IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) {^/ -m % /, .V^ f/j :/, 1.0 I.I 1.25 121 no |25 I u lift " 2.2 u lift i I. ^1^ <^ 7] '^^ ^/: y /^ ' r ''-"'. ^%j I" ■» CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ ' Pages d6color6es. tachet6es ou piquAes Tight binding (may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serr6 (peut causer de i'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrleure) L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6tA possible de se procurer. Certains difauts susceptibles de nuire it la quality de la reproduction sont notAs ci-dessous. D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Coloured plates/ Planches en couleur r~T[ Show through/ Transparence r~y| Pages damaged/ T» P< of fil Tl C( or ar Tl fil in M in u| b< fa Pages endommagdes D Additional comments/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires Bibliographic Notes / Notes bibliographiques D D Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents D D Pagination incorrect/ Erreurs de pagination Pages missing/ Des pages manquent D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque D Maps missing/ Des cartes gdographiques manquent D Plates missing/ Des plaiiches manquent □ Additional comments/ Commentaires supplimentaires The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility cf the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images sulvantes ont 6t4 reproduitos avec le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles sulvants apparattra sur la der- nlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols y signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grflce it la g6n6rosit6 de i'Atablissement prAteur suivant : BibliothAque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper lAft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour 6tre reproduites en un seul cliche sont film6es A partir de I'angle supArieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Le diagramme suivant iliustre la methods : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 : • i /^^x^t^-u/U. DWARF SURVIVALb, AND TRADITIONS AS TO PYGIMY RACES. Bt R. G^. HALIBURTON, Q. C; D. C. L.; MKDALLI8T UF NINTH ORIKNTAL CONGRESS (ISitl) ; F. K. (). fl.; V. H. 8., NORTHERN ANTIQ., COPENIIAOEN ; AXU AMERICAN ASSOC. A. 8.; tlOlt. MKM. 80C. KftUIVIALE DE OftOOR., CAIRO; CANAUTAK INBT.; AND OEOOR. SOC, LISBON. [From the I'UOCBKDINOS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION KOK THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, VOL. XLIV, 1S98.] f K-,11 - -4£-j-> r DWARF SURVIVALS, AND TRADITIONS AS TO PYGMY RAC^ES. , Hy R. a. HALI BURTON, *j.<'.; n.c.i-.; mkiiai.ijht ok ninth iibientai. conoukhh (iwtl); i\ it. <;. n.-. v. ii. >-,, NOKTIIKUN ANTJVJ., •^OJ'ENHAdEN ; AND AMKKICAN ASMO< . A. s.; <()K. MKM. MOI-. KfcOIVIALE I>K (I6OUH., I'AIKO; fANAKIAN IN»T. ; ANI> (»KO(JK. SOC, MSIION. I ^^^llln lllf l'K(><'KKI>IN This ending In u Is probably Catalan. In Spanish a male dwarf Is a Nano, ana a female Nana. The people call themselves tfanos, not Enanos. 1. AMTHROPOLOOT. Those who suppose that Cretinism Is the cause of dwarfism and of the pecullnritieN In looks, color, ntc, of the dwarfs of the Pyrenees and the Alps, are mistakln}; the effect for the cause, aud are " putting the cart before the horse." In m.v paper on dwiirf survivals, read at the ANHOci- atlon last year, [ Hiiggested ihat (^rctinism was not a disease, hut a symp- tom of decadence ainnn;{ a racial dwarf population. I have met with a singular conflrniaUon of this view. I^ast spring I visited houjc Acadian districts in Louisiana, and lt.-arncd that in the old French spoken there Cretin simply means a " stupid dwarf," and has no reference in any way to any disease. No doubt goitre, being especially prevalent among the dwarf population£ of the Pyrenees and the Alps, was called " the dwarf disease," ('retlnlsm. The Denga dwarfs are the same now as they were five thousand years ago, yet we do not hear of goitre umong the rol)ust and warlike pjgniies of the Great Lakes and the Congo, who are flesh-eaters and hunters. I am persuaded that if a child of a Pyreneau Cretin were to be fed on flesh food, and made to lead an active life, he would ncivcr show any trace of goitre on arriving at nnmhood. May not "Cretin" be a very ancient name for a dwarf ? The little Dactyls, as we have seen, were Cretans. The Professor describes the stature of the Nanos as " about 4 ft., or one metre. 10 or 15 centimetres. The Nanu Is well foiuied; his foot is very small and well shaped; and so is his hand, but Its palm is much de- veloped, whence the Angers seoxu shorter and fatter than they really are. They are very broad-cheeked, which makes them seem stronger than Is actually the case. They look like small men. In general they all walk inclined forward." This pi cullarity appears also In the AInos, and is rid- iculed in the Japanese illustrations of Mr. MacRltchie's work. Professor Hnxley, in describing " Iberian man " of glacial eras, states that he must have walked thus, a conjecture which, even if nothing more than a lucky guess. Is interesting. The men and women have a well-shaped calf and leg. Their features are so chaiacteristlc that to see one of them is to see all. Their hair, he describes as red, " like that of a pi;asant who does not comb or take care of his hair." " They have a round face that Is as wide as it is long; the cheek bones are very prominent, and the jaw bones strongly devel- oped, which makes tlieni look square. To this square look the nose con- tributes. It Is flat and even with th;- face, which makes it look like a small ball, and the nostrils are rather high up. The eyes are not hori- zontal, the inside being lower than the outside, and they look like the Chi- nese, or rather like the Tartar race." I lent Mr. .Macllitchie a photograph which I had had taken of a half- breed Murcian Nana, with her granddaughter. The people of the coast town In Morocco, where she now lives, all noticed her Chinese look. Mr. MacRitchie has just returned the photograph, atid writes that a per- son, not Interested in dwarfs in any M'ay, remarked, on looking at It, that he would take it for a likeness of a Chinese woman. % SECTION H. Profesflor Morayta says that the Nanos have only half a dozen strag- gling hairs on their face, which 1m dlHcolored and flaccid to such an ex- tent that it seems to iiave no nerves. Hence, even when they are very yountf, tht'V have many wrinkle.x. " In sliort, they have the face of an old woman. If the Nanos all dressed alike it wonid be difllcult to tell the men Iron) the women. Their odd look is Increased by their large mouth, which does not cover their h)ng iind strong tet-th. Their incisors are re- markably long and .strong, and their lips are always wet with saliva, as if from water-brash. The brutalized life they lead may explain their being 90 ignorant that many of them do not rememl)er the name of their father or of the i)lace where tliey live." In 1894 a dwarf abonttfour feet high, u native of Darfur, who has for years been living in Cairo, was brnusfhl to me. He resenibli'd. In many respects, the dwarfs of the I'yrciiees. He had the same large teeth, open lips, and excessive saliva, but ids walk was a roll from side to side. I did not notice his bending forwanl. Ills walk was precisely like tliat of Gitano-Nanox, which the old Miirciaii woman described and imitated. Ilis color was a reddish brown. At the Hotel Metropole, Cairo, there was another, but soniewhat dilferenl dwarf, from the upper Nile re"ion, \vho was quite black, and had thicker lips. I did not notice anytidng peculiar in his walk. The natives of the Atlas say tliat tlierc are black dwarfs there who are larger than the other dwarfs. Zebehr I'asiia told me in 1893 that the dwarfs of the upjier Nile region iire called Denmt, anil are greatly superior to their larger neighbors in intelligence. On the monu- ments two Deiifltt t r Dcmj dwarfs are described as iiaving l>een brought to Egypt, who " danced divinely," and wvre more prized by the Pharaohs than the products of I'ount. One is ilescribed as from the Holy Land of Fount, and the other from " the Land of tin; Blessed Spirits," probably another name for Fount. Maspero, In his Origin of Civilization (1894), calls these dwarfs Ihinkd, but the Report of the Egyptian Exploration Fund, October, 1894, calls them Ihnikn, or Denk. One of the names of the dwarfs of the Atlas is Ait Tinker, or Dinka. In my paper on " Pre- liistoric Star-Lore " full reference is made to Denga dwarfs. Mr. MacFherson, late Briiish Consul at Barcelona, who kindly made enquiries into the .statements of I'rofessor Morayta. fully confirmed them. He said that small-pox carried off hundreds of these Nanos a few years ago, and that they are rapidly dying out, and he thinks that more of them are to be found at the Col de Tosas than anywhere else. He was satisfied thut there are many Ntinos who are Cretins, and many who are not. Mr. MacUitchie spent a few days in that country, but the weather and the roads were very l)ad, and prevented his remaining there longer. There is also a village called Aledo on the summit of a high mountain be- tween Carthagena and Granada, " inhabited hy small people," which I wished him to visit, but he was unable to do so. Many v;eeks, or rather months, would be required to explore thoroughly the regions where it is said the Nanos are to be found. The British Vice-Consul at Carthagena ANTHROPOLOOT. • intended tu vbit Alcdo In 181)3, but I liave no tldloKH yet of his having made the excursion. We must hope that he will yet visit that place. Mr. MacRitchie has published an IntcrestluK paper on these Pyrenean dwtirfs, in the " luteinationiilcH Archlv fUr Ethnographic," Leyden, In which some kodak photos of those dwarfs hiivc been given by him. Since my paper on " Survivals of Dwarf Races in the New World " was read at the meeting of this Association at Brooklyn, miuiy things have come to liglit fully confirming my conclusions. In " The Academy " (Lon- don), Jan. 12, IH'Jo, Mr. MacRitchie says, "Captain Koxe, In 18(!1, discov- ered an Island cemetery In the northwest corner of Hudson Bay, In which the longest corpses were not over four feet long. Wiiereupou Foxe says, ■ They seem to be a people of small stature. God send me better for my adventure.' " He has also drawn my attention to a list of the Itndian tribes of the Valley of the Ama/.on, by Clement R. Markham, recently published by the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, which mentions two dwarf tribes there, the Guaynzis and the Cananas, citing as his authorities, Acuna, Castelnau, Spix and Martlus, and others. But for the most important conUrmation we are Indebted to the ubiquitous press correspondent. Writing from the city of Mexico to the Chicago Tribune, Oct. 15, 1894, Its correspondent, describing the various races to be seen in the streets of the city, includes " Indians from the hills, and queer little dwarfish savages, clad in two coarse woollen gjirments, who have their Hottentot-like habitations within the gates of the city, living in their huts of adobe, In settlements often found behind respectable blocks of houses tho.se strange dwarf people, who glide in and out of the crowd like gnomes." A casual authority of this sort, who only describes what lie sees, and does not trouble himself about scientific theories. Is really moreconclu. slve than the observations of a specialist, however candid he may be as to his favorite study. The testimony of this correspondent has been borne out by Mr. Robert Clarke, the Cincinnati piibllsher, who Informs me that he also has seen these dwarfs. Mr. H. V. Wills, of lioston, Mass., tells me that his attention was attraeled, at a representation of a Passion play near the city of Mexico, by some very small Indians, whom he " at first took to be overgrown children. They looked more like squaws than men, and their faces were broad, flat, puflTy and wrinkled." This is the description that M. Charnay gives of the Lacondon, on the frontier of British Honduras. He does not describe their height, but says tliat he could not tell the men from the women, and that they had broad, flaccid, puffy faces — almost the very same words as those used by Professor Morayta as to the Nanos of the Pyrenees. Mr. A. Glaspell, an American who has had business engagements in Mexico, says that on the 12th of December, the fiesta of our Lady of Guadaloupe (the old feast of " the Mother of the Gods"), he saw many dwarfs, who were not much over 4 feet in height, and who had come in from the country. Another Important confirmation by a press correspondent is that uncon- sciously supplied by one who interviewed, at Cincinnati, last autumn, the SECTION H. German Dwarf Operatic Company, and who stated that he had found that these Liliputians all came from a district In the Black Forest, and were racial dwarfs, and not mere accidents or freaks of nature. Professor Edwards, of the Cincinnati University, drew my attention to this subject, as to which, no doubt, further information will come to light.' 1 was fully prepared for some such diticovery. Thirteen years ago my attention was attracted by the name of some cliff dwellers in Abyssinia, which J^an Temporal, in his translation of an early Portuguese book on that country, calls " Vosges." .4s I had in 1863 suggested' that there must have been a migration from Africa to Europe in early ages, I made a note of these facts, intending some day to enquire whether there are not traces of cliff dwellings, or cliff dwellers, in the mountainous country of Alsace, "the Vosges." In 18'.»2, as my friends. Admiral Blomfleld Pasha, of Alexandria, and Mrs. Blomfleld. were about to spend six weeks in the Vosges, I asked them to look into the question. In a few weeks 1 received a local guide-book, which more than bore out my anticipations. In the Guide Joanne, G6radmer (Paris, Libr. Hnchette & Cie, p. 26), we ai^ told that La Schaume of Nisheim, which suirounds Wurtzelstein, It is believed, is inhabited by a kindly disposed race of dwarfs, who, when the herdsmen descend to the lower valleys with their herds in the autumn, pasture their cattle, which are of very Kuiall size, in the upper pastures, and make cheese till the spring. Among different authorities cited is the Foyer Alsacien, by Chas. Grad. Admiral Blomfleld Pasha wrote me that a very Intelligent fellow-traveller, a Frenchman, believed that there vpere many racial dwarfs in that part of Europe, and that a careful search would put this beyond question. I also made enquiries as to the " dwarfs of Sylt," which it is supposed were exterminated by the Frisians. My informant got for me the following information from the head of the Archasological Institute of Kiel: "The people call traditionary dwarfs Die Unterirdeschen, Alben. WidUe, die Kleine Leute, [the Underground People, the Albs, the Wights, the Little People], and there is no end of Sagas telling about them. Our country and Sylt are full of them, and I heard some quite new to me on this occasion. They have been digging lately in several places for skeletons, and the villagers said, ' Yonder, under that village, the Little People used to live;' and in another village the people said that under a certain mount live sets of the ' Underground Folk' lived, but they only had one cauldron (caaldron) between them, and when one party was invited by the other the cauldron had to be taken for cooking. The mount was opened, and a huge cauldron was found. Now you hear of kind acts done by these little men. and again of wicked, revengeful, spiteful deeds." Fifty years ago that intellectuiil giant, Jacob Grimm, was far in ad- vance of scientific men of our day as to this question. He seems to have u. > A German tellei me he hua often seen dwarfa about four feet high, who came to Baden from the Black Forest. > See Hallburton, New Materials for the History of man (18(t8). pp. 14, 33 and .ot«, 41, 74- ' * I * 1 1 ANTHROPOLOOT. 7 •ssamed that there was once a widely difflised dwarf population in north- ern Europe, and he gives in his German Mythology an immense amount of references and traditions as to dwarfs, as will be partially seen on refar- riog to the index of that work. In 1892-3, Professor Sergl published in the Bulletin of the Royal Medical Academy of Rome an importiuit paper, showing that in early ages there must have been a migration of African dwarfs to the European countries bounding on the Mediterranean, and as far east at least as Moscow. He has made a comparison of the numerous dwarfs he met with in Sicily and Italy with skeletons of dwarfs found in Etruscan tombs and near Moscow— all resembling the dwarfs of the Congo. There are really only two classes of dwarfs, one stunted and deformed Id Infancy through disease, and the other racial dwarfs, for we may safely put down to atavism cases of the Tom Thumb type hitherto looked on as "freaks of nature." Sir Geo. Humphrey, M. D., found in all the museums in France only one skeleton of a supposed dwarf " freak ;" and even that, we find, was nearly a century old, and belonged to a member of a family in the Vosges, in which there were other dwarfs. (See my paper on dwarfs, in Asiatic Quartirly. July, 1892.) I find I have omitted to mention that in 1893 (i. e., after I had heard from Blomfleld Pasha), I learned in Morocco that, two days south of the Great Atlas, there is a high mountain cnlled Voshe, the inhabitants of which are dwarf cave- dwellers, who are called Ait Voshe (the Voshe Tribe). We have seen that Jfian Temporal called a cave-dwelling tribe of Abyssinians "Vosges;" and Professor Schlichter says that the Akka dwarfs of Equatorial Africa are known to their neighbors as Voshu, and also Tii-i- TiArt names con- nected with the Akka dwarfs of Southern Morocco, who are also called Jed-ibwa (the "Fathers of Our Fathers"). When I asked natives of Southern Morocco, " Have you ever heard of the name Tikif" I carefully avoided using the reduplication. Tliey all said "Yes, Tiki-Tiki, Tiiki- Tiiki ; that is a name for the Little People ;" and subsequently a half-breed Spanish Nano gave me the same reply. The range of Tiki- Tiki extends to Polynesia, where it is used for ancestral dwarf -gods, one of which, the dwarf Creator, Tiki, resembles tlie dwarf Creator, Ptah, of the Egyp- tians.' " Tiki " and " Tilki," seem to be a shortening of those names for dwarfs and dwarf-gods, so familiar to the ancients, and still used in Morocco— Patiki, and Patdiki. The Tilka-Tiika (a name not hitherto known to anthropologists) are very small dwarfs in South Africa, who, the Kaffirs say, are a perfectly distinct race from the Bushmen. Through his tutor, Dinuzulu informed me that the Zulus have killed them nearly all off, as " they are not fit to live." The Kaffirs greatly dread them as most dangerous wizards and magicians. > Tiki we can trace even to Peru, where, according to Santa Cruz (see Markbam'a Narrative of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas pp. 83, 84 and plate, and 88), the Supreme God, " the Creator," was called Tied Ccapac (Rometimes softened Into Ticfi Ccapac),and Ttca Ccapac, and was represented by an egg shaped symbol- HevrM born of a Condor's egg, and was, no doubt the same as the primordial dwarf God of the Mayas, whose temple at Uxmal was " the House of the Dwarf," and who wa« tx>ra of an egg (see pp. 124, 126, 135 and 143). 8 SECTION H. Atavism is very enduring and far-reaching; and generations, or rather centuries, are not able to efface the traces of racial, or even family traits, as can be seen iu family portraits. The leading family in a district in Andaluciawere surprised andshoclced at finding one of their number grow up, in all respects, a typical Congo dwarf. No doubt they had inherited a remote Nano strain, which, though long forgotten, had at last asserted itself. Size, complexion, etc., point out the places where a dwarf race must have once existed. The Black Forest is probably one of these, for the manager of the German Dwarf Operatic Company says he was able there to secure the services of several very small dwarfs. Their relatives were generally of large stature. In Sicily, and parts of Italy, Professor Sergi discovered and measured a surprisingly large number of dwarfs, many of which were as small as Congo dwarfs. The name, " Little Father," for the dwarfs of the Atlas, and sometimes In Spain for the Nanos, must have drifted as far east as Moscow, when that prehistoric migration of African dwarfs took place, of which Pro- fessor Sergi has told us, for it still survives iu that strange title by which the Czar is often addressed— Z,i«ie Father. I may mention a fact that has been long known to me, that the names " Dwarf " and " Fairy " came originally from North Africa, where they are still in use. Ancient Greek geographers say that the farthest west part of GsBtulif. (southern Morocco) is inhabited by the Maurussii and Pharussii (il/awri and Phari). I have been frequently told by Berbers that Fari was a name for min- ing dwarfs, who wash gold and silver sand. I did not notice any super- stitious dread among the Berbers as to using the name, but among the Spanish half-breed Nanos it seems to excite the same horror that it does among the Irish, Welsh and Highland peasants. My Murcian informant nearly rushed from the room at the sound of the name, and begged of me never to use It again. It is evidently an " unpronounceable name." This may be a superstition connected with the belief that if you can get hold of the name of an enemy who Is a magician, you can destroy his power over you. A Highlander was able once to capture a fairy wife by finding out her name. The Iri-sh peasants will speak of "the good people," "the gentle folk," or "the gentry," or " the little people," but you cannot get them to use the word " fairy." The name " dwarf," too, is Berber. There is a town or hamlet in the Sahara, some days to the southeast of Tafllet, called Adirarfl (a corrup- tion of Ait-Warfl, " the good people," " the excellent folk,") and the place is a great centre of the little Adioarfi. (Hazel warfi means "a fine man"). In Spain the Nanos are called Adwarfi. But the old Murcian woman used the name unwillingly. Many names and subjects among the Nanos are sacred or " tabooed." She told me she knew much about the Cabrillai (or "the kids ")— the Pleiades; but it was not lawftil to speak about those stars. Both in Scotland and southern Morocco we meet with artificial mounds, In which there are chambers. In Southern Morocco they are inhabited ANTHROPOLOar. by dwarfs, who take Into them at night their little cattle. One of my in- formants, (I Berber Jew, told me that, when a boy, he ventured once to sleep in one of them ; lint that the Berbers generally are afraid to enter the small, dark passages that lead to the central chamber; and call the little entrances " rat holes." The name Pecht, which is used in Scotland for a dwarf, and is more familiar to us as " Pict," is to be found south of the Atlas. A " Large Har- atin " (ii native of the Dra. whf> is descended from dwarfs) told me that he belonged to the Ait- Pecht. His dwarf kli<;k-» made the name sound like Psecht. On one occasion, without having bcfii questioned on the point, my Spanish informant gave nie an account of the dwelling places of the Nanos of Aledo, wliich she said were built of large stones, covered with earth, and which were evidently similar to those of the Adwarfl and to the Picts-Houses of Scotland. The head of a branch of my family for centuries went by the name of Pitcur, from owning Pitcur Castle, in Forfarshire, Scotland, now a ruin. Mr. MacRitchle, at my request, visited a place near the Castle, in which, I heard, there was a small passageway leading into a hill, for I fancied It must be a IHct-cur, a dwelling place or enclosure of dwarfs. The idea proved to have been well founded, and he wrote to me, that it was one of the best specimens of a Picts-House that he had ever seen. He after wards learned that he was not the Hrst anti(iuary who had explored it. If there is any foundation for the wonderful legemls. that tell of the oldest castles in the North Country having been built by dwarf masons. Pitcur Castle must have been their handiwork. ProfessorSayce, in his note to Herodotus (B. Ill, Ch. 37), connects the name of " the Creator" of the I-gyptians. Ptuh, with that of tlie Pataiki. The philological argument is coufirined by the fact, that both Ptah and the Pataiki were dwarfs. Not only in Egypt. l)nt also in Greece, the oldest of the gods were pygmies. Venus of Cyprus was a dwarf; her son was Pygmmus, and her husband, Vulcan, wa.'?* no doubt a Dactyl, one of the dwarfsmiths and magicians oi' Crete. Solden says that the Great Gods of Palestine and Syria were pygmy deities (Pataiki) Movers, in the first chapter of his Phoenizier, says, that " that group of deities called Dactyls. Corybantes and Cyclopes, were similar to those old Germanic divinities, now known as "Cobbolds." I had not seen that pas- sage when I suggested in my paper on "Dwarfs and Dwarf worship," that they were " like our Fairies and Brownies." The name, Pataiki, is still to be heard. In parts of North Africa, and probably in Syria, the Jews hold a festival towards the end of April, called "the Great Play." and also Pataiki! When I asked an old Syrian Jew who lives in Aloxundrla. Egypt, what was the meaning of the name Pata!ki, he replied, " Knbir is God ; Kabiriftm means the large angels, and Pataiki the little angels." Pausanias identifies the Pataiki with the Cabiri. But the oldest sources of religious thought among the ancients were the Mysteries, and these, it is admitted, all sprang from the venerable Mysteries of the Cabiri, t. «., from dwarf mysteries. 10 SECTION B. Grimm, In his German Mytliology,' stiows .low widespread was the be- lief that the first created race were dwarfs. Ilesiod says the first race of men died out, and became blessed spirits, wliowerc the guardians of man- kind. In the West Indies' there was a very similar belief. The motherj* of the first generation all foil in love with a primeval Lothario, and deserted their children, who grew up stunted, and ultimately died, and became Tona (guardian spirits), ami were worshipped by men. Amon:; the Zunl and other Pneblo Indians, the first generation of men are called " child ancestors " (their name being written variously, Koko, Koka, or Kaw-kaw). They are intercessors for rain, and initiate youths, and take an importnnt ptirt In certain rites. They are represented as dwarfs, and are evidently liable to hunger, judging from the amount of provisions with which they have to be supplied when they visit their de- scendants. Among the Klamath Indians there is a belief, that there are certain dwarfs whdse little footprints can be seen in the snows of the Cascade Mountains, but who are only visible to the metlicine men whom they instruct in th(! mysteries of the Medicine-lodge. The Mlcmacs have a very similar belief in little men who live in the woods, and who, if con- ciliated successfully by ii Micmac, will give him magic lore. Among the Choctaws there was a belief tliiit little •Men of the Woods" catch the young men and, after putting them through an ordeal of good natured teasing. Initiate them. Bopuli, a midchief-loving llobin Goodfellow, is the Kokopuli of the Pueblo Indians. Mr. J. A. Watkins of New Orleans, an old gentleman, whose father lived among the Choctaws, and who when a boy learned thoir language, writes me that in the first half of the century a deputation of Choctaw chiefs waited on the government agent, and begged him, as they were fearing the eftects of a drought, to let his two sons, young boys from eight to ten, visit them and bless their crops. Willing to humor ihem, he let his sons go. When they had been taught the proper rites, they went through the ceremony so well, that a heavy shower fell next day, and they returned home loaded with presents. Dwarfs could no longer be procured to pray for rain, and the nearest approach to a dwarf was a young boy ! Others practise this pious fraud. Our little May Queen, and the Lord of Misrule of mediaeval festivities were no doubt once dwarfs. At the beginning of May, the Japanese have a little King and Queen, who are to be seen also at St. Michael in the Azores, where at Whitsuntide, amid an immense crowd of spectators, a little King and Queen arc carried in state to the Cathedral, where they are in great pomp crowned by the clergy. A procession then takes place to some tables at the market-place, where they preside over the feast, in which the poor participate. In China a little girl receives the offerings to the dead. In India' Durga,'or^Kall, Is repre- sented by a little girl wlio sits in a "bower of leaves." In a similar bower a little child-wife in the Western Soudan receives the god Sokar, no doubt ■ See Staleybrass' Traua. II, 563-9. * Kerr'H Voyages tind Travels, in, \M. » Sir Wm. Jones' Works, iv, 132, 185. ▲NTHROrOLOOT. 11 th* same as the ancient dwarf god of the Egyptians, Ptah-Sokar Osiris. In Eyypt' there was a great feast at Pithom at the beginning of May, at which two little girls oftlciated, who were called Urti (" the two Queens"). Possibly they may have been two little brides for Anul{, who is so vener- able a divinity, that he ratty be only another type of the dwarf god, PtahSokar-Osiris. In the Tonga Islands Alo-Alo. tlie god of rain, when he visited the earth, was welcomed by a little cliild-wife, who presided during the festival in a leafy bower. We And that the Atlus dwarfs and the Nanos predict the I'uture by watching the reflection of "the Se /en Stars " in a bowl. The famous cup of Nestor, supposed to have been a divining cup, had two groups of Pleiades on its handles. In modern I'-gypl the person who tries divination by a bowl, is alwiiys a boy. The Atlas dwarfs, who " know more iibout the stars than other men," drive a good business in the Balaam line, by blessing (if not by cursing). A little .\it Atta, from near Adwarfl, who was stolen from his parents and sold as a slave, but ran away and found his way to Tangier, told ine in 1894 that the Little People are greatly feared by his tribe, who address a dwarf as Skli Baraker C" our Blessed Lord"). "When we see them coming, we lay down our piesents before us, and bow down ; and they put their hands on our heads, and bless us and our crops, and take our presents, and go away." The Bushmen claim that their primordial mothers were the Pleiades, a star group wliicli the ancients regarded as " Hoyal Stars." According to Grimm, dwarfs were supposed to be "of Royal birth." Wherever we find dwarf tribes, or their descendants, there we find vestiges of the Vear of the Pleiades and of a worship of those stars. I cannot go further into this curious subject; but I may. in conclusion, suggest that there is a marvellous and puzzling uniformity in the ideas of primitive races as to festivals, magic, healing by incantations, etc., which can only be .accounted for by assumin"! that, in the most remote* prehistoric times, there must have existed an era, in which was developed a rude system of initiations, that dittlised, preserved, and at the same time stereotyped, the scanty} stock of star-lore, beliefs, and domestic arts of those early days. Note.— I'rof. Frerterlck Starr, Dept. of Aiithropolofry, Univ. of Chicago, Translator of Les Pygmies by tie Quntrefiipres, on his return from Mexico, In a letter dated M Sept., *95, writes me as follows :— " Aguas Calicntes i.s a city of perhap« :<0,0W inhabitants. In a Hingle half-hour In the market we saw seven adults who were not more than four feet high. Of one of these wc have a photojfraph which I nhall be j?lail to send you presently. The people of Mexico generally are small. There is an unusual amount of dllfercnce between the males and females In stature. The women therefore are generally small. But the cases mentioned al)ove were far below the ordinary stature. The little people you mention, quoting from the Tribune Reporter, are certainly from Aytzcaputzalco, which Is connected with the City of Mexico by St. Cnre. They are very small, retain their old dress, are reserved and very primitive. 1 am told that many of them live In holes In the soft tepetate rock. These are special topics which I shall study hereafter. I have Indian authority for dwarf populations near Lake Chapala In Wejtern Mexico. . . Several Indians at Chapala tell me that there was n fiesta there nine years ago which >BragBOh. " Egypt under the Pharaohs," II, 847. IM SECTION H waa Tery well attended. Among the people were abont twenty little people, repreient - Ing a dwarf race living in the mountninri. They arc described as about a yard hlgh^ All wore knives, and were very llery tempered. They stood no teasing from the peo pie of the region. I noticed an unusual amount of ilttio (leople goln^ from Pueblu tu their homes. We •aw a hundred perhaps go from nmrkct past us, as we sat at a bridge. The little stature was marked In both sexes and most so In the women. Many adults could not have been more than thirty-live to thirty-eight Inches high. . . . These little people prob ably came from Cholula, or near there. Most of them were primitively dressed. This I find commonly among the little people. They are conservative and reserved. Critlntsm occurs In the Uarranca near Guadalajara. I have not looked Into It. A dwarf population, the Chontalcs, are reported to me by Archbishop Glllar of Oajaca. They live far from him, and he has never seen thom. They are said to live In holes In the ground. " Writing about the Little God, at Lake Chapala, he says : " There are found, In the bed of the lake, very many curious little vessels of clay and, strange to say, spoons and ladles of the same material." The schoolmaster there said: "The people that used to live here, unlike their neighbors, had a God who was little; there- fore the gifts that were made to him were little." That once there was a numerous dwarf population throughout Mexico, Is proved, he thinks, by the small size of the Mexicans. PnSHISTORIC 8TAR-I,OnE AND ITS PlBFADES PERIODS. By R. 6. HaU- BURTOK. [ABSTRACT.] The great games and secular feasts of the Greeks, vtrith their funereal characteristics, their " Pythian eight year cycle," and their " Olympiad," or four years cycle, are found reproduced in the secular funeral games, regulated by the eight and the four years Pleiades periods of American races. Among other authorities cited were the Journal of American Folklore, April— July, I'^-j, pp. 162-165; Dr. Fcwkes " A New-fire Ceremony of the Tasayan Indians;" Miillcr's Dorians, (Tufneil & Lewis' Trans.) Vol. !• 810, 311, 348; als,. 159, 296. The writer suggests thi;t the dawn of astronomy was preceded by what he has defined as " Prehif;toric Star-Lore." y I L RECENT INVESTIGATIONS AS TO PYGMY RACES. Hv H. ('.. HALintlWTON. I A iii'W factor in Mctvini,' tlit> prnbloni of liuiiiati ori^fiiis will lu'rouftiT lit* llio world- wide raiitro of Tiki 'or Tilti-Tiki), as a naiiio not only for dwarfs, liiil also for dwarf Cri-ators, the Ktcyptian dwarf Creator I'tali, (a name Connected with I'ata'ki or I'ataiki, the Polynesian Dwarf Creator, Tiki, and the Creator of the I'erin ians, Ticci Ccapac. Uorn of a condor's e»,'»f, Ticci-Ccapac resembles the dwarf ilod of the Mayas, who was also born oi m vnn, and whose temple was " the House of the Dwarf" at ITxmal. rnnii '•the KuK "' Creation" of the ICjry ptiaii Dwarf (hmI, Ptah, the universe was fashioned by his seven dwarf architects, the Knuninin. Ill my pa)H-r on "Dwarf Survivals and Tr.ulilioiis as to l'y>fmy Races," In-fore the American Association last September, it was pointed out that the name Tiki is not confined to the Akka, or Tiki-Tiki of K<|ualorial Africa, but is found in the At- las and also anions the Naiios of Spain. It seems now tli.-t the ran(,'e of Tiki is much wider than I had stated. The smallest tribe of llushmen is called Tiika- Tiika. Var North of Spain we find the Tucke-Kobbolds of (iermany ; and still far- ther North, we read of Thekr and Naiii, two of the primordial dwarfs foity-niiie lit number, 7x7?, that, accorditiif to the Icelandic Voluspa, were created l)cfore man- kind. In America, too, the rantre of Tiki is wider than I had supposed. Thus two of the most important little Ko-ko, or Child-Ancestors of the Pueblo Indians, are called Soo-tiki. The Araucanians Chili), who, like the Peruvians, worsliip|H>d the Pleiades, called the Sui)reme Heinir T<)(|ui. Aiiion>f the Kaffirs he is Tiquii, a name borrowed from the Bushmen, whose primordial nnnliers were the Pleiades, and who at the risinjf of those stars dance and siiiir, " Oh, Tiijua, Father above us, send us rain !" Many years atro. Professor Tylor, in his valuable work, " I'riniitive Culture." 1 p. 2S.1, ideiititied the dwarfs of Northern folklore with a prehistoric dwarf popula- tion; and Professor Wyss has taken a similar view of the traditionary dwarfs of the Alps, who he supposes were dwarf tribes forced to take refutre there by larjrer neitfhbors. " For then also in the country The irood (Iwarllintrs still kept house. Small in form, but liiii-hly yi'led. And so kind and generous."— Miu.i.ivK. (See Keitfhtley's Fairy Mytliy., Holm's Aiiti<|. Library, p. 2(i4-5.) Professor Wyss' conclusions have recently been conlirmed by Professor Kohl- maiin's discovery of the hones of Pygmies there, and by Professor Ser^'i's conclu- sions as to a mi^rratiou of African dwarfs to Southern ICuroiie and to Kussia, who resembled the Tiki-Tiki, or Akka of K a town of l'.\ k'niic^' The men nf llioHC towns woultl not warrant tlio term. In many familirs where both parents are little, the children of ten or twelve years are laryer than eitlu-r jiarents." Tills is what occurs aminiu' the Spanish Ilalf-breed Naiios, as is plainly shown hy a pholoirraph which I have of a larixe Chineese lool