m e /} / ^ % IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I • 5 '""^^ iIT ilM Iff |4£ 1.25 1.4 M M 1= 1.6 ^1^ Priotog'apmc Sciences Corporation .^/ # #. # V :\ V \ % V '^s-^- O • '^U- %^ 'i3 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7;6) 872-4503 I CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. I Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques !!• IQAft Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e at/ou pelliculie r~7j Cover title missing/ a n D Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli^ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout«es lors dune restauration apparaissant dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6ti filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a et* possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicuj^es \ A Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ IjlJ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages detachees ["71 Showthrough/ 1-^ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du mat6riel supplement supplementaire I I Only edition available/ D Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., cnt 6t6 fiim^es A nouveau de facon a obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est fi'm* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. ^°X 14X 18X 22X 26X 12X 30X 16X J 20X 24X 28X 32X ire details les du modifier er une filmage es errata to pelure, n a 3 32X The copy filmed here has be«n reprcduced thanks to the generosity of: Legislature du Quebec Quebec The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last pegs with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on sach microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in t*\e upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire fiim4 fut reproduit grAce i la g^n^rositi de: L^islature du Quebec Quebec Les images suivantes ont «t« reproduites avec Ee plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet« de l'exemplaire film«, et en conformit^^ avec las conditions du contrat de filmage. Les excmplaires originaux dont la couverture an papier est imprim6e sont film^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en tirminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporta une ampreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exempiaires originaux sont fiimds en commengant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent fttre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul ciichi, il est film« d partir de I'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ?>. ^x^-^' A LETTEE ADDIIE.S3EU lO THE RTGIIT lIONOUHAliLE THE EARL OF DONOUGHMORE, I'RKSIUHNI' or TIIK lioARl) ul' TRADE, ON TMK ink of WM) Bortlj linicrita. L O N I ) X 1 WILUAIVI PENNY, 57, MNCOLN'S-INN FIELDS. 1859. A LETTEIJ, MY LORD, Enoland 1ms ;i world-wide reputation for the extent and niaj^iiificcnee of her Colonial possessions. "The British Einjnre, upon which the sun never sets/' has heconie a household word acknowledged in all countries ; but once blot out British North America, and farewell to this proud name. Yet few know, or few care to consider, that we hold British North America by a mere thread, which may be broken, and this great country severed from us for ever, without the postiibility of our extending the aid of our array or navy to its preservation during six months in the year, solely for the want of proper access to the ocean. Throughout the whole of the Colonial possessions of Great Britain, there is none so endeared to the mother-country as British North America. It is a country to which, more than any other under the British Crown, the farming population of England have emigrated. And it is not to the magnificent harbours which indent the coast of America, nor to the numerous ships which hail from her shores, nor to the immense internal navigation or r lilroad communication, that she is indebted for her unexampled progress and greatness : but to farmers of Kent and Sussex, Norfolk and Yorkshire, and the other great agricul- tural counties of England, who emigrated there, and, by their superior ability, brought into cultivation the virgin soil of that immense country. It is to those immense agricul- tural resources which have been developed that America is essentially indebted for her greatness. The extraordinary elasticity of the country has led to great extravagance. Hence panics have arisen which for a time paralyzed commerce, and apparently retarded her jjrogress; but upon her magni- ficent internal resources she always relies for her redemption, and she has never relied in vain. The extent of territory peculiarly adapted for the produc- 2 tioii of wheat is iihoiit equally balanced between liritisb JNorth Aincnca and /le United States, the former (speaking pnneipally of Canada) with a population of three millions^ the latter with a population of twenty millions. The logical conclusion is, therefore, that the land of the former eouiitry IS either cultivated to a small extent, or that she must pro- duce much more than is required for her own consumption. Ihe land under cultivation in Canada is in proportion of one acre to liltcenof the United States, vet Canada exported, in the year 185G (being the last retuVn), to the United StJvtes, grain, prmcipally flour, to the value of t2,dCn^,\)SH. ^ow, foremost in the van of the continent of North America stands Nova Scotia, with harbours, for capacity and safety, unparalleled in the world. Next to her, New lirunswick, joining again on to Canada, separated from one another by no impassable barriers of swamps or rocky moun- tains, sterile plains, or even a Mason and Dixon's line, but a beautiful, undulating, fertile country, rich in all the sources ol agricultural, mineral, and commercial wealths, joins them together; yet strange and unnatural as it may appear, thev liave scarcely a truck to indicate a passage from one to the other. Yet, to unite them to one another by a railroad, and by that means give them access to the ocean and to the mother country at all seasons, Lord Durham, Earl Orcv, and every great Colonial statesman, from the time of the hist introduction of railroads to the present, have laboured. Long before the rich fertility of the great valley of the ^uskat(,•ilewan was known, and the auriferous soil of liritish Columbia discovered, our trade with China ami .Tai)an not thrown open or scarcely dreamt of, Earl Grcv declared his beiiet, Ihat the construction of this railroal would effect a change in tiie civilized world.'' For the want of this means ol communication, let us see the effect it has upon the trade ot the colonies and the mother countrv. Nova Scotia has done more for the honour of the British armv and navy and commercial marine than any Colony under the British etnpire. U e ^VJll not allude to our conflicts with the United States ; but Halifax educated the great eircuDuiavigator Captain Cook. She gave birth to General Williams, the hero of Kars, and General Inglis, the hero of Lucknow. But she produced a greater man than even those renowned heroes, Samuel Cunard, a gentleman who has done more, by the superioi' cluss of his ships, tlie excellent selection and disci- pline of his oflicers, his regularity in performing his contracts lor the postal service between the two hemispheres, to inspire 8 the coiitidcncc in, and to raise tiic character of the eonuner- eial steam marine of (Ircat Britain than any man that ever lived. Heiiind Nova Scotia stands New Brunswick, wliicli on her hack again abuts on Canada. The extensive forests of timber in New Brunswick, owing to lier near proximity to Enghmd, have been a source of great wealth to her, and she has con- sequently paid little attention to the cultivation of the soil, and imports nearly the whole of her breadstutfs ; but docs she import them from Canada, her nci'.'hbonring province — a cijuntry alike to her in allegiance and birtli a'.ul interest ? No; but she imports the flour from the United States which had been exported from Canada, passed over the United States railways along her canals, through the United States Customs, through the hands other merchants, to be shipped in American bottoms, to be landed at ports in New Brunswick, carried into the interior for consumption to within a few miles of the Canadian border where it was raised. The United States merchant pays Canada for her wheat in Colonial produce imported through the ports of New York and Boston, and sent over her railroads and canals to Canada ; and in manufactured goods, the work of her citizens, ending in the result of an annual balance of trade against (Canada of <£1,181,18(). Nova Scotia presents the same unfavourable features, but not to so great an extent, the annual balance of trade with the United States being ,L'2()4,874 against Nova Scotia. Yet Nova Scotia has a direct trade in flsh and lumber with our West-India posses- sions, one of the oldest trades in America, by which means she could supply the whole of the Colonial produce required in Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, had they access to one another through the port of Halifax. But as the West Indians require a large quantity of flour, and which is supplied to a great extent from Canada through the parts of New York and Boston, and carried in American ships to our own colonies, return laden with sugar, and tea, and molasses, and other produce, to be landed in New York or Boston, and in' like manner carried over the railroads and canals, and through the ('ustoms and hands of the merchants of the United States, for consumption in Canada, whilst our own ships from the ports of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have to return in ballast, because they have no access 4 to the interior of Hritish North America. One thin- is Ucmons nited-that in our interiuil improvements in navitja. tion and railroads of British North America, we began at the • vvrou;; end ; yw. hc-an at the end, and are riitraeinj^our steps Dy a backward course to the phiee we onjrht to have coin- incnced at. But this course of proceeding has been frightfullv iMjunous to the interests of Jh-itish North America, and to the motlicr country, as we will presently show. It diverted the course of trade from its legitinuite and natural channel, through the great valley of the St. Lawrence, and carried it over the canals and railroads of the United States, and thus our great public works in Canada, some of which have received Imperial aid, have tended only to raise up and Clinch the cities of New York and Boston at the expense uiKi neglect of the seaports in our own territory in Nova Scotia, nearer to us by (JOO mih s than New York, and iOO miles than Boston, and superior in cai)acity and safety to cither of them The tonnage of goods and vessels annually, through the Welland Canal, in Canada West, exceeds by a miUion that passing through the St. Lawrence canals on the borders of Canada East. The receipts of the Great Western Itailway ot Canada West, running from Niagara liridge to the toot of Lake Iluro i, exceed those of the Grand Trunk JtaUway in Canada last, mile per mile, 150 per cent, simply because they arc tapped by the Erie Canal and united States railways, because we have no access to the ocean for six months of the year. Experience in all a-es lias proved that a dep6t for trade which is closed for six months as Montreal and Quebec are, cannot compete with ports like Boston and New York, which are alwavs open. JNo amount of outlay, by improving the gulf naVigation. can ever establish the dep6t of trade at Montreal or Quebec iigainst sucli odds ; but once open out the channel of trade to Uahfax, and she can compete against the world. Our present anomalous position has a most injurious effect upon the trade of the mother country. The import trade from the United States to Canada exceeds that from the mother country by .€1,222,891- and ''S, iS'/'^o '^''*'-''^' ''^''"^*^ ^" ^ balance against Canada of xJ,i»l,18'.) annually. Among the imports from the United States to Canada ornung a total of .fo,()7G,127 annually, are found the fol- lowing goods paying duties : — Colonial produce, tea forming half a million sterliiiii' i 1 1,391,905 \ Mimufnctured jjooda, the principal items «)f which arc,— iron aiul hardware, cotton aud woollen uiaiiut'actures .... l,5Hl),.'Jll Other I nana fact I ires 15."),ir>Ji And of free floods admitted under the Reci- procity Treaty, of which sonic of the prin- cipal items are — hooiis, coal, settlero' floods, &c. &c 2/183,397 The imports from the United States to New Biunswick exceed that from the mother country by .C17(),()l l> '"id, as before stated, result in a balance against New Brunswick of i;51. 1,030 annually. Among the imports from the United States to New Brunswick, forming a total of j£7M',515 annually, wo Hud the following goods : — Manufactured goods, the principal items of which are — cottons, woollens, hardware. Leather manufactures, and books . . ii 137,650 Grain, principally Hour .... 302,(5(58 Sugar, tea, &e. &c. 83,7(59 Whilst, on the other hand, Great Britain imports from New Brunswick annually to the value of . ct7 17,790 And exports to there .... 538,501 Leaving a balance of trade against Gt. Britain of £209,289 annually. The imports from the United States to Nova Scotia ex- ceed that from the mother country by £133,1(5(5, and, as before stated, leave a balance against Nova Scotia of £261,871 annually, but having a direct trade with Great Britain and the West Indies, slie does not exhibit the same unfavourable result in manufactured goods and Colonial produce as Canada and New Brunswick do, her priiicipal item of import from the United States being breadstufFs to the enormous amount of £370,028. The result of this inquiry proves one thing — that had Canada proper access to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, she would supply them with breadstutts to the value of £674,696 annually, direct over the inter-colonial railroad, for which the latter provinces tjow pay in gold to the United States, and as a matter of course at a greatly en- hanced price by the circuitous route it is now transported. Further, it proves one of two things— equally important to the tnwlo()f (ircat l^itaiii,— titlicr that tlic IJnifod Stutcs siijiply ('aiiii(l)i with inamiructiinMl floods hy unnatural channols of tiacU; opeiUMl with her, nt a j^Tcat'ly enhanced price to what (ircat Hritain couhl furnish them lierself, or that for thi; want of a proper ncei»s through our own terri- tory to Canada, we are conipellcd to aeeept the intervention of the United States ns morehunts and carriers in our trach; between ourselves and oJir own provinces of JJritish North America, — both points e(|ually wounding' to our national pride, for wc have yet to learn that we cannot successfully com- pete with any merchants, carriers, or nianufaeturcrs'in any country. Ihit as matters now stand it is a national disgrace to Great Hritain that the United States should import in her own shijjs to her own ports, and over her own railways or canals, all the Colonial produce consumed in Canada, and for which the United States take in exchange gold ami flour, the latter of which she again conveys over her railways or canals to her own scai)orts, puts on' board her ow.. ships, and returns them again in great (juantities to our own Colonics, receiving payment principally in gold ; and if, in the case of manufactured goods, she does not produce them herself, she imports them from our own country in her shi|)s to her ports, and send thems over her railways, &c., as before mentioned. Thus her railways, canals, ships, manufactiu-ers, and merchants are enriched at our expense, through our neglect in opening up an independent means of communica- tion through our own territory. The ert'ect of this proper want of comminiieation with the mother country is shown in the fact that whilst the British North American provinces, with a population of three millions, import from the United Kingdom to the value of £5,6G1,811 annually, the Australian Colonies, with a popu- lation of only 802,133, import from the United Kingdom £13,215,73"), and from British Colonies a further amount of J7,27G,118 annually. England's Colonies, peopled by her own race, are her best customers ; for we see Australia takes J15 10s. per head to her population ; even British North America, without a road to her for six months of the year, except through a foreign country, takes about 10s. per head to her population ; whilst the United States, with a popula- tion of more than twenty millions, takes only £21,{)1H,1()5, or 20s. per head to her popidation. And without wishing to disparage the credit of that great republic, we cannot overlook the fact that a large portion of those exports to the United States are paid for in railway and state bonds, I 1 1 Ujton n groat numy oJ' uliitli \vc n\\\ iiritln'i- obtain priiiciiml or interest ; i\ii(l also that tliere are periodieal crises in that country h\ which they wi|)c oil millions of iiulcl)te(lness to this country by a mere stroke of the ])en. Another'facl, e(|ually important and well worthy of atten- tion, is that the vast 'dependency of (ireat P.itain, liritish India, with a [lopnlation of nearly :.'()(),()()(),()()(), takes less of the produce uf the United Kinj,'doni than Australia, and oidy double that of British North Amerien ; yet she is drainin;^ this country of millions of fiohl annually for her preservation. The value of a thinj; is uhat it will brinj;, and not what it will take away. I will not attempt to discuss the political importance of British North America simply on [(olitical grounds, or the moral etfcct of holdin