion of standard of weights is tluMuiforc shown to rest on unsound and incorrect evidences. "Webster's evidence, &e. (para. ()77), was (|uoled Page '7- in support of statements of natives detailed in a preceding paragraph, but an attempt is made to traverse Webster's evidence alone. The insinua- tion conveyed by tlie (expression, referring to the siattnnent made by the C'ommissioni'rs as to -\tr. Webster's statement, that it is "alleged to have b(!en made to them," is imworthy of notice. Ikil on referring to the paragraph of the Com- missioners' IJeport here cited, it will be found that tlie statement made in the Counter-Case of If) ,jl>l t'ollj;., 2liii Sps-:., Seiiati' 1a. Doc No. •!!). V.tiii'H 78, 79. the United States is I'lToiieous. Botli yVr. Wcl)- ster and Mr. rowlcv arc (jiiolod as authoritio'; for the iii^urcs tlicrc givnii. pinl!;er, uu rclViTin^' ('> tlin Table specially eonipilrd to robiit ilii^ c\i- dcncc, and printed in the .\])pendix to tlic United States' Counter-Case, it will be found tlial liotii tliose gentlemen are fully ju-tificd in llicir state- ments ([uotcd by the Commissioners, It is to be presumed lliatI)otli spolic Irom memory, and not by llie book, and pieri-^iou to units is tberefore not to l)c looked for. Webster said that in lS7t :\\\{\ V^l't, 35.000 to 3(1,0(10 skins were taken each yi'ar. 'I'he Table shows in these two years respectively 3:l.,.'.L>(i and 3,-,l 13 skiu'^. Fowler >nid that i^.m) and T-<,000 skins were taken at North-easi i'oinl in \^i~',) and seven sueeeeding years. The Table sho«s: 1S70, ■20,111; ]sso, •J5,8()2; 18S1, 17,!!".i' : l.«82, 2:i,:!03 skins. Tlie (.'oniniissioners further i^ive the males taken in I^V.t and ISJO as lo.OTf)* and .'>,()07 skins respectively, classing these as olllcial figures. A printer's i-rror lia^ plac(;d two as- terisks (*) in the text of this page of the Com- missioners' I'cport, and hasouHtled thereferer.ee at the foot of tlic page to which one of them should apply. 1t is to be regretted that tliis has deprived '• the United States of the opportunity to e\;nuin(^ (he authority iutemled to l)o eiti'd ;" but a miiumum amount of research would have residted in the discovery that the figures refenvd to were those in ^Ir. (ioiVs olTieial f'eport uii the i'riliylotr Islands for 1SU0. Tlu' lii^ures given by the (.Commissioners are identical with (hose of tlu Report in (piestion. Dn examining (he ii^iires it will, however, be i'ound that an error in ad ilitiou has been made in the Congressiou:il (hieu- ment rclcared to; (he total mimlier of skins dei-ived from North-east I'oint in 1 '>;)() should rea(i "(i,5<)2," instead of " r.,0()7." This ilil- fereiiet! has. however, no bearing on the subjeet, under discussion in (his p,ii( of tlic Commis- sioners' Heport. In respect to thi' ([uestionofdriving in ls7'.)froni the viciiuty of rookeries previously reserved and exempted from dri\ing. Statements made on this subject (and witli sjieeial refercnei^to Zapadnie and I'olavina rookeries) by the Ccnnmissioncrs are, • In II 'I'nlile iiriiilciil in tlio Appi'MiJix tj tlii' Unite i oiutc*' Cmiuler-Cm- (,1.422), tlu' numlcrnt' srals l,illi'(liii lsS9 i- Kivfii at 'J.s,7m riKMlillVivncp lumi'cn ilii.s stilcnuut anl l!.o oIliiMil statcircnl (piolt'it \l linc.l. spp 10 (lonicd liy (lie United States. In mnkiiii,' those state- uioiils (tlioiiij;li eoufii'iiiaticm ■was olitjiuied from otlioi- sources) reliance was evidently placed upon the Itcpoils of Mr. 11. AV. Klhott. In his llepoi't hearing date l^so, Mr. Elliott, spealvini; ol' Zapaduic rookery anoii cituil in a siniilnr i-xnuiiili; at Z ipadnic. Ill' ' luillusuliic'kii' ' hnvc Ijueii tlrivcii rroiii thi^ part siia'!' 1S7-. tli(ai!,li it i> dill' of the cnsiest workcil. It was in the IIiHsiaii times a jipt sealing-gniuiiil with ihein. " Jfr. Elliott investigated the circumstances iu Biitiali Case, 1S7---71, and revisited the island "Wlieii lie again revisited the islands in ]S90, hi stiiti's that he foiinil that driving had hoen cxiciided to Zapadnie and Polavina rookeries in J'^"'.), as quoted hy the Coininissioner.>. During all his stays upon and visits to the I'rihy- loIV Islands ]\lr. Elliott was specially engaged in nil oil'icial capacity in investigaling the conditions of seal life for flie I'nited States. The Commis- sioners were thus fully justified in assuming that till- statements made hy him in official IJcports were correct. lint tlic United States have, in its Apjieiidix to Appindix II, their Case, puhlished, for the first time, certain 167.172 " ' Tables hy Mr. Jlax lleilhronner, Secretary of tlie Alaska Couimercial Company, relating to the killing in each year from tlie various rookeries. These .are now rel'erred to as contradicting the statements ([Uoted hy the Commissioners. If iii.'iy lie that the Secretary of the Comjiany lias |Kssesscil fuller inlorination in tiiis case than tlie (ioverument ollicials, hut it is siguilicanf that the ollleial annual Reports of the Government are not here referred to. In tliese Tables Polavina is ilesignated " Half-way Point," and Zajiaduie si)il)ears to he included iii.der the gi'ueral designa- tion of "South-west Hay.'' As the numbers are not ill all cases given separately for these two places, it is impossilile to make a statement from the Tah'i'sof the actual iiumher taken in each in 17 every year, liul tin: uuniber of drives recorded may be tnkcu us an index of the increasing extent of drivin;^ from these plaees in later yenrs. The nniiiher of (h'ives slat(>d is as foUows : — V.:ir S,iiitli-Hi>t liav. Ilall-wav Tcint (= rnlavinn). IhTl , 1 1872 1 1 187a a ',) 1R71 fi IS"/) 1 1870 H I 1877 r, s 1878 r, ■■i 187!i t ;i 1880 :. 1 1881 5 1 188J 10 ■) ISSli 9 4 18S1 ;» 9 1885 n 8 188r> 12 y 1887 8 II 1888 8 ,s 188!) 8 4 Tiie substantial aceuracy of the remarks made by the Commissioners is further shown by the evidoneo of Mv. U. I[. Mclntyre, appended to till! United States' Case, though this evideneo is intended for another purpose, i.e., to explain away the alleged dcfieieney in number of killablc seals resulting in 1879. ifr. Mclntyre says: — L'liiti-J Slutea' Case, Appemlix 11, p. SO. " Ii] (nilui tluit tho .-tli'ilion should lie mailc (rum af larjic a munljcr as possDile.iuiil tn saliMt'y the ri'([uii'CMiiei]t« ut tho Troiisury Af;i'nts in iliarj;i_', whn (li'iuaiiiled tliat all tlir I'liokuiiea Lit! worked in reyulav rotation, irr niininciifil ■ill 1S7!I "'■ 1H"<0 tu •ili-iri' v'ilh ijiiiitir /hi/ntiicij Jroni lln inoi'r iNslmil and Iik-< inriKniiilc yruvinh Willi this (.'xwptiou tliore was no change in the nianniT of conduttinu th.' I'U.sint'ss IVoni l.'^TU to 18X0." Pa^,. 79. Question of over-driving and rcdriviug said to have already been fully treated in United States' Case. It is her(> passed over ja'aeiieally ■without remark, cxeept thai, if it oeeurred, it was direetly due to pelagie sealing. This admission implies, what has throughout been atlirmed on part of Great Britain, viz., that the " (piota '" to be taken on Pribylolf Islands had become pi-aetically lixed, and that no regard to seal life was had in en- deavouring to fill tlie "(|uota." It is affirnied by Great Uritain that the deveh)puient of pelagie ['220] p 18 sciiliui; was in itself a pi'i'fcclly li-ifitiniati' onr, but tliiit iKifwithstaniliii!^ tlic iiPwiroiuUtiDus thus prodiK^fd till' I'liitcd Statos (tftntinucd to pcu'init. the killing ol'an ('xccssivo nuiiihiM' ol' s(.'als on tin" bvpcdinii-islaiuls just as fhoii;;li no pclai^ic scalintf was practised . Ir any rights exist to s(>al on the liigli seas, it is ahsuvil to eharge the ))elagic sealers with the resulls oi' the over-dri\ing prai-lised to secure " quota " on islands. liven it" no such right exists (which is denied), it slunvsan entire ahsenee of proper care to permit murderous and damaging practises on islands in en(h'avoiir to secure "quota" before th(! ([uesiion of I'ighfs and pro- tection had in any way been settled. Note, that after discussing many selected events H«go 80 subse(|ueiit to 1880, (oi' general ell'ect.the United States conclude by claim to coidine discussion to years |>revions to 18S0. They thus tacitly admit the general indictment lor the period subsequent to that year. 4 PvUkjIc Seiiliiiij. In the opening paragraph on this subject, Pnge 80. advantagi.' is taken of tli.- honest admission of the British Commissioners (paras. (iO, 71) that pelagic scaling is, concurrently with thi! number killed, and without any killing upon the islands, a cause of decrease of seals, to characteri/e their treatment of this subject as ''an ajjology iuid attempted justilication.'' The very nnwarraiitablc position thus assumed by the I'nitiHl States is supported only by Ihi; stoutly-made and rcjieated assertions thiU iiothimj done on the brreding-islands ((dtlnir in regard to methods or luunber of seals taken) lias been detrimental to seal life. Tf persistent assertion and iteration should be I'cgarded iis having any Aveight, it might possibly be unneces- sary to (Miter into the consideration of the facts on this subject. Ir appcuirs further to be tissnmod that the stat(nnent that killing at sea is "indiscriminate" — i.r., that it imdudes both sexes — is sufficient in itself to condemn such scaling. The super- .stition to the cfTei^t that large numbers of males aKme might be killed without any injurious (effect on seal life, which arose during the Russian regime, appears to have still ti very (irm liokl, while the principles of- " selection " which have come to be recognized during the past twenty 10 I I or tliirty yearn, witli other scicniilic I'liets illiiil.'d to in the Ileporl of the British ComraissiDiu'i's !in(l ill thoCounler-Casoof ller nritainiic^rijisty, seoin to be iiiikiiowii. KuithiT, tii(^ very < ......v'oniy known nnd reco;;- nizcd I'aet that, even in lh(M'as(M)r''om/'.v//r animal"', as well as in that of wiiil animals .■irtilii'ially preservcrl, lari,'i' nninhins of l'('nial(!s arc usually and iiceessai'ily killed, is ii^norcd. Sncji questions ol' I'aet iind I'vpedieMcy are, of course, ((uitc apart iVoni the (juestion ol' the rii,'lit to kill fish m- animals of any kind andol' holli soxes heyond tlic 'crritoiial limits. Care is t'nrlhef laki'ii, in this lii'st iiai^c^^rap!], to ondea\ our to iirejudicc tiic Court, hy chttrni,-- terizini;' the evidence (jiiotcd hy tlu; Uritish ConunissiouiM's as " int{;rosted." It 'ill hi- o1)servcd, however, that the British ComniissioiK s have Fully recoi;ui/e(l and allowed for any motives ol' selt-interest whieii may have alTeeted th(? evidence ohlained (pams. 027, 'i34), and that in their endeavour to present tin- facts as they are, they linvc not assumed as indiihitahly correct all the stateiueuts made to them. It is next stated that the "three propositions" I'ormini;' the "apolo;,'y" for pelagic sealini,' will he treated " in the or arc those stated to be the [n'incipal alicn'ations of those op[)oscd to pcla^ii' scaling, not to repre- sent the order of importauci' in fact. The actual order .'uid wording of the headings found in tin; Hrilisli Coiumissioiurs' Iteporl under the eliaptor on ixdagie sealing is as fcdiows : — ((/.) Origin and DevelopiiKmt. (/(.) Methods. (r.) Projiortiou of Seals lost. ((/.) Composition of Catch. (c.) i-'uture of the Industry. 20 The first suLject sck'ctcd loi denial in tlio Pa so 80. Couutei'-Casc of the United States is tlius expressed ; — 1. " Tlutl till! percentage of female neals in the pvliiijir catch, is not large." In the opening ]);iragra2)h below tliis licadini; is found one oL' numerous instauees ol' slalenients which must he ehai'aeterizcd as unjust, if not actually ofVonsivc, Part of tlie evidence printed liy the British Commissioners is characterized as — "sii-CiiUuil ' (n iilfiico,' iillec;i3(l lu liavi- beoii nliuiiieil fVoui liiiliiuv Ininlfr^, .... ami in wliiclil Iutl' is ti tiiivfiil uvoiilaiico of imiiies ol iiifoinmiits.'' It must he pointed out that il' the veracity oC the British Commissioners is hero directly questioned, if if is intended to be alleged that the names of witnesses, for instance, were purposely suppressed, it may lie further assumed t1i;it the British Commissioners were capable of inventing all the subject-matter ol' their l{ej)ort, with some sjieeial object quite ap nl from any ol' thosf on which tliey were selected to make in(|niri(.'s. ihit on the next page, the frank admission by |'iij;,>Hi the same Commissioners respecting the possible existence of self-interest in some of the witnesses examined by tluMu is endeavoured to be employed as a means of minimizing the importance of tliat part of the evidence. It scarcely needs to he insisted on tliat if the chara('ter of the Con missioners was such as that implied by the allusions in tjie lirst paragraj)h, they would not have voluntarily weakened the ell'eet of furtlier evidence l)y any such statement ;.s that quoted in the second. As it is un])leasant to liavc lo point out sucii evidently unworthy insinuations as to the character of the British Commissioners wliicli occur frecpumtly throughout the Counter-Case pn.'sentcd by tlie United States, they may once for all l)e dismissed with the remarks just made. It may be well to add, howtwcr, that the British Com missioners evidently did no! consider it their mission to procure sworn evidence on all subjects invest i'..ratcd I)y Ihi'm. Their mission «as u jmrely Bfientillc and practical one. On relcrring to 21 tho first part of their Report (para. 23) it will bo louiul tliat they fully recognized this fact. They wrote : — '■ U may Ik; (iljsiTvcd, fuitlior, tlial in obtiiiniuf; (ividuncL- fioiM [iinsons i,! experience or kiiowledf,'e of the siiijjccl, waddptcd, in ircneral, the iiifdrmiii plan ul' frer interviews and indepenilciil convi isalirm. In this way we ai;(|nired very distinct and tnistwuitliy kiiuwl.'dge of tlieir ijiiinions and e.vpi'iii'nc ts." Til s(i doiii!,' they followed thu same plan \,itli tliiit adopted by their eolleai;'ii(;s from tlie Tiiiled States, wbo wrot(,' : — United States' " Altlionc;h iiir testiinuny ualhiMvd hy us en thi< and Case, pp. 434, 435. ,,,1^.,. ,„-,i„ts was n..t -iven nnd.'V oath, ils vain. ■, i„ oni- .jnd;;nient, is not in tlic Irast less'-neit Jpy that i'act fa short, tlie investigation was eondiieted preeiselv as it would have been had the ijuestion been one ul' scientific rather tlian diphjinatie, iniiiorlance." The only diir(n-ence Mhich inusi b(> noted bctw.-en the procedure of the British and United States' Conimissionei's is tliat indicated in tlie last leniark, i.,:, lliat the Tnitcd States' C(jm- ndssio)iei-H app;-:ir to liave regarded the qnestions (ixainined liy them rather as of diplomatie than as of seientilie importance, lliou-h ad.iptim;' a seienlilie method of investitj-ation. There can he no doul)t that iu ])otb cases, if fiirtliei' ])articulai's (d' the mass of evidence eollectcd sliould be required, these can he sup[dic:l by reference to tli,' notes of interviews, i*te,, maiie liy the resjieelive Commissioners at the time; and it is submitted that slatenients mad'; in good faith, and respeetint,' matters of (het or evidence, sbi.uld l)e accepted as true to tli.' best of the knowledge and l)elief of the Commissioners spetu'ally apjiointed lo investi^;ate the sidtjeet, whether I hose cd' Creat J?ritain or those of tlii> United States. It is perliaps imneeessary ao.in to draw- attention to Ilie manner in win'ch a U^w woids, separated from their context and ineo, [torateil in a new .sentence, may be niade lo convey a false iini)re.ssion ; but I wo instances of this we find in this particular page. The liritish Commissi,.ners write :— P.igeSl' British Comniis- siiners' Hoport, paia. 634. ■ .\iid while i! ,v „!,/ wi'iitlaliii'l that the evidence of sueli I'V.vtiea! sealers is mtirely \nitincluied hy motives of l)eisonal intei-est. il mnsi he evident that Ihe.n! ini^n Know more on ihr snhject tluui any others." [220] G 22 This stiitt-mcnl ^ oinplove 1 in tlio rollowiiig iiianucr in the Coiiutcr-C;i>:e i>\ tho rnitcd .States :— -Tlic .--c'l-'OiKi il;i>s (if 'n-.UMi(Miy |.rosoiiU'eI i'> >((.*(/« (In: Unit?;! Stales' /„.,,;//./;( o/llu: Ihi'vd is uMiuulhI IViiii sworn .sliilfMii'lit* .if C'mnt'T-Casu, CiiiiU'liiiii sciilcrs. wliich tliL- Cllmmi^isioll^M•3 mlmit mv ii"l '.•iitiivlv \nititirlinv(l l^y umtiv.- nf |ii'r-^oiiiil iiiU'irst.' " Oil ihc next jiui;v we llud the eviilciieo eitcd by the British Comiiiissiuniu's ehiinieterized as iiflniillcilhi untii'stwortliii. Ill the seconJ ease, the British Comissioncrs had written : — •'The lolldwiiif^ in ideiioe nii tlji . iianiculm' sulijotl is British Commii- that cuiitainc-d in wiilU'ii Htatonu'iils as to U-l' xariuua Pa^MS."''"** jilaccs of scaiing, iiiailc liy soiiir of the most uxpei-ioiiced and intulli.uent jiela^^iu sraUtrs.'' This is quoted in the Counter-Case oi' the liiited States in the I'oUowiiig eounectiou :-— "The largest pcrceiitagu of females adiiiilted l.y these ■ most ex]>urieiiced and intelli^;enl pela^'ie sealeis ' to have been taken l>y tlioni along the north-west eoasl is 50 out 100 seals," &c. In qiiotiiit;' tlic passage here ci.od in order to express its ineaninij, which implied a seleetion on the i,'rounds ol' intellii^ence and experience, it is obvious that the quotation shmdd have begun " the most," &c. Referring to the proportion of females taken in Page 81. the pelagic cateh, and evidence on this jioint pre- sented by the British Commissioners, objection is made that this evidence varies greatly in diiVercnt cases. The British Commissioners, however, par- ticularly note this very point, writing:— " It is only natural, and i> entirely in aecnrd with what British Conimis- nii.'ht he expected, that the i>roi«aliuns of seals hy sexes sinners' Koport, and ages should be found to differ very eunsideralily in difreient instanecs, even in a -ingle year, in eonl'or- mity with the dates or plaees in which the greater pro- jiortiun of any particular catch was secured, and tlie kind of Meals in each case fallen in witli.' '' And add ; — "The very fact tlial these statements, though taken at See also para. 648. ditl'orent times, wliile varying considerably from the point of view of nmiieriral iirojiorlions, tally vcuy well in the main one with another, is an inhereiil proof of their iMedi- bility." 23 Pages 81, 82. 'i'l'i' '■iiMiinn' ar^'unont, dirccti'd :!g-ainsf, tliis cvidoudc, and in wliicli it is endeavoured to con- trast it willi tlie statement tliat action tak(m oii llie I'riliyiuir Islands liasrcsidtcd in tlic exi^teneo of a lari^'o surplus of females, is liascd 'm various assumptions, and is diincult to follow, as the ])ro- positions depended on are not set out. 'i'ho most importantof those assumptions apjx'arsto lie— tliat tlie pi'oportlon between males and females in the! catch of any vessel should rejiresent the avei'HL^d pro])or(ion of males and females evislin;^ every- where, oi' a( the least that a iiK.'an of lli(> eatelies should rejiresent sueh averai,'e. 'i'lie explanations given in the I'ritish Coniniissioiiers' Iteiiort (some of which have just been ([iioled', are. iiowevei-, suiiii.'ient to show that the (Irst is not a reasonable hyjiothesis ; whih;, as to the second, it is quite coneeivahh; that ])elai;ie s"aliu^ m;iy, as a \\ho!r, he eaixied on at su(di times uv in such places as to include a relatively enormous ju'oportion ol' any particular age or sex oC seals. The coulra- , diction endcavoinrd to he established as between the .several statements in Ihe liritisli Comnu's- sioners' Kejiorl referved to llirrd'ori' fails to linld. Page 82. '^"1"^ further statement made by (lie Britisli Commissioners to the ell'eet that an alnuirnnl abundance of females at the present time obtains, is (diaraeterized as not substantiated by fai'ts advanced by the Commissioners. 1'he facts relied 011 are, it is true, not recapitulated in this particular part of the Ileport, liut in Ch-ipler IV (p. 1 1 1 pi s('(j.) ample details of fact on (his subject will be found. It is perhaps to be reuretled that tin Urilisb Commissioners omitted to insert a cross reference to this cdiapter on ]). P2, as su Initcd Stales, is allc'i^ed to have bci-n ciiijairod in killini;' seals ill Helniiif^ Sea in 18!t2, in direct opposition to the ALrreeinent entered into nnder (ho inoilus virciuli ol' that year. .11' tills stali'nient liiul not, l)(!on contained in tlie C'onnter-Case of tli(3 United Slates, it wiiuld liave l)ceii made with the Lrreatcst. v. Inctance. It is just to reniark, iiowever, tliat 1)iit forty-one seals in all \\ere taken, a result so siiialt as to evidi-nce eitlie!' inexperience or iii- eniiipelenl hunters. 01' this lunnhcr, twcnty- n'ue are slated to have Ijeen females, ;i j)ro|)or- ti'iu whieii does not diil'ei' very lu'^^ ly I'roni thai niven l)y several of the jielan'ic scalers, lint which upon so small a total uuniher nu'ans little as c in[i:u-ed with fh<' ex[iei'iencc emhodied in theii' si'.iteiuiMits. It will furl her he ohservcd, on turning to the 'i'alile prepared hy Captain Hooper, tliiit nearly hiir (iiinelei'ui of the seals taken \\(a-e ohtaincd willdu tiO miles of the rrihylolY Islands, and that no data are given wherehy it may he ascertained whal liui,' was devoted to endeavouring;' to take sells at. ditl'erent distances from the islands, such as to show what the resjiective ))io|iortions of males and females niii,dit hn\r hii'ii in the case of commercial scaling'. M. Malonavonski is next (|noted as allini in^ that over ill) pi'i- eenl. of 2,~W skins taken Irom \css'j1s seized in the vicinity of the Commander Islands were those of females. Ifis (>videneo on tliis sul)j(>ct will, hoHcVer, he i'oinid lo he of the nii-t indelinile character, and, as such, quite un- \v(irtliy of quotation for the pnr]iose of csl,ahli seals taken at sea are females I This ireiitlenian has had !oi.<;-e\-])ericnee as Superinlendi'iil of the Commaniiin- Islands, and any statement hy him must he nu'cived with respect, hut we may he pardoned for douht- ing siu'li ii statement as the ahove rehiting to sealing at sea, particularly as it is unsup[)orte(l hy any statistics. ^lessrs. C. W. Slartin and Sons are next re- ferred to respecting the s(!X of a lot of 1,()2S skins supposed by thorn to have bee;i taken at sea and received from Petropaulovski. Presum- lliiit!.'il Stales' Counter-Case, Appendix, p. 217. Ibiil,, p. 374. Ilespccting wtiose ccinneotion with tlie sealinp industry, hL'(! Itritish Counter- CVe. Appendix I], p ■>u3 ; and 96 Uiiitcii "latci' €«»<■, p. 207. HrilUli C'ounlcr- Cuo, p. 308. British Counfer- Casp, p. 200. a1)ly these wcro part of tho 2,700 skins seized by Russian fniizcrs on the Asiatic side "I" the I'lfillc, mill iipim wliicli Messrs. MalonavDnski ami Ore])nitsky liased their statements. Martiti and Sons, howcvci', Liivc the i)evecntn!j;e oi' Tenialcs ;it S3-7(i; oT males, l'(i(i; and doubt I'ul, ll-.')«. -M. JlalonavonsKi alliniis, liowever, tliat m?i cxiiei't. found no diirutnlty in sejiaratini,' the ninlc and female skins in the ()i'i;,'inal lot of 2,700. l^istly, ci'rtain (lejHisiiions f)f a Mr. Hrhlou arc referred lo in tins conneetioii, in which he pro- poses to separate male and I'enialo skins eonlaiued in certain relatively small catches l)roui,'hl to San Trancisco in 1H)2. (llespectini;' this ^ir. Hchlow and his methods and aflidavits, see Chapter on Evidence.) licviewinf^ tlio evidence hroini^ht t'orwaril on the part of the United States in their Counter- Case on tliis subject, we may, at the least, sot the statements of the few witnesses cited against those of a lik(^ number of witnesses n^prescntinij a similar numlier of seals among the numerous witnesses cited by Groat Uritain. The whole number of seals spoken of by Captain Jloopcr is too small to enable any just deduction, wdiilo the other witnesses are, without exception, in- terested in the industry of sealing upon the breeding-i^kmds, and. theri'l'ore, it may reasonably ho supposed, likewise interested in deci'ying all sealing at sea. It has already been stated d". ) that the killing of females per sv is not admitted to bo rcpreluMisible, while the complete analysis of the skins resulling from the pelagic catch during the past twenty years shows conclusively that not over 58 per cent, of these could by any possibility hav(! been bearing females. It has further been staled tliat one of the most important objects of any Itegul.itions which may be propositi is that of eliminating the last-mentioned element I'rom thi' pelagic catch. W illi these lads in view, it is of little interest to piu'sue in detail any controversy respecting the composition of various individual small lots of skins, ;ind thi^ suhji'cl may rightly be dismissed here. 12-20] H i -6 The second proposition foriunlateil I'oi' denial l)v flic IJniti'd States is Lrivcu as follows: — 2. ■■ Thut jicldijic sralinrj in Behi'nuj Hi'a in not xo (kiitruclivf to ."('III life as prliKjic scaliny in (lie North I'atijic-'' -V (liscussiou liiulor the aljnvc heading; is again opened liy tlie attribution of "an evident attempt (in ihc part of the Britisli Conunissioners," \e. ; the " evident atteni|)t" on the part of the United States here l)ein<^ to prejudice the consideration of the evidence hrouL;]i( forward in Ihe Kejiort of tlicsc Commissioners. The eircuriislance lliat practically no ijravid females arc (aUen hy pelagic sealers in t5ehrini,' Sea is llien characterized as an " assonipliim," tliough this rests on ample evidence. The (piestion as to thi> killing ol' feniides in milk in Beiiring Sen, and the effect of tliis upon pups on shor(>, next .■dluded to, will he discussed in these(]nel in connection witii the more detailed treatment if this snhjecl in followinj^ ])ag;es of tlie Counter-Case of the United States. Tlie sralement>. liere mad(' depend on a scries of assutn|)tions, to discuss wliicli is uimecessary, l)ecaus(,' they have elsewhere been treated at length. 'Lhe t'allaey that the killiiig of females is in itself rcprchensibli! appears to nridcrlio the .stalenienfs, but it is in aildition app;irently veceivi'd thai all feniah's met withal sea are fertile, i.e., that there are no virgin or barren females ; thai in slating the period of L^a'station of the fur- seal as nearly twelve months, full twcdvo months is meant ; ihat.foi- instance, eleven months would not be " nearly twelve months," that all females are covered on land, and I hat a female just fertilized may i)e described as a " gr.'ivid female," tlie injury to seal life bein-'- ciiually great in tlic killing of eacli class. If is next asserted that (he "doi^ned iniplica- liim" of certain statements made by Ihe nritish Commissioners is to show that " Miy few nursing females are taken by ))elagic sealers," and is based ou "jmre assumption," a ref'ereiKV! being given to para. 01!) of the llepoit. Hnt in the immediately preceding jiarngraiihs [ ^oof bus heen adduced totbiseffeel.andiurthi'r pn.ot is hrouglil forward and discussed in the Couiiter-Casc of Great Britain and its Ai)])en lici-. to the same Page 84. Rrltlsh Commis-, sioncrs' Iteport, IKU'.'is. (145-G47. liritisli Couiilrr- Case, Appradix, vol. ii, pji. 14-20. Page 85. liritisli Cniiiiter- Case, pp. 218, 219. Iliiii., Appi'ndix, vol, ii, pp, 33, 24. 27 United States' Coiintcr-Ciise, Appiiidix, p. 217. llrilisli Coininis- si' K('()()rt, para. 314. Britisli Couiiti'i-- Cas.', p. -JIS. Pago 86. elTiMil, and ti) llii; clVcct, tiiul siiuli I'cw FciiKilu-; in )iiill< as iiiiiy be killi-d in liclivin-' Sea luv ol'i'M " Mt-nAy diy," and lliaf tlieir iircseiu'i.- al sea may 1m' ac'C^mntrd i'or by various causes of disl urhanfii upon Mil' lii-.'cdin:,'-i-laiuls in most, if mil in all, cases. '\'hr. cvidrMico oi' Cajiliin lIo(i[i('i', rcrL-ni' 1 lo in litis coif.i'Tiioii by 1lii' fJnilcd States (on llie sti-enL;'tli idefal)le pfoj) iiliDii ol' seals in milk killed were 2("() miles iVoni tlii! I'riljylolV Islands, proves lliat al least this pfopurt inn i.T such seals could no lonu'er have had any coiiue.'- tioti Mitli, ov intent to I'etnrn in, those ishuid.s, and i;des lai' to substantiate lite i-emat-ks intide !iy the ]?ritisli Cominissioiiia'>, and lliose, iii the Coiiiitet'-Case ot Greal lifitain, on this subject. Oti (his and i'ollowiu^' ])a;,':i's lo \i. !).'), an ex- tended notice is given to the invest igat ions of the IJi'itish Commissioners on the suljject of th> moi-tality of youti'4 seals iti l^'.Jl. C.iwv is, liow- evef, lii-st taken to desciabe these examinations as " eittsory." Tli(r Comniissionei's an; represented ;is endeavouring t(j " sujiport a position," audit is added : — "It i- i^vitlrnl iVniii llie eliufts iiiadu aii'l ilir lliemi.'S advaiicx'd In ex]ilaiii this iiiortalily that lite (_'iiiiiiiiis.-iiij|iris ciiiisiili'ivil till! |ir('si>iice <<( t!ii"^i' liuilios /n'l'iiiii j'nii- CVillclK-'U Ut lllC far! lllcy (Mill MVnm- 1.1 ilisiiriivo.' Introductory remarks of the aho\-e chavaeter scarcely lead to the ludief that any iinpailia! discussion of the facts iioti>d and commetited on by I lie llrilisli Commissioners is intended. 'litis is fiilly borne ottt by what follows. We, read : — "TliL's,' nllii'lals [llir CllllHlli-^i^lll•^■^| liavr. liinai-ii ~iime slniiiL;i' ciieuiiisl^iUicps, ln'iii Inl iiitu lln' lielii'l' lh.it, tliey wore, the lifsl t.i iibscfxr iliis iinittulity aiimtiL; the lin]is nil the vmikiM'ir^, IVoiii wliicli liuHrf thi'y draw the iiifriiMire III ■ ' till' ilralli nt Mi iiiaiiv yoiiiii; si'ali 'in the i~Iaiiiis in 1S!I1 wa^ wlinlly ■ xrc|itiiiiial ami ui.]'ri'- eeiloiitoil.' " The explanation niveit in parti. .'U(i of ;!ie Hfitisli Commissioners' Iteporl is snirteien! t > show that, in so far as titev could .Tse(>it;un liv in([iiiry upon the islands in ISDI, llie^ ici'fc the lirst to observe and imei't on the moitalitv in (|iieslion, Hut il liirllier e\idetiee lie rtHiiiiriM 28 il will ho r.iuiul ilial yh: .1. Slaih-y liPAvn " r.v llu! tiiii'' till' Britisli (.'i.im;iiis>iniiiTs iinived |-;iii July] the a.'.id iiui.< wcjiv ill .-allicirnl ;ilmnil:niiv to iilii.ict tlii'ir aUcMlioii. (iiiil they nro, I bcli.jvc, umlrr tin- iinlins^inii llin! tlii'V lifst iliscivcretl tluMU." Ill a I'oivf^'oin- i)ai't ol' Iho saiiii' paraicrapli, i oucver, .Mr. !5niuii lias said : — ■'//, llii- I'ltlii- purl •■( .luiii ISDl my aUciitidU was fal!i:(l United States' t„ a ...mr.. of wast,., th. dll.iwKT [>;-] of xvhi, h uas mo.t Ca.^ A|,|undlx II, I ■:utliii,L;ly illii,stiali.Ml." tr. Milton ISanios, special employe of flio IJiu. ^^t:llcs' Troasui'v on St. Paul island, is even more ddiiiite on (his point. In a deposition riivnisbed liy him, and iiiehided in the Appoiiilix 1.) !hi> United Stales' Case, he says ;— "Olio (lay, (luriM;4 the latter liait of Aui^nist or furo jiait ,1 Septeaibur last (cxiict iliilf fovsott;en), Coloiiul Joseph Murray, one nf tlir Treasury A^'ents, nud myself, in r.mii.aiiy willi llif lirilisli (■ommissioiiers, Pir Ceor^'e i'.ailrn 'owrll anil Mr. I)aws.>ii, by boat visitcti nno of the s'^al rookeries of that islaml. known as Tolstoi or Knghsh I5a\-. On arrivin;.; there our attention wa^i at once altiaoteil liythi; excessive number of dead seal pups, wli.ise lareasses lay scattered profusely over the breeilin;,'-i;ronuil ,,r sanil beach bordering the rookery proprr.aml I'xtending into the Ijorder of the rookery itself. The slr«nruhnlilc '"((* Ibid,, p. 101. ]\tv. Barnes then states that some d;iys al'ler- wards he -went with :Mr. J'"o\vler to I'olavina rookery, where he found similar eonditions with respe:'t to mortality ol' young to prevail, lie adds:— " Tliis condition of the rookeries in this regard was for ihi,l., |,. 102. sonic time n common topie of conversation in tlu; vilki^fs by all parties, including the more inlrlli^i^eut ones among the natives,"' &e. Tlie cvidetiee hero relVrred to as printed in the Page 87. United States' Case to show aininally inereasintj niiraher of dead pups since ISS,") is treated in ('oiiuter-Ca.so of (ireat Uritain, p. 20!^ et seq., and is tliere shown to he wholly inclusive, and to rest on cironeous statemcJits. The statement as to the c.\i.stene(! ol the Page 87, para. 2, ()))inion on the islands that pups liad died because of the Isillinj^ females at sea in former years, is endeavoured to Ij(- supported by the 29 Pages 88, 89. Page 89. Page 89. Page 89. United St.ites' Case, p. 216. retrospective airidavlts already dealt with in that of the British Counter-Case above cited. -Miieli stress is here laid on the discovery oi' two passajfes in ])revi()us Reports in which II. II. .Mefnfyre and J. 11. :Moii]toii have made 1,'eneral statements to the effect that femahs killed at sea caused death of ])nps. No facts or instances are cited in sn.ppnrt of this statement, ■which .-ippi'ars only as random su;j,'^'estion, to which no import ■mce was atta(died at the time, ar;d to \vhi(rli attention has only riow heeu drawn. They appear to havi! heen unearthed from the archives as tlie whol(> result of dili^'cnt scarcli hy the Unit. 'd States:— "Tliis exi'laiuition [ilcalli nl' iniitlior^] of tlio causfi nf di'ath III' ii»]i .'sciils is not recngnizod Ijy tlic Ilfport e.\copt to ooiitvailict it." On the contrary, it is discussed in some detail (para. .'5.")")), aiul is found to he unteiuihle hy reason of the date of the mortality, and en other rational anil fully ex]>lained lijrounds. Hespcctiii!,' the causes of death of young siig- :i-ested as ])i'ol):ilde hy the British Commissioners. («.) This is descrihed in the United States' Iteimrt as '• driving' and killing of mothers." ilessrs. .). Staidey Brown and \V. 11. Williams are referred to as stating that no drives were inadr nearer to oiu' id' the rookeries (Tohtoi) on. and near which deiul |)ups were specially observed by the British Commissioners (in lh",)l) uuiii an (jstimated distance of a ([uarter of a mile. No evidence is given to show that the collection of the drives was limitt d to this distance froui the rookery, nor is it stated thateither of these gcntlc- ituMi e\.r sawotu- of the drives of 18!)1 collected. It may he admitted that the drives taken frorn the vicinity >d' Tolstoi are recorded as drives from " ^liddle Hill," hut the slopes of Middle Hill and Tolstoi are continuous, and the drivers doidiiless went where the seals reipiired coidd he obtained. (/).) Ej.iilcmic /).w(/.v('.— This, it is .-.latcil, is treated of in the Initeil States' Case. It is, however, in the i)lace cited merely sttited that si(di' ifspiiatoiy ovu'ans was tlic pvimary i.-aiiso Icadin- to d.';,lli 'iliou!4li it w;is at the request of :S\\: Stanley Brown that Dr. Ackerly's examination of the di'fi I pups was niad<- in 1 SSI -and luj was tlio Treasury Agent in eliar-e of ttw I'l'iliyloir islands in ^H^.)■^. and admits that in that year tlie nmnher of dead ])n)is on 'I'olstoi ro(da'ry washeyoiid the normal- he seel-: s toae.M.niit for llie nniiMul ninrtality i.i 1^92 hy an entirely novel explanation, and no record i's found in his affKhivil of an examinatio:, in 1S<,>2of anyof the dead l)ii|)s by any authorit;. . A comparison ot the 1S'.)2 i,hot.)-iaphs of Tolstri roolxory Avitli those of 18U1 show that tlie dea:i pups covered approximately the same area In hotli years, and -ftcre the exidanation now olfer.d bv Mr. Brown the true one, it would also account for the mortality amoni; the young seals in 18i)l. ^h: Stanley Brown, however, stales that — "llio Idciitioii uii.'i toiiO','rn)iliir i:liar;i at ^he photographs which .accompany the Britisli Ce nier-Case will show that the, ground on which dead pups are to be seen extends along praelieally the wlude front of Tolstoi rookery, and at tlie time the photographs were taken nearly all the seals, old and young, wcn^ back of this area, so that ^Mr. Brown's statement that he lias— ■• seen uiothiT souls go up lliu eliliro slope scoliini,' O.u-ir pups •'— may be taken as strictly true ; but as they must have 1,'one n]) this slope in any case it can hardly he taken as evidence that the young ones had wandered away and so been lost ; and if it be true that the pups there— "lie down to rest, and sleep and are ovcrlookoil by their mothers returiiiii,i^ from llio .sea," — no better explanation could be given of the cause of tlic mortality among yoimg seals on these parts 92 of tlic rookiM'it's that arc visited l)y tlio motlior .>-c,il'< Irom cliD^'i' only, and no), as Iicvc, from iiocr-i>ily, il' tli(! I'ookury ij'roiind is to lie visited at all. 'I'lu' sfateniciits as to a j^rcal dccn-asc in the luinilicr (if (Irail |mii>> in 1S!)2 as conipai'i'd a\ illi l.^'.ll made liy Cnilcd Nlalcs arc in direct CDnilict \\i(li tlie oli.servalions of Jlr. Maeoun, and arc 1 iinl radieli'd also liy tlie plioloj^rajilis taken in lsi)2 wlicn compared with those of TS!)l. Mr. A. W. LaviMidcr'.s statement as to practical ali^cn.'c of dead pups (jn SI. (leorgc in lb!)2 coincides will) Mr. .Maconn's ohservations. The same circumstance 'vas particnlarly ohscrved iu the casi' of the similar mortality in 1S91. And such mortality is referred to in none of the aHida\its in ApiJCndix to United States' Case which refer to St. (icor^'c; Island. J'rol'ossor iivcriiiann's statemr'ut as to the nuinher of dead pnjis on J'olavina rookery refers 1.) a visit, made hy him to that rook(,'ry early ill the season (2L'iid .Tuly), in company with Mr. ^ra(U)nn. His statement of i\iun])rr ncrii at ihtU liiiif i)iactically ai,'i('es with that given by Mr. Miiconn, wlio s:iys — • '■ I'rofe.ssnr Iv 'Viiiiinti who wiis wiili nip ;it this liiiie, :iik1 whii coinilcil 129 dead pups, tliuu^'lit witli mo '.lint, if sii many were to lie .seen at the outer ejg(' of tliu iiiokery-^roimd, tlie whole immbcr innsl he; very great, and .ilioiit a iiiontli Inter I ImiI ain]ile proof that this was the ea.-e." Ilrllisli C:. 146. .^fr. ^racoiin further says that tlnu'o were nearly or (|uite as many dead jiups on I'olavina rookery as on Tolstoi, and a native who was with him .at the tim(> of his visit told him that tiiere were then more dead pups on I'olavina than were on Tol.stoi in 18!)1. Professor Kvermann made hut this one visit United Stnips to I'olavina (22nd Jidv). JIc visited Tolstoi '-'""'''I'-.p.™' ^ ' ' pp. 2G4-2(1. rookery the i'ollowing day (23rd July), and linally left .St. Paul Island (21lh duly) more than two weeks before the time dead pups in considerable number were first noted on Tolstoi rookery. 88 IJiiitcil Rlnlns" CoilllttT-ClliO, |i. 383. Ibid., p. 388 Di'/iniii'ii/s i):i ii'hnsn If-itiin'inij Ike shili'ini'nt ii iii'ldc ilmf lli'i-i inr" fell' d'.ii'l pups on ro'iln'rirs in IV. 12. ,1. Stiiiilcy Mrowii l.'ft rrihyldlV Maiiils 1 llli Aii-iHt. 1s;»2. Dr.'id |iu|) . vvi'i-.' first uoflciMl and iiliotof^raplieil oil 'loUt'ii liy .M.icoiiii liMli Aii;;usL; tlidii^h plidtDU-i'nplis t:\k.ii sfli Aiii,'iis( Iiv Mr. Miiyimi'd slmw tliMt Im'lc" immlii'i's of drtiil pups were Iviiiu' on tli.il iMoki'py at that dale. lii'owii admits tliat tlii' muiiljor of dead pup.s in Tolsldi w.as iniiisuil. ll.id , (1. 37H. Ciilciiiri M iin-.iy says — " I WLiil iivcr lliu rncikiM-ies curi'tully Inukiii;^ fur dc.ij piipp. Tliu lar;,'i'st nuiidi(!i- on iiiiy loukoiy oi.piiir'(] ou Tnlstni, lull Iicro, ns nii tlio rodkcrii'^ '^oiK-rulIy, Imt IVw ot IIk.'Iii well' to lie .seen n.s i'oiii|iiiri'il witli lust year. Tliis was tlic tiisl liiiK? in my finii' .suiisdus' ri,' sidenftt on the islands lliiit tlio niinduT uf dra.l juips was not yruater tliau conld lie ;n • iiniitcil {'V I'V natural (jaiisis." • 93. Page 93. Britisli Ciiunlcr- C.ifi', ApiioiHlix, vol. p. 148. PaRcs 93, 94. C'i)l()ii(d Murray is careful nut to oivc lln' dato ; that his visit to 'Tolstoi was hcfovf the date of tli(! departure of .Mr. l5rown from the islands is evident, as Mr. Urowii deserihes (he uiortality as hevoiul tl :)rnial, aud devotes more than a ])ao'e of his adidavit to aeeouufiuo' for if. The statement respecting tlio jihsence of sibl- ing vessels in Ik'lirinij Se.a in 1S!)2 coincides with that spcH'ially advertiMl to in the Uritish Counter- Case (p. 2].'V), hut it is maintained that the recurrence of a mortality of pups in that year ahsolutety cou that this couh llrms the deduction made in 11*91, I in way he connected with pelagic sealiui,^, ;nid tliat it cannot he inter- P' ■eted in the mann(n' (aideayoured to he thnw. in the Coiuiter-Cas the United Stales. The alU'tced incre.ise in numher of dead [iu[!s on the Comm.'inder Islands in late years is not conlirnu'd hy Mr. .Maeouu's iiuiuiries on these islands made in 1S!)2. No such increase was admitted, though pidagie sealing had then for the lirsl lime heen [ nraetised t( considerahk extent in the vicinity of these islands. The (lL'.9tiuctiM.ness ol the Belir in': Si'u (atch, as I'onii'.Tioil with tliat in the North Pacific, is fiirthe bv the iiliti\i' sizes of sucli ratihci^."" " Destructiveness," it may he presumed, is a euphuism for '• number of skuis taken." [220] K 31 The Tal)l('s to uliich attcnt'on 's i'imwh. co-n- pilcl from statistics in (ho ]!r't;-li Coinniissidiicrs' lloi)ort, ai'c in pai't cnrivct, tlii' iuiiiiIk v of v(.'sscls Ijciiii;' correctly given in (',vo instances, hut as the average cateli per ve^S"i and per day I'or the total numher of years has apparently been ohtainod by the extraordinary method of averaging the annual a\crai;es given hy the Commissioners, none of those lignn s are correet. The following Tables haxc therefeic been pre- pared to talrc tilt; place of those pres"nted in the .v.ppondix, p. 411. ■United States' Coimter-Case. Table of Catches. Spring and Coast Catches. 1 ' Nii.abrr or 1 Nuniltt'i- of .\vcrnni' Xuinhcr per Vessel. Average Number per Diiy. 1889 .. . .. .. 22 1890 .. .. .. ..: :!() 1891 .. .. .. ..' -ll 12.371 ■Jl..-1'JU 20.727 .102 71. J •182 4 ••1 j-:i .•i-5 Totals nntl a\iT:i;;es Ic- iiirfc vcar^ . 9-') ■)1.1S8 573 1-2 Behriiiir Sea Catches. Ytir. N lllllxT 1' Vessels. n; .4 1 Nuttihcr of Skins. Avcrniri' Xuinbi-T per Vessel. .VvrraKi' Number per Day. 1889 1890 1891 lo.-l'.i? l.s.ioj 2M,8s8 9(1H 7H!I 10- 1 IS'l 10-9 Totals and averaj;e> for tlirir years y.i ti2,0.'i0 75;i 12^5 The Tables offered in the j\|ip{'ndi\- of tiio United States' Counter-Case are. iiowver, correct as to the numljcr of skins taken in tiie years eonsidcied witliout and within the limits of Behring Sea respectively, hut when it is attiinpted to deduce an average take per diem for each vessel from these figures, several important con- siih.'rations are lost sight of. It is particularly to be noted thtit the conditions .-••c such that the sealing voyages luiide to the sou.li of the Stniit of Fuca in the winter and early sjiring would not in themselves he remunerativt;. Tliev are 35 iiiado becauso no otlii'v ocuupaiioii oiiei's lor tlie scalinj^-vcssels, wliilc a certain advantago is to gained going early to sea and llms securinc? tin; pick of llio pelagic liunters. Tiic (liagvain lacing' p. tin; Brilisli Comniis sioncrs' Ficporl illustvatc.'s tliis very clearly. Tli:; c'ireiunstanees are fiirtiiev cxiilained in para. SSJ^', and in para. i.'i2 it is shown lliat only tlie months ';!' .May and .Func are those in whk'i lart^i' imnihers of skins iiave so far usually been taken outside Behrim,' Soa. 'I'lius a daily avrage based on the wliole time during whieh a scaling- vessel is at sea, f>f uliieh time some months are bandy n^munerative on tlie average, docs no alVord a fair comparison of the number of seals taken ill a f;iven number of days without and wilhiii liein'iiii;- Sea. UnHn'tunalely, the oxi- "■ei'.c'cs of the industry have not alVcii-.led criteri • upon which a comparative Table of monthly catches of seals at sea can be drawn up. Paie 94. The tliird prii]'(•(> jter cent., wer(> lo>( by sinkint^: tli(> statemtMit made in tlit; United Sttites' Counter-Case that Imlians lose 8 out of every TOO has evidently been arrived titby adding' togeljier the U^w [lercentagcs that are given and dividing the total by the ntimber of huntci-, an inexcusable arithiiietical error. An attempt is also made to show that if Indians lo-e S (;]•(!) per cent, of the s. als they kill, the while hunters lose five times avm.any. or 10 jiercenl. of the seals tlity kill. In snpport of this Captains "Warren, Petit, and others tire (pioted, btit from it refen.-ncc to what is said by these geutlemen it is evident that the loss by Indians mentioued by tlicm refers to seals killed \\\\\\ the spear; if nt)t, why not (|Uote the gcntleinau who puts the [ndian loss at (I in 1,000 r Is it seriously maintained on the part of the L'nitcd States Ih.at, having given the number of setils taken and lost b\ eight indivi(lii;il>, the Commissioners endeavoitred to conceal the tiverage result by the very transparent dcrice of nctjlecting !■. avcrtigc the few ligures cfntained iit these eight statements !- Attention is then called by the L'nitcd iL'lates to the circumstance that it is not deiiuitcly stated in each case by the Hritish Coinmissioi ers wbctber the seals lost are those lost by sinking before recovery after being killed, or w bet her tiiosc escaping after li.iving been wounded are [2.0] L 3S lac'ludi'il. 'I'lif iiv.ill;il>l(' datii wim'c imrcrtiiirilcly iK)t siiUk'it'ut to (Ictpniiiuc Ill's will: !i('ciii'iicy in nil cases, but in view of tlie sl;ilciiiriii .■■ilv.ni' .il ill tlio Cnso of tlio Unilt.'il states ii iiKit. (itJ ])or 0(n!t. 1)1' all sL-nls killed ill • ellicl lltiilnl States' |i)>l !iy siiikiii:i' bel'oi'e reeiivcrs , i( is t] per cent. Stress is laid hero bv the United S(al 111 a lllll ll li'-ili-li Ciimitrr- C'aap, .\p|)cnilix II, p. 6. II tlio I', oniiss ion of any slatisties ri'speetiie^ the li 'Ids wounded seals vbicb may eseape capture is a subject aiwa vLicli it is evi P- !"'• proportion of wounded wild animals has ever previously been advanced as a reason for the disuse of the gun as a moans of taking such animals. Mr. Townsend's experiments as a " pelagic Page 98. sealer," quoted in support of t he loss of a great number of .seals, arc too few and too amateurish to afford any useful evidence on the subject, llis illustration, which presumably shows the 30 I'l" [1. l')5. llllill'll St,•|tl■^ CouiitiT-Casi' p. UOS el si'i. lirilisli Comilcr- Ciisi', A|i|)en(iix II, ,). l.'!4. Uniicil Sl.lt(■^■ kiml ol' iKwt lie employed ill 'lis (•.•vinn'iincuts, U p."aar"'''''"'"' suHicirnt lo iiuliiMte llio reason I'ov a L'oiiNidrial.lo loss ol' seals, The 1)oat lias a squai-e stem, and is provided witli two masts miuI s:iils. Nopelagio Sp(- Hi-itish Counter- sealer 'woidd dream of iroim' sealiiit^' in such a Cas... A,,,H.,„li>. II, cratt. An analysis ol' Ciplain I looper's liejiort, and I Ik; Taldo accoiuiiauyiii;,' it, shows thnt lietweeii tiie, 27tli July and tho lOlh Augiit. when onoof Iho scal-huiilers carried hy tlio '• Corwin " was in Un.-v- laska, and the othcrwas unwell, Jlr. Townseiul and a (luarlermaster aetcd ns hunters and took eigh- teen seals, losiiii; four by sink in:-,'. These I'our Aven; killed I'rom the dingy, a smnll, elimisy ship'sht ;■!, in no way adapted I'or sealhmitiiig, in charge of a man willi one day's cxperienee as a seal-hiiiiti r. Between the lOtli August and the 21>1 Aui,'--t eighteen seals were eaptured hy Hodgson tl;,! seal-hunter; in t'lking the-(! he lost one ly sinking, of which he says " That oiu' T sliot a1 a hmg distance, from 15 lo HO yards." Five other seals were taken during this time, hnt hy whom is not stated, presumahly hy ^1 r. Townsend or the " (iiiarterma-iler,'' and one was lost hy sinking. Cajitain Hooper says : " Our total loss hy sinking aiul wounding was 'M't per cent.'' lint in what way a knowledge is gained that any seals were moridlhj wounded and so lost is not stated. Xd reference is made in the United States' Counter- Ca.se to the sealing operations carried on hy the rnited Stales' ship " Eush " during the month of August, whieh resulted in the taking of seven seals, with in iie lost hy sinking, though fno were reported to have lieen wounded; how this was known is not stated. In view of the statements ahove di>cu.s.sed, tin; Tnited States here sum up hy denying that (1) the percentage of female seals in the pelagic; catcli is not largo; (2) that pehigic sealing in Behring Sea is not as destructive [.v/r] to seal life as in the North racilic; and (3) that the waste of life resulting from pelagic sealing is insignili- cant. The statements thus forinulated they are again pleased to cliaiacterize as the British Com- missioners' " apology " for pelagic sealing. age 99. 40 "^rATTKIlS Ul'OX AVniCn 'I III-: IvICPOUT imci.iks to icsTAULisiL Conclusions ai)va.n'ci;u iiiinuux, AXl) TO FOKJIULATE TltK 11 K'i L'lATIONS Hi;- . COJtMENOEI>, WHICH MATTiOliS HAVE NOT DKKN DEALT WJTil IN TIIH CASE OP THE UxETEI) States." " ILauils of Till; J'i.i;-seai.s." " I. Thai llir Alit^liiit fadiii!', and is not admitted as an )])ropviate naino f'oi* the fiir-si>als ol' theensterii liritisli Coiuuor- irt ol' (he ?soi'lh J'aeirie. Aforeovei', ii eauiot truthfiill\ be said thai (his seeoiur' j)art of "Pari Second '' "f the IJ^niteJ ates' Coiiiifor-Case relates to " matters which p. 119. Iiav(; 11 ot 1 leeii (leal will the C il' th. United States '' lor 111 COIIllCl tion Avilli that casi' mi'n' it ion-man for the I'lir-seal 1 ci^ IC'll w hicli wiiile 111 iiai't eiirresoiiii'liii!. ]ireseillei with llint conti Kcpoi't. in ]iai-l varies inaterijiUy 1'imiii that ma]), I!rin»li Coim unci I in the liriti-li (.' immissioiHTs d ul lere I t til lis vanes. he si iDwn . 1 sioncrs' Snpplc- tci be ,, " .. inentarv Ui'porl incolTCct. I'- 'I'liat the map as presented in the I'nited S(a',es'('a--e is incorrect and incompleto is rnrther shown by the chanDjes introdiiceil in the new map now jiresenti'd in the Coimter-Cas(! of the United States, which apiiroximates more nearly to that iiri'.,'iiially jireseiited by the iiiitish Cnmmissioners, hut which it is maintained, in ilie li^ht of eviilei.c(> oblaiiied by the Coinmissioners, and addi- li.anl facts set forth in the liritisli Count er-Casc, is still susceptible of very material corrections. Here, as in so many ])rovioiis eases, tin; dedue- p.igi. loi, tio'i llowiii!:; I'rem the cnnsideralii'ii of certain I'ai'ts in tin; Jbitish ('oniiiiissioncrs' Iteporl is |ii'iiiii Ullitei ineutlv advanced in (he (^oiii -(': if fh 1 St, i;videii till" moti\(' f(jr wliiidi Ih statement; ,is to facts made lia\c^ 1 jceii made, it is scrrcoy "' 'cssary to jioiiit out in detail the disin;_'pmion8 elmractcr of an aijjuiiient in rebuttal ba-ed on .le ■ traiisposilir)ii. 41 II is stated thai — Tage lOl. " Till' lliuoroticiil |iro|)('siliiin of au aiiiiiial pii.s.sesM'iig tv.) ii.'iinos is i.'OiiUaiy to wliiit lias been oliscivtil i]i ri-sfii/tf. to the. habits of animals in L'lMiiMal." British Counter- Case, p, 152. In the "Forum' Page 101, par.i J. On tliis siilijuct it is only nocoh Comniis- sioii(>rs as to the result of tlieir investiijati'ins is here auain found fault witii beeaii-ie the names of their inlVn-mants are Udt specilically detailed. A reference In the Ih'itish Commissioners' Report will show that they have given, in what is beliini'ii to he siflicieiilly d Stales; it will be observed that in the iirilish ('oiinter-Ca.sr tlioii' knowled^^o and liciicr arc accepted as ill good I'aitli. It is in I'act l)cii('\('d thai tho errors occurring in the lir-it, and some ol' whicli still I'eniain in tiic second, ediliims of liic niigra- tion-niap jii'esiMiled l)y llie I'nilcd Slates, arc due merely to imperfect inl'orniat ion, and a rel'ercnce to the data upon wiiieh tiie several maps are constructed amply hears out this lieliel'. ilow the statement can l)e nuuh^ liere iliat the Page 101 (boitom). liritisli Commissioners " entirely overhioked " tho impoi'taut Fact that lull-grown hull seals are not Tound to the south oF tlie oOth parallel, is inex- plicahlc. Tliis fact was ascertained as the result of their own investigations. It is cli'ai'ly set forth in para. l'J3 of tlicir lieijort, and character- ized there as a " noteworthy and interesting fact." The '''\rther statement that the Commissioners do not anywhere state "that they ever heai'd of a I'ldl-grown male lielow the 501 h parallel, tlie assumed northern limit of the winter liahitat which they iiave created," is liioadly incorrect, as a reference to tlie Rejiort will siiow (para. 172- 180). The argument here made to depend on the Page J02. erroneous statement just referred to it is there- fori' not necessary to follow, lh;/;;gh 't niay hp pointed out that even on the assumption madt; hy the United States, i.e., that full-grown hulls ai-e seldom seen south of Jiaranoff Ishind, and that the winter "home" is therefore not that of the full- grown males, it may bo jiointed out — 1. That this does not assist the furtlier asser- tion tliat sucli males iiave no home but the Pribyhiir IsLuids ; and 2. That whatever rights may flow from position, proximity of territory, and food consumed by tho fur-seals, may he held equally on animals of citlier sex or any age, tlie number being the principal consideration in respect to the con. sumption of food flslics. Stress is here laid on the fact that sealing is P«ge 102, 103. conducted to a certain extent southward along the coast as far as California, and it appears t:) ho considered that this fact invalidates tlie map printed in tlic British Connnissicmers' Report. An examination ot this map and of the Report will, liowever, show that this fact has been fully recognized, and was considered and particularly mentioned by the Commissioners. (See Map •13 lirilisli Couiitir- C'asc, Appendix, vol. ii, pp. -13-139. See also British CommissioncTs' SuppIciiK'ntary Ki'port, p. l,'!iilnl Slates' Case, p. 1 29. Ibid., Appendix, vol. i, p. 406, Page 104. 'So. il, and pMias. ."(82, Tj'M.) It uas very cloaily not tli(,' j)iii'|)(ise (jT )1i(! ConiniissioiK.'i's in tlii.s map to ii.dic'ilc 111!' wliolu vast rc^'ion ol' ocean wliicli iniu;lit a( any tinu; lie Ji-sorled (ol)y any fiir-.'-i.'al.^ Lilt to dis(in!;iiisli and clucidali', as (he Facts olitaincd by tlicni inablt'd tlicni to do, tlio principal I'csiiits nl' tlic anival at vavloiis si'usons, and liic main routes covorcil diii'in^ its niii;'ration. I'lii'llicr evidence sine(> obtained tends I'nlly U, conllrui the Jeadini,' I'acts as reja-esentt'd in th- mil I'iition-inap ol'lbo J?ritisb f'oiniiiis.'-iouers. It \vill fiirtlier be r(;nienibered that in tlie Caso of tiie United State;' evidence is biongbt forward to sliow tiiat the Californian i'ur-st^al is an aiiini;!l whiplly dilTerent from I lie northern fur-seal projior. While the HiJti--b Conitnissionors, tbongh not aware of tiio conclnsifins at whicli rrolV'ssor Allen w.'is about to arrive on this subject, recorded their belief that the fur-seals noted as I)i'eedina' on the C.-ilifoniian coast cunld not well have taken part in the main niii;'i'atiou (paras. 190,101). The statement, based on e\ idenee (|Uotcd by the JJritish C(jmmissioncrs, that Cuiitains Kelly and Petit have followed the seals " alon^ " tho British Columbian coast, lias iiothini;' to do with the subject under discussion, tor it is I'nlly under- stood and explained in the .Ib'ilish Commissioners' licport that ;i northward moveiueut set in amoiiij tho seals in the sprini;'. The statement tiiat — Page 104. See Hrltisli Coinriiissioners' Siipptenient.'uy Ifeport, p. " tliu ilistiilmli'iii 01' thu ALisl^.m -I'al IutJ [si'] i.< imi.Ii more ."fatlorLMl iliiring tlie winUT iiioutlis tliiin is iiiiiilinl Ijy tlie llepovl, aii.l flic i\ii\'j:r nf jmsiiioii nf tlir litril is iimi'Ii furllici' sdiitli and wi'sl ihau aiipear.s nil tlic •'■iiu- iiii.ssioiK'is' tliarl nl' iiiii^ralinii " — shows merely a inisconccjition nl' the nature (T these statements and ol' that chart. No chart, map, or dias^ram showing tho result of observa- tions of natural phenomena, such as tliose iS migration, winds, rainfall, &c., in a general way is so framed as to imdude all e.xcejitional cases, nov can il he, eoni]iatibly with the purposes wliicli it is intended to serve. It is of interest to iiott; by the statements made on this page that t\u\ United States — twenty-five years after having come into posses- sion of Alaska — have in 1S!)2 for the lirst time, taken some measures to ascertain the migra- tion-routes and winter liaiints of the fur-seals; 44 ami tliouijli tli(! investigations tliiis carried out l)y Captiiin Iloojier in a siuqlc vessel do not alFord evidcnec of a cliaractcr eoiii])ai'ali1e witli liiat ol)taiiied l)y llie Hi'itisli Comiuissionoi's from till' nuniei'Diis peia^^ie sealers and the native peoi>les iiiliabiliii^- tlic coast';, they, lU'verlludess, possess some j)<)iiils ol' iiitrrest. 'i'liesc Investigations are rei'i'i'vcd to in a I'oot- uoteto the \-VM of the United States' Cownter- Casi', and it will h" T'liiiid that wluM'in-er Captain Hooper speaks ol' aetiial ohservations, his statts nuMits ar(! in aceonl '.villi those ol' the British Coniniissioiiers. Thus Captain Hooper snys: — " P,iil a Kiiiiill p'lH (if tliu oiilile licld yui's tu tlie ccuists United Stiitp«' ,.r CMiniriiia iind Oreuo,,. Maiiv seals rcacli tin. masl Coui.l..r-Ca5P, • , Ai)|ii'ii.lix, jip. i!32, ftlllhi !• iidilli, siiliir (]!' llirlii iiiiniiii,' mil lliliiiij;li lli.' ;t7(i, |);i.s,si'-i, bill giiiiij; 110 iloillit (liri'(.l iolln mast uj Wasliiii'jtuii, mid Iff II fiiftlirr nurlh. In 1S8G, iliniii. .\-- the statements made hy Captain Hooper ajipear to he relied upon hy the I'nited States in eonneetion with that part of the route li' cliiii'aclcr. Ncitlicr could i 1)(! Known (o (he Coni'iiis-^ioni ^^ IliiU I lie I iiitcil Stales would ill tlu.'ir Cisc fix o;i the ycnr I880 as liciiig 11i.it of tJic bii^iiuiiii^ ol' ii di:cn'iiso in iliu inniil)i.'r of sciils. As thi; datii Ko far fis tlicy cxisl arc tjivcn in the Ajijicndix lo (he l!([ii r(, llic Mif^i^estion of ii wish to cone. :il Uir I'acls for Ihsn ,uid 18'' (i has no validity. Pigo 107. It is tlicn sftiircl that tlic iiiiiiihrrof seals ialiiii per iiiaii in ihi' years l^s.") and j^iSf! is coa- sidcralily ^^rcalcr tlian in later years ; hul on tlic! next Jiago ol' till' I'niled Stales' ('oiinler-(';;.ai (p. 108) it is stnte.'l that lii<' nrrraijr prr nidii /•■ iif no vnhic. jVs the iiniiihi r of hunts eii^a^'cd in tlic (ishiii'^' ill 1S8.!) is not I8 have been included in i!ie Table here offered. The ex])]anation for the incdu.sioii of but one ]>avt of the coast catch in the Table j)resenied in lhe United States' Counter-Case (p. ill) is that "prior to ISSf) the socalli'd 'coast catch' did not includ(> skins taken north of V.'ineouver Island, and it therefore corresponds to the ' s])ring '■at el I ' in the Table forlS^^O, and following year- ;" t!ie fb'itish Comuiissioners are ([uoted as the authority for this statement, bid on turning 1o ih(-ir llejiort (]). 211), it will he found that what ihey really say is very dilVereril from what is attributed to them. "The Ikdiring Sea catch for this [1888] and previous years includes a ceitaiii nnnil.ei' of skins taken on the coast of Ib.'itish Columbia, to the north of Vancouver Island, tli(! schooners having no op])ortunity of landing the skins before entering J?ehring Sea." rt is evident (hat the exact number of skins taken on the coast prior to 1889 cannot be deter- mined, hut an ajipi'oximately correct (igure may be obtained 1)V addiui' toifcther thi^ total ol the catches made on the coast in 1889, 1890, and 1891 , and ascertaining what pro]ior(ion they repr(>sent of the total catch for thcsi> years. It is thus found that tht; number of seals taken on the coast represents 'lOti of the total iiundier taken iul8N'.i, iSDO, and 1891. !■ 49 In the Table given below 46-6 per ecnt. of tlic total citch for oacli of the years preceding 1 R89 is Jissuniod to have hceii tiikon on the coast :— Year. Number of Ve8*icls. Coast Catch, Average per Number (if Boats Average per Boat or Vi'sscl. and Canoes. Canoe. 188B 16 ii.;iii 709 101 Il;i-3 18S7 17 'j,.H4 555 12:; 7G-8 1S88 20 11, .138 567 K.S 68-7 188!) 22 12.:i71 562 179 69-1 isao 31) 21,390 713 246 80-9 1*oiaril_v left the rookeries to feed, Imt arc praetir-allv iiMierieiKlenl i.eluL'ie 1m;]i1s." Compare al.io p.lr.i. 214 ; llritisl' Countor-C;i?e. llrilisli Counter- p. Hi. \ff, KJiX 1, o n rcailiu"; the pai-aiiraph liorc relVrrcil to (para. 21!)), it will be found that the Coniinis- sioncrs' statcniciit is not inli-iidcd to apply t.i all tl ic seals iM Bi'h fSca, and I'lirtlicr that the conchiding expression is rot that i>niplf)yed above, but— ■' inaeueally iiuU'].oiulciit pulagie .schools of a (IilVii,sc kiiiil,' an expression conveying a (juite difFi'rent meaning. Moreover, the mention made in tliis parti- cular parairi'.aiih of the Commissioners' Report Iv incidciilal to a di sctission o f th. bearings of tlir- direction and force of the the (liiTctioil fit liavel of llie .seals. 1" ihlc wind oil Xeitl ler is il true that tiic results of these dv e only evidence ollered on obscrvatitjns arc the tlie iiidepeiideiicc of a large number of the seals in I'ehrino- 8ea of the hreeding-islaiuls, as a i.sai of paras. 200-222 of the C ouimissiouers .Ml (See al.-o Captain Bryant, in ih of \orth .Vni eriean '1' ds p. n Ijipioled In British Counter-Case, Appeiidi.K, Vol. i, p. ]2'i.; Additioiial faets, with (lie same nieannii,, li:i\<- fiirtliei ohserved bv Mr. .Maeouii. sUOSC(|lieii tly h, It tions is fiii'ihi •tui that, II le )f I he direction of the \\\iu: lIt>L;e(l observa- ' are not given." Il is true that the detailed logs trans- mitted to the Meleorologieal Deparlmeut of Canada for analysis are not [irinttd in full, but synopses of the results (difained by such analysis arc printed on the face of the maps [9'20J 50 to wliich they rolcv. ff the United States sw'iously futorfaiu doubts as to the existcuec ot tlic observations, they can be siiljmitted i'or tlieii- iiis])('ction. Till' asst'iliou hei'i- made is sinijiiy luitruc, as will 1)1' Ibiiiid (in ex;uniiiin|jj panis. 3'.i7, 412, l'14i, 183-ls.J, 205-207. As to llio nou-oc'currpni:o of "stagey" or " .slieddin;^ " seals at sea, the Commissiouers may bo assumed tu have based their statement on the best eviilenee available to them. Its nature is I'xplained in panis. 281, G31, 632 oi' their Report. Mor(^ cou:pletc evideuee will be found on ihis point in the statements ap])ended to ihe Jiritisli Counli'r-Case. It is a fact generally recof^fnized that fur- bearing animals living nuieh in the water, like the otter and beaver, shed their pelage by degrees, and not so markedly at any one time as to seriously affeet the value of (heir skins. The same fae( is believed to exphiin the absence of " stagey " fur-seals at sen, while the creation of a markedly " stagey " condition is suppo^inl to h iif Nnrtli Aiiii'riran I'inni- piils," p. 410. Set' United States' Cimnler-Case, Appeiiclix, pp. 3S7, 376, 384. 51 I^iilisli CoinmU sioners' Iti'por!. para. 770. Patrc 109. not remain in Bobrinj fSca after tlie lOtli Aiigii>t for the purpose of obtainini,', at nutcli cost and l!i1)()iir, skins "ahnost uiinicrcliantalilr." Mr. Jlarteu is more judicious ; lie sjicaks only of a certain perccntaijc of "stagey" skins, witlinut slatiui,' any amount. Tiie titlc-])a^c oC a Cata- logue of skins sold in London is then quoted, in which two small lots of North-west skins (in- cluding 2,151 in all) are described as "part stagey (low)." No particulars arc; given as to tlic sources fnnn which these particular lots weic! derived, and in view of what is known of raiding upon tiie (,'omniaiuler and I'ribyloU' Islands, and l]w inclusion of raided skins, not only from tliero but from the Kurile and wthcr islands in IIkj so-called North-west eatcli, it may reasonably lie supposed that such was the origin of the "' stagey ' skins referred to. The second section (b) of this part of the argu- ment in the United States' Counter-Case is devoted to tb<' heresy ex])ressed as follows in tbat Counter-Case : — "That the lociiliuu of llic l.rociIiiiL; rookeries is ilepeiulciit solely upon tlie fact thiiL the seals wliile there are not ilisturbeil by man. " As thus expressed the position of the British Commissioners is wrongly stated. The Commis- sioners believe this to be the; principal or ruling cause, but not the sole cause, as a. reference Ut paras. .'Jl, 212, and 4(J0 of their lleport will show. The subject is, moreover, furthiM- treated in the JSritish Counter-Case. It is not in the Counter-Case of the Lnifed States attempted directly to controvert the above statement, even in the form in which it is pre- sented in that document, but in discussing it attention is turned to the records which exist of fornu-r brccdiug-places of the fur-seals in the vicinity of the North American coast and to the south of the Aleutian Islands. lle- fercnce is made to some of the statements on this subject contained in the Kei)i)rt of thi>- ^rili9ll C.TOimIs- Britisii Commissioners, ;ind it is then st;;t(^d p t'^Tmj'-S"',' '^"'' ''"' Commissioners have failed to autheuti- r>v\-^'2i. See ilfo ii,.at(< them. This alleged " failiu'c " must of uara. •iii4. . ,. ,. ^ ■ ■ ,i course remam a matter lor decision on tlm evidence produced, but the additional informa- tion obtained in 1S92 respecting Haycock and other islands and rocks, with that relating to the taking I'f female seals in milk oil' vario'.:s I'agos I45-14S. S2 ))iirts of tlic Amoriciui coast to tin- south ol' the Aleutian Islsimls, go (tiv to iriiiforec the already sti'ony; body of evidence on this ])oint aihluced hy the IJritish Coniiiiissioiievs. Attention i> then turned toward tlie statement I'ago 110. niado hy tlie IJritisli Commissioners on the l)asis ol' inrornuition uained hy them on tlie Com- nianiler Islands and at TetroiiaN lovsky as to tile Icii'niatioii or attempted I'Drmatinu of n(!W rookeries at \Mrious [ilaeis on the Asiatic coast. M. -Alaliinavonski is (jiioted as liavini; \ isited one such reported rookery on the Kamtschatka coast, and as ha\ iny found the animals there lo he sea- Unitfil States' , , ,. , , • i 1 • • T • Counlir-Caip, lions and not lur-seals. 1 jion this sini^ie iin Appendix, p. n'fi. (•inclusive stutemeiit ihe followiug' remark is made : — " if all ihi' iiK iiiiiMit Iiii'i'iIImj; ronUcric < nllvj^i'd to p\i3t iiu till' Asiatic' niasl wito cxaiuineil, iloiilitlcss they woidd lii' I'ouml tn ho similav to llii' oiiu almvi' iiotod." ^r. Gr(d)nil/,ky is cited to the e'l'ect that he ll)inks it to h(> wholly impr(d)al)le that the Com- mander Island seals visit any other land, hiil it Ibid.,!' 'iG3. will he observed that 1houi,'h ;hf! United States took ])ains to obtain a written stati'ment from this gentleman, for tli(> purpose of counteracting his statement as (juoted in the J?riti.sh Com- missioners' Jlcport, h(! has not in this .statemeni Ii)iii , p. ;!62. contradicted bis specific reference to the forma- tion of a noM' fur-seal rookerv on the Kamts. Uritish CDimnis- sinliiTs' lii'porl, caatka coast. ,,ara. 519. Oa the strength of the above evidenci.', it is then denied on the part of the United States that the " Alaskan " seals have tmy other " home" than the I'ribyloll' Islands, and (bat in-en it' constantly disturbed by man there they would seek anew "habitation." Thi! d(Miial above summari/ed hristles with am- biguities, if the "Alaskan" si.-al herd means only the seals breeding on tlu" PribyloM' fslands, it may I'^adily be admitted I hat, they have no other breeding-place. If the breeding-place is the only "home" of such seals, it of course follows that this "home" must be on the l'ril)ylolT Islands. J5ut the use made of the ti'rm " liome " is a jmrely conventional one, and thus, if the territorial possession of the "home"' is supposed to imply some jiroprietary right in the seals themselves, it is a wholly misleading one. What •• habitiiion," .as dis- 03 Page 111. Britisit Countnr- Case, Apponilix II| pp. 34. 3,.. Page 111, pan I'nitcd Stales' Coiintpr-('a9c, A|i|ir'iHlis, p 413. British Commis- sioners' Report, Diagraru No. i\^ Sei' also paras, 44, 801). tinf^uishcd rrrmi '■ liontc," imiy imply is not fxpl.iiiifd. 'I'lic rclorence hero nintlu to R(il)l)t'ii Island and its rooki'rics renders it ii])i)r )])ri!iti; to point out that in IIk; vtsry years in which this island was heini; continuously harassed hy raids, the se.als began to form new rookeries in other sui(.il)!o places. It is of eoiirse inipo'^sihie to .statt; that, they were actually i'lir-seals which had I'ornierly resorted to Itohbeii l>.l,ind, h\it the prcsiiinption is in I'avonr oi' that helief. In 1^02 evith'iiee of the inosi eoneliisivc kind possihle has l)een ohtainnl on this particnlar siihject, rel.atini; to the formation or attcmi)tcd foiinatioii of new rockeries au Moo-shir liocks, Jtaikoke Island, and Shcd-noi Fslanil of tho Knrilt! grou|), liittcni Hocks olT the north-west coast of Nipon Island, and iu the Island of St. lona in Okhotsk Sea, and we are thus no Ioniser forced to deal with the discussion of abstractions to which we are invited in tho Coiintcr-Casi! of the United .States. Occasion is here taken to contradict or modify the ('vidence of one witness out of three quoted ill p:ira. 122 of the JJritish Coniniissioners' Iie]iort, ill which it is stated that, coiicurr.iitiy witli till! heginniiii^ of tho United States' I'Oiitrol of 'he rribyloD.' Islands (and presumahly because of the excessive slauu;hter occiirriiiL;' at that time), fur-seals wor(> found in more than ii^ual abundance on the coast of British Columhia. The matter has been thoui^ht of so threat impor- tance that Professor J. A. Allen has been induced to write u special letter to the United States' Secretary of State to .say that the year sliould have been 1^70, ami not 1SG9 (as stated in Ids parai,'ra|)h), in which seals were specially abundant on this coast. Instead of weakening,' the force of the Commissioners' statement on this poitit, tho correction uivoii actually goes to strengthen it, and fully accords witli tho evid<-neo obtained by the Commissioner.s from other sources. There is no reason to suppose that the excessive disturbance on th' breeding-islands whi(di reached its maximum in 1S(N was eiiiifined in its effects to the next year. The diagram given hy the Coiniiiis.uoners In fact shows that the greatly increased Indian eati'hes along the British Columbian coast actually occurred in, 1870 and 1871. [220] IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 'Y A *^, <; O A :A .^^ 4fc % ^ .^ 1.0 I.I If 1^ 1: j:£ 12.0 1.8 11.25 11.4 ill 1.6 V] <^ /^ 7 ^^ / 07m 7 # -(^ Photogixiphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 1 04 Alleged FRAUDrLEUT Administuation of the PuiiiYLOKF Islands. It is not admitted that cliarg(;s ol' irrogularity Page J 14. in rospcrt to ilic inaua!j,eni<;ut of the I'riljylofr Islands ai'o "irrelevant to (lie present issue," ior any such irregularities must have meant damage to the seals frequenting these islands for breeding purposes, and sueli damage is entirely pertinent to the question of preservation and protection of seal life as a whole. Moreover, the United States, in the Case presenlod by them, have insisted on the perl'eet character of the management of the breeding-islands under their troutrol, and if such United Staiei' statements bo not borne out by the facts they are ""' ^' fully open to criticism. The complaint made in the Counter-Case of the United States refers primarily to a dis- crepancy in regard to the wiMght of bundles of skins wliieh occurs as between the statements of two of their own ofTicers, and is pointed out by the British Commissioners as requiring Briiiih OommU- explanation. This excessive weight of bundles, J^"^',7gfoX'J; supposed in all cases to contain two skins, which is recorded by Lieutenant ^laynard, appeared to snow that more than two skins might in some cases have been included in a bundle and counted as two. Much care has been taken by the United States to accumulate evidence on the special point here noted, and it is submitted that, as no direct charge of malfeasance is made by the British Commissioners against the Treasury officers of that Government, but merely the remark that an explanation is desirable, the United States should he happy to be ofl'ered the occasion of vindicating the character of such officers. The evidence produced shows that the quota- tion from Elliott's official Beport relating to the checking of count of si ins, and given by the Commissioners, is strictly correct, viz., that such skins arc counted out twice, once on the islands and once in San Francisco, and on both occasions in bundles. The several counts madi; by the Company's people and natives are those which the Government Agents arc there to check, and cannot, therefore, be quoted as proof of accuracy. The evidence adduced on this point fully Ftgt US. confirms the statement that the skins were always counted in bundles, and the number ascertained by multiplying the number of 50 British Commia- aionern' Report, para. 815. Britiiih Countcr- Caie, p. 277. Cong. Record, »ol. ii, Part 3, 43rd Cong., Isl Seas., p. 2737. H. R., April 2, 1874. bundles by two, and not liy separate count of skins. Tlie affidavits of C. M. LamiJson and ''o. and A. Troui' are more to the ])oiut, For in those '<>. i.s te.stified tliat no more than two skins were eviT found in a bundle wlicn uupacivt'd. But it still remains to bo explained what became of tlirj excessive numljcr of skins taken on tlic i.slniuls in some years, and liow such excessive numb, is passed the Government Inspi'ctors, for in l^-Tl- Lieutenant Maynard states in bis ofFieial IJeport that :il)out iri.OOO youiii;; male seals liad bci-n killed on the islands each year since 1870. "Without, hoAvover, insisting; on any spocilie cliar5,'e of fraudulent practices in connection wiih the number of skins actually marketed iVoni the i.slands, tbougb such charges have been made, not only by Government A!T;ents, but also on tin; floor of Congress, it is believed that the laxity and inefllciency of control in relation to which a few facts are urged in the British Counfer- Ca.se in rqdy to statements advanced in the United States' Case, are am])ly sufficient to show that the control over seal life on the Prihyloll" Islands has been of the most lax and inefficient kind possible. " ReGTILATIONS I'llOPOSED IN TUE RePOKT." P.ige 121. " Protection " against "all pelagic sealing " is here for the first time broadly stated to be " the subject of controversy in this Case." A very decided advance is thus made on any previous claim. The United Slates were foimerly content to assert, contrary to facts, that the Arbitration related in essence to the protcrition and preserva- tion of seal life, and only in a secondary and not defined way to rights in Behriug Sea. They then claim to have shown tliat no Bcgu- lations "short of prohibition [of jjclagie sealingj will be sufficient to prevent the early destruction of the Alaskan seal herd " [sic]. The United States thus opejdy ask for tho " prohibition " of pelagic sealing as a means of protecting the fur-sea) of the North Pacific— in other words, fov a deprivation of rights of all Powers upon the high seas in the special interest of themselves or their lessees in certain small islands to which the fur-seals resort for breeding purposes, with the necessarily incumbent right 66 of search mid of iirrest in tlic case of nil or any vessels eni^aged, or supposed to bo cngaj^ed, or iilioiil to eiii;ai^e, in sealing in all parts of the NdiIIi I'acilie. It is (piite true thiit the jurisdiction of tlic Page n2. Tribunal does not extend to territory or territorial waters, but tlie facts now a.^certained and set out ill the Ihitish Commissioners' Report and in the IJritish Counter-Case show that for this reason the Trihunal is not in a position to establish l!ei,'ulatii)ns of a sati-'faelcny or equitable kind, it is believed, h'lwever, that tlu; Tribunal may ;e;,'itinLately indicate what sueh Ite^'ulations should be. It is not adjuittei'., as hero ass(\rted, Ihiit matters relatin;.; to the breeding-islands are " irvel( vant to the present contention." Any facts bearing upon the causes of decrease or increase of seals b:'ar directly on the general i|uesli()n of the preservation of seal life, and no measures for the purpose of such preservation can be fully or ])roperly considered without taking ;ill such facts into account. An inspection of the facts relating to the Pages 1-22, 123. m-.magement of th- rril)yloll' Islands in the British Commissioners' Tli>porl, and in the British Counter -Case, will show tliat the improved methods sugi^ested in para. It7 of the Com- missioners' llejiort are not '-already in force" (lu the islands, tliough tliis is asserted by tlio United States. It is also to lie remembered tliat if any curtailment of common rights on the high seas is asked for in tlie intensst of tlu; islands, there must be some stipulated provision in respect to thi> concurrent management of seal life u])on the islands. This right of control at pleasure must to somi" extent be given up on both sides. If assurances merely are olfennl on one side, similar assurances should have (upial value on tiie other. Jmpyovement.s at S''«.— In formulating those Page 123. im))rovements, the Commissiomirs had in view llegiilatious which should not only apply to the moment, but which would cover possible changes in methods of a deleterious kind in the future progress of the industry. The rifle is, at the present time, very seldom employed in sealing, but it is none the less admissible to suggest its prohibition. Tiie suo'csted prohibition of the \ise of nets Page 123. in sealing is omitted from consideration by the 67 Britiab Case, Appendix, toI. iii. p. «3I Unitful StatoH. It is known tliat nets liavc been employed, and though so far witliout, great sueceas, this mode of capture is actually em- ployed in the case of other seal fisheries, and it miijlit at any time become a destructive factor in the fur-seal fishery. Special attention has, in fact, been dr.-nvn to the destructive efVect, whieh netting might cause in this particular fishery. .Mr. II. V,'. Elliott is quoted by Mr. IHaine IS having said : — " Willi Lrill net-. ' uiiclcrniii ' \i\ ii licet of sealrrs in Jii'liriiii,' SuH aciiiss tlii'sc couvprfjiiig juitlis <. The third improvemont suggested hy the Com- p»gc 124. niissioners is not corri'ctly set out in llie United States' Count er-Casi!. The su^'!;estion is not merely to increase the licence lee in tli(! casi" of vessels propelled liy machinery, l)iit it is rurlluu' sui;i^est<'d that such vessels may he altogether prohihited from engaging in sealing if I'ound to be desirable. The statcmiMit that but two out of fifty of the British Columbian licet of 18'J1 were steamers, and that the calchcs of these in that year happened to be small, has no s])ecial hearing on the usefulness of the snggi'stion above made. Four " stcam-schooiu'rs " belonging to the sealing fleet wer(> seized in 1887 by the United Stales' United Sute»* Government vessels, an ^'caIs brccdiiij; on Iho Pri))ylo(r Islands and those rosorting at other soasons to the eastern part of the North I'aeific generally, has heen speeially insisted on hy the United States, and is in the main admitted hy Great Hritain. The fntility of endeavonrin^' to "rei;iilate" the takint; of those seals at sea, if covenant(Ml provisions lor their security oti the islands hr not attached, is ])erfectly clear. P«ge« 125, lac. 'I'lio question of a zone of protection about the islands is here scarcely discussed. Since a zone was projjosed on tiic |, art of the I'nited Stjitcs .as an efRcient means of pi'.iiection, tlii' wislii-s, hopes, aii ' i)i- ni'iirlv ru'iv |i(iiiit i.f IIm' ciim|Kis- mi wliirli iIil' lines wiML' niii till' seal Iicnl, nr what iiiiu'lit Iji' lirmi'i.1 iwiiiicrous soals, wi'iv [lansod al 10 iiiilta [I'miii tlic ijil.nuis],, so that at 40 iiiilcs few Hvuh wore scpii, and at "lO, mi iimst all 111' till' (.uuises, iiip .si;4iis uf seals wuru .si'L'Ii," Page 136, para. 'J. Tills ar^iiuient is absurd. It bej^ins by jiostu- l.-itiiin' tli.it we idaiin tin; Bclirinn' Sea iielaicic catch consists of "ni.ales and barren fem.'iles," but a few lines furtbcv on " barren females " ahmo is substituted, and the ari^ument concluded on the assumption that the whole of the catch is barren females. JJut even if " b.arren females " be taken th'.'out^hoiit as a basis of aigiiment (omitting all m; ;js), the correction of abuses on the islands would never cr.tirely obviate the existence of barren females, (,.., females too old to hear and virgin females not yet bearing. Pagei ISB, 127. The assumption here made that the time pro- posed to be allowed for sealing at sea is substan- tially the same with that occupied by sealers iu '[220] R 60 taking the Sand Point" and "Belmng Sea" patches, taking 1891 as a standard, is iuoorrcct. Al)out a third of the vessels which diseliarged llieir skins at '^•'nd Point in 18!)1 had not dis- cliarned previously any " spring catch " skins ohtained hy them, and all such skins were conse- (luently included in " Sand Point " catch. A-ain, the esti;blishment of a zone ahout the Pribyloff Islands Avould seriously reduce the catcli ordi- narily made in 13ehring Sea. Still further, there is no definite ground for slating with any accu- racy the date at which the " spring catch " ends and the "Sand Point" catch begins. The con- clusioi\ given as to proportionate elfect of Regula- tions on pelagic sealing and the island catch is therefore entirely erroneous. Tlie proposed regulation of date of entering Page 127. Behring Sea is not a "useless restriction." It would prevent the earlier entering of the Sea now often practised, and would prevent new practices injurious to sealing interests generally. It might at any time prove profitable for a vessel to enter Behring Sea early and there wait the main migration of females going to the islands, at some convenient locality, and this would almost cer- taiidy he tried if steamers became commonly employed, and competition set in between them. The compensatory feature of proposed Regula- Page 127, para. 3. tions by increased width of zone is not discussed. The criticism here made as to the compen- I'agei 127, 128. satory feature based on further limiting time of sealing is again unfair. It is based on the assumption that all vessels engaged in sealing would continue scaling for the whole of the per- mitted season, and that the catch made in equal periods is equal in all parts of the area sealed over. The fallacy of the last assumption is clearly shown by the diagram facing p. 22 of the British Commissioners' Report. Respecting all features of the first specific Page IJ8. scheme of Regulations proposed by the British Commissioners, discussed in the United States' Counter-Case, it must be added that these are so framed and so presented as to l)e susceptible of modification ivhenever good cause can bo shown for such modification, and this without in any way impairing the general utility of the scheme. The alternative schemes of Regulations given Ibid, on pp. 2G and 27 of tlic British Commissioners' 61 Report arc uot discussed. They arc dismissed with the remark that they — "arc not it'SiLi'dpd liy tli(' I'nitud State"; as Bubiccts icquiiiiig attention in tlie Countor-Case. Tlicy arc mani- festly inadmissible." The statement already madi; by tlie United States that they do not admit tlie jurisdiction ol' the Arbitrators to extend to tlie PribylolV Islands might, equally as in these eases, have been em- ployed as a reason for refusing to discuss the fii-st proposed scheme ; but tliis baving been discussed, no valid reason appears why other schemes, based on the same principles, should not equally be; worthy of discussion. It is clearly apparent that any equitable scheme of restrictions must include the breeding-islands, and this difliculty is one to be met in any and every case of proposed or suggested Regulations equally. Hi w Notes on Appeiuiix to Uuited States' Coiuitcr-Casc. Page 149. 150. ir.i. rOS'llili " Iiclicvos and assumes" that Coumiis'iioiioi's' llopuvt ))resentcd con- tains " subyiantivcly all the mattei* wliieh ilor ^Majesty's Govcruiuent will rely iifjon as to nature and hahits of seals, and modes of captm-e." Correspondence rc^laliui,' to submission of Commissioners' I'cport carried down only to the Sth November, 1S92. Communications from United States' Agent to J5rilish Agent only given. Correspondence nlulimj to Affium of Rusnian- Aincriran Company, im. Doeumcnt No. 11. Introduced to show IX'nnilti'd resort of foreign vessels to ^'ew Archangel, and thus to explain away part of user quoted in iJritisli Case. 155. Document No. 13. This refers to the attenipl l)y liaron Tuyll to limit pro- visions of Treaty to uliaf Ihc Tnitcd States now endeavour to define as the North-'\\'est Ceasl. Already explained. 15."-15(!. Drafts of Icders from Count Nessel- rodc. Have we tiiese ? 157 (5). The "Conference" held, for Russia that provisions of 10 years' (dausc referred to whole coast, not only to the Ui,iere. 157 {1). Distinguishes hetween admilted so- vereignty of Russia over Siberia and Aleutian Islands, and doulxfiil sn- vereignty over American coast through- out its extent. [3091 fi 177. 177 178-179 181. 180-181 rage 157 (7). A. distinction drawn bntwocn northern sen nnd southern sea, and statements made concerninu; thoin, which are erroneous. In ease ol' the 'Tear]," the Tliissian ISIi.iistev's :Mein()randum eleavly shows thai he understood tlie action to have heen taken under provisions ot Ukase of 1821. Owners in :\lVmoranduni plead i-noraneo ol' tliat Ukas(\ Daningcs were elain\ed and paid in connection with sicnatu-e of Treaty of IH-li. Middh'tmi refers to the case of th(' " i'earl " as a comidication con- nected with negotiations of Treaty, which he had omitted during the negotiations to insist upon. "Loriot" CVr.se.— Dallas ondusively rejects claim that United States, by Treaty of 18-2 1, had assented to any territorial rights of Hussia to tlie nortli of 31° 10'. " Loriol" Crsp.— I'art of correspon- dence not siven liere shows that United States was led to believe that establish- ments .-xi^tc'd where " T.oriot" warned, and eousi^iuently desisted from further protests. I?«..;«u Doru,ne„U. ^'""'"•'- '^f '^"'''^ ''^""^■ 1<)3.199. These are all instructions to kdl certain numbcis of seals; to Manager, or from :\lanager to islands. 'Ihe numbers killed did not reach ihe n.un- Lcrs ordered. :Many or most of the skins were still dvi.'d instead of salted, and time oeenpied in drying may account for want of success in lilbng orders. See Tabic in British Commis- sioners' ileport for numbers killed each year. Whalers. in<).''00. Tnstrnctions to prcvtMit whalers ' ■ ' fv.,iuenting i'ril)ylolT and Commander Islands. The letters of complaint which cali.Ml forth these two replies would bo interesting. Oi I'lciAi, liin'oitrs. 20S. 20y. 209. >13. 2]G. 217. Captain lUinpor's Rc/inrt (" (' ,ii'-iii "). Towns, ml was lanilril for ^iiirpost; of coii- liiiuin^ oliserviiii'iiis oii islands, >,'•) I'L'fci'i'iui' 1o result!! ill lii-s (fstiinony. Allri^i's ralliiit,' (ilV in iminlicr of seals en iioi-Mi side of SI. Geori:;(! Island and in watei' about llie islands 27tli July. ('J'iiis Mas al'tei' a eniizc (>f only liv(; days from Unalaska in roiii^li weallier. IMseu iiero (p. li.'!:.', jiara. 5) Hooper says fcals are pnipfically iK.'Vii' seen in roiu^h Mcnthor.) To.jk on l)oar.l an .\lei;l, fo linnt (Aleiits ar'! iH"ver empluyed ;;s pel'i!,"i<' sealers). 1'iiis man, as lie uas taken on board at St. I'aid Island, in;iy iio ])resinned 1;) ]ia\'o Iieen a native o!' Ilial, i--Ian(!. Nutiv's never hunt any animal in tli' v\a'er iluTO. Sj)eaks (jf less F.])aco (ban jornierly Ix'iiiu' no\\ (H'cii[)ii'd by si'als on inokorie.s at Iserlli-lvist I'oinr, bnt does not compare l^i)J wilb IMM (..rolliei- lennt years. ^'el■y inconclusive statcnjcnii; as (o seijara- tion ol rribylofi' and Conuiiander seds, tbou^ii evident wisli to >-'h(A\ this. 'I'rai/k of "t'ofwiu" shows vbat that vess(-l did not <^') more than 10 miles beyond oOii-mile /.one, and thou'.di lloopor stall's that " nunuM'ous seals have be.'ii found in these latitudes at a distance of ;50i» m!!cs," he infers "that the western limit of the range of PribylolV herd of seals is between 200 and SOOnules from tli'j islands." Captain I (ooper is quoted in Uni^'d States' Connter-Caso (p. r>2), in order to slmw lb" ineorreetncss of the distribution Chail of tlic I'ritisb C;;ni- missioDers. ^fost of (be pi^reentaue-i here deduced are from ludiorously .small nundiers of instanei'... Stated in pe,eentai,'os they prove niithing. Yet Ca[itain Hooper avers (U the slren;;th of th('>e, that- ovo.' .")) per cent. o;a'l nvils taken v>ero 217. 21< Says tint cli^li'Iliutiiu of simN aiiprmMitly d\[t'. to iiluiiulancc ul' '•siirlaci> s(iiiiiK" liul ill n(\l iKiriiLnaph says that food found In tiic majority was i-odlisli I ^Sipiiil, iiowfvci', an' abuiulant near tlio I'l-iliyioll Islands and in all parts ol' Bidivini^' Hca. Urilisli Coiinli'i'-Caso, Appendix, V'd. i, pp. ]:i^-l.'.U.) If nur~iu:x cows as staled, cxtreniply tame ai! 1 sleep a ^'ood deal, liow can thi'y lje supposed to l>e in search of I'ood al'lei' leavin-' i-l:ind-; for tliat ])uv]io>e. 'riiey should, on the contrary, lij found to he active and alert! Tho oliservatioii i;oes to show that the cows tak«'n had no iulcntiou of returning to till! i-lands. (Bottom.) Does not give any satisfactory :-!alement about tinio seals shot floated. The amateurish liuntinj;', as conducted, douhllesii resulted in loss id' many seals which good hunters w.idd have secured. Says iiothiuL; of havin- had ;iny <>;aiy. States that seals lost hy sinking and vuiindiiiij in small numher taken was ;i(j ])er cent. This practically cuts down lo-s as stated from these cau-i-s in United States' C'^ise |o half. Gives no statement of nu>ans relied on to know ■what seals were actually uounded when they escaped. But cuu seal was lost hy the experienced hunter, who says: "Some seals T could not get to sink, thonu;h I tri. I for several minutes to Hriti.l, Counter- t>'ct them to ■! so." vol ii, p, 134. 218. Speaks of pups incvious autumn appear- ing oil' <;oa^ of California, Oregon, and AVashini. a in suceeedinj:; spring. Is there any ecord of urey pups on Californian < ist ';' Turl her, why omit liritish C(d'.uiil)ia coast 'r- Its omission seimis clearly to show an animus Avhich would not otherwise have heen su.spccted in the author. further on, howevei', savrf Washing'ton and Yancouvia' Islantl. Affirms tl'.at newly-horn pups are not seen along coasts of California, W'asb- im^ton, British Columbia, or Alaska, L'ago ' cxc'cpt upon tli(! I'lilivlofT Isliinds." 'J'liis l)(,'ns (Ik; (|i, itioii uiiiler ilisciission, luul slums li.' is rcjiily lo ii^snuic "'"ih st:il('(l lor j)iii|ios('. 218. Says pdiii^itr si'aliiiir in 15i'liriii^ .Sea " jicriili;irly (Icslriiclivi'." 'I'li;il no zonal limit can he inilicatc'(l in Hcliri'i^ iSi'.i wliicli Would cnalili' |)clai;i(' si-alinj^ to 1 if can-uMi on \\i illiout >in|)lr(( ihilati llius iiidl (•r.iisly oviTslalinLf sucli casit ii^ may lie supposed Id liave Ix.'cu mailc oul Ijy liis liinili'd ol>^(•l■vation8. Fiii'lin'radds, tljat no amount ol' protect ion in Ik'lirin^- !"'ea will jircscrve tlic seals, unless extended to North racillc. Does iloO])iv include I'riliylolV fslaiuls under lii'luinn' 'Sea in ill'' above staie- nwnt r 219, States lliat willi Kepoil is seiil a tracing' I IVI' •k >r IIh c Jielirin'' Sea -willi the numher of seals taken, with 'i'his ( 'hart t^ives nunilier of seals. relVreiiee to Chart V. s the (rack, hnl not llie Captain C'ouh on, o! tlie liiish similar slateincnt (p. 2o-'i), hut ihc nnniher ot seals seen is not sho\Mi on the Cliarl suhmitled. Tablcfacini;!). L'l'J. This Table shows thai (wi nty- two "nm^iiiti; I'emales'' -were taken in all from the 21th .hilv to the [ilsf LUiillsl, \'-'.)2. or these, lift een .are ill " of fond, but stated to h.a\(' been the description shows that all seals li.avinf^ unythiiKj in their stomachs \\cro so ciassi'( Th ds with" small lish bcnes, ""two small shells," "oncpolock," " f' w small stones,"' arc classed as full. The " empty" seats are evidently those only which had idisohili'li/ nothbuj in stomachs Of these, ,tl anu)nff " nursmu' temales, there wen; seven, or approxim.itely one-third of the a\1io1u numhcr ! Of th lie number of seals of iveu as to quantity ol" milk, or whether Ihey were vunnini^Mlry— in fact, it is not stated at, all in what way they wore know n (o have been niirsiiii;'. Of the so-ea!lcd " nursii\u,' females," the Table ^i ven below shows what proport ion of them had tool in tli"ir stomachs, and tiw. distance at wliieh they were taken from the island-.. It should be noted that the (piantity of food found in the seals' stomachs is given in very few instances : — CoN'TDN'is of StoinacI if "Nur^inir Tcmalcs. Witli or Wil!ic);\t Food. Witlifooil .. Witliout f.iO'l ■I'ut.a 111 Miles ; I'rilin ■ hhx:v'.3. 20 Miles ,1(1 .\1 los. MiK 100 Miles. 1.50 .Miles, 200 .Milc..<. T.ital. raE 228. Aflidavits (eiu'hty) liere mentioned are not -iiven. 220. (L: males Speaks of laru'e number of iu Alaskan Avaters vemammi: tl le AViuler. The limit sli^Wll on his Map (though erroneous) goes ar i)evo)i( 1 any '• Alaskan waters. '.0. Could not learn of any hunter ^f (i!d bulls bein;;' seen "south of southern limit of Alaska" (51." 40'. This limit lakes iu the Xorth I'aeilh — not I'aet ilia! he eoidd uot learn, e^e., de[)endeil on the fact th:\t he did not irn further south to lie j'li'ili-li Conimis^iuners ilitaiiied (h.'linite informatinu on a large part of Ala>kan water:- inouu'e this subieel. 2;!0. Sever, tak il rcferenecs here to seals Ik en on e ,ast, bv ■'Cor',\iu. Jieport on tlii^ work is p di ■d. Si'o Pago 230, also ;illiila\it in l/iiiti;!' Sl.itcs' C';t>(', .\]/|)i'li:lix, vol, i, p. 4',ii). SUito:i thai ,i;i'^':iti'i' iiumLiT ol' I'iiiI-^towu inalis, as well as many " hollii-cliickii',' I'ciiiaiu ill I'llirin:;- ;'ra, "(r in tin" waters ol' the c(jast ol' .Vlaska, M winter." Doe.; not q'iole a ]iarlicle oL' oviili.'ncc,' to show ill it I'illief class remains in J'ehiini;' Sea. The places UKMitioned (three) wliere tliin- Imvi,' heen s;\-mi or tak(>ii ii: winter all oul^si^i • Bi'hriiii,' Sea. Same fallacy a.s hufore respect iiiL^ "waters ul: coast of Alaska.' A'lain reneits ilie ahovc assertions williont proof. 231. (I'ara. 7.) Ajiaiu speak ;.'al s ol. seals apppur- iiiL? on coasts of California and Orciion, from co]ite.\t about end of December or a litt'e enrlier. \o (.'viilenee, and nothiii!^ .said (jf jjrilish Co]nni])ia const. Afl'idavits in Aiipenili.>c tol'rili-h Coimler- Case a.nd fvi(l(iu'e in (,'oinnii>.-ioners' lle[nn( show that seals arri\i' mi Urili'-li Columbia coast last of Deeemh. r. •2[V2. (Faia. f.) IUh''- admits that Imi a small part '.;o to ci.asts of California .ml OreLi'on — rest st>ekin[;' coast "I'urllier north." 232. Al^rees that In "Unjlv or ill small liands (not "herds"); further state-; (bottom of ]):i;vej : '• J am able to state piisili\ely lint ill no |.art of it i^the route) do lliey Iravid in liands,'' 232. Admits that alnust impossible to see s(>als \vheu uoin^ Ihronyli pa-'S, s in .■iuiumii, lerel'oie i!0]io>'j. 232. Savs ihaf i-veiTwhen uiLi-urom ds seals di>:ippi-,Mr ;;lniosi absoluiely in had weather. (This is important, showing' leahli! except in liini e (d' seals that s(-alini;' impract weatl'.er, and evplaininj.!; abspnc often noted inlon^■ runs in bad weather, partieulaily some of tho,-e ir.ade by Hooper himself.) 23;!. 233. .\i!;ret's that ;-eals enlindy of .another, in travellii; iieiei'endenl, one 'Const ;eilie ,Slab" IS '• (h-.t[- Tn^c 233. (Hnlish Columbia is not a " racilic State") A2,'ri'(". that seals are in the ocean scat tored till tli(-y elose up aloni,' coast for spring mim'ation. Saw only two seals in trip IVoni Aleutian Islands to San Vraiieiseo, lint is referred to as autlienticatinn- niiL;ration map iu waters thus traversed. Report {''Rush"). Ciijildin Cniils 2M\. Why \va? I.ienteuant Ncwconihe and a I'artv laiuh'd on Amak Island to look for s(m1s there? On what report ■as this a(,'tion taken ! Captain Conlson say ' I hiivc 11} II doubts 'hetlier thi're is any l)laee iu Behrin" Sea, except inL the I'rihvlolf Islands where seals in anij uunilifru haul out. This seems t" mean that he knows that seals haul out in small luimhers in other places. ^:3fi. Says that unless scaling outsidr Behrins Sea can he limited, or stopped, it means e.ilcniiination at . Alexdinlrr, naturalist, wit h Conlson. Whole result of twenty days' ■)f which eleven sni T;d)le. cruize scaling, were seven seal tahl. lor tak ShoW^ \vv\ jioor only a eei hnntin'. or th(.' desire to take ■tain class of seals. No sealing ves pel could ]iayat this rate, Of till I'U seals four .are recorded as "empty," and all were practically so, two heing rccordc'd as having hones," amount not stated, in stomach fish •h. and one " lish hones and a small cod. Of the .seven three are (dassod as nursini females, and I wo of ihcse wove, '-eniiiiy. The tim(-: reconii for \vl iich sea Is Ihjated ar( A in most cases, hut it is not Page stated (except ia one case) whether tho times were merely tliosc Ijef'orc the seal was picked up. One is recorded to have floated nine minutes. Two are said to liavc been taken into the boat at once; one "showed slyns of sinkin?'," the other " would soon have sunk." It is not slated how this was deiormincd. 244. Addilioual Tahh; to same seals by Coulson and Cantwell, of " Jlush." Five wounded, 1ml not secured, iu taking seven. If (.'orreet, shows very poor huutinj,'; but no statement as to how known that shot took clfect at all. Interesting to ob>erv(' that no sciils were lost by snildiKj. lieport of f:>pccinl Aiimt Ihiin;. 215. Jlenry seems to have iornied a very exaggciated idea of liostility of \'ic- toriatis, " boyeottin;,','' kr. 24'7. lie yives useful evidenee as to absence of other business for scaling-vessels. [Generally. Is it worth while now to obtain cvideneii of scalinn' men, A;c., quoted by Henry, in rebuttal of bis s'atenionts, some (jf which ;ire evidently incorrect r] Uejiorla of Consul Mri/ers. 255. rigures for Indians in pelagic hunt ing' do not cdrresjiond with ours. Tablk showing Number of Indians employed on l!riti'. 2! 'J. "j ,, ]i. 20j. > 'I'akeii fnini ii ]'• • J Hieial C'i?lom-}iouse Uetiirns. l'ag(! 255. Note Meyers' .ifateincnit that Indian hunters derived Irom Vancouver Island, in support of statement made on this point in our criticism of United States' evidence. 256. Statement that majority of hunters are [309] D 10 I Pago . . unmurrii'il young incii, m my opinion quite iiicoiTCcl. Statoiiicnt Hint 1,000 persons only prolik-il I'roni or (leiiended on these lumteia must, ho incorrect. Slioiild wo !j;et rehiiKal from Indian Agent at Victoria— A. \V. Vowell ? 250. Indian canoe coast eateli staled at about 1,500. This is too low. Sec the careful estimate made hy l?ri(ish Commissioners (para, TiOU). The liyures Aleycrs quotes are probably only those of skins brought by Indians themselves to Victoria. Traders along the coast ]uireh'.ise many. These, coming from ports in 1 lie province itself, on recognized carrying- vessels, to Victoria, are not subject to Customa. St.vtf.mmnt showing Catch made along Coasts by Indians in Canoes. Y.iir. Movers' S.iitonK'iit. Prcvioua to l^'Jl 1891 1892 .Stall's ciilch i>n Viiiicouvcr Isiunil const to iip lutwt'cn 1,0110 and 1,500, nn' Hi'])ort, p. 07, rini'C niiimal eutcli liy Imlians at 1,.5U0 aloiif; Vaiieouver I»laiiil, and 1,500 ni rth of that alonj; Jkitisli t,'. lumbian coast. Hudson Hay Company a!on» bought ."iO.R'J 1 i-kins nirtli of Vancouver Island between 1882 and 1890. 1,05,'!. (Appendix to Itiport of British Commissioners, | . 20.5.) 2,31!). (Appendix to Sii|)plemenlavy Re- port of liritish Commissioners, p. GfJ.) 31evi;us' Table (United States' Counter-Case, p. 200), showing Catch of British Columbian vessels in Hehring Sea compared with that given of V). 411 of United Stales' Counter-Case. Year. 1889 1 b90 1891 Number of Ve-sels. T..tid lielirin;; Sea Cateh. Average B'lirin;; Sea Caleb. Mcjers. P 1 411. 23 ir, 2 J 2-1 5.'! •10 Meyers. P. ■111. Meyers. 15,'197 15,-197 18,590 , 18,105 28,005 ', 28,8.88 073 042 539 P. 411. 908 75G 020 As the liehrinp; Sea catches are fjiven tor but these three years on p. 411, no comparison ean be made fir previous years. Mr. .Meyers also gives the iichring Sea catch lor (he years ]8S.')-8H, and, as his fenires ditler materially from llif)se submitted by the British Com- missioncM's in tlieir Jteport {\>\>. 2()',)-2n), based upon oflicial Return.s, they are compared below : — ^ Mr. Meyers .. I'ritish Commissioners I'-H.'.. 1,200 800 1880. 12,223 12,423 1887. 14,595 11,764 1888. 15,021 l'J,C53 11 I'aso Mr. ]\Icyeis, iii lUUn-uiin'iu^ tlic avcrn:;*! (vili'li I'or cai'Ii v.i over niiieteiMi cows (['ups equal cous) to cai'h bull. 2Gli-2G5. His second count, of a laiser area of same rookery, slunvs avera^'e of f.jrty pups (= cows) to one bull. He aids that thi^se " quite ccrtaiidy" did no; all belong' to the bulls. If not, they must have come from other parts of rookerv. (W'iiy then choose lu area witli excc.?s of pups to count ? The statement evi- deiitiy meant to minimize duinam (,i comit made to United States' position.) 2G5 (para. 2). He, howev(>r, further adds tint many cows and pujjs were not countcrl, hecause they " did not seem to heloiii,' to any particular family." (Thtis the relative jjiop'rlions a!;ovc stated have been f riuimere else mentions having siH'ii m»n'e bulls than were required for service. This agrees with Macoun's Report, but not with what is said by li"o\vn and Murray. Throughout his " notes " he speaks of the decrease in the area now occupied by seals as compared with Elliott's JIaps [309] £ 11 Page and with the evidence in the rookeries themselves, but he makes no attempt to show that any decrease occurred in recent years. is of a "liquid he ground, &c. in Bartlett that IS of seals, &o., is 360. Statement of W. H. Ball as to excrement on rookeries. Says that exo 'inent nature." Sii. f ' " Conclusive evidcu. excrement of all 1; not liquid. It could not well be, as they eat fish with hones, scales, &c., and' all hard parts must he passed. Sinking into irroimd in most cases im- possiWe. Tlie ground is beaten quite hard and smootli (sec photographs), and there are many rocky areas where excrement must he -Jcn if present. As to nature of rookery-ground sec Brown, in United States' Case, Appendix II, p. 12. Sec also his pliotographs opposite this and next page, illustrating nature of rookciy-ground; further says "the more rocky areas are selected })y the females as breeding-grounds." Morion, in United Stales' Case, Appendix II, p. ()0, says that rookeries "are characterized liy hard dry surfaces of volcanic cement or basaltic rock." Naturi! of each rookery-ground described in British Commissioners' Report, paras. 2oG-2G0, where it is stated that " the character of the soil is such that it becomes beaten down between the pro- jecting rocks into a hard and nearly smooth fl^or. 300. As to the "annnoniacal odour" of rookeries. Tliere is certainly a strong odour about them, but the seals of course pass more or less urine, quite sutncient with the f(>Ued hair, decaying placentas, &c„ in soil of damp surface of rookery, to produce the smell referred to. 362. .V. G/r./m;r:/.7/.-'rhe views of Mr. (Jrcb- aitzky were fully ascertained by the Uritish Commissioners in conversation, 15 British Counter- 3G5 Case, Appendix 11, p, 105. Page and notes made of each point during progress of conferences held with him. 303. His statement about no mingling of "herds" is merely an opinion. 363. Statement that pups are unable to swim at birth is a mistake, as shown by swim- ming of pui>s even when eu( from tlieir mothers. And statement that pups arc tauglit to swim by their mothers is denied by all trustworthy observers. Skins referred to as " taken near rriijyloIV Islands" on " llosie Olsen," were taken along coast south of Aleutian Islands, not near the Pribyloff Islands or in Behring Sea at all. 3G5. Whole argument on this page depends on supposition that sole right to benefit liy taking seals is vested in owners oi breedinar-islauds. British Coiiutcr- Cise, Appendix, vol. i, p. H«. 360. Unusual number of dead ]uips on Com- mander Islands in l:i>t two years (1>>!)1 and 1^!)2) here alleged. British Com- missioncH's do not note auy such morlality in lsi)l, though they Iiad specially called attention to and in- vestii^ated mortality on SI. Taul Island. Macoun, when at Commander Islands in 1S02, was informed that there lind been no unus\ial mortality in thai year. The Memorandum or written stale- ment of Mr. Grebnitzky, is in simie respects a very reniarkabh" document. Mr. Grebnitzby ]iassed tlu-ough the United Slates in tlie autumn of 1M)L', and it would ajjpear tliat he then furnished this written statement to the United States' tiovernment, by request (foot-note, p. :)(\2). It seems not to hav(! been wholh salisl'aeiory, ho\\e\('r. and 1 lo have been amended and sent on to St. I'etersburgh for signature ; amended. Thus, we lind at liie end ecrliiie;ite from h1 Slii Consul-Cieneral at Si. L'ctersburgh lo a list of aceeiited changes iulroduccd in the text. How many changes may have been inserted which wer- not neeeptcd we arc not informed. More- 16 Pacjo 369. OVC1-, as the changes arc referred to by pa;,'o and lino in the original MS., it is impossLhlc to tell what eircct they may have had on the original writing, except the addition of "considerable distances," which evidently refers to these words in p:iva. 3, p. 3(1(5 of print, and assists to hear out a contention British Commis- advanced by the United Slates. p„„ 3, . Mr. Grebnitzliv told the British Com- missioners tliat in his opinion the females when s\iekling their young did not go more than halt'-a-mile from the shore. Further, much of the document as printed is evidently a criticism or denial of certain points stated in the Eeport of tlie British Commissioners, while other parts of it are affirmations, more i,v less definite, of portions taken by United States in their Case. It thus appears evident, that the author Lad been placed in possession of these documents, or of their substance. It is important to observe the co-operation which this implies as between the United States and Bussia in the matter. 11 is further of interest to note the numerous points upon which no state- mcnt in criticism of British Commis- sioners' Bei)ort or in support of United States' contentions are made. On these, it may be supposed that no acceptable evidence could be obtained from the author. The omissions are thus perhaps more siguiiicant than the assertions. iV Ho(/fMoii. — In later affidavit in Britisl. Countcr- ■' 1 • • Case, Anpcmlu, British Counter-Case, explains circum- ^.^^, ..^ j| 'jg^^ stances under which deposition here civen was made. o ,,p,. _„'Pl,is recapitulates what 3C'J. Ciipldiii is con tained in his Beports, but gains 1 n dcfiiiiteness of assertion and denial. 370. Again states that seals "appear at about iff a long line of coast, the sanu> time o rcac bin ■ from California to fVasliimjioi British Columbia was apparently omitted from consideration. No further deuce given as to appearance off evi coasts actually mentioned. 17 Page 372. 372-373 H. //. Mclnlyre. — Carefully refrains from giving niiml)er of harems of larger class, but states later that 40 to 50 seals to a harem not excessive! lie thus differs wholly from other authorities, in defence of present conditioa of rookeries. Wholly contradicts Elliott's evidence as to driviiii; of new rookeries, &c., ahout lh7!». Sc2 alio Dritish Counter-Case, Appendix I, p. 144, OB to lolidity of excrement. 373. Ilis remarks on excrement are ridiculous, and are fully disposed of by Bartlctt's ol)siT\ations, and hy remarks already made in these notes (p. M) on similar assertions by Dall. 373. John Mulotiansku. — Makes a deposition in respect to Ihrre statements in Commis- sioners' llepcrt, contradicting these. (Both Morgan and ifalowansky, according to Commissioners' notes, said they were certain coition occurred in the wafer I) 37'J-. Mdloiraiii-kii (another deposition). — Suige- rof, accordim; to my notes, said nothin" ahout death of pups due to starvation, &c., as hen? cited. 37"). States that all vessels seized were to south or souih-east of Copper Island, except one, thus outside Behring Sea. His "evidence" about iion mingling of seals of I'ribyloff and Conmiander Islands of most inconclusive kind possible. T. V. Morgan. Excrement soft, almost liquid, &c. This may aiiply to such excrement as is seen —that of young pups, &e. (sec remarks already made, p. 11). ./. Murrai/. Other statements, such as Evermann's, give somewhat more precise idea of proportion of bulls to cows on certain rookeries. Tlie 1,250 " idle liulls," if existent, must liave been impotent hulls. British Commissioners saw nothing of this. Com2)are also Murray's i)rcvious state- nu-nt, quoted in liritish Commissioners' Keport, ])ara. i:i8. [809] F 375. 376 377. 37y. 370. 18 Pago 37d. n80. 383. ^85. 385. 3SG. 38G. 380. 38G, 387, Untrue tlmt records on islands slmw ovcry seal wliicli died, " directly or indirectly, by till! hand of ii\an." No record what- ever of any indirect deaths. These pass unnoticed and iinknown. R. AVwmrtiiH.— (See Statement, British Case, Appendix III, p. 3r)f), as to nets.) G. Nicliimm. — Government and Cmnpany, transfers of ai^onts, &c. (Sec Memo- randum on this.) J. ,S/(ni/cj/ - / fae's in iMinneetion with some speeies of Jiair-seals.) Doulits the existeueo of barren females. Surely after a certain iv^o, if for no other ri'ason, females cease to bear ? Special iilcailini,' in favour of tlieory iliat large number of seals wounded and escape. The pleas are very weak, I)artieularly wiien the writer's own experience and those of his marksmen iuv considered. Accounts for tlie fact that many were wounded and lost when he says that his shots were ijenerally without result until he learned to shoot at tlie head. 401. Seal logs of United States' vessels in 1802, 405. Seals seen by " V7.".. (3.) Soal c'oiitrolliblo on land only, and then bcaaiiso helpless. I'riti.sh C'iiiiiii]i.~., 7:1. Kliiotl. ('ciisu.s i;(j|iort. ]f]'. o'l. "yJ, ~J (1.) The natural condition of seals is infcr- t'ered with on the islands. (5.) 5Ian exercises no speeiCn- care over tlio seal, and his prosenec is injurious. .Seals fearful of man. liritisli CiiMiiriis.siniici.s' l.'i-j.i.n. i.ara.«. -'4, :)', Hritisli (■..iiiit.'v-Cii-i..-, ].].. nL'-114 (G.) Until lately nothiim was kno^m of the migration routes of the seals, and for >evon nionlhs in caeli year their whereabouts w.ts unknown to tl:ose on the islands. JJiiti.sli <'ninilci-( ■.I--C, j.]i. 11. "i. no. KlliiiU (I8S1V T.ioiitciiiiiit A[iiyiiiiiil (1874). I'rofos.sui' AlK'ii (I.^.Sit). CUAI'TEll VII OF BRITISH COUNTFll- CASE. Section III. Intcrmijitjlinij in different parts of North Pacific. The nvidciice on this point is of five kinds : — (A.) Naturalists' opinion on the suhjoct of the species. (B.) Opinions of Company and Ciovcrnmeut officials. (C.) Obsei'vations of the actual position and disti'ibulion of seals at sea. (13.) Furriers' o])inion based upon examination of the skins. (E.) Opinion of pelagic scalers. (A.) — As to Oiiinioiif: of Xnlitriili.'ui)lc-r-C'[isc, Appendix ii, pp. 2.3-27. Sealx found viore or las (dl llie wuij (tcrons Behring .Sea and Pacific, In British Commissioners' original Report, iutermin,_,iuig .is diseiisscd in paras. lul-l,")7, and stated to be "r ^i^ptional rather than normal," but umeh additional evidence lias since been obtaini.Hl. (And now see liritish Commissioners' Sui)pleniontary Report, pp. 23-25, wliere views expressed in original Report, para. 151, are modilled, and intermingling stated to lie more fre(|uent than had been siii)i)osed.) Reference to Maps II, III, and I\', in original Rejiorl, however, show general facts of inter- mingling in Hehring Sen, as ascertained l)y tlie Commissioners. Diagram V shows simultaneous iluctuations in yiehl of skins on rriliyloll' and Commander Isl.mds, iuvlieatiiig inter-relation. (Sec para. 157 in I^'port.) Criticisms nf eoneliisions in Uijtish Commis- sioners' lieport coiilained in United Hlates' Couuter-Case, dealt with In Jiiilisli Ari>Miinent, pp. 79, 80. The evich'uee adduced in Uniied States' Case and Couiiter-Case to snpport the theory that the seals of two sides of North Raeille are wholly separate, nliere it does nol consist of mere asser- tion, is purely negative. [m] c 6 Evidence actually given in United States' Case and Counter-Case is alono almost suffieient to prove intermingling by observed distribution at sea, as it shows seals, supposed by deponent to be Coppers and Pribyloff, within liO miles of each other. British Countev-Casn, p. 135 (top). Affidavit of Eliah I'rokopiet, Uiiitfd States' Case, vol. ii, p. '21"'. United States' CountLT-Caso— Log of " Yorktown," p. 40ri. See I'rint No. 300, p. 19, and compare Cliart No. C, United States' Coiuiter-Caso. Captain Hooper's lieport, p. '210. See Print No. 3011, p. 3. (Note that in United States' Migration :Maps in United States' Case and Counter-Case, no attempt is made to show distribution of seals in Behring Sea. Clmvt Xo (3 in United States' Counter-Case, showing places whei'e seals were observed, fails to give a general idea of distribu- tion, because most of cruizes charted were con- lined to vicinity of islands.) Logs of " Hanger " and " >Iohicnn ' are not i,Mveu in Ciiitud Slates' Counter-Case when erniziut; to westwiud towards .Vttu Island, though shown on Chart No. l. ,S'e I'rint Xo, :'.ilO, p. 20. (^D.)—yur Dcal'.-r.i Oi^iiiiuns bused on Eiiniiuwlion of Skins. For nattu'c ol' dill'eri'ueos in skins of I'ribylolf and Coiiunander Islands. British rN»mnii.s>ioners' Supplunu'utary Iteport, p. 2(i. llritisli Counter-Case, )ip. 121-12."). Urilisli ''oiiimissioners' lieport. jiaras. l.i.j, -i^ili. The following is a list of deponents showing' intermingling by character of skins, and the amount of such intermingling : — British Percentage Percentage CounUT-Ciisc, Appuiidix, Name of Oi'iimunt. of Copper Skins found amongst of Alaska Skina found amongst Vol. ii. Alaskas. Copper-. Pago 238 Joseph Politr'.cr . . • . . . 30 to 40 30 to 40 243 Oswald Kysoldt . . 25 30 25 30 243 Henry Fricdburg . . 20 40 20 40 244 Horatio Creamer .. 15 20 15 20 246 Sigmund Apfel . . • • • • 33 33 2S1 Ludwig Felseiistein 33 ;i:! 249 Herbert Shelley lievington ,, 25 25 250 Henry Poland 30 30 238 Gcor(.'e Boulter 35 35 237 Tom Simiisoii Jays . . 25 lu 30 25 to 30 23C Kichard Henry Poland ,, ..~\ 231 Leon Kevillon . . . . . • ( 331 Stanislas Revilloii . . 235 Thomas Henry Incc . . . . 1 236 Sydney Poland . . . . . . | 236 Francis Arthur Lavsdell . , . . Testify, witliout mentioniuL' anv 241 I'l lix Jungraann . . , . .. definite figure, th.at in each 241 Kniile Hert/i . . . . ■ • > elas^ of >kins ihey liave found 242 iMuilc Orebert 245 W. C. Stamp a Certain percentage unai-iin- guishaljle from the other cl iS5.' 247 David Wotherspoon . . . . j 247 Harry Borras .. ,, . . ; 248 Howard Vyse .. .. •■> 251 We>ley Mfirshall . . 252 lleiirv Meyers . . . . . . j 253 Cliarh s Alfred Sugden . . . J J 240 Benjamin Frank Slater Considerable Co}i*ideral)le 211) Friedrieh Aui^ust Gustav Webber ;> 212 Addljdi Haendlcr . . ,, n 248 Uicliard Dixon Large Largo 249 Augu''tns AUhausen ') ,, 25 1 Julius Uiehard Tiiau <^'onsiderable Considerable The following witnesses not only speak of finding among skins of each class a certain per- centage of wiiich are nndistiiiguisliabh; from the other classes of skins, and which, in a lesser degree, resemble the other clnss : — British l-'otinter-Case, XaTue of Dejioutnt, Ai)peudi,\, Vol. ii. Pago 230 Hiebaid llenrv I'ol.md. 231 1.6011 Kevillon. 236 Svdui'v Poland. 228 Josejili Politzer. 240 Beuianiin Frank Slater, 240 F. A. U. Webber. 242 Kmile (iri'bert. 242 Adolph HaiiHller. S74 W. ('. Ii. St imp. 247 Ilarrv liorras. 348 Ht)warii Vvse. 349 11. S. Ilevington. 2S1 l.uilwig FeNiMistein. 251 Wclev .Mar>liall. 251 Julius H. 'Ihaii. 253 He;ir\ Movers. 2.-1.1 Cli irtes Alfred Suu'den. This is ia complete accord with general con- clusions of naturalists in case of other animals. British Commissioners' Supplementary Eepiut, p. 27. (E.)—Opi7uons of Pelagic Seakm. British Cnunter-Case, Appendix, vdl. ii, pp, 38. CIIAl'TEU VII or J51{ITlSli COUNTER- CASE. Skction IV. Kfliilion of Fiir-sdits In Piihijloff Ishittls. Sui,niwr (1)1(1 IViiilcr llomcx. AVliili; flic l:ir;,n'r luinibiT of fiir-sciils of tho (•astorn part of \]n\ North I'aeilic n'sort to llie l'i'ili\i»n' Islands to brood, Ihcy foi'incrly biod at othor places aloii'4 tlic novtli-wcst coast, and probably still do so in snialltT numbers. r.iitisli ('(lUiitrr-Casc, i>ii. 1 I'J, 14^!. I'liilisli Coiiiini.-isidiiirs' l.'i'iKirt, \idrmi. 447-44'.(, 18.-. .1. W. Mackiiy, lliitisli Ciiinnii.ssioiiiTs' lii'ijnrl, It- in, 1-'. Judge Swan, Ijiiti.sh ('ijiiiiMi-.si(iiior.s' llcjioil, \i. IVli. (St'c, lidwevcr, Swan, in I'nili'd Stali'.s' CuuntiT-Cuhi.', )■. :'91. wlioru he |iar- tially nioililii's his jiruviuus views.) liritisli ('iiMntei-('aiili.sh Coniinissioiicrs' llepoit, paras. Til 8. .-illt. British ('enuiiissiencrs' Sii]ipkineulary J!rp' r', pp. i;:, -js. 10 ^laiiy seals rpinnin al sea cacli year, and arc to be fiiiuul (luriiii; tlin sunnni-r in IJcliriiii,' Sea, and al all seasons to tlie sontli ul' tlie Aleutian Islands. r.rilisli tJdiuiiiisMiniu'r^' lii'imil, [uiii^-. ni;-S7, •:m:>. 4-m. liiitisli ('ommissi( is' Krpoii, .\]>|"'iuli.\, \i. 1 7.".. liiitisli ('iimil('i-t';is''. Ai'liriuli.x, vol i, p. Il"i (Maeoun). Ibid., vol. ii, p. 27. StM' .d.sci rcl'iTciici's hihU'V liiliTiniii'^liiiu'." lilitiNll (.'iUiiitci-riisc, .\ii|iriiai\, \"1 ii. p. -:i. Sec Al)lliMl(li\ II. nil si'iils iflullillill.l,' al >c.l. Youni; f<'niales are not known to ret in p to the islands in any numbers till about to i,'ive birth to lir.st youn;,', jirobably in their third year. Fe- males withiiul iinps are not seen on rookeries. Sfu ulsd ■■ Ml .uiapli nf N'uilli .\ini riciui I'iiiiii- IH'ds," PI.. 101, -lu::,. HI. (Tlirsr |i.issai,'i;s cilcil, I'.i-ilisli Cuiiiilfi-I 'a.sc. |.. 1 tJ ; ami liriti.-ili I'liiiulii-Casi.', .\ii|iciidix. ,.. 1-J.i., Uiili-li Cnniiln-l'a-r. A]']!! iidK, Vdl. i. pji. 1:'.'.'. 1 10. liiili.sli ('iiiiiiiii.;;iiini'i - Kcp'iit, |iar.i. -^'i- Hiirren I'enniii's, ;,r., those not fertili/od in the previous season or to:) old tfi bear, do not neeessarily resort to islands, :iiid many ol' them do not do so. .•^(■r N'.'iiiaiiuncpv, in l-'.lliii:'-; Cciisiis llt'iii.rl 1.. 141. It is d":iioii4r:ihle that a lai'i,'!' number, pro- bably 10 per eeat ol' whole niunber oi' breeding females, pass into barren (dass each year. These do not re(|nir(.' to resort to or remain on the islands. Seo .Xiiiiciiilix III cm i,liis siilijcct. l-'urther inidenei; showiiii,' that lar^e numbers of seals rem.ain .at >e.a diiiaiej,' summer is alVorded by the praetieal ;ibsenee of "sfa^^ey" seals ;it sea duriiii^' the we(d\s u hen seals found on islands are " stasey." r.rili!^li ('niiiiiii''siniii !.■<■ llrpurl, paiaH. i:i!.L'S|. ]iriU.sh Ar.L;iniuiit. \'\i. 1:17 l^iH. 11 At p. 112 ol' I'liiti'd States' Coniifci'-C'asc tin- titlc-pn^c (]|' a liaili' catalogue niciitioniiii,' soiiio "sla<;cy " (low) skins is (iiiolcd. 'I'lioso desci-ilti'd as Nortli-wi'sl skins, linl il' really "staijoy," may have l)(M'ii raided skins I'nmi i'rihylolV or Com- inandei' Fslands. The lenii "Idw" dues not mean " sta;;ey," but is ajiplied to any skins liadly cured. rnitnl Stales' (JoiiiittT-L'aiii', p. 077. Coition at se;i is not infroquont, and virgin teuialus are jirolialjiy as a ride covered at sea, and have, tiiererore, no ciiise 1o resort to islands. I'.rilisli ( 'Minitir-( ';!>.. |,. M.",. Illilisli ('uinitfi'-(.'a-o, .\|i]'(.'ii.li.\, v..l. i, \k I'M. Il.id,, viil. ii, lip. ;).;, ;)4. J!rili.«li ('iiiiiiiii^siuni'is' I!i'|iiiil. para'--. -'''i-'^'.\7 . I!riti>li l'niiiiiii-si..ii(.r.' .-^iipiilc'iiicnlaiv h't'ijipi! ir IL' i:;. AFany other )>!;,ces in the North Pacific besides I'rihyloir and Coinniander Isl.'inds are suital)!e in rc^'ard to idiniate ;ind |diysieal features iVr lireedin^'-jilaces of liir-srsil. I'.rili>li Cijiinii r-Casi-, |.|i. I i.'p-Mii. Iliid.sli Cciiiaiii-siciMiTs' h'ci.iiit. ],,'M'a.s. ".I, _'-17, -IS, L'70. :,s.\. I'.lili-h ('..iiiili'i-( jiM^, .\|.]„.|i(|i.\ I. ]i[,. |.-,7 'I •o'ly., a.s 1(1 t'liiiiato. ['irilish C'riinmi,ssioii(.as' .-^iipi'lmuMilarv llcji.ai p. 12. 'Mh' l'ur-se;d of the North raeilic is ;i regulurlv migratory aiunial. Its 'mliilnf is I he whole area . --•■. r.rili-h Commissiciicis' SiippUM.ientiiry I!i-poit. pp.l.Ml. Sou Appendix to Suppl.-m.Miliin Krport, |'. b... as tn Iciuil oi li.sh prulrrreil tiii'l .iiuuitity of lisU culcn. Salmon and liiM-rin- avo aiiuniuMhc i.rincipiil vark-tics of «sh preyed upon by seals %vhou in the vk-inity ol' tlie JVilish Coliunbia eonst, and in pursuit of herrin- they even eater the inlets and embayed waters. Many of the hunters .state that seals eat all kinds of lish, while eighteen particularly mention salmon. Sec Appen.UN I. -iviii- abstract ef evi.lrnro on lhi> point. Sec iilsii — AUxander. I'nilcd States' Case. Appendix II, p :;.-..-,. Hooper. United State.-^' < ■nuiit-r-Case. p I'orty-nine India.is at Jiarehiy Sound and vieinitv (Vaneottver island, ISntish Cohnnb.a) testify' that the abundanee or etberuiM^ ol the seal near the sbor.- depinids on whether i'n-e nr small numbers of IhtHuu- are to be found on the ,.o;ist. M<-st of th.'se men testify .als.. that seals loUow the shoals of herrinu' into bay) and mlels nn westeoast (d' Vaneoiiver Island. The ■•'liiu'V caused to iisheries by seals, even uhe, . .•omparatively small numbers, is so ,-reat that it has been found necessary to take :,,„.cial means lor tiie ,le>tru<'tinu r.f s^'aN m several eountries. P.riti-h Comiler-Ci.H.. p. 1-':'. I'.rilisli Counter-Case. Aifiidix. vol. i. l' I. ■• 13 CnAPTER X OF HIMTISIl COUXTETl- CASK. Date and Amount of the ohxcrvrd Drncnsc in the Numlirr of Seals on and hahlliinlli/ resortimj to the PrilnjiitJ Islamls. (a.) 'I'lim-e Ims been a iic;irly coiitiuuijus doti'vioration in (lie cotHlitimi of tin.' rookoi-ies and decrease in niinibcr of soals frcqueiitiiis^ the islands siiirc tlicy canio under the control of the United States in 1808. Rrilisli ('iimiiiissiniHTH' Hciioit, para. ."7. t'htoiiiilogi(.al cviik'uco from liojiort.'i. itc, suiiiin;irizci!. liritish Counlpr-Caso. p]>. l'::1, Muri' fully ami witli ;ill rclVnjiKcs in liritisli I 'oiiniiissioners' llcport, ii:ini^. Su!) d *y,, ami (lisciisseil, paras. ii7.1-(;!>:! Sec \xUi\ jhist iiiiilcr Chapter XII. N.B.— Tlie ireneral tenour of I'nited States' olReial lieiKirts till ls^7 or ISS^ eontiuued to he optimistic. It is by critical examination of these l^epoi-ts only, that (he true state of rookeries can he detenniiied. KxjilaiiK'd ill lliiii.sh CMiiniiis.sioiii'rs' Report, par.is. ."I'J, .";;. The miinerieai estimafi's ni.'uh" at several times on llic islands are uiitrustuorlhy. liritish Com- missioners had staled (hi-, and Tnitcil States now concurs. r.iiti-ih I '.iiuU' r.C.'a^i', p 171 The evidence now avaiiahf' relates chicllv to : — 1. Decrease in sizes of seals killd duiiii,- (o increasiiii; scarcity ..f '• killahlcs " -. Iiicrcascil ari';i of dri\iiiu- on the islands eiilniiiiatiiiy; in alle'.^cd imiio-^ihility nf takiiii; "quota" of l()i),fliiu ill Is-.i(. (1.) Comphdc and concIusiM' csi.lcnce relatin ' [303] K to dpcreasi" of sizos of skins atrm-(l■<, iUid ill r.rilish (•oiiiiiiis:'■''■ (2.) Evideiiw rclatini;? lo iuoroascd aroa tif driviui?, whou dotcrioi-atioii had bofomo such as to hamper losseos in taking' (lunta. Briti^Ii Ciuntcr-CaM' ]<■ ITn. Sol- al.sn I'.rilisli Ca-ic. A]il)fmiiN, v.il. iii, • Tuiiod Stales N". J (ISDI)." p. .".0. C.inliiniatoiT fact- ascBilaiiicd liy liritish ( 'otu- missiniiiTS. Si-c lii'pnrl, jiaras. I'lS.'i. (18<>. N,R. _ In rnifi'd States' CountPi'-Casc, pp. 78, 70, thi' rxti'usinii of area of drivintj in 187!) is denied. This d.-iiial is nval.'d iii lirilisli Ae^niiii'iit , \i.]u'iidix. jip. loi-io;;. {!).) Aniouul (if deeivase on tlie islands in Lite years. lilitisli t'eunli'l-C'asi;. |i. 174. r.i-itisli Cniiimi.s^ioiirrs' llepm't. paras. :'>.">T-:'.7ii. This lias nol been noai'ly so ^Tcal, as is alUriiKid by the Tiiited States (/jn.v.s/m), but no nunierieal estimat(! can be I'onned. Natural indications such as appear on the 1,'round do not alVord trustworthy dtita respecting' amount of dnerease. lliili^li CmimissiHin-iN' Ki'puri. p.iias. ;!77-:l'.t.i, 'HI. r.iilish Cniuaer-Ca.sc, pp. ! 7;., I7i;. P.ril'sli (■.niiTiiissiuiiiT-'' Siippl'iiicntaiy l,'c)i..rl. I'he Mails of rookeries with United States' Case, i)urportinu- to show extent of h ('MiMiln-C.i^i', .\|iii,'iMliv. vdl. i, |,. l."! (Miiroiiii). .Nt- ,1^11 I',l'it]\ll Aiyiuil.'lil, .\l)[.Cllilix, ],|.. .SS, riiiU'ii Stiitrs' C'uiint'T-(,'a?.', )., Ijfs.j. (-V.H. — Tlie United States uidy jiartially admit ilic iniproveincnt in ]^'.)2.) ('/.') Ill estiniatin;,' total uuinlier oi" seals it is necessary to consider tlio^c remaining' at sea as well as lliii-e more or less cii;:iiniiously in suiiinier resortini; to the islands. I'.Iltl-ll ('n|lllMi,--in||i'ls' i;r|iii;. pUHlS. S.-.,S7, ■tiii.>-4n7. llrilish ( ■|)iiiili'i-(J;i,-M-, ]p[p. I7i;-I7s. l;iiii-li ('i.iiiit.T-C;isi\ Aiipcnilix, v.i!. ii, ji],. -J'.i. r.iili-Ii I 'niiiuii-si.iiii'is' .'ll'a l('i,'iti- inatr jinr.-uit, but as it lias Ijccn atlcmptcd tu c'liaraetfrizr it as ilicijiliiiiatr. im the str('ni;'tii ol' a!lci,'i'(l I'xcc'ssivr lossrs, it has liccii found nccPssai'V to ini'<'l tlir aliciiations llius made. ((/.) No jiarallcl can lie drawn Ijriwccn jiclanic scalin>,' and the jiracticc,' of killini; seals on their breedini^'-places in the Southern Hemisphere, which has led to the depletion of these hreedini;- placcs. lirilisli ('nuiilcr-t '.ISC. 1', 1--. I'.riti^h Cumiiii.-siuMfrs' ilc]inrt, panis. (!."., si:;. .S44, b.M!, S.'.'.l, MHO. «'il, Stj4, KC,:,, SilT, Ni'.n, 870, STL', S7:!. s74. s7.', s7'.i, ss:;, ssil. ss;i, ,s9u, sill, s!i-j, s!i:!, Sd-t, s'.nt. 11,1(1., ApiTiKlix, i.|.. 1.".."., ir-i;. 1''7. l.'iS. (Several of the witnesses eil(Ml by the United States also describe mode of killing' seals in southern lienii>pliere.) fiiit.-cl .Sliito' Case. Alt'ii'lix II. PI'. I'iO, -l.'li, 4."i'., 47 L'. On the contrary, the methoil of shore killini;' on the I'ribyloiT Islands is but a luoiiification of that iiractised in the Southern Hemisphere, and has already more than one." brouuht tlu' islands to ill" verLre of depletion. ISiiiisli {■..iiiit.T-Casr. i.p. l-iJ-ls:;, I'.i-ili.-h Cutniiii.-si.ini'i-.' la] al. jiaias. 40, 7ti. .S II rrstihii 'if liilliii;4 ' II liri'i'ilii',,L,' i.-laial?;, Appuiiilix 1\'. (J,.) No excessive lo-s of seals oi' injury to seal life residts from pelaific sealing', thoitgli this is asserted on th<> part of the United States. The total loss of se;il> killed and iiol rreovi-red, with oth'-r losses inei(h'iital to scaling' at sea, are probably less than those result ini; directly or 17 idilirrctlv I'ldrii tlic killiir^' of "•aU on tlic liri'iMlini;-i^hinil--. lintisli ('iiiiiiDi-i-'i'iniTs' licj.'iri fwrti 74, "•', f.OT. British C^oiniiiiKsiomrs" .Su[ip)«ujfnury ri>.-j"irt, II. liO, uihl f...,l-ii..t.. (c.) The s(;i(i'iiiciit nvd'h' on t!ii' pirt of tliP United Stales tii:it (if; jhm' fi-nt. or inon- fif tin- si-ak liiilnl at sea \silli lii'i'-arnis ar*; lost ^L'nitrd .States' t'ase, pj). ]l).j, ]'.)(!>, bi-in^' niiini-rii-nlly (letiiiite, is most ea-ily di»jirov<-(l ; oth'-r less (leliiiite sta(einciit> are le^s easily met, but then; is no reason to lu'licve that tli<-y ar- hotter foiiiuliaJ. I'rilisli ("oiiiiiiiH>ioin'rs' I.'i']«irt. |<»rai. 01»)-C26. liritinl] ('ijiiiili'r-('u.»<'. |i]i. Ixs. Lftv l>('lails in I'liilisli rriiiiiter-«'a«', .\p|«ri(Jix, \(i!. ii, \i\i 7-lo, luiij ia utljddvit* attached. 'I'Ik- staieineiits of a lai'L'e niiin'terof practical sealers show how tinfoiuided tliis ailf<»ation is. Con(diisivo proof to the same elf wt is afforded by iiuineiical statements made Ijy hunt^Ts. Ilritish ('.piiiii]i-.-.iiii]'T-' i;-j>'it. [Mm. 027. Swell stateineiiis ei)llei-ti' 1 liy Hii;i>h Commis- sioners represent loss in takiiiir netrly Kl.OOO seals to he about -i- jiei' cent. These statements generally iiiehido ' bv I'niteil .Slates are therefore from t<-ii v, twentv times yreater than the fact. .Manv of the I'niled States' wit.it-sfs state, in a u:eiii'i;il way, that the loss by sinkini' is verv small. See .\i.]K'iiili.\ \l. The niimlirr of ^caj^ fatally wounded, but wliieli e-ia|ie (apiio'e, e.aiinui \n' preei-selv detei'miiH d. lint inusi l;c vi-ry --iiiall. I'.iili>li ( eimliT-Cisc. ].]•. 1!'1-J''.: Sc'i> ;Ms 1, I'm- iLsetul di-lail*. I:ntt.*ii t'lmntfTi- Cii.-e, Alil>fii(li.x, Ml], ii. p[«- ll-l;: un-l atti- ilnvils. liiilisli ('I'liimissiMiicrs' J;i']»i;l, ji. ... t,^'s. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> 1.0 ^'S*l 12.5 1= 11.25 1^ 1^ II 2.2 1: ii£ IIIIIM 1.8 U ill 1.6 V] <^ /i 7: y M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST A- .MN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <^ k 1^ \\ iV A 18 Till! short rani^o nt wliicli seals are fired at with shot-Lfiiii i,'cnerall_v renders il easy to recover- even wouiiih'd seals. r.iiti>li I'liuul. r-(_'iisi>, ]>|.. r.i.".-lli7. {(I.) Killiiiu' of IVmiili's, wilhiii ])r(i|i('r limits as to iimuher, is not in it-elf repfehcusilile. I'liili^h (■iiiiiHii-si"m'iv' K'l'iioil. |i;ir;i. i;;'.;'>. lirilisli ('(lUiitci-CaM'. 1'. I'.is Hritisli CoiiiiuissniiH r-' Siipi.ti'iin-uhny W^ynw ,.. :;o. llriti-li Ai.miHuiit. 1'. lilt. A lara;o Jiumher of feiiiales pass into harren elass ill i-aeh year, and these should he killed to utilize their skins, uhich are as valuahle as any others. Si'(.' Apprinlix 1 1 1 {(1.) The alleviation that from s() to 1)0 per eent. of seals killed at sea are i\ males, and that of these at least 75 per cent, are either pre^'iiant or n\irsing (United States' Case, p. 21(5), is also [greatly exai^tjerated. Evilklll't! Clf Srilll/lS — Si'O Sinii-;iary liiitUli Case, .\|ii"iiilix II. ,,. -M. This alleiialion is ehiclly hased on evidenei; ol" furriers, and relates to the last year or two only. A large projjortion of skins, ]iartienlarly of youuiier seals, eaniiot he distinguished ;is to sex, even when earefuUy examineil. Kviili'iiri' of fm-iiiiTchaiits — X. lIoiV'-.ii, ].ara. ■), J). I'M. II. I'licilfluML;. lui'i ■"'. I' -)•♦• W. ('. Stain|i, i«ua. I. ]>. -t.'i. L. FulsL'-.i-li-iii. para. '.'<. )>, ■_'■' I . (;. I). I.ailii, iiav.i. 11, ]>. 17^1. (i. Wislii-. ].aia. 1, p. ITil. G. Wi'sUr, jiara. T. I'. IT'.'. If. .1. Ilulti.li, para. I. p. IH."). A. ('. Sullu'rlaml, para. i'<, p. lf;i', p. :;."i,S. • niiiparc Siillu-ilaiiil, I'.uli-li Couiili'i -Ca.'^c. .\ppcnilix, \(ii. ii, pp, 1,S.",, |,S(;. |-'"r riirtlnr i-\aiiipli.-. mm' • lli-riiai K.-t on the I'nih.l Sl.il,>' i;\ i.l. lire." -.\pp, lalix |i, lllill~ll .ViLiUlllrlit. p. I r.l. Tile ;u'tiial |iri)])oi'li(iii of IVncilcs tiikcii varies riiiich ill (•(itiipariiii; catclics iiitnli' l)y (lillcrcut »(.'s.s('is, and at (liU'civiil pl.-icrs or .■.cas'iiis. Kviiliiiic liiiiii sim1it« smaiiiaiizrd. r.iili.sli CciMiitcr-Caso, pp. L'dl Jll7 .\l-'i. ill yiralcr (Irlail. I'.iilisli I 'iiiiiiiiis>iiuiii is' l.'i|ii.il, i.ar.i.". Ii:; 1. r.:'.."., i'..".ii. Illili.^li ('i.uiiU-l-('a~c, .\pp.iiili\ II. pp. 1 I Jl'. It is aiJiniltiMl fliat suiiic ]iart ol' tiu' fiiiialcs taken in tiie spriiiu' are -r.-u id. ;iiiil (iiat some females in milk are taken when liiiiiliiii;- is carried on at sea loo elose to tlie Inieilini,'- isiands. r.iili^li ( ■i.iiiiiiis>iniiiis' l!c]iiiil. paias. lilS, 01!i, Hut tliat tlie possUili' numlier ol' siieli females eomjiriscd in tiic jielai^ii- ealeli from ls7;> to dale !•< small, is coneliisively sl.nun liy analylieal Tallies of skins olilained. Disi'ii.-i.Mil, r.iili^li ( '.luiitcr I'.i.^c. p. L'iMi. r.iit lor aiiiiiiilril ili-ciis.-iiiii. si'i' r.l in -I i Aiu'iinn'iii. ApJ.I'niii.X, ).. 1 III. S.C |n|.l.||,,l, . .Sll].pllMllelllaiy lil'pnil, Iilili.-,li ( ■|illlllli>.~ii'ller>, P ;;i Si^o I'xplaiialidii "I Tal.Ies. .\p|iciiili.\ \'. A conijiavisoii of resiiMs of lli!^ 'I'hIm'. with stutemeiits referriiii^ to reeent years, sliows iiioie females in [n-ujiortion kii!e 1 nt sea in late yoais 20 tin- niUnv:»l (•(mscqiicncc of cxwssivo killini,' "f males on islaiuls. lliili.-li (■..iiiniisNiuiiii'.' Il^-poii, I'liiii. ti:!.>. M'liil(> r,,llnuii,u; iv^t rifted killiiit,' ol' ma., s on islands, 11 decided ineiv;ise of mules not only on the islnnds lint at so:i noled in l>^".)--'. r.lilisll CoilMtcl-CMSl', 1'. I'.'". I'liilcd StMtcs' Cumin-i-l'iisi'. A]il"'ii.li\.|. :!«■■'. Sec al-M I'.iiti-li CniinnT-Ca.-r A^.' m.Iix \-I. i,. It- 11--^. 1m, r lilliJiivil- cMuiMinni,^ s|ii'(i;il nliTciirr l" i|„M-ilSC of MUllrS. IVnIll Whidl lllis MIIIMIKMV Wiis iiMil.'. .-(■(• r.iiti^li Ciiiinli'r-Cnse. Ai'licii ili\. \"1 ii : — I Inii-las. 1.. ."■•-'. l'ani'.». lidlicrls. p. '•'■', l';on. ."i. Dislinw, p. ."i7. iiinu. :!. C.iiiMii'. 1'. *''■■■ I''ii"- •♦• SliicM:^, 1'. Til. lar.i. li. Itaiiilose. 1'. 7-, p'li-ii. ('•. MfKii'l. 1'. Til, I'Mi-ii. '.I Hi.,wiir. p. s:!, l,.oa. I-''- (■alllilli'ill. 1>. I IT. .\|ri,;ii\.i. |,. '■<'; ym >^ Killillrv, p. '.I'^ MiiiiT, l>. '.!T. I'.iivn.s p till, p-tia •',. llu:.jli.-s, p. liiii. IMia. :.. Worth, p 11' t. pane II. CI, urn, |i. km;, iiara. 1, liol.ni.l, p. HIT, para. :'.. i;.,liMi,l. II- lil«. para. ."■. Dralh nf I'lilis (III Prill iilolf Island:!. In I'nitcd Stales' Case this death of jiups is ireated nnder " I'ela-ie Sealin- " and made one of prineipal allegations au;;iin^t siieli sealing'; it is, moreover, asserted that the number of . 113. Consi(ler,il)l(' niinil-ers of dciid pups were frequently observed on I'libyloll' Islands in years previous to 1881, wbieli is now alleged by tlic United States to be ibe first year of serious mortiilily (United States' Case,i)|i. 2i;i,'Jl4),and tbeir deatlis were attril)uted to oilier well-known causes. Evidenee now quoted by United States to prove tliat lew or no deatbs occurred j)rior to lSb4 is retrospective, and conflicts witb rejjorts. Drilish l'(llllIlli^~i^lll■l■M' licport, paias. :il'.S-o33. I'liilisl] CiMiiiU'i-l ',i.-ii', |ip. L'OS. UilO. Evidence cited liy United Slates to sustain statement Ibal mortality increased regularly from 1S81. (I'niled State.s' f'ase, pp. 213, 21t) is very sligbtand inconidnsive, and likcMisc retrospective. liritisb CiiuiitcNCasi'. ii. I'lo. (In United States' Counter-Case, pp. 88, 89, two refercncas to deatli of pups of motliers killed at .sea prominently cited. Tliese also are, bow- ever, retrosi)ectivc (18S!)). (See Brilisb Argu- ment, p. 111.) Hut on Ibe supposition that the United States correctly assi^ni the beginning of a considerable mortality in ])ni)s to the year 1884, this date does not accord with the commencement of any pela" ic sealing of importance in Dehring Sea, while it is concurrent witb Ibe existence of new and dis- turbing practices on the islands. Hritish ( 'oimlor-t '.iso, pp. L'll, I'.'iJ, 2U. L'4e", ■.'AC. lirilisb {'oiiMiii.ssioiicis' IJcport, pains, (j'.ici, t3',)7, 714, 7ir,,,s;!0. The assertion that pups die upon the breeding- islands in consequence? of the killing of mother seals at sea is based upon the allegations. The more important being — 1. That female seals return to tlie sea to feed while their young yet dei)endent on I hem. (393] G 22 2. Tluit they jjo to such dislaiicoB from fho islaiuU as to bo taknu iu large nunil)ois hy pi'Uij^io scalers. [). 'I'liat in event ol' the ilcith ol' ;i mother seal, lier youii!,' eaiinot ohtaiii iiourisLiiieiit from any other nursiiii; females, (1.) It is certain tlial females do not |,'o olT the rookeries for any purpose during the early period of siieklini,'. The length of tliis period is pro- bably about a month. I'liilisli Ci'iiniiU^iiiinii-' l!''i>"il, |mi;i. :;'l(i. I'liitisli .\l^;ulNl•lll, ]i\>. SU HI. Ilrili.-ili <'niiiiU'i-Cii-ic', .\liiiiiHli\ Iji I 1-. As (lie result of iiis investi-.ition in 1S!»2, Mr. J. Stauley-Browii sl,ite> this period to bo fourteen to sevent(!on days. Iiiitcil .Slates' CniiiitiT-CiHe, [p. ;'i8t;. After this period the breeding-females begin to repair again to the sea, but most, if not all of them, remain near the shores where they can be seen continuously. It is only by degrees that their .stay in the water becomes l;;!!g ; and though it is assumed by the United States that the lirst return of the females to the sea is for the purpose of feeding, and that the resumption of fettling takes place at this lime, the "reat mass of the known evidence is wholly n opposed to this theory. Britisli Cniuiiiis.siiJMors' Itfimi't. imras. .SOT, .'iOS. Ili'itisli ('(luntfi-t'a.'io, A]iiHiHli.\, v.il. i, ]i. 142. As to fusling of soids ^iMicnill/, soc umUr Cliii]iter VII, SccUhm I. It is in fact known that as a rule the females do not feed at all while tlu; young are absolutely dependent upon them, or during the season in wliicb they remain upon, or principally resort to, the breeding-islands. This habit of abstinence is common to most of the rinnipedia, and is par- ticularly evidenced in the case of the fur-seal by the absence of excrement iipon the rookery- grounds. HrilLsh Coinmissuiiiers' l!c|iiirt, paras. li32-235, 242, 24.3, 303-30G. liritish Counter-Case, jip. 214-217. Britisli CdUiitcr-Cnsu, Apiwmli.x, vol. i, \>. 144. Hritish Coiumissioncrs' Supplementary Rejiort, p. 11. 23 Ah Im rlmlHctlT nf, y, IVIIll'lil Si'lf lilili-ll (JiilllllliHsiiiMil,' Sup|.|. 111! lltMIV Ili|i(pit, .\|i|pcri(lix. |i. Do. .\i 1(1 nli-liiinirc (iT Ifiiir-.TiiU — Sec llrilisli (Joiiuiiif'i'iiini'rs' Sii|i|.liiii"'iitiii y li'i'liHrt, |i. II, f'l.iil-iiiilc, liritisll (■(illllllissiiilicl-i' Sii[p|jlrl]|. MtilK i;.'- |i(iii. .\|p|ii'iiiliv, |i ."ii;. |i.iiM. •ji\. It is n)t ii«scrlc(l in I'nitcd Siatrs' Cfi.-c nr (.'oiint('r-(,';isc' (in ivimllnl ol' liiiiisli ('oninii^- siniK'is' l!('|i(,i'i) tliMt cvcrriiiciil occm-s on rookeries. The IoIIdU iiii; evidence (ill lliis >nli- ject in .\ii|icn(lix to Ignited State-' Connter- Casf," :— lii'vanl ('ipintition tVniii \\r-[, ./ dl' l^Cii) speaK^ dl' alisrnce n[' excrement, )i. 277. Tiie InliiAvin^' willies- 1 speaK, morn or less va<,Miely, d' piesonce of r .cn- nieiit ; — Dali, j). nco. -Mo. 1,'aii, ]i. ;i77. Stanley-i!im\ r., p. "s7. 'rownsciid, p. ;i'.).'!. (Tllise\ ideiice deall v.iili in rrini Xo. 3(i(), PI'. 11, 17, IS I',).) Abiinilanee ol' llsli near llie lircedini^-islaiuls (hiriii!,' ])eriiid id' siudiliiii:, shows that se.ds do not eni^atfe in iniisiiil ol' llsh al this season. Ilntisli ( '.iiiuiii--iiiii.Ms' l.'i'iiMit. iui;i. 2;!1, liriti.-ih CuiintiTl ';i,si.. pj.. l'IH. l'i.'o. lirili.sli ('..111111 i-C,i.H.. .\|.],rii.ii\, V..1. i. ],|.. Ills', l:lt). Jilitisli C..iniiiis.-iiiii.'is' .'^Ul.|iI.Mi» litaiv l.'.p. it, !>. i:i, ."^ct" ills.! stiitiaiiiiil 1. 1' C.ii.l.iiii 'i'jiiii.i-, I'liiii/il .States' ( 'asu, .\|.iicii(li\, v.il. ii. p. :;74. As in tlie case of otliei- aiiini.als, the date at whieii the yoiini? fnr-seal ceases to he alisolntidv dcpcndent on tlieinotliei's milk is indeterminate; weaning is governed by cireiniisl.aiu'cs. .Si'.' :is 1.1 I'fi'iliiig 1)1' |,ii|..;, r,riii,li (■..iiiiUir-C^ite, .Vl.j.tMi.! :. !, i.|.. Ml. I VI Sec lis t.i wuaninj; dl' liei'-s(!al.s, I'.iitisli (-..m- iiiissiiiiicrs' .'^\i|.].li>iiici iiiy l.'i'poit, p. ."..", piiriw. 17-1. Itritiah ('oimiiissii)iicis' Sii|i),lcMii'iitary l,'ii.,it, PI'. 11.12. 13. (2.) The abundance of tisli in the immediate viciuity of the breeding-islands, above referred to. 24 shows that no seals need go far from the islands if in search of food. Experience shows that the seals actually resort- ing to the islands during the l)reediug season are not found at sea in any considciablo numbers, oxcopt in the immediate vicinity of the islands ; thai I ho mere pn-.-icnco of seals in various parts of iJehring Sea during that season docs not indicate tliat they have travelled thither from the islands in searcli of fooil Avitli the intention of returning, though tliis is assumed by the United States. lirilisli < 'ommissiounrs' I't'iinit, pnius. 308-314. liriUsh C(JUiilcr-( 'aso, iip. l!17, lilS. I'.ritisli (JimiiU'M 'use, .Viiiiomlix, vol. i, pp. 130, in, 14.".. I'liilisli ComiiiissioMois' Supi>leiiieut!iry Kopoit, pp. i:!, 14. While females in milk, or with some traces of milk still re)nnii\ing, have occasionally been taken at sea, the taking of such seals has resulted from scaling carried on in the immediate proximity of the islands (which it is (me of the objects of proijosed regulations to prevent), or has occurred in the case of females whi(;h have left the islands without intention of return late in the season, or owing to disturbiuiee upon ilu; islands, or possibly because of the death of their pups. It is also ])robable that a certain number of females, in the early part of the season, failing to reach the shore in time, drof) their ]nips at sea, and do not then go to the islands. Some or all of these causes must be called in to account for the great distance from the islands at which such seals are occasionally found. Briti.sli ( 'ommi.s3ioiu;r.s' liepoit, ])iirii. 314. r.ritisU Counter-Case, pi>. lil.S, 219. liritish Argiuiieut, p. 1 12. r.i'ilish ('nmiuissiiiiiei'.s' Su|iplemeiitary Heport, pp. 13. 14. Uritisli Coiinter-Crtse. ,\i.pendix, vol. ii, pp. 22, 23, Sec also .\. Miiolean in Uiiitoil .'^tiitcs' • use, Appendi.x II, ]>. 438. (3.) It is not known that dui'ing the whole period of suckling, and particularly after females begin to leave the islands at intervals, and the pujjs begin to " pod " together, that each pup is entirely dei)endent on its own mother. There is, in liict, much evideuoe of an opposite character. 26 Ilrili^li ('oiiiiiii>siijiiL-is' IIi-iK)it, I'll. :'17— ■Jli.j. Illilish (.'ohilllin-iiprirls' K']!"!!, .\|)|.i.'llijix. p. l."!.',. lliiti-li CoiiiiliT-Ca.^r. A|.iH'nili.\. Vol. i. I,],. 142- 1 ;i. I'.riti.sli Ar-uiu.'iil, y\i, HO-.Sl'. Iliitisli ('iiiuiiii.ssiouoi'.s' yiiiiiilL'iiii'iiUry Jlrport, P|. 11.1.-., Ijiili-li CiJiiiiiiissioiicis' Sii|i|iK-iiiriitiiry ]ir]inn. Apiii'ii.liv. ],. 4.".. Tlu" (■.\c('.ssiv<; and except icjiial mortality of |)U)is oil the Pribyloll Inlands in 1S91 (already referred (o) was fully invostii^ated on the spot by I lie Hriti.sli Comniiv^ioiiers, wlio jioint (nit several causes to which it may have ])wn due. They ascertained that, hecause of the date nf its occur- rence, its re^rictions to certain i-ookeries, and mere particularly to those of 8t. Tanl (exclusive <)f iSt. (ieor'^e Island), it could not he due to pclai^'ie sealini^, thouy:h a considerable number of seals were taken in UehriuLT Sea in that year. I'.iitisli ('.■miiiis>iipiifr.-i' l!r]«iil. |«inis. :i4"J~:i'i(j. r.iiu.-li (JiiiiiitiT-< 'asc, ]i|p L' 1 _'. L' 1 ■ i. In 1^',;2, practically no seals were killed in Ik'hring Sea, while a similar and ecjual mortality oc. ]i. lil:!. liiilisli ('(luiiUT-Casc. .\|i|H'iiilix. Vol I, ],|,. I-l,".- 1 48. Ilritisli Aiuinii'iil, pp. I li) 1 1!». ISrili.'ili (uiiiinissioiHT.s' Suppliiiiciitaiv lU-\iijt\. pp. ic, 17, Sec also Sliiiilcv-llnnvM, fnilcd Stulo.^ t'lPiuiter- Case, p. J8S. i;.T.):$] n CHAJ'TEH Xll OF lUllTlSlI COUNTEK- CASi:. Oiitlinr of M(ni'i(/r}niiil (iiid llisluni of Sunihfrfi ilissiAN l'i;iU(U). ISLANDS (li.sc'DVClVil. UrilislK'oiiimH- para. D^l, and ll.irirrnit, vn!. x\iii. Indiscriiiiiiiatc sl;iiiL,'liti'i- (illowcd ti> :i timubcr l!riti«li^f,,nimis- varyiui; no.OOO to 100,000 prr atiiuim. 'ar'rrTsi'-T'.'^anii Wni.'tniinnv in lOlll fiMlMlN I'niti'd Stales' Hi-|i(irt. ]). 147. I rlli^l^ '"(milter- f .ISC, II '1-23 (iciicnil I!('snii(i(r jji-oliibits all killiii!^ i'or two Hj„| vcars oil account ol' ilccrcaso. KilliiiL;' rccominciiccd, liut diil not i.'xcccd half of i)i'cvii)us killing;. Averairc killing', 5;3,4'97. (lovcnior ^loorayvcv . •flslCnu'., p. ;ir. KJlli C.'nsns, p il). :.lonn<;r.il)ii, p. 3. -J. )I li., Kx. t)., 83, 4M .-e-s. I'riii'li (;,.unIrr-r..M-, Cnilicl Siato' App. niiix, \ol. it, ]). i()l. Hnti>li r.,nniii-- s:oiier.s' Im -pnrt, paias. 4'J, .0. Brv.***.!. ^rmin- pni|>li on I'iniii- pe.l., p 1.17. I'nite.l States' Case, p .'..53. .Mine iirapli on North Aoieiictn I'innipeils, pp. :i'M-3'.)-2 V,. Ihid., p. r,<):\. Hriti>li < 'ounlet- C.i.-e, pp. •J31- J. II. li., Kx. Dee. No. 8:i, 4Jih C.ini:., :'"il -"^oss., p. 170. Itrih^Ii (' .iintrr- (':l>e. p;i. ■j;ll-'.'. .\voragc killing, 33,1,j9. Last ypar of Russian control. Total, 75,000. TTnitkd States' Pbuiod. Total (say) 210,000. [Uall. L>00,000. Elliott, 212,000. JJi'yant, 250,000.] Total (say) 100,000. [Wicker, 1.^0,000. .Mflntyrc, 12.0fiO. KlliotI, b7,000.1 Total— ]?rvaiit "1 (i,;u.ralJ>:,vis / ^'''^^'^- L(»;sces ('I'lip .Vla-^ka ('omiiicrciai Company) tnko possnssioii. Total killiiiu', Kitt.OOOamiiially; liiit in addition ill tills [icriod (l.'-7tock ihan later liii.ssian and United .States' killiiiL:', lieeau^e — 1. 'I'akeii I'rciin youiiir pujis only — a class of wliieh 50 1,1 r.d per eeiit. die in the tlrst year of llieii' life li-din n.itnral causes in any ovinit. 2. Taken fmin bolli males and females. Disieijiiidri! si(iiis of ilccrcdne mnultiiuj from r.icessirc kilHiuj im i^laiulK. \'irile males il. cii^isinti;. \'irile males reduced ici half and iVmales inereasiiiLC. Ollieial report of Oelohev 11, 1S75, that 100,000 males did not leave siiHicient males to matiiiv. Roporls to same effect. An a of driving extended so as to ini'lude new- rookeries. (iuota of large skins could not be obtained. Sizes of skins a^ain reduced. Report that too few bull seals to keej) iIil rookeries up. Lars^e munljcr of barren females observed ; ijuota reduced to 20,000, The evil of the United Slates' system is, it j)rcvenls the " natural or sexual selection of the stron'^cr males." Mono^niili of Noilll Ani'Tic:!!! I'iniu|ii'il-, p. u'JJ. II. l;.. I'.x. Doe. N... C^3, 44ili Cone., Is' St'ss., p. B9. Itritisli CDiinlcr- C'asc, pp. 'J31-J. Brilisli Ciiminis- iiniipr^' Iti'port, pnr.i. soil. Uriiisii Ciiiiiili'r- Cusr, pp. 2:) !-•.>. Mclnlyrc in Fur- seal Fisln'rirs of Aliskii, p. 1 IS. Hrili^li (.'umniis- siiimra' llcpui-t, para. 8^;i. Brilisli Conimis- jioiirr-' Ili'piirt, parn. 82». Ilritisli Coiinter- Ca-c, p;'. 'Jni-'J. Uepoit No. 3'^H3, SCJtli Coiijr., -ml Sp»-., calU'il " I'l.r-M ,il Ti'.lii'rii's uf .Ahi.-ka," p. 117. iCIlioliV Hcporl, liiiti-ii Case, Appi'D'lix, vol. iii. (Unite! 81.11. s, N(,. 'J;, p. lil. liiiti~li Cdiintcr- Casc, pp. L>31--.'. Sl!t-' WOitis of t'omit Toiiiinaso SalvLclari, Italian N.itiiralist. l.'nilc'l Slatc-i' V:i{' male seals tliei'c, is (iiic (iT ti.e iiKisI iiii])(irtaut ol' .such causes, and willi otiicr rcsidts i4' inodc uf luanaireinciit, uiaiuly accounts lor the observed decrease. I'.riii.-li ('iiiiiiiii-.-iuiii'rs liciinil. |>iiiii~. H."., 4ii, .".:'., .'j|. ."ii'i, .'s, I'iC-j, (;h4. lilitish I.'ouiltrl-Clise, pp. l':;S, LMW. L'l.':. Uritisli Ariiiiiiiciil, y. X'.K (2.) Tlie cout(>ntinn, now for the first time advanced, that the scarcily on IIh' I'rihyloll' Islands is ciiielly in respect lo fcnKili-s, aiul that there has heeii no want of virile males, is contra- dicted by the puhlished Keports of the ofliccrs of the United States on tin' islands. The retros|)eclive statenieiits of the few witnesses, quoted to support tliis new ])0;.itiou, are in several cases directly neuativcd iiy previous ndiciid Reports of the same u'entlemen. I'.rilisli CmuiUi r-( a.--', |i|i. _':;',!, L'-llI, 1!41. Statements as (o decrease in numiier of male seals and insullieient numher of virile males are made by several other Au'cnts of the United States' (iovernment on the TribylolV Islands. I'liilish I oniilrr-( '.isi — . A \V. l.:isr:..l,T, ].. ■:\ i. II. W. Kllin-I. |,, I'M. r. .r. (;.)ir, |.. i;i.-.. ('a|itaiii lliNaiit. y, U IT. \\. W. Taylnr. ).. L'l'.i. H. H. INkliityro, p. L'I'.i. T. J. l!ynn, p. L'4!i. W. I'alni.-, p. :M'.i. llr W. 11. Dall, [.. J.-.O. If the decrease began still earlier than the United States say, as is luaiutaiued iu British [303J I 80 Countci-Casc, tlu' .NCi'.sN m' kiUiu!; is still more I'vidoiit. lii-itisli Cniimcr-Casi', pp. 107 d .^cq. (3.) Tin- uuniber of IVmuuIcs in proixirliou to breeding males on the isliinds is excessive. British Commissioners' Ifepdrt, iianis. rj4-..('>, 292-294, 430. Uritith ('uuiitur-< 'asi', \<. 2.il. British ('ouuter-(.'asf. Apiiundix, vnl. i, ]>. 140 (a3tolS!t2). r,nti..^h Argumont, y. 9.".. (t.) Evidence contirmini,' the se- tv "f virile males is further atTorded l)y the lar-e propor- tion of barren or unimpn'-nated females found amoni? seals killed at se;i. I'.ritish Cnuiitei-l 'a.-io. I'P- 2."p1-2.'i. p,riti~li r'.i.iiiii-iuiiiTs' liL-port, paras. 4:n-4:!4. (5.) Kxeessive killiii- of males on I'rihyhjlf Islands results in -reater jiroportionof Hnnales in pelaii'ic eateh. P.rilish CniuitiT-Cas.'. i'. 2.")8. r,iiu-!i Cimuii.-iiini'i'-' W.'poit, para. Tno. Sou nl-n liot'r' ;nid.T ■ I'i4ftsic Soalini^." {(■}.) As <'arly as ls7>?, female skins were oliserved i'l Uie" I'rihyloir Island .'ateh, and the proportion inereasi'd in later yi'ars. r.rilisli I 'ouiiu'r-* a*;!', p. -.'i. p.ritisb Cinuilcr-Caso. Ai^pfmiix. v.il. ii — Sbiui)!. para. ."', ]<. -l>. Ai.lrl. ]iara, (1, p. :'tii Kill', paia. ■'>. p. -'til. Vyse, pani. '-^ p. -i^- r.L'vinj;toii, ]i»n. '■'<■ ]'■ -49. AlUiaii'-eii, parii. :'■, li. -49. ('-.) That owinu; to iheir excessive killiii-, males were luromimj; -arcer. is shown iiy tlu) laet that Ihr -izes of maie skins taken each year o'rew smaller owiu- 1o the Company bein- una Me h. lind enou-h seals (o make up the quota anion- the larger, and therefuiv more valuable, >'■>. 7li;. JMMnalcs in incriMCsiiiii^ nninbers have in lati- years hecn included in drives. r.iili-~li CuiiHiiis.siiini.Ms' llcjiort. paras. 7Ii; 71S. 71!i. liiitisU I 'ouiitfr-C.'a.si'. -Ij!l--7U. Sue "/('• uvideiicf d iinriir.^. < iiajitor XIIl. No. (!. Excessive killinn- of males on FribyloiV Islands results in greater proportion of females in pelagic eateli. liritisli ('omiuissioiiers' Kepnrt. I'ara. 700. liritisli ('M\iiiter-( asi'. p. -''"i. CnAPTER XV OF BiMTISlI COUNTEll- CASE. Ahsciicc of Proper Control hy Gavcnmnit Ajriils. (1.) The fdiitn.l of the li'ss(vs l)y th.- Govcrn- iiUMit Agciit-^ liiis boon lax and inollicionl. Briti-ih ('oiiuiii«?ioiuTs' latiMrl. I'um. •'•■ lirilish Counter-rase. l']). -T:'. -' ■*■/■ Officials were al the inoroy ol' tlu- Coinpuny, wlncli oonvoyed thoin to tho islands, niaintainod them while there, and dmve away those whom Ihoy eould not control. ilritish e'oimter-Caso, ]•]>. L'Tt'-'^isl. Though it was the duty of the Governor of Alaska to inquire annually into the opera- tions of the Comi)anN, the distance of the islands from Sitka^ the seat of the Govern- meat of Vlaska, and the want of n\(-ans of eom- munieation, have rendered suiicrvisiou dinioult, and the Act reciuirinij,' it inoiievative. r.rilisli l\i\mter-r«s.'. p. -'Si'. The United States' Commissioners recommend that the killin- on the islands be snhjeelod to better sui.orvisi(m, and say that inoxperiencd men wore sent in 1S',;(., jusi whrii the ehan-o of lessees made care most important, and the scarcity of kiUahlos had neeositated the reduc- tion of the ([iiota. r..liU-h Cullllli'l-I a-'-. 1'. -■■^■''■ No proper insti'iictir.n- were given to Govera- mciit A'4'onl- a'- \n their dulies on the islands. iirili.-.li < uiuittT-l ;i-u, Y\: 2^-'j- -^ 1- The drivin- and killin- ol' seals has Invn directly eontrollod by the A-enfs of the Com- l)any, imd not by those of the (iovernment. Urili'^li ('uiniter-Cnsc-, pi', li^-". -'f^ti- r.iitish Cnuiitcr-lasf, Aviifudix. vul, i. p. l-'C. 2. Excessive killinii' upon the islands has been permitted. 33 AVliile tiui United States admit in their Case a " perceptible deerease '' in 1885 in the " nn^'ratory herd," and a decrease since that time -'more evident from year to year'' l)otii at tiic rookeries and at sea (i)p. 105, KJO), it is admitted that the " (juota " was not redue(>d till ISDO (pp. 153, 154). Ciiitoci St;iti.'s' Cu-^u p)! I.".:;, ITi-l, llii.i.. ii].. k;.". ii,i;. The numher killed in fact larucly exceeded the ■' (juota " in earlier years. Iliiti-li I'uuiiaissioinjiB' l,'i'].i>rt, ji.ira.s. ."li, ,S]r,. Hritisli ('ountt'r-C'iise. |.. L'77 (Wiokei). i.. L'TS (\h. Hall). See us ici ihf :'tiit(nii.iil> of Mayuiinl aud r.iv.iiit <.u tlii^ (UlhCmg.. l.st Sesa, H. 1!., fix. line. \o. l:;. ]), I,): and ■ Mouof;ri;|ih of Xnrtli American Pinnipeds," p. 41(i. See alsn liritish CumnnssiDiier?;' Supplemi'Dt.iry Kej'oit, ]i. 2'.). Ibot-noti,'. Thoui^'li reported ai,'aiust I'roiu time to time, the quota of skins was allowed I'or twenty years to stand unchanged at lOO.dOO. This alone is sufhinent in show that the lessees e\ereised an influence to the detrimeiil of sc;il life on the islands. lirili.-h I 'oininis,-;i(incr.-;' IJepuil, par.is tl. 17, l.s. 71-7.:. Urili.-li ( iiiinlcr-Ca-i- |i|. l'7.). l'77_ i.'Ki. l' 1 1 . L'17. The increaM'd diHiciilty in olitaiiiirii,' the "([iiota" (if .-.kins, tlic lowerin;;- of the Mi,^e for killiiii;-, and the rciliieinn' neee.xsary to obtain the reduced •■ ([uota " id' T?ll(», is admitted by United Stales. I'ldted Sl^lte.^' <'ii,--i', p. :!:IS. rni;i.-il Stales' Case. .\p].eudi.\. vn|, i, pp. pi7, lll.^ I'llite.! Slates' I 'umiter-Cu.se. p. t'a'. See af-n Uritisli (.'nimiu,>;iiiniu'rs' liepnrt, p.ii.is. r..s.", iisi;, ii!ii;.7(Mi liriii.-ili I 'nunter-( 'ii.se. pp. L'.^7, i'."s, l'77, ]!iilish rouiiter-Caso. A|ipeiidi.\, vel. ii. pp. :'.■..-.. L'.-i; rTiible). l!riti?h Coimiiisi^ioiier.-i' Sii].plementniy lleporl, p. .■!;!. Uritisli .Vrgunii'ut. pp. .Si; S7 [393j K 31 The actual killiniJt on the islands throughout oxi-ended 100,000 annually. I'lritish Comiiiissioners' lieport. |iarns. V.K '. ITii, I'SlJ. 35 c'iiAi'ii;i{ wi OF ninrisii col'nteii- CASK. Iticuli'ijiKiri/ lit' ProliTlion : Riilils. (1.) The i-liiniU Invc limi practically without protect ion. Only Ironi IS77 uas tiiciv a rcvcniic-cutter at all. Tlicn, till ii dale no' nicntioncil, only one, tlic " Kiclianl Rusli," whicli was away most of the time. On tli(! islands tlicic is even now no adequate meun.s oi' ])rotcction ai;ainst raids. liritisli (Juiniiiissiimeis' liujiorl, iiiiias. Till-Ti;.'!. liriti.sli CouiiUT-Casi', Appiiidix. vol. i, pi.. 1.":; lo4. liiilisli ('ciiiiiter-( ase, pp. L',S!l li so/. ISriti.sli ('(Jiiiiiiis-iiiiiicv^' .•siijiplciiicntiny iiepuil. pp. ■■■■2. :!::. (2.) RaiiLs have been Ircciuent. There are about tliirty known raids. lirili-h CuuiUcT-Casr, pp. l".i1 ,/ ^--y. The Treasury and Company's lists of raids arc absurdly incomplete. Ilrjtish ( uuiitiT-l 'a^-c. p. l".i:>. lAidcnce as to raids not referred to by Uiuted States is (pioted. lllilish I OIUltlT-l 'use. pp. '.'.S!! ,/ Mry. -Many raids hav(> ln'cn made, of \vhi(di notliini,' was known on the islands at the time, or until Ion;;- allcrwards, and then llirouuh indirect .sources. r.rili-li ( 'muitei-l 'a-.r, |i. i'!i7. I'.iili-li ((lunlii-l'as-'. .\ppiiidix. vol. i. ].. I,", |, 11.1. L vol. ij. pp. 41. (■_'. Iil■iti^^ll .\ri^MIlH'lU. p. 1 111. llriti.-li (uiiniiissloiu.rs' Suppluiiieiitiiiy l!oiior(, There is dii'cct evidence ol' raids and t'.e manner in which Ihev are conducted. [393] L 30 Siimiii.in/ril. r.iili--li (■(iiiMlri-t'i 1' .\|'iiiiiili\. vol. ii.l>p II. 12 .\lt''lii\ ilH frioii xvliiili MiMiiiiaiy wu> iiiiuli'. l'.lili^ll I nUMt'T-f'il^"-, .\ | i|icMlli \ , Vul, I i. ImiI;^!'!'. p. .Sll; l!r(UU;r"liiilUc, p. ISL'; Knilt. p, l.s:!: Iti'ckwilli, p. I.'^:!; r„h-.. p. |.S| ; Hop,. p, LSI ; .sri; ill-.. Mill. r. p I 1.".. .111.1 Cr... k. I, p. IJ!t, The lu'gativc cvidciu'O in tlic "iiitcd Staffs' Casi- is not worth UKtrc tliiiii siicii cviiliMu'f usimlly is; tin' witnesses ortcii say in tiTiiis, what triitii must alwiiys reiiuirc, iiiinicly, that they do not know of more raids tliau they speaiv oi", which may he due to li.id look-out. it does not require luucli readini; hetweeii the Hues to find in the United States' evidence coiilirmatory ol' till- Britisli evidence as to the t'reiiueney of raids, 'riiiis AhdovidolV, who was on .St. i'aul Island, says: '■ We drove otV any boats i/c found coniiua; to a rook<'ry. Soiiietimes in a dense I'ol; or a very dark niiilit they landed and killed a few hundred seals."' I'liiii-.l Still. •^■ (';!>.■, .\p|..Mi(li\. \..l. ii p. I i:i; srij iil,-.i Ku.sliiii. p. I'-'.s. iiii.l l (lone nothiiiij:." " No law, no protoclioii." " No rodivss." " Tlio grossest tyranny possil)lc." " Gradual degeneration." " Relap.se into barliarisni." Dr. W. If. Dall, in Ellinit'- l;i'|inri on n.mUuou of Alaska in IsTl, \: '-':!1. 1881. "Deplorable eoiidition." W. I'.. 'I'aylui, ."iHih I oiijr,. L'lul Ses^., l,'i.'iii)rl :;s8:;. p. V2. 1890. " Xci water-eiosets." IMiivniy, lii'itisliCa.^L', .\|.|iiii(ii\. v..l, iii, ■ fnil.'il [.Siiitca \o. L' (I.S'.M,," 1891. " Coals :iO dollars per Inn," r.rilish ( (iiiiniisHiciiiei^' i;r|i(iil. |p;ii'.i. 7:;.". .V.B. — For lurllier inl'iirination eoneerninu' the neglect of natives by the ('oni])any in the matter ot'edncation and li(|Uor tr.iiru-, and I'or information as to tlie iieii'ieet (if natives in tiie Iieiuin;,' Sea region by the Inited Slates, rr tlu' ■' Walrns," see Canadian bine print. CONFIDENTIAL. Testimony relating to the General Seal- skin Industry in Great Britain and France. THE evidence produced under this head con- sists entirely of declamtions of fur merchants and brokers and tlieir employes. The following is a list of theje deponents : — 1. H. S. Bcvington, of the firm of Bevington and Mon-is, fur merchants and manufaci.urer8. 2. Arthur Hirschel, of the firm of Hirschel Meyer, fur merchants. 3. Henry Poland, of the firm of P. R. Poland and Son, fur merchants. t. Georgi Rice, dresser and dyer. 5. William Charles Blatspiel Stamp, of the firm of Blatsi)iel Stamp and Ileacock, fur-skin merchants. G. Eniilc llert/,, of the firm of Emile Hertz, fur merchants, Parib. 7. Leon Revillon, of the firm of Revillou Frcres, fur merchants and manufacturers, Paris. 8. Alfred Frascr, of the firm of C. il. Lampson and Co., London, agents of the North American Commercial Company. '.). Sir George Curtis Lampson, of the same firm. 10. Emile Teiehnuinn, of the same firm. 11. Walter Kduard Martin, of the firm of Martin and Sons, dyers and dressere. This evidence is used hy the United States in their ('use to sup|)ort three contentions: — 1. 'J'hat the seals presumably never inter- mingle bociuiseof the marked (lifrei-onces existing between " Alaskas " and " Coi»pers." i. That 80 to 90 per cent, of the North-west coast eateli are females, and that of these 75 per cent, are gravid females. [2551 B 3. Tliat maintenancp of tlio soal-skin industry requires Mic total suppression of the North-west catch. The above-mentioned deponents hav(> been * interviewed on behalf of Great Britain, and additional declarations have been olitained from them with the exceptions of Arthiu' Ilirsclud (who for private reascnis coidd not go into the matter), and of the last four deponents on the above list. It was found useless to attempt, to obtain any depositions on questions which were to any extent matters of opinion from tbe four last- mentioned gentlemen. Tiie Arst thr^ . i' *]wo, as it will be seen, are members of the firm o i- son and Co., the London agents of the .' Ii American Commercial Company, and were natu- rally completely biassed in favour of the views of their employers. The last-named, AValter Edward Uritish Case, Martin, is also practically a p;u'tiier in Larapson's, Appendix, vol. ii, as Messrs. Larapsou cstablislied and, in part, own the business which he conducts. "Messrs. Lamp- son have, however, been good enough to furnisli certain statistical information, wliich will Ijo referred to hereafter. Besides obtaining new di'chir.itions I'rom tiie United States' witnesses above named and lli'^ statistical information fnwn Messrs. Lampson, thirty depositions have been ol)t,'iined from otlior leading members of tlie fm' trade in London and in Paris, the result of wliosr I'videnci' will bo summarized hereafter. Wlien the above-mentioned iloclarMtlons ])ro- dueed by the United States are examined and read side by side, witli the furtliei' nfT'idavits made by the same deponents on Iteiialf of Great IJritain, and when the new evidence produced by Great Britain is also eonsi(b'i'ed, it is clear that the three propositions ))ut forward 1)y the United States are not siijjported by the evidence, l)ut, on the contrary, that tliis evidence proves: — 1. That thci'e is constant intermingling and cross-breeding. 2. Tiiat by no possil)ility could more tliuu 19 per cent, of tlie Nurtli-west cateli be gravid females, and tliat the percentage of males in (he North-west catch is ii|i wards of 'J(l jx'i' cimiI. 3. That llie continuance of tin; North-west catch is essential (o tlic continuance of (lie seal- skin industry. 3 It will 1)0 convenient io tfxke each of tlic al)ov(? propositions separately, and examine the eviilcnco in relation to it. Proposition I. As regards the first proposition, viz., t.hnt. there is no Intermingliny, and that the Alaska seals arc absolutely distinct from all others, the following is a Table showing tiw. actual statements made by the various witnesses in their declarations on behalf of the United States side by side with (-'xtracts from their subsequ(>nt declarations, which either considerably modify or explain their former statements : — Herbert Shelley Bevington, of the firm of IJcvington and Mori'is, established since 1720 : — "Tlmt till' iliffcivMci's liclwi'i'ii tlic tliii'i' ■■fVcTal suitu iif skins hist iinntioncd [.'Vhiska. Cojipii-, iiiid Xiiitli-wisl] AW SCI iii;irki'il lis to ciialilr aiiy jicison skilled in tliv busini'ss, or acciisUjiiii'd tii liandli- till' siiliic, til rradily ilistiiii;uisli tlir skins ol' oiii' I'aUli fioni lliusc of anuUiiM, I'Spi'cially in liiilk, iind it is a fact thai when tlioy reach llir niarkel the skins of cncli rlass conn' sciiarali'ly, and ale not found iiiinuled willi those belongini; in the other class." — (United .Stales' Case, A])]ien(h.\", vol. ii, [I. .Vil.) " In luy o)iinion, at least l'.'j )icr cent, of the skins loniid anifm^'st ('o|i|ier Island skins arc, nndisiingnislialije IVoin .\la.skas, and in the sanns way at U'ast li.'i jier cent, of the skins fonnd anioiiList .Vhiskns are andistingnishalile from ('ii|ilieis. In both coiisiijmients 1 lia.ve noticed also a eoiisideialjle i|uaiitity of skins wliicli in a less niaiked uinnnei rcsenihled tlic other clasis, hnt 1 consider the hnlk can he ilistiiiiiiiished." — (IJritish (.'onnter-(.'ase, A])jiondi.\, vol. ii, p. 21'.i.; 11. Poland, nieiiiber of the firm of P. 11. Poland and Sous, established in 1781 : - "Tlmt the thii'c classes of skins above men- tioned [Alaska, Co|i]ier, and Xorth-west] are easily disiinnnishabh' from each other by any lierson skilled in tlie btisiiicss or accnstoincd to handlini; skins in the raw state. "Thai the i|c|)oiient has |)er.sonally handled sanijiles 01 tile skins dealt in by k.is linn, and would hi'nself have no dillicnlly in ilistin,L,'iiisliinu' the skill of the (yO|i]ier Island catch rroiii the skin of till' Alaska and North-west oatob." — (Initcd .Siate.<' ( 'a.se, A]iiiendi.K, vol. ii, p. ."i71 ) " I admit that amon^'st tlie ('o|ipei Island catcii there is a certain iiercenlai;e of skins which are tor the most ]iart nndistinjjni.shable from the .Maska (or I'ribyloit' Island) catch, altlionijh thai, liei-centage woiilil be dilUcult to ascertain. At a. mie.ss I should say that it was not more than .'10 )ier rent., but, of cnnr.se. the I'ur of some of these Would lii^ less dense. I have also noticed in the .\1 iska catcli that there are, in some partienlar years, skins which are inidistiiii;uishable from (-opper Island skins." — (li.itish ('ounter-(.'a>e, .\ppeiidi.\. vol. ii, p. 2'>(>.) Charles Blatspiel Stamji. of the fii'm Williahi lleaiioek :— " Tluit skin.-' of these several catches [.Maska. (,'opiiei. and Noith-wi's'l are readily distiiiLiuisheil I'roin each othei .... "The ditli'i'eiii I'K bolween ('o|iper and Alaska seals are diniciiU tc describe so that they can be nmU'l'stond by any person who has no knowledge ■ ;f fill's, bill to any one skilled in the liusincss thi'ii' are appaicii dill'ereiices in colour lielweeii the Copper and .Maska skins, and a diflerenee in the len.iith anil ijiiality of the hairs which eoinpo.se the Inr, and there jre also apparei.t sli;,'lit dille- li'iiees in the shape of the skin. The ilillerence botweeii Ihe skins of the three cati'hes ale so markeil. that they have always been expressed in the diHi'ii'nt |irii;e;< obtiiiiieil for the skins." — (T'liiteil States' {.'iwi Appeiidi.x, vol. ii, n. 57S.} Hlatspiel Shimp and " In my opinion, there is no alisolule o.ie. • demaicatioii between the t'opper Island skins ai; .Maskas, and in inspecting,' tlie consignments naii ill each year from the I'ribylolV Islands, tlii'iiii.i. Messrs. l,ain|)son .iiid ( 'o., 1 have found a (.'erta percentage of skins which were j'ncsimilin • ('o|iper Isliind skins, and in the .■mini! way ii specting euiisigmnents of Copper Island skins hav M'cn skins which, had I seen them eNi^wIici I slioulil lia\c ela.s.sed as .Maskas, and al.-io certain number of the inlermediale degrees i similariiv." — (I'ritisli Cuuntcr-Case, ..\p|i"ndi vol. ii, 11.' 2\:<.i ma Emilc Hertz, member of the firm of Emilc Ilertz ami Co., Paris : — 'TIml Uir said tirm Ciui distiiigiiisli vory readily tliL' suiiroo of ]iroductioii ol' llic skins wlifii the lattev are in Urmv nndvssi'd state." — (L'nitci Stntt's' Appendix, vul. ii, p. 5SS.) " I liavi' frniM time to lime si'eii among the cnnsignmcuts of Alaslia seals oU'ered for puMie sale liy ^Messrs. J.iimpson and Co., of London, sliins resendjling Coppir Island sk'ins, and among the eonsigiiments of this latter soil skins resiMnliling thu .\laska kind, bnt I lielieve it to Ijo inipossitile to aflinii alisolulply tliat these iloubtfnl skins belong to one or other of these two localities-." — (Uritisli t'onnter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. 241.) In addition to the al)o\c, twenty-eight witnesses, eonstituting' the wliolo of the leading firms engaged in the fur trade in Eurojje, testify to observing amongst flic consignments from the I'riliylolT Islands a considerable number of .skins Avhich were absolntely undistingnishable from Coppers, and amongst tbc consignments from the Commander Islands a considerable iuiml)or wbicli were absolutely undistingnishable from Alaskas. As to what the actual percentage of such skins is the witnesses do not quite agree, but it is apparent that the percentage is very considerable, as the following Table will show :—■■ British Perec ntagp Percentatje Ciiunfir-Ciise, Appendix, Xa.ne of Dononc.t. "! ^'"PP" ''"''"'^ ' found amongst of Alaska Skins found nmon{^st Vol. ii. .Mnskas. Poppers. I'ngc. 238 Joseph I'olilztr .. .. ., 30 to 40 30 to 40 243 Oswald Ey.*ol(it .. .. ..; 25 30 25 ,10 243 llcmy I'ricdlieri; . .. .. 20 40 20 40 241 Il(iintii) Creamir .. .. .. 15 20 15 20 24f. Sinnmnd Apfcl . . . . . . 33 33 251 Ludwi^ Felseiistein . . , . , 1 33 33 2i!l Herbert .Sliellcy BfviT);;toii .. .. 25 25 2iO Ilcnry Poland 30 30 23,s (iidrgo Roidter . . , . .. 35 35 237 Tom .Simpson .lays ., 25 to 30 25 to 30 23!; Uieliiird Henry I'uland . . . , j 1 2.",1 Li-on Uevillon . . . . , . j 231 Stanislas Uevilioa .. 2l!5 Thomas Henry Ince., .. ,, 23r. Hydiii'V Poland 23 r. 241 242 Kraiieis Arthur I.avsdi'd ., ..: FMix .Junixnianii . . , . ., fCmiio (iit4(trt Te-itlfy. wilhinit dcUnite li^un 'f class of skin" inentioidnt; any , tlint in eacii they have fiaind 247 David WiitherspoiiM.. Unrry iJorra* a certain pen 1 ixiiislmhle from entnge \uidistin- Ihe other class. 217 1 24S Howard "N'v!.*' . , . . , , 2ol Wesley Marshall .. 252 llonrv Mevers 253 (!harles Alfred Suuden 24(1 Ueiijaiinn '''rank iSliiter .. ..' Cunsiderahle Considendile 210 Fiiedrieh .\unast (ia^tav Wtbber ^, 242 .\d.lph liHea'dlcM- .. ,^ ,. 24 S Richard Dixon Lariju Larjje 2IU .\n!j;asliis AUli.iusen,, .,' J, 251 .1 alius Kicliard Than. , Copdiderablo Considcr.iiile The above evidmice proves, it is submitted. " iiiteriiiingling,"' 1ml il is ;ilso to be noted that tlic fidlowiiiu' witnesses not only speak of finding in each class a certain |)erceii.('s, anil by other members of the fur trade, that their ejih'ulations (with the exeeptions hereafter (lis(Mis.sed of v.itnessi^.s who slate thev aelually ei.unh'il ;ni(! examined parcels in order to arrive ;n ,ni estimate) as to tlie jiereehtage of females arc purely surmi.ses, and tliat in the ordinary cnurse (iT business fur merchants, bi'okei's, anil other persons iu the trade liave not til eousiilev in tlie least the question of se.v, that skins are never Imuy'iit and sold by sex, no mention of sex is ever made in the catalogues, and it in no way forms an element of price. What the actual percentage ically is will then be showu : — [255] C Henry Poland, of the firm of P. R. Poland ana Sons : — "A very brgo ])iopoitioii of tlie iuliiltn are (ili- vioHHly the skins of I'oiiialu iinimnls." — I'liitcd States' Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. 571.) William Charles Blatspic;! Stamp : — " I slioiiKt (istimale llic ]irn]i(irtion ol' tVmule Bkins inelmlcd in the Xovlli-wi'st ciiU'li at, at least 75 ]irr cent., and 1 wonld not lie s\ii']irist'd nor feel inrliued to ciintiadii t an estimate! of up- wards ol' III) jifr cent. My sorter, wliu aeliially handles tlie skins, esti.jiiites tlie nnnilier of leniale skius in tlic Xortli-west ealeli at '.M) per eeiit." — (United States' Case, Aiijieiiilix, vul. ii, p. 575.) " As regards what is gcneially known as ' tlie North-west catch,' I consider tliat, on lli(! whole, the priiportiun of Icioales to males taken is linni 75 to HO per ceni, : in '^'rey ]iiips' and 'extra small ]ni]is' the proportion would he 50 percent. In the lar;,'e si/.es the proportion, on the other hand, wonlil exci'ed SO per l catch,' I say that wldlst it is jio.ssilile with tolerahli- accuracy to separate feiiinle from male skius in the larger size.s, as regards the smallel siiji's of sea].', under the age of two years, it is a matter of yreat ilillicidty, and often of im- jiossihility, to deteriuine sex. In the ■■ourse of onr liusiness, it is never necessary for us to consider this ciuestion. " — (liritish (.'ounter-Case, Ajiiiendix, vol. ii, II. 1^45.) Leon E^villon, mcmher of the firm of Revillon Fr^rcs, of Paris :— "We have often heard, ami from dilfereut sources, that these lnst-nami;d skins [Korth-west] are, in the majority, the skiirs of the female seal." — (United States' Case, .\ppendix, vol. ii, p. 580.) '• i Q. As to llie statement in your deposition, that you 'have often heard, ami from dilfereut sources, that the majority of tlie North-west, skins are skins of the female .sea!,' as a matter of fact, M. Ili'villon, have yo\i, in the course of hnsines.s, to consider the ipicstion of si'x at all > — A. .\'o ; we never liuy or sell by sex. It is never mentioned in any sale catalogue. We huy in lots, which are made up ncconling to sizes, such as middlings .and smalls, large Jiiips, small jinps, &e. '■ u. (/ Any of tliese lots, then, may contain hoth male and f 'male skins ? — A. Yes. "1. ','■ 'he ipuslion of sex, therefore, is not an element you cMinsider in the price, and is one wliieli you never have to iT.nsjder .'it all ' — A. That is so." — (Itritish Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. -I'M.) In adilition to the aliove, tlie following extrtict from the declaration of AVilliain Henry Smith (a partner for thiity-ilve years in the firm of George Smith and Sons, wholesale furriers, estab- lished ninety-two years), may he quoted : — " As regards the sex of the -eals, I have never con- sidered this matter at all, and I could not, give any esti- mate of the projiortion of finiales and males in the Xorth- wcst catch. The ipicstion of sex does not enter into business calculations in any way. We buy according to the nsual sizes." "With rcferenee to the question as lo what is the actual percentage of females, and how many of them are gravid females in tlie Xorlh-wesl eatcli, the estimate given at p. 201 of the British Counter-Case ef 2J per cent, is, it is suhmitled, too large, niul that the pin'centage in reality does not c.veeed in- re than about 1!) ])er eeiit. Tho error dealt witli I'urtlicr licrcaftor arises Trum adopting the United States' estimate of l.'i per cent, male skins, wher<'as tiie actual pereentago cannot possi1)ly be less than 20 per cent., and in further spn^adin:^ this jjincentage over tlu; whole liulk instead of deducting it entirely from tho larger-sized skins. Thi; caknilation givc^a at p. 201 of the ]Jritish Counter-Case is based upon the Tables of Messrs. 1*. I'.Pohmd and Sou, so.t out al J). 237 of vol. ii. Appendix to the British Counter-Case; and as these 'riil)!es will probably uive rise to some controversy, it is desirable to explair. fully bow they came to be eoni))iled, ;uid tlie manner in which the calculation based Miiou tliem is worked out. jWessrs. I'oland's custom for many years has ])ceu to attend all public -ales of seal-skins in London, and to carefully inspect the skins, and, catalogue in band, to examine each lot, and make a record on the lace of their copy of tlie cata- logue of the place of origin of the skins, and their opinion as to tiieir condition, &c. They do tills, amongst other reasons, to enable them to make a report to their trade customers as to tho amount, quality, and probable price of tlio supply coming forward. Thes-c catalogues Messrs. i'olaud have eiu-efully tiled, and it is from tlicm, anil from tlu'ir records made at the time upon them, ihi^t the 'lal)]es have been comi)iled. The first observation wbieli may be made by tlio United States with reference to llic 'iabcds is that while the British conteniion is that "Coppers," " Alaskas," and " XorJli-«csts " are i)raetically nudist inn'uishable, yet ^Icssrs. Poland purport to pick out with accuracy U[)v.ards of 1,. "500,000 Abiskas ami nearly 500,000 Xortb-wests from sale catalogues, wbicli also include " Coppers,' "Japanese-," " Eoliben Island," "Capo Horn," and otlu-r skins, and wbieb catalogues have no indication jirintcd on them of where any of the skins come from. Tlii' answer to this obj(>ction is tluit while it is no doubt (>xtremcly difllcult, particularly in smaller sizes, to distinguisli indi- vidual skii!M, yet this diflieulty does not ari^e in separating' lots of skins in bulk. In bulk> .Vlaskas are undoubtedly distinguishable fi'oni Coppers. The general appearance of tb.e make- up of the bundles, the kind of salt, and tie :nodo. of salting and skinning alford iu tliei. -.selves suineicut indication of tlie pLice of origin io an. cx])crt. In the case of Xorib-wesis tbi; arilter 8 is still more simjilc, inasmuch as tlie expert lias t;ot the marks of shot and the rough mode of skinning as a certain means hy which ho can identify them. "With regard to the Tahle No. 2, dealing with the North-wests, upon which calculation of the numherof gravid females in the Nortii-west catch is hasi!(l, the following is an explanation of tin; plan adopted in working out the calculatif)n : — The catalogues of all pni)lic sales of seal-skins held in London since the year 187.'5 wliicii contained anj' North-west skins have been analyzol under the various sizes by which they are described in the catalogues, that is to say — 1. Wigs. 2. Lar.7;(> middlings. 3. Middlings. 4. Middlings and smalls. •5. Smalls. 6. Large pups. 7. Large and middling pups (mixed). 8. Middling pups. '.). Middling and small pups (mixed). 10. Small pups. 11. Extra small puj)s. 12. E.vtra-extra small pups, lo. Grey pups. A dividing line has then been drawn between those which it was estimated could, so far as size and weight goes, bo the skins of bearing females, and those which could not. In order to determine the exact point at which this line should be drawn, application was made to ilessrs, Lampson for a statement of the wciglils represented by the sarious sizes used in the catalogues. From their reply (see |)]). 2(il-2(J2 rii' vol. ii oi Appendix to the Britisli Counter-Case), the various sizes of the North-west coast skins con-cspond to weight as follows : — Laigc " igr> . , , Siuu.l wig." .. Middlings . . , Middling.'i and smalls . Smnlls Large pupe . . Middlinf; pupi- , Sniad pups . , • Kxlra smuU pups . ]C.\ti'a.('\tra sinall pug)S. (Jicy pups . . Llls. oz ;m I) 11 (', 11 :3 ll s 8 2 « 12 .-> 1(1 4 11 .1 9 Uoited SUte»' lOth Ceniut, 1881, p. 46 Those weights wore compared with tlic Table of weights find ages given l)y Elliott in his 10th Census Report, p. 40. This Table is licadcd " Tabic showing the Weight, Size, and Growth of the Fur-seal {Callorhimis ursinus) from the Pup to the adult," and the following is an, extract from this Tabic; — Af?f. \V I'iKlit of Skill. 1,1)8, 1 voiii- 4 'J veins ■i ' „ •1 .. 12 S ,> 10 6 ., 25 H „ 1- JO years 45 to 50 lOth Census Report, p. 141. Mr. Elliott rceords that he arrived at these figures by weighing a large number of skins and taking an average, and, further, that as regards the weights given for the 2-year-olds and upwards, he was only able to weigh males, as the rule on the islands being that only males were to be killed, he was not able to experiment on females. It is, however, a well-known fact that under the age of 3 years there is no difference in size between males and females. Mr. Elliott also states that — "the adult lemnles will coiTCspoml with the :!-)ear-2.J Captain Bryant appears, however, to have somewhat modified bis views. He now writes : — [255] D 10 " It is probable that tho fcin^iles i)f thi^ nse {2 ynirs old) nr« fertilized by tlie bulls, iind leave thi! iHliuula in tlio fill iironimiit." — (Uiiiti'd Stiites' CnHo, Aplieiulix, vol. ii, p.e.) And, again, tho British Commissioners, stating their opinii-u on the question, say : — "Tlierc is now m very f,'oiiiTiil coiiseiisiiM of opiiiiou amoiii; tliosi' wlio linvc Htiidioil ihi« niicslioii on the I'riliyloff Islands to tlic rtVcil lliat tlie fcmnlos urc tovi-iej (it or sbcirtly iillcr t1ie fxpiiy nf tlie seiMind yi.'iir from thi' tiuif of their liirth, and bear yoiiiin in tlic third year from that timo, or I'lirly in tlie fourth your ol their a^jt'." — (British (joinniissionors' Ri'port. p. 51, piirn. ri85.) In order to allow for any dilT ■rcnuo of opinion, and so that no ground I'or criticism should exist as to th(! point at which the dividing line should be drawn, the earliest age, viz., 2 years, has been taken as tho age up to whicHi no animal could bo classed as " bearing female." Mr. Elliott, in his Tabic above referred to, gives the weight of the skin of n "^-year-old" as 5 lbs, 7 oz. To this weight must be added an allowance in respect of (be curing and salting, which, as Messrs. Ijumpsou, in the above- mentioned letter of tho 21st December, 18!)2, British Counter- correctly point .-it, niitst of necessity a(W to the ^„7;i/^PP|gf'*' weight. As abou' 7 lbs. of sail per skiu is used jbij vol. i, p. 53 in the process an illowancc of, say, S) oz. per skin (iocs not apj)cai to be excessive. This would mak'j the weight of the higlnjst salted skin which could be that of a bearing female to be lbs. 7 07,., and would iiidicati' that the dividing line should be drawn, having regard to Messrs. Tianipson's ilgurcs, between middling pups (012) and small pups (.jIO) ; but un- fortunately tlierc appears in the catalogues a class the average weight of which Messrs. Lampson do not furnish particulars, viz., " middling and small pups mixed," but assuming their average weight to be half-way betv cen the weight of the class above and of the class bi;low, viz., G lbs. G oz., they would havi; to be classed as too small to be bearing. The dividing line has therefore been drawn, and, it is submitted, properly drawn, bctwctMi the; " middling pups" and "middling and small pups." Jf it is (;onsi- dered that the dividing line should be drawn above the "middling and small" class, it will not make much dill'crcuce to the per cent, result, inasmueli as there are not more in all than u 1,(108 skins of this class in tlin wiioln 'I'abln, wliicli (IcMJs with u total of !U)!i,l.'t] skins. Actini? ii])()n the ahovc lines, tlio Tahlo shows the Ibllowinff result: — 'totnl of large nizci. viz. ; — Wi;X*, itii(li]liiii;<^, luidiliin^s itiid sinull>, l:ii'^c ]>nps, l:ir^i- and middling |'U[)h, ^Jiddlin^ |iii|)8 ., ,. .. 211,1(13 Total of MiiidI f.i/cH, viz, : — Midiilin;; and Kiimll |iii])h (mixed), small |iu|is, I'Ntni miiall pupa, t'xtra>c-.\tm Kmall pups, K''''>' pop"! <>I><1 odd and f:iully ,. ., ,. .. 152 fi">2 3G3,i:iS IU>!i Census liopurt, p, 47. Vrom these (lifiii'cs, ii will i)i' sc'.^n that the lai':;'<' sizes I'oi'ni aliDiit ."S per cent, and the smaller sizes ahont, 11 per eent, of the whole : or, in otlur Words, there aie, out of everv hmulred skins, only, s.'iy. Iifty-pip;ht w hiuh are large enough to he the skins of hearini;' females, lud if the 'I'ahle is examined from another aspect, it will he seen this llgnre of oS per cent, must he considerai)ly riMluccd. 'I'lie male seal is veiy much laracr than the feniah'. Elliott says: The i'emale seals, when alive, weigh ft'om 80 to Ho lbs, as a rule, while the males run up as liigh as 100 to ."(DO Ihs. 'I'liere is, of course, a corresponding dill'eruMU'e in the weight of their skins, llllidtt says the adult females will corre- spond with the ;!-year-old males in his Table, which gives the weight of the skins of the latter as 7 Ihs. Allowing for any artillcial increase of weight by salting, s;iy, ;!2 oz. (which is an extremely libei'.al .allow. mee, considering that in the above calculation, when any increase of weight by salting was in favour of the British contention, an allow.-ince of only oz. was taken), it follows tliat all skins weighing !1 lbs. and upwards would be too largo to be those of bearing IVmales. If the .^Messrs. Poland's '''able be compared with Messrs. Lam^json's 'r.able of weights (iJritish Counter-Case, Ai)pendix, vol. ii, j). -()2), it will be seen the size known as "smalls," and all sizes above it, eonie under this description. The total lunnber of skins of these sizes included iu Alessrs, Poland's Table is as follows : — [255] E iI8 Size. ^liddliii^s JIidiiliiii;s and sm;ill> Suudls Nmnbcr. 71,001 I W.i-lu I l>v Luinpson's Lh-. i,(ir-' ,') 1 ti) Ti (!.ii;7 11 T, 11.19S 1 1 • .'! .*4,7.)7 11 -s \;^ Tliis inuaus that lliei'o is :iO'l. (soy, 20 nin'^'ciit.) of tlic J\oi'th-\A"('st catcli coinposcd ol' .-^kiiis M'liioli, hy reason of their sizos, iimst he the skins of male seals. Of course, to arrive at the luimher ol skins iu the cateli which could he skins of gravid females, this 20 per cent, must he deducted from tho above-mentioned ")8 per cent., thus rediiciiii;' the total of skins in the catcii \vlii(;li c.Diild he (so far as size go) the skius of gravid females to 38 per cent., hut it must also he reniomhered that one- lialf at least of the North-west catch is taken in the fall long after the I'emales have i^ivcii hirth to their voun", so that the total nuinlici's of gravid females in the North-west catch cannot exceed I'.J per cent, of the whole cat'li. This calculation, it should l)e mentioned, is made v'ithout making any allowances for barren females or males in the medium and sinullcr sizes. As to llie Hint Proposition. With reference to the third proposition, that tiie suppression of pelagic sealing is essential to the maintenance ol (he fur trade, this ap])( ars to ho based hy the United States' witnesses entirely on the ground that a regular supply is desirable, and that this cannot he insured whilst the North-wesfc catch continues. As stated at p. 308 iu the ]5ritish Counter- Case : — " No iily uiid price liiis Iji't'ii cinisidcriilik', lull lliis is due to llii' result nf tho opcraliiiii id' tlii' moilim rirnuli nml tiia I'Xiijii^'ura'.i'd rmndur^ of all (Icsciiptiuns cliculatt'd in loniii'rtiDii wilh the i)ios«iit Hvliitnitioii and llie nntecwleiit luigotiiitiouH. Whi'ii tiicsc clciiii'iits of iMii'ci'lainly jiiis.s iiwtiy, lliorc is no roncc'iviiliU' icamm wliy the sral-skiii supply sliuuM nut coutiiuie to 1k^ as even nnd ooiiHtant as tlint of any oili^T of tim nuniL'ious furs (leak with in tliu tnu'o." \:a Synopsis of F.vidcuce relating to certain Subjects contained in Affidavits and Statements in Appendix III of British Case, and s/ipptenienting Synopsis in Appendix II of Britis/i Connter-Case. British Case, Appendix, vol. iii, " UniteJ Stares No. 2(1890)," p. 355. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid., p. .136. Ibid. Ibid., p, 157. Ibid. Britisli Ca.-c, Appendix, vcd. iii. " United .Stiiie> No. 3 (It. '»-').' p. IfiS. Ibid., )i, I/O. III. — l^lKli'mciilx rrspcctinij iVi/m.'"'/' of Seals lost by f:'inl;in(j hcfurc Rcvnvviij irlicn k'tlhd at .S'en. Jntnon Wilson. — W'ifli no expcrionce, lost 1 seal in takiiiL;- 23. UiUmm Fctfiiujs. — "The avt'i';i<^(' miniboi- lost by Avliite Imnteis does not exceed in 10!>, and i)y the Indians not in 1,000." J. /). Warrrn. — " Indians rarely lose a seal they strike Not over in (Mery 100 seals kill(Ml hy white himfers are lost or escape." //. F. -b'if»rt)T/.— "The seals lost by uhite hunters after being shot or wounded do not, on the lower coast, exceed G in 100, and on (hi! Alaska coast and in Behriii^' Sea not over 1 in 100." Waller [lousr. — " This year on the ' Ricli,' I got 185 seals, and lost .j The hunters on the ' Kieh' lost about the snine proportion." W'lUi'iiii (Y I.runj. — " ily experience with Indian hnnleis is (liat they lose "one — a( most a \v\\ — of the seals they spear The number of seals lost by white biii:'i.T does not exceeil (i in 100, iind many of ,iie hunters lose nuieh less than that nuinher." Frtdrrirk Girto/, vhose averai;e loss was 2;' per cent., says : ".Some hunters lose a few more than I do, l)ut the most unliieky liunieis I have met with did not lose Iwiee as many." C. ,/. Kfllij. — '■ .My own personal experience during: the past two yetirs is that my loss by seals sinkinj,^ would not average .S per cent." Williuin PitiL~As to llie number of seals lost by siiiKing, Captain i'etil says: "My personal HMi experience during last season with -n-liitc hunters ■uould not exceed 5 per cni.t.,and with Indians in former years I doubt if it even amounts to 1 per cent." IF. E. Baker. — '• I would say from personal ex- British Case, ricuce tliat tlie percentage of lo>.s as compared .t'{}','i"fi'su'to,'"* with tliose hit in scaling would not exceed 3 per No. 3 (1892)," cent Prom a record kept by my liunters ''' during two voyages, the aggregate loss by each hunter is sliown, and the percentage is not greater on an average than 3 per cent. ' C. N. Cox. — "With Indian hunters it [the loss] Ibid., p. 175. would not amount to 1 per cent I do not think the loss would be more than 1 or 5 per cent, with shooting by white hunters." Alfred Bissett thinks that " from 3 to 5 per cent. Ibid., p. 177. would coA'er " the loss by .sinking. Theodor M. Magnesen considers that 31 per Ibid., p. 178. cent, is a fair average loss. llcnri/ Crocker. — " On the whole I think the per- ibid., p. 18I. ccntage will not be more than 3 or 4 p(>r cent, of loss." Georye Roberts. — " 3 to 5 per cent, would cover Ibid, the whole loss [by sinking]. It is not more." Richard Thompson.—"! slionlil iliiTik that 3 to Ibid., p. 182. ') per cent, would cover all [the seals lost]." Andrew Laing states that the loss by Indian Ibid., p. 184. hunters is not more than 1 in 10. IV. — Statemenis respectiiiij the NiiniLer nj Seals iiliich iiiiii/ escape Captuicajlcr licimj iroundrd hij llunlern nl Sen. C.J, Kelly. — "My experience is that unless a ibid., p. 1C8. seal is mortally Avoundcd, hit in a vital spot, it is practically uninjured -V womuled seal Avill )iot alter its course in thi; slightest." William Petit. — "A wounded seal will not alter ibid., p. 1C9. its course in the slightest. It will mov<; along as before, its M'ound healing rapidly," " There are seals hit and not mortally wounded, ibid., p. 170. and these cscaiie, but they are )U)t ' lost,' as they arc (juile as vigorous as before." 9 British Case, Appendix, vol. iii, " United Slates Ko. S (1890)," p. 356. Ibid. Ibid., p. 356. Ibid., p. 357. Ibid. Ibid. Uritisii Case, Appendix, vol. iii, " t'nited Mtatcs No. 3 (1892)," p. 108. Ibid., p. i;o. V. — Statements respecting the Composition of the catch made by various Pelagic Sealers in relation to the proportionate Number of Males and Females, g(c. James [Yilson. — " Out of 23 I got, 5 or G were cows carrying young." William Fcwinijs. — " It is verj' seldom a female is killed in Beliring Sea carrying lier young with her, and out of 1,000 killed on the coast earlier in the season, loss than one-third are females carrying their young." J. D. Warren. — " Of all the seals taken along the coast ahout one-half are males, and of the females not more than one-half arc with young. In Behring Sea not 1 of 100 of those taken by the hunters arc females with young. I do not think that out of the seals taken hy Indian and Avhile hunters more than 30 percent. arc IV'nialcs actually breeding or capable of breeding." W. O. l.riiri/. — "About half of the .seals taken along the coast arc cows, and pcrhaj)s two-thirds of the cows are with young [ii Behring Sea the average of cows with young killeil will not average I in 100." Gconjc Howe. — "About one-third of the seals taken on the coast are cows with pup or capable of being with pup. In Behring Sea 1 got, four cows with i)Ups in tiiem.'* Albvrl ./. Ih'itram. — " I got during the M>;is(in 320 seals On the coast I got :!.") nr ;50 females w ith younn' in them, and in Behriug Sea 1 got about (i or 7." ('. J. h't'lli/. — "1 can .safely say thiit my personal ev^ierienee has been on the side ni' the males largely — both on the coast and in iiehring Sea the lunnber nj' seals caught is niaiie up largely of males.' Williuiii I'elil. — '■ i.asl year, out of my caich of 7()5, 1 iiad only 1*^ remales carrying younu; — not (jiiite 2.\ per cent. As in nther seasons' catches, we had a umnber oC barren cows — about the usual run, 10 per cent., and 12.1 i)er cenl. nf grey |m]is. These grey pups arc always young bulls, and 1 year old.'' lie further states thaf, including yearlings, his catch was about V.'( per cent, males, [3181 B 2 ir. E. Baker, — " The proportion taken Mcro Britiih Case, largely male seals. I can conscientiously say that ^ {ynitej^siltii'"' it must have hoen three bulls to one female, and No. 3 (1892)," I had a larger numl;er oi' seals than any other ^' Tessel on tlic spring catch My experience [in Ik'hring Sea] is that they arc very much as they are on the coast." C. jV. Co.v states that in 1891 about 7o per Ibid., p. 17S. ; cent, of liis catch were males, and tiiat of the females lo per cent, wore breeding and 10 per cent, barren. Ue bases his statement on four years' experience. Alfred Bisnetl states that, in 1891, 75 to 80 per Ibid., p. 178. cent, of his eatcli -were bxdls, the remainder females. Theodor M Magnescn states tiiat his catches Ibid., p. 179. contain about half males and half females. " I liad 2,000 [seals], and I think tlierc would be only about 12 or 14 with pups ; the otliers would be what are called barren cow s, and a lot of ihem would be dry cow«." Henry CVoc/fp/-.—" There is fully 80 per cent. Ibid., p. 180. of bull seals killed off the coast as well as in IBchring Sea." George Roberts. — "Since I have been engaged Ibid., p. 181. in the business there have been moi'e males killed than lemales." Kicliard Thompson states that the proportion of ^^'^^•- P' l^'*- males to females would be " from 70 to 80 per cent., or al)0ut 3 males to 1 female." Andreir Lalny thinks that between 1886 and 1891 " we have got about 3 males in 5." In Behring Sea, " I think about 4 males in 5 — 4 males to 1 female." WiUhm Cox thinks that in his catches there "^'''- P- l^"- " would be about Go or 70 per cent, of males, and the remainder mixed co\>s — l)earing and l)arrea cows. . . . About 10 per cent, of Ijarren and 15 p(.'r cent, of bearing cows." Ibid., Ibid.. p. 183. p. 185. Rritis)! Caie, Appendix vol. iii, " United States No. i (1890)," 1). 356. Ibid., p. 337. Britisli Case, Appendix, vol. iii, " United States No. 3(1892)," p. 1C7. Ibid., p. ie.9. Ibid . p. 172. Ibid., p. 178. Ibid., p. 180. Ibid., p, 181. Ibid., p. 182. Ibid., p. 183. IX. — Statements rclntinij to the Aliundiinc or otherwise of Fur-Seah at Sea in late ijeam. ■I. D. Ifarrcn. — "I liavc noticed no dimimitioii i'j tlic numlicr of seals duriug; tlio twenty years I luiA-o Ijcon in th same as regards number" when com- pared with previous years. Richard Thompson believes the seals wore sis plentiful in 1891 as 1890. Andrew Laing, with iii;uiy years' experience, states that, in 1891, there was no dimiiuition in the numlK.'r of si'als at sea. lie thinks ihcy weru a little less jumieroua in 1891 than in 1890. A"* \ V Sii/)/y/rnit'ii/an' Synopsis rrhifiii!^ to certain Siihjicts contaiiii'J in the .Iffiitavits aini Stalcniciits in ^tppcintiv II of tlic Bi'itish Coitiitci--L um: (A.) — Vviitulcs ill Milk i.ii Ayiiilic ^idn of rirlulmj •'irii. Gcoriji: llnlicrts (p. .jIJ). — ''A IV'u- ol' t'lc ri'iiialc seals I f^ot oil the Asiatic coast tliis year w'l'o in milk, liiit a vcvy lew." Her'inii li. Siiiilli (p. Ol ). — Took 230 seals on Asiatic siili', about oiic-third I'einiilcs. " None were in |)ii|), and I particularly noticed that none wei'c in milk." H'illiiiin (Siiiidif \\). r.n) states thai a little more than hair the catch on Asiatic side were I'eiuales. "None in pup ; a vcmt tew in jnilk." FiPil. IC. Slrnnij (p. (18). — ''I have lieeu OIK- year (IS'JLM on the Asiatic side; I uof 91 seals there, abo\it one-halt i'eniales; now ami tbeu one with pup or in milk." Joseiih Hull i p. 7'^,). — "On the Copper Island side this year f am sure wo got no I'einales in pup, and 1 only remember secina; one in milk. This seal was eauy-ht nearly "iOO miles oil' shore, and had bad her pup at sea." AV(7 Morrisiiii (p. 82).— ■' Last year I got 132 seals there [on Asiatic side], and this year 82. The reniales luunbered about hall' the catch each year. Xone ol them wei'e in [lu]), and not over 20 in milk. I skinned all the seals 1 got, and remiMuber ilie-i' lliinu's very well." Jiyirjih llrnini (p. 102). — " On the Copper Island H'rounds 1 got 1(1 seals, more than half reniales; none of llieui in puj), a lew iu n\ilk." Jitme.- Silrmitn (p. 10."^) — " This year the 'Gcne^a' was on the Asiatic side, and got 000 [361] B seals. These Avere nonvly all males ; no cows in pup; a few in niilk, not more tlian 15." Chiirlos Fntnris (p. 101).—" I got (il- seals on the Asiatic side A lew cows had a little milk, but most of tlunn were dry." Michael Kecfe (p. 10.').— Got COO seals on Asiatic side in ]J?91, nearly halt' cows. "Most of the cows .showed dried niilk in the hveasts. This A\as after the liiili August.^' Arthir IT. Ruhind (p. lOb).— " On the Copper Island side about half I got were females, none with pu]), some with milk, hut must of the cows ■were dried up." Andrew McKkl (p. 110).— " On tlie Copper I-iland grounds about half our catch were Temales. .Mostly all ihc females had ])upped, and were aliont drv oF milk.'' (P,/) — lieferciire.i tee the seal is gene- rally got." li. 0. Lavender (p. ."5).— "I told Cajitain l,avender, of the ' Corwin,' that more seals were lo^t that were killed with a rille than with a slidt-u'un With a rille they ar(! shot at farther oil, and so some may lie hist." Williiim De iVill.—'- I seldom use the rille, and then oidy at 'travellers." ilost of tlu' seals I lost by sinking were 'travellers' shot at the lonuer ratige." (hear ^ciirf (p. (')7).— - 1 use tla; rille a great deal. 1 shoot sleepers with the gun at ](i to 20 yards range, and travelling seiils with (he rille at as hmg a range as TOO yanls. The seals I have lost are lost principally in this way." Tlwinas IL Broun i[>. SI.)--" 1 ux^ Imth a sliot- gun and n ride, hut seldom a riile, and then only at travelling seals on a calm day, and :i rille is jiovcr used e.\cept when a .seal is too far away to shoot with a shot-gun." 8 A. C. Folger (p. 88) states that in 1882 " we used only rifles, but we then could shoot as well with a rifle as hunters do now with a shot-gun." Arthvr W. Roland (p. 108).— " Most of the seals I have lost hy sinking were shot from a long distance — from 75 to 130 yards. I have killed and got seals shot with a rifle at a distance of 200 yards." W. HcniKiiin (p. 118). — " I hunted witli piflior gun or rifle." GeorcjK Scott (p. 119). — " I liavc hunted u ith rifle and shot-gun ; with a rifle I would shoot up to 150 yards." Georije Wester (p. 121). — "Ilavc used both shot-gun and rifle; .... the rille raniro would be iroin 50 to 100 yards." Clidiles lliirtiiren (p. 123). — " AVe shoot \vith a rifle from 30 to 100 yards." fV. 0. Sliafler (p. 12J). — " I use gun and rifle, but prineipally tlio shot-gun." John Viguern (p. 125). — " I always n^(■ a sliot- guu iir ritlo, but nearly always the former." f. E. Morkler (p. 120)- — " From my ex[)erii'nee 1 would place tiie outside loss for a good hunter witli gun and rifle at .") per cent. . . . TVitli a rifle the range would be anywhere uj) to 100 yards." Jl'. /•'. 1'psi.ii (p. 12H). — '•Have always nsed a gun seals witli a rille. .limits F'lrd (p. 133). — " 1 always use shol-:.cun and rille, Iml mostly the shot-gun." .hiiiifs W. Creir (p. 133). — " I ahv;iys bunt Willi sluit-giin and rille, bul principally the Hn'mer." [:!.-. 1 J B 2 4 NoDiinit Hodgwn (p. 131.). — "1 always uso sliot-nun and I'illc, but iiearly always the shot- gun." Frank Morca\i (p. 135).— "We use sliot-guii and rilU', but mostly a sliot.g'uu." 1-clor Ihiiiiincl. — " I used a gun in sealiu!^ rdiunst always, but occasionally a riile." (C.) — A.^ lo means of (Ivtorm'imiKj Position nf I'esseh ill Bchritiij Sen, ^)-c. Aliri Ddvijliis (p. 52). — " II' there wei'i^ sduudiiij^s 1 could depend on, I would never have dillieulty in telliui,' my pos'.t ion wlien in Ikdiring Sea, lio matter bow thick tlu' I'ot^ Avas. 'riiere woidd be no danj,'ei- ol' dril'lin^' near the isUuids, for we could anchor in 15(1 fathorns. I liave, when in a t-caling-schoouer, anchored in 110 i'atiionis.'' Williiiin O'Lcunj ()). 59).— "I iiave never been close to the I'riliylofl! Islands, and have never had any 1r()ul)h' in keeping as far from Ihem as I •wislied, e\cn in the most fogi:y weaiiier." LiiiKjhUn McLvdii (p. (H).— " Sometimes a man mighl drift in a fog, but if tlier(> were good soundings laid down on the eliart, there would be no trouble in telling ono'.s jiosition." Tlicndor Mayni'seri (p.71).— " I never had difli- cidty in locating my positiov witliin a few miles uheu in licliring Sea, no Matter how thick the foi;' was. t\'. E. UakiT (p.75). — " If g )od charts w(>rc made M\ which soumlings were pr; perly laid down, the nature of llie bottom, &c., I ;'ou]d, if the depths varied sufficiently, tell ])n tly well where my \ cssel was." nohi'rl E. McKcilii). 7())-— "I ''"iil'l '''Iways tell pretty well how far I was from the l'ril)ylol1' Islands in the most foggy weather, and if good soundings that could be depen(h'(l ujion were marked on the charts, anrl the nature of the bottom shown, 1 would have no dillieulty in telling where I was." Grnnji- MfDonald (p. 77).—" If 1 had a chart of lichring Sea showing plenty of soundings, it would not be hard to tcU just where I was in respect to the rrihyloll' Islands when the weather is thick." 5 Charles Peters (p. 01). — '' II' tliui'c was a chaH; showini^ plenty of sounding's, I woukl l)c able, Ci'oin my knowlodgc oC iinviifadoii, to fell tli", (llstanc'O from islands in Hclirini^ Sea." (D.)— •• S/iiyi'ij " .ikiiis. John Townnrnd {\). ."lO). — •' AVc sceui'od as good a pviL'o for scal-slcins lakcn in August, as wo diiL I'or tlios(! takrn in tin; spring. 1 nevci heard tlial- tli(> fur was not so good intlio summer." Tlioiiuis [I lirr)wii.— ''HvaU takmi in July ami August, in IJeiu'im;' Sea brini;- ;i l);'ltcr price than the spring cateh, and the I'nr, f believe, is better." (1, C. Grriiir. — " 1 liave never taken, or heard of any one else taking, a 'st igi'v ' skin, oi' one lli.it; M"as not as good at one season as another." .hniies (luudin (p. 111). — '" Wc n(n'er got seals whose .skins were 'stagey,' "r jioorer at one season tlian anotiier." S. ir. Ihukiann (p. 1 12). — " I never saw a skin taken in summer that was poorer than at other times." (On no stagey skins al ^ea, see British Com- luissioners' lleport, paras. 134, (531, 032.) -v t c BKIIRTNG SKA AKI^ITRATJOX. AI'l'KNDIX TO NOTHS; OX I'.lilTlslI COUXTEIl-CASK.— \ 11. Cuiii]i(jMiliijii nf PcliKjir Catch, in n'sjjccl to Xinnber (if Malen and Femiiks, in laic years. IX United States' Case (p. 107) it is stated tiial " IVoiu 80 to !)() jior cent, of tl:c seals killed ill (he ojieii sea are females." Of 107 dejioiients wliose depositions arc in- eluded in vol. ii of Appendix to liritis' Counter- Case, ;!;i state tliat in their coast catches the seals taken were ahout e([ually divided as lo sex, .'il state that they have taken more males than females, and JO have fa.ken more females than males. Of 77 deponents who have sealed in Behring Sea, 27 took ahout an ecjual inimher of seals of ca"h sex, 17 have taken more males than females, and 31} more females than males. As actual (Igures could be given in hut few instances, omijarative statements only were made, and upon these the above synopsis is based. Shilfinrnfs of a nuwi/vr of Unitrd Stales' IVilnrsses as II, tlie Proportion of Fiwnles taken Inj thnn. \\iiti\ — Tiie subjoined statements show that many of (he United States' witnesses speak of proximately equal numbers of males and females ill pelaiiic eatclics in recent years. The United S(a(es in their coidentiou adopt extreme state- ments UKuh- by some of (heir witnesses.] .iainrs C/iaplanlioo, ]). 3S3,—" About one-half of all sials ihat I have caught in the strait or on till' coast were full-grown cows with ])iips in tl.em." [3S7J Fi-iink A»flr/.v, p. 3Sn.— '"I luivc killoil a very few bariTii cows along tlie coast." Jlt'i-('(l Irvinij, ]). ;587.— " Alioiit (nu'-halt' of those [scalsj cauglit aloni? t1u> coast won' I'lill- gi'dwii cows witli ])ii])s ill tin'in." nniij Yetldchij, p. 202.— "About half tlic seals I have killed were females with pup." Hiistimjs Wihnoa; j), u02.— " Some years ago tlievn wiTo more male seals laken than are taken W)\\, luit now about one-iiall' \m'. Teniali's with I'"]''" W'uUri- Yniimj, p. ;J03. — "Think liie seals 1 liave killed were about ball' m.aies and iialf females." Jlclor Jiicobsi'ii,\->.S-2^. — Tliinks that three in live Nonls taken are females. Ishii, p. :587.— " Fully one-half the seals wo catch on the coast have young in them." James LiijIUhanse, p. .'5S!).— Thinks tbat about one-bnlf the seals caugbt by bini were females with pups in tbeni. John Tij^uiii, i>. :301-.— "About balf tin' seals cauu'ht along the coast are cows that bave white ■\vbiskers, and bave pups in them." 117// Parim; p. :V1..'!.— " 1 think we eateb in Uebring Sea more males in proportion to females tban we do on the coast." Hilhi ir;//iV(i».--, !'■ yf'//«"/i, ]). ;170.— " In Hehring Si'a, where we obtained ;il)out 4()i) skins, males and females in about ecjual n.imbers were taken.' LmxIht'iUniw. p. :i7'.).—" About ball' of idl tbe seals captured alon- the coast bave white whiskers and are cows \vith pu|is in them." C/(7//;e, p. ;i01..— '^Xot quite lialf oC all s-als (.•aught aloni; tho oast, arc cows with pups iu (hi'iu." Ilinrtj Ihil'hnii'. p. I'sl . -^" Think tho sk\U taken hy in; huvc hc.-ii al)r)iit rcpiaiiy iliviilc:! hotwpcu rcinalcs and males." W. Roberta. , . SlL>.— "In Molirin- S.vi oiie-lhii- 1 of the seals taki a arc harreii females an:l young." 'iV. l\'if.-rls, p. 2H.— Of eiii-hty-ono seais taken (ifl till" c'jast i II ]>*'.)2, tweuly-three were barr.'u femah"^. '■ This is a fair average." Lit';,; Vnink. p. l'!J|..— '-I tiiiiik ill:' seals tako i hy me ar.> aiiont half fennics with ]iii])."' Kill') Ka-.kirii,]). 2!I5.— " Ahmit ."lO per (.:nt. o:' tlie seals taken are cdws with pnji.'' .////) K'l.-iiih, p. ^'.d"). — ••Ahmt half of the seals killed are females wiih pnp." Cluirlrs yftirhii, y. 21)7. -" Aliunl half of tli • seals killed hy m(% I Ihiiilv, were eows in pu])." Nii^ktrjii. ]). 2!)^. — •■ About half the seals taken hy me nri^ eows with pup.'' S'm,7/i Xntrh, p. 208.—" I think ahcul half the seals killed hy me are lemales with pnp." Uhh Yiilhi, p. :i'Jb.— " Almost one-half tie' seals I cateh are eow seals, and have little pups in them." TiioiiKii Ziilniik.f, p. ;!!)><. — "■ .Vliout onc-tiiird t iiiiiilii.i v'.nr.ili was arrauve'c!, iln- lolal killiimol' simIs in tl\c Nortli racil'ic I'oijion nuiv li,' icpri'stnitcn'. roughly as follows :— I'nUyli.ll' Miiiiis (\iinni:uuk'r Isliimls Kiilo.l i.t ^(11.. Tntal 100,(111(1 "jOjOOO oO.OOO •J(li',riO() As-iuiiiu^- tlial all ihr seals killeil ou tlio i-I;iii(ls wciv males, \vliil(< about hall' tlioso killed at sea iu tlie years referred to were females, the |..t;,l uuinher of leinales killed eaeh year would hi ahout 25,00(1, while 1 he total killing of males WDuld reach ] 75,000. 'Hie proporliou of females would thus ho ahoul niie-scieiitli of the males, a proiiortion wliieh eanui.i he eonsidcred excessive, cveu in the ease of a i-.ilyii'amous animal in a state of nature. CONFIDENTIAL. / / Jlx'/iiiiihitioi! of the U II if a/ S/u/cs' livi'lciicc. IT i> pi'oposod in the ineseuf Clia^jtcr ti> criticize in some detail certain ])oiiits connected with cvideiieo set out in tiic Appciuliees tu the Case tuid Counter-Case of tlie United States, and in doiir.^ this to take each class oi" evidence separately and in thi' order in which it appears in such Appendices. The evideuce oITered is classified under the I'ollowinj' heads: — Ai'iTNrux r 1 Case, Vor. I. I. C^i>i)its ')t' viirimi.. Troatios niitl coircsponilcntx' ([ij!. 1 to 3fi I). II Arlieli's anil sUti-iiiL-iiH \,s iiatiiriUist* (pji. :l(il t.i 133;. III. \hm\'H\ SUIutcs ar.tl Ilov.-rini; .\";s ([.;.. 13.-) to ■196). IV. Otficiul Uoporls(i)|> -198 tu -191). .VrrKXni.'i, \'.'r.. II. V. Tt".tin.!ii y iilutiii^' to llii- foU^wii;); uwUcis: — (1 ) To I'ribyloll' IslamK (i>i>. I t.i isi,. (J.) To .tii/iircs in Llt-liritij; Sva ([■. ISj) (3.) To th>' R.issiiin .S.^nl I^lau.h (p. I'Jl). (1.) Tu tliu Al,i;tiaii Isl.incU (p. %)\). VI. TLStiuioiiV ril.itiiig to Itie ;;oii' r.i! si':il-Uin imlu.-Mj ill lliL' UnilciV Stat'.'s. Gn-'iit Mritaiu, anrl l-'raiic- (pp. .(OS to ;:'12). Tesliiiiuiiy taU.ii at various iilac.s (p -IXl)— (1.) Kudiak (p. 'il"). (Li.) t'nok".- Tiik't (p. :i-'l). (3.) riiiice Williaiu Sound (p iaj ;. (i.) Yakutiit H.iy (p. J37). (.5.) Lynn C'anu! .iml Chiitlaim fconml (p. -IVi]. (6.) Siika (p. ■>.:■>■•). (7.) Di.soii Knti.iin (8.) Nicholas liny Q. .:■' . f'.M I'.arel IV Souml ami V.mi hiivlt l-l;i:i>l. lY iTl.ili^i:^ ill liair-nalirij; ill tliL' .Nort!' Atluii'.i.'. null t' Aiilavrli^' ii iiling (p. .'193). VIII. Tistiiiumy ii'Iating to I'lihjloll'i' IX. Data f.ji- Hii'j;r.ilion flnrt (•! 'J'.'., [1U«] B Hcforc cliscussiujj this evidence in detail, tliere are some remarks of a general nature wliieli it is oouvc'ulcut to mak.' in this place. In the iirsf place, it must he pointed out that the assertions made in respect to seal lil'i' and other connected suhjects in the I'nited Slates' Case, are entirely hased on very recent allldavits or on ])apers which have hecn specially obtained nr prepared in connection with tiic iircsenl discussion, and which are now produced I'oi- the lirst time. Further, that many of tlicsi' are derived from persons who I'orineny occupied official positions in c(nineclion with the niaiiau'e. mcnt or supervision of the I'riiiyloll islands under the United States' Oovernmcnt contrcd, and who were the authors of official Reports and other writings on the eoiiditi(Hi of the islands, hut that sucli earlier and pnhlic official lleports are not now referred to in the United Sf.tcs' Case. The following Tahlc shows tiie names of th(^ Agents and officials whose sworn evidence appears in the United States' Appendix and tin.'ir previous TJenorts and writings : — X.iiu ■ of \Vitn('S&( (onncrly in:uli' by \\'itit('SM's. <:. ii'V.illt.. . SiH,, U-t Ci ir.'., i;i;<, Kx. D'ic. No. ;):'; H. 1!.. Il-t Coil'-.. :!r(l Scss., Kx. Dor, t No. I'JJ; II. U. IJlliI ('nil-'.. -Jnll S.■^v, I'x. Due \... ■-'II; H. l(.. t Sis-.. 1a. Due. N(i. K.\ ; •'.Monojjriipli of ' N'liriii .Viiii'iii'i'ii Piii;iipiii«," p. 'Ml (I "III- ; •• (Ml Kiirr I .'•\;i!«," p. ;i8l SU'iilicn N. I!iiv;u;.:v I 11. 1!,, IK! ('"m;; . 'irii '■'(««., l-;.\. \)no. Nu. I I'.".', p. r,: II. 1!.. y.\. Due, l-ltli Con;,'.. , It S,-s, .\,.. M.; 1 n, I!. ,-,Ot!i Con-., ■-'nil ! s.s.^., \u-\K .v.). ;;»i8:j, p. I Wi!li;iiii il. Im.I ..' ".\!ms!>:i Mii.l it.'- U^-oun's" ni.ip. VI ..! Cipl.iin ,M, .\. llc.l.v..' ■Inliii .\. Ilciiriipic:' , , Wlicri' Ki'ports i ri'fciTcd ti) i Itatc of l;i~t Visit in United St.itos' to Sml Miimls. Case. .M. :.I r. I.Mii.l 11. 11. Miilii'.M-.- .1 •■:n M. M.n-(.-n .Iir,.l) 11. M:,u!l .loscpli Muir.iy S. l;. N,.itl.i..n II (). Otis .. in-ujamin V. SitIIiikt Williiim II. WilliaMis. . Milt 111 llariirs 11', MV .\. (iiiiliU-n Cli. .1. Golf .. S. ralc'Onor . . I.I uis Kini'.iul r. I'. Uyau . . \V. r.. T.ul.v (j'l'iL'o W.iiiliiiaii I :.., U-t (.on-.. ::iiil .S.-s., i;.\. D,)?. No. .36 i I II. l;,, .-.Olli CoiiK'., liml Scss.. Kcp. No. I I .18-10. 11. Il'i ! II. 1!., ■. :;. (■.•.!-., J.il -^.'s.., ;: N, . .^ .;. p. ■J.-,o Si>.i.. .lis' Cm-.. 'Jr..! S.-3.S., K.v. Dof. Ni'. 19 Son., 51-1. C..11-. •.;ii'l Sess., K.\. D' i'. Nii. -I'.i II. K., .'iiitU Ci,.-., JiKi .'-^c-s., K ;i. N'u, SSm.;, p. 17 .'■i.n., .'list Cm-.. JiicI Sfs.-.. p;x. 1) >. No. I'.i Inttor t-t Mr. Wind'Hii. liiilisli Cu-.in''M-Ci«c, I .A pp., vol. i, pp. HI. S.'i . 11. 1! . l-'iiil Coi-.. -Jml Scss., Kx. Doc. No. 20, p. J: II. 11. . Ill!i Cn.-.. 1st Sess., Kx. Dnc. I No. m I . I II. 1!.. ;iOtti Coi;-., J.i.i S..SV. II :.. \,.. :isao, I I'. -JfiT Ibid., p. -IW l!ii'!., p. !1 lliiii.. II. -I lfT7 ISTi 1S80 IS!' I ISC'.) ISSJ ll5^'J IS78 1?' 1 IfOl 1 ■! I >! It- SO If.U 1885 IsfKI 1»HJ l^'^(i 1^S1 I1.S.'. It is also tn he rciiuirkcd llitit ;ilthoiii},'li tlio ol)ovc-n;unod g.uitlcinL'ii had iiw;, siiico tlic (late ol tlioii' iiliove-mt'iitiimcd Itt.'uorts (niadc in sonie cases llftocn to twenty years ai^o) visited tlie Prihyloil' Islands, .■ind had not, lln Lefiuv-, any further personal iiil'.A-iaa- tioii on the subject, \ et tlie iii)inions exjirossed in the testimony now put forwtii'd in iiiany inslanecs dilVor materially from that formerly expressed hy tlieni in thi'ir ollicial Iteports, as the rollmvinc: few exani])les will show. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // |,U U£ ^^ ■ I.I 1.25 2.5 ■^ 1^ 12.2 L4 IIIIII.6 V] <^ /2 7 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 fV \\ l<. not (liink there weiv any fish al all within :'• mil's ol t!ie islands, and that the seals in 1'ci.mI hiid to tjo larlhi'r than thai Inmi thr land. The hclivf is innndi'd on .Hatinants niadr njo by natives on the islaials, and also troin the Tail that Cresh fish were sellloliMatili apiiii Ihi' island-." -(I'nited .'^tales' ('a.«e, Apiiendix J I, p :.'!.) As to tlie scarcitv of l)iill-:- ii. 'There art at present (l.ss.-i^, in my opinion, toir few bull seals to Keiiilhe ruokerios up tu their best eonditi(jn."— (11. b'., .'lOlh ( 'oii^iri ss, L'nd S,..s- sion, lleport Xo. :i88u, ji. 117.) "When we are left only e.\a'.;t!y tin nmaluT o! Ijidls we nee(l, and a few even of thi-> arr killnl, 11 coni])let(dy ujisels onr eah'ulation-, with the ii'snlt "f leavini; too few of this i la^s of ainiiiaN to sec are the full produelive-ness of ihc rookiiirs.' —(II. li., "Oth ConuMvss, 2lld Sr'-sion, I!e]i>lt No. :iy>s:.;. p, i';o,) Ir. " While I was located upon the l.s their was at all times a fireali r number of inali; Reals than was ui eessaiy tu fertiliz females who liaulid upon saiil rooki'ries, .nid wasnotina' when there were nut vi.LjO'nu- on tln' rookiuies who wore uiiabli' to i feniali ).. i; 'ousori- 'I'uiir.l St.'des' <.'a-c. lauls adult the there bulls ibtniii • d. ii llciifv A. Gliddeii. — As to rnid.s ;iiid .stiles u\ l.ilis :l. " (,'. I would a-k whethc 1 there air nol tuidiuLi-vessils wliieh buy .skin- ; — J. Yis, Sir. an inure.ised greatly since 18S-4 i,r IKS'i."— (I'liiled States' C'a.se, Apjitndix, vol. ii, p. 112.) W. '^. Tiiylor.-IUiiils:- "These vessels will lake occasion to liani; --3und the islands, and when there is a heavy fog ) go to the rookeries. Very often as it is to-day, these vessels coiae and kill o.OOl), 10,000. and l.i.OOO seals every year"— .') As to relation of fur-seiils to the hriM-Jiiii; islands ;' " riie fur si'iils resort to the IMihylofl' IsliiiiJs diirinu' lln' summer nmntlis lor lln' so!f^ |.iiriinso of ii'|.r.ii|iicli.iii 'riii.sc sliiiriii'^ i:i throf iliili^s nccissiirily rrmniii o:i i.r iicnr ilu' sl]n|-i' iiiilil lli.' yor.Mi.; .irr .{\'U- hi hike to tlie WiitiM-. Ituiliii; tins con.si.liTiilili- ].iTioil III, (.III sruN are not known to take any fuod."— (" Oli Kured .Suuls, " \). 'Jii.) 4. " I'roviilinj,' llie eonilitioim were the same on llie i.sliiiids lli(! year round iis itiey un' in thn .'=uiiim( r, iind prox iilin^' ll'c fnoi! snpiily was Hulli- 1 ii id ill till- iiijiu^ 'li:il" viiiiiily of llie islands, I tliiiik till' .'^I'liN Would ri'mnin on or ul>ont Uie islands durin;; the entire year. The seah. I'videnlly iiiii..-idi'r tliesi' Lsliinds their home, and only leuva llieiM l.y reason of hick of food and ineleineut weather." — (L'nited States' Case, Alipeudix, vol. ii, 1' f'-) As to (lato of fertilization of cows : — 6 " At tliis .sta^e they (ihe female pups) leave the island f;i liy t!-- I'luird Sliitos, llr. i;iliii(f. li.vs boon l^llo^vn ;is tlu; in-'iiciiial ('X|iorii'n( ;inil olllciril rind ini -fri.i.'il uiiicr .)li lli(! suiijrri of tlic I'nipyl ill' f.s|,iini-i .ind the seals resort iti!.,' to them. Who Mr. Elliott is, i.s best lolil in the words of his testimony i,'iven hefore the ('oii!,'ressional CoriHuitii'.' in (III' yciir IH : — "..l. My ix|ii'iic;iR'i' i.uvt'is lliiti.' .st':isiins nii ihc Seal IsliiMil.s. Ill thf wintiT of lS7:i-73 a I'.iU wa.s pemling bcforo Conifrcss, franiwl Ky .Mr. I'.outwcll, providing for the cstatilishmt'iit of four Trija.Hury .V;,'>'iits on the Sual Islands. Profi.-ssor liaird, of tlm Sniitli.suniaii Iiistitnte, was very dt'siroiis tliat .soiiio oiii' sliould he soiit I'roUi tiio Hniitli.sonian to study tliu lifu and liabits of llio Pful.-i. He saw Mr. I'nulwoll, anil olil.iiii'd lioni lim pcnnission to noniinati^ a man whom ho .'ilioiild api'iiiiit as one of the A.ssistanl A'joni.i. I'roiVs-sor liaird sidi'tti-'il ni". I received the appointment from Mi-, lionlwoll. and landed on the Isli'.nil of ."^t ( Icorgc, 'JSlli Apiil, 1S7-'. 1 wen' uj) there with llie special ilinri;i' of study in;; tlie life and liahita of the Eonl.s. Till' f|U''stion was an exreedin^^ly interesting one, alioiit wliii-h wienlilie men had nu specid data, and tiierefore rrofes.oor Painl'.s interest in it. I immediately went to work on the pronnd.s fi-om the dale of my landing, and I sum found ilitil tlie sulijeit wa.s one which could not he settled, as I tliouelit U could, satisfactorily to mj'.self, in one season. 1 aecordin<.;ly remained over, and spent the season of IST:! on the .sealins-^-onnds on the Island of St. Oeorge in order to compare my ob.servations of tlial senson with th -sc ef llie season iirevion.s. I at once saw that whatever I stated in reiL;ard to thi.s matter wo'. Id lie suliject lo criticism, and I lhouj;ht it nece.ssary to he very llii.riiu;;ii in my examination of the sulijeet before 1 made a repori uinai it. . . In the winter of ia7;i 1 expre.^.scd to .Mr. Kicliaidson and my friend.s hero a great desire to .i,'o to the coast of Asia to visit the Kusaian Saul Islands in order to coni]ilete and extend my work begun on our own i.dands JFr. Itichard.sou said that ho had no authority to send me ; that I could go only by authority of Congress. Accordingly I drew «p a Bill anthorizin;; the Secretary of the Treasury to gather authentic inforinatioM on that suhject.and it was introduced by my friends, was referred to this Conuuittee, before which 1 appealed (Mr iHiwes being the Chairman at the time), and leferred also to the Committee on Commeroe, before which also I appeared, was reported favourably to the House, ami approved on the i;2nd April, 1874. I immediately received my commission, and set out in May with an associate, provided (or by an amendment in the Bill, the Secretary of the Treasury putting the revcuuo- cutter ' Heliance ' at our joint disposal. U'e, iu visiting other iiliiifw, piihl sii>i-iiil iittfiiUun tn llif Seal l-lamU HHiiiii lliis ycai I ("-I'l 1 iiiUy waiilid In visit tlinm at the hci;^lit (if tlui lin-ciliiiu' ■^cinini. \\r WiW lliuiv l\vciity-pi;;lit days, mitil, l.iiiiluiaiil Mayiianl liaviii:; (.'XI'Itssi'iI liimself thoroiii^lily suti.slii'il witli lii^^ iiivtwli'^atiim dii tin: sulijfct, wu set Biul tV>r !St. Mattlifw's Islaml, unit, ullir i'N]iliiring that mill St, Littivui'i' Islaml, wi' rduinuil liy way uf Ouniiluska Id San Francisco, aiul tuiljiiiiltccl our Jlcports to Secretary llristow, A few lUys altiT nunc was siibniittod. Lieutenant Maynanl submitted ln^ Kcjiovt, the ci.ntenta rf which 1 knt'w nothing of untd liitely, when it was sent to Congress, in olicilioui e to an order of the lUnrsc . . , ' It slioiild be iulik'd that as late as 1800 this jutCoag,, gcntlornaii ag'aiii visitod and invest i,'ati'd the 5rR.*7o63. lirfC'dinu' I'L'sorts on tlu.- I'liliylolT Klaiuls as the trnstcd AgcMit of tin- VuUcd Slates, and n^'.'iiu under tlic mandate >>[ ;i spei'ial Aet of Con^res.s, but that tlie lleiiort known to liave be.'n made on the vesiiUs ol' tliat examination Las not been ollicially publislnd, and is not auywlicre fonnd among the doeninents eited in or a]i]ien(led to the Case of the United States, The I'ollowinu' is a list of some of Mr. Elliott's Reports and uriliiii^s on tlie snbject of seal' life:— 1. l{ei«>rl on tlie I'ribyhdl' t;ron|) or Seal Islands of | Alaska.— iWashintrton (Jovernment rrintiug OHice, IMii.) 2. lleport to Seeretury oi' the Treasnry eoneeru- ing the waste of seal oil. and the " natives "of the Pribylolf Islands, and the brewini; of (]iias.s. — (n. K., llth Conj^ress, 1st Session, Ex. Doc. No. 83, pp. 103 and 101.) 3. Report ujioii the eondition of aiTairs in the Territory of Alaska.— (Washington Government Printing Office, 1875.) 4. "Ten years' aeqnaintanei! with Alaska, 1867-77."— (New York, Harpers iirotliers, 1877 ; vol. iv. No. IISO.) 5. "The Seal Islandsof.Maska."— (Washington Govcrntnent Printing- Olliee, 1881.) C. Rci)ort on iho Seal Islands of Alaska. — (Washington Government Printing Otlicc, 1S81.) 7. "Our Arctic Province."— (London, 188 .) It is to be noted thai live out of the above seven publications were printed and circulated by the United States' Government, and that besides the above Mr. Elliott has written in newspajjcrs and magazines articles and papers too numerous here to give a list of. Mr. Elliott has. witiioul dcjubt, always heen 9 codsiili iv(l till' |l•,•llin^' riKilioi'ity lit) tin- I'ur-sual <|iii'sti(iii. Wliil(; it is fim(N'iv.il)l(> tli;it some of the Itcpiiits of Av'iMits ;iii|i()iiitcil hy tlio Uiiitud Slalfs tlan(l.s may, for many P'iiMnis, luivc liceii cousiilcrcd by tho advisoi-s of 111,: l'iiiti',1 States an uiKlcsirablc Mil.jccts for imblicMtioii, it is [iniicipal olhcial iiivcstitjalor of the natural history of tho fur-seal should n >t lie even n-ferred (o, and his Uepiirt, made .in pnr.snanee to a spoeial Act of C()iii,'ro.ss, should he su|)[iressed. Another noteworthy eireumstanee connoctod "itii the eviden<-e |)iit forward hy the l/nited States is a- to the ileelaiatiinis wliieh piirjiort to have heen n'ade hefoic one"A. W. Lavender." These are very numerous, some heinu' taken at Nilka, others at Washinf;ton, others at Kadiak, Nicholas liay. Dixon Kntranee, Victoria, San ■•"raneiseo, and Lynn Canal. Curiously enouu:h, however, on reference to the ileelaralions it will he found that this i;entleman liurports to have attested declarations at the various places all on tiie same day. Thus, on the nth April he attests the declaration of throe Indians in or near r.ynn Canal or Chatham Sound, and ;ilso the evidence of J. Johnson at Victoria. IJrilish C found, as to the ^Oih April, at jip. 257, .Vi?, and .'JOfi ; as to the .'?l)th April at pji. 25(1 and 1^5 ; as to the Srd May at i)p. ;]2;i, lili), ;',(;s, and ll-); and as to the 12th May at j^p. 2(11) and 2S3 of the .same Appendix. Mr. Josejih ifurray, another United States' Agent, also displays this wonderful faculty of bein^ in two places at oneo. For instance, on the 13th April he attested the declaration of Isaac Leonard at Kadiak, and on the same day the declaration of ]]. W. Littlcjohu at San I'rancisco, the distane(> between the two phjcps being not less than l.tiMO miles by sea. (See pp. 217 and 1.-.7, Fnitcd States' Appendix, t'nitril Sl;ilP,' C"««P, \|l,ilMl.li«, vol li, pji. •>4], U' Ibiil, p 332 I'.Uli I) 10 As to till' 'Vcttuimiui taken in I'irttinn. The testiiUDiiy t.ikcii in \icl )ri;i is i',nii|ii iM.-d in thirty attidivils ainl di'daralinns made hy jicrsons who LfiNc lln'ir iH'cn|)atioiis as I'lilldus; - 7 (lesi'i'ihc ihcmsch cs a'- IFimt.rs. li „ ., .. Scaiucii. ;! ,. ,, ,. Master .Mariners 2 ,, ,. ,. .Inurnalists. 2 ., ,, ,. Traders. 1 ,, ., ,, a I'aiiiler. 1 ,, .. a ('i\ il i;iii;iiieer. Two iniiiortaul deelaial ions are llie ileclaralii)ns of Mr. F. Kiiii,' Hall and Mr. 11 II. M.'Manns. Thusc two declarat inns ai-i' elscwheie dealt with. As ros^'ards the remainder, in many iiistaiiees tin' dcpdiicnts have al^n made decdar.itions at the request of a roprcseri'.iitive of (licat Britain, and in siiuh dec'laralii)ns tliey llatly eontradiet the assertions made in tiieir Iwrmer dotdarations, and in some instances the deijonents deny that they stated what is attrilmted to them ; in otjior cases the statements niaile hy the deponents are eim- tradicted hy tlie declarations ol' (jther and more responsihle persons : and, I'lirther, several ol' the deponents an; pi-rsons al)solut< ly unworthy of credence. It is also to he noted that wlieh' any ol these thirty witnesses make any statement as to the projjortion of seals lost hy hunters, they state thai liroporlion to he \vi\ ^'reat ; hnt in s(-ven (d' the cases, alt liouarh the witnesses jiosses.s eonsideralile experience in pelai,'ie sc-alinL,', no statement is made hy them on this point, allhoiii;h two of the seven state in later allidavits that they were expressly qnestioncil on this point hy the United Sl-ites' Aijent and pave him their opinion. The i'oUowinfjj are a I'ew cases in which de- ponents have, as ali )V<' mailioned, expressly emlradieted their i'or.ner ulleranees: — n Statements in Drjiasilions litkrn an behalf of l^tatrincntu 0/ sauif Wilni'sscs in Depositions tlir United States. taken on behalf of (Ireat Britain Thorwal Matliasoii. — As lo luinibcr of females in coast catiOi : — '• We cmi^lilcivcr 1,0(10 Ki'iils (p|l lliO const ; uiosl "I tolil liiiii [ihc I'liitud Stales' Aj^'rul] iihout .ill fi-'tiiiilus.aml 11 ^Tciil iiiiiiiliiT (if tliuiii liuil yoiiiiji llirw nia of live wuri'li.'Hifilcs." — (Brilisli Coiinlw- jiiips ill diciii."- -d'niii'il Sliitcs' Caso, Ap]M-tiilix, < 'asn, Appimlix, \ol. ii, ]i, KJT.; vol. ij, p :3.'1!U As to iuiimIk'I' of sells lost : — ■ ll lakes uiiyuliciv fniiii (.iii' to Hveiity -lioi.son " 11.. [tliu riiiti:il Slates' Aijuiil] did nut ask im- the avi'iiiL,'!' to si-iiiio a seal, ami 1 liiiiik we i,'ot iiow many seals were lost Ijv siiikitiL', Imt if lie alioiit three out of live that we killeil."_( I'liiteil' liail I wouM have told him "very few were lost. States' (.'luse, Aii]ieiidi\, vol. ii, ji. li.lO.) Last yeai-, out of I'dl'iseats taken hy tlie boat I was ill, 5 were lost hy siiikiiif; ; this, 14l' were taken, and :! were losi by .siiikin.L,'. 'I'liis is about the usual liereeiita^je lost. . . . The lirst shot kills the slee]aii,i^ .'ieal if the hunter is any fjood." — (liritish Cuuiiter-Case, Alipendiy. vol. ii, p. 1(17.^ Henry Brown : — ■In 1800 1 was a seaman on the ' Minnie.' In A lonj; deposition on sealing matters |invpoi;inj; l«!ll a seaman on the ' Maseotle.' In IH02 I was lo bi; made by tliii witness appears in the t'nia'd a seaman on tlie 'May IJelle' until lln' l^^lh States' Ca.se, Appendix, vol. ii, p. IU7, in wbieh he April. slates hewa,? employeil on the schooner " Minnie," "1 have never ;.'i\en any slaleineni to any ISDII. thi' - Maseotte," 18!ll. ami the ■ May I'.elle. ' ])ersi)n on .^-ealin^ matters eiilier at Vieloria or any li-U'Ll. other plnee. 1 am [lo.sitive that I was not in \'ieloria in the miintli of April last, and did not then or at any other lime or ]ilaee make any stnti- nieiit lo any person alnait sealiii'.'," Alfred Darilcaii. — As to pniportioii of ffniaics ; — ■'Of the .seals that were caiifiht ell' the loast. -I consider halt tlie seals cai^dit by the fully 90 out of every 100 had youii},> pujis in .s. horuier ■ V.. 1!, Maivm ' [the only .sealiii.;,'-'ves,sel them. . . . fin 111 hriic .'Sea) most all of them he was ever lai] duriii;,' the time I was aboard of were femalas that had 'jiveii liirth lo tlieii youiif; her were females, and a larj;e proportion of these on the islands."— (I'liited States' Case Appendix, female .si'als were barren."— (Hiitish (.'ountur-L'ase. ■ol, ii, |i. :!2L'.) Appendix, vol. ii, p. 181., William Short. — As to proportion of foinales ; — "When eruizinn almi;,' the coa..,'S, whieli wen; about half male and half female. In February 188,"i I sailed from Victoria, liriti-b Columbia, in the scliooncr ■ 7ti,' I'otts, ma ter. ... and eaujilil about 20 seals, all of whieli were iirei;uaiit females."— (I iiited States' (.'ase. Appendix, vol. ii, p. "J W.) .lames Jamiesou. — As to luimber of seals lost : — "Tiie ordinary white hunter will, on an average. ■' I think the avi'iage hunter woul.l miss one- lose over half that lie kills and wounds."— (I'liitud third the seals shot at Not over one seal States' Case, Appendi\, vol. ii p. :'.:'.!. } in twenty i-seajies after beiiij: shot by the hunter." — ( Ibitish Counter- Case, Aj)pen,'nient to form an opinion of anythiiif,'. I eonid n(jt think of a more wortlde.ss man to ask to tell any- thin;,'of seals."— (liritish I 'oinitii-(.'asf. .ViiiJendi.x, Vol. ii. |i. I OS.) As to number of seals taken (1801) : — " Wa.s out in schooner 'Thistle' in l-'ehruary, March, and April I.S'.tl, and did not see as many seals as the years previous. Don't think that more than one .seal outof sixwas secured in ISdl." — (t'nited States' Ca.se. p HIO.) Kdward Cantillioi! says: ■When 1 j.iineil the steamer 'Thistle' she had lieen out nearly three months (this was in .\pril I.SiM), and the catch up to that diite was nine skins. She was called hysealin;: Jieoplc 'did .Vine Skins,' and tlieio was not one hunter on her who had .-secured four skin.s up to the date of my joinin},' her."— (Untish ('onntir-<'iisi.. Appendix, vol. ii, p. 117.) Artiiur Grillin. — As to value of evidence (iiv VH evil ence as to distance em:' 'I'S ar • li ken waste of life, .te- (I niti 326.) coinpo.sition of catch, from PriliylolV Islamls, il States' ( 'a.se. pp 'A'^'i, Captain T. M,i:;Me.M'n, master ol si liooner on which (irillin was, says: " Anioni: my crew when I went somh was a man named .Vrthur (irilhi:. He made the trip to San I'ranci.sco, hut deserted when he ;Ti,t !o Victoria. He w:is with me two and adialf or thri'e month.s. This is his first year as hoat-stcerer, and he had no experience in scidiiii;. He was a farmer boy from Virjjinia, I think. "—(I'ritish (.'o'lnter-l'ase, Appendix, vol. ii, p. lt;«.) Ercd. Smith. — As to value of evidence :- Testifies as to the mi^ralion routes of the seals, (iniposilion of catch, number lost bv siiikiny, ii -(United Stales' Ca.se, ]k 'M'.).) Will Parker. — lie credibility : — Testilies to com]ioKition of calch on coast and in Behriiij; Sea, number of .seids lost, decrease in number of seals, \c. — t I'liiled J^talcs' Case, pp :'.t:l, lilt.) fldOj Caj'tain (leorj;e Midinnuld s.ivs: 'I know I'red. Smith, who was a hunter on the schooner 'Mascotle' last year. I havi' known him six years. He was a ' rivet boy 'at the Albion Iron Works iu this city (Victoria) until he went out sealin;.' He is about l.s years old — cerlainlv not I'.l. 1 do not consider him competent to {jive an opinion on sealiiiLT matters, nor would I value his o]iinion or judL'iiient on any matter, " — (liritish Counter-Case, .\p|>cndi\, vol. ii, |i. h!!).) Charles I'eteis, mate of the ' Jlascotti' " in 1891, says that l-'iederick Smith was a hunter mi that .schooner lli;it yeai'. That they were out live months, and that Smith did not j/et nmre than twelve skin.s. He (Sniitli)was on the "Sea I. ion ' In IXHL' as a boal-pnller. • I do not coiisiiler him at all eompeteni to lorni an opinion ahonl sealing. He is simply an overgrown boy." — (liiitisli ( oiintcrl ':tse, vol, ii. p, I 7'-'.) Captain (ieorije McDonald says: "I know virv well William Talker who was one sea.son a hunter on ihe schooner ' Walter 1,. 1,'icli.' I consider him u fair hunter, but I would not tiikc his wmd, nor do I think anybody who knows him would 1 know he was once arrested for vaL'raiicv Anion" 11 inimlers aii'l miUfs In- liii.s a pdor r(']mtatiiiii, ami in not the kinil i\( a man they I'aic lo takr (in a voyui;c'."~ (lirilisli (Vmnli-'r-CaMc, Ap|i<'nilix, vul. ii. p. 'l ()!».) (Iciiifji' (,'. (ii'fow says tliat he lias kntuvn Will I'arki'i' I'lir sovcn yrais. Ik' was mil siulint; with liini in 1S8'.), and " I'ViTy pt'i'sim on Imard khi- sidiTcil him a iiuur hunter." He says that he kniiw's fnim personal expciicnie tliat l'aik<'r is a liar, and that he wuuld nut hclii'Vc him (jn cath. " lie Wduld, in my (ipini(jn, j^ivc I'vidonic in an,\ wav dl^sir^■ll I'nr alin-il two diiiiks of whi^koy. and I'oi mimcy he wnnid make any slalfmriil. Ili- i'^ wi'll known as an idle I'cdIuw, and I would call him a ihcap liar."— ( Itriti"!! Countcr-t.'a.^i'. .\p- ]p('Im1ii. \nl, ii, p, 171 ) Aiulrow Liiiiii? : — Andrew l.aiuf,' was examined hy Ma|nr Williams in Vietaria, and his ti'stimouy has heeii printed m tlie I'nited Slati's' Case, pp. :'•"■ l. HUri. In later testimony he says ; '■ Major AVMlams did not take ; )wn all I saiil. When what 1 said diil not aj,'ree with what" he ihou'.dit, he would either not listen t.. me or would arene with me. and then ehaiiee IIk' sulijei-t. One tliiiif,' 1 rememli. r was ahca.l the •uniher of seals lost hy heiii^' killeil and then sinking,'" lie told him very lew wen lost in lliiit way. hnt this he thinks was not taken down. Jle further says ; " I heard that others had received money from Major Williams, and know that many of the men wore not .sealers at all — (■(»'(» and .sailors ■>m \o.ssols and ' loii^'shoremen.' Ned I'seloss. one of those men, (old mo that he had 1 -ten ^'ivi'n money to give his ovidenee. lie is ii.il a man that loidd In- trustud, and is drunk every el iiuo ha eels, f Ihousht it VI rv str.injie that smh men shmild In' iiskod lo give evidein'o when men thai knew sonie- tluDH alituit sealine were to he had."- ( I'.rilish Cnnnler I 'a.He, .\i.pendi\. vol. ii, p. 10'.'.) E. M. Gi'ceiik'iil' : — ■ In 1891 1 went on a ■.ailiiii; erui/e as ni.e-ter of the schooner ' MMiiolain < 'hiof.' h'avinj^ \'ietoria on the. 12th Alav We captured si.'ily-threi' seals, all of which wer^' tern, del and all were pregnfliit." ■•.liiii." or Narwa.ssan, of I'ac 'ien.ih, N'anco'iver Island, testifies th, it ho is owner .md master of tho " .Moiinlaiii Chief;" that tlreeiih af was navi;,'alor for him one niiaith in IH'.i] ; i hat not one seal was eol during the lime tlreeiile if was with him that lie was not -ealiiif; that n.oiith, as ho could not pet canoi 3. (uoenliaf wiiit with him to I ■huckleosit, on the West coast; that the schooner was then liroui;lit hack to rachonah, whore tlreeii leaf left fiu' A'icloria. Ho lurlher stalo3 that (Ireeideaf is a aiiiuf.'{,der, and wanted to hire his schooner to take opium to Califoinia. — illritish I'uunter-Cuse, Appendix, vol. li, p. l-Jd.) Frank W. Adams, merchant, id' \"icloria, IcstiHes that he was ]'resent in April IS'.M when (inonloaf was cni^aj^cd to act as navifiator on the " .Mountain Chief" hv N'arwassan ; that ahout a uioiilh after tlie a-^reeineiit was made he saw fireeiileaf had- in Victoria, and saw him l'rei|iiently after that, duriii,e the sumincr, on the street ; that hy common repiitalinii (Ireenleat is a sniUL'eler and United States' revciuio spy conihiiied, and has no fixed occupation or omployniont olhorwiso. — (Uritish Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. 'Jt.) From inquiries that liavi- liooii mado, tiiul it is also apparont, that the IJiiitod States' Au;ent in Victoria has only haii.led to his ( lovcrnmoiit such testimony as he tiKnii,'ht was of use to their CISC, and that he has rejected a eoiisiderahle. amount of importanl tcsHiiinny which t old auainst his side. 'Die foUowins; re\vexain[iles stiUlcicnlly demoii- stiate this: — 16 J. H. Fanning ; Testifies (liritisli t'oiuitei-i um', Ap|ii'inli.\, -..-l. ii. p. ,"5) that lie .111(1 five otlicr hunters lidni thi' ■ llcniy li.nnis'' were invited on board the " (Jorwiii ' to tell l aptiiiii Ijiveniler what tljiy knew of seals, Imt only mic of thiiii. Krnesi Miner, was i-Miiniineil [sre liis tiistiniony |. lie iilso U.'i'tilies that lie gave Mr. Alcx.imler, an Aj,'eiit of the United States, nt auotliei lime nincli the same evidence tis appears in the Appendix to the I'.iitish i ounter-Case. [Thi.-< testimony was not used in the I'liited States' <'a.sr 1 Thoodor Alagnescn : — Was examined lpy a l.ieiili .ant of the "I'urwin" as to piTcentafw h«t, dnrease in numlier of seals, oomposition 'if catch. T' -.timoiiy not printed in I'nited States' "ase. — fSee r.ritisli ( 'ounter-l 'a.-.!'. .\pi«'ndix, vol. ii. p. 74.) Au<;ust Tychson : — Testilie.s till! he was •■xauiiiii'd hy Major Williams mi Victori,i on the ii2nd April. }H'.)2; that ho wa.s a.sked whether green hunters did not destroy about SO per cent, of the seals shot at— to whirh he replied that he himself had not destroyed 1 jut rem. ol the mmIs lie had .shot at J that Majiir \VilIianis wrote a imm1)er nf iiuesiions and answers, and nM|uested him to sign them. The answers not being eorreri and in aecordance with facts, he refused to sign tliiin. — liritisli Coiinter-Ca.-ie. .\ppciidi.\, vol. ii, p. 181).) Ivhviii Eustace : — Testifies tliat he w.is pr..nii.sed 2 dollars in April 1.S92 if he would go to ilu. Dniid Hotel a. id give evidence about sealing. He did go, and gavu evidence as to the proportion of females killed, number of seals lost, &c. After having given his testimony he was told that it was of no use to them [I'nited States' Agents], and was not asked to sign it. When he demanded the 2 dollars that li.id lie'Mi promise.l him, it was not given bini, and 50 cents l)''iiig tendered hini he reliLseil it. — ^liiitish Counter-Case, Appendix, vol ii, p. 181.) CONFIDENTIAL. '7 Comparison of Statements in the UnitccJ States' Case with those made at a later date by the same Witnesses, and References to United States' Witnesses generally. Teatinwni/ taken at ricioriu. Tllliri-lfl .].r,.l/ut nil. / 1~ IN teatiiuniiy jiriiitt'il in I'niteil States' C'aso in crciliti'il uiili s;iyinf4 ""'t of l,0(iii seals taken ntl' tli(; i..i. Thai tliiit arc -I iii 18!(1 must all wen; I'eiiialis. — it tal;i.s trom one to twenty sliots to a seal, iiiid that alumt tliiiie o\il of five killrd are seciirecl ; p'loi hunter^ wciulilii't IN tofitiniony luintud in Rritish Counter-Case, A]i]icii(li\, Vol. ii. )i. 1G7, say> that when exaniineil by I'liilctl Slates' Agi'ul he told him that alieiit three uut uf five were females. States that he wa^ imt .isked how many seals wore lost liy sinking, bnt that if he had heeii asked he Would have said very few were hisl. Of y.'i;! seal.1 liiken hy tln' hoat he was in in 1891, 5 wero loat hy sinking, and that is the u.sual per- centage. " Thi.-- yeai I was out again on I he ' Oseiii and Hattie' in t!ie spring, but we gut few sf.ils, as our eaptain did not umlerstand abuiit when the boat- oughl to be lowered, or bow 3euls i.ught In be hunted," Thorwal Mathason furlliei testilie.s thiil he wa-j paid ii ili.llar> foi the tesiiunuiv he I'nited States' Agent, and a fuither sum of .'iH lenl.s eaek for every man he look to ihe Agent'.s room, many of whom were " longslmremen who had never been sealing, and who he believed had never Neon a seal. Siuli men weie paid niily "al cents fur iheir cvideni.-e." ,et more than one nut of live. — (I'age H31I.) are not so plentiful on the " I think the coast this year.' ,.,1. -(I'age not gave lu >/. »S. Fiiniiiiii/, Testilies (British Counter-Case, Appendi.x, vol. ii. p. ."■."■» that 1 " llemy biennis " were inviled on board the " Curwin " to lell Ca| seals, bul oidy "ne of them, Krnesl Miner, was examined [see his le.- ^ j. gave Mr. Alexander, an Agent "f the fnitet! Stales, al another time, mueh api"ai-8 in the Appendix to the I'.ritish Counter-Case. [This testimony wn.s n States Case.] O'lr-ji Jiit/ion: and live other hunters from the . in Lavender what they knew of le.stiniiinyj. lie also testilies that he the same evidence . -'7.) '■ A few cows there [in Hehring Sea) would be in milk." — (ISrilish Counier-Case, Ajipendi-v, vol. ii, ]). '•'.) 'I told him [Cnilcd Slates' .\gentj 1 ihoaghi the Sea ipught to be closed till .il.iout end of .fulv, nud then let us go in."— {I'.iitish Connler-Case, vol. ii, p. ."7.) 11601 "A large proportion of all Ihc seals taken are females in pup." — (I'nited States' Case, |i. :!2.'!.) " Alost of the seals taken in I'.ehring Sea are females. Have tid. Smith. Captain George McDonald say.s : " 1 know Fred. Smith, who was a, hunter on the schooner ' -Mascotte ' last year. 1 have known him six 'I'estiHes as to th , migration routes of tlie t eomiiositiou of catch, number lost by siidtiug — (Uiuted States' Cafe, p. 3-10.) ynars. He was a ' rivot boy' at llio Alliinn Troii Works in tliis city (X'irinriu) iiiilil lie went out sealing. He is alioul 18 years oM— cerlairily not 10. I (111 not r(in.--iiler liiiii cuiiipeteut tn give an fipinimi (in seiiliin; Dialtcr.'!, nm- \V(Jiild I viJiie his (Pijiiiidii or judgment (in any mailer." — (liritish f'ount>-r-(,'asf', Apiicndix, vul. li, p. I(i0.) Cliarl(>'^ I'ctor.>, inaledl' tl.e " ^ra.se•lUe" in LSI)!, says that Frediriek Sniitli \va-; a Imnter nn t'lat schooner that year. Tliat tliey were oiit five months, and tliat Smith did not pjct more than twelvi! .skin-i. He I'Smilh) was m. the " Sea Lioji" in 1H92 asalioat-imller. I all comiieteiit lo lorni an ■ Ho issiiiiplyan ovcij»r()\vn In Case. vol. ii, |i, 1 72.) Ill not iiinsiik-r liim at •|iii)iiin ali.jut sealing. iy. — (liritish Cmnitor- T/fi.dor MaOii. April by Major W illiams anil lliem. — (Uritish ( ounter- dolhirs for his ''The ordinary white hiiiiler will.on an average, losi' over half tlmt he kills and woiinds." —(United Stall's' Case, Ajipi'iidix. vol. ii, p. 3'U.) '• In hunling along llio coast, I lliiiik iiboiU ■Sl'l per ci'lit. of those we caught werr females, and iiisidu."— fP.riti.s)! Couiiter-Crtge, Appendix, vol. ii, p. 180.) most of tliem were carryinj; thnir yoinij;."- (Uiiitod StalKs' Ciise, ApiH-iidix, vol. ii, p. a.'U.) Afral Lunlani " I con.sidcr half the serds caught Iiy tla; schooner ' K. I!. Marvin' [the only .scaling-vcs.sel he wa.s ever on] diirhi^' llie time I wa.s nlmard of her were females, and a lnr>;c pioportiim of tlic.se female .-icals were liarren." -(I'.riti^iii Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii. p. ISl.) " <-)f the .seals that were caujjht off the c(ja.st fully 00 out of every 100 had young pup.s iu thorn. . . . [In Beliring Sea] rao.st all of them Wore females that had given birth to their young on the islaiid.s."— (United States' Case, Appendix, V ol. ii, p. :vi'l.) lie did not le Secretary. the idence, which ho signe 1, .ind wa^ paid 2 ilollar.-, for it by Major William Edwin Eustace. Testilies that bo w rs promised 2 dollars in Ajiril 18!)2 if he would go to the Uruid Hotel and "ive evidencoalv.ul siMlijig. II,. did go.and gave evidence a.- to the proportion of females killed, numbt°r of seals lost, &e. After having given lii.s testinu)ny he was told that it was of no u.so to them [UuIKmI States' Agents], and was not asked to sign it. AVheu be domandeil the 2 dollars that had been promised him, it was not given liini.'and ."iO cf'ii's being tendered bim lii. refused it.— ( British Counter- Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p 181.) William A. Slwrl. " I told him that in some places we got most males and in others most females.' — (British Counter-t'a.se, Appendix, vol. ii, ]j. 1.S2.) " When cruizing along the coast our principal eatcb was female seals in ])Up Fully 00 per cent, of seals olitaineil by us in Behring Sea were cows in milk." — (United .states' Case, Aiipendix ii, p. 348.) Ilo als(] tostifies that, after having given his evidonco he signed— Imt did not swear to — it, and was paid 2dollar.s. — (British (.'ountcr-Ca.se, Ajipendix, v.d. ii, ]i. U<2.) In United .Slates' Case bis testimony is very much fuller than from his later evidence it would seem to have been, and is sworn to. Testimony of Vancouver Island Indians. Clal-hi-Ui. " 1 bavi' bunli'il both from shore and IVom .scliooncr." ■'I told bini [I'nitc'il States' Agc^nt] that Ibis year our tribe hail got T.'iO .seals with ninetoi'U canoes lisbing from the shore, and tbat wt' had got more last year. I told liinj one eanoc owned by a man nanuMl Kennody, of the .same tribe a^ I am, had got S(i hi'als from tho shore last year."' '■ I lolil bim [Uniteil Slates' Agent] I li.id sern seals inside; of Barclay .Sounil, and ha%o killed them as far up as Turn I'ninl, and even liirtlea- uji the canal. 1 told bim iliat when the bail wouM come in sumetimis I woidd go out and get three seals in a little while, and have gone a mile and a- liolf outside N'illage Islaml, when the herring have been plenty, and .seen lots, and that I have seen a canoe getfrom 1.") to 20 a-ilay there .... Seals come into B,ire!ay Sound eveiy year — sometimes more than otbei's — the more lisb that eomi' in the more .seals Come."— (lirilisb Counter-Case. A]ipendi\, vol. ii, p. 1."'0. ) Other (lueslions rebaiing to numbers of seals li dcadioi by the United St.ites' A,gi'nt. luil bis r British Counter-Ciise.) ■ He does not hunt in schooners." "This sea.son this village got 80 seals, and four ■anoes were manned from this village.'' " .Sometimes a few seals follow schools of herring nto [Barclay] Sound and go out hurriedly. On' such occasions a few are killed." — (1,'nited States (,'a.se, p. :!0."..) Chit (.See 1st by sinking, re a Chief, but testifies that he never was one, and ne\ er said he was. He was paid 'i dollars for his evidence by the United States' Agent, and each of the men with him 1 dollar. Imihap. Certifies to evidence given by Ehenchesul licing Certifies as to evidence given by true. — (lirilish Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, being true. — (United States' Case, p. ■' p. 1511.) ChiUia. r.hcnchesut (18.) Certifies as to evidence given by Ehenchesut being true. — (United Slides' Ca.se, p. SOS.) [See testimony of Ehenchesut above.] Told the United Stales' .Vgent that in a seasuu a canoe would get about 100 seals. He told him that about oOO seals had been taken by sealing off shore. " 1 never bdd the old man that seals did not eome in to Barclay Sound, for we kill them every year away u]j as far as llird liocks" — (British Countei-Case, Ajipcndi-x, vol. ii, p. 1 15.) Clapjia, S.iisuin, Chakatl, and Oponyak certify, in United States' Case, jip. 307, .')08, to the truth of what Ehenchesut .'-aid. In declaration ilated 7tli Xovouibcr, 1.89_', Ehenche-iiit .says that none of these Indians spoke at all al the time they appeared before the United State.s' Agent. ■lohii ^^|||■f/alhl■ (.Vdifjolieh). '■ I lold him [Tainted States' Agent] that the si.'.als came in every year anupiigst the islands, and were also found olV the coast every year. I .said young pups were eauglil about tlie .Sipund and ppff the coa.st every year ; some years more and smne years less I could not have tobl the captain that seals never came into the Sipund, for 1 have been twenty-five years on tliis eoasl, and have always seen the seals eome into the .SouupI i-'very year." " Never said I was agent for livi^ sealing-vessels, because I am not agent for any." — (British Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. 1.54.) " .States that fur-seals are rarely seen in Barclay Souml, and are usually I'piund cpfl' the coast at a distance of from 'i to l."p miles. They are found ill clear water, and la'ver close to land. " Ho is also agent for live sealing-vosseU owned in Victoria." — (l.'nited States' Ca?e, pp. 308, 309.) W'likciiunenrli. " I was asked [by United States' Agent] ni.iiiy iiuestiiius, and si.id there were not many seals in the Sound and along the cua.st this year, but last year (1801) there were jdenty. Said the reason was that this ytar while men ha'! eome in and hunted them away with guns and made them wild. 7/i told me that the Indians formerly hunted the seals for iheir loud, Init niiw lliey hunted them for Ihi'ir skins. While man asked nio how long I thought it would be before llieto woidd be no skins, and 1 said that woidd be im- possible ; tliere would alw.iys be lots of skins, but they would be harder to get, because the seals were wilder." — (British Counter-Case, Ai)pendix, VI 1, ii, p. l.")8.) " States that seals do not come in close to shore in this locality [Barclay bound]. Seals are caught utf the coast at from '> to 20 miles. Formerly Indians hunted them fur food, but now- aday^ while men and Indians hunt them fur their fur, and they are raipidly dimiiushing in number, l-.isl year there were fi.nver than ever before. This year the natives caught about one-half as many as last. In his o|iiniun the seals will scon be exlermiiiated, and in three years there will bo no more aenling." — (United .States' Case, ]i. 311.) CliarUe Ilmjvkh f'(!ili)iL'3 to truth of wluit Wacki'muie-ii.l -(Unitfil States' C'aso, p. 312.) " None of us Iiuliaiis think (lie seals are any fewer A year a;;o wo took over l.dOOseals at liarchiy S:.-aMil from I lie coast." — (British Connler-Case, Ai)]jenilix, vol. ii, |i. 14'j.'> Though most of the witnesse.s who ijave testiinOMv to th(; I'niteil States' Agent .say in their later (leelaraliou> that they were [Lskcil (|ues(iiiu.s as to dcciease f.r not in the uunil^er of seals, conii"i,sitioii of eateli, miuiher lost hy .sinkin-'. \c., the last two ]ioints are not rcfern-il to in the testimony jJiinti'J in the Uniteil States' Ca'ie, and the f ' w rerereiices to tlie first point — deerease— are misstated 'J est I moil ij taken :it Senh Buy. Aflhnr /.ouin llilym. Te.stilics that on the l"Jth day of November, 1892, he went to Neah Hay for the pur))ose of proeuriii'T from llie Indian., there evidence for the use of the liehrinr; Sea Arhitrators. The Indian .Au'enl llM're, dohu I'. Jledlynn, told him that the Indians had alieady given eviw« Has lived iu .San Im.hicisco twenty years, and been engaged in scaling tliirly yeais. I'estifies that he knows most of the vessels Healing out of that poit.and never heard of the " iMaggie I! ■" " [on which several of the men whose testimony is printed in I'nited Stales' C'ase say they iiavo been J, and knows must of the seal-hunters from there, and certainly all the well-known and good liuntei.-.. He never [160] heard of soi\l-hniiters called Clmilos Cliallal, William II. I.nnp, Tlomy Mason, .Tnlm Daltoii, Tiichar I Dolaii, William Kraser, Tlioma.i tiilwiin, William Alclsaac, I'airic-k MaiMiicy, Nili^s Xolsnn, Addlplmy Stairs, John Wijiulrulf, .[o.-!i'i}li Dmmis, KiauU M. (Jalliiev, Martin Hannon, Andrew lloll'inan, Jamus KoniiL'dy, Jami Malluy, Frank Mur.'au, . lames Sluan, K. W. Soron, (j. Siindrall, William Uciison, nor Adolph \y. Til .m]Hiin, and ihal nom' of llic I'on'^'oing can hu proininunl Inmters or hunters of any aliilily, iir liave any record.— (Uriti-^li Cnunter-Ca.-^e, .Vppendix, vol. ii, p. 1"J7.) IViUiam Coiniers Si.\ yeara' experience. Tcstilies that lui knows all Iho scaling-vessels, as he lias Imiiled I'roiii Victoria, Seatth'. and San Francisco, Thai he is also atipiainted with most of llie huiiteis either personally or liy repmalion, and lliat he ni'Ver heard of hunters named .laiiirs Sloan, William Loiij,', Ifeiiiy Mason, IVti-r Collins, .lohn Ualton, I'icliaid Dolan, William Mclsaac, dames Kuunedy, Patrick Maroney, Xiles Xelsnii, TlMinas I'.rowii, t'haih-^ l'h,dlal, Jii~epli Doiinis, Andrew Ilnlfman, ■lames Kean, William 11, l.on,L;, Henry Masmi, nor William llen.sen, and that they cannot lie men of experience in se.iliie,^. He also testilies that la knows a great many of tlie hoal-pnllers, and dors not recollect ever haviii;.; heard "f any of the il"-\\ -named Vicing employed in any coiineclioii with sealing. — (iSriti.sli Counter-t'ase, Appendix, vol. ii. p. 1 •_".!.) f/o.lirii/, C'rocb'i; Eleven year.s a S'Ml-hunter, Testifies tli,it he thoiks he knows almost all tlie vos.sel.s engaged in sealing, and is acijiiainti-d \vith, or knows hy r.pule, all rlie men who have any standing as hunters. He never knew, and iloe« n.'^t ivmemlipr he.iring of, a see.iing-veiisel calle(l the "Maggie Koss." and does not helieve that an\ sucli vessel ever ilid any sealing. He never lii'ard of any hunters named Peti-r Collins, William Long, Henry Ma.son, .Tames Sloan, John H.iltou, Hichard Dolan, William Mclsaac, I'atiick Maroney, Xiles Xelson, .lames Kenne.ly, Charles Challal, .foseph Dennis, Andrew Hoffman, James Kean, or William H(>nsen, ■■ I iln./s not think they can ever have lieen engaged as seal- hunters ; nor does he rememher ever havmg heard iudi names among the boat-pullers. — (British Counter-Case, Ajipendix, vol. ii, p. 172.) //' iirij Jiilin Lund. Testilies that before he went sealing he was a sailor out of the port of San Francisco, and well accjuainted with all the vessels engaged in sealing, and that there is no vessel engaged in siviling called the ■■ Magi_'ii' h'o^is." He also is aci|uaiiited witli Ihi' hunters ami men that go on sealing-vessels, and does not know Charli's Challal, .Fames Sloan, William Long, Ji.mes Fyfe. Henry Ma.son, .lohn 1 lalton, liichard llolan, Janu'S KciiUrdy, I'atiick Miirouoy, Xiles N'elsou, nor Adolphiis Sayera, and that if any of these men had any record he woidJ ceitainly have heard of them. — (l)ritish Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, ]). IMl.) ./ S. Worth. Testifies that he is familiar with the name."; of all the sealing-vessids, and that he never heaivl of one called the " Mag-ie li'iss," and does not Ijclii'Ve that there is such a vessel engaged in the sealing Imsiness. — (Ihilisli Cnunter-Case, Ai)]jendix, vol. ii, p. 174.) Fnint, Aforemi. ■'The loss from --inkage througli lieing killed .ir mortally wounded would n^t be greater than ,S per cent., whicli w.aild cover thi' whole loss." — •liriti.sh Ccauiter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. 1 :!.".) " 1 think tln're may lie 80 per cent, of the seals on the coast females." — (British Counter-Case, Ap- pendi.\, vol. ii, )). I3."i.) ■' i do not notice that .seals are decreasing." — niritish Counter-Case. Aiipeiidix, vol. ii, p. 13."i.) In reply to tlii! question: "How many do yon actually get out of tho.se you shoot?" lie says: " .Miout 7."> )ier cent. We lose about 2."i per cent." — (I'liited States' Ose, .Appendix ii, p. U'lt^.) Slates that about I'll per cent, of catch arc females, — (United Stales' Case, iV)ipeul Ihdijson. " Lose very few seals by sinking ; from 5 to 10 per cent, will cover my total loss in that respect.' — (British Counter-Case, .Vppendix, vol. ii. p. 134.) " The white hunter secures on an average abcnit ''I or 05 per cent, of all fur-seals shot in the season.' — (United States' Case, Appenilix ii, p. Mtw.) G. ff. Miner The testimony of (J. E. Miner is |ilaced in that part of the United States' Case relating to "Testi- mony taken in Sim Fiunoisco," whereas it was taken on the high seas. 9 " I Lhink atwut :i3 i.it cent, of llio sual.-j witli ii sliot-^un nrii loil." — ( I'liile 1 SUtUfj' ( p. 4r.r,.) " He [the Uiiitetl States' Afjciit] asktd me llu! avora^^e ininilidr (if sumI.i dcstrovuJ. I ivplicii, " Xcit iiiuru tliaii Id ]ic_T coiit." Ill tlii.s I iiichid.'.l tliiwc tliat \V(.-io l.iiilly wiiiiii Icl, and I tlinii/li' would die al'lprwiinls. 'I'lii' actual luiinlicr 1 scr sink ii imioli ,in;dlt>r lliaii lliat." — (l!iiti-.li Coiintur-Casi', A|i])ei!(lix, vol. ii, ji. !J7.) "Tiii.s year I gut .'!8I skiii.s, and Ifl auaU sank and wciv lost. . . . That ni.nht my lu'othci' ami Captain LavcnikTliad a talk about scaling matters. Lav.'udcr toM liiia iliat 1 said I l.ad lost ;)ll per cent, ol' the seals I killed. I never said lliat I liad lo.st :J0 ]iC'i' rent.; it would not have been true liad I said so." — (liritish (Jnunter-Caso, Appendix, vol. ii, p. ',)".) Mr. Jfiner says tliat lie unlici d lli.it wlieii lie was \{\f'uv^ testimony i.nly part ol' what he ••aid taken down. Wln'ii Captain Lav.-mloi wished tie' lype-wriler to take diwu my ans.veis, he repi them in him. " I at the lime ciinii- to the tonelusion that lio wa^ only takiiiL{ iliwn that portion of evidence that he tliuu^dil would helji his case." h'ivr. other hnnlur.s were sent I'or iVom the ■ He T)iaini.s," hut none ut tlnni were examined. " We all ihoughl when we w, re tn giv..' oiiv evidi-ncu, nu one wa, examined lint myself. Captain l.aveiidei -.lid thai his ty]n'-wriler was 8ca-sick,.iiid th.il would not heahle Intake down the evideiiee nl' the other men. We sijoke her [the ' Corwiii '|aL:ain ai or tw.j al'terwards, liut no one was asked Id give evidence. . , . We thouglu it stran.!.;e that. Iiu had asked ,ill of us to give evidence, and all agreed that it wa.s because hethouglit it would imt suit him. 'ISritisli t'ounlei-Case, Appendi.K, vol. ii, p. 97.) slio6 'a.se, was lied my my biil. .he day mit n^lu'in-'l Prrill Mi.nr. Was examined by Captain X W. I.avndev on Uniled State,-' leveiiie-cutler • Corwiii as to eom]iositien of catch, pm-ceiitaee lost by sinking, &r.. and says: "After my evidence liad been taken down, it was read over to me, and I found that many thiie.cs T said were mi.'scon.-trued, and I insisted on liaving these set right, lie liist made changes that I would not auree to, and llien wrote down what I wanted. . . . \Vlicn the hunters came on bnard only one of llicni— my bnalur — was cx.imiiicd. They apjinrently did not care I'm- the kind of evideea' he gave, and did nut ask l.n examine ihe otliei.=!. The huntor.s were surpris.'d that only ene of tbcHi .should be asked to nive evidence, when all had been inviti'd on bnard ti^ ■!•■ so." (liritish Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. Hi) See tcslimuny of (! Iv Miner and .(, S, Fanning. K P, Miner's evidence noi printed in Cniled States' Case. ('(iplaiii. (lenriji: S,.,li Te-lifies in l'.rili.~h t,'iiunt"r-(..'a,se as to compo.sition uf c atcli, number lust bv sinkin,,;, nu decrea.se, and many other |iuiiit.s on which he says he was examined by Captain Lavender, a I'luted Stales' A.i;ent. His testiinuny is not printed in the Uniled Stales' Case. — (British Cuunter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, p. lit),) l'!<.,r,,, ]]■,. LIS.) n.run,,,,,. " Nearly ,iU the seals killi-d in the water lieforu the middle of -luiie arc cow- in jiup, and after that mothers giving milk Seals are not as iileiitiful now as they Were a few years ago. [ think they nvr decreasing un account of their being so iniirh huiii-ed.' — (luitLd --tates" Case.)i. -liri.) 10 Testimony as to Examination of Shins lukcn by Schooner " Emma and Louise." Chn-hi J. Behlov: Tcstilius Unit lie cxniiiineil 1,:iJ2 hhIiciI sUins IVoiii tin' scliO(mor " Kmiim iind Lnnise," iiml l!i:il., on oxnminiitir.i), lie loiiml tin' lot to cnutuiii .--kins nf -l liip^i' Inill'^, ]2:! iii:>li' liir-s.-.il-: (mostly umIiuv), !»S _L:i«y imp'; 1p>s (linn 1 yi-ai' oM. 1,112 I'lii-.oi'ul cow-; (mostly iiiatiuc), nnil lliat Irom the KJiaivMif tln'si' skins most ol' tlu' cows nuist have liccn Iiunvy willi iiiip, aud that tlio imps had been tut from tlicni. — (I'nitcd St:iti's' Case, Apix'ndix ii, p. 40L'.) George Jl''estcr. Ma>toi- of 'Emm;; and I.oiiisc.'" 'IVstifius that In- wa.-; on lioavd that Vcssd whrii the skins w^Tu cxamiiRil, tlinl the cxamiiiation j,'ivon was vcTy siiiicrlicial, mid that the timo occupied did not exceed three hoiiis aiii'i a-half — "no more tliiin was ri i|nired to count and sort the skills as to sizes. The skins were then tnnUed np to the jdaee of business of C. I) I.add " [This was not lieldow.] — (British Counter-Case, Appendix, vol. ii, pp. IT'', 17G.) Charlis D. Ladd. Testilies tliat hi i' the liianagin;4 ownev of the sealiMg-ScliHoner " l-"mmaatel l.oui.'-e," lliat he icconi- panieil the man sent to iusjicct tlie .seal-skins taken by that vessel; that lie i'fo,t,'nized him as an employer of 11. Liebes and Co. [not C. .T. liehlow]. " Tlio time oeiiipicd in discharjjiiii,' was (Voin two to two and one-half hours. The skins were thrown out of the hold on to the deck of the vcs.sel ; there the inspi etor Soiled the skins as to sizes, and aj soon as there was a pih^ of from 30 to 40 it was eliecl;eil oil' and then removed to the dray for delivery at my store. In order tn faeilitate llie woik 1 personally helped by liandin;: the skins to the iiis|ieclor. lie made no examination to ditermine the sex from which the skins had been taken, but sorted tliem as is iirdiiiarily done for the purpose of purchase, wlieu it is ueces.sary to arrive at the dil'ierent sizes and ^'radcs. At the cinielusion of the inspection 1 asked him how many f-'ivy ]iu]is he made out there was, and his reply was that there were ;>7. ... This is the oidy inspeeiiou the skins referred to underwent in this city, lhou;.;h I learned from my book-keeper, ('.eori,'e P.. liarber, that Charles .1. llehlow, of the lirm of II. I.iebes and Co.,siibse- i|iiently came ;ind looked at the pile in my >,. liar." He further testifies that he knows (diaries ,\. I'cdilow, that he is u member of the liini of 11. l.ielies ;iiid Co., and tliiil it was not he who examined the skins on the " I'imnia and Louise," nor was he present durin;,' any of the time they were being in-pected. — (British Counter-Ca~e. Aiipeudix. vol. ii. p. 17ri.) Charles JJ. IJi'Tlvr. 'I'estilies tii;;; he is a clerk ill the em]doy of i',. ]). Ladd; that the day after the l,lil2 skins had been biou!.,dit from the " Kmnia and Louise" to the baseiiuMit of C. 1). l.ndd's place of business. Charles d, Behlow called and said he had come to inspect the skins: that he aceompanicd the .said (.'hailes .L llehlow to the basement, where the skins were all lyin;,' in uiie pile. " On being shown the skins, wiiicli, as I bel'oie .stated, were all in one pile, the said Charles .1. Ijidilow remarked to me that ' he bad to say he had .seen them, lor it did not pay to in,s]ieel them, as he was only paid .") dollais a-ihiy for doing it,' and on saying this be pii ked up and h)(iked at a few skills, not (!Xi;ei;diiig live in all, and gave even these no .';uc!i scrutiny as would lie reipiired to determine the sex. The whole lime the said Charles d. Behlow was so emplnyed did not exceed five minutes, and he did not again see the skins." He further testifies that thes,' skins were subsenueiitly shijiped to C >L 1/inipson and Co., with SG others — 1,428 in all. — (British Counter-Casi', Aiipeiidix, vol. ii, p. IT"'.) A referenee to the statement sent by C. C. Lampson to C. 1 •. Ladd shows that of these 1,428 skins. 422 weighed o lbs. or lcs.s, and -o could not have been females carrying yoiiiig; wdiile IG weighed ]2lbs. or over, and must have been skins «{ huge males; so that but H'Jil skins of the 1,I2.H could possibly have been from females eariying yiorainhi))i prepared tu slum' that the Result of the Investigation made for the rnrposes of the ^-Irbitraiion conhi not have been anticipated by either Party to the Treaty, and that under the Circitnistances no Rei^?dations should be imposed by this 7 ribima/. Mr. Bajar.l to Sir h. Woft. A|,ril 12, 1887. liritUli (..icc. Appendit, Tol. iii. " I'nifcil States No. 2 '1S9Q|,"1J. .•i4. Mr, D,ijarii to Mr. riieli p.. Briti.«li C'M'.'. Appendix. v.-it. iii, pp. 17^-174. IN 1887. U|) to l'-87 ivuulatioiis I'or tlic I'lir- scal lislicrics liiid no! hicii coiisitlcrcd h\ the T.'llitl'd Sl:itl'S. Tlic " .special • '_'culi,iritie.s " of tlif fiir-soal fislii'ric's wi'i'c uil; mI a.s a reason tor the delay in IVaniiiiu- ri'L,'iilatii)iis. Iiirormaliou was promise.' the Urilish Govern- ment reL;ar(lin;> iiistriietioii.s for preventiiii^ indis- eriijiiii.ate slan^iiter. NoiU!, however, were received, lliirin^- the pre[);iralioii of the Case .ind Coimter-Case under the Coiiveiilion of 'i'^!)^, a demand was made I'or eoj)ie.'; of iiistriiclions sent to tlie United .States' revenue-enit mn in Hehriiii? Sea. [n tiie eo|iics furnished it docs not ap]H'ai' that "regnlaiioiis," as conteni])latcd In- the United States' Government in 1887, were ever framed. Wliile, therefore, no " n-i^iilations " were ever considered or framed witii express rcu-ard to pclai,'i(; seaiiiin', it was in 188(i, and at't(n'\i ards atli'mpfeil hy tlie Utiiti>d States, under the ])ro- visious of till' Ala'-kan Statute, ti) jirohiliit pehnric sculim;- in the e;isteru part of HehriiiLr Sea. ,Mr. I'ayard, in l^ss^ proposed reu-uiations "for the preseiv.'ition of fiir-se;ils in lieiiringSea from extermination hy destruction at improper se.'isons and hy improper methods liy the citizens of eiilier country." His ])roj)ositioii was advanced upon tiic as.>iimptioii in siihstaiice of the truth of the rollo\N inu: statements : — [liot'J B 1. A iri'cat (lestviK'tioji of ronialis wlion in senicli (if food, and when siicklhii,' tlioir youii!,', took i)lacc oil the part of pclagiu scalers. •1. Uiily Olio out of I'very tlivcu killrd in tlui \val(M' was socnrrd. :!. 'i'lie systoiu of kiUiiiic on tlu' i--!aiuls did not iii(erfoi'i> witii lliL" In'CL'diiiL;' of tlic seals. Mr. liayanl rcinarkod — "TIkU till' (■McniiiiiiUiiiii of till' fuivswils liiilsl sunn lukc Mr. Bayard to , , , . . Mr. riiclpH. [ilai'c lUiUiSS tlicy arc iirutuctpcl 'luiii ilcstnicUou in lirliisli Cmo. liuliiin- S,-!i is shown by thu fate of llic iiuiinal in nihtv p^Pj^J'"^' *'"'■ "'' liarls 111' till' wurlcl, in Uic absi/iicc nf cnnceited action ani.Mi.n' till' iialidiis interested I'ur its jiresei'vatiuii." Xeirotlalions for a tdoso soasi a in Bcliriiig Sea fell tlii'ouuli wlien if ajipcared lliat llie T'nifcd Stales proposed to take seals on the island, while a close season was to he enl'oreed in J'li'liriiiij Sija diiriiii^' the only months in wliieh the seal was found in that region. In ISllO negotiations -were resumed. Mr. m.-. nuin.: to sir J. J?lainc tendered evidence of profossiona), experts 1),™* case, and of oflicers of the United States. •■ LEd''statei"No. 2 The main facts assorted hy them were— "*'"'•" i'- '"*• 1. Tlu; loss of seals shot at sea from 1,"), 20, 25, lo 70 per cent. 2. Females preserved by the .system on the islands were the seals chielly destroyed by pekagic sealing in ]$eliriiig Sea. 3. rroliihition of ])elagic sealing in Behring Sea only would preserve seal life. ]. Females killed in search of food in. Behring Sea. l"pon these statements ISfr. Blaine proposed to ])rohibit jielagic sealing in Behring Sea. Ucr Majesty's Govornment found the United Stales' oflicial statenKsnts most iiiisatisf-ietory. The following will illustmte the dilticulty ex])erienced in coming to a conehision as to the exact condition of seal life on the islands in ndiring Sea : — Fn 18S], Mr. T'aylor, a Special Agent at the nritish rase islands from April to August of that year, said (..''i'sS. '"' '° ' "' there was in his time no diminution. In 18S4, Mr. Wardman, an Assistant Agent ihij., p. 410 ; and at the Seal Islands from ] 881 to 1H85, reported p.' 93."'' " ' seals as increasing. In ]8o5, ilr. (ilidden. Agent in charge of the "•''■'"''' .„ ' • o o UOth Coug.i 2nd Seii.> Seal Islands from 1882 to 1885, reported no f-'^l- chaniie luwl taken place in the number of seals Appendix, vol. ui, p. 4«. n li, 3flfl3, Snih Coni;., 2nd Sesg. p. liji, DrItiRli Cane, Appendit, vol. iii, p. H«. Rcint ions with Canada, p. 1'15. Dfitiuli I^apora. •' I'liit".! Siuiga No. 1 (1S»1I • r'anadian Prinl, Confidimtiat ( 'orrc- poudciicc, •' Bthrin;^ Sua.-' p. 555. .?an Frin'i CO ncwa- inper, November 3ii, 18'JO. from tlm timn of liis .'iiTivnl In lS'-2 lo liis (lofiarturo iti 18S5. In 1«8(!, Mr. Ti:i:?!p, A-ml in cliar^'i^ from ISH.') 1() 1889. roporfcd llic sivils r.s still on llio incronsc. Fa 1887 anil 188'^. tliis nmcor reported an iiuTcaso, and denied t'lat soal life wis hcin.,' di'lilctcd. Ti! 18Sn, Tdr. ■\Vilco.\-, 11„> Sblisficnl A'^cnt ..f (lie United States' Fisli Conimis^ioii'Ts, tcsiided Ix-rore a Committee of tlic T^nitcd Slates' SeMat(! tliat seals lifid linon seen in as many nirnl)ei-s thfit year as ever before. C:i])tain Ifealy, Coniniaiider oi' tlie Tnllcd Stales' revenue-cutter " iicar," after Ins crui/.e in liejirini,' Sea, r<'ported as follows : — '■ I lliiiik llii'i-c ;ui' ]iviilialily as iimny .-v.il.-, :i:i i'Mt, l-ia, llii' had vcullirr Uiis MMsuii iijiiy liuvi' (.iinswl llit' .sumII cuU.'li, mid i'iiii(iii''d llif Iiir;-;ci- cati'lics U< .nilv ,i I' w Iiuiitfrs. , . . " II slimdd ii.it 111- !i iiiiittiT (if .siivpi'iso if the son] ri'l'ii'-o to hin-il MS lliickly us in tVnincr vc:irM. Sniiip niptniiis told ni() tlicy liad .vci-M fiir-scals I'lrllicr imvlli llmii lii'forc. Tliis may liavc^ liccn causiil l,y scarcity of food or stormy woallier." :Mr. Gofi; Speeial ALjeiit in 18U0, reiinrled, (ui the 31st July of that yi'ar :— " Xolwitlislaiidiiii; tlio lac| tlial tli.> ,«|.,ds wov look-,. ; upon as iiii'xliaustiMc, and wiv ollioialiy icjiortcl to !«j iiK'rcasiii.^ as lalo as 1,S,SS, Ijio time lias .snddoaly como ulii'ii cxiioi.iiiiMil ami imaj,'iiialioii must OuiLso, and tlie truth lie li.iil." His Assistant, jlr. Ifurray, r.'povts in tli- same year: — "Tlial tho srnls should liavo dis,i|i]i|.ared sn rapidly siiirr (lie Ii'oporl of yniir pivdcrossor in 18,StS i^ su a.i' u proposition to proliibit pchi^Ic- si'alinn' in Hcluiiii;' Sea, camo from ollicers of llic I iiitcil Slates' (jovcrmiiciit. or IVom persons interested in the Company wlio \hM a lcas.0 ol' the Islands. That liiese stiito- menis were made after tlie dispiile had arisen lietwecn (ireat IJiitain and tlie United States. That tliey ilill'eved materially from odlcial statenieiiis I'ouiid in tin; I'nited States" Exoenlivc (loeunieuls both previous and subseiuient to the (lispiile. 'the alh'Ltations as to the loss of seals in pela'iic scaliiiL;', and the pr')|)ortion lost when slmt, were unsaii-i'nelnry in tlirniselves, and were (•ontradiel<'d by jielaLi'ie sealers. That the cvidenee touehin'j,' the nnnil)er of seal-; on the islands uatheved from the L'nitiid States' ollieial llejHjrts wont to show lliat there was an inereaseof seal lil'e rather than a decrease- 1 1 was contended, moreover, that if tlu!se Jieporis were nnreliable, any decrease on the islands would jire^uniably l)e dui' to I lie want ol' ■[)!• ijK'v pveeauliuns in llie supervision ol' the voolv.ries on these islands. These Jie-o i ns IVIl Ihrouii'll, the I'niled States insistin- on exclusion of pela^'ic .sealers i'roni Pu'liiiuii' Sea. .It was impossible, under these cireumstanees, to au,'ree to tin- ])rohibition of pelauie sealinu'. On the 17lh December, ISUO, ^Ir. l51aine Rriii.u >,a8c, ,, , i- I- 1 Atipcndir, vol. iii. Stated that the L'i.rted Ktates would he satislieil .. mitcd statc.i >\'. i with an excbisier <,!' sealers from within 21) ^"''•"'' '' snarine leai,'ues iVo)u I i.e rrihylolV Islands, from the l.'.th :May "• li'' loth October in (acdi year, and he adds :• — •• riiis wili jirovf an iMfL-utivc uiudo uf j'lu.scrviuK lUi; seal iishcriw." lie also said : — • •■Till' I'liitid ;-latrs (Idc.'.s umI huk iil.miilaiit aiuliniity vM.,y.i( w.wvd'nfA tn IJKi ablest cxiii'rimi'.iils <•( iiitcnialkiiial law l,,r hnldiii- u small section of llie Behriii;,' Sea for the ]n-o- ti'clioii ol' llie I'ur-seak " fn a despatch addressed to Sir .Tulian raunee- April m, i39i. ,. 1 , , • /■ ii liriliali Caic, i'ote, ^Ir. I'hiuie discussed the extension ol tlie Ap,,ei,iiii. vol. iii. » .1 -ir •! 1 cii i • ti ... ,,!' " tiiiiteil States No. authority of the United States in the case o. (isoa)/' i- 1 atcc-^ity, and referred to the control by Great Britain of a large body of water immediately north of tlu^ ciist s( ction of Scotland for lisliory purposes. Ill- !i(l(k'(l : — BrllliUCiM, "ir Civiit llniiiiii iimv tlms LOtitidl an iircu nf L'.TOO Apticndli, vol. ili. , ,. , „ , , , , '■ uultoil Stales No s mills n| drian nn iiir coast of Scotliiiul, \tliy nmy in'l llio ^ " '' ' I'liitid Sillies lu'L'scrilii' II, 3|iii('(! Hionii'l llir Triliyiod Islaiiil- III wliicli similar iiroliiliiliuii-i may lie in Imcu? Till' liillowiii'.MVdiiM Ik: IIim iiouilod leffisjatiiiii fur mkIi :i |iiir|iiisc liy (.'iiiiyrcM.s, iiiiil it is Imt a |inra|ilirasi' of tin.' Act of I'ailiaiiii'iil." 'Vhf Fiiitrd Slates' contoiitioii, llmt iiroliiliilion of pi'lni;ic sciiliiiu' in KeliriiiLr Sen was iicerssary, was tliiis aliniHliiiied, and an achocaey ol' a liiniled zone aliniit, llie linediii4' islands, wliireiti no peiairic sealint;' sliould lie pirinitled, ^vas Ijeyiin. An inipaiiial iii(|iiii'y iiilo the i'acts liaviiiL,' lieeii suii'^csted, liotli (iovernnieiits aiirijed tliat it siidiild lie made. 'I'iie waters iil' Jieliriim' Sea were .alone eon- sideri'd ,ind discussed loiicliin;,' tlu? jiossible rci{ul;itiiins wliieli nnu'lit he I'mmd necessary after diK! investitration. "''' ■ y\v. IMainc, in writini; to Sir Julian raiineerote on tile lOtli Dccenilier, ]'Ol, rel'ers to Hehring Sea retaliations, and to conteinphited rct^nlalions fur that se.a (inly. On the Ith .lime, ls!)l. :Mr. "Wharton Avroto '"''—■ to Sir .Inlian I'auncerotc as follows : — " sir, " I am iiiirrtiil liy tjw l'ii'si.|i-iit ti> sav, in ii)ily lu your note of (lie ord iiistaiil.convcyiiif; tn tlic (luvfriirin'ni uf ilii. I'liilcil Statfs tlif irHjiuusc uf Hit Majesty's (lovrniiiinit tu llii ]iro|iirsal of Mr. lilaiiic for a viui/i'H riirmli relating to ill" s uf T.oii" 111 lie lakuii uii the i>laiiils) ; ami the tiuveriimeiil of tlie I'liileil Stales \\iU pmnnilly take such sleps -as luc l^oi)] C ■' L'nilcrl :^talcB >0. 3 (18M),"p. 32. 6 best calculated effectually tn iusuvc tlie ob.servauce ut this pvohiliition by the citizrus i.i' tho Uuited States aucl the vcfscls ilyin|4 its llaj,'. "These cliaii,L!c3 arc ^u.i,';j;esleil in cjider tlat tin.' /«(«'('< may cleaily have the saiue ten'itorial exteul with tlie pciKliii!;- laopnsals I'ov Arbitraliou." Oil tlu! !)tli .luiic, IS'Jl, :Mr. "Wharton wrote to Jjjj^i,'^''^^";;, ;„ Sir Julian i'uuueul'oli- as follows :— ■■ As tn tlie thinl claus.' ut' yeui liwiipsitiou, 1 aui diiveted t.) say that the C(inteiitii)U between the Uuiteil Stales ami Great Iliitaiu has relation solely to the lespeetive riglils of the twd tioveriiiiionts in the waters ut IJehriiig Sea outside ot the eidinary lenitorial limits, aud the stijiulatiuus for the co-oiieraliou oi' the two Governineuts 2, rol\ 's to Hehrinu' Sea ;ind to the Arbitration as for — " the settlcnu'nt (j1 the respective ri,^ht,> of the Uovern- meuts in these waters and in the fur-seal lisherics therein." Lord Salisbury, tcdegraijliing to Sir Julian rauncofotc on the 2(ith March, 1892, refers to Behriug Sea and the — "nu'thods of restricting sc^al huntiuy in the disputed ibid.,p, US. wateis during the Arbitration." iy t' The modus vivendi Convention of the 18tli April, 1892, after reciting tlio Convention for Arbitra- tion and the difference Ijctwccn the parties as to WhAt restrict ivc regulations lor seal hnnfin;,'' are necessary pending the Arbitration, provides without prejudice to the rights of either i)ar1yfor the prohiliition of seal killing in the eastern part of IJehring Scii, and a limitation of killing on the islands to the number of 7,500. Up to the date of the Convention, and after- wards, it therefore appears clear that the discus- sion was not oidy contined to 15(>hring Sea and to ro-ulations theri'on, but that the United States' authorities were all of ojiinion tlial interference with pelagic sealin- was wholly unnecessary outside of IJehring Sea. h'roni the Convention, it also appears that both Governments assumed that the regidations and practices upon tlie In'ceding islands were not dotrimeiilai to llie jireservation of seal life. Commis-^ioners were appointed to inquire thorou-hly into " si-al life in Behring Sea," wl.oso JJejiorts were to '-aid I lie Tribunal." It w;is naturally expected at tlie outset that tlie four i,'<'iitlrmen appointed would ilnd it IK.ssilile to unite u])on tlio most important facts connected with seal life, and that the regulations to h.. determined by the Arbitrators would be such as the established facts proved to be, in their opinion, necessary. ^ It has been seen that previous to the Conven- tion the chief facts in dispute t(uieliing seal life between the (iovcrnments concerned were: ].. Th(! destruction of female seals. / r;. The feeding of seals at a distance from the I islands uhcn Mickling puj)s (»n shore. a. The lengih of lime the pups are dependent (^ — on their mother. I-. The niinihcrof those shot and not recovered, 'l'li(' Treaty was signed on the i>!)l,i Fcbruarv 'i'be Joint Report of the Commission(-rs was made on the ttb .\rarch, 1892. The separati' Keports were not made till nuich later. I'rom these b'eports, it is now evident that njuju all the important facts connected with seal lite ihc lliitish and United States' Conunissioners ilo not agi'ce. While the l{eport of the United States' Com- missioners ascribes a serious decrciise iu seal life 8 almost entirely t" pelagic sealincr, the United States' Commissioners pass aliruptly over facts vliieli have been established, and whidi are of an alavmin;:^ eliaraetcr. 'Ihese ar«' ^'lerreil to by the British Commissioners, and are Tally supported by recent official Keports inllie United States. .Mr. Bayard's propo^itionN for inlernafional regulations in TS87 were based nixm Iho anth'>rity oi' Mr. Elliott, who was rcf<'ncd to by liini — •■ as niio wild hail s]H'nl iiiucli liiiii,' ia .\l.isl.u i-ii,^a.L;etl ill Ihu -tinly iif seal life, upon wliidi liu is Wi'll UiicAvii as ail viii'.hnrily." jfr. Elliott was appointed a Sjierial .■vL;cnt of the 'treasury to examine into and report upon |lie t'ur-seal lishery in IbUD, under the provisions of a special Act of Congress approved on the 5th April, 1890. lie ilenounces in his Keporfc th'> pracieesof the lessees and the Uiiiii d States' manai,'cnient of the islands in unnicasnivd terms. The United Stales have upon reciuest (h'clined to produce this Tteport lor the informat'on of the Tribunal. Tlie other great authority on seal iile in the United Slates up to the time of liie Arbitration was Ivan i'etrolV. lie has recently hem dis- missed from the service of the Uiiit(;d States in disurace. Til,' Criiisli Commissioners in their I'vport trace the decrease of seal life at the breeding islands ehielly to the ! uinous ]M"icliees of the lessees. These Ueporls are followed by atlidavils ;\nd statements upon both sides, equally euiitradio lory. The (b)\ernmeiits ("iin'erned in this Arbilratinu conlihed Ihe discussiim oi' t'icir rights and the (jnestion of seal rcj-ulations to the watrrs of !?ehring Sea both before and suhseqnent to the Treaty of Arbitration. The Cases ami Count er-(Jases now reveal a stale of facts and eonditinnof atfairs which cotdd not have been contemplatid as iKissiblc when the 'J'reaty was sinned. Urom the I'nited States' Case it ;■■ -'ears :— 1. That United States' authoriti'". m seal lifo have (diauged the opinions fonned by tin i-i previous to this Case, and otlier .chiding oiiioials are repudiated. /, 2. That many of the oirieiril lloports of Uniti.'d States' oiIict'r.s at tliu rril)yli)f1' [slaiids touoliin;^ the conditions of seal life tliei'o are without fomidatioii in fact. :5. That tlie belief hitherto entertained hy llie United States' Government, tlial tlie reu;ulatioriS of tile llshery in I5ehrin^' Sea -was alone sudieient, to ]ireserve seal life, is not uinv considered liy that (lovernment as correct. ■1. Tiiat file rcj^ulation of seal fislieries eou- templaled by tlio Treaty in thi; waters of ISeiu'int,' Sea will not preserve seal life. •'p. That ])rohibition of pelaijio sealinj;- in the Norili I'aciiic Owan generally can aloni.' ])reservi; seal life. Prom tlui liritisli Case it aijpiiars : — 1. That the practices on the rHbylofT Islands, ii'uler the control of the United States' Govern- ment, iiave l>'H'n periucions to seal life there. 2. That while it does not appear tliat seal life generally has decreased, it is proved that seal life !«/r ■'■^ ,^, \ in the I'ribylolT Islands has decreased in recent ' ^ years. ;{. That no regulations at sea will ])reserve seal lifennless the practices hitherto prevailing on (he Seal Islands are improved. From the pajxn's ])efore tlie Tribunal, it will be seen that npon the facts necess:iry to determine the reu'ulations there is no an'reenient. J'or exani])le. a few of tlicse points u])on which the Gommissioiiers and Governments are now unfortunately at issue are here ii'iven : — 1. "\Vh(>tlier females feed, during bi'eed.'ng season. 2. 'I'be ipiestion of excrement — whether it is foinul on I be islands. .'J. How long pups are sucdded. 4. Copulation in the water— whether the act can be, and is, I'requently performed at sea. R. Causes of pu])s' deaths. (j. -Mortality of seals in 1S!)2. 7. I'ercentage ni' females in pelagic catcL. 8. I'l'rceidage lost liy si)iking. 1). Barren females. 1(1. The iut<'i'mingling of seals of dilVercnt parts of Nor'.li i'aeilic. With a rrciird nf this description, tlui Tribunal should hesitate before attempting to deuide upon Hie exact conditions of seal life on sea and land. 10 Tt iippoars impossible, wiih such a staio oC evkloncc, to accurately ])ron()nnce ui)on the cU'ect of the dilVercnt iiiclhoils ol' hiintiug ami of liiliiiii,' seals. Vet heforo the Arhilrators can determine rej^iilations which hy the terms ol' the Coiiveu- iion arc to he of uuliinited (luratiou, if prescrilied, the above jioiiits must be settled beyond reason- able dispute. Tlie United States' Government joined in an a;?reem(>ut- for the d(;tenninatiou, under certain contingencies, of regulations for the preservation of seal life in Behrinu; Sea. ',t now declares vhat no regulation inside or • ide (jf liriiriu!^ Sea will sufllee. A demand is made for the general proliibition of pelagic sealing'. This is outside and beyond tlie scope of the powers of the 'I'ribunal. On the other hand, the r,ritish Gov(>rnment have discovered to thcii' surprise tliat the previous lleports of Government otUcials at the breeding islands are without foundation, and that the chief ii'lury to seal life has occurred through the practices ou the breeding islands. On the 27th November, l^'!)!, Mr. Blaine Briiibi. can, , Aiipcndii, vol. iii. wrote to Sir Julian i'aunceiote as follows; — " Linitci staienNo 3 (1892)," (i. 126. " Villi iiilbrm 1110 now tliiit F,urd Siilislmry iisks to iiwlve iwo ivsovvalions in llic Vltli Article. His lirst ic^urvii- lioii i- tliiit ' tlie iR'co.ssity of ;iiiy n-jjiiliitioiis is loll to tlio Arbitrators, us Wmi us tlio uiitui'o (jI' tiiose icgufiti!!!is, if tilt" iiecossity is in tliuir jmlginciit ])rovo(l.' " Wlint roasoii has Lord .Snlisbiny for altering the text of tliu Artlulo to wliicli lie liaj aL;it'od ? It is to bu pro- suiulmI that if regulations arc uuuJuil tlioy will bu made. If tlipy an- not iiouJoil, tlir Aibilrators will not luako them. Till' Agreement leaves the Arbitiators tree upon that ]ioim. The lirsi. n.'servation, tlieiefore, has no .siieeial nieaimi''. " 'I'he further considerations of the sid)ject of regulations should, it is sabmitled under the circumstances, be njmittcd to the Govermueuts coiKHH'iii'd for adjustment by another Inter- national Convention. \ s Outline of Managoiient and Histoyy of Numbers Killed. Russian Pi;rio». 17Ht; 178(f to 1S06 iNOli llritisli C'lUMinis- Hionci.''* Ue[iort, piira. 78'J, niiil Bancroft, British f'oniinis- iioncrs' Ui'port, para?. 782-7, ami Veniiiminov in lOtli CVnsus, United t>latei>' Heport, |i. 147. Britisli Connti'i- Case, p. 2-23 Ibi.l. 1«()S ll>id. to IM17 is 17 1 to 1.S21 1S22 Figures, 1817-38, are conipilfd from table in BrltisIi Commissioners* J Hppurt. para. 132, *• and table in l.Si'2 to 1827 V'eniaminov, lOtii Census Kcport, 1S27 p. 147. to 1S31 ISiil to ih:»i; ls:tii to l.sil 1«42 to I.sk; l'"ijrnrt s from 1838 to ISiil t.iken 1817 from II. U., to Ex. Doc. 36, 1851 41st Cong., 2nd Sess., p. 18. lH,-)2 to 18,-i(; 18.i7 to 1801 ISLANDS discovered. Indiscriiiiinatc slaii;j;Iiler allowed to a imniber vavyiiii,' 50,000 to 100,000 |)cr aiiiuim. General Resanoff prohibits all killing for two years on account of decrease. Killing iccomuK'iiccd, but did not exceed half of previous killing. [ Average killing, 53, 197. Governor Moorayv('\- orders u limitation to 8,000 to 10,000 on account of decrease. Average killing, 2!),00S. „ lO.oOl. „ 12,330. C,0(!0. „ 12, Its „ i:!,127. „ 10,(iO«. ., 27,-J:!(;. [37(5] Avorage killing, 33,459. Last year of RussiaTi control. Total, 76,000. United States' Pemod. Total (say) 2-40,000. [Dall, 200,000. Elliott, 242,000. Bi7ant, 260,000.] Total (say) 100,000. [Wicker, 150,000. :McIntyro, 42,000. Elliott, 87,000."1 Total— Bvyant (J en oral Da vis J 85,000. Lessees (The Alaska Commercial Co)npany) take possession. Total killing, 100,000 annually ; but in addition in this period 120,000 were killed for food of natives. Early Russian killinu; was less injurious to stock than later llussian and United States' killins^j, because — 1 . Taken from youni,' pups only— a class of wh it'll .")0 to 60 per cent, die in the fir.st year of Ihoir life from natural causes in any event. 2. Taken from both males and feniales. Diyreijarded -vijns of decreane resulting from vicr^nrc killlii>i nil i.ilandn. Viiili- males decreasing. ^•i!•ile males reduced (o half .and females iucrra^ing. Oilicial report of that 100,000 males did not li'ive sull'ieieiit males to mature. Sec British Commitsionerfl' Report, parns. 778, 779. Allen's Moiio- prapli, p. 389. Also admitted in United States' Case, p. 131. Elliott's lOth Censnii, p. 70. Dall's Alaska, p. 497, and IJritiah Commissioners' Iteport. para. 808. Bryant in Mono- gra|ili on Pinni- peds, p. 392. Ex. Doe. 32, 41st Cong., p. 24. Ex. Uoc. 32, 4l8tCong., p. 37. loth Census, p. 10. Monograph, p. 392. H. K., Ex. Doc. 83, 41st Hess. Biitish ( 'ounter-Case, p. '.'28. United Slates' Appendix, vol. ii, p. S6I. Biilish Commis- sioners' Keport, paias. 49, .00. Bryant. Mono- graph on Pinni- peds, p. 407. United States' Case, p. 353. Moiir,i;raph on N:irlh Ameiiean Pinnipeds, pp. a90-39'2 H. Ibid., p. 3915. Hritisli (Joiintcr- Cise, pp. 231-2. H U., Ex. Doe. No, 83, 44tli Con;;., 2nd Sess., p. 175. liiitisli Counter- (•:i'e, pp. 231-2. to 18fi7 J8G7 1868 1869 1870 1871 1H71 b, 1872 1873 187.') 187« l»7!t \xx-> iHxi;-7 1W8 ibi'O Monogniili of North American Pinnipeds, p. 399. n. II., i;x. Doc. No. Ci3, 4^lll Colli;., 1st Sc««., p. 89. Urilish (,'oiiiilcr- (ViM'.pp. '>.i\-'2. Uritisli C'cimniis- aioncrs' Hcpnrt, |),irn. too. Brilisli Couiitcr- Cisc, pp. 2.31-2. .Mrlntyri' in Fur- seal Fislierie'! of .Vliska, p. IIH. Uritisli (-'oiiimis- sioiurs' Ucport, para. 823. British Commis- .sioiH'ra' Kcport, para. 828. Uritisli f'omiler- CVe, pp. -131-1 Kcport No. 3883, 5Ulli Conp.. 2nil Scss., called ' Fur-seal I'ishcrics of Ahii-ka," p. 117. Kllioti's Keporf. liritiiih t'asc, Appcnilix, vol. iii. (United Statrs, No. 2), p. fil. Urilish Coiintcr- Casc, pp. 231-2. Sec word.s of Count Tommaso Sahidari. Italian Naturalist. United .*^lales' Case, Appendix, vol i, p. ■42?. liriti^ii Commis- sioners' Uei'ort, pira. 4 P. Hoports to same ftrcct. Area of driving •■.xlcndcd so as to include new rooki'rios. (^nota of large skins could not he obtained. Sizes of skins again reduced. Hcport that too few hull seals to keep the rookeries uj). Lary,'e number of barren females observed; (juotii reduced to 20,000. The evil of the United States' system is, it prevents the " natural or sexual .selection of the stronger males." Regulations proposed in I he Repot' t!' THIS, and following iiagos of the Uiiitod State.';' Coiuitor-Casc, iiikUt the almvc licadiii!,', are devoted to tlio l!ci,'iilations proposed by the British Coniniissioncrs in their lleport. It is quite true, as hero sUited, that the jurisdiction of the Tribunal does not extend to territory or territorial waters, but the faets now asecrtained and set out in the British Conunissioners' lleport and in the British Counter-Case show that for this very reason the Tribuual is not in a position to cstal)lish llegulations of a satisfactory or equitable kind. It is believed, hoAvevcr, that the Triljunal may legitimately indicate what such Eegulations sliouid be. It is not admitted, as here attain '-^serti^d, that matters relating to tho breeding-islands are "irrelevant to tho present contention." Any facts relating to the causes of decrease or increase of seals bear directly on the general question of the preservation of seal life, and the Itegulations necessary to secure it cannot Ve fully or properly considered without taking all such facts into account. Pages 122, 12;?. Pa<'e 123. " Imiiroienn-ntu in the Methods of taking Seals." An examination of the facts relating to the management of the PribylolT Islands, as outlined in the British Commissioners' Beport and in the British Counter-Case, will show that the improved niiilnds suggested in para. 117 of the Commis- sioKp-s" Beport are not "already in force" on the islands, though this is asserted by the United States. Improvements at Sea.— In. formulating these improvements, tbe Commissioners had in view Begulalioiis which should not ouly apply to the moment, but wbieh would cover possible changes in methods of a deleterious kind in the future progress of the sealing industr\\ The rifle is, at the present time, very seldom employed in scaling, but it is none the less admissible to suggest its prohibition. The suggested prohibition of the use of nets in sealing, is omitted from consideraticu by the [••^OT] B 2 Cnitcl St^.tf^' Cnso, Alipfiidlx, vol. i, ■,!■ H". TTnitPil State-;. It is known thiit nets hnvo !iOi>ii uscil, and llioiigli no I'ai' witlioiit j.';reat success, this mode of ciipliuv is tictiiiilly em- ployed in tlio caso of otlicr seal fisheries, and it ;;ii.;lit nt any time l)ecome a de.^lnielive I'lietor ill tlic fnr-Hoal fishery. Special atlentinn has, ill f;iet, lieon drawn to llu^ deslnietive clVect Mliieh ni'ltini,' niitjht iiroduee in this particular (jslii'ry. Mr. II. AV. Elliott is (luoted liy :\rr. IMaino as having said : — ""With {;ill Utl3 'uiiilcrrmi' by ii tleft of sualt'is in British Case, Jli/lirinj,' Sua iicriiss tln'so convcTfiins ]p;U!i.s of tlio fur-seal Ai'pi'n' ix, m/ iinywlievo from 10 to 100 miles soiuKerly from the Piihylufr group, I am luoclorale iu sayiui; that siieh a (leet r mid utterly ruin ami destroy those fur-seal rookeries now pre.seut ujiou the Seal Islands in loss time than thiec or fijur short ycavi. Kveiy foot vl that watery roadway of ftu'-soal travel .ihove iiidieated, if these men were not ehccked, C(juld and would be traversed liy tlioso deadly net,-.; and a seal coming from or going to the islands v.ould have, under the water and above it, scarcely ony tlianco iu ten of safely passing .such a cordon." Heoretuvy Bayard, in liis letter to ;Mr. Pholp.s dat''d the 7(h l:"(d)raary, IS^iS, says : — "I'.ut if the killing of t!ie fur-.st-.ds tlaro [in Hehring Ibid., p. 171. f^ea] with fl-'C-arm.', nets, niid other destniotive implenient.s were ijcrmitted, hunter.i would nbawlon otlier ^'xhau.ited [■laces rif pur-iuit for the more jiroductive field of Behring Sea, wliero cxlcrniination of this valnahlc animal would also rapidly ensue." lection the statenujut of I*'''*- i' ^^C (Sec also in this 11. F. Siewavd.) The restriction of licences to white huntens, as suggested hy tlie British Connnissioncrs, di'pends on the very groat difficult y of sujiervising the licensing of Indians living at various remote places scattered along some hundreds of miles of coast, and the hardship which would he involved in. forcing these people to come to some central place to receive licences. These facts, as apiilied to the south-eastern coast of Alaska, will he i'lilly nmlerstood hy the United Slates. ALcain, the licensing of white hunters would have the cUV'ct of recognizing these hunters as a class, and would, to a large extent, prevent poor liiinlers and r.ew men from taking np the husi- iic~H merely hecauso they happened to he out of other employment. Iu lliis respect, the Indians differ wholly from the Whites, for though Bases 12;}, 124. 3 fhoi'o aro (Ipcjitos of skill nmnti'^ tlicsc! proj)lo, tht'y ;iro all I'lilly cxperinnccd in sucli hiiiiliiig and accustomcil to it, and to tlio uso of tlio canoe from (iii'ir ynntli. The provision is, it is miintainod, oniincntly practical and snited to tlio actual nccils of the oato, Pa''n 121. '^'"' tliii'd improvement sn^'^nstcd by the Coni- missioners is not correctly set out in the Unilinl States' ('iinnler-('asi'. The sui,'i?(;stion is not merely to increase the lici'nce fee in tin; ease of vessels pro])cllcil l)y machinery, btif it is rnrthor sugt^csted that snch vessels may 1)(; alto2;ether proliitiitcd fivim en'^MLjiii^r in sivalini,' if this slioiild Le fonnd lo he desirable. The statement that but two out of fifty fif the British Colnmliian licet of ]S!)1 were steamers, and that the catches of those in that year happened to bo small. Ins no special bearing' on tlio usefulness of the sntji^cstion referred to. I'our " steam-schooners " helonu'inir to tlio sealini; Thiicd Slat''*' fl^'''^ wi're seized in 18S7 by the United States' Case, Apiniiclii, Government vessels, and it is lor thes(> amonifst vol. i, p. loy. '^ others, that <'onipeiis:ition is now claimed. Ai^ain, it is evident that the investiL^ation.-i of the Commissioners had led them to b(diev(? that the !j;eiieral introiluetion or more l're(inent emidoy- ment of steam-vessels in the industiy wnulil prove unduly detrimental to seal life. A conclu- sion of this kind is, moreover, borne out by khijwn )iri:i.i, C'oniiii;,-' facts respect ill!,' the emiiloymont of steamers iu t.-iry IJcjori, *■'<' ^vhale fishery. Api)'-i\iiix, p 5.*. l}(-l'oie leaviie' the subiiM't of imin'ovement in liains, 14, -JM . ^ ' ' methods, it may, Lowever, ne stated that the British (ommissiouers expressly point out that those uovcrning the nnmbcn' of seals taken are more important (para. IKi), and that neither any one of thi'sc separately, nor all of them collec- tively, arc advanced as complete safcLniards. " licstriction in the lunnhcr nf Seals to hf l-ikcn." Piii;e 125. The iiiauilVsl iiiirairncss alle^'cd in the United State,-:' ("onnler-Casc against the propositions advanced under this luvid by the IJritish Com- missioners, as to restriction in number of seals taken, is denied. That the suggested Regulations were based on principles of equity, is rendered clearly apparent iu liio discussion of the principles of jn'oteetion by the JJritish Commissioners, particularly in paras. 130-ltl, of their Repint. ■\A'hile it is admitted that the T'ribunal has not [■■i>T] 15 2 ptjwer to impose Regulations on tlio islands, they may cau.sc atlici- Itegukitious to be contin- gent upon tlioso which they may rcconimenil for the islands. The connection l)ct\vccn the seals breeding on the i'libylod' Islands and those resorting at other seasons to the eastern part of the North Pacific generally, has been specially insisted on by the United States, and is iu tho main adniiitcd by Great llritain. Tho futility o£ endeavouring to " regulate " tho taking of those seals at sea, if binding provisions for tliiMr security on the islands be not a'. !.a"lied, is [»eifei;tiy clear. The question of a zone of protection about tho Pages 120, islands is liero scarjcly discussed by the irnifod l'-^- States. Since such a zone was proposed on tho part of the United States as an eincient means of protection, the wishes, hopes, and demands of that Power have so far grown, that tbey now describe a zone as wholly inellicicut. It has elsewhere been shown, that the objections to a " zone " taken in tho United States' Case and British Count, r- hcre referred to, seem to depend on the idea that '^^''•^Vf- 1"- 'G«. such zone should lie sulhcient to prevent all pelagic sealing, not for the purpose of nil'orJing a reasonable safeguard to tlie breediiuj; seals. The actual advantage (>f a zaic of protection is very clearly shown by the evidence of Captain Coidson, U.S. P.M., printed in tli(^ A])pendix to the United States' C'ounter-Case. He writes : — "Oil nearly every jioint fif tlic com[i;i=.s on wliicli the ^jnitcj Siiites" linos ■were nui the srs claim tho Pehring Sea p(dagic catch to consist of " males and barren I'emahs," but a few lin(?s furtlirr cm "liarreu females" tdono is substituted, and the Sec 1ir;ti?!i 'om- arguraent concluded on the assumption tiiat the "~!jf "'■'""'• whole of the catch is barren females. Put even if " barren females " be taken tb;-oughout as a basis of argiunent (omitting all males), tho correction of abuses on the islands would never entirely obviate tho existence of barren females, i.e., fe.nales too old to bear and viroia females not yet bearing. 5 l';).^(> ■.:;:(;. 'Jii.se, that Uui time jii'oposcil to ]>■■• allowed for soaliug at soa is ?ulist:iiiti;illy tlio sauie -R-ith tJ'fit occupied by scalers in tal;Iii_^ tl\e "Sand Point " and " ISelivin- ^jea " eatulies, — taking 1801 as a slan^lai'd, — is incorrect. ALout a tliii'd of ilio vessels wliieh (H^eliargcd their slciu:; at Sand Point in 1891 liad not dis- charged pre^•iollsly any " spring eateli " sliiiis obtained l>y tlicni, and all such skins woiv. cons.;- qiiontly included in " Sand Point " catch. Again, the otahlislimciil of a zone ahout tlu; Prihyloli' Islands Avould seriously rcilucc tlie catch ordi- narily made in Behring Sea. Still further, there is no definite ground for stating witli any accu- I'acy the date at which the "spring catch" ends liritisli Argiiii.cni. and tlie " Sand Point" catch hegius. The con- '" ■ elusion arrived at in the United States' Counter- Case as to proportionate eifect of Pegulations on pelagic sealing and on the islaiul_catch, is there- fore entirely erroneous. Page 127. 11"' proposed regulation of the date of entering Behring Sea is not a "useless resiriction," I;, evidently would prevent tl^' eai'lier eniering oi' the Sea now often practised, and would also pre- vent new practices injurious to sealiui;' iulercsis generally. It might at any time pr'ive profitable for a vessel to enter Behring Sea early, and theie await the nuiin migration of females going to the islands, at some convenient locality ; and this would almo-t certainly he trit-d if sfcaniers became commonly employed, and eouipetitiou set in between them. The compensatory feature of proposed Jtegula- tious by iuci cased widtli of zone is not discussed in the United States' Counter-Case. Pa"es 127 '^''c critieasni here made in the United States' 128, Counter-Case as lo tii(> comjiensalory feature based on I'lulln'r limiting the liui" ol' scaling is again unfair. It is argued on the a>sumi)li(Ui that ail vessels engaged in sealing woidd con- tinue stealing for the whole of tho permi'iol season, and tlial (he caleli made in ecjual periods I'.riiisli Arjinnio.i!, ;., ,.,|,,al in all iiarts of the area .--ealed over. '' ' ■ 'Ihe fallacy of ilie last assuriqiii.in is clearly shown Iiy tin' diagram fae'ng p. 22 '1' the British ConunissioiK'rs' Piej)ort. Page 12b. licspecting all features of t!i ' llrst speeiiie scheme of llcgulations proposcti by the JJritish Conunissiouors, oi-cusscd in tiie I iiiled ''Uites' Counter-Case, it uuisl be added 'Jiat l!)' -e arc 6 so framed and s-o prcsontcd as 1o l)c suscoptiblo of modification whouovor good cause can In; shown for such modification, and this without in any way inipairinij; Ihc general utility of tho scheme as a whole. Tho alternative schemes of 11- gulations given on pp. 20 and 27 of the British (,'ommissioners' Report are not discussed in tlie United States' Counter- Case. They arc dismissed with the remark that they — "are not ro.^av.lol In" tho Uniiod States as subjects r.'.luiriiiL; attoiuinn in the Oniii'.er-Ca^o. They arc mani- fcsllv inaihni?^ilil"." Tho statement already made hy the United States, that tlicy do not admit tlie jurisdiction of the ArhltrattH's to extend to the i'ribylolV Islands, mii;l;t equally, as in tho case of thci^e schemes, Ikivc h(;en employed as a reasoit for refusing to discuss the llrsc proposed scheme ; hut tliis having hcendisc'issiHl, no valid reason ap])e-.rs whyotlier schemes, hascil on tho same piiuciph's, should not equally he worthy of discussion. It is clearly apparent tliat any ccpiitalile sclieme of restric- tions must include the hreediii--islands of the seal, and this ditnculty is one to be met in aiiy aiid every ca'jC of proposed or suggested Regula- tion: equallv. G. M. IJ. /u rs .'is to the working of the ariaiiire- ments made on either side for ili(> protection of seal life. Siil.jf'ci to the enlorcenieiil by ilie Iniied States' (Iovernment of the loiv-oing cnncurieiil Itenulatioiis, lli,' l{et;iilati(.iis fnr pela-ic sealin- lo embrace liH> I'dllowiiiL;' points : (".) The niaiiiienance of a protected zone of .".() miles roniid the I'lihylolV Man, Is and any otherreco^niml breeding-rookeries within whiel'i ziinr IK, s,.,,|-iiiinting shall be permitted at any time. (/'.) The maintenance of a do-,- season from (he 15(h Seplrmher to the Ki ,)ulv, iliirln.- r301 I wlik'li 111) pelagic isoaling is 1o lio pLnnitkil in Bchrini; Sea. (f.) Tho pi'oliibitiou of llio use of rifles and iiols ill pelagic sealing. ((/.) Tho sceuving lliat all sealing-vessi'ls be (Inly licensed and carry a (listin;;'nisliing ih'j:. Statutory pro\isioiis io be made, di.'ciaring it tiiilawfiil toiuuii or take I'ur-seal diirini;- tlie close season by subjects or ves-;(ds ol' the respective Powers, Ol' at any time \\ithoiit licence by ritluT I'ower. The liability lor breaeli of the Itegulatious, (,r Avhatever Idiid, should be made Io apply to tle> owner, to the master or person in charge of any vessel, and tc the hunters engaged on the vessel. The penalty imposed should be a line (of which one-half shonld go to the iiifor of r.rals Mv.t mv. bo t.ran tamo I to coi:i icroia.! pi-oflt by tl: • L'nitol :'lntcr3 i ;-OVorn.'.iont or i'.r, lc33con. I;, ■; ot lio s\ir>ro!5o '. Uuit liie obBQrvi;tio;i3 v/it'<. r f'^rr-i to ""i-uclty," "i:-.- !iu. a:iity, ""ba.biirity" an. "vrialce liioso" of pol •i-'ic: aoalirv; wexv; U30d Wii,;-; :. hopo to ;i:'f'>ct t"." o ,1u''-i.:r;nt of tl;'.; IVibunal. .il:cy ;-r.; Isavo t:,cir mho in ajipoarinr; to 0x0 -rjo tli': rrfxlly .i:--T.i'i'«nt'Tl :i-v.l violent r.oizuron cf ■-ritiiili rr/ajjeotn :c\\ r.:-it;inh v'?;:;:;':ln -.hicli n'oro riaa!-! in liroct viol.xtion of intoniatiunal Inr/, on i:i^o hi;^i bcd, n:vl To:* •wliioh oor.aoonsation hao boo: atoalily ro"uao'.I, '..'Tin ■ vlUeiico .a'.io it porfoctly plain tha'; ao rn -ar In oruolty riid inlr.utwjiity oi" tro.a 'r.t of Mi-^ rs aln !.ho coiJ5>ai'ioon ir, .;\ost >'j'."i;vor ;)1" to r.lto irorit •■.'•' r.f ;.i-.'- so4^o.;.llccl ":■. illabl's" on tl-.n Ir.lan-l3 ,'■.•,. t;.': ''■.ou-ki Llaol -n" T.'i.o .ire rroup-' . '...Itii tlio in t!io .-.vivofi. V:;o o'jj'^ot i;o be r,i rvou ( ru ra- '.a !.::■■? united 'ti^ioo arc co.o rnod), I'y i'.: ■ ro' alQr,icn.R Moli aro to h': ado ifi t,:.o prers •, vr.ti< n a cl i);n.nanc of tlic buainoa:; of nlauf^torin- soala on tiiC' ;>ri- b-ilo;'f Islajvls. Hcarin^r ti:ia in i.iind, it vill aeom to bo tho cUi:, y of t:!0 Arbitrators to .loal .it]! t!iO nubjoot of Kocvilationa, (a.'s in.lool tlio Unitod .<>tat08 coiiiisol havo doalt it}i tlie can in al: .oat ovory . ortirn of tho ar'-rj>iO!t ) a,'-- a na-.tor of buai- noD3, a i;r.i,tor of profit i:\ v/\ic>. tJioro txyo I'vo sot". of rivalp on t.;o one :.and, a lur'-e body of por- sono who huvo invontod f.'.oir capital a;. I labor in pola,-io syallnc, and on tl;o other liand, tlio Jo-.-^iany v.liloli v'oonosoea such influrnoo as to '-.avc :^o«urod a lonopoly of the neulinc in!,orr!3t in tho 'Jnitod "tutGB,- £5uch a Co ;pany as, accordiii • to tho ntato- ij»nt of I'.r. Plaelpo, vran poworf-al onou-?: i •■ fon.-ior tiMOS to induce tiio ilnitod '"tatoB Govomvcrit to pvu'Cjiar.'; Al^inka, in order 1- at ihoy ic^it obt, in t'lo rionopoly from th.oir Govoni o t. Recardinc tho nuitt^r, ther-for-, ir. the llrht of rival buainoss Intorr-atB, and t:.-- Tj-ibiu-ial havinr alroady deoidol tl.at tl'.c Oo pa;iy -.horo inUn-osts aro roprosonted by tjie Uiiitod r.tatea lias no i-i ht o property in tho n-^ala v,ip'n tlio seals .'.r« ore than throo hiilos from ifiiore, it in iiipossiblo t-.o la;r*i.Q,^c of t^o Troaty. An to t;'.f< fi>Tj of '..hoTif '.-.ro poiijts, tho r'jcov^d or t;'Q ratii'O conti^voray tjxtondin'; tl'.rcuj^i tho Vf}lui;i03 -A'.idi iiavo bo-irs laid bofore Uio ArbiLi-a- toi*a, vill be courci.Gd irt vain for any i :t atL<-n of a claim o.-; tlio part of t'-'.e J-itr^d "tat s Iiat P9la,~ic 3ealln,'- .•tioald bo il. oli.nl u-.-a. '11. n (^ontro- voi'oy, aa vill .'jo riho-: .-oro fally hor-aftor, rolatod entirely to polania .'^ca.Llnn in "■ -.iri"." -'\'., and nov.;ioro else; «lthou^i, at tl:t) cin.'ic of tl'O co-ro- npon.l 'noo thoro va-; a (ilain on ti.c art of ::r. V.V.ar- ton — .101 a(5iiuio8C':d in or a rood to on t!i:. part of (Ji oat tiritain tJ:.; . Groat :'ritair lu.:' in oho Ictf^r virtually alnitted tiiat R' ailatlona •iijht bo necesnary us :o auMO urea oa« in 'iliia W£.« baseii on tho une o • v.u, Lorn. ".Tprth PuGifio Oc<;an,- irtiioi; r/.r. uso invarla ly en tho part of tho ritiah ae/jotiatora un rofcrrinfr to iJohrln- Son, and '^y uiie Araerloa,! no/iotiatoro ua rofdi-rlrv: to parts of cho Paoifio Oouim i.o tlio aouthwar- or P,«lirirv: S-a. IL will :.o i; -1 proi.ontly, iio ovor, tlia'. if 1.i.(«i-e ''■tan aiv ;:ii3iuia'.'rr!t unainr .jr. t:iir! point il rUcl lOt lone oxiat. oiui t....t if t.ioro -xa- {tiy oxi)y'iUat ion Old t!.-; i)aru or t M :J:ito,l. rtatoo .'ovoir, /vit t.'r./. i-o ulati. !u' would bo ^,a;e oa.sido l.}K>f, 3o: -m aL«3L imi-:ocoa3ary to rofor, in tliia ooruvjotion, to til,., pi'opo.ial onco ;uadc to Lord "aliabury for a clo3<; .'i^.aoon ovor ihi unia i : t .o Pioiric Oooan '.lusi.o; Uio I'-'Iu-inr; r.. a, b-caun? Ix^rd :■'. lin ury fto-; or.ly aliowo.i BUbsequcntly that r;l!- nun-oat ion had -iot CO c frori him, and tli.it ho !.a-.i. noi. n.ido rmy anreo;iont on Uio a-ai.joc. , hut r^xiiluinod that the proposal v/as to ;>c a ;icro basis of :io.':otiat icn, and that it van I'ound 'o bo fur in oxcnna of v,h;it tiio circ.unotancos daiaiidod.. Wior ,: ft-u- it .roppcd out of th.c .iscusBion. la a nubaoquoui, part of t;.in p^pw sane o'nor- va:,io;.3 ./ill bo i;mdo us to ti.o groa ovor uhioli P.c'-u- lutlono arc t., cxt-n :, an: rnicJ; LhaVbe naid taer- will :-,e po tlnont t> i.!m» prosoat point, nanol- 1 C8i that tl.o oontontionij of t:.o Ifnitoa ".tiitos, aiul tho •luoations vyliiuii h,id urinon :)..rore i];o Treaty a". I hla woro rorrjrrod by tho rroj;t/, j-rljiuod only f.o niu-i.-u: Soa, llio v,'l lo." pi'oposiLlon irs jiowwvor relied on iiox-o! via, l: ;.t dcvr.: t.o Uio -llin/r o ■ Uw: Aiio-ioun G. no w'.'j com. o:-' Lion /.. t rola^io ; r.Jin,;r ou ht to bn aholi:3h9d ./an vMl wno of v;!.!* ,:;ululo by iio nc.v.a ijiolu.oa cho pov/or r.o prohibit i but tli'.- r'?vorr;r!. i'hir. cciitc:;Liu 1 h?ig ).-'o . (.»r!;cly ';xin-o:)nod in 'l:o Ar,'jUi.iejvi; dji-. ujcr; 'o;. •;,...:«» 1, r- ■i.iir-- fa.-thor a: r^ili- i'i cat it.'.. It r.ay bo proper t.' a ;d, hovovor, t.!;/L it ■,roul i 0001:1 C(. be coji;.-ary ... ;;oo.; f,;ii,h th.>i; au.rti u c iron Lion fiiioal.i be uia;lc on Li!" pcrL of -.he' Unit ■! "^tc.tos after Lho various ,riat';Gr3 i disput.o ):a hoon n.n- cor!;ained juri r^ft-rod, a.". I .iftei- tli.: diplo:.. ;.ic crriooi'r; o :' tl .: Unit'^d .'>Lato8 ut.voiTuno' t h.:'. tine c-jid Li!!i(j ,, ;£iin i:--siijt.-,'d Lha- t!i- r.x'oa of dispu' o v.-aa :h:)hrian 3 .., LIvaL U;-.' b'nit :d '^t.t^n donirod ;;o ;iavo f r>ir ,iurin:!icr.i n o3l::,U;ihM only .,« ro/rards Brt-,rin-: H , ,n- .1.. R, dilations ::«.!.. ^cn^.-it^ inr ?«la-:io ..alin- in Uk.i Roa/ .rrl that ™,h ,3ono ^/as their clo3ir.. v. i, harUv cor..intent -Uh •oo- fMt:h, ^v.^, . TT-.aty haa Lorn ai;:nocl, - >Uvor- in^: ^roa povor t.o t>:o Arbitr .!.ora, ^ o clair: ,.hc.t -Iioso pcwors r-ould V ox.^i-.iood to a ^roaior oxt.?!U ihnv had ^vnr boon as'cod :-or or- i^v cno j.ldo or ..nlornant.a on ^ho ,.t]..r. 1, i. praotic .lly a cont.-ntion U,a' ;u::!or t],o c-rdn of tlv, Trr.aty th- Tribunal fi^ioull cKo:-oi30 an authority .d^al. nol^J.or pai-ty lia ir,t,0!i.l-jd ',t ^-ivc ii. Co: .in- no^y L >.)io tex'. or !;;..; l;->.:ulaixonn ;.;;^- ;T08t-d on t;:e par. of M,r, l/^^U:^.: ?uit n, it :viu bo foU:.d th:,t l-.y -.oul : ^ffoct :.h. to- ul prohibition or r-lacic noann... V.^t.. ,,:,.. -,, ^, , ,,,,^,,^^_^^ ^^ ,^ no l>y '^xi^licil v;o:'d., but "..^y c< vor <.h.; .rf.ole aroa in ,4.icl. p„la:;io .a line in .on.iblo. and ti:.y n«Ko Lh..t aroa clo.;o an V'^rrcwda seal !:illinc, for th^ ••v'.olc p rlod .1ion .Tjalinr: in pc-ni:..!-. ^'•e inn !:o avoid tho illc;-ali:,y and brd r.itli of tho dm.um:i act up in the Unite . "tatna so an; Counter CaBo for toial prohibition ^ho m^<,o3tod R-J-Uiaticari arc .lcal,-iod '.o accoi^nisli i.:di.T-ctly iMuit could not be- do- diror^tly; but all ir.n oo;u;r=ol of tho II::, t d r-taLoM ^i^ atdroH.^od tb Tribunal and all rr o join.- ia fr.u.inr th". printed Arnm.ont, ^voro fr.al; .::.u-ti to o30t In aliort, Uv? Triinmnl, aft' r hjivinn l'?cid;>a th .t :.riti3li 3u!>j'ict3, ai;d subjijcts f.r iv.rry oth'?i' i\a. ioujhavc e rl.f^j , Lo •?!ina':o i'l pela^io softli:-;'': 0:1 ■Ji.- 2ii/^i noaa, io af?;;ed to .locido :,ha !,hul ri,-:hL *iiai bo fo.'-ovor talioii :;■»;!>', in oi-dor tii I Uio I-usinoarj ol" Jcillin,- ne„l3 O". Lii--- Prybtlof I';lan;.lo lay lie indoflnifsly prorjorvod. 8 Ar-a:A O' ;> '. .umvi; ;:^, r. i.-. .■3\ib..ittocl. thai th.n R-Talat J cnr. tfuml apply o.ily to Sohrin ■ Ir!^;;-,, a-. I r,( tJiat par!, of :l; diiali li:-3 o;;3t oT tno line of :lwnnroatic:; rriy-v. in Uio treaty of tUo coar.icn of Al;4r:;:a !.c. th^.' 'J:.i O'l "tatoa. 1':.; lan-iia-o of V:i': Troaty of A:-bif.i\.t ion seo.-us to Jiisiify t:>ir; of nt.-iticn -it:-: thr vi. iv.- tiiat i-':io •watora" m t rcnp ct t;c iv^iich P. .-ulniicnn .:.ro to ho iiaio, arc part of 'Ji v.-iiter.-? of I'olu-in-: ."oa. 'i.'^ic follov.-i-;,^'; .. :)n':;rv;vt.ions arr or'n-od !■: s i.j - ,^ort oT t:-.it: viov;: (i) llu; ii-'Kity in !;..■ on inlnrprotcd ■ic'.or'Uv.f: to Ihi: area aa '.o !•. Ic.-. Lho dirsp'atc oxi.Tt'^d -.tIio- it was iiuidc, ot,:;'M-;.-if;« tlu.' ai'oa of H^'iilat iono isay !)f- 'Jio Tvalora of tJi';- ontiro frloltn. {?,) 71. v Tr-aly in '.o be interpreted no an ti i n?.!' e ita cvor 1 parts cco'inintor.t >.;it; eaoli ot';i)r if tlii.-? can hn '.ono :.iti:out violating 'ciio ovi 'nt ini.erition of hn par- tioa nn rA\o\i\ \>y the corrospon 'err;'? -y-ioh Icl to it iui'L by „h(i! xvi'ieiioot In it ic be sapj/oned '.liat t.'ior'..' iras i.o bo a nrave in.pdry vr Uio rirht a:\d po--or of -ii!; ;;.itod ""tfttGS to 'xnvcAsn io .i-vion or jurin'.ict ion in Rohrin,:: n.r;a. An t(; f.]:ie lati/npiuf^c of t;io Trr-nty: Tl:') prea-i- 1)1'? stutos l,ha i,ho object of I'.::: Tr-oaty is "to jvo- vide for itn ul cable notMoMeit of the ques'iionrj r/hio:. hnvQ arisen betv/ en *^ Mk? '' ;'oa:'octiv9 Uovorr.- rr.cntB no .coming tho juxis iclional .■i.iit- o " tho 'Jriito:i states in t ho Vatovf^ of : ' hi inr,* i^ '^'^^ » ^■'•' oiiucornin': alao tho prc-.orvation of Vao ;:,al race in,, or liubitually rooftrLin*^ to, tho naid rjc>u, and t;io i-i£;iit!r: of citizens a-v:i subjects oj' eiUior ccun';vy as I'o.rardM ciie t Jcin?; oi seals in or ha: itually i'csortin' ii> said v/atora." Cy Article I, it is doolarod tliat tlinao u:;en- tionr. are sub iiul,oa to tiie Tribunal for i-.rbitration. By Article VI fiv(; ijuoritionB ar'? propounded for a 'lintinc. ioctiiOii", all t.bviously rolatinc (fo.ir of t>\cm by exi roar; uniiin, iiiui tho fifth by fair inpll- Q.Uiun), to a portion of t:;? -.vatffi-s of Ilohrin,"; Soa, and i.'i the ovont of .ill those beinfr docilo.'i. .i-;ciinnt thc) U:iito i '-.tatuB ad l ..j" ;c-ncurronc3v of Ci.oat lirit- ain" bein ; Pir.uid "wooer.v.ary to t:.o :sta: lialinont cf nLTUlationi! for t'..: propor protcctii-n ad pv aor'va- tion of tlu! fvir-3oal in , or hi.: itually ivisortin^ to, :,;;e :-f,.'hrin3 Sea, "^not .itli.it ..r.uin,^- no UnU'-d ;'.uat03 otmLOi'.tion uhut tiiat. country ha anpl" po'vnr xo to protffot f.l.(> r'.i"-BOril vcne, !)/ oxfri-oinin- U?3 Juii:>. 'io'ion in B'-jJirinn Hca), r.h<- Arh.i-.rafeo-n ^.r•■ natJior- iaecl to* de). r ine -.'•;at co-.'cui'rojir. Ro^laf. ipna o ;r,- riido LI'O jm-in ictii ;ial li:iitrj of t.hc rcn -eoMv fioveiTi! tents a f? ncc'snary, rj'.d ov^r >,iiat -x-a'covs such Ho,'::\llati( ri!? rsho-.l' oxtr>;i:l. " Theao Ir.ttor .orcln ;.«iy Tidrly nv^lTivrr -ifr.T.t v.-atorn i.n ::;hrin: S-u," tin ntjr;. tlntorn lunvin- h:t 1 in iiind. t!;o wuf.orn ov v T.liic!'. tins ^niit;n "tat'-a lia . ilai.toti to exorcio'; Jui*ir3;lict >.. n, ii,;: ;oly, t]-.e v,-ator.i of I'-ilirinr ^'^a, -"ant of t;;o i ino of rl inarca- tion il93crib<5tl In thfs Troaty o"^ "Tori'l-n -.vit:: l'.if;vift <)!' r.'>67. T" m<.,1-.iri vivr . ij ■•rl-iio"- t.t..? prr.-iM -^all/ inaLo a pnrt or ths Tnaty and viay f-.id n icr. i •l,'?r- pr'-.tation, :;n Vioinr; a C( ".tr ct In p^.ri M2i£!j.a, ;''>lnli)r; ::• loly to a purt of '.'■■]v.-i:i ^.'^a, alt'ir.u.'-Ji i;hi :-»cl'a?i in '*:c;'":>nr!ly ii ivjcd -. 'liolarod to hn an aiTancoinont fey t 'o^'vat if.'-', o' - ain ponilinc r,h(> Arl)lt:T.', ion .i...l i:';c.'Ut pi*' jiulic- to i.: vi--!;;, 3 of ':i'Jif»r partyt It. proIiihiL.'; p;l anic ;-.~tilin" . not ovoa as ■ tho r olc o*" ' •Jirin.- .^' !i» but nf-r-ily ..:r! o .iiat part of it lyi.'\,»- aar.t of !.:i'- linn of Uo;.K';rc.-ii. ion above iwnti'nod. 'il.c provinionM :\r, to c!o:pisnsal icn clail^.od by tliO b'nltcl "t^.tos Tor !.;.•-; injury d<.':ie by peL-vric nnalinc i" 1 to to tiis aaie T: tors only, ?;<; muc:: foi' the lau'-aane of ti,- Treaty. Atten- tion :aciy r.oxr h<^ dlroct^d tn tb.r inqnlry: ''^mt wore the (lueationr, .'..idli . ;tually h:. ..i-incn?, for t'lCT-- are t.bra in-iost ionn ^'.ic-i c.ro rf>fo>'r(?! to Mic Yribiui. 1. II '^;\o Cirat pc.iL Lc Un noUoc-l i , tliir. 0( nnoci.i.-n la U:a;. Ui !jc\;.ianin,-; o" t,.i'! aiaputo lyaa .-it^out a i.uitLfX' •vJiio;: Ima imoa hopL .i !,;t; I,..ckrroUi\d diu'lnr; all ,Jif :ir , ..icnt, i.n bohalf of ti-.-.' Ur.it ■cl ntat.on ns wno .ilt(),';r, ;.:.i'.r nocjtr.dai*;-. '.:hi3 :;i£itt«r v.-an r.aily Uic oaun- oC ;;!;•' j.'roat.y tma il;;! ulM-^at- Eot.lo ont v;.lll dopond ..o a o'l'ou;; extent on t,.'ir- (iliborationa ol" i..;e 'i' ibunal, nziuoly, t'lc ::oi3-iirr of nrii-iaii V1.-S ilu ■.liic; ,f!re dllo(;e'-i jy the Un tn ' -tatca to ;-.j t,:-a.\a -rossinc Ir.o l,.\ro cT i.li.u -ioy :tiv,-. 'L.os- !ioia.u'33 v.or.; .ulo .".'xc lu3 jvol y i.- i;c!M'i-: .'• ;,. Ti.ov ycfQ :ki-''- by vii'tuo oi' t;.,, ntatu oa :ioh i.h-? nr^izuros ■ ook placo, i;Xoi ;:;ivciy Lo : -el.:: on tjio atuuij statiito. :•:;;. K? -u'r'a, . !>.-(r. ar.f. 'i'h'? procloi.iaLion of '.: •; Pr'-nidirit oP ihf? IT; it.:d :'tateo, <■<;•,;..:•.. in ; r-.l.cio T'^Hn'/, p^ibliiiliod Troi ; yoa:- to .'ear, > :u:ril"?;! i:' ."sai-ic \rv.'.or^. 10 riHhoi-ieo of Alaska r.-o lulnaLot'. by thr authority of tiin Unitod ;;tat«88 r'.'iai.od lo tl.o wa ? nrvii, ( j!«o Vt>l,I,U,,';, Apf. ii.103} S rV');i DonLha ufLor the n?.i,.ai'c-a Im ; I'fj'jri !•• (n- ci,i\U.«d u^iiins;. mui ■,ii'' cc ine tfior: "or a-iiiund'nL, (durin,: ^hioli "uIj.k; ,!?■. r. yurd O'-Mi-a to bo in abno- iutc i'jnoiviMC ■• of '.ho cuoo of tJi*) !>oi;;.ir •») , ;::•, i)uyui-d went :;o r^v as t.,, jvr.it i.hat •::o cubjoct related \.o V.v- " '.x^h^i .1.03 -^ ,.;; rin - " u" (sor; ."r, l:.-yard'8 letter, April 12, ra'j?, ib.,T.. i,-,o). In t};e i.i«imti ::o, tii'r Unit -d ''trifs authorii.ior, Jmi li!v;ll<»d •. ■'. von:?';lr nolzo ;^ aid obtniriod Jud7i:'r,t in th-; Al "ka.! ^o.irt, a 1 Kr. 1 •..'•,-;:•: I h.-d . rd'.-rpd L.)o VC8B0I3 uo : •■ j^easfta und p.-oc(j''JirifT, f;;)im .oii'^d. Tiie iiroQce .ih/;g ta^on, t!-.'i videncft ^-iv-n nt t:,a trlul, and th'? iocinion of tl-.e jul:;t;b ;•;£).(. at. that ti .e b©on ,adB imblic. lir. littyard having; bor:!i .'^laicit-vi, en !.-half oi' Great iiritain, ,.0 '^ive .=.n aaourance thAt no further seizirtts aliould taJ;'; place, ".-hilc; v-n ieeallty of thoaa alri:a:;y ade wan un Ibx- discar:n.cn, iiddi'osned a circular letter to the " ir^intors of tha otiitud ntuteo iv. Gemany, r:ro?.t Pritiii;-, ,T p;;:-!, i,Uf3c;ia, and n\ro:lf^n a ,. Inrway, it), r. vie- to ob!,aijiinn tho "d.- nirod -nd, " hy Ir.Lfn-r.atienf.l coope-alion. Thes'? llinintors /erf> dlr-ctB-.l to invit<; tlu> f''>np''Ot ivi* ;<)vc'.-:i ;c;'t3 r.. ' ' ch t}>rv' 'vorr? ao.-irod.itnd, r, nni.'-j- into nudi an an'an^«ri :'ini:;tc;E liiiAa uii:lvcr>.;ocl •.■■ari Ui'. Ph' l.ps, ViO<\ u-ltcd '"tat'jg i^iirt r at Lo;;:ion, v/h< Jiad a ciiiferfnice •i'/iuii ]K>rd ". linbury on l,he sul.Jftct, after v.iiicli ]i<> :•■ \.c to :'.r. B.-yaj-cI r^'quonnm;-: a nkn'.ah of i;lr- nysts.:; nf ;■: ^"ulat I. nr: v.'hich T/oull '■'■■■ "adiii-.at n or tii? p-'ri-or?!-:. " ;.'.■. a.iyard replifv.I on '-''.'h. 7, n33, r.-.tut ir.;: ■■.hr; ci nclu- «ion8 arrivad at by tlmise lio ;i,;ann, iri P^hrim: r.-a, inill .• rsult "in tA\fiody '?xt-i':.-i}iation -ri'.h f irc-aniin or olln'r 'leatrnot Ivu .lapon.T, i-.ortl-. o 50" o!' ncrUi Ic' il.ude, 'an' betwenn 1C>0° n'' lo^i'^itule vest an : I'-'O* of lon,"-i- ' tudo 3t.--een Api-il 15 liaa IIovi," d);;r I. ( J-b.r.I^vJ. ) 'fli" arfa tlui;; dTfj^ribed i;-. p;'ac icily ..i;» area oi" 'Jiat purtu-n of IJ-hrin r; - claL;i'id h/ tlv* b'aitwd tatos. Mr. Iluyard n-rekn --o (Kav -ce his .-lon- i;ntion .by rUitin- "'luit r-xt" r- dn.iiion or 'Ii-- fxir- ncaln .;ar.:. 3.011 take : iaoo '.'.nl'»;'n L .■•.•y ai'e projected .i-'^r-, JS» 14 -fVo .'. :i title v.U.n ii: '..■i'.rinr. Hen if! n')o:.-.i by tlio fate oT t.'io a~.i .2.1 i;: oi.;.or y.nv'<.o of sho v.-ori.t, » oi.c. ^^> •nut ir th" klllLnc of tr.c r.LV-GOal55 thor-? rdi;!-. f'irc-ar::is, in.ts, or .otlior dor^tnictivo i iploiwritn ■ore r,or::it;.od, huntorr; ,vouia :,;uv:aon otlicir .11^. c>*iau8to-l ; lr.,.o:.; o? r'ui'r.vat for tho rior? •-o-luctivo riol:l of •••"oie V ?tir "Gj'ft.;!, :'.:'i:;:i;5, :. C or. ro, ir. ccop:;rii!;lTm ::'Ai tiio Unitod -ItatO" to Ftjevoi-.t tiu. lo.-^traotii.i! of .~r:--nraln i;; r.olirin-: ".■■;'. T7(n3ld ..lr-.o !)c poj-pufiatinr; rui extensive 151;!. vj;1u:\'4?1o In-.luatry i-; -vliicii hor (.vn ditiX'jar? 'lavc .-.. :«.:;t I'.i- crativo Gliai'o," (that L;:, in ilrMjrj'^in ;; th' axinc;.) !lr. 2. I'ard '-ni^loriiT in thlr: Icftncr n r: or:v\:\^.\.^ )>:,- '.r. A. ■■oiEr.--.*d Cl,;rk, a,: ,1 Irttt^r fi-" 'Ir, Il-nry V/, rilio'.t ■■'v.'.io," r.:-, Bayard sayn, "lu'.c .-rvn-.t riRiaii tino ir. Alci-:!:*! oni-^.-vcod ir. tlu? jjt.Lci;.' of •o;;l-lirc' ■x.^c:i -nliich he in "f-ll-Lnovn .in .,;: authorii.y," r— ^lon; ir; jio sti.ct^ostir.n i . -iti-'^r of ;.;ion- docurjontr, . of .-u-.r r.occ'jnity "o:." pr':>*.oc','Jon outniilo "nlirinr "'.'ft. ;'i'. Plv:;lpr;, o.-\ r-(5.?ivf^in,'r this ccnxmioation 'Vo :.!:-. F,.^yn^tl, had :u: i.;i,fj:-vao»/ r;itj; :.otx\ ;:. licii.'Ury, v.lio, !v: said, a^i'ontol tc ;,I;o proi)o.Tition to c.i- tubliah a clo;!c t;i lo 'j't7--(x:r. April I5tl: :uvJ :fov(?n::or iBt, bof.voo:-, rGO«'^lon:itu o /ivont ar..l fO" ei>.3t. ■::.•:■.•!(: wcr^ wo of tho 11,100 proponoa b,- '■ •, 1'..;t.3*!.1. Tan n.-,;::' - r<. l.-r.t it.'i 'c wa.-. no'. f;ivt;n b;- ;;r, i'hclpf^, but ho R .ind i:l;o aii^iific cit •/o.cir;: "in th-^ nohrir.-: •'^'-'^•■. " (lb. p. 175). Co:i.!imioatioiia botvrooii th'? "ritinl. cj\d Riir>rAan -.•r;voinu.ionts irAin tooJ: l:.co, rorraltln': in tho oxi^rcn- X5 .Ti.<,M Of a viAi ofi the pjirt. of inr lattor Govoniiwrit liat Uq oloso n(.aoon af:oulfl bo oxton'.lol to thiit i>cu?i. ri' Uio IJdi.-lnn «0!i in .vhich Uho .::o r.ian.loi- I.'ilcixas ..-oro aituAtoa. ;,!-. i; .yard oxpron-jotl :j.y .U11:i..:j,os8 to iiavo Uiir, uor.c, ajvl^ includo also tiio U(.i of OWiotsk. Mr. V/Iiito, of Uir, Uivitod ;;tato.i Ir -ut icn at Kpi rx)..,an, re. optoa Lo-.lr. 'ik.yava o- April 2^lh, IGTiG, that So?-d 3 .liBbui'y ;:aa TU'-'reot od tliat tho iino niKiUld bo oxtondGd vfest^rar-l no an ;:o inclu ,o tho ^vtiolo or tli« iloiirin/: n^ci j^ikI k11 thono porticna of U;o fiou of Oi-Jiots'i :rr-.io;i of the natior in Uu-.;, '..iQ uinousoion vas ucrciy prclirainary, an I tlmt tho : i-oponltivii was ontertair.ou provriaionrtlly in ord _ r ;.o mr-niali a banie of rio^t^-oticiticn, cml "ithciit ".(jflnitoiy -lodfTin/^ i .0 Oovenuno- it 3(^00 hi.-; Ir-ttoi- of Ai>ril IGlh, looii, IIv.p. 238). A co:ioi;;oru. .lo disouBsio., took plaoo durir.-' V.in .a'3iujjent ijoforo t.:o Vrio'.uial -s to ;;■.•; nnt.-av of thl.'s u:ia;5i''o;.ii:KlinG -i'ii.:, Ujva ■■. liabiu'y, out if, is appuront fror: Lord -kaiabw-y s d««pu;.ah tiu.t m tho uiikio *hoji thu I'ri.'uty v/an uri.io.- ii2,;otiation r^.-:.'-'^ •!W55oaLion8 ut ..c ift.ltudo 47«'and as u. ^oxbonsion of tuj liiio aoro«8 tho Paoific from oo;;8i, to coast woro in ijc v.ay to jc rc-axdod &f. qjosUonn v^ii.^h l)ad arise!\ and *iidb. t/o;'c L..e;i pon.in/^, >u^.: r-hich v/oru iiiionUod to , - r: fci-ro : tc tl.c Arbitratorn, .■^1 IG T^rd n'.llalmry h ^a, i.: thn notnT. tino, oc itU- oj'.tod r/itli tlio a.mtt;liar. (;ov'?ntniont aid h:..l aoofT- ti'.lnod (-.idietlior fro 1;h.,;t ■:o u:;cq uIo::r, or rro_! ct; --.-rj loon -^t ivvTCyr), .linn Uio m-opocfi; irr ii*. srt. sas« ^ "I'o hi-i^ns Jia:l ii'v:.- ntatoa, tliaU iio -u-f boon ; linled by tlio ropronoiitation 7,iil(i-. !•. 11; ip.i \mv\ r-.-i.tr? as io the r-iftit of ntop.r.in,-^ in n<.<]irin- r.na h-i!:- oor-dorlod ozcept Aurinc -i clone '.oar^o?!, Fcrcl - ;?.inbiu-y nriL-s:" Tlio 'rnitod r:;;aton iiii^to- c.-llod 1.n l:^y at ••^c ?orol;ri Ori'ioo n:n.l npoJo Ec uc iVoou;; iho T\ir 3'-C'li In !;dirin:: Hca. !: • ;..iil ti.at the •Uffi, i.hat so ar f\r> ti.o I.cv/ ml oxooutivo acticn of tho irp.UoI r;tato3 v.-cr'.- ?()..oomod Ui-'! -.Iiolo ycrj* -.'.'jis tho clcrjf! : :a.M- nJ>.2I3,Vc.l.3, r:.App,) (S-.'O Ziv .Till n P lu ic .To r, o» r: j -.tf.oi' to I:-, I vt r .X. iluino, rUntod 3rd .T-.me, 1350, ^. p.'^Jlr?), I,; v ill bo seen fi-on that lottor tiiat iJir pro]ioiial i^ad co' ,o :rt«om ttvft Ur.ltod ntatf a a:i.l moi fro!-; Tord ^ ■lisbury - ft-^n 3u;if;o3tod I'.i tu AiYr-iiK-nt — Ui • t althou,"ti :'r. '•/liito i'^fex-3 to lalitU'lo -17^1..-. ':avinr: ; oou virt-^ntoi to by Lord ".-li.islr.n'y, tlio ir.ttoi- .innortn f,, •. Moroly >-. pi-or'0;5iil tc oxoiiilo Hritln" v^r'-Is r-c; ■~ lirijV: flon. Uu'ln'- tlir^ ■"'ir3il:i -; w:i, a- ■•. Pliolpa had o>r)r'"'!iod it •Ited, '/ ■.\.-r.' ;...r(>2- }' 17 3i: Juli :; .-;j.„rj: "I. ;;ill rMCVlQa To.' t:ir p- rel- ent jiuiiiose t.;i 3t:;te L r-.t !;li" i*urthoi' •«K;-.iilnat ion of Li.o (;.ionti(n v.l-.isla ;;nn taken .iIrco !i.-.r, -.a.lfir.l'.'d iiir, ^()r:lG.'iip v.i i rraa': an '■•x!;rG.-io n'laauro ao tlmt -Tojiosod iji 1003 coos rj.y a-jon-l V.\c vjauiroMontn c^f I', ill ,0 r.on:i l.-y t^hf: co.-roH.-on.-.onco iiioli lock pluoc botv.'ocu ili*. Llaino ..:id tlio Ur.ito, r;t.t;'8 Miiiators roroi-j-od, to, at l'orol/:n .:ciu'ts, ;i!i'.l ;)Gf.oon ■^ho:^o ..,i;ii3toi-a ial i,Iio Cl-ovoin .cntn to :,1ii(S; M; ;y v.'Cjt; .ccrodlLod, .h..l •,;;.•; sol' r'::.i(:;::. oi' to Ij;.:tcu "tatos •.;••..•: 'or .. iloMc aoaaoji o r (irtii-i; o f ''lijii'in ■ ro:u ir ilw Unite:! ntatos, in .-.o.'joti'.tiiv; ''iti: rrach a auinlje:' o.'.' critiio powora Tail >a to r.ti'-o t in •.iaar (iaosti.<,n, iz it tr b<- :M;v;.o.'!od tJiat tl.oy coul-l tho.i havo .Ico, iO'.l it ■.■'o.'?5iblc,froarjonablo.or .^oconsary '.0 aocu-'o K ..'julat ions ov r .'. v;i ov ;.ro.'., or ocull •uiT lioiJed tlu.t r.:-vnt Jiritnin cuuld ac iv.icrjco in ;v'ralatio:y ••vliic.; tliuy luul ..ot vonturo:'. to i:ah of otlior ntatcj ? ■'/iicii .•'.:•. Elaine- "uccoodcd Mr. j. :-ard ay n ;ci*o«» l.wj of 5:t.'.to "or the U-it v.; ritatos, ["rovuthi-- : lo it: i;i ■.linputo bntv.eon t!ic f..'o i.'ovmrionts in r-jlation to r.ihrin/: fl'-a. On J -.vaary 32ild, IGQO, (ib.p.nOO) :io o> : rncnc^.l hir> c ntontion tha tlio killin- of noals in tiv) opon .-.ea v/as '•jo-tra bonos raoren, icl evon tiicn ho bas.'d i.irs uof:?noo or t.!0 noizuros on '.h'- -I'oiuul uhat rii'itinl'. vn 18 voa:;^lfj had no vijit Lo pursyo .noals I.: I!o!:.-inr r,-,'., Aft-r I'oforrin," no v?.rl.nin ln.-t...nooa l- iiich h- a:uor:oa thut tar r:::)it o- prot«otlon iv.A boor, cxor- clnort by oLl.or nntio.-.fi !-.o;-o'id the t. roo-rnll • li-.dt, nna r.ftor ..lc;>crlb4.'V: Up- Iji.Hiriotjn orfoct.-, o:^ .^11- lln- a:. ::oa, he r;:o-r(}cl t!'t. '1-? • r.-nrr n !. if ■ r; ntlll bnrma or, ,;i,c thnory of M-.o ri^rfM of protootir.n. :.>on- floo-tort by ]\ir, i:ov';:n: o-.t »n*o;- ••-i^i-jn- ^on,. anln-' thi:: .ovcii .unt in .; nntrainoa in t:: ,■ r; :;-,iirin ■ _::i g ^::. I'ofici lo : -v; :>no!j aoiwod by thn It: hirs l^tt,':- of To.ly n,-!, 1390, ■ . Hlaino r^^foii-o' Lo t]i- H^^ut- ..n ' r>ia~ n "di^puto touci^i:- rrivilr.;:ea in ::±yi^r^ r,nr.^» .;.,, - ^g ,,,,,. i.^-.^j. .i.-jouaaui^'; .ho p:-o.ionr.l for ArbUration. (Vd.l. u.;i, jV.->p.p..:a), r-c liUo an .v-co bor ITth, 1890, !:!•. Blain'? p;i:-- rAio'X thf? ii-ousai'^n i.i ;:-. i-ttor of - oat length :lovot«a to ;.hn r-^otirn o:" t-o jurin.Un ional ■ rJii.3 or Uio 7nit-d '■•t-t'-n In Hdirin- So:.. H; fifikoi! th" follO'Tine pyo:-or'it,i<,n: uxoat ..ritdlrf to m :roo to mc iiritci.^oc of 20 >.u'ri-r U-. 15.. 0.. ...y to tlto 15th Of Octouor of o^ch yonr. ••1 ;ct..!nt by iho intnision of ,AAaia:- -nJ^.^Js IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 !1:»^IM I.I m hi It lis ilM 1.8 11.25 il.4 ii.6 V] o' '^.^,^^' ^>/' i-^» 7 >(;^ PhotDgrapMc Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 '< s p ^ u S /» 19 rjailinr, wit:i tho pnoourafromont of Gi-ftai. r>i'it.ain, ajici protcctod ">y '.lej* •'lu^i. " l\o I'Ut roi'TTtutl the HUGOLi IIP foj- irMtiv.Licn v.'hicli are to ho I'ouiid oi iljcdiod in tuo Troaty — uu ..itii tiic i'inul (iueouioii i.-, a i.irfer'.;nt rj ooritaiit ion Mi. it I^hviiv; H. a ■Ti-i.': m-jgga^ inai''. olauauti ho u.iod Un fi/llo /iuc f>x- prcsnion! " Au 'J'.a catic tliac tii'; UViitod "latos doo^ '.ot lach abiinlant authoi'ity, aooordin,-^ to the al'loa' •x.-onon1:3 of ii: .a'i':;ar, ioiial luw, for holuin v. '-v. ::'.ll 30 ct ion of the U'hrinr; Soa. ror the protection of tao r.ir-«c:iis. Coiurollin/: a co. .pa. at ivoly ror.trictod area o? w t^r 'or th.it f>iio apociflo purpose is uy ,10 i:ioa:iB tiiv Oo.uivalont d' d.cJ .■'.'• inj Iiu 3 •:;, or any par' thcroor, ;ni;ro olauBVunt '' (Tol* I,U».'^'. App. ■ ■ - ' t A..:ajai, in a lottnr oT .I;;i' raoLu ' ■••'■• - ■•*. rind v.liioi! navo bo.-n rof : re^;. to.ill.p* ^- ?)► '.Vlion it wa(i pro usod, on tiic part of tli'i riritiSii uovnrn.iont, Ui tt H imia ^iJiould ','(• iia.U) ii pui'ty to tiiv aorotiutiropooit ion, . 'Ou Uiu;-.: "I .1 axuc .ir^cte .0 fo;iind j^w XX\ \ thf» contention betv;oon t^xc Unitol rtatoa ai-.l Great Brit- ain lw*s :. oon iinutod tn tli,:. I'art o'' ;!'>hi"in' 'V-a eastward of tho lino of d(!ir.arkat ion dor.cribod in < ir convoniion >7lt. K'ar.nia, to hitjli I'cforonco has flroartjr loon made, n.l that Ru nln h . rt ^lovcr n.Tort v'. any .'i.frlM.a in those r/..tcrn a.v'ft-otinjt th :; ivabjoot- , nutter of this ooiti^ntion, ant cannot tlior^rorrt bf a n-jce:innr.' pc.rty lo th.O;ib n^cotia .iono il" tiicy are not liO.- ii ;p|roporly 'xpandod, 'Jndor '.h" r^tatuton cf 20 tlio tJv.itod Si,.itoa tii'5 Pr-!ii;lont irj aut;-'.oi'l::e ' to -'vo hibit noalirxr. in tlio itchi-ln- .'^oa ■ItMn il.': lir.itr donoribod in out oonvontion -irltfi Uarnla sn I io I'.strlot the Jcilllnc of nnnla on tlie lf:l:>r.:ln C tl.'^ UJiitod r!tr.tos, hut no mahoiity i;; O(jnfon-nrt upon Id . to in'oliibit (U' iiftkr; ponsil tlio ; aM- * o'' tix«y. s-^nls in Lho w&terii of ;;ni:rinc V> a v.oat p.rtl of t'.o lino rofn^-red to oi* u;>on u-iy of iiio fslioi-ns or ii:! '^i^." '..horeof. II, vrrm n..;v©:- n\. yor.'y.l by rnyor.'^ r'pro- .'.lontiiifi t;io t;ovr!;Ti,-x>nt ■ ' V:\<^ 'T. ".t'ctl n<; ton In tl-.i;: "loiTOO on:Ionon, or by tho I'rcni !ont, thit. ."i.". n~rco- ont or a ._c I.>r; vi_vo;.di ooul.l 'lo Ijvoalor thri": i"u' --.rJ)- joot of C( ;i.o;i;; ion iiLtiLod in Ih:- ijorrerj. oii:lcr.c<3 of r,Ji:! rocT'iOtivo oviri -.ints. ';';':otiationo Car .uti .-irbitration haw Ijoo:: iirc— oc-..:ln,- bet'Ton t,ho Unit"! ytntci? a"' 0^-ont. Prit- aln add, if Li-sorjo novoiTJ tire i;c ;:iotont tc aoLClo by tl'.is rrion.lly :ioi,;od O'-'i^ir rcrrppotivo rl-^'.in -.n.l ).v>li.t,l(;no in tlio disputed wit^vn upon ri forivmont bR.':i.'5, it .voul;'. cnon; t^ follov th -t no ruofltir-n ooul.;. arias uriuG ai to t'loir ^o ipotioncy o do.nl ■iliMCtl/ viv.' V Q rr.ibjoot for a r,in,':l« ni:!*! nt Ii' Qvnai IJriLain no. i,:;;lnt3 u on 1 inorjiiblo co-.di- tioiis, viJi, i'ai^t the nc rclu-sion of V. r^ wMlun yivciidl Is Lo be : olayod lu^til, and >'in\n oontin'-'^nt uj'on, t,]io atiriont of Kusnia to ritop tho killinr of socls o;; itn OVM inlnndn iUii in ii.'J o m -..'/.tora, imd 'pon Uio ox 2-ci3e i>.' :)i- l*-.'- " i don ^ of po-orn not c<-,nro?-)'0 i by law, thin -..Luld b :, in hi.", opiiii^;:-., r. piv-otical iluh'.'.rtiwnJ. by Oi-'tiit Hritain frc^^ t)-; ? "•"• -otir.t tons for a inodu" vivoudi. J.l:; iu; -.V!;.,ld vci-y : w:i\ r'/TC-t, iuid Ii .• CiT.fldcntl'.' ':opo3 ♦".h if " r^m -iniclrtvfiti' n -.'111 enable Iioi'd :; li.'slnu-y to r/aivo '.V.n .Ta'::ro5«tlon of '"■.;Mi5ia» (3 part i 'J i". It ion i Vaj ' roor-.n?"'.t :ri I t'.o i:icl'> Gion of othor watora tiiixn. tl^oso tc v^. idi thf» co^'^on- Icn b'^»'.vr>o:-i tho '.taitod "^trtos .and Cvont HritaLi relatoo." (lb. .a)?). /vrxin, in a 1'-^, !.cr to 'Mr .'nli.n I* ir^c foto of .Tunc atl^, laoi, ;!r. Wlir.rtrn th'.i?^ trofttcd tiio ;'rcr<'3c.l tiist seal .'tlllirR on V.\(: I-lnnds sJiould hr "t.it v-.-itiT: "A3 to tho third (Clause oT yur ^ro-'onitif.n, I w uirrnttfd 'c .'. ^oi-t.iln rc.yl of Il'ihrinn J^-n, i»!ioro5iB ':A\o cMifjat Ion aariMMOd in fm^ rrcon : ' rirUclo by r.ju; uovcnjrioMt a' -.hi? UT'.'tO'l "tnt^o ii r. prohl!)!' soal killln- In :;"k' nnt ;« p;'.rl. rf Coluvmn fio.i fflva tho J.cro.-. .ir,". Inlfiriur! Lho -ror, th** pr-ope-.-ty or Vr.n 'Jmtoa rtr.ton, 7!;c killi::-, I'AC: I'cro, or •;■ aio oi. L..c inl^uias or ■.■i;,;;in U-.o !.or?-lLo-ip,l r.-t orn of tho Unito-l "tat^-s f.".!!:! only it.hin l::o :n'o..i;-.iLi.„ii o." :.:,i.; over, r.-.t," fib. AiMt in Iho nti o letter, I'nn rollo-R'in'' -nn- oara ooouraJ ' ' "Xovoovcr, J/orc; "alinlraiy ..'ill traoKvo l ;;t, cTi M-.o r-ro"0"j r.tate of th'- /Jicrifjan Ij-.v, if Vw-.m nia a'louia as:: for rooilircc. 1 aotior. by Ll-.i.", ' ov- rmi'iont iPrtnt o ' th« troaLy line, ftiio Pr'^j^ilint -/ould bo conrro.>toa v/iu: the r>a-ic difficulty t.'ui': pro- '."•it?a hir; frofi oxtonclinc ■•he nTn:'0() motion of soal Ufo diould ??• brr-.c? tiio '.liolo or lifln, -rill have no lioait;'.:ioy in a'^rooin:, ir. oo:irioc:.ii.n -.viLJi ;:or :i jcaty'n Govnnent, to ;,ho appoint '}v.t of f\ Jrint oo: • insion to an.'ort in .hat ■er. ^aont .leri.Tar;;^ ax-.: .locosr^ary, '-to." (Ib.p. ilD) , TS.ir! rr;.:,: ia . o; ly .o a Ict'.or of "ir Jaii.ji cc'^oLo, o :■■•.:• sa ;(■; ■....tc, LV. v'hicli f>ir Jalicai mod tan o:c;v-03::ion ■'an-ta Paoii'ic Oi;>;.ui,« an t';c r,i-i-i;;ii uo;;ct;i.-.tor.': alv/uyn iid ia. rofo oaco to Lioiirin;- .'^.-■ft ^aaoos they ■ i\j.c it perfoctly .;lenr ; ?^ Ihny r-fo rn: tc 'M ,?• wt of th<» or^-ji rutaiclo 'flic ■luoa.iona arise: "li-A "r, V/!i;\-t n ii-.in- ■:ri;u...Rly i.-jl i', r>ret; r:h.-> !. 'nn "or!,!; P.-ciric Oc n," ac ur-.l !.y ;:l- .r-air.: P upoefotr ? '^l-.l L.. . P.-oci'.lnt:' . ■"• ;'•.■• trnir,':-'' '"itritrs, J.-: '!ir' ct.lnr i}.ut If.'tlcr t,i bi: v,-rlt^rn, i"t;or.d tr (^r-nr^ t.he policy -nliicJi %: --"i i-oon r,r ''.irjllr.otly lr>.ld do»m in nil l';t.teri! b'Tor, tjuotod ritl: riifr-vonn^ t.n tl^.T> uroi\ Lo o :iH; r. -NitC'l ? '"r, -.li ! t;1:o ?vrrT.l;?nr.t Oiid : :'. '^i 'ten t2'ftut "i- .Ti''.i;Tn» f3 lor;tor vit.;-. TNor- r-ct ?;i;lr.!03.i lyi.X ••'^tJ o-'.t, mfj-tlnff jir^y «hr.nrr c>f policy? ;")i.a !.';o;,' in;.'-!v.l t;. i l^-, n'^T.;;^ vl;. L i-, ojvl- r to . i\kc V.'il\vin: n-s. nuf ricio'i.tly -Totoot^a, it i:-^it Of! ' occrir.ary '.Ci ir.c?.'.i.io thv'; part of t!;n Pr.cific ^>hicli ;.'OmI' rs i .-^ ir.tr-ly ir^on l.3io Al-^r' tlor?'- Ir^ijaicl:^ ? 'r;.(. i;ii::.nr ■.v(y;U.'.'. inwIV'^ ,10 c^.ru: -<> of policy l'CC:,iir!« r. K y.'.rd and llrTRir^r on hdO. pi'-vimisly r: •,'^':»5nt "d t]iaw th'-! lir.o a'-.oull be Irrnni at the 50tb prr. •:-.!- lol, b.>t'.voo:: thr: :.ir.r>3 c '" 7on,ritiidc r.t'.i^h Lfavffrso i.li" parUj c:' 'JuTrir.,'3 "^ a --l-iuh n-'^ ^jla'-m^l 'ly t'l'? ITr.itod "L.tCB. .",; nlr,o Hir J.;?.i vn r-.-.inc • rot.o, in Uio cli-aft oonv. r.ticn :.': l op 1; Iirbv; ?>"a ii;n' ir, ti-.o :ra,'.v;osUo'; cf :;>'.'.l r;Ut)i on '.h'j p.oj-t or Ui« Proaitlen-., a:i.'. llitoa Lo ilarnrrarl ;.)io inl„nn".itt.i:\.on U:.:!. a lv•^,• nrou Ma .0 bo dir.fr.-.snecl .ind baao-l en r>ir .r..li.i-.»a '?>:i>reniu<»n •:. i-th P.-tcifio Oc<^;',n, " but. It will .)0 Boon fi'oii th.i ■;o.ro3 ondor.co «ai(«i took :laoe aftorwar.I:iv Mia t!.;i'6 r/.^n no intention to .Rkc a oiiancc of nollcy, nrr to /-also cvi; ow quoatlon as uo area, '.Jhat cftrtr-.lra;/ vrar. il-.o vior/ tu};o:i by rir- Julinn hi .sfflf^ in hi;: lr,aor oT J:\nn I3th, raoi, in y.'hir-h ho troAtnrl hin orlrlnal jn-opo- Rit.ion as -icfjoptocl, u;v:l ritr,tocl i.l;:it lio wr..'i prnpfu'cd to liirn the !\"r«je; lont foj- a plug vi.vftn'.li_« (I'o, Til" oori-.?n on.oaco -,^.^,'i!l i n-Uatoly follorracl :.--'latc:l to -rv-rtn f.o ;',cljunt ft basin on rdilch tho .'.rbitrator.-. j-d.;iit .\^nrd .1 :a,':03 Tor BrD.i'-J: vo;in.:lr: ijciwi-a, in ^lio cv'.?r.t cr tlu; .1 cision or r.ho .\rbi. t^.itors bai;;,:: favo. f.'olo to Gr-.it Rritata; .'.n ' ;U:)a,-ro- to '.ho li;.itVi "f.p.toa in t};.- "vont of tho ecicion boin- in favoia*- or ■.])-■. country. It wa^ .'■••. luid iinponalblo o cot:-? to an a"roome!it en .Ijcit in PA I:: Ur, Hu-.i-lcn* s Ir^ttor oT June 25i.h IJQI, thtt clfiln irnn, ;•;/ lli- c.inr. or tli : Prrniiont, Ihwr. ntt\tcd: "It. .tii.i?.! i'Ar.o bo 00 .prifir.t tc 'ih' ur'jili'fi- norn So Wftrtl to tho Uiiitrji nt.itoa rraol^ oc p.noation -UllJVs f}i' Ji'-nla i:-. tlio U'.-hrlr." Sea hy pir^vna i'.ct,- Ln(7 inao" iho prol'>otlon or tin.- n--'»-lnh fla.T, ouLnidc of tho ordlnrvr/ t'^n-ltoi-l il li It.!;, -nd. lincc ihc first day of J ;;iiu-y,iaSC, if nidi ilinf; .t1i..11 :.o f ■ i«id to havrj t>non an inrriotlon o** '.he rirjjil. n of tlio Unitod Jltat'O," (lb. 320). AjvI In hln lrf.n r of July n3i'd :,i.c; r; 1:5 t&ls "'ilio Pi-oni'lont boliovcn i.;!:-i, I.'oi' .: J(cty*i > v- en-unc.'nt I'ui:' Int junM ." !)'> li:ia roai-'onsl'ole, \mclo:' tho ar. ton niit circruiotrtnoen, fen- injuries drno to t-lv juriBtlict. i( nnl or propn:ty ri,"Jit.n of iV..? Unitf;.'. SttltOB by '.he n alinr von.nolo flyinf-: t!:c liritirsJ'. ri.iCf ''••t loft.T (jinoe t)io dnto v.lion Li'O ri,--}!'. of lliono voariola to inviulo tho E'?hi*inr: Hen rr.ii t-.o pwsuc ^iioroin t>!'.- huminOiit; of p<5lr.(3ic "online ^'■^''" 1 tido Lho aviljjoot of :liplO!i:;tic intorvontion by Jjonl S<.li.?!)iiry. (Ib.iiJV). In tho nario lottor i;r. .fl'.nrton oclarml tluit thf PiTioidont Wi.s v/iiiiii/c to odify hio pro.^ontil UMd t,o o'Tor tlKj folloiTin^: ■'jftio Govnnwiont of Qrcat Krit^in, havin,"; pro- .soiitoi tlio i?lRir,)joJ' !'..!> r:.ibJoc', n fcr co'-ponnnt i' n for tho '.loiaiiro of Uioii' vor.aols by tho United .""tfitoa in Hoiirinn 5>(.'a, a;i ' ^h - ■iov-mnont of i-Lo IJnitO'.' ;;tatoB hnvinr promontod the Pribilof Tnlciula, clniinn for coriponaa- t ion by roaBt n of siie ;, 'lliuf; of ocnls in the ri^hr* ir.r Soa by i!cr!3cns z.oting under tlio pro i, notion of TTrB" nriois-i i'Ia^, i-ho ..rbitv.'i.or-' nl:.:>ll connidor ai-.d decide .ipcn cuci. cxnirtn in aooordaiioc v.-ith jUBtico iind oqulty, imd lho r"r!poot,ivo riii'-r. of tJ-ifi hi,^i oont- iiCtiriifj partins, and il nl-.all bo oo; i- 25 i'Otonl ro'- the avhllvv.lijrr. to avrarcl auC' r.- ^p.-Ms^--. ixon ar:__in J; oir J "^l/^i.icnt siu'.il noo; . oa-.i.ciMo." ' ( 1 » ;: . vj.lo } A,:nin, cii nor:.. 7;.]i inOI, :•: . ^ZulVtcyn r:1;r't03: "HiG clain of the Unitod ntat.va /nr, rstatod i:'. ly not« of Jxxly 23M, accoi.ipAnyliic tlic) proposal, ojia uU'j ?r','3i,lont 'iooo ,< L s; u ho. tlio oluins oc th"^ roapootive Ciovorn onta ooxild b(j morn fairly or P'ally 3ub;.u:-!;oa. Tlila :'ovcm:viont .-ropogorj to riiibriit" to the urbitrutors t;;o >.u.;aLioa ::r.Qtlior Gnml r..-it- ain ia liable ft^ tjio injui-y lono to Uio -imIs ririiorios, -Iio propoi-ty o? the irnir.o.I Ttatoa, :;■- '■Jio >: ji;;:iii'.n voarols ;j) ' ' ■ " " I'-' Tlic , - — -•■ ' ^l^.vo, iindor the .•Jti. ula- ^ uion and siij:)i>ort of the Ei-iiirii (;ovo:-;t n♦ Tor aovoraJ. yeai-s on-a-r^d in tU'. Bdu-inr Hoa. propL.sa or Ihii, Gov.i-aiont v,-. r. t.i..i ■ v' -iMt- .Jj??'?_-2!i''''il-- ci?n7iior rjid iociclt; tmoh clains" i-.* " •#» A-:nin, ir. liir, l-r-Ucr Cx" Ootcbor 22n-l I,'50I i.iic ro.11ouin/r :'a£5Rr..':o occurs: .or co,Tpon.ation ret arc not aoriousiy r.Iiiputo Koxt rollorod a nories of letters la-Minr. DirectX/ with tho raoation of y-^aaiionn, nncl iVor.. those it .'ill :,o noen that thoro r.r.n no idoa on t!ic port 0/ oithor Govem-or.t tJmt ihc aroa ha i :.eo:: cnlavrM^ov ::hat tlio ro^ii:;tions v,ouia rdato to wator.T other th.:r. thoae o^" nr.hrir.-r r.oQ. Vor exa. plo, iii hin If^ttor of Doco.-.bcr 1st, 1 JOI, Sir .riuLi. n ?...uacoroto ntatoa tluit thr; 3u:x)3tion to have othor p.uritino powers broxxr^^t uivloi- ihn rncjaix:. iona Mad r<;. U^ ,.hjoot -To pv-vont t;:c fUi'-fJoal f^-nhory iv. ;-olirin/r n.-a .'ro; boin^ plsioc;: nt tho P.G Moroy or noi-.G Lhircl por/or ;" (Ib.p.^i-ll), fji ■. in ro- I'lyinc,.n ti:o fUlorirv: a:\y, ::r. :^i,vinc .'incun:;ca f.;(.' -Ononco of v.io pi'obu:);.! ity tli.-.t Yorsnoln oT jmy othoi- fliir: ".^oiaa oii-coi. I;ohrinr: ?5ca. Ho .-^tatod: "Diu'inc fill tiiat. ti.r.o, v^^^.ile Grciit Hrit.-in ran i;iainti..uinM thai, tho lioiirin,-; H'-a v/as orir.-i to fill couors, at my tirw, no of ri^'^I-it, not cuiotlior rcj'o.vsj-i latiouhac or:(Tarou in c^ctilinn;, A G(5r- i.'uin vosnol or.co rnndo it:- nproarnnco in '3-Ju-in,- G-a but -Ua i;oL r:i. lU'n, boi-.r^ ir&iafied, I nun'osc', '; r* til; tho ci'oal ctisfranoo t;hoy Juivo t.; sail, the C-r.^- usuiB ocuia x'-ot n.icoosnf-.aiy dnrja^e in aThlin-. F^83la, v.ho8o interforonco T.ord '- lisbury r^-''^ 3 OfJi)oaiaily to ai-^p-r-hond, vill not divnont t^o- t]io ft/p'oeLiont , beo.mao ovicli disnsnt r,-oiad nut to ImzTl hor OTO fjoa: Inc prfr-orty in tJio I^ahrin?- S-^a.* (lb. p. 342). On D..oc,;iI>er lOUi, I8QI, M. , PI.- ine v^otc to nir Juli;;n Piiunc' i'oco a iotcor containinc tl; > ,'•. 1- lowlnc oboorvation: "KVor rslnco tiic BfiJirin,^ Ho?. Rohrinn •'5<'a by tlv Hailin"- linos is nearly 30,000 .ilont, and thoy viiJ^hnvo to .TOko i:>f! voyi-v-;^ wit: a lar-c ■ rJiip tha:i c.- ho prof- itably o -.ployed in xflUinc. 'i^i •/ woulu }iavo to ;-.t;',ri, I'vou hono tho v Hit or procodinc th.o sn.linf: fjoaaon, juul i-ink ivi unuau-illy hezardoua voynfro. V.'iion thoy rnadi :hn fislilivT rrovindn, (,!io:' Imvo no territory to r/.icli thoy ccul.l resort tc fo" mvr ^nir-'oao,* •li' "■•:; -.valt luitil i/c ret Vrcaiec to aproc that her aliips shi-.ll bo soarchcd by Ai-.oriGrui or iJi-iti.'ili sruicors, v/o aliall w.,it .uitil tho list noal ah;\ll lie token in B hrinr Ron." (lb, :5<13), "'or i.ho rii'st time, in iiic. letter oT T'.b. ;Mth, 1393, Mr. ni..lno ou.'-,^->3tod to r^lr .Trillin ]'. luioofoto (aiid Ur« only art an .id.iition o the nobis) that nnalinr; in th.) l.'orth P. cific Ocean .•i'.oald bo fox'biddor.. 'flioro ic ;-.ot!-.inc i'"^ i:!'-'- let- 37 u--r, lionovor, to ir.dionte c::\:; \-in\i •. n tl.: p_'rt of l',r» riiiino th.^t cucli win t;ho urt>a cor.^u'iiic i vitliin cho t.oaty. (i:>tp,347). Oil Pt.'bniury 'J7uh, v/iihcul Imvinc yjcoivoii any i'oply, Mr. niiiino v/i-otc tli:... ho aas proniirocl 1,0 ainn the iroaty, {Ibi]>, 354), Tlio 29th or 'J-S.v.-r.m'y inc;2 ^ir Juliiyi doclinotl uiG riro--or,;J. for a ncv; ;,o.'vin iiri.l r.t.-tod: "Af3 rogarcLs iu.' :ooc«r;ity Tor ii;-;Otr.-"r : o^'.us vivondi, i;-;:' :- joaty*c Jov -niMcnt rrrnnontocl '. c tli.'it .•■.oars'U-o Ins!, .ynnr, n(;lcly on i:>.-' -roitn:! Uui . i', vi'ar. r!u?po30-l t;::;l t.horo vr, ;a i 1)0 :\iv.i['^r>v Ic !;}ic p:-";rsor- VI! t ion or :;}io .';oal nrr^jL^oti in i'^hrin,': Raft, ■.u^.looa .■JO o interval i:i '.ho nlnufiitor (f rjea-ln 5voro ;-e- nci'ibotl, ho'.h at sea aiul 01: Ifuvl. EMt Her M.'jcn- ty'n Ciov'.iTUKMit have r'.'coivod n<: in To r.n. it ion to r^:o": that no cU-araic }: roi 10 ly in n»cf;33nry for tvm ccnfioc- ■ativo /soacouG. On iho ntrnry, '.ho I.ritir;"' Coi:i" Liis.'jiqn*"^" ""•• the ilohrin,': J^'^-'i vToint 'Jo- inr-.i n, hcr/c iaro:-..iocl Kcr '; j'.-nty*.'! Cov^'iTJirnt tli, t. no far ..n pclafric soaJ j.n.': in concoi-iiod, tljor-- ir; n ' cLT-i'^er or iuiy rcrlo.iS ai-ilnution of t}.'.; rar-noal r: ':ci'.-!3* an a cor,.-.i-'i;;(.i:ico of th.is yocira Incit-inn. :.'ovort;io^ lo3B, rx)rd r.'liabury -yo-all :iot objnot, c.r, a torro- rcry i ioatroi-^ of proaaUbion for thin :-.eaf!nn, to Ibo proliildtion of cUl 3:illinr ;a 30a •/itj-.in n ::o:io oxton;linc"tto no; .ore U\i\z\ ZO r.aui. ill -ilos aroun-l the ?i-ibilo:' Inl.-j-'.ln, nuch prohibition boins ccnaitio», a.l on ohc rentrleiion of iho n.ir-ibcr of Ror.ln to be hj.llod fc.r tiny pl^-_^o30 on "Jio L^l.^ji Is to n rmxi. ,iin o:' oO.OOO." (lb, p. 355). On the 8.;; of liarcli, U]?>2, 'v. V/liaj-t-n a-nln appcarn in th. ; corrospondonco rith uxproB.^ion " the doopost rorrrfS thnt h'or I'lajosty^r; G( vmnont '.voulcl not ucreo upon ti.'. cffocr. ivo rjclua. But ho rostatos tho .■.von of diapilto time: to ..akc 5cal3 ^it'JL .'ortion oi" V,-' in": S^a, ■.'liilo her .:..,] sty»fi Ciovoi-ni.iont olalnfj a 00; tiott; rij-^it ;.o pm'niio (W-l ta;:fi r-.oalis in :-hoDo '.ratcrn oa;. sidr? of Uu'co ,.iilo linit, 'iliis noricur. an ! prolrnotoJ ■;ou', rovci-sy, it haa no%- iioon lm;v^iiy a,f;;r';od, rJ;r.ll 38 bo 3Ubnit.tod t.o '.ho dol'-Tninai. ion of a Iribim ;1 of r.:h .-rbiuVQi i'-'n, .tr.d V.xn ti-caty only /its t.l'O ;.otiou of *.''^o A!:;ori«a:\ donate. "(Ib.y iSSG) . I ■ ox?, ination is inado of tli« vari' '.s i-'.'i-ortn or Co.icro.TiUonal Gwii .ittoca^in Tviihinnt-on^ a:;'a o • MOV'imir.er.r, orfioom iri Ala.-ika, if. :ill o •ouJicl tha"; t'nor'( is n< aiir;(:c-'ai'i"5i "■'i'-'-o ' i^l'-iJt ''i '"- '>f " fjiono fjcason ill B'-:hrin ; S.a — cxo<;pt 'Ji roooi kii.'U- ■lation of Mi-. Kliiott, dud ponraibly one oi- l.v.o otlior offitjcra, Lhat, i.here nlioxild !>o u oo i>lol -. C';:;3 tion o" killinc <>n l:i)i'-i aii.i ni;c;^ or a period of ..'«a."a»