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B., 'hkmmATmNs ^KvTRD r } 'History of Newfoundland raoM THE finfiliab, Colonial, ant) foreign 1?ecorb5 BX D. W. PROWSE, Q.C.,LL.D., Jttdffe of the Central Diatrict Court of Newfoundland -A '- '}- WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED Xon^on EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE 1896 P7 i^l ^ cj^r Su LONSOK : ETBE ANP BPOTTISWOOr>E Her Uajtity'a PrinUri Beig He Reigj Act CONTENTS. Subjects op Chaptees Preface to Second Edition VAOB Ui is CORHIGENDA. I'age 477.-For Hou. A. G. Cuzon-Howe read Hon. A. G. Curzon-Howo. Page 678.— By an Act passed this year the close times for deer are from- Ist February t« 1 6th July. 7th October to 10th November. Three stags and two does are killable. CHAPTER III. Reign of Hexky VIII. (1509-15-17) Henry's commercial policy, 32-Fir9t Act relating to America, 33-Ships and shipbuilding. 35-Voyage.sof Verrazano, Eut, More, Gomez. Cartier and the S' i^-^^""— -- V' Sr*^"^ '^'^^^' ^^-E-I^' knowledge of the Gulf of St Lawrence, 46-The Basque lisherv, 47-The French Newfoundland fishery, 4?. „. < ^ue xrencn 31 CHAPTER IV. Reigns op Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth (1547-1603) Acts of Edward and Elizabeth, 53, 55-Character of the Elizabethan Age 54J. Earhest settlements on the coast, 56-A great free trade niaf^t 1^ -Winter crews, 59-Parkhurst. OO-Hampshire. 61-Whitbourae 62 Beotincs 63-Whaling, 63-Gilbert's expe<£tion, 66-RaldgbT-Pecir ham s Brief Discourse" 76-SirB. Drake's expedition. 79-lhe Irmat* ■nsTr 1 v"f' fif'^^^7^ f -Charter party, licence to export a' d xnsnrancc on Ivewfoundiand fish, 84— Lawrence Prowse, 85. a 2 51 p>-7 • » t' ■ ■ ■ J c^^r CONTENTS. Subjects or Chapteks PiiEFACE TO Second Edition VAOK iji iz • * CHAPTER I. The PiiE-CoLUMBiAN Discoverv op America Greenland, 1— Discovery of America, 2. CHAPTER II. Reign of Henhy VII. (1485-1509) The now birth of the world, 5-Cabot's chai-ter, CHAPTER III. Beign of Henky VIII. (1509-1547) . Henry's commercial Wicy, 32-First Act relating to America, 33-Ships and shipbuildmg, 35-Voyage.s of Verra^ano, Eut, Hore. Gomez. Cartifr and Roberva , J7-Commencement of Basque iishing, 43-Early knowledge of the Gulf of St Lawrence, 46-The Basque rishery, 47-The Frfnch Newfoundland fishery, 40. ^"c jrencn 31 CHAPTER IV. Reigns of Edwaud VI., Maiiy, and Elizabeth (m7-1603) Acts of Edward and Elizabeth, 53, 55-Character of the Elizabethan Age 54^ Earhest settlements on the coast, 66-A great free trade martt ^ -Winter crews, 59-Parkhurst, 60-Hampshire, 61-Whitbourne 62 Beothics 63-Whaling, 63-Gilbert's expedition, eG-Ralegn™!?^^^^ hamV'Brief Discourse," 76-Sir B. Drake's expedition, 79 -it ITmada' 81-Its effect on the fishery, SS-Ohnrt^r paitv. li.e;co to e'l^^r at 1 msurance on Newfoundland fish. 84-Lawrence Prowse, 85. a 2 61 It CONTKNTS. CHAPTKU V. B.HQS OF James I. (1003-1625) . Thecomiuonoenientof EngliHh coloniHation. 87— SpaniHli oppoHiti.m. 88— Now England, 8D— Guy*M colony. i>l-Piracy on the count. 102-MaMon. 1(M-^ HiH account of the iHlancl. 105-Tho Six Colonies. 10i»-VauKhan'H planta- tion, 110— Lord Baltiniore'H early HettlementH. 112— Whitl)ourno'H Vice- Admiralty Court, IM-HiH book, 110-Lord Falkland'H propoHalH, Hi)- Ihe Act for freer fiwhing, 121— London and BriHtol Co.'m Charter, 122— Guy'H and Colnton's letters, 125— Wynne's, Powell's, and N. H.'s letters to Baltimore, 128-Charter of Avalou, Wl-Lord Baltimore, 132- Beothics, 133. PAOI 86 CHAPTER VI. Eeign or Charles 1. (1625-164!*) Vaughan's " Golden Fleece," 135— Hayman's proposals, 137-Star Chamber Rules, 139, 154— Louis XlV.'s Rules, 139— Kirke's charter, 140— Sallee rovers, 145— Kirke's tyranny, 147— French fishermen taxed, 148— Downing made Governor, 150— New England trade, 152— Sir D. Kirke, 156. 134 CHAPTER VII. The Oommon wealth (1649-1660) ,-« The beneficent poUcy of Cromwell, 159— Commissioners, 161-Treworme the first real Governor, 163— Shipbuilding, 165. ' CHAPTER VIII. Reign or Cuaules XL (1660-1685) -.-q The Restoration, 172— Attempt to administer justice, 173— Martin's defence of St. John's, 174-William Hinton, 17,5-The French occupation of Placentia, 176-The Basque fleet, 186-Child's proposals, 188-ParIia- mentary Report, 190— The attempted expulsion of settlers, 192— Dutch attacks, 197-New Englanders, 197— Irish fishermen, 201- Continued opposition to a settled Government, 201. CHAPTER IX. Beigns of James IL and William HI (1685-1702) The fishery, 210— Frontenac, 211— Williams attacks Placentia, 212— Holman's defence of Ferryland, 212-Ne8mond attacks, and D'Iberville captures and destroys, St. John's, 213— William III.'s Act, 225— The Fishing Admirals, 226— Larkin's report, 228— Rev. J. Jackson, 229 209 CONTENTS. PAOI 86 rilAPTER X. Rkion ok Annk (1702-1714) "'I* Lord Uartmouth'H report, 230, 266- Oraydon'H and Wiilkor'n attackn on luni's lMm-..ntiu, 2;{7-French attacks on BonaViHU, 2:iJ>-My< 7m 2.^1— Utl •.„...« nf 1,'nrf WMHa,,, UKttinHt SuborouHc.. 2+t -EnKliHh attack oi. ... Ovide'H capture of St. JoIui'h, 24«-Tho effect of th p! V , ou. ^'"'^".^r*^'""* H»»^orouHe. 2+^ -EnKlinh attack on the Petit Nor.l, 2.W-Ht. Ovide'H capture of St. John'H. 24«-Tho effect of th war« upon the hshery, 250-Major Lloyd. 2r,2-Captain Crowe and Si N. Irevan.ons lawH. 25-t. 271-Treaty of Utrecht, 255-Aceount of th campaign of 1701. 201-The capture of St. John'n in 170H 2(iH r >e 134 CH.\I»TEU XI. Reign OF Gkobok L (1714-1727) . Result of peace. 274-Placentia. 275-HiHcayanH. 276-Karly Endish occuua". rS ZtltillTJ^' ''^'«-^'*-^^- -^'^ the French. 281-En«lLh CHAPTER Xlf. 158 Reign of George IL (1727-1760) Fishery increasing 285-OHborne appointed first Governor. 280-AttenintH to levy taxes. 287Diffiemties of the new magistrates 288-^ S of Louisbourg, 289-Lord Rodney, 290-Murder of Keen, 292-Local ev nts ?J',7^ ""f"'"*'^" °^ ^""^'^^ Catholics, 29.{-New English church 295- Williams's account of the fishery, 296-West Countr^ bye-bolt keepers. 297-The seal fishery, 298--JntercourRe with New England, 299-The Molasses Act, 300-Ju8tices in 1732, 301. 274 284 170 209 CHAPTER xrn. Reign of Geokge III. (1760-1820) Captain Webb, .'W4-The capture and recapture of St Tol,„*'« -if^K ^lo n,, * Treaty of Paris. 309-Captain G raves. '^^JU-Local eve ts 3r r ? '" Cook's survey, 316-Interpretation of ihe FreS trS 3^8 3"^3 1^ lae ^skimo. 3J4--Trade and population, 32.5- Leral abuses '19« v i and Indians, 327-WeBleyanism 331--Moravian Son 332 H T. Byron. 334-The Beothics, 324, 38^Lord sCdZ^s^itr^^Z " perty 336-Commodore Duff, 337-The American warl'^Ss-S' M ^'"i conditions, JWl-Palliser's Act, 344-_The Bermudianl-u" S^ "^7^"""'^ Edwards. 349-The Treaty of Versailles ilo^Z^Af^.^^^'"'''"'''' The Supreme Court, 3o9_AdmirrC™^^^^^ ^^,T^': ^^- Prince William, 365-The French at^ftfelw^^^^^^^^^ f,?"!?: «" H.M.S. Latona, 372-Admiral Gamblr 375 Sir '^r''" 378-The truck system, 379_The Benevolent Iri s'sJcieTv L^' j"''""' McBraire, 382— Sir J. T Duckworth q«4. n^ i ^ociety, 381_James 302 -^ VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIV. Beigns of George IV. and William IV. (1820-1837) Act for the better administration of justice, 422— The opening of the Supreme Court, 423-Sir T. Cochrane, 424 -Mon-is's pamphlet, 426-The agitation tor a xocal legislatrre, 427— The first House of AssemMy, 429— The strnggle between the Upper and Lower Houses, 433~Contingencv Bills, 434— Captain Prescott, 436- -The deacUock in the legislature," 438— Appeal to the Privy Council, 438— P. H. Gosse, 439. FAOB 421 CHAPTER XV. Beign of Victoria (1837-1857) The Delegates to England, 443-Kielly .;. Carson, 445-Sir John Harvey, 449- Hon. James Crowdy. 450-The spring seal fishery, 450-Spanish traders, 4, .—The Amalgamated House, 456 -The Fire of 1846, 457— Sir J G Le Marchant 462-The First Constitution again, 463-Governo; ilamilton, 46o— Besponsible Government in IBoj, 466— The Frenoh Convention of 1857, 471. xrentn CHAPTER XVI. Beign of Victoria (1857-1895) •...., ^'""Vk ^f't^*'^" ^>' ^^~^'' ^- Bannerman, 484-.The Burin contest' 485-Mr. Kent s admmistration, 485-The coastal steamer contract, m~ 1 he Pnnce of Wales, 487-The dispute about poor relief and the currency, ^8-.lhe St. John s not, 489-Steamers commence the seal fishery, 493- bt. Jonns waterworks, 493-Confederation, 494-The Anglo-Am<^rican SrT? "'i ^^~"n^ ^°^^"^' Commission, 499-Railway survey, 1 r .an T? ''''. Commission, 501-Railway construction, SOG-Di-y dock, 509-Rope factory, 510-Battle of Fox Trap, 512- The Harbour Grace not, 513-The Placentia railway, 514-The Bait Act, 51c-The Colonial Oon^erence, 519-The Queen's Julnlee, 51l^-The Trinitv Bav disaster, 520-Th3 fire of 8th July, 521-The General Election of 1893. if T M ? '.; -^u ^;°^^^"*^«"' S^3-The election petitions, .35-^ Black Monday, 536— The future of the Colony, 537. CHAPTER XVII. Thb Prbseni Position and Future Prospects of tue Colony The crash 538--The banks and the trade, 588-Reliof committees. 540-' The Canadian banks .^40- S-cess of the spring seal fishery, 640 -Sir Herbert Murray K.C.B.. Imperial Relief Commissioner: 541_The political eventsoi tbeyear,54i-"heOttawaconference, 541-Mr Bond's mission and the loan. 544-Retrenchment, 546-Higher education 546-Ooal and iron mines, 547-Sir Herbert Murray, Governor ts- Smugghng sc.mdals.549--The future prospects of the Colony,' 550- Aostract of the proposed terras of union between Canada and New- founaland, 55i.-Au account of ihe Newfoundland coal fields bv Le. 557!" ^^- ^ ^^•' '''-'"'' ^^^"^' "^ *'« "•«" mines at Bene CHAPTER XVIII. CimoNOLOGY Justiciarv, and House of Assemklv, SrA-tsTics, Climate Soil Timber, Mines and Minerals, Sport . . ' ' Tue Tue 442 Tue CONC 481 538 H.M. [St. J( [Views Canad [Iron j! Map c 659 tONTENTS. vii FAGB . 421 e Supreme e agitation 429— The ency Bills, ire, 438— 442 vey, 449 — h traders, -Sir J. G. •Governor i French CHAPTER XIX. TuE Church of England in Newfoundland, by Eev. W. Phot, D.D. . . ^tjQ CHAPTER XX. TuE Roman Cathouc Chubch in Newfoundland, by the Most Rev. m. F. j HowLEY, D.L., Bishop of St. John's . . . , . . . gQ^ CHAPTER XXI. The Methodist Chukch in Newfoundland, by the Rev. James Dove, D.D. 61« CHAPTER XXII. CoNGlvEGATIONAL AND PhESBYTEKIAN ChCBCHES AND THE S^VLVATION AkMY . 627 481 L contest, ict, 486— currency, ry,493- ^merican • survey, ,06— Dry Harbour >1?— The lity Bay of J893, IS, j35 — 538 Bs, £40— 640-Sir ,41— The r. Bond's ucation, )r, 518— y, 550- id New- elds by at Belle PLATES. H.M. Queen Victoria in 1838 . _ Frontispiece St. John's from Riverhead in 1891 », , ' To face x-age 71 [Views on the Humber River . • 316 |Canadian and Newfoundland Confederation Delegates . . ,, 540 [Iron Mines, Belle Isle . 648 [ Map of Newfoundland by Stanford (folded) „ , E, SOJL, . 659 sta coi In orij pla ha\ to a c yea of] and thai hav( then the] due expr mosi ende I frien prese aided UE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION, In pr«par.„g the first edition of this History, notwith- starnhng all my efforts to bring the work within modl^t oompaas, ,t grew into a ponderous volnme, and a cos«y o^^ origma , I have so reduced its size, and lessened its price as to ph.ce .t w.th.n the reach of all. Shght errors in ZZl We been co..ected; some recently acquired information adW to the notes; and. :„ order to bring the History up to date year 1«»!5, and the future prospects of the Colony of ™lr^""f '"' °* *"' °"' ''^"'°° ^"'^ "« '"' opportunity of performing two very pleasant task., to record the advance have bestowed upon my first attempt at authorship 7 thank hem no only for myself, but on behalf of my feUow coionUts the kmaly nofce they have taken of my volume is not so much due to any small merits in the work, it is far more the ewon of kindly interest so universally felt for EngLd^ most ancent Colony, whose sad eventf^ history T hate endeavoured truthfully to relate. In the introduction to my first edition ) y^^^tio-^ " b My friend Mr. Edmund Gosse's graceful introductory note gained many readers. Mrs. John Richard Green, the eminent historian, and the late Right Hon. Sir John Cowell, K.C.B., Master of the Household, a distinguished scholar, and one of the Queen's most trusted advisers, gave me great encourage- ment and most welcome sympathy. I am under deep obliga- tions to my gentle critics, Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Whiteway, and the most efficient of Private Secretaries, my friend and guide in literary London, H. F. Wilson. 1 have also to thank Lord Ripon, the officials of the Colonial Office, Sir Henry G. Bergne, K.C.M.G., and the Librarian of the Foreign Office, for much courtesy. The Government of Newfoundland have given liberal assist- ance in the production of both editions. The responsibility of seeing the work through the press has been undertaken by my son, G. R. F. Prowse. To my fellow Newfoundlanders who have given my History such a cordial reception, and especially to those who have bought the book, my best thanks are due. St. John's, July, 1896. D. W. P. ductory note the eminent «ell, K.C.B., and one of encourage- deep obliga- liteway, and 1 and guide thank Lord ^ G. Bergne, le, for much berai assist- jsponsibility dertaken by oundlanders Jeption, and best thanks 3. W. P. CHAPTER I. THE PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVER V OF AMERICA. JTHEhistoiy of America is a modern history. Authentic annals of the New \\orld cover only four centuries, and commence from its discovery by Columbus in 1492. Prior to this great and ever- njemorable aclventure, there are stories of voyages, islands, discoveries; allusions m Aristotle, Plato, and Seneca to a great country dimly seen beyond the western ocean. Nearly every European country had some such obscure tradition; the Spanish Basques, the Bretons, the Italians Iwith their story of the brothers Zeno, the Irish Saint Brendan, the trip across the Atlantic of a Welsh prince in a ship of glass, with an able Icrew of twelve harpers,-all these stories are interesting and romantic ^ome, perhaps authentic ; at present, however, they lie outside the pober domam of history, in the dim regions of myth and fable The Atlantic voyages of the Northmen stand on quite a different tooting Mixed up with a shadowy mythology we have a large portion o real history The discovery of North America by the Icdanders in he tenth and eleventh centuries of our era is now recognised by cholars as being as true and well ascertained as the landing of William he Conqueror m England, 1066. The Icelanders claim to have discovered Greenland^ in 982. Here they established a number of settlements 'In the year 834 the Norwegians were acquainted with a country in the north called ■Oroneland, commonly called Old Grecnhmd ^0 distinguish it from Spitzbergen, In he icharter of the Emperor Ludovious F .■ >„ ISt. Ansgharius, first Archbishop of Hav ■ ■burg, dated 834, published by Lindenbrogius WL ^^^. ^t ^2^>' (^h'«^' al«« incufdes ■Auam ot Bremen's work) we read ■ — " ^Vc Imake known to the present and future Isons of God's Holy Church that, in our ^ays, by the divine grace, a door is opened ^or preaching the Gospel in the nortliern regions, viz Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Greenland, Halingalandcn [most probably Lapland] Iceland, and Scredevindon [no doubt Finland]." '■ Pope Gregory varies the names of some ot these northern people who were included in this new diocese so much that some can scarcely be recognised now. The Danish Uhromele, it seems, m.kss Groneland to have been discovered as early as 770 ; but accord- ing to the Iceland Chronicle, not before 982 It being by this last account peopled by a Norwegian who had fled to Iceland. The 2 THE PRE-COLUMBIANrDISCOVERY OF AMERICA. built churches, forts, and houses. Most minute particulai-s about these are given m the saga of Eric Raude or Red. Dr. Rinke, in his History of Greenland, says : — "lu a countiy where^no tree can grow, the faintest trace of former buildincB can be made out. .... Kakortok Church contains three separate entrances ; Wl^rr? T "I "°?''*? ""'^^ '"'7 ^*"«" «** ^*'g°'»^ «*«"«' "measuring about twelve feet in length. In the opposite or eastern wall is a window most skilfully arched, but apparently likewise constructed from rough stones." About a hundred places have been found scattered along the coast of Greenland, and these localities can be identi- fied by reference to the ancient sagas. The daring character of the Northmen is shovrn by the fact that in their small crazy craft they made Arctic voyages. Four miles beyond Uppernavick, at Kingitoarsuk, a stone has been found with a Runic inscription, stat- ing that it was raised by Erling, the son of Sigvat, and Enride Oddsven, in 1133. When these ad- venturous Northmen reached Greenland, the most eastern part of North America, their discovery of Labrador and ^ ewfoundland would certainly follow. The first north-easter would drive their small unweatherly vessels on to the coasts of Labrador Their finding North America is not only inherently probable, but is proved to us absolutely by the direct testimonies of the ecclesiastical historian Adam of Bremen and of Oderic Vital, and by a brief of Pope STATUE OP ERIC IN BOSTON, ERECTED BT PROP. H0R8F0RD. writers of both chronicles, it is evident, had no knowledge of the charters of the Pope and Emperor. In 1070, Adam of Bremen says that Albert Archbishop of Hamburg sent missionaries to Greenland and to other parts ; ^is geography is very obscure for Nineteenth- Century students. The Danish and Nor- wcgian Histories give 1348 as the year in which the colony of Greenland was lost.—I am indebted to Mr. Keddan for this note ERICA. 'ai*s about these , in his History- former baildingB parate entrances ; measuring abont )W most skilfully long the coast land, and these can be identi- eference to the agas. aring character Northmen is y the fact that small crazy y made Arctic Four miles Uppernavick, oarsuk, a stone found with a jcription, stat- it was raised J, the son of and Enride in 1133. these ad- I Northmen Jreenland, the tern part of merica, their of Labrador i-easter would of Labrador. )bable, but is ecclesiastical brief of Pope e for Nineteenth- •anish and Nor- as the year in and was lost, — I for this note. THE ICELANDIC COLONISATION. 3 Nicholas V dated H48, addressed to two bishops of Iceland urrin. them to take measure, for the support of the Church in GreeZT I Adam of Bre„>e„ who died in 1076, wrote a history of the^^ese :amrof"-s;:r™"^" '**™" '"■ ''' -"'' '«^^- «^ -«°- «« land bishops and I the discovery of iVinland by the |Icelanders. Gudrid, the Iwidow of Thor- 5nn Karlsefne, one of the most listinguished of [the Icelandic (explorers of [America, actually j visited Rome on la pilgrimage after [the death of her lliusband, about |l028or 1030. Beyond stat- ing these brief [facts, it does not concern our His- tory further to iwell upon the h:>re - Columbian [v^oyages. In , Lmerica the colonisation of the Icelanders entirely disappeared-" like he baseless fabric of a vision, left not a rack behind." Their transit! Dccupation left no result or influence on the New World, oTwS they were the first European settlers.^ MAP OP THE ICBIANDER STEPDANIUS, 1670.> From Torfaeut' "Gronlandia Antiqtta." i7o6. Inthe Studies on the VinelandVoyaaes, ly Gustav Storm, Memoires de la Socie'te' Voyale des Antiquaires du Nord, 1888, New- aoundland is recognised as the " Markland " of Ithe Sagas. There is an interesting article by ILanada, vol. viu., sec. ii., p. 109. lrr«o„7^^ ^1^°^^ resenibJance between the ■either Norse or English, prior to, or as the result of, Cabot's voyage 5 more likely the former. A. " This is where the Englis/have come, and has a name for barrenness, either Vinland lies which jg called ?,, i..^!''' countrymen [Icelanders] have thought that to the south it ends with the wud sea, and that a sound separates it from Amenca." C. "Land of the giants." For other references see Winsor's N.Sc C H nf America, I., 130. * •■■-'•"/ A 2 CHAPTER II. REIGN OF HENRY VII. I 485-1 009. UOa!^^""*'''* """^"^^ of Columbus; sailed 3rd August 5 discovered America 12th October, ♦„ »,"^^'"I^" ""^ Petition of John Cabot, a patent granted on 5th March by Kinir Henry VII to him and his sons to discover new lands. *• ^ „nr/t?^"7'^°*',?^f°*'^,''?^i'^''*'"„'*'.^ "^'P 3/a«;ie«., of Bristol; discovered North America and Newfoundland, sailed from Bristol 2nd May, returned 6th August; grant of £10 on ^oft^T^ to the discoverer of the new island ; letters on 23rd August from Pusqualigo. also on 24th August and 18th December from Soncino, describing the voyage. Same year Vasco de Gama, Portuguese navigator, doubled Cape of Good Hope, Africa^ PeSn of £20 per SthTanuaritU " '"'""" "' ''''''''' "^ '^^^ h^cernl^r ; passed Great Sea" ♦h. l"*®»"""^f"f"*-M°"i'''l *'*^^.™'»'-y to J«h» C'll^ot to take up six ships ; Cabot sailed along the east coast of North America; arrived home with a cargo of fur and fish, probablv in S-n f'- }r^^' exploration of Newfoundland by an independent Enghsh^exped don 9QnH^^? ? ^^^•^*r r^'l^l '•iiP'"'* •'^ ^^'^ *=°'>**- I^"""^ to Carter. Thirkill.\nd Bra^dley o W? Kn ''°- ^"' "^P"' ^^- ^T^ ^"- ^''^' «" 25th July from Puebla and Ayala to^he Spanish Sovereigns announcing departure of Cabot's second expedition. isdSmhX.' Cortereal, a Portuguese, probably made a voyage to America; his patent lb dated 12th May ; it refers to former unsuccessful explorations. Juan de la Cosa's map 1501.— English progress southwards mentioned in Hojeda's charter. 19th March Charter frorn Henry VII. to K.chard Warde. John Thomas. John Fernandez. &c. for ten years ; Portuguese, being aliens, to be charged extra duties. Authentic voyage of Cortereal sailed on 15th May to the Labrador coast; fifty natives brought home on^Sth October? King of Portugal said they were the best slaves he had seen; Cortereal never returned , let eSfmm Lisbon on 17th. 18th, 19th October by Cantino and Pasquiligo about the expedUion 1502.— Grant on 7th January to Bristol men that found " Thisle." alien clause omitted. 1503.— Further expedition in search of the Cortereals. Grant on 30th September to tbence '"^'■'^*"'' ''^° ^""^^ ^^"' '" '^« Newfoundland, and to one who brought haSs from 1504.— Probable date of the French expedition to Cape Breton. Grant on 8th April to an English pnest going to the New Island. A number of French, Breton and Norman. English and Portuguese vessels resorting to the Newfoundland fishery. From this period on;ard for ^i^ ""l^'T i!"^^*''^"'!' Newfoundland was visited ever/ year by an annually iSasiW number of Enghsh. French, and Portuguese fishermen; subsequently also by Spaniards. ^ 1505.— Popyngais and cats brought from Newfoundland. ISOfi,— Jean Denys of Harfleur fishing in Newfoundland. 1508^Ruysch— first engraved map showing America. Aubert, pilot of Dieppe, vovaeed ConSnS! ' ^"""^ ^^"^ '" '^'* '"''"""« Fish and StockThmongfr's ica 12th October, King Henry VII. I North America grant of £10 on a Pusqualigo, also Same year, Vaseo asion of £20 per ised Great Seal, abot sailed along fish, probably iu nglish expedition II, and Bradley on and Ayala to the erica; his patent Cosa's map. 1 March, Charter for ten years ; Cortereal, sailed October j King of led; letters from dition. on 15th January robably sailed on . Cantino's map , Fernando, Eliot, use omitted. th September to ght hawkes from 1 8th April to an Norman, English eriod onward, for nually increasing >paniards. Dieppe, voyaged ock-fishmonger's COLUMIUJS. 5 The latter part of the fifteenth century fonns one of the great epochs 01 history, the veritable renaissance, the new birth of the world At this period begins the history of America, the modern history of EuL'iand and practically tlie present history of Europe. Many remarkable events combined to make this age illustrious • the invention of printing, the general use of gu„powder and '•rtillery in war, and the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. lius last event put to flight numerous Greek scholars, who boiv their i^recious manuscripts to Italy, and thus inaugurated the new leaining— commenced in England by an Oxford scholar, Grocyn, bringing Greek writings to his ancient university. The advent of Henry Tudor to the Throne, Lis marriage with the beautiful Elizabeth of York, the destruction or impoverishment of the great feudal houses in the Wars of the Roses, combined with the vigorous manner in which the astute Henry curtailed their power, eflTaced them for ever as the promoters of domestic war. In place of robber barons and the bloody civil feuds they fomented, for the first time there appears conspicuous upon the stage of our modern history the power of the commoner, the merchant princes of England, and the sure growth of commerce. But of all the causes, great and powerful, working at this wondeiful period for the progress of the world, undoubtedly the greatest influence ot all was the daring maritime enterprise which simultaneously discovered New Continents in both East and West. The immediate effect was a great expansion of thought, a great stirring up of the imagination, all wonderful things seemed pos- sible to the generation that found a New World. The discovery of America by Columbus, and the doubling of the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco de Gama, gave the Old World new Europes in HENRY VII, From an engmvino "ftcr contemporary portrait. CAitAVELS OF COI.CMBUS. After drawings in the Spatiish Admiralty Office, Asia, Africa, America, and subsequently Australia. tf KEIGN OF HENKY VIJ. The voyage of Columbus is one of the ^rancleHt events in history; It doubled the habitable portion of the globe, and gave Europe new fields for enterprise. Columbus believed the lands he had discovere.l were a part of Asia, and it took nearly three more centuries toman out the Mdiole configuration of America. The life of the great Genoese sailor is, and ahvavs will be, the Krandest romance of history ; age cannot wither it, time cannot stale t notlung can lessen the importance of this splendid achievement. As the brdhancy of a splendid jew.l is enhanced by its fine set.ir.g, so (he picturesque story of the great Italian navigator, devoted son of the Church, the ast of the crusaders, hns been set in a halo of glory by the most brilliant writers of our age. fo j' ^ The tale is ever fresh and delightful, whether .ot forth in the grand sonorous Castilian of Emilio Castelar. SLTndfln.'"^'^ '''''-'''' ^"' ''' ^-- ^^^-^'~ ^^ ^^^^ Alas ! for the glory of our Island, for the praise of our discoverer there ai-e no portraits to discuss, no noble Isabella la Catolica, no devoted' ! r .^? ^^!^ " °^ '''"^"'' surrounds our earliest annals. The tory oi the discovery of Newfoundland and North America, as told by eWn^ r '' ; r *'"''^ ^'" dredge-boat. Every picturesqui element is eliminated fx-om it, and the great voyage, so pregnant with moral and material results, is brought down to 'the low level ofa 17^ I: A ''™^'" '"' ^* *^^ ^''^^''^ «^'«»ts in history; it gave North America to the English by indefeasible right of discov ry How different mjght have been the future of this great Continent the home of nearly seventy millions- where, under orderly and settl^ govemment, freedom broadens slowly down-whe.e mighty industry and bnght mtelhgence have built up one of the richest fairest and freest lands the sun ever shone upon I What might have been our destiny had Columbus, not Cabot .ith his U est of England sailoTs discovered Northern Axnerica? Heaven only knows what^ould have been our fate-possxbly a great Spanish possession, with chronic revo lu' bv Y^. F r r" f,"'' ""'''''^ "^ *^^ ^^'^''^y «f ^-th America by the English could not be written. It is not derived from English records. It can now, however, I e told with a fair de Je o" accuracy, thanks o the labours of Eawdon Brown and other em nen scholars. We denve our main facts from the Calendar, of Venice, and that great mine of history, the Archives of Simancas, in Spain, iohn its in history ; e Europe new Iiad discovered [ituries to nmp I will be, the e cinnot stale ievenient. As setting, 80 the ;d son of the of glory by forth in the Helps, or the le critics have • scene of his •ur discoverer, ca, no devoted annals. The ca, as told by y picturesque regnant with w level of a 3till shrouded n history; it of discovery. Continent — r and settled (ity industry fairest, and kve been our jland sailors, would have ronic revolu- fusillades. 'rth America erived from ir degree of her eminent Venice, and ipain. John JOHN CABOT. 7 Cabot was a Oenoese navigator and meix-hant adventurer, experienced and skilled m all the nautical knowled^je of those days. Italy-home ot art, science, literature, commerce, and navigation-gave to Spain France, and England Columbus. -Verrazano, and Cabot. Very few facts ai-e known about John Cabot's life ; he wa« made a citizen of Venice .n 147G ; he had been to Mecca, where he saw the caravans arriving from the far E Court of H.nrv VII " Hays S.,l.aHt.ian Cahot, " uffinned it in 1.., .. fl • "-^"^"yvil.. human to mil by tho West to th.. k\.«f - r i . '^i« umne iiuui with a Petition JoJ^^:^:^^^ "I'l'^'^^''-^ *'"' King d,-aft charter is lost] and thoy Hhall 1,3 1 °"'" ^'"''"*'^'"' *'"'^"y"'K t^^'^o Ne J:;:^ y^^:;^l^^ f -.i^l with the .nay to us the to return to THE FIKST LANDFALL. q Cal)ot, Hko a wiso man, inst-itod the names of hin sons in order extend the duration of the charter tn the full extent of their young lives, hut there is no record to show tliat any of then, accompanied him. ^ On the Necon.l of May 1407 John Caln.t set sail from Bristol on 118 famous voyage, accompaniod hy a Hurgundian and sixteen English ailors, m a little West of England vessel, about fifty -tons, called the fatthew. We read :— 'nn'T?'"/""'" ^'f'^^ '"' ®^- •^"^" *''« HaptisfH Day. the Ian,! of Arnorira was Zl ''•'^.i''\'°°7''"«f'^ of Bristowe, in a nhip „f Bristom- called the Matthew, the Jhich.su.d ^h.,. departed from the port of Bristowe the 2nd of M^y.Zdcaml ^ipjome ftgui.i tith of August following." ' ^ We can picture to ourselves the scene as the brave little shii, leaves ihe Avon, an8) John Cabot went on a second voyage. Mindful of the immense quantities of fish seen about our island on the first voyage other maaters also came out this year provided with fishing gear and fishermen; from the following Records we learn that Bristol and London merchants fitted out ships with hats, caps, and hosiery, and the famous West of England blankets and cloth, to barter and trade • al«o that some money was received from the king, probably by way of loan : — " 1498— This year one Sebastian Gaboto, a Genoa's son, born in Bristow caused tb'^ \-in. to man and victual a ship at Bristow to search for an island which he knew to be replenished with rich commodities. In the ship divers merchants of London adventured small stocks, and in the company of this ship sailed also out of Bristow three or four small ships fraught with sleight and grosse wares a^ coarse cloth, caps, laces, points, and such other." ^ ' I' April '.t, U98, a reward of £2 to James Carter, for going to the new isle." To Lanslot ThirkxU, of London, upon a prest for his shipp going toward- the new Ilande, .:2D.d March, 1498, £20." ^ ® " Delive A co Launcelot Tirkill going towards the New He in prest £20 " Isle'.'£30 -'* '" ^^^''' ^'^ '^^'""''' ^""^^^'^ ^""^ Launcelot Thirkill, going to the new p. 113 > Bkntll 's Esoerpta Uistorica, 1831, 3. 2 Stowe's Annates, 1615, p. 482. •'' Bentley's Excerpta Historica, p. lie. FISHING AND TRADING COMMENCED. 13 moved by the Purse expenses 1497. To liym lid to the great ihe sailor who le same year, a )le half-yearly. On the 3rd of Cabot : — ■ <.uo-w ye that We ran and grnnten, olin Kabotto, the utie or Deputies, )rte or Portes, or that, and if the pparail requisite joiivey and leade ime and by our uld in or for our roe terms as if them liimself, he revenue of spring of the lindful of the B first voyage, ing gear and Bristol and sierj'-, and the i trade ; also, V by -way of Bristow, .... m island which vers merchants hip sailed also Tosse wares, as lenew isle." ng toM-ardg the ■est £20." ing to the new S, p. 482. fistonca,p. lie. 7^ Cujiom-houfc up on y Back In 1500 we have unmistakeable evidence from Spanish sources of lEnglish discoveries, in the map of Juan de la Oosa.^ Cape Race, or, Ipossibly, Cape English, in [St. Mary's Bay, is repre- [sented by the " Cavo de Ynglaterra " ( " English Cape ") ; further west on [the same map is an inscrip- [tion, "Mar descubierta por Ingleses" ("Sea discovered by the English"). This [map probably shows the [results of Cabot's second voyage.- The pension and warrant ■■ are the last records of the famous explorer, John Cabot. He utterly disappears from histoiy about this period ; whether he died or left England, we cannot tell."^ He discovered a new con- tinent, and no man knows his grave. In March 1501 John Cabot's patent seems to have been cancelled, and a new charter granted to three substantial merchants — Thomas Ashenhurst, Richard Warde, and John Thomas, and three Portuguese from the Azores- John Gonz&lo and John and Francis Fernando. In December of the CUSTOM notrsE, Bristol. From Millerd's Map, 1671. Juan de la Cosa was a distinguished Biscayan navigator and geogi-apher, native of Sautona. In the list of the crew of Columbus' vessel — the Santa Maria— ha IS mentioned as " Maestre," or " Sailing Master." He was a member of the cele- brated Contractation House of Seville for the promotion of navigation and the examination and the licensing of pilots for the Indies. 2 Pedro de Avala's letter about this voyage is given at p. 29. J According to the Spanish witers, John Cabot vpas a kind of second-class Columbus, and had been both to Lisbon and Seville trying to get aid for his scheme of Transatlantic discovery. They admit, however, that there is no very reliable authority for this statement. It is very likely that he may have been in these cities many times in the course of his regular business es a merchant. As the originator, probably, of great-circle sailing, John Cabot showed himself a man of great originality, no mere servile imitator of Columbus ; he noticed also the variation of the rompass, The knowledge of tiicsc two facts seems to have constituted the life-long stock- in-trade of his son Sebastian. It is suggested by Bristol writers that Cathay Street com- memorates the voyages of Cabot. 14 REIGN OF HENRY VII. same year another patent was drawn out in favour of Hu<.h Eliot and Ashenhursfc. and two Portuguese-John Gonzalo and Francis Fer- nando. This new charter gave the patentees the very largest powers and RtTBCn's MAP, 1B08.1 from tht Vtolmn pvbttiJua at Itimt, IBM. a monopoly of trade to Ihe new Inn.I for forty years There k » ,r,^;.i nervation in favonr of the King of PoHn^lV^^ ^^:^: l^"^^, find, later on, were the ,no„t friendly and ifberal to Gilbert J , a.,' we^^can learn, Henry, charter, for the new isle were so m„„h Ca^te M J" 'J'7''"'.'^''' '^^ "J*^' »" »««"'"' of the fii-st Portuguese voya<.e to North Amenca, made by the noble and intrepid navigator, G^pfr Cortereal He came on this coaet with a chaAer from the Ki„7o Portugal to possess the hind, and for many ycara after hi, J^fti,- relatives held the hereditary title of Gove'^H w'l ' f.^ accounts of the first voyage., in which he sailed along the Greenland liflhinen freedom to trade in the Brazils and riTelTuXnf "^^ ^^' *^^ "«^^ «^ ««^'"^ »«,i^ **P"i? ?°* Portugal claimed the new V^JL^" *'^«'\«^°' they looked upon the English as poachers on their preserves. Pope n« f "",1f« 7^' •" ^'♦^•''' d'e'^ a line of de2! cation 100 leagues west from the Azores and > This is the first engraved map to show JSewfoundland. Ruygch says ho tailed to the new country in an Englinh ship , ho has .„ .^ [■■'^"s"' 'O "c "Ji: xjurgunaian who went m Cabot s first vojj'age ; this map, however, was composed, it is evident, at u somewhat later period. ' Possibly the Portuguese granted Eng- of Hugh Eliot d Francis Fer- est powers, and ve is a special ects we shall 'J- As fai* as much waste ^ese voyage ator, Gaspar the King of lis death his Nova.3 The le Greenland the Brazils and 5 right of fishing laimed the new >oked upon the )reserves. Pope a line of demar- the Azores and PORTUGUESE EXPLORATIONS. 15 coast and made this island and Labrador, are shadowy. His voyage in Can in'o T" ^^ J^^^^^^l'^^' *»^« ^-etian Ambassador, and Ilberto Cantmo. Two of his vessels brought home fifty or sixty native. The king was much pleaded with the description of tlfe country on account of the timber, and he said the captives-probably Mon fgna" -were the best slaves he had ever seen. The daring Gaspar ^as lost on the Labrador coast. ° ^ The Rev. George Patterson, in his very able and learned paper-" A Lost Chapter m American History "-informs us that :- "Immediately after Gaspar Cortereal's first voyage-1500 or 1501 fl«I,- companies were formed in Viana, Aveiro, and Terceira PorIn^„i * ^^P^-^^^^^g of founding establishments in T;rra No;a iris^thf E^^^ orders that all fishermen returning from Newfoundland ^L^lT*^ ?'''^T' ^^""^ their profits at the Custom House ^^1^^^^^*?^ a ^ ?^^ * *^°**' P*^* o^ sailing to Newfoundland. andTl'550 15TSny^^^^^^^^^ ^' '' ^T^« from Oporto and other ports, gave a large i^eilTrLn^T' ""''" "^""^ This is not the only or, to us, the most important of the " lost chapters" of our history. As regards England's' share in this g^ea Transatlantic codfishery, most writers have declared that, for theTrst |ha f of the sixteenth century-from 1500 to 1560-there were no English |fishermen or traders in Newfoundland. As 1 read the testimony of the Records, this is absolutely an incorrect view of history. The silence of historians on such a subject is no evidence whatever Such a vuL. Ubject as the fishery and fishermen wa. quite beneath the dign'y o M ory. The annals of the kingdom were the acts of princes Thf destiny of nations was truly, in these times, the sport of" kings'- con ,equently we have every vagary, religious and matrimonial, of Henrv" the Vlllth, the cut of Elizabeth's ruffs, and the colour of her petttatT kvhile there IS not a word about the daring fishermen who I Me hbscure western ports to found our Colonial Empire. The public-fh common people who formed the British nation-seem to be entire^ L.ape ^ erde Islands, measured from a point jjnidway between the two ; all west of this line Ito belong to Spain, all east to Portugal It |i8 doubtful whether the Pope originally intended to grant the Peninsular Powers |territory m America north of Spanish llatitudes, especially when we consider that lEngland was still a Roman Catholic country land fnendly with Spain; certainly by his |charter8 Henry VII. repudiated any such |int€Tpretat.on ; perhaps the divoree of -,_r....pr^ „„^^ ilcury s quarrel wilU the Pope ^caused the Spanish to claim all America west lot the line. I think the Portuguese claimed ^ur island at first under pretence of prior dis- covery, and not by virtue of the Papal decision. Jn the earlier maps Newfoundland was placed much too far to the east to come within the officii cartographer, gives Greenhmd only to the E^hsh, whiUt cur island iS mSS Tiera Nova de Cortereal, and thi Unk3 States as Tiera de Esteva Gomez Ju the Maiollo map our island is marked Cortereal In the fine map of Mercator (1569) wHave much fuUer geographical information. aJI the Portuguese and Spanish pretensions as ZZ^' ^^°'« ^-^ -^^^ - -long" voi.iijr«^.j:ri»o^^"S' 16 REIGN OF. HENRY VII. ignored. Take the very latest English Histories on the Tudor Period, and you will find about three lines on the discovery of North America' and a hundred pages devoted to Anne Boleyn. The true history of the period can only be found in the Records and the grand old Acts of Parliament. It is on the undoubted evidence of these ancient docu- ments that I base my argument that England governed Newfoundland and participated in her fishery continuously from the earliest period. It is certain that Cabot made two, if not three voyages, and that the second was partly for trading. The following entries show that there were English or Anglo-Portuguese trading voyages to the new isle in the first years of the sixteenth century : — " 1502, Jannary 7.— To men of Bristoll that foimde Thisle, £5. " 1502, Sep. 30.— To the merchants of Bristoll that have bene in the Newe- foundo Launde, £20. " 17th Nov. 1503.— To one that brought haukes from the Newfounde Island, £1. " 8th April 1504.— To a Preste that goeth to the New Islande, £2." ' "1505, 25 August.-To Clays going to Richmond with wylde catts and popyngays of the Newfound Island for his costs 13/4. " 25 September [?].— To Portzugalea that brought popyngais and catts of the mountaigne with other stuf to the kingea grace.^ " This year =» (1502) were brought unto the king three men taken in ye Newfound Islands by Sebastian Gabote before-named, in Anno Domini 1498. These men were clothed in beast skins and eate raw flesh, but spake such a language as no man could understand, of the which three men two of them were seen in the king's court, at Westminster, two yeeres after. They were clothed like Englishmen and could not be discerned from Englishmen." ■* * We have further proof that the West of England was foremost in these enterprises. Will anyone for a moment believe that these Devonshire fishermen— the most pugnacious and pertinacious race in all the three kingdoms— ever entered upon a most profitable business and then gave it up ? This argument, strong as it may appear to anyone acquainted with West Countrymen, is not all or even the strongest proof ; the unanswerable argument is contained in the Acts of Henry VIII,' 1541, and Edward VI., 1548 (referred to in my next chapter), where the Newfoundland fishery is classed with old-established trades like the Iceland and Orkney fisheries. Then we have the statements of Hayes and Parkhurst about the ancient and established rule of the English in the Colony. How could it be established or ancient if English fisher- men were absent from Newfoundland from 1500 to 1560? A late ■ ' Bentley's Historia Excerpta, 1831, pp. 126, 129, 131, 133. 2 Cf. M{onle'\ de Gatto in the Maiollo map, and the numerous Cat Bays, &c. on our coast. This animal was the Canadian Ivnx. called in Newfoundland "wild cat"; it'was very common in the early days, and Head- Constable O'Reilly informs me they are still abundant on the west coast. Popinjay is from a Portuguese word, « panagajo," for a bright- coloured bird, probably an owl or hawk • these birds are very abundant on the island' and in great variety. ' ^ 3 It. is gener.".lly fhonght that these natives were brought over in 1502, and that Sebastian Cabot's name was an erroneous interpolation of some later transcriber. •• Stowe's Annales, 1616, p. 485. Tudor Period, North America, true history of md old Acts of ! ancient, docii- Newfoundland earliest period. ■I, and that the low that there (he new isle in ae in the Newe- unde Island, £1. £2." ' ylde catts and and catts of the in ye Newfound These men were fuage as no man an in the king's englishmen, and IS foremost in /■e that these 3US race in all ! business and '&r to anyone L-ongest proof ; Henry VIII,, er), where the ides like the snts of Hayes f the English English fisher- >60? A late JO," for a bright- 1 owl or hawk; nt ou the island, ignt that these in 1502, and that IS an erroneous ■anscriber. 5, p. 485. ENGLAND'S SHARE IN THE NEW FISHERY. ^7 Enlt I'^l'^f f,.^7^^~"T^« English in Americx," speaks of the ' ctt o It 1 " r " "J-P-^^--^ their lives oL the dreary coaat of Labrador and bringmg home strange birds and savage men ^to amuse the citizens of London." Does Mr. Doyle suppose the Devonshire fishermen let the French and Portuguese reap all thTbltit of this splendid and profitable fishery, which Raleigh declared in hs day was the mainstay and .support of the western countries a" dcl^^^^ themselves with catching hawks and capturing Indians T' T^ulyth would not be the West Country way ! ^' From contemporary records we can now state pretty accurately i" 14^8 r™ 7'r '^^^" *° '''' ^" Newfoundland. The ETgS inl498 ; the records show their continuous operations from that fate The Portuguese appear to have commenced the fishery in 1.501 The first account of the French is in 1504. There is a record of a voya4 of Jean Denys, of Harfleur, to Newfoundland in 150G - he is^l to have made a map of the Island, which has been lost, fn "e As we have seen, the first and chief result of the discovery of ^or h Amenca was the immediate establishment of a great fisherv n all agas of the world the fishery has been the mothL Tcomtelce' the parent of navigation. The cod fishery, pursued by EnXTm , first m Iceland, and afterwards on a larger scale in iwf ° ,, ^j" merirthfM'""^ "'t ""' **'"''^ *'" -riy »>™i-«on of North c 1 J 1 *'""^' ;°^ '^ century. The first attempted settlement of Npw England ,,y Go«no d and Brereton in 1602 w.« to pvo«ec„to thi Le^ It .» amongst the popular fletions of American hirto.y that wWn iS .lgr.m Fathers moored their barque on the wild New En.lam shot he,r sole object was to worship God in their own way and to Sll' Juakers after their own fashion, but sober histoy tells ZteadiffeW fe In Wjnslow's "Brief Narration of the TrueG^uXor clC agent, fro,,, Lejden u, the High and Mighty Prince James to gaia Ki»-fp-«l",t'c.-'"'' ''-■'""«■'■ '«». * Paris National Libraru .- rranqats, 24,209. B MSS 18 REIGN OF HENRY VII. his consent to their going to America, the king at once asked, " What profit might arise ? " They answered in one single word—" Fishing." " So God have my soul," said the royal Solon, " 'tis an honest trade ; 'twas the Apostles' own calling"; and so they obtained leave to go. They sought a place for their settlement convenient for cod fishing and whaling, and in 1624 they sent to England a ship laden with salt- codfish. The time of the discovery of Newfoundland was a fortunate period for England. Henry's love of money kept him from war, and under his peaceful reign Britain began, as it were, to gird up her loins for the great onward race that was to commence in the succeeding reigns. In order to understand the importance of the discovery of the New Worid to England, we must first try to realise the contemporary history of the Mother Country. At this distance of time it is difficult to picture to ourselves how small and unimportant England then was. She had a comparatively small foreign trade, principally in wool. To encourage this manufacture, It was made law that everyone dying should be buried in wool. Even this small commerce was principally in the hands of foreigners. Fancy an age that had neither tea nor coffee, when potatoes and tobacco were unknown. Except for veiy rich people, who ha<.l game, there was no fresh meat to be had all through the winter.' Fish, fresh and salted, formed the chief articld of winter diet. To our forefathers of that age! therefore, the discovery of the fishing grounds of Newfoundland was a veritable God-send— a piscatorial El Dorado. Codfish was gold in these old days.= The History of Newfoundland, especially its eariiest annals is essentially a history of the cod fishery'. It is a strange feature in those turbulent times, air.idst wars and rumours of wars, to find fishermen sailing unnoticed from little harbours ' Pricks of Meat and Bkek. — The ■ price of meat in the Tudor age : 1 cwt. of heef , As. 8d. ; beef and pork, abotit ^d. per lb.; mutton, 3 farthings per lb. ; when the quarter of malt was 2«., ale was one half .penny per gallon ; when it rose to 4s., the gallon of ale was one penny. Spaniards were astonished at the English food. "Ihey live in poor houses," said the lordly dons, " but they fare as well as a king." These prices should be multiplied several times to bring them up to modem money value. 2 rmcE OP Fish. 1512 to 1525.— EAnr. Fkkcy's Hou8eholi> Expenses, " Item to be paid to the caid Eichard Gowge and Thomas Percy to make provision for cxi, stock-fish for the expensys of my house for a hole yere after ijd obol the pece by estinmcion. Ami so the hole somme for full contentaeioii fo;- the said stock-fish for one hole yere is xxxiii jd (33». 3rf.) Same account for her- rings for a year - £4 10*. Orf. Salt fish cod for one year - - - 18 4s. Orf. Bed herrings - . 3 :is. 4rf. Salt salmon - - 5 Os. Orf." Newfoundland fish, in the days pf Queen P:iizabeth, was sold at Ids. per 100 fish- equal to 50». per qtl. Tliis voiild be quite up to the old West Countryman's toast in Newfoundland—" the Pope and ten dollars "— a price per quintal often got in Spain early in this century. 3 asked, " What 'Fishing." "So 38t trade; 'twas e to go. They od fishing and aden with salt- Drtunate period :, and under his r loins for the ing reigns. In bhe New World ' history of the ourselves how comparatively is manufacture, 1 wool. Even signers. Fancy d tobacco were , there was no sh and salted, rs of that age, indland was a 3 gold in these sarliest annals idst wars and little harbours estinmeion. And 1 contentaeioii for )iie hole yere is £4 Ws. Od. 18 3 5 4s. '.is. Os. Od. 4d. Od." i days pf Queen s. per 100 fish- es T'OUld uc Quite tryinan's toast in ind ten dollars " — ; in Spain early in DESCBIPTION OF THE EABLY FISHKBY, ,9 iu Northern Spain, P,rt»gal, France, and the Went ot England ,pri„„ nbbed ice, and, wor* than all, the erring capbWns- as old WWtbo„mo ca led the rove:., pi™tes, and ^nguiuary^^a-robber, of .hat w^derf" age-to gather a harvest in the new-found-land. wonderful These traders escaped the notice of kings and chronicle™ • their humble calling ensured their safety for the first hlTr ' , Newfoundlsnd Wd.s the Ssherie^ t"„"S 'of a'^^T ,1" trade; oils and wines, aod fruits of France Spain and P„.^, exchanged for English cutlery and West of EngZd c„:^!: £ ZT caps^nd hosiery. The business was .«t promfbl a, lltd^: tilt „^ met in St Johns every year, spring and autumn. From this hartonr they spi^ad themselves out, north and south, to carry on the sh^~ foui t ? r"""""^ ^"« '"S^"-- ■" -"» oompanL 0, f^m tour to SIX ships; returnino- tn Qf t.u > , nation's ships saL h^e tiethef in tn^y^ " '""''"'^' -" spa^i^: "rtifzf K °°""'*'7" "»" '""« ■'-'-"'- Kn-rlish Harbnn^ fl " ■ ^''"'y'"' C°™. Frenchman's Cove, tt-l: ^d t ~ ;r:,,?G„Tf '"■*;', f-% f" Biaeayan, chased' the whale flsherv -^eb/'. . ''"'''' """ """"gerous tmde of ..ands (the 'pL^X:^:!^^^ JZ^^^Z the north-iast portion of the rmlf nf q+ t r^, ' *"" «.oir ,uiet avcaLs annedt th'etl^Kj^— 1 mo:!:^^,*:^ EnalLTr" "''"'"" '". ^^"'"^'^ ^^^ West of ^ngland were pre- eminent in the dnvs of Elizabeth (and for ,vhich Devon and Dorset cordaire FvL "^^''"'^ ^^'^'^ ''"d Bridport . Whf"o,.S .'r""' *'™*^' ^^^ Spaniards in ^f T T^^P^ '">e«. twines, and cordage m bt John's to take back to Spain. ^ fnnn^i !f °"'"^^. ""^ '''^ east coast of New- tSv Bi''P,r'""^' ''^""^ Conception and of fhlL F' v' P''°^« ♦*>« earlv occupation To escanlS ^•''^'^" """"^ '"» Trinity Bay. Sed oTer ill tZZ ""' '''' ^"^''^^' ^^^^ of the fisWv /k t, ''^ ''®''-'' commencement selis sDu^r; f ^«^t»g"ese spread them- oei^es SDutn, west, anti n^-T*^ ri„ _,..•— . Portuguese vessels'in the Straps ofS iTlf 48) thatthl te ^t.*^ ^"«'1"« recoiS"(pag:' in sman oZ ^^ B'scayans fished together given of tlie vanous ports frequented by them, shows how widely spread were their operations. Their great ol.jec. was J uvoid contact as much as possible with the over ^tXS'^^L'"'''' ?''- "'^Ked hir^eli'n'g crews had no chance in a fight with the Devonshire freebooters. In tL south of Newfoundland, it is made part of a fisher- man's agreement that " a share of a wreck •' shall prm part of his compensation, and in the Elizabethan days the spoils of a Span ard was considered as regular an incident^nThe fishery as the share of cod. All foreign!,! rt St. John's their rendezvous forcoSr ,„T ^°** 5^ .^"S""* """^ " "»"«• time fS sailing, and the presence of so many Portu- guese and other foreijm vessels in R* rT.l during Gilbert's visit is thus accounted for Ihe great Portuguese fishing fleet, which m the Elizabethan age em?loyS JS thousand men. is now reprewnted bytio banking schooners, and about fifty fishTrmTn, B 2 20 REIGN OF HENRY VII. and his rude arms always lay alonj^Hidc the fisherman as he plied his oar and cast liis net. But they were merry souls amidst all the dangers of the seas, Avars, pirates, and rovers. Ejvch week the Admiral of the port retired, and at every change the new official gave a feast to all. The cheap and generous wines of Europe would th.Mi be freely circulated, and the sombre woods of the little port be enlivened, perchance, by the chanson of the French or the rattling of the castanets and lively aii-s on the Spanish guitar. If it was a Bas(iue port the fun would be fast and furious— there would be the national Gaita (the bag-pipes) and song, dance, and single-stick with broken heads, to enliven the feast. If there were English tliere they would be admirals and rulers over nil, and woe betide the foreigner who disobeyed t};e West Countryman's orders, or dared to do anything on Sunday but drink and feast. We are indebted to a French lawyer, Lescarbot,^ who was one of the first French explorers of Nova Scotia, for a graphic description of the surroundings of these ancient fishermen. He says one old master. Captain Savalet, of the little French frontier seaport of St. Jean de Luz — " Beceived us with all the kindness in the world. The good honest man told me that the same voyage was the forty-second voyage that he had made in those parts, and nevertheless the Newfoundland men do make but one a year. He was marvellously pleased with his fishing, and told me, moreover, that he took, every day, fifty crownes worth of fish, and that his voyage would be worth £1.0C0. He paid wages to sixteen men and his vessel was of eightv tunnes and would carrv 100,000 dry fishes." » ^ Besides this description we have an ancient picture of the mode of fishing, the stage, the ram'shorn or trough, the splitting-table, the pews, the flakes, the hand barrows ; all are exactly like those to be found to this day around our shores. The hook used was very large, and the barb shaped like a harpoon. The dress of the fisherman is quaint ; each worker is represented with a long bib— the barvel— reaching from his neck to his toes, tied in at the waist, long boots, a sort of mop cap, or something like a soft felt with the brim turned down, or else the " borra " copied from the Basque, like the bonnet or Tam-0'Shanter of the Highlander. All wore broad leather belts ; braces are quite a modem invention. T have never seen a barvel myself, but an old friend, Mr. John Pike of St. Lawrence, tells me he can remember when all the fishermen used them ; they were made of sheep skin, with the wool inside, the outside ' Maro Lescarbot — "Avocat en Par- lament " — came out to Annapolis (the French Port Itoyal) with Poutriacourt in 1606. He was a jovial fellow, who cHJoyed the rough life with the Indians, fishing, shoot- ing, and camping out. He helped to found the first settlement in Nova Scotia (Acadie). For a promenade in the winter he built a covered verandah to their house. We owe to this wholt>-soii1ed lawyer "The Hisfnr- r' New France." ' - v ^» 2 Lescarbot's Nova Francia, London. 1609, p. 129. ''rancia, London* THE MANNKIl OF FISHING. jl <^t,e.l with tar-long aprons, like the dresH of the ancient finhenuen. fastened wUh a belt. Thin was before the invention of oil clothcH BarvelH were used by HHhern.erx «ll along the North An.erican coast * 1 he shore codfishery, known nnjongst the French as "la ,^che >^edenUnrer was pursued very much in the same n.anner as it is carried on to-day. Ihe lK)ats went out before dawn, returne.1 with their loads the fish were thrown up at the stage heads, split, and salted. The splitting able, the trough, known as the Horn's Horn (for washing out the fi.h after salting), the Hakes (stnges raised on piles and covered with boughs), wore all in general use from the very commencement of this great industry. The bank or deep sea codfishery was can-ied on very differentlv from our modern methods. The men all fished from the ship, each in a sort ot gangway hung over the side of the vessel, as depicted in the engraving. '^ In those early days, when bultows were unknown and tram undreamed of, the old-fashi(med tisheru.en, with their primitive hook US big as a small killock, with a huge lump of lead or iron for a sinker and a rough strong bemp line, caught codfish galore. Some of the early writers stated that the fish were so abundant that the beara used to ca ch them ; I have heard an old planter declare that the cod crowded into the land so m his time that he has seen a dog catch fish • Jukes, m his «' Excursions in Newfoundland," mentions a dog of George' Harvey s, Isle-aux-Morts, which caught sculpins. Although the enrly cod catchers fished mostly with hook and line, they had nets in addition tor the capture of hemng, and were acquainted with the use of seines' for the taking both of bait and larger fish. ' The English was entirely a shore fishery, on the principle of shares the owners of the vessel receiving two-thirds of the catch, the crew one-thuxU The Bretons and Normans also divided the proceeds of Z voyage. The French and Spanish Basques and the Portuguese all paH their men wages. The Portuguese were partly shore fishermen, pa^'^ bankers The Spam.h Basques, or Biscayans, shore fishermen, whalerf and sealex^^ The French were mostly bankers, and carried their fish home, as they do now, green, to be afterwards dried and made in trance; many, howevei-. were engaged in the shore fishery 1 ^1 «'^*f« English had very small vessels, their average size bein^ ^ss than fitty tons; by Whitbournes time they had increased to aS "^"^■J'^^^y^^^^ period the English had a e.r xW fleet (sack ships) ; as the small over-crowded fishing ships were not ablf I vol. il,™|8r ' "'*"" '°°' '''"" Newfoundland was discovered (of. ?.,„«•, Manship, 23 REIGN OF HENRY VI I. to convey the pro. 113), quoting in one snowstorm !5 English vessels iws drowned ; the the treachery of d force was sent ;nge. Kohl also eutly landed and ind, and acted aa erinanent posses- itenient is borne It 1520, marked which shows the id. from llymer's at the course of north in the 'teenth centuries. xdera. Bnry III. to the will gladly pro- wlth that realm, orway in 1284, he Norse mer- liile in England. King of Norway B ancient friend- I 1311, compen- s* committed on bip wrecked in two complaints [...i.^„n„~ ,„ i4,, -Mii, no doubt, Cabot and Cortereal engaged in it ; in fact, Cabot must have had great experience in Iceland to be entrusted to conclude an agreement about the fishery with Denmark n luntry favoured the that Sir Biora vas 'if • . . and ia I in the summer she the English slain lem bound with a toff. of Bishop Stephen tmanneys between of Side [an Ice- II 14 Englishmen nders Sik' John by itter-nose.' . . . 8, or thereabout, I the English and irth. and and his men a rind wick . . . 1 guiltless . . . . . . the other op Gredmund the 3glish fought at Dutch came on 1. There fell 14 ir Ricki Bray. iled nine winters J first sailed with sister Gudlang bridal was at the Inglish brought a lip and there lay ted half a month, ne summer and nt to an English . leading position 436 Henry VI. the Bishop of 3n from Iceland, to engage John p the Katherine, iy was to act as to transact his ot wish to leave "stayed" from 'ages, exception )f two ships of lent the king .laway). For Bristol, through e chief market claim the most m her wharves fisheries were 1 States. The antic seaboard Tying for this id, no doubi, in it ; in fact, experience in conclude an th Denmark. / THE ICELAND FISHERY. 27 Though the trade up to the discovery of America had been controlled by Bristol mer- chants, I can only find one occasion recorded n which West Country ships went to Iceland iuring the sixteenth century {Records, 1594). *rhis does not by any means prove that no ither ships went, but the marked absencs of the names of western ports from the lists of hose that sent ships to Iceland is significant. In 1510 Henr^ VIII. repealed an Act, Henry VI. cap. ii., 1429, by which it was Igreed that all Englishmen going to buy fish vere required, upon pain of forfeiture of all roods, io go to the " staple " town of North Jergen, where they would enjoy the sama ights as the Hanse ; the Act of Henry Vf . vas to prevent the great disorders then •ccurring at the fishery. Henry VI. was a lephew of the King of Denmark. The repeal of this old agreement with •enmark was probably to give relief to the fast coast traders, who were already feeling the effect of Newfoundland competition. In 1517 there were 300 English traders in one port, Haftiar Fiord, but in 1581 the intire fleet apparently numbered only 200, (robably all from 'Sufiblk and Norfolk 23 Eliz. cap. vii.). In 1533, for some •eason, only 85 ships, all from the east ioast, appear to have composed the Iceland leetj they paid .^?414 duty on their catch. Records.) In 1523 we appear to have further ividence that .the opening up of our fishery »as affecting this trade, for we find Christian II. asking Henry VIII. if he wished trade to Iceland (^Records). The frequent ihanges also in the Charters of the Stock- ishmongers would seem to indicate that there ras a disturbing element felt in London in he early part of the sixteenth century (cf. "^eubert's Twelve Liucry Co.'s). In 1512 the cost of "great dry Hisse- londe fish" was 38s. 4d. for every 124; lext year it was sold to Government for the irmy at 53.«. 9irf. per 100 ! (Records). This jhows indirectly the enormous profits which ^ust have been made in the Newfoundland shery for the first half of the century. Later, •hen these high prices could no longer be iiaintained owing to the Reformation and the increasing supply of Newfoundland fish, we Have constant complaints from merchants bout false counting, especially of cod fish imported in barrels. {Lansdowne MSS., 1583, yc. ; 5 Eliz. V. made it illegal to import cod in larrels). It is interesting to notice a petition n 1568 (when no doubt the market was looded with Newfoundland fish) which states (hat badly dried fish was being brought in ■nd sold as " Iceland " fish. ( Hatfield MS.) think this relers to Labrador fish. The irofits of the Eastlanders, who had clung to he Iceland trade, were evidently dwindling iway ; they could not afford to sell their fish it 10a. per 100. As the Newfoundland trade monopolized the energies oi the West and South coast of England, very little attention was paid to Ice- land by the Government; Eastlanders, feeling the effect of low prices, ceased to pay their license fees to the King of Denmark. In 1580 the merchants of Eastland complained of Dr. Podgers' unjust demands. (Hatfield MS.) Rodgers was evidently asking for dues owing to the Kin^ of Denmark, as he is tho same person who, m 1592, requested the renewal of the Commercial Treaty mentioned below. In 1585, however, the merchants' remonstrance appear to have been attended to, as there is an Order in Council on July 25, " for redressing the wrongs of the Eofflish in Iceland " (Records). On the 21st June 1590, the King of Denmark wrote ttiat he had received the charge of C. Perkins, the Queen's ambassador, but must defer replying thereto as his coun- sellors are absent. (lilMER.) A further petition was presented by the East Coast traders in 1591 : — " Time out of mind we have proceeded to Iceland for the buying of stock fish and takmg of green fish such as codcl, ling &c. Now are prevented at Westmaney [Iceland] from pitchmg booths or buying fish. Used to pay when we had b-oths 5 marks, if only for fishmg one angel and a barrel of salt or a barrel of beare no more.'" (Hatfield MS.) The loss of revenue was evidently keenly felt m Denmark. We find a warrant in 1 586 allowing the king himself, in his own ship^i to import a cargo of fish duty free to Harwich and take away some Wiltshire woollen goods andtm. (Hatfield MS.) * Matters reached a climax in 1592, when the agreement allowing the English to fish m Iceland had not been renewed for twelve years, though terminable every seven years ^^^ *'^S ^"'^ °^ Denmark was "offended" (Records) ; the reason seems to have been that the trade was carried on at a loss, for Raleigh next year said the Newfoundland was the only profitable fishery, "the New- fouudland voyages ar,i the only ones making any profit." (Hatfield MS.) ^ On the 8th July 1595, the King of Denmark wrote to Elizabeth to say he ctuld permit Englishmen to fish in Iceland except at Westmaney, which is reserved for the Court; he complained of the conduct of English fishermen. (Rymek.) In 1598 the senate of Denmark advised i^"", r^^''*''"' ^^^ Bnckhurst, and the Earl ot Essex, to use moderation and prudence in settling the differences between the two kingdoms. (Rymee.) This year Dr. Perkins was sent to Den- ..„...,.. nscnv iicah arrangements with the Danish king (Hatfield MS.), whose "re- monstrances " were considered next year bv !?«*\°SJ'/1», Council (B.M. M.S. Vesp. OAIV.) In 1600 there were apparently some further attempts at a settlement (cf. Rtmer's 28. REIGN OF HENRY VII, notice of the 1479 treaty in tliii year). In February 1600, p:iizal)eth complained tJiat her fishermen had been forbidden by DaniBh officers to fish in the "deep sea" in the north. (BvMicB.) No terms seem to have been arrived at, for in 1602 the King again prohibited fishing in Iceland to alt utranirers without license. (Lansdowne MS.) In the same year complaint was made of injurien done to Englishmen; Christian IV. justified the seizure of vensels from Hull, and complained of the capture of Danish vessels. On July l.-ith Elizabeth said she would send commissioners to Bremen by September 25th to treat of commercial matters. The commissioners met in October, but returned home on hearing of the death of the queen. A treaty was ratified in 1621. (RvMEn.) A careful perusal of the Uecords seems to show that the Iceland voyage was gradually deserted by all but the Norfolk and Suffolk fishermen, who were frequently consulted about the decaying character of the trade. {Hatfield MS., Aug. 7, 10O2.) In 1594 the inhabitants of Heeson and Sherringham are mentioned incMdeiitally as being the chief traders to Iceland. (Hi!cord.i.) The relative insignificance of this fishery in the latter half of the sixteenth century is shown in a petition in 1580 ugainstthe importa- tion of foreign fish j the petition speaks of the time " when the Iceland voyage was most frequented." {Hatfield MS.) It evidently ^vas not then, nor had been for some time, any longer the dominating factor in the stock-fish market, and the statement of I'arkhurst in Hakluyt, made eight years before, which has led many writers astray, that it was still the chief English fishery nnist be wrong. It is only fair to state that Mr. Palmer says {Manship, ii. 89'/ :— " During the reign of Charles I. the Icelan I and North Sea fisheries for cod, &c., which had long been prosecuted with success, attained their greatest prosperity. About 150 vessels were then employed in the North Sea Hshery off the coast of Norway and about 20 vessels went annually to Iceland. The half doles from these fisheries alone from 1045-49, averaged £300 per annum, but shortly afterwards they fell oflf, the fisheries became unsuccessful, and in 1740 only one vessel went to Iceland and doled £47 In 1007 the half dole only produced £1!J5 on an average." If the £414 paid by 8.5 ships in 1533 was this same dole, the cast coast fishery, or at any rate the Iceland section of it, can hardly be said to have reached its highest point in the seventeenth century, I suggest that the merchants ol Norfolk and Suffolk were en- couraged to re-embark in this trade on aocoiint Oi an UQusun! dcrrmnd for nsh oauaed by the civil war and the consequent cessation of agriculture, &c. • Two special causes hcl{)ed to increase the Newfoundland fishery to the detriment of the Iceland traders. One was the advan- tage taken by the West Countrymen of the Act 5 Eliz. cap. V. to embark in a large export trade to make up for the diminishing demand m the home market ; " the poor inhabitants of Norfolk and Suffolk" petitioned in 1568 aganist "the m n evil of the priviledge of exporting fish tree of duty." {Records.) The Act 23 Eliz. VII. (1580) recites : — " VVhere[as] the merchauntes of divers places of this realrae [? West Countrymen] have for their private gaynes ingrossed unto their hands jjreat quantities of fish taken by alienes, being in goodness farre inferiour to the fysh taken by Englishmen [? Eastlanders] in the Island voyages there be of late decayed, not onely the number of two hundred sayle or more of good ships that yearly traded to Island for taking fish usuallye solde in this realme but als-j the number of maryners." The other cause which militated against treeless Iceland (En<;lishmen were not allowed to fish in Norway.— Palmeu's Manship, i. 3 1 1 ) was the abundance of wood in Newfound- land for making stages and barrels. Though the question of barrelled fish, which was so much agitated in the trade fiom 1560 onwards for many years (cf. 5 Eliz. V. and Lans- downe MSS. from 1580 forwards), partly related to Dutch herrings and Cornish pilchards, the demand for licenses by West Countrymen like Downing {Lansdowne MS., ^^^P '^"d Sir William Gorges {Lansdowne MS., 1586) to import barrelled fish, and the prohibition in the Act 5 Eliz. cap. V. against importing cod in barrels, show, I think, that the practice of packing Newfoundland fish III this way was in use at this early period, and the facility it gave for easy distribution was no doubt one of the many causes which helped to transfer the English interest from Iceland to Newfoundland. The wording of sec. 7 of 5 Eliz. V., that « forasmuche as ther ys much deceiptful Packing used in Codd brought in Barralles into this Realme," all fish must be brought in " loose in Uulke and by Tale" refers, I venture to think, to dry fish as well as green. The barrelling of cod fish must not, however, be understood to have originated at this time. In 1482 by 22 Edw. IV. c 2 and in 1495 by 11 Henry VII. c. 23, most stringent regulations were laid down for barrelled fish, prescribing the size of the barrels, the size of the fish, the manner of splitting, boning, and packing; there were to be no " broken belied" fish; salmon and other fish were to be " xxvij inches from the bone of the fyn to the iij joynte of the taille, the bone to be taken awav into *h« navel, the fyshe spJattcd [split] down to a handful [within a span] of the taile and not to be packed double in the barrel " ; searchers and gangers were to be appointed to see the Act was carried out properly. SEBASTIAN CABOT. 39 This note is simply a compilation of old records. Certain points are mere conjecture. A closer examination of the documents quoted I may prove that they will not bear the inter- I pretation put upon them ; the history of early I English commerce has yet to be written. I A study of the Iceland fishery is interesting Ito Newfoundlanders ; it helps to some extent Ito throw light upon the way in which our own Iwas carried on at first, to fill a blank in our llsland history. Englishmen seem to have I" commanded all there," to have fearlessly ■traversed the northern seas to reap a golden Iharvest which built up the ancient towns of ■Norfolk and Suffolk. This fishery is again receiving the atten- tion of Englishmen ; fast steam trawlers are Idow supplying the English markets with fresh Ifish from Iceland. II. Pedro de Ayala's letter to Spain. [Original in cipher.'] 1 2.5 .Tilly 1498. j "I well believe that your Highnesses I have heard how the King of England has I equipped a fleet to discover certain Islands land mainland that certain persons who set lout last year for the same have testified that ithey have found. I have seen the chart Ijyhich the discoverer has drawn, who is another IQenoese like Columbus, and has been in iSeville and in Lisbon procuring to find those Iwho would help him in this enterprise . . . I The King determined to Idespatch an expedition, because he had the Icertainty that they had found land last year. ■The fleet consists of five ships provisioned for lone year The Genoese went on Ihis course. I have seen the course and dis- Itance he takes, think that the land they have Ifound or seek is that which your Highnesses Ipossess, for it is the end of that which belongs Ito your Highnesses by the convention with I Portugal. It is hoped that they will return Iby September i believe Ithe distance is not 400 leagues. And I told Ihim that I thought they were the Islands Idiscovered by your Highnesses, and I even Igave him a reason, but he would not hear it ; las I believe your Highnesses now have I intelligence of all, as well as the chart or Imappe-monde that this Genoese has made, I I do not send it now, though I have it here ; land to me it seems very false, to give out that Ithey are not the said Islands." v^ III. Sebastian Cabot. i.:~i I ., ^ .. "J -A'cwfouudiauii will be Iconsidered complete without allusion to John ICabots well-known son, although we have labsolutely nothing to thank him for, quite Ithe reverse. ^ Sebastian's friend, Martyr, was forced to admit that the Spaniards denied his claim to be the discoverer of North America. The members of the Drapers Company in 1521, replying to a request of the king and Wolsey for ships to explore the Newfound- land (a general name then for all North America), said: "We think it were to sore adventure to jopard V shippg with men and goods unto the said Island uppon the sin- gular trust of one man cullyed as we understand Sebastyan which Sebastyan as we here say was never in that land hyra- self all if he makes leporte of many things a? he hath heard his Father and other men speke in tymes past." It is stated that he offered his services to the king for a voyage of discovery, but was refused. In 1512 he made a chart fdr Henry Vllf. of the coast of Gascony and Guienne, in Prance, and in the same year took service with Spain as a reviser of maps and charts. He was specially engaged on account of his supposed exclusive knowledge of our coast. King Ferdinand wrote to hebastian on 12th September 1512: "Sabeis que en Burgos os hablaron do mi part^ Conchillos i el Obp. de Palencia sobre la navegacion a los Baccalos e ofrecistes ser- vimos " (Hauuisse's Disc, of A. America, p. M.) In 1518 he was appointed to ex- amine all pilots for America. In 1524, just before the Congress of Badajos, he came to England on some secret mission to Henry VIII. ; 43s. Ad. was paid to J. Godenck for bringing him over. In 1526 he ascended the Paraguay, in South America, m command of an expedition in which Robert Thome had adventured a large share. In 1547 he was again brought to England, at a cost of £100. In answer to three very urgent demands from Charles V for his return to Spain-" a very neccssan^ man tor the Emperor, whose servant he was, and had a pension of him " — on 21st April 1550 the English Privy Council replied: "He of himself refused to go either to Spain or to the Emperor, and that he being of that mind, and the king's subiect no reason or equity that he should be torced against his will." — (Harl nsq folu, 6.) In 1553 he was an active promote; and governor of the Muscovv Company He 18 supposed to have died in 1557. He claimed amongst the scientific navi- gators of the age the very highest position as an authority on all geographical questions, but S\t^ gradually fallen into dis- Unfortunately, he was a great liar ; every fresh record that is hunted up fixes him with a fresh falsphnrul He Mj» •>?<"— -^ . . . tather died, leaving him very rich, soon after the discovery of Columbus, his father was alive in 1498. and in the receipt of a pensS :"^„"WT HV°'**J>i« English fn-ends he was Bristol bom 5 he made Contarini believe P :m SO REIGN OP HENRY VII. he was a Venetian; he declared he could tell the distance at sea by the compass. He lied to Spain, to Italy, and to England. Edward VI. gave him a handsome pension— £166 13». 4rf.— but less than the splendid salary he had in Spain. In Queen Mary's time he had, no doubt at the instance of her husband, Philip II., to divide his pension with Worthington, and, between them, all his maps disappeared. Doubtless he was forced to sell them to the Spanish Government, and this may account for their total loss to the world. Sebastian Cabot's instructions to Sir Hugh Willoughby show his character. "T; , is to be no dicing, carding, tablii.^ morning and evening prayers are to b> said." On the other hand, " the natives of strange countries are to be enticed aboard and made drunk with your beer and wine, for then you shall know the secrets of their hearts," They were also to be " cautious about certain creatures with men's heads and the tails of fishes, who swim, with bows and arrows, about the fords and bays, and live on human flesh." In their insular pride. Englishmen be- lieved Sebastian Cabot, their countryman, was the great explorer who had found the new world. They gloried in his wonderful exploit, and resolutely ignored the real discoverer, his illustrious father. The works of IJiddle, Justin Winsor, Desimoni, and Harrisse contain tha fullest documentary records of (he Cabots. Recently there have been several new contributions to the history of John and Sebastian Cabot- books by Sr. F. Tarducci, an Italian, and E. Madero of Buenos Ayres — and a review in " La Espana Moderna," by Captain Fer- nandez Duro of the Royal Spanish Navy. They throw very little fresh light on the lives of the Cabots. Duro brands Sebastian as a traitor to Spain; Tarducci exalts him as a patriot. The name of Sebastian's Spanish wife is given- Catalina Medrano— and his daughter Elizabeth, and a last letter shortly before his death to Charles V. Captain Duro, a very well-inrormed writer, considers that Sebastian was not in the first voyage, and , that he was a great schemer. The latest work on the Cabots is by Dr. S. E. Dawson, published in " 'J'he Trans- ' actions of the Royal Society ot Canada," 1894; it is very able and exhaustive. Dr. Dawson sets out with the theory that John Cabot's landfall in 1497 was at Cape Breton, which he identifies with the " Cavo descubierta " of Cosa ; he cleverly arranges his facts to suit this theory, which forces him to argue that Cabot, sailed from west to east along the southern coast of Newfoundland, as far as Cape Race ; the author, however, ignores the fact that the old pilots in naming the coast followed the calendar. The position of Cape St. Jorge (April 23rd) and C. St, Lucia (December 13th) wjst of St, Nicholas (December 6th) show conclusively that the navigator whose voyage Cosa's map records sailed from east to west. In addition to the arguments in favour of Cape Bonavieta os the land&ll of John Cabot, contained at p, 10, there may be added the names near the Cape, of " King's Cove," in the foreign maps Royal Port, showing probably where the Genoe.ie erected the royal arms, and 'Keels" or Keels strand, where the first boat !ar Jc.', Ml-. Harrissg prints, in his new book hn Cabot," for the first time, the following , arrant from Henry Vll. for the payment of John Cabots pension, and proves pretty conclusively the Cabots to be Genoese; the rest of the book deals mainly with the life of Sebastian and his claim to be considered a scientific cosmographer and practical seaman. 149g, 22nd February. Henry by the Grace of God, King of Kngland, and of France, and lord of Ireland to the Tresourer and Chaubrelaines of oure Jischequier greting. Whereas we, by ouie warrant under oure signet, for certain con- sideracions have geven and graunted unto John Caboote xxli [.£20] yerely during oure pleasure to be had and prayved by the hands of our castumers in oui-e poorte of Bristowe, and as we be enformed, the said John Caboote 18 delaied of his payement because the said custumers have no sufficient matier of dis- charge for their indempnitie to be yolden at their accompt before the Barons of our Eschequicr. Wherefore we wol and charge you that ye our said Tresourer and Chaubre- laines that now be and hereafter shalbe that ye unto suche tymes as ye shall have from us otherwise m comandement do to be levied in due fourme ii several failles every of them conteignyng xli upon the customers of the revenues in oure said poorte of Bristowe at two usual termes of the yeie whereof oon taill to be levied at this time conteignynf Shene the xxii fi of ours reit?" f, 1895, p~3n]f" CHAPTER III. ' REIGN OF HENRV VHI. 1509-1547- 15IO.-Uepeal of 8 Henry VI. c. II., 1429, about trading to Iceland and Norway. 1511 . — Agramonte's voyage to America. Spam. « Great dry Iselande" fish selling for 38«. 4rf. per , g;"*'""'"'*"^' '^''^es t-ngland for I513.-Iceland fish sold at 63a. girf. per 100 to the Government. 1515.— First printed account of Cabot's voyage in Peter :»'artyr's Decades. 1517.— Three hundred English traders at Hafnae Fiord in Iceland. 1520.— Kuntsman No. 4 map assigning Iceland to the English. 1521._Portuguese patent to Fagundez, showing a knowledge of our south coast 1522.-Sabine says there were forty or fifty Louses in Newfoundland at this time. 1523.— Verrazano, sent by Francis I., Kinff of France mndp 1ai„i o* n r to Cape Breton. Grant of two fisheries on thf U.S Coast to Ayllon ""' '"^^^ °°"^ 1525.— Gomez reports Newfoundland sea full of fish Pnnin Po * • engaged by Henry VIII. for a voyage of discovery , t1neTti.J^t''Cr:r&L?S'''' 1526.— Tyson acting as Thome's agent in the West Indies. 1527.— Robert Thome's expedition; John But wrote h - a large scale. No In tracing the course of our iHland History during this remarkable reign, one of the great debatable grounds of English History, we are tortunately not concerned in any way with the fierce controversial war not prmTcar"""^ ^^'' ^"''''^' ^"'^"^' """' '''^J''^ '' piscatorial and The enthusiasm aroused by the great discoveries of the last reign had not sensibly abated. Henry was stirred up to make several futile attempts to discover the north-west passage to India. France came late in the held, but, though last, her explorers. Verrazano and fcovlrei?'' """^ ^'"'^ '''"°°^'* *''^ ''^''''^'^'' ^'''* navigators and The age produced no great coloniser like Raleigh to arouse and direct the energy of the nation towards founding Greater Britains beyond the sea; the thought of a great Colonial Empire in America never entered the minds of the two first Tudor sovereigns. To Henry VIII, however belongs the credit of founding the Royal Navy; he fully realised that England should be a great naval power, supreme at sea. Under his fostermg care colleges were founded for navigation, hospitals for retired ■seamen ; he passed a law fixing the rate of wages for shipwrights, and gave a bounty of five per cent, for shipbuilding ; he employed Italian shipwrights to teach his subjects the art . .aval construction In consequence of these measures, during this pe. ^.:„glish trade and navigation made wonderful strides; English slu, vere larger and better built, and large sums were spent on coast ,. .e England reaped the benefit of these preparations in the Armau. 'ar ?here were also regular voyages to Spain, the Mediterranean, ana he Brazil Though he regulated shipbuilders' wages, when a new man-ol .-ar waJ to be laid down the ships' carpenters were corralled like so many cattle ana kept m durance vile until their work was completed; the oni; difference was that they were paid properly for their work whilst prisoners. Hawkins, in the enlightened age of Elizabeth, carried out the same cour.se of pressing men to work in the dockyards. According to his lights, the king did his best to make England mistress of the seas. Under his rule, paternal government was carried to the very extreme of absurdity; he not only prescribed his subjects' religion, but he regulated thpir di^t the tjf'*-" ^^ r---^ - i, • - - . J, . ' '-"*' pr^^" Ot njuju, ana their dress : he was specially strenuous m directing all matters about the fishery, and FIRST ACT KELATING TO AMERICA. 88 nil. ind February. I a large scnle. No his remarkable [istory, we are itroversial war piscatorial and last reign had several futile Fi'ance came errazano and ivigatora and use and direct IS beyond the never entered III., however, realised that . Under his Is for retired )wrights, and •loyed Italian truction. In ih trade and larger and ^e. England ar. There i I'le Brazil. i-ol >v'ar was many cattle, i; the only ivork whilst carried out ke England was carried his subjects' their dress ; fishery, and preventing "regrating and forestalling" in the sale of fish.i an old- fashiono, expression for cornering the market. To this laudable desire on the part of the king we are indebted for a most valuable bit of historical information concerning this Colony; it is contained in an Act which, as a specimen of legislation, is unique. A modern Act of Parlia-' ment is as bare and bald as a Blue Book, but these old enactments, " the statutes at large," are the very essence of English History ; contained in the quaintest language, their absurd arguments and their extraordinary negation of all our modern notions of political economy make them simply delightful. Amongst these wonderful productions the following IS a fairly choice specimen : — " ACT 33 HENRY VIII. c. XI. •' Tho BUI conceryning lying offiaahe upon the see. "WHEREAS many and dyvers townes and portes by the see side have in tymcB past bene in great weltho and prosperitie well buylded by using and oxorcysing tho crafts and feate of fisshing by the whiche practise it was not onelio great Btrengthe to this Realnxe by reason of bringing up and encreasing of Maryners whensoever the King s Grace had nede of them but also a greate welthe to tho Realrae and habundanceof suchewherebie ouresovereigneLorde the King tho Lords Gontilmen and Comons were alwais well served of fisshe in Market townos of a reasonable price and also by reason of the same fisshing many men were made and crewo riche and many poure Men and Women had therebie there convenyent lyving —to the strengthe encreasing and wellthe of this realme. " And Whereas many and dyvers of the saide fissherman for their singular lucre and advantnge doe leve the saide crafte of fisshing and be confederate w' : Pycardea Flemynghes Norma.i and Frenchemen and sometymesayle over into the fcostesofPycardieandFlaundersandsometyme doo meoto the said Pycardes and '. a lemynges half the see over. [Engiand°eW "'^ '''^^^''*' ^^'"^ ^'^' '" ^launders Ac., or at sea to be sold in " ^'\^ ^^ ^^ f^rder enacted by the auctoritie aforesaide that it shall bo lawfull I to all and every fissher estraunger to come and to sell. I /' f'l'''^^^ furthermore that this Act or any thing therin conteyned shall not extende to any person whiche shall bye eny fisshe in any parties of Iseland Sootlands Oikeney, Shotlande, Irelande, or J^ew?and-[Newfoundland] " commas There are rejfulations ou this subject {Rye's Cromer, Past and Present, pp. 45, > 4(J), dating as far back as 1358. At first it ; was ordered that no fish should be landed [ until the masters of the ships Lad settled a ; price with the merchants, so that the fish I should be sold at a reasonable price at the I fairs. It was found, however, that the I merchants, conniving amongst themselves, i refused to buy except at an unprofitable' I price, and the fish rotted. To remedy this, [the fisheimeu were allowed after six days, if Ino price was settled, to laud their fish, and Isell as best they could. Mr. Eye thinks they Iraust have had wel'.s to keep their fish alive. In Palmeu's Manship (ii. 81) there is lurther information on this subject. Mr. Palmer also says : — " A practice seems to have grown up at an early period for the fishermen to leave the sale of their fish to the 'hosts' or parties with whom they lodged in the town, who thus acted as brokers, paying dues and demands, and being accountable for the price. If we may judge by the numerous ordmauces made for their regulutioii, wg must suppose that they attempted to monopolize the trade and to take undue advantage of their position, by appropriating to theinselvcs' too large a share of the profits." • • . ' 84 REIGN OF HENRY VIII. 1^: HOTZ MAP, 1542.1 From B.M. MS. Beg. 20 E. IX. Irish and Shetland flsherie,. Thia view of the subject i, further coo hmed by the Act of Edward VI., and cc-roborated by Lthonv pirk' XitnXretd'r ™-- *° --o-Ld;X"t 1 This map was presented to Heury VIII by Rose (sol learn from M. Harrisse the name should be spelt), a French pilot. The inapis of a compo.sito character, bused upon Cabot 8 and.Corteral's voyages and the French expedition to Cape Breton, but not showing the French explorations on our east and north- east coasts. The inscription, « The new foude londe quhar men goeth a fiHohiu- " is nm ^i.! work of the map Wer, but haS'been added by some Englishman. ^'^ t' seas over" lurousal. ng to America ; iglish historical tely establishes ndland fishery fishery, by this ^ the Icelandic, SHIPBUILDING. further con- thony Park- writing to I, and use all of the country, east and north- 'f he new foude iug," is not the bas been added »3 In 1683, Hayes, in his narrative, also says :— How could tiloy st*ak of English dominion and usa™ !„ .h. Colony „, 1.578 as an ancient custom if the Enrfish L n^J ■ ) .n. the fishery during these past seventy of w' velr T H,sto..y,s silent on the subject, but this furnisi ^ ^^^7^; ..t the w zni'ti r'/'n T"" °'''"°'-^"" "*» -nferc^i,-:: offl»hinI;vr:is ""'"■ """ "" '"~"-" ™^ ''"P* °f 'he moven;ents It was only when the English Admiraltv TZTT Government. Each autumn the forest resounded to the woodman's ax» „. h. f u , the g,ont oaks to bnild the fishing-shin • with ,M i . ^"'"' the sturdy little craft took form Ind LuU \ e 1 "u 1 C"c t" haven was busy with riggers, and caulkers and saimakltlrr!?' resounded with the clang of the anvil as they torgenr ,;^,', * t h and male the cable on which hung the lives of mfn ^ ^ °"'""'' bit of'tr,'"''" "1 °"'^ '■""■"^^ ""' "'^"' '>'■' ^^"^ ''»"' good ships • everv Dit ot tmiber and every nail and froPTinii +i t fe '^"•"P»j every honest work done by s'killed Ta d^ 1 ^girof'Tt", ""„""' critics : they were not b.n'lf f^,. « i x- ^ ^^^ *^^® yiHage encounters ^iU^let St h^ knTckH^d IT ""''" '".' ^"'- [Atlantic. ^'''' ^^"g^ voyages of the M. Oppenheim says of the Elizabethan sailor ;— jby running aground. 'DunnrLose fZ.TJ^f „,'^ 1*!^;' "^r'^^' '^^ '^«' ^ jgaloB which the English ships weathered suVcSlfXr', «'"^' ^ foundered at sea." • successlulJy, whole Spanish fleeta English Historical Rev\ lew. 2 8a RRKKV OF IIKNRY VIII. Year by year, m tJie wnilth from tiio far-off Hslu-ry whn poured into the western countieH, more ships were made and old ones r..pairo.l Untd 1580 there are hut sparse accounts of the Ki.glisli ships that fished in ^ewfoun,Uand. hut we know from contemporary liistorv and the Act of Henry VIII. and the fmther Act of Edward VI tl^iat Enghind carried on from Devonshire a considerahh) fishery in' Newfoundland ; the west was the «-,vnt centre of nuu-itime enterprise in *.ngland ; her seamen the most daring and most numerous ; all the m-eat Elizabethan sean.en-Drake, Hawkins, Ualei^h-were Devonshire men They Baded the sliip.^ as well as they built them; their models were not our models, nor their ways our ways in the modes of shipbuildin^r ; to use the old sailors' phrase, they built their vessels " for beasts of bur- then, not for birds of passage." They liad great beam, were low in the wami, high forward and aft, and had great sheer, without fore and aft sails; they were no good soiled fairly well going free ; above all they were e.JnenLeltotto.''"* The type ot ship ot course, varied aecordh.gto the purpose for which she w.« de n^d In a paper by William Borough, i/the reigu of Elizabeth, three orders are described :— *= the breadth amidships, and the depth .< rpy,- „, , . , . ^o ^o^t^ half that breadth. " 2 Z r " ""!? u "''"' '"''''^"°* '^'^' "^^'^^ f°^ '"««* profit. ^. Ihe mean and best proportion Length of keol 9 n^ oi *u . r , advantageous of sailing. . 8^"8 oi oeam. Men-of-war had high poops and deck cabins, which Raleidi con demned as "sluttish dens that breed sickness in peace"; ordinary l-HISMATIC COMPASS. ^om Dudley's "Arcano del Mare," lOJfl. HH poured info rcpairod. lish ships that onuy liistory, ■ Edward VI., Mo tisiiory in e enterpriso in ; all the ^reat vonshirc men. r models were iir models, nor ways our in the modes shipbuilding ; i.He the old ■»' phrase, they their vessels boasts of bur- not for birds iHuge." They groat beam, low in the high forward ft, and had iheer, without -nd aft sails; v^ere no good wind, but sea-boats, ose for which the reign of he keel double and the depth th. t. that of beam. at of beam. (beam. Depth Raleigh con- "; ordinary m VOYAGE OF VKBKAZANO. gy f'shing vessels in the beginning of the sixteenth century had Hush deck, -ree n.asts, the torenuvst very far forward, and the mi^zen very far a^ .e sads wore throe big lugsails ; the ballast carried was always sa ^ I Hdla t. irawku.,s was the inventor of nu.vablo top.n.n.sts-fishin. u:ttru;:s;:r'^"^^'^^^^ till HnT't 7 *"P-^'^.'^"*^ ^'^^^ are not mentioned inofficial papers t.H 1018. .Studdn.g sads were not those now kuow.t by that name t thoXr' : T"'^" T^ "^'-^'--"^the bon.L laced ; n K^ n • ,'^^•'•"'7 ''^^^ • ^J- 'Irabler on to the foot of the ^'.nne . Ihe mvor.t.on ot the log line is claimed for an Elizabeth- Enghshman, named Huu^phroy Cole, but it appears to have been in ,:so as early as l.-,21, on board Magellan's ships. CJhain pumps, capstans, an.l other nnprovements were mndo only in the robm of Elizabeth. Even in this reign no large vessel had lure and aft canvas. We have very few recoids of official voya.res (o the New World by Englishmen during Homy VIII. 's reign. Ships of the courtiers and gallant gentlemen Idee Hore's and Gilbert's, nearly always came to griof' whdst the bluff-bowed, stpiare, extraordinary littlj tul>s, handled by the rough fishermen, who 'trusted to "latitude, load, and look-out," made thoir voyages continuously for forty and fifty years ' without losing a rope yarn ; never a mishap, nor a claim on the Insurance Company, for probably none existed then for fishing shiixs.- In 1.5 2;i four ships were sent out by Francis I. of France, under the command of Giovanni Verrazano a Florentine navigator ; three put back dama-ed so' Verrazano proceeded in the Dolphin alone; he craised along the whole Atlantic co.st from Carolina to Capp Breton, and on the strength of this voyage the ' The French Iksque, 8iivalet, told Les- cabot he had then made foity-tno vnva.^e- • and Eehevete, the Spnuiih Hasuue, sayl' hJ made twenty -oiplit. Depositions were taken in 16G7 from several se going to J fifty-five years loo LINE. From Chnmpiain'i Voyaijcs, 1C32. lositions were taken in 16G7 from See Aiii.endiv n s^ f eamen at Dartmouth who hud been effc-t.. 1 in ,• ] ' ^v 1' ^"'' "" I'lsurance Newfoundland for between fifty ami S to F anc, " ^^^"•f°"""'H»ed with this remely scanty lief authority, ipon the king sxhorteth the set forth a rt-t-i-v:-:-; Mappe or ■ Jy a royal ^ the rough ria de Loretn^ fcoman of Bat- ' per annum, ay, 19 Henry seaman, whose letter gives us the most infomiation about the voyage was an old master in the navy, and when the expedition failed, through the loss ot his consort, he brought home a cargo of fish. Royal ships often traded in this reign, and were hired for commerce ^ and adventure; there was practically no difference between the armei merchantman of those days and the Tudor Royal Navy ; there was no uniform, nothing to mark the distinction between the services. A difficulty about this voyage arises from Hakluyt's mention of The Canon of Saint Paul." The diligent chronicler, in his collection of Diverse Voyages, after speaking of "worthy Master Robert Thome's I iT^! rr' *'' *^' King," tells us "that he was informed by ^ Masters Hall and Grafton that Henry sent forth two faire ships, well victualled and manned, on the 20th of May 1527, and after making ^ enquiries he is told by Sir Francis Frobisher and Richard Allen that a learned and wealthy canon of Saint Paul's went on the expedition . that one of the ships was called the Dominus Vobiscum, and that one ot the ships was cast away in the Straits of Belle Isle " It is clear that this refers to the voyage of Rut and his consort : the dates are the same, these ships were sent by the king, and one was wrecked northward, just as the Sampson was. Former v.riters have jumped to the conclusion that the Albert de Prado^ who wrote a letter to Cardinal Wolsey, of the same tenour as Ruts, was a Canon of Saint Paul's, London. There may have been a Canon of Saint Paul's on board, but his name was not Albert de Prado for the Records at St. Paul's contain no such name as De Prado Field (Prado is Spanish for field), or anything like it. That the expedition wa« a royal one, and fitted out by Wolsey, is shown by Lord Edward Howard's letter to the Cardinal, saying he "would be " f^i I ^"^P^yed m the expedition to be made to Newfoundland, and so find his wife and children meat and drink "3 As a voyage of discovery the expedition was a failure, but Rut's letter is invaluable as it gives us information about the Island; it was probably no old Johns first voyage to Newfoundland, as he seems to ho well acquainted with the points of land. Master Grube's two ships from Plymouth appear to have made about the same sort of passage I John Cabos; evidently these vessels, sailing so late, were not fishing ships. Ztl^lT :rrr'' ^^ ^^^^^-^eEngUsh fishery then^cam'ed on m ^ewfoundland; they were sack ships going out to trade and _ ] In 1526 we find in the Records a pro- position to use tlie idle men-of-war as merchant ships to Iceland, &c. 1 'J, I '^^f Records show Prado's debts were j paid by the Royal Treasurer, but I can find fLu% ^formation about him, it seems likely that he was the son of a Spanish- American tracler; perhaps he himself had sailed under Gomez. "• Renords. 40 REIGN OF HENRY VIIL un m vessels used to leave even in January Oviedo or Herrara, says that in 1517 there were only fifty ships- S!^tJrj.'p''f '''""' Portuguese-fishing in Newfonndland'but U^F^aV t ^^'•^"g"^^^ records this must be an error; as regards the Enghsh ships, we can rest assured that Master Grube's two barques and Rut 8 ships were not the only English vessels there. Purchas says : — in ,Z ^'"? ^^°f^ II?- '^* ^°^^ *^o ^^'V' for discouerie one of which perished Ca^ de Bas."^ '^^'"'^^ ^^ ^^"^ "^^^^ «'8^* «f -^ l-«d till we had sight\f John Eut's Letter. found no sounding, and then we durst not go no further to the l?nrew^!i 7 .ixtie fathom and then we can. into 52 degreed Lfm wUh l^aAe land a^nd Wd"v t To?T "' *'f -y-.lande we met with a groat Island oTfce and 1-e ^on^ n r ,''^' '*'''^^"^ ^" '^'"P ^"^^^^ ^"d «« ^ent in with Cape ue Ba ™a good Harbour and many small Islands and a great fresh river iroin^Tn f^rrl , the mayne land and the mayne land all wilderness and mou'ai^^^^^^^ no naturall ground but all mosse and no inhabitation nor no people ntlese par and in the woods we found footing of divers groat be.sts but we saw none nof L' wav tf r.^'l ^^'T ^'"" ^'"'^ *^« ^^'"i^"^'^ a^d wee kept company a^ltl^e way till withm two dayes before we met with all the Hands of So tLf w newcs ot hei-and please your Gruoe we were considering and a writing of nil nn. order how we would wash us, and what course we would°draw and whcrGod doe send foule veather, that with the Cape de Sper shee should go-and he that come first should tarry the space of sixe weeks one for another, afd watered at Slpd ' Sabine's licpnrt of the principal J'ls/tenes of the American Seas, Washington 1853. " ' 2 See Note 2, p. 43, about SpHiiiaiils not being mentioned in Oviedo's narrative. ^ Cape de Bus— probably Cape de Grace — Cape Bauld, the north-cast point of New- found and. It may have been the Cape de J{az shown on old maps near Cape Kaulil 'V^*'*;"""* °*" '*'^ victuals and w.i<>cs of iW,A .,-f'"^'^\ •'^'^ °'^''*'"' «"d Parser, A19 14*. 4f/. Lode manage and premace to master and crew at 6d. per ton." HORE'S DISASTROUS VOYAGE. 41 regular time of ; some French )parently upon 7 fifty ships— ^foundland, but or; as regards j's two barques f which perished n Eufc writ this rer it was this lay of June, and id left the sight e had sight of hn Rut with all uv Graceship — God— and if it rd, till we came iepe water; we Northward for d then we cast le hundred and aajne land and f ice and carae Cape cie Bas' a g lip farre into ,nd woodes and in these parts ; w none not in impany all the ice; that was rvallous great io heare good ting of all our ivhen God doe he that come •ed at Capo de :n the Cape de I'ape Kauld. Is and w.ipcs of T and purser, nd premage to toward parts to that Bands that we are comri^^l -nrli; ting^ i Te:?de:: he had stnct instructions to make a vigorous attempt to find a N W pSsa^e instead of doing so he was making up a cargo of fish], and thus Jesu save and keepe your Honourable Grace and all your Honourable Reuer In the Havon of St. John the third day of August written in ha.tA l«;97 k your servant John Rut to his uttermost of his power. •^' ^^^' ^^ It seems likely that Rut and Albert de Prado wrote their letters hastily to catch one of Master Grube's ships returning to Europe with her freight oi fish. ^ The only outside evidence ^- of any kind which has come down to us li n 1. '. c?^'t^' ^' *''' "''"*^^" ^^ ^""'^'^^ °^* * ^^\'^ Prato« in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, showing that perhaps the Mary of Guildford penetrated there; whether the information was given to Cartier by the vessels which were fishing in the Gulf as he pas.sed along, or he got it froni a map showing Prado's discoveries, cannot now be ascertained The natural curiosity of the human mind, and the spirit of adven- ture winch leads all sorts and conditions of men, even in the present day, to Africa and the wilds of Asia, prompted in the reign of bluff King Hal one of the most extraordinary wild-cap expeditions it has ever been the lot of the historian to describe; it is recorded by the industrious Hakluyt as — ^ JS::^^^S:t::^. '''' '^^"^ ^^'^^ «^"'^™^" *^ Newfoundland " Master Hore, of London, a man of goodly stature and of great courasze an.l given to t e study of Cosmographie, in the yere of our W lIsG enSrr' d divers gentlemen and others, being assisted by the kinrr's favour and Z? countenance, to accompany him in a voyage of discovcrie upo^n the n " h w s t parts of America, wherein his persuasions tookc such t-tfcct thn t w.W T.^7 o .i . ir^any gentlemen of the Inns of Court and of the ctLll^.I^t iveitlr^f in the two tall ships the TK..;e and the Minion ;ei''fivr^.:;:::::;,^tw AO were gentlemen, which all wore mustered in warlike manner at GrresVnd and ^HlSSe:-"""^ ''''° ^^''"""^^ *^^y ^"^-'^-^ *^--l-- inTrendo of ^ PiiKCHAs' His Pilgrims, 1625. " Wlien we remember that Thorue had an agent, Tyson, in the Spanish West Indies, seliniff armour for him, it seems quite un- necessary to connect (Hauuktt and Connv) the arrival of an Knglish three-master at lorto Rico with this expedition. En'dish ships were, I believe, frequently in the BraziLs and along the coast of Maine, even as early as this, and the fact that the ship mentioned b^ Herrara was armed, ha,l come from the Bucallaos, crossed the Gulf Stream, and lost a I ledincit pilot in a fight with the natives "^''•^ "' "P «•»}' '»PPly to Uufs expedition. ' ' This may have been, however, onh a natural name (i'rado-a field) applied to the beauUfiil grass-covered Magdalen Islands. 42 REIGN OF HENRY VIII. They appear to have been so badly victualled that they were guilty — of canuibalism; they had no pilot, otherwise they would have gone on the well-known track to Newfound- land. What thirty idle gentlemen and briefless barristers ex- pected to find or do in these unknown re- gions it is impossible to conjecture. They did not lose the two tall ships, but they were so starved and impoverished that, but for the timely arrival of a French ship in some part of the south - western coast of Newfoundland, pro- bably White Bear Bay, they would all have perished. The only advantage of having so many lawyers aboard CASTAtDl'sjMAP, ABOUT 1850.1 Prom Bamtuio', "Le Navigationi." appears at this juncture, for, says H kluyt:- •' When in their dire oxtremitv aiK? no +i>„ be killed, such was the mercie ^f God thaf iJ'r ^''^"S *« «^«t lots who should French ship in that port well furaished ;ith ti ?«n T' f ^^^* *^^^« ^"-^^^d a English [acting, no doubt, on the aS o tJ * ll ' '^/ ""'^ ""^ '^' ^'"^^'"^'^ 'f *^' ..ters.^sa.e.and.cban.in.s^^^^ astrous expedition ra^iSnriS^^^^ TT' ""''''''''' ^^- putting landsman in char-e oTIipf " ^""^ ''' "'^" ''"^^ '' ' This i« the ,„t engraved «ap .peciall, devoted to Newfoundland. THE BASQUE FISHERY. 4a ley were guilty nibalism; they pilot, otherwise ould have gone e well-known bo Newfound- What thirty sntlemen and 1 bai'risters ex- to find or do s unknown re- is impossible Jcture. They lose the two ?s, but they starved and shed that, but timely arrival ench ship in iii't of the estern coast 'undland, pro- lite Bear Bay, J Id all have The only i of having so vyers aboard ots who should fiere arrived a le polieie of the it they became et sail to come id ignorance r history is ' substitutes ilbert's dis- itter folly of id. In the magnificent work of Navarrete. « Colleccion de los Viages &c. recounting all the discoveries of the Spaniards up to the sixteenth century, he describes the voyage in 1525 of Estevan Gomez, a Spaniard from Corunna, who took with him a crew of hardy Basque fishermen, and explored the American coast, certainly as far north as Cape Race- on the strength of this expedition Diego Ribero marks all the present l/nited States as the land of Stephen Gomez, " Tiera de Estevan Gomez " and therefore belonging to Spain. Navarrete says he found the sea tull ot fish, and there can be no doubt he was in Newfoundland. It is clearly proved, as well as any remote historical event can be substantiated, that the English, Portuguese, Bretons, and Normans were the first fishermen in Newfoundland. The Spanish Basques or Biscayans did not engage regularly in the fishery until about 1545 • previous to that period they carried on a very extensive fishery in Ireland; gradually this was reduced, and the Biscayans turned their attenhon to the great Transatlantic fishery ; we have abundant evidence that besides he codfishery they carried on a very extensive whale and seal fishery, both m the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to the northward. Their head-quarters were in the gulf and straits known in those ancient times as the Grand Bay. The splendid harbour of Port-Aux- Basques still commemorates their presence on our shores. The Biscavans .used to continue their operations until December. From these hardy fcnt;^^^^^^^^^ '"^^^^' '^' '^ ^'^^^^ ^-P-- -^- «^e firs^ We seem to have proof of the commencement of the Spanish ishery in the Colony in a very complete form. First there is the .pamsh permission given in 1511 by Ferdinando el Catolico to Juan e Agramonte to take two ships ;— " A descobrir cierta tierra nucva en los limifcps nno a ,,«= Itaovcr oe«»in new land within the Hmi.r[« "d by Ihe Po™ S"kT"-*° ■ DuBO, p. 310. ! ]V*^.^^"°*® "^^^^"es deAyllon was ^ranted the title of Adelantado. fifteen l«>asca de los Vas- [•eviously they did e, it represents 1 a very early siders probably e mentions the ence was given arette does not heir fislung in 1 about 1545 ; s not unlikely m the earliest '' the following he Records of f Two per cent. Bsses were asked nly a few years, agreed that this hed before then. , and on account their fishery :n that the fishery ;he Gnipuacoaus icstres de Naos, pesca de Terra. ; de Tierranueva habiendo cntre voveri/ of North FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. , i:^Xral^r^brx^^^^^^^^^^ tj^^- --— -^or.es fecha : es decir. que se frecuellt S/l ^1545 t7J ""l ' "'l^^ ''^'' " "^ quo producLiu estos viages so habiari IVnl f V 'l"^ P"'' ^^ ^"cha ganancia otros partes. &c.' abandonado los to Flandes. Inglatierra y The celebrated voyages of Jacques Cartier in 1534 153", and I^a, \ ^'^ "^*i^e port, St Malo, eveiy ] year sent out fishennen to the New I World. It is to Cartier that we Howe the first description of tlie noble river St. Lawrence, and a true con- I figuration of our island ; although his (enterprise was barren of results and ^his attempts at colonising Canada I tailed, he greatly enlai^ed our know- I ledge of the New World, and laid the ^foundation of the mighty empire of [JNew France. Sieur Jean Francis de la Roche Seigneur de Roberval, who had saiJed in August 1541 with three Hhips with two hundred persons and : ^^^^^n^:^ :^ Tr -"''': "^^ «- - '■>» i JalloWt and Noel two of rlw . " ™->' '" Q""'™" '><= met fcon w New F.a.c;'r: ^et ^o "S::;'" t T'\ "" ^^^«"- ^e anl all his follower abandoned tlCotov r""" °"'*-'' Eloberval's vovap-e is vprxr m<.o j '-oiony. The account of .ur harbour off J„S ^ZtXr T ""'^ «""'»'■ '™" " *"' iead-quarte,. of the Trans trUcfehlt v'' "" '!l "P"^' ""■ « that he found seventeen LsoJfi ,'• "T'''' ''°''^''™' '«"'' fbrtu,u.teIyhedoesnotgiveustheh„af- ,? "o *'" '""'««• ™- iwith .ome Portuguese fishe„nen in ^"^ *^- He also had a dispute Iheseold cod s„Ls ha'd^rver ^l TZ^^tT''''- ""7'^ fjetore the court gallants ,n,I *l..- , '• "'^'■'ence long latent was strenuously Cos™ at CoTrt f'T,' ^^''''""^ C"'"' ' fonsidered these exploring eTp ditio„r^ '^i ^''"^^^ ""='''='"'»'^- '^ho fntheouif, and e.^„ .h^nrr- ^^ ^rt';:^ ^r^bif tt m I ^r?'^^'^^'^ -Arcade Woe n -i^ J. • , JACQUES CARTIER, After an o^d portrait. 46 REIGN OF HENRY VIII. i I prevent his getting a crew until the king sent peremptory orders to the authorities at St. Malo. Cartier mentions meeting Fxench fisher- ST. MALO ABOUT 1620. From an engraving of Iterian'a. men in the Gulf, probably at Brest— Entre du Golf— from the very earliest times the northern head-quarters of the Gulf fishery. DIEPPE ABOUT 1C20. From an engraving of Merian'a. There is little to note concerning our Island history during this reign. Far from the jarring strife of Europe, the fishermen pursued their humble trade in Newfoundland ; year by year they built up a great business, which grew and prospered and enriched England. Both the great Tudor monarchs were statesmen— men of energy and ability— yet both failed to grasp the idea of a, Colonial Empire ; just as m our days parish politics in the Colonies and narrow views at home obscure from our countrymen the grand idea of Imperial Federation ml 47 »toiy orders to Fxench fishor- rom the very during this men pursued ' built up a gland. •f energy and pire ; just as )\V8 at home (deration. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III. I. The Basque Fishery. The words " Biscayuu " and " Guipus- coan" occur frequently in the old writers; they refer to two divisioDH of the Basque provinces in Spain, the third province, " Alava," beinff inland, is not mentioned. The Spanish Basques were amongst the most adventurous navigators in Europe, they were the great whalers of ancient days. There are very early notices of their codfishiug ; a treaty was made between them and Edward III., signed 1st August 1351, which conceded to them the right to fish on the English coast for certain piiyments during twenty years Navakrete, vol. i., p. 48, says :— " El padre Las Casas, que poseyd los papeles de Colon, digo que el Admirante, tenia apnntado en su libro de memorias, entre otros indicios de la existencia de tierras al Occidente, que un marinero tuerto, eu el puerto de Santa Maria, y otro Gallego, en JVIurciit, le habian dioho, quo un viage que hicieron a Irlanda, dcsviados de su derrota, uavegaron tanto al N.O., que avistaron una tierra que [nnagmarion ser la Tartaria, y era Terra *'ova." " Father Las Casas, who had posses- uou of Columbus' papers, says that the .dmiral had an entry in his note book, mongst other indications of the existence of .Jands in the West, that a cock-eyed sailor in *t.Mary'sPort and another, Gallego, in Murcia, .had told him that on a voyage which they lad made to Ireland, thrown out of their course, they sailed so far to the north-west that they saw land, which they imagined to be •"artary and was Newfoundland." This is a very doubtful story. If land ■as seen, it was most probably Greenland, hich appeared upon maps before Columbus' '^oyage, and was undoubtedly visited by |raders, most likely Biscayan whalers, before -Jabot's discovery. The name Labrador given apparently to all the land north of ^Newfoundland at first) has been claimed as Ihat of a Biscayan whaling captain. Scoresby's l»ook contains much information on this whale shery. _ The facts given in the text are strongly igamst the claim that these men fished in Newfoundland before 1497. Juan de la Co»a Biscayan, and the highest authority of his ay, does not appear to know our coast, nor io there appear to be any names of a liscayan source on the earliest maps. A Spanish writer. Tome Cano, declares lat since the Spaniards lost this fishery 487.300 qtls. have been annually consumed in bpain, costing £600,000, ' """""u «n Bad government has been the curso of Spain and of all the Spanish coloZ.Ttm most heavily on these fair Basque provinces wii° ?-r''y' ^''^ V «ea and land, of these ?«briL.''^"M *''*''? ^™^« industrious Can! tabnans, could make no headway against kings, who, notwithstanding repeated roval promises to respect their right., laTancS bargo on their ships and took their labo"ire« and seamen to man the royal fleets. There is no more piteous story in European history than the decay and bvd'h"'"* °^ """ «'««* Basque LtiSii by Spanish misgovern ment, A witty proverb well expresses this chronic cause of nat"3 decay. The saintly Alfonso was in such hS favour ni Heaven that the Holy Viririn coiiU Swn-' i"'' -P^^^J^' '•" sJppEdthlt the Spaniards might be the bravest, and their women might be the most lovely and he J country the most fertile, all wa. grantS' kin."'"T *r"'''"*''^ Mother." said the King, give Spain a good jrovernment" " No my son." said the Virgin, '^ff IS JL a good government I would no be^ able to keep an angel in Heaven a day longer.'' Echevete gives an account of the Spanish aSS'onl^rS f''' ^^"'^.•"^"ffl't rSe Arl„?^ ,1 V ""t^'ozon up in some port in Newfoundland or Labrador (in the oriainal record the name is left blank) that five hun- dredand forty men died, and that seventeen them. We know from Whitbourno and GuJ's ^« 17"*'°.°,' *^' *^f ^'■«*='^y''»« remiined^i, With their poor appliances for heatioB and the rigours of an unusually hard winter By a sudden change of weather, very common m this country, they may have bwin frozen PP;,.^ '^"'".I'^'^of English crews werS caugS The Basques had fine vessels. J„ 1586 Bingham mentions the capture of one off Ireland of four hundred tons with afarie crew, mostly boys, and rery ragged, ^ .-n 1 kL^ ^''n'° ^'*'" ^^"^ ^P"""^ li«cords that lni^'-''-?Ty^ Catholic priest ministered to tho spiritual wants of his devout countrymen m Newfoundland; the Spanish lCS7 Ike JL"?^'"u^''i'"°'i '^^"■"^ distinguThed for their loyalty to the Church, The Basques m our tunes are celebrated as c3 c? 48 Rp]IGN OF HENRY VIIT. CongervntivcH, and Ciirligts. " Dios, Putriii, y Key," is thi- proviiiciiil war cry. " 15 J9, Marzo u:}. Mcinorial aradis, ria Audia, 8an iiz Andia, San I, Chaseol'uiiu, ■i, I'oituehoa y 110 L Jescubrio 40 Havmg thus stated that, within HIh inenu)ry of forty-eight year«, ho has seen that Biscayans had gone to the inhinds and coasts of Newfoundland to fish in any port mich us the following [as above], and at hchaide Portu, which was discovered by Juan Kchaide, a native of St. Sebastian, Sapiain says : — "^ "He knew Eehaide, who died forty yearn aao [1630], being then eighty years old. Ihut in none of these ports had "there ever been any embargo or impediment by (he subjects of the King of France or of any other kmgdom, and that, without distinction or preference, whoever occupied first in the harbour had the preference, according to im- memorial custom, wher.(.f the memory of man runneth not to the contrary; and he has seen this until the present year, when they have been interrupted by the French," With the products of successful whaling fishing and sealing in Ne^vfoundland. the Spanish Basques built the stately old houses which are the admiration of travellers, amidst the green hills and lovely vales of Alava \ iscaya. and Guipuscoa. the fairest scenes in' all Northern Spain. Many of the old Hiscayan families have a w/iale in their coats of anus, showing that the tounders made their fortunes iu the fishin.' sind whaling business. Clements R. Mark- ham C.B., F.R.S., in his paper on the Basque whale fishery, shows that the Basques cap- tiired the whale (Balaiia Biscayensis) from time immemorial in boats; that Baffin and the first English whaling vessels were in the habit of shipping boats' crews of Basques to harpoon the whales ; also that the word "har- poon" is derived from the Basque word ' arpoi, the root being « ar," to take quickly; the Basque "harpoimri" k a harpooneer. Viscaya (Biscay) and Guipuscoa and Alava had free institutions long before EiiLr- land. '^ II. The French Newfoundland Fishery. The French have always been our great nvals m the Newfoundland fishery, and twice they have overrun the Colony and completely I defeated the English. ^ Their fishermen, the Normans and Bretons, were amongst the first to carry on ' f /"■^il* Transatlantic trade in Newfound- land; Parkhurst said these daring old mariners ! had very small, poorly fitted out vessels, yet i they fished on the banks in the most stormy month of the year ; Whitbourne mentions meeting them on his way out in the spring. In 1523 a Captain Coo took spypra! Fr"«!ch |u-.zes. amongst them a ship of Rouen, with Newfoundland fish, fisher boats, crays^ &c. 1 he i renchinen seem to have made a stubborn resistance, for it cost £6 18*. to heal sixteen , men burnt m taking this Newfoundland .^hip , /" l*!i9, in consequence of robberies liy Hnstol 8 bark., no Breton or Portuguese ships dare come to Milford, but iu 1587 we fiml the tables turiie. and Frencli and Spanish openly l.liinder.ng English fishing vessels and entering harbours, and as late as 1558 we learn that the trad., of Bristol was th- roughly crippled on account of great losses from en.njies who had taken their best ships. In 154a there is a letter from the Privy Council to the Mayor of Bristol t.i discharge a ircnch ship laden with fish out of New- toundland, which was arrested for certain considerations in that port. n,i^° ^^^l ^''*'' ^^ Barbara, of " Sevnt nn.lgeon." John Callaye, master, with fish fiom Newfoundland Island, was strande.l at Kammersgate." French fishing in Newfoundland was so flourishing in 1540 that the authorities of St. Malo ha''ges. Vaterv He, and La Bonille. ana that the tonnage had risen from seventy tJ one hundred and fifty tons for these ships, S £1^0^ ♦?*''"" '"'''' "^'"" «PP«'"ted.'' ^uVs^wlSSr*'"'^'^*^ ««--"»»' P-k. Elizabeth's Government seem to have been always eager for information about the 1j61 Ihrockmorton reported to the queen :— " The Constable of France said that he Hhr* ♦r T" "^'^"V^^ "■«&•"« of ^ «hip than about the day of judgment, nor of army men munitions or artillery for these shE; that now was the time their men used to prepa^ to go to Newfoundland for fishing, and E adventure some would go to /?ome fa neat hit at the Protestant Wal^ingham] Wa they made three notable voyage! in-the year! in the spring to Newfoundland fishing, ^in August L^^ilT: -J-. Oetobef -to Roell' The French fishing fleet was by far the 15lo"& '\'^^^ ^''^ froJl504to 1580. Owing probably to the wars and the distracted state of Fraice.the French fishing declined during the reign of EliSth.antof 50 REION OF HENRY VIII. the adTcnt of JameH to the throne, out of ioo 70 or piprlT r'.P'°*^^'> a.orc than 70 or fio French. In 1645 the French wore and ' !•'''''• t '*" *'"'^"'''' •" Newfound! I(W ;«!! '''^" ''"'*' '*'"' '««"'«»«<1 «t thlsimnnrti'!"'' li"'^ "•'"P'"" ^ "''»" refer to •hl« important subject more nt length, in order to Hhow the great change which took jZe in he relative portion, of the great contending nH ;». ' """'^ • '" '■"'K" «' »''« '''"on, and on the from Cape Knee t(> CHAPTER IV. REIGN OF EDIVARD VI, I 547- I 553. X «« , r ''™'' accompanies the Basque fleet to Newfoundland. 1550.-Map. B.M. MSS.. 17.9a8/>, showing English influeiee. REIGN OF MARY. I 553-1 558. revo£fu7or;:ltro;r^^^^^^^^^^^ Newfoundland t,eet .bould be con.o.ed , order REIGN OF ELIZABETH. i558-i6o3. at Sli:.''""''^-"^'' ^""'^ ^' '*• ^"'°' -'»'"« '•- a 'Hi' -nd for Newfoundland, and five upoi^'Je-^o^Li^^^^rJh B^^^^^ ''^^ f'--^"ble of France's repo.t to Newfoundland; dispute ubout p«y,„e,7of thhf ^^^^/T''^^^^ La HoniUe Newfoundland fishermen. I'»J""^"t ot tithes to the church of St. Sebastian by Basque 1562.— Act confirming 2nd & 3rd Kdward VI. 1564.-5 Eliz. c. v., Act forbidding cod to be imiK)rted in barrels l568.-Petition against importation of dried fish falsely marked as " Iceland " periSd."""'^"'' '"* '"^^" "'^ "' ^^«-f-"• b-^- land fish, "new and very gooT" ^^ **■* Passage "full of Newfound- 1587.-Embargo on Basque fleet not withdrawn this year till lath July. staylfaret 'fi^Sfi^eatX^^^ English , English Newfoundland fleet foundland from this dS. ^ ^ ^"J"** practically disappears from New- «f /o^-s^ttSd^^tJit-g' t^B'StrTtLtn s ttr f.r°f ^^-•'«- ordered to go to Jersey and Guernsey inste^! ^ ^ "* ^""^^ "^ *^« Leaguem). and of merely nominal licences. ^ i^ngnsn to fish m Iceland, upon payment ^^J592.-Twenty Spanish ships-of-war off Sci.ly trying to intercept the English Newfoundland GuStwele.'™S&';w^^^^^^^ ^f^^^^^ ' head-quarters at Ramea. of eighty ; statement i^^h: H^Jlfy' JLmTns \X^^^^^ JXTTI ^"'''^ 'V ''^'^ Newfoundlandfisherj-wasthestayandsuDLortof thfiwtAffi' I I^ Jebruary, that the land fleet in danger from three Snanish mon of ,„<.» t» i • .^^^'^'oundiand hsh. Newfound- Newfoundland fleet of one hundre^S ^Tbe akJn S ^""'/^/^ Cecil, that all the befall England." ^ ^ *''''^"' '^^ S"-e«.-Licence to Bowgan to export 60,000 Newfoundland fish from England. 1600.— Si: .Valter Raleigh, Governor of Jersey, inaiiffurated trRdp h«t„o^^ .i. t . 1601.— Spanish vessels attempting to intercept the Newfoundland fleet. 1602.— Spanish Newfoundland fleet reported to be kent hanlr t« ♦„!, * seven Basque vessels go to Ne^vfoundlaud for MiaLg^'^^nd mai v morP r^'/^'''^'^ St. Jean de Luz. Gosnold's voyage to New England. ^ ^ ^"^ ^^^'°S from ^^^1^603.-Attack on an English ship in Newfoundland by seven French vessels; damage During the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary-times of great relimous and political excitement—commerce and maritime adventure lamjuished There was, however, already a considerable Bmzil trade and much" commerce to the Levant and Spanish America. Sir John Hawkina in 8h Newfoundland ELIZABETH, Prom an engraving ajter the Newcome picture. ACT OF EDWARD VI. 53 1562 began the traffic in negroes between AL.oa and South America- the commochous and gainful voyage to the Bn^zils," as HakluyT^^ this inhuman trade. Up to the end of Mary's reign the trade to Spanish America WMs partly open to the English; in her tnne trade between England and Russia also commenced. There are, however, no recorded voyages to this Colony. The Newfoundland fish trade had for some time been a settled business. Not only a large fishery, but a large trade was carried on in Newfoundland, as shown by the presence of merchant ships, like Mr. Grube's two vessels, noticed in the last chapter. The most imj rtant information about the island in this reign is contained in the following Act of Edward VI., proving of thp Fn„r y.^x. . conclusively the magnitude and continuity ot the English fishery transactions and trade to the new land :- - •• 2nd & 3rd Ed., Cap. VI., A.D. 1548. M,rclu,„te and Fishermen », h.™ Zi^JlVZ, fl ?]'""''• °' '""'' Informations also yearly to the Kin-'s Maiestv^ Z«f ^ T. T^^ ^'^'^ For Reformation whereof, and to thllntent aLo th«7!v. ^°°^"™^^« Council: Fishermen may have Occasion the Lher t P actte and' Z\^"'''''"'''t '""^ of Merchandise and Fishing freely withonf anv f 1 nu *^^ '*"'^ ^^*^« is before limited, whereby ft J to iT^ th ? i7JT^ ^^^'^^' "'^ Exactions as and Commons m this nresent ParliamoTif Jl ^ ui j , . "™' ^^^ ''^e Lords same, that neither they „or anv oZ ™ ^Z^^f' ^^^ ^^ *^" Authority of the Admiralty for tL T mT'beL X?m "'t'' ^^'''' ""' ^'""^^^'^ «f t^e i*y himself, his ServZ Depftv SeU^ T^ ""l" ^'''^^''' exact, receive or lake Fiherman', ^nyVr^:::; sZflf^:^^'^^^^^^^^^ or Reward Ben«fit or *,^ ^""wy, i»oies or bhares of Fish, or anv nfher the s.iJ Voyages or rfof them^ J^J p' T T", '"^ "'*"=' conce„,i„g a»y.„ohOmeer or ».i..er .LaU hereafter havat' ^kT of' ::;,?„r£11 54 REIGN OF EDWARD VI. or Fiahermau ; for the which Forfeiture the Party grieved, and every other Person or PeraonP. whatsoever he or they be. shall and may «uo for the I^me bv the Kmg to have the one Moiety, and the Party complaining the other Moiety • I, ^hich smt no Essoin, Protection or Wager of Law shall be allowed : And for' the second Offence the Party so offending not only to lose or forfeit his or their Office and Pleasure '•' *^' '"' ''" *° "'^'^ '"^ ''''' ^"^^^^^ ^* '^^ K-«'« Will During the whole Tudor Period up to the earlier years of Elizabeth's reign, England, as au ally of Spain, made no effectual opposition to her exclusive dominion in America. Under a spirited sovereign, however •Ike Elizabeth, Englishmen could no longer endure the galling yoke' and jealous exclusiveness of the Spaniards in South America In Newfoundland the Devon fishermen learnt how to measure ' their strength with them, to conquer and to rule the Biscayan and the Basque Soon the English, following the example of the hardy seamer. ot Brittany, began to infest the Spnni^h West Indies. The smu^gl-n^ piratical trade begun by the French was f.-llowed up bv Drake Hawkins and countless other daring West Country ad;enturers' iinghsh historians do not acknowledge the fact, but it is quite clear that the first lesson in taming the Spaniard was learnt by the courageous Devonshire fishermen in Newfoundland. ; The spacious days of Great Elizabeth " forn. the most brilliant period of English histovy. To this golden age our Island story is united by imperishable bands-linked for ever with the Immortals who have made the Elizabethan age the wonder and the dory of all time. The nursing mother of our infant Colony was the" Divine Glonana. The great Bacon was not only a shareholder in G..y's plantation, but with his powerful influence he strongly advocated in a pamphlet the policy of settlement , he speaks of « The Gold Mines " of the Nevvrfoundland Fishery, of which there '' is none .o rich." Spenser- Raleigh's greatest tnend-was united with him in his colonisation schemes, and it needs no stretch of the imagina- tion to picture to ourselves the greatest English inan of action-explorer, warrior, statesman above all poet— expounding with glowing eloquence to Shakespeare his vast schemes of the Plantation in the Newfoundlands and the building up of a greater England bevond the seas. *' In this age of Klizaboth we seem to breathe a fre-r anJ -, n„u a.r. The chains of feudalisn, have been east off for ever clpal" SIR FEA5CI8 DRAKE. Frcm a print in the B M. ind every otlicr 'or the surae by ourts of Record, ther Moiety : In d : And for the is or their Office the King's Will of Elizabeth's •osition to her eign, however, galling yoke Ameiicii. In neasure their yan and the hardy seamerj he smuggling p by Drake, adventurers. 8 quite clear irnt by the lost brilliant and story is e Immortals the glory of s the Divine ler in Guy's influence he t the policy Gold Mines which there sgh's greatest 1 colonisation the imagina- itest English > statesman, th glowing ■ schemes of ids and the beyond the fid a nobler Compared ELIZABETH. no with former reiKiis. Shakespeare's time seems strangely modem Th. subjects of V.C ona Cec.l, Prime Minister of Elizabeth, ha« a dire,t and sfll .nore Illustrious de«:enda„t in Lord Salisbury, P ime Min Itr « our own t,me. No other Government in Eu,«pe can sW ud atabjhty and continuity as this. And then the ^^eat queen heZ M strangely familiar to us, ever in public, gra^f' I, maetTc; 3y to make a speech on all occasions. The «erce light that beats uZ^a throne has bn,nght out all her follies and frivolitie,^3^1dT her speech and manner would not suit our modem sensiSes st," shew, lever remain a great pe.«nality, the most picture«,n fl^^'r^' ! Engash h,sto,y-«the Pilot that weathen^l the storm '-thf'!" ZZ^J^' '"'' """''' ''" P""'« -•"- ««" -".'.' »- P^pt Our own history in this age also opens up mo.-e clea.-Iy We are testimony From .he illustrious writers of the period we are able now to give the very age and body of the time his form and pressure' In the (tat years of her reign Raleigh was a boy, and neithef thzabeth nor her councillor had any thought of American collisa » .he was however, most favourable to voyages of discovery. She gave' substa^itial aid to the daring Fi^bisher in his an=tic voyag"^ to Xtv a north-west passage to India.' J a "J uiscover She was her father's daughter, and her masculine mind thoiwhiv realised that England should be misti-ess of the seas. To thisTd s"e encouraged the fisheries as the true foundation on which naval sum"n.l must i.st. One of her iii.t acts (1562) was to confirm the hiH Edward VI. pi^tee ing the Newfoundland fishermen from the plunZ-ing offleials of the Admiralty She further encouraged their bLeVs ^ ACT 6 ELIZABETH, c. V. ■• TcucMng certain polUick comlimicmfor the m<,intm««cc of the Navu " a^™.a,d. .hat fr„„ tt„ y, J ^^^^Mil^lt^Ct^t^lftT'""'^ Wednesday in every „„* .„.„„,h„„. a„ „,„,, y--Uc1."iS Jh^trS inr' J'"' 'u-^ "* "" north-west passage to India through some strait north of Labrador . was not unnatural. The Eh-zabetha« seaiuen argued, it there was a passage south, which Magellan had found, there must also be one in a corresponding position north. They never realised the immense northern exteu fiion of America. Thoujrh thp «,v,-! fu vovaopa nf T"ght to be upon he or theyshKZd o?l7„„r'ir^'"'"''f.*^'^ ''*'""'*« for every time bail or Tnainprise ^^''^ "*°"*^' ''^^^^ imprisonment without of SLftS'^imilitt'r;:: zzr^'m ^'*" "^^^'"•^^^ '^^ *^« -^->* the same is purDoTelv StenlJ 1 T \ *"?• ^ ^"'^^"^ ^**"'K ^^ fle«h but that and mariner aTLaW^^^^^^^^ ^^"''1^^ '"^.*^« ^--'«« «f ««h-men superstition to be maS;;s;;^rl*:::L\l"^^^^^ ^' "^^ '- -^ wri^^g or^ opL^tpLr no«f; *.W ^'''^^"^' ^^'*"' ^^ ?-«*«"««. t-ching. mentioned in^Ws estotnte t ^ . *°^ '**f « '^ ^'^ «' forbearing of flefh that it is the seJ^ioe of ^h! , 1 "^ ""T"'*^ ''' ''^g *!»« 80"1 of man or that then Buoh jXl shSn; p^^^^^^ other pohtick laws are and be. ought to be. punished as the spreaders of false news are and hunltrfh'*"^ ^'^l ''' ""' °"^^ ^""^"* «^^ f«" «f a certain dry honour, they contam al«o the very pith .nd marrow of Engfilh compel E^f-!!' '"'^ T^""^""' '^'"'^' *" «^^^*« ^ ^^t««*«"t I-ent. and compel Englishmen to eat fisli for a hundred d«.vs in fh. dismal f'Unrp T),« i x . """"*^®^ ^^Y^ »» the year, was a reseTted inf!S' ^.^f "*"™'*"^" ^*" «"^- ^"^^^^^''^ ^^ve always Tot W „?f r'' ""'"^ *^''"' ^^^' *"^^ ^^^•' ' ^i'^- ^'-^^^-ff. they would that tl fil 1 "'" ""P"'"""- *^^«'— g- petitioned ker Majesty !t.l 1 ri T ""''' »«^ ^l^erved; and so, after eighteen year? hshmen, and imposing a duty on'all foreign fish lee vfefactel:!^^^ out of the country ,^^nd\l.f^Tl ^''Z'^'^« °' bringing of fish in or thereto adjoining Vo^thetS fieri ^^^^^^'^''^^f «' -'7 Parts or seas taken and salted^by the Qae 'rNaturJs^^^^^^^^ rn^thLV''\?''"/« ^'"^-^ contrary notwithstanding.'' '"•^urai auDjects, anything lu this Act to the Newfou,.dland, as in former statutes, is specially mentioned, and^boti^^^'n '™''u'^^'' '"^'" '^"^"^^ ««"»™^rce increased by leaps score more of UttU W.of n I" R.tmou.h anu isiaeturU, and a THE NEWFOUNDLAND COAST WELL KNOWN. antl MARTI5EZ' MAP, 1680.« B.W. M8S.;narl. the Stole of Maine Enrfir,! > f . .' '"'" ^"P" ^'■'"™' ''o™ *» M-fated expedition, that they wn^ by way of our La ^Z "™'"""'' way to En,,and t'lToCf ^::™t: l^S^" "t"","'' voyage from Guiana for the ,amep«4o.e. 1;"^ °" '" ''"' and season of th„ year, ,cM too 7.^ ,„e' t 'S T?"*' '"■'*««Jtl>« 'imo doaMful by what w/y to shape our "nrToa^d ^Z""" " """"'* «"' '"--J- ftier from the South uorthjard, orT"m t^ Jft.^^'-.v" '"""'*«' discovery, -.ured to have eo..„d,.y „r th, curZtTtL*0„«1t:l7l?S" ^^l-T 1 r„y_. «n,i rlJ^'** ""^ '* °^ Spanish-Italian orijrin Sr W '" '^*' ?"'^«^ St. Lawrence c'" 'emin Spam and Italy; it is similar to the History. Newfoundland is split up into 58 BEIGN OP ELIZABETH. I <\ ' ' and the wintering of so many m^te oul toT ""' ^°' '" long a voyage minister supply; and that wus^to take the £follT; i' ""'"'' ""' "'^^'^ *" being usually at that time of the year 1,^ thl fi p a""'" ''''^' ' * " ' ^^^"« * 1 • 6 °" '" -L^ ew lounuiancl. it appears quite elpar th»t least Mty Eng hsh ve«»ls engaged in the Transatlantic flsliery ■ L these * T J o, , ""xiip, vessels, tnere were also merchant Hliin« as sack ships, traded and carried- nrobnhlv fl.n ». j • T f™,,; sack (sher^), hecanse these ^.^^rZ:'^;:^ ZV^t o t^,e g„„dw.ne, of Xeres to Devonshi,. and Newfonndland Tit bt. Johns was a great place for tmde-a gi-eat mart-is shown bv the Insh Gove™.nent sending out two ships to get fch and oaerZlX^ It will thus be clearly seen that the prevailing idea about Gilbert's cxped,fon bemg a voyage of discovery to Newfoundland is enfedv erroneous; he came to St. John's because it was a well known w :/rd':re^r -r™ ^ -"'»- --'<• ^ -- »' - ™p™4;?^ During nearly all the Tudor Ppvin and a licence to export "^ri7, sgaT^" "' ""'' ' In the Irish State Paner.i Sir d tn innr-h <»♦ tj Feuton Avrites in 1695 to Burghley, that""he the VvS Coun^'^J •"■ .'"""^ "u*'^'* P"* "^ has sent out agam two ships to Newfoundland be detaSed W {'. '°P^' /^''^ *'" "»♦ for fish and other provisions for the army in shiDnlnJ"' ^ "" ^'^°^™' restraint of Ireland, and the people ; and the ships being 2 p 34 ?reatly otjr navi. Breton course first to bo ictuals and many 30 long a voyage e most likely to ay> .... where b a multitude of ntly with many dominion and lite clear tha^, rt's N oyage, at lery ; as these ive from two this business, erchant ships the trade »e, could not 1 in the trade was derived and a supply dland. That ihown by the r supplies in out Gilbert's i is entirely known port, ^niple supply 3lose ally of Spanish and st customer, wfoundland hii'e became les English an. In the trgo of fish other part of they will not 1 restraint of WINTER CREWS. gg We cannot fix the precise year in which settlement commenced in Newfoundland; Sabine states that iu 1522 there wereTo^ nrfif « in Newfoundland; bu, from scattered LwIZ o^taLt the records and narratives of voyages, it is clear that, from a v^rel-lv penod. a few crews were left behind every winter to cut timbe Ir of S la'vT" tn*r ^^*«'-^--. -d for the co^t^u f^: nut!!n fr^* '* r^^u' "^^""^ experiment for the first Devon crew that ronell^^l^^^^^^^^^^ ^"' ''' ''''' ^-^--^ -d sportingTn t BUOOTING WniTB BEARS. From De Veer's Waerachtighe, i6os. After the fl^t successful venture, regular crews would be fitted out w,th the,r .naster carpenters and blacksmiths and boat builder Ga.^e wassoprod,g.o«sly abundant, g<»xi ti.nber close at handt^^ pfeSl 60 REIGN OP ELIZABETH. The earlieHt narrative in the reiga of Elizabeth alx)ut the ancient BriZ r 7^r 7 ^ ''''''' ''•"" ^"'^°">' ^-"^'^"-^^ - merchant o Bristol, to Hakluyt. dated Noven.ber I3th. 1578. He says .— creoicf 'anflZ!" ^"" 7^^'' *° ^Newfoundland, and had searched the harbours cieeks, and lands, more than any other Enirlishman TV,rf +>,„- ue uaroours, more than KM sail of Spaniards taking coSZrfrom 20 tl?> Kn-' ^'Tf"^ 60 sail of Portujmese- 150 sail of PrAnft, „ ^i b / ^^ kiUmg whalen ; English only 5o'sail. Nev heleJ h^^^^^^^^ '''' ^-f: '"* °^ accordtngr ents, wharves, flakes staves were bmh m,H * '""« ''"»'>li«l>- mall plots of land we e cXld ^l^^^T «"'"''^^'""'^^^^^' planter, shore fl»her, b: rtl'T„^L'"t'.ir! ^X"' ■""? *"" The people who beo'an sm mrf r<' „ • x f rst permanent settlers Birhu n IrsTs^" '"" '*'^" ''^''^^ '^^ ■Ihe Daniel Boones and Kit cloTofi::^^^^^^^^^ '^''^^' ""^^ lace still famous for their woodcraft, 1^ srf^Zl^^^^^^^^ '' |anng courage on the ice floes.i «Poiting skill, and their ^ . ' ^^wfoundlanders have heon «.«„ i, pieuotiB from the earliest t;mor* 1 "' ''^^" famous for tame ami »„■.,»;- t^ill at woodcraft andTeaZV'^ "" f' "^^^ ^-''^'nen^^j^^iS tu^" *'''' 62 KEION OF ELIZABETH. Two of the most interesting figures in our early history are Oilbert> and Whitbcurne 2 ; both were on tlio Island together in 1583 Sir Humphrey came as the queen's representative, and Whitbourne, «s a connnon sailor, took part in the function, and watched the ceremonious taking possession '.2 the C^oiony. in whose affairs he afterwards played such a leadmfe part. 'Jue w«s a gallant gentleman, soldier, cou.tier, descended of an ancient family ; with all respect for the courtly knight Richard Whitbourne. West Country sailor, our historian, and Newfound- and s steadfast friend, is more to us and dearer to our hearts as colonists than even the brave and most nr fortunate Sir Humphrey. Poor Richard, afterwards Sir Richard, had no friends at Court ; he rose from the ranks a sturdy lad made into a smart sailor by the har.l usaL^e and ropes-ending, the training by which every Devon mariner rises from the orecastle to the cabin. His first experience in the country wus as a Jiand before the mast, or ptrhups as mate " in a worthy ship of the " burthen of 300 tons, set forth by one Master Cotion, of Southampton " if liiiii men killed piirtridges with cudgel.x. Dr. Vaiighun, about 1620, tells of one man liiiliiig 300 partiidge.s (willow grou.se). Abbo Ifciudoiu (16V alter Kaleigh, and by hin> had two sons the youngest of whom uas the great Sir VJalter Kaleigh. Her three children by Gdbert were all knighted, John, Humphrey, and Adrian. Humphrey was educated at Lton and Oxford, serv.;d in Ireland and the Netherlands. In 1576 was published his famous tract, " Discourse cf a Discoverie lor a new Passage to Cataia." In 1578 he received his large patent from the queen, authorising linu "to di.scover, occupy, and possess such remote heathen lands not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or people as should seem good to him " (Ihis patent and his agreements with 1 eckham will be found in AI«. SAiNsBuitY's Colonial Papers Addenda, 1574-1674 ) Gilbert disposed of nearly all his patrimony m htting out his first expedition, 1578, which was a total failure. June 11th, 1583, began bis famous voyage to Newfoundland, in ^vhIch he perished, with all the crew of his little vessel. Gilbert was an enthusiast, m dreamer, a man with no executive abilitv no command of men, of dauntless courage and undoubtedly pious after the fashion of the age. He did splendid service to England as a pioneer of colonisation. His character has been well portrayed by Kingslev as a weak-headed enthusiast, a totally unfit eommander for the rough work of exploiiii a Chanipernoiin, fiuiiily of the 1 wife of Captain lim had two sons, iV«8 the great Sir hroe children ]>y , John, Hunii)hri'y, was educated at in Iiehiud and r6 was published se of u Discoverie rtia." In 1578 he from the queen, )ver, occupy, and ithen lands not Christian Prince 1 good to him." iigreements with -Ma. SAiNSBiTity's d(i, 1574-1674.) all his patrimony itiou, 1578, which nth, 1583, began Newfoundland, in the crew of his an enthusiast, a Jxecutive ability, iuntless courage, ■1" the fashion of irvice to Eughmd . His character r Kingsley as a a totally unfit ork of exploring ds. Both expe- >ider, incapacity, r further account THE BKOTHICS 63 -- inhabitant^' as ^0^^^^ ^li^tl/tZ; t houmesays: - ^^ "'' '"'"" ^^'^^'"^ enterprise. Whit- " Wo were bound to thf Grand Bay (which liefh n.. tJ, .u • p..rporhng there to trade then with Vh7 avagf p" ,e^ Bundry commodities), and to kill whales and tn^ ? I ^ "^^"'^ '^ carried do there yearly i„ g.-eat abundarce Bat then ou/ inT'".'."'' " ^'' ^'-^^n- throwne by the indiscretion of onrcantaine and faUhlrr^^^^ ^''^^Se was over- of our company, whereuj.on we set S loT^r ' "'T' "^ ^°"'« e^'^tl^^'e.t Harbour i„ Newfout.dland. whore 1 kiLd Teat 'r*' "f >'^ ^"^^ trinity beavers, scales, otters, and such like with li! f ^'"'''' °^ ^«^' deere, bearcs to England we arrived' saft arSouthl'^n >'"'""' '' ^^'^•'°^^^' -^ - -turning of N?T^^r^ 5'^''' '"''^ "^"•^^^^^■^ *^«re are notices of th. «1 • • of Newfoundland, the Boothics. Whiti-.urne speak of fh ^^^^^^"^* If well used. The French everywhere in aI " *"' *'^"*^^'« more friendly relations with the ItTdts H^^^^ '^' ^^^« ^^^^ ;the very beginning of the fisL v" f ^"^ ^^her Europeans ; in ,lndiar. in curing tLir fish, and L:^^^^^^^^^^^^ by the !on with tbem; the Biscayans also in their wt I ^'^^' ''''' '^''''"'^^ g-om the Indians. With'the other Inc^ ^^ ^ ^f r" ^T ''' '''^ Breton. &c., the French kept up the n.n.t „ n ^«"^i««nt. Cape the native Indians of the CoW " ^ "^'':^^'^ ^'^^^^^^^^^ «"ly wi h ^hucks.and Bethicks, ^^tl^orlj;^^^^^^^^^ Beotlacks^eo- -Hble act of eaciery on « etzTot t 'T •'^' '^""^^^' ^^^^ ^y a they first attacKed a smlll pa y oTFreilt "'^'^'"^ '^ ^^^^^' n f reat provocation, and reven..e is nart of fh! iT '"''" ^'''^^ *^^^» r ^oe IS part of the creed of an Indian. 6 di r KEIGN OF ELIZABETH. f Old Whitbourne himself, .mich as we love and ndiniro him. ndmita having Hhured in a most outrageous spoliation of the poor savages:— " The Indiana have groat store of redoaker which they uso to colour their bodies, bowes and arrowoH, and canowes withal; they uso the rinds of sprnco trees A" »'^ '' • ■ 1/ ' ' ^y^-CTteP^^ JIESLKV Isr.AXD. From a drawina by the Hun. and Rev, W, Oray, round and deepe in proportion like a brass kettle to boylo their meat in, which hath been well proved by three mariners of a ship riding at anchor by m'ee who being robbed in the night by the savages of their ai)parel and divers provisions, came suddenly upon them where they had set up their tents and were feasting .... by shooting off a musket they all ran away naked without any apparel .... all their three cannowes, their flesh skinnes, yolkes of egges, targets, bowers and arrowes. and much fine okar and divers other things were brought away and shared, and they brought to me the best cannowe, bowes and arrowes .... which may seem to invite us to find out some other trade with them." Charles I. issued a proclamation in 1630, prohibiting disorderly trading with Red Indians. The most hopeful effort to establish friendly relations with these poor savages was made in 1612, when Guy and Captain Whittington met the Indians. Purchas says : — " They met at Eandom in Trinity Bay, eat and drank together, and exchanged furs and skins for hatchets and knives, appointed a meeting for next year by a sign iro him, ndinits salvages : — I to colour their 9 of sprnoo tree« meat in, which or by mee who era provisions, I were feasting )ut any apparel egges, targets, 3 were brought 3s and urroweu with them." \g disorderly )lisli friendly en Guy and and exchanged year by a sign THE IDEA or COLONISATIONS ^ ca^ai.. vvhitting.. ::sthef i^i.^-'iir-r "H.;^:;::;t' s:x' " Thim, unfortunately, there was on t-nd to the oveituros which might hnve resulted in renewed muity an. I peace with these jK^cr persecuted savages. With Mic-Mac and Eskimos, Europeans easily est^iblished cordial relations, but during the whole period there never seems to have been peace between the En-liMh settlers and these unfortunate Boethics. The account of their extinction and the etlbrts made to promote intercourse with them, will be given later on The story of the Re:l Indian is a sad, dismal tale of wanton cruelty, suspicion, and treachery. To write the complete history of English colonisation in this Island IS quite beyond the limits of my work- salient points. It does seen. strangeTo us'^hat't'"^ T ' '"^' Eugla.d made no .^cial attempt to^i::ir W ^.^ "P^^T^^ voyages of Rut and Hoare were distinctly for explor.tio to r a north we.st passage; Sir Humphrey okert w^";'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "X:;^ ' '-'-' ^"^ -'- ^ -'' ^^ ^-"- - ^^ In the age of Elizabeth, though old conceptions were mssin., a vay,cjeduh y, superstition, and the fantastic ideas of bygone daCS lingered. All competent authorities now afn-ee th«f in ft , -an alone in England realised the ben LTcoiol^^i^^^^^ T ■ t-'secudent mind of Raleigh, with the vivid in ^rion o^ a '1 *'? ^j^..a wisdom of a statesman, that ,tt e«dTo ^ j tluabethan age the plan of English colonisation, the foundation f j .-u..Englandsin the New World; knowing the ' temper :fttL; ' Pdkchas' His Pilgrims. NATIVES OP CANADA. From Champlaina' Voyages, i6a». B .A*^'^A 66 EEIGN OF ELIZABETH. he had to proceed warily ; he helrl out gold as an inducement for Im projects. Fishermen were urged to capture Indians, to bring horn new e S0^7 ;5Cf OILBERT'S MAT, loTS. From Winsor's X. and C. IT. of America. capfvated he cre,]„Io„, „,i„,l of tl,e puWic, ami, says Raleigh, "helped forward the Plantation mightily." Whilst he encouraged in every way the work.ng of the gold n,ine of the Newfoundland fahery in i^ en.phat.e words "the n,ain stay and support " „f his own De™n an dolLr^ * H!!Tt'f r T'' "J""^"""^ (^'''"'"° -^^OCOOOora million hltlat J! ■ ^"•"'""■•S"- Hu,nphrey Oi,bert, a pale reflection of 3rionlrr;rT:t ■" *'>^''^P"J«*^- y«™ '«fore the actual Rakth'rinfl . ; "^ ™*'''' *°Sether to expedite their pl„„.,. ,t»7of i !■ "' *^°"''' P™""''"^ "'* <^''"-'«' f™» Elkabeth ; the d ead of Spa,n then an ally of England, had to be overcome the Queen agreed to everything, only refusing to allow her favourite court-er to leave England. itvuuniie The expedition o} 1583 was not Gilbert's first attempt ; in 1.578 with ^.e connivance o the Court, he .ailed from England with two 'ship His object IS disclosed thus :— '• 1 3nt for liis new o bring home these things eigh, " helped 2:ed in every ishery, in his Devon and 1st continent, or a million reflection of ! the actual ! their plans. Izabeth ; the ^ei'come; the er favourite n 1578, with 1 two ships. y fitting out a d 60 fall upon i West Indies, GILBERT'S PATENT. 07 This paper is still extant ; i the signature is thought to be Gilbert's • one passage arguing against delay, "for the wings of a man's life are' plumed with the arrows of death," shows that, if penned by him it was conceived and dict^ited by Raleigh. " \Y>" [it continues] undertake to fit out ships well armed for Newfoundland ros7T w-n\"^" "''' "''^ "'' *^' ^^^* ^^'P^ °f ^'''^'^' Spain, and Per ugalthe !n 1/t u'lf ^""^ r^ ^^"''" '^' '''' ■' '^^^^' "« afterwards as Pirate! if vo-t navies •' """ ''"' "^ '"''-''' '""^ ''''^ ^'^'^^ ^ ^^-^ fi«he.Sen fL theii Poor Sir Humphrey was a dreamer, an enthusiast; the expedition was a complete failure; he arrived out in Newfoundland, and, p'obably MiLSU: ''^^''' '''' ' '-'' '''' ^^'^ ^ '^'' -^'^^' Gilbert was terribly crippled and impoverished, but sooner than forfeit his lai-g-e patent, which was for six years, and would expire next year. 1584, he sold a large part of his estate, and with the aid of Raleic^h (who lurnishedone ship), Peckham, Hayes, and others, a little fleet of five vessels and two hundred and fifty men were got together.'^ They were of all trades; "hobby horses and morris dancers, anfmany like conce ts THE XARBOWS, ST. JOllx'si. "w«-e provided to win the savage people by all fair means possible » Alberts c-ew con,„sted partly of the oil'-scouring, of the ia"s an7 t .-esnlt. as jnight be anticipated, was most disastL, : onVship Lk t p.r.ey. and a great portion of his villainous foUowe.^ dlrted ofti 3vd of August 1383, Gilbert arrived at St John's with tin >'■ I pinnaee the D.U.K Admiral's ship. 120 ton^he olnmXlL: and the Squirrel, 10 tons. ' *°^^' ' Records. E 2 68 KEIGN OF ELIZABETH. III! h » r. v! Before the entrance of the harbour they found the little Sicalloio, of 40 tons, at anchor, which the Englinh merchants would not permit to enter : — ^ " These English merchants that were and always be admirals by turn inter- changeably r ver the fleet of fishermen within the same harbour." In reading' this narrative we are forcibly impressed witli the dominion exercised by these extraordinary English merchant adventurers m Newfoundland; they looked upon the whole island as their ovn dominion gained by their own valour, without the slightest assistance from the English Government. They therefore resented the ent.-ance of a mere courtier into their domain. They knew full well that they had only their own strong right arms and stout hearts to depend upon • in those days there was no such thing as international justice. If' by chance a French vessel captured one of ours, there was no redress they would be fortunate to escape with their lives from a howling French mob To be captured by a Spaniard was to fall into the very oate of death • a captured Frenchman had a show of justice in England, but no substantial recompense for injury. There are many cases in the records like the following : — V.Z tfwni^' ^f p ^^*"!.'"' ''T ^''^'"""^ ^° ^^^ P"^y Council that a ship of Pe.er de Hody of Bayonne from Newfoundland with 108,000 dry fish, 4,000 green U nhds. of Tram oil, total value 6,000 crowns, had been taken by a sMp S Sir W. Ealeigh, and brought to Uphill near Bristol." ' ^ Hody spent five hundred crowns, but got no redress from the rich VIC uallers ot Bristol, who had received the proceeds of the merchandise and kept the ship ; so he returned to France. f "^T^^^' ^^^' ^^^■^'*'^^' Seneventuve and Dudley took a ship The Hoh, GU.t from M. de Harques of St. Jeande Luz with 1.5.000 dry fish 60 hLrnP t!? a 48 me. whom they stripped to their shirts. J^.^J^'^^'^l^ul-lTZZ^^ have been suitors m England for past eight months." i oiotners The ship was afterwards ordered to be given up, but the owners did not get her— .sA,^ vmr ashore—a regular West Country trick. In our day these daring adventurers would be dubbed "pirates" The only way they exercised dominion was by a reckless dare-devil courage, which made the very name of Englishman a terror to the Spamai-ds. It was the almost fiendish cruelty to English prisoners that ■stirred the whole nation agaii.st Spam. They have a proverb in the Peninsula expres.^ing the highest tribute to the valour of our Jincestors : — " Con todo el mimdo gnerra, Mas pas con Inglatierra." " W^ar with all the world, but peace with England." ' Records. very Ii p. 40, made a THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FISHERY. tie Sivalloiv, of Id not permit Is by tarn inter- ised wit! I the nt adventurers as their ov.n itest assistance he entrance of that they had pend upon; in ustice. If by > redress, they ^ French mob. ;ate of death ; [land, but no ^n the records that a ship of sh, 4,000 green, I by a sliip of rom the rich merchandise, ^he Holy GJiost s. of train, and i two brothers e owners did ed "pirates." !s dare-devil error to the risoners that Jverb in the our of our 69 Mr. Oppenheim, in the " English Historical Review," says : - th. '',^^V^'?^V'''*"'"^!^' '"''' *^' '""'■''=" ""^ *^° Elizabethan sailor that during the whole of the reign but two English men-of-war, the Jesn. of LubeckZl the Revenge were captured by the Spaniards, an.l then only after de«pemte fighting against overwhelming odds." ue.peiate We realise the power of Elizabeth, when even i>, remote Newfoundland the moment the merchants knew of her commission they obeyed ^xilbert's m-deij. This narrative will also disabuse our minds of the idea of the Newfoundland trade as carried on by a few poor fishermen. It comes I'WrOLEl's MAP, 1587. BJf. Mas. Kj. -fsfa-.'. out clearly in this HWorj- that nearly a oentary lefo.e «ny English colony wns founded „. North An.erica. England had a great tLle a,u1 p. 40, Mm DiV» ,1 p. 59 S S'r j; '•»' "»>'"• P?"'«iilai-1? from Xolro Dmno B.y 70 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. 5|, fishery in Newfoundland. In 1594. Sir Walter Raleigh said that if any harm should happen to the Newfoundland fleet it would be the greatest calamity which could befall England.^ The entertainers of Sir Humphrey ^^ere merchants. St. John's was even then an important free port; a large international trade was earned on the owners coming out with their masters, and superin- endmg It themselves. It is also expressly told us that they had houses, St Johns'"' '' ^'^^ ^^'"^ ^■"^' *'^^ ^^'''' "^''^^ ^'' «t^y^'l in The character of this business will be easily understood ; it was an absolutely free trade ; no Custom House officer to trouble the merchan " pocket or his conscience. The principal traffic consisted in selling fo cash or bartering for fish and oil-Mediterranean products, salt, oliv Sheffi'r y ^^^ ' " "" "?! ^"^^*^"' ^°^^^^^' ^^^^^'^ ^-^' -P'^. hosiery, Sheffield wares, and general English merchandise. The master and his crew hshed, the merchant had his store and traded; considering the and^r'^^r::^:!!^^^^^^^^*'^^^^^^^ '' Saturday, 3rd Aug^ast. ^^e made ready our fights and prepared to Pnfp. +i larboard side, by great oversight ^ ^^''^'" ' ^""'^^ «» ^^^ .0 le di.h.rged all .be g«.. ordinance of .Mr ZtLJaS Z:^J::^P'^ Afterwards armngeroenta were made to fit out this poor, ill-provided expedition with necessary food and supplies. Hayes continues :- " CommUsioners were appointed, part of our own comimnv «nrf ,»,* ,f .u • ,0 go into other harbonr. adjoining (/^,. «„rft,,MrX J2tir1:JfZ" :" -5;°.nd73?; :^:z^ '-^ ""'"«»" '""- •« -^- »«-) a^ '2 ma;n.'ld™,rL" iTL'^rtee. 't'LdT f Tr'-"''" ™- wanleanoto, ...b .almon., .rontMlr. '^':^:tl^:::,^r^ ' ll'itfield MS. 1 said that if would be the St. John's was al trade was and superin- ey had houses, 3 he stayed in od ; it was an he merchant's in selh'ng for cts, salt, olive caps, hosiery, ister and his nsidering the sen thousand, e and, I need i', Peckham's, d to enter the g within of all 1 knowledge ol' for this voyage Qd in the very s Eock] on the ion thoy were jsed forthwith welcome." ill-provided ues ; — pfTt of theirs ui- iall there) ons) did most • with wines, sies ; also, we wrought daily lUili 1*^- if, K c (^ :^ 'Oie late Sir R. J. Pinseat and several others have discussed the site of "ye m- cicnt garden." It is difficult to define its exact position, but it was probably some- where about Cherry Garden, on the banks cr nateriord Undge River, the most pic- turesque walk about St. John's. A path would go along theie into the woods. It IB m the direclion in which sailors would naturally take a stroll on a Sunday after- noon. "^ Hill \h^^ ^l" ''"^'''I •"■' P'«»'ably, Garrison Hill the centre of the harbour. In Hatton ^— — -V ■ r!i~,...; tnc xjcuerai ig Uescribed as standing on the beach of St. John's Harbour to perform the ceremony, and the pillar as being set up near the water edge. Peckham '« narrative shows that it was on the Lilb 72 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. " 3. Anyone uttering words of dishonour to Her Majesty should lose his ears and have his ^oods and ship couSscated. " All men did verie willingly submit themselves to these lawes •' Then he caused the Queen's Majesties arms to be engraved and set upon a pillar of wood not far from the tent with great solemnity. " After this divers EngliaLmen made suit unto Sir Humphrey to have of him ^Irlfn'f^^^, 7r ^'''''^'^"'^^ «*'*g«« standings and drying places in sundry parts of that land for theyre fish as a thing they do make great accompte ot( Which he granted unto them in fee farme. that'c^imtr^^ ^^'^ ™^^"^ ''^ ^"*^' possession mayntained for him in many parts of " To be briefe he dyd lette, sette, give and dispose of many things as absolute bovemor there by virtue of Her Majesty's letter patent." ' He gave title to a great many English merchants for their fishing places in St. John's and the neighbouring harbours. Some of the St. John's merchants wanted larger grants of land. " Now [says Hayes] he became contrarily afl'ected, refusing to make any so large grants, especially of St. John's, which certain English merchants made suit tor offering to employ their money and travail [work] upon the same ; yet neither by their own suit nor of other of the company whom he seemed willing to pleasure it could no oblainod. ' The merchants evi- dently contemplated ])er- manent settlement and cultivation, and only wanted to be secure in their tenure ; and it tells some- what against the gallant knight that his "con- trariety" helped to re- tard the progress of the Colony, The splendid harbour of St. John's and its unique position, midway between Cape Bona^•ista and Cape Race, where at first all the English fishing operations were carried on, made our capital, from the very beginning, the metro- polis and head-quartei-s Quo Cf/'ATSyTim£.mi 6ar^,i,-ac,f-e misfortune for the Colony that the first great ' IIaklltt, GILBERT'S DEATH. rai lid lose his earu and set upon a to have of him ices in sundry it accompte of. many parts of igs as absolute their fishing some of the make any so mts made suit le ; yet neither ag to pleasure, chants evi- iplated ])er- einent and I only wanted in theii- ; tells sonie- the gallant his •' cori- ped to re- ;res8 of the lid harbour 's and its >n, midway i Bona^•ista 3, where at glish fishing e carried on, ;al, from the :, the metro- jad-quartei-s Urst great colonisation Hchenia fell into the hands of a poor, bankiiipt. incapable man like Gilbert ; to u>7e Hayes' words— "He thrust himself into the action for which he was nofc at oresumintr tJ,» cause pretended on God's behalf would carry him to the desired f^^fr'^'^S *^'^ What shall we say of a great patentee like Gilbert, owner of half a continent, refusing the English merchants in St. John's a title to h.nd around the infant capital, on which they were willing to spend their money, time, and labour. Later on, when an official settlement was made under Guy. he was directed by the patentees to go to Con- cei-tion Bay not to St. John's. The directors of the company seen; to liave been well acquainted with the Newfoundland fisliery ; full direc<.ion.s are given to him about the fish trade, *rc. ; clearly, long before that time all the chief nnd be-t places in the good barlx3ui-s of the e,..st coast had been appropriated by merchants and fishermen. Gilbert had with him a Saxon ore refiner named Daniel; he was so impressed with the mineral wealth of the Colony that he proposed (o leave the settlement and discovery of the south to Hayes, for lip said " I am now become a northern man altogether, and my heart 'is set on iSewbundland." Our Colony undoubtedly possesses great mineral wealth ; this has been proved : whether Sir Humphrey and his miner really found anything, but the glittering iron pyrites known as "fool's gold " cannot now be J'.scertained, as ore, papers, and everything else were lost at sea The end of this ill-organised expedition was dire disaster; on the 2yth of August their Admiral's ship Delight was lost oft' Cape Sable through utter carelessness and bad seamanship ; the little frigate SquirreC and the Golden Hind escaped ; on the 31st of August they bore up for England. Poor Gilbert hr.s been painted for us as so complete an .nrrel that It IS a relief to find him at times giving way to human infirmitts and acting like an ordinary man. After they had passed Cape Race on their return voyage, Gilbert came aboard the Hind to get a woun.l in his toot dressed ; afterwards, on a fair day, he came aboard again " to " make merry, together with the captain, master, and company and •' continued there from morning until evening," no doubt drinkinrr the good wme they had received in St. John's. On the same day for the loss of some mineral specimens, "he was not able to contain himself but " beat his boy in a great rage." Lest I should be charged with misrepresenting the qualities of this most unfortunate adventurer, road his character drawn by Kingslev in the fascinating pnges of « Westward Ho": "n philosopher- says Aniy.. —but not so much of a general, not able to control men." ' ' Hakluyt, w REIGN OF KLIZABETH. Iflll '^^"^ •^«'^<^'^ of Sir Humphrey was as sad and tragic an end as ever Lefell a liero. It .eeni8 tlie Knollys or some of liiH enen.ies had ^luestioncd liis courage on ship board, .seamanship lie had none ; so to prove his mettle he rofu.sed to leave the wretched little tub ofaS Poor Gilbert ! probably he was so disheartened by failure and losses that he almost courted death. Hayes, a practical sailor, by his .skill and the good seamanship of Master Cox, of Limehouse, arrived safe in England, and to liim we are indebted for probably the most interesting narrative contained in the voluminous collection of Hakluyt the Story of the Unfortunate Expedition to Newfoundland. Hayes concludes with a fitting tribute to the piety and courage of his unfortunate leader : — "But such is the infinite bounty of God, who from every evil deriveth good For besides that fruit may grow in time of our travelling into these north-west ?and8 the crosses turmoils, and afflictions, both in the preparation and execution of this voyage, did correct the intemperate humours which before we noted to be an this gentleman, and made unsavoury and less delightful his other manifold vvirtues. Then, as he was refined and made nearer drawing unto the image of Ood, so It pleased the Divine will to resume him unto himself, whither both his and every other high and noble mind have always aspired." ' Almost immediately after the death of Gilbert, the burthen of colonising America, which had been too heavj^ for his poor weak ' Hakluyt. Sli Wi M in end as ever eneraieH had I none; so to > of a Squirrel h whom I havo rather rashness weight of his ! known lier g and small 1 the ocean at at at that time bing al)aft with pproach within ie same speech le was. it. Our watch 1 that moment ire and losses by his skill, •use, arrived bly the most of Hakluyt, 1 courage of ieriveth good, se north-west and execution 'e noted to be ther manifold the image of r both his and burthen of poor weak KALE I Gil. 7ff slioulders, fell on his illustrious half-brotlier Raleigh.' His phins for founding Virginia were not successful in his lifetime, but with untiring energ}' and dauntless couvnge lie persiHted 111 his endeavours and spent iiis substance; he sowed the seed, others reaped the fruit. To Raleigh, above all men in tliis great nge, is due the honour and glory of founding England's Colonial Empire. He was all-powerful in Devon ; welind him always mindful of her interests, and urging the Government to buy salt fish for the army and navy.- In the Records the sup- plying of this ftsh is very f recjuently mentioned. It was almost always scarce. The f^ ^ , merchants dealt with the Government on sound commercial principles, charging them twenty SIR WALTER RALEIOK. Ft'im an eiif/ravitig after an old portrait. Ruk'ifrh was born in 1552, at a small tiiriiihouse called Hayes, near BudleiKh. l)evon. His /ather, Waiter Raleigh, married 4or his third wife the widow of Otto Gilbert, of Compton Castle. His mother, a Cbamper- noun, was eonnectcd with the illustrious tamily ol the Carews. Young Walter had an experience of life given to few. As a Devonshire boy he had all the usual practice ■iUKl expereuice of seamanship, boating, aiKl sailing. At seventeen he left Oxford with Ills uncle for the wars in France, where Jic was distinguished for courage and military skill. He next studied law. Xext we find ftim at Court, and a soldier in Ireland. He represented his native county in Parliament. Amongst his compeers his marvellous' eloquence id the trait most dwelt upon ; but, ■besides being an orator and a statesman, he was an able general, one of the most accomplished and scientific sailors of his nge. He i)lanned the strategy which con- quered the Invincible Armada. As a yoluraiuous writer he takes high rank, even m the age of Bacon and Shakespeare. No other Englishman showed genius in so manv different oapacities as Kaleigh. Our own age IS astonished at the remarkable conjunc- tion of financier, Bcholar. debater, and ipohtician exhibited in such marvellous combination by Mr. Gladstone. Our hero possessed all these gifts in equal degree. But whilst our Grand Old Man's chief manuai exploit m active life is cutting down trees. Kaleigh was sol.lier, sailor, ship-builder, and colonizer. In this age the mists of sectarian prejiidice are clearing away. We no longer see Raleigh and Elizabeth through a glass dark y. To us their patriotism shines out clearly whilst their faults and crimes are not hidden. In the supreme hour of danger Raleigh largely contributed to the salvation of England. In the days of monopolies he was a pronounced free-trader. Everv honest Englishinan execrates the meinory of Henry Vm. for the murder of the noble Catholic Sir Thomas More. Our feelings are still stronger against the drivelling James Stuart for the death of the grandest English- man of action of all time— Kaleigh. His meniory has been worthily commemorated bv a tablet in Westminster Abbey, erected bv Americans to « Raleigh, the Founder of the JiDghsh Empire in America." 2 As early as 1338 there is an order from Edwerd III to his clerk to provide .^tockfsh, preKumably for the army in France. — (Kymer's Foedera.) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l^|2^ 12.5 1.8 IL25 ||||_U 11.6 6" > ^ V. 76 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. shillings per hundred fish when shillings. We find in 158G :— • the regular trade price was ten In his latter years Raleigh was Governor of Jersey. St Heliers was a free port, and under his fostenng care the tradi of thfli le Norman Isles was vastly increased; he encouraged the 'slandexfu parucxpate in the great Newfoundland fish trade,^ n wh eht j^^^^^^^^^ her adventurous sons have always played a most prominent part" vJ? ^^^^' '"^™^^^^t«ly ^^*er the death of Gilbert. Sir George Peckham, a London merchant, who had been chief nd;enturer w^l! the unfortunate Sir Humphrey, published the first printed book on Newfoundland, entitled :— " A true report of the late discoveries and possession taken in the right of the Crown of England of the Newfoundlands by that valiant and worthy gentleman Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Knight. Wherein is also briefly set down her highness lawful title thereunto and the great and manifold commodities that are likely to grow thereby to the whole realm in general, and to the adventureis in particular. Together with the easiness and shortness of the voyac^e written by Sir George Peckham, Knigirt. the chief adventurer and furfcherer of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's voyage to Newfound- In an age when there were no newspapers and no interviewers, the only chance of obtaining publicity was to write a pamphlet. This work 18 m the nature of an Elizabethan advertisement, and is worthy of the T, . , S^"i"'^of a modem company nromotPi- co.r„y ™ ""' '"'''""^ *''" ^ ''"«-™' --»-•' o'zt. "By establJrhing a safe harbour and head-auartPrQ «r,A u • i, , .* . ' "/^"ern^ey, April 1594— Guernsey des- titute of provisions for soldiers except 60,000 Newland fish a barque of herrings, and 40 tuns of cider." Jersey must havl h.ad s A TRVE REPORTE, Of the late difcoucries, and po/Tcfsion. taken in the r/sht of i^rZ/^"^!""'^'' "f'''' New. Gei«Jnm.i . Sit Huml„f Cilhtrl Knight, b.ghndTcl,wft,l| rydc chcrcvnro. and .he gr^tld n>an«oUe Commodities, ,h„ 13 likely o^<^ov •hereby, to the »hole Healme iir eMetA aud to the Aduentutei. m p^ticulu lognlier witli ,;„ „(,njs ^^ turuti 4/ ,i„ Vtf^ Scene and allowed. TnnteJlj l.C.>r lobn Hindc. aweUmg in PaiUci Churcb-yarde. a: «*r /JIM ,/ ,k, j,v,(>» um$^. Aaoo. ij»j, TITIE PAGE OF PBCKHAM'S BOOK. Proni a copy of the first edition in the B.M. much lai-ger share at this time in the New- foundland trade than h.;r smaller sister island / ims IS the title of a later eS^l'S tnc ouc Illustrated. 1 I price was ten stpr takes up for per 100." 7' St. Heliers. 3 of the little 3 islanders to ich Jersey and it part.^ , Sir Geoi-gft venturer with Humphrey, ated book on late discoTeries le right of the Newfoundlands gentleman Sir b. Wherein is lighness lawful •>t and manifold grow thereby ^al, and to the Together with of the voyage ham, Knight, rfcherer of Sir to Newfound- I'e were no viewers, the ig publicity This work Elizabethan '"•thy (.f the ly promoter, of the new 1 known to all er importance ae in the New- ler sister island, er edition thau SIR G. PECKHAM'S BOOK. 77 and will be found more beneficial to our conntrv than .11 .4>. dny in uae and trade amongst us." ^ *" °**'®'' ^oj^ges at this everyone-sport for the gentles and nobles ; fishin. f„7dl „?' ^ . his hrotlier's shadowv claim W ,1 ""^ -'o''" Albert marntained fchennen complain nJo/rn/lveZtr'," '/"' ""' ^^™° foundland. pXbl/for elaimt Te 2or 'Gi^rff""bT'^ V'^^' P^oeeed with this histo^ we shall Tee oth« i:^l:3Tthe /" ordinary and fantastic wnv ir, ,,-K,-„k i • "^stances ot the extra- islands Ld contin^fa to"^l;'r^tT(^/rn^ """^ ^™^ very early ones ca-ne to nan^U .. >? favountes. All the cultv everywhere ^ ' ' '"'''' »°^' '""^^d strife and difli- This book marks the great advancement nf th^ .„ ^^ the island are set forth, p'erhaps, in T^bl *t f ' but' T"''' "' advantage to England is not in any way exag^eraM T^ """'""' make St. Johns a fortiiied town "was "^tS^Uy prae^tal'T'''' -^ have secured our capital from tho «ffa i i , practical ; it would suffered from the FiC ' "''"'^^ ""^^ ^^^*^"^^^«- ^t afterwards Besides the patriotic endeavours of Sir Georo-P Vf^oVh . settlement and relieve the distressed poor of En!^. M ^ '"'""'"^^ gallant Sydney and Carlile, sonsSrw of Waf ^^^^^ "T^^"' *^« vocated the planting of colonies in nT 7 ^^'^P^™' wrote and ad- Their only elect waf to ent:: e L ;^^^^^^^^^ ^^f America, increased by leaps and bounds. P^^^^^^^^on of the fishery, which We have an account in Haklnvt r,f q+ seal and whale fishery in thrGurof St r""^'' P™eenti„n „f the fishing at St. Peter's, Ln^yionoe ; of Rice Jones's ««iX:z snisi' ^i^ifvrr" '" /', "-"• «.e o™elly to one Richa.. Clark, whi^hi; 7„;^fc:^ra3t^otS 78 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. little is said of the constant raids made by Englishmen on shins of all 11 itions : — '■ ''1596^ Eeporfc of Eichard Clarke and others concerning the p-racv coramittod hy three French ships at St. Johns Newfoandlai.d. The Captain orfheldmina [commodore of the three ships] was named Michel de Sanc^^; the nLter o^ he Yice-Adm.ral Martm de Sanc^. Having been used with kind enter Jnmenta^d mvxted to breakfast on the 25 September, in reqnital he invited the Frenchman aboard his ship the next day The captain of the Admiral feigned an excuse and^n tor (^arke to visit him in his sickness; upon a sudden the French feU on clarke and his men. ca ling out ' rendez vous. rendez vous.' He and nine men were kept prisoners nine days end their ships pillaged. Witnesses Ricnnr'!! Matt Ryoes and Phi,. Fabyan. Mate Sam ilrL, sLgeon anr^enteon otW" The most interesting of these voynges is the adventure of Charles Leigh a London merchant ; in Cape Breton he lost one of his ships the Chancellor, and came into collision with a big Biscayan ship whose captain surrounded by his countrymen, dared to treat him ill The Englishman wanted to fight, but the Biscayan ran off. Next he cap- ured a Spanish ship in the St. Lawrence. A comrade vessel came to her rescue, so Leigh had to give up his prize and prisoners in orJer to SMEATON's LioninorsE. pbxlee point. drake's island. THE nOE, PLYMOUTH, MOUNT EDGECOMBE. ABMADA MEMORIAL. From a photograph by A. B. Prowse. Esq.. 3I.D., af Clifton. rescue his prize crew. Finally, to avenge himself for all these mishaps he attacked a big French vessel in St Maiy's, captured her after a hard light, and so letumed with two ships and a valuable cargo. The whole sto^ exhibits the daring, reckless character of the English adventurers of the day, and the extraordinary difficulties under which business was carried on. Though nominally at peace, still for all practical puiposes England and Spam were at war between 1584 and 1588. Elizabeth openly aided the Hollanders m their struggles against Philip ; Drake plundered the ' Records. I on ships of all piracj coramittod n of the Adminil the Master of tlxe ntertainment and i the Frenchman in excuse and sent ich fell on Clarke d nine men were les: Eic. Clarke, venteon others." ' fcuie of Charles le of his ships, an ship, whose him ill. The Next he cap- vessel came to lers in orJer to lIAt. ihese mishaps, : after a hard >. The whole h adventurers business was 3se8 England openly aided lundered the I THE SPANISH FISHING FLEET DESTROYED. ,„ tliat war with Spain was ineS. «!, r'' ^"^ "''"*'" knew or tried to concilhte tie i riteW «;. \"''"' "^''^"^ '''•°"' *'«' """'est carried the war into the eTem't Ctfv ""ir"' °" "" "™'™-y' »'- policy for a little country irE^ZdZithr' " '"""'"^'"'^'y '^W London and a r.ven«e of haU. l!m ' P""*"' PoP'-'^tion o! Spain. In 1585 the ^t d rin/bwT,' T " ?'"*" ^^'' "''^ fishing fleet in Newfoundlan! Whiff ""^^ °" ^^ ^P""'''' Sir Bernard D,ul th" V Drake; Portugal rZt*tr^;d"';7:; P^^^T -^"^^'^ DouUle», these vessels were taken in St J^l tw^ '^ t™"""" were away north and south sealing wh.r , ^^* Biscayans Mr. F,^ude say, st/l^wkt, 1 ? , T '' '"'^ '" "'^ K^oords. ■• the Peninsula tent I Wouldl!^ I " T""^" "'""* '"^ -""^ <"' " capture th.n,, and leave lirlins To T"' T ""P^'"' '» Elizabeth seen,s to have been ;';:ed 3 Mflrr "" ""^ '^"■''°'■^■"•" det^.: arrrhid;,t;tS'..r'"*'"™' """"^'«' "-^ p'- (^^o " tl,eir ships in NeSndl^d^^n? T''"'^ *'" ^P*""''" ^^ ^'^'^ i»ued to L Ber.:rSe:.t:° ::f;t:2^'^»-"™-nwi " vessels about the seizures in sJ^T, , ™"' "" ^■'«''«h ■■ their Hsh there, and to teke alfslnrr"* *'''''" ""''"'^ ^^ °f " bring then, in o some of the w.T ""P' """^ ^l-J^*' ""d to The following minute shows he was successful .- Bhip^ a^d I'^ilorf at '^Zt::^,'''^^^,'^^'' ^ ^t^ o^*^e capture of Spanish allowance reduced from S^'ld ierteek to'?^' Z'^ *° ''' ^P^^^^^^ Pn^on r ill-treatment of Englishmen in Spa n to be " ^'/ ? ^ "'"^ ^'^ consequence of rest distributed in prize monej.'' ? ' ' ^^'^ ""* ''^ *^« ^^h taken and tLe tJO REIGN OF ELIZABETH. I'' f< mi 1 iiiMJ ■complaints about the Custom House officers having exacted illegal fees upon its export. It is perfectly marvellous how well Elizabeth knew every movement of her enemies ; every inti-igue against her was keenly watched by her ^biquitous agents and spies; if Mary Stuart cast an amorous glance at Jiotbwell It was duly reported ; if Philip II. moved a man, or a ship was rigged m Biscay, immediately the queen had word. Considering the difficulties of communication in those days— the ■dangers from floods, robbers, pirates— how successfully her intelligence From Bernard's Secueil, 1700. -department must have been served. For us, "heirs of all the acres" many secrets of the Courts of Spain and England have now been kid bare. Ehzabetl.'s reputation as a sovereign rests on her success but an miperishable monument to her memory has been raised in' her Statutes. The State Papers preserved at Hatfield show Iier tdent ^3 a politician, how cleverly and boldly she played the game against Philip. Posmg as a Protestant champion, whilst ti Catholic at heart- J icted illegal fees ;hose days — tht THE ARMADA. ^ simply because (hey forced her hand-she was nil ih. *• i • and prepanng for the great struggle wid;4^^^^ ' """ undei't ?""'^ ^" '^'^^^"^ ""^^ ^-^*'"=' '^P^'- ^as no rash reckless the con,«e... but a. mL.. :'f ?he^l"f'l\r'?e„iI"rS!l English people had fo.m,l its occupation ^ °' *''* in He., vn. an.r^e:::^i:K;r::, z^ ^1:1^:^::^ ^^ In SoSanI ^rroT.Tl "^'-^ ^^ .-nit of the successful Spanish Zr wa ,o it F r'T"' ?■'" control of the Tmnsatlantie cod^cl^T- uS ^"«i?"<','»'»Pkto Spanish fleet nevei- came again afteTh;tt,.n., f T'^'""'"*"'' vessel, England had more than double he fleet oth""'""?' """^ quietly submitted to her control ' '""' "™'''' ""^ ''» throi:;f ti•s'lri^c::!^UL:^t„:::^^ ^™- »» o. Be^-on to.n bo^^ ^f t^^ :^ 1 1^ tl^^nC . ' This is the general word in Spanish for rfpiul^ »•'*'• ""^J abadejo, la cabeza y el pellejo'' means the head and the skin J^ land It^is f r *'N' '^^^covery of Newfound- land. It ,s referred to in Bon Quixote in thejueer scene between MaritornTs anTthe Dacalao was used as a trade wonl by all the European nations inst ic ^ the word's '',a.no^'S\'lClo^l^Z Spanish word, which have co.ne hito ,-'2 . ^ In Apnl o£ next lear ir,Qq xr ^mes to Unl Uurghley nom'pylouth '•" a striking illustra^n ^7 ^h^ tZ^''' influence of war on commerce. '^^'""c""" F Pi ¥ I 82 REIGN OF ELIZABETH. Newfoundland trade than any port in England, save London or Tonsham says Kmgsley in " Westward Ho ' " •— ^"I>«nani, miwmm T 'ins ABMAOA. From Pine's engraving, i^^, Whitboume was there in his own large ship, and some smaller vessels tatted out entirely at his own expense ; Bristol, Bideford sreTnt;«^r''''"'''''"'"''^^'^''°'^''^-"""''''-'-">-^*'>^'^ „f ,r'°T°r' -"'t' ''■"" '" 5^»^»beth's reign, was less than the ton„ac-e of he Icn^mo but the English ships were wonderfully strong and well budt. thank, to old Hawkins and his father; they were m^tLat seamen as well a, shipbuilders. Kingsley states tifat YoZTl^i Prowse.,who tared the Spanish fleet in the Calais Roads-" Ler their names hve long ,n the land "-were both Devonshire men ; the records however, declare that Young belonged to Chichester. Browse M-as undoubted yf..>m Devonshire, and probably connected with the New tonndland trade. L.ke Whittourne, their valour was their own .war^ The acbon in the flresh.ps was a most gallant exploit, and had the most deasrve results. These daring old mei-chant captains received no honour Ion or Topsham, aud Topsham and own tliat England the men of Devon, and Oxenhamj, me day to honour olonies, her very some smaller to], Bideford, , all had their ti the tonnage y strong and vere practical Yoimg and I—" Let their ; the records, Prowse was th the New- own reward, liad the most ed no honour WEST COUNllty LORDSHIP, 83 y as the Mavioure" the ":*;' .^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"^' ^"«'""'' -P-- "■"- ot the sea, ■ ; th™. The benefits of pZh ».■ , , ^ ' '"*"' ""«"'?'» '" ™Mue England now traded everyXr j^j '• m . " '=°^*''"^'' «mterialp«»perity,a„dte™Wy "''''"^ ™^'«'"' "' "-^"l'. Nearly all the great British possessions were gained without tl,. • . of Goverrnuent. India was won and held for aWt "e hv » . ," :;T^^gi:n::ii,'rr r™""'""- "- "^»-— : :- theVrti^ulargTlstrEn^S:::;""""" "' ^'*"= ™"" "'^"'^ ™" thel-id'xeX,":^ S";ltr *""^ "r^"-' "-^ p-'™""-. » poets and hi.tori!„s V 2 Un tX™, '"f """""^ 'heme fo.- the of.Iforth America, the .,„« ™„delTr' , f "f r"" '°"''-' Country fishermen who Xe and ,">';°' *"" *"-"'S ^^""t' »overeig„ty in ^^^io.:^j::t^s^zjr^ ^ '"*'""■ everiettrSflrttVoSft:^^^ "^ ■» :tit:trtti:di?u-"/r "^"'-^^^^^^^^^ The consequenerof hi ^T^^T"'"'' "^'"^ *" ""' ^•^"^'''■ coloured the whole of ourhisto^ *"' *''"P"'^''- « '"» the Devonshire men and ™T 7 m ^ /"'''"«'' P°""" over-mastered 'England and VirgTn: have SZl i^"""^' ^ow would Ne^ ; island with her twentvtl!. j i I """ ^"""=' ''»^ Possessed the i the key ot ^111.^^^*''"'™™ ^"'"' """'^ h^ve held Icolonies'would Weferedtc^:! """Z^^-" »■«• '-^ forces t e I ve ceased to exist as independent communities. F 2 84 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IV. ti''i I. Charter Party and Sale of Newfoundland Fish. 26 Sept. 1580. " It i8 iijrreed tliiti day betwixt \Vm. Mastiie and Thomas Tetlow, merchants of city of Chester, of the one part, and VVm. Dale, master of ye gornl ship called yc William of London, of the other part, and doth barmiin anil sell 34,000 Newlaii.l fish, merchantable at 10*. the 100, current money in England, also f'oure tonnes traino at £12 per tonne. In consideration the said fish and traine to pay £120 at once, and rest at Ladyday in Lent next ensuing. Provided always that the said shippe shall goe for Rochelle and Bordeaux at 38«. per ton, or for Bordeaux at 42». per ton, and to stay in one or botli places 30 days at the will and pleasure of said m'^rchants or their factors, and for the freight to be paid after the safe arrival and full dischaige in Chester water, the one half within three days, and the rest within 20 days after, and be the' full payment with the safe arrival of ye said ship, the residue of the; fish money v.ithin 20 days after the payment of the whole freight." II. Licence to Export Newfoundland Fish. " Whereas Her Majestic is plea.sedat the humble suit of Nicholas Bowgan, that he bo licensed to transport out of the Kenlme three score thousand of Newland fishe, whereof there is at this present good quantitie in the most partes. This is straitly to will and charge you to suffer him to buy and transport from thens the said quantitie of fish, to carry the same to what countrey or place he shall think best for his best market, and therefore you shall not nede to take any bondes of him in that behalf, permitting him also to trans- port the same in a French bottome or any other strauuge bottome whatsoever ; not in- creasing any custome unto him in that behalf. And this I charge you to se accomplished towards him with all favourable and good despatch, for so is Her Majesties pleasure; he paieing such custome only as others Her Majesties subjects are wont to doe Thir, 17 Sepr. 1599. " Lord Treasurer, F. Buckiiuhst. ^ .„." '^° ^" justices of the peace, niaiors, baillifes, and other bed officers. As likewise to all customers, controllers, governors, and surveyors of porfes in the counties and portes of Devon and Cornwall." III. Insurance Policy on Newfoundland Pish in 1604. An Ahsuhanok. "InthenameofQodAmen. Be it known unto all men by theis prcFente* that A. J. of London Merchaunte and Company doe make assurance and cause themselves and euery of them to be assured Losteornot Loste.knowne or not knowne, from the newe founde Land to loulone and Marcelleze uppon fishe already called the Hope.cell of I^ndon o*" the burthen ot 120 tonnes or thereaboutes whereof is Master under God in this presento voyage B. G. or whosoeuer cIs shall goe for Master m the said shippe or by whatsoeuer other name or names the same shippe or the Mr thereof is or shalbe named or called. Begin- ninge the adventure from the day and hower of the lading of the said Fishe aboorde the said shippe in the newe found land aforesaid and so shall continewe and endure until! suche tinie as the same shippe with the same lishe shalbe armed at Touloue and Marcelleze andth- sutue their dischardged and laid on Land in go.Kl satetye. Touching the adven- tures and perilles which wee the assurers Jiereafter named arc contented to beare and doe faithfully promise, by theis preseutes, to take uppon us in this presente voyage, are of he Seas men of warre, Fier, Enemies, Pirates, Sobers, rheeves, Jettesons, Letters of Mark and counter Mark, forrestcs, Kestraintes, and detayncraents of kinges and princes and of all otuer persons, barratrye of the Master and Marnners of all other perilles, Losses and misfortunes whatsoeuer they be, or howsoeuer the same at any time before the date hereof haue chaunced or hereafter shall happen or ''°'?V"u ^^^^ detriment or damage of the Til "u "'■ '^^ ^^y P"""'® or Parcell thereof. Although newes of any Losse hath alreadie come or by the computacion of one League or three Enghshe Miles to one how^r might haue come to London before the subscribing hereof, any order. Custome, or usage hereto- Joreluidor made in Lumbard streete or no we withm the Koyall Exchange in London to A^T*/^'"^' '" ""'y '"«® notwithstanding. And that in case of any misfortunes, it shall and may be Laufull to the assured, their tactors, servauntes or assignes or to any of them to serve. Labor, and travell for, in and aboute the defence, safeguard, and recouery of the said fishe or of any parte or parcell thereof without any prejudice to this assurance. lo the charges whereof, wee- the assurers sha!! ) Policy on ?'ish in 1604. lANCK. Allien. Re it known JFente» that A. J. of C'ompnnj- doe make liielvcN ami euery of )r not LoNte, knowne newe fonnde Lnnrt ! uppon fishe already in Mie good shippo ndon o*" the burthen aboutes whereof is lis presento voyage mil goe for MaRter r whatsoeiier other ! f>hippe or the Mr I or called. Begin- tlie day aud hower l""itthe aboorde the •und land aforesaid and endure untiil ippe with the same one and Marcelleze udged and laid on Juching the adven- wee the assurers jnted to beare and r theis presentes, to elite voyage, are of r, Enemies, Pirates, s, Letters of Mark 5s, Kesfraintes, and nd princes and of ? of the Master and crilles, Losses and ?y be, or howsoeuer re the date hereof ;r shall happen or t or damage of the or parcell thereof. osse hath alreadie 3n of one League one hower might >re the subscribing , or usage hereto- ird sfreete or nowe ige in London to } notwithstanding, lisfortuncs, it shall the assured, their gnes or to any of travell for, in and lard, and recouery Y parte or parcell e to this assurance. ? the assurers Rhall INSUttAI^CK POLICY. M contributa eche one. acoordhig to the rate and «|uantit.e of hia wnie henin assured Yt s to he under.t<.od that thin presente writing and assurance being made and registre«l according t, ,he Queenes Majes.ys^rdr and apnointmeut. shaibe of asmueh tforce surest pollecy or writmge of assuranch which hath beene ei.er hertofore used to be made, Loste or not Loste, Kuowne or not knowne in tl^ foresaid strecto or IJoyall Exchange in « L f ' °'""? i""' *'""'« ""r-^flves and ouer of us. our heires. executors and goo.les by theis presentes to the ussurede, their Executor*, Administrators and assigien for the r„e performance of the piemissl S. b- umting ourselves, us well the assurede ^s the InZr/". '\ "'■"'-"•' •'^••^rminacion JiHl .udgment of suche Merchants as ,„„ve be or heareatter»halbe sworne an.l aucthorised'bv e Ld Maicr of this Cittie of London for the tuL^"'7 '^"'' "'" '^'^^''^^ ""•> »'°'''"fr ..f ft *-«T"''""''^''*' «°n'"'-'''«ing our selves fully satisfied, contented and ,, aid of and fo? th,. consiileraeion dewe to us for this a.s.iianc; he rate rs!""' "' ''»« '«"'d^-« of A. J. alter the rate of heaven per Centn. And in testi- mony of the truth, wee the assuie s ma. «ome8 of money assured yeoveii in the office of assurance within the Koiall Exchan-re i,I London. 3.0.1601. >."iiUj,e in , „ „ " K. C. F. II." {Fro,n nPclworfh MS. by permission oj the Jlif/hl Hon. Lvrd Leconjield.) tiS^ "i«/'°? '"»"rance. the eailiest men- tioned by Mr. Martin is in l(5i;i. The Act re ferred to was passed in 1601 to create a court to settle underwriters' disputes and regulate assurancing, which the Act recites had been tymo out of mynde an usimge amoiSe :: rfons!" "' '''^ "''""^ '•"> f-S The ratc.s varied. About 1560 Sir Thomas Gresbam paid five per cent, for a cargo of warlike material from Hamburgh to London •nsuring to half the value. The abovel^u"-' ance was at seven per cent., but the following nei^.i°''"'h'"j.*™*« Wl as low as fonf Cromwell:-*^" *'' ^"^ ^""'''^'^ ''"""^ «* Harthohne Laine 16 Oct. 1651 Tho fro Newfound- Griffith from land. Newfoundland to Naples in the Naples Merchant c" at 4 per c'. - 4 -OQ-Oo (liawlinson MS., Bodleian Lib.) T .n4 . u® ?'*""" **f "'»«'' "•''?« from Lond.mondth3 larger ports us^.,! the above eomp,r«t.vely molen, method of pS much more primitive form of Bottomry was en.ploye•-' l'ha,nicia.iH. aud 1-. referred to in the Ilanseatic articles at VVisby about laoo. an.l was highly developed "t Hruges ,n the XIV. centur?. Instead of Pa.v.iig a premium, the ship owner n-cr/lr/a j'•«'""""«•' '»«-; ■•'-'tumsto -Peter Kaston, pirate, in Newfoundland. Guy returns to Newfoundland with the -Colston's letter, annqunces birth of a boy on Afarrh 2rth. Guy abandons New foun.Uand, leaving. \Villiam Colston in eharg,- of the Coloiiy ^ ahondons New- -Captain John Smith's %age to New Englaud. Whitbourne meets the privateer Sir Henn, Mantwnrm(, with five shi,,^ i„ St. .lolin's ConZl\,!, Jv I Ambassador to James I. about inju.ieJ do,, to jitLmenVn^anada, L '"'' "^"'S.SSn'''"-'''"'"^ ^""••^- ^-^^"'" •^"''" ^^-0". K-N. Governor of -Sir William Vautjhan purchases Dort of Guv's fJronf t „*• r ^ -First colonists sent to Vauuhnn's Gnlnnv n* t,.<.„„,. x Scott. Mason's map made. ^ Trepassey. Letter from Mason to 1019.- Ordinance for Jersey StifSthf a^TusJ'^f ^„tnl^ J^'T >" T>'^^'^'^•^-• Newfoundland to re-sell there! "^ P"'"'^" ^'"' *'"P« sailing to -Great fire in Conception Bay; 5.CO0 acres burnt maliciously by the fishermen. ENOLISH COLONISATION. 87 l««0.-Ore.t diiturbance« in 8t. .lohnV, Petty Harbour. iH^.twi-cn Kn«li«h anew»ou,„liun»l. Act for fwr flnbinir in Newfoundland and Virginia Ibrowii out. nxning in 1623. ''"■"■'■"''iSal'.r"" UrdTa'Iklan.f:'' a""/"'" ^-^'-""'""•' •" Virginia. Ualtimore', cmrur. l.ord l-alklandi adverti-ooitnt aivvn 4»M) French Ui^c«v«nM an.i rri rr'«ri.!!::!: j^"?'^ i™. x-f4"-«' = Kn;ii::b'''e.:;:,r^;:;d'":J ne'r'bu'h'i 't ""'"*^ "/' '"'' '•""•• -"* "" '" ^^'^^ P- "'"' per biiHhcl. Two men-of-war convoy the Knjjlish fleet. ; Hilt coiting iod. ng to Sir J. Child j of Guy at Cupids >ort8 a man being rhe Newfoundland I laws ; returns to lundland with the to trade with th« J des'troy English y abandons Ncw- eets the privateer iplaint of French Canada, &c. li.N., Governor of Dm Dernier, dated ^Newfoundland by r from Mason to of Bristol's Hope "hitbourne's ships ?rn Ports against meets Dermer. r ships sailing to e fishermen. The oui-ly part of this reign marks the commencement of the colonisation perio.1 in English history. All tlie grand schemes. Hhke of Ignorant enthnsiasut. of noble aims, and of statesmanlike projects, in Elizabeth's reign had come to nought; neither England, nor France, at the beginning of the Stuart pei-iod, possessed a single settlement on the American continent. The Calendar of State Papers at the beginning of this century is fnll of applications from all sorts and con- •litions of adventurers, claiminfr to be the fortunate discoverers of new islands and territories, teeming with gold nnd valuable commodities; the ci-aze of the seventeenth century was colonisation. The pages of the Recoi-ds read more like some fantastic mcdiaval romance than the dull folios of official papers. From this period dates the foundation of our great American colonies ; the creation of French dominion in America : the formation of New Francs and Acadie. In 1607 the Lon-lon Company made the first settlement in Virginia, at James Town. New England first known as Northern Virginia, was brought into notice by the successful voyages of Gosnokl, Biereton, and Archer, 1602 ; followed by Martin JAUES I. From an enyraving nfter V.intli/ke. \ "--A.r 88 REIGN OF JAMES T. i Pring, 1G03; W.ymouth. 1C05; Popham and Rr.Ieigh GilbeH.'s settlement at the mouth ot the Kennebec, 1007; and the celebrated Captain John s>nnthsi adventure m 1614. The result of all these voyages was the establishment of a lari-e Enghsh trade and fishery on the New England coast, carried on by London and Devonshire adven- turers in the same manner, but on a much smaller scale than the Newfonndhmd trade and fishery, Mdiich was then entirely in the hands of the English, and em- ployed two hundred and fifty shijjs and over ten thousand men. It cannot be doubted that it was the great success of the Englisli in Xewfoundlaud that tended to encourage frosli enterprise in the .same direction on the North American continent.^ Tliese English plantations were watched witli jealous eye by the Spaniards. Foreigners, and especially Frer.chmen, alvvaj-s endeavour to gain an advant^.ge 1 . *^^^''' England when the poimfi ^r kii f, ot 8pam tlmt Raloigh iva., exoeuted, and the plan of his last proud _pe,.».to.ce clai,„„. all that ha.1 been ^-ive., to h/hy^e M If CAPTAIN SJIITlr. From, his History of Viroinia, <6,o. ' ^'}'w Enfrlanders showed grt .,t jealousy of Aewfoundland. Gosnold suvs of CanV Cod, wliioh he first iiaini(!. ' Smvly I •iin persuaded thai in the iiuuiths - of Miiieli April, and May, there is upon the eonst better fislniifr, and in a. great plentv, as in ^ejvfoundhind.'' . . ]5,.reton prediets. Hot as much as ineieliams me diliy will soo„''re. move then- trade from Newfoundhind to New hnghind." In 1(505 Janus Ifosier writes of Wav- mouth's adventure, " Would warrant (hv the help of God) in a short voyage, with a few good fishers, to make a more profitable return _ from heisee [New Knghindl than from iNc^vfouiialand, the fish being so mu-h trreater, better fed, and abundance with train [laige livers for more oil]." The most spiteful of al! our detractors .« (1 the most jealous of Newfoundland', aieeess, IS tl..- great eeeentric Captain John S. V ":'•"«•«=-" If Newfoundland doth ;'1I>. ean, sk'iiny poor-John und eoor fish, lb. ■ liT f'"" '"'v"it.,re there ean gain and all their neeessary gear ..nd outfits from second, third, fourth, or fifth hand! und from so many parts of the world, c-rJ they come tugetbe:- to be nsed in the voyage, and ,t Iloliaade, Portugull, Snuinaid trench, or other, do much better than the England wlure there is victual to feed u wood of all ...,,,s to build boats, ships, o^ harques, the fish at our doors, pitch, ta" masts, and ^ar:!,." All these fine arguments did not stop the Newfoundland trade a 7-1 / .^■■..^•?- <.■ :■ jert's settlement (1 Captain John lent of a large carried on by onshire adven- e manner, but ■ scale tlian the tie and fishery, entirely in tlie i'lish, and em- red and fifty tliousand men. eJ that it was :)f the Englisli bhat teiided to terpri^e in the 1 the North I plantations li jealous eye Foreigners, Jhmen, alvvaj's an advant'tge the country was to please 111 of his last lin still with ty the Bull of Newfoundlaiiil'.s n<- Ciiptuin Johii nvfouiidJunil f ships, with a II und eooi- fish, there oim naia ik, and clothes, !ar i.iul outfits, or fifth liand, f the world, ere -' used ill the ■tuguU, Siuiiiuird, better than thev, goinjr to Xe'w tual to feed its, boats, ships, or Jors, pilch- tar, i! fine arguments d trade. ) SPANISH OPPOSITION. 39 Donation; Bermuda,^ Virginia, and Newfoundland she maintained rightly belonged to her. In I6I2 we find Don Pedro de Cuuega advising, the Kmg of Spam : — "It will now bo an easy matter to remove these people from Virginia The was well awaro oi the weak state of the New Colony], and now will be tf the purno e ire;!*^^/^^^ '-'''' '''''-'' '-''- ^^^-^"-«' '-^^ •^^-'^^i- "[March 10, same year.] Further complaints from Spain about Virginia '. ^ T'^ !u ''^'u '"Y l'""^'' "^ «^ ™"^^^ inconvenience to the King of fell, '- Virgiia.'' '"'"'" "''''' ^^''''' ''^°"' """^^'"^^'^ "S'^*« to Bermuda and The landing of the Pilgrim Fathdrs in Now England in 3 620 has been so idealised, m woven round with poetry and fancy, that it almost savours of sacri- lege to dwell upon its plain prosaic aspect, a fishing adventure combinecl with a colonisation scheme. The Puritan element is to-day the backbone of much that works for e-ood in America, both politi- cally and morally. New England was colonised by u pure, unmixed race of Englishmen, mostly from East Anglia; Ihe sauio »tock that earned out the ^roat E„gli„li revolution, ™lod the new Colony. The.e sober, self-reliant, deeply reb«,«us settle.^ were led and ruled by the »an,e elaas that charged at Marston Moor, and gave England freedom. To the Puritan party is mainly due modern Engli.sh Parliamentary Government. In the new world they achieved almost a greater result ; BEH.MUDA. From .S'liiith's Viryinia, iOio, • In 1603, .Tuly asth, the Sea Venture, with Sir Geo. S-mers, t^ir Thouiiis Gates, mid Captiuu Neivpoit on their way to Virginia, was wrecked on the Btrimidas. They took possession of the Islands for the English Crown. They were divided and settled in an orderly niauucr, and have a continued and very interesting history from that date, iheir early annals do not concern our history save that the object and destination of every runaway fr jm the Plantations both in Vir- ginia and its dependency Bermuda was to reach Newfoundland. These Islands were originally discovered by Lermudez, a Spanisli Captain, ,n his vessel La Garza-" The "fT'^M..,. " /^^'"•'"■'I'v'^""'''^ ^^"^ Tslanda .*.. -"'--r -nc ..nglirih sometimes "The Somers Islands " after the gaUunt Sir George, bu fanally the old euphonious S^panish name of Berniuda became the permanent designation of these beautiful islands. ^ ^ Hecords. 90 BEIGN OF JAMES I. lit as ckar-headed, practical Englishmen, they inherited the nationaleenius tor government They laid the keel of the constitution of ZS ,^«^.^th a boldne*. and cunning worthy of the progenitors ofthe ag^st all the English sovereigns, and developed a great English The American historian, especially a New England writer, dwells on natT.? °™ t"^ with pardonable pride ;\e expatia e, » th: spmtoal and moral aspect of the Pilgrims and their genius for govern ment but, hke his English prototype, he ignores alto^ the pWn huX'r^r^"' "^ "?' '"^'''' ^-'^™-. ">«* his ancestorJfmtay humble, God.fearmg people, came to New England to earn their uVing by fishmg; and wh.lst their great political success was chiefly due to tte cucumstancc that the best settle,., gentlemen like Winth^p. goveLed thcr unexamp ed material prosperity was laid in the flshe^ G^at commercial nations have everywhere, in the history of the world Aen from the same humble foundation, witness Carth^e, Venice Holknd EngW; and clearly and directly New England's 'c^mme.:^ «1 W Sreat maritime prosperity, which, at one time, bid fair to outstrip England, was primarily due to her fishing and whaling ■ ^ The history of these great North- Eastern States is closely inter woven with our own ; the early intercoui^e between the two depe, dencies had immen-, influence on Newfoundland, and, to deary In addition to the entries in the Records much information on this subject is to be derived from a number of Avorks on New lingland.but chiefly from the admirable report ot Lorenzo Sabine. Besides the eviifcnce given m Wmslow's narrative about the interview with King James I. we have the fact that ,iSew England before 1620 was chiefly known as a good fishing country. In Eoti's map. presented to Henry VUl., 1542 (p. 34), the sea south of Newfoundland is called " the Newfoandlande where men go a ushing " Oosnold's and Smitli's histories refer prin- cipally to this industry. Wefton, one of the chief supporters of the Pilgrims, advised them to settle near Cape Cod for fishing. Iheir crazy bark the Speedwell was bought lor that purpose. Captain John Smith says:— "At last upon these inducements [fishinc] some well disposed Brounists [a name for the iilgrims] as they are tearmed, with some gentlemen and merchants of Lavden «nd AmsteixJam, to save charges, would try their own conclusions, tho' with gieat loss and much miserie, till time had taught them to see their owne error; for such humorists mil never beleeve well till thev bee beaten with their owne rod." ' """tii In the next chapters he refers to their prosperous condition (1624). "Since thev have made a salt worke whereby thev preserve all the fish they take, they have fraughted this yeere a ship of 180^on^" 1 he records show their sojouru at Cape Cod 2b- ""^TJ ^T" «f Gosnold, ?as S fishing. After they had held a solemn con! sultatiou respecting their fina' settlement some were disposed to select Cold Harbour because it offered some advantages for whale and cod fishing. Others insisted they shS proceed to Agwam (now Ipswich), a harbor which was known to fishermen who had been on the coast. In 1625 the Colony despatched two vessels with fish and furs; one was captured by Turkish pimtes off the eL kh Coast In 1628 they were selling fish and corn to the Dutch at New York = ht ,",1 TrA T'^ ^j""PPi"g fish to Malaga, 'and in' 1645 their first vessel visited Bay Bulls o fish and tratte. "^ national genius I of the United oard the May- ►genitors of the an Government great English •t of the kind, •iter, dwells on fttiates on the ius for govern - her the plain, cestors, mostly their living by 3fly due to the rop, governed, ishery. Great le world, risen nice, Holland, erce, and her «• to outstrip closely inter - e two depen- I, to clearly r such humorists they bee beaten i refers to their I). "Since they whereby they take, tliey have ' of 180 tons." ru at Cape Cod. )snoId, was for I a solemn con- iua' settlement, it Cold Harbour, ntages for whale sted they should "ch), a harbour 1 who had been lony despatched furs; one was off the English selling fish and ITork : by Ifil.Q Malaga, and in I Bay Bulls to ENGLISH COLONISATION. q^ tTetr'^^h. T ''t'^Y' :' " ''"^"'^^^ """"''^'y ^ comprehend theirs. The New Englander of to-day is the strongest advocate of tempei^nce and abolition; his Puritan ancestors werf^ustt loud •, tZfwTl 7"' *'" "" '' Newfoundland, to send their'f!:: J to the West Indian negroes, to smuggle, and defy the British navigation InT;, 2T^^Ie b'' *'r"'^"^ "^^"^' -*-«-t-rove?how far he was ahead of the age of monopolies in wh.ch he lived:-" Let there be freedon. s ength and not only freedom from custom but freedom to carry their commodities wherJ they ,„ay make the best of them, except there be some special cause of cauti^,?» Bacon, l.ke lialeigh, preached .ITT:,- the aoetrine of free trade. Bacon" s-t'rongTv advocated settlement in the Colony Sid descnbed . his elegant and glowS Tn i)2 KEIGN OF JAMES I. Kj I like James .-cist the rfroit flattery, the eloquent adulation of nfluele"^: Thf 7 ' ' " T T""'^ ""^ '" *' » ^-' «'-»»"^ innuence that tlie kmi- gfauted the advances and issued the charter cJZ;. "'"' '"" "^'"'"'^' "' «"^'» Newfoundland CoroU: We shall find that all the other patents gianted during this reign for tlie settlement of (tolonies were given to the Court party, personal friends of the monarch. Both Sir Will jam Vaughan and his brother, Lord Carbeny, were -great allies and supporters of the king's political views. The first Lord Falkland was his deputy in Ireland, an honourable and enlightened man, and, strange to relate, a friend of Jr.mes'. Eternal disgrace rests upon our colonisers, Bacon and Baltimore. Bacon — " the widest, brightest, meanest of man- kind," the last English statesman to use the rack and to pervert ,,,,,. . justice, — to please his master used all Ins great nifluence and genius against English liberty and parhamentaxy goyernn.ent, to further the divine right and absolute authority of he kmg. Baltim. re-in private life an andable, enlightened mnn a smcere and honest Catholic-earned his sovereign's gratitude in the Spanrsh marriage question, and as a pariiamentary tool to bribe bully, and argue m the House against the great Coke and the noble' band ot patriots who strove to give England a free Pariiament. Soon after the accession of James the early chaotic period of our history comes to an end. England began at last to give more attention to her ancient Colony. A rude attempt was made to govern and settl the island by means of a Royal chartered company, like the vZ African schemes of our own day. This was pa't of the p icv Elizabeth; Bacon Peckham, Guy, Falkland, and Baltimore were al simply adopting the projects of Raleigh and Gilbert. I have eailed this baneful rule of these ignorant tyrants under the sanation of the Home BACO.V. From an old portrait. I adulation, of eat chaucellor'fs led the charter d Colonisation 1 that all the ranted during ! settlement of n to the Court riends of the Sir William brother, Lord eat allies and dng's iDoJitical LiOrd Falkland 1 Ireland, an ightened man, late, a friend nal disgrace )nisers, iJacon Bacon — ■' the ■anestofman- ish statesman id to pervert ■ his master liberty and ind absolute ', enlightened gratitude in )ol to bribe, id the noble mt. eriod of our )re attention n and settle ■0 the East e policy of I'e were all e cailed this ;ause of the f the Home (( GUY'S COLONY. gg Government ; the century might «!«, be called the colonisation neriod Through ev,l report and good report, amidst the 6.JTm1 cZtZ '^' " "°^' '° ^"p^ ^"™*--. -> -tl. to The story of tl^ formation of Guy', Cobny, called by the founder We find the same individuals who were in Peckham «nr1 O'm. .' company members of Guy's association. Ti, y i:'d b e'^ povenshed by the dismal failure of Gilbert s unfortunate X Lure Z Ralcghs colomsation schemes, that when John Robex.ow, John Guy! and others, were appointed a com- mittee to confer with their London associates, ihey decided that the scheme wms quite feasible, and Avould be profitable and of great value to the kingdom, but a portion of the charges' should be borne by the Government. As far as we can ascertain, this took place in 1607. Undoubtedly the compmiy was the outcome of the various projects put forw.rd by Sir George Peckham and afterward!-, by Sir Philip Sidney and Carlyle, ',, were Walsingham's sons-in-law. It was only by immense Court influence that money was obtained from the Government The nial.yin,pocu„iou.and it took thr " ■^etdtralfd TbC "" ."««ence to get the desired su,»idy ; it'„„st Lve t:!^.^^ 94 REIGN OF JAMES I. i: ! Iv'^luf r^" ^"^ '"? '"' ^'^^ ™^^^^«"* ^«^«"**«« ^PPe'^'-to have only put m a nommal sum. less than £100 each, payable in live vearlv TetuTa:; t" T. t\f'"''' '^ ^"^«" -' his aLiir:^ Twe t r' """''- '^'" ^■"^'^""^^"* '« --yf"" '^"d com- prehensive, It ,8 a far more practical and statesmanlike document than X i4l.t to"t?7fiT '^'^^^ ^'. ""''''' *^ ^'^P^ Bonavista/Xhe pubhc ngl.t to the fishery is specially reserved. Guy's instructions show clearly that the charter was a dishonest attempt to give away to Court favourites land occupied and possessed by English- men long anterior to the grant. After obtaining his title deeds, Guy sailed from Bristol, May 1610, with his brother Philip, his brother- in-law Colston, and thirty-nine persons, in three ships. From the records of Bristol and other sources Ave . 41 , '^'■^ able to ffive a ICX.T2 "™°»»',''f t^'"- P'oeoeding,. They had earefuUy'chosen on: ew withT" '^^ °!f ^^^'"""^'-^ "-*- -re evidently connected w.th tl.e company, and all their arrangements were planned cLarnTt,:-' ''^'"""'^" ^"" "'^ '-"'■ ^"^ --'-'««' •' IN8XBUCX10K8 to JoHN GuY from the Associates of his Company 1610 important for the advancement [of the colonie] ^ ^*" *^"'^ 8KA1 OP JAHE8 I. See appendix to thin chapter. n.«»f .^ '"".'"rtwnate onoiigl, to find this riio«t interoMmg docunient-the instructions from GuyH UHHociates about the manage- ment of the plantation; the paper has been partially burnt, but the principal part of the contents have been preserved.— A i»f. MSS. * Utto _ti., VIII. 5. appear to have ! in live yearly' associates was full and com- locument than .„ or .he .a,.,.p„i,,„ [.„ .e in.f,. ^'od an* wklJl^ jlSuX" fif I rt""*" l-or .he payment of i. „„d to take or .end ,„ BrTu'" T', '!^'^' " ''^ to keop.t in yo„r warehouse, until „„ do Tend fj i, ■ I * '^*'''"» """«"■ doubt not that ships may harbour th™.,lt .^u '," ""' '""'^' '™= f"' ive I'ebruarie seeing out of the Gra„5 sTb 5T '° *«"'■"" i» J»»«ario or tWng jeariy e^rimeuted that yelilL": s"feltT„«l t "" T*"""* " " " buy there 60,000 of ffood drv tiL r.^ '''*'7f remain until December. If you can Bca shore a ships" lading ormas^'^r'"''"'^^ f""' "^"^^ ^^°^«" ^'^'l bring to the reload any ship' that ?„lf Cp ; irbTLnf 'f '''"'^- *° '^ '"^ «* ^^d-- *' nnloade and lay it in your warehouses to b« ' TM""" ""''^ ''^^ ^^^''^ ^'^ «ball a.Mngortobesoldt^,efish:tr^;^L%--r^^^^^^^^ 96 REIGN OF JAMES I. the trade between Bristoll and Newfoundland may be profitable. Wo are in good rehZll '^°" ^""^ Bufflcient cargo there with which the said Hhip shall bo "And if any persons employed in this service shall bo found to be seditious mutmons or in any manner unfit you shall by the next returne of any ship from behaviour ^""""^ *" ^° discharged giving advertisement of their " And for the succession of the principal or head of this enterprize if it should please God to take him away it is thought moete that such per^ion shall succeed mm as the said John Guy shall nominate under his hand writing and for default thereof the successor shalbe there uuto elected by most of votes of the persons that shall survive and if equal votes the lot to be cast whether of them shalbe preferred. And we would have you to assay by all good meanes to [capture] one of the savages of the country and to intreate [him well and] to keepo him and teach him our language that you may after obtayne a safe and free commerce with them which [are] btrong there. " We lenrne that there is found there and no question [femes P] whereby may be gathered that yf workmen experte to [make glass ? were] now sent with you with such forraine simples as the mixture of mettall requireth you might presently rase glase to nevertheless for more certaintie we now forbear onlie would have you send home some of the fearne [le. kelp] dryed and some [that] it may be considered of. " Every ship that resorteth thither to fishing bringeth with them [sawyers PI to make or mend their fishing boates which may well bo supplied [by you wifchl pine boards whereof you shall have plentie when P the saw is set up " Such ashes as you make keep and send to Bristoll that we may have tryall of them and that thereby it may be the [better proved] whether such sope ashes as come out of the Sound may [not be sent from] there home. "And to the end that God mi.y bless this attempt with happy prospects and success you must take order that divine service be publicklie [held] and attentive hearkned unto and that you joino in devout prayers to God that the worship of him may not be neglected that pietie and charitie and sobrietie may dwell amongst us and all swearing and gamming abolished. "You must not forget to search whether there be any trees thereabouts that will afford timber to make caske and be servicable for hoopes we have heard that pjpes have been sometimes made of pine timber and for hoopes young beach will serve. The birch there being large and great as yt is yeeld ? for a neede P stuffe for caske and seing ib is most certaine that oakes are in some places of this country you may peradventure upon search light upon some place where it grow "To make experience cf the nature of the country for sheep were not amis because there want not warme and firtill places and abundance of poules things most requisite for that kind of husbandrie. " The cherrie trees and peare trees and filberd trees by removino^ ind graffincr may prove as good and as large as ours and for the filberds though they are small yet they are good and being gathered when they are ripe may do you some pleasure we would have you send us home a few of them [for in] flanders they buy barkes ladmg with hazoU nuts to make oyle for which [we] do [think that] these will servn as they. octvo _ " [We] require you to have a due regard [to the carrying out] of these our instructions and of all such [as you may in] your discretion judge may anv kinde of way to [turn to the use] and benefit of this enterprize committed to your [care]." These instructions and the letters of Guy, Colston, and Mason indicate a well-considered scheme of colonisation. In this letter of advice GUY'S ARRIVAL AT CUPIDS. We are in good said uhip 8hall be i to be seditions of any ship from isement of their prize if it should jon shall succeed g and for default the persons that shalbe preferred, jture] one of the m and teach him lerce with them 1 P] whereby may 3W sent with you might presently ow forbear onlie nd some , . . ihem [sawyers ?] id [by you with] P- ly have tryall of h sope ashes as ^ prospects and i] and attentive liat the worship etie may dwell hereabouts that lave heard that 3ung beach will 1 needs P stuffe places of this Inhere it grow, were not amis f poules things ig ind graflSng they are small 1 some pleasure hey buy barkes these will serve of these our may any kinde ;o your [care]." and Mason tter of advice I there is a curiouH blending of the nmnt:..! i i theomt; the «agse»tio„« t^ b„v ^ f !™'"' ""'' "•« enth««i«.tio »en,l late cargoes^'f ZTsvZ ^ 1 . "*'" '"""'' ^' '"» ■"•-el nuts on Southern Rivtr Thlnv "" "'L™' "' "^^ ""^ practical p^jects, it resembles Z ^^XT'II r" ''/ ^"^ "" fm^n ccumbers. It is dear, however l,n th " "' """'*'"»" rocommeadations were prepared bv t. * > P*"*"" "'»* "•«»« N— laud and the 11::^^^ ^^^ ^^w all al«ut -ew ho.e in the deep' Bay deVCT^Tk^tT ^ler^l;!;::; CUPIDS. «*er.„e„, who were'h n pa X J « I'T' '""^ ""^ -*»' Carbonear, and the botto,„Tf t' Ctl "' ."f"""" «'-^' h,«e„d „c«k as unsuitable for the flsht" 'rZ ^V""'" ''"'* he for the new Colony was a happy one At the ? p ,"" "' '** Bay de Grave, now known as ClIU^K. t . . "' ""^ '"'<" <>' *arge their waters into (^ntpti:^ ^L'^'fu'ere ° ""'"' "™^ *■»- f^-in the peninsula of Aval, but^ 1!^ TZZ^Z^ 98 W.: i REION OP JAMES I. visto in M Newtoumlland than these beautiful rivern with their lovely wooded banks and smiling fields. ^ At Cupids, Guy built three houses fesides his wharve, stores and flshm« esUbli,h,nent. A fort ninety feet wi.le by a hund^n^d twenty feet lon^ was enclosed by a strong stockade, and a battery was mounted ,v,th three guns. On Southern Eiver they erected „>ills houses and farm buildings ; a considemble quantity of iLi was el S ™d surrounded by stone walls. Early in this century the remains of these bmldm^ were found, together with mill stones, coins, &»■ A paper was ™ad on the subject by Admiral Robinson, brother of our latt Judge S.r Bo-an, before the Royal Geographical Society. There was much d.^nss,on on the subject, but no one identified L rem JnsT tion of a bndge. Happdy we can now have no longer any doubt about r"^!l'r/* '^"^■'^ ''"'"'"S"' »•' ™ ">« B^'Oti we find an account m 1620 of damage to the Company's mills reported by Gov m^. There has been considerable' nii.sni)- prehension regarding the site of Guv's settlement; in most Newfoundland histoids Mosquito Cove is named as the localitv- all doubts about the locality are set at re^t V the English Calendar of State Papers Colontal Series. These volumes have been ot inestimable value to me in preparing thi.s work ; It IS a great misfortune that our own records have not been published in the ad- mirable way General Lefroy has written the Chronicles of Bermuda. The late Sir R. J Pmsent, D.C.L., was for some time engaffed on this work in Ncvfoundland. I hope some one may eventually give the public the benefit of all the labour he has bestowed on our Colonial Calendar. Early in this century a party of settlers proceedmg up Southern River observed at a distance of six or seven miles above the bay the appearance of stone walls rising above the surface ; on removing the sand and alluvial earth they ascertained these to be the remains ot ancient buildings, with oak beams and mill stones sunk in oaken beds; enclosures re- sembling gardens were also traced out, and plants of various kinds not indigenous to the island were growing around ; among the ruins were found different European coins, some of Dutch gold, others of copper. That these were the remains of Guv's buildine Au™,. ifill "'"'«^'"»''« by the Alderman Oovemoi- on the 30th ' The Dreaonen nf ntiir.« .„.ti„_- • . 1,^ M '^'"',P'"f *<-n°e of other settlers is shown by Mason's letters about the curts hauE irt.r t""^"' ""1 '"'*•• •"'' '» Baltimore's Pet I H \^ "servatioa of St. John's and hPrs^n?f^T'' .B"'*™"re mentions num- bers of families in Conception Bay wh^h could not have been Guy's settlers ^ There are several other proofs in the ii?p?\°^'''^ ^'^"'''"«°t of the iolony anlerior to Guy. Baudoin says, in Harbour Grace they told him of a man iho had been nave been the son of an early settler na belonging to the Alderman', cofony There BrisTol-rP " ""^W "«"'"' settlement ?f Jinstols Hope-HarboiT Grac« uutil about " Guy's Laws. obser^-f 'l"f t'''*''' ■'■°'' *^^ fflshermen to Mr. John Guy the Gov'nor of the Colony Krace^of'r?r!f/i?^ ?'! °^'- ^'^ J^^'^^ 1^7 grace ot God of England Scotland Ffran,.o ^^Z^ Tn N«^fo"«- o' ofan%tfs-^ralty^1r"^''''^^'-''^- 5. No person to convert to his own i,rp boates belonging to others without their "on sent except in case of necessitv and thenTo give notice to Admiral- PenaltV £? '° '" PenaUy';-^^""" *° '^^^ ^'^ '-» -oods- 7- ^0 person, at end of voyage to dpstr«„ stage cooke room or flakes tha'tTe hath tffi year used— I'enalty £lo. ^"^""^ 8. Xo master of any ship to receive into his ship any person of ♦h»'^ol>n- ;, /°^*^ already i.laiited hwiw. " „r ..'^^^i ,^¥* are are continued and -;-T" n-7 r ' T "^ ''"'"''' "'' ^^'P '^nv person of^h^'^oHn-^'^A'^'"''* corrupt usage then'-cTfLSoSeSn: tr" """^ •'^" t^'^^ ^/virtue of hI^mSS "^ asmnch as it concerns not S the fishtn^ fh^'^^^ ^*!?' ^'^^J*"' ^P^^^''" ^arrSnder but also the public good if all « ^.i, • ^ ii"® handwntmg of the Governor nffif G 2 100 UEIGN OF JAMES I. CourTV« ''^; '" 'r ""^^ ''''y Hucceedin^ reign. wa« strong in Bacon at it« back was too strongly intronnlu.! in King JanL'/favour ^ he nyured by tins knul of attack. DiBcovering by tl^ King's answer to the.r pet-.ion that the settlers were not to be n.oiested. they «eemto have set some evil-doer to wreck the plantation, for according 1 f'l ' Petition aounst Plantkks, &o. Articleh of Ghikvances MKNTIONEI) in THK Petition op tiik Wehtekn Pohteh Touciiwo those of Plantkrb (.F Newfoundland, Dech. 1618. 1. That those of the Plantacioiis there have put sundrie of the Peticioners from the chiefest places of fflshiiiKe there and disposed ot the same to such as pleased them. 2. That they have taken awaie irreat quantities of salt, casks, boates staires and other provisions there lefte by the IVticioners and converted the same to their own use. T> .■ ?• '^•>a' 'hey have denied and letted the reticioners from takinjf birdes upon the Island of Baocaleau, the flesh of which birds the Peticioners have heretofore used for baite until the ordinarie bait come upon that Coaste 4. That in the chiefest tyme of fllshinire those m the said Plantacion have summoned a Courte of Adminiltie and exacted ffees of trayne and fflshe for not apperinge. 6. That those of the said Plantacion have harbored pirats there and dealt with them which hath beane the meanes to induce thtm to frequent that place to the great prejudice and hmderance of the Peticioners. Answer op the Company op Planters OP Nkwpoundland to Ahtiolks op Grievances of Whstern Portes— Decr. 1618. To 1st Article: That in regard of theire chargeable maintenance of a Colonic on land there all the yeare, it is conceivable to be lawfiil for them the Inhabitants to make choice of their fishing place, and not to leave the benefit thereof to the uncertayne commers thither ; and have not put out anie shippes oat of ame harbours being placed there to fflshe accordinge to their ancient customs. To 2nd Article : They know of no such wrong done to fishermen and suppose none of the Colonic that do inhabit there wiii presume so to do neither do they approve thfrr^ r.f To the 8d Art. : If any )f their O.-, k;., have denied the taking of birds for .^r -r' < -j's baites being a thing altogether unkcow o them here — It shall be order. to ti « contrary. '5]o the 1th Art. ; That none of their Lolome have attempted any such acts but have heard that some of the western partes have done such things to the hurt of the fishermen which they utterly disclaim. To the.Sth Art. : That they have received very great damage by pirates almost to the overthrow of their Colonic as not Iwing ubio to resist them they have come and possessed their houses and taken all their provisions at theire pleasure and carried away such men as pleasecl them and therefore very unlike that they should induce them to come thither, as IS alleged. Uut their coming is to be believed of their friends being some of the western men who are still willing to help them (as it seems to us) with provisions and will make no resistance, tho' they be able to surprize them if they were stronger than they be and therefore we shall humbly desire that some course may be taken for prevention of such mischiefes as by reason of their coming thither may be to further dauRer of our Colonies. And we are desirous to join with the Western menne in this business and also for keepinjr good order in the countrie in the contrarie whereof themselves are guilty for we have caused certain orders to be there published ill His Majestys name which they have not obeyed. "^ Signed .loiiN Slaney, Treasurer. HUMFREY IIaNDFORDE. Hitmfrey Slaney. KOBART GaIRARD. Wm. Payne. Wm. Freeman. Reply of the Petitioners of the Wks- TEUN PORTKS iO THK AnSWEK OF Governors. No privilege given by the Charter to Planters for fishing before others ; if choice of places IS admitted, contrary to common usage, the Peticioners contend that they ouirht rather to have it. Desire that the liberties reserved to them by charter may be confirmed Disolaim committing any abuses in the country and request that the offender may be ^xammed. The Peticioners knowing better how to manage their fishing than the Planters can direct, declare that thov o-f. oU«^~tv.„ unwilling to be ordered by the Planters!^ or to join with them as they desire. woM strong in (unpany, with Raines's favour Kinjj's answer loieHted, they for according y's grint niill Item |)«rte8 have t of the fishermen hey have received tei almoNt to the w not l)einjf abio mo itnil poRKHHed heir proviMJons at way such men as very unlike that come thither, an r is to be believed ) of the western help them (as it i and will make able to Murprize than they be and lesire that some jvention of such ir coming thither >f our ColoDie8. "th the Western ilso for keeping in the contrarie ty for we have there published I they have not :v, Treasurer. [andfokde. LANKY. [RARD. 4N. OF THE WkS- Answer of he Charter to hers; if choice py to common hat they ought it the liberties y be confirmed, buses in the ffender may be nowing better in the Planters Planters, or to i IlKV. E. STOURTOff. jyj Oily was anihitious of civic Jmn,.,,.. i • i ivuui his letters. Ii, the autn...,, ^p *i • , ^^^' '^"^ ^'« '^''i'" N-^t "I.H..K, ..1.2, i,„ r„: I . tTj""' 'r "•""'""' *" ^"''"""■'• CLARKE-8 BEACH. SOITHEK.V RIVE.t. rrom a phofograph by S. H. I'arsoni,, Sr ,^Lit::;„::'r '*'™""-» ->«''™« ^^-.e-ca, .>.„. ri™. P.. E..^ — -L zii!\--:rv:x:t J^ gland ■ler^ry„,u„ permaiu-ntlv si-ttled in Afntoundland, came „ut with Guv , h i ' e.ond voyage. IO12 , he belo„,.ed to ho ecct . w clT ?:,'" 'f' K"gli^l>C'lM.rc.l,, which we !" ■ , /'y"nfft'Iical or Low tl,„rch as ,\U .;;.nshed fro„. the Ritualistic pa v mIo L' -d't ^ :rz ^s; M!::rh^ appears t„ j,..!. i,„.., ^'" -""'y: he sectarv «^A » 7 v. ' ^ "I'lio^v minded bS In Pn ■*'"^'"'''V'^'• "•^^•l-i'^'-'onie busy- came mt, collision with Lord Baltimore • oil priesis M, the new settlement of Ferrvlanrt alfmore banished hin. from ^^.^C^^ Calvert, whose- character for liberuiitv ., 1 enliirhtenm.i.f ,„,„ ;., ,u„- .. "V^™"'> "'"l by .all co„ten;,;;i:a;rh^Ss"'or h"^' i'r hirers'" """ "" "••"• 1U2 REIGN OP JAMES I. Newfoundland. We are told that he took a hundred men from Con- caption Bay. No doubt some of these would be Guy's men The Governor was a merchant, not a fighting nmn, and it is' not surprising timt next year we find him returning home to Bristol. Five years later, lbl8, he had the distniguished honour r : being appointed Mayr.r of the ancient city In this exalted position he greatly distinguished himself as a spirited and independent Chief Magistrate.^ William Colston, his deputy governor, seems to have remained only one year 1613 to 1614. About this time there appears to have bee. a good deal of disorder in the country. Guy, though nominally Governor had no force to execute laws, and it was doubtless from Colston's report on the condition of the Colony that, in 1614, Whitbourne went home to obtain some definite authority to repress disorders. The records of this period are full of information about pirates. Raleigh's captains, on the last voyage before his death, turned privateers or pirates. The respected bir Henry Manering, or Mainwaring, ss a titled robber, judai„g by the accour.t of his actions. The iollowing notice of disor°dert and pirates only extends from 1612 to 1021. I„ the year 1625 the Enghsh fleet suffered still more serious loss from the attacks of sea rovers. The Colony was practically without law or government ; there waa no civil or military force to maintain order amongst a floating population of fifteen to twenty thousand turbulent fishern.en No wonder there were disorders and crimes! The marvel is that 'there rir T\ ^"v ^T '!:' '""'"' ^' '^"*^^^"^y ^y '^' English ships no one could have lived here. There must have been some violent scenes m St. John's m those days. The following Records give us a partial list of the depredations of some of the " erring captains "- Whitbourne's euphonious name for the 'awless privateers and pirates of the age :— V^wfi^^^T^i"®- "^""u' "^ *'^''**'"® P'""^**^' ^i*^ ^^^ <^amage done by them in Newfoundland since the yeare 1612. ^ ^ ™v,r Jt' ^•"'*'' ^'""T ^''°"^^' ^ '^'P' *''°"^ ^^« «f M^y ^ith catjtains and soldiers Tooi. TT^ '° 'tT' "" ^^'^^ ^« ««"-i^d away Vith bTm bS en fZr , T r'^ ^f '" "^'^""^^ °^' "^^*"^"^« ^"d munition to thrvalue o ten thousand four hundred pounds of the goods of the Enelish hP.MpAnn a v men of His Majesty's subjects taken from their honest fade' of fishit f '" being volunteers) but the most enforced to serve .hemm th t%lts f J™?/ The hurt done by said pirates to subjects of French kms bv robbing !,,.? ^ f-^" 25 ships fishing about coasts of ^Tewfonndland amounlfto^^^^^^^^ 'P'?°^ by them to States of the low countries by takingTgrel l^em^h !iaip IS T spoihng voyage of 12 Portugal ships £3.000. ^Thf totaf of Image ^-^^ UHtions by the great Eason and his con^pUces i„ and about £JZ2^jl During Guy's year of office he resisted a requisition for fa.SflO made upon the city to suppress piracy- -cciitendirg tLat £1,000 was enough compared with amounts sub- scribed by London, &c. en from Con- 's rtien. The not sui'prising ve years later, Mayr.i of the lislied himself emained only have beeu a illy Governor, olston's report went home to ecords of this atains, on the The respected Dber, judging of disorders ear 1625 the ;tacks of sea nment; there st a floating heriiien. No is that there English ships some violent predations of aame for the e by them in as and soldiers 1 him besides to the value of des 500 fisher, fishing (many •ses of piracy. ; and spoiling Damage done p £1,000. 3y e done t(^ all wfoandiund — amounts sub- PIRACY AND LAWLESSNESS. 103 NellTndLTttlthtr^^^^^ ,«*^- -P*r« arrived in at the bank another upon the m!ynrof IwWd^ ^^^^ ^^"'^ whereof they commanded car'JterVm^rs^^^^^^^^^^ V' ^^^^°^'" necessaries from fishine fleet aft^r tht I ^^^'^^''^''^ victuals munitions and all and the one first par of alf thdr^^^ „^^^^^^ '1^^^^ "^^^'^'^-^ *^«y take one, their wine and other provtions save Itr hr''^ ! ^""^T^ '^'^^ '^'^ *°°^ all do Grace they took lO^OOO fish Bome of fL ' ""^ ^ ^''""'^ '^'^ ^^ harbour unto them. They to^ a Fre'hTn Vt company of many ships did run away ^r.',>t^7.Ti^7yLiZ\voS':TV''^ '"" °- Captain Bm» an lea. . Jo The, too.Tr tS;:r f.t'':XTf S;:^r r ^^^^^ Guriisey to the value of £200. -Dristoi and a ship of OreltronltlToTt^o ItJ^Lt eSe^t^ ^''''''' ^^ ''^'^ -*"- from Capt. kllaston 4th divers trei ^ttai^wt "^'^t '^'Tt''^''' °°« lading of dry fish which they carried awavlnd sold IfT" ' ^.'^^^"^''^^iP^ ^^^^^ of £3000. More three Bhips^he; took aS "arr Sd w^th f 1" V f'f^ *" ^^'°« Ligorne to value of £2400. One French shrihevw/^'/' ^^'^ '°^^ '""^ was immediately sent home by the GoTefnofo? ptjtaS^, "ye^TJsf of W fit'^' voyage was £600. On first coming pillaged Trench SU/'iS I ^±°^ taxing of fishermen in all the harbours ofVeXrmdCf.f ^T\ ^^'"" amounted to £2000, besides one hundred and t^^^^ejlol^Z ^^^^Z^^jr^J:'^^-^ -^ ^"i^^^es comitted by the "Eight stages in several harbours worth at Icnat i„ i„v. j njaliciously burned by certain English fishers' btittlrn^to"' irtteTair' ot the country, greatly to prejudice of fishing trade, and not punishi,rr^^ gooa laws to be settled there by His Majestic. ' » ^^ not punishable but by " A man slaine in a controversy for ' halinge of a Seyne.' " pertain English fishermen entered aboard a Portugal ship ia the ,i,V»,t • bt^Johns harbour with swords and axes wherewith they cut many of h^f " Great damage done by certain English lieliera to a sato , ;ii «. a built by the planlaoon not to bo repaired tor forty^ll ' ^™' "°'" an;S7r:/:rrrea'=Lt^;iyn;^Sa^^^^^^ " Harbours frequented by English near 40 in number almost <,nnil«^ i. o^.t their balast and presse stones into them. ^^^ ^^ '"'"^'^g " Portugals, French and all other nations frequenting that trada ar« conlormable to good orders than the English fishers." ^ ™'''"« 104 EEIGN OP JAMES I. I Tan^-^^iV^^f """^"'^ "''^ ^^^''^ ^"'^'^ «^ a" appeared on the scene- j£;.sr,rr.- —-.',"5 ;s:i -:r^: Doin colonies. The romantic adventures of thp Tnrii..,. q ^ , • infamous eaptu.. by Hunt, and i,h au^u nt ! ! 'rSmi'' " ™.t to Cupids, „n,:l In. later .ervic. a. friend and a ^:^of he'p X :,: w ^ „ ^^° ^f"**''^ ^^■''^ ''°™ at King's Lynn. Norfolk England; he was an Oxford man and a classical scholar; very earlv in life 1ip Sf *^%^r' ^'^^^^ "' ^6"6 he tn? Tnth Knox, Bishop of the Isles, to reclaim the islanders of the Hebrides. Says an Cl sh admiral: "The Christian world couU not Show a more barbarous, more bloody, or more untamed generation." Mason hud command of two ships of war and two pmnaces, and did his work well, but received DO payment whatever from James, but pro- bably to requite him in some way for his ""* 11 ^T.'^'^f ^* '"' ^"s appointed Governor ot the Newfoundland Plantation. Mason came out to Newfoundland with his wife in • fli ; f°V^'""!°*''' "^ J''"!'^^! 'le explored the Island, made a map, the first Eiiffiish chart from actual survey which approaches toanydegiee of accuracy; he also wrote a Hhort treatise A Brief Discourse of the Neir- foundland published in 1620, and sent to fn'ifioT- ?"u /''''° ^'''''' «f Edinburgh. In 1621, just before Mason's departure from the Island on the pcfition of ,li,ers Scottish adventurers, application was made to tlie King to send two ships of war to Newfound- laud, and to appoint John Mason Kind's Lieutenant in the Island. This appears to have been granted, and Mason also received at tj»e same time a commission from the Lord High Admiral. Sir Ferdinaiulo Gorees havmg been appointed one of tlie Commis- Bioners in England to regulaie the Xe^^foun.l- land fisheries, Mason, on hi. retiuu i„ England in 1621, became acquainted with him and. with Sir William Alexander and le latfp f/" Newfoundland, stirred up the latter, afterwards Earl of Stirling, to obtain a patent for Nova Scotia. In^622 EiXr'^i^r^"' '''^''""^'^ » «hareof New NewHaJn ? ««\e"^eai« later was named Tre™"^'^'; ^r'°" '^'°"™« aftenvarls Sonfh f t ^ ^™y' "°<^ Captaix of South Sea Castle, and Governor of Ports- mouth, England. He died in 1635 and ^m Slre'cte^^f^'f ^^'^ ^'"'^^ ' ^ ">---" was erected to his memory n the ffarrisnn church of Portsmouth in 1874. iC hi° ttf !""' ''".tl'ese particulars to the exce lent memoir of Mason by Charles ^:^?»t^^r"^^^^^^^^^'^^e one^teStSSS^Zj^S' tipn to New England of 1614. and w nmeteen more Indians taken to Malaga and sold as slaves. He was very intelligent and probably, being allowed \sli£v' wandered about the quay at Malaga. Afe; four years of slavery, he met a faptah. of a ship beloDging to Guy's Colony. He w,?' smuggled aboard, and taken to Londm, nnd hen out to Cupids. Here he met Mason aSd ir. 1 * , .^'^"'■"ando took in New England u'ought luni home to Plymouth. From here lie M-t;nt out with Dern.er on one of Go S bEf r n*' ^'^ .^"^'^"'l- He was K b(. hind by Dermer in his native land. ^^ hen the Pilgrim Fathers arrived thov were fl.,ou,-,hed at being accosled'by an Indian who spoke good English. Squanfum was the lifelong friend and ally ^ of e will. I MASON'S DISCOUKSE. i on tlie scene — aible man — the State of New . Mason made ied on the fish iyed part of the fig the settlers' to the king by 's residence in ct manner the dland and the and fishery in Squantum, his ■ in Spain, iiis jf the Pilgrim e true story of indland, stirred up III of Stirling, to Scotia. In iC22, i a share of New i later was named )ecame aftenvaris and Captaix of ivernor of Ports- in 1635 and was 5ey; a monument Y in the garrison 1874. I am in- Jliculars to the son by Charles bed by the Prince by Thomas Hunt, ns in the expedi- 1614, and with n to Malaga and very intelligent, ced his liberty, t Malaga. After let a captain of 'Olouy. He was to London, and B met Mason and of the great in- n New England, ith. From there 1 one of Gorges' d. He was left ve land. ers nrrived. they iccosled by an lish. Squantum id ally of the 105 Mason's tract on NewfoundUuid is a very quaint and valuable work • Scott of Scots rarvet. Edmburgh, to whom he had also written in 1617 Fleec ' "if hi "' '''^''' ^? ^""' ""'^^ ''^'' ^" ^^"g^^-'« " Golden J^leece. It, however, was made in 1617. The letter is directed :- DirletortomstVrV^^^^^^^^ T' "' f^**-*-^-*^. - Scotland.' Edenborough."' ^ Chaacery there at his house ou the Oawsy of conttn^^ :-'"'' '" ^'^ "'""^ '^"'"^"^^'^ '' '^'^ ^^^>- - «-ernor, he the?oX:Xf"'ht'laud-':uKH!:;*t '''* ^.f' r'^^'' ^ ^^^^^ last to discover to a snmll new gallc. of 15 Cnes^ ^ ^''''^ myselfe with' former) we sS Ih tJ! LTA Is rindia'T T^. '°°'*^"" °"'^^ ^^^^"^^ '-* -« to trade and thereafter Zrgie.Sfat^^^^^^^ -untry with whon.I propose T.n..wwii, produce ^on:::^v ^::^,z '::::^^^r rtiifvt tymo I rest and shall remayne Tuns, dun. suns. John Mason. The tract is entitled — A BRIEPE DISCOURSE Of the New-found-land with the situation, temperature, anil commodities thereof, Inciting: our nation to goe forward hi that hop -fall plantation begunne. cire tnn m nihil est, ni site scire noc sciat alter. A. H. EDIMBURGH. 'Printed by Andro Hart. 1620. Colonists. He taught them how to plant Indian corn, and to use fisli manure to make It grow we 1. He was (heir guide, philo- sopher, and friend; clothed in an old soldier's uiiitorm, fequantum's heart swelled with im- portance ; he made his fellow countrymen believe that, from close association with the white men he had gained the control of disease and death ; that he could bring Jliem out of sickness, or bury them It This remarkable Indian spoke three languages, and had embraced four reli.rion! first hi. natlA-e heathenism; secondly, the geniHl friiu's m Malaga (in my experience the kmdliest Chnstians in the wokD^nade him a good Cathoic; Mi.tress Anne Mason con- ver ed him into a sound High Churchman • finally the Brownists captured hVm hi h"; request was for Goyernor Bradford to pray for him that " he might goe to ve EnffbM, man's God in heaven." ^ J^ngHsh- fnll 3^^ ^'"■''' P"'' ""^ Bradford's history is full of Squantum and his services to the Pi grims i with his death the Indian trade forThe time ceased When he died, in 1622? he was most sincerely lamented. Go'vernor Bradford says his useful services to the infant settlemen entitle him l„ grateful remembrance I am indebted to my friend James Phinney Baxter, B.A.. for this note. 'The full address : — "Deliver theis,— " ^^ •Jf'^j'-e Moyses Slaney to renaire ^heRequ.ts^4z..t:u:it'S;^ of h.m conyeiance for this letter accordingly '^ to forward a letter in those days. 103 REIGN OP JAMES I. 4' i laucf T.At"',- ''' l'"" «'"''' '"" S^^S^-'P''""" P««i«on "f Newfound- iauci , next the chiiiate. He says : ''It is fruitfull enough both of sommer and winter corne ^h. f This is not in the least exaggerated. Sir Terence 0' Brien K C M « K.own by Mr, Eoss, Grove Farm, showed splendid grain. Barlev rve and oate are r.pened every year in Newfoundland by our f^l Splendid wheat has been g^-own over an,l over again ; the price ofTuT however, IS so low that there is no inducement d grow it. Garden vegetables, peas, bean,, cauliflower, &c., are grown to perfection mason's MAP.l From Vaughan's Golden Fleece, i6is. says"-'''''""*'"" °* "" *"'' '™'' '' "''" '='>"■«='• O' *« fishery he atomdnncedryoushoaicsTtolaT™,.! *^ ■ lorme and oating and such and cods so thike W the hl,^ Z t» 1° 'r«r"l """^ ""« "< ^"'"-""i. throng,, then,. I have'kffled o7 he^^Uh T^^l "orLf/V"" '° -"'^' " '"""» boat,ithso™e on shoare ^o .r^>^ .Jl^ tX'^X^^ZT^lZZ^ I A close examination of this map shows that It was not constructed by Mason, all its features being traceable in much older maps, the only contribution of Mason being "the great Lake or Sea"— Fortune Bay, which he probably saw from gome hill in Piacentia lay on one of his exploring expeS'io, Ihe map belongs to the Anglo-DutcTgroup and IS mainly of French origin. ^ ^' i of Newfound- • . . wheate, rye, rell and as timely >rien, K.C.M.G., he return crop, • Barlej', rye, y our farmers. price of flour, »w it. Garden jction. he fishery he [ood quantity, ting and such e of Salmond, 3 rowe a boate en to sea in a ill commonlie 11 in Placentia ig expeditious. Q-Duteh group, AIASON'S DISCOUESE. 107 Anl^'hethld^r''' "°'*^' r*i *^° °y'« ^"^^'^^ f-- t»»«™. 100 or 120 pound. worth 17 or 18 thot'S ".T f'T v'"^' f ^''^"^ '''^'"^ '^ ^^^^^ "^ *^^ -™ abounding *^°"«*^* P«"nds. Juhe and so till Norember hath Macrill in bur otTn r*;' ^r"^"' ^"■'"* ^^ *^° °f«"^«- August hath great laTeCods drr::u^rtn^tr;r -^ *'^ «-"-.-^i°^ -tinueth. Lh so.^:ss He notes the four advantages that Newfoundland possesses .— Ist. The nearenes to our owne 'e or Good Ffortlne^x Crookhaven in Ireland. In the report of hi chum to the Admiralty about the ship, which was 100 tons, « she was cominuallie imploye toie Mr. VVyen needs not make an- scruple to proceed legallye to a condemnation." It appears the Admiralty case came before the Rreat Sir John Eliot, Vice Admiral of Devon W,r> distinguished himself by the capture of p.rate.s especially one Xutt; this corsair had overful riends at Court, and, at his suit, Jiliot was imprisoned. arall sight in the ray malicious and J Q-OD and good dispoile it of the isideration thereof 39ent, but like to crease, which God »-a. Admiralty to he seized in ire of a 8allee 'for their piracies, nd the said Com- •ossessiou of such a moiety of their irahy & the other urt of Admiralty . 1620.' Eliz. 1590. s /. §• Charles I. id a Sallee pirate ''■rnod Ffortime at tlie report of his i the ship, wliich uuallie imployed iares, and their- ake au; scruple ideinnation." It came before the Imiral of Devon. >■ the capture of this corsair had ind, at his suit, THE SIX COLONIES. j^g Mason. like Guy, was young, restless, and ambitious ; his httle book Mglancl in 1021 lie found his services in /cauisition ■ B„„i,- u wanted ,i capable, reliable man as Treasurer f„;TrN ' ,^"*'"S'""" Newfoundland lost a ruler under Zse "tLntlr?' 1- " P""' W destinies might have been <>on>pZirhZeT^ZT '""! M^tress Anne Mason, a High ChufchwoL^ umc^^^'^h?^^^^^^^ Covernor; she found Cupids and the longpreachincof Fr!! '"'5""™' rather dull, and longed Ir a Hvelier SeneeTntL^rEvertt £:Cert'L:Ls:d^ - «™-™--^ -^ -tineifert a Dr. Meadus and Lord and Lady Conway, about a pu Sa seof part t the,r grant. On June 2rth, 1628, Dr. Meadus wrices'to 1^^ cLZ .^l part wXr^Stir^VjZ 're/'trG'"""''"?""""-'^ ^-'" co„«nt». Hope, of mine, of iron ^d silvM £ n1? Tj"". °^ "■" "kofe land, flBbing, furs and sai-saparilh." NewfoandUnd i present proflt by abandoned Newfoundland. tI is sLr:!, h^lt:! ^Zt^r """' All writers on Newfoundland historv excent r-bi.f t ,■ r, seem to have gone entirely astray ,m the s b^ee of f," •™"' colonisation companies in thfreigns'of Jan^^ anX. , /IT of the records and various writer, would b«„» i I '"^ different projects were to-nded ^r^XX" e^^ed ^-t" Howley ..peaks of the Alderman's Colonv havil K. ? "''"P ten or twelve yea.-s previous t , Lord Zt ? , """""doned some l»nd.andtheI^v.Dr' M Ztyll ^"1" ""'"T' '" ^"'^■ of Guys settlement." EvidentlJt^^UrTunaC:;^"'"^™* the books of M..on, Hayman, 'and Vaul^r:: hif snbUt'l"" "' f gives distinctly the boundaries of Baltiinore's Ln-ant TK p ^ '' Harvey says Lord Baltimore obtained TIitT ,, f f'^' ^'^ '"• peninsula of Newfoundland Wtween -^Vt^lZTtZ > It was in Mason's house Buckiuffham was stabbed by Felton. "^-Kiugnam "Robert Hayman, a poet of the Quiglev and Swanborough type, in 1628 thus ad- dressed her: — " To all those worthy women who have any desire to hve in Newfoundland specially to the modest and discreet gentlewoman Mistress Mason wife to Captaine^Ma^n X hved there divers yeeres: '"u who I "Sweet creatures, did you truly underetand Ihe pleasant life you'd live in Xewfound- ' weatC'"^"'''"" ^"' '■'"^^* "'-'l' f-'-e Q'^odlibets i\62S), 11. Bk. p. 31. no REIGN OF JAMES I. If 'IS if If ju»fl«»«t« „rant apphe, to the whole penhaula of Avalon, and this is the oo,„mo„ op.„,o„ of neari,- all IJslorians." Rieha4o„, he IL t contendmg that Baltimore obtained the whole Island. Then Z^ZZ in Nfrfo"",, r^" ""' ^*"™°™ -W'"»l'«Uhe Catholic reh^l in ^ewfo^ndland-a pure Action. His further statements (p 80) tiZ Guys Colony "failed through the incurs of the India, s^ and la fo'treZ";:::: rr-^ '- '^" ^- -'■ ^- --^ « All the time there was extant and well known. Baltimore's irrant couC to Lord Fa,r V n *'' "^^"^"^^ ^' ^^"^^^ ^^^^^-^^ - thl countij to Lod Falkland s Company, a bogus concern that fell flat on the market ; its prospectus will be given later on errol^'No'titran'"' 'i ''"' "" ^'^^ "^*^"^''^ '^ — ^ these errors, ^o less than six colomes existed in Newfoundland during the i-eign of James I. Guy's, the parent Colony; "Bristol's flope," an offshoot from Guy's at Harbour Grace; a distinct Colony of St. John's, extend- ing south ftom Cape St. Francis to Petty Harbour, and to the present Holyrood; Vaughan's Colony, with head-quartei-sat Trepassey ; Falkland's comprising part of Trinity Bay, called North Falkland and South Falkland, between Renews and Aquaforte ; and lastly, Baltimore's Plantation. The exact division of Baltinmre's grant is given, and it will be seen from these minute boundaries, how small a portion of Avalon he really pos- sessed. Though Guy had a large nomnial grant, the territory in his actual possession M'as very limited, and is desci'ibed in Baltimore's bound.s. The sale to Sir William «s part Of the peninsula of A^.^^: ^"1 1,2: ^^S Race, extending across to Placentia Bay. ^' Sir William Vaughan, D.C.L.-a brother of Lord Carberry celebrated as the host of Jeremy Taylor, at Golden Grove, CarmaHCSl- g>«(iatt«i« 2 <^»r SKBTCn JIAP OF THE SIX COIOXIES. » I says Baltimore's and this is the )n, he quotes as Then his Lord- Oat holic religion 3nts (p. 80), that lians," and that entirely opposed altimore's grant butes the largo catholics in this that fell flat on 3 correct these and during the uy's, the parent pe," an offshoot JOur Grace; a John's, extend- St. Francis to to the present Colony, with sey; Falkland's ity Bay, called outh Falkland, iquaf'orte; and irttation. The tiniore's grant be seen from es, how small he really pos- had a large i-ritory in his very limited, I Baltimore's Sir William Liy's Company )our and Cape :'ry, celebrated artlienshire — f SIR W. VAUGHAN. jj^ colchos, ana Golde,, Oi-ove „ftci- their ancient seat, and " Vau..han'« (-ve, „« we may ,ee it ,„arl^ ^"gh Ii2 BEIGN OF JAMES I Whitl)ourne gives a sorry descnption of V.^uylmn's colonists :-- vlanZZnT'"'^^ ^ ^T "^r ^y '"'■" *"*^ '^"°^^" ^y ••''Pe'-ionco that the desired which people 7 art"" "f, P'^^^'" '7/^"- "^' '^ «-unto fro.u the Patentees" whch peop e 1, ul remamed there a whole yeere before I ca.ue theare or knew anv or them and never applied therunelTe^ to any commendable thing, no not so much as t<, make themselvc. a hou.se to lodge in. bnt lay in such cold and simple r^Z he vZbT" r' ««'— '»'«d f'-merly built there for their neccH L^yo . " ™ the }eere before those men arrived there." i-cu«ion.s These wretched e,nigrant,s appear to have ruine^l poor Vaughan : insteaa of looking after their work and .superintending their labours the learned Sir William was busy preparinghis fantastic work.« ; friends in England advised him that the best chance for selling his books was to give them curiou.'? titles, thus we have his " Newlander's Cure " and his " Golden Fleece," most extraordinary medleys about religion, medicine, and coloni- sation. King James appears to have been generous and kind to this remarkable exile, a great scholar and most aUsurd pedant, after the king's own heart. A grant was made to him in his extreme need, and partly at his instance, in 1623, two men of war were sent out to convoy the Xewfoundland fleet home. The names given by Vaughan and Lord Falkland to the southern shore have entirely disappeared ; all the other official colonisation schemes from Bacon to Baltimore and Kirke, failed. They had elaborate charters prepared m the chambers of kings: princes and potentates lent the weight of their names and dignity to these great state documents ; they offered court barons, court leet, and territorial aggrandisement to their associates ; later on they had those remarkable dignitaries, the Nova bcotia Baronets ; all these fantastic titles and aristocratic forms the devices of principalities and powers, faded and died away in the 'rude free air of the Colonies. None of the great patentees, from Gilbert to Baltimore, exercised the least permanent influence on the history of .he Colony, least of all Baltimore: he c«mc and stayed an uneasy BALTIMORE ARMS. JVo»» JViimr's iV. <& C. H. of America. lonists : — } thut tho desired i I found thore in u thf! Patonteos, eare or knew tiny ;, no not so mudi id siraplo rooms icuHsary occusions oor Vaughfin : ir labours tho inter ica. home. 'he southern tion schemes, rate charters tes lent the ments; they lent to their 1, the Nova i forms, the in the rude 1 Gilbert to history of an uneasy I LORD BALTIMORE. j,,, discontented stay of two seasons ; all his company of foxty pex-Hons left the colony together, and then his Lordship Ld his seu.fna'y pHe t ' and h.s noble x-etmue and his Welsh colonists vanish fronx our annals Ihere has been much acrimonious discussion about Calvert's char- acter ; on one side he is lauded as a saint, whilst some extreme writers have denounced him as a bigot. With his bastard son ho can hardly b set down as a saxnt, but he wn.s far ahead of his age in enlightenment his rehgxon was rea and sincere; his zeal for the Catholic faith was' genume and honest, it was opposed to all his worldly interests. private hfe, m pubhc affairs Baltimore was a weak nxan ; in Parlia" ment he prostituted his talents for Court favour ; he was undoubt d I brave and an enthusiastic pioneer unciouDtedly in colonisation, but the rude life and i-ough winds of Avalon were morally and physically too strong for him ; ho was neither an epoch maker nor an empire founder, sin)ply an honest religious Cavalier.' The treatujcnt of his son by the Stuarts, whom the father had so loyally and abjectly served, is one of the most treacherous and dis- honourable acts of Charles I. St. John's and the neighbour- hood, from Petty Harbour on the south around by Cape St. Francis to Holyrood, Conception Bay, was the first settled part of the Island ; from the very earliest times St. John's was the capital, the metro- polis and head-quarters of the great fishery and excliange carried on in Newfoundland ; the rendezvous for tees, but by lu r,l-,vo,king huraHe settlors fmm the West of Enslaad • oppressed l.y the l,arsh law, of the Stuarts, and persecuted by the' «.«;i''Blu£",^T£J'S?.lr *5»' *■»""■?'*/»» *..«>,„/ Archue,-Bo„i. of FIHST LORD BALTIMORE. From Winso,''s .V. .f c. H. of America. 114 REIGN OF JAMES I. western H.lvo.iturens. tliey clung with sturdy tenacity to the land th.y had made thoir Lome. From the very earliest times they carried on a rude kind of agriculture, raised vegetahles. and reared cattle anW „tr„o,.,li,uu,. tin,,,. Have b»c„ done in ,„„,1„,.„ ti„„„ i„ „,„ a wn. o>.«d,„,„o than Wl,itl.,u™u', Vico-A.l.niralty cJh '^ his ."tieT'i; hm'T ";;■ '7 :■'' ""■ '''"'"'"^- """■ «■'■•'""■■• '■> ""'s™'/ o u ^^ 1,1 .'"r™™«"; '»' *»"" »«. i" l.i» „«.n iniM,it,.W.. way, tl.o .csult „f ln« ,„,I,eud r,„„„l of lectures t,, the vvil.l ,,,vo,» 1 Ling low, * Mam,' if jou is afternoon." ri/, Quebec MSS. BXETER. From Speed's Prospect, i6io, uiTtZf? !!"" n"'""' "" "" ^''--f°™J'«-l tmae; no .lonbt b have t , V '"""""• '""' '■■^"I""''- '""1 «" P™"i»«d to «h!::"::i™- ^"■■■"^ '"» -* *™ - '"- ^-^ ^i-*- -.,. WJiitbourne tells us : TictuirandtanurwHrn"* '^^ t,"*" '" ^'^^ ''*^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^-k being TrinuVSumlav T f .^ f " T • ''"^'r * "'^ °^™ «^^^=<^ • ^'^ *l^° ^th June Holy and IndLi %' T f ^ '"^ ^"'"^^ ^'"■^°"" '^"'^ *1^«''« i'^ tJ^« ^^^- -' the masLsof h E gSL^^^^^^^^^^ *''="1'^^'^ ^^^*- «^ -^ commission the Admiralty in%oufMaiestv'«nr^!r^:'"^^ '° ^'="° *" ^^^'^ *^° fi''^*^ Court of 7 m your Majesty s name that ever waa as I believe holden in that H 2 116 REIGN OF JAMES I. course of law as the tenour of my commission did warrant me therein- also in other Harbonrs of the said Coast I did the like." ' ' Having carefully inquired into the disorders committed on the coast, the masters of one hundred and seventy English ships " delivered to the Court, under their hands and seals, their presentments." which in turn Whitbourne transferred to the High Court of Admiralty. These presentments are summarised under twelve heads ; the most important were : — " Non-observance of the Sabbath Day. '' Injury to the Harbours by casting into them large stones. ^^ Destroying fishing stages and huts. " Monopoly of convenient space. " Entering the service of other countries. " Burning woods. '• And lastly Idleness parent of all evils." ' The masters who put their presentments on record declared that these disorders should cease. Thus ended this legal farce. It is to be hoped old Whitbourne got through his cases in what an old bailiff used to call a "summinaiy " manner, so as to enable him and his crew to get a load of fish when he threw off the burthen of his judicial dignity. *' Whitbourne is the Captain John Smith of our colonial history • like his great prototype-the most picturesque figure in the annals of Virgmia-he was a devout High Churchman, an utter despiser of Brownists, Puritans, and all other new-fangled religions, a sound high- hearted Englishman, devoted to his country and her ancient Colony ■ like Smith he was everything by turns-sailor, traveller, author iud^e and colonial governor; in his last years we can fancy the fine old mariner sitting in his pleasant cottage at Exmouth. within sound of the sea he loved so well, writing with his crabbed old hand :— " A relation of the Newfoundland with a more ample discovery of that Countrv than euer was yet set foorth to the open viewe, together with the B,Se or such Presentments as were there taken to use of your Majestic, by ver ^e of a wSre.- " '"' ^""' ^'^'^ °' *'^ ^'^'^^''^^ directed'to'me ^^cW He concludes his work with an eloquent appeal to the King :— " And these excellent benefits distribute themselues. between your Maiestin and your Subxects: your Highnesse part will be the Honour of the lotion Ue accesse of Territory, increase of strength and power, aduantage against on^I^ Princes augmentation of Eeuenew. and ease of your'Maiesties'^KinSomes & IheSubiects part will be the bettering and secnrin.. of their Tr.dfrrH of themselues ; reliefe of other Trades ; and a meanes "of further DiscoueHes. ^^'^ ' WniTBOirHNK's Discourse. rein according to therein; also in initted on the lips " delivered ents," which in liralty. These most important WHITBOURNE'S DISCOURSE. declared that 26. It is to be an old bailiff and his crew )f his judicial history; like ;he annals of 'V despiser of a sound high- cient Colony ; author, judge, the fine old sound of the of that Country the Briefes or by vertne of a to me Eichurd King : — your Maicstio he Action ; the against other ^ingdomes, &c. "do; inriehixig 3CouerieB. 117 neithlirsirt^it\rJ^^^^^ -r."^ ''' °*^--*^^' from your Subiects; your H Xesse nroL^r^rK "'f"'" ^''''^' JOur Maiestie wealth, your Maiesties riches P'^^^P^"*^^ t)emg their happinesse ; and their Mai^I'rpSLXtt tt*;';^^^^^^ ^-^ -- ''oen your meanes onely. the poor'e rnl^ZTnlTlStlntsTZt P '' V '"' '^ ''"^^ brought to the knowledge of God and n Zni u !f I * Countrey may be not a thing impossible, but that from tho" lenl; hl^""'''"^ ^ ^"^ '' '' made in New-found-land rII ty.. 1 tnose slender begmnings which may bee andthecountrrfcuauVp s essedirtLt^^^^ ''^^^^-^ *^- ?>--! New-found-land. are so spac Z as all EuSn"f. ^7°'' ""^ '' *^« °°^'^ °^ worship of God. ^ ^"'^''P^^ ""^y be conuerted to the true promis'n^r ;:;ur*'ii:£^ri: ^z'::\c,TfT ^^^^^^^' -^ - which must needs be a perpetuaU Honour to ^^"""^t"^' ^^''^Se, or vsurpation. ages; neither will it be an Honn„. , . ^''''' ^"'''""' '" «" succeeding to the State, by a new^cTess^TL^tfon ° i3 5!^'"^' '^' ^ ^«-fi' bis Territories by a more easie and m" e iu.t m ane" 1„ '"lb" '*"• '""""l^' rlbS/^ '''-'''-''' ^^ ^-^ ^^^-- arXr^e^irsT^'bl to^'£:otonS:ZlrZTloZ^^^^^^ -^^to lend your care the furtherance therein. tiel'^l^ontTr^Zl^ ""f^'P'^^'^'^^' *nd vouchsafe to do seruice to your M^ies irand "ur Srmts iT'"/' '"' ^^^'^'^^ ^^-'-^^ humbly beseeching your Highnesse boVb fn 7 \ f**"" °° °^y ^nees; most intent, as also to pLonm7ioldZ!l„°? °"'P °^ "^^ ^°"est and zealou. bath euer been m^y rZZn^^ZTZtrZtZlT^^^ ''' 1"' ^-^^ ^ to deserue, or giue cause of reproach • nnrl t« = k- 'f '^•^f" °^ pouerty, than iustly the manifold dangers Lreof ther.bv f. °* *" *^^ ^"^^^ ^^ "^^ "fe. and both to your Maifstfe. and tV^ couX^ ' profitable^ member, which onely cause I haue advTnt^ ed to'^pub islThirmv"'^ ''"f '"f"' ''' Discourse, whereunto my very conscience hlTTt '^'' .^^^ «™PJ^ and plaine forbearetosolliciteme. «o°«"«nce hath a long time, and still doth not ^^^^^^^eTt^^z:: sihir' ' '-^z *^ *^« p^-- ^^ if I haue either been tediouJ orany other Iv « ""' ^"^ ^^'"^^^^^ ^^^e^eof. to my want of learning- and so thoLh n^ K ^ offensme, it is to be imputed curiosities, yet I hope /haue suL en" finfo^r^^^^^^ ^'''^^^ -- --'« God to incline their affections to tZ wt . mdgements; and beseech businesse, as this ap^areth to be '"'*^'^^"^« '' «« Pi««« ^nd so profitable a ^^^^^'::l:::^2i2Z'ii^^^^^ r ^^^••^? ^^^^-^ *° ^«- this intended plantation. ^ Countrey. and a zealous wellwisher to „ " I^ICIUBD WhITBOUBNE."' With a twinkle in his humorous old eve I.p iaU. v x, "mosquitos":— ^ '^^"^ "« of the peo;iIta?L?rthl"N:;L\^^^^^^^^ ^^^ loytenn^ tbey and any such lying la.lyTrrpi^^Tn tj ^^l^^^^^ ' Whitbodrne's Discourse. 118 REIGN OF JAMES I. neither wUthev" ' *^'" '"^ ^"■^^'"* "^" ^^« *° ^-^«* '^ «^-° ^or debt ; neither wil they leave st.ngmg or sucking out the blood of such sluggards until . ke a beadle they bnng him to his Master, where hee should laboufTt wh ch t.meof loytenng those flies will so brand such idle persons in their faces that thev , may be known from others as the Turks doe their slaves." ' ^ Whitbourne's book. M-ith its quaint conceits, took the fancy of King James himself a " Royall and noble Author"; he gave him the sole right of pnntmg and selling it for twenty-one years, and orders were sent to the archbishops for its distribution in every parish in the kingdom. Our auth(a- seems to have made some profit out of his work as there were no less than seven editions of the book published between 1G21 and 1623. The last we hear of old Sir Ricliard is a petition to the Stuarts for a small post under the Crown as inspector of provisions for the merchant ships ; he asks — • 1 ^'' ^f ,*'V°'^^'i *° superintend the orderly salting and preserving of victuals he mi W of "^°' 'f f ""T^' *'^ *^°^^^^« «"^ well bree^ng of bea^ and lo long ei;T^^^^^^ '''''' '^^ *'« «^-- ^" -^-^ ^-^^ of employment h; has had He also prays to be appointed superintendent of one of the western I orts, or to get command of a ship ; he proposes a method, at no chargo to His Majesty or to His Majesty's subjects, for keeping two men of wt-.r P!""""""' ^""^ '^^ protection of the Newfoundland fishery Whitbourne s relations belonged to Widdecome, in Devon, where many yeomen of his kith and kin lie buried. There is no n.onument to mark the last resting place of the poor old battered and decayed Elizabethan hero, our constant ally and friend. Sir Richard Whitbourne.^ Lord Falkland, the nominal head of the Dublin Company for colonising Newfoundland, must not be confounded with his son, the ' Whitbourne's Discourse. = 1626, November 10, in a Petition to the Duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Charles I. (contained in the Calendar of State Papers), AVhitbourne states : " A traveller and adventurer into foreign countries at 15 .years of ago, he was captain of a good ship of his own in 1588, and rendered good service; has often been greatly wronged by pirates in Newfoundland, where he was subsequently employed, by commission, for the reformation of abuses yearly committed there, and other special affairs on that coast; wrote a large discourse, which was presented to King .lames, and ordered to be printed and distributed in every parish rhrougiiout England, to show the benefits of settling a plantation there. Has been twice to that country to help advance a Vlantation undertaken by Lord Falkland • encloses a certificate of his good service^ and losses." Whitbourne was probably knighted tv.r his " Large Discourse " and his services in the Armada fight, which he states " is to be seen recorded in the liook at Whitehall " tor this sturdy old sailor every Newfound- lander should feel a deep affection. His \o\e for our island was wonderful ; through good report and -ivil report he always stood by us ■ his description of the Colony is in the main a (rue report, and agrees with conteniporarv accounts of Pe-kham, Mason, Vaughan, Hayes, &c. ; he threw in a few wonderful tales, such as the " ilarmaide " and the " Mosquito.' to tickle the ears of the giound- Imgs The Hon. R. Bond did suitable respect !■) the memory of the old "Worthy of Devon, by naming our first important railway junction " Whitbourne." it a man for debt ; sluggards, untill labour ; in which r faces, that they ! fancy of King 3 him the sole nd orders were parish in the at of his work, lOok published the Stuarts for isions for the irving of victuals t bcare, and also meut he has had of the western 1, at no charge g two men of dland fishery. I, where many ment to mark d Elizabethan Company for his son, the his good serviceis ibly knighted fcir id his services iu states "is to be i at Whitehall." every Newfound- Pection. His love il ; through good ^ays stood by us ; y is in the main a th contemporary [ason, Vaiighan, a few wonderful maide " and the s of the giound- 1 suitable respect Id "Worthy of first important ac." LORD FALKLAND. 119 1 ^tingmshed patriot and hero of the Civil War. Falkland's colonisation scheme embraced a settlement between Baltimore's and Vaughan's colony It extended s:x mdes wide from a straight line drawn halfway between Aquafore and Fermeuse to Placentia Bay, and a similar liL d Iw v/est on the southern boundary. Henry Cary the first Lord Falkland, was made Lord Deputy of Ire- land by James L ; he was a man of considerable literary abili v, and took a deep mterest m schemes for colonising America ; the organisUion of 1^ colony was earned out by his associates ; he appears to have taken very httle active pnrt m the company. The colonists were like the uncivilized Welsh brought out by Wynne ; it was the custom of the age to capture men for all kinds of service, and in all probability Vaughan's settlei-s and Falkland's colonists were .simply coiTalled like so many cattle, and sent out to the new settlement. There was no practical farmer to teach them how to clear the land ; they were gi-een hands, and no use at the fishery ; it is no marvel, therefore, to find, after reading Whitbourne's account of their idleness, and Hayman's description of their management,' and the dishonesty of agents like Wynne and Powell, that they were failures; these causes, combined with the want of a practical, energetic,' experienced man at the head of aflfairs, fully explains why these aristocratic schemes to colonise Newfoundland did not succeed. We eanndmire the enthusiasm that set them on foot, the eloquent language with which they wore recommended to the public ; the colonies were settled by poor hard- workmg fearless men, not by these courtiers and enthusiastic writers or the poor slaves they sent out to people the New World Not a vestige of these colonies now remain; all the fantastic names of New lalkland, Cambnol Colchos, Vaughan's Cove, Brittaniola, &c., with the one exception of Baltimore's Avalon, have disappeared from the maps and there is not a Welsh family remaining on the whole southern shon' ot ^ewfoundland, except the honoured family of Williams of Bav Bulls. -^ Lord Falkland's proposals were printed in a book entitled :— "A short discourse of the New-found-land contavning diverse reason, n., i inducementH for the planting of that countrey. " "'"^ in th7s:id ptntl^ti^ "*"''*^"^" °'^" ^"^^ *« ^^^" '^ -"-^ *« ^« -'Iventurer. " Dublin : Printed by the Societie of Stationers MDO.XXIII. PIRST lORD FALKLAND. From an engraving after H'^rding, 120 REIGN OP JAMES I. h ' nf t" T° T ?'*''* H<,n Henrj Lo. Gary Viscount Falkland Lo. Deputie Generall of 4i;nd "' ^" ''*^"''" "'°^' "''"""^^^^^ P"^- CouncelUn the Zlme •• My Lord, "I present .rith the view of your judicious censure the short Discourse or rather an abstract of a dscourse intended only as a satisfcction unto such as"!y be willing to joyne with your Lordship in so noble a designe as is the nlantaHnn nf the New oundland, wherein it is not to be doubted but Tat 1 ^t , fXw Tour Lordship s 8 epps m bo honourable a worke especially in the Kingdome wheTe the name of a Plantation is so farre from being a stranger as it hath been the orSnall cause from whence very many have derived tl,eir happinesse. I cannot deemrbut that the weake handling of this discourse l>etter beseemes the poor demonsSatln of my zeale to your Lordship's service than any possibility to comD^Zn^ tJ" worthmesse of the action within the compasse of a bare relatfon '"'"P'"^'"*^ *^« " Reasons for planting-it is for the Honour of God and the Kinc • that P«r* "Condition, we. thai any one paying em is lo have half a Harlranr on Ih. ^^of tn"/ ^Z%^' °:? Slage, Boon, in Fermenae or BeStra^riW acres 01 lana. ±or iJ^OO a whole Harbour in Trinitv Tiav Anm „«- i.i. « Trinity Harbour, and stage room for 2 Rooms arReLws^JTerru'e"^^^^^^^ amounts paid, to obtain benefits proportionably." ermeuse. Other The pamphlet is very well written. Sir Francis Tanfield, who figures m Guy s Company, was appointed governor; it appears he never came out to his kingdom, and the whole scheme fell through. In the latter part of James I.'s reign a very im- portant point about fishery rights in the plantations began to be agitated; it raised the whole question as to the absolute authority of the Crown over the colonies, and had a dire eflfect on the Stuart dynasty. The Plymouth Company claimed the right to charge the English ship-fishermen who frequented the coast a licence fee equal to eighty-three cents P®^' ton* and to forbid vessels JAC0D3CZ' MAP. 1021. Pno-flfrorl ;.. , engaged m commerce to enter Deputie General) ell in the Bealme isoourse or rather I sach as rxij,y be the plantation of r will follow your ?dome where the )een the originall annot deeme bnt ir demonstration comprehend the King; that Part le Country; that ristol Plantation 38 of Trade from Harbour on the snews, and 1000 • acres north of Tmeuse. Other Tanfield, who lears he never ?h. fcer part of a very im- ibout fishery stations began it raised the ;o the absolute Crown over had a dire •t dynasty. h. Company ' to charge shermen who ist a licence l^-three cents orbid vessels prce to enter i entire coast nishment for THE NEW PISHING ACT. ,2, tWaptain and crew as the Council thought proper to inflict. Bradford had'a^ctiiri^rtrb^^lJ;;^ Franks west wh. such fishing ships asclTto&LLrA ^^lu''^ to restraine interlopers aud New England, L which C shouM * "'''^r' ^ "''"°^ '^"'" ^'^ ^ounsell of doe no good othemXtheT were to^2 * ^^^'^^^"'"e^f money. But ho could to be stuberne fellows.'' """^^ ^^^^ ^'™ ^"'^ ^« '"""'i 3« fisher men, The West Countrymen brought their grievance before Parliament A discussion arose, in which Calvprf tUc % . i- ^ parliament, the Datentp.^«' r.Vbf f \r ^^'^^^^ ^he Secretary of State, defended the patentees nght to this monstrous monopoly. He argued, "America " Cr::n'""T,^ '^ 'rr'"' '' '^ ^ ^^-^^^'-^ -^^^^ .-e/ned yT down. Ihe great lawyer Coke^ made Sir Ferdinando Gor^res the principal patentee, come to the bar of the House. Coke L.ued !!' ^e:S:t!T:^:'^j;:Z^^:::^i;^-^ to lawand^he Ubertyof color of planlina a Oolonv t„ n™ . i- I "^ '™'° «»'" "' «°n»e«Ied nnder ..one „e .o „.ck and dr, ,..^^ :Z.Z'Z.t^^:!ir:Lt.^,'Z..'' ^°" On the accemion of Charles I., the Commons passed a Bill for th« mamtenance and merease o( shipping and navigat on, and for ber v tf Wnngm Newfoundland, Virginia, and New Engla d. The Bm l^ Coke posed as a reformer in this matter • the real motive was his bitter hatred of his rival, Bacon. All the same, he rendered great service to England as adviser to those who opposed the tyranny of the Crown. The London Company, who led this attack on Gorges, and the Plymouth patentees had a similar monopoly. For further information on this interesting subject consult Sir Ferdi- mindo Gorges, by James Phinney Baxter, 122 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER V. '■'•)« h ' I. London and Bristol Co.'s Charter. (Hurl. :>80,fol. 8.) James by the Grace of god kinge of England Scottland ffrance and Iidande de- fender of the fttith to all people to whome thewe presents shall come greeteing, Enowe yee whereas divers our lovinge and well disponed subjeotes are desirous jo make plantacon to inhabite and establisLe a €alony or Colonies in the Southerne and oawterne p'tes of the country and Islande commonlie called Newfoundland unto the coast and harbours whereof the subjects of this our Kealmc of England have for the space •of fiftie ^eares and upwards yearlie used to resorte m uoe small numbers to fishe, in- tendinge by such plantacon and inhabitinge both to secure and make safe the trade of fishinge to our subjcctes for ever, and also to make some commendable benifitt for the use ■of man kinde by the land and profitt thereof which hitherto from the beginninge, (as it «eemeth manifest) hath remained unprofit- table. And for better performance t)f such their purpose and intencons have humblie "bcsou^hte our royal authoritie and assistance, we beinge well assured that the same country adjoining to the foresaid coastes, where our subjects use to fishe remaineth so destitute and 80 desolate of inhabitaunte that scarce any one salvage person hath in many yeares beene scene in the moste p'tes thereof. And well knowing that the same lyeing and being «oo vacant is as well for the reasons aforesaid as for many other reasons very commodious for us and our dominions and that by the lawe of nature and nations we maie of our royall authoritie possesse ourselves, and make graunte thereof without doeinge wronge, to anie other prince or state, considering they cannot justely pretend anie soueraignitie or righte thereunto in respect that the same remaineth soo vacant and not actuallie pos- sessed and inhabited by any Christian or any other whomesoever, and therefore thinckeinge it a matter and action well beseeming a Christian kinge to make use of that w'ch God from the beginning created for mankinde, and thereby intending not onlie to worke and pruve the benifitt and good of many of our sulijectes, but principallie to ourselves to enciease the knowledge of the omnipotent God and the propagacon of our Christian faith have grwciouslie assented of their intention and suite. And therefore doe of our speciall grace, certaine knowledge and meere motion for us our hemes and successors give graunte and confirme by these p'ts unto oir right deare and right we'ihelovefl cc».,inne and fellow Henry E, '-tharapton, keeper ot our pnvie i?Cb.. *•„ our trustie and right welbeloved , ■: .awrence Tanffield knight cheife barrou ot our exoheqiwr Sir John Doddridge knighte one of our serjaunts at Lawe Sir ffraunces Uacoii knight our Sollicitor generall [here follow forty-two names including] .John Slany, John Guy, Ihihp Guy and Robert Aldworth, theire heires and assignes and to soo many as they shall hereafter admitt to be joyned with theiii in torme hereafter expressed, whether they goe m^ their persons to be planters in the plantacon or whether they goe not but doe adventure theire moneys goods and chattells. That they shalbe one bodie or cora- munitie perpetuall and shall have perpetuill possession and one common scale and that they and their successors shalbe knowne as the rresorer and company of adventurers and planters oj the cittie of London and BrtatoU for the colon;/ or plantacon in New- foundland and that they and theire successors shalbe from henceforth for ever enabled to purchase by that name (license from us first obtayned) lande and goods within our realme of England and Walles and that they shalbe ikewise enabled by that name to pleade and to be impleaded before any our judges in any ot our courtes and in any actions. And under the reservacons limita^'ons and declaracons hereafter expressed all that p te and portion of the country commonlie called Newfoundland «-'cA is situate^l^Tg and bemo to the southward of the parallel lyne to be conceaved to passe bu the cave commonlie called Honwiste inclusive w'ch cape IS to the Northward of Trinitie Bay and also w ch is situate to the eastward of the meredian line to puss by the cape St. Maries inclusive w eh cape is to the eastward of the bay of Placentia together with the shoare and islands lying within tenne leagues of any p te of the sea coast of the country and alsoe all those countryes lande and Islands com- monlie called Newfoundland w'ch are situate /„Sr-^"/''^ """^ -tl ^'S'''' ofNortherlie latitude and two and ffde degrees of the like latitude and all the lande soilegrounde ha> ens, portes rivers mines aswell royall mmes of gold and silver as other mineralls pearles and precious stones woods quarries GUY'S CHARTER. 123 of our special 1 nd meere motion isors give graimto I unto oir right 2(\ co».,inne and tharapton, keeper our trustie and nrrence Tanffield ir excheqvier Sir of our serjaunts icon knight our follow forty-two my, John Guy, Vldworth, theire 00 many as they oyned with them d, whether they planters in the ,'oe not but doe is and chattells. bodie or cora- have perpetuall seale and that albe knowne as of adventurers ]f London and intacon in New- heire successors ever enabled to se from us first thin our realme hat theyshalbe i to pleade and r judges in any >ns. ions limitacons iressed all that itry commonlie situate, lying of the parallel e hij the cape inclusive w'ch Trinitie Bay •■astward of the 'pe St. Maries asttvard of the th the shoare leagues of any intry and alsoe 1 Islands com- 'ch are situate ' of Norther lie ■ces of the like soile grounde aswell royiill ither mineralls Koods quarries .' marshes waters fishing hunnting hawkiiiire towlemge commodities and hereditaments whatsoever together w'th all prerogatives jurisdictions roynllties, priviledges fraiichizes and prehemintes thereto or thereaboiite both by sea and laud belonging or appertaininge and wch we by our letters pattente canne graunte and in as ample manner as we or any of our noble progenitors have graunted to any adventurers or undertakers of any discoverie plantacon or traffique into any forraigne P tes and in as ample manner as if the same weere heerein p'ticularlie mentioned. Nevertheless that there be saved and reserved unto all manner of persons of tchat nation soever and also to all our lovina suhjectes w'ch doe at this p'nt or hereafter shall trade or voyadge to the partes aforesaid Jor fishing all liberties powers easements and all other benifitts as well concerning their fishing as well all other circumstances and incidents ther<^unto in as ample mnuner as they have heretofore used and enjoved the same w:.nout any impedimente disturbance or oposition any thinge in these p'nts to the contraric notwithstaudinge. To have and hould all the lands Lountryes and territories, with all the pre- mises to the sole and proper use of them, &C. to be holden of us our heires and successors as of our manor of East Greene- wich in the county of Kente in free and common soccage ? and not in capito. Yeeld- inge to us the fifthe parte of all the stoire ot gold and silver gotten and obtayned for all services duties and demands : And for as much as the good and prosperous successe of the plantacon cannot but cheifehe depend most under the blessinir of god and the support of our royall authontie upon the provident and good direc- tion of the whole enterprize by a carefull and understanding counsell, and that it is not convenient, that all the adventurers shalbe 800 often drawen to meete and assemble as shalbe requisite for them to have meetings and conference about their affaires. Therefore that these shalbe per- petualhe one counsell consistinge of twelve p'sons here resident in London w'ch shall governe the plantac~ou or any colonies to be established, w'ch counsell shall have a scale, besides the legall scale of the company, each of w'ch shall have our armes en^av^n on the one side and our portrature on the other and that t^e legall scale shall have round about on both sides these words : Siaillum thesaurarn et conmimitatis terra nova and that for the counsell : Sigihim Regis magnae Britanmae frauncae et hiberniae and on the other side: Pro concilia terrae novae. .And farther that .Willoughbie Knight John Sir Percivall Weld Esquire Haphe ffremttn, Richard ffisheburne, Joba Stookely Wil ham Turner. William Jones, John Slany, Humfrey Slaney, John Weeld, Ihomas Lupon and Thomas Jones shalbe the counsell and Johu Slany tresurer with authontie for the warning of the counsell and suinmoning the companie and the counseU and tresurer shalbe chosen continued displaced changed and supplied as occasions shall require out of the adventurers bv the voite of the greater p'te in their assembly for that purpose. •' And that the companie maie cause to )e made a coine to passe current betweene he people mhabitinge in these territories for the more ease traifiique and bargaining between and amoiig.<,t them of such nature mettle manner and forme as the counsell there shall lymitt and appointe. . And that if the tresurer for the tvme being be sicke or absente from the citti'e of London he may constitute one of the counsell v.- I V ?"*'** ^^^^ P**^"" *o -* ?'[.*'"'■ '""""S subjects as shall mhabite withm any .hose territories to deter- mine to live together in the feare and true worshipp of allmightie god Christian peace and CiviU quietness each with other whereby and profitt enjoy that whereunto they shall attaine with great paine and perrill. ^ Wee graunte that govemours officers ilm1ttTo"f':{f " '^'"'^'"^ '° *he naturfand Inn Its of their offices and places respectively shall m Newfoundland or in the ^ tSer and from thither have absolute , to punish, pardon and rule all subjects o 3 shall adventure themselves in any vo, thither or that shall inhabite in the prec nc of the land according to such orders as by the counsell shalbe established and in deserti ttr.ovr'"'^'°« *° '^' ^««'l discretfons^? the governour as well in cases capitall and cnminall as civill both marine and other soe alwaies as the statutes as neere as con trr^KXe^o^f^s;s.*«^^-"-- shall^al ti Xr T^^JISS lawe ,n cases of rebellion or mutinyeTn aa our huetenaunts in our counties of England have by force of their commissions: ^ And furthermore if any Adyenturera or planters shall transport any moneys o" marchandizes out of any of our king/omea with a pretence to land sell or otherwise dispose them within the limitts of the lerri! tones and yet nevertheless being at seTor ailer he hath landed within ihe^ territoriS shall carry them into any foraigne ooun7^ there to dispose thereof that^the gooS '« of .fishing as hath tomed and also flv© in all tfoods Hhipped law fishing and other fishing and being^ • our obedience until above such subsidie ay tenne pound per ines of money during wentie years ahalbe benefitt of the corn- twenty years ended n to the use of us 18 shalbe thereunto ons being our sub- inhabite within any their children and e borne there shall free denizons and any of our other and purposes as if i(i borne within this IS it shalbe neces- subjects as shall territories to deter- the feare and true >d Christian peace ivith other whereby •e safetie pleasure ereanto they shall 1 perrill. overnours officers the nature and jlaces respectively n the thither bsolute , "to 1 subjects o. g 8 in any vo, e in the precint iuch orders as by led and in deserte >0(l discretions of ases capital! and ine and other, soe 8 neere as con- to the lawes of ipall govemours xercise Marshall •r mutinye in as ities of England ssious. ■ny i^dTenturer» any moneys or f our kingdomes ell or otherwise litts of the tern- being at sea o? 1 the territories oraigne country :hat the goods GUY'S LETTERS. ,35 together with the shipp wherein such trans- iRU'r Avrrx , . „ portacon was made Bhalbe forfei Uo uh lud fonSth ""p "I SCOTLAXD the three mm loi tiottt. J^er breve de privnto sigilh. And further that in auy diffieultie ot construction or interpretation of anythinir contayned in these our letters pattents the same ibalbe taken and interpreted in most ample and beneficiall use of the company and every member thereof. And finally our win is that all persons wch shall hereafter adventure any ^n^T ?, i"°"f y J" ""^ '"'^'"■•^^ the plantacon and shall be admitted as adventurers in forme aforesaid and shall be inrolled in the booke orrecordebe accounted and reputed adven- urers and enjoye all priviledges as fully as patterns " "'""*'** '° ^^"^^ ""^ '^"^''^ tt A"^- ,^8,8tly because the principall effects which we can desire of this action is the conversion of the people in those p'tes if any be there inhabiting unto the true wor- shipp of god and Christian religion in which respecte we would bo loathe that anv p'son should be permitted to passe that be suspected to asserte the superstitions of the Church of Aome. Wee declare that none be permitted to pass to any voyage but such as shall first have taken the oath of supremucie for which purpose we doe give full power to the tresurer and any three of the eounsell a-d to any our Mayors UaylieflFes or any other our chei e ofhcers in any portes where any person shall take shipping to tender the oath to &\\ persons as shall be sent to remaiue and plant there. '^ Provided and we doe hereby de- atates that it any persons which shall be of any Colony or any other by their license or appointment shall robbe by sea or land or doe any acte of unlawful! hostilitie to any the subjectes of us or any kinge being i,i amitie with us that upon eomphiiute of such prince ■ 'i'''"" si'^-Jects we shall make open procla- niacou within the partes of our realme of England commodious for that purpose that the persons having committed any robberie shal witlnn the tyme to be limitted by such proclamacon make full restitution so as the said pnnces and others soe complavning may hold themselves fullie sattisfied and that if the persons should not make satisfaction accordinghe within such tyme that then it shalbe lawfull to us to put them out of our protection And that it shalbe lawfull for all to pursue with hostilitie the offenders. In Witness whereof we have caused these our letters to be marie pattente Wltnes our selfe at WESTMINSTER the second day of MAIE in the eighth ye" of our Raigne of ENGLAND EfIaNCE and II. Letters from Cupids. (a) Master Jmij, Gur, his letter to Master of^^h?^' ^;:'"«"/f ' »nd to the Counsell ot the Newfound-land plantation. Right \VoH8HiPFut.,_It may please you to understand that it was the tenth LIZ this month of May before the barke of Northam, called the Consent, arriued he^ Tn New-found-land , notwithstanding that a shS of Bnstoll called the Lionesse. came to this countrey the second of May In a mone h" space : and the Trial of nUmUh Tr bed here before in sixteene days. By reason of tksired : all being possessed before. So that the ship that commeth. whereof as yet there IS no news, is to trust to the place here wS 18 reserved for her, which I hope will prove a good place. Some yeares as great a yoyalS hath bin made here, as in any place Kl land : God send her hither in LIS I hauo not yet scene any of the country to the south! ward, or northward of this Bay of Conce£u since this spring, because 1 expected daUy the arnual of the barke and thought inX fit to be absent here hence until she were arriued. and dispatched : but presently upon her departure, no time, God Milling. IT^, lost. Ihe care that was taken to reauire geueially the fishermen to assist us, and to supply our wants, if any should be. ^as most joyfull and comfortable to us which wa So willingly accomplished by the most nnrt of those which I have yet seen Yet ('^n^ h praised, such was the'state of aluiingsMvifh us as we were in no want of victuals but maimer. In both the moneths of OcXr uid It either fieezed or snowed, and that so litX that presently it was thawed and meked with he strength of the sunne : All the residue of the aforesaid two months being both Smer and drier than in England. In December »p had sometimes faire >^eather, somet mes fr^st and snow and sometimes open weather and rame, for m the latter end it was rabt und was open weather. All these three moneths the windc was variable as it would euerv fortnight vsite all the points of the compassT . The most part of January and Frb^uarv into the middle of March the f^ost cont'S the winde l^ing for the most part westerly" and now and then northerly : notwithSdi h^ ihree or four times when' the wiude was af 'TV. n'^"" *° '^'''' ^°d did ra"ue l^a which fell in this season was for the most part snow, which with the heate of the sunne I I 126 BBIGN or JAMES I. would be consumed in the open pluces within a few dayes. That which abode longest was iu February. During this time many diiyog tlie sunne shone warme and bright from morning to night : notwithstanding the length of this frosty weiither, small brookes that did run almost in cuell with a slow course, were not the whole winter three nights ouer frozen so thickc as that the ice could bare a dogge to goe ouer it, which I found by good proofe : for eucry morning I went to the brooke whioli runneth by our house to wash. The snow was neuer above eighteeno inches tblcke generally out of the drift ; so that the feare of wanting wood or water neuer tooke hold of us : for albeit we made no provision for them, yet at a minute of an houres warning we were furnished where there were lakes of fresh water that stood still and did not run, there it remained frozen able to beare a man almost three moneths, and was not dissolued uutill the middle of Aprile. But where the ayre had entrance and issued out of them, there was no frost. When the spring wind in the winter time hi England is at the north- east one nioneth together, the frost is greater, and the cold more sharpe, then it is here at all. There was no moneth in all the winter that some of our company did not travel in, either by land or by water, and lie abroad and drinke water, in places distant two, three, foure and five leagues from our habitation, aud sometimes lay in the woods without fire, and receiued no harnie When April came our spring began, and the first that did bud was the small kesei or the coruith tree. Our company was not letted in working abroad and in the woods and open ayre fifteen days the Avhole winter. We neuer wanted the company of rauens and small birds : So that the doubt that haue bin made of the extremity of the winter season in these parts of New-found-land are found by our experience causelesse ; and that not only men may safely inhabit here without any need of stoue, but navigation may be made to and fro from England to these parts at any time of the yeare. Concerning the healthfulnesse of these countries, we hauing bin now more than ten moneths upon this voyage, of nine and thirty persons, which was all our number which wintered here, there are wanting only foure ; whereof one Thomas Percy, sawyer, died the eleuenth of December of thought, hauing slain a man in Rochester; which was the cause, being unknown unto mee until a day before he died, that he came this voyage. And one other called John Morris Tyler, miscarried the first of February by reason of a bruse. The third, called Marmaduke Whittington, was neuer perfectly well after he had the small poxe, which he brought out of Bristoll with him, wbc- died tlie fiftceuth of February. And the fourth, called William Stone, having at the first only a stiffness in one of his knees. kept his bed ten weekes, and would never stirrc his body, which lasinesse brought him to his end, who died the thirteenth of April. Of the rest foure or five haue bin sicke, some three moneths, and some four moneths ; who now are better than they were, except one. All of them, if they had had as good will to work, as they had good stomackes to their victuals, would long since haue bin recovered. One Richard Fletcher, that is master pilot here and a director of the fishing, reported unto me, that ho was one of the company, consisting of forty persons, that went in a drumbler of Ipswich, called the Amide, to the north part of Ireland about eleuen yeeres ago from London in the late Queen's service, under the charge of one Captaine Fleming, and continued there for the space of two yeares : In which time two and thirty died of the Scuruie, and that only eight of them returned home, whereof the said Kichard Fletcher was one. So that the accident of death or sicknesse of any persons in these our parts of New-found-land is not to argue any unhealthfulnesse of this country, no more than Ireland is to be discredited by the loss of those two and thirty men ; notwithstanding that there were to be' had fresh uictuals and many other helpes, Avhich this country as yet hath not, but in good time may haue. ' From the first of October until the sixteenth of May our company had bin imployed in making of u store-house to hold our prouisions, and a dwelling house for our habitation, which was finished about the first of December ; with a square iiiclosure of one hundred and twenty feet long aud ninetie foot broad, compassing these two houses, and a work house to work dry in ; to make boats, or any other work out of the raine ; and three pieces of ordinance are planted there to- command the harboroughs, upon a platform made of great posts, and railes, and great poles sixteene foot long set upright round about, with two plankers to scoure the quarters. A boat, about twelue tons big, with a deck, is almost finished to saile and' row about the headlands : six fishing boates and pinnesses : a second saw-pit ut the fresh lake of two miles in length and the sixth part of a mile broad standing within twelue score of our habitation, to saw the timber to be had out of the fresh lake, in keeping two pairs of sawyers to saw planks for the said buildings, in ridding of some ground to sow corn and garden seeds : in cutting of wood, for the collier, in coling of it : in working at the smith's forge iron workers for all needful uses : in costing both by land and. sea to many places within the Bay of Con- ception : in making the frame of timber of a. farre greater and fairer house, then that wWch as yet we dwell in which is almoi;t finished, and diuors other things. We haue sowed all sorts of graine this spring, which prosper well hitherto. Our goats haue lined here all this winter ; and there is one luetic- GUY'S LETIERS. 127 ', Biid would never iineBse brought him thirteenth of April. Iiuiie bill ."icko, some four moneths ; who y were, except one. had as good will to stoniackes to their haue bin recovered, hat is master pilot lie fishing, reported le of the company, ns, that went in a led the Amide, to about eleuen yeeres ue Queen's service, Cuptaine Fleming, the space of two o and thirty died of Qly eight of them the said Kichard lat the accident of y persons in these nd is not to argue is country, no more edited by the loss 1 ; notwithstanding fresh uictuals anf the raine ; and re planted there to , upon a platform railes, and great set upright round s to scoure the twelue tons big, shed to saile and six fishing boates w-pit at the fresh and the sixth part thin twelue score the timber to be , in keeping two lanks for the said, le ground to sow cutting of wood f it : in working workers for all. loth by land and the Bay of Con- ne of timber of a. bouse, then that which is alnioi;t hings. We haue his spring, which goats haue liued lere is one lustie- Winter. Our swnie j)rogper. I'idgens and cowies will eiKluie exceedingly well ., y,yi, »'»"'"•>• '"'"« not onely laid egacB plentifully but there are eighteen yoE S?r;'tEg''-^^^«''''^-^--''- jvas missing fifteen days in October, an.TcSe home well ngaine, and is yet well with us If the industry of men and presence of rtomesticall cattle were applied t'oTe good wou d .horTlv""^, °^- New-found-land, there tT,tLK. {•?'**''•'"'" *=""«« "f contentment to the mhabifants thereof. Many of our masters and sea-faring men seeing Zr safet that n'^"l°'f Vf K- ™"''^ '^'"^«'- ^« '"'^. «"' that no ice hud bin seen fleeting in any of thebayesof this country all thisyeare noN Miths anding that they iet one hundred a?, 1 islands of ice) doe begin to be in lone with the CO ntrey, and doe taike of comming to take a weirJ^t.'"'"'^"''"""."'*^'" »'■« '^«koning IZ i .1 ? c?'n'nodities that they may niake by the banke fishing. „s by the hu" bandry of the land, besi^des the o dina"y ft hmg. At the Green Hay, where som" 5 they 'St"th '"•■•^- "■''^'^'"^ '" November tnej repoi there is great store of cood grounds without woods, and there if a liousand acres together which they say ma? be mowed th s vere Tli....„ ;„ ^ °'*-' ""•/ deer whereof tit. f' ^''*^^'<^ 's preat store of "eer, wnereot they saw some divers times and the greyhound, who is lustie, had a course, but could not get upon them IJu? nearer unto Cane ifn^n ij„„ , Ti.^«o=o„ .1 ^"P" ita/o, Keneuse, and liepasse tliere is a irreat minntiti^ ^t orySgffnd^frLttuiL^oTr our barke, which shall not make , my matter, because I am now of oZion tK nothing should be sent hither before the returne of the ships from fishing Tor as concern.Dg sending of cattle, it 4l be be. And concerning yituals, in regard to the quantity, we haue of ii remain ng of old thTdi'S that'lf "'"' '' ^°'"^ -^' - ^ me ury nsh that here we niav be stored with fasTt^l'thu'r^^' '''rr''' "°* -ant a;;\o' last till this time twelue moneths And ;t?he"Sd°o "tr*"«^'t''^''^^ ^"^^^^^ f°-d persons that L' ^'^•'"^'/'^'^ ""'"^'^r of persons that thall remaiiie here all the next winter shall be fitted, that there s. 11 nn winter ships may as well Z^ t^uI , most places between Cape ErPlaSnda! and Bona Vista, and at the returne of th.> hHhing ships to entertaine « fit number of men to mmntaine here the winter, Tito „. over them and to take the care of l" t lin^JJ Cok J .^ T' '•"^'"'''-•' «"« '"««'- VV liam broth"; Phnin"«'*' ^k'"?» '"""' "'"1 '»y ?J. A I "'P ®"y' *'•" *»»"« wintered with chaV^f uirtm '*'"""■'"-■' '"'' '" ""OertakeTE till if whan i '"^■/^^"™''' the next spring, or till 1 shall be otherwise dispo.sed of bv vou and then together with siieJ. nf ,1 " ^ ' aiinr.. «;ii;.r. . """ ""'""^ 'be company as are no «?i ^'"' ^°'«•-'' ""d such others htendto t^ll""*""'" ''? «^^»tc.t«inedhere,I intend to take passage in the fishinir shins and so return home, and then betwZe tluu and the spring to be pre.sent, toZl yo more ample satisfaction in all thiLs 11^" take sueh further resolution as the i^jiJ: sLn fiS""''"'','*"'" '""i'"'^'' >vherdn you shall finde me alwayes as ready as euer I have bm to proceede and /oe forward home It's- , ^""^ ^-""^-^ at *;..;. cornT^ none it will be time enough for mee to lav uow 10 wiite of It, because vou should he thft u ro7?hr'"' "' ^"^ ^^''"■"-' «"d becais^ fn, }.o; ''""'Pany «« "re sent home both cxpi e orvit^T'' "":^ '''»* *'"-" ""Profitab le ilave laden 11 ' "°'^ T!'^'' '"'«"'»* '>'-''»««■ 1 nave Jatlen little or nothing backe that th« th"'h°orXei?;| ^'^•^"^''^^ be^ittl'b uie noid. Unely there is sent three ho^s sheads of eharcoels, where numers M thev if mi: .r'good' Sf ta'-r' Tr • ^-^^ -ithe. I fend ttm be"e:l.;^ Xl^ Z the goodnesse of each kinde of eole A so ? ViJjyfL ^f. writing I had newcs of ♦he ing God for the prosperity of vm;,. w ^P' and the whole confpany wi?h "'I'P' his diuine Maiestie Xvb' ZliT '"P*" *'"'* good a beffiS w; I ^*'' «'"^" "« s» proceeding Tf' 7'" ''^"■'>^*'^ ^^^^^ our -mS:italL?"-.--t humbly rc- ^^^^DatedinCupersCoye;thel6thofMay (b) Guy's Letter of Jum- 1612 the estate the i by^ire Hoi Tf ^ ^°" of I hope is long sin-Ltfeh t"tf ^''''f'' with Master Colston who "hath /th' T^^'^*^'' matr^f ''^IrTP^f^''^"^ Eastonaro^=S%nnrnfwr J 188 REIGN OF JAMES I. remained in Harbour de Grace trimming and repairmc his •shipping and taki-n muuition« &c. together with about a hundred nten out of the Hrty, he jmrpoftes to have five hundred out of the land before he ffoeth. Two xeveral oompanieH of IHO men eacTi being dlacontentcd have stolen away from him in two dhip-i of Barnitnble and I'limmoth that thej- tooke. As I Railed fVom hence towardn Renoosc In a small Barke, I fell into one of their hands ond one of my company was hurt with a maskett. There wan one of tlieir crew that wmtered with me here the first year, by whoso means, and because I was in the Bark tliey made shew, that t)iey were sorry that they had meddled with us And so they departed from us without coming aboard. That which they sought after was men to increase their number." Then Guy mentions that Kastoo had plundered all along the coast and was then at Ferrihmd waiting to hear news of his pardon [which was granted but never reached him] which if he did not get he would seek the protection of the Duke of Florence [which he eventually didj. (c) CotSTON's Letter in 1613. Wc have not the actual text of this, but Turchas printed it in substance on p. 9;jo of the 1617 edition and also on p. 1880 of the I62o edition. William Colston describes the winter of 16 12- J 3 as being more severe than that 1611-12. They had there Filberds, Fish, Makerels, Foxes, in the Winter: Partridges white in the Winter, in Summer somewhat like ours, but greater ; they are much afraid of Rauens : they killed a Wolfe with a Mastiue and a Grey-hound. Nicolas Gure's wife was delivered of a lusty boy March 27. Then he described a voyage made by Guy and thirteen others in the Indmvonr and five in the Shallop in October 1612 to Sauage Harbour, Trinity Bay, where they found houses of Sauttges which were nothing but poles set round and meeting in the top, ten foot broad, the fire in the middest, couered with Deeres- skins. They are of reasonable stature, beard- lesse, and in some conditions like those which Sir M. Fiobisher discovered, broad-faced, full-eyed, coloured on their faces and apparell with red Oaker. Their Koates of barke, as in Canada, twentie foote long, io>,c and a halfe broad, not weighing a 100 weight, made in forme of a new Moone, which carry foure men, and are by them carried to all places of their remouings. Afew days later they met with the Natives; Whittington, Tipton, Guy himself, and Master Teage landed and bartered with them. All along the coast they carefully abstained from taking any of the furs evidently left by the natives for trade without leaving some trinket in exchange, thus carrying out the iiistruetions giveu by the Company to Guv [See also p. 133.] There wintered 1612 fiftie foure men, six women and two children. They killed there, Hearcs, Otters, .Sables, sowed Wheat, liye, Turneps. Coleworts. Their Winter till April IC1;J, was dry and cleere with some frost Olid snow. Divers had the .Seurvie, whereto their lurncjis, there sowne, were an excellent remedie, no lesse then Cartiers Tree. April was worse then the middest of Winter br reason of East wiodes which came from the Islands of Ice. which the current briugeth at that time from the north. Purchas continues. The same I have scene confirmed by k letter of Thomas Dermer, one of that Colonic dated at Cupers Cove, the ninth of September last, 1616. In other moneths, hoe sayth. the Temperature is aa England. He mentions Miiske - CslU and Muske-Kats in those parti; the fertilitie of the soyle in producing Pease, Uye, Harly and Oiites; probabilities of .Metals, with promises of more full Relations hereafter. III. Letters from Perryland, (rt) A letter from Captain Edward Wynne Governor of the Colony of Ferryland, within the Province of Avalon, in Newfoundland, unto the Right Honourable Sir Georoe Calvert, Knight, His Majesty's Principal beerotary, July, 1022. May it please your Honour,— Upon the 1 7 day of May, I received & have your letters of the 19 of February from the hands of Robert Stoning. Upon the 26 of the saine, a ship of Master Jenuins with your people and provision arrived here in safety ; and from the Jiands of Captain Powell I received then your Honours Letters of 14th March. And upon the last of June M.nster James came hither, from Renouze and the Salt-maker Master John Hickson ; from whose hands 1 received two Letters mores that by Master James being of the 4th May & the other by Hickson of the loth of the same. AH these being received by me, with an humble & a most thankful hand, first, unto God for your Honours health, and next, to yourHonourfor yourcontinuall favour towards me, beseeching the same Almighty God, Ions and long to continue your health, to the advancement of his glory, both here, at home and elsewhere : I most humbly pray you to build upon my dutiful care and diligence, in the setting forwards and following of your Honours businesse, even to your best advan- tage, and advancement of the worke, and also that I shall bee a dutiful observer of vour pleasure & commandment. And so with the like humility, I doe present your Honour with the good tydings of all our health.s, safety and good successe in our proceedings (God's holv nam*, be nr->isc<' for It) It followeth no'w (as my "duty reqmreth) that I render unto your Honour a due account of what hath been done by us tjA^r*-- WYNNK'8 LETTER. ; l''^'"**' yo'T Honour, "." "" /";"'« "" I had delivered mv lust le ers of ,hc !i of Scpte.nl.er, I i.um" Ltt" v addressed niv self .nu.iv . ""'"i'.'""tt.y N< tw.thstnndii.;; our diligent labour & extra- ...dmarypa.„es,aking,it waHAIIhaU,,wtie e ,.,e our (ir. range of building was tHud i/ foot ::?'',"''''-;.''?•''• ''"•"• '^'"«'' ^eing •H t' '" "'« f'"""'- v"r the wmf T ItS":^ "°"''"-"'i ' '»"""•'-•• All wh! h b. linfnt ^.";'*^"n'l convenient passages Dotli into the kitclnn an( the rooms over it |v.e hmshe.! by f ;|,ri.s,„,„,s Kve. This is a i the bu.l.ln.g with a hen house, that ve have iCr : ^v M •'^^""T'"^'' '''^"^-^ Christmas!! '' t, . 1'/ "•'i"'""'^' "!• «f 1 face of defence f. the waterside wa.d, with the earth that we digged both for celliir «fr uu i • rwlT;,.)i «,„ e 1 * Kitchm roome (winch we found a very laborious worke) also the sowmg of some wheat for a trial nd many other businesses besides. ' ^ in the,. '''/''"'*""»"' ^^- imi'lo.ved our selves we L,ot hlT'"'=""'>' '■?'""••' weather.when wc got home as many boord-stocks, afforded bundled timber trees besides. We got home as n.nch or as many trees as servS „ to lahzado into the l'i;intation about fo re Acres ^ bS"withT,osr 'r^'T "« "f '^«^'> Sn , "^a«, with post and rayle seven foote hiffJi unS"*^ \V^'' *"PP«' '^^ trees beSigpitS upright and fastened with spikes andEes nl.n.-st ready. Notwithstanding this an.at aske tor so few hands, we have boti Whea lantity of two aeres. ( )f (}„r,i,,„ roome about "life an acre : the eorne though late sow rs^hatT"^' '•'•' "r"""-"''""e«oodli H t ease that I ever saw, have flourishe.l in their '• "<'t"«'s his twenty dayes. W., I,av, P enti III kitehin garden of Lettic e. 1 add s| - ne^^^ Coleworts. Tuineps and many o,E "ings We hav also at this pr.vsent a ourishmg medow of at least thrL A • rVs w th many hay-coeks .,f exceeding go.S hat' aid hope to fit a great ,leale nu.re aga I's-^t ",'oheryeere. In the beginning of the st "t.T. s.iMke a well of sixteene fbofe IC nthegronn.l.the which affords us water in Hutf...,ci.t measure. The timber tlu , ." mve got home first and last, is above five hundred trees of good timber. There h ve beene about three hundred boords besides the for!. ■ u '"'■'' "'"" *"■"''*"" "»«'' *?'-"und We lave '""t T™!" ""'' "'•'" Tenements towan M 7'"""^*' '" ^"""' '■""var'lnosse towards the Low-watermarke. So that our indevour that way affoords a double Kmcfi the one of ridding and preparing the way to a Airther worke. the other ot" winniTi? " much voyd or waste ground to so necessarv a purpose as to enlarge this little roome, whiro ou (with your Honours leave and liking) I hope to fortifie; so that within the same n.w of h^-ff" '^ "eiKJ.bour-hood,':uS; n V of hull. ling „,„y 1,0 so pitched that the whole may be made a prettio streete. For the coii-.try and climate; it is better & not ♦T rt^ /'"^J**"'' ^''^^''^- My eonfoVt i^ that the Lord is with your H.mour & your' designes: for wee liave prosper- V the 'Hlm.ration of all the beh'ol.lers ii. what is SLb^d!!^:^^ '-'' -^ '»-^'« <^"- Vour Honour's most humble and faithfull servant, Ti , , Kdwakd Wynne ferryland 28. July, 1622. Post scr.-The ship with the rest of our provision arrived here this morning; and what is omitted by me, shall by Go.Is l.ilp shm fy be perlonned Your Honour hath%reat':^ hopes here, then hero to fore I have been able (6) POWKLL'S LkTTEK TO UaLTIMORE. Right Honourable : May it please your Honour to under- snnd. that on the 18. of April, my self, and allthe company whose nnmes'l sm y;u"n !jfJ'S'_^f "^ '^«t from l'lymmouth';ooke -h.ppinfc. there and ou the 26. of May (God's Holy Name be ever praised for it) wee all arrived safe & in good health in Newfm.nd land Our journey proved so long by reason of the contrary winds we continually had 130 REIGN OF JAMES I. For at the lenst three weeks to-gctlicr, wee were forced to traverse the Seas to and againc, and got not forward to the west ward in all that time one hundred leagues. The accidents which liappened in our overl)ound passage were these : The first weeke after our being at sea, three of our Ewe-(}oats, by reason of their extreme leane-nesse when they wore bought and brought aboord, died, ao that now we have liut onely one Ewe-Goate and a Buck Goate left : the other Buck Ay'mg like wise within few dayes after our landing. On the 16. of Afay the furnace in our ship tooke fire, and as God would hare it, burst forth in the daytime otherwise it liad endangered both ship and us. On the 2(5. as aforesaid, early in the morning we descryed land in New- foundland, a little to the north w.rd of the Bay of Bulls, and before night came to anchor in Capelhig J5ay within one league of Ferry- land. The next morning our ship came about to Ferryland Harbor and there landed all our people, where we found the Govemour & all his company in good health, as we all continue in tho same, praised be God for it. The Coast and Harbours which wo sailed by, arc so bold & good, as I assure my self there can be no better in the world : but the Woods along the Coasts, are so spoykd by the Fishermen, that it is a great pity to behold them, & without redrcsse, undoubtedly will be the mine of this good land : For they wastfully barke, fell, and leave more wood behinde them to rot, then they use about their stages, although they imploy a world of wood upon them : and by these their abuses doe so cumber the Woods every where near the shore, that it is not possible for any man to go a mile in a long Iioure. The Land where on our Govemour hath planted, is so good and commodious, that for the quantity, I think there is no better in many parts of England. His house which is strong & well contrived, standeth very warnie, at the foote of an easie ascending hill, on the South-east, and defended with a hill, standing on the further side of the Haven on North-west : The Beach on the North and South sides of the Land locke it, and the seas on both sides are so ncere and indifferent to it, that one may shoot a Bird-bolt into either Sea. No cold can offend it, although it bee accounted the coldest Harbor in the Land, and the Seas doe mak the J^and behind it to the South- Kast, being neere 1000 Acres of good ground for hay, feeding of Clattell, and plenty of wood, almost an Island, safe to keepe any- thing from ravenous beasts. 1 have, since my comming, beene a little abroad, and finde much good ground for Medow, Pasture, and arable, about Aquafort, as well neere unto the head of the Harbor, as all the way betweene that & Ferryland. The neerenesso of the place, and the spariisus-nraso of those grounds aforesaid, will give comfort and help to the present Plantation, and quickly ease your Honours charge, if a Plantation bee there this next Spring settled. If therefore it will please your Honour to let me be fur- nished against that time, but with thirteen men, and give mee leave to settle my selfe there, I make no doubt (God blessing my endeavours) but to give your Honour, and the rest of the undertakers such content, that you shall have gowl inconragement to proceed further therein. So for this time being loth to trouble your Honor any further until the returne of Master Wicot, I humbly take my leave, and ever rest ready to doe your Honour all possible service to tho uttermost of my power. Your Honors humbly at command, Daniel Powell. Ferryland 28. July 1C22. (r) Wynne's Letter, 17tii Augi'st 1622. The copy of another letter to Master Secretary Calvert, from Captaine Wynne, of the 17 of August 1622. May it please your Honour ; Upon the 17 day of May, your Honour's Letters of tho 17 of February, I received here by the hands of llobert Stoning &c. And so forward as in his former Letter of the 28 July, relating the manner and proportion of the buihling. We have Wheate Barly Gates and Beanes both eared and codded, ant .... -i '""•^ "" ■S .'.trs.'ir.s':;?'","; '"P inouth of LeS brook.!?' ""*^/™"' ♦»'« PowEns. The patronage and advowsons ^t n <-''"-•'- to be built there. "cSii"j; I 2 132 REIGN OF JAMES I. full as the Bishop of Durham. Region to he held in capi^o by Knights service, yielding a fifth part of all gold and silver. That the region may be PIminent above all other parts of Newfoundland and graced with larger titles we have thought fitt to erect the same into a Province, to he called the Province of Avalon. Power to make laws, appoint judges ; to Pardon, on an emergency to njake special laws without the consent of the freeholder ; to muster & train men and declare Martial law ; to confer titles and incorporate towns. To be free from all customs and power to iini)ort and export to England and foreign countries all goods for ten years; afterwards to pay such customs as our subjects are hound to pay and no more. Power to constitute ports of entry at which all ships must unlade and lade, any custom to the contrary not- withstanding. Saving always and ever reserved unto all oiu- subjects free liberty of fishing as well in the sea as in the ports of the province and the priveledge of drying and salting their fish as heretofore they have -easonably enjoyed which they shall enjoy without doing any injury to Sir George Calvert or to the dwellers and inhabitants and specially in the woodes and be liable for damages. Power to enjoy all customs payable or accruing. And We shall at no time hereafter make any tax upon land tenements or merchandize laden or un- laden within the province and this declaration is to bo a full discharge to all ofllicers. No interpretation hue admitted whereby Gods holy and true Christian Religion or the allegiance due to us suffer any prejudice — Signed at Westminster the 7 of April in the 2 1 years of our reign of p]ngland. V. Lord Baltimore. The first letter relating to his colony is from Ferryland, dated Sep. 5, 1621. Captain Wynne, his Agent, v rites that he had arrived with 12 men. In 1622 Captain Daniel Powell arrived with 22 more. Wynne says the first range of buildings erected about All Hallow Tide was 44 feet long by 15 feet wide containing hall, entry cellar, four chambers, kitchen, staircase, pas- sage, &c. This buildiiig was at the foot of the Downs facing the sea. " He raised up a face of defence to the waterside ward ; sowed wheat for triall and many other businesses besides. After Christmas he built a parlour fourteene foote long and twelve foot broade a lodging chamber, a forge, salt works, a well sixteen foote deepe, a brewe iiouse, a wharfe and a fortification so that the whole may be made a prettie street." Aug. 17th, 1622. He gives an account of his crops and sends home a barrel of salt as a sample. Wynne was a Welch man and his ( migrants as we learn from his contemporaries were also from Wales. July 28, 1622. We have a letter from Capn. Daniel Powell evidently a West Country man. He describes the death of " three ewe goats by reason of their extreme leanesse ; one ewe and buck goat survived." Both Powell and Wynne so plundered the unsuspecting Baltimore, that at last he had to visit the Colony to look after his interests. He writes to Lord Stafford in 1627 that " it was necessary for him to go over and settle the Colony in better order or lose the fruit of all his exertions" (^Stafford Corres., i. 39.) He originally intended to come out in 1 625 (not suspecting the failure of his schemes, for according to Sir Wm. Alexander, Wynne had contrived to make some appearance of profit) but was prevented : — " March 15 1625 : Goorge Calvert to Coke." I intend shortly God willing a journey to Newfound- land to visit a plantation I have begun thtjre some years since. I hired the ship called Jonathan now in the River for the trans- port of myself and such plants as I carry with me. But I \mderstand she is stayed for the King so I must give place. But I am by that means utterly disappointed and you should do me the duty to clear her and her marriners and also the Peter Bonaventure for which I contracted for carrying cattle. Whatever favour you do me herein my Lord Duke will not be displeased at it. (Cowner MSS.) ' In 1627 he made his first visit to New- foundland to see hofl' had matters really were but only stayed a few weeks. In 1628 he took with him his wife and all his children, except his eldest son, to permanently reside in his Plantation, his sons-in-law, Sir R. Talbot & William Peasely, accompanied him. At Ferryland they lived in a large substantial stone hoiise, the scene in later years of many an incident connected with the Kirkes, Dowii- ings, Treworgie, and others. The house was standing in 1674; Sir Joseph Williamson mentions it .as being only a "quoits throw" from the shoare, and it appears to be depicted upon Fitzhugh's map in 1693 ; a view of it is given. The Baltimore's claim to have spent £30,000 on buildings and breaking up land at Ferryland. The Kirkes also spent some money, but either could not or would not say how m'.ich, perhaps it was very little. In 1625, the last year of James's reign, Calvert, for his services to the Court, hail been made Baron Baltimore, Ireland. Bishop Howley says " If Lord Baltimore had had the good fortune to settle in St. John's, Trepassey &c " but these were out- side his grant and his best available Harbour was Ferryland, admirably situated for defence from sea. Soon after his arrival at Ferryland, Balti. more, in a letter to the King, describes his attack on "a French man of warre one Monsieur De La Bade of Deepe who with three ships aiul 400 men well armed and appointed came into my harbour of Cape LOUD BALTIMORE. 133 have a letter from intly a West Country death of " three ewe f extreme leanesse ; irvived." I'^yniie so plundered ore, that at last he f to look after his lord Stafford in 1027 r him to go over and er order or lose the ' {Stafford Corres., jnded to come out in nilure of his schemes, . Alexander, Wyune some appearance of ited:— "March 15 Coke." I intend umey to Newfound- 1 1 have begun there red the ship called [liver for the trans- !i plants as I carry ,nd she is stayed for place. But I am by appointed and you ;o clear her and her Peter Bonaventure for carrying cattle, me herein my Lord sed at it. {Cowper 3 first visit to New- 1 matters really were iVeeks. In 1628 he uid all his children, permanently reside sons-in-law. Sir K. y, accompanied him. in a large substantial later years of many ;h the Kirkes, Down- ;r8. The house was Joseph Williamson r a " quoits throw " •pears to be depicted lCfl3 ; a view of it is jlaim to have spent breaking up land at also spent some oot or would not say i very little. ,r of James's reign, to the Court, had ire, Ireland. " If Lord Baltimore ne to settle in St, ut these were out- t available Harbour situated for defence at Ferryland, Balti= King, describes his man of warre one »f Deepe who witli n well armed and ' harbour of Cape ?sh.S; ♦^'■'i '"^ ^"'•P'-'zed divers of the h. hermcn took two of their shippes in the haibour and kept possession of them till I sent two •'Inps of mine with some hundred men being all the force we could make upon Upon the approach of which ships near to c Harbour mouth of Cape Uroyle one of them bemg 360 Tons with 24 pieces of ordnanee, the French let slip their cables and t1;.,!1 ""*/'. ^'"'* «*' they could leaving behind them both the English ships and 67 of the.r own crew which I made nrisoners. We OSS b,l,ty of connng upp with them but they to^vnt'""" "' ""^ '""^ ^' ''■''•' ^--'^ I)e La Kade had done much damajre to the b^i adY'' ''', ^"'^'""'•^' ''■'''' «f""-hl!!; found befi^?h''r° ' m''"" T'^ ''J- ■'' '^^P of London Detore he could get there. men '^fI.?iT^.°" ^'-'"J^ '^''" ^^"""'^ ^'th these w,5? , "*'• "lyse fean",t the Government deei.le.l their rights had lapsed through want of actual occupation and possession. examined a only one :-"I,-ec. 13. 1028. SirF: c;tri"ng. ireasurer Weston: has granted i I to Jiord ^ .i.inuiur »*esion: nas jrn sn^l ".'' ^'T'^ ''"P' ''^'"^ Nicholas s.t3s are good and warlike." I„ December Will I. '"T ^«'^ there is a Petition from W IVasley on behalf of Lard Baltimore, • fl!:!' v/ V;:"""'^''>o"ers of the Admiralty : i' '"'"''' '""y ■'« ^^"bstituted lor s^...d '^'♦""'T',"'"* '" '^''''^'"ber a Warrant L^|C/„«rf«] to Leonard Calvert son of Lor.l Baltimore to be lent for Twelve months." TorH H»u^^" ''"'^^ 7"' ''' <^'^P"te between Lord Baltimore and the merchants about the IZl^^o'T *;"r" •■'N«^vfou„,llan,l by rt.ei r M ps, the /Jened>ction and the Victor!,. Balti- mwe claims for his part according to lu; hN ettr ?' "'"^ '"'^ ^""°^"e'-V «^ks to have h.sletter-of-marque ««Wa^«.rf to enable him to receive his proportion. We have only From Ferryland on Ann-. i<) ifio,, or the'it"'; ♦»>^'-"^' "po" hi« ^^: tor the loan of « fa,r Mp, conii)lains of the nia lice and ..alnniny of those who seek Z ".akehim appear foul in His Majesty's eyJs, VI. Beothics. Since the above was in print, I have n>ned a .US. in Lambeth Library whieheontains a much fuller description ^' iurcl ass condensed account (u. 128) Smtei'7.nr f^''"^'^ *''^^ ^'^'''^ to IlS's C lite t, and from thence to Spread Eagle Hi Bay Bulls arm. Guy describes the r Sev'l "'/''■'"'"'''' V'^.'^' «-» Jndians' ehes ted, and very creet. They go bareheaded Amtring their hair .somewhat long ;b^h,d t^h It ^'?' l""'^ "f '•»'■'■ plaited feathers, like a hawk's lure, with a feather" It standing upright by the crown of the head with a small look plaited before. TheJ « „! a short gown or cassock made of stag^skins ^^',,("'-;°"™«t..tJ'at came dowif to the ^f the' 1 '" '"?' '''l^ ''''■'''' ^" th^- "i.1. e Tlw h^ ;™ ' "°" I ^^''''^"' "''""t the neck, rheir hair was diverse, some black, some brown, some yellow. Some of their w gw s were covered with skins; they had or square-shaped houses eoverelrwi lea. va cd,tained from some Christians, probably The Biseayans, whohad also given them hooks, and a copper utensil which was kept vct; h'fn i yi'^'f^'V^^^^^'^^' they had some 1^ :« shaped like the B.seayan oars. The canoe s a so described; it exactly resembles the one at p. 372 Several Indian families must have resided at the bottom of Trinity" ay about this period. ^ ^ 184 lijkii .,'-:t ''I 'iii CHAPTER VI. REIGN OF CHARLES I. I 625-1 649. "''•"^''S^S^'^'l ''t„^?^ f,,„i,i, f KngliBb nettled between Cape Kuce an.l Bouuv^sta ; 250 Lnghsh vessels fishing i„ Newfoundland. Whitbourne's anoea for a Government post as inspector of provisions. niioournt s appeal feir W. Alexander, ot Nova Seotfa, in 1631. eonfirnied by the Ki,^^ 1628.-Balti,nore returned to Femlan.l with bis wife and family. Dr. Meadns ncirotiatmir 16C2.-D»,h of »,,,„„. «.ete,rortli„M»c.„.,o,cHl to 1W„ ., ,l,e p,.„. „ 1635.-Charle8 I. gave permission to the French to cure and dry fish in Newfoi adlan.l ..„ payment ot 5 per cent, on the produce; continued for^41y4r8T"^^^^ first commencement of our difficulties with the French. Death of Mason 1636.-Mayo^ofJVeymouth visits the king at Woodstock to get a convoy for the Now- 1636,— Arrival of Sir D. Kirkc at Ferryland. ''''•-^'•^SEnt Sr complains of Kirke's collection of taxes from French subjects Bishop ot Exeter and others petition against Kirke. Kirke's letter to La2 lirates. Vuughan'H Fortune, at Crook- r maintenance, &c. Cape littce antl ^hitbourne's appeal wo priests ; found jn Bay. Jfatent to King. kleadus negotiating md IjixAy Conwiiy. a French pirate, i)ute between Halti- isbes StourtoD. 1 again prayn for a asks for a grant in there, lialtiinore the Ited ludianij. u at the peace of of regulations for ng admirals ; first for fishing season. o Newfoundland." Ordinary of the Newfoundland on H. This was the of Mason, ivoy for the New- 1,'rant of Avalon. lundlandt II French subjects iter to Laud. VAUGHAN'S "GOLDEN FLEECE." 135 '""■""'"atinTerSrurt Sieef % ^"^""-;;^' "» V'^"" '^"-'"^. --. Newfoundland ^ ^•'t^'otees. Menioranduin about Dutch trading in l641.~Cargo of dry fish shipped from Jloston to Europe 642.»CiviI war between Charles and the Parliamentary Party. IT: J"' "'"■^° "*' ^'^ **"* ''"'" ""«•»" '« »'"'»« "' SpHiu. 04.._J .„t vessel sent from iJoston to fish at Bay Bulls sei.ed by a royal cruiser 646.-lreworg.c married a Miss Spencer, of Newberry. Mas.. el r ?"T ^'"*''"'' '""••'•" " «'■*'"' '*'«"" •" Newfoundland. ^''"•-'";!::.;^.S'';S?„ri;['twtSl3'''™^^'^''^ Hawkins. Klrke o«.rs Commonwealth cn.iseis sent To defend il. i " "".' *'**^^<"^""" «*' the king. Kirke only allowed to tak^^t SelSltl SEIT ^ li^I^S^r"- The Hliort and troubled ieif?n of th\» ,,«t' i x , • prob^bly ulw.,B wili be, the l^^^n^oZ^:^^^ ''' ^"' between Monarchists and Republicat., Cavabl ^^ ^o '^^^^^^ olomal x.cc.ds throw a vivid side-hght on this disastrous t'^" tZ treatment of our unfortunate Island ^ "" by Charles I. was uniformly cruel, tyrannical, and stupid. In every way the interest of the patentees— tlie courtiers—was preferred to the wellare of the planters. Charles, like his fatlier James I., was in- fluenced entirely by his personal feelin^'H for his imnieiliate adherents ; whilst he defended and perpetuated the absuid monopoly of the Ply- mouth Company in New England against the rights and claims of EnglLsh merchants and Hshermen, he pursued an exactly opposite course in Newfoundland. The king carried out his policy towards this Colony deliberately. From gooil, honest men, well ac- quainted with the Islnnd, settlers, who had lived there he received tl vety best advice as to how the Colony should be ^o Zf .,^d «ettle„,ent encouraged. Sir William Vaughan, his intlmtri -^ l a staunch supporter of Royalty, in his " Golden F W ::;t^^^^"' '''"' "Many sLiim from Newfoni.dlui'd *<>Hu hv Moo- i ' p- coMfuHion amongst FiHhc.rmon of Newfoundland than a„y"othor lor ^.'t V !^-''' BUUiuiciitly guarded. . . JCincr Tn»T„.u .i;-i 1 , " •'^ "''^'^ ^"^ ^unt of beinij " «• ■ . . -^"'gJamoB did ubuut three yeaiH past [1622 or I62yj ' Part II., p, 102, 16J46. CHARLES I. From an engraving after Vmidyke. 180 REIGN OF CHARLES I. rani^-n '^"fff«';« '^n*i directed a commission at tho suit of tho corporation Ka^ITyV'.' P'*" of Newfoundland to provide a couple of good ships in had DiKJ 1 .r"'"^ '°^?'''' '^'"^ ^'-""^ ^''^''' ''^^ a few years before akenaZlfoo'" extent of £40,000 besides 100 pieces of ordnance and bad taken away 1600 mannere to the hurt of Newfoundland and the Planters." Vauglian urges that — dav^sai?ti.f-/ • r.^w '""•^ ''^y^"^ *^« ««"* and not above 9 or 10 thT r ^f !f ' ^«/"^»^»*«d the sooner by Your Majesty's subjects . . . that the same &od overlooks Newfoundland as Europe. . . . I am sorry to 160 BhinTao^iT^T ^^r^y/""^*^^' '-^ Wales whereas close by us in Devonshire which sLIn ^ f«7f«"»dland transporting from thence those commodities without rhatltSri • ^""\ln'-''^^''- • • • Experience of this fishery sheweth tthlJTJ "V"^**^"" 8000 people for six months in Newfoundland . . . products of the colony, tar, pitch &c. codfish, salmon, mackerel, herring &c. &o. i 1.0 benefits of a colony would be to restrain our own fishermen [ship fishers] That fhlv r« T ''T^' '*^Sf ' '^ ^^" '^'"'^ *o ^««t™i" their insolence who brag deDred!Ln- f ^ .^''l?'' ^"^ ^"'•' Organization of a colony would prevent the All these practical suggestions were addressed to royal ears that would not hear. The colonies under Charles were as nmch neglected and misgoverned as his Koyal Navy, with its rotten ships and unpaid sailors. ^ Vaughan says : — tn.m£T'p^^"°\Mi'^^!!^n?™'" '"^*^^^ Ferryland for Lord Baltimore. One man near Uenoos k.Ued 700 Partridges; 3 men catch in 30 days 25.000 to 30 OoS fish worth w,th oil ^160; many sail to Newfoundland in 12^o 16 da^^ about bOO leagnes [1800 miles]; 500 to 600 ships yearly resort there; freight 20/. per n»Lrf • * ™*° P''^«°"g^^'- Newfoundland a good security for Spain and thin Sf- .°"r;««;« tfa-« '^••« constantly between 300 and 400 of om- ships there. [This includes fishing ships and cargo vessels.] " 1623. King James sent two ships of war as convoys ExercL?Jt'tnt""'^J'^ ^"'"'^''o^' ^''^^^^'^ ^""«^ '^'^«* ^^^ ^^^^ weather. Exercise best to keep off scurvy. Strong liquor prejudicial in cold countries nat'i.7Ne"ft7;rVr".!5"' .^^'' ^°«^^ ^"^'--^ 1'20.000 annually ;"«; be made m Newfoundland for M. per bushel. French salt costs 20ci. per bushel." It IS absolutely necessary for us to see the contemporary records betore we can believe that any king or government should decree that tins greal Colony was not to be inhabited, that any chance settlers remarning should be persecuted, hampered, and impeded in all their abours and industry, that though they were fishermen and had to hye by the sea. it was solemnly decreed that none of them should reside within six miles of its shores ; all these barbarities were made law in order that West Country lishermei should catch fish on the coast, and a tew courtiers make their fortune. ^ Besides the good, sensible advice contained in Vaughan's book, there IS more of the same character in another work written at Harbour Grace, m 1630. HAYMAN'S PROPOSITION. 137 )f tho corporation of good ships in k few years before irduanco and bad 'lanters." God had reserved not above 9 or 10 subjects . . . . I am sorry to as in Devonshire modities without s fishery shewetb •undland . . . jrring &c. &o. len [ship fishei-s] solence who brag ould prevent the and fish, casting 3yal ears that lucli neglected ps and unpaid Baltimore. One 25,000 to 30,000 ) 16 dais about freight 20/- per for Spain and too of our ships " cold weather, cold countries, iiually ; may be er bushel." )orary records ■should decree hancc settlers 1 in all their and had to should reside made law in he coast, and 8 book, there I at Harbour "A proposition of profitt and honour proposed to my dread and gratious Eovereigne Lord King Charles by Robert Hayman." Hayman succeeded John Mason as Governor of Guy's Colony ; one part of the Company seems to have separated from the Colony at " Sea Fforest," Cupids, and formed a plantation or colony at Harbour Grace, which they named " Bristolk Hope." We learn from Mason's letter that he had a fishing room or plantation there; and in 1(597 the inliabitants told Abb^ Baudoin that their harbour was the first place settled in tho country by the English; that a man had died there in 1G93 or 1694 aged 83. He might, possibly, be the son of one of Guy's settlei-s, but in all probability he was a descendant of one of the original planters long anterior to Guy's arrival— most likely a Davis, a Thistle, a Pike, a Pynn, a Crawley, or a Parsons— the oldest families in the Bay Metropolis. Hayman proposes for the king :— " To build a citie where I have placed your Carolinopole [Harbour Grace] and to privilege that Towne with that fishing. Your Majesty might likewise make It a Mart or free market for fish ; has two Harbourtt three miles apart and would grow populous rich and strong. I would humbly pray this Island may be called Bnttaniola. "TheTreucli and Biscays do yearly in great number fish ac the Mayne and dispossess us. Proposals about salt; also proposes to take Cape de Verd Island • otters further explanation in person and asks the King to decide iu twenty-four nours. Many ship owners are forthcoming to aid the project." [It was an appeal to unwilling ears.] "He presents a plat [map] of His Majesty's Dominions both possessed pretended and intended ^.c. but among the several lands God made yon Lord over I recommend to Your Majesty's special vicwe, a work left for you to finish and tnrnish with millions of Your subjects viz. IN' ewfouudland. " In this Island at one time I lived fifteen months together and since I have spent almost every summer in it. I had lots of time, being an overseer and no labour to do. But seeing to my grief the poor support of divers treatises, read over by some, liked by some, derided by others, and neglected by almost all and these few have cither insufficiently begun, or have been deluded and wronfuro sent will have Hniall vent and I know tho Mallowyans [men of Wt. MaloJ have promised their King and the Uibkans theirs to funiish them with this commoditio whereupon they have not only proclaimed forfeiture of importation thereof taken by us, but I hcare in Spain Ham- burghers were this yearo denounced for doing, but Your Majesty might easily amend this, in preventing theirs and making them glad of ours, for without this [fish] they cannot conveniently subsist. Hunger will break down walls. In Queen Elizabetlis time they had it from thch- enemies the Hollanders." ' tu27&r *'"'' '^^""'"■"^^'^ ^^'' l''^^<^^' «»' «^e country-pitch, tar, subject, have never reap'rany."'^ '"'*' "''"' ''''"''''^ from whence your In 1G25 the Conunon« passed "u Bill for the maintenance and increase of shipping and naviga- " tion, and for liberty of fishing in " Newfoundland, Virginia, and New " England." The Bill was thrown out by Charles's party in the House of Lords. The Commons refused a subsidy, an.l Parliament was dissolved in anger. The question of free fishery was one t)f the causes which led to hostility between Charles and Parliament. In Newfoundland he gave an exclusive monopoly of the Island fishery to the Western adventurers against the settlers in the Island Mosf^ ««^^e""-from Devonshire « m wie island. Most tyrannical laws were enacted CUAMl'I,.lI.\"a MAP, urn. leso timeB makes ANCIENT FRENCH CUSTOMS. 139 for their governance, from which the English fishermen by express emvctinent were to be at all times exen.pted. These laws will be found m the Appendix to this chapter lu.dcr the head of Star Chamber Rules.' Ihe extraordniary provision in th(.se regulations, n.akiaig the tiist rude Lnghsh skipper who entered the harbour admiral and judge over all tor the hslung season, seen.s to us, in this age, a monstrous anomaly ; but It was, as the Rules declare, an Ancient Gudom, now for the first time egahsed. The old arrangement that the first who entered harbour was the admiral, prevailed not cmly amongst the English but with all the foreign hsheriuen. The ancient practice, however, was to change about each week. The most curious part of this proceeding is that a hi-dily civihzed nation like the French, under France's most able mii.rster JIAKUOUB GRACE. Colbert adopted precisely the same regulation. By the ordinance of 1.0UIS Al v., after prescribing most minute regulations about nets &c lie gives the following Rules for the Newfoundland fishery :— ' " HavrJ'd?p![i?Ma"f '^''n^ "* °u ''""^ ^'' ^"^^ '« tho Harbour called Lc MaMo du Pett Maitro,- shall have the choice, and take the space of crouml necessary tor h.. Hshery ; ho shall then put up at the place called the 'Solid n^u^':^^.:^f:^:s:f '^ ''^^ ''^'-^ ''- '^^ ^^ ^^« -^-^ -^ "^' " 2 All other Masters 01, their arrival shall go or scud to the same place and write down on the name bill, the day of their arrival, the number oTthormea and the name of the Harbour and place, which they have choHon, in pr ,por' ="1 1 iho burthen of their ships and tho number of their mariners. "" P'^"^''^'^-"" *« N0AKE8, the frtuner of those rules, was Attorney General and the inventor of ship money ami other illegal exactions. - See Jacobsz's map, 1621, p. I20. I» t 140 KEION OF CIIAULES I. made th!i. T 7 \ "tall roma.n upon the place till all the Mantors Hhall have made thoir declaration, which afterwards shall bo pnt into his hands. n..,in +1, • aT'' °^ ^?""^^''« "'ay ««t"« in a»y Harbour or station, till they have " f t ':. ''["'"''"^ ^° '^' '■"'■'" '^'•^^B'vid; nor shall they dist .H . y^ hlr master m the choice that he may have made under the pe„alt/of 500 livrol/' This hiw api)lie.l to all the coants of New France. The first captain was to keep a correct account of all offences conimitte.l against this orchnance, and on his return it was to be delivered to the ju.lce of tlic Adunralty Court. Ships fishing on the banks were not allowe "" To show the value of the royal word of Charles I on the LSth Novembei- of the same year, 1637, the charter was granted to Hamilton, Kirke, and others of the whole Island of Newfoundland • and the reason for this grant is set out, that Lord Baltimore Lord Bacon, and others, to whom grants have been made, liave deserted the Isknd. The contents of this remarkable patent afford a «trik--nf- illustration of the high-handed tyranny of Charles L ; without tht slightest regard for the settlers in the Colony, or the interest of the fonner patentees, Baltimore, Guy, Falkland, &c., who had expended large sums of money in developing the resources of the Island he 142 REIGN OP CHARLES I. gIvoN away to strnng-rs all tlu-ir val.ial.lo posHossion,, hoM ur.l from hocnall powcrlul at(;ourt; all tl l>iH fatluT. Ja.,„>,s f. Th(« itillu.'no.. of I ^cVoMHliirc s( cms •'!• giants to I iav(* SottI eiH wisro not to dwM witl u«ir policy is .•inlK),li,.,l i„ tlii.s .1,.,.,|. all their ri^^hts worv my im six miloH of tho sliorcN, an possession of all Lo,-,| Malt ■iinores HH grant, ohtaine.l l.y fraud and Court influ,.nee, tl... leticallv (wt of t«ixe8 went out to property. fi.sherinen always l)ased tl their nVht to 1 )i»nish the loir claim to exclusii J) 'evonslnre 'c ri|;hts of fishin- and sf^ttlers from the shore. Alxmt the 20th February liV.H a fiharte r was is.sued out of the Star Chand)er to the niei-clmnts and traders to Newfoundland. This gi-ant has l)een lost, but it evi- dently embodied the Star Chamber Rules and the orders in Hamilton's ^rtmi. The Crown did all it could do to destroy settlements and to injure the settlers. Fortunately, tho king had no force to carry out bis tyrannical policy. The charter was a dead letter. The planters continued to live about the harbonrs, creeks, and coves on the east coast fi-om Cape Race J« Capo Bonavi^K Tl,o , longest population «™ in t,,o „oi(,|,lx,„,.i„,.1 of bt Join « None ot the noblo patontoos oxo,x.i.,c.I any spo-i. cont,-ol m tn. nc,Kh,„„..,>ood, at least over tl,e Kn,Hi,h Jtl^ ™ anywhere ebe, except i„ the neifrl,l„„,,„„,, „f F^nylan.l Th ' owned two room* n, St. John'., Ha,W, a„,l the.,e mnaino.! tl oil Mem «. Araieh and Harvoy & Co.'s premise, ; the other r«,m wa, d.reetly east of Memr,. Mudge & Co.',. on the ,„„tl. .i-Ct a. the '.Naval D«k and 8,«reho„se," and still owned t' t wZ anthor. ,e.,. The patentee's business and fishing and t Jing opeXn were all earned oa at Lord B,Jtimore's premi.,e, in Ke.Tyland. I>IRE OF IHMII.roN. From an cngraviun after Vandyke. KIUKE'S PATENT. 143 T.IK Grant to thkDukr o, nAMitTOH. Sru David K.rkk. and othbr«. or thk Isr.ANi) OK NKHKouNntAND, Mth Novumiikr 1(1;J7. ^^ After rocitin^r ,hat Lor.l llaltinu.ro. Lor.l Hacon. an ftn.l otlnTH l)otwot'ii 4(J ' an"'l <•"•• '-Inn^ I other oni ulieetH have and cn,oy . . . And also nhall havo fnll power and liWvto mdd an.v fort or forts for defonco of said Country and fishing and h H fa.o .mher where ,t may he spared to tho least prejudice of tho l^hery Inhalutan a shall not take up hoforo tho arrival of tho (ishormen all the best lK.a.hes w.thin tho capes aforesaid . . nor take away burn Ac any stLe or „n necessaries which they may leave there . nor .hall^omm t anTat'TrThi J at any time hereafter used or accustomed . „„ , , snbjeets borne or to bo borne within our Kingdom of Engla'nd'or'in anv of Z Kingdoms or Dominions may from time to time and at alf rmerpoaceablv J.I use and en.,oy ye freedom of fishing, in any of the seas, lakes, or rivers o? tho Pa d Island or m or about or adjoining with full liberty to land Ju i J I Yielding tho one fifth part okll gold &1 to i.e^^^^^^ ""^' "'''"'' ^'^ ""''• il,o!l T' ? ,T^\^''''^ '^•^^ ^^^ ''^^^nt of tho froohr,hlers or the major part of hem. Freeholders to attend when summoned. Tower to put the laws in ovocn t.on and exact the penalty .... Bnt tho mid laws al StoTxlZTo'Z M.-n^env,ho arc to to /or ever free from the Jurisdiction yLG^JZfJcTof Newfmmdland ^ho aro to bo subject to and immediately under ye ord ™. e and government of us our heirs &c. as Wo shall from time t^ time appoint mike and d.rec and unto the laws n,ado in tho 9th year of our reign whlhlawr shall ho inviolably kept and observed by tho fishermen . . powerio Tanfl . appoint magistrates . . . . ^ p„ni,h ,„d pardon oCdoL "^ " t execute lusfce and to see tho said laws be observed if not contrary to t'ho'la* p England or prejudicial to tho fishery .... PronriotorsT Zl i ^^' ''^ freeholders cannot be called . .^. to publi;h ^Til? 1 orktlT 'L^^^^^ Zd "-''"^'T ''*''''' '^'^'^ build forts, all tho Inhabitants and chiTcLn to L martial law .... to confer ho-oi'r- , • ' ' ' '^''''^''''^ free «„. .„p,„ ,J^:TI^^, ,„ .;, ;,— « S^s Z'''^'' ^ "" *«■ 144 REIGN OF CHARLES I. " Strangers to pay fivo per cent, after Christmas day next and the same hv nil strangers who shall buy fish, and the same for all oyle' made there Ud we will and require the said Proprietors to put this in execution . . Collectors of Custonis to receive the same before tbey load or depart. Proprietors to be five per cent from all strangers making use of any ground and the same five per cent, from all strangers that come there in sack ships and the like out of the oylos . . . These customs to last 51 years. The Crown to have ton per cent thereof and g.vmg account of all gold Ac. . . . The Proprietors con firLl "all Zgs b„t tho fishmg and the sole trade of the country except the fishing. Power !o admit partners merchants and others who are to have the same privilecresi the others not to pay any tax. Their ships not to be detained at anVporfc" xc' nt in case of invasion of England. Every one over Twelve years old to tak the oaths Sodo: rSo^""°"'''^ before Hamilton Kirke or his Deputy to est^'rh th or hod ,x religion Power to transport ^-o-Ksaiies thither . . . All his Hubjects to aide and assist them." • • ^u ma No county in England co-.cains so many small proprietors as Devonsluro; no other county produced so many courtiers during the :^i.,. Dt FOWKV. Tudor and Stuart period as this fair soutliern sliire. The influence of tills western aristocracy \vas l)oim oat of the oylos )or confc. thereof, ned in all things hing. Power to srivilegos as tho y port except in tak-c the oaths to establish the • . . Allhia proprietors as rs during the aguardiente from the Newfoundland fleet ; the housewives' preserves marmalades, dried fruit, and oil, all came from exchange with the ^reignersm Newfoundland. Manufacturers of Bridport cordage and West of England cloth made a large portion of their sales through the Transatlantic fishery and trade. Devonshire was largely in- terested in the fishery; the western courtiers, powerful at Court, used their influence with the king to carry out the selfish, grasping policy of Devon For two hundred years following we shall always find- the Courtenays, Carews, Northcotes, and other great county families uniformly assisting to keep Newfoundland simply as a fishing place for their countrymen. The fatal effect of this influence really begins in this reign It had been attempted before, as we have seen, against Guy but had failed. Now, however, it burst forth in full vigour, and for 'two centuries it fell like a blight upon the unfortunate Colony. Paralysing all progress and advancement, it was a fatal barrier alike to cu-Ticulture and the peaceful development of the great resources of the island A Devonian myself, I should be utterly recreant to my duty as a historian It I did not fully set forth the dire eff^ects of West Country influence upon the progress of the Colony. Whilst nothing can palliate the selfish and persistent attitude of Devonshire traders towards the island, the only possible excuse for their conduct lies in the ignorance of the age. and the claim, or pretended claim which the West Countrymen set up, that Newfoundland was their own possession, gained by their strong right arms, without aid from the Crown and defended against all foreign foes by their own dauntless couraoe The' real blame attaches to the Government, who permitted such a destructive policy to be carried out. In all ages the rule of traders has been selfish and narrow. Bacon had the Devonshire men in his mind when in iiis essay on plantations, he said : " Let not the Government of any " plantation depend upon too many counsellors and undertakers in the " country that planteth, but upon a temperate number, and let those be " rather noblemen and gentlemen than merchants, /or ^/^ev Zoo/.- ewr ^o " the present gain." influence of a, "n^T.*?^'"^ T ^'^T^ ^^^''' ^°'' *^^ '^^P' f^*'"' yh'ginm and Newfoundland, ihe lurkish pirates - had taken in ten dayes 27 ships and 200 persons." ^ And in the Weymouth Records * again of September 1636 :— " The 300 English ships from Newfoundland will be in great peril from Turkisb Puates The Mayor of Weymouth followed the King to Woodstock to get help for the[fishing]fleet but was only told the [Eoyal] fleet should come down with the first fair wind. The Mayor said this would only mitigate not cure the business, rhe Archbishop [Laud] striking his hand upon his breast sold while he had life he would do his utmost to advance so consequential a business, that within this twelve months, not a Turkish ship should be able to putt oat." This extract gives a vivid picture of the times, a remarkable illustra- tion of the character of Charles I. We can imagine the anxious mayor gallopmg for his life to save the great fleet of merchantmen on which four fair counties were dependent almost for their existence, on whose safety hung the lives and fortunes of half the seamen from Devon Dorset, Cornwall, and Somerset. The answer of the king shows his utter incapacity to appreciate the vital interests of his subjects. How ' Records. Sr.c.i names as ''Turks Gut" and " Turks Cove " in Newfoundland record the memory of theee temWb corsairs. ' Records. x'.i ^; ^- ^^o^'LE, Descriptive Catalogue of the Charters of Weymouth. my, and the dis- } of the Stuarts. [. to protect and -ughan, and one >ver visited the th, 1625. LordBhips that the leagues off from le Anne of Poole. r Lordships here I hath before this •pes of this town shall be pleased to bout two hundred lome fewer or five iwards scattering s shall seeme best ed by this fleet of ot leave his most busyneese of soo all humble dutye d Newfoundland, ons." * 636 :— 2ril from Turkish ;k to get help for e down with the ire the business. rhile he had life, that within this i'kable illustra- anxious mayor tmen on which ence, on whose 1 from Devon, ing shows his ubjects. How oriptive Cataloauc SIR D. KIRKE. IS^ differently Ehzabeth or Cromwell would have acted ; all their pride and ~ndr^^^^^^^ '^^^ ''''-' '' '''' '-'-^^ -^^^ - ^^^^ «r. I^"""^ ™™^n* ni"«t have been the danger, how terrible the anxiety and fear of the chief magistrate, when it nerved his worship's poor diffident tongue to insist most strenuously, even in the august presence of majesty, on the necessity of sending off the Royal ships. Perhaps the most striking part of the story is the arrogance of Laud-the Lell- nig pride of this little Protestant Wolsey-with his vague threat to annihila e the Turkish pirates. How much more practical it would have been had he used his influence with his Royal master to send immediate help to the endangered Newfoundland fleet. Besides the ocean pirates, the fishermen suffered grievously from the pressgang ; not only were men pressed for the Royal Navy, but even girls were captured to be sent out to the plantations : " October 19 1613 _^ -In Somerset it was reported that forty maidens had fled from their Homes to obscure places to escape the pressgang." Sh- David Kirke, the active manager of Hamilton's Company, was Oueb ^'^^^^^r'^^fk^^l^ ^-oes of this age; his gallant capture of Quebec and destruction of the French power in Canada, the most bx Ihant naval exploit in colonial history. The pusillanimous king hrew away, at one blow, all the immense advantages he had gained for the strugghng English colonies, and, with true Stuart ingratitude, left Kirke and his associates to bear the enormous expense of the expedi ion undertaken under a direct commission from his sovereign Fn J-^b ^f7 ""^ T.^*^' '" '"PP"'"^^ *° ^" °"^ °^ ^^^ Prod^«t« of modern S ttTTrf"' '"' ' ^r^'^'^^ '' '''' "^'^''^^^ ^' *^« Stuarts rTvi^l!^ .f ° ^^ ^"'"T''' ^" ^''''''''' ^'^^^ ^^"^^"^« "« ^hat they fairly r vailed the nineteenth century rulers of England in this line S^ -David Kirke and a few gallant adherents had won Nova Scotia for the Crown of England; British sovereigns claimed the country bv r'ht of iTexS; 'TV-r!"'' T': ' ^""' '' '' '^ '''' ^^^^"*- «^^ ^^^^^^ rntL f .f'T'''^ ^'' '^' '^*'"'^"" ^« ^ b^"'i«r ^g^-^mst their ruthl ss foes the French ; yet, at the peace of St. Germains 1632 notwth.,anding England was then in possession of the principri French terr tones in North America-Quebec, Port Royal, St Croix TnS rttfr^^^Lt ""^^^"^ -''' '' '- '-''- '" ^^- S" wTre Cromwell felt the loss of Nova Scotia so keenly that even though „t peace w.th France, h. re-„cc„pied the Colony, anLnt o^I" Z^!;.:', K 2 148^ REiaN OF CHARLES I. Sir Thomas Temple. In 1662 Charles II. intended to give it back to France, but New England sent such a spirited petition to the House of Commons, that the treacherous hand of the king was stayed for a time ; by the treaty of Br6d«,, however, Charles ceded Nova Scotia again to the French; the stout, old Governor Temple stood out; he and his adherents had spent large sums of money on the fortifications, and the country was not finally surrendered to our enemies until 1670. In the policy of scuttle, the Stuarts have a fair claim to pre-eminence. Bishop Howley and Mj-. Henry Kirke's accounts of Sir David are not quite in accord with the testimony of the English recoids. Kirke and his brothers, Louis and Thomas, were born in Dieppe; David was a member of Sir William Alexander's company; it was probably in some way to recompense him for his losses in the Quebec expedition that the king granted the patent, which was at first in his name alone. He came out to Newfoundland with one hundred men in 1638 accompanied by his wile and family; having taken possession of all Lord Baltimore's property at Ferryland he vigorously set to work to make money in the Colony, charged rent for stage rooms, sold tavern licences, and did a roaring trade in everything. The charter gave him authority to exact dues from foreigners ; so he travelled all around the Island, and made every Frenchman and foreigner pay him a commission on their catch ; so stringently did the old n..x-iner wring these taxes from the French that on May 16, 1639, Pompone de Bellievre, Seigneur de Grignon, the French Ambassador, complained to King Charles of Kirke's imposition on French subjects in Newfoundland, in 'the following letter : — Roy do la G. B. pour lever quelque cho.o «ur la pesche de. .norues, cc qu'ils Z proposent ae prendre iion soulement sur le. sujets du Roy de lu G. B. maislncral nieut sur tous ceux qui iront pour faire cette pesches, ce qui .eroit contraire 't tout droit eta la hbcrte ayer laquelle on en a u«d jusques icy, ce qui fait Te ,V m'nnag,ne que lo Roy de la a. B. „e I'entond pas'ai„W et ^^e pZo " Tut , que ses sujets ne so resoudra a le souffrir." ^ .F r ^ bare also been informed that the said Kerq[s] have a patent from the Kin« of Great Bntaui to collec somothmg on the cod fishery and that they propose t! take tins not only from British subjects but also from all who go t^'re I fil Ihis wil be contrary to all justice and to the freedom which has been enjoyed thei^' up to this time. I surmise that the King of Great Britain does not know whit has been done and that no one but his own subjects will submit to this." The king, in reply, referred the Ambassador to the Council Board who reported : — ' ive it back to to the House of yed for a time ; jcotia again to t; he and his nations, and the I 1670. In the nence. Sir David are ■ecoids. Kirke Dieppe; David was probably ebec expedition t in his name 1 men in 1638, ssession of all et to work to IIS, sold tavern irter gave him all around the 1 a commission ig these taxes ^evre, Seigneur ig Charles, of laud, in the Tine piitcntc du ies, CO qu'ils si; B. niais general- roit contraire ii e qui fait que je persoune autro fc from the King they ])roposG to [0 there to fish, m enjoyed there not know what hia." Council Board, i A SHAM MAN OF WAR. j^g For once Charles was firm and decided. The following ludicrous incident, duly recorded in the Calendar of State Papers, illustrates the extraordinary mode in which merchant mission granted that a firm but EXGLISn MAJf-OF-WAH. From Dudley's Arcano (hi 3Iare, 161,6 Newfoundland fieh ft lOrper ctl Lr -T .T ^^T^^^*« «f I'ondon 6000 qtls. of out the Confident J.T Z^ih^" ^^^^V^! Jt^^^^ ^^ Mabb the Master dir^eTng to treF*Vchi^^ '^^*^*"'^^^^ ^^^* ' but Edward afterwards refused to pay any more ™ndl.! ""Z Z "^T '^ ^"'^ *^« ^^^^''^ not pay for the 1000 c^^^ o^f^TZS^^U^Zl ^ ^I't' '"'^ ^'^""^^'^ ^"^ Pray that the business may be referred to^^J^^ ^^^ t^'^^'^'^ ^^ *^« ^''^'^• Referred to Lord Keeper &c . "T ^«^«"^^ble persons to determine. In dealing with botl the Tudoi and the Stuart period we must always remember that in our sen=!e o? the «.^ i .i, «o...ce or great departments of Stote%ome, Lei," orrooL the"^ m X. „ P®'^"*^' ^''^ '"^^« mention of a " man-of-war nf Torbay.-a "^an of war of London" or -Bristol"; thesTwe Ttaply ' Records. 160 REIGN OF CHARLES I. if! ^1E' ftrmed merchantmen, sometimes with a royal commission, sometimes without, in many cases simply piratical cruisers who made war on Frenchmen and Spaniards, occasionally when no better opportunity offered plundering their own countiymen. For one more year Kirke went on mulcting the foreigners and rolling up money, leasing out stages, selling liquor, and doing the general Newfoundland business ; he acted as monarch of all he surveyed, and his rude strong hands fell heavily on the settlers ; even the sturdy West of England fishermen had to submit to this tyrannical old sea captain. During the first year of his reign, as we learn from Kirke's letter to the Earl of Pembroke, 25th January 1639,^ the West of England had risen in arms ; the bl- hop of Exeter stood by his diocese and headed the petition against the new Covenior ; charges were made that Kirke had destroyed cook rooms and stages, had disposed of the principal places to aliens, and had set up taverns, and it is urgently rf^quested that some timely course may be taken for prevention of such abuses. Sir David manfully replied to these charges : — " Ffereland 12 September 1640— To the Privy Council be protests before God that all thoy have alleged against me is most false. Many of the fishermen this year, upon what grounds I know not, have driven in their stages and cooke- roomes so much that ye most civil and wisest men amongst them did complain to me of those outrages 1 confesse he that would interrupt the flRshinge of Xcwfoundlaad which is one of the most considerable Business for the Kingdom of His Majesty and benefit of His Subjects and navigation is worthy the name of Traitour, the least thought and imagination whereof I do ^^^°^ Hopes by good proofs to clear himself from causeless clamours against him. Has sent warrants to all Planters and fishermen to see the clauses in the 9th of H.M.'s reign [Star Chamber Eulesl duly kept.' The king ordered a counnission to investigate charges against Sir David. After a careful consideration of the facts contained in the records it appears that Kirke's real offence was against his associates ; he was evidently unscrupulous, he appears to have followed the old Scotchman's advice to his sons : " Make money honestly if you can, but make money " ; he had no hesitation in appropriating Lord Baltimore's propei-ty, and he evidently was doing the same with his partners, so in 1640 they dismissed him and sent out John Downing, senior, as Governor, with the following letter of instructions : — i " Instkuctions for John Downing of Loudon Merchant concerning the affnh-s of the Lords Proprietors Pattentees of TS'ewfoundland and others interest d and adventurers therein. •• Mr. Downinge, when God shall sand you safe arrivall in Newft-n- iiund. we would have yon to performe and doe so mnch as in you lieth for yoQr ...ta, our ' Iteeords ton, sometimes made war on sr opportunity foreigners and md doing the 11 he surveyed, ven the sturdy nnical old sea a Kirke's letter >f England had md headed the liat Kirke had rineipal places rf^quested that buses. protests before >f the fishermen ages and cooke- m did complain lid interrupt the jIc Business for d navigation is n whereof I do from causeless ?rmen to see tlie arges against ntaiued in the lis associates; lowed the old ' you can, but rd Baltimore's partners, so in g, senior, as ? the affnh's of s interest- d and iwft'P.'iiund, we joxir M..,ia, our DOWNING'S INSTRUCTIONS. 161 f joint instructions, deliverd unto you & Mr. Eigby wherein we would have you to advise together, & assist one another all that you can, soe long as Mr. Kiabv remameth in the countiy. * '• In regard Sr Davd Kirke ho is to come over hither, wo would have yon to stay and remam in the house in Forryland, wherein Sir David Kirke now dwelleth nntill you shall receive advice from us what to do. ' •.u'L^^'^°"?y''7® r° '"'"'"■°' y«"»'«elf in the best manner yon can conferring with Sir David Kirko & otherwise, what course is best to be taken for plantinjr of people m ye countrey & for the reducing the Indians that live in Newfoundland into civility, that soe they may be brot in time to know God. "We doubt not but you shall find a suflBciont quantity of provisions to tnaintaiu you, and the Colony all the winter. The next year there shall be further supply, with what further shall be necessary, as we shall receive advice • in case you should want any provision sooner Mr. Rigby will assist you in procuring same from some ships in the Country or otherwise, but we presume there will bono cause, only thus wee write that you may know what to doe if the Worst should happen. " Wee would have you give ua all needful advice from time to time bv all conveyances. And soe we rest. "^ • ' Whitehall ye 20th June 1 WO. Hamilton Pembkoke MONTGOMEUY HoiLAND." All through the Colonial records in the first half of the seventeenth century there are constant proofs of the importance of this Island as a great centre of trade; nowhere else in America between 1C20 and 1G40 were so many Englishmen gathered together and employed in one occupation as in Newfoundland. To the poor, ill-treated colonist, who groaned under the tyranny of Argall in Virginia, or the white slavery of Bermuda, Newfoundland was the haven of refuge to which his longing eyes were turned ; Ave have several instances in these early annals of the hair-breadth escapes of men in open boats fleeing to gain their freedom amongst the settlers and fishermen of the ancient Colony. In 1623, when Virginia was in a terrible state of poverty and want their hopes of succour from nunger and starvation lay in the timely arrival of a cargo of fish from Newfoundland. When the infant Colony of New York was struggling into existence, the Commissioner Mavericke thus writes home : — " Tryalls have been made seveiall times this spring for codfish withverv cood success, a small ketch sent out by ye Governour hath founde seveiall good tishin^ bancks, amongst ye rest one not above two or three leagues from Sandy Hook° on which in a few houres four men took from 1100 to 1200 excellent good codd the last time they were out ; and most of ye vessels that goe to and from Virginia take good quantities. A vessel to goo to Newfoundland to get fishermen lines hooks and other necessaryes for fishing. I doubt not but this coast will 'afford hsh m abundance. ' * The first authentic account of trade between New England and New- foundland occui-s in 1645 ; by this time the commerce and shipping of the American Colonies had marvellously increased; everything was * Records. 1{)2 REIGN OF CHARLES I. Ill til g w ^ jlniiuiiii clone to promote the gi-eat fishing intlustiy; in 1639 an act wns passed by the local government exempting fishermen from military duty, and all fishing property from taxation; by 1641 Cfovemor Winthrop records that three hundred thousand dry fish were sent to market, probably first to England. In 1643 the excellent Governor mentions the return of the Trial. " Mr. Thomas Graves, an able and godly man, master from a voyage to Bilbao and Malaga, her outward cargo consisted of dry codfish which she sold at a good rate and she brought as a return wine, fruit, oil, iron and wool which was a great advantage to the country [and which probably the godly man enuiggled] it gave gi-eat en- couragement to trade." ' In 1644 a Bristol ship was cap- tured by a cruiser of the Parliamentary party in Boston; the sympathies of the majority were witli the Common- wealth, and after some wrangling the Cromwellian vessel carried off^ her pi-ize. Even in distant Newfoundland the effectfi of this fierce civil war fell like a blight upon the fishing trade ; Winthrop, in 1645, tells of a fishing expedition to Bay Bulls, Newfound- land, sent by merchants of Boston and Charlestown. When Uie vessels had nearly completed their loading the ship and most of the fish were seized by a Royal cruiser, and retained to the great loss of the merchants. Newfoundland appears to have been Royalist, or at any rate neutral, and the Devonshire men were under the protection of the king's party. Charles, however, recognised rightly that New England's sympathies were * Records. gi'cat fishing act WHS passed lent exempting iry duty, and :rom taxation ; inthrop records jusand dry fish probably first the excellent I return of the m able and godly le to Bilbao and •go consisted of I at a good rate ri Mine, fruit, oil, great adrantnge ch probably the gave gi-eat en- ship was cap- I'arliamentary sympathies of the Common- wrangling the rried off her N^ewfoundland civil war fell fishing trade ; 3 of a fishing s, Newfound- of Boston and e vessels had loading the h were seized etained to the its, ars to have rate neutral, 1 were under king's party, iiised rightly (ipathies were NEW ENGLAND TRADE. 168 with his opponents. He seems to have had grave doubts about their loyalty, so a.s an additional precaution passengers going out to the Colony were compelled to take the oath of allegiance. " Petition of Stephen Goodyeare Merchant. John of London about to proceed to Newfoundland and Spain. Leave granted to carry goods and passengers to New England on taking the oath of allegiance at Gravesend. 1640 Jany. 26. " Similar order about Charles of Gloucester freighted for a voyage to the foreign Plantations and thenco to Newfoundland. Passage allowed for lUO to New Enjfland on taking the oath of allegiance. May 27, 1640. " Same date similar order for Amity. 120 passengers to New England." • The sack ships or freighters, now generally known in Newfoundland as "Foreigners," were constantly employed during these early years transporting freight and passengers to New England, many of the New- foundland merchants were also concerned in the New England trade and fishery ; their ships were sent from Maine and New England to fish about the Newfoundland coast before the New England traders made a regular business of the Newfoundland barter trade. By 1652 there was a steady commerce and connexion between New England and Newfoundland; traders came every year to the Island and bartered their corn and cattle for the Newfoundland fish and oil ; even thus early in our history the New Englanders began the practice of stealing away the Devonshire fisher- men's servants, in which afterwards they were so extensively engaged. Hubbard relates in 1652, concerning a petition to the Lords Com- missioiers of Trade and Plantations with respect to regulations about the fishery, fees for culling, &c., on which disputes had arisen between the Government and the fishing interest, that the petition was only signed by twenty-five : — " These were for the most part, either young men who came over as Servants and never had over much shew of religion in them, or fishermen of Marblehead feared to be profane persons, divers of whom were brought from Newfoundland for the fishing season." ' The New Englanders of that age showed all the cuteness and unscrupulous cunning of the Yankee inventor of wooden nutmegs; Charles II. was terribly wroth at the audacity of the colonists in coining shillings with a rude figure of a pine tree ; the colonists roundly swore to His Majesty that it was not a pine but an oak, and was intended to show their loyalty and His Royal Majesty's providential escape in the oak tree. The merry monarch was a humorist, and he enjoyed the fine flavour of this impudent falsehood ; to further conciliate His Majesty they sent him ten barrels of cranberries and three thousand dried codfish. The earliest account of the New Englanders in the Colony from the Newfoundland records occurs in John Downing's narrative, 1676.^ ' Records, See p. 205. ■•.«;f 154 |.V'! APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VI. 1. Star Chamber Rules of Charles I. and additions by Charles 11. Order of Star Chamber 24th Jaii'y 1633— Oa 20th Feb> foll'g Charter was granted according to tenor of this order unto ye ISIor- chante and Traders of Newfoundland which was since on 24th Jan'y 1660 renewed and confirmed by his iMajestie with an additional provision.— (fl. T. NJid., Vol. i\, p. 5.) In renewal of Charter by Charles II. the Patent of Chas I. is recited— "Whereas our late Royall Father of blessed Meniorie by his Lettres Patent under his Create Scale of Englande Leareing date at Wcstminstre the tenth day of Ffebruary in the nynth yeare of his reigne hereby reciteing that the region or Countrey called Newfoundland had be^n acquired to the Dominion of his Progenitors, which he held &c &c " His people had many yenrs resorted to those parts— employed themseltes in ffish- ing whereby great number of his people had been " sett on Worke " & the navigation and manners of the realm much increased and his subjects resorting thither " one by the other and the natives of these parts were orderly and gently intrcated" till of late some of his subjects of realm of England planting themselves in that Countrey " upon conceipt that for wrongs or injuries done there either on the shoares or in the sea adjoining they could not be here impeached " & the rather that he and his progenitors had not given laws to inhabitants— subjects resorting thither injured one another & " used all manner of excesse " to hindrance of voyage and common damaeo of realme— for preventing of such incon- veniences for future he did declare in what manner people of Newfoundland and sea« adjoining and Bays and Creeks and fresh rivers there sh'd be guided and governed & did make and order &c " We doe by these presents renew ratify and confirme the laws following in the things after specified"— 1st. If any man kill another or steaie to value of forty shillings to be brought to prison to England & the crime made known to Earl Marshall of Eng'd & if proved by two witnesses— delinquent to suffer death. 2. No ballast to be thrown out to pre- judice of harbor. 3. That no person deface or spoyle any stage, Cookroome &c. 4. That such ship as first entereth a harbour shall be admiral— wherein for time being he shall reserve onlv so much bea"*" •"- flakes as is needful tor number of boates as he -luill uv. ivjil overplus only for one boat, as privuefr« for ..is first coming, after content uieiM 'I . with what he shall have use for With keeping more to prejudice of others next cominff— any that possess several places in several harbours with intent to keep all before they can resolve which to choose shall be bouud to resolve and send advice to such attercomers & within 48 howr,^s if the weather so serve, said aftcr-..^., s :;,.._> „ newise choose —so none receive prejudice by others delayes. 5. That no person deface or alter the marks ol any boats to defraud the owners of them. 6. That no person steaie any fish, trayne. or salt or any other provision belonging to fishing ships. H B " 7. That no person set fire to the woodes or nnde the trees except for Cookeroomes. 8. Ihat no man case anchor or oudit else hurtful which may breed annoyance or hinder the "haleing of seunes " for baytes in places accustomed thereto. 9. That no person robb the nets of others out of any drift boate. 10. That no peison set up any taverne tor selling wine, beere, strong waters, cider or tobacco.— by such means fishermen neglect their labours, and spend wages upon which their wives and cliildieu depend they are likewise hurtful in many other ways— men make themselves hurtful by purloining and stealing from owners. 11. On Sunday Divine service to be said by some of the Musters of ships, such prayers as are in Book of Common prayer. And moreover and further then was ordayned by the Ii.ws of our said late ffather and for the encouragement of our subjects in said Newfoundland All owners of ships trading to Newfoundliind forbidden to carry any persons not of ships Company or such as are to plant or do intond to settle there & that speedy punishment may be inflicted on ottenders— oideyned as formerly that " Every ot the Maiors of Soutbton Weymouth and Melcome Itegis Lynne Plymouth Dartmouth luistlowe ftoy and Barnstaple" for time being tah< cogni'ce of all complaints [on landj and by oath of witness examine, award amend to parties specified and punish de- linquent by fine and imprisonment &c. and Vice-Admls in Counties of Southton Dorsett Devon and Cornwall proceed against offenders upon the sea— "Also wee will and ordeyne that these laws and ordinances shall stand m forse and be put in 'due execution until! wcc snail otueiwise provide and ordeine And we doe require the admirall in every J5TAR CHAMBER RULES. 155 / for one boat, as iog, nfter nontent ihall have use for lice of others next several places in to keep all before choose shall be 1 advice to such '■"'» if the weather :.j JiHewiscnhoose by others delayes. Face or alter the ud the owners of ! any fish, trayne, ou belonging to re to the woodes uookeroonies. inchor or ought id annoyance or ;8 " for baytes in :he nets of others up any taverne og waters, cider shermen neglect ?e8 upon which spend they are her ways — men purlojning and ervice to be said ps, such prayers lyer. ther then was said late ffather our subjects in \ners of ships jiddeu to carry •any or such as settle there, & be inflicted on ly that " Every Veymouth and ith Dartmouth >le" for time oiuplaints [on xaniine, award, id punish de- iraent &c. and uthton Dorsett :ainst offenders I and ordeyne ies shall stand :ecution until! and ordeine irall in every harbour in this next season ensuing calling together such as shall be in that harbour publickly to proclayme these presents and they alsoe proclaymo the saniu on the shoare in Witness &o. Witness ourselfe at Westminster the six and tweniicth day of January." (.Patent Roll, 12 Chas. II., part 17, 30.) On the 23rd Deer 1670 a Pet'n for regulation of Fishery was presented to His Mivjestie by Westerne Merchants & Traders & Council of foreign Planters having made report of several rules necessary for sipport of trade. His Majesty was pleased ti, order that they sh'd be added to the former Charter viz — !• ThatH.M's Subjects may take bayte of fish in Newfoundland provided they snbmit to established orders. 2. That no alien take bait. 3. That no planter cut down any wood, or plant within six miles of sea shore. 4. That no inhabitant or planter take up best stages before arrival of fishermen. 5. That no master or owner of ships transport seamen or fishermen to Nfld unless belonging to his ship's Company. 6. Ihat no person carry more than 60 persons to a hundred tonnes. 7. That every fifth man be a green man (.that is] not a seaman. • Tj. ^' ■'■'''*' '""''••"rs of ships jirovide victuals in England according to number of men, for whole voyage, salt only e.\ceptcd. 9. Ihat no fishing ship part hence for JSe'vtouudland before the month of March. 10. That Masters give bond of ;(J100 to respective Mayors not to carry any persons to Newfoundland as aforesaid & to bring back such as they carry out, or shall employ with nsh for market voyages. 11. That no master tiiice up a stoge with less than 25 men. 12. That no fisherman or seaman remain behind after fishing is ended. 13. That Adm'l, Vice Adm'l and Rear Adm 1 do put these orders in execution and preserve the peace. 14. And bring offenders for nuy crime into England. 1.5. That they proclaim on 20th Senlr yearly H.M.'s orders. 16. And keep Journals. 17. That Itecorders and Justices of the Peace be Joyned in Commission vith Mayors. 18. That reasonable fines be imposed on offenders. 19. That a Bill sh'd be prepared for the Greate Scale, for confirm 'u of said Charter with these additional powers. ' 20. That the clause touching the Marshall sh'd be reviewed by the Atty Gen'l &c who should present to board, someway of Judicature for determinin"' nf rn:-.^— '— Newfoundland. ^ • . ca (i?. T. Njld., Vol. 3,p. 13.) II. Sir Dayid Kirke. KiRKH TO ArOIIHIBHOP LacD. Oct. 2, 1639. " Out of 100 persons they took over only one died of sickness. [The tempen»ture and general state of the country is described ] • . . The air of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's creatures wcept Jesuits uud Schismatics. A great mortality amongst the former tribe so affrighted my Lord of Baltimore that he utterly deserted [Ihe Puritans] many frenzies are heard from their next neighbouring Plantation, the great.Kt His Maj'x hath in America. Their chiefest ,afety is a strict observanoe of the rites and service of the Church of England. Doubts not but the country will be mimerouslv peopled in a short time." (Endorsed by Laud rec. Jan. 1640.) " There is considerable difficulty in ascer- taining the exact facts about the later history of this celebrated old sea captain. When ordered home by Charies 1. he appears to have remained in England some time ; he was however, returned to the Island before 1649' Jn this year there is a most pathetic letter from the unfortunate Charles toKirke, written not long before his execution, praying him to find an asylum for his sister Lady Hawkins in these troublous times." Under the Commonwealth Kirke's pro- perty was taken possession of by the Com- missioiiers, at least fill that belonged to the company Besides Jultin.oie's mansion at ierryland, there appear to have been other houses m >, iich George Kirke, Lady Kirke, and the family resided. There was very loiiir delay and putting oti „i Kirke's casef Sir James Kirke obtained a new Patent in con- junction with Claypole.Cromwell's son-in-law In 1651 Kirke is ordered to repair to' England, lie went out to Newfoundland again in 1052,and was under bonds to return the same year. Either in 1G52 or in the following year he died in prison at the suit of Lord Balti- more. Sikes, Pyle, and Treworgie speak of him as dead in 16.'i4 j he appears to have died about June 1653. Witnessc!, on both sides in the con- troversy between Kirke and Baltimore seem to give evidence only on behalf of their friends Amy Wnxoii, William Wrixon, and Ann Low swear that "for 7 or 8 years before the arrival of Sir David Kirke Baltimore never had possession or person there upon the property." Cecil Lord Baltmiore, on the other hand, testifies th.it his father died in 1632; that he, Cecil, had sent out Captain William Hill as his deputy ; Captain Hill repaired thither, took possession and gave him a yearly account of his proceedings and the nrofit on-i resided tour or tive years in Lord Baltimore's house m lerryland. Not long before the beginning of the late war, Duke Hamilton IM EETGN OP CHARLES I. pip- and other* by their power at Court pro- cured, a Patent ot nil Newfouudlun.l, in- cluding therein the Provinne of Avalon, whereupon in I6:»8 Sir I). Kirke went to Ferrylund in Newfoundland, and by force of arras turned Captain Hill out of Lord Balti- more'H chief Mansion house (where the said Lord Baltimore hjid at the time divent things of good value) ami took poKsession of the whole Province and of diverit cattle and horneH bolonginif to Lord Ualtimore." Balti'nore prays for redress through rarliament, " hn property being now in possession of pers.ms sent by the Council of State to disposBess Sir David Kirke." These Commi-sioners were Captains Kaynor and I'earr. ; their cliaracfers are given in a gossipning letter from Charles Hill, Ferryland, 12 Sep. 1661, to Mr. John Kirke, Loudon : — Hill to Kirkk. Ferryland 12 September 1661. Mb. John Kirke. I was advised by Mr, Geo. Kirke of what you was pleased to write to mee at the end of his letter, and could wish I had more pleasing intelligence to write to you than the continuation of the calamity of this Country occasioned not only by the continuance of bad voyages, but to the Inhabitants in a more particular manner by the late Governors arrival here, who have sought themselves so much that I believe they will have but a few Tennants in ye Lord Baltimore's part of Avilon. Upon their arrival here the Inhabi- tants, as also the masters of ships were summoned, when their patent granted them for yp space or term of 14 years from the now Lord Balfiiuore was read and then a letter from the Kings Majesty imder his hand and privy seal, wherein it was signified that there liad beene a tryell between your family and Baltiinore about the patent and upon report of His Majestys two Justices of Common Pleas and other Councel it was declared that ye Patent of ye old Lord Baltimore was a good patent and that it was surreptitiously taken away by Sir David Kirke and that therefore His Majesty did require Sir Lewis Kirke &c. to surrender to Lord Baltimore all his houses lands goods &c., and that all Masters and Admirals of ships should be ayd- ing and assisting Lord Baltimore if required. I pre-advised My Lady and Mr. Geo. Kirke what answer tomake unto the Governours, they being absent at ye reading of the Pro- clamation, when they came with the masters of ships to put them in free possession, who having made a complaymentall demand was suddenly answered that since it was His Majestys pleasure to order ye same they should not in the least dispute but with all readiness surrender it to his use and service, and as for what could be approvedly visible to belong to Lord Baltimore. ' But as for the houses bailt by Sir D. Kirke at his own cost My Lady would attornie tenant for th« name an.l pay the acknowledge duo to Lord Ualti- more for the same. Mv Udy and Mr. George have Imjcu much threatened to Iw disposM-ssed but the fitt IS now over for the two Governors do one NO thwart ihe other that they dissent in their judgments. Captain Itaynor is a des|)era' •"»*■" been sworn to in 1667 to support the opposition to the ./^'ITil"",^. "'*"'"''' P«'"'«» (««'h March IC67, B M. MSS., Eg. 8803), that his sou, T?[«^if""'^*'' "•'""'•i be appointed governor of the district from Petty Harbour to Ferry- .11 ., e water side, and to pay great ffines, tax and rents lor the same and in case of reffusall threttiied to expel them out of ye land : and ulsoe enticed them to take licenses off him ffor ye selling off wine and other liquors and made them pay great rents yearly ffor the same and made tliis Depouent take and pay for such a license igl.'i per annum. And ye said Sir David Kirke himselfe did keepe a Common Taverue in his own House which did ilrawe and keepe ship makers, ffishermen and others ffrom theire fflshiniz employmt-nts to the great prejudice and hiiiderauce of their vo yadges. A nd Sir David Kirke s constant practice was to engross salt and other necessary provisions brought thither for sale which he sold again to ye 8 uppers at excessive rates. And that during the abode of the Deponent, there was not any Church and if one should be built people too far away to come to Church through the woods, whereas in midst of the haibouis there were not above two or three poore families [this means at Hay Hulls]. Similar depositions from Nicholas Luce of Dartmouth, Thomas Pitcher, Kichard ^"'L. ""'w '"■'^'"P'"^'' Selman, Thomas Fowler of St. Mary Church. Gabriel Widdomas of Jk-rry Poiiieroy ; all swear to the same elTect also to Kirke's coming with armed men and turning them out of their stages in June and putting his friends in possession. (WoKTu's Plymouth Municipal Records.) These Depositions, all of one tenour and purpose, are rather suspicious documents • the old \\ est Countrymen swore as boldlv* uniformly, and unblushingly as a corporal's' guard ill a brush with civilians. No doubt Sir David was a tyrant, a bold, determined niler, who kept everybody- even the West Countrymen—in order. It was not quite in keeping with his gubernatorial dignity for the gallant kn.ght to keep a "grog shop" at Government House; in excuse for him it should be remembered that he had no salary 158 Kll!i: CHAPTER VII. Interregnum, 1649-1653. CROMWELL, PROTECTORy 1653-1658. RICHARD CROMWELL, Sept. 1658 to May 1659. 1659-1660, Interregnum. 1649, July 24.— Notification to Colonies of change of Government. 1650.-\Varrant served by Matthews against N. Redwood at St. Mary's. Newfoundland at this t.me probably contained 350 families, or about 2,000 inhabitants n fifteen settlements, between Cape Race and Cape Bonavista. •^""ants, m 1651. -Commission to Treworgie, Sikes, &c. to govern Newfoundland. Kirke ordered to K wirh^TSof iSSitnS! ^"°"^ ^^"^ '- «°"^-^^'>' -^ -pp!^ ''''•"'''SiSSS.'^""'"- ""''^^'^ -"^"''""^ Newfoundland fishermen being 1653. — Treworgie, sole Governor. '"'"--'"''ZfiCllt^^^' ^""^ ^"^P"^^""^^^- ^-»^ «^ Sir D. Kirke in prison, at 1655.--retition from Plymouth for two men-of-war for convoy to Newfoundland. Charfer ^ajmfntof sS^r ""' ''' '"""'^^ '"'''''• ^^^^'^'^ ^^^ «'^-' P^ti'Sns for 1656.— Report of Committee on Newfoundland Trade— Twelve Art;,.i«= t^ \,^ ^ (except 11th Article) into instruction to conJmanders of ct oy g^ing tSet relec'teMn^rr'" •"''''.' ^'^«°«'«ge'"e«t of the NewfonndlandTai to be respectcu in the pressing of seamen. 16:.7.— Convoy provided for several ships bound to Newfoundland. 1659.— Treworgie petitions for payment of six years' salary. 1660.— Mr. Powey's report upon Treworgic's petition. The stirring events of the great English revolution, the judicial murder of the king, the downfall of the monarchy, and the establish- ment of the Commonwealth, seem to have had marvellously small effect on the English colonies. One plucky little island, Barbadoes, alone stood in arms for the fallen monarch ; it is the proud boast of the Isarbadoes negro of to-day : — " While Bados true to her England nebber fear," 659- . Newfoundland ) inhabitants, in Xirke ordered to f oith, and supply fishermen being rke m prison, at idland. Charter les' petitions for 38 to be turned '8 going thither, md trade to bo the judicial lie establish- ' small effect adoes, alone xtast of the THE POLICY OF THE PROTECTOR. 159, Nowhere else amongst the growing British dependencies was there any great commotion or armed resistance in ih. « J 1 "»cu xcHiHbance to the new ""ovemmonf Tii^^ orderly course of law and administration in ih7 ""^^ ™"'^''*- ^^^ the West of England shrank fmm f«r« u 1 1 -, ""»'"«»» irom +Ko « • e 1 «"™nK irom two hundred and seventy vessels in the reign of James to about 100 sail • Npw F^^Io^^ u n , . 7 been wo,, ,,,,,„„ ^^O. withi aJ.Ta^Th r'^wtt^r^ blight on commeree and industry * b«>»w'on,^r^ "'■ '^-'"«-'»t''-™y«-Cecil, Lo„l Baltimore- surrendered on the first appear- ance of the Commonwealth's armed force. The Puritans of the old country and New England em- braced each other. The American rejoiced that his brethren in the motherland had followed his ex- ample in establishing a godly government out of which the shrewd New Engenders got worldly profit and advantage in the shape of various contracts for Jamaica, &c. The extortions and tyranny of Kirke as a representative of Charles's government had its in- fluence on the western adventurers in Newfoundland; they welcomed the new power that had put an end to Kxrkes reign; and though the Devonshire gentry were cavaliers to a man, the merchants and middle class who traded to Newfoundland seem ecorrthifr ""' '' *'' P-^--entary party. We find in the lecords that the new government consulted Mr. Holdsworth ^ of Dart mouth, a leading man amongst the western adventurers, in making their arrangements for the affairs of the Colony cont'l^ast'tf II *'' "^T" '""""''^ Newfoundland was in marked contiast to the tyrannical oppression of the monarchy. Even in our Island the sagacious statesmanship and firm, strong hand of Cromwell ' 1651. Januftrv 20- « T»i/» n^, :i «__ ^ „ , the Plantations about" "j^ewfoundland"nff„^r« tt.i i"° fl^^''""''.*' " orders were sent for are directed to send for Mr. Oldsworth or anv ?''"■} ^m^'*''" "'^^'''^ of Kirke's defence ; others who can speak to that SsI -' ^ if Kfrir ^ ^ ""' ""' *' ^'''^'"'^ "I'P^"^' '« CROMWELL. from an engraving after' ITouhrakm. 160 THE COMMONWEALTH. m ■im made itself felt. The rulers appointed for the Colony by the Parlia- mentary party were designated Commissioners ; they were the first real Govemo.'s of the Island ; all former administratoi-s, although called in 3^?^^ JMARE OCEANO DUDLEi's MAP, 1047. our histories Governors of Newfoundland — Gilbert, Guy, Mason, liay- man, Wynne, and Kirke — were in reality only the managers of colonisa- tion companies, and had no direct commission from the Crown; the y the Parlia- the first real ugh called in AhondtLc Masor, liay- j of colonisa- Orown ; the THE COMMISSIONEHS. jgj English authorities at home had never given to either or any of these elf-styled Governors exther a naval or a military force to execute the decrees; under Cromwell's administration all this wa. changed The Commissioners, as will be seen from Governor Treworgies letter of appomtment and mstruction, were real Governors •— • • • • • " o c..yl« for the .se of .hi, CoLonteS.- ^^'^ '""' '''""° "" '"'P'*"'"" "f The fli-st act of tlie Connuonweiiltli regarding Ncwfuomlland k conta,ned .. the records of Fehruary 2SnlU4i>° Sir dIvM Kh-k a staunch Eoyahst evidently intended to «end over a considerable forcj to «,,sta,n the royal cau.,e in the Colony and to operate in coni.n tbn «tb Prmce Eupert, who wa, taking ,ome of his ships to pluni ho hslnng fleet An order therefore is issued to the Con,ptroUeri rf Plymouth, Dartmouth, and Barnstaple :— Uhegetl^TefL"' "'^ ™"^ '''"''' '""""'"^ "°'- « -"" I "Are informed tliut it is the intention of Prince Rnnp,.f f^ i revolted ships to Newfoundland to disturb the fit^biTt^eT DesirrtLTr "'.'" ! mny bo sent thither if they can be spared to defend lhe/shinfve"L-'. "'^^^ These Mdse precautions bad the desired effect; Kirke was kept a pnsoner under the control of the State, and Rupert's fleet, instead ot nnmng the Newfoundland fishermen, crippled the English trade in tl^ Mediterranean and the West Indies. ' On the 24th of July of the same year there is an order from the Council of State :— ^ "That letters be written to the English plantations to give them not>V« .r tbe change of Government, to send the papers necessary for the r InformaH 10 require them ^,o continue their obedience as Ihey look for protecttn"' ' '"' The first Commissioners appointed (on April 8th, 1651) bv the Commonwealth were John Littlebury, John Trcworgie, Walter SikeJ, ' Itecordt. 1^ THE COMMONWEALTH. 'I Captain Thomas Thoroughgoo..;-'V-.. .-■ ■ "'■■"■ ■ ■■-.,. '■"■. ^v ■ ■ ■•.. ■■•'i; ■\. :t#'f^-'.;-^^' ■/'-''' '^^ .■N^''- ^S^'<^ '= '^»^ V^B^l "i.y J. -'^ .tPT^^'o' !.'■■*.... ■.,j(..,. . -^^vi-**. ■ ■'^■R, ,::ji^^i.?< iJ^-T'^/ ■d to secure a share in 'O have been fs. It caoie TREWORGIE. ^.g fronf r/T Mw'^ '^""'T* "^P"'"' *" ^^^" ^"^^••^•^» «<^ "^"«J^ commercially from the Civd War as New England. The Puritans of Boston and New Py...outh complained bitterly of the stagnation of trade during th per od, when the seas were infested with hostile cruisers, Parliamentary been T T \ '^^ '"P°'' °' '^'^ *° ^^ Mediterranean must have been a terably nsky bmincsa. thell'„f7'r"f!^'' "'■'P"- ™»'"™' ("•""gh terribly mluced ft-om href 2 f r^" "' ^'™''<^*''>' ^'^" "■■"»''■ ■"■<• «*orted by season and there appear, to be no con.plaint of captures. The Dutch fro,„ t he tnne of the Armada, had become, like the Engliah at the pr^n t dr^ tx rt' T""';'"?'^ ™'''-' '^'^ '»"«'>'W quantities „ dry OKI m ^ewfoundland, and e..ported it to Europe and the West the rlTn?'*"'-'"'"!":'' ""'"' '" ""= "■''''■' "f Newfoundland durin. theCmnwelhan period i. John Treworgie, or Treworgay= ; ho wa. th: tot .-eal Governor of the Colony, The be,t illustration w can »ther ot the eha.«ter of this able, honest a.ln,ini.,trator is f„™i«hed by hi opponents. The West Country„,en found him a far more foltibL ruler than Ku-ke, In the l>arlian,entary EepoK published in 1718 they co„pla,n of Ins hav,nf, encoumge,! ,,ettlement in Newfoundlaud by transporting p„:,sengers and protecting plant^iu He had been iivin. i Mame. carrying „n business lor his grandfather. Alexander Shapleifh of ^^d « ;■ I™',"' ^""^ '^'■°"«'" "P ■" "- Colonies, he h«d seen tto good ertectH ot orderly settlements and the division of the State into townships, and 111 Newfoundland he endeavoured to carij- out tls^i^ enhghtened i, eas. Even a violent Tory like Downing adiiisZ good onler wa« maintHined during his government, and the p«,r New foundland planters were protected in their p„sses;io„s, & Zh wl hio character that, during the inten-egnun, between the end of The «•., ,\ ^ ?■***• "Memorandum concsrning ' The # .»! to be preferred by the West Countiymen i ahout the Newfoundland fishery." ^ _ The paper shows the advantage to British navigation If the Dutch were profibited from buying fish there, and aliens required to p«y ' w "^"n ''"f'*' ^'••'■^^ *^»* «« paid in inl »Q1. It also mentions oomplainte from ^ Jah,imas and Virginia about Dutch trader™ I J hey were universal carriers, and had ?oS' ?^?*^«^i-^rom^^'SI;S Gould and others about the Treworgie familv mCornwallhavefaiJe^ The ShaplefghS ever, are an old West Country stock. Four luonumeuts, with coats of arms of the familv are to be found in the Parish Church of i^ fl^°" ^.^^''^• ^'■«'" -^"^e I'^^v papers ^. find that John Treworgie went ouf to A/a he m 1640, when a very youi- man as agent for his grandfather Slmplei>h. He aved several years at Sturgeon CreekVKittery Maine and figured in law suits about his grandfather's property with John Heard in 1646 to a Miss Spenser, of Newberry, Masi Treworine and several other merchants in Maine went to Newfoundland for trading and fishbj Governor Treworgie did busin^a- ™;*^ "fJ Island for ou May 27th, 1653, when appointed sole Governor or Commissionflr for New foundland. it is specially mentioned that he was then residing there. L 2 164 THE COMMONWEALTH. Commonwealth and the restoration of Charles II, Treworgie was again appointed Governor of the Colony. The Lord Protector's Govenunent treated Treworgie meanly ; they .seem to Imve been just as neglectful as the Stuarts in paying their servants. There is in the records a humble petition from th'e poor Colonial Governor, praying *or the payment of six years' arrears of '• sallery," which, as we gather from a similar petition in 1655 from Anne Mansfield, mother of Thomas Street (one of the Commissioners who had been appointed with Sikes in 1G52), was only at the i-ate of =L^250 per aruium, and ^61 for disbursements. Another incident in Treworgie's tenure of office illustrates in a remarkable way the impartial and indef)endent administration of justice under Cromwell's Government. In April 1654 Treworgie complains— " That in this year Sir James Kirke hi.cl l-Im arrested in an action for £600 and kci)t him close prisoner as a malefactor, thinking by a trick to gain money for his liberty ; he prays that Kirke. Hill, and the bailiffs may be ordered to show cause why the Petitioner should not proceed in his Commission [as Governor of NewfoundlandJ without interraption or .;nest, and that he may be secured against By order of Cromwell the petition is referred to Colonel Jones and others, "to consider of a way for the Petitioner's indemnity." Under the Stuarts, such an interference by the courts with a Colonial Governor would have been visited with summary punishment; under the orderly administration of Cromwell the courts of justice, even when they acted per\ ersely agaiiist iiis own officers, were never interfered with. Koyalists like Kirke and Baltimore could freely bring their differences before the Protector's courts of law without any fear of such Governmer.t action as was the rule under the Stuarts. Under the fostering care and f.bie n.anagement of Treworgie which extended from 1653 to 1660, the settlement, trade, and hsherios of the Colony were largely increased ; no injustice to planters was permitted under his firm control; the cultivation of the land was encouraged ; trade hetween the island and the continental colonies was promoted ; the celebrated Trelawney of Richmond Island, Maine, sent ships to Newfoundland. Treworgie himself was connected with the trade of laoth colonies. New England prospered immensely under the Commonwealth, and so did our island Colony. Amidst the dreary record of wrong and oppression, Treworgie's seven years administration is the one bright spot in our history. b L fishi: wei*e the s ' Pecirds. gaged gie was again neanly; they paying their :om the poor vs' arrears of 55 from Anno ners who had of =L^2oO per istrates in a 'Aon of justice complains — iction for £600 ^ain money for i to show cause s Governor of ecured against lel Jones and lity." Under lial Governor ■ the orderly in they acted h. Royalists es before the ment action Treworgie, md fisheries )lanters was e land was colonies was Maine, sent id with the y under the reary record listration is SHIPBUILDING. 165 The records show that there was a large amount of both ship- En f-T "t t'"'""'"^ ^^^"^ ^'^ ^" *^^ ^«^-y -t this peHod tL Enghsh naval oftcers mention the great superiority of the English-b m' the settlers. Even at this early peHod the^ ^^ ^ r::;:^.^!:: * In the Piirlinmo"*— ■" P-, - — -■ • k .tateJ that n^^Iy al?" the lw;\:^.ei8 en! gaged u; the Newfoundland trade were b'p.t iu (he Colony. Spurriers built barques, hri... .MJ,ps at Oderin, Burin, and' Nt.' K 166 THE COMMONWEALTH. frt" going on with the French ; it contiuued after they were lemoved to Louisbourgh, Cape Breton, and is in full activity up to the present time. The New Englandeis were so keen about trade that they actually sold to their enemies the very bricks and boaids they afterwards battered down. By the end of the Commonwealth period the New England trade was firmly established in our Colony; it had a general agent in St. John's, with branch agencies in all the piincipal settlements. '#'1 !>■ lo7 'e removed to s present time. Y actually sold ards battered New England [leral agent in lents. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VII. I. Treworgie's InBtructions. {Domeatic Slate Papers, Interregtinm. Coun- "i' of State Order Book. April «9 to July 1, 1653. Vol. 97.) Friday 3d of June 1653, afternoone. Maj3 Gen" Desbrow the Lord General), M. Gen" Lambert, Col. Jone.s, M. Gen" Httrnson, Mr. Strickland. Col. Stanley, £ biKSi.g^'^' ^""^'*' '''■ ^'y'^' In8tki;ction8 to John Tkeworgib Gent iippomted Commis' for nianageini? and" ordering the affaires and Interest of this Comonwealth in Newfoundland for this present yeare. WHEREAS upon consideration had of the preHent state and condition of aflBiires in Newfo,,ndland relateing to this Comonwealth, rhe_ Councell have thought it expedient to continue you for this sumer upon the place as a Cotn.88.oner : for manageing and ordering the aflFaires there. You are tfierefore to de- meane yo'selfe in that trust and imploym' according to the powers instructions and authority hereafler mentioned. • ,^^'-~yo" are hereby required and autho- r.zed to take care for the G^vernm' and wdl ordenng of the said country of Newfoundland tZ Jfi.P'^P^" '^Z^. '"habiting, and likewise the fishery accordmg to such lawes and ordinances as are hereto annexed. »„... ^^^' ^°" "f^ ^y yo'selfe or such fit per- sons as you shall appoint to collect the imposition of fish due from a.rS by strangers, and likewise the imposition 7{ 2lven?ur" \r' V^'' CoiTion^ealth, and Atlventur" aforesaid, until the Supreame Bujhority shall declare their further pC": 3rd You are to use yo' best endeavo" fo secure the f.-hery there against any that shan attempt to disturbe orlntemij^it aLd to that end you have hereby full power and afarUoVtr ''''''''"'■' -"--»' Harb^^" fLr togiVotSwt t dispose themselves^in such manner Tma; bee most for the coinon safety and to use «n^h other meanes for the end aforesaid as JoS shall judge mee<. And all Captaynes of Con- loTou i" tSr'^ ^^^---\to ie assiSg to jou m the execution thereof And von « iV ■T.^.i'.*!^®**' securitie is given by Sr. David Kirke such as the Councell doe Approve of, for bis appearance to the Councell and being responsible as to any matters to bee objected against him. Upon which the sequestration or former seisure upon his EsUite IS to bee taken off, You are therefore to deliver up unto such person or persons as he shall appoint all that remaines of his .r »h„I if *. '""' ^'T'*^ sequestred or seised, or that belongeth to him, onely of the Ordnance or any other things that doe properly belong to ye Comonwealth you are to take a par- ticular notice and inventory, and unto the eave the same you are to give strict direc tions hat they take care th! same bee pre- served and forthcoming to the use of th« Comonwealth You afe to receive ani e^! amine all such complaints as shall bee made unto you as weU by strangers as others of any wrong or injur/ done unto t?em by any person or persons whatsoever andVocS their particular cases unto the CounceU lou are upon the close of this sumem fepaiS Vtrc '""' n'"'" ^""'""^ '»" '« repaire to the CouncuU or the Sunreamw au honty of this Comonwealth and ?o Svew well a just and true accompt of alP «„«" money and profitts as have come to yo'ha ds due to the Comonwealth or Advemurers as you lett all things there at yo' coming away. ^Tv'V^Aff'-""^ Ordinances where- by the Affaires and fishery of New- It may not doe annoyance fi^berl^rinStSLtlXTr d1'^^ or any way worke any spoyle or Zri^!*?^ any stage, Cookeroome, Flakes Sniiri^"* ,*° or any thing else that belonWo thl' ^^^^ whatsoever either at the end „! th^v"^®* when lie hath done and^ 1 ^ ^°^*P bt":e:d^,rta:a^nhKrS "- ''^^ to do it with ruinlnl t ----? ''r*" "°* other stages "^ '^cticiiig down of 108 THE COMMONWEALTH. » ,1 I .i irnrboiir, in behnlfe of the ship, be Adniirell of the Haid Harbour, wherein for the time being he Hh«ll onely rest- rve «oe much beach and fiakeH or both as is needful for the number of boati he shall use with an over|iluH onely for one boate more than he needeih as a priviledgo for his first cominge. And that every ship comeiutfe after content himselfe with what he shalT have necefisarye use for without kebpcinge or deteyneing any more to ye p'judioe of othern next comeinge. And that any y' are possessed of several places 111 several Harbo" with intent to keepe them all before they cann resolve upon which to chuse, shalbe bound to resolve and send advice to such after comers in those places ns expect his resolution and that within 48 houres if ye weather soe serve that ye said after Comers may likewise choose their place and soe none receive p'judice by others delayes. 4.— That noe person cut out, deface or any way alter or change the marks of any boates or trayiie fatts whereby to defraud ye right owners, and that no person convert to hij, own use ye said boates or trayne fatis soe belonging to others without their consents nor remove nor take them fro ye places where they be left by ye ownere except in case of necessitye, and then to give notice thereof to ye Adm" and others whereby ye owners may knowe what has become of them. 5.— That noe person doe derainish take away perloyne or steale any of ye fish or trayne or salt which is putt "in caske Trayne Fatts or Cookeroomes or other houses in any of ye Harbo" or Fishinge places of ye countrye, or any other provisions belongiiige to ye fishinge Trade or to ye ships. 6- — That noe person sett fire in anv of ye woods of ye countrye or work any detrim' or destruction to ye same by rinding of ye trees either for ye seeling of ships houlds or for rooines on shoare or for any other uses except for ye coveringe of ye loofes for Cookeroomes to dresse tlieir nieate and these roomes not to extend above 30 foote in length at ye most. 7- — That noe man east anchor or ought else hurtfull which may breed aiinoyanct or hinder ye haleing of Saynes for Hayte in places accustomed thereunto. 8. — That noe person robb ye netts of others out of any drifts boate or drover ibr bayte by night, nor take away any bayte out, of their fishing boates by their ships sides nor robb nor steale any of their netts or any i)art thereof. 9- — That noe person doe sett up any Tavernes for selliuge of wynes beere or strong waters Syder or tobacco to enterteync je fishermen because it is found that by such meanes they are debauched, neglecting their labors and poore ill governed men not onelv spcr.d most p^trt of their shares before lliey come home upon which ye life and maynten ance of their wives and children dependetli but are likewise hurtfull in divers other wavs lis by neglecting and making tbemselves unfit for their labor by purloyneing and stealing fro their owners and by making unlawfull shifts to supply their disorders which disorders they frequently followe since these occasions have presented themselves. 10-— That noe planter be permitted to keep« any more stage roome than he hath flshinge men in posson for ye manageing of it and y' every planter in each Harbo' may take their stages and fishing roome together in one part of ye Harbour and not scattering as they now doe wasting as much roome for one or two boates as may serve 6 or 8 boates. 11.— That noe planter be permitted to build any dwelling house, store house, court- ledge or garden or keepe any Piggs or other cuttle upon or near ye ground where fish is saved or diyed. 12. — That all provisions imported for sale necessarye for fishing be I'ree for any person to buy for his own (iresent occasion, soe it be demanded within six dajes after its anivall, and not to be ingross ed by a few to make benefltt on others thereby. 1 3. — That upon ye Lords day ye Acci>m- panye assemble in meet place for divine worship. Signed John Disnnow Ps'. Whitehall 3d. of June 1653. II. Petition of John Treworgie. To the Right Honourable the Council of State. The humble Petition of John Treworgie Commander of the Colonic of this nation in Xewfoundland, SllEWETII, That your Petitioner being in the year 1G.58 commissioned to ye Newfoundland by the Council of State for the managing of the affairs of that Country hath according to his instructions, yearly given them an account of his proceedings therein and ibr want of a due supply from heare hath been necessitated to return unto Englund and now takes on him the boldness to inlorm your Honour with the state of affairs in that Island and also to acquaint your Honour of six years sallaiy due to your Petitioner. May it therefore please your power to take the m'atter intoco..sidera- tion and to grant unto your Petitioner a C'oni- mis^on for the advising the affairs there and to appoint two or three frigates (which vessels have been there to assist your Petitioner in collecting the impost surprizing of such Spanish ships as shall be found and to conduct English shipping from heare. . . . children dopcndetli I divtTK other w«vH ng thfuiHelves unfit neiii;^ und stealioff makiiif; unlawfiill era which digordcrs ice tht'Be occuHions r be permitted to )me thuii he hath r ye inanageiug of each Harbo' may ag roome togcther aud not »catterin|( » much roome for^ nay serve 6 or 8 f be permitted to store houf the former Patentees obtained in 1655 ob. Sir James Kirke] a Commission from the late Protector Oliver wherein John Claypole Fscj. and Col. John Coffin were joined with him but little or nothing was acted thereupon. Upon the whole matter it appeareth by reason of yo severall patents for the settlement . . . . . the disorders of the late time the interest of State suflfers. . . . and it seems very expedient that some suitable person lie employed and instructed to liasten thither to munage His Majesty's afTaires therefor ye next season of fishing whereby many advantages and profits may arise to His Majesty which must else he wholly neglected and lost of which the person em- ployed is to give an account here in England at ye end of theyeare. For the preeent it may be expedient that ye aforesaid John rreworgie hath a commission and fit instrument to goe to Newfoundland therefore forthwith he having been a person well used and experienced in those afiBiires. . liberty to return to England and give an account of his Trust. J. POVEY. Endorsed : — By order of Committee of State sitting and taking care of Government in the intervall between yo suppressiou of ye Rump of ye Parliament and ye return of His Majesty which was not many days before the date of this Keport. Treworgie. ible the Council f John Treworgie }f this nation in ■r being in the ye Newfoumlland e managing of the according to his em an account of or want of a due n necessitated to low takes on him Honour with the laud and also to years sallaiy due therefore please T intoco^sidera- 'etitioner a C'oni- affairs there and frigates (which to assist your mpost surprizing 1 bo found and to 01 heare. . . . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) s .<;' K # >/^ ^ >?» 170 CHAPTER VIII. REIGN OF CHARLES II. I 660- I 685, 1660.-— Proclamation for stricter observance of Tonf u„*-.' received commis.ion„2lov.™?^Kra«Z "■ °*'°' '""'»'''' ■Captains Raynor and Pearce at Ferrvlnnil na n<>if:»,». 1 • • •Placentia founded by French. Immediately after accession of rh«rl«. tt i. a vassal of France, Louis XIV sent out i sn ™»„ \ Charles II., who was to Placentia. BaU-more obtained reneia? of hi!'""'.'"'*^ ammunition of war Pearse and Raynor to Place^nlC^reTerb;' the ^^.SX^X esYap^^"'' ""* ^'^ •''^i4^Jsr::^^s;^j?^itiSr^^ -^ --?i« ^- celebrated James Young in NewfoundlSa: l^^f.^l^il^^Z^^ ''^^ ■^ss^itTaTn'tekrar iZo^tv\ °%^'n "--^-^^ - Mromen,andmenlanded there fr ,m aS Fr A k • ^'*'*' D^thick, soldiers, St. John's. Harbours. C-. Martm endeavoured to defend -H. d'Almy's propositions about the fishery. -William Hinton in Newfoundland honinir tn 1,0 ^„.» /-. 18th March, to make George KffiGovUor?»v''''^T'"- ^«*Jtion, on 28th August against a GofLor £o,hfo " ^^l'"°° °^ ^°'°««' *«' 0° Topsham, about Sir D. Kirke's misrule 7nd on 2n^h°M° 'I''' ^"^«t' ^^ ^'*'«r ?f ^"«*°' a^dtheMerchansAdventurSrs for- ?°^"'°»'«' «' Totnes. on 6th December, referred to Lord AnSv r tf^?•''*'™°^''°^ «°'diers, St. John's. Proclamation of Louis g'rantinte.nt,?;^^'^J?*J° '^^'^-S 1661.— 1662.— 1663.- 1664.- 1665.— 1666.- 1667.- 1669.- CHBONOLOGY. 171 June 11th, of Sir Petition, in Ji|ne, ridgeman and Col. in force ; that they mtation. Warrant Gargot probably issioners. Charter I other than those •emitted. Petition from Hill to Kirke baries II., who was mmunition of war Mathews, sent by leaped. s of vessels from tax or toll. The 'eformation. ^h proceedings in Dethick, soldiers, to the king by the ch preteosions in 'foundland fishery of Dartmouth to I and destroyed oured to defend )r. Petition, on Totnes, &c. on 28th August, at mber at Totnes. mor and soldiers, again fortifying idlanders settling Newfoundland, as iuson summoned 1670.-February 4, Order in Council that a chaplain should be sent with the annual convov to Newfoundland "for keeping people living ther« in Christian^t?' Rules »sued by the Lord, of the Council to regulate fisheries ; eveij fifth min to ^ a green mon; captains to give Dond for £100 to bring ba^k everv flshTrm Jn rtf»^ took out. &C..&C James Young, who kept a diary VLjrrSyswSJaJ^S tt r'eSion^e"f IX^^^" "^ ^''""' '''^''''' '' ^e^''ri:rnSX 1671.— Deposition of Mathews sworn on 27th Januarv J 4th March. "'" Letter from Prowse to Gould on 1676.— 1677.— 1672.-Order^enfordng brr^u,.A k * u * ;^SdSi:is^K^jK^e?sS^^-^^^ h'jbftabr ~ ''""^^' *" ^'^ Ba.triSr?rhoSratXtn% &/S ""•-''tSsiief;rh?^^ l„Vt^h;sw'"l''i«rAt-, S" '^"^ ^^*/«''-'y reported against a Governor and foSa'tioL and Sn 5th SvT' ^" '^-t^ the settlefs to return to England? or bo to oth«r ^^ * ^% "^"'"^ Captain cSf&c. " ^^^ -^"^"^ °°* investigated, though known about^y ■27th January, old charter renewed with additional clauses Cantain R.i«u>11 „n™ pelhng several ship fishermen to rebuild stages thry^ad,Zro?edoLrTo Sir John Berry to bum houses, and root out%uIation rowSIhe S^tion? of John Downing, a resident merchant, an ordir from the king procured to Innul It. Mr. John Alyrod's account of Placentia 94tli n«»«i«.* P™"*™" «o »nnui destroyed many French fishing ve«sels. ^'*<'''°*"»- ^""^^^ «POrted to have Petitions of C. and T. Martin and Troate of H M S «.,,„« „ j ,.,.^ , fores 'is^L'^MB-C^Wr'B-ri.TT''''^ T.Oxford's petition reciting damafe done to stageT' ' ^'^'^' ^'"P'"'''- •^tX°'traitT^i?rha?rw3orin°'^^^^^^^^^^ of Oxford and Downing, on AprTlTgth for a G^vernor'A''-/'^?"'^ y*"** ' minister; also petition of Oxford about hi, nplnf' ^•''*'*''*''°°'' ""^ » Downing on 4th November TwSmnn.^f f^'"'"''?*' °° ^^^ ^"^3^5 ^^ of CaptainVright. I^Sri;.^eStg^terTnt^^^ — dama/ing French room a%r^:kratdTwot;^^^^^^^^^ ■Destrick and Molin's report of Placpntia Tr«,^ ••„ - • m vessels from Port of Pass^e fishiW «nH w^-. "'°xt ^^""^^^y-^^o Basque -Petition of Downing on the 11th October. "^^^ ""!?-» oi St. Johasj gooa fishery. "' "' 1679.— 1680.— 1681.— 1682.— 1683. 1684.- 172 REIGN OP CHAHLES II. The Commonwealtli liad only been maintained by the strong hand of Cromwell; soon after his death the English republic came to an end. The general voice of the country was in favour of a limited monarchy and a hereditary sovereign. Under the astute tactics of Monk the Restoration was brouglit about-unbrirlled licence, in place of Puritan severity. From the records, reports of naval officers (which began in this reign), and private letters (now for the first time published), we are able to give a pretty accurate description ox Newfoundland under the Resto- ration. It was an unfortunate change for our poor Colony. Charles the father had chastised the set. tiers with whips, the dissolute son chastised them with scorpions. Lest I should be accused of exaggeration in the matter of the expulsion of the settlers in this reign, I have given in all possible cases the official documents, or, when too long, a resume of their contents. Informa- tion about the Colony is much fuller in this period. There was no regular post in England, but we have the rudiments of a newspaper, the short- lived Puhlique Intelligencer, and the still existing London Gazette. The two most important events in this refgn were the irruption of the French into the Colony, the foundation of their capital at Placentia in 1062, and the attempted expulsion of the settlers by an Order in Council from Charles II. in 1075. On these subjects I have endeavoured to give all the information that can be gathered from the contemporary records. I have been obliged, from want of space, to omit the long discussion before the Council contained in Secretary Williamson's note-book, a very interesting paper from Sir R. Robinson in favour of a Governor, and numbers of naval reports. I have stated the main argument on both sides— all that space would permit; my endeavour has been to give my readers a general view of the actors performing on the Newfoundland scene— to bring to life the dead and forgotten Terra -novian heroes of those days. One of the first acts of Charles II. in 1060 was the issuing of a loner proclamation for the stricter observance of Lent, assigning as one reason " the good it produces in the employment of fishermen." The Puritans CHARIiES II. From an engraving after Lelji. A PRIMITIVE COURT. 173 the strong hand c came to an end. limited monarchy ics of Monk the place of Puritan h began in this hed), we are able under the Resto- IJolony, Charles astised the set. he dissolute son scorpions. Lest of exagweration expulsion of the n, I have given ses the official m too long, a ents. Informa- y is much fuller e was no regular it we have the paper, tlie short- 'dligencer, and ulon Gazette. iportant events ;he irruption of e Colony, the the attempted tries II. in 1(375. the information I have been fore the Council iteresting paper nbers of naval —all that space ders a general le — to bring to lays. suing of a long >; as one reason The Puritans of the day refused to fast iu Lent or to eat «sh; it savoured of prelacy and supei-stition; they would have none of it. New England's plan of givmg a rennssion of taxation to the citizen who could prove his con- sumption of fish for one-third of the year, was a n,ore workable way of encouragmg the sale of fish. ^ SMAIL CRAFT. Prnm De Veer's Waerac/ififfhe, i6os. West Country interest was all-prevallu.g with the king, so in the same year, IGGO an Act was parsed remitting the duty on salt used in the fishery, and exempting other materials required in this industry trorr. all duties. In 1663 the xXewfoundland fishery was to be for ever relieved f ron. all taxes and tolls, and the same Act imposed stringent duties on all hsh and products of the seas impoitcl into the kiugdon. bv foreigners and aliens. It was a wise and beneficial measure, made entirely for the interest of the West Country adventurers Thei-e were no court-houses, jails, or regular administration of justice m the Colony in those days. Sir David Kirke, in a patriarchal way had been wont to administer <,uarter-deck law from the parlour of his' old house in Feiryland. The captain of the convoy, for the first tim. in our history assumes this authority, and we have a very full account of ^ tl=e trial ot four prisoners for the destruction of tlie "eabbin" of a I Frenchman called Ducarrov^^ at Colinet Island, where he was the adn.iral I and of the robbery and destruction of his shalloways and shallops ThJ « case was clearly proved on the admission of the delinquents. 174 REIGN OP CHARLES II. From the evidence it appears to have been a common practice amongst the fishermen to steal French boats in the winter. Both the depredators and the planters who supplied them and shared their plunder richly deserved punishment. Captain Robert Robinson, R.N. (afterwards kmghted, and an applicant for the Governorship of Newfoundland), tried them on board the man-of-war. Three merchants sat as nautical assessors, after the Admiralty practice, or as a primitive jury ; the whole proceeding was illegal, but it was eminently just, summary, and effective. The judgment of the Court was :— " Ducarroir v. Knap and org. of ti^^'^ '^*" u' ^"*P?*"' J«^° WalliB. William Couch. Samuel Wood, four k1! ^^T"' ""5° ^^ *^' ^'•'^''«' ** Oolinet last winter to the Frenchme" haven been taken and confined aboard this ship : ""i^unitn " We the undersigned have seriously considered to have ye above duck' at ve rr/"..' "' *i*'i '^'P 'r * P°^^^° ^'^^'^P'^ *« *" ^^^ I«l-d , and they shal be PolltdLX'f T^^^ P'°"^^ "^'^ *^« damage shall be made'^good b^ Pollard and Eolson who fitted them out for that fishing voyage. The damage is eaid to be no more than £«0 or £60. " uumitge is H.M.S. Assistance, Bay Bulls, Sep. 29, 1680. EoBEBT RoBiNsox, Captain, R.N. ' < Stephex Akahmax of Bay Bulla. JoHx Bevekley do. Aahox Browxixg do. and at Trepassey." We have to recount about this period the ignominous failure of the English Navy in North America and elsewhere ; the men, however were just as brave as ever; the English merchant sailors showed a glllant front U> the enemy, whilst Charles's Royal Navy was being thrashed l,v the Dutch. "^ An old West Country captain, Christopher- Martin, master mariner of Cockmgton. in Devon, in 1673, the closing year of our war with Holland, beat off the Dutch from St. John's, and defeated four noted pirates, Captan Everson and his comrades. No doubt there were many such encounters as Martin describes many mute inglorious Nelsons amongst these Devonian skippers who fished and traded in Newfoundland ; the records give us an account ot a still more gallant action fought by Captain Holman, which will be described later on. Martin waa not only a brave mariner, but a sensible, shrewd old fellow; his practical suggestions about a Governor and increase of inhabitants were opposed to the views of all his Devonshire associates > Ducking from the yard-arm, like keel- hauling, was an ancient naval punishment in use probably up to the last century. The culprit was hoisted to the yard-arm, suddenly dropped and hauled up again from one to run ?Jr"' .,^° keel-hauling, the sailor was run from yard arm to yar^-arm right under the keel of the ship. They were both most barbarous punishments. WILLIAM HINTON. „g I wiinet this gallant old merchant captain tell hi« „„„ tale in hi, own oat of the ^/taa ^„unt:ymen. In th,sst.-„ggle about the Governorship we cateh gw's o the social cond.t.on of the Colony, and of the wealth and pS£ of the leade.-s of society in the four principal settlements, St ^hX Ferryland, Harbour Gnwe, and Quidi Vidi. ' One of the claimants for the office nf n™,„. His^r;rbrz.irrr^z^:Lr""*r'- sums of money for the ting, ,700 in Sir "B;:t"^. tsinTstC » troop of horse. The son was several years ab«ad with H s m3v Claries II. when m exile, and says in his petitions- ^ ^ " That he never asked the Kine for anvthi-nr, >.„+ *u n foundland which His Majesty had p'mldTo Mm^e\l f ^^^^^^^^ ^^^- ha.efa;etltr;rw^^^:i^rIn^^^ connt.,_So worth^.Hieh expense and endeavours forLrwelfaretht^^^^ """'^^ *^' ^'« ^^''^e cjse he will be ruined; that he hatrft along t L ^tuS fC " *' *"^ °"« the Colony, and no one His Majesty can sennill Tetend \!f l. ^^^^^^^ ""* «^ ' country than he does." » J / » sena wui pretend to know more about the ' Board nf T-nJI. Xr jt j? . 176 REIGN OF CHARLES II. This application from an old and faithful retainer received no response ; Charles's ministers were bribed and controlled by Child and the West Countrymen. The only other rival for the Governorship, which was worth £400 per annum, was William Downing. He proposes "The jnst and readiest way the tax upon the boats may be collected is through George Kirke Esquire at Fermouze, Mr. John Downing at Qua de Vide, Mr. Thomas Oxford at St. Johns, Mr. John Finn at Havre do Grace ; ' all these persons having comspondenco through the whole country would collect the money at no trouble to the Governour." ■ The Downings were the sons of the former Governor under Hamilton's charter. Mr. Thomas Oxford appeai-s to have been, like Hinton, a man of some position. He kept a negro house-servant— a most aristocratic appendage in those days— whom the West Country- men forcibly took away. ^ Many of the Devonians, more sensible and patriotic than their fellows, strongly urged the appointment of a Governor and the fortifi- cation of the principal harbours. Weymouth, Bristol, and London were strongly in favour of the appointment. Their efforts were in vain. The population of Newfoundland during this reign is variously estimated. The various rough calculations are given in the statistics ; they appear to understate the number of the resident planters. By far the most injportant event in this reign is the occupation of the Island by the French. It may be argued that the assumption as to the turpitude of Charles in this transaction is based on very slender grounds. I do not think so ; the character of Charles is so vile that, to use a New- foundland expression, we would not " put it past him." He gave up Dunkirk at the very same time. To fitly describe the epoch in English annals known in our histories as " The happy restoration of Our Sovereign Lord King Charles," one has to borrow the epithet which an American authoress applied to the administration of Indian affairs in the United States—" A century of dishonour ; " and truly the sovereignty of Charles II. was a veritable reign of infamy. Fire and plague decimated the land. To these terrible calamities were added the horrors of war. We were defeated by the Dutch, the \'^^. I'y°n8'""e one of the oldest Eiig- for his gallant fonduct on the field of battle, lish families in this country ; the principal branch left about 1842, and emigrated to Wisconsin, where they have helped to build up that rising State. Sir Henry Pynn,a brave ofScer, knighted is a descendant of this John Pynn. 2 Board of Trade, Newfoundland. '• Also had his covenant negro servant valued worth £60 t^ken from bim last fishing season, all which he ii ready to make out by bill of tale and oath." (j?. T., Nfld.) ler received no id by Child and vas worth £400 ted is through THE SURRENDER OF PLACENTIA. 177 enemy's guns were heard in London destroying Sheemess and the shipping in the river. Never since the Norman Conquest had England suffered such humiliation. The crowning disgrace of the reign, however was the secret treaty between Charles and Louis XIV by which England became the vassal of France. English policy, foreign and domestic, being virtually governed by the French king. Out of f.is arose the war with our ancient allies, the Dutch. ntry would collect lovernor under have been, like house-servant — West Country- 3tic than their and the fortifi- id London were re in vain. fn is variously 1 the statistics ; nters. le occupation of 5 turpitude of grounds. I do to use a New- He gave up in our histories g Charles," one i applied to the -" A century of j^as a veritabJe ible calamities the Dutch, the the field of battle, a Fyno. ewfoundland. nant ne^o servant am him last fishing dy to make out by f. T.. Nfld.) From the English Pilot, ifyji. The details of this arrangement are now published, bat there wer„ ma,,y other questions agreed upon known only to the two con^Lt:^ »d the.r ,n,™ed.ate confidants; amongst these was. doubtCte M 178 KEION OF CHARLES II. i|i agreement by which all the Houthern and western portion of Newfound- land, from Cape Race to Cape Ray, was passed over to France. No positive evidence, no State documents, can now be produced to prove this surrender of English territory ; but the circumstances under which It took place, and the evidence of the contemporary records, leave little doubt that the occupation of Placentia by the French in 1662 wtis made with the connivance and consent of the English king. During both the administiation of Cromwell and the reicrn of Charles I. no foreigner had attempted to make any permanent settlement in Newfoundland. Up to 1662 no Frenchman had ever lived a winter on the Island.^ I will describe, as well as it can be gathered from the records the surrounding circumstances of the base surrender by which France without firing a shot, obtained the largest and f.i.est portion of our Island colony. By this betrayal of English territory and English rights Charles planted in our midst our most bitter rival ; he exposed our infant settlements to those murderous raids afterwards made on the English planters. Not only did the king endanger the safety of this Island, but all the North American Colonies suffered in aftertime from this augmentation of French naval power in America. The most important evidence on the subject is the teslimony of Isaac Dethick, an English resident at Placentia. By this time the British inhabitants had spread themselves not only around the eastern coast, but some small parties had gone beyond Bonavista, fishing and furnng as far as Notre Dame Bay, and some, like Dethick, had been attracted by the splendid position of Placentia, and had made it their residence : — "Deposition of John Eaynor late deputy Governor in Newfoundland. »!, i ? \^r* ^^"""^ '^'P ^""^ ""^ ""^^ ""'^ ^«"^«° P«t into Grand Placentia ^arbour with 18 pieces of ordnance as one Isaac Dethick who was there "Dethick saw the Governor's Commission under the great seal of France for the command of the whole country of Newfoundland, and the following ye^was forced to remove from his Plantation and settle at the Bay of Ards [Bay de Verds' » Answer, iu 1614, to the complaints presented to King James I. by the Sieur de Busseaux, French Ambassador at the Court of His Majesty. The reply to the first point (which con- cerned Newfoundland) seto forth the title of England " to the fishery there, which is carried on every year with at leust two hundred vessels and more than six thousand persons in the English Colony, who have always treated the French well, and protected them in their fishing, and allowed them to leave then- vessels until they return to fish the next year. " The French do not inhabit any part of Newfoundland, but arc much further away in a place called Canada, which they call New France ; therefore the accusation against the English is most unjust and far from the truth, seemg ihey have never been near New France, neither hindered or disturbed the French fishery, nor done any injury. MATTHEWS' ACCOUNT. 179 whore deponent found him and took from him an account of the French piocoedings which he sent for England by Mr. Robert Provrse to bo precented to the Knig. ' ' BeHides this tcHtimony we have the further evidence of John Matthews of Ferrylaud, who appeni-H to have })een a sort of sheriff's officer or baihff in the employ of the governoi-s of the Ferryhuid phintation. Raynor and Captain Pearco were deputy-^rovernors and also agents for Lord Baltimore when his patent woh revived in KJGO. Having to take proceedings against a Mr. Russell, in St. Mary's, alx)ut a claim for rent, they heard at the same time that some Canadian Indians, who were allies of the French, were shooting and trapping in the same neighbourhood (then and now the finest game preserve in the Island). They despatched John Mattliews to arrest Russell and the leader or chief of the Indians, and bring them to Ferrylandto explain their proceedings to the Deputy-Governor. Matthews gives a graphic account of his adventures : — "'^^l^^^''^ to certify to whom it may concerne that I John Matthews in ve yoarolbb2 being in ye Newfoundland was sent by Captain IVarco and Mr. Baynor the Honb e. Deputy-Governors wifh their warrants to St. Marys to bring one Mr. Eussell yo luhubitant there and ye master of ye Indians (who came to kill beavers and other beasts for tturros) before them to Fferryland; but inntead of having the warrant obeyed, a French Captain seized on me demandicir what I came for. I replyed for yc said Mr. Eussell and ye Master of ye Indians to go before ye Governours to answer and give an account of their actions for making an attempt upon ye Islande without any anthority from His Majesty of Great Brittaine; which he scornfully answered, saying wo had no power there nor many other of ye Southern parts of ye L»ndo but all did belong to ye Ffrench Kinge whereupon I averring that our King was King thereof and of all for about dU or 40 leagues around about it, was taken prisoner and so kept for about 2 dayes when ye French oarryed me aboard and Hett forward untill wo came nigh Plaisauce Fort which was furnished with 28 gunns from whence a shallop came out from ye Governour with command for our returne to St. Maries in pursuite for ye Indians where by Gods providence I made my escape. "I also further humbly testify that in the year (50) or (51) I having then a lawe- siut depending there against one Nicholas Eedhood did procure a Commission out ot ye High Court of Admiraltie directed to Sir David Kirke the then Governour to examine witnesses in that cause which said Commission was speeded and returned hither to yc Admiraltie in due forme of lawe. "And whensover any diflcrences arose between ye Planters and Inhabitants these ye said Sir David Kirke did always judge and determine the same ; whereby ye said lande was peaceably and quietly governed to ye generall benefitt of ve population and no persons were suffered to carry wood away in shipps, only to cut what was necessary for fishing and all this I do testify upon iriy certaine knowledge to be true witness my hand this 27th day of January 1670. "Jo. Matthews." 2 Lady Hopkings also i^tates, "That the French declared that " King Louis had a grant from the King of England to take as his ' Records. 2 b,m. JMSS., Eg. 2395. M 2 180 REIGN OF CHARLES II. Ill 1,1 hi >i II " proper riglit from Capo Ruco i-ound by tho Houtliward anU westward " to Cape BonaviHta." • I think we may fairly ^rather from thewo Htatements and from the formal action of the French, their taking poHHCHHiou of a part of the Colony in wich an official marnier, that King CharleH had really surrendered the best part of the iHland to the French, leaving only from Cape Race to Bonaviwta for the EngliHh. In further priK)f of thiH, in one of his Orders in Council, tho English boundary is given as between Cape Race and Cape Bona vista. Of course such a transaction was kept a profound fiecret from his subjects both in England and America. P(x)r dupes like Raynor, Ltuly Hopkings, and Robert Prowse busied themselves with remonstrances and petitions to the king about the monstrous aggression of the French. The petitioners presented their addresses and affidavits. In the Court language still in use, " They were laid at the foot of the throne, and his " Majesty was gi-aciously pleased to receive tlie same." I have heard a Hibernian orator and colonial official expatiate at gi-eat length on this expression, as showing tlie peculiar interest the sovereign takes in the Colony. This stereotyped answer, written by an under-cle?k, was the only reply the anxious settlers received from the king. The French showed excellent judgment in the selection of their colonial capital. The situation of Placentia is extremely beautiful and picturesque ; the railway from Whitbourne, instead of descending the north-east valley into the nncient French metropolis, by a curious freak of engineering ascends, and from a lofty height the traveller sees the whole panorama of Plaisance spread out before him ; below is the beautiful north-east arm dotted with islands, cottages, and farms, ' 1660 [? 1670.] "The inforiuation and relation of the Lady Hopkings who came purposely ffrom Newfoundland to make knowne to His Koyall Majesty as fPoUowes : " That the lat Sir David Kirke being sent for over by the late usurper and all his estate taken away flFor his faithful service to His late Majesty in Newfoundland and since deceased. "That Island hath been without a Go- vemour and the Ffrench taking notice thereof have settled a garrison about eight or nine years since at Flesentia and about two years since another at Chapian Rouge 25 leagues distance flrom the other (which in Sir David Kirke's lifetime they never dirst attempt) and by their yeerly intriguing and threatening of ye English gives them just cause of appre- hention of their own saffety and the losse of the Island to ye great prejudice of His Muji'sty's ntfaires, if not timely prevented, and the riither the Governour for ye Ffrench ke.|.s ten vessels all ye winter there which carve 30 or 40 men n pece and are very well fitted to coast j which vessels are sufficient to destroy the English plantation as now it stands. And by sad experience the rutter [?] coning . . there without controlle took gounes [giiNs] shippes cattle, goods and what he plea-cd, to ye ruining of His Mnjesty's sub- jects in Newfoundland for want of Govern- ment. •' The Ffrench this year have given out that the French King basse a grant ffrom the Kiiif: of England to take as his proper writ from Cape D race all to the Westward and fniiii Konavista to ye Norward." (B.M.MSS., Eg. 2S95.) [The date 1660 is evidently wrong; it hHs iM-en added by some Board of Trade offii'ud.] n PLACENTIA. 1.41 [ aiul westward and from the f a part of the 68 had real I V ving only from f of thiH, in one en aH between secret from his ! Ray nor, Ltidy remonHtrances of the French. In the Court throne, and hiH I have heard feat length on ereign takes in ider-clerk, was ction of their r beautiful and descending the I curious freak veller sees the i below is the 8, and farms, timely prevented, our for ye Ffrench ivinter there which e and are very well iU are sufficient to Qtalion as now it ience the riitter [?] •ntrolle took gounes lods and what he His Majesty's sub- ' want of Govem- lar have given out e a grant ffrom the as his proper writ he Westward and ard." )5.) eidently wrong; it s Board of Trade beyond is the shining sea, the lieach, and the town, with its Imutiful Catholic chapel and houses. As the traveller descends a very steep grade to the Joi-sey sit left without the fishermen out the beadi s much water Gargot would tia governor; s. Natui-ally ors thaxi the I were a free irgot and his ir harsh ruie.^ *lacentia, and ench Govern - pense of the food must alwavs t." garrison and fortifications at Placentia. Captain Wheler, Commander of the English convoy in 1684, says: — " The French leave Placentia in July. Tbey have large ships of 36 guns about 30 vessels altogether. The French inhabitants are much fewer than ours,* they have but one old ruined fort and little ammunition; the Inhabitants are as negligent as oars in the matter of strength. " Our ships are not denied liberty to fish in the French districts. No forainers fish up the Eastern Coast, but upon the Banks the French frequent much. "They have a Governor at Placentia. The first Master at each port is Admiral but receives his orders from the French Governor who is of great use to measure out rooms [and thus put an end to the constant fighting that went on about the debateable subject of fishing premises, known ia Newfoundland as rooms]. "w ®'^"°^ *°^ convoy for the French Merchant vessels. At Trepasse but two or ttiree Frer.ch families where our nation and theirs fish without disagreeing The French be^^in to fish about 18 leagues north of Bonavista for 40 leagues [along the N.E. coast] and. are at utter variance with the Indians [Red Indians— Beothics I presume, on account of the terrible massacre mentioned by Kirke] who are nurnerous and so the French never reside in winter and always have their arms by them. Six years since their trade was great— 60 great ships. Any ship of another nation bearing proportion of expense of defence [in those days the attacks were from pirates] might fish. They civtch about 200 qtls. per boat with five men and give high wages; the French come in June and stay sometimes until October Trade decaying extremely. About 62° N. some Biscayners used to fish with no improvement. « niKu nu " French have advantage of us, as there are plenty of fish at Placentia and going sooner to market, their fishing ships gain considerably." ' This is a plain narration of facts, and agrees with the history of the times. "^ To understand this weakness of both French and Enrrlish in Newfoundland, we must bear in mind that f.om 1665 both countries were at war with the Dutch, then the greatest naval power in Europe They made two successful attacks on the English in Newfoundland— in 1665 on St. John's, and in 1073 on Fenyland. In 1676 from the English Neivs Letter of October 3, we have an account of a successful Dutch raid on the French : — fi«b.-n'/f{l - ' v^°*/ ^'^^ *^^\ ""^ ^"'°^ '"P""^ ^'^^^ ^''^''^^ destroyed the French fiabmgflee^m Newfoundland having taken 90 out of 100 sail that were there- They had afterwards landed and taken the Castle of Canida." ^ It m probable this refers to Placentia, and may be exa.^o-erated but we may i^adily believe if the Dutch attacked the Englisrsettlements they would not spare their inveterate enemies the French who had commenced a most unprovoked war against them. Curiously enough, in studying the early history of the French colonies in America, we find tlic same causes at work which retarded Records, 2 Historical MS. Comn. Report. 184 BEIGN OF CHARLES II. Newfoundland. The first French settlers in Canada were under the control of " The company of one hundred associates "—they were greedy monopolists ; like the West Country adventurers in Newfound- land, fishing and furring were their only occupations, and they did all in their power to prevent colonisation. PLAN OF PLACHHTIA. From La Honian's Nmveaux Voyages, lyoa. The fortitications were neglected, and agi-iculture so little attended to that except under the walls of the forts, there was absolutely no cleared land; the country was to be keiH for furring, and ^ fishing only ■THE PEENCH OCCUPATION. ,95 All this wa, changed, however, by the arrival of Frontenac, twice V ceroy, the abkst ruler that ever guided the destiny of New Fran? St pjf ^p"" ^'^"ff'''"^ "t St. Maries, Ceroneat (CoUnet Island) St^ Peters Great and L.ttle St. Lawrence, Three Islands, Petit Norf and several places west, besides Placentia, their chief pl^je aT far' (Placent a), and this was begun in 1662 ; all the other places mentioned are merely resorted to by the ship fishermen from Fmnoe ibrtheS season, and were abandoned in the autumn ^ We have clear proof of this i„ the evidence given on the inauirv about the dan,^ to Johannis DucanWs fishing Ibin and mUZ a^ Admirals Beach and CoUnet Island.. We flndlrom testimoronhe servants who confessed to the destruction of the cabin It Oolir,.! wilt": toir '" Tk-™; "' ^'- ^^^'MhaT^H^se'^a : were at that date, 1680, uninhabited. Thomson says in 1676 • - Cnd^la^Tfify r;;iand*0^teo'l^rV:r''"™ "' '""> clearly exaggeraid; a;:r The ^^/T'^^Sri^m^'f""^ orrndtfttftrTr'"'" ""'"^ f'^^ seimell :' yr dl had 1 l' :^ . ''" ^''"' """= *'"'y ^""■'J be within the forls) all had to go by the terms of the treaty. The only inhabited pllees Ip'^witfThX^ i" m-/:r\^Trr --- --" a Peter., there was l; onJ-mTforitfsifg^nrThr^^^^^ French residents in Fortune Bav in Ifisn h„f t ■ , to the Je^y and English setUel ' '" "" """"'"' ""'""^'-^ EnJl*" the following description of Placentia in 1681 from two Enghshmen re.d,ng there. Stephen Destriek and one MolinrxW say ■ The payment of French Fisherme I ruins, The Fort of 12 guns sn is made I--/ bent [bounty]. not above ;; gnm now mounted. ,» Board of Trade. Newfoundland. 186 REIGN OP CHARLES II. K' " The Governor has no allowance from the King nor anything allowed for arms and ammunition but he fishes as other planters do and keeps 8 boats. " The French have caught this year 300 to 400 qtls. per boat. " Fish came in sooner upon that coast than on the Eastern shore. " There are ships of 200 to 400 tons from Bordeaux and St. Jean de Luz, and 15 to 16 Biscainers of 20 and 24 guns. " Ships of St. Malloes fish at St. Peters. There are 100 ships from St. Mary's to St. Peters and the trade is increasing. " They Jet no English live among them except they turn Eoman Catholics ; and there is a Priest in every ship and they leave some behind to keep the people steadfast in their religion. " The French have few plantations more than for herbs and roots and a few cattle and do so as wo do in winter. " French generally have a better catch and live cheaper, consequently make more gain. " A fort at St. Peters is reported. " There is no trade between the English and French planters. " The Biscainers with ships of great force do fish to the northward of Bonavista and Salvage, and frequently with the French but not with us." ' PtACENTIA PARM AND PISHINa STAGE. From PotheHe's HistoU-e, lyn. The last of the great Spcanish fleet now came only by stealth and under the protection of the French. They wei-e up to this date, 1680, still the great whalers and seal killers on this coast. A shore seal fishery was carried on from the very first settlement by the English, on a small scale, with nets and boats. The product fluctuated very much. In reading the histories of England and America about this period, the fisheries are almost completely ignored ; the truth is that writers love the heroics and despise the economics: the personal, the picturesque, is always attractive, whilst the plain, prosaic aspect of human life, the ' Board of Trade, Newfoundland. f FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN AMERICA. 187 ; allowed for anns ats. )re. Tean de Luz, and 3 from St. Mary's loman Catholics ; > keep the people roots and a few nseqneatly make rard of Bonavista I by stealth and Ids date, 1680, ove seal fishery lish, on a small nuch. lit this pei'iod, is that writers he picture.s(|ne, luman life, the adventurea of commerce, the increase of human foci, are unnoticed by historians. Religion and economics are the greatest influences in the world the two most potent factors in the progress or retardation of the I.uman race. Nothing comes out clearer in our North American history than the preponderating effect of the fishery. The relative influence and strength of France and England in the New World was entirely controlled by this business. Towards the close of the Stuart period, at the end of the seventeenth century, the French fishery in Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence rose to abnormal dimensions; it is variously estimated as employing from sixteen thousand to twenty thousand men; it extended to Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, St. John's Island, now Prince Edward Island, Gaspe, and Newfoundland. The naval power of Fmnce rose in proportion ; all the SALMONIKR, ST. MARX's BAT. English expeditions ag,.inst New France and Acadi,5 were miserable failures whilst under Frontenac and D'Iberville the English posse'-sion, wei. raided from Newfoundland to Hudson's Bay. Until theTs M of Lonisbourgh and Quebec, France th.va^aned the very existence of tie American colonies She had then un.., btedly t!.e preponderance of sea power in America. ^ i^itiuce The fishery is the recognised nursery for her navy; the only a^.-^ired excuse for the fivt.ravp.-r;,nf hninifiA« r-;-- » ^ t, x; / "^ ^'^-gea „„.i T 1 1 • --"^■"■6''"'^ bounties given to her fishermen at St. Pierre and Iceland is to secure a supply of men for the Marine At the profligate Court at St. James's, the Devonshire gentry still held a foremost place ; their influence for evil against the Newfoundlind 188 REIGN OF CHARLES II. settlers was immensely increajsed by the support of Sir Josiah Child, author of a pamphlet, first published in 1665, " A New Discourse on Trade." He issued a second edition, very much enlarged (from which these extracts are taken) on December 24th, 1694. His character has been powerfully drawn by Macaulay. An exceedingly able merchant, a vigorous writer, with immense wealth, which he used most unscrupulously to bribe and corrupt. This greai monopolist, head of the East India Company, was the evil genius of Newfoundland. He begins his discourse on the various trades by enumerating : — " Amongst the Trades not yet lost is the Newfoandland fish trade.' In the year 1605 the English employed 250 sail of ships great and small in fishing apon that coast and it is now too apparent that we do not so employ from all parts above 80 ships. So that the price of fish has increased from seventeen rials — eight shillings and sixpence— to twenty-four rials or twelve shillings as it now sells in this country. " This being the case of England in relation to this trade it is certainly worth the enquiry — " Ist. How we came to decay in it ? 2ndly. What meanq may be used to recover our ancient greatness or at least to prevent our further diminution therein P " The decay I attribute. First and principally to the growing "liberty which is every year more and more used in Bomish countries, an well as others, of eating flesh in Lent and on Fish days. "2. To a late abuse crept in that trade of sending over private boat keepers which hath much diminished the number of fishing ships. "3. To the great incroafe of the French fishery of Flacentia and other ports on the back side of Newfoundland. " 4. To the several wars within these twenty years which hare much im- poverished the Western Merchants, and reduced them to carry on a great part of that trade at Bottomry taken upon adventure of the ship at 20 % per annum. " What means may be used to recover it. For this two contrary ways Lave been propounded. •' Firstly : to send a Governor to reside there, as well for the defence of the country against invasion, as to manage the fishery there by Inhabitants upon the place; this hath often been propounded by the Planters and some merchants in London. " The second way projwunded and which is directly contrary to the former is by West Country Merchants and owners of the fishing ships, and that is to have no Oovernour nor Inhubitanta permitted to reside at Newfoundland nor any passengers or private loat keepers suffered to fish at Newfoundland. This latt&r way is most agreeable to my proposition and if it could be effected I am persuadeil would revive the decayed English fishing trade at Newfoundland and he otherwise greatly for the advantage of this Kingdom and that for the following reasons : " Because most of the provisions the Planters do make use of viz. Bread, Beef, Pork, Butter, Cheese, Clothes, and Irish Bandel Cloth, Linen and Woollen, Irish Stockings, rh also nets, hooks, lines &o. thej' are p.npplied with from New England and Ireland and with wine oyle and linnen by the salt ships from France ' Preface. w SIR J. CHILD'S PROPOSALS. ir Josiah Child, Bw Discourse on jed (from which Macaulay. An mmense wealth, ipt. This greai the evil genius arious trades by rade.' In the year 1 fiehing upon that m all parts aboye ateen rials — eight as it now sells in is certainly worth I may be used to mination therein P ig "liberty which is 3 others, of eating irate boat keepers ia and other ports h hare much im- on a great part of , per annum, mtrary ways Lave ihe defence of the Inhabitants upon . some merchants the former is by d that is to have undland nor any and. This latf&t- 1 I am persuadmi and he otherwise g reasons : — viz. Bread, Beef, nd Woollen, Irish with from New ihips from France 189 U is the interest of England to dUuntonancrnS aba'te 'the numb;, o'f ^rerst Newfoundland for if they should increase it will happen to us M it hath to fb« ?ror/w"f "«''."' ^'''''' "^°^ ^--«-- w^managed Ty Fng^h ewt: from the Western Ports but as Plantations there increased fell to th« -l^! employment of the people settled there and nothing of JhlS. V, l p. 1 Then follow the usual West County aiguments against a governor hpeaking of the fishing admirals he says :_ ^ M New Englwd, nor oomp,„»blvrqu.raedfor th. hi j' ,"* °' '"w^S by rewon of the M,tar.l iaditry o °C „o„l.^nJ — '°,f °l """" ""■ ™'J' cod .nd mackerel aAeriesTnd in „v 1^7 ■ ^' f """'P'Hy V reiKon of their of .hipping in her colonies plan Jions or P^rtnoes.-^''""' *' ""'"^ ThiTf Tl!' ^"^ '''P*""'' ™ *^ ■"'™"«' «'=lflshness of traders E^Iand s best oustomen,. In order to rightly appLate the enorTou^ influence oi a monopolist like Child in the corrupt age of ChXn we must try and picture to ourselves the president of one of the rf»„t- '. Amencan trusts of our own time owning all the ministel of C «nd the Courts, with unlimited money an^d unlimited ^wr, t^ b t' and no questions asked about funds ' bnbery_£10000 to Charles. £10,000 to hi, brother, the Duke o{ I^:5:eT L™ff *°--"-^^ *» ^ king's mistresses «d mint: imagine all this if you can, and then you can faintly realise th„ enormous power of this gigantic bully, this Eestomtion L^ll 1 the destinies of Newfoundland. ^ ' " The main object of Child wa« i^ d^f?"^ *k„ i7„„. t ,. ^ It Shows how great was his ability and 'tt'^wr 'of "hiT f:!;:;^ « Sib J08UH Cnan, A New Discourse on Trade, 1694, pp. 205-215. 190 REIGN OP CHARLES II. I influence, that he maintained himself to the last against all his opponents. The Newfoundland matter whs only a trifle to amuse his leisure and help his brother monopolists, the West Conntrj'men. This plan, so speciously sketched out to exterminate the Newfound- land Colonists, although determined upon, was not immediately carried into eflect, even the king aud his advisers shrunk from such cold- blooded cruelty. In 1665, when this pamphlet was Hnst published, we were at war with the Dutch, and it was thought advisable that some permanent settlers should be left to defend the Colony. Various minor attempts, however, were made to carry out this policy piecemeal ; a very valuable series of parliamentary papers^ on Newfoundland affaii's set forth the various measures that were taken to destroy the colonial population Neither the Commissioners for Foreign Trade and Plantation, nor the Western Adventui-eis, nor least of all Sir Josiah Child, saw any- thing extraordinary or improper in this decision to destroy a whole population of Englishmen, to con- demn them to ruin, extermination, and exile from their cherished homes and all the accumulated V ealth of -several generations. This paper, which is too long to quote in full, begins by setting forth the state of the fishery in 1644, when, as the Western Adventurei-s allege : — SIB JOSIAU CniLU. From an engraving after Riliy. *' Ihere were 270 sLips annually employed in the Newfoundland fishery besides those who brought salt and carried the fieh to market computing the ships at 80 tons each and for every 100 tons 59 men and 10 boats. There were in all 21,600 tons 10,800 seamen 2,160 boats. To each boat is allowed 5 men. Usual catch 200 to 300 qtls., wh'.ch was then sold at from 14 to 16 rials— 78. to 8s. per qtl. They attribute the subsequent decline to the civil war and to the settlements encouraged by Treworgie. " By letters patent 26 Jany. 1660 this additional clause was inserted in the new charter: that no person was to be catried or transported in any of the ships except those of the ships company or such as are to plant and do intend to settle there. In 1663 circular letters were written to the mayors and magistrates of West Country Towns to enforce this order. » I am indebted to George H. Emerson, Q.C., for this work, which formerly belonged to John Hatt Noble, Deputy Naval Officer iu Newfoundland. I his opponents, [lis leisure and the Newfound- jdiately carried om such cold- , published, we ible that some carry out this very valuable ;ary papers^ on •8 set forth the lat were taken lial population iiniissioners for Plantation, nor iurers, nor least hild, saw any- or improper in stroy a whole shmen, to con- extermination • iieir cherished e accumulated aerations. This long to quote tting forth the urera allege : — id fishery besides ; the ships at 80 3re in all 21,600 sn. Usual catch > to 8s. per qtl. the settlements lerted in the new ny of the ships intend to settle i magistrates of ty Naval Officer iu BOARD OF TRADE REPORT. 191 \ .J- ^fi^-^^ ^" ^•■'^f .^*« "'''^« *" «tt"n the return of the names of offender* against this rule and in the meantime to stop them nroceedinir «»;>.„ °°*°**®™ '• Th« W r '■*°';^ ^'^"'^ ^" *^' ^°""°" ^'^^ finally rejected in 1670 t>,«™ 1 V T .''e8 stages &c. in the luid Harbour of St. John's for about seventy j-enrs but of late they not able to call anything their own by reason of West Country men, yiho pretend as priveledge not only to take away houses &c., but threatened their persons both by blows and imprisonment which hath caused your Petitioner and family to quit that Country almost to his utter ruine. Such damage was done last year in severall Harbours, that fifteen hundred men in the Harbour of St. John's will hardly make good the damage done there in three weeks, besides the loss of their goods which they violently take away. Petitioner prays for redress. Petitions for n Governor with great guns and ammunition and an Orthodox Minister, Mho they will maintain at their cwn cost, so that those removed may be invited to return &c." (Board of Trade.) * ExTBACTS from Reports in which John Downing is mentioned. " Acc't of ye Inhabitants in St. John's Harbour & Quitevide thereunto belonging with their names and what wives and children they have as also their men and women servants and boats they en ploy. An Acc't of ye Planters belonging to St. John's Harbour 1682. Planters* Names. g a 1 g i 1 i Jno. Downing 1 03 00 02 01 01 MenSer iftllts. In St. John's Harbour, M .;; f.. 3 . ^ g 3 g ■■' .j a ^ & ri?**^ bribes of Child and his colleagues were for a time deaf to the urgent demands from the colonists for protection against these barbarous attacks. Bye-and-bye, however, N 2 :: } 196 REIGN OF CHARLES IL h Mi I the eloquent appeal of Downing and his counsel began to stix' public opinion. There > were many West Country towns that gave the settlers strong suppoii. John Carter, Mayor of Poole, sent — *• A Bet of reasons why the Inhabitants should not be removed signed by several Merchants and Masters of Ships which for many years have used the trade of fiehiag there." [They declare] " the Inhabitants are faithful subjects and that the most eminent of them now resident there, were forced over in the time o' the late civil war tor their loyalty to His Majesty." ' Besides the assistance the settlers received from Pooie and Weymouth, there seems to have been a strong party on their side both in Bideford a:.d Barnstaple, All the man-of-war officers were with the settlers. A careful examination of the lengthy documents put forward by both sides shows how well Downing worked up his case. There was a most protracted debate ; ^ the decision, long hung in the balance, was at last given in favour of thr; planters. Sir John Berry and Captain 1- ?s and several other enlightened West Country men came forward with such arguments on behalf of the planters, that even the Court had to give way, A peremptory order first went forth by the ship St. John's Merchant, leaving Dartmouth in March 16i'7, directing the mastera and seamen to forbear all violence to the planters ; and in May came +he following order : — " That the Planters in Newfoundland be continued in possession of their Houses and stages according to the nsuage of the last years, until further orders." ^ As the reader will see from the petition of Oxford,* they asked for protection for the future. Their children were growing up without , \ ' Records. ^ The following letter is in the Plt/mouih Records; I'rowse was very active on the settlers' side: — R. Pkowse to Wm. Gocld. 14 March 1670 "We heare of your bad success at the choice of Mr. Keyuell that your boone com- panion were too hard a party for yon. I suppose you hardly return before the terme because tis supposed the House may not sit above 14 days longer therefore I advise you that your Newfoundland business is passed the King in Councill and the Duke of York is by one order to be attended, the Attorney Generall by another, and there is anothei' order that is to come down to strengthen ye business before it passes into a Patent. I am out of •^urse already ^c &c. and am taken ■ick, " Yours, — R. Prows." There is also a letter to Wm. Gould about B. Prowse, from which it appears he was trying in a small way, by presents, to counteract the bribes of the other side. * Records. * PiioposALS OP Wm. Downing AND Thomas Oxfohd on behalf of the Inhabitants. (Reccl. 29 April 1S79.) "To fortify St. John's, naturally very strong, with twenty five guns and two hundred small arms and some small arms to defend the creek Que de Vide to prevent surprise. This Que de Vide is a place wLore a few skiflfs fish, cleared through the rocks by some Inhabitants of St. John's, as well as other conveniences about that harbour to the value of some of thousands of pounds. " To fortify Carboniere with fifteen great guns and eighty small arms. Salvadge forty it-agues from St. Juhu's being about seven years since cleared and possessed only by Inhabitants, never before used by any to fortify it, ten guns and eighty small arms. Ferryland seventeen guns and a hundred as to stir public ■iive the settlers signed by several iscd the trade of mbjects and that 1 the time o' the and Weymouth, oth in Bideford th the settlers, rward by both ere was a most nee, was at last ler enlightened n behalf of the remptory order ; Dartmouth in [• all violence to n of their Honses • orders." ^ they asked for ng up without *y> ^y presents, to 18 other side. M. Downing >N BEHALF OF THE ST8. il 1679.) n's, naturally very ins and two hundred I arms to defend the vent surprise. This ore a few skiffs fish, by some Inhabitants other conveniences ! value of some of re with fifteen great IS. Salvadge forty being about seven possessed only by 1 used by any to iighty small arms. IS and a hundred COMMERCE WITH NEW ENGLANDERS. 197 the ordinances of religion, there was no one to command or organize m case of defence, and there were no fortifications. They were not allowed, however, to have the Governor, established mmister, or forts they prayed for. The residents offered to group themselves m any towns or harbours selected by the Government, to assist about fortifications, and to bear their share of all expenses. It is only on the assumption of bribery that we can explain the romister's obstinacy in refusing to organize the defences of the Colony J? ranee, their ancient enemy, was at their gate; twice the Dutch had successfully attacked St. John's and Ferryland. De Ruyter declared when he captured St. John's on the 6th of June 1665, that if there had been six guns mounted he would not have ventured in. The commerce between Newfound- land and the North American Colonies, generally referred to in our Records as " New England," but which at this period embraced New York and Philadelphia, had risen from its modest commencement in 1645 to Sl^mrwt^^^^^^ '*''^' ^^"^"'^ '"'""^'"'^ '^"""^ *^' *™^ «^ *^^ The New Englanders, it has been noticed,^ were mostly traders, not fishermen. They found a lucrative market for in^rior fish, first in the English M est India Islands, and afterwards amongst the French, ADMIBAI, DK RUTTBB. small arms. Fformous eighteen guns and sixty small arms. In what other Harbours besides St. .John's it shall be thought fitt for them to settle, it is not desired to give any hindrance to the Fishing ships but they may fish ,n any of these places, the* Inhabitants enjoying such convenient houses and stages as they have formerly built and now enjoy and no more, but as their children grow up they may accordingly enlarge. "That a Government may be settled to defend them and the Country especially against the French, who are very powerfull there, and against some West Country -merchants wnoiu they hare long groaned " For the preservation of navigation thev desire to pass their men back and forwai^ by freight or hyer Inhabitants wiil be always willing to protect boats left by Ashing "The Inhabitants desire (to prevent malicious pretence) that an equal number of Masters be with them to decide all differences. * .u ^«,\*". ^'i^abeth was proclaimed Queen ot the Whole Country but now the French enj.jy two thirds and so far from complaints of them by West Country men that they would not owne any settled there although too much apparent as app.jars by the oathes of Oxford 1\ C. Martin and N. Trout and Masters of Convoys. They humbly beg the liovprnnp mot- Unt-^ .^«~ — i -■• » ■ - - /„„. J TV pwir. t-'Tcr boia innaoi- tants and fishermen equally, and that they may nave a Minister and ffortifications and what also lour Honourable Board think fit " — ( Board of Trade, Newfoundland.) ' See p. 153. 198 KEIGN OF CHARLES II. Dutch, and Spanish possessions ; they were not allowed by the French or Spaniards to trade with their Islands, except to barter fish for molasses; they came first to Newfoundland with cattle, com, lumber, lime, salted beef, pork, pitch, &c. In the course of fifty years the English planters, who had previously obtained all their provisions from England by 16S0, received nearly all their supplies from New England. The planters' best fish, known already in the trade as "prime merchantable codfish," was sold to the English merchants or to traders, who came in the sack ships ; the payment was always made by bills on England at 60 or 90 days ; these drafts were the usual currency of the Colony. Except for occasional payments in these bills or in gold the tiade between British North America and our Island was essentially a barter trade. The New Englanders, the steadfast friends of the Newfoundlanders, and zealous for their own rights and liberties, gave material aid in the fierce struggle with the West Countrymen. Child and his colleagues w«re fiercer against them even than against the Newfoundland planters ; one witness declares the New Englanders spoke infamously about His Sacred Majesty King Charles II. There was a' constant intercourse between the two countries. West Country servants smuggled away came back in a few seasons as genuine New England men ; they cursed, and drank, and swore, in a way to horrify the Puritan divines, but being good sailors and good fishermen their blasphemies were foigiven ; " ungodly men and swearers, fishermen chiefly from Newfoundland," is Hubbard's description of them. Besides their trade in produce and West India fish for the negroes, and the Weatherfield onion business, the Americans soon drove a big trade in rum.^ Artemus Ward speaks of the New England rum and the measles as equally disagreeable. No doubt the compound was villainous, it was probably worse than the Spanish aguardiente, or the worst French brandy. It had, however, two distinct merits for the fishermen, it was very strong and very cheap. Probably the planter bought it wholesale fcr not more than 25 cents a gallon; by 1789 it was retailed out to fishermen at $1-20 a gallon, more than double the old-fashioned price. 1 It is said that previous to the com- first saved and put into casks to be brought mencement of this trade, mo'asses was thrown to New England and distilled into ruui. away by the planters, and that this article, (Sabine.) now 80 extensively used in commerce, was THE SMUGGLING AWAY OP FISHERMEN. 199 by the French baiter fish for e, com, lumber, fifty years the heir provisions lies from New ade as "prime bs or to traders, [lade by bills orx lal currency of bills or in gold was essentially swfoundlanders, erial aid in the his colleagues dland planters ; )U8ly about His ountries. West ew seasons as nd swore, in a ilors and good a and swearers, description of or the negroes, •ave a big trade and the measles llainous, it was French brandy. , it was very ' wholesale fcr etailed out to old-fashioned asks to be brought tilled into rum. — The American colonists at this period did a trade, mostly contraband, all over the world ; besides sending fish to market, they were running negroes from Africa, whaling, smuggling, and frequently selling their fine ships in England. One great business in Newfoundland was stealing servants from the West Countrymen. For his passage the kidnapped fisherman had to serve a long period, as a kind of white bond slave. Probably Massachusett's gave a premium on the introduction of desirable emigrants ; but, however that may be, there can be no doubt that the servants were smuggled away. The colonial records are full of statements to that effect, of which the following is an example : — •' Report of Captain Daniel Jones, R.N., H.M.S. Diamond. " Bay Balls 12th Sepr. 1682. " Did not arrive until Aug. 23d Admiralty instructions to sail Ist Sepr. with convoy weather permitting. I have sent to your Honour four Bonds for I find none that violate your rules so much as ye Traders from New England spiriting awa,y men. I was an eye witness of one at St. John's coming in with 11 hands and sailing with 20 in addition had not my pinnace brought him to anchor. So I took bonds of the New England men and acquainted Captain Wren of H.M.S. Centurion. Bad fishery only 1.50 qtls. per boat, not as good as reported the French have made. Nothing but confusion and disorder here they require a Governour. " Bonds of John Sawley of Salem, Mass., of Geo. Snell of Portsmouth or Piscadawcry New Hampshire of Thomas Harvey of Portsmouth N.H. and of William Pepperill of Portsmouth N.H., not to take away men from Newfoundland." ' Treworgie had combined in his person the anomalous positions of chief factor to the New England merchants in Newfoundland and the governorship of the Colony ; he was a perfectly honest man, and seems to have performed both duties to the satisfaction of his employers. At his death the position of chief factor of the American colonies fell to Mr. Gould, who appears on all occasions during this reign as represent- ing New England, and advocating their interests in opposition to the English fishermen. It is impossible now to give any exact figures about the colonial trade with Newfoundland ; it was carried on in an underhand way ; its operations were carefully concealed from the captains of the Royal Navy. In their annual reports the only notices to be found of the Americans are accounts of their " spiriting away " the West Countrymen's servants When Downing writes of eight New England vessels coming to the Island he must have meant St. John's ; he had no means of knowing how many other vessels visited the distant outports, and ti-aded off their goods for fish and furs, berries, cod's-tuugues and ilsh-sounds, taking their balances in merchants' bills on England. Early in the eighteenth ' Board of Trade, Newfoun'tland. 200 REIGN OF CHARLES II. century at least forty ^ vessels came from the American colonies to Newfoundland ; Palliser estimated the trade in 1765 at half a million dollars annually, and by the commencement of the Revolution it had nsen to one and a half millions of dollars. By the end of Charles II.'s reign New England hmi so marvellously increased and extended her agricultural and commercial operations thafc she was pretty well able to supply our Island planters with nearly everythmg they required.^ The two countries on which the wrath of the West Countryman and Child was poured out are singularly enough Ireland and New England. The monopoliste treat both these great i-nglish dependencies as foreign countries, and decidedly hostile and opposed to the interests of England. The fault of poor Erin, her glaring offence in the eyes of the Devonshire men, was her woollen manufactures, which were absurdly che,^p and remarkably good ; in the plantations they were like Irish 1 American Vessels coming to Newfoundland in 1698. [Many of these vessels made several v oyages to the Island in each year.] Where from. Carolina New York Carolina Bermoodes Boston Montserrat Lime (Lima) (An Antigoe tiRiia). New England Boston • Do. New Enarland Burbadoes Boston • New England Boston - St. John's, New England. Piscattaway New England - Bermiiodes Boston Master's Name. Wm. Clay Thos. Glare • T. Phelps S. Perley T. Bamni^ton - N. Hawlier Thos. Thomas . William Wood - Michl. Gill Jno. Watkins - N. Easter Samuel Mould - Christopher Munke. T. Fry - Wm. Law John Pitts R. Holdsworth John Card William FoUett Terence Smith - John Thacker Tons. Port of Call in Newfoundland. Fish T bought. Inward Cargo. 39 75 60 30 60 30 80 64 40 30 60 80 200 41 60 30 25 46 126 80 Senowse Bay Bulls . Carbonear - Bay Verds • St. John's - Do. Brigus Port de Grave St. John's Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Harbour Grace Destir.ation outwards. Quintals 360 1,200 400 200 100 800 600 1,800 2,000 600 430 600 Provisions Do. Provisions and rum. Salt and rum • Provisions Rum and sugar Provisions and salt. Salt, rum, and molasses. Pork and cyder Rum and cyder Rum and mo- lasses. Rum and sugitr Do. Rum, sugar, and bread. Provisions Salt and mo- Do. Boards • Deals Salt . Rum and sugar Barbadots, Bilboa. Bai'badoes, Do. New England. Montserrat. Lime (Lima). Oporto. New England. Boston. Do. Jamaica. Oporto. Do. New England. Boston. Piscattaway. Do. New England. Virginia, in ballast. Barbadoes. {Board of Trade, Newfoundland.) By about 1690 New England was of med c ne ^nH «,..„« ^ , •.^nQrt!n''>>!>n»° i"'^ -i,„o- ^ - -KT. Ji, ,t , . '"euicine, ana some crarden seeds "Hv ^„j,jr!.!jp „!„,.., R,,^ r.!-^n tui-lution it had marvellously )eration8 that 8 with nearly e wrath of the ilarly enough 1 these great y hostile and eyes of the vere absurdly re, like Irish I. year.] Destination outwards. Barbadobs. Bilboa. Bai'badoes, Do. New England. Monlserrat. Lime (Lima). Oporto. New England. Boston. Do. Jamaica. Oporto. Do. New England. Boston. Piscattaway. Do. New England. Virginia, in ballast. Barbadoeg. en seeds, " h'v lels of tunipe 8. of molasses, !0 " iBoard oj IBISH TRADE. 201 pork a«d Insh beef and Irish "youngsters/^ half the price of the Engl^h article and soniehow they got to be the leading stoples in the sde^tJf r. 'T: T'^ ^'^^P"* ^"^^ ^^^^ ^'-^y« been the one selected for the planters' and fishermen's use Dork*3*^^7 *^''! !"''' ''''"'°'' " '^'^''' B-^«l""> GoTernor ot the Fort keopm, good order-™«.„< J„„,^ „„, ^„„,,„,„ L ;jLroSng."g''the 202 REIGN OF CHARLES II. charter— they thought thfi aame might be of good use, and no prejudice to tho Trade aud His Majesty's Customs." ' The same able statesmen a few years later modified their opinion about planters. France had just invaded the Island, and laid all the fishing establishments in ruins. The Commissioners then expressed their opinion, after referring to the necessity for forts and soldiers : — " That Planters in moderate numbers were at all times convenient for the preparation and preservation of boats, stages, and other things necessary for the fishery but they should notexcee.l one thousand." ' There is one further suggestion, somewhat later, from a military Solomon, — the lieutenant-governor of the Island, Major Elford : — " That they allow no women to land in the Island and that means should be adopted to remove those that were there." * We can hardly credit rational human beings with the production of these barbarous ordinances for the extirpation of British colonists, and their still more absurd restrictions ; they read more like the production of some mischievous demon — the grotesque laws for some Gargantuan island or the territory of the Yahoos — than the sober production of English statesmen. The eight years succeeding the defeat of the project to expel the settlers are not very eventful ones in the history of Newfoundland ; the agitation for a governor was still kept up. By far the ablest argument on this subject is from the pe n of Sir Robert Robinson, for many years captain-of-convoy on the coast. He points out very forcibly that, owing to the terrorism of the West Ccuntrymen, many of the planters had gone to live with the French, and^^ • the chiefest have gone to New England.^ That by a Bottled Government and harbours fortified they will avoid the abuses of the ungoverned seamen, who deal with them as they please. They will be preserved from sea rovers and enemies • have a Minister to christen, instruct, marry, and bury them ; and they will have equal justice which will greatly encourage all except those who desire to live under no Government, but in all things to be their own carvers." But the strongest argument of all was the danger of a French invasion. One per cent, on the fish caught would have borne all the ' Records, 2 Petition of William Downing. "That whereas on 11th Oct. last the Lords of Trade made an order about settle- ment Newfoundland under Government and fortifications : " That there io now an account given to your petition that (the inhabitants having no security and utterly diaparing of redress) the greater part have bought vessels whereby (upon the first alaram of wars) they may remove to other Plantations and tho rest are already retireing nearer the French and declare they will put themselvus under their protection: All which on oath if required. And that the season again draweth nigh for the ships to go thither. Ynuf fttitioner therefore most humbly prays for a speedy conclusion of the settlement &c." [Not endorsed, proh. 1683.] {Board of Trade, Newfoundland). % prejudice to tho 1 their opinion ipnd laid all the expressed their iers : — nvenient for the lecessary for the pom a military Iford :— at means should s production of colonists, and the production ne Gargantuan production of ;t to expel the Newfoundland ; far the ablest Robinson, for it very forcibly , many of the jrovernment and 3amen, who deal rs and enemies; I they will have desire to live of a French borne all the wars) they may s and the rest are the Freuch and selvus under their oath if required. draweth nigh for Ynuf fttitioner ays for a speedy ; &c.» ed, proh. :683.] dland). SIR B. ROBINSON'S PETITION. 203 moderate expense required for an established government, forts,^ artillery and a minister : — •" fonl' W^U"" -f^ ^T^ Bobinaon] should take it. whereas they now employ about tS^^f^^r\^ "'t''''' '^""'^"'^ seamen and the English three hundred jail and fifteen thousand seamen, they would employ seven hundred shins and TUOENTON'S MAP, 1689. From the Mnglish Pilot. Robinson grossly exaggerated numbers, but his arcrument ia unanswerable as regards the danger to all North America" from the French encroachments in Newfoundland. West Country obstinacy, ' PnoposKD Building op a Four at a little !>ra«dy to the crew for labourlu.r ln«v.. ♦«»,»« 'a J ^h ^«b'»son asl^s fort on the site of Fort William; it is referred to leave to be allowed to use his crew and such in 1696 and 1697 in the Inmion bv D'^^^^^^^^^ Planters as are willing to raise fortifications, ville and Brouillon.1 ^ ^''" which shall be done with no expense except 204 REIGN OF CHARLES 11. however, still opposed all reasonable proposals to defend the Colony from such an obvious danger. A few years later they suffered terribly for their refusal to listen to reason. There was a strong party on Robinson's side ; he tried to bring over the Duke of York (afterwards James II.) to his views, but, like his brother, he was the recipient of large bribes from Child and his associates— the Parliament also of that day was utterly corrupt— and so his efforts had no result. The Colony was left to drift along, a prey to every enemy. Each year the naval officers on the station made reports on the wanton aggres- sion of the ship fishermen,^ the disorders in the Island, and the need for a settled government ; but it was all to no purpose. During the latter PLAN OP ST. JOHN'S IN 1680. From Thornton's Map. years of Charles II 's reign there were no attacks from the French ; both nations quietly fished without disturbing each' other. Like ourselves the French had no military or naval power, their fortresses were in rums, and there was not a single royal soldier or sailor in any of their set lements.^ The parent Government was busily employed in Europe: and after the first outburst of energy in 1662, the soldiers were with- drawn, and their defences were entirely neglected ; they seldom had even a convoy for their merchant ships. > Captain of Convoy's Report, 1684. Fishermen now using casks instead of ffats for their oil. Hardly a house but sells drink. If the people do assemble it is not for divine service. Order 23 March 1677 allows them to live near the shore. Order 18 May 1677 allows planters to keep their own house, &c. Order 16 Jany 1677 Masters allowed to bring over passengers. Order 16 Jany 1677 Bonds not required. He has had a hundred complaints and Admiral would do nothing at all to redress wronr nf BO . ""^^/^ ^"'"* °"* '0 ''oats andt ship of 80 tons for the West Adventurers servicE Receive £1360 pay £984-rrofit £365. loss S2"*'" ^ ^°''*' ^^"^ ^^^^ <=°«' *268 . [Very full details of both estiinatP» given in the Records.] estunates {Eefori/s.) o^Ja'^^^ ^"""^ ^^P"'* of 1'584 says: -« Porta i''"^-'T°y ^" *'^«°<'h vessels/ — Jjorts m rums." nd the Colony affered terribly rong party on •rk (afterwards ^le recipient of nt also of that enemy. Each wanton aggres- id the need for iring the latter French; both like ourselves, esses were in I any of their )d in Europe ; rs were with- T seldom had aints and Admiral edress wrongs. ) boats and a ship [venturers service rofit £365. £216 cost £268 both estunates 205 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VIII. of 1084 says; French vessels.* I. Downing'a Narrative. A Brief Narkativb concerning New- foundland, by John Downing. Reed 24th October 1676. '' Recites various patents given— in all which ample privileges were granted for encourag' of all, that w'd inhabit, that the Children there born should be free denizens of England with many other freedoms &c my father in 1640 was sent over by II.M 's Commissioners, Duke Hamilton, Earl of Pembroke & Earl of Holland's Instructions to take charge of the Colony; Sir David Kirke being by His M"!"'' Letter by him sent, called home ; my father found under the command of Sir David Kirke, their Gov'r fifty SIX guns mounted in several forts, as Ferryland, St. John's, Bay Bull, &c, the forts tiJted with small arms &c, & manned by inhabitants. The proprietors had given them even to Duke Hambleton, and the rest six admiralls places for fishing, accounted the the best, even St. John's and tlie rest : alsoe five fishes in six score caught or bought bv any shipp having more strangers aboard than free denizens of England ; all nations in amity with his M«"« might freely buy and catch fash build houses &c as freely as English provided if demanded he paid his impost. . . ." ^y Patent the inhabitants were not within SIX miles to destroy woods, nor convert rooms for drying fish to other uses, as to plant, plow same, and the rest. Even in Crom- well s time, in the worst of times the in- habitants being accused for traitors to his Government, jrett by an order then, wee had liberty to enjoy our houHcs wee had built &c. Cromwell's Governor Treworgie and his men of war took impost, as proprietors aforementioned liad done, even as far us Trespasse. " There hath been a general" of men ever since any people settled in Newfoundland, practicing the ruin of inhabit-. First that no merchants have any fish but from themselves and at their rates and pleasures, next that all men employed in fishing affairs work for and serve for such victualls and pay as they choose to give them. Inhabitants distance from Supreme Rulers Seats, render them liable to false calumnies— that inhabitants bum their tram ffats of £60 value which one with other were not worth first year they were built £6 if they were soe wronged they might and would haveReparat" from those that Avronged yearly But I never c'd hear of any man there that c d complain of any such wrong I having lived there and been every summer these thirty odd yenres. " The inhabitants bume their stages tliey complain themselves, as the fishing sailes burne for dressing their vietualls & brewing Iheir beare, wood their shipps carry home some to their owners yards give leave to the shipps that take in their fish to take aboard what they will, other shipps wanting wootl take leave, some give some to some inhabitants, others howse all thtir stages and flake stuff for another yeare, by this meanes before all the shipps depart some yeares in St. John's where it is said three hundred boats have been kept, is loft of all their stages two or three pieces standing. In 1674 : at the goeing out of the last ships was left standing but the Bedd of one of the Admirals Stages which at Spring following the Admiral enjoyed. In 1675: by the care of Sir John Berry their Stages and Roomes were for the most part well left & as well found at their retume as themselves have there & must if called here acknowledge. In 1 676, before my coming out, Capt. Kussell Command'r of H.M.'s shipp "Reserve" forced several Masters of shipps even their admiral for one to build up acain their trayne houses, themselves had cut down contrary to their order. Trees are rinded, the shipps doing it most, and the comers out of England— done not only for 18 foot Cooke Ivorames but to cover whole stages and lodging houses, even last summer it was done Inhab ts stages and houses ore most covered with New England and the country's boards. 80 have httle occasion of rinding. Woods fared by foreigners and English Shipps Com- panys going into woods for timber in warme weather & throwing carelessly the fire they light tobacco with. ^ " From New Eng'd one y'r with other come commonly 8 saU of vessels burthen'd Iron, 16 tons to 60 tons with commodities the produce of which they invest here in Brandy, ^T* •?'.?PP*''^' ^"' *^«''" '«»''el«. pieces of eight, if they can get them some ffrench & Spanish wines, some redd stinking fish for the NegoiesofBarbadoes. As for Sien Inhabi- tants have out of fishing ships we have Masters good will to have them soe have New ling d men It sav'g the owners victuals they eat homew'ds & often they carry passengers in their places who pay own'rs for passages. nK» • Pf"'=t{;'«™ of ruin of Inhabit (if of Sr T r ^^ f ^ '" '"•^"selves this profit o .neir ^n^nur as fornierly the nrencU foumi before any Governor was sent to Newfeundland by K. Chas Ist-Some English iuha'bitants w d burn frenchmen's boats, carry away some, carry VKoy salt, break open their houses and 206 HEIGN of CHARLES II. Ill nflo them they beinu ^Hre to find nothing left nor ihey who hud done it. The English fishing Hhipg leaye iilways cither salt or fl«h or goods for fishing and all their boats, which if their boatx he spoiled the voyage is ruined Htterly befor.- they can there saw boards or build boats— no merchants will send salt or any other goods to supply any that want or waste salt & provis'ns in his passage over for if it be to be housed no house but Cook rooms allowed of 18 feet & they but for the winter, yet houses unfit for salt neith.r any man to take charge of it. Some years fishing ships have beene lost forty, sixty leagues from shore being rackt by ice yet in boats some of their men have come to land and been cured of their hurts by cold and hunger, by inhabitants. Almost every year, some of their men sent for possess'n might with cold and hunger starve if not relieved by Inhab'ts; yearly their men are received when sick with scurvy and other sickness into Inhabitants houses and there most times got their cures & become able to do service. " In case according to some mens desires the inhabitants be forced to quit their houses and employments, they and their man and families and come home they will fall to extreme poverty and want and if they get relief It must come from the landed gentlemen to whom the extenie poverty of distressed families will be neither pleasant nor profit- able. " Of french promiting their interest more and more in Newfoundl'd complainers agst inhabitants take no notice. In y 1670 French had Placentia fortified with ordinance a Gar- rison of Soldires and Chuine also St. Peters fortified with great guns garris'n of Soldrs at both places many inhabitants great stores of Cattle and Kheepe. Since this time K. of France hath pnb'd in Seaports of Fmnce that he will pay passage of any that go and inhabit in Newfld give a gratuity to Mas' that passeth them other; by Governor they shall be supplied with clothes & necessaries from three years & then pay King in fish fur or board ; by these encouragements inhabitants grow more and more numerous, some English live amongst them & are courteously treated lajely more of English Inhabts have been as' formerly by French Captains invited to dwell amongst them promising them kindness and protection. " A Merch't of Walerford in Ireland Mr John Aylrod being in Newfoundland in June 1676 gave foll'g relation concerning Placentia--French inhabitants were there now 250 families which according to our famil'g may be more than 2000 men, their garrison of soldiers 400 men paid by King. 300 kintalls for^each boat one year with another accounted Tfith them aa ordinary voyage j their fishes from Trepass round the Isl'd near to Bona- Tista many French ai>4 Biskenners, the Biskennere subject to King of Spain— French ships supposed to be not less than 200 sail of ships of good foife from 30 guns to 13, they have a men of war about SO guns each ; to that part of the land where the French forts are as Placentia, St. Peters & the rest, no Indians come but some Canida Indians from forts of Canida in french shallo-'ayes with french fowling pieces all spared them by french of Canida so for them need no chaine, soldiers nor ordinance. " It is said Newfoundland is guarded after fish'g ships go suffuc'tly by foggs & ice till arrival of English fishermen therefore need no other guard to prevent invasion that it is theirs who arc strongest at sea. St. John's & tferry- land and other harbours are deemed by some men accustomed to war so strongly fortified by nature that some of them having one fort and necessaries for defence its hard for any ship though never so bravely furnished to enter and if they sh'd puss without burning or sinking or being cast ashore when entered they may stay there perhaps 14 days for a wind to go ont the meantime fight rocks and fort. Two or three of these harbours fortified arc enough after the manner of french fishing to make use of all the English have for fishing in their pattent from Cape de Race to Cape de Honavista ; except the fortified harbours they may spoyle the rest for ships rideing in the fortified harb'rs their own ships may ride even in war and fish as th« French do and go in their boats after the fish from three to eighteen leagues each side their harbours mouth there sah their fish in tilts on shore, after carry imd dry It where their shipps ride in guard of forts, when they have taken in their fish a strong westerly wind with night in hand frees them from danger of enemies lying off the shore. "English fishing ships commonly all gone in September or quickly in October— not to sail out of England till 1 st March. " From England Ireland France & Spain & Portugal & New Eng'd have vessels come to Newfoundland in November & Dcc'r & have loaden oyle summer fish & winter fish out of the houses & gone out some of them three days before Christmas .Sc have gone well to their ports desired. "In beginning of March Ships have arrived from England ; French fishing ships have been off St. John's and Ferryland the 2nd Feby and might have come in if they pleased, some of the french harbour, in Febv some in March, their best fish'g being in Maj- Ice comes on coast commonly in middle of leb v, some years in March, some years in April some years none to be seen it is not made here even the ice but breaks up the summer before in some cold straits & so winds and current bring it on this Coast. Jo. Downing. iCol. Papers, JVeafoundland, 56.} DOWNING'S PETITIONS. 207 ? of Spain — French ?t<8 than 200 sail of 30 guns to 12, they : SO guns each; to re the French fortw era & the rest, no tnida Indians from shalio-'ayes with ired them by french no chaine, soldierH ind is guarded after >y *'om' & ice till 1 therefore need no sion that it is theirs St. John's & tferry- ■e deemed by some trongly fortified by aviug one fort and hard for any ship urnished to enter ithout burning or ore when entered ips 14 days for a me fight rocks and harbours fortified r of french fishing sh have for fishing e Race to Cape de tied harbours they lips rideing in the lips may ride even Qch do and go in 1 three to eighteen Jours mouth there e, after carry imd 2 in guard of forts, leir fish a strong I hand frees thenj g off the shore. )S commonly all kly in October — II 1st March. d France & Spain ave vessels come nber & Dcc'r & sh & winter fish ut some of them & have gone well irch Ships have ich fishing ships id Ferryland the come in if they harbour, in Feby j'g being in May. ily in middle of , some years in )e seen it is not t breaks up the lid straits & so 1 this Coast. Jo. Downing. dland, 56.) I II. Downing'g Petition!. ^"'1 'fP '"^f '^''"8's M««t Excellent Matie. ' iho Humble Petition of John Downing Gentleman, Inhabitant of Newfoundland. Sheweth : . . xr'^'?' ^°""" I'eti'ionor's Father was sent to Newfoundland, armed with your Koyal i^athers Commission and authority and instructions from the then Lords Proprietors to plant people there, and reduce the Indians to civility and religion. That to that purpose severall lawes and orders were then made and sent over by yourlloyal Father to be observed tnere. , . . That after some yeares service there, having secured the forts and fishings and brought into some regularity and security Y«„l! P rr"'' '"'''.?•? P»^"''l« •" >o"r Majesty, YourPet.tionerVFathertherc.lied,nnd8incehi8 death your Petitioner amongst several others ot your subjects hath settled there and lived tor manpr years under the said lawes and orders given them and by their industry built houses for their habitation and cleansed the wildernesses of the place, whereby to keep some er.ttle for their sustenance and the support of such of your Majesty's subiects us come to trade there and have by leave of the former Governors and Proprietors erected severall stages and Roomes for their winter and summer fisheries and support. " They have hitherto lived your Majestys obedient subjects maintaining by their own industry, themselves their wives and their children in peace and comfort. But now some of Your Subjects, pretending Your Majesty's patent and orders for the same coming over thither, have not only taken th» houses goode stages and roomes built and enjoyed by Your Petitioner and his father for many yeares last past, but spoile the boats, keeping and brcake open the houses of the said Inhabitants at their wills and pleasures contrary to the anfient lawes and orders of the said place, and also to those of common humanity and the freedoine which all other nations which have settled in these parts enjoy. ' " For that the said Inhabitants can neither enjoy the effects of their own industry nor have any security frooi the invasion or spoiles of their neighbours. May it therefore please Your Maiesty that out of Your Royal Favour, you will be pleased to command that for the future no such outrages be com- mitted, but that Your Petitioner may enjoy such houses stages &c. as have been built and enjoyed by his Father and himself according to the said antient lawes and orders of the place and find security for himselt; his wife and family from such out- rages from time to come. And Your Petitioner shall ever pray. At the Court at Whitehall, November 7, 167S. " His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this Petition to the Rt. llonble. The Committee of the Council for Foraigne Plan- tucions to consider the contents thereof and take Hueh ordera therein as to their Honours shall secme meete for the reliefe of the Petr. TH08. TOVEY. (ft.) DowitiNo's Pktition. " To the Rt Honbleye Lords of his Ma't's most Honble Privy Couneell appointed a Committee for Trade and Plantalions. " The Humble Petition of John Downina Gent Inhabitant of Newfoundland Sheweth " That your Pet'r did on the €th day of Nov r last give in a Petieon to his Matie humbjy imp ormg his protection to secure himself and family from ye outrages under which they had suffered, as by ye said Petieon reference being had thereunto doth more at large appeare. "That his M""-^^ was thereupon graciously pleased on ye 7.h Nov'r to refer your Pe^r o this Honourable Committee to take such order for his releife as they should think fitt. and that your Petr hath ever since attended for what reuresse this Honble Hoard shall judge meet for him. ■• * ,v), "j '^Y* ^^ "v"'**" "^ y^ 3«5nr is now instant wherein shipps bound for Newfld doe set forth and. If he omit ye takeing of his passage now. wV,!-'°^;? "tter mine and undoing of h.mselfs, his wife and family who are stm remaining there. Hn M ^y.'"''''''°''*^''<^>nostl'u«>''Iyprayes,this Honble Commee would be pleased to con ! niiserate his condicon and take into their serious consdcracon his Mat's said reference, hat your Petrmay speedily obtain some relief (leemd fatting, and soe may prosecute his ;S^£K^ care for y/s^port ^^ £ Endorsed : '^"'^ ^^ '•""' '"''' P^^' ^^ Fedcon of Jolm Downing Gent of Newfoundland. Reed 25th January 1676 [o. s.]. {Colonial Papers, No. 50, p. 104.) (C.) DOWNING'S FCRTilER PETITION. To the Kings Most Excellent M^'i". T I 'i '^^^ C'Tr*""'" ^*'*'«'»n of John Downing Inhabitant of Newfoundland Sheweth ^ " That the said Inhabitants till your M""" hnppy restauracoii had a Governor there and fift:|-six guns allowed them and fforts for their securities And that the same were maintained by the six admiraltief. and impost^ of the said place. l.i imposts " That since the practices of the last Patentees, all the same have been neglected and decayed and the said Inhabitants not only 208 REIGN OP CHARLES II. «)ppro«»t'(l by the Pntentveii (who now engrou thu wholi- trade nnd profltt and admiraltiuN to themMflvcs) Hut iilsou are left naked uiid dtfenceiesH tn the InvaHiun of othiri esponially tlie ffreiich their too Potent neiyli- bouM To redri'x^o which the i«aid InbabitauiH doo huii'bly offtir, that your Matie nmy bo plcasfd to appoint thorn n Governor and a niiniMter to live nmongst them, and to whom the Raid inliabitants enjoying tlieir foniiir iinmunities and Estates will allow a competent maintenance fitt lor the support of such em- ployments and having allowed them the siiid t'ompetent number of ifuns will erect and inanitaiii ilforts iieocsnary for the defence and safety of the H'd place and Hecurily of the people, And further to pay and secure to your Matie such impodts and I'urther customos as have been accuHtomed to be received by such Oovernour. Then fore may it please Your Matie to consider tlie deplorable condicon of the said inhabitants and to take stioh order herein a? to you seeme most meete. And your Petr shall pray &o Fndorced Petfi of John Downing Newfoundland read in Councill March 23rd 1676 [o. s.] iCol. Papers, No. 56.) III. Report concerning the Fishery ft Colony of Newfoundland. Bead in Councill March 28th 1677. "In obedience to H. Matie's order in Councill of 23rd inst &c &c have called before them the Petii of John Downing ap- pearing on behalf of himself and rest of Colony, as also several Gentlemen of W. Country, & Merchts concerned in the ITishery, but it was alleged by said Gentlemen and Merohnnta, that by reason of the short warn- ing given ihem for their appeamnce, they were ill noe manner propiinid to make out their pretonsiouH in the validity of tlicir Charter, which they did not doubt to s.itisfy thoia In, if space of fidcen days were given them to acquaint their correspondents in the Country and provide themselves with tho^e evidences & demonstrations of right by wh. their patent is supported. Did allow of hoc nasonab'o a requeiit, and did assign them the IDth of April next, at which time propose to enter into further examination ot whole matter for final settlement. Hut in nuanwhilc least Planters at present residing in Newloundlund should be molested by Msrs of Kisg Hiiips upon pretence of their Chirter, offer unto 11. Matie that orders bee forthwith sent by u Ship called St. John's Merchant, now iit Dartmouth, unto admirals in Newfoundland, whereby Masters and ^Seamen may be directed to forbear any violence to IManters, upon pretence of said Western Charter and suffer them to inhabit and fish according to usage j provided they do conform to the rules of Charter — uiid inhabitants do likewise continue good corre- spondences with Fish'mtn, until, H. Matie shall proceed to a further resolution." Danby, Anoleskv, Ormonoe, Caulisle, CUAVKN, JiHIIIGWATEn, FFAUCONUEKO Council Chamber 28 March 1677. " Which being read in Couneill— H.AI. •was pleased to order, that Council for Trade and Plant'ns cause orders to be sent to admirals according to their Lordships advice in said report." John Nioholah. (Co/, Papers, No. 56.) 209 CHAPTER IX. liKIGN OF JA ME S 11. ■683-1688. The Revolution. REIGN OF WILLIAM AND MAIiV. 1688-1694. 1688.— War between France and England. 1689,_BillolKi,h,.,,„,K.J. r™,,,™.. Viceroy ot N,„ F™„ce, '""'■-"Suixs'r""''"'""'''^"-'--'^--"''-"!" .■.«„.„„„.„„ 1694.— Diiath of Queen Mary. REIGN OF WILLIAM lU. ALONE. 1694-1702. I694.-HoInian'8 defeat of the French at Ferryluu.l. ««,,,! Crbonmr and l)o„„l,u "°""'''«' i tetruet.on of .u ,„. milm' °„ Board ofTr.de r»om,„.„d.5 ,""".* h„ "1 Z^^f '?''''>»"»..<,£? K.V. J. Jack.or„ »„,. .h. ..„,ioo of .«. Bi.hop'of iL^lf.'eJ:; lo S°5 if",''- '"'•-^;fSii-xj:s;7r^-i*j^.v^-™^^^^ and sixty soldiers and ffiinn»r« »ii5»», f„ "","*. °*- '!?''4 « ! Lieutenant Lilh..„„„ Uolonel Norns about liVgirsh"settlement8To tZnorthiard" "^ "*""'"*'^''« better to 1699.-Captain Andrew., an engineer, in command at St. John's. ' 210 REIGN OF JAMES II. 1700.— Captain A. Holdsworth, Admiral of St. John's. J701.— Large increase of trade with New England; continued complaints atrniust New England transporting fishermen. S.P.G. incorporated. Report of Mr. George Larkin on the affairs of the Colony. ) 1 The short period of three years during which James II. reigned over England is only memorable for the treaty made in 1686 between Louis XIV. and the English king for the settlement of their respective territories in America. It was not recognised by James' successor. Like his brother, the new English monarch was the humble dependant and vassal of France. It shows how insecure was the tenure by which our enemies claimed to hold their portion: «f.. Newfoundland, that, at the commencement of this reign, Louis XIV. requested permission from James II. to hold Placentia and the other portions of Newfoundland occupied by the French. I cannot gather from the records that there was any great excitement amongst the fishing folk in our Island over the accession of the Duke of York, and there was certainly no lamentation over his downfall. The Colony was then really more distant from England than the far-off islands of the Pacific. News was conveyed slowly and fitfully. A few of the leading planters, who were Royalists, and some who were Puiitans, may have been moved about the great events in the mother country, but to the great bulk of the settlers and the ship fishermen it was of in6nitely less importance to them tlian the price of fish or a o-ood " caplin school," that came early and lasted long. All the old chroniclers declare that on this movement of the bait fishes mainly depended the success of the year's fishing voyage. Though the cod was most abundant, there were then, as now, good and bad seasons — some years abundance to overflowing, in oth«>rs the fisherman's occupation was almost a complete failure. The following letter is one out of many illustrations on this subject : — "Eennouse 29 July 1680. " At Trepassie first ships have 220 qtls^. per boat and 3 h'ds. of Traine, later ships 180 to 190 qtls. and 2h h'ds. of Traine. The French men that is there have done 250 to 300 from St. Shott's. The Admirals of St. Maries and Oollinet were at Trepassie last week, who did inform us, that at Placentia of 36 sailo not ten ships would be loaden and St. Mary's fishing doth fail also. . . . T do judge there are Bcverall of our neighbours that will sell their fish, if they can attaine, at a considerable price." ' Prior to tlie accession of William III. in iG88 and the declaration of war there had been a long interval of repose. There were raids by ' Records, • plaints aifainst New eport o£ Mr. George imes II. reigned in 1686 between their respective ames' successor, mble dependant tenure by which and, that, at the permission from : Newfoundland great excitement 1 of the Duke of downfall. The bhan the far-off fitfully. A few lome who were ts in the mother hip fishermen it of fish or a good e old chroniclers ly depended the I most abundant, 'ears abundance was almost a ations on this se 29 July 1680. !. of Traine, later that is there have and Oollinet were f 36 sailo not ten . . I do judge ley can attaine, at le declaration of 5 were raids by FRONTENAC. gn English and French privateers, but, with one short interval no open Zfte ?f "^'*^Lf^-- ^^-- -1^'iers or men-of-wa L 7.^ und he defences both of St. John's and Placentia had fallen Tn o complete rum. With the return of the warlike Marquis do Fontenac to the Government of Ne;. France in 1689 this peaceful state of atir quickly came to an end. The defences of Placentia were tho ou^Wv repaxred, Fort Loms (now Castle Hill) was built, the trading Jo.^Z w.th his fishing boats and Government store, was replaced by 73' young officer who had served under the o-mnf T "^'' 7 '' '^^'^^ campaigned in Flanders; every where ^ ^-embourg and m North America the old order was changed. The Marquis was an admiiable organiser, a brave soldier; he realised that either France had to destroy tlie Englisli colonies, or soon New Eng- land would rout him out of Canudti. He vainly imagined, with his nine thousand Canadians, that he could atmihilate the two hundred thousand hardy and prosperous En-li.sh colonists. At first he had no regular troops nor supplies, so he trSned nnlifcia. In Newfoundland he con- tented himself with sending Frencli privateers to harry our settlements. In 16.90 the garrison of Chedabuctou m Acadie, which had made a glodous defence wniiAii iir. yrom an engv.n-m/ ly Ciole. sent to Placentia with tl leu" gallant against 8ir William connn;inder, Dt Phipps, was Montoro-ueil Tn lfi09 n^ R. -n '\, s'-""'i' cuium;inaer, De ! Placentia. The command was given „ .CI w „ ''''*"^ I "^*^e only dotencos of the place were Fort r on i« ,v;^^ _ _ iiii. Liibi^rn side ol ihc narrow o 2 212 REIGN OF WILLIAM III. H. i i .amiat entrc aeux fat^ciita: »/inaiats ct- 'franco ts entrance of the Harbour, and a battery hastily constructed by the Governor, M. de Brouillon, and manned by Sailors from the Privateers and Merchant ships in the Harbour. The Commodore in 1692 after six hours bombardment ignominiously retired having only partially destroyed a portion of the works." The admiral of the powerful French squadron, Ciievalier de Palais, seemed to have been the counterpart of the English commodore ; whilst De Brouillon wao defending his beleaguered little town, the noble chevalier remained snugly harboured in Sydney. It is pleasant to turn from these contemptible naval commandeis to the exploits of our heroic mer- chant seamen, who on several occasions gallantly defended Newfoundland from the French. The story of Hol- man's action at Ferryland in 1694, for which the Lords of the Admiralty gave hiui a " meddall and chayne," and the defeat of two I^owerful French frigates of forty and fifty guns, is recounted in the English records. This smart naval action would have been "unhonoured and unsung," but for a very prosaic reason. The fol- lowing petition and affidavit for payment of powder expended in defending the Colony alone have preserved it from oblivion.^ ' Holman's claim was for :e495; ^^50 the £lj('} for spoiled fish to be puid if the for spoiled fish, £12 for brandy given to Treasury thought fit. Holman was probably encourage his men in time of fight, &c. On recompensed by the Government giving him tlie 24th June 1697, the Board of Trade a contract for freighting victuals, &c. for the tecommeuded the prtyment of £3 15, »nd left garrison in Newfoundland this year. KAVAI, FIGHT BETWEEX AX ESOLISH AND A FREJiClI SHIP. Vrom La Ilontan's Nouveaur Voyages, i};03. by the Governor, id Merchant ships ira bombardment )f the works." valier de Palais, imodore; whilst town, the noble val commandeiH the exploits of r heroic mer- ant seamen, who several occasions Uantly defended ewfoundland )m the French. Le story of Hol- m's action at rryland in 1694, which the rds of the Iniiralty gave II a " meddall d chayne," and i defeat of two vverful French gates of forty cl fifty guns, is ;ounted in the glish records, is smart naval ;ion would have m "unhonoured 1 unsung," but ' a very prosaic ison. The fol- nng petition ding the Colony ih to be pttid if the loltnan was probubly ■fernnient giving him Tictiials, &c. for the li this year. HOLMAN'S DEFENCE OF FERRYLAND. 21S V.l'f:?"'T"*/^ T ^^'T ^^"^ happened at the Harbour of Ferryland in Newfoundland on August 31st 1694. 'j'i«*uu m someEnl'li^'p^''^^* °" fTu ^"^'"^ '^'P' "' '"^^ '^^'^ ^^^'^onr catching fish, some English Prisoners made their escape from I'lacentia, came to Ferryland and havL7 '.'^ ""'t" W""-^- Holman Commander of ye km. j iS^X thatTT''^ r;'*°! and sixteen guns and the rest of the Masters of fh pt ra^„i i^ destroy the English fishery all along the coast; upon which Captam Holman proposed to build fortifications for defence of the harbour wh oh had been twice before taken by the French. He built four Forts or Fortifications thiJ^ina".""" ''"'' " *'*'^™''^ ^"'^ ''""'^ ^°"^ ^ the dumber of Commander Charles Desborow, R.N., who arrived at Ferryland in October 1094, in H.M.S. Virgin Prize, tells us :— y.J^^l^'^'"'' ^'''"*'? '^'^'''^^y ''*''' *° ^•'"P *^« i-^l'aWtauts to his ass:stanc3. who had got their arms and were making their flight to the mountains; Holman sent after them and let them know that if they at such time did desert him he wou certamly make division of their fish amongst the seamen to encourage them o «tand by him, and not only so but he would burn and destroy all their houses • upon which seemg the defence Captain Holman was ready to make, they did return and ivith his bravery and prudent management, they so battered the French n,e^ of war. that they after five hours fight, ran off leaving their anchors and cable behind them and ye French lost eighty or ninety men as we are informed by some English prisoners who were on board the French ; which so discouraged them that they gave over their intended spoile, which might have ruined the whole country- there being then no more men of war to defend it." [Affidavits sworn to by Jno. Oleer, Val Carter and Richard Christian.] > ^ The Devonshire men, who had been the staunchest adherents of Charles II. and James— patrons and defenders of their monopolies— now became the equally devoted admirers of the Prince of Orange They hoisted his flag and drank his health in New England rum, with ' a"! much noise and enthusiasm as Ulster men of to-day commemorate the same " pious and immortal memory." Amidst wars and rumours of wars all contentions between planter and ship fishermen were for the time laid aside; they had now to fight for their lives. Many an attack was made on them and repelled with gallantry. Early in the summer of 1G96 the Chevalier Xesmond, Commander of a large French fleet, attacked St. John's. Two small hastily con- structed forts, one about Chain Rock, and the other opposite on the south side (Fort Frederick, as it is now called), defenrled the entrance The newly erected battlements of Fort William then crowned the hill on the site of the present railwnxr farrninv^ ■ ^^^ — i. r«-i -i ^ i -a-!...-^ v^i.aiuun, rrcBt Luuuiry marmei-s handled the guns and manned the forts. Nesmond's powerful fleet and ' Records, 214 REIGN OF WILLIAM III. his disciplined sailors and soldiers were completely routed by the inhabitants and the undisciplined West C;)untry crews. Wooden ships in those days had no chance against well-manned forts, especially in the narrow entrance to our harbour. This first battle of 1696 happened in the early summer. Ah through the season, news came from Placentia about French preparations, the gathering of stores, the arrival of Canadian Indians, under French officers ; still no precautions were taken to put St. John's in a thorough state of defence. When the Devonshire ships left the coast in August and September, there appear to have been no men-of-war stationed in Newfoundland The only guard were the people and their Governor Miners—a planter like themselves— a brave, sensible, determined man, elected to the highly honourable and dangerous position for his well-recognised valour. It never entered their mind that the French would attack by land preparations were only made to resist shipping. We may infer from the French narrative of Baudoin that I)e Brouillon had made an attack on St. John's about the end of September 1696, and had been ignominiously repulsed. Doubtless the deluded English settlers thought that two defeats in the same summer would have checked the French. They little knew the daring enemies with whom they had to contend. To fully understand all the horrors of this war we must revert a little to the early operations of De Frontenac. Those desultory attacks oE the Fjench privateers on Xewfoundland weie only preliminary skirmishes iu advance of his great design to destroy the English in America. From the date of his second arrival in October 1689 until the Peace of Ryswick in 1097, New England was kept in perpetual terror by the midnight attacks of French and Indians. Shenectady, Havenli, Salmon Falls, are amongst the most memorable scenes of these' barbarous massacres. In the pages of Charlevoix, nil the incidents of these affrays are minutely related and gloried in, even to the presentment of the Encrlish scalps to the aristocratic Marqnis de Frontenac. The horrible cruelties and cowardly attacks on helpless women and children are described by the French historian as if they were so many glorious deeds-splendid and honourable actions. The French Governor boasted of his desion to destroy New England, but he prudently avoided a conflict with the powerful colony. The gallantry of France was displayed in minor attacks on fishing villages and unarmed settlei-s. Newfoundland soon experienced all the horrors and barl^ariti-s of an Indian and French invasion. The leader was the most distinguished Canadian naval officer of his age— the Nelson of the New World— II 1 5 i ' ■■1 3 routed by the Wooden ships •rts, especially in er. Ail through preparations, the ), under French I's in a thorough and September, Newfoundland, iners — a planter ted to the highly sd valour, attack by land, y infer from the ide an attack on in ignominiously ought that two French. They 3ontend. e must revert a esultory attacks ily preliniinar}' the English in ber 1689, initil pfc in perpetual ^. Shenectad}', scenes of these ese affrays are ; of the English orrible cruelties re described by leeds— splendid )f his design to nflict with the in minor attacks arbaritioH nf an t distinguished New World — 1 If LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLR. 215 f.^^/" u^*''■*'^*^' ^^"""^ ^' ^°y""' D'lberville.^ In the feprin^ of lb9G he had received command from De Frontenac to destroy the English settlements in Newfoundland. * The two French men-of-war under his command were the L'Envieu^ and the Profond, the latter commanded by M. de Bonaventure. When tliey arrived m Placentia, on the 12th of September 1696, they foun<^ IE MOYtfB D'iDERVfLLK. Prom Winsor's N. & a H. of America. DIberville, a Canadian, well acjuaiuM witi, the steaHI,,, T„^- warfare, p.posed to attack the u Jarded English sett wfb, w" ' Le Moine D'Iberville and his brother B.envi le, two of the most reoinrkaE Canadians, distinguished themselves irFrench ^Ta^slafetof'Kr:''^'^^'^™"''^'- 216 REIGN OF WILLIAM III. I " De Brouillon contended for an attack by aea. There were bitter quarrels between the two leaders. Baudoin, the Recollet Father, who was chapl in, tried to reconcile them. The Canadians and Indians would only follow D'Iberville, and he now threatened to go to France. As a final compromise D'Iberville with his Canadians and Indians agreed to proceed against St. John's by land, whilst De Brouillon's Malovians were to make the attack by sea. From French sources we learn that the Gc-ptnor h::d nine priva- teers belonging to St. Malo, three corvettes an ireships, and that they all— Canadians and Malovians— embarked i = ^t. John'^i. Owing to head winds the expedition was a partial failure ; they had to return to Placentia for want of provisions, having captured tliirty-one vessels (probably boats), and destroyed some fishing establishments. Baudoin does not mention this adventure, and it probably refers to De Brouillon's attempt alone. On the 1st of November 1696 D'Iberville, with his Frenchmen and Canadian Indians, started to walk on the ice up the south-east arm of Placentia. Amongst the hybrid population, half English, half French, then living there, no doubt they had obtained a guide for the interior. To carry provisions, arms, and ammunition across such a country was a great exploit ; white men alone could not have done it. On the 10th November they arrived in Ferryland, having been for two days short of provisions. The Prof ond was anchored in Renews. All the Ferryland u)en had run away to Bay Bulls. On the 21st they started for Bay Bulls in boats; there was no defence, and the French captured a vessel of a hundred tons. On the 26th, according to Baudoiri's narrative, there was a fight in Petty Harbour with the English settlers, and thirty-six of the inhabitants were slain. On the 28th the French encountered a body of the English fiom St. John's, numbering eighty-eight, who were posted in a burnt wood, full of rocks, behind which they lay in ambush. The English account of this battle is that they went out to help the Petty Harbour men, and that about a mile from St. John's they en- countered the French on the south side hill. There M-ere four hundred French disciplined troops, and it speaks well for the courage of the planters that they fought against this overwhelming majority for half an hour, and it was only when nearly half their number— thiity-four men— were killed that they retired in good order and reached the fort. The French say nothing about their men-of-w^ar, but they weredoubt^^ss brought round to St. John's. The unfortunate settlers, without ammunifion or supplies, with no military fores, no military or naval officers to direct the defence, were THE CAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 217 e bitter quarrels ther, who was Indians ^vould France. As a dians agreed to Ion's Malovians v^d nine priva* iships, and that John\ Owing had to return rty-one vessels ents. Baudoin De Brouillon's Frenchmen and it 1 1 -east arm of h, half French, )r the interior, a country was ving been for id in Renews, the 21st they nd the French ig to Baudoiri's I the L'nglish n the 28tli the n's, numbering rocks, beliind lit to help the )hn'8 they en- four hundred ourage of the jority for half r — thiity-four iched the fort, weredoubt^dss plies, with no defence, were in a desperate strait. They held out for three dnys,^ and it was only after the brutal threats to scalp all their prisonei-s, in the same manner as they had fiendishly tortured William Drew, that they capitulated on articles of surrender, which the French commandei-s dishonourably evaded. Baudoin ^ says that after the skirmish outside the town the French advanced and captured the two small forts. " Seeing [he continued] the inhabitants were about to defend themselTes [in Fort William] we sent to Bay iJouUe for the mortars and bumbs and powder. On the night of the 29th and 30th MM. de Mins and de Montigny went with sixty Canadians to burn the houses near the fort. The 30th, the day of St. Andrew, a man came from the fort with a white flag, to speak of surrender. Afterwards the Govemour with four of the principal citizens came for an interview. They would not allow us to enter the fort, lest we should see the miserable plight to which they were reduced. It was agreed they should surrender on condition of being allowed to depavt for England. The capitulation was brought in writing to the fort, and approved of by the principal citizens and signed by the Governour and M de Brouillon." " The barbarous treatment of Drew will not surprise anyone who has read the heartrending stories of Haverhill, Seneca Falls, or Shenectady, where the French, after joining in the solemn rites of the church the night before, crept into the villages, murdered the inhabitants, and calmly looked on whilst their Indian allies brained infants and slaughtered children ; the French, in fact, encouraged the Indians in their cruelties. A letter was intercepted from Costabelle, Governor of Placentia, to the Minister, dated July 4th, 1711 : — " Had despatched more officers and people, who knew all the savages, to incite them to defend and take part of a feast which they would have of English flesh at Quebec." * ' "Upou the approach of the French the inhabitimts of St. Jolin's fled, but Mr. Miners and Mr. Koberts, with some other stout men, retired to the greatest forti- fication and kept their grounu lor 48 hour^j without any provisions." {The Post Man, Jan. 12, 1697.) 2 Bacdoin's MS. Diary, Quebec MSS. 3 Akticles op suhrender of St. John's Harbour to De Brouillox, 1696. " These are to certify you who are Inhabi- tants of the Harbour of St. John's that upon the quiet surrender, that you shall have good quarter and those that wiii havo boai« to go in the Bay shall have them to-tnorrow and those that will go for England shall have two ships to carry them home and they shall have one pound of bread per day for each person for a month and all necessaries convenient for the passage and all those that will stay here ana take the oath of allegiance to ue Kmg of France shall live as they doe and go off with them and so depart the Fort imme- diately and every one to go to his own home and no man shall molest them and carry what they have with them given under my hand." And those that will go to the Northward to take passage in what ship they can shall have a Passport. St. .Tohns the 20th (80) November 1696." (^Records.) •* Quoted in Brown's Breton, BURALEET. i History of (J, 218 BEIGN OF WILLIAM III. HANTS HAR ,, SCILLY COVE/ NEW PERU CAN HEARTS CONTPNT 9AY VERQ fee 3 ^^^audoin gives a very depreciatoiy account of the settlers who he would tiy before one Frenchman. J not ifnow wLt religTon [b^y^ than Placentia. They do coiMjtry, have never r^eiv!J ^^^ . J ^ I**^"" P*'"' °^ ^'^«™' ^''^^ i" this no moZ'than mere 318 Zr °"' ^°^ "'^'^ '^'*'''' ^''^ ^«* ^^ -^"sion. among them e^Inarnnff;, Drunkenness and impurity are common and public abomfnibLVaLTeTfeldl^^^^^^^^ ? ^'"•^^^"^ anything'more without the succou, of LH^iof ^ ^ J '"' **'^'' '°*'*' ' ^^^^^ ^''^ l^*"* altogether savages. CrTme of the morwf ""' ^'f^^^}^^ i"to a race almost worst than mor!rs-!^fT„.'''"t''^, ^^'i^ **^' morals-especially the military morals-of that a^e, the idea of French soldiers, the most dissolute set „ -,. „ of ruffians in Europe, o,.Opcrl,can/ \ll being led from the path of innocence by our pot)r honest settlers' wives and daughters is simply incredible. This bloodthirsty little Recollet Father cursing his enemies and exult. over the slaughter, ru and spoliation of 'le unfortunate 2s^e\ foundland settlers is quite in the spirit— the cruel barbarous temper — of the age, which made the New England divines hang 1 ii- T. , ^ Quakers and wit- nessod the Reverend Cotton Mather on I,o«,eback 8upe.-intending with fiery rehgious zeal the judicial murder of witches The victims of a hundred years of calumny, our self-reliant settles constantly petitiomng for a settled government and a minister stand out m contrast to the rough ship fishermen ; they constantly suc«,u^d . N JAN 20 "^jK^'CARBON, / PORTUGALl S JOHNSV ■PETTY HAfi> BAY BULLS NOV ACENTI A MOV . 'COL I NE T ALMONIEfl L^>SALMC FERRYLAND NOV iS TtAy OF THE CAMPAIOS8 OP 1098. ittlers, who, he mdied of them establishments, icentia. They do em, born in this f act of roligion, imon and pnblic e anything more ire left altogether Imost worst than nong them ; they ' the military t dissolute set Etna in Europe, led from the of innocence ' pot)r honest wives and irs is simply )le. J bloodthirsty' 3Co]let Father his enemies Iti. over the 51", ru and >n of he late ^\., id settlers is the spirit — lel barbarous -of the age, lade the New- divines hang- and wit- tending with liant settlers, inister, stand y succoured 1 by nearly all the BAUDOIN'S DIARY. 219 shipwrecked sailors, t id nursed them through sicknesses. There was H baser element among them, as in all communities, subject as they were for many months to the incursion of ten to twenty thousand fishermen, many of them steeped in the wickedness of the great ports of the Old World ; ia the hurry to be rich during the short season by supplying rum to those unruly crowds, some in the larger settlements, like St. John's, were occasionally wild and lawless.^ The long and very interesting diary of Baudoin is an important contribution to our local history f he gives a graphic account of the expedition, a description of all the various English settlements around Conception Bay and on the east coast; he tells us of the comfortable homes of the settlers, their stocks of cattle, horses, &c., the large mercantile establishments in St. John's, Carbonear, and Karbour Grace. Several extracts from this diary will be found in the Notes, it ia much too long to quote in full. A critical examination shows that many of the chaplain's statements are incorrect. We must remember that, in accordance with French usage — of which many amusing instances are given by Parkman— Baudoin was a spy on his supeiior officers — De Brouillon and D'Ibervilly. Every official was encouraged to make these kind of reports, so the chaplain recounts, with avidity, to "Sa Grandeur "—evi.lently the head of his order — the misdeeds of De Brouillon, his quarrels, and his avarice, whilst everything good is said of his own captain — D'lberviJle. What makes one doubt the truthfulness , of this diary is, first, it is the story of a spy; secondly, the absence of a list of the French killed and wounded. Our settlers were splendid shots; if so many English were killed in these first encounters, the French must have equally suflFered, yet all their loss is put down at one man killed. Baudoin's PKBNCH SOLDIER IJT 1705. From IViiisor'a K & C. H. of America. ' Captain Tavenor, c Newfoundland skipper, reported in 1714 that the English freighters and skippers from Soalu and Portugal refused to sell salt to the planters onless they took also a cert»>:u quantity cf wine and spirits. 2 The manuscript in French was lent to me by Bishop Howley. and has hppn /.Ar«ft,ii.. transinted by my friend, Madame itTbalHer des Isles. Charlevoix used it, almost word for word, for his description of this cam- paign. ""* r li 'A, 220 REIGN OF WILLIAM IIL exp anation about the inferiority of the English guns, and the superior skilJ of the Canadian Indians in bush fighting, admitting it all to be true, would not account for the tremendous disparity between the losses on both sides. Mr. Christopher Pollard petitioned in 1697 that the planters from Newfoundland should be sent back to take part in the war because they were such good shots, and accustomed to camping out m the winter. He said the regular soldiera would not lie able to fight successfully against the Canadians and Indinns. Ah to the accusation of cowardice he makes against the Newfound- landers, his own account of the sally of the brave eighty-eight men to defend their brothers in Petty Harbour is an eloquent reply to this charge. Every movement of the French was watched by our people the little garrison knew all about the large force of disciplined soldiers they had to contend with, yet these gallant civilians threw themselves into the breach-like the immortal three hundred Greeks-to die in defence of their country. Talk about cowardice ! Colonial history has seldom recorded a more heroic action than the battle of this dauntless handful of fishermen against their four hundred foes. After all, the gasconading chaplain admits that his brave Frencli never made any serious attempt to attack a real fortification like Carboiear. All their heroic exploits were assaults on poor fishermen helpless women, and children-the burning of their houses, and the plunder and pillage of their goods. One regrets, for the honour of such a distinguished Canadian as D'Iberville, that he acted in bad faith both at the surrender of St. John's and in the attempted exchange of prisoners at Carbonear Island. The march through the country in winter was a great military feat ; but after the capture of St John's their exploits during the rest of the campaign were simply acts of barbarity, worthy of the savage Abenaquis; certainly they added no fresh laurels to the great military glories of France. The French, after their various raids between 169G and 1713 never remained in possession of any part of the English settlements' 1 hey simply swooped down on the peaceful English settlements like birds of ,)rey, harried them, and then flew away to their nests in Placentia. Their officers and troops were paid out of the booty taken. These expeditions partook more of the nature of a freebooting expedition than a definite scheme of conquest. The rich English settlements, of which, Charievoix said, the meanest was better than Placentia,^ offered a tempting bait— a suitable opportunity of employing restless Canadians ' Shea's Cftarlctoix. THE LOSSES OF THE SETTLERS. 221 id the superior ig it all to be veen the losses 1697 that the ke part in the bo camping ovit 9 able to tight ;he Newfound- j'-eight men to . reply to this )y our people, plined soldier k ew themselves ks — to die in ial history has this dauntless brave Frencli tification like •or fishermen, mses, and the onour of such ad faith, both exchange of le country in of St. John's mply acts of ey added no G and 1713, 1 ^settlements, tlements like leir nests in iken. These g expedition ttlements, of tia,^ offered a ss Canadians and Indian braves during the winter ; they always retired before the advent of the EnglJHh fishing fleet.' During the wars of this reign, especially in the French expedition umler D'Iberville, tremendous losses were inflicted on the English in Newfoundland. In a petition to King William the damage to the little Devonshire town of Bide- ford alone is estimated at £24,700; the planters' loss at Ferry land is put down at £12,000. The greatest suflTerers of all were the unfortunate in- habitants of St. John's. Accounts in the reign of Charles TI. show the sub- stantial character of the settlers' houses, their wealth, their large stores, shops, and extensive fishing establishments. In this generation wo have twice seen our fair city reduced to a heap of ashes. Some of us can remember all the horrors and miseries of that terrible night of Junel84(), when thousands of poor forlorn families were huddled together without shelter, food, or clothing. The night of the fire of '46 was a terrible time of calamity, but its miseries were as nothing compared to the sufferings of the inhabi- tants of St. John's in the bitter winter weather of 1696. By the invasion and destruction of St. Jolm's they were not only made homeless \PENHAi,LOW8.y 8. — "Newfoundland ravages that have been committed there l.v has given a melancholy account of aie many the powerful assistance of those savnges." 222 REIGN OP WILLIAM III. H and beggars, they were banished from the land they loved so dearly many of theui had seen their brotliers, hods, husbands, and lovers, who had sallied out so boldly on that frosty November morning to assist the men of Petty Harbour, brought back to them dead and mutilated by the savage allies of the French ; to crown all the anguish of this terrible time, they were crowded together in one small vessel, two hundred and twenty-four men, women, and children. The horrors of that awful winter passa^-e no pen can descrilx;.' This total destruction of the Newfoundland settlements by the French in 1697 caused great excitement and alarm in New England"^ and Virginia. King William's Government wa« at length aroused to action. There wa.s tremendous indignation in England agairtst the Ministry for the loss of Newfoundland, and their neglect to send a naval and military force to defend the Island. When it wtw too late, and the whole English Colony and their possessions had been swept away from the face of the earth, a large s(iuadron, under Admiial Norris, and no less than fifteen hundred soldiers — two regiments, one from Ireland, under Colonel Gibson— were sent out (1697) to recapture Newfoundland.» They found St. John's completely abandoned. The French had burnt, pillaged, and ilestroyed everything movable and immovable in the once nourishing settlement. There was not a solitary building left standing, all the forts were razed to the ground ; literally, there was not one stone left upon another.* ' The following entry on the cover of the parish register of the old church of Coffins- well ' describes these events in simple, but pathetic, language. It was extract(,'d for mo by the late Hon. S. Kendell : — "The 12th November 1C96. St. John's in tlie Newfoundland was taken by the Fi-eneh and ye Indians, and many men were killed. They in the Fort yielded upon articles, and had of the Frencli a ship to bring them home to England. They came out of the ship 224 souls Elias Uickford cauio home the ICth of January ; the ship came to Dartmouth. John Bickford, Purish Clerk." - Royal Letter sent to the Governouk OF Massacuusetts Bay. 2-t March 1G97. Relative to the capture of St. John's by the French, the Govemour is required to send ships and land forces as may be spared and provisions to join the Royal ships between Cape Race and Cape Bonavista. The letter says more particularly that the Colony of New England is concerned in recovering what has been lost in Ne'."fo!!ndl"T^i' 3 The " Life of Captain Stephen Martin," by Clements R, Murkham, contains a full account of this expedition, - •• There is a very interesting account of the defence of Little Belle Lsle in 1096-97. The first resident on this small island in Conception Bay was John ]<;urle, a West Countryman. ' He was a very smart, well educated young man* just of age in 1G98, when he married in Harbour Grace Funny Garland, sister of the well-known Justice Garland ; a Mr. Pinsent and a Mr. Lilly married other sisters of Mr. Garland The French attacked Little Belle Lsle tvith two barges full of soldiern. John Earle had cannon upon the cliff; he sank one barge with a shot, and the other then jowed off- he had scarecrows dressed up as men on the top of the cliff to make the enemy believe he had a large force. Karle used to tell of the high prices in 'hose days ; Garland, of Trinity as a favour to a relation, sold him one sprin.^ one cwt. and a half of flour for £.5 st'g., and one hhd. of salt for £2. John Earle lived and died and was buried on Little Belle Isle. Ono of his sons, William, lived in Juggler's Cove Bay Roberts, and died there of small pox' m 1777. The other son, John, lived in Por- tugal Cove, and is mentioned in the census of 1794-5. There are numerous descendants of both branches. The family bible of the first John Earle's wife is in the St. John's Museum «,; FOUT WILLIAM REBUILT. 238 vod 80 dearly nd lovers, who 1^ to assist the I mutilated by of this terrible ) hundred and of that awful nents by the England '^ and used to action. e Ministry for .1 and military ad the whole from the face no less than reland. under ewfoundland.^ ch had burnt, le in the once left standing, was not one ustiiifj nccount of ■ill' in 1096-97. is small island in 1 ]';aile, a West very smart, well of a#re in 1698, iir Grate Fanny U-known Justice iiid a Mr. Lilly r. Garland. The le Lsle with two John Earle had sank one bar^e then JO wed off; ip as men on the jnemy believe he id to tell of the irland, of Trinity, 1 him one sprint r£5st'g.,andone Earle lived and i Hello Isle. One I Juggler's Cove, re of small pox ihn, lived in Por- id in the census rous descendants ■bible of the first John's Museum. The soldiers were .set to^ork at once, and a now Fort WiUian. wm erected upon the old site under the direction of a Mr. Richards an engmeer Not much was done the first year beyond erecting 'the pnlLsadc, but between 109« an.l 1708 the ramparts were faced with brick and bomb-proof parapets, and powder-maga/ines and substantial barracks erected. An additional fort-Fort Goorge-was made l^low tor the townspeople, and connected by a subway with Fort William All the work about Fort William is the labour of English hands com-* menced anew in 101)7, with considerable additions made from time to time by English engineers. The French were never in possession of the present fort except from June to September 17(12. It appears to have been only partially destroyed in 1708 by St. Ovide, as we find Covernor Collins mentioning the fort in 1709 as still in existence Two substantial batteries were also built between 1097 and 1704 on the site cf the earthworks of Captain Martin-the Chain Rock and Fort Frederick batteries of our days. So strong were the sea defences of St. John's that it resisted all the attacks of the French ships. D'lber- villo. with true military genius, was the first to discover that our capital — well-nigh impregnable by sea — could bo easily captured in the winter by land. The movements of the naval and military forces were very much hampered by being under separate commands, and required to call councils of war. Admiral Norris next year had supreme control as Governor for the time being. As a result, there was much indecision. When Kesmond's fleet was reported, in A^ugust, to be outside the harbour, instead of going out to engage it, an extra cable was put across the harbour, so that the two imp^osing expeditions sent out by France and England returned home without having exchanged a blow. Norris's conduct of the war is severely censured by Burnet. Lieutenant-Colonel Handyside and three hundred men were left> lit St. John's for the winter, but the buildings were so badly built, the wintsr so severe, and provisions so scarce (a ship from ADMIRAL K0RBI8. From an engraving after liurford. 224 KEIGN OF WILLIAM III. II V f 1 I ij ^ i km New England having failed to reach them), that two hundred and fourteen died. Oil the 31st of March the Privy Council had decided to station a permanent garrison at St. John's, to improve the fortifications, and erect a boom across the harbour. The Board of Ordnance did not carry out this last order ; in fact, they objected to do anything for the Colony, claiming that the expense should be borne by the settlers, like the other plantations. Lieutenant Lilbuine, with sixty soldiers and gunners, remained through the winter, and in 1699 a Captain Andrews seems to have been in commanJ. Ten recruits sent out from England this year were returned as not being required, so we may conclude that the foitifications were complete, and were con- sidered to be practically im- pregnable. The reign of William III., the first real constitutional sovereign of England, has been drawn for us by Macaulay in a history which, despite all its faults and its grievous mis- statements, ever will remain an imperishable monument to the character of this illustrious warrior and statesman — the noblest history in the world. William was the hereditary enemy of France. Under his firm rule England threw off the galling yoke of subserviency to the arrogant Louis, which had l)een borne by Charles and James. All the pretensions of the French in the Colony were sternly ignored. The king declared that no alien or stranger shall fish or take bait in Newfoundland, and in his first declaration of war against the French he sets forth : — " It was not long since the French took license from the Governor of New- foundland to fish upon the coast and paid a tribute -for such licenses as an acknowledgement of the gole right of the Crortn of England to that Island; but of late the encroachments of the French on his Majesty's subjects tmdiiig and fishing there had been more like the invasions of an enemy than becoming friends who enjoyed the advantages of that trade only by permission." EXGLI81I SOLDIERS I\ 1710. From U'iiisor't N. £• C. II. of America. > hundred and 3d to station a bions, and erect not cany out or the Colony, , like the other and gunners, U'ews seems to )mmanJ. Ten from England eturned as not so we may e foitifications and were con- •ractically im- ' William III, constitutional land, has been Macaulay in a lespite all its Grievous mis- will remain monument to ;his illustrious atesman — the in the world. le hereditary i. Under his vicncy to the es. were sternly 11 fish or take ir against the TOrnor of New- licenses aa an aat Island ; but sts tiadiiig and 3oming friends, AN ACT TO ENCOURAGE TKADE. 225 This is a plain and clear statement of the English dominion over the island. Unfortunately, William was too much occupied defending Holland to give his brave words effect until the terrible disaster of 1696-7. After the Peace of Ryswick, which left France in possession of all her territory in America, including part of Newfoundland, no great effort wjis made to drive the French out of Newfoundland. On iho 9th December 1698, in his speech from the throne, Kmg William recommended Parliament "to employ their thoughts about some good Bills for the advancement of trade, they were onjoyned to take the state of tlie Newfoundland fishery into their consideration"; and in order to restore good government and to prevent contentions' and disorders for the future, an Act was passed entitled "An Act to encoardge the Trade to Keivfoumlland." At this distance of time we cannot understand how any intelligent Minister could have propounded such a Bill ; but William's Government was notoriously corrupt. It is only through the strong influence of Devonshire and bribery that we can explain the passage of such a measure. In the first section o^ the Act the right of England to the Colony was clearly set forth. No alien or stranger whatsoever was to take bait or fish there. It was a re-assertion of our claim to the whole island, but King William's Government never gave it any practical effect. The only reasonable provision in the Act was the seventh clause which gave a title « to all persons who have built houses stages &c' since 1685 that did not belong to fishing ships they to occupy and enjoy the same." The absurdity and monstrosity of the scheme which was arranged for the interest of the West Countrymen lay in the surrender of the entu-e control cf the Colony, including the administration of justice, into the rude hands of a set of ignorant skippers, who were so illiterate,' that out of the whole body of these marine justiciaries, only four could be found able to sign their names. There is one very singular feature about the Act of William III The statute is entirely declaratory and directory; there is not a single penal clause in it from beginning to end, nor is any compulsory jurisdic- tion given to any authority acting under it. The framors of the Act had evidently very little confidence in fishing admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals, for tiiey virtually gave them no power to compel anyone to obey their edicts ; all the technical words used to constitute a court have been very carefully omitted from this remarkable statute. Charles' Star Chamber Rules contained penalties for certain offences I 226 REIGN OF WILLIAM IIL here there were none — every punishment inflicted by a fishing admiral was, tlierefore, wholly illegal. Besides the admirals, there were other functionaries with still more high-sounding titles. We read in the records of the violent acts of Ford, the " Governor of Petty Harbour," and the truculent humours of the " King of Quiddy Vitty." ^ I will try and describe the fishing admiral, as he appeared to our ancestors, clothed, not in the dignity of office, not in the flowing judicial robes, not in the simple and sober black of the police magistrate, but in his ordinary blue flushing jacket and trousers, economically besmeared with pitch, tar, and fish slime, his head adorned with on old sealskin cap, robbed from an Indian, oi' bartered for a glass of rum and a stick of tobacco. The sacred temple of law and equity was a fish store, the judicial seat an inverted butter firkin. Justice was freely dispensed to the suitor who paid the most for it. In the absence of a higher bribe, his worship's decision was often favourably affected by the judicious presentation of a few New England apples. The litigant who commenced his case with the production of a flowing bowl of calabogus ^ japtivated the judicial mind most effectually. Sometimes, alas ! the dignity of the Bench was diminished by the sudden fall of the Court prostrate on the floor, overcome by the too potent effects of new rum and spruce beer. The fishing admirals were not satisfied with the powers conferred upon them. The Western adventurers petitioned to allow them to appoint deputies to exercise their duties ; this was sternly refused. Time would fail to recount all the enormities and barbarities of these ignorant vulgar tyrants. They displaced - the rightful owners of room, seizing them either for themselves or their friends ; they fined, triangled,* and whipped at their pleasure eveiy unfortunate wretch who earned their displeasure, and against whom some trumped-up charge could be made out. They always put off hearing any cases until August. Invariably they tried their own causes first. Chief Justice Brady, on his first visit to a Western outport, found, to his astonishment, that the agent of the great English house in the place had aat on the Bench and given a number of judgments in favour of his own firm. " How dare 3'ou, sir, commit such a perversion of justice? " said the indignant ' The oldest 'nhip fi?ihorman in oncli hnrbou? was called the " king," 2 Calabogus was a favourite drink wi'h the Adniinils. It was composed of rum, niolasjics, and spruce beer. Their principal toast : " The Pope and ten dollars " (meaninf; ten dollars a quintal for tish). ■' Mr. Pearce, of Twillii'.gate, who died not long ago, remembered as a boy seeing a man triiingled — tied by the outstretched arms — and whipped by order of a fishing admiral. I II fishing admiral with still more violent acts of lulent humours jpeared to our n the flowing lice magistrate, I, economically orned with on a glass of rum I equity was a Justice was In the absence urably aifected es. •oduction of a d mind most A'^as diminished rercome by the wers conferred allow them to ternly refused. barbarities of ightful owners friends ; they y unfortunate whom some =it. Invariably y, on his first }liat the agent ;he Bench and . " How dare the indignant 1 dollars " (meaning |h). ir.gate, who diod not [I boy seeing a man itstrotched arms — . fishing admiral. THE FISHING ADMIRAL. 227 2;t " ^f'\ """'^ f' '^^^"*' ^"^**^ ""'^bashed, " I must be a pretty sort of a vule of a judge if I could not do justice to myself" Thil SaTmt:?" Justice rejoiced in the nanj of -^ the ^L^d h'^: The most celebrated of the fishing admirals-Commander-in-Chief and Generahssimo of the West Country adventurers ^700-^: Captam Arthur Holdsworth, Admiral of the Harbour of St Jol.™ The old Devonshire family of the Holdsworths of Dartmouth are closely connected with our history. Cromwell consulted a rHoX worth or 01d.sworth)_probably this Captain Arthur's father-Tbot the affairs of the Colony. A later descendant-also Arthur ilwoth -was Governor .f Dartmouth Castle, probably a grandson of A^llTrll AQUAFOBTE. From a ilraii'lng by the Uon. and Rev. W. CIvau. Wr !„r h ™ *''° '•"' "'™'"'' °* *''^ °''' '""'"y -h" took any an oU " 'fT ?•" • T"""' ^^ *•'•■ *f''"y '^'"' I* *''•• White. "» old resident, d^tmotly rcmcmborcd the Governor of Dartmouth p 2 228 REIGN OF WILLIAM III. Castle — a very tall, powerful man. The family is still in existence, and own large property in St. John's (Holdsworth Street, &c.). Both the Brookings and the Studdys are connected with the Holdsworth family. Mr. Brooking, who managed their firm's affairs in Newfoundland in our own time, was called Thomas Holdsworth. In 1701 the English Government sent out Mr. Larkin, a barrister, to draw up a confidential report on all the English North American colonies. In his report on Newfoundland he shows how the West Country men worked this Act of William III. to their own advantage. In 1701 he says, writing from St. John's : — " The then admiral of this Harbour, Captain Arthur Holdsworth, brought over from England this fishing season 236 passengers all or great part of which were bye boat keepers and they were brought, under a pretence of being freighters aboard his ship, though it was only for some few provisions for their necessary use. These persons he had put and continued in the most convenient stages in the Harbour which all along since the year 1685 had belonged to fishing ships, insomuch that several masters of fishing vessels had been obliged to hire rooms of the Planters. " These bye boat keepers," says Mr. Larkin, " wore most of them able fisher- men and there was not one fresh man or green man amongst them as the Ant requires." ]V[r. Larkin goes on to state : — •' That Captain Arthur Holdsworth and one or two more who constantly n-t passengers, 1 hapjien to be I arrive in the . persons as he agement to the sell their fish ling ships." Teat English so much to founded and lie Gospel in 1 June 1701. ) establish a iwell planned ^al the great 3enth century ine command ! then she has ne had her suits, braving ly lands long APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IX. I. The Campaign of 1696-7. (a) E(d}LiSH Account of tub Fiiencii Attack on St. John's, 1696. Philip Koberts, Richard Gelinan and Siiinuel May late Inhabitants and fishermen of .St. John's in the North part of Newfound- land came this present loth day of January 1696-7 before me Thomas Hood Esquire :Mayor of the Horough of Clifton, Dartmouth Hardnese and John Palmer Es<}uire the last preceding Mayor, two of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace within the same, to swear that on the 16th November hist the Inhabitants of St. .John's had information that the French to the number of sixteen men had taken Petty Harbour a small fishing place about nine miles distant from St. John's ; Upon which the Inhabitants aforesaid sent out thirty four men, armed to their releife. But the weather proving full of snow they returned the next day, being the 17th November, without effecting anything. On the 1 8th they sent out another party of men to the number of eighty four armed to the aid and assistance of the Inhabitants of Petty Harbour who had not marched above a mile from St. John's up the South Hill tmtil they met a body of French and Soldiers and Canada Indians, to the number of Four hundred or thereabouts, with whom they engaged half an hour ; in which action were killed of the inhabitants thirty four men and several others wounded, the rest retreating back to the Harbour of St. John's, the French pursuing. About one hundred and eighty men of the Inhabitants besides women and children entered into a fortificjition called King William's Ffort, which they kept and defended for three days, the French in the meantime burning and destroying all houses boats stages and provisions. And these Deponents further say that the French took one William Drew, an In- habitant a Prisoner and cutt all around his scalp and then by the strength of hand stript his skin from the forehead to the crowne and so sent him into the fortification, assuring the Inhabitants that they would serve them all in like manner if they did not surrender ; who wanting ammunition and provisions and receivinir articles of surrender from the French (of which the annexed is a true copy) were accordingly obliged to doe and with about eighty men of the said Inhabitants went off to the Southward with the French, mo8tofth Iberville pursued them sword in hand right into St. John's, which was a distance of about three-quarters of a league. He entered St. John s fully a quarter of an hour before the arrival of M Do Brouillon with iho main body of our troops. M D'Iberville got into St. John 8 at the same time as the enemy, and iininediately took possession of two of the first forts which the enemy had abandoned i he also took thirty-three prisoners, amongst the number some entire families. The others retreated, some into the large Fort and soino into a vessel which was then in the Harbour Fear was so general amongst the enemy [the Fnglish] that had M D'Iberville had one hundred men with him lie would have taken the larger Fort also, for there were in it but about two hundred men according to the accounts given us by the prisoners, and these but potaly prepared for war. M De Brouillon having arrived with our mam army, M De Mins encamped in the Fort nearest to the enemy with his sixty men, and withm cannon shot of them. This Fort was pali,i!aded. Tlie remainder of our tr(M)p8 encamped in the houses. The wind beiiitf favourable the Vessel which lay in the Harbour set sail laden with all that was best in St. John's and eighty or a hundred men. I he enemy lost fifty men ; M De Brouillon's trumpeter was killed whilst stan- to go in shore on any part of Newfoundland for the curing, salting, drying, and husbanding of their fish and for making oil, and to cut down trees for building stages, shipiooins, tnim-fats, hunlles, ships, boats and other necessaries for themselves &c. and all other things which may be useful for their fishing trade, as fully as at any time hereto- fore ; and that no alien shall take bait or use any sort of trade or fishing there, 2. And to preserve the harbours . . . . . that from the 1st March 1700 nd ballast &c. shall be east out but carried on shore. , 3- ^^"'l that at their departing no person shall -l.oat shall carry out two fresh men in SIX and that every inhabitant shall be obliged to hire two fresh men like by-boat keepers, and masters of ships one fresh man in five and tlie masters of by-boats and ships 'ball ake oath before the et)llecti)r, &c. that they have such fresh men, and the officers are required to give u certificate thereof without any fee. 10 And ..... that masters of ships take every fifth man a green man. I ll^^•/"'^ .... that no person shall deface masts of boats &c. , ,/^- And ,i,.,t „„ .,,,„„ shall rind trees nor set fire to the woods, nor cut timber except for repairing and no person Shall cast anchor or do anything to hinder the iialing „t sayns in the accustomed baiting places, nor steal nets or cut adrift boats. 13. And whereas several persons that JiJive been guilty of thefts, murders and other icllonies, have escaped unpunished because the trial of such offenders hath been ordered hetore no other court but the l.ord HiVh Constable and Earl Marshall of England • • ... . that all robberies and murders &c. committed there may be tried in any slure of England by virtue of the King's commission of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery according to the laws of this realm. }^- And that admirals are required (in the hariioiirs and on shore) to see the rules of this itresent act duly put in execution and that each shall keep a journal of tho ships, boats, stages, transports and of all the seamen imployed in their respective harbours and deliver a true copy to tlie I»rivv Council. ^ *'^- And in case of dispute between the fishing ships and the inhabitants the Admirals shall determine them und if any party shall think themselves agreiveil they can api«-al to the commanders of llis Majestjs ships of war appointed as convoys, 16. And to the end all may join their sjlemn prayers and addresses to Almighty CimI for hia blessing on their persons and endeavours that all the inhabi- tants shall strictly keep every Lords ])uy aud that none keei>iiig taverns shall sell wine &c. on that day. 17. And whereas J)y an act to grant his Majesty a further subsidy of five per cent, on all merchandize imported (all manner of fish iMighsh taken excepted) and whereas some doubt has arisen whether oil, blubber and fins are not liable to the said duty . . . . that all oils &c. of English fishing taken m the seas of Newfoundland and imported 111 English shipjiing are hereby declared to be free of the saiThe";:i;dier"': Lieutenant Moody succeeded to the commaiul. Keverend J Lngland to support his complaints against Lloyd Battle of IHenheim. soldiers; Jackson returned to U in *k''» "» U.u.ess.d attack on Buoy. !SZ l^l^:t:^tJ:'-;:£^ ^ in St. John's. and tlie 'rancc. formed Aldred, Pudner. and IM.rvTrd^.tAvf^Nr"" " '^'!:'"& «»« ^^''-''-'ht. Capt«i,., Commodore Taylour partially" rebuilt XrWiS t'T' '" *''^ ^'>'^^'- commissions to Collins for St. John's and the coast as fr r 1!'^*^ Governor'^ for Carbonear Island, &c. **" ""^ "•* Carbonear, to Pynn U' 3 ii ''f,V,¥ S86 KEION OF ANNK. l7ll.-~A distinctly that Newfoundland can nevu- prosper whilst the French hold Placentiu. In 170r> (Jraydon wa.s sent out to protect the West Indies after the drath of HenlH,w; he was ordered to attack Plncentia; he ha.l a large «lc<"t an.l a considerable land force. When off IMacenlia he held a co.ncil of war. consisting of Rear-Adu.iral Whetstone, thirteen captains Ml the Royal Navy. Colonel Rivers, cmmander-in-chief of the land f(»rce8, six ca])tains, and an engineer. Tli(;y decid(Ml that an attack on I'lacentia was impracticable, ovd might tend to the dishonour of Her Majedifs arms. For his cowardice * Graydon was dismis.sed from the service. The failure of this ex- pedition no doubt encouraged our enen»ies to attack the Colony. Admiral Hovenden Walker's great expedition to capture Quebec and Placentia, in 1711. wius a still more ludicrous failure. This nautical Falstaff complained bitterly that "frivolous pamphleteers" had laughed him to scorn as an idiot and a coward ; he was terribly indignant because they had held him up to ridicule for not taking Placentia. cieclared : — MATTHEW PRIOR. Ffom a print in the Ji.Hl. The frivolous writers " The taking of tho French Newfoundland Capital would have boon as easy a task for the admiral m a citizen riding home in his chaiso from Harapstead calhng at a cake house to regale himself and his wifo with a glass of cyder and a cheescake." And well they might scout and ridicule a British admiral with fifteen ships of war, nine hundred guns, and a land force of four thousand men, actually declaring that it was not practicable to make an attempt cm. Placentia, whilst they knew from an intercepted despatch of Costabelle's the French Governor, that the little garrison was in want of supplies of all kinds, that the promised reinforcement of two companies of soldiers had not arrived, and that La Valewr, their oidy armed ship on the station, had been lost. 238 REIGN OF ANNE. Anyone who .studies the topo-raphy of Placentia will see at ,,..,. that It coul,l have been captnre.l hy a flank movement .similar to the once OI.I) I'KKSCJI POUT. NUW FORT. hreakwatkr. IIARRACKS. COSTOIIR OF PI..4CEXTIA, li.M., K. llO-lOi. IIARIIOUR. FORT REACH. FREDKKICK. one adopted af,^ainst Loui.sbonrf,^«the attacking force could easily land under cover oi' night at Little Placentia, an.l .seize the heio-hts com- manding Castle Hill. All the defences were .seaward; it wa^s open to any vigorous attack on the land side, especially to such overwhelming' forces as Graydon and Hovenden Walker connnanded. With Castle Hill taken, Placentia was at the mercy of the attacking force. Between 1G97 and 1705 the French !icpi aroused, ~ in the churcli, >e of starvin*^ great help to SUBERCASE'S ATTACK ON ST. JOHN'S. 243 Lieutenant Moody in strengthening the defences. At first the French were sheltered by houses built dangerously near the fort, but they wore gradually driven from these by the heavy tiring and burning the.u. ihey retreated under cover of the smoke to a safer position. The garrison were taken at a great disadvantage. On Friday there had been a very heavy fall of snow, and on Sundav, the morning of tho attack, the guns were still buried deep in snow. Tho soldiers, wretchedly clothed, ami many without boots or stockings, set to work with a will to clear them. They suffered also in another way ; tho guns were inounted on the ramparts without any shiel.ls to protect the jmmers from the galling fire of the enemy, directed from various points of vantage near the fort; working night and day with the help of the women, and even, in defiance of military custom, during the four days' armistice, this was partially remedied. Fortunately they had no lack of provisions and ammunition. The French had no heart to take the fort by storm, so they tried to effect it by intimidation, by flat- tery, by bribery, by playing Moody against Latham. Moody says : "About eight o'clock on the morning of the attack tho Fi-ench sent one of the inhabitants with a flag of truce with a young child in his arms with its throat cut, threatening if I killed one of their men they would put all persons (without distinction of age or sex) to the sword— and hang mc at the Fort Gate." Perceiving after a foitnight'a siege that he could neither force nor bribe the En-lish connnanders to surrender, Subercase sent them the following lettere :— c.iN'AnrAN sor-nruR ox ijacqukts. From Pntlwric's Ilistoire, /;??. Sir, " M. SuBEttCASE to Lieut. Moody. _ -I would not until now let you know my business hero (it was not con which by Gods help I have done with an intention to intirely rain the trade hopmg in a little time tn honomp »T.ocf«- „p „- -^...i^ ,, , ^ , irmo, 1 {• ,„ " ■'•sv-^.-.r v£ jcruiLs that you oouimand nnd T thi" H T r?f ''' *^', impossibility that you can long defend yourself against the attacks that I can make, I do not at all doubt of if; but to save blood a- wilbng to grant a reasonable capitulation provided it be d^ie in a few days othr .... I shall not be able to hinder the fury of ye Indians which with the Z of ou" Q 2 244 REIGN OF ANNE. troops do importune mo vigorously to prosecute my desigu ; its your businosB to consider ye fate of yo number of prisoners I havo in my hands and also ye plantations and settlemepts. " I will send you one of ye prisoners that ^ou shall think fit if you think of entering into a treaty [Prisoners sent in because Moody could not understand French.] " If I can do you any particular service as to your owne affairs you may command me who am „ „ , " Your most humble servant, February 1705. Subercass." "Mr. John EoorE to Mn. Robert Latuam [written under Subkrcase's dictation]. Mb " Fuby, 4 1705. "My miflfWiine hath made me a prisoner but I hope in goodhands yo Governor having hith.-^o been very kind. He was much enraged against you because there were three mu.ketts Ered at his flag of truce but I told him it must be done without your knowledge in which he seemed satisfied. He declared he knew nothing of the burning of your house but to the contrary he is for making anything good to an officer. There is a treaty on foot between Mr. Moody and him. I think it is about a surrender, he would not at first hear that you should be concerned in ye treaty but now i^^ satisfied, so desire you to take ye best measures that you can think of for ye good of all and the preservation of whole country which is threatened with fire and sword ; ye properest measures you know bettor than I can inform you so commit you to ye protection and direction of AUmighty *' Tour humble servant, Moody procra-stinated, and asked for four days' truce, employing the time in strengthening the fort. After several conferences with Campbell and Pemberton, two of the principal inhabitants, Moody refused to surrender. Subercase sent him a brace of partridges, and proposed a personal interview, but Moody said it would be of no°us'e. The French, after burning nearly all the houses on the north side, directed all their attention to the castle. They first tried to induce Lieutenant Latham, by means of a letter from Moody, taken by Campbell, to cross over to consult with Moody, intending to kill him on the way, but Latham stubbornly refused to quit his post, and the Indians could scarcely be restrained from murdering Campbell in their rage at his failure. They then bombarded the castle with two guns, found on the south side, which they loaded with powder they had accidentally discovered in the "Queen's warehouse at the waterside." They had spoilt most of their powder in fording rivers on their lUiivch. The guns having no effect they t-ied fire-arrows, but they were badly made, and fell harmless. Their provisions and powder exhausted, the planters froiv. T»lacentia more anxious to carry off their spoil than to risk their lives, ta i their expected supplies of ammunition not arriving, the French reti."! to Ferry land after a five weeks' siege. They took to Plaoentia, wUare yoar bnsinoBB to nds and algo ye I if yoa think of not nndet'stand alTairB you may lo servant, SUBERCASS." jasr's dictation]. Fuby. 4, 1705. good hands, yo god against yon told him it must lie declared ho le is for making Mr. Moody and at you should be re best measures f whole country you know bettor on oFAlImighty lervant, John Eoope." ce, employing iferences with tants, Moody Mtridges, and of no use. le north side, ied to induce ly, taken by ? to kill him post, and the pbell in their th two guns, ler they had e waterside." their muveh. J wert; badly •oii> Placentia ves, ta: V their ih retic«!!l to lentia, wltore MONTIGNrs RAID ON CONCEPTION BAY. 245 --^^,' Subercase now returned, the best of the fishermen to carry their plunder and assist in their fisheiy. Some eventually were sent to Canada and France, some escaped to St. John's, and the rest, chiefly Irish, entered the French Service. The coolness, judgment, and bravery shown by Moody and Latham in the face of over- whelming numbers and French diplomacy is worthy of the highest praise. On the other hand, the French showed great want of courage, and again availed themselves of the barbarities committed upon the helpless planters by Montigny and the Abenaqui-*. In the words of their own chronicler, "The very name of Montigny made the arms fall from the hands of the most resolute." The English loss in the forts was very' small, but the French suflfereil very heavily, though probably the English estimate of two hundred is exaggerated. From Ferryland, Montigny and the Indians marched through Holy rood to Harbour Grace, murdering and destroyino- as they went. Carbonear Island, gallantly defended by Davis and Pynne, again resisted their attack, much to Montigny's moHitication. " Lettek from Cahbonebe, 29 March 1705. '•Montigny £500 ont of pocket on his Indians and resolved to have it of us and have our lives, and will wait all the summer to take vengeance on us for keepmg the Island, for which he says he will lose his Commission." xMontigny then proceeded to Bonavista, where the inhabitants had retired to Green Island, under comn.and of Geo. Sciffington, but he surrendered at once upon terms of ransom. Moody says in his narrative : — ' ' The French surprised Bonavista but about 80 or 90 of the inhabitants got on Green Island where they fortified themselves and might have made good tlieir aetonco but their courage failing and unwarily admitting the enemy to come among them, they heaved their gnus (being nine in number) over the cliffs into the sea and afterwards the inhabitants capitulatei Cook. I "For aliout the same time [1703] Captain John Leake (afterwards Sir John), sailing with n small squadron to Newfoundland, took or di'Btroyed no less tL«n fifty-one shios uud ruined all the French settlements on the islands. — .S. CoLtiUEii, Colvmna liontmtai 1727, p< 292, ATTACK ON THE FKENCH IN THE NOllTH. &«7 a been resident y Major Lloyd lisli regiments, (ody's disgrace th a power of Lloyd behaved of troops to atened by tlie )d his conduct recommended tyrant Lloyd, reat ; it shows ) survive it : — If. )00 m m )00 m 300 Stg." at Trepassey, 3f the fort at in Leake in B attempt of 11 the English rected to the fishing fleets France and ad been very noticed the rize agent at i^ever, acting [ Roope and i determined Ishory in the lus describes r, viz, ou the as brought to lenieiits on the Itimna Jiostratat St. John's, thiit the enomy had a considerable number of shipH employed in the fishery in wovcral harbours to the northward, and other parts of the island. Captain John Underdown, commander of the Queen's ship the Falkland, vraa then in St. John's harbour with the Nonsuch, commanded by Captain Carleton. Having been petitioned by the merchants, masters of vessels, and inhabitants of that place, to protect the British trade in those parts, he accordingly set sail from Sli. John's, on the 26th of July, accompanied by Major Lloyd, who desired to bo employed in this expedition, with twenty of his company, on board tho Falkland and as many on board the Nonauch. The next day they came before Bonavista', and finding there no appearance of an enemy, tho Commodore ordered Captain Hughes, commander of the Medway on that station, to join him with a French ship of war, which the latter had taken a few days before. " On the 2nd of August they stood into Blanche Bay till they arrived off Fleur.de-Lys Harbour, when Major Lloyd in the Commodore's pinnace, and tho first lieutenant of the Falkland in the pinnace belonging to the Nomuch, wore immediately sent into the harbour. They found there several stages and' other necessaries for the fishery, which they destroyed, and afterwards returned to their ships. At six o'clock next morning they doubled the Capo, and saw a ship which struck upon the brisk exchange of a few shot; this was found to be Le Dm d'Orleana, from Saint Haloes, of about three himdred and sixty tons, thirty guus, and one hundred and ten men. " In another arm of tho same bay, called Eguilleto, they saw another large ship; but the place being rocky, and tho water so shallow that none of the English men of war could come near her, the Medwai/e prize was ordered to go in as close as she could with safety, whilst Captain Carleton, Major Lloyd, and tho first lieutenant of the Falkland, in boats well manned and armed, were' directed to land upon the island under which that ship lay. This was executed so promptly and ably that tho French ship struck, after having fired several broad- sides, her crew being no longer able to keep the deck against the small shot from the shore. This ship also belonged to Saint Maloes, carrying twenty gans and eighty men. " Having here received information that about three leagues farther north, in a place called La Conchc, or Concho Harbour, there were two ships of thirty-two and twenty-six guus, both of Saint Maloes, the commodore directed Captain Hughes to burn tho last piize, and afterwards to join him at that place, whither he proceeded himself with the Falkland and the Nomuch. On the afternoon of tho fifth, they arrived at Conche Harbour, where they found two ships ready for sailing. After exchanging several broadsides, the French set theii- ships on fire, and went over to tho next harbour, called Carouge. The commodore being in- formed that there wore four French' ships in that place, immediately stood for it, meeting in his way, at about eight o'jlock in the evening, the Medway's prize; but there being very little wind, and that at south-west, it was near six o'clock the next morning before he could get off tho harbour's mouth. He then sunt in his boat, and found that the French ships had escaped, taking advantage of their great number of men and boats by cutting and towing out. " The English ships then proceeded to tlie northward, and about five o'clock in the afternoon came off the harbour of Suint Julian, where they discovered a large i^'rench ship; standing in for that harbour, they came to "an anchor in twenty-six fathom water. The place where that ship had been hauled in being very narrow and shoaly, the Medway's prize was ordered to go as near her m possible. The French ship then fired two guus ; but it being late in the evening, and 248 llEIGN OF ANNE. the onomy uppoariiiff (lotorminod to make a Bpirited resistance, it was not tlionght advisablo to oominonce tlio attatik bcloro tho following morning. _ "OnthoMixthofAngual, at fonr o'clook in tho forenoon, Captain Oarleton Major Lloyd, and L.ont. Eaglo wont town, : ,;, wjtli all tlicir boats, well manned and armed; nnd having effected the,- ; ,dii,g, uttackcd, and at last drove tho enemy trom a strong post which V , ,,^c i .. .,„ the shore. They then boar.lcd the J^rench ship, whore tliey found overal trains of powder laid, for tho pnrpose of blowing her np. by this ti.)ioly discovery tho ship was prosorved, and, by noon, towed out to sea. " The British pilots being unacquainted with the coast, the commodore ro- solved not to proceed any farther north, but to sail '.ack U. barongc and there await the arrival of the Duka of Orleans prize, which had been left at Grand Canario witn a lieutenant and «ixty men They looked into I'etit Maitro, where they destroyed a considerable number of stages and boats, and Dund vast quantities of flsh and oil ; and at about seven o'clock in the aftornoDu they came to an anchor, and moored in Oarouge H.rbour. On the 12th and 13th it blew a nard gale at south-west ; on the 14th, having been joined by tho Dnho of Orleans prize, thoy weighed at four o'clook in the morning, stood out to sea witli lier and came into Saint John's Harbour, whcie the Falkland and tlie Ninmic), arrived With the two prizes on the ]7tb, tlie Mndwaye prize having before been ordered to proceed to Trinity. "From this cxpcdilion, vvhieh aeserves to bo recorded on account oi' the activity and judgment displayed by Captain Underdown and his associates, eiiual to the good fortune that attended their operations, it apiKjars that, while the English had on that station only the FalhlarHl and Nonsuch in St. John's, and tho Medvxiy at Bonavista, the French had. in the northern parts of the island no less than ton armed ships, mounting from twenty to thirty-twD guns. The loss whidi the latter suffered by tho capture or destruction of six of them and tho ruin of their fishenos, must have been a severe blow to their trade. So largo a force shows the degree of importance which they then attached to the Newlonndland trade." The Fronch, after a period of inactivity, caused doubtless by the better orgunination for defence of the different settlements, again attacked 8t. John's iu 1708, and this time with success. They must have been acciuainted through their spies in St. John's of the want of vigilance shown by the once energetic Major Lloyd. The first exaggerated reports brought to England accused him of treachery, but there appears to have been no real foundation whatever for this charge ; it would seem ntore likely, from the account of Keen and the Serjeant, that he had become quite incapable, perhaps through intemperance. The French guides, either through design or mistake, brought St. Ovide de Brouillon and his troops too late to St. .John's to effect a complete surprise ; they were seen advancing in the clear moonlight by ' Awsfaoh's Hi, ofJSewfoundland, pp. 124-129. was not thought 'aptniii Oiirletdii, fttH, woll inaiiniid it ItiHt drove Iho »oy tlioii boHi'ilcd , for tho piirpOBO JServed, and, by coDiinodorc to- ronj,'c and there ti loft at Grand t Maitro, where md !«)und vast iio:)n they eamo id 13tli it blew a Diilce of Orleana jO sea witli lier, Nimstich ari'ived boon crdorod to account of tho issociates, etjual that, while the John's, and tho le island no less TJie losH which and tho j-uin of o largo a foreo Ncwronnillaiid btless by the gain attacked Lst have been of vigilance irated reports pears to liave Id seem more i had become ike, brought I's to effect a nuonlight by BROUILLON'S CAFPIJHE OF ST. JOHN'S. 240 the sentry on the new fort, but, in spito of his ahum, tlu- French wore .soon m possession of Fort William, and. through a bhmder, the Coh.nutl Md.t.a were unable to enter tlie fort by the subterranean pasHa'^,, speciany provide,] for such a contingency. The capture (,f Fort Willia'In was ertecte.1 ,n half un hour. The new fort, which was overlookev'ere too niuch occupied in Europe to spare troops for the retention of bt. Johns had ordered St. Ovide to destroy the fortifications and return mnnedia ely to Placentia, which he was reluctantly obliged to do. leaving St. Johns on March 8 1 St. ^ During his stay in St. John's. St. Ovide sent Captnin Larond to take K'rryland, bub the inhabitants were too strongly fortilied; it is significant to note they even refused to aer of inhabitants :— Men ...... Women • - . . . Children - - . Besides 6,000 QtlB. of fish loft on land; A further on weather eomputcd tit 2,000 Qtls. Statistics or tjie Nkwriunulani) Fi.siiEiiy. 1700 lo 1713. From tho Reports of the Naval OflScors. 20 20 20 t;o ■to ItiO «0 2.400 tuiLs, 260 18,(»00 12,000 4,800 105 70 280 78,000 ((tlh. 72,000 titls. 455 tuns. 80 800 130 200 1,130 antity was spoyJd by l>ad Voiirs. 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 Fishing Shipx. 171 75 IC 23 23 20 46 70 49 35 49 62 66 46 BoatH. Inhubitunts' Iloats. 800 764 338 _ !*5 880 44 214 60 300 136 232 11/ tJ 267 170 356 130 258 153 865 168 489 198 870 562 483 In the Ibrmei- reign mention was made of the Reverend John Jackson, the first resident clergyman appointed by the Society lor the Propagation 252 REIGN OP ANNE. 51 of the Gospel in Newfoundland, and his difficulties with the military counnandant and govenior of the Colony, Major Llo} d. The records give us a very full account of these proceedings. Major Lloyd was appointed coniuiandant of the forces in Newfound- land in 1 703, succeeding Major Richai-ds, as being the " eldest lieutenant "; he came to Newfoundland in 1700 as paymaster. It is hard to imagine anything more scandalous than the conduct of this unprincipled and tyrannical officer. He seems to have taken a mischievous delight in annoying and insulting Parson Jackson. The naval chaplain, however, wjis not one to fear the face of man. Lloj'd's character is typlctil of the military roue of that day — unprincipled, reckless, dissipated, yet withal as valiant a soldier as ever sought " the bubble reputation at the cannon's mouth." Anspach has given us some account of his exploits in 170(5. The condensed account of the charges made against him by the Reverend John Jackson, all of which are substantiated by the evidence of the various witnesses, is graphic and grotesque. Mj". Jackson spent many weary months in London, tormented with sickness, petitioning the Government and the Church. He and his large familj; were recommended to the attention of charitable people ; eventually he was appointed to a living in Ei gland by Queen Anne. Lloyd was killed in France, probably in a duel with some fire-eating Frenchman whom he had insulted. Thackeray's innuortal Irish hero, Barry Lyndon, strongly resembles this brave, unprincipled swash- buckler. " 1705. — Complaiuts aj^ainst fchc then Lt. Tliomus Lloyd. In letter from Mr. John Jackson Minister ut St. John'-s to the Lords Oommissiouers for trade and plantatioiis : — Ist.^Lt. Thos. Lloyd came to command in ehief at Fort Willis .n in St. John's harbour, Sept. 24th 1703. He put in practice all sinister ways aiid base means he could devise to get money. £660 of Queen's money to pay soldiers he converted into trade. Supplanted inhabitants by falling price of fish, buying liquors at low rates &c. 2ndly. — Euiied families by his tyranny ; beat one Adams a planter, so that jioor man is incapable of getting bread for his numerous family. 3i'dly. — Caused Mr. James Benger to be imjjrisoned for not pacing debt of £50 iinother man owed him, and though Benger paid it, got him kept in p; -son till s.ason was past in order to ruin him. Benger dealt that year for about 2000 qtls. of fish and said Lloyd worsted him £300 that year. 4thly. — His debtors would x-un from their flakes and business in fishing season as from an Indian when they saw him coming, which he often did with his sword and caine in his hand and threatening, if not beating, those he lighted on. When ships arrived in harbour he would forestall inhabitants in choosing gnod.'^ and when Masters of ships demanded pay cavilled with and beat thcni as Capt. Hatch, Capt. Davy, Capt. Pickering, &c. for demanding reasonaljle rates. PETITIONS AGAINST MAJOR LLOYD. 253 ith the military d. The records s ill Newfound- est lieutenant " ; It is hard to lis unprincipled evous delight in Lplain, however, s typictil of the iited, yet withal I at the cannon's :ploits in 170G. it him by the by the evidence tormented with He and his iritable people ; 7 Queen Anne, some fire-eating )rtal Irish hero, ncipled swash- In letter from ssioutTs tor trade ia.n in St. John's sr ways and base I's money to pay s l»y tailing price I planter, so that amily. lying debt of £50 im kept in p; 'son lat year for about ar. in fishing season )ften did with his '„ those he lighted il inhabitants in cavilled with and :c. for demanding 5thly.— In taking faicwoll demanded hands of inhabitants to testimony of good behavionr &c ; refusers he threatens to murther and beat; drew his sword upon some and j)ulled them out of their beds. 6thly.— His return to the country amasing to most ; old traders left the country fearmg he should treat them as formerly. 7thly.— If speedy care be not taken, trade of country must fall to ruin Ho has declared as it cost him dear to roassume command, is resolved to ronav himself by trade. ' '' 8thly.-So greedy of getting money ho neglected Boriously the garrison and soldiers, 9thly -Took to live with him a woman of disreputable character, who caused the soldiers to be whipped and abused at her pleasure. 10thly._A constant breaker of the Sabbath, threatening and cursing those who would attend service, going about the harbour with his fiddle to divert the people and spending remainder of the day in most disgraceful rioting &c lltbly.-'I'ook ciire no account should reach home and intercepted letters relating to his conduct. 12thly._Suspended by Commodore ; command devolved en Lieut. John Moody." The following complaints were made against Major Lloyd durino- his second term of office, from 1705 to 1708, und may be appropriately mentioned here. He tol.l the planters it had cost him a largo sum to olitain his re-appointment, and he meant to have it out of them. Many settlers left the country on his account : - ' y " Mk. Minshew's Apfihavit. 1707-8. " (a.) His tyranny in generall ; {I.) his dispossessing Mr. Beiiger, for not sicaiin. apaperagainstMoody; (c.) his woanding an inhabitant; [d.) his barbarity to the sui-geon; e.) his cruelty to his maid servant; if.) his small allowance to the soldiers letting thom out to hire and taking three j.arts in fou- o*' their wa^ea (.?.) his plundering in the north ; (//,.) his feasting Monsr. Bellator ; (») his e.xto.tin^ three qtls out of every fishing boat ; {h.) his oppression causing the inhabitants to remove; [1) n,s contriving certificates and compelling them to subscribe them • {m) his agent Bcruety to Adams; („,) his barbarity to Burt ; (o.) his injustice o Minshj^w's wife: (^) his menacing Minshew for asking his money; {3.) CX " to Comodore Underdowne ; (r.) Minshew durst not return to his family " Seven affidavits with other papers to prove the allegations in Mr. Camnbnl^ fourdTand" ''^'"^ *" *^^ unwarrantable proceedings of Major Lloyd in New! One most beneficial effect flowed from these extraordinary proceed nigs of Major Lloyd. As the result of the inquiry into these scandals the position of Governor was taken from the Commander of Fort William and conferred upon the commodore, .n,n,/ers, the inferior clergy, and the loose women, -vere unidd in a faction agaiiisl (hi' Duke." le surrender of lout partisnns/ il Hiid i^uonint Fjanee victory I power ; thoy pendent on lier 7y ; they knew infc menace to CO Crecy and ehnin;]^ defeats. 'L:^''i^S^r' -.'^^^^ for tlio sake Mions bounties le paltiy trade iin by French 3ean interests in fishery was ' England, tlie limy physicians, a 'lie iiifcrior clcrfry, uiii»i.sperity of the it was agreed , shall, from this d the town and land are in tlio .•(•u months from ible, by the Most of Great Bnta!ii nd succcHsors, or to the said islaml I he hnoful for the ndlaml, or to erect fij and useful for I'll for fishing ami catch fish and to .400 ','ie said Island of Jqnavista to the ti by the western sland called Capo rrence and in the ch, and the Most place or places msule absolute THE TREATY OF UTRECHT. 250 The Frencli are contin.Hl to a temporary user of the shore for one purpose only, t\w.fi.shi,i(j awl dryiiKj offish; no other rights are granted to tlieni. It will be seen that their preposterous claim to build factories anil tin lobsters is entirely opposed to the plain hmguage of this treaty, which is still in force. No other fishery but the cod fishery was iti existence at that time, and no otiier fishery was contemplated by the ti-e,ity ; wliicli view is further confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles 1783 :— " The XIII. Article of the Treaty of Utrecht and the method of carrying on tho fishery, which has at all times been acknowledged [a ship cod fishery], shall be tho plan upon which tho fishery shall be carried on there ; it shall not be deviated from by either party ; the Tronch fishermen building only their scaffolds, confining themselves to thr repair of their fishing vessels, and not ivinteriug there; the sabjects of His Britannic Majesty on their part not molesting in any manner the French fishermen during their fishing nor injuring their scaffolds during their absence." In the original draft proposal of the French the word used was codfinh, not Hsh, but the purists who drew the treaty considered codfish too vulgar a word, and inserted in jilace of it Jit^h. The meaning, however, is exactly the same, as the codfishery was the only fishery then carried on as a ship-fishery by both nations, the only fishery in which •^tages and flakes (scaffolds) are useo. By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, Placentia was to be given up to the English immediately. Brown writes : — " M. De Costabelle, the Governor, therefore lost no time in sending off the garrison and inhabitants to Cape Breton so that the latter might not lose their sunmier's fishing. Some of the people objected to leaving I'laisance [probably the English and Irish] and would willingly have remained nndcr English domination, but Costabelle urged all to go except idlers and vagabonds, whom he discreetly left as a legacy to his successor. " In the first instance the garrison and inhabitants went to Havre a L'An'>'lois (Louisbourg), which was known to be favourably situated for carryiu"- on the 'fishery. In the course of the summer about one hundred ani.l eighty [lersons, chiefiy fishermen and their families, arrived from Plaisance and the Isle of St. Pierre. Some of these settled at Baleine, Scatari and the out harbours, but the majoritv took u]) their abode at Havre a L'Anglois. All were sui)plied with provisions by the French Government for some time after their arrival." ' This is the last episode in the history of the French Colony in Newfoundland. The settlement existed there over half a century, but during all that time it never increased, it was essentially mihtary ; after fifty years of occupation the whole permanen French population of Newfoundland numbered less than two hundred souls. As colonisers the ' Brown's History of Cape Breton. R 2 -1^- 260 REIGN OF ANNE. French have been failures, always and everywhere. In one respect they were superior to their English rivals. "No other Europeans," says Merivale, in his lecture on colonies and colonisation, " have ever " displayed equnl talents for conciliating savages, and, it must be added, " for approximating to their usages and modes of life as the French." The French in Cape Breton were just as bad neighbours to Nova Scotia as they had been to Newfoundland ; they secretly encoaraged the Indians to make raids on the English settlers; they were always planning the re-conquest of Acadie. French writers differ somewhat in their views of the Treaty of Utrecht. Charlevoix says : — ^ " France was amply compensated for the loss of Newfoundland by tbo acqui- sition of Cape Breton, where the inhabitants of Plaisauce found themselves more agreeably and more advantageously situated than they had ever been in Kew- foundland, whilst the English were now absolute masters of the country, where before they could not assure themselves of anything so long as they had us for their neighbours." Abbe Raynal laments bitterly over the loss of Newfoundland and Acadie. Garneau says : — " Thci Treaty of Utrecht snatched from the feeble hands of Louis the portals of Canada, Acadie, and Newfoundland. From this treaty liates the decline of the monarchy and the coming of the revolution." aoi In one respect 3r Europeans," >n, "have ever must be added, the French." hours to Nova encoaraged the were always the Treaty of nd by tbo acqui- themselvcs more ir been in Kew- B country, wbeie tbey bad us for foundland and mis the portals of e decline of the APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X I. Campaign of 1704-5. [No event in the whole of our history is so fully recorded as this siege of P'ort William ; we can trace the course of events from day to day, after a lapse of almost two hundred years.] (a.) Chaulevoix's Account. M. de Suhercase set out on the 15th of January with 450 well armed men, soldiers, Canadians, privateersmen and Indians, all determined men accustomed to walk in snow shoes. Each man had provisions for twenty days, his arms, his blanket and a tent to each mess in turn. The severest part of the march was caused by four of the rivers not being frozen over. Arriving at Rebou [Bay Bulls] on the 26th at noon the people begged for quarter. Here the army found considerable provisions. They proceeded after 48 hours rest three leagues to Petty Harbour. They entered it the next day and leaving forty men to guard the prisoners taken at Rebou, marched forward. The English at St. l ihn's were ignorant of the proximity of the French and perhaps of their departure from Placentia, but the want of order preserved in leaving Petty Harbour and the neglect to reconnoitre St. John's well, deprived the army of all advantage of surprising it. There were then at St. John's two forts, one much larger than the other. They began at the former, which was well defended, the English keeping upon the besiegers a constant fire of bombs and cannon balls which the French stood with all possible intrepidity. Nevertheless we had only fifteen killed or wounded, the Chevalier de Lo, ensign among them. Want of ammunition at last forced our men to raise the siege, a part of the powder brontrht from Placentia having been wet in cr.-ssiii/ the rivers: but they did not draw ofiF till they had laid in ashes every hou.-e around the harbour. On the 5th of March the army decamped and marched to Forillon, where the inhabi- tants at first made a show of defence but soon surrendered. The town was burned, after which Martigny, who had brought his faithful Nescambiouit, was detached with the Indians .■ind a part of the Canadians to Carbonniere and Honavista with orders to bum and destroy all the coast, which he executed without losing a single man, so great was the terror among the English. His very name made the arras fail from the hands of the most resolute and gave him a number of prisoners whom he had only the trouble of binding. But he had to reserve Carbonniere Island for another time. It h» Id three hundred, and was, as I have said, inaccessible in winter. Every other place was carried or sub- mitted ; MM. de Linctof, de Villedonno and de Heletre thoroughly supportetl Montigny, and Nescambiouit, as usual, distinguished him- self In fine, this campaign completelj- ruined the English trade in Newfoundland. (Shea's Charlevoix.) (fi.) Pknhallow's Description. The descent that the enemy again madL- on Newfoundland was more terrible and surprising than the former; for on January 2 1st, at break of day, M. Supercass fell oii St John's, where in the space of two hours nil were become prisoners of war except those in the castle snd fort. The night before the enterprise, they were obliged to lie on a bed of snow, six feet deep, for fear of being dis- covered, which caused such numbness in the joints of several, that the General vowed revenge, and accordingly executed his resent- mcut, for that he desiroyed all before him, and gave no quarter for some time, fill M. Boocore, who was a gentleman of more humanity, did interpose and abate his fury. The number that they took alive was one hundred and forty, whom they sent into the garrison, not out of pity to the prisoners but with a design to starve the whole [con- firmed by Lieut. Moody]. After that they laid siege to the garrison and fort, which continued thirty days without relief; (except- ing three who made their escape to the former and seventeen to the latter). In the fort were only forty men under the command of Captain Moody and twelve in the castle under Captain Latham, who behaved themselves with such bravery that they slighted all manner of tenders that were made them of surrender, with the highest contempt imaginable. Upon this, the enemy committed many barbarities and sent several threatenings ; but they ha;l no influence on either officers or soldiers, for they plied their bombs and mortar pieces to so jrrod effect, that they killed several, and lost hut three in the whole engagement. After this the French steered to Con- sumption Bay, having first demolished all the I'jnglish settlements in Trinity and Bona vista, where they burnt their stages and boats and laid a contribution besides upon the inhabi- tants. From thence they went to Carboneer, where they met with eoaie repulse, and finding their provisions fell short, they sent SOS EEIGN OF ANNE. a further number [of the inhabitants] into the fort [William], reserving the most skilful and able flBheinien for themselves until tlio Bucceeding spring. [The latter part of die account is Blightly confused.] [H. Peniialixjw, Indian Wars, 1728.] (c.) Campbell's Aocodnt. Account on June 15th 1705 cf Colin Campbell merchant of the attack on St. John's written from memory — the despatches from Lt. Moody &o. having been thrown overboard to prevent their falling into the hands of a French privateer : — That on the aist Jany 1705 the French forces under M. Subercass to the number of 600 men (Indians and Canadians about 15U included) marched from Placentia to Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour, reaching St. John's at 3 o'clock in the morning, took it by surprise and after having barbarously murdered many of the inhabitants and made the best prisoners, they laid siege to the fort and castle com- manded in chief by Lt. John Moody and Mr. Robert Latham with seventy men, whereof about twenty inhabitants ; they continued in the harbour till the 23 February in which time the French had many men killed and wounded amongst whom were severall officers of note particularly the Governour's own nephew ; the fort and castle were bravely defended without the loss of any more than one Serjeant and two or three private men ; during the time the French burnt and distroyed all tlie houses storehouses goods &c. whatsoever in St. John's and marched South aa far as Fair Ellen's [Ferryland] carrying away as prisoners all the inhabitants and myself (a few sick men excepted) and left behind the Canadians and Indians to make good their retreat, who joined them soon after committing the like barbarity as they had done at St. John's all along as they went as Kitty Vitty, Petty Harbour, Bay of Bulla, and Fair Ellen &c,, where I obtained my liberty by humble sollicitations. At Fair Ellen M. Subercass ordered the Canadians and Indians [about one hundred and fifty men] under M. Monti^ny to march Northward which next day they did by Holyrood burning and destroying in like manner the harbours; of Harbourmaine, Breckhouse [Brigus] Porte- grave, Island Cove, Harbour Grace, Carbineer, Bay of Vardes &c. and when I came away on the 4th May they were not gone away from Trinity Bay ; M. Subercass; with the rest of the forces returned to Placentia by Trepasse and St. Mary's with 200 English prisoners and is there safely arrived. He says further : The packet also con- tained depositions from Lt. Moody against one Mr. John Koop of St. John's importing that the said Boop had indeavoured to persoade the i inhabitants during the winter from contributing any assistanee by watehiug at the forts and harbour and while the French were there discovered to them whatever he knew of the weakness of the Fort and Custlo ami that the enemy acknowledged to have received consideiable services from him iind after three or four days he was at perfect liberty during all the time the French continued at St. John's. 1 believe the fortifi- cations require to be repaired especially Fort William and the outworks. (^Records.') ((/.) Campbell's Fukther Account. CoUen Campbell maketh oath that M Supercass' men during the time they were at St John's, they in a most barbarous manner did murder in and about St John's to the number of thirty and failing to reduce the forts burnt all the houses, 2 or 8 excepted, and when they departed the Governor said in his hearing : That at another time they would destroy what they now left, and eariied away as prisoners the greater part of the harbour ; as far as he can remember the losses sustained by them from the French on this occasion did amount according to the oaths of the principal inhabitants taken by Lt Moody to between one hundred and forty and one hundred and fifty thousand pounds stg. CoLN Campbell. (^Jiecords.y (e.) Richard Sampson's Account. He says two companies of French soldiers each between 40 and 50 commanded by M Supercass, 90 Indians and between two and three hundred inhabitants of Placentia arrived at St John's on the 2 lit January half an hour before day and surprised the harbour (they not having kept this winter any guards and killed nine of ye inhabitants viz. : [names given] and some of the soldiers who were permitted to lie in the harbour. There being no guard kept in ye North Battery they took" ye Cannon there being 13 vrith which they annoyed ye South Battery having found two barrells of powder which belonged to ye fort or ye Queens storehouse by the water side. The first day they attacked the South Battery which was commanded by Lt. Robert Latham who had 12 soldiers and 15 inhabitants ; ye French fired on them out of ye woods very much with two great guns which they found on ye South point. In ye main garrison we had two men killed J. Bargery a serjt. arid John Tieldad inhabitant. The French sent very often small parties between 10 and 20 to amuse the garrison which were generally commanded by a Serjt but to the south side they always sent a commissioned oflScer. They allowed the people at Kitty Vitty having a hundred men fit to bear arms to hve in their own houses but they never offered to go to the help of the garrison and told the enemy of one Ifichard King proposing going to ye fort and they had them whatever he lie Fort and Citstlu owledged to havo ces from him iiud lie was at pet-feot time the French believe the fortifi- ed especially Fort ) HER Account. nketh oath that he time they wore ; barbarous mauuer St John's to the :ng to reduce the 2 or 8 excepted, he Governor said mother time they w left, and eariied eater part of the member the losses he French on this ■ding to the oaths taken by Lt Moody md forty and one pounds stg. 3LN Cami'bei.t,. ) n's Account. of French soldiers ) commanded by and between two ants of Placentia 2 lit January half jrised the harbour winter any guards mts viz. : [names oldiers who were ■ur. kept in ye North m there being 13 ye South lottery of powder which Queens storehouse day they attacked 8 commanded by d 12 soldiers and fired on them out li two great guns th point. ve had two men nd John Tieldad it very often small 10 to amuse the ly commanded by J they always sent Phey allowed the » a hundred men their own houses to the help of the Y of one Itichard fort and they had THE CAMPAIGN OF 1701-5. ^63 him presently killed. Several inhabitnnts were nuspocted of being in correspondence with the French. They dfstroyed all the town excei)t four houses and took all the inhabitants with them to I'etty Harbour four men being killed on the road from whence the inhabitants wero at liberty except (U) or 70 whom they carried to Placentia several of which have since escaped. The said Campbell and one Pemberton was sent from yc French several times with a tlag of true.' and that the French having found some papers with John Itoopo have taken him to Placentia and iutu to send him to France ami the sd lloope is itt'raid they will never release him. Richard Sampson. 18 June 1703. (Records.) (/.) Roope's Account. M. Supercass surprized the town all but ye garrison and neare ye fort for some little time gave no quarter but soone contradicted that order; all ye men which were about 2i2 were put in ye Church for a prison which is an open place and itt being bitter sharp frost and much snow often falling severall died of ye cold and several had their feet frozen. Some days after he sent some Indians to Torbay who killed two men several hours after they had given them quarter ; and after those in ye Church had been there a month he ."ent 80 of them under guard of a French party without Indians (each prisoner having a burden of 80 lbs. on his back) to carry to Petit harbour their plunder but five being faint and not able to carry their burdens and for no other reason were barbarously murdered. The Indians for some months after went in parties and everywhere disturbed ye fishery and in Trinity Bay and Bonavista committed several barbarous murders as 'tis said 10 men and 2 little children after quarter. M. Supercass when departed burned and destroyed all ye boates, houses &c. and carried with him 1 ,50 of the ablest men and forced them by ill usage to work on their fishery; some officers did pay them others did not and ye inhabitants gave them nothing, and att ye end of the season he sent severall to Canada, some to France and some still at Placentia who are said to have entered the French service all ye Irish are certainly entred. (Records.) (y.) Roope's Further Account. About daybreak M. Subercass came and in two bodies fell in uppon ye harbour viz one of them by ye fort who killed and tooke all yc people yt were in ye houses under yc glacis neare an hour before it was known in ye forf and it was known by means of one .\rchebald Taylour a soldier about sunn ryseing lowered ye little drawbridge and went out Mith a bottle of rum to drink with some of his counurts but when he came to yo uttmost part of ye glacis he saw ye enemy who fyered on him which made him turno and rutui to ye bridge and pull it up and allarmed ye garrisons who came some cloathed and some not and then about five or six of the enemy crep u|) to the top of the glacis and tired and killed one of our people, one of them was killed, ye rest letireed to their body which was under shelter of some houses about 80 paces from there and then our people went to clear away ye snow from ye gimns which there was all ye times ye enemy was neare ye forts. And immediately after th( V sate fire to one of ye houses and retired in ye smoake thereof; about 14 days after M. Subercass sent a truce with a letter, a copy of which I herewith otfer [see p. 24:»] ye purport whereof was to havo a parlee, which was held for four days and then broke off; on ye 2d day :SI. Subercass forced me to write the letter to Mr. Latham then com- manded ye Southside Castle and that is the lctt.-,r yv Lordships were informed was treasonable which letter I herewith present [see p. 244]. M. Subercass not gaining his point, having found two barrels of powder gott two facre guns on a hill about 300 yards from ye Southside Castle began to cannonade ye woodwork thereof and fired on ye first day about 50 shot but seeing he did little or no damage, he fired but now and then and seeing ye sloope he had ordered to come with 200 shells and an II inch mortar did not appear nor their tire-arrows that they threw into ye Southside Castle did not take (for they were not well made) he prepared to no off. r f p I have before described how they burnt yo houses and treated ye prisoners, I only forgot that one Gouling a missionary Jesuit allways kept close to ye Indians until they came to Ferriland. In eight days he arrived at Ferrilaud where they destroyed all, for on going forth they had burned none and whilst in St. John's they declared that if they could take the fort they would destroy nothing, that M. Costabelle ye Leu' du Koy was to bo Goveriumr and a Capucian Friar come to bo chaplain, that which friar came from Quebec and is still at Placentia and tis said there that there was an order from ye Court of France for ye expedition ; 'tis agreed l>y all there that as soon as ye Charente which is a Kings ship arrived att Placentia, La Vespe was with all speed fitted out for Quebec and brought back about 100 Indians and Canadians of ye race of ye French. Three days after they came to Ferri- land they departed and then sent away :M Montigny and most of the Canadians who went first to Conception Bay and plundered and destroyed all there (Carbonear Island IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I u Hi 20 1.8 L25 1114 IIIIII.6 > H 2(i4 REIGN OF ANNE. |l ! excepted), from thence to Trinity Bay ; from thence to Bu<-na Vista where Lt Moody (as His said) had ccnstituted one George Soiffiuton Chiefe who is a Quaker and ye spirit not movmg him, he capitulated as soo i as suni- reoned and agreed to pay a certiiin sum, 250 h of wch W..S to be paid by bill of exchange in Boston to M Montignv but wiien he capitulated he was on an Island and had 120 men with 8 guns and several 1 stores and arms of ye Queens which he had had from Lt Moody ; had notice of ye enemy and well on ye watch as 'tis said. They carried all ye plunder of Concop tion and Trmity Bay over ye ishmus of Bay Bulls m Trmity Bay where ye land carriage IS butt 2 litlle miles on pluine ground and where they launch over bonis of three or four tun and it is that way they infest our northern parts. About ye beginning of July there came to Placentia about 150 Indians of another nation and brought their wives and children and went immediately to disturb our fishery and ye Governor did declare that our fishery should always be disturbed and that he expected a greater force and thtn would again attempt St Johns. John Roope. (Records.) (A.) Another Fkench Accocnt. [Bichop Howl'-y, who Irnnslated this MS. and published it in the F.veniuu Telegram of December 13, 1893, says :— ''This account is taken from the Collection de Documents Relatifs a CHistoire de la Nouvelle France, published under the aus- pices of the Legislature of Quebec in 1883. The original of the present MS. is in French. The name of the author is unknown, but it is supposed to be either Chaunsegros de Leru or Gedeon de Catalogne."] Monsieur de Subercasse was nanud Governor of Placentia in 1702. In 1704, M. Subercasse sent to Quebec to M. the Marquess of V^audreuil, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, the King s ship Le Vespe, commanded by Monsieur Delepiney, to demand a detachment of troops to go and destroy the colonies (or settle- ments) of the English on the coasts of 'Sew- foundlanu. * * * We left Quebec on the Snd of November (le lendemain de la Tous- saint) to the number of 40 French, itnd 40 Abenaquis (Indians;, and arrived at Placentiii the 15th. Preparations were at once made • lackets and slides got ready to go direct to St. John's. But as the winter was very mild, and it did not freeze up to the 13th of January, we began to despair of carrying out the project, although everything was ready. On the 14th it froze hard, and on the 15th we began the march. Each one carried h=s outfit and grub (wtre.«) on his back, «•) there was no snow down to enable us to use the slides, which were left behind, and the greater part also threw away their rackets ; but when we were at a short distance from Beboulle, an English settlement, snow fell to a depth of two feet. So we were delayed for two days. Among 400 men we had only 60 pairs of rackets. It was pitiable to sto those who had none sinking to the thighs in the snow. " At length we arrived at BebouUe. where we surprised the inhabitants, and we refreshed ourselves for two days and left a garrison there. We then scaled the mountain which 18 very steep, high, and wooded; then follow a sort of marshes or barrens (plaines) for four leagues, with little drokes of woods here and there. The snow was very deep, and the men without rackets were very much fatigued. M. de Costnbelle was of this number, and, not being able to reach the camp, he remained in a small wood, where he had spread a sail to serve as a tent, and being seated beneath it, one of his men in cutting a tree to make a fire, let it fall upon the tent, so that M. de Costabelle was caught ike a marten-cat in a trap ! It was necessary to cut the tree in order to get him out, during which ime he was very much inconvenienced ,mfl fi^ Tyy''°^ anything of this accident until the following day. M. Subercasse sent me with four strong Canadians to his assist- ance. I found him lying down, and unable to walk. I made a Jitter and had him carried by two men, and in many plnces we had to cut a rrad through the bushes to get him along. That evening we made a tilt for hi.n (c«6a»e^; the troops took Petty Harbour without any resistance. The following day we left him in charge of 8 Abenaquis, to who.u we promised eight dollars ( huict escusy S,! we left him there with a good escort ca; '"'^,, f«"o^"j'g day, 31st March, we pa ned the depth of the wood to round the bottom of the bay of the harbour of St. John', where we aijnved before sunset. Altbo' it was intensely cold we were not allowed to make lr.\- \ °°*^ '°"8^* » ^ed beneath the firs which are very.thick, and we placed our moccasins under us, to thaw them, so that we would be able to put them on ;iext day Before nightfall we ascended with M. Suber- casse a height irom which one could see all the harbour without being ahle to distinguish the fort. Having returned, M. de Subercasse told n,e that M. De C(,stabelle and the other iwToT /'"'•.Z^"'^'"-'-) ^vere not for attack- ing the fort until after all the merchants and nhabitants should have been taken. I said that tha was a sure way not to succeed, rhey relied upon the fact that they had despatched, from Placentia, a brigan £ S orders to jom us at St. John's. She was armed with a mortar and a number of bombs. However, he gave orders to M. De Beaucourt to go straight to the fort, to surprise and l^\^ il'f'^^"'^'r*^''*" *^"* appetite comps with eating. M. de Montifrny commanded another detachment ( f Canad'ars unTSu. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1704-5. 265 iway their rackets; hort distance from ement, snow fell to re were delayed for men we had only was pitiable to sto ig to the thighs in ved at BebouUe, nhabitants, and we vo days and left a caled the mountain, igh, and wooded; larshes or barrens S with little drokes The snow was ver3' ; rackets were very itfibelle was of this able to reach the mall wood, where rve as a tent, and, )ne of his men, in ire, let it fall upon tabelle was caught It was necessary ret him out, during ich inconvenienced. ig of this accident ^. Subercasse sent ians to his a^^sist- down, and unable id had him carried plnces we had to ushes to get him nade a tilt for hi in k Petty Harbour 'he following day benaquis, to whom huict escws). S,» )d escort. 31st March, we 'ood to round the •hour of 8t. John's, iset. Altbo' it was allowed to make i bed beneath the id we placed our »w them, Bo that hem on next day. 'd with M. Suber- one could see all We to distinguish M. de Subercasse He and the other re not for attack- le merchants and ?n taken. I said not to succeed, that they had » brigantine, with ohn's. .She was lumber of bombs. M. De Beaucourt to surprise and i appetite compf £my commanded ■aps and Indi.iiis, and M. L'Hermitte marched at the head of the Placentia men, who, for want of rackets, could not follow the racketera, who waited for them till broad daylight. He (L'Hermitte) had taken the beaten path by which the English bring their wood, so that it was necessary to run at full speed to invest all the houses, and the inhabitants were taken in their night shirts {tous nuda en chemise, the MS. is not very clear here. — M. F. H.) At the fort : — M. de Beaucourt contented himself with walking along the glacis of the fort, without a soul stirring ; and the Indians took three or four families outside, or beyond the fort. For all that the garrison did not wake up, and it was about 8 o'clock when I arrived at the foot of the glacis, where I found M. L'Hermitte, who was awaiting orders. I proposed to him to go direct to the fort. The ditches were filled with snow; he said he had not orders to do that. At last an Englishman appeared on the parapet, who admired us running on rackets upon the snow, and when we aimed at him he ran to give word to the guard, who, with shovels, cleared the cannons of snow and commenced to cannonade us, and forced us to retire, and killed two of our men. All the inhabitants and merchants, to the number of 317, were placed in the temple (sic), and four merchants who were left on parole among our people. As there were about 60 women, who would have caused disorder, I advised M. Subercasse to send them to the fort, which was done. The fort was enclosed with stakes to a certain height in form of a terrace, which gave it the depth of a ditch, which palissade was also terraced behind, and almost bristling with cannon. Oyer the fosse (or ditch) there is a draw- bridge, and the glacis on the water side and towards the houses is sloping at a moderate incline (en pente entre la donee et la rapid). Vis-d-vis on the other side of the harbour was the castle, enclosed by good and strong walls, partly wet at high tide, to attack vessels either entering or going out (qu. Ctiain Kock Battery — M. F. H.) There Wire two other batteries, one above the other, the first well vaulted and ranging at water level (hattant a fleur de I'eau), with cannon of 36 (7U. lbs.). The one above of 12; the batteries made in form of horse-shoe (qu. Waldegrave and Queen's batteries). As the stores and bouses of the inhabitants were situated all along the harbour for about half a league, the French troops took up their lodgings as they chose, but out of range of the cannon, and they established a service of guards ut the foot of the glacis. Some days passed without any action being taken, although the garrison made several discharges of cannon every morning upon the houses from which they saw smoke issuing. One ball carried away the pillow from under the heads of MM. Moiiscnn'i: spd Davigrand, who were ^sleepini together, without wounding them. At about a league from the fort theie is a small harbour, called Quidimity, where there were 72 English fishing. M. De Montigny, with some Canadians and Indians, went to take them, and there was there a Reformer of the Tremblers, a Quaker («« Religionnaire de la Tremblade un Quakre), who was their commander. They asked to be allowed their parole. It was granted on condition that if anyone deserted to go to the fort, all the rest would be put to the sword, to which they consented. Some of our Indians went there occasionally to count them. As soon as the Indian came they all put themselves in a row. It happened that one day one of them wished to desert; the others followed and arrested him, and gave notice of it to the French, and without further trial or procedure he had his head broken on the spot where he was taken. After three or four days of refreshment M. Subercasse sent M. de Beaucourt and an interpreter to summon the governor, whose name was John Maudy, to surrender the fort. He replied that first he would like to consult with Mr. Cambell, (he Commissary, and two of the principal merchants, who were prisoners. He asked M. Subercasse to send them to him under parole; an irreparable mistake, for instead of intimidating him they only re- assured him, and in reply he requested M. Subercasse to send and find out the sentiments of the commander of the castle which he did ; but at the approach of the flag' the commander fired upon them and would not enter into any discussion. As this castle is at the foot of the mountam which commands it, almost per- pendicularly (meme en plongeant),v,e hoisted up with capstans four pieces of cannon, of those which we had taken from the detached platforms. We fired a few shots with but little effect. However, we formed a guard to harass them night and day. They kept themselves always on guard for the 33 davs that we besieged them. The steep brow of the hill prevented the cannon from the fort froni doing much harm, as they could not reach the houses. So they erected a scaffold- ing in the fort and placed cannon on it by which means they could command the houses One shot struck a chimney, and some of the bricks or stones flying from it broke the lee of a Spaniard whom they (the French) had as a prisoner; also of M. Delean, nephew of JM. de Subercasse. The former died the next day, the latter the third day aftei Seeing that the brigantine did not come, and as the season was advancing, they deier- mmed to decamp. They took three loads (charrors) of goods from the stores and houses, estimated at the value of about 40 000 pounds (/.tTM, qu. francs). M. de Monti'-ruv escorted tucm oy night-time past the castll 266 REIGN OF ANNE. The night before tho departure it froze hard, and the whole harbour was caught strong enough to bear a horse, which forced them to burn the boatH and almost all the merchandise, not being able to bring them by- land. In the meantime the inhabitants of Quimidity, who had twelve shaloupes ready, offered to carry our loads to BebouUe. Their offer was accepted ; but we only gave them provisions to carry. And we left on the 6th of March, after having set fire to all the vessels, and broken up a ship, and a great number of boats. Note that M. Montigny had been to Conception Bay, where he found all the in- habitants retired to the Isle of Carbonniere, which is inaccessible. When we got to Petit Harbour, where we had left M. de Costabelle, as we had made almost all our prisoners follow, we resolved to send on some of them ; 80 we fitted out three shaloupes. M. de Costabelle embarked on one of them; M. Durant, commissary, on another, and we coasted along, destroying all the English settlements. When we arrived at Forillon the enemy were entrenched with cannon. M. Suber- casse sent to summon them to surrender, which they refused to do ; so he determined to give battle. As soon as the enemy saw this movement, they abandoned their posts, opened the door to us, and surrendered at discretion. As we had no further enemies to fear, M. de Montigny demanded a detachment of Canadians and Indians to go and try to take the island of Carbonniere. They made some prisoners there, and some plunder, and re- turned to Placentia, where we had arrived about a month previously. M. de Montigny was scarcely arrived, when he asked for a party to go along the English coasts, which was granted. He left, and took the route of the Bay of Carmel, made the portage of Trinity Bay, where he captured the inhabi- tants, and took their effects in his little boat, which he sent back to Placentia, and he him- self continued his course to Bonneviste, where he found the inhabitants entrenched on the island. He attacked them and, with- out much resistance, they surrendered to about 60 men. The commander of the Eng. lish, who was a merchant, asked to ransom himself for 4,000 pounds steriing, which he paid by a draught on Mr. Nelson, of Boston. De Montigny, on receipt of the money, re- tired to Placentia, promising the people that they should not be further molested by the French, and that they might pursue their fishery in peace. After that anodier Canadian went to Bonavista and seized more prisoners, who also had to offer round sums to secure their ransom. In the month of June, M, Levire, commander of a vessel, captured a prize which was going from Boston to St. John's, and Irought her to Placentia. The two citizens in charge of her, Geffry and Quinn, asked to be allowed free on parole, which was granted; but a few days afterwards Qumn managed to get a shaloupe and escape to St. John's. Geffry was afterwards ex- changed for a Basque named Melle Koup, whom the St. John's people had taken. («.) Genkbal Note. These narratives do not by any means exhaust the matter preserved about this troubled year, but have been chosen as illustrating the period best. Lieut. Moody kept a diary recording the events of each day - It IS very interesting but too long to print, and not easy to condense. The evidence of Campbell and Sampson must be received with digcrimination. Sampson, who was Camp, bell s servant, made a further affidavit that he had been made drunk by Major Lloyd and compelled to sign his first and afterwards signed a third, reciting that the second had been obtained by Campbell placing a pistol at his head. II. Lord Dartmouth's Report, 1706. (Abstract.) [Written by Matthew Prior, January 16, 1706.] The English have at all times used this lishery on the Eastern coast and in Harbours and iishing places on that side, wherein they are protected against the French in the bummer Season by yearly convoys and men ot war sent thither. A Fort was erected some years past in Bay St. John's for the defence of the inhabitants aiA retreat of others that may come for protection from other harbours during the winter. The French who usually fish from Placentia on the south to westward, and Northward of the Island; have their fortifica- ^ons m Placentia Bay for defence of their Trade and Protection of their fishery Since the beginning of the last war, the Convoys and men of war sent to Newfound- Und have at times very much molested the French in their trade and fishery, taken considerable numbePof ships and destroyed their fishing Materials on the South Coast so the French have taken all advantage to annoy her Majesty's subjects by their shipping ; but chiefly by land, with assistance of Canadians as well French as Indians. Mons. Subercase, Governor of Placentia. came m January last with about 430 men surprised the fishing places to the Southward' ot St. John's and possessed himself of that Harbour, Forts excepted, where garrisons maintained themselves against the enemy abt. thirty days when they retired. , They marched from St. John's to Ferry- land and then Northward to Bonavista and committed barbarities and destroyed boats and Cakes in the harbours. LORD DARTMOUTH'S REPORT. 267 lacentia. The two r, Geffiy and Quinn, e oa parole, which Jw days afferwards shaloupe and escape was afterwards ex- lamed Melle Roup, lie had taken. i Note. not by any means iserved about this 3 been chosen as 38t. Lieut. Moody events of each day ; too long to print, I. The evidence of ust be received with I, who was Camp, her affidavit that he f Major Lloyd and rst and afterwards at the second had ill placing a pistol I Report, 1706. t.) HEW Prior, 1706.] all times used this ist and in Harbours side, wherein they e French in the convoys and men Fort was erected St, John's for the s aiA retreat of ir protection from winter. sually fish from ;o westward, and lave their fortifiea- p defence of their 2ir fishery * the last war, the ent to Newfound- ueh molested the :>d fishery, taken ips and destroyed the South Coast, all advantage to bjects by their id, with assistance I as Indians, rnor of Placentia. about 430 men, to the Southward id himself of that where garrisons ist the enemy abt. 1. ■, John's to Ferry- o Bonavista and destroyed boats Mons. de Subercasse took away with him a hundred and fifty of our ablest men, forcing them to work in the French Fishery ; at the end of the season sent several of the young men to Canada and to Fiance, the rest are still at Placentia, they are said to have entered French service particularly the Irish. Placentia is the only place fortified by the French in Newfoundland, Two Forts there. In lower Fort thirty-six Guns and in the Castle on the Hill eleven Guns and two Mortars. Three company's of soldiers, in whole one hundred and twenty men. In- habitants — two himdred fighting men and can draw further supply's from Settlements in Canada, besides Indians. Our chief Fishery is on the East of Newfoundland from Cape Race to Cape Bonavista and French employ craft around rest of Island. Fish coming from the .South- ward reach the French in the beginning of April, whereas they do not come to our most southern Harbours before the end of the month and not to St. John's till the middle of May; the French having beach on the const side, to dry and cure fish can be ready to Fish in four or five days after their arrival and on the E. and N. side of the Island, having not met with molestation from iis in these desolate harbours, find their stages and flakes in condition they left them, whereas we have suffered much in destruction of houses flakes and stages by incursions of French of Placentia assisted by their neigh- bours of Canada. We have upon the petition of Merchants reported our opinion that two or more men of war might be appointed early in the year to convoy the Fishing Ships and two others to convoy sack ships, which have been accordingly ordered. Salt for fishery chiefly supplied from Portugal; ordered convoy's for salt ships from Lisbon to Newfoundland. Has been our care, to prevent Irregu- larities committed by inhabitants and Fisher- men, to give Instruction to Commodore, with regard to the late Act of Parliament. We further ofier ; That the English that continue yearly in Newfoundland are dis- persed into about thirty greater harbours besides coves and other Fishing places above Eighty leagues distant from N. to S. according to following scheme :— [Omitted.] That the English live there the whole year without civill or Military Government except St. John's where are fortifications with a Captain who (Commands only his own oflicers and soldiers; By reason of the dis- tances of the habitations from each other and the inhabitants being under no discipline they will be exposed to incursions of the enemy, who are under strict rules of Govern- ment. For better security of the harbours of St. John's a boom and chain has boen placed at the entrance of the harbour on representa- tion to Her Majesty. And for benefit of Merchants and Planters, we represented to Her Majesty that the officers of the Garrison of St. John's be strictly prohibited from trading for thereby they have opportunity of engrosing trade and forestalling the Market. And that the Prize officer settled there be for the same reasons forbidden to trade except for disposal of ships and goods brought as prizes into Newfoundland. Orders in this behalf have in like manner been given. Our Fishery has not of late years been so considerable as formerly, imputed chiefly to the interruptions occasioned by war as well in winter as Fishing Seasons and in the passage of our ships to and from Europe as also by want of a vent for our Fish in the dominions of Spain and other parts of the Mediterranean. This trade was first supported by an Act of Parliament in the second year of King Edward the Sixth ; a commission was sent ia 16 1 5 for enquiring into abuses ; several regula- tions having been thereupon agreed in the Star Chamber the same were framed into a charter in 1635 known as the western charter — this continued in 'force till 1699 when an Act of Parliament was past to Encourage Trade to Newfoundinn-l. by which the same is at present regulbdd— and we, having carefully observed the management of the Fishery in pursuance of the said Act, do find by Infor- mation, of divers matters prejudical to this Trade. That in general the inhabitants have not due regard to the Regulations of the Act of Parliament it being found that N. of St John's as far as Carbouier and S. as far as Ferryland, the trees have been rinded and woods destroyed as much as before the Act. Fishing Admirals and masters of ships do not exactly observe the Rules of the Act. There are few Admirals capable of keeping Journals and Accounts as the Act directs. Fishing Admirals before the 20th of August will hear complaints, but none received after ; they being generally the greatest offenders themselves. Vessels from New England supply New- foundland with provisions viz Bread, Beef, Pork, Flour, Pease, Butter, Boards, and great Quantitys of Tobacco. European commodities carried to Newfoundland by masters of ships as follows: from France in time of peace. Brandy, Wine, Salt linnen canvas paper. Hats and Silks; from Spain, Wine, Brandy, Iron; from Portugal Wine, Brandy, Salt, Oyle and Linnen; all which goods sold or truckt with traders from New England for Tobacco Sugar &c. which they carry to Foreign Parts so at the end of the year masters are wholy taken up in Management of that illegal trade. New England Traders seldom depart til! men of war are sailed and then carry away handy-ciafts-Meii, Seamen and fishermen whom they entice in expectation of great waffes. ° l\ 268 REIGN OF ANNE. Masters of shipt negligent in bringing llieir men home, whereby they save the charge of their passage, men so left are inticed and carried away to New England. The Reason why the New England men fish upon the coast of Newfoundland besides carrying on illegal trade ist that they may get those men ; they having otherwise a most iidvantigeous fishery on their own coast. The preventing of which Irregularities we humbly offer to this Honble House our opinion, that a power be given by a clause in an Act that shall be passed to commanders of Her Majesty's Ships of war, and to admirals of each Harbour in Newfoundland, to lay fines and penalties upon offenders against the said Act, such fine not exceeding the sum of £5 stg and power likewise given them of confining such offendei-s in case of non-pay- ment, such confinement not exceeding the space of ten days. That the commanders of Her Majestys Ships may have the power of a custom house officer to search New England Ships upon their coming, and to take account of the number of their crow and Passengers and to take bond from each of the masters that they shall not carry away a greater number of men than they brought, which we hope would in a great measure prevent irregularities com- mitted by New England Traders. As early as the year 1615 the fish killed by English ammounted to .•iOO,000 Quintals, and we have been well informed, that in several years after ye year 1650, we have taken (season favourable) above 400,000 Quintals, but that about ye year 1651, (until which year and some time afterwards, we furnished France itself with fish) the French entered upon that Trade, and have possession of a large part of the Island, and have by degrees advanced their Fishing so as to be superiour to ours, by which means our trade has decreased, they having since furnished the Dominion of France and even other nations before solely supplied by us. Upon all which foregoing considerations, we cannot but conclude that whilst Placentia does remain in the hands of the French, our Fishery will be under continual discourage- ment all which is most humbly submitted. III. Capture of St. John's in 1708. (rt.) CiiAULEvoix's Account. I have already observed that the centre and stores of all the English settlements on that island were ou St. John's Bay. De 8t. Ovide proposed to M. de Costebelle to reduce St. John's at his own expense He arrived on the last day of the year [with one hundred and sixtj'-four men including Indians] about five leagues from St. John's without being observed. Two hours before day, they pushed on in a clear moonlight to the head of St John's harbour, whence he reconnoitred the whole place leisurely. He then marched on, led by bad guides, whom he should have distrusted. As soon as he detected their treachery, he moved from the centre where he was, to the van, where the volunteers were and put him- self at their head. He was discovered three hundred paces from the fort he designed attacking, so that some musketry fire opened on him as he approached the first pallisade. Some of his volunteers abandoned him, but this did not prevent his pushing on to the covered way, the entrance to which they had fortunately neglected to close. He entered shouting Vii-e le Hoi/, a cry that raised the courage of his men and made the English lose all heart. Leaving fifteen or sixteen men to guard the covered way, he crossed the ditch under the fire of two other forts, which wounded ten of his men, planted two ladders agamst the rampart, which was twenty foot high, and scaled in with i-ix men, three of whom were dangerously wounded. At that moment Despenseus arrived with his detachment and planted his ladders. He was the first to ascend, entering the fort with two or three others. Kenou, Johannis, du Plessis, la Chesnaye, d'Argenteuil and d'Aille- bout his brother followed close on this brave man ; some seized the barracks, others the Governor's quarters, some others ran to the drawbridge connecting this fort called Fort William with that of the colonists and the Governor, who was hastening to throw in three hundred settlers, was struck down with three wounds. Despenseus immediately lowered the drawbridge and opened the gate. Then all the rest of the army entered and the English cried quarter. Thus in less than half an hour the French took two forts, either of which might have resisted a whole army ; one had eighteen guns mounted, four mortars for bombshells, twenty for grenades and a garrison of over a hundred men, commanded by a very brave officer. The other had six hundred colonists well entrenched, ready to come to the succour of the first fort, but a subterranean door by which they expected to pass when occasion required, was found so well closed that it could not be forced open in time. A small fort still remained at the entrance of the port. De St. Ovide sent to summon it, and the commander asked twenty-four hours to reply, and although he had eighty men in a strong- work, provisions for several months, quite a good supply of artillery, large cannon and a bomb mortar, as well as a bomb-proof vault he surrendered. ' Ovide dispatched a messenger to inform Costabelle of his success. Learning that some English had escaped to Belle Isle and had embarked from there to England, he sent word at once by a small ship to I'rance, that the Court there might learu what had been achieved as early as that of London. This step offended M. de Costabelle, who considering it useless to expect troops from lad guides, whom he ted their treachery, where he was, to the were and put him- iis discovered three 3 fort he designed lusketry fire opeued the first pallisade. khandoned him, hut pushing on to the to which they had close. He entered cry that raised the ide the English lose a or sixteen men to ! crossed the ditch ither forts, which •lunted two ladders li was twenty foot t'ix men, three of sanded. enseus arrived with I his ladders. He ering the fort with nou, Johannis, du enteuil and d'Aille- lose on this hrave rrncks, others the others ran to the s fort called Fort colonists and the uing to throw in struck down with eus immediately I opened the gate, irmy entered and n hour the French chich might have had eighteen guns ombshells, twenty of over a hundred ery brave officer. 3d colonists well :o the succour of rranean door by iss when occasion Esll closed that it in time. A small ranee of the port, mon it, and the ur hours to reply, men in a strong- 1 months, quite a ge cannon and a 3omb-proof %'ault, ssenger to inform Learning that d to Belle Isle re to England, he 1 ship to 1' ranee, learn what had that of London. Costabelle, who •ject troops from THE CAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S IN 1708. 269 France and not having men enough to defend both places, ordered De St. Ovide to demolish the forts and return to Placeutia by the end of March at least. They brought away large stores, as three hundred English were on the point of marching to surprise Placentia. (6.) First Enomsh Account. Letter from H. E. Harbargrace Island ^ %} ^"^" ^° '^* ^ * ** December, the French trom Placentia to the number of one hundred and sixty came to the fort of St. John's and there with scaling ladders got over the work without any assistance, only two small guns the sentry fired ; Major Lloyd then asleep in his bed and after the French got into the fort, the inhabitant"! in the New Fort rose in arms and would have taken the fort again from the French but the soldiers could not get the keys out of the Moor's house ; but when the French came he could find them j so from some of those men that made their escape to those respective islands Harbargrace and uarboniere Islands; the fort was actually sold to the French or else that number could never have taken it. They surrendered the Castle next day being never an oflScer in It to command it. (c.) The Post Boy, Febt. 8. T 1,^° '•'uesday lust an express arrived from Lisbon that the French have made themselves masters of Fort St. Johns by treachery ; the wooden palisadoes that defended the same having been cut down upon notice of the enemy's advancing that way under pretence of putting iron spikes in their stead. id.) John Collins' Account. About four in the morning the sentinel of the S.W. corner of the New Fort dis- covered the enemy but his gun would not go off so he called to the sentinel of the N.W corner who fired his piece which allarmed the place; this deponent being one of the Captains of Militia for the New Fort wtnt to his appointed quarters which was the guard house of the fort where two other companies besides his were appointed their quarters He then heard firing at the N.W. corner between the enemy and our men. The deponent saith to the best of his remembrance at the time of the firing he heard quarter called m the old fort and presently afttr the French there rried Vive le Roy three times upon which this deponent and others in the old fort gave three Huzaas and the enemy immediately fired at them and they at them and eight of our men were killed and seven wounded. They of the new fort called to those m the old fort to have the sally port opened and the bridge let down but could have no answer ; some of the soldiers of the old fort got info the new fort and said there were five hundred French and that they gave no quarter (upon which we accepted the offer of quarter on the 26th [?]). This deponent heard Sarjeant Steel say at Mr. Winchen's house, that when the French entered the old fort but one man was beside himself on the works and that Major Lloyd came M far as the ramparts and said " Fight boys," and went away and he never saw him afterwards, until the garrison was taken which was within half an hour of the alarm and that be believed it was lost by neglect [and not by treachery]. (e.) Mk. Wm. Keen's Journal. Deer. 21 1708. About 4 this morning we were alhirmed by the firing of small musketts and were within half an hour's time surprized to hear the fort was taken without meting resistance; some small time after the Fort surrendered, the Castle took the alarm and fired two guns, all the inhabitants of that side being about sixty men were retired into the Castle ; about 7 this morning two French officers came to assure the inhabitants of good quarters and took with them the Most Master Inhabitants and Merchants into the Fort where I saw Major Lloyd very heavy eyd'd and little notice taken of him ; in entering the fort the French lost three killed by the inhabitants ; about five in the evening the inhabitants and servants were imprisoned in storehouses, excepting some few that were kept m their own houses. A fire happened and burnt two streets of houses; Mr. Kussell was committed to the guard house, Mr. Wm. Keen was confined in his own house ; Captain Dennis was sent to have the castle surrender, which was at first refused but next day the 22nd the people gave It up ; the French hoisted a white flag and fired three guns; the people were to have their clothes and provisions and be reinstated in their houses which was not complied with j on the 24 the Comiss'" St. Ovide de Brouillon sent four hundred and seventy-seven men prisoners to the church and the house of Mr. Collins allowing them one pound of bread fourozs. of pork and four ozs. of pease per diem— the prisoners were set in ranks and counted by the Indians who threatened if any escaped they would kill an equal number in their room ; on the 25th an account was taken of the goods in the town ; on the 26 an express was sent to Placentia which returned in nineteen days— the French did not resort with the English during this time. With the express arrived two hundred more soldiers from Placentia. The French sent Major Lloyd, Lieut. Philips, Engineer Vane and his wife by ship to Placentia on Jany. 8. M. St Ovide gave the inhabitants 24 hours to consider his proposals of ransom which if rejected he would send them all pnsoners to Canada; he said it was His Master's intention to keep the country. The inhabitants under threat of burning the ♦ow, were forced to agree to terms of ransom. i\ party of men were sent to Fet vyland nndt ; M. Larond but faUed to take it, the inhabitants I 270 REIGN OF ANNE. refusing to admit a flag of truce. The French retreat was hindered for a month by ico. After the destruction of the fort M. St. Ovide Tctired to the castle where he was nearly blown up by powder, one officer was killed. March 27 M. St. Ovide sailed for Placentia taking U. Cole, Allyn Southmayd, Wra. Keen, Thomas Kussell, Wm. Nicholls, John Collins, and Squarry and arrived at Plucentia the 5th of April. On the i;uh May Mr. Lloyd and Mr. Phillips jailed for C/'anada. On the 26th of May arrived the Fiddell man-of-war from France with two hundred soldiers for reinforcing •St. John's and St. Ovide received news of his being created Knight of Si . Lewis and ■Governor of St. John's. On the 26th of June, the principal merchants arrived back in St. John's having been kept several months longer than they had been told they would be upon St. Ovide's word of honour. (/.) Tkums of Suurendeu. The inhabitants of St. John's, I'etty Harbour, Hay Bulls, Quidi Vidi, Tar Bay, Portugul Cove and Parlican have this day (2nd Feby. 1709) desired M. St. Ovide to irrant us liberty to ransom or buy our goods as opecitied in the 9 following articles : — First. We promise to pay M. St. Ovide or his order, a hundred quintals for each shallop and fifty for each half-shallop sent fishing of the fish first cured or if the English lake this port, to St. Ovide's order in London seventy and thirty-five pounds sterling respec- tively in .\ugust or October, Second. That our houses and clothes be preserved. Third. That no damage be done to our •stages, boats, &c. Fourth. That the said St. Ovide is to furnish us twenty hogsbeiuls of salt per shallop ransomed. Fifth. That the French do not waste our •victuals. Sixth. That our boats be allowed to go fishing. Seventh. That any French plunderiug us shall make restitution and be punished by M. St, Ovide. Eighth. We promise to be neuter until our ransom be paid. Ninth. If the French retain Newfound- land, to have liberty to go to New or Old England or remain in the country and retain 'Our houses. I OQ S n ■a ■■3 I ■go-' "a Signed - 10 14 15 12 4 The whole ransom was computed at ^7,280, (g.) GOVEIINOH CoLi-ixs' Petitiow, By Captain Jo.sepii Tavi.our Commander of her Maj. ship Litchfield and Com- inander-in-chief of her Majesties forces in Newfoundland to Joun Collins Esqre. hereby appointed Governour and Commander in (Jhief of the Fort and Harbour of St. John's and all the sea coasts between Ferry land and Carbonear Island. By virtue of the power given mo by Her Maj. I do hereby Constitute and appoint you, until further order Governour and t-'ommander in chief of the Fort and Harbour of St. John'n and all the sea coasts between Ferryland and Curbonear Island, Willing and recpiiring you forthwith to take upon you the said charge and command ; liequiring all officers inhabi- tauls and others to be obedient to you as their Governour : and you are to take care to secure and defend the said fort against the enemy and to keep good order and disciple amongst those under your command and to order all the inhabitants into the said foit and to compel them to bring their provision there and for your better security and guard of the said Fort and Harbour of St. John's, you are hereby empowrd to make as many Captains, Lieuts, Ensigns, and inferior officers as you find necessary and to do what is further for Her Majesties service. Given under my hand and sea! H.M.S. Litchfield in St. Johns Harbour 6 Oct. 1709. Joseph Taylour. To THE Queen's ilosT Excellent Majesty. The humble pet", of John Collins Esq', your Maj. present gov. of St. John's Fort. Sheweth : That about Deem. 1708 the said fort was surprized by the French and the then governour Capt. Loyd taken therein, at which time y"' pef being ^Commander of the Militia raised the best force he could and attempted the Belief of the said garrison with great hazard of his lif e,the two nearest persons to him being, the one killed'aud the other wounded : But the town being altogether defenceless and under the garrison, y' pet' was forced (after all possible resistance) to submit with the rest of the inhabitants and to pay a consider- able ransom after which he was treacherously carry'' away to Placentia and detained there to his great prejudice several months before he was permitted to return. That in Oct. 1709 Capt. Taylour y' Maj. Commodore being there, and impowered and authorized to grant a commission to whom- soever he should find most deserving upon the place. (The former Governour Captain Loyd being carried into France and since killed there) your petioner was appointed gov', and I -ixs' Petition, >VR Commander of chfieM and Corn- ier Majesties forties to John Coi-ltns ited Governour and ef of the Fort and ohii's and till the II Ferryland and • j^iven mo by Her and appoint you, )ur and Commander ibourof St. John'i een Ferryhind and and reciuiring you )u the said charge all officers inhahi- l)edient to you m 1 are to take care aid fort against the order and disciple command and to :o the Kaid fort and g their provision security and guard our of St. John's, ;o make as many md inferior officers I do what is further and sea! H.M.S. bour 6 Oct. 1709. SKPH TaYLOUB. T Excellent ■OLL1N8 Esq', your . John's Fort. 708 the said fort ich and the then I therein, at which ider of the Militia lid and attempted rrison with great rest persons to him le other wounded : er defenceless and was forced (after submit with the :o pay a consider- was treacherously nd detained there al months before t. Taylour y' Maj. d impowercd and mission to whom- t deserving upon overnour Captain ice and since killed pointed gov', and CAPTAIN CROWE'S LAWS. 271 Com' in chief of the Fort of St. John's which he accepted at the request of the g'' Com- modore the several Merchants and Traders and all other the inhabitants of the I'luce and y' pet' has ever since held the same at his own great charge and to the satisfaction of all concerned in the Trade there. Wherefore y' pet' having supplanted no other pretension (coming in upon an entire vacancy) pet" for Governour's pay and continuance in Govt, und not to be removed without just Reason and your pet' he, &c. To THE Queen's ]Mo8t E.kcellent Majesty. The humble address of the inhabitants in Newfoundland. Dread Sovereign : We your most dutiful subjects inhabit- ing yr province of Nowfouudland do humbly beg leave to tender our unfeigned gratitude ..... for favours .... which with God's assistance have in a great measure contributed to our being protected against the violent outrages of our barbarous neighbours the French, whose bold attempt upon our coast have rendered the adjacent unfortified har- bours most dangerous as they would our residing at St. John's had not yr Maj. lloyal Wisdom thought proper to order our being regulated into a Milifia and to be put under command of John Collins whose extraordinary vigilance and prudent conduct in guarding and repairing yr Maj. Fort in St. John's and regulating and ordering us for its defence have been manifested to our entire satisfaction. We therefore beg leave to recommend him for the care he has taken and the great and necessary expence he has been at to the prejudice of his private affairs. Subscribed by all the best iuhabitants that are masters of families. Concurring pet" from a number of principal Merchants and Masters of ships in London (and more are ready to do 'it if needful). IV. Captain Crowe's Laws. By Captain Jos. Crowe, Commander-in- Chief of HM ships, forts, and garrison in Newfoundland. A record of several laws and orders debated at several courts. Present, com- manders of merchant ships, chief inhabitants ; and witnesses being examined, it was brought to following conclusion, between 23rd Ausust and 23rd October 1711 : — 1st. That a sum of money should be collected by voluntary gift from commanders of ships, merchants, masters of families, and others, for repairing church which was de- molished, and subsistence of minister, 2nd. That orders be put up at public- houses and other places for suppressing drunkenness, cursing, and swearing. Fines ond punishment according to annexed copy [omitted]. '^"' 3rd. A body of seamen or others should keep guard in the night to prevent mischiefs by spyes of the enemy and others to be raised as follows, -viz., from the complements of the ship in the harbour, one man for every fifteen and one man for every three boats of in- habitants and by boat keepers ; a commander Ota ship and a merchant to command them each night. 4th. The tenements, store-houses, and stages which are now in possession of persons under-mentioned (to wit), Richard Coles- worthy, upper stage-house and room at fiPort at BursthartlliU; Captain Stafford, in behalf ot Henry Perdeii, one store-house on vice- admiral 8 room ; Thomas and John Squarv one store -house on admiral's room! Mrs. lurf's, m behalf of Mrs. Anne Earll the upper stage adjoining to his own two boats room; Governor Collins, in behalf of Mrs. Holeman, one store-house on ihe vice- admiral's room; Hugh Tucker, in behalf of John Hams, Esq., of Exon, one storehouse on the admiral's room; Captain Holsworth in behalf of Michael Martin, one store house on the admiral's room. Being proved formerl v belonging to ffishing ships and ingrossed since the year 1685 contrary to Act of Par- liament to prejudice of said ships, &c. I do therefore hereby dispossess them of same in right of ffishing ships. 5th. Inhabitants, ffishermen, and ser- vants to repair to winter quarters allotted them by 1st of October, and be under com- mand of several governors for better security against the enemy in small bodies to par- ticular places (to wit) : — St. .John's. -1 Quitty Vitly. I Into Fort William, under l^l^^L V I Gov<^rnor Collins. Petty Harbour. J ''Carbinear Is-"| laud. Little Under their Bell Isle, and ]■ respective Harbergrass governors V. Island. J Trinity Bay, on Foxe's Island and Dildo Island. Bay of Bull, Witt-] On Gull Island, under r^'",,-^^^' ""'^r Governor Coles- Toad's Cove. J worthy. From Isle oi Speer, Southerly, into fort at X erryland. 6th Houses in ffort William not to be sold or let, but m case the person who built It does not inhabit it themselves, said houses to be at the disposal of Governor Collins to pu^ m persons destitute of habitation in said Conception Bay upon 272 BEIGN OF ANNE. 7th. Owners of tuoh house* not having proportion of people to said konae, at discre- tion of Oovernor Ccilins to put in others. 8th. If not sufficient ground in fort to build habitations, Governor Collins to give leave for building proper habitations under the guns within outwork of fort. 9th. To prevent servants hiring them- selves to one, two, or three musters at once, governor to oblige tliem to pay for such offence A3 lOs., or otherwise cause them to bo whipt three times forward and backward along some public place. 10th. Five men for each ship in harbour shall go into the woods and cut twenty stock- ades and pallasadoes to repair works of fort of St. John's, and boat keepers for every bout to fetch as many. 11th. Plantation of John Drue, of St. John's, proved to be ship's room, yet, in regard to his age, and thereby past labour, may e^joy same during life, but after his decease to return to right of ships. 12th. Mr. Turf's confirmed at second application to loose upper stage adjoining his own two boats room that he now holds in behalf of Mrs. Anne Earl, mentioned in 4ch Article. ' 13th. Whosoever shall demolish, deface, or break down any stage, cooke room, house, or Hakes by removing raffters, rinds, floorings, shoars, stakes, or layers, except to employ them on same room next year, shall forfeit £10 for repairing same to possessor of said stage and room. 14th. House in possession of Captain Arthur Holdsworth that formerly belonged to Mr. Lint, confirmed to said Captain Holdsworth, right being assigned to him by Mr. Richard Colesworthy. 15th. Minister to have subscription for ensuing year from sholliips, three, the two men boats, two, and the ship one quintol of dry merchandable fish to be levied as foUoweth : — One from owner of stage, one from boat keeper, and one from servants. 16th. A plantation of three boats rooms in possession of Abtaham Barrot and Kichard Sutton in Torbay. Being ships rooms, they are dispossessed in right of ships that have occasion for them next year. Jos. Crowe. (a.) V. Sir N. Trevanion's Orders and Fishery Scheme. By Sir Nicholas Trevanion, Knight, Commander of H.M. Ships and Gar- risons, and 6overnor-iu-Chibf at New- foundland. (Deer. 10, 1712.) A Record of several Courts held at St. John's for better discipline and good order of people, &c. Debated at Courts held. Present : Admiral and Vice-Admiral, Merchants, and Chief Inhabitants ; and witnesses being examined, it was brought to the following conclusions : — 1st. That orders be put up at public houses and other places for suppressing drunkenness, &c. and. Confirmed last year by Captain J. Crow, that Mr. Jacob Rice, miuister of St. John's, should have as follows : — , From shallops - three ] quintals of dry From two-men boat two > merchandable From the skiffs - one J fish. And planters very backward in paying, he got only one hundred quintals of fish this season. Confirms what Commander Crow and Court agreed to for minister's subsistence, and to encourage him to remain. 3rd. Confirms John Collyns, Esq., Governor of Fort William, and it is appointed, during cessation, that twenty men lie in fort every night. 4th Warrant granted to call Mr. Bengcr before him [the Governor] relatiog to Sir William Hopkins' place at Ferryland, now m possession of Widow Clapp, and tenement formerly in possession of Kir David Kirk } but Mr. Benger did not appear. 5th. Mrs. Benger, wife of James Benger, appeared relating to a tenement formerly in possession of William Bennet, deceased. Mrs. Benger willing to allow to heirs of William Bennet, deceased, to one Tomson Reeve £10 per annum till further decided. 6th. Other matters between masters of ships and planters and boat-keepers relate to debts not mentioned, parties being satisfied. (6.) FlSUEKY ScUE.MIi FOtt 1712. 1st. Referred- to annexed scheme for number of English planters [always given on a separate sheet] . 2nd. Planters receive little sustenance from the countries, and kill few beavers and other wild beasts. 3rd. Inhabitants have most salt pro- visions from Ireland; fresh provisions, as bread, pease, &c., from New England and Fensilvania; salt from Lisbon and Isle of May, and in war time from prizes brought in. 4th. Strict orders that no trees be cut down or rinded, nor woods set on tire, except for building, nor trees cut down on account of making oyle. 5th. Has taken all care to settle matters between fishing ships and planters, to give each their rights. FISHERY SCUEME FOR 1712. 273 opie, &c. Debated rreitent : Admiral I, Merchants, ind I ; and witueMet it was brought to liiHioni : — put up at public 311 for suppreuing year by Captain ^ Rice, miuister of I folluWH : — _ ree "I quintals of dry > merchundable e J fith. ickvrard in payin^^, [uintalH of fish thiu mander Crow and lister's subsistence, eniain. 1 Collyna, Knq., Iliani, and it is tion, that twenty t. I to call Mr. Beugcr 3r] relatirg to 8ir at Ferryland, now lapp, and tenement f Kir David Kirk } penr. 8 of James Benger, ement formerly in Bennet, deceased, allow to heirs of 1, to one Tomson further decided. letween masters of it-kefpern relate to as being satisfied. [ii Fou 1712. lexed scheme for srs [always given little sustenance II few beavers and i most salt pro- jsh provisions, as »I^ew England and liisbon and Isle of 1 prizes brought in. t uo trees be cut set ou tire, except down on account eth. No complaints of Ashing ships. 7th. Care taken that bye boat keepers and fishing ships do carry sueli number of fresh men and green men as Act directs. 8th. No complaints of marks of any boats or train vats being altered. 9th. No complaints of any person leaving the country; do not destroy or injure stages, &c. 10th. No complaints that any adniinil, vice-admiral, and n'ar-adniiral do in^ross more biach or flakes than they pitch upon at their arrival. 11th. Orders sent to admirals and ( hief planters of every little cove, to give accoinit of boats and fish and of inhabitants, which is her'.'unto annexed. ISth. General court held twice a week with admiral and vice-admiral to assist, and endeavoured to settle dilTerences relating to l)lunters and boat keepers, servants, &c. i;Uh. Orders to captains of men-of-wnr and admirals of harbours, that no ballast be thrown out of ships in harbours. 14th. Care taken that offals have not been offensive, stages so near water, when thrown in it is washed away. 15th. Care that Lord's Day duly ob- served. Corrections to nil so offcndin". ICth. None but Her Majesty's subjects fish or take bait in ports inhabited by English, 17th. Care taken that fish be preserved with (jocd salt and sent to market in good condition. 18th. No wine nor brandy brought from New Eiighind, im\y rum and molasses, which is the liquor drunk by servants. Had year of fishing. Planters in debt to master.- of ships and mercliunts to pay ensuing year if able. 19th. 17th of September when governour arrived, so conld not get master's names; most of them gone before his arrival, but bv scheme it is found there were twenty sail belonging to America, brought bread, petiso, rice, rum, tobacco, mollasses, and cattle, &c., &c. 20th. Trovisions from England, Ireland, and New England. New England mer. return home in their ballast. 2l8t. Account in former article of pro- visions brought hither, there is sugar and tobaeco, hut cannot find any cotton wool!, inilico, ginger, fustick, or any dying wood, nor any put on board ships to Spain, Portugal, or any foreign part. 22n(l. Refers for hiformation to scheme for numbi'r of boats and men employed by inhabitants. 2ard. As to 27th Article, refers to scheme for number of fishing f hips and boats, with burthens, &e. M«n's foovi,h^,he French about English settlers' fishing e,'.abli«hme„t, near 17l9.-Claini again made by Bigcayans to fl,.h in Newfonndland disallowed. 1723.-Grant of salmon fishery to Skifflngton between Capo Donavista and Cape John. Jnder the sovereignty of the first Hanoverian King there were few stirring events in the Colony ; the histoiy of our Island in this reign is A chronicle of the piping times of peace. English trade flourished settlements increased, the poor Newfoundland planter no longer listened for the dreaded war-whoop of the Abenaquis, or the tramp of the invading French soldiers.^ The immediate result of the peace is best shown by the enormous mcrease of the English fishery. Whilst in 1713 there were only forty-six fishing ships, with one hundred and sixty two boats one hundred »nd ninety-five bye-boots, and two hundred and eighty-'eicrht inhabitants' boats, in the following years the figures were :— " ^Sir B-*- B^-boats. I"'S^nts. i^«|;.«i.t Fish^j^t by Fishermen, and Bye-boats. 17U • • 106 441 133 862 Quintals. 115,000 Quintal 48,000 1716 • • 108 370 107 408 80,022 35.331 1716 • m 80 319 184 408 88,409 33,830 ' In 1717 the " Second Somersetshire Regiment," now the First Battalion Prince of Wales' Volunteers, the " Fighting Fortieth " — a corps familiarly known by the sobriquet of " Excellers" (XL-ers)— was formed of eight independent companies raised in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The field-officers carried half-pikcs; the company-officers, spontoons; the Serjeants, halberds, and the rank-and-file. flmt-lock muskets and short swords. Having served in the Colonies for nearly fifty year* the regiment was transferred to Ireland in' 1764, where it remained throughout a decade having SIX years previously to its recall fro.u Canada won the first "honour" inscribed on its colours at the memorable siege of Louisburir. J- /ne ^liegimental Records have been edited by Captain Raymond Smythies. INCREASE OP THE FISHERY. fi75 interi* and offlcors. lablUhmenta near red. nd Cape Jobn> here were few 1 this reign is ide flourished, onger listened tramp of the the enormous e were only 'o Louts, one 1 eighty, eight Fish cmfiht by Inhnbitants and Bye-boats. Qointals. 48,000 33,830 swords. Having nearly fifty years, ed to Ireland in >ughoiit a decade, to its recall from r" inscribed on its ge of Louisburg. ords have been Sniytbies. OEOROB I, Fi-om an mtgraving after KneUer. In 1711 and 1712 the common danger had united the ship fisher- men and the planters in airangements for orderly government. Their town meetings lasted, however, only for the two years. When once the stem pressure of war was removed hy the peace of 1713 all the old (piarrels revived, the fishing admirals and the merchant adventurers returned to their normal habits of disorder t} runny, and persecution. The Commodore and his officers were gradually curtailing the fishing admirals' powers. If we are to judge by Mr. Larkin's report, in some instances this was going from bad to worse. The lieutenants in Captain Poulton and Captain Fairbourne's time all took bribes of fish. " The present Commander, Captain Graydon," he says, "had taken much pains to do the country justice and to settle religion amongst them." Larkiu gives a doleful picture of the disorders prevalent in the Colony. This unfortunate condition of affairs was due to the extraordinary imbecility of the British Government. They endeavoured to rule the Colony without a Governor, to defend it from invasion without adequate military or naval force, to distribute justice without duly constituted courts or laws made by the authority of the Imperial Parliament ; in fine, they went on administering the affairs of the Island in the most blundering manner, and then stupidly wondered because the inevitable result was chronic disorder and chaotic confusion. After the Treaty of Utrecht, by a very singular and ill-conceived Arrangement, Placentia was placed under the government of Nova Scotia, whilst the. rest of the island was i-uled by the admiral or commodore. A very troublesome question arose out of the Queen's sympathy with the sufferings of the French Protestants undergoing the hardships and cruelties of the galleys by order of Louis XIV. j„ order to get these poor slaves released, she made the following liberal arrangement. s 2 8TQ REI&N OP GEORGE I. .. The Treaty of Utrecht was signed on the 31st of March 1713; on the 23rd of June of the same year Queen Anne wiote to Nicholson, Governor of Nova Scotia : — " "Whereas our good brother the most Christian King huth at our desire released from imprisonment aboard his galleys such of his subjects as were detained there en account of their professing the Protestant religion, we being willing to shew by some mark of our favour towards his subjects how kind we take his com- pliance therein, have therefore thought fit hereby to signify our will and pleasure to you ; that you permit such of them as have any lands or tenements in places under your Government in Acadia and Newfound Land, that have been, or arc to be yielded to Us by virti^e of the late Treaty of Peace, and are willing to cpn- tinue our subjocts, to retain and eiijoy their said lands and tenements, without molestation, as fully and freely as others of our subjects do or may possess their lands or estates, or to sell the same, if they shall choose to remove elsewhere. And for so doing this shall be your warrant." Legal questions arose out of this transaction. Most of the French- men, before leaving Placentia, sold their places; Governor Moody and the English officers bought sev«; al pieces of land ; some of these at the gut were required for fortifications, and, after some delay, Moody was paid for his land by order of the Board of Trade. The ship fishermen complained bitterly of this trans- action, which deprived them of free ships' rooms, and as Placentia was renowned for fishing, they could not benefit by the new acquisition without payiiig ^^P^ I'ents to officers and the Governor. It appears, notwithstanding CostabeLe's urgent appeal, many French remained behind in Placentia, and secretly encouraged Biscayans and French Basques to fish there. The poor Biscayans were misled by the Spanish authorities ; they believed that, rnder Article XV. of the Treaty of Utrecht; they had fishing rights in Newfoundland. This Article declares :--- " And because it is contended on behalf of Spain, that the Biscayans aiiu other subjects of Hia Catholic Majesty have a cei'tain right of fishing n Newfoundland Hip Britannli) Majesty agrees that to the Biscayans and other 1 ihabitants of Spain be roserved all tJie fvivUegea to which they can mith right pretend " PLACENTIA . B.M. MSS., S2,C'7S. THi: BISGAYANS. 277 March 1713; on )te to Nicholson, d brother the most t oiir desire released kboard his galleys as were detained )heir professing the re being willing to our favour towards i we take his com- therefore thought ir will and pleasure lit such of them as snements in places eat in Acadia and have been, or arc ' virti^e of the late ire willing to cpn- retain and eiijoy enements, without ad freely as others may possess their sell the same, if remove elsewhere, lis shall be your arcs 3 out of this of the Freiich- ; Placentia, sold I bought sevcial for fortifications, by order of the ly of this trans- nd as Placentia new acquisition al, many French Biscayans and re misled by the V. of the Treaty iseayans saCi other n Newfoundland babitants of Spain The English declared the Biscayans had no fishery rights in New- foundland, and under no circumstances would they tolerate the Spanish pretensions. In the year 1715, according to the Spanish records, some Biscayan vessels arrived at Placentia and, as they had expected, the English Governor of Placentia ordered them off. He said : — '^He had no orders from the king to consent that the Spaniards should enjoy any fishing privileges under the Treaty of Utrecht." The unfortunate ship masters had to return empty to Spain, losing their voyage and the large expense of outfit ; however, notwithstanding this order, many Biscayan ships fished out of Placentia, and when the English Government became very strict, they transferred their vessels nominally to English owners, and sailed under the English flag. A case is mentioned as late as 1765, in v/hich two ships were found to be owned by Spaniards. It has been contended by the French that the English never settled or fished north of Cape Bona vista prior to 1765. This statement is contradicted by many facts recorded in contemporary history. There i;an be no doubt that in the sixteenth and in the early pax-t of the seventeenth century the French fished about Notre Dame Bay, and it was in this locality that they came in collision with the Red IndianH, but afterwards we find all their fishing establishments were further north, only an occasional ship locating east of Fleur- de-Lys, in Notre Dame Bay.^ In proof of this we have the ex- pedition of Captains Underdown and Lloyd in 1706; all the French places mentioned are on the line of coast extending from White ; Bay to Quirpon, noae were found elsewhere. The reason whj- our opponents selected this portion of the coast is very obvious ; it contained a number of excellent harbours, it was removed from their dreaded enemies the Red Indians and the English, and for fishing vessels it afforded the very best field for operations. We know from the records that the French moved about a good deal, shiftino- their (^uarters oftener than the English ; here, at Petit Nord, they had the best pait of the north-east coast and the Straits of Belle Isle, then as now, the very best fishing ground in the Colony. Subsequent to the French attack of 1696-7, from about 1700, the English settlements were gradually extended north from Bonavista ; • " Thomas Mitchell captured and takeu fourteen leagues N. of Cape Frills. No more to White Island 7th June 1697. This island ships there, but there were thirtu or forty I'es half a mile from the shoare and is further along the coast,'' (B. of T., Njfd.) H- - M I i! 27a REKJN OP GEORGE I j^ ^\5 .V' Jy SETTLEMENT NORTH OF BONAVISTA. 279 S3 o a e o g- H o -^ o e § -S ■0 S oo some of the first "liviers," in Old Newfoundland parlance, had by this time built their hut? and fishing stages as far north as Twillingate Exploits, and Fogo. T. COUa LOTTEE's MAP OF 1720. ^.3/., 70020 (j). There can be no surer guide to the nationality of the occupiers of the Newfoundland coast than the names of the various harbours. Pla- centia Bay, St. Mary's Bay, Fortune Bay, and the western shore towards Cape Ray, all testify by their nomenclature to French occupation; similarly such vulgar English names as Betfs Cove, Tilt Cove, Seldom- Come-By, Nippers Harbour, Joe Batt-^ .:\rm. Leading Tickles, undoubtedly prove the presence of English fishermen as the occupiers and fii-st settlers in these localities. Turning Partridge Point we find from the 'bottom ii 280 IlEIGN OP GEORGE I. Oti White Bay to Quirpon mainly French names, showing that these harijQurs were used by our opponents. The following historical evidence bears out the same conclusion : — " Letter from Wm Coch of Bonavista to Col. Nobhis 7 Sep. 1698. " I think it my duty to acquaint your Honour that to the North side of this bay are many extraordinary harbours and better fishing; one William Wyng has fashed there some years (it being 14 leagues N Wc N- from this place) who has still increased tne inhabitants of this place very considerably, and this year one jyowill has been that way who has more fish for his two boats than they have for shallops, so that next summer severall of the inhabitants of this harbour design to remove thither and their masters of ships that have fished there this year intend to be likewise, for it is certain the fewer boats are kept in a place the better the nshmg. " I ''^rite this that those sent to settle aff'airs may have power as far as Cape i nils. I thmk a draught [chart] ought to be drawn of that place. There is room tor five hundred sail." ' The English settlements north of Bonavista grew so rapidly that in 1732 the commodore was instructed to include in his "scheme "an account of Fogo, Twillingate, and any other places he thought fit, but none appears to have been furnished until that of Captain Vaubruah in 1738. The most important particulars then were : ^. , . „ , „ Boats Boats Fishing Sack Passen- of Fish- of In- Bye- Seal Ships. Ships, gers. ing habi- boat- Fish. Oil. Furs. Fami- Sliips. tants. men. Value. Value, lies. W/,„„ -T . ..„ Qntls. £ £ *^"80 • 7 4 70 14 24 135 iy,000 770 300 21 Twillingate Re- in- inained Farm- habi- lost ers. tants. Winter. 2 60 16 130 12,000 440 100 10 None 215 None 184 143 162 In 1739, 386 persons remained during the winter. In 1742 Fogo ^and Twillingate were credited with making .£'2,550 from seal oil.i These official returns prove conclusively the English occupation prior to 1763, and there can be no doubt that thei-6 were a number of smaller settlements which never made any returns. Palliser, in his report of 1708, says Twillingate was never formerly used by the French; and the master of the Bon Ami admitted that l^e received an extra bounty from the French Government to fish there, in order to annoy and drive away the English settlers. There are entries in the books of Messrs. Gundry, Bridport, showing purchases of nets, lines, and cordage by the Nobles as far back as 1760; and thirty yeai-s later (1790) Rowsell's accounts with this most ancient firm showed very large dealings and very extensive fishery operations. » Becords, Board of Trade, Newfoundland. DISPUTES WITH THE FRENCH. 281 ing that these orical evidence 3p. 1698. orth side of this iUiam Wyng has place) who has lad this year one n they have for larbour design to this year intend e the better the er as far as Cape There is room 3 rapidly that " scheme " an hough t fit, but tt Vaubrugh in Re- in- inained Farm- habi- lost ers. tants. Winter. None 215 None 184 143 162 [n 1742 Fogo leal oil} sh occupation a number of ever formerly admitted that t to fish there, port, showing back as 1760; most ancient sry operations. amounting in some cases to £1,000 for the year. John Slade of Poole, who earriod on business in Twillingate early in the eighteenth century, died in 1792, leaving a fortune computed at £70,000 sterling, all made out of the Newfoundland trade. All these facts form a complete answer to the French contention that the English never occupied any place north of Cape Bonavista prior to 1763. It is well known that during the celebrated Seven Years' War which commenced in 1756 the French virtually abandoned Newfoundland; they were chased from the North American seas by British cruisers during the ten years prior to 1763, and English fishermen occupied all the deserted French establishments as far north as Quirpon. There is abundant evidence on this point from the records. Many years, however, prior to 1763 there were British settlements sparsely scattered all around . , Green Bay and along the k \ ^h «j_ ' i %, ^"'' V- Newfoundland coast fiom Cape Bonavista to Cape John. By the treaty of Utrecht the boundaries of the New- foundland coast on which the French were permitted to fish extended from the well-known point Cape Bonavista to Point Riche. The French claimed that Point Riche was Cape Ray, citing in proof of theii" contention a map of Hermann Moll. The merchants and planters of Newfoundland, in a petition presented to Par- liament in 1716, declared the Point should be fixed at fifty and one-half degrees of North latitude. A letter was found from Prior, settling the limits, and was admitted by the French as conclusive, in 1764. Later on our opponents alleged that obey had found a map drawn by Jean Denys, to which reference had been made in the negotiation of 1713, which placed Point Riche at 49°, upon the borders and to the north of the Bay of Three Islands (Bay of Islands), now called North 'Moll was led astray by La Hontan who interior of Canada was also mainly derived was then m London. Moll's knowledge of the from La Hontan. «"»i"iy uenv eu moll's map. B.M., K. na-ss. 282 REIGN OF GEORGE I. Heiwl. "This," said the Abb^ Reynal, "was a reasonable and just " demand, and yet the French, who ventured to frequent the contested " space, experienced the loss and disgrace of having their boats " jjonfiscated." This dispute continued between the two nations until 1778. As a matter of fact, both nations showed a marvellous ignorance of geography; Point Riche is really situated a little to the north of Ingomachois Bay. There were other difficulties with the French besides the question of Point Riche. Many English settlers had fishing establishments and dwelling-houses north of Cape Bonavista; the French claimed that they interfered with their fishery rights under the treaty, and that they should be removed. The English Government, as usual, did nothing. , This question arose again in a still more troublesome and compli- cated form in 17G3, at the Treaty of Paris, when there was a still larger English settlement, extending from Bonavista to Cape John, some stray Enghsh fishermen having fixed establishments as far north even as Quirpon. An Irishman— a Mr. Dunien— was so obstreperous in his altercations with the French at St. Julian's, that Admiral Palliser ordered him to be banished from the Colony. Whilst the French had occupied Placentia, all the best places on the beach, and the most convenient positions for fishing stations, had been appropriated by the Governor and his officers ; a regular part of the business of the soldiers, marines, and sailors was to catch fish for their masters ; a small shaie was allowed them, but, of course, the lion's portion went to the officers. The Frenchmen complained bitterly that they had not so much beach room and conveniences for the fishery at Louisbourg as they had enjoyed for many years at Placentia. When the English took possession. Governor Moody and his suc- cessor, Governor Gledhill, followed the same practice as their prede- cessors ; Moody, and some of his subordinates, bought out the French officers, and, as we have seen before, their rights were confirmed. This military dominion and military trading was too much for the West Countrymen, and a peremptory order was sent to the lieutenant- governor of Placentia, Colonel Gledhill, putting an end to their trading and fishing. In defence of the officers, it should be remembered that they were always very badly paid, often not paid at all^ and frequently jn arrear. They had no alternative but to eke out a living in some way. •Other neculiarities werft fionipd frnm fVio Trr.pr.f.1, :_ t»i x-^ i- X _- -_|. -.... rtyj.tii ^n i ittuuiju.-i disputes were decided according to French rules, and it was some considerable time before Plaisance became a thoroughly English settlement and SKEFFINGTON'S SALMON FISHERY. 283 aable and just t the contested ig their boats 9 nations until Uous ignorance ) the north of the question of •lishments and I claimed that , and that they lid nothing, ae and compli- is a still larger hn, some stray north even as eperous in his 'alliser ordered ' places on the ions, had been \jc part of the 1 fish for their i lion's portion that they had at Louisbourg and his suc- 5 their prede- it the French ifirmed. Thiis for the West e lieutenant- their trading embered that nd frequently iviiig in some entia disputes ^ ! considerable ttlement and settled down to English ways. It remained under the government of Nova Scotia until 1729. In the records we find an account of a large salmon fishery carried on by Mr. Skeffington, from Bonavista, between Cape Bonavista and tape John, which it is expressly stated was never used by fishing ships. After considerable delay and a reference to the law officers of the Crown Skeffington obtained a grant in 1723 for twenty-one years in a sole fishery for .almon in Freshwater Bay, Ragged Harbour, Gander Bay, and Dog Creek. About this time the salmon fishery was also extended to Exploits and various other rivers in Notre Dame Bay, and with this new enterprise there wi,s a corresponding increase of the resident i^nglish population in this portion of the Colony. ORBAT AUK. Ft-om the English Pilot, ijss. The whole of this period, 1714 to 1727, was like the heavy prosaic Hanoverian monarch-dull, uneventful, peaceful, and prosperous Popu lation and the fishery increased considerably ; the trade with England for provisions almost entirely ceased; salt beef, pork, butter, bacon all came from Ireland ; fresh meat, live stock, corn, flour, lumber, lime 'and bricks were all imported from the North American colonies • woollen cloths were largely shipped from Ireland ; linen, &c. from France and Spain, and from the latter country iron, for which the Basque provinces have always been famous. The tyranny of the fishing admirals still prevailed, but it was verv much tempered by the interference of the naval officers, who assumed their functions, and in a rough-and-ready sort of way administered justice. The want of a ruler and a settled government was felt acutelv at inis perioa j representation after representation was made to the home Government on the subject, and, at last, after many delays, in 1729 a Governor and Commander-in-Chief was appointed. 284 CHAPTER XII. ' REIGN OF GEORGE H 1727-1760. 1729. — Lord Vere Beauclerc recommended for first Governor, but Captain Osborne, R.N., eventually appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief; Placcntia placed under him ; Island divided into six districts ; J.P.'s appointed ; contests between fishing admirals and justices ; Osborne's letter to the Duke of Newcastle ; J. P. Taylor, of 8t. John's, allowed to open a shop in Boston. 1780.— Court House and Prison at St. John's completed in September. St. John's magistrates threaten to resign on account of indignities and obstructions expected during the winter. 1731. — Captain Clinton, R.N., appointed Governor. 1732.— Captain Falkiuham, R.N., of H.M.S. Durseley Galley, Governor; Governors requested to furnish account of inhabitants, &c. at Eogo and Twillingate. 1733. — Lord Muskerry, Governor. 1735. — Great complaints of French competition in European fish markets. 1 737.— Court of Oyer and Terminer appointed, owing to inconvenience of trying two cases of murder in 1736. Captain Vanbrugh, K.N., Governor. 1738. — Captain Vanbrugh's account of inhabitants at Fogo and Twillingate. 1740. — Lord George Graham, Captain, E.N., Governor. 1741.— Hon. Jno. Byng, R.N., Governor. Mr. William Keen appointed Naval Officer to collect returns about the fishery, also to be Health Officer and Judge of the Vice- Admiralty Court. 1742. — War between France and England; Captain Welch prosecuted at Boston for bringing passengers from Newfoundland without reporting them. 1743. — Captain Byng appointed Naval Officer to prevent smuggling* 1745. — Louisbourg, Cape Breton, captured by Pepperell and Admiral Warren; great rejoicings in England over the victory ; won principally by New England troops ; Admiral Watson, Governor. 1747. — British-American officers recruiting in Newfoundland. 1748. — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle between England and France; Louisbourg restored to France ; great indignation in New England ; Col. Bradstreet, Lieut. -Governor. 1749.— Captain George Brydges Rodney, R.N., Governor (celebrated as Lord Rodney). 175(>. — Captain Francis W. Drake, Governor. Commission of Oyer and Terminer to try fttlons in Newfoundland. B. Carter, Esq., J.F. for Ferryland. ,■ Murder of William Keen, the magistrate. 1753.— Confederation of British North American Colonies for mutual defence acrainvt tb«» rrciiuu. vjovcraui ijuuiuj-. vri^ni. uJ isic aux uois to R. uarter. 1754. — Lord Baltimore renewed his claim upon part of Avalon ; ruled that his title had lapsed, ■;r< »' n Osborne, R.N., Qtia placed under 8 between fishing le ; J. P. Taylor, ior. St. John's ructions expected fnor ; Governors 'illingate. trying two cases te. ;d Naval Officer mA Judge of the i at Boston for Warren ; great i New England (ourg restored to eut.-Govemor. Lord Rodney). Terminer to try nd. ! Murder of fence againi^t the ir. at his title had A GOVERNOR APPOINTED. 880 1765.-R.chard Doml Governor. Roman Catholics prosecuted for celebrating Mass Sn7. 'T'^ r *«/«'P'e««°ce of forty French armed ships survevfn;? and Smh! nf I?*"'/™ » *^''"""** IP^","' ««°>P'«int by Harbour Grace fishing of The harbour Property by loose chamcters living in huts at the cad. 1756.— Commencement of the Seven Years' War. 1 757.-Local Militia appointed ; Michael Gill. J.P., honorary colonel. Governor Edward* bmal -pox epidemic. Number of French prizes captured , a captured Waterfoni vessel recaptured by her own crew. v-.iiiureu ,vuieriom 1759.-Quebec c«Pt"red by Wolfe , great power of France in America destroyed. New ttseslct ^°^ ' ' ^^'^- *'**''"'■'* ^^""S""""' '"■""«'«"•• Tho I760.-Governor Webb; Gundry's of Bridport supplying lines and seines to Noble at The period covered by the reign of the second Hanoverian kin^j is distinguished by two of the most stirring events in the history* of North America, the capture of Louisbourg anJ the fall of Quebec. For Newfoundland there was the dawn of a brighter day : England at last determined to confer the blessings of government on the unfortunate Colony. During the preceding years of peace the trade and fisheries of the Island had wonderfully increased. The average catch for the years 1749, 1750, and 1751 was about four hundred and thirty thousand quintals of fish and two thousand five hundred tons of cod oil; the population had become about six thousand permanent inhabitants. Whilst no rude alarms of war disturbed the Newfoundland colonists, the mother country all through this reign experienced the perils and dangers of '45 — the Jacobite rebellion. The air was full of war and wariike preparations. To the alarm caused by Prince Charies Edward we owe the efficient fortification of St. John's, Trinity, Carbonear, Ferry- land, and the maintenance of garrisons and artillery ; it was all allowed to fall into decay just before the French again made another successful attack on St. John's. Acting on the most urgent representations of the naval commanders the Ministry determined to appoint a Governor. The Committee of Council had recommended that Lord Vere Beauclerc, who had been Commodore on the Newfoundland station, should be appointed "Governor and Commander-in-chief in and ov— the Island of Newfoundland, our fort and garrison at Placentia, and all fox, id garrisons erected and to be' GEORGE ir. From an engraving by Faber. 280 REIGN OP GEORGE 11. orected in the lelond, w.fch authority to appoint JuHtices of the Peace and to orocfc annlw"7l!l Tf fT L"^'. * P'""''''"" ''^'""'^ ^" *»>« ^^' "^ould bo Hout thT pL« . If "f/;^'' H,s Majesty-^ ComminBion of Oyer and Terminer , and that Plaeentia should bo separated fron the Government of Nova Scoiia and placed under the control of Newfoundland." As usual with tho Home Government, this wise and practical measure was frustrated and marred in its execution ; instead of the learned counsel skilled in the law being sent out, it was thought quite suftcient to forwa.'d copies of the Acts of Parliament and eleven sets of 'Shaw s PracticalJustice of the Peace," impressed on the covers in gold letteis-Placentia, St. John's. Carboneer. Bay of Bulls, St. Mary's Trepassey, Ferryland, Bay de Verd, Trinity Bay, Bonavista, and Old Parlekin, m Newfoundland. This ancient treatise-as dull and pedantic as were all law books before Blackstone wrote in the language of a scholar, and with the style of a gentleman -were to guide the Governor in all matters of justice ; in place of a lawyer to advise him, he was to have unmtelligible law Ijooks. Instead of the able and energetic Loi-d Vere,^ who had experience of tlie Colony, and was both a politician and a naval officer, a subordinate. Captam Henry Osborne, Commander H.M.S. Squirrel, wa^ appointed the fai-st Governor of Newfoundland, Osborne proved himself a painstaking, honest, and conscientious iniler, but he had neither the weight nor the strength of will to contend successfully with the great difficulties that surrounded iiim ; he was lx)th badly advised and badly supported by the Home Goverament. The Goveinor, in all his ways and works, was vigorously attacked by the West Country adventurers. They argued, with a show of reason that their fishing admirals had authority under an Act of Parliament' whilst Osborne's justices derived their authority only from one estate of the realm, the king ; of course, the great mistake made was in not passing an Act of Parliament for the government of Newfoundland and the establishment of courts of justice. Subservient Crown lawyers in the Georgian era might hold that the king had absolute power over the plantations, and could, by his mere motion, create governments and constitutions and courts of law for the Colony. Intelligent public opinion took a different view ; independent lawyers advised that an Act of Parliament was necessary for the constitution, law. and government of the Island, but from this date until 'Lord Vere would have Lad io vaofite als seat in Parliament on accepting an offioe of emolument under the Crown the jj^Mtry wanted his vote. »o this arranffement fell through. 'C and to orocfc houltl bo HOUt L'erminor; and va Scoiia and ml practical stead of the lought quite I eleven sets the covers in i, St. Mary 8, ta, and Old ind pedantic iguage of a lie Governor n, he was to ixperience of subordinate, s appointed onacientious 1 to contend lie was lx)th t. ily attacked w of reason, Parliament, one estate was in not udland and )ld that the >y his mere lavirfor the ttdependent [•y for the I date until augement fell OSBORNE'S PROCEEDINGS. 287 1791 the necessary measure was not passed ; in consequence there was no^ng but contention, confusion, and uncertainty. The following letter explams the new Governor's proceedings :— " GovBnNOE OsBOBNB to the Duke of Newcastle. '• Tranu^-fo , XT' n " ^*' '^°''"'" N««fo«ndland, 14th October 1729. Newflund S . Jll ™"' .P""«"^'''-« "^ ^'^ proceeding, since his arrival in J^^S vj^etd-sr^liEro?^^^^^^ -:-- f convenient Districts and has appointed over each-of tho«o tl o 11 tie 1? I been here would admit mo to visit-out of the Inl.abi^al td P „ ^ of^^^^^^ best characters-such a number of justices of the Peace andCnL.n v ® to the bigness of the fishery they preside over, as he7udged'„ oeTsln L^^^^^ djd the,r duty to preserve peace and quietness in tbJ iL.d fZLI^ZZI of wh.ch he has enclosed for His Grace's approbation, as likewie a X .7 f. Comm,s8xon given to .instices drawn up in the best manner ho .^1^^ of doL' not bemg well acquainted with forms of such Commissions nor y,ilh7otlr.l f /I hjm not having tin.e enough to prepare himself with them b fie h^^eeiS Hit Majesty s commands to be gone. In consideration of which ho begs HTsr" . look favourably upon it. Could set apart no house proper fL a prfsona^^^^^ regard many delinquents escape with impunity for want of paJos to secure ^Ler has ordered a rate presented to him by justices of the Peace rHttlbu^tV^n?' the people, to be raised in Districts of St. John's and FerryCd for tin prison n each of these places-rate half a quintal of Merchl^ ab t fish per Zt' and half a quintal for every boat's room, including the shins rooms of tt ' fishing on the Banks that have no boats, with lik! propordonabr rate unf pe^rson. in trade and not concerned in the fishery a'nd'only t ^ne ^sh^^g •' For punishing of petty crimes has erected several pairs of stoolcH M«i, doubt bat all these measures will be sufficient to supprLTereat dtL ^'If'' Island. But what is yet to be feared is that as the b "r'thot magtrZ '' but meen people and not used to be subject to any Gove^-nment Thf 1. ? "" than they have a superior amongst them 4ill they b'e obererto\ny orderr^^^^ are given. Besides these measures my Lord Vere and he have dlo n. . '' justice to inhabitants and planters an^^i partiLlar" at Plaeentfa whrLrv .' f restored several Planters which Col. Gledhill had unjustly dispolTsed fo A ^ ^. years and apprehend would have taken from him rra„y VoTwlirh he Ln T^ very^unjust .Tenners.' had the proper proprietors bJe.ri tlpo: to tvj ■ By September 1730 the Governor had the satisfaction of completing his new court house and prison in St. John's ; he hoped his stocks and his jails would be a sufficient terror to evil doers and to all his opponents The opposit,on however, to the Governor's authority Eas d mtherthan dnninished. The admirals declared the justices were on ' W^nterJust^ces and accordingly they had licensed public-houses seized, fined, and whipped at their pleasure, and entirely it .'ide H ' new-fledged magistrates. Their worships were not the men Vo resi I these bullymg old ship-fishermen. In September 1730, just before ^ 288 REIGN OP GEORGE II. a Governor Hailed, the St. John's magistrates, Wm. Keen, William Weston, and A. Southniayd, wrote : — *• Thoy have reason to think that thoy are like to moot with Boine obHtnictious in tiio oxecution of their office from Admimlfl whoso authority ia limited to diHputeH rolftting to thd flHlicry, hnt who oppose nil authority but their own. Ruthir thnn suffer any indignities as justicoa shall resign their authority." The Attorney-General very properly advised that OslKJrne's taxes were illegal ; lie suggested there should be a grand jury to fix the rates, and that they should he assessed, not on property, but on persons, — a nice distinction which the Newfoundlanders do not seem to have appreciated. No doubt the Crown could appoint justic(!S, it is part of the prerogative. When, however, it came to the creation of a nuperior court of record and taxation, it was clear that the authority of an Act of Parliament was retiuired. After a time this fact dawned upon the authorities at home. The contest between the Western Adventurers and the fishing admirals on one side, and the Governors and the justices on the other, continued for more than half century. The merchants declared that some of the justices were New England men — probably referring to M. (Jill, who was a provincial, and that they supplied the fishermen with intoxicating licjuors at higher rates than the merchants. Their great ofjence, however, was that they summoned masters and merchants to pay wages — an unknown tiling' in the Colony — the merchants having been specially exempted from the jurisdiction of the fishing admirals. Owing to an affray in Torbay, in which one of the ancient family of Gosse was killed by a man called Blackmore, and another case of murder by one Steele, with the expense and delay of sending home the accused and the witnesses for trial, generally at Exeter. In 1737 in Governor Vanbrugh's Commission a clause was inserted giving hiui authority to hold one Court of Oyer and Terminer whilst he was resident in the Colony, but not to sufler any sentence to K; executed " till report thereof be made to His Majesty." When the Commission went before the Privy Council, the clause was struck out ; it was ultimately granted in Governor Drake's Com- mission in 1750, All these difficulties about creating an efficient court of justice were really prompted by West Country influence, and by narrow commeicie* jHvonsly; they lasted until about the year 1828. The story of the hghi ga! ^st the Courts and Government was as bitter a controversy as ibe de -ign to extirpate the settlers. In following the course of our history through this period we find amongst our naval Governors such distinguished names as Lord George ■#-t William Weston, Boine obstnictioiis limited to diHpntoH wn. Ruthir thnn OHiKJrno'H taxcH jury t<) fix the opcrty, but on 4 do not seem to it justices, it is e creation of a t the authority lis fact dawned n the Western the Governors > than half a e New Enghin\ foundland g.ive the besiegers the necessary additional force and supplies to capture the great French fortress. When tlio French retired from Placentia in 1718, Capo Breton became the head-(iuajters of their fishery.! Always bent on Jiggression, they spent millions of dollars in raising a great fortress at Louisbourg. Tlie fishery carried on by the French in Cape Breton, St. John's Island (Prince Edward's Island), Gasp*?, and Newfoundland employed at this time sixteen thousand men. France was at the height of her power in North America. Her constant raids and insidious attacks on the neigh- bouring colonies raised such a spirit o ' r. jentment in New England that, immediately the war broke out in 1742, preparations were commenced for an attack on the great Island fortress. Both in England and British America the fall of Louisbourg was HON. JOHN BYN&. From an engmvino after Houston, ' Besides the fishery the French carried on a hirge smuggling business in Cape Breton ; French brandy, silks, &c., and West India produce were clandestinely exchanged ...itK XT-.-.- 1?.. -1-- -1 1- » rt « « - vifn aiTiT xiiijilaiid truticrs ror nsi!, lur, lumber, flour, &c. Whole cargoes of English Newfoundland fish were exchanged with the French ti-aders. All North America joined in this extensive smuggling trade, and in cheating the French and English govern- ments. The very fortifications of Louisbourg, in dcuance of laws which prohibiied trading with the enemy, were built with Yankee bricks, boards, 11.716, and stone. 290 REIGN OF GEORGE II. hailed with a far wilder excitement and enthusiasm than the fall of Sebastopol in our own days. In 1747, when a French attack io recover the fortress was expected, Shirley and Pep})ciell's ofEceis were bu^jy rec uiting all over the provinces ; many soldiers for the service v/ere obtained from Newfoundland. At the Peace of :\ix-la-ChapelIe in 1748, Gape Breton was restored to Fiance. New England was naturally indignant over this bas-a surrender of a conquest achieved at the cost of so niai.y vainable lives, which they looked on with just pride, not only as a proof of theii- own prowess, but also as a material guarantee for tli'e security of their fisheries and commerce. They were furious that this great fortrer,.s should be given up in exchange for "a petty factoiy (Madias) in the Ea.t Indies." The Colonies, after a time, received £235,200 sterling to recompense them for their expenditure incurred in the capture of Louisbourg. Colonel John Bradstreet of Massachusetts, who had distinguished himself in the siege, was made Lieutenant Governor of St. John's, our second colonial ruler.i In 1749 arrived the most distinguished of our early na\'al governors —Captain George Brydges Rodney 2— the heroic admiral who b;oke ' Bradstreet, whose uame appears in our record'o as Lieutenant-Governor of St. John's in 1749, was a ver)' distinguished American officer. Besides his brilliant services at Louisbourg, he was conspicuous for his gallantry in several other encounters with the French. In the absence of the Commodore he was the real Governor of the Colony for nine months of the year. .John Bradstreet, soldier, born in Horbling, England, iu 1711; died in New York city, ajth September 1774. When a young officer he was sent to join the British forces in America, where he remained for the rest of his life. In 174.5 he served with the expedition against Louisbourg, as lieutenant-colou'jl of I'eppereH's (York, Me.) regiment, and contri- buted largely to its success 1>y his zeal, activity, and judgment, and by his particular knowledge of the eircmastanccBof the place. On the oth of September 1745, he was made h captain, and on 16th September 1746, was appointed to the lieutesjant-governorship of St. John's, Newfoundland, a sinecure. In 17.5,5 lie was ordered by General Braddock to Oswego, and became the adjutant-general to Governor Shirley. During the following summer ho conveyed from Albany a great quantity of stores, with six months' provisions, to Oswego, and on his return from the fort was attacked bj' a strong party of French whom he defeated. In March 1757 he was appointed to a Lompauy in Ihe 60th Kegiment, Koyal American, and in December was made lieutenant-coloiicl and deputy quartermaster- general with the rank of colonel. On 27th August 1758, he captured Foit Frontcnac, which he razed to the ground, and destroyed such stores as could not be removed. He served under Amherst in his expedition against Ticonderaga and Croivn I'oint in 1759, received his colonelcy in February 1762, and was advanced to the rank of major- general on 25th May 1772. During Pontiac's war he commanded an expedition against the western Indians, with whom he negotiated a^treaty of peace in Detroit 7th September 1764. -' Kodrey, next to Xelson the most renowned British naval hero, when appointed Commodore, Governor, and Commander-in- Chief in Newfoundland, iu 1749, was only tliirty-one ; he was a post captain at twenty- four, and two years before coming to the Colony had distinguished himself in Ilawkc's great victory off Ushant. As Governor of the Island Kodney showed shrewd common sense, firmness, a great regard for justice and fair play, and, what is most remarkable in that age, a kindly benevolent feeling for oui hardy toilers of the sea ; he carefully protected them from their grasping employers. As Wellington has been immortalized in a boot, so Rodney is for ever remembered iu the name of a small boat. One remarkable event in Rodney's life shows the character of the age. Disappointed at not obtaining the than the fall of attack io recover Eceis were buoy the service v/ere x-la-Chapelle in nd vvas naturally ^ecl at the cost of t pride, not only guarantee for tlie urious that this a petty factoiy ?v time, received ture incurred in f Massacliusettsj laJe Lieutenant na\'al governors lira! who hioke icember was made epiity qiiartermaster- f colonel. On 27th fd Tort Fiontcnae, )und, and destroyed t be removed. He iu his expedition id Crown Point in )nclcy in February the rank of major- i. During Pontiac's pedition against the i'hom he negotiated troit 7th September Xeison the most ero, when appointed and C'ommander-iii- , in 1749, was only captain at twenty- "ore coming to the himself in Hawke's . As Governor of id shrewd common gard for justice and t remarkable in that nt feeling for oui s carefully protected g employers. As ortalized in a boot, remembered iu the le remarkable event the cliaracter of t not obtaining the LORD RODNJSY. 291 the line, and achieved the great victory over the French la the West Indies. In Rodney's time the Newfoundland appointment was one of the coveted prizes of the service. Though a very young mar, Rorlney showed marked ability. In giving instructions to hi.s sur- rogate. Lieutenant Frankland, R.N., lieutenant of H.M.S. Itainhow, he says : — "la case any other comi)]aint3 shall appear before you of crimes an 1 iniKclemeanours committed upon the land you have fall power and authority to * yudge and determine the same accordinj^ to the custom of the country and the lest of your judgment" Governor Rodney figures largely in our colonial records. Two letters of his are characteristic; one is iji reply to George Garland, and the magistrates in Harbour Grace, who asked leave to reduce the servants' wages on account of a bad fishery :— "In regard to what you have laid before me concerning the merchants' request that the servants may bear an equal proportion with them in their losses— I can by no means approve of it, as bc.th law and equity declare the labourer to bo worthy of his hire. "Mr. Drake and myself woald be glad to ease the merchants in all that lay in our power, l)ut we are by no means capable ..,.,., of committing so Hagrant a piece of injustice as desired to serve any people whatever. I have only one question to ask namely : had the season been good, in proportion as it has proved bad, would the mcrcliants or boat keepers have raised the men's wages ? •' I am Sir „ _, " ^'our most obedient humble servant G. B B " George Garland Esq." LORD RODXEr. From an ctijruving after ncynoUls. Governorship at Jamaica, Rodney was living 111 Pans i by election evpenscs and high play he was in ternble money difficulties. On the breaking out of the war he was in great straits ; from this he was relieved by his noble French friend Marechal Biron, and enabled to tf.ke command and destroy the preBtige of the French Xavy. ^Vhc.i the Frenoh Prince 1 hihppe Egaht.' asked Podnev what would hajipen if he, the Duke, met the Eiiglisli at sea off Prest : » That your Highness will have an opportunity of learning English." w.ts the Admiral's ready answer. Within two years he had taken two Spanish, one French, and one Dutch admiral, and on the 9th of April i782 came his crowning victory over De Grasse at Dominica, when he broke the line. Podney was remarkable for decision boldness in attack, and confident self- reliance ; these qualities were conspicuous in his character both as a young commodore and as an experienced and victorious admiral. T '>, 292 REIGN OF GEORGE II. The other letter is to the same Harbour Grace magistrates, about their neglect to summon John Pike, who was charged with cruelly whipping David Careen and Michael Moreen. Pike, after a sharp reprimand from Rodney to the magistrates, appeared before the court on the 25th of September. He was fined £25 sterling and costs in Careen and Moreen's cases, and ordered to pay £100 to Amrs Vincent, wiicse fish he had seized illegallj'. The Governor was not a man to be triHe'l with. Rodney was succeeded, in 1750, by Commodore Francis Williain Drake, R.N. He appears to have been Rodney's senior oiBcer, iov whilst in the Colony, Rodney acted as his surrogate. Drake remained in command until 1752, when Captain Hugh Bonfoy, R.X., succeeded him. Several horrible murders were committed about this time, the niost notable being the killing of the magistiate, William Keen. Nine persons were involved in it. Four were hung, two the day after the conviction, and two the next day ; the other five were respited on condition of their leavin-. the Colony. Keen was murdered partly out of revenge f-.r t!:e punishment of a man charged with Imceny, and partly for the sake of money lie had lud under his bed. The details, which are given at length in the records, are most revolting. A wom.n, dressed in man's ctothe'- was one of the prime instigators of this horrible crime ; three of the murderers were soldie.s. The principal culprits were hunc on a gallows erected at the ei,d of Keen's Wharf, west of Hunter't Cove. Another case about the same time illustrates the curious way in which justice was dispensed. A man named Martin Doyle was charo-ed with causing the death of his servant at Bay Bull, in a drunken fi^- The jury acquitted him " by reason no man saw him lift hand against the deceased, so we all give in our opinion for the man to be not FRKDERICK LORD BALTIMORE. From the London Magazine, ijds. lagistrates, about ;ed with cruelly ;, after a sharp ifore the court on I costs in Careen i, and ordered to s Vincent, whose I illegal^. The t a man to be cceeded, in I7o0, Prancis William appears to have nior oiBcer, fur )y, Rodney acted Drake remained il 1752, when Bonfoy, R.X., e murdei-s were this time, the ^ the killing of William Keen. A'ere involved u, and two the heir leaving the t!;e punishment 3 of money ho m at length in man's clothes-, nime ; three of ts were hung ist of Hunter's curious way in ile was charged n drunken fray, ft hand against man to be not PERSECUTION OF ROMAN CATHOLICS. 293 " guilty." Whereupon Doyle was set at liberty on payment of the charges of the court. In 1753 the North American Colonies confederated for mutual defence against the French. In the next year a descendant of Lord Baltimore's attempted to renew his claim to the exclusive posses- sion of part of Avalon. The Council decided unanimously that the title had lapsed. We find from the records that the defences of the Colony were considerable compared with former times There was one company of infantry and a train of artillery in St. John's, sixty-six foot and nineteen artillerymen at Placentia. Fort William mounted in 1753 seven twent.N four-pounders, six eighteen-pounders, and ten six-pounders ; Fort George— the lower gun battery— thirteen twenty-four-pounders', and ten guns on the platform; and the south side battery— Fort Frederick — four eighteen-pounders. In this year a grant was made to Robert Carter, of Ferryland, of Isle auxBois, described in the application as Little Bog Island. In 1755 Christopher Bradley, residing at Fogo, reports the arrival of forty French ships on the north-east coast, engaged in the fishery, well armed, and surveying the harbours. He also mentions the capture of French spies at Fogo. In the next year, 1756, the Seven Years' W.-.r commenced, and the French virtually abandoned the Newfoundland fishery, English fishermen duiing this period taking possession of the French fishing establishments at Petit Nord. Governor Dorrill's administration of the Government in 1755 and 1756 is distinguished by intolerant bigotry and the persecution of Roman Catholics for exercising their religion. The Governor and other officials naively lament that these poor Irish— hunted down like wild beasts — were disloyal. What else could anyone expect them to be ? In 1755 Governor Dorrell wrote to the magistrates of Harbour Grace : — "Whereas I am informed that a Eoman Catholic priest is at this time ut Harbour Grace, and that he publicly read mays, which is contrary to law, and against the peace of our sovereign lord the king. You are hereby required and directed on the receipt of this, to cause the said priest to be taken into custody and sent round to this place. In this you are not to fail." The magistrate replied : — , .2-\t^ concerning the Roman priest of whom you were informed that he read jiublio niass at Harbour Grace, it was misrepreseni,ed, it was at a place called Caplin Cove, somewhat below the Harbour ; for if he read it in the Hai-bour I should have known it and would have secured him. After he was informed that I had intelligence of him, immediately [he] left the place, and yesterday fl] was informed he was gone to Harbour Main." 294 REIGN OF GEORGE II. The matter was, however, not allowed to drop, as the foUowinir record shows : — ^ & " By Thomas Bqenett, Esq.. deputy or surrogate, to RiCHABD DoRKELL, Esq., governor, &o. vonct^J^r^^^^^^'"''^ ""^ at Harbour Main the 20th of September, at which uran?h i!- ' 7' ?'*'"'"*• ** "^"''^ time Michael Katem did appear before l^'cZi^I^'irnJ'^^^'T^ did admit a Roman priest to celebrate public mass bein™t V ^^7\°^«.°™«. i- one of his fish-rooms or store-houses, and he. W rSv ' r^«°^ u- '°"*™''^' *° '*^' ^""^ "g^i'^^* °°'- ^oyovoign lord the before th^lsThS r^ '^e possessions he has or holds in this harbour, on or SL Ta.!f ^ of November ensuing. At the same day appeared before us Michael Landncan. who was guilty of the same crime., for which we think proper sll ;• ° **T',*^/ '^^** ^^'^°°'- '^y *^« 25th of November ensuing. At the Ro^L r ^^^'i!^ i^^u'^"'' ^'"^y ^*'«*^«>'' -^^^^'t ^i""' Michael Mooring, and Sll At ' *"^^^«\.^y *^«"- "-'^ confession are Roman Catholic? and nroneifv n tV f ^j"" V?^"^ 1' '''''^*^"^^ *° ^^^ *1^^* *hey should hold any fen nounr R h .' J Y' *^'"'^""" ^^'^"^ ^'^^P^^ ^« ^^^^ '^'^^'^^^ Darby Costley Ind Ronnt' M T. .TV" P°"°'^'' ^^^^"^^ ^""""^ ^^^ Sum of eight pounds, BterWmifv'ST .p'-r" "V"" ^''"^^^ *^" shillings, all the faid fine, in S^TZ^r/rl^ir""' *'^ "'' ^""'^^ *° ^"^' ^'^ ^^^' ^^^^°' '^' " To Charles Garland, Esq.. one of His Majesty's " '^' ^"''''^''" " Justices of the Peace at Harbour Main." These were not the only sufferers; sixteen others in Harbour Maiu and many at Harbour Grace and Carbonier were convicted, and in every cise the building where the service had been held was destroyed. In 1757, owing to the breaking out of the great Seven Years' War 111 the previous year, a local militia was formed in St. John's. Mr. Michael Gill, judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court, was appointed colonel, Wm. Thommasley captain of the first company, John Stripling of the second, Wm. Baird of the third, Robert Hutchings of the fourth Messrs. Green, Robert Hutchings, junr.. Cocking, Morley, Stokes, Fly, Chafe, Tucker, and George Hutchings, lieutenants. Every officer had to take the oath of allegiance, supremacy, and abjuration. In 1755 there is a complaint from the fishing admiral of Harbour Grace, signed by Webber, Parsons, Snow, Martin, Sheppard, &c., " com- " plammg of the destruction of their sheep and cattle by people living " in huts at the upper end of the harbour [River Head], loose and bad " characters, harbouring numbers of idle persons." In 1757, under the active and spirited Governor Edwards, a number ot French prizes are brought into St. John's. Judge Gill and his officials reaped a rich harvest of fees and commissions ; in one case a the following tember, at which 3id appear before rate public mass e-houses, and he, ivercign lord the iemoliah the said 5 order the eaid 8 harbour, on or scared before us we think proper tage down to the nsuing. At the ael Mooring, and n Catholics and hould hold any d Darby Costley if eight pounds, the said fines in le said island by •* T. BuKxVETT. Harbour Main , and in every royed. m Years' War 1 St. John's, i^as appointed ohn Stripling )f the fourth, , Stokes, Fly, officer had to i of Harbour •d, (tc, " corn- people living loose and bad rds, a number Gill and his in one case a NEW ENGLISH CHURCH IN ST. JOHN'S. 203 vessel from Waterford was captured by a French privateer, and after- wai-ds gallantly recaptured by her own crew. An unfortunate epidemi'5 of small-pox broke out this year. The magistia-te was ordered to tako steps to prevent its spreading. In 1759 it appears that four hundred pounds had been collected towards the building of a new English church, near the site of the l)resent Anglican cathedral. The building committee and trustees were Michael Gill, treasurer, the Rev. Edward Langman, B.A., of Balliol College, Oxford, incumbent, John Monier, William Bevill, and William Thomas : — " Decided at a meeting of the Treasurer, Trnsteea, Subscribers &c. 29 Oct. 175P— That the pulpit, Communion Table, clerk's desk &c. bo as in the old church. The West Gallery for the boat keepers as in the old Church ; the North G-alh.'iy to lie divided into three pews, the middle one for the Governor, one for the officers of the garrison and the other for the officers of the Navy. Bells to bo put up in the belfry at the west end. " That William Keen should have the first pew on the right coming in at the west door and Michael Gill the first on the south door. " That the Parson should have a pew built for himself and family under tlio I ulpit next the clerk's desk. " First choice of pews to subscribers from £25 to £15 to be settled by lot. "That those of £10 should have one square pew sotled in the same manner. "£5 to £10 subscribers to have single pews setled in the same manner. " That the Gallows should be removed and put on Gallows Hill. " That the bodys which is buried in the old church should be left at the election of their friends whether they would remove them or no." Governor Edwards' method of completing the new church was eminently practical ; he did not beat the drum ecclesiastic, or hokl a bazaai-, or appeal to anyone's religious feelings, but following the naval practice in vogue, he simply made prisonera of all the leading persons of the town who had not paid their subscriptions like "the well disposed inhabitants." He satisfied his own conscience by puttino- down his name for £25 ; there is no reference to its payment. The thirty- lour substantial residents mentioned in the margin, who were apparently, judging from their names, chiefly Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Nonconformists, all had to work on the church or pay a carpenter, or else go to jail. The whole proceeding was illegal. The Governor's proclamation reads thus : — " By B OUABD Edwabus, Esquire, Governor, &c. " Whereas the Church of this place, St. John's, has been carried on bv th^ subscription of well disposed persons and it being highly necessary that the same should be covered as socn as possible, you are therefore hereby required and directed, to cause the men mentioned in the margin to repair to work on the said church from the date hereof to the 4th day of November next, as it appears that they are livers in this place and have not subscribed towards the building of the 296 REIGN OP GEORGE II. ill J* or which this shall be yonr order. •' To His Majesty's Justices of the Peace By comm'and ofTT ' " for the District of St. John's ^ command of the Governor. OueW r 1 1 *", V''/"*^ "-^ ^'S"""^"^ ''y ™fe'« Victor, at Ameril °°°"'' "^''*"<'««° "' ">e groat F«„ch «„pirT in fcton< m 1745 (aftevwards pi«,„otod to St. John's, where he lived for some twelve or fourteen yea,-s), w„s a ve,y active, enterprising you„, grant ot two hundred acres. Subse- quently he served in the American war and attained the rank of general. He was connected with the old family of Williams in this Colony ; the late Sir Robert Pinsei.t. D.C.L.. and the distinguished Sir Monier- Williams are his collateral descendants. In 1765 he published an account of the Colony. Commenting on the very irregular and unsatisfactory^ manner in which the fishery returns were made up at the time, he says : — " I remember one of the above kind of Retnrna being sent to the Governor with an account of the number of boats kept, the quantity of fish, the oil caught &c. Having a boat and men of my own I had the curiosity to know how near they came to the truth and therefore began at Bay de Verds in Conception Bay and went into «v<,.. and curing the fish of each boat (aT^Ly aTe;all^^^^^^^^^^^ LTTV^ T'^'T 4.960 and for the shipping 300 making in all 6,260 people. ^ ' "^ '''" "^'^^^ " It is not so easy to come at the exact niinTifi'+,r «♦• m o.. «;e ... ,l.a so J,c. .ore t..n iro'Sen::Lltr ^oZ t^a'^ hhd..ofoiUolOOqlta!ofSLtamft.Zt«T "'u''"™ «="?»» !■»" lh.<,« GENERAl WOLFE. From an engraving after Schaak. WILLIAMS'S DESCRIPTION OP THE PISHERY. 297 irewith to pay the ]. BBS. 3 Governor, B. Payne." olfe's victory at ench t'lnpii'e in d at Carbonear re he lived for rprising young and obtained a < WOLPE. ng after Schaak. ivent into every not got within m average each Bral at Trinity g aboat 10,000, yed in catching hich will make y'ears the livers Oape Ond men little or none, you have three small quantity, ins of train oil. Lcr£14T£36;l:"ut ^' ^^^^^^^^-^''^-^ ^-- ^« *« ^^^ I- ^uu ana in England ^Z^tl T ^^!2 °*l<^'°"^«P*f » »*y ^vaa reckoned equal to one quarter part of the ratJil '''^'Z1^^'''^^^^]^^^ ^'""^ '^' y^**" 1^^^ *" 17^2 i.e. Trinity. Bonavista! Oatahna with the creekB thereunto belonging one quarter ; Bay de Verd Oarboneire Harbour Grace and the several creeks and coves thereunto belonging one qSr Torbay, Kidivide, St. John's and Petty Harbour a quarter ; Bay cf Balls Snd' lZ:rfrrT-^7' '''"T".^ Bay another quarter ^artfso "hat 'the whot produce of fish and o,l for one of the aforesaid years will be (exclusive of the whal! and seal oil; of fish 1,032,000 qtls. and oil 6,1C0 tuns. " Fish upon an average sell at foreign markets from eighteen to thirty shilliuffs per qmntal but suppose it at 20/- it will then amount to £1,032.000. Oil is 2 £T2^'o sCnt' "''"" *" ''^''■"^' ''"' '* ^'^ ''"" *""• '' ^'" *^'° *™°^"'^ *« beforJth^F "^\^t''^°''*'^r'*''°'' °''^^" ^"'•*''^^«' ^^'^'^ ^"^s ^«ry considerable before the French had such vast possessions to the northward. The salmon fishery hundr?.r ''^"^^^"^"f ; *i«"«b before the French were so powerful many a Hundred tierces were sent to the Italian markets." ^ Referring to the forts, he says :— ''St. John's from 1745 to 1750 was veiy well garrisoned by four companies of Foot, a captain of artillery with about 50 men. It was also well suppHed wTh aU ZZ » l"" T^ "'°^* "^ P"'^^ '' '=^°"°"- ^"•'^'^"^' Carbonie're and TrLty Harbours had each an officer of artillery with about 18 or 20 men and an officer of Food and 30 men. There were 200 small arms at each place for the use of the Inhabitants. If those defences had been kept up the French would not hi succeeded m capturing these places in 1762." The gallant major is very bitter against Irishmen, says they are not halt so good as Newfoundlanders and English to catch fish He ^ixes us a hfe-like description of the fishery at this period, its wonderful pro- ductiveness, ^ine hundred and ninety quintals a boat seems to us an enormous catch, but on the Labrador, even within my recollection sou,e of Hunt & Henley's men have equalled this. We must remembex- there were five men in a boat, or rather a large skiff. Williams complams of the large expense of olive oil, owing to its having to be brought to England. The fishermen could not do withou It to cook their salt fish ; butter was scarce and dear. Olive oi IS umversally used for cooking in Spain, and, when good, it is the best o fry fish with The native Spaniard does not W for th m M Lucca liquid, he likes his oil with a flavour—" que huele " We still liear a good deal in these records about the bye-boat men^- the planters who brought out West Country servants. The late Hon Stephen Rendell has often told me that even when he caiiK. to the Colony m 1834 hundreds of sturdy Devonshire lads came out evl spring fcu Rowells, Bodens, Bulley's, Madge's, Job's, and many otherson Bye - boat keepers were what we should now call planters or middlemen. They were not possessed of fishing ships, but they generally either had fishing establishments or hired them ; they fitted out a number of men thLZ'%'''\^^l ''''' independent 3 298 REIGN OP GEORGE 11. the South Side and in Hoyle's Town (Magotty Cove), and to Torbay, Bay Bulls, Petty Harbour, &c. All these " youngsters " were shipped for two summers and a winter. Mr. Rendell si id nearly every labouring man about Coffins well had been a servant in Newfoundland. The regular place for shipping was at Newton Abbott, in the still existing hostelry, " The Dartmouth Inn and Newfoundland Tavern." Here the engagement was " wetted " with cyder, strong beer, and the still more potent Jamaica. There were the same scenes enacted every spring. The coming and going of the Newfound- land men was an event in Devonshire. The rurals reckoned the time by the old Church of England lectionnry : " Jan I the Pjirson be in Pruverbs, the Newfanlan men will soon be a coming wliome." Diirttnouth, Teignmouth, Exmouth, and " the seven strong firms " of Poole, every year sent out their contingent of West Countrymen to fisli and work in Newfoundland. Jersey men and Newman's crew, even in our day, all had their passenger vessels sailing spring and autumn. What helped to keep more Devonshire men in the country later on in the eighteenth century was the development of the ship seal fishery. Most writers on Newfoundland have described the seal fishery as only commencing about 1790, but this is a mistake. Ever since Newfound- land had permanent settlers there was more or less of a seal fishery, carried on at first simply as a shore fishery, with nets, afterwards in l-unts, and gradually in larger boats, until schooners came into play. The statistics show how it fluctuated, rising from £1,016 worth of seal oil in 1749 to £12,664 in 1768; at the price of oil ruling then, this latter figure shows quite a ref^ectable " haul," even in those early days. Every " Room " and every merchant's establishment at that time had its vats, both for seal and cod oil, the latter always called " Train." But besides the seal fishery there was more or less of a whale fishery. New Englanders from Cape Cod were expert whale men, and with their splendid Hampton boats killed the cetaceans around our southern coast, particularly about Fortune Bay.^ ' Of the whale fishery in Fortune Bay the Rev. P. Toque says : — " It appears from evidence given by Henry Butler, before a committee of the House of Assembly, in 1840, that the whale fishery was carried on by the Americans to a great extent in Hermitage Bay, Bay of Despair, and Fortune Bay, during the years 1796, 1797, 1798, and 1799; that during the three first years, twelve vessels were employed by them, manned by fifteen men each ; that all of the vessels returned nearly loaded; that they carried on the whale fishery in this part of the country until about the year 1807, when it was dissontinued, owing to some dispute arising between Great Britain and the United States; that three years after this a schooner was fitted out by the Americans, which arrived at Burin, but on account of a man-of-war being stationed there, the schooner proceeded to St. Mary's Bay, where she remained until the month of August, and had nearly completed lier load when she was taken by a British sloop-of- war, and ordered to St. John's; but the crew being too strong for the prize-master, the schooner shaped her cour.se for Auien'ca, and arrived in safety at Cape Cod. With this ended the American whale fishery on the western shores of Newfoundland. Mr. Butler stated that a whale fishery commenced in Hermitage Bay, under the firm of Peter TRADE WITH NEW ENGLAND. 299 and to Torbay, " were shipped Coffins well had jhipping was at mouth Inn and ed " with cyder, were the same ihe Newfound - ;oned the time e Pjirson be in me." trong firms " of try men to fisli s crew, even in autumn, untry later on dp seal fishery, fishery as only ce Newfound- a seal fishery, afterwards in Lme into play, orth of seal oil len, this latter y days. Every ; had its vats. But besides fishery. New nd with their our southern three years after tted out by the at Burin, but on ■ being stationed ■ded to St. Mary's intil the month of impleted lier load British eloop-of- John's ; but the the prize-master, >ur.se for America, Cape Cod. With lale fishery on the Jland. Mr. Butler •y commenced in le firm of Peter Considering the large intercourse between Newfoundland and New England at this period, American records contain very little information on the subject. In 1729, in the Boston Records, theie is an entry about the admission of James Pulman Taylor, of St. John's, and " libei-ty " granted to him to open a shop on giving Bond in £100 to indemnifie " the Town." In 1742 Captain Nathaniel Welch was to be prosecuted for bringing passengers from Newfoundland without reporting them at the impost oflice. In 1735 there are great complaints about French competition in the European tish markets. England, in 1759, imposed a diity of sixpence per gallon on molasses, rum, and sugar imported from the West India Jslands other than British. It caused gieat excitemerit in Massachusetts and New England; the colonists declared they were ruined to appense the clamours of the British West India planters ; all the same, the Americans A VIEW OF LOUISBOrEQ, IS THE POS8K8SION OF THE PEPEREU, FAMILY. From Winsor's K. d- C. II. of America. never paid any duty. In 1764 the Act was renewed, and larger powers given to the Admiralty courts to try smuggling cases without a jury, Le Messurier & Co., which continued for four years only, when the partnership dissolved ; that the natives of Hermitage Bay, having some idea of the fishery, bcfr.iu a tvhale fishery on a very small scale ; that a person of the name of McDonald had made a large property by it; that the house of Newman tc Co. being aware of these proceedings, purchased the I remises that had been Peter Le Messurier & Co.'s, and began the whale fishery on a large scale." ^ On Messrs. Newman's establishment at Oaulton, Hermitage Bay, there are still the buildmgs and machinery for carrying on an extensive whaling business. The premises are situated on an Island in that beautiful land-locked harbour; they have not, however been used lor some years past. ' f 300 REIGN OF OEOUOE J I. riHl besides arming the Custom House officer with tbriniduble power untUr wiita of uHsistance. The Yankees evaded tliis law by lading their vesst-ls in the 1 lench islands and purchasing clearances signed with the name, if not in the hnndwriting, of the Governor of Angnilla, who acted as collectoi-. Anguilla— a British island—was so small as not to aflbrd a cargo for a single vessel, yet the collectors in New England allowed all vessels with these clearances to pa.ss without inquiry. iLniddonly thie was all changed ; a vessel putting into Bermuda was seized and sold, the Governor getting one-third, the Colony one-third, and the informer one-third of the forfeiture. Most American writers admit tliat this molasses difficulty was one of the primary causes of the Revolution. England was absolutely within CANNON POUND AT lOUlSBOURO. From Bourinot's History qf Cape Brtton. her right in protecting her sugar islands, but Amerlcai s, in their ignorant impatience of taxation, thought they had good cause to be angry. Both Burke and Josiah Quincy declared these Acts were amongst the causes which led to separation. The result of the Molasses Act was to increase the direct trade between Newfoundland and the British West Indies, from whence rum, sugar, and molasses could be imported free, and to decrease the imports from New England. B power untUr g their vessc 1h ith the name, who acted an ut to aflbrd a 1(1 allowed all donly thie was and sold, the the informer ty was one of )lutely witliin ais, in their cause to be ^'^ere amongst isses Act was I the British be imported 301 W P-* w o o H X I— I P-i it a 'S I .a S O n 1^ «?• Jen ut-2 .2 ->. ta. •!(§ •=•1 m .3" cz cc 5H s-s 5S !?^- c M s Is •3 a ^1 1" n o ll^ 1 = Si f3i 302 CHAPTER XIII. BEIGN OF GEORGE III. J760-1820. ^ 1760. Captain VVubb GoTeruor. 1761. — Captain (afterwards Lord) Graves Governor. 1762.— St. .lohnV, Carboneir, and Trinity captured by the French t re-captured sauu year, in Septeniber, by Colonel Anihrrst ; battle of Quidi Vidi. 1763.— \Vur with Spain; importation of fish from Xewfoiindland prohibited. Treaty of I'aris; St. Pierre and Miquelon confirmed to France; all the rest of North America given Up to England. Survey of the Island by Cook. Labrador re-annexed to Newfoundland. 1764.— Sir Hugh Palliser Governor. Collector of customs appointed iu St. John's. Court of Vice-Admiralty, St. John's. 1765. —Rev. Laurence Coughlan introduced Wesleyanism. 1766.— Riots in St. John's and Harbour Grace. Lieut. Cartwriffht made an unsuccessful attempt to effect friendly intercourse with Beothics. Repeal of the American Stamp Act. 1772. — Lord Shuldham, Governor, issued Proclamation 2 Jth June, regulating river salmon fishery ; French not uientionetL 1774.— (Jontinentul Congress in America; all exportation to Newfoundland from North American States prohibited. Quebec Act, 14 Geo. IIL c. 83; Labrador annexed to Canada, 177.5.— Rev. John Jones first Congregational minister in St. John's. Heaviest storm ever ktown in Newfoundland; 300 persons drowned. Palliser's Act, l.T Geo. lU. ; Commodore Duff issues Proclamation about salmon fisheries at Exploits, Gander Bay, &c. 1776. — Declaration of Independence, United States. 1777. — Admiral Montague fitted out armed vessels to cruise against American privateers. 1782. — Independence of United States acknowledged by England. 1783.— Treaty of Versailles; French allowed to fish from Cape John to Cape Ray; Declaration of King George III. that English were not to interrupt French fishery by their competition. 1784.— Religious freedom established in the Colony; Dr. O'Donel, first Roman Catholic Prefect Apostolic, arrived. Juris Prince 1786.— Act 26 Geo. III. c. 26; continuing bounty to Hank fishery tor ten years, sdicticn of Courts of Vice-Admiralty to try fishery cases transferred to Sessions Courts! ice William Henry arrived in Newfoundland. 1787. — Bishop luglis appointed Scotia, and Newfoundland. as Anglican Bishop of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova ;ij>ture(l siiuu yc:ir, lihited. Treaty of rth America given lewfouniilaiul. St. Johu'a. Court le ail unsueoes.sl'ul II Stump Act. luting river salmon illund from North iiexed to Canada, Ifuviest storm ever III. ; Commodore lerican privateers. m to Cape Kay; li fishery by their it Roman Catholic •y for ten years, • Sessions Courts. iirunswick, Nova CHRONOLOGY. 303 17H8.— Hermudian ve««eln figbing in Newfoundland. 1789.-French Uevolution. Court of Common Pleas entablinhed for tlie Colony 1792.-"Hiii,reine Court of Judicature of the Iiland of Newfoundland " created. 1793.— Chief Juntice D'Ewen Coke. 1794.-Murder of Lieut. Lawrio. H.N. France deelareg war against England. 1795.-Royal Newfoundland regiment embodied, Commander, Colonel Mkinner. l-r.-r'-''"'''.' :}r''^T'^. "«y B"""- Kngland and 8,,uin at war. Dr. O'Donel con. rhbm, and V leur Apostolic of Newfonndhind ; first Hom.n secrated Bishop of Thyatira itt pa Catholic liishop, 1 79-.-UattIe of Cape St. Vincent. Mutiny of the Nore. 17t»9.— First grammar school opened. 1800.— Mutiny in the garrison at St. John's. 1 802.-Trcaty of Amiens, signcil by Kngland, France, Spain, and Holland. 1803.— ••The Newfoundland Light Infantry " formed. 180,-..— The first Post Office established in Jho Colony I807.-Tho " Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertizer " first published. 1808.— Formation of Volunteer Corps for defence of thp r»n\t„\ «.. i r i j Spratt, U,N., sent with paintings to the Beothics. ^ ""'* ^■'"°''- ^''«"*- 1809,— Labrador and Anticosti re-annexed to the Oovprnmnif nf XT... * n j ^ . 49 Geo. in., which also established permanent Courto?jScSri in N^nSilnd' ''' ^°* 1810 rooms Proolamntion to protect Red Indians. Sir .John Thos. Duckworth. Governor. 1811.— Lieut. Ruclmn's expedition to Heothics. Waterside in Sf !«»,„• i j ^ .. .s ; leased by auction to the public. Permission fii:!"::!^o^S'.ri:t;:^:::;i ll:!?^ reorganlse.1^""" ^"""''" """•• "*"•'""• °^ «'• '^"^^'^ f"» "^ P"^es. y„,„„teer force Gov^i;:-?-S'g^u;;iSiaSTS;:,ti^s^;f ^^;;!il::;:'^„J': «'<'"-i «'•"-" ^euts. Colonial Parliament. '"■'cation ot JJr. VV illiam Carson s pamphlet ; agitation for 1814.— First Treaty of Paris. Xewf\?Jn^li;n'rSe:;:?on°^^^^^^^^^ Jr^^^S ^-r ^^^ -? ^^e about the the peace and the depreciation of fish in foreig.rmnrkels. ^""«ro"« fti.lures caused by 1817.— St .lohn's again visited by fires, November 7th and aist . >jnn i. The winter of the Rals." '"**"'* •'ist j iOQ houses destroyed 1818. — Convention with the United States rennpotrnT »ko « u • I819.-Case of Butler and Lnndrigan. Great fire in St. John's. nrs Governor. more, Hamilton, 304 REIGN OF GEORGE III. Gt rt •'"' i' I i OEOfiGE III. Frniii fin enyriiviny nf/er Eammij. The reign of our sovereign lord King George, " the go(xl King }eorge " of our forefathern, in the longest and most eventful in English history. It begins in an ago which appears to us remote ; it ends in a period in wliich many of us have lived, and with which we are all familiar. It witnessed great disasters and great \ictories — tl)e loss of the American colonies, the o\'erthro\v of France in three great wars. It conmienced when the Hritish navy was neither well organised nor in uniform ; it ends with making England the greatest sea power the world has ever seen, and the British fleet a real invincible armada, which had beaten every nation in fair tight, a fleet from which Spanish and gallant French officers were carefully instructed by their respective Governments to flee away on the wings of the wind. It begins with the bungli:;g appliances of the eighteenth century ; it ends with steam, macadamised roads, tlie electric telegraiih, the railway, and the steamboat. Our own history also advances with this age of progress. We pass aSvay from the fishing admirals into the modern epoch, with roads, education, responsible government, and courts of justice. This later Georgian era is the transition period in our histoiy between the bad old days of tyranny, corruption, and violence, and the dawning of the brighter days of civilisation and progress. In the first year of this reign the Governor and Commander-in Chief was Webb.^ All the captains appointed on this station v\ ere given the honorary rank of commodore whilst in tliis commission. The new Governor was active and vigilant. He captured a large number of French vessels ; one of these, the Taviynor, realised at the Admiralty sale., by order of Michael Gill, Judge of the Vice- Admiralty Court, the handsome sum of £2,-570 sterling for three thousand five h;indred quintals of fish, the price being fairly good, with a brisk demand in the Mediterranean markets. The French merchant navy Wiis ala.ost ' Captain .Tames Webb became a com- the recommpnoMTH'nt of tlie Mar with France mander in 1745. In 1746-7-8, he tlistiii- in 1756. He died on the 14th May 1761 on guished himself very greatly bv the capture board the Antelope, which was then prepared of a large number of French privateers. He to sail to Newfoundland, took command of the Sunderland (60), on the good King ntful ill English (EOEGE III. imvintj oftev Bamscij. beenth centuiy ; telegTa[ih, the ^ress. We pass 3h, with roads, ice. This latei- :t\veen the bad Uiwnino- of the lander-in Chief v\ ere given the on. The new rge number of the Admiralty alty Court, the five h;indred isk (k'uiand in vy Wiis ala.oat le var with France 14th May 1761 on was then prepared THE CAPTURE OF. ST. JOHN'S. 305 annilalated by English privateers and men-of-war. The merchant fleet convoyed from Newfoundland in 17(il consisted of seventy .ail of ^ssels armed with two hundred guns, and manned by six hundred and thet fish well '^ "^''''' ^^"^ '^^ ^'''''"^ '""^'^y' ^^^ '^^^ str.T7'''\'^"^\"""'''" **" ^"^' ^^^^^ "^^'^^ «^ ^i« *"'^« ^o ^^^Pturing stray French vessels. The civil business of the Government was of a veiy petty character-writing threatening letters to some of the merchants debtors, and settling the titles to land. the ^.T^P ^'""^ t ^^' *"°'' ^^ ^'^'''^''' Hill Keen's property at Hudson's r wf ' ^'"''' '^'^"'^"^ '' H""*^^- C-- (^hen called Hudson s Cove), the property of Peter Weston, Esquire, J.P., at Ferryland (ancestor of Sir F B^T Carter, K.C.M.G.). and, amongst others, the'titles of the Gosses and Codners in Torbay, were thus disposed of by his Excellency. There is a curious report about a murder at St. plerre t^TcrwTbeT ^f *^!:^'^f^« -*'^^"-- and other English fatnilies! Tnd Mi^;^^^^^^^^ '"""^ " '''' '''^^'''- °^ *l- French colony of St. Pierre verJt!«^^f 7' T rr° ""'^^ ^'^"^^' *^^ ^^^°"^ «««'"« to have been If e.-T "'"^^' '"' '"'''-'y P^"^P^^-^"« "P *« *he end of 17G1. Afte, their numerous defeats the French were anxious for peace To 3ecure favourable terms, ,.nd especially a share of the fishe^'t was Illtt of Sf T ?"" ^^Pf --t informed them of the defenceless Ilrrson O ' T. ""^^^''^''^ ""^^^'^^ '^^^'^^^^^^^ ^"^^ -wakened garrison On our capital, therefore, they made th.ir successful attempt. Will St England had been ..pending millions of dollars on the llnT 1 '"' '^'""^ '' ""''"" ^^^^^^' ^'- J^l-^'« -- left with les iirrtrfl^r'^' soldiers-sixtythree men-and allthe forts of w^arthl^tw ^^T""'' ^" *^' ^P""° '' '^''' «^'^^ «"t f-r ships ot wai, thirty-two officers, and nearly seven hundred trooi^s under the c rrt sr ^;^^~'^"^- ^^^-^^ --^ed to e Je'the tit' : ciuiseis by saihng from Brest in a thick fog. Sir Edward Hawk. 11::: ;: r^' -' .fr- ^-^ '^^^y -p^^^' -^ ^^^ « iton 1 1 tiie 24H ^ T ""'^' '^' *^*"^P^ ^"^^ transports, took Bay Bulls on the 24th June, and marched towards the capital. whebn'.-n''/^"' *'''" ''""^"'^ ^'^^^"^ ^^- '^^l"^^- gainst such an over- one English sloop-of-war-the Orammont, of twenty-two guns After this easy capture, the French general set to work to repair tTe ruint; 306 . RElGN OE* GEORGE III. t'ortifications arid erect fresh defences on Signal Hill, where the remains of the old French barracks are now crumbling into decay. When the intelligence of the capture of . St. John's, Carbonear, and Trinity, and the devastation of the trade and fishery reached England, ' the English Ministry were loudly and universally blamed for their neglect of the gi-eat Chatham's advice about the defence of the Colony. : I :)l-l% , ^ . - S i . '- •:.pr.fst.^.,*r:. f,. FOUT AUUER8T, 8T. JOHN'S. '■ From a photograph by S. //. Parsons. Preparations were at once made on an extensive scale to retrieve their negligence. Fortunately for our Island the governorship of New- foundland had been entrusted to one of tlie bravest and most skilful naval officers of the period — the distinguished Captain Graves, after- wards Lord Graves. Captain Douglas, R.N., of H.JNI.S. Syren, happened at the time of the French invasion to be on a cruise off Cape Race. As soon as he heard of their an-ival in Bay Bulls he pressed into the service two English merchant vessels in St. Mary's Harbour— the brig William and the sloop Bonelta. The master of the Syren, Peter Burne, was given charge of the sloop, and a petty officer was placed in charge of the brig, with orders to cruis" on the banks and endeavour to intercept Captain Graves^ in H.M.S. Antelope, with the English convoy. - "•■ — "••■ — - ..-. .^.- — .- J ».▼-*■ J *^rtr? f>Tt itir ATlOttmtrain In ^'IZISUIKK at an early age, and was present a* the action off Finisterre, and Hawke's action in unsuccpssful attack on Carthagena in 1741. the Ray of Biscay in 1747. He was tried by He was a lieutenaDt in the Rovmei/ at the court-martial in 1757 fornot endeavouring to notorious action off Toulon on 11th February discover whether a FrcucU ship he met was i"e the remains ' Jaibonear, and ched England, ' raed for their of the Colony. retrieve their hip of New- i most skilful Graves, after- he time of the tn as he heard ! two English idm and the e, was given fe of the brig, rcept Captain [awke's action in He was tried by t endeavouring to ship he met wsb TH5 RECAPTURE OF ST. JOHNS. M? ^ The WUliam missed the fleet, and proceeded with her iiitelligeace to Halifax, U.S. Buine, however, met Graves at the outer edge of the Gn.nd Bank with his large convoy. The Governor ordered him to land a party of marines at Ferryland, and then to proceed at once with despatches to Halifax. Graves in the meantime put the defences of Placentia m order, and Captain Douglas looked after Ferryland QPIDI VIDI, LOOKING 10. YARDS THE SCENE OF THE ACTION. Colonel William Amherst,^ who commanded the troops, was in New York at the time. He at once proceeded to embark with part of the Royal Americans-a fine regiment, mostly composed of S^vi8s and a man-of-war or an East Indiamar, and was reprimanded. In 1759 he was at the bom- bardment of Havre de Grace; he was ap- pointed to the Afitelope immediately on tlie death of Webb, in May 17C1. In 1778 he ^•tnt with Byroa to North America and the }\ est Indies, and in 1781 became eommander- in-chief on the North American station. He was unsnccessful in an action with De Grasse at the mouth of the Chesapeake, for which he was much blamed. In 1787 he was vice- admiral, and next year commander in-chief at riymouth. He became admiral in 1794, anl liad an important share in Lord Howe's victory ; fur his gallant conduct he was created an Irish jieer, and received a pension. He ^as wounded in this engagement, so he resigned his command : he died in Fehrn.'ir" 1 802. ( Stkpukn's Diet, of Nat. Biojraph^f) ' General Amherst was an ensign 3rd Foot Guards, 1753; lieutenant and captain, 17.57 ; colonel, 1766; colonel 32na Regiment, 1 . 75 ; major-general, 1777 ; and lieutenant- general 1779. During his distinguished career he held the appointment of LieiUenant- Governor ot Portsmouth, adjutant-general at head-quarters, and aide-de-camp to the W. He died 18th May 1781. He mwried a Miss Pattereon, a celebrated beauty at George III.'s Court. The portrait of him is from a painting by Sir J. Keyuolds at Montreal, Sevenoaks, in the possession of the Kight Hon. Earl Amherst; it is re- produced from a photograph by Mr. V Essenhigh Corke, Sevenoaks. Amherst's peu was as sharp as his sword ; he telJr. D'Ha^s- sonville, in answer to his gasconading- <'I^ any injury is done to the tort, he wiU nut vR^ f;hilaiii voioruls aespatehes remind one' of the Duke of Wellington's. GenerarAm! heists son, William Pitt, who succeeded his uncle as second Baron, served as Ambassedor' to China, and as Governor.General of Indlii ' he was created Earl Amhrrst. •^ " » U 2 dod REIGN OF GEORGE III^ lllli iiiii Germans; iioops were also despatched from Louisbourg,^ On the 11th of September the fleet, under the com- mand of Lord Colville,** and the transports with the troops, were off' the narrows of St. John's. The French, besides tlie strong, almost impregnable position which they occupied in St. John's with seven hundred soldiers, had a squ-idron consisting of the Robuste (74), L'Eveille (G4), La Garmme (44), La Sicorne (30), and a bomb ketch. The whole Engli!>h force was less than seven hundred. ^ Amherst had distinguished himself at Louisbourg and Quebec, and right gallantly he led his troops. The French attempted to stop his landing at Torbay but the light infantry, under Captain McDonnell, soon drove them back. The English then advanced rapidly on Quidi Vidi, where there was a sharp fight. The French retreated up Signal Hill with such pre- cipitation that they left several prisonei's in our hands. Befoi'e daylight the next morning an assault was made on Signal Hill; the heroic McDonnell actually passed the sentries, and was not discovered by the enemy until they saw him PBGNCn SOLDIEB, 1755. From IVinsor's K. £• C. U. of America. ' The British troops were composed of companies of the - Koyals, now the Royal Scots ( Lothian Kegiment). 77th, or Montgomery's Highlanders ; disbanded in 1763 [1775?]. 78th, or Eraser's Highlanders; dis- banded in 17C3. Royal Americans, afterwards 60th Rifles. Montgomery's was raised in 1757 by A. Montgomery, afterwards Earl of Eglinton ; Frazer's by Sir Simon Eraser, sou of the celebrated Lord Lovat ; the Royal Scots is the most ancient and one of the most dis- tinguished of the British regiments. The French were very much afraid of these kilted warriois; no belter troops oculd have been chosen for the work they were thorouglily at home in ^he difficult country around Quidi Vidi. 8 Alexander Lord C'olville, the fourth Baron, served in the Mediterranean in 1744 as captain of the Dursley galley. He distin- guished himself by capturing a French vessel, and destroying eight others ofE Genoa. In 17.55 he was sent to Korth America; and in 1757 was present at the unsuccessful attack on Louisbourg, by Admiral Holburne, and at the taking of the same place next year. He was left on the station with temporary com- modore's nink during the winter. He served under Sir C. Saunders in the expedition against Quebec in 1759. He wintered at Halifax, and was engaged in 1760 trying to intercept supplies to the French army then besieging Quijbec. He continued to serve in North America during 1761 and 1 762. On returning to England after the recapture of St. John's in 1762, he was made ISear-Admiral of the While. He subsequeiilly servid as com- mander-in chief on the North American station. He returned to England in 1768, and died in 1770. (Ciiaunock's Biographia Navalis.) On the 11th lev the com- the transports le narrows of strong, almost they occupied idred soldiers, t the Robuste tarmme (44), b ketch. The }s than seven ed himself at •ight gallantly ich attempted •bay but the n McDonnell, English then Vidi, where The French th such pre- eral prisoners ; morning an al Hill; the passed the hey saw him alley. He distin- sr a French vessel, 8 off Genoa. In America; and in isuccessful attack Holburne, and at e next year. He I temporary corn- inter. He served expedition against tered at Halifax, •yinp to intercept ly then besieging serve in North 52. On returning ure of St. John's r-Adiniral of the servid as com- Sorth American ]ngland in 1768, )ck'8 Biographia THE TREATY OP PARIS. 809 at the top of the hill. Against such determined bravery the French could not stand. The gallant McDonnell was badly wounded in the moment of victory,^ and Lieutenant Schuyler of the Royal Americans and about thirty men were killed. Under cover of a thick fog, the French admiral slipped his cables, and left the troops to their fate On the 20tli the whole French garrison surrendered. The retaking of St. John's in 1762 is represented as one of the best conducted, most splendid, and most important of all the successes of the glorious war which resulted in the capture of Havanna and Manilla. QUIUI VIM FHOM SIOXAL HILL. From a drawing by Col. Skinner a'jout 4ygs, B.M. MSS., 33,23.% The fleet and the army co-operated with singular harmony and success • oon^J r'^''''''' ''^ ^"'^^•''"^*^ P^^^« ^' the expedition v"^' conducted with consummate wisdom and heroic bravery.^ In order to understand the surroundings of the. Treaty of Paris 3 vvhxch o ncluded the war in the next year, it is necessary to expla „ shortly the preceding events. explain Captaui McDonnell, the hero of this gallant attack, though severely wounded, was not killed ; he finally recovered and returned to England. During his illness he was most carefully nursed bv Mrs. Horwnod. of O^iidi Vidi, great grandmother of Mr. .John Horwood „ * K"?^^''» amongst us as " Protestant John, of Quidi Vidi." 2 A very full account of these gallant actions will be found in the Appendix to this chapter taken from the " Gentleman's Mara- Dr.'pilot. '"''' '''"'^'^ •'"* '° "« by 3 Treaty of Paris. Article v.— It is agreed that the subiect* of France shall have the liberty of fishing a„d drying fish on a part of the coast oF the Island of iVewfoundland such as is specified '".^V-"«'? XIII. of the Treaty of UtrJci? which article is renewe;! and confirmed by the 310 REIGN OF GEORGE III. m- :;:: When George III. came to tlie tlirone the Seven Years' War was etill in progress ; Frederick the Great was gallantly fighting France and Austria-— the alliance " des trois cotillons " — three petticoats — Maria Theriesa Empress of Austria, Madame de Pompadour, and the Empress of Russia. The English had beaten the French at sea, in the East ant*y of Biscay. Whilst negotiations for peace were being carried on throughout 1761, Pitt suddenly found the French growing bolder in their demands ; they insisted tiiat the Spaniards, as well as theuLselves, should have the right of fishing in Newfoundland. He declared he would not consent to this, even if the Spaniards captured the Tower of London. Pitt found out through his agents that there was a secret treaty between France and Spain — the family compact — and that Spain was only awaiting the arrival of her treasure ships to declare war. The genius of Chatham saw through their designs, and to counteract them he resolved to immediately begin the fight with Spain. George III. opposed him, his colleagues were timid, and as he could not carry out what he believed to be the true policy for England, he resigned on the 5th October 1761. LORD CnATHAM. From an engraving by Brampton. present Treaty (except what relates to the Island of Cape Breton as well as to the other islaads and coasts in the mouth and in the Gulf St. Lawrence),and His Britannic Majesty conseuts to leave to the subjects of the most Christian King the liberty of fishing in the Gulf of St. LoTrence on' condition that the subjects of Fraucs do not exerci.se the same fishery, but at the distance of three leagues from all the coasts belonging to Great Brifain as well those of the continent as those of the islands situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. And as to what relates to the fishery on the coast of the Island of Cape Breton, out of the siiid Gulf the subjects of the most Christian King shall not he per- mitted to exercise the said fishery but at a distance of fifteen leagues from the coast of the Island of Cape Breton, and the P'.ier.v on the coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadie,"an(l everywhere else out of the said Gulf shall remain on the foot of former treaties. Article VI.— The King of Great Britain cedes the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelou, LORD BUTE. »U War was still y France and icoats — Maria the EmpresvS the East and miscarriage at y to Voltaire, der to balance captured Belle sci.v". 3118 for peace )n throughout [y found the Ider in their uted tiiat the IS themselves, flit of fishing He declared sent to this, ards captured a. Pitt found ats that there ;aty between — the family- it Spain was ! arrival of i to declare 1 to counteract I. George III. not carry out signed on the what relates to the he Islaml of Cape ilf the subjects of shall not be per- id fishery but at a from the coast of and the f'aerv ou ia or Acadie, and le said Gulf shall er treaties, g of Great Britain erre and Miquelou, ^ On the 2nd of January 17G2, his feeble and corrupt successor, Bute, had to declare the very war against Spain which he had fore^e^n was inevitable. In one short year the unfortunate Spaniards saw their armies beaten in Portugal. Cuba and Manilla torn from their grasp their commerce destroyed, and their fleets annihilated. Both our antagonists were now clamorous for peace. Pitt had tleclared to Choiseul, the French minister, that Le would make no second Ireaty of Utrecht. On the 10th of February 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed. It excited even more indignation in England than the former one of 1713.- The great Chatham, so ill that he had to bo allowed to sit in the House,' denounced, in one of his most magnificent speeches, the terms of this infamous treaty. Al- most in the language of prophecy he predicted what the cession of St. Pierre and Miquelon would be to this Colony ; he vehemently attacked the surrender of the right of fishery in Newfoundland to the French, and the restorati(m of Cuba— the pearl of the West Indies—to the Spaniards. Bute was openly charged in the House of Commons with bribery; the very sum, £300,000, was named, that had been paid to him by the French.1 There can be no other explanation of this shameless surrender ot territory actually in our possession. The folly of the English Ministry in ceding the fishery and St Pien-e and Miquelon to France had nearly been eclipsed by a still more LORD BCTE. . From an engraving in the H.M. in full right, to His most Christian Majesty, to serve as a shelter to the French fishermen ; and his said most Christian Majesty engacres not to fortify the said Islands, to erect "^no buildin|?s upon them, but merely for the convenience of the fishery, and to keep upon theni a guard of fifty men only, for the police. ' Junius, in his cikbrated letter to the Duke of Bedford, does not scruple to chai»o his Grace, who was one of Bute's colleagues;, with bribery :-««BiHe Isle, Goree, Guada- loupe, St. Lucia, Martinique, Tie Fishery and the Havana, are glorious monuments of your Giace't tahnts for negotiation. My Lord, we are too well acquainted with your pecuniary character to think it possible that so mai.y public sacrifices should have been made wiiiiout some private compensation \our conduct carries with it an internal evidence, beyond all the legal proof* of » Court of Justice." t: 812 REIGN OF GEORGE III. outrageous proposition. A strong party in the Ministrj' were in favour of restoring Canada to France ; it was mainly due to the strong protests of the American Colonies, through their most able diplomatist, Benjamin Franklin, that this was pjrevented. The secret history of the treaty, which is now laid bare, shows the ministry in their very worst light. They voluntarily offered to restore the fishing privileges given under the Utrecht Treaty. In the com- mencement of the negotiations, France agreed to surrender Canada, provided she was allowed to keep Cape Breton, and to enjoy the fishery in the St. Lawrence and on the banks and Island of Newfoundland. The fortifications of Louisbourg were to be destroyed, and the harbour laid out for common use. The English Ministry flatly refused all concession of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, or Canada. They would give the right of fishing in New- foundland, if the stipulations about the dismantling of the French fortifications at Dunkirk were agreed to. They might have St. Pierre on four conditions : — • " 1. That the Island should not be fortified or troops be stationed there. " 2. That no other vessels should be admitted there even for shelter ; that the harbour should be used for her own fishermen alone. [This was meant to keep out Basques and to prevent smuggling ; an utterly unworkable condition.] •' 3. That the possession of St. Pierre should not be deemed i ^ond in any way the stipulations of the Treaty of Utrecht : that is to b, " A loco Cap Bonavista non cupato, nsque ad extremitateu. sdem insulte septentrionalem, indique at latns occidentale recurrendo le ad locum Pointe Eiche appellatum." " From the place called Cape Bonavista to the northern extremity o the said Island and thence running westerly to the place denominated Point Richo." " -t. That an English Commissary should be allowed to reside at St. Pierre and the Commander of the British Man of "War qu the Newfoundland station should have liberty to visit the Island and see that these four conditions were complied with." The French were cliesatisfied. They did not want St. Pierre. They said it was too small, that it was so near Placentia,.that it would not servo as a shelter, and that it would create disputes between the two nations. They would prefer Prince Edward Island or Cape Breton ; finally tliey agreed to accept Canseau. The British Ministry would not consent to give up Canseau. Of course New England and Nova Scotia had strong influence, and they THE CESSION OF ST. PIERRE TO FRANCE. 313 vere iii favour itrong protests tist, Benjamin are, shows the jred to restore In the com- snder Canada, oy the fishery Newfoundland. I the harbour Cape Breton, Aing in New- f the French ive St. Pierre ed there. belter ; that the This was meant rly unworkable "^tond in any itatetii sdem currendo le rn extremity o. ce denominated e at St. Pierre, ( Newfoundland that these four Pierre. They it would not t^een the two Cape Breton ; Canseau. Of nee, and they did all in their pow er to prevent the French getting any settlement on the continent. Finally, when the English Ministry threw in Miquelon, they then accepted the terms offered. The French a4,Teed to keep up no military establishment, only a guard of fifty men to support police regulations, and that as much as possible linth so weak a fmxe they tvould prevent all foreign vessels from shelterinj as required. How childlike and bland were these French diplomatists. By the light of the present day, when St. Pierre is the common resort of all the smugglers in North America, and when on no consideration will France allow England to have a consul in their Colony, this paragraph reads very humorously. The French agreed that their fishery in Newfoundland should be regulated by the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht; they made no objections whatever to the residence of the commissary. As usual, the whole commercial world of England was opposed to any concession of the Newfoundland fishery to France. The commerce of England had suffered very much from the French navy and the privateers of Dunkirk. They knew that the fishery was a great source of wealth to their enemy, and the chief nursery for her seamen • on strong national, as well as connnercial grounds, they sternly opposed the concession. The Common Council of Lond-n, as representing the whole mercantile interest of Great Britain, transmitted to the Hou"se of Commons peremptory instructions to the city members. The New- foundland fishery, it was said, was worth more than all Canada They declared "that the sole and exclusive right of fishing in the American seas should be reserved to the subjects of the British Crown " AH the ablest and most patriotic Englishmen of the day were opposed to the fishery clauses of the treaty; the pamphlets and periodicals of the time are full of denunciations of Bute. The literature on the subject IS fuller and far more fierce than the famous opposition to the Treaty of Utrecht ; the scurrilous Wilkes, and the unscrupulous Churchill abused and caricatured the authors of the treaty in every mood and tense of objurgation. Notwithstanding all these attacks and all the intelligent opposition the treaty was carried by the immense majority of three hundred and nineteen against sixty-five in the corrupt House of Commons Ai| Pitt's splendid eloquence was wasted on members that were bribed and bought by the ministry. Chatham said, in his great philippic against Lord Bute, that England's exclusive right to the fishery and to the 314 REIGN OF GEORGE III. possession of St. Pierro and Micjuelon was an object worthy to be contested by the extreuiity of war. Under the governorship of Lord Kodney, 1749, begin a series of records preserved in the Colonial Secretary's Office. Through the courtesy of the Hon. Robert Bond, I have l>een allowed to peruse them ; they make reference to other record books, which are either mislaid or wsre removed to England, or destroyed in the French invaaion. They are not quite complete, but for the period over which they extend are an excellent guide to our local history. Amongst the names in these books, distinguished amongst many celebrities, is that of Thomas Graves, R.N., Captain of H.M.S. Antelope. One cannot peruse these musty old papers without forming pictures in the mind's eye of the various worthies whose acts nre recorded in these gubernatorial diaries. I must confess to a strange liking for this worthy hero ; as I read his crabbed old writing I fancy him presiding with dignity in the Placeniia court house, then held in a dingy room in Thomas Kennedy's house. The cool, methodical way in which he sets to work to di^fend the Colony, his 'admirable arrange- ments, his lucid judgments, his entire freedom from the bigotry of the age, mark the high qualities of one who, in an age of nnval heroes, was distinguished for his undaunted courage and skill. His fight with the French admiral largely contributed to Lord Howe's victory on the memorable first of June 1794. This tei'rible duel is one of the most stirx'ing passages in English naval history. For his gallantry he w;ts created Lord Graves. Both before and after the pface he had difficult and ai'duous work, settling claims arising out of the war — restoring property plundered from the inhabitants. Many had taken advantage of the war to rob tucir merciisnts j vjffaves disposfeu ot au these various questions promptly and fairly. I gather from these records that whilst the Fi-ench held St. John's from the 27th of June until the 20th of September tORD GRAVES. F,-o:ii an eiiffrjving after Korth cote. ; worthy to be sgin a series of Through the )wed to peruse hich are either in the French riod over which amongst many f.M.S. Antelope. ning pictures in )f the various ts nre recorded rial diaries. I strange liking ero ; as I read riting I fancy dignity in the se, then lield in omas Kennedy's adical way in v^ork to di^fend lirable arranjje- judgments, his 1 the bigotry of ligh qualities of of nnval heroes, r his undaunted His fight with } victory on t!ie le of the most allantvy he w;ts I ai'duous work, erty plundered he war to rob •ious questions hilst the Fi-ench of September LOCAL RECORDS. 815 following, the English remained in possession of the other fortified places. Carbonear Island, however, for the only time in our history, was captured and the fortifications destroyed. Placentia, Ferryland! Carbonear, and Bay Bulls were peaceably occupied by part of Colonel Amherst's forces. Mr. Nathaniel Brooks of Bay Bulls. Mr. Robert Carter of Ferryland, and Mr. diaries Gariand, the Harbour Grace magistrate, furnished supplies to Carbonear, Ferryland. and Bay Bulls, These fine old merchants not only supplied the garrisons, but were most energetic in getting men, providing boats, and fitting out small vessels to aid in the defence of the Colony. Besides the St. John's records, books were kept at Placentia, Ferry- land. Harbour Grace. &c.. containing the judgments of the surrogate courts. The most amusing are the papers from Placentia, under Robert Edgecumbe and Haddock, justices of the peace. Their worships were not contented with administeiing the law after an erratic fashion of their own, taxation even did not satisfy their lust for power— they determined the prices at which goods should be sold to the fishermen. In these records is a copy of an agreement made by their orders between Simon Honeyburn, on behalf oi William Turner, Little Placentia, and his planters : — * T "o^^"*^ *?^i,''"7 f ^^^' P^' "''*• ^'^^''P'^ '^'^^^ ^°"Shfc in Little Placentia then to bo 22/-, Pork £3. 10/- per brl., Spanish Suit 16/- per hhd., Sep and Candles 8.7. per "'- R««^ 4/6 per ga";, boots 25, - per pair, Leather 3/. per lb., Powder 2/- per lb.. ]obacco 9c7. per lb., Molasses 4/- pe. gall. 15 % to be allowed on all slops supphod to tbeir men ; one-third of balance to be paid in Bills of Exchange. Little Placentia 8th Oct. 1761. ' After settling the prices the court further ordered that no fisaerman was to deliver his fish to the supplying merchant until he received his winter's supplies. ^ Honeyburn was evidently litigious and obstinate; he figures largely in the courts. He had a dispute with a spirited Irishman named Lawrence Reilly, who had struck him. Reilly charged Honeyburn with keeping his wages back and charging him twentv-four shillings for neglect of dniy. The magistrates ordered Reilly to ask Honeyburn's pardon before the public court; he refused in a very emphatic manner whereupon he was sentenced " to be confined for twenty-four houi-s in the black hole of the guard-house." William Collins was charged by John Green, his servant, with having beaten and turned him away ; Collins was ordered to pay his servant's passage home "in order that tbp nl-no may not be troubled with vagabonds." Collins evidently had the ear of the court. The reign of these burlesque justices came to an untimely end in 1764. They were summarily dismissed by Sir Hugh Palliser II i 316 REIGN OF GEOROK Iir. with a Htingin^r reprimand, uiul Jervis Groswnl, Richanl HraithwaiUi, and William Bennett reigned in their stead. In 1702 the first custom house canio into existence, and the first collector, Mr. Hamilton, wa8 appointed ; he was under the control of the department in Boston, Mass., then the capital of the British North American Colonies. The West Country merchants were so reluctant to pay him any fees that, after trying to live there for ono se»ison, he threw up the post in disgust. He waw succeeded the next year hy a Ssntchman, Alexander Dunn, who appears to have been made of sternei- stuff; either his ominous name, steady perseverance, or better defined legal rights, enabled him to get in the fees. In 17G8 the survey of the Island was commenced by the inniioital navigator, Cook. He had been employed as nuister in the navy at the siege of Louisbourg ; with great gallantry, in face of the enemy's shot and shell, he had sounded and surveyed the St. Lawrence, and piloted the fieet in Wcjlfe's last fight. Cook was master of the Korthuniherland in Loi'd Colvillo's squadron in 17G2, and liad also been in New- foundland under Governor Graves. He ]-e- turncd in I7ii4 with Sir Hugh Palliser, who highly appreciated his scientific ability and sterling qualities. Cook was engaged in the arduous work of surveying for four years, until 1707. His account of an eclipse of the sun, seen at Burgeo, was published in the " Philosophical Transactions," and added greatly to his reputation as a skilled scientist ; at Burgeo Islands, and several other places on the Newfoundland coast, his survey mark.s are still pointed out. CAPTAIN COOK. From an engraving by Hogg, The great navigator, unlike his superior officer, Palliser, took a most hopeful view, both of the resources and the future of Newfoundland. He told his friends of the great mineral wealth of the Island, especially of the supply of coal ; on what grounds ho based this latter statement we are not informed ; howevei-, ho declared that he had personally seen the coal, probably on the west coast, where it has been long known to exist. To this day Cooks chart of our island is noted for its minute accuracy ; it shows the indomitable perseverance and genius of the man hard Braithwaitt), rico, and the first the control of tin- ha British North po so reluctant to )r ono Hea8on, he next year hy a 1 mnde of wternei" or better defined by the immortal I the navy at tht; the enemy's shot .^PTAI.N COOK. I engmvinff by Uogu. ransactions," and t Burgee Islands, lis survey marks iser, took a most : Newfoundland, [sland, especially latter statement I personall3'' seen n long known to for its minute nius of the man U H M H H Sn O COOK'S MAP. 817 who, from the very lowest origin, a poor cabin boy, solely by his own exertions, rose to the rank of captain in the Navy, and the highest cook's MAP.l position in his age as a navigator, nautical astronomer, and scientiSc observer. » For convenience of reproduction the Holland has been used. This man shows whnf small copy of Cook's map eiven bv Maior ww Un„.... .f »»,„ :i^:„. „. _'? '""P !„°'^^ '^''»* map given hy Major was known of the interior prior to 1800. ms REIGx^ OF GEORGE HI. In 1764 Admiral Graves was succeeded by Sir Hugh Pilliser; who wat- Afterwards brought into notoriety by his charge against Admiral Keppel, and the subsequent court-martials held upon both accuser and accused. Public feeling was undoubtedly in favour of the gallant Keppel and deservedly so. ' One of the first duties of the new Governor was in connexion with the treaty of the previous year. He was instructed by the home government to issue the following proclamation. It begins with reciting the Treaty of Utrecht, enjoining :— "1. That there should be no distinction or interruption given to the snbieota of Frence in injoyment of the Fishery allowed them by the stipulations or the Treaties. "2. The Harbor Admirals and all officers were tp take care that the said Bubiects of France be permitted and allowed in common with the king's sabjects to choose their stations during the Fishery season according as they shall respectively arrive in the Harbors, and occupy such a spac? of Beach as shall be proportioned to their number of boats, as long as the said subjects of France shall be actually employed in fishing and drying of fish. In case of dispute the Captains of H.M.'s ships and Harbor I Admirals were to proceed with the strictest justice and report their I _ proceedings ; the subject matter to be taken in writing and transmitted I —by thb admirals duly autuenticated to the Commander in Chief or to the 1 Crovertior, to be confirmed or annulled as justice may require. The officers were not upon any pretence whatever to interfere in disputes? which might arise between French subjects. > The French were not to be disturbed in their persons, properties And effects, carrying or fishing within the limits aforesaid according to the treaties. a - US. "4. • Palliser was bom in Yorkshire in l!r22 ; he was sent at an early age to sea, under fbe care of a relation ; became a lieutenant in 1742, and was at tlie action off Toulon iD 1744. He commanded the Weazle sloop in 1"46, and was promoted for capturing four French privateers off Beacby Head. He was wounded by an accidental discharge of fire- arms at Dominica, and became ever after lame in the left leg, having a perpetual and sometimes very excruciating pain ; this wound eventually caused his death. While serving in Scotland he made many enemies, and being enticed on shore, was arrested and imprisoned in the Tolbooth for some days, until he was released by the Lords of Session. He went with Keppel to Virginia in 1755. By taking a more southerly course his men arrived ill good health, while Keppel's were all invalided. He was at the capture of Quebec in 17iiQ! hp nrritrcMl tnn lof^ **\ AaU.. •.»-« :., — -- — . . w« .,-,- .»... «. .««._■ pnti Ju the recapture of St. Jchn's in 1762. On account of his spiriteil policy while Governor of Newfoundland, the French amba88!!>-lor presented many memorials against him, .but he was fully supported by the English ministry. In 1770 he was Controller of the JNavy.and 1773 was created a baronet. In 1774 he represented Scarborongh in Parlia- ment ; and in 1775 received his flag. In 177.5 he was lieutenant-general of marines- and Vice-Admiral of the Blue in 1778. The dispute between Keppel and Palliser (who had been great personal friends), owing to the indecisive action of the 27th July 1778, was connected partly with differences of opinion on tlie political aspect of the American war. During the events succeed- ing the court-martial which he demanded on Keppel and himself, he resigned his appoint- ments, but was subsequently made Governor of Greenwich Hospital. He again entered Parliament, and sat for Huntingdon. He ?ied Admiral of the White in 1 79C. There i= a nionumcnt to him in CimJfoulSt Giles Church, Bucks, where he was interred. His life was written by R. M, Hunt in 1844. (Chaknock^s Biographia NabeUis.) ' ' • SIR H. PALLISER. 310 ■ " 5. Hl3 Majesty having b6en infoi-med that boats left in the barbor$ the winter before by the French wero burnt or destroyed; UM.'a subjects are enjoined to desist from such practices. " 6. These Rules to be put up in some conspicuous place in every harbor." Palliserhas been highly praised ip our histories ; in some tespects he is entitled to our gratitude; the bounty for the fishery in the Act 15 Geo. III. cap. xxxi.— Palliser's Act— is undoubtedly due to his exertions. He defined the French rights under the Treaty of Paris lionestly and clearly. According to his lights, he was an excellent Governor— in labours incessant, the very spirit of unrest, remarkably clear-headed, but \ery dictatorial. The Governor had only one great fault— beyond his own circum- scribed vision he could see no horizon ; he had no faith, no hope, no future for the Colony; the one narrow insular idea of the age pervaded his official mind, that it should be a fishing colony, used for one great purpose only in his eyes, supplying men for the Navy. With this aim every other consideration, every attempt to promote settle- mant, cultivation, and civilisation, must be ruthlessly swept aside. On all who opposed his views he poured out the vial^ of his wrath. He could see clearly enough that settlement could not be prevented, so he abused the Colony and the colonist. No ruler since the days of Charles II. hated the country he was set over more bitterly than S''r Hugh Palliser. The statement that he gave the servant by this Act a first claim on the fish for his wjiges, is altogether erroneous. It was an ancient custoni of the fishery, proved over and over again ; it is really founded on the principle of lien, which dates back to the very foundation of English law. Much of PtiUiser's usefulness as a Governor was undoubtedly due to liis able secretary, Jno. Horaenaiil, whose beautiful writing and well- expressed letters are contained in our records during four years. Horeenaill must have been either f\,n original genius, or el^e' Save ElU ]i. lUliLltlEA. From an engraving by Orme, 320 REIGN OP GEORGE III. been well trained ; all the documents in his writing are distinguished for precision, clearness, and conciseness. The Treaty of Paris, which Palliser was to put in force, extinguished the last hopes of the Basques to participate in the Newfoundland fishery; by Article XVIII. Spain "for ever relinquished all claims and pretensions to a right of fishing on the Island." In the brief war of 1763 the Spaniards had procured from His Holiness full liberty to eat meat instead of Newfoundland fish ; the order, however, seems to have had small effect, the export of our staple commodity for that year being as large as in former years. Dried cod is one of the most convenient, portable, and, when nicely cooked, one of the most succulent articles of food for a warm country ; it always has been, and always will be, a favourite dish in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Brazil, and the West Indies. In 1705 an ingenious attempt was made to get over the English law by sending out Basque vessels with English names, such as the Bilbao Merchant, with an English master and an Anglo-Spanish crew. The Governor allowed them to jiroceed to the banks. Palliser's interpretation of the treaties is very clear and distinct. Whilst it was a concurrent fishery between the two nations, the control and regulation remained entirely in the hands of the English authorities. Great Britain, owning the territory and being the sovereign power, alone had authority to exercise coex'cive jurisdiction ; under no circumstances were the French allowed to take the law into their own hands. Palliser had no scruple or hesitation in vigorously enforcing the English view of the trea+y.^ Some Frenchmen captured a whale at • "Br His Excellenct Hugh Palliser, &c., &c. " Whereas by the proceedings had be- fore the Judge of the Vice- Admiralty Court here relating to a French snow, named Le Montaran, of Sables D'Olonne, arrested for being employed on a trading voyage upon that part of the coast of Newfoundland where by treaties the French are allowed to fiali but not to trade, it appears by evidence ou oath, as follows : " That so soon as the said snow arrived on the coast, which was not till the 13th July, the pemon named Andrew Colenet, who has charge of the cargo and the management of the voyage, went on shore at Engelie, atd of.i^d to sell to the inhabitants sundry merchandize (prohibited in this country) for fish, and this is in this part owned by . . . . . . . the said Colenet, on his cxamina- tlou, plcauing iu excuse that he did UOi kliOw it was contrary to the laws of the country. " It also appears by the ship's papers and the examinations that she had aboard (exclusive of the provisions, necessaries, and fishing atensils for the voyage) merchandize prohibited in this country, and which was offered as above for sale by the said Colenet, though the said merchandize iij pretended to be consigned to South America. " It also appears by a written agreement between the said Colenet and the owners of the said snow (which writing the said Colenet acknowledged to- be his hand), that he was authorised by them to trade on the coast of Newfoundland on their account, for fish and other merchandize. "After duly considering all the proofs and circumstances attending this case, and rinding that this vessel Mas actually employed trading as well as on a fishing voyage, I have examined the several laws relating to the trade of His Majesty's plantations, and considered the treaties subsisting between tv e two {'rowns, and find tliat by the several laws no foreigu ship or vessel can, on any pretence whatever, resort to or carry on any commerce to, from, or iu any of His Majesty's plantations. istingiiished for ie, extinguished Newfoundland all claims and e brief war of II liberty to eat , seems to have that year being aost convenient, alent articles of vays will be, a V^est Indies. In English law by as the Bilbao ish crew. The ir and distinct, ions, the control :lish authorities, ign power, alone o circumstances liands. ' enforcing the •ed a whale at ons, necessaries, and oyage) merchandize ;ry, and which was by the said Colenet, dize i!j pretended to uerica. a written agreement t and the owners of ;ing the said Colenet hand), that he was ade on the coast of ccount, for fish and ;ring all the proofs ling this case, and a actually employed hing voyage, I have relating to the trade ons, and considered between tv e two the several laws no m, on any pretence py on any commerce lajesty's plantations. PALLISER'S INTBRPBETATION OF THE FRENCH TREATY. 321 Great Orange Harbour, but it was taken from them and sold. Others who remamed behind after the 20th of September to cut wood and build boats, were seized and sent to France. His ships captured English and Amencan smugglers in St. Peter's Roads, confiscated their vessels and cargoes, and banished them. He made one Frenchman, who had put a deck on his fishing boat, take it out; and another, who had built a small vessel was compelled to pull her to pieces. Frenchmen and their vessels caught on the Newfoundland shore were promptly seized, the ship confiscated, and the owners landed at St. Pierre. On the other hand i.nglish subjects who improperly interfered with Frenchmen were dealt with severely. • John Duneen, evidently an Irishman, had opposed Forterie, a French- man, in the possession of a room at Great St. Julien's. The Frenchman's vessel having been the first to arrive, he was therefore entitled to first choice of fishing places. Duneen and all concerned were to be arrested and brought before the Governor, then to be put on board a man-of-war and sent home, and if they ever returned to Newfoundland they were to be arrested again, whipped, and banished. I think the bold Duneen was never caught, and this cruel sentence was only so much brutum julvun. In the time of the vigorous Sir Hugh there was no truckling to France; an English naval ofiicer had no fear then of oflfending a Gallic admiral. We have a description, in 17G2, of the treaty and its interpretation from a popular French point of view in a pamplilet freely circulated from Paris, and copied into the "Scots Magazine "of X>ecember of that year, when the terms of peace were known :— "When we consider the vile conceesions made of onr territories, rights atid ^ssessions. which shall we most wonder at_the ambition and arrogance of the Brush ministry, or the pnsillanimity, or perhaps open treachery, of onr own Ut Tels ^^Inrh^firlt Ic'fr *° '"T'' ^^^"^'^^^ '^^^^^ "^ '^^ North American eeas.^ In he first place, then, wo have given up Isle Soyale, or Cape Breton to eT^ ' '''" '''' ""'''' ^' -^-'i"-^-^ -" Ff-ders and ever' conquest Z "In the next place, we have abandoned all the most valual^le coasts from whence the dry cod was usually got. ^^aiuarne coasts from "By the second article of the Preliminaries, France cedes to Great Britain besj^ies Cape Breton, all the other Islands in the Gulf and River of S Law ence wilhout restriction; and by the third article we are excluded from fishing wTthin three leagues of any of their coasts.. Tbe consequences of these 0^1^*^ tJT; r'< '"" "°*^^°» '''' "*^"* ^ ^^'•'««-'-"' ^i9ht, subject tol'land msult, to the'morue ve^ie,' [literally green fish], a commodity Jot marketrble in 322 REIGN OF GEORGE III. Porttsgal, Spain or Italy, but only fit for our own home oonaumption. Ever since the happy Treaty of Utrecht France has enjoyed great advantages in the dry cod fishery. At the breaking out of this war we had in the Bay of Fnndy, in Acadie, in Cape Breton, in St. John's [P. B. Island], Great Gasp^, and other places in the Gulf, above 16,000 fishermen, who carried on most successfully in shoal water the piehe »ec?e»teire— [shore fishery]. Now all this is in the hands of th» British ; all our settlements are unpeopled. From the single island of St. John's [P. E. I.] Admiral Boscawen removed 5,000 inhabitants. ' What, then, is left to France? Nothing but the North coast from Oape Riche to Cape Bonavista, with liberty to land and erect stages for a short season, so that we must carry and recarry both our fish and fishcviaen ; whilst the British settled on the spot, and carrying on the peche sedentaire, will forestall us and undersell us in every market in the Mediterranean. Miquelon and St. Peters, two barren rocks indeed, are to be ours yet; even for them we have pledged the Royal Word, engaging not to erect in them any fortifications, so that even they, with their guard of fifty men for the police, will always lie at the mercy of the British." BBOTHICS OP THE EXPIOITS. From an engraving after a drawing by CartviHght. Palliser'8 interpretation admits of no doubt. It was held to be a concurrent fishery in which all disputes were to be decided by English authorities alone. It only included a cod fishery, and gave no right whatever to the French to catch salmon, to trade or traffic; they were only to fish for codfish, and dry them on land ; they were not even permitted to cut spare ur to build boats. This same treaty is still in operation ; it controls to-day the French fishery on the treaty shore of Newfoundland. Beyond the alteration of aption. Ever since lUtagea in the dry- Bay of Fund}', itt )4, and other places iccesBfullj in shoal a the hands of the. island of St. John'g lat, then, is left to pe Bonavista, -with re must carry and d on the spot, and us in every market loks indeed, are to I, engaging not to guard of fifty men as held to be a Ided by English [ gave no right iflSc ; they were were not even day the French ihe alteration of NEW ENGLAND SMUGGLERS. 32S coast-line from Cape St. John to Gape Ray, in place cf BonP.viHta and PomtRiche,and the declaration of King George in 1783 that the English should not interrupt the French by their competition, this old inter- national difficulty stands precisely on the same ground as it did in 1763. i ; The Governor was directed by the authorities at home to give 5) is special attention to the preventioa of smuggling. In 1764, the Act had been passed which caused such dis- turbance in New England ; it armed the Custom House authorities with new powers of seizure, arrest, &c.,. and directly gave a bounty to the Governor and informer in all such cases, His Excellency getting one- third of the plunder ; this accounts for Palliser's abnormal activity in searching out illicit traders.^ The Newfoundland Govern- ment, in addition, had special instructions to look after the New Englanders, well known for their smuggling proclivities. No doubt Sir Hugh gave them a great deal of trouble, but they beat him, as they had beaten all the Custom House officers in America; they had an invincible JOHN CARTWEIGHT. From an engraving after Hoppncr. prejudice and objection to the payment of duties of any kind to King George, and they lied like ' By His Exckllency Hugh Pallisbr, &c., Governor. " Mr. Thos. Stout, master of the Good Intent brigg, being convicted before me of having carryd in the said brigg sixty fisher- men and seamen from this countrey to the continent of America, contrary to the king's express commands published the last year : " For this disobediance and contempt of His Maj's. commands, I hereby order and direct the said Thomas Stout to pav into tlie liiands of His Mt^esty'a Justices of tlie Peace at St. John's the sum of sixty pounds, which sum of sixty pounds to be laid out in payment for the passages of such poor needy people to Britain or Ireland as shall be ordered by me or the said justices, and till the said sum of sixty pounds is paid the said brigantine is not to be permitted to go out of the harbour. And whereas William Cocking hath com- plained that two of the men carried away by the said Stout were in his debt, one of them in the sum of £6 6s. Of/., the other £6 7«. 9,n^- been uuilt by a soldier of the former irarris„„ hJT.fft ""'*'^' "\'' ^°'* ^a^'»g officer and pretended to be sold byTe SZl^.^TTl^u''" eommaiuling licjuor and other unjustifiable deaiings-NoUe;^^ tal^ down the said house or he may dispose of the nmterials thereof. . Tchad Gill . house bmlt also by sufFerence may remain only during Gill's lifetime no liquor to be sold there WonH'« l,m,c=I. oi ° "^"^ " '"^"'ne , no remain; no liquor to be sold there ; to rema n only duS u. Woo r J r f !"'"" T^ death to be pulled down." ^ '"*' ^"""^ ^ ^^^«*™«' ^t 1"«^ These records show there was much gi-umbling against Alexander Dunn, the collector, about his fees, which were certainly heavy There were several New England vessels seized for having rum on board withoutcertihcates or cockets; they mostly gave bonds from their agents in St. Johns, and always appear to have got off without penalty ; they evidently knew how to manage the collectors of th. Ueorgian era, as in nearly every case of tireirs the Custom House officials reported favourable and mitigating circumstances ENGLAND'S JEALOUSY OF AMERICA. a20 io I (•x])oct some •iple. ' ExcolIoiicioH hutnblo 8ervai»b Paliinkk. Iiaii what iH above ly obliged to you, many great and the rules he 3(1 hostility on fixed posts and jstroyed under 3W Englanders t, until at last and reversed , 14 Geo. in. e garrisons of fficers were at ey were short to liave been • many abuses, built around diers as their, e makes thia he Fort having ills commanding ! contracted for m. Newman to ■ . . Michael I's lifetime ; no ■ sufference may lifetime, at hi» st Alexander eavy. There im on board s fron^ their off without BCtors of the istom House Tho whole New England trade with the Colony was one vast smuggle. Palliser estinmti.s it in 1705 Ht"£ 102,304 stg.. carried in one hundred and forty-two vesHels, nine-tenths of which is paid for hi Bills of Exchange on England." The real amount was at least two hundred thousand pounds ; the year before the Revolution it was three hun<]red thousand pounds, or probably nearer four hundred thousand. Dining Palliser's and Byron's administrations a connnercial war had bc^gmi between England and America ; the Molasses Act commenced the fray in New England ; tho narrow connnercial policy of England kept fanning the Hame, until it culminated in the Htamp Act. Some regulations of the English Government indicate the absurd lengths to which they carried their trade laws; they stopped coal-mining in Nova Scotia, fearing that it would interfere with English coal and encourage ])rovincial manufac- tures ; they were always jealous of colonial home-spiui woollen an> 1. ^ of Palliser's ig Shuldhatn's le, prevail all trouble on the iplained of for Sea difficulty " barbarous way driving them 'om breeding; Idward White, Ity Court and Robert Gray, ustices of the the Rolls for :e (afterwards :c and Vendue n was issued In 1773 Fort and the road to , also the King's 1 between Fort id, and the Signal ich titles to pro- ihn's is curiously » and favouritism ys of our naval William officers ^d to take in land ii Vidi Lake ; on rs sold these to liable jroperties, ■th silo of Water metimes for a building lot on o/reet, east of '* one large firm iudand. .ihV Instate in a id ; 'H it all to a Iter produced to or. ir 'icv favour !a\v\, or. Tjunning, embodying an admirable' set of regulations for tbe government of the salmon fishery on the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrmlor; the French are not mentioned, and it was evidently the practice at this time to completely exclude them from all occupations outside the cod fishery. Commodore Duff's! appointment lasted during 1775. The following proclamation, i.ssued in July by liim, is of so much importance, and in such striking contrast to the manner of dealing with obstreperous French naval officers at the present d^iy, that it is given in full. The stout old commodore took the strictly correct legal view of the treaties and the rules of international law ; would that the same spirit were infused into the British Governments of to-day, which calmly permit French officers to put up proclamations on Britisli territory, ordering British subjects to sell their herrings only to Frenclnnen, and allow them to enforce such arbitrary decrees. The proclamation reads : — " Whereas I have received authentick accouuts that in the month of July 1763 a French ship of war named the ' Unicorn ' visited several Ports within my Government, particularly ' Cremellaire,' where the Captain of the said ship interfered in matters relating to the laws and government of the Country In case you should meet with any French ships of war within the limits of your station you are in the most civil and friendly manner to enquire of the Captain the occasion of his coming, and should he be driven there by necessity or distress you are to offer him assistance, and every other friendly office in your power, but should he pretend to come there for the protection and defence of French fishers or any other pretence whatsoever, other than distress, you are to signify to him that the subjects of France resorting to any port of H. Britannick Majesty's dominions to follow any business or trade by virtue of the Treaties subsisting between the two nations are, whilst in H.M. Dominions, under the 'protection of H. Britannick Majesty only ; and that in conformity to H. Majestys sentiments and firm resolution and on this ex parte opinion she obtained her grant. Stripling, a stout Protestant and a pub- lican, through the interest of the officers and soldiers, obtained a piece of land at Qnidi yidi, and afterwards, when he became a justice and sheriff, though utterly ignorant and illiterate, a grant of the land on the east side of King's Bridge Road, and all Stripling's plantation, were given to him. The title of the Thomas's dates back to the reign of Charles II., and was continued through the Bevils, and William Thomas, a justice in Palliser's time, down to the William and Henry Thomas of our own time. 'i"hs Keens, Gills, W^illianis, aad others of the clique that surrounded Governor Pal- liser, all gained their properties through Court influence. Hutchings' estate was acquired by George Hutchings for his valuable services in keeping a watch on Admiral de Terr.aye's fleet in 1762. ' Duff, a cousin of the first Earl of Fife, became a commander in 1744. In 1758 he was with Commodore Howe in the squadron convoying the expeditions against St. Malo, Cherbourg, and St. Ca», and in 1759 was senior officer of a small squadron covering the Brittany coast while Hawke blockaded Brest. He was not present at Lord Hawke's victory over the French , but it was in chasing Duff's ships that the French came in sight of the main English fleet He was with Kodney, in 1762, at the reduction of Martinique. He endeavoured to relieve Gibraltar in 1779, but the Government were not able to strengthen his command, so he was recalled. He be'came Vice- Admiral in 1778, and died in 1787. There is a portrait of him at thS Royal United Service Institute.— (Stephen's Nat. Diet, of Biojraphy.) 838 REiaX OP GEORGE III. of maintaining with the utmost exactness probity and good faith the Treaties relating to tlie fishery I shall with an unbiassed and impartial justice to the Bubjects of both Crowns in my station inviolably observe H. Majesty's commands npon that head ; but that I cannot permit any officer with a commission from His Most Christian Majesty and with an armed force to resort to or exercise any authority within any part of H. Majesty's dominions under my Government, their doing so being directly contrary to the spirit and words of the 13th section of the Treaty of Utrecht, by which the sovereignty, property, and full possession of this country is ceded to the Crown of Great Britain and the French expressly excluded from having forts or forces in any i)art of it and the tenor of the whole article is to provide against the French encroaching on H.M. Territories and on H.M. rights and privileges. That therefore I will not allow any Foreign officer with an armed force to resort to this country without first applying for and obtaining the King's leave for that purpose. In case you should meet with any French officer within the limits of your station you are to appoint a reasonable time for him to depart ; beyond which time you are not to allow him to stay and for your justification uerein you are to deliver to him u copy of this my order to you. " RoBEET Duff." 11! ; Several writers on Newfoundland historj^ in their anxiety to make out a case against the American colonists in their .struggle with England, have magnified a street row— an ordinary Irish taction fight- in Hai-boui Grace, in 1766, into a serious battle, and the merchants' opposition to the new custom house ns treason ; they have exaggerated and perverted these small affairs into a sinister plan and preconcerted scheme of rebellion. There is not the slightest foundation for such a statement ; at the time of the Declaration of Independence there was, no doubt, a good deal of lawlessness in the Colony, and some disaffection, but there was some little connnon aense amongst our islander.j; the republicans were few and scattered, the loyalists were in an over- whelming majority ; there were four or five men-of-war always on the coast, a strong garrison, and at least ten thousand sturdy West Countrymen. A reuellion in Newfoundland would not have .stood for an hour against such overwhelming odds. Underhand attempts, no doubt, were made to seduce all tlie colonies from their allegiance. They met with no favour in Newfoundland; against none were the new republicans more vindictive than against us ; they knew that we were largely dependent on them for food, yet one of the fiist acts of the Congress of 1774 was to decree non-intercourse ; this was not fully carried out, with all its dire effects on our popula- tion, until the following year ; but in 1775— a terrible year of storm and suffering— our late colonial brethren, who had been on such friendly terms, did their utmost to starve us and to de-troy our trade with their privateersmen, who knew every creek and cove along the Newfoundland coast. The extreme animosity of the Americans against us seems to be ,ith the Treaties il justice to tiie esty's commaiuis mission from His ■iee any uuiliority t, their doing so )n of the Treaty 1 of this country ly excluded from hole article ie to J on H.M. rights er with an armed ining the King's ich officer within )r him to depart ; y^our justification JoBEKT Duff." ixiety to make .struggle witli faction fight — ;lie merchants* ^•e exaggerated d preconcerted ion for such a nee there was, lie disaffl'ction, i.sknder.j ; the J in an over- always on the sturdy West have stood for ill the colonies ewfoundland ; an against us ; food, yet one n-intercoui'se ; n our popula- [• of storm and such friendly i rmoiously permit the French to cut wood in the Bay Despair nnd ntlic places, and to build houses, &c. On war breaking out betweeii li'rance and England in 1778 he nevei-theless promptly took possession of St. Pierre and Miquelon, destroyed all the buildings, and sent away all the inhabita its, thirteen hundred and ninety-two pereons, prisoners ti Franco. In 177G Montague, who had been spoc" Ji^ oUio>. led for Newfound- land on account of his activity and daring, picked out a numl)er of .7 L 4 *•'■* J^TM '■? / m *.- il ; 11 : CAPTUHB OP A CONTINENTAL BRIO BT AN ENGLISH CUTTEB. From a draviing in' the B.M. the best fast sailing vessels in tlie trade and fitted them as armed cruisers, putting young lieutenants, masters, mates, midshipmen, and petty officers in charge of them. With the men-of-war under his com- mand and these improvised sloops and cutters, he most eftectually protected our coasts from the American privateers, who had done considerable damage the year before The petition given below throws a flood of light on our social history in 1775 ; it shows clearly that the ' The fierce attacks of the Republicans on their Tory brother colonists, who had done them no wrong, and their treatment of the loyaKsts are some of the most serious blots and scandals of American history. -^ John Montague was Commander of the Hinchinbrokeia 1745 ; in 1747 he represented Huntingdon in Parliament. He held various commands, but saw very little service during the wars except off Toulon, where he helped to destroy the French fleet which endeavoured to effect a junction with De la Clue at C'artha- gena. Became Rear-Admiral of the Blue in 1770, and Commander-in-Chief at Halifax. After his return from Newfoundland in 1778 he never accented any uctiTS cnssmand ■ h*^ was Port-Admiral at Portsmouth, and a mem- ber of the Keppel court-martial. He died in 1795 at Fareham, Hants.— (Chaunook's Biographia Navalis.) indebted for a ^wom in, May the French to lild houses, &c. [ in 1778 he find Miquelon, ita lis, thirteen for New found - i a number of lem as armed dshipnien, and under liis com- ost effectually vho had done I below throws learly that the which endeavoured la Clue at Cartba- ral of the Blue in -Chief at Halifax, rfoundland in 1778 nouth, and a mem- martial. He died Its. — (Chaunook's THE CULTIVATION OF LAND. 341 old West Country ideas were still prevalent, also that St. John's had become quite a town, and that there was (in spite of the stern edicts of the naval Governors) considerable cultivation of land going on near the city, foremost in this innovation were the officers of the garri,«,on. There are many names around St. John's to remind us of these old soldiers who took to firming. The well-known Major's Path is named after M^jor Brady, R.A., 1787 ; Prin-le's Bridge, Pringle's Dale (Sir James ^Vinter's resiij^nce), after Chief Engineer Col. Pringle, R.E., who built Fort Townshend ; Bally Halv after Col. Haly. I recommend to my readers the perusal of this remarkaWle letter ; it is copied from an admirable lecture on the fisheries by the late M. H. Warren in 1853, which is quite at of print, and was kindly lent to me by Mr. J. H. Noonan, of H.M. Customs, St. John's.^ ' " To TUB HONOUHABLE THE COMMONS OF GUEAT BuiTAIJf IN PARLIAMENT A88EMDLBD : — •' The Petition of the Merchants, Boat- keepers, and Principal Inhabitants of St. John's Petty Harbour, and Tor Bay, in the Island of Newfoimdlaud, 1775. " Most Humbly Sheweth : " That your petitioners havinj? Maturely Considered a Bill for amending and rendering more Effectually an Act made in the Fifteenth year of His present Majesty (George 3rd, 1776,) entitled 'An Act for the encourage- ment of tlie Fisheries carried on from Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions in Europe, and for securing the return of the fishermen, sailors, and others Employed in the said fisheries to the ports thereof at the end of the fishing season,' and for repealing certain provisions in the said Act relative to the said fisheries, are of opinion that its General tendency is well calculated for the Benefit of this Island, at the same time beg leave to lay before yon some amendments and additions, which we ap- prehend will also be of public u' !ity, " Relative to Bounties gi ted ships or vessels employed in the British fiBhery, on the Banks of Newfoundland, having been found inadequate to its intention (as to obtain it the adventurers were obliged to be at a considerable expense in outfitting their . Vessels, carrying extra men, to entitle them to receive the same) that the said Bounties may be appropriated and allowed to such ships or vessels employed in the said fishery, navigated with ten men each, at the rate of six shillings per Ton, agreeable to their registers, subject to a.i the rules and restrictions as reserved in former Acts. " That all the Plantations, Houses, Gardens, and so forth, in this Island, on being established property, to be nevertheless liable to the payment of debts, otherwise those merchants and others who supply ;hi' Boat-keepers and Inhabitants will be deprived of that resource, for the discharge of their just (U'bts. " That all Oil, Blubber, and Seal Skins, exported from this Island, caught by British subjects, may be imported into Grea't Britain free of Duty ; oath being made by the Master or person having the charge of the said ship, that it was caught and cured as aforesaid. " If a Master or the person acting under him, should ' any time see it necessary to correct any sei vaut under them with modera- tion, (free from harshness or cruelty) for not doing his duty in a proper inimner, that the said servant iniv not be allowed, lor every frivolous disagreement or complaint to have his Master summon'd before a Justice of the Peace, which in the height of the fishery has been found very detrimental and often known to be the case without a just cause of complaint. " Fishing Admirals being authorized to hear and determine matters relative to the fishery, the Trading People are often deprived of an immediate resource to them, they being employed fishing on the Banks. " That such fishing Admirals may be allowed to appoint deputy or deputies to act under them to hear or determine, on such matters as may come before them relative to the fishery aforesaid, with liberty to preside at any Court of Justice held in their different disJricts as a Justice, and also for their de- putations to remain in force until the Twentieth of November, before which time the transactions, relative to the said fisheries are not adjusted, as frequently, the fishing Admirals are obliged to sail from this Island, early in October. " As Lumber is at present a scarce commodity, and the intercourse of supply from Quebec, and Port Rosewaj', not yet warranted, from whence no doubt large quantities will be sent to this Island, ia the intermediate space. Regard should be paid tf> 843 11K[0N OF (IKOllOE III. As a further illustration of tho state of society, ati.l of the manner in wliioh tho mlministration of justice was cariiud out at I I !: the Timber Tree* growing in thiM IhIbikI, which if not wimtonly cut down would in li few yotti-s, become lurgi- Hpnrs, for MiiHtH of Ships and other uses, ati well ai to law into boanls. " To prevent the aaid Trees from being unneccHHary cut down tho principal perHon of each crew (of which tliere are a great ninny who proHecute the Hui^ineHH of making Shingle* for covering housfs, itores, &c. ) al!40 lioops 111 the winter season) nhould be competent to judge ouch Timber as would ■lilt hiH purpose, and not wantonly cut down any Trees but for their immediate use under certain restrictions. " Kinding Trees is also of a pernicious tendency, altho' that article is very necessary m the fishery, yet should be subject to Regulations, not for more Trets to he rinded ^u"^ I' "*''^**'""y for curing and iireserving the fish and for the covering temporary houses and huts, where boards are not to be obtained. '• Codd Scans we deem a great nuizance as by them we destroy a great (piantity of small fish, which after being inclosed in the scan (and not worth the attention of the person who hauls them) arc left to rot, by which means a multitude of fish that would grow to maturity, perish. "Contiguous to the Northern Part of this Island are a great many Islands where Birds breed in vast abundance which were of gnat service to the inhabitants residing near them, for food in the winter, and also for bait in catching of fish during the summer, of which valuable resource tliey are now almost entirely deprived, as great part of the birds are destroyed within a few years by the crews of men who make it their busine.'s to kill them ill their breeding season, for their feathers (of which they make a Traffic) ami burning the carcasses, we have applied to get this with many other giievances redressed but have yet only retained a partial relief, therefore pray that an entire stop may be put to destroying the birds otherwise than for food or bait as before excepted. " Olive Oil and Cork, both articles very necessary for the fishery if allowed to be imported here duty free, we apprehend would not be detrimental to the revenue, and at the same time of public utility, as at present we are not allowed to import either, except its being first sent to England, which is attended with additional expense. " When Bread and Flour is to be pur- chased in Great Britain Ireland and Quebec at Twelve Shillings per cwt. it can be supplied the inhabitant of this Island at such moderate prices as not to be a burthen or tax on the fishery, but when it exceeds the price before quoted, a bounty to be granted on what is exfMirted from Great Britain and Ireland, to reduce it to the said price of twelve shillings per cwt. (in British vessels). "Every Ship or Vessel that brings lassengers to Newfoundland not provided with Masters (which is often the case) the Master of such Vessel on his arrival should l.r obliged to enter into Bond, that such men as do not get employed during the summer (by which means they become very burthensomo here, and frequently through Idleness and want commit Outrages, Breaking open Stores and Shops for plunder) and are not provided with a Master m the fall, either to carry them back from where they came or give proper security for their passages so that they may not bo burthensome here, which would prevent a number of Idle Men remaining hero the winter, all of that description being a great nuizance. " It has been a Custom lately with several Masters of Vessels on their arrival, to land many Passengers (great part thereof unprovided for) and then go off with most of their Cargoes (chiefly provisions) supposed for some part of the United States, leaving the said Passengers and others without even the resource of their Cargoes, for supplying them as also the Inhabitants, and by this means doubly distressing the Trade. This we pray may be prevented in future by a clause, that every Vessel bringing provisions to this Island, should not be suffered to carry away more than sufficient Stock for said Vessel's intended Voyage, by suffering the Exportation, the Price here is consequently enhanced and the Inhabitants much distressed thereby. " As our Season for prosecuting the Fish IS of a short continuance the utmost industry during that period is very requisite, and therefore the fewer innovations or incentives to draw the Servants off from tlieir duty the strictest their attention will be in the discharge of it. " Some few years back when the Fishery was prosecuted in the Harbour of St. John's, with great vigour, three to four Houses Public by Licence for vending Spirituous and Malt Liquors were found sufficient, then the servant was obliged to apply to his Em- ployer for Liquor when, if he made bad use of It getting intoxicated and thereby neglect- ing his duty, it was in the said Master's Power to prevent the like happening in future, but within a few years the number of Licenced Houses in the said Harbour are amounted to more than Eighty ih nunshor, n,nay of wliieb are houses of Ill-fame, where the fishermen and seamen resort, and get drunk, neglecting their duty to the great detriment of their Employers, it often happening through one 1 LEGAL ABUSES. 348 iy, and of the carried out at ituin and Ireland, to e of twelve NhillinjiN jIh). * VeMol that liringH illand not provided often the case) the hJH arrival MhouM bo id, that 8iich men w ing the Hummer (by le very biirthenBouie rough IdleneHs and treukiiig open StoreH n(l are not provided either to carry them Bine or give proper !8 HO that they may lere, which would lie Men remaining ftt description being luHtom lately with 8 on their arrival, to ; great part thereof go off with moot of ■ovisions) supposed ited States, leaving •therst without even goes, for supplying iitants, and by this : the Trade. This ;ed in future by a bringing provisions be suifered to carry Dt Stock for said i, by suffering the re is consequently nts much distressed rosecuting the Fish ;he utmost industry ery requisite, and tions or incentives f from tlieir duty on will be in the c when the Fishery bour of St. John's, four Houses Public )irituou8 and Malt fficient, then the apply to his Em- he made bud use d thereby neglect- the said Master's appening in future, umber of Licenced r are amounted to cv, iiinny oi wliieh lere the fishermen drunk, neglecting letriment of their ning through ono tluH period, I give in the notes an account of a few of the cases tried 4 i I. mil'''* I servant's neglect of a few hours a consider- able loss ensues, as flsh is a perishing com- modity too much eare and attention can't be paid It. To prevent the like in future we pray that the numl»er mav be reduced (of llouses Licenced for Selling Liquors) to twelve, which we deem full sufficient for the Entertainment both of the Inhabitants, as well as Strangers resorting to the Harbour, and that each person so authorized to Vend Liquors should be obliged to keep a Fishing Shallop and cure all the Fish said Shallop nuty catch. " The number of Shopkeepers and Ketailers of (ioods hijve increased lately in St. John's to the gieat detriment of the Fish Catchers, as formerly every Employer had the supplying his own Servants, which we apprehend in Piquitj they are entitled to, from the very great wages given to them for the short season of prosecuting the Fishery, the profits arising from such supply was a small emolument to reduce the enormous wages given, but at present the Musters are deprived of this, by their Servants being supplied at those Retail Shops before alluded to, who in the fall of the year collect their Bills, in consequence of which the servants are often reduced to great distress during the winter, to prevent which we pnty ihat each Shopkeeper of Goods may in future be obliged to keep a Shallop on the Fishery otherwise to have six months liberty to sell off his Goods and leave this Island, ns we deem every person not immediately concerned in the Fishery (except his Majesty's Servants) is a burthen to the Island, and that every Tavern-keeper, or other person, known to supply a Servant belonging to or Employed by Merchants or Boat-keepers in the Fishery, on Proof to be fined Fifty Pounds. " His Majesty's Officers having lately inclosed large Spots of Ground contiguous to this Harbour for erecting Houses, Planting Gardens, Farms, &c., by which means many of the public pathways leading to the woods are stopped, to the prejudica of the residents here, we therefore request that no more ground may be inclosed for farms, or other- wise, except as Gardens for the use of the said Officers families, which, when they may be recalled should go to the next that arrives iiccording to their rank. " We therefore request you will deign to take the preceding matters into your serious consideration and grant us such redress as your Honourable House shall seem meet and as in duty bound your Petitioners shall ever pray, &c." — (VVauuen's Lecture, Apps. pn, X-XV.) ' Cjuminal Cases tried in 1777. The jurors for our I^ord the King, upon their oath, present that Richard Power, a native of the kingdom of Ireland, labourer, not having Goit before his lyes, but being moved and seduced by the instigation of the Devil on the first day of ()etoi)er in the l.'ith year of our sovereign Lord, (Jeorge the Third, of Great Hritain, France, and Ireland, kc, 8m, . . . At the hour of al>out tt o'cioc'c in the evening of the same iny, with force and arms at St. John's, See, ill and upl upon the left side of the head of him the suid John Cahill one mortal stroke or blow, of which he the suid John Cahill languished until the evening of the 24th Novemlier and then died, &c., &c This is Kii abbreviated form of the indict- ment against Power j there was no evidence to sustain it. It appears that Cahill, a shop keeper or merchant, was having a drunken spree in his house j some boys looked in through the window, so he and other guests rushed out and struck the spectators with sticks ; the accused, an Irish " youngster," was passing, and was struck violent blows on the head by Cahill and Lawrence Power, who were too drunk to distinguish anyone ; after being struck, Richard Power immediately went home, and next day had his wounds dressed by Dr. Delaney. 'fhe jury found the prisoner not guilty, and he was discharged on payment of the fees of the court. Lawrence Hallahan, found guilty of forg- ing a bill of £8, was sentenced as follows : " That you be carried back to the place from whence you came and thence be led to the place of execution and there to be hanged by the neck until you are Dead, Dead, Dead, and the Lord have mercy on your soul." Next Lawrence Dalton, for forging two orders for 20i-. and i7i'., received the same sentence. Patrick Knowlan, for stealing u counterpane, value It'rf., from Peter Prim, sentence: " That you P. Knowlan be whipped by the common whipper with a halter about 844 REIGN OF GEORGE III. In the year 177G came into operation the statute known in the Colony as " PHlliser's Act " 15 Geo. III. c. xxxi. This important measure was very ably drawn, and, although somewhat encumbered with the mvolvtd and reduniant verbosity of the period, it was remarkably clear and definite ; Sir Hugh's hand can be traced in every line. The distinct purpose of the measure was to make the Newfoundland business a British fishery, carried on by fishermen fiom England and the King's dommions in Europe ; American colonists were rigidly excludtd from any participation in the bounties and other benefits granted by it. The preamble clearly exi)lains thi> object :— Pr-i- '^J'^'"^*'.*^^ fi^^*^'*'^^ carried on by H. M. subjects of G. Britain and of the British dominions m Europe have been found to be the best nnrserieB for able and andT^r;^ 7°"'"; IJ'T T^^ '° '"^'^ *^" ^"^'"^ ^^^^y ^^^'^ occaBions require ; ana t IB therefore oi the highest national importance to give all due encourage^ mentto the said fisheries, and to endeavour to secure the annual return oi the fashermen. sailors, and others employed therein to the Ports of Great Britain &c. at tne end of every fishing season. i. 1 ^^\'\''''^^'', to promote these great and important purposes and with a view Brt!l?\f "^ ^o md„ce H M. subjects to proceed early from the ports of G. Britain to the Banks of ^Newfoundland, and thereby to prosecute the fishery on the said banks to the greatest advantage it is enacted &c " ;^^'** [^7 and after 1st Jany. 177ti the bounties hereinafter mentioned shall LBrlTb r/""''^'! '".''' ^^^^'^ such vessels must rh„??of T T "''''f ^^ ^"'''^ '''^^''^' ^'^^'^^"^ '^ ^^gl'*"^ «fec., not less than 50 tons burthen, not less than 16 men (three fourths of whom must be H M subjects), to be fitted and cleared out from an English Port on the 1st January each year ; they must catch on the Banks not less than 10,000 fish to be landed on the E. coast of Newfoundland before the 15th July each year r,. 'I ^n^"*^ of £40 per ship to the first 25 vessels making two trips to the Banks- next 100 );esHels £20 each. Bounty for whale fishery £500 to the first vessel arriving with the largest quantity of oil. " No person allowed to fish in INewfoundland except those arriving from n M Dommions in Europe [intended to exclude the Americans]. Provisions to be' brought from England, Ireland, &c. free. Fishing vessels to be free from restraint and only pay a Custom House fee of 2s. 6d. Seal skins and oil to be free of duty. No fashmg vessels to carry passengers to Newfoundland without permission Agreement in writing with fishermen obligatory. No advance to fishermen to be more than half their wages-other half on return home. Master must produce Sbipping paper. F.sh and oil liable preferentially for payment of servants wages your neck, tliat is to say you are to receive on your baie back twenty lashes at the common whipping post, then to be led by the halter to the Publick Path just opposite Air, Peter Prims door and there ricei-,e twenty lashes as before, and then led as before to the Vice- Admiral's Beach and there to leceivs twenty lashes as befoie ; to forfeit^all your goods and chattels ; to pjtv the charges oi iiic Court, and to dcbiirt this Island by the first vessel bound for Ireland never to return on pain of havinf^ the same punishment repeated every Monday morning 5 to be kept in prison till you ao aooard." "^ ^ Thus ended the assizes, McHL. Gill. John Stiupling. Edwd, White. Tnos. DoDp. EuwAUD Langjuu, ROBT. BULLEY. Hallahan was hung 10th May 1'177. PALLISER'S ACT. 345 known in the lortant measure beied with the as remarkably I'eiy line. The idland business and the King's excludtd from granted by it. •itain and of the aries for able and ccagionsreqnire ; due encourage- tal return of the irreat Britain &c. and with a view n the ports of G-. e the fishery on mentioned shall ch vessels must and &c., not less n must be H. M. the 1st January to be landed on i to the Banks— the first vessel ring from IL. M, ^revisions to be e from restraint )e free of duty. lout permission, fishermen to be r must produce servants Wfiges. ted every Mouday rison till you go .. Gill. Stuipling. J. White. . DODP. lUD Langm.*u. . BULLEY. I May l';77. Penalties for misconduct of fishermen. All disputes to be determined by Sessions Courts in Newfoundland or hj Vice Admiralty Court [this was repealed as regards Admiralty Courts by 26 Geo. III. cap. xxvi. sec. 25]. Fishermen to be free from press gang. Duty of 1/- per gallon on mm from America, &,c " Palliser's Act was one of tlie results of the troubles with America. The bounty was given to encourage the loyal Colony of Newfoundlanl; by a provision in the Act, Americans, as well as all Colonists outside Newfoundland, were excluded from all participation in the colonial fishery. The bank fishery was specially reserved for i he sul)jects of His Majesty's dominions in Europe. Hanoverijins Jersey men, &c. might fish ; but Canadians, Nova Scotians, and Bermndi.ins were rigidly ex- cluded by this extraordinary narrow policy. As Ireland was at the time in strong sympathy with the American insurgents, it was thought desirable to win over the Celts by granting tiiem the much-desirtd bonn of free trade with the Colonies, and a b.-unty for their fishery. The Irish were so much concerned with Newfoundland at this time that listoiians speak of the bounty on our bank fishery as given to the Irish Xno- foundland fishery. The trade between the two c()U'.;tries at this period was large; Arthur Young speaks of the farmers around Waterford fattening ]iigs for our markets ; legal or illegal, the trade was carried on. Tl e West Countrymen always made a provision that the convoy out to New- foundland should remain forty-eight hours in Cork. The effect of Palliser's Act was to increase the bank fishery, it had no other result. The provisions about servants' wjges were bitterly disliked by the West Country mer- chants, and in every way tliey tried to evade the new law. In the years 1787 and 1788 n new trade question arose. The Devonshire men found a formidable competitor in a most unlooked-for quarter, Bermuda. The whole story of this sudden irruption into our island of the Somers Islanders and their lusty negroes is so graphically described by Jeremiah Coghlan, that I give his report in full ; it is dated 25th October 1788, St. John's :— " This new and alarming undertaking consisted this year of thirty four sloops of 30 to 60 tons burthen, from 8 to 12 men each, three parts of whom consist of robust able black men, natives of Bermuda, and slaves to owners of said vessels, other part were old country men, liired for splitting, salting, and conducting things a,broad said vessels on the Banks, and the large vessels had each one of our expert fishermen to instruct the crow in managing tlieir lines and disengaging the hooks with quickness wlien swallowed by the cod. > i BERMUDIAS SLOOP OF THE EIOHTEESTn CESTUHT. 346 REIGN OF GEORGE III. 'Hi These vessels came early in the spring from Bermuda, laden with salt which was brought from Turks Island. Part of them paid Masters of our fishing rooms 21- per quintal for curing the fish they should take. The other part, particularly large size sloops, took possession of vacant ship's or admiral's rooms at different parts to the southward of St. John's and hired one experienced Master of voyages to manage and inspect the curing of fish, occupying the said fishing rooms in the same manner en British ships are entitled to do. " The first trips these our rivals made to the Grand Bank, they appeared as if they could not undergo the hardships of such a business, and as natives of a more southern chmate could not endure fatigues; but they soon convinced the English hshers that they were equal to any young beginners who came before them ; and to aid their endeavours they were greatly favoured by a most uncommon mild moderate season which was a great encouragement to their exertions, and which men to the surprise of our fishermen, exceeded them in despatch, which appears bv the, following account. '• The smallest of these vessels, in July and August seldom exceed ei-^ht davs m making fishing trips to the Graud Bank and in returning loaded from thei.ce For benig not only remarkably fast nailors, Ijut also, when it became calm frei quently the case in those montlis, these blacks (shewing example of attention tor good of their Masters' interest worthy notice of our people) rowed their sloops from 2^ m 3 miles per hour and in working in and out of narrow harbours excelled the test of our fishing lugger shallops. No wind prevented them from getting on the Banks. Have been told that the Master of one of our banking shii)s beine stopped in the Narrows of St. John's by a strong wind blowing from the sea when bound on the Grand Bank, two of these Bermudiau sloops passed him and worked out urder low sail ; the next evening the former got his vessel out of Earbour also and meeting a contrary time was five days after liefore lie got on the f.shing ground, a^-, whi.^h time he fell in with one of the sloops before mentioned rc-turning with her full take of fish which her crew were but four days in catching. " Also learned from Master,, of our Bankers who have been in com])any with Bermudiaus on Banks fishing in August, that the black men aboard of them became as expert in catching fish as old country men and as eager and attentive to catch as any of ours who are paid £4 10s. per 1000 fisli for catching only— „omc of which men have earned this year £46 stg. for their separate share of a Banker's voyage. " This information discovers to you the very great take of fish there has been on the Grand Bank this past season, which to a great degree exceeds any single year's take of that article within tlie memory of the oldest trader to this Country • a circumstance that (with many encouraging advantages these new Adventurers have in view superior to fishers from England) must terminate to the latter's pre- judice if not Rpeedily taken under the consideration of the Lords of Committee of Trade and Plantations and must cause great decline to this valuable nursery of British seamen. " These Bermudian fishing vessels are to sanction the subtle views of Americans who to evade the late restrictions laid on their expoi'ts, tlie wise check given their navigation, a wound their boasted liberty cannot readily heal, are now become concerned with their second selves, the Bermudian.-<, in imposing this r ■ and unexpected undertaking on Gr^at Britain. " The said fishing vessels, the alarming rivals or British European fisher^ being manned with proprietors' own slaves and fitted out in much cheaper uiauner than English Bankers will liave great superiority over the latter in. case of n h-.-.d fishery happenin';, the former having no chiim "on owners for wages, which will enable them to undersell the English taken fish and also introduce h, new mode of •I I THE BERMUDIAN IRRUPTION. 847 1 with Bait which our fishing rooms part, particularly ooms at different [aster of voyages ling rooms in the >y appeared as if mtives of a more need the English lefore them ; and uncommon mild tions, and which vhich appears by ^ceed eight days ded from thence. 3came calm, fre- iple of attention wed their sloops larbonrs excelled from getting on cing ships being cm the seii when him and worked of Earbour also b on the fishing tionod rr'turning •hi)ig. 1 company with 1 of them became ttentive to catch — ,=ome of which nker's voyage. Ii there has been eeds any single () this Country ; ew Adventurers the latter's pre- nf Committee of laljle nursery of 'S of Americans, cck given their re now becoiuo I this r ■ and iropran fishers, cheaper laauner • ! case <)f !! hiid ges, whicli will H new mode of smuggling New England fish at all our West India Islands, where they can afford to supply them with fish of first quality as cheap as we can; what the Spanish market wdl not consume being such as we call refuse at this market "Under colour of the said Banking vessels taking their fish from hence when cured to be reshipjied on board larger size vessels at Bermudas and transported trom thence to the Mediterranean markets, protected by our passes, said vesses will proceed to America and there receive New England fish to the amount of two thirds their cargoe, and in-oceed with such to the former markets which will be rivalling us at the same. The Americans not daring to face the Mediterranean or get within reach of being made slaves by the Algerinee, which also burdens their voyages made to the Straights with an additional premium for insurance that no markets can support and which markets we command at present. " The fishing crews, being slaves, the pro})erty of people of Bermuda and many American blacks, not being within reach of our men cf war in case of rupture with European powers are only for the service of America [for manning ships of war]. The major part of these vessels will be suijplied with coidage, canvas, iron work, Ac, from America and, being a great field for smuggling produce of that country into bays and creeks of Newfoundland, these vessels, under sanction of taking fish, will set aside the restrictions on importation of provisions &c. from the Continent, which the greatest attention of the King's ships on this station cannot prevent, and they will be enabled thereby to undersell us at this market, and maintain their crews much cheaiier than we English fishers. " The chief agent who came with our rival codfishers from Bermuda, whose name is Harvey, is a shrewd American. He openly declares there will be 100 sail of Bermudian sloops fishing on the Grand Bank next season, and is now going to London, having all the bluster of the American party to support him in case of need, to make good their establishment at this Island. The other agents are rank Americans ; also Nathaniel Philips of St. John's who discovered himself so implacable a stickler for the Bostonians during the late troubles, is the person who undertakes to defray al] matters and costs these mock Bermudians are subject to • and, though notwithstanding the Act of Parliament, these Bermudians, as they call themselves, have been permitted by the Government to all rights of British Euro- peans' ships to the surprize of every Englishman, who lay this evil at the door of the former's secretary [Aaron Graham] a much greater man than his master and governs this Island as he thinks fit, of which all the surrogates complain loudly To set aside any right of claim those mock Mudians can have to disinherit Eno'lish fishers, I am solicited by a body of English fishers to lay those threatening national grievances before you, praying representation to Lord Hawkesbury (as owing to your judicious measures when our Governor, the rise and consequence of this Island is become fhc envy of nil nations) that a better check to New England fishers [be arranged]." Tlie Bermudians v/ere allowed to dry their fish this year, but they were afterwards rigidly tabooed.^ This letter, addressed to Sir Hugh Palliser — the most virulent opponent of our native resident fishermen— gives a very clear statement of the case from the West Country standpoint. There can be very ' The Birmudians liad fi.shod in New- foiinflliiiul before this data, and alter ths-v w( r(! prohibited from landing and curing their fish, they carried it home gveen to Uerinuda. The damp climate of thpir island was found, hoAvover, unsuitable for fish curing, and the '■ntorpri'e iiad to be abandoned, I have rect'ved valuable information on this subject f".in T. Reid, Fsq., Bermuda. Further information will be fo'.'nd in the Appendi.x;. 348 REIGN OF GEORGE III. i little doult that the shrewd Yankees had a hand in this new dodge. The Nathaniel Philips referred to was a well-known merchant in St. John's ; he had been the general agent for the New England trade ir. Newfoundland ; a close-fisted, penurious old fellow, who had become very rich "by saving of candle ends and sich"; he died in 1790, and was buried in the cathedral l.urying ground, at tlie corner near 8t: Andrew's Kirk.^ Three of his clerks were Henry Shea (father of Sir Ambrose, and the Hon. Edward D'Alton Shea), Geo. Lilly (after- wards Tu-^ ■> • • servants. One day Michael, Philips' faithful old Irish servant, told his master the appalling news that the young gentlemen wanted a change in their dinner — hll three had declared the3' would eat pork no longer. " Not eat pork," said ti.e old man in a furious rage, " I'll make *em eat pork until the l>ristles grow on '•-•.' " ' Wreck of the " Trois Freres." "As every part of the conduct of the '^t^opli' at jind ahGut St. Afiirie.'s ^.^yijT'M^i'd i" this transaction appears to me the most inhuman and barbarous proceeding I ever doing that justice to the injured parties their unhappy case requires, and doubt not there may he some well disposed people there who will be happy to rentier you every assist- ance towards this discovery, and am gentle- men, " Your very humble servant, " J. MONTAGDE. " To .lohn Fo. ■»! & Jas. .Jackson, ,1 '.'t-, Trepassey. [This letter relates tr> the wreck and ji^ssjvhT"-;; of tbc Frciii;':! schooner Troi.t Freres, of (Juadaloupe, Pierre Barthelemv Oloum, master, in April 1777.] GOVERNOR EDWARDS. ;«o this new dodge, n merchant in V England trade ^ho had become ed in 1790, and le corner near •)hea (father of !0. Lilly (after- ).), and William [irough the first 1812. Philips' large dealings, xnd selling up , there was a leir excellencies fur instance, John Philips, ion. On many t the special nt. He fined for a third 'iiobeying the i"e of all their d then sent on a considerable long standing IS were made :e of the civil '■ efficient and ous to increase iitry 1 rely on your ijured parties their tl doubt not there ised people there r you t'very assist- y, and am frentJe- ble servant, ' J. Montague. ^ the ^yreck and Nchonner Troi.s ierre Barthelemy their profitable business with the Island, they represented the deplorable state of affairs to the Ministry, but all to no purpose. Grievous com- plaints were made, especially about the admin5s,tiation of justice- Governor after Governor represented the matter to the Crown, but without eHect. Rear-Admiral Montague remained until 1778. In July of that year France recognised the independence of the United States, And declared war against England. This step had been in contemplation for some time ; in the autumn of 1777 all the French fleet in Newfoundland, both men-of war and merchantmen, had been suddenly ordered to return to France. On the Governor's departure from the Colony at the usual time, in both the autunin of 177G and 1777, he had left two frigates and two armed vessels at St. John's and Placentia, and at the earnest request of the merchants in 1777 a frigate remained on the coast up to the 25th of November to con- voy the fish vessels to the Mediterranean. There is very little interesting matter in the records during Governor Edwards' tenure of oflSce.^ He v^as a very caref.d and attentive administrator. All available means were used to strengthen the defences of the Colony ; nine men-of-war, between three and four hundred volunteers, and about four hundred and fifty regular troops were under his command; bat- teries -ere established at Quidi Vidi, Cuckold's Cove, Amherst Tower, Frede- rick's Battery, Chain Rock Battery, Fort William, Fort Townshend, and at Petty Harbour, and in the Torbay and Bay Bulls Roads ; a sliip was moored at River Head to defend the path leading into the town from Bay Bulls; the volunteers when under anns were allowed rations, pay, and each half a pint of rum per diem. A.bout £.5,000 in specie to pay troop'-* f.o.l volunteers, and eight hundred stand of arms, were sent out crfrr, England. Edwards acknowledges in grateful terms the loyalty of the Newfoundland population; their active exertions to defend the Colony, their cheerful submission to GOVERNOE BICIIARD EDWARDS.. From an engraving after Dance. ' Richard Edwards must not be confused with the Governor of the same name in George II.'s reign. He was appointed a Commander in 1747, and in 1777 was Captain of H.M.S. Sandtoich (90) at U sham, under Admirul Ke-^nel, where his ship suffered verj- severely. He was a witness at the subsequent court-martial. On 19th March 1779, he be- came Eear-Admiral of the Blue, and soon after was sent to the Newfoundland station • he resigned this post in April 1782 on the cbancre nf ndminiatmtinn 'E'<1^.— i,. -_.. little active service ; he died, at an advanced age, in 1794. — (Chakkoc^'s Biographia Nmvaltx.) ^ 1 350 REIGN OF GEORGE III. military rule and dincipline, nnd their valuable aid in perfecting; the defences, both of the capifal and the outports. Beyond tampering with the guns at Kenews, there is not a single complaint of disloyalty or disaffection, '' All through 1780 St. John's was kept in a state of vigilant watch- fulness about the great French fleet, with a hundred transporls, that had sailed from Bi^st on May 2nd; its destiny, however, was the United States, not Newfoundland. During all the first American con- test no foreign men-of-war-either French, Spanish, or American-made any serious attack on the Island. Newfoundland suffered much from m 81. JOHN'S IN 1770. the scarcity and dearness of provisions, which had all to be imported from England, as well as coal. On the other hand she enjoyed .til the fishery-bank and shore-without a rival; prices were good and the harvest ot the sea abundant. On the whole, the war time was a prosperous period in Newfoundland history. co.T%r'% ^''Ti' """^^ ^""''''" P'"''^*^"-'^ ^^^S -t'^"t the coast. They did most damage to the planters at Fogo and Twillino-at. In August 17.0 Edwards writes that "already he has captured 1'; American privateers, but they are in force on th^ coast." W' vessels." ° It is perfectly clear that tlie English envoy virtually promised to gi^-e Fi-ance exclusive rights from Cape John to Cape Ray, but the Ministry dare not put it in the Treaty— the clau.ses about Newfoundlaml were mo.st unpopular. Fox and Burke tore away every vestige of credit from the Peace of Versailles, .ond tlie Ministr) were turned out. This is the secret of the dubious character of the declaration; nowhere does it IiOED ST. HELES'S. From «". engravlno hi the B.3L 354 EEIGX OF GEORGE III. mention excluiiive rights, neither in the proclamation issued })y the Governors, uor in the Act 2« George III. c. xxv. ; Lord Pidmerston might well say : — " In no similar iiistruniont which bas over eomc under the notice of the British Government, is h(. important a concoHsion an an exclusive privilege of thi» deHcnption, announced in terms so loose and indefinite. " Exclusive right.^ are privileges which from the very nature of things, are hkcly to heinjurious to parties who ai.> thereby debarred from some exercise of industry m which they would otherwise engage.. Such rights are therefore certain to ))e nt some time or oihor disputed, if there is any maintainal)le gi'ound for contest uig them; and for these reasons when negotiations have intended to grant exclusive rights, it has been their invariable practice to convey such rights in direct, uuqualiaod, and corai)rehen8ive terms, so as to prevent the possibilitv of future dispute or doubt. "Inthepresentcase, however, such forma of expression are entirely wanting and the claim put forward on the jmrt of France, is founded simply upon inference »nd upon an assumed interpretation of words." This is a very ably written despatch. It appears to me, however, after luiviaig carefully read the immeiise correspondence on the subject, that, notwithstanding all the hair-«plitting letters, the French argument that they have a prior claim to the fishing; on the Treaty Shore had great force, and if they had been able to occupy every inch of the ground with their fishing operations, from Cape John to Cape Kay, they could maintain their ])osition ; but, unfortunately for them, tliey never could do 8o, and the inexorable logic of events— the failing- shore fishery and the permanent settlement of so many British subjects on the thove (which was originally encouraged by the Frencli), and the settlers' persistence in fishing— has, at present, reduced the French' treaty rights to mere barren privileges. They can have no permanent buildings of any kind, they cannot remain behind to look after their property, and the codfish— their chief end and aim— has forsaken the coast, except in the early spring, when the western shore men snatch a voyage before the French arrive, and in the autumn take another good trip or tM-o after they have left. The assertion of French right has, in our days, become a mere dog-in-the-manger policy. Add to this the fact that they have virturJly al)andoned the treaty shore, and that about a dozen- ojd brigs and two hundred French fishermen now represent the whole coiiunercial status of France on this nuich -disputed territory.^ ■• ( St. Juliens ' . ' The exact figures j Port au Clioix - for 1888 ami 1889 aiv I Ilu St. Jean - the following. Since ' Cap Rouge then thev have much decreased - Le Croc He Kouge West Coast Vessels. - 1' - 1 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 4 Tons 204 204 407 235 598 112 614 Men. 11 11 • 51 33 36 7 85 TIIK HOYAL DKCLARATIOX. 35ft issued by the fd Pulmerston of the nritisb irivilogo of this ) of things, aro uino cxcrciHo of therefore certain able groniul for ;en(lcd to grant suoh rights in lio poHsibility of itirolj' wnnting, wpon infcn-nce lue, however, enco on tlie s, tlie Frencli n tlie Treaty occupy every Cape John to ortunately for •t" events — the many British /■ the French), ed the Frencli )0 permanent ok after their forsaken the men snatch a another good 1 right has, in ) this the fact that about a represent the ed territory.^ Men. 11 11 • 51 88 86 7 85 284 Whilst the French have diminishi-d, the English population has increised, and now numbors over fhirtera thomand pcnmiiient HettlevH. The whole French case at the present day rests uri the declaratinn oi George III., a secret, fraudulent proceeding; foreign diplomatists would at once have found a way out of such a premise— England did not do so The strongest n«sui-ance the Emperor Nicholas could give was " on the honour of an English gentleman." Whatever on.- may think, therefore, either ..f the legality or of the morality of the Royal declaration, it was clearly binding on the i Jish Government until abrogated by war ; the original Treaty of Utrecht had a clear meaning it gave the French a concurrent fishery, regulated and controlled exclmivcly by English authorities ; our history shows that this was the uniform system on which it was carried on up to 1783. It is an elementary rule of international law that the sovereign power alone exercises "authority within its own territory. Whatever rights France may have on the Newfomulland treaty shore, they must be carried out under English supervision and control ; neither Fr;ince nor any other foreign power can exercise coercive jurisdiction on English territory. It will appear strange to many English readers, but it is nevertheless true, that England has never maintained this principle until the last few yeaiu Lord Salisbury was tiie first English minister to put his foot down firmly and declare that no French officer would be permitted t) seize English boats, cut English nets, or to drive English fishermen out of their own harbuurs.^ We have seen in the foregoing pages some of the outrageous pro- ceedings of the courts of justice in their criminal proceedings, mainly directed against poor Irish Roman Catholics; subsequently these absurd tribunals went further and filled up the measure of their ini(iuity. A more incongruous caricature of law and justice can hardly be imagined tiian the so-called Court of Oyer and Tern.iner. The chief justice at one time was the Church of England minister^ the Rev. Edward Langman ; at another time the ordnance storekeejjer,' White (later on the naval officer, sworn broker, sole notary public and sole auctioneer). The most cruel proceedings were under his tenure of the chief justiceship. In 1785 he had grown so arrogant that he refused to serve as a justice unless he was made keeper of the Rolls ; on the Oth of October of that year Governor Campbell therefore struck' his name off the Commission of the Peace. Tiie two cases I am about tc ' The House of Commons, in October 1893, was \m\c\\ ftmuspfi -Af ;•, notice given by the Commander of H.M.S. Pelican to the Ensrlish inhabitants of St. irge'^ prohibiting theiu them from selling herring except to Frenoli vessul¥, and, it foiiow.s as a consequence, at the prices the French chose to give for Z 2 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 5^ // ^/ '..4^^ V. t/a ,^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ 1^ *^ I. WUI. m 1.4 !lllll.6 L/u 356 REIGN OP GEORGE III. refer to are set forth fully in the parliamentary report on the courts of justice in Newfoundland, and also in the manuscript history of Dr. Gardner of Boston. U.S.^ In the summer of 1784 a French brig was lost at Greenspond. Dr. Gardner says : — " Finding that the vessel must be lost altogether, some of the Planters at Greenspond made free with somo of the property on board which occasioned the French Captain to go to St. John's and complain to the jndge of the Vice-Admiralty Court, who immediately issued out a summons against sixteen of the principal planters, who he pretends had plundered his ship, and in the height of the fishing season they were sent prisoners to St. John's to be tried for their lives and for that purpose detained there in custody until October; at the same time, previous to the trial, their effects were attached ; the consequence was that upwards of £1500 is said to have been lost by this unlawful act. •' The men were all acquitted except one who, being found guilty of having endeavoured to secrete some goods from on board the wreck, was condemned to die, but so shocking was this decree for a fault or crime which in this country [America] would be deemed petit larceny that the French Captain and the prosecutors petitioned the G-overnor to pardon him, who humanely complied with the request. The poor man, by name George Clarke, was so shocked at the treatment he sustained together with the loss of his property Avhich was all sold by order of the Judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court (and the amount is now in his hands), that he came to England and soon died of grief. •' It is melancholy to relate that some of these poor men were tried for their lives merely for having a dozen spike nails found upon them, which they delivered up to the first person who appeared to receive them. The cruelty of those proceedings needs no comment. Had a Court been instituted directly, and a person acquainted with the laws ai)pointed to try them on the spot, the injured would have been redressed, aiid the guilty, if any, punished, and these industrious men by being employed in the fishery during the season enabled to make good their payments to their employers, or bail might have been taken for ^eir appear- ■ ance after the fishing season was over. But that would not have suited the purpose of the Admiralty Court at St. John's, the fees of which are most enormous. . . ."- The following statement is taken from the sworn evidence of Richard Routh, Collector of the Customs— afterwards appointed Chief Justice by the British Government : — "For the sole purpose of fees the Magistrates licensed 108 Public Houses in St. John's alone at 4J guineas each ; one-half of this went to the three Justices, the other half to the Public funds. * Dr. Garduer was a leading physician in Boston, the first to introduce vaccination into New England ; besides his practice he curried on a large wholesale drug business, supplying all the Eastern States with his medicines ; by this means, which was a great innovation on estjiblished practices, he made a large fortune, with which he founded the town of " Gardner," in Maine ; he was an ardent Roysi]' , and when the British troops left Hoston he followed them, and came down to Newfoundland ; after he Revolution he returned to Boston, where he died at a very advanced age. He v;.s a man distinguished for high character, for active benevolence, and stern unbending loyalty. His history is in manuscript (B.M. MS. 15493), J regret I have only space to make a few extracts from it. - This story is not a bit exaggerated. The case is reported shortly in the Records, 23 Oct. 1784 — The French brig was called L'Actiffe, the master's name Y. le Pomelle, Louis Gouillou was second master, niid Eraus. Gouillon, surgeon. THE COURTS OF JUSTICE. a« I the courts of •ipt history of a French brig i the Planters at ill occasioned the le Vice-Admiralty of the principal ght of the fishing lives and for that e, previous to the rards of £1500 is guilty of having condemned to die, sountry [America] i the prosecutors with the request, the treatment he I by order of the is hands), that he ere tried for their ■h they delivered cruelty of those i dii "ctly, and a spot, the injured these industrious ed to make good for iiheir appear- ■uited the purpose ormous. . . ."^ :n evidence of ppointed Chief Public Houses in le three Justices, ced age. He v;:s a character, for active )ending loyalty. His (B.M. MS. 15493), ace to make a few a l)it exaggerated, itly in the Records, ich brig was called ftine Y. le Pomelle, Bcoiid innster. mid "There were other means of increasing their incomes by fines the most oppressive A poor inoffensive taylor f Foreham] had for several days [in the summer of 1783] been intoxicated and was by that means rendered insane ; in this situation he affronted his neighbour, a widow woman, with improper' language, accusing everyone of robbing him. She being unacquainted with the state of his mind applied to the magistrates. The taylor was summoned but regardless of every event [in his insane condition] he did not appear. He was fined for contempt of Court one hundred and fifty immda and his property attached for the amount. . »» I The three magistrates divided the fines; this would not be a bad day's work. Routh says there was not a single instance of a poor man recovering against a merchant before these justices except one, A judgment was given against a man named O'DriscolL of Bay Bulls, in the matter of Brook's estate ; as he was passing along the street, down- hearted about his case, wbich spelled ruin for him, a friend pointed out Prince William Henry (afterwards William IV.); "get him to plead your case agen," said the Irish friend, « and bedad you will win before ould judge" ; so O'Driscoll accosted the Prince, told him his miserable story, and the Prince, a jolly good-natured sailor, went off with him hot foot to the justice, and pleaded his cause so ably that judgment was given in his favour ; the first case, it is alleged, old Mr. Gill ever gave against a merchant. The following account of the Newfoundland courts of law was written in 1784 by Dr. Gardner: — " The present Government of Newfoundland such as it is, is in the Admiralty ; they send out an Admiral annually for the Governor, who resides at St. John's the capital of the Island during the fishing season, which generally lasts near or quite four months. His Commission authorizes him to appoint Courts of Oyer and Terminer and Justices of the Peace in any Harbour in the Island ; there are like- wise Justice Courts appointed by him to be held at St. John's once every week [they were held twice a week— on Tuesdays and Fridays]. These, with the Court of Vice -Admiralty, are the cni;- Courts instituted in the Island. ' ' The present Judge of the Admiralty, who the Governor seems to make the head of the Law Department, was obliged to leave this country about thirty years ago, and weut to the Bay of Bulls at Newfoundland, where he lived as a Clerk to a gentleman concerned in the fishery. After some time he went to St. John's and kept a small school which he did not find answer his expectations, he therefore became a retailer of spirituous liquors. However he may be found qualified for the business of a gin shop, those who are best acquainted with him declare with one voice that he is unworthy of holding the posts he now sustains. " The Judges who compose the Court of Oyer and Terminer are usually, the Judge of the Admiralty who presides, two or three justices, one or two Merchant men not the least acquainted with law or the form of it. Their Commission is during the session and renewed every year. They have no salaries and therefore Gardner says the magistrates were well was a man of means, and therefoie a (rood aware of Foreliani's condition of mind. He subject to be mulcted. I 368 REIGN OF GEORGE HI. we may suppose make the most of their places. The expense of the most triflinff distress. The six pernons usually on the Bench on these ocoasiona ^vith the sheriff hare each two guineas for every trial. The clerks, gaolers. a«d constables' fees make up the rest ; so that rather than be at so heavy an expense to pro.secute. the culprit often goes without puniBhment." ^-uie, m« The final result of all this cruelty and injustice was to create a terrible feehrg of indignation against the courts. I have mentioned before that their constitution was illegal. Governor Edwards, after his return from Newfoundland, was sued at Exeter. The presiding judge unwilling to have his Excellency's judgment exposed and his illegal proceedings published to the world, suggested a compromise. This case made the governors more cautious ; they never took part again in open court. The final change came about in rather a curious way. Admiral Mark Milbanke.^ who entered on the government of Newfoundland in 1789, was advised by his admirable secretary, Aaron Graham, to create a court of common pleas, with regular judges, instead of justices of the peace. It was a fortunate mistake, as it led to a more careful investigation and in- spection of our judicial system by the House of Commons. Grievous complaints were made by the merchants against Sir Mark's new rr ,. ^ tribunal. Finally, in 1791, th- House of Commons passed an Act-31 Geo. HI c. xxix -creating a cour designated "The Court of Civil Jurisdiction of our W hf King at St. John s, m the Island of Newfoundland." This wa« presided JOHN REEVES. From an engraving after Drwiimond. Mark Milbnnke, the third son of Sir Ralph Milbanke, of Halnaby, Yoiksbire entered the Navy in 1736 as a scholar at Ports-' mouth. After serving in various ships without seeing much service, he was sent in 1759, in the Guernsey, on a mission to the Eaperor of Morocco. He sat on the Keppel court- martial ; was made rear-admiral of the White in 1779. During the following years he occasionally acted in place of Admiral Miuldham as commander-in-chief at Plymouth In 1782 he held a command in the grand fleet under Lord Howe, with whom he took part m the demonstration in the North Sea the relief of Gibraltar, and the action off Cape Spartel From 1783 to 1786 he was port admiral at Plymouth, and 1790-1-2 Goverao, of I^e^-foundland. He was commander in-ch,ef at Portsmouth. 1799 to 1803, bm had no active command during the war He died m 1805.-(Stew,en'sW Dct of Sioyraphy.) "' "J THE SUPREME COUJIT. 3o9 f the most trifling much misery and •ns with the sheriff' nd constablea' fees e to prosecute, the ivas to create a liave mentioned Iwards, after his presiding judge, and his illegal mise. This case more cautious ; part again in final change ;her a curious klilbanke,^ who ;overnnienl of 89, was advised cretary, Aaron ourt of common judges, instead Jace. It was a ts it led to a nation and in- cial system by oris. Grievous mde by the ir Mark's new in 1791, thy ixix. — creating our Lord the s was presided land in the grand rith whom he took 1 in the JTorth Sea, the action off Cape 1786 he was port 1790-1-2 Governor was commander- 799 to 1803, but ring the war. He 's Nat. Diet, of over by Chief Justice Reeves,^ and was only to continue for one year next year it was properly set forth by 32 Geo. III. c. xlvi., as "The Supreme Court of Judicature of the Island of Newfoundland." It was also only for one year, but was coitinued annually until 1809. John Reeves, again made Chief Justice, had been law adviser to the Board of Trade ; he was an admirable ofticial— industrious, painstaking, firm, and resolutely impartial ; the whole reformation in our judicial system is due to him, Aaron Graham,^ and Admiral Mark Milbanke.^ It was a terribly up-hill struggle ; the West Country merchants fought as resolutely against the courts as they had formerly done against the 'Chief Justice Reeves, to whose high qualities I have endeavoured to do justice, shows in one of his judgments that, even under his able administration, the quality of mercy was not strained. He tried some fisher- men for taking eggs at the Funk Islands, which was forbidden by Proclamation; it was proved that one of the culprits, Clarke, lived at Greenspond ; he was in want of food for his family, and the eggs were taken solely to obtain some for his wife and children. Whilst sentencing the other prisoners to be publicly whipped, he solemnly ordered that, out of regard to these mitigating circum- stances in Clarke's case, he was only to be privately flogged. We do not think this unfortunate victim of a cruel law appreciated the distinction. 2 Aaron Graham had been secretary to the two former governors ; to his advocacy ye are largely indebted for our courts of justice, and every improvement iu theii- ad- ministration. He was a most abK and enlightened oflScial, and, as Coghlan truly says, was the virtual governor of the Colony. He afterwards filled the important position of police magistrate in London. The ponMATiON of the Supbeme Court. Whitehall, 22nd March, 1794. My liOitDS, I am to inform your Lordships that in the sessions of Parliament of 1791, 1792 and 1793, there were passed the annual Acts for instituting Courts of Judicature in Newfound- land (Stat. 31 Geo. III. cap. xxix., 32 Geo. III. ■c. xlvi. and 33 Geo. III. c. Ixxvi.). Under the first of these Acts, His Majesty was pleased by the authority thereby vested in hiin, to appoint Mr. Reeves Chief Judge of the said island ; and the Governor of the said island, in conjunction with Mr. Reeves, under the authority vested in them by the said Act, appointed Mr. Aaron Graham, the Governor's secretary, and Mr. D'Ewes Coke, a magistrate resident in the said island, to be ivssessors in the said Court. Mr. Reeves accordingly proceeded to Newfoundland, and there, with the assistance of those two gentlemen, discharged the duties of his ofl5ce and returned back to England. In the year 1 792 His Majesty was pleased by virtue of the power vested in him by the second cf the said Acts to appoint Mr. Reeves Chief Justice, and that gentleman did accord- ingly a second time proceed to Newfoundland, and return back to this kingdom. In this second ^ .. there was no direction as to appointing any assessors. In the last session of Parliament, His Majesty was in like manner again authorized to appoint a Chief Justice and he was pleased to appoint the before mentioned D'Ewes Coke to be Chief Justice in the court established by the third of the said Acts. For tlie trouble these gentlemen have had in discharging the duties of their respective offices, I am of opinion they should be paid the following suras, viz. : — For the first year, Mr. Reeves, £500, ]SIr. Graham, £200, Mr. Coke, :!C200. For the second year, Mr. Reeves, £500. For the third year, Mr. Coke, £300. By the first of the before-mentioned Acts of Parliament, the Governor and the Chief Justice are authorized to settle the allowance to be made to the assessors, and thev have recommended the above sums as reasonable compensation. The Governor and Chief Justice have also authority under all the act.s to settle what should be paid to the clerks for their trouble, and it has been agreed by them as follows : — For the first year, to the first clerk, £40, to the second clerk, £25. For the second year to the clerk, £40. For the third year, £40. It has been found since the first year that one clerk is sufficient to conduct the business These salaries were to be allowed in lieu of all fees or emoluments whatsoever. I am, &c. Hemiy Ddxdas. Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. 36Q REIGN OF GEORGE III. settlers'. The two most determined antagonists were Mr. Peter Ougier, a Devonshire merchant in Bay Bulls, and Mr. William Newman of Dartmouth. As a sample of their reasonable proposals, I will quote one case only. Judgment was given against a merchant on a bill of exchange for £12 for a servant's wages ; the defendant would not pay, on the ground that the bill was endorsed by a marksman. The court, holding the endorsement good, gave judgment accordingly, and, as the merchant's agent would not pay, execution had to issue. The defendant considered himself most cruelly ill-treated becnuse the Privy Council, on his urgent appeal, refused to send home, as prisoners to England, the judges, the sheriff, and all officers of the court concerned in the trans- action. Reeves, by his firmness, courtesy, and resolute impartiality, finally triumphed over all opposition ; it was, however, a very long time before things quieted down. The records of the first courts, in the beautiful handwriting of the Chief Justice, are still preserved. Besides his well-known " History of Newfoundland" we have his voluminous evidence given beforv^ the House of Commons Committee, and a treatise on the new court. Reeves* was succeeded in 1792 by D'Ewes Coke. He had settled in Trinity as a surgeon : to eke out his small income as a doctor he had acted as a scrivener, justice of the peace, and keeper of rolls. From Trinity he migrated to St. John's, became chief judge, and, later on, assessor with Aaron Graham in the first court of I79l! D'Ewes Coke continued to preside in the Supreme Court as Lord Chief Justice until 1797, when he was succeeded by Richard Routh, Collector of the Customs— a man of considerable ability, and firm, determined cnaracter. The Governors required the Chief Justices to reside in the Colony. Routh prayed the Governor' very earnestly that this rule might be relaxed on his behalf for one season (1800), which was granted; the vessel on her passage home was lost with all hands. His widow was allowed a pension for several years afterwards. D'Ewes Coke had only £300 a year, but I think his successors had £500. During 1801 no Chief Justice was appointed, but in 1802 Jonathan Ogden was made Acting Chief Justice. He had been Supreme Surrogate and Deputy Naval Officer under Richard Hatt Noble, Naval Officer, who was allowed to remain in England and execute the office by deputy, a common practice in the Georgian era. Jonathan Ogden had been sent out as a surgeon's mate to the St. John's Hospital ; he seems only to have occupied the position for a short time, and appears to have been a man of sound judgment, on whom the Governor placed great reliance. After two doctors and a collector, the next Chief .Justice was a mereiiant, Thomas Tremlett, or CHIEF JUSTICE TREMLETT. 361 h\ Peter Ougier, am Newman of Js, I will (juote ant on a bill of would not pay, lan. The court, igly, and, as the The defendant rivy Council, on to England, the led in the trans- its impartiality, , very long time dwriting of the wn " History of ven beforv^ the )he new coui't. He had settled as a doctor he keeper of rolls, lief judge, and, court of 1791. t as Lord Chief louth. Collector rm, determined } in the Colony. rule might be s granted ; the His widow was Coke had only ? 1801 no Chief IS made Acting Deputy Naval was allowed to tnon practice in surgeon's mate led the position d judgment, on doctors and a las Tremiett, or Trimlett His firm had been very large Newfoundland merchants ; they came to grief through some outside speculation, and, in accordance with the custom of the country, he received a Government oflBce. There never was a more independent, upright judge than Tremiett ; his decisions gave great offence to his quondam friends in the trade. They made constant complaints against him ; finally they embodied their grievances in a long, elaborate petition containing three specific charges of injustice. The Governor, Admiral Duckworth, furnished the old chief with the complaints against him. His reply was unique.^ I give it in full : — " To the first charge Your Excellency I answer that it is a lie, to the second charge I say that it is a d d lie, and to the third charge that it is a d d infernal lie, and Your Excellency I hare no more to say. Your Excellencj'& obt. Servant " Thomas Themlktt." Tremiett was sustained in his position both by the Governor and the authorities in England.^ It was, however, considered desirable that a man of more legal knowledge, of more popular manners, and unconnected with local interests, should be appointed. His Lordship was therefore transferred to Prince Edward's Island. The choice next fell upon an eccentric Irish gentleman of good family, Caesar Colclough, who was Chief Justice of that Island. Tremiett was the last of the unlearned ; ' Of course, besides this letter, there was a formal official one from Tremiett. '^ Despatch of Goveunok Sik J. T. Duck- WOBTH ON THE ChAKGES AQAINSX ChIEF Justice Tbemlett. " The chief justice of Newfoundland, as far as my intercourse with him has enabled me to judge, is a person who will not be influenced in the discharge of his duty by the approbation or disapprobation of any man. Of his legal knowledge I can form no opinion, but of his abilities I am far from thinking poorly, and a salary of seven hundred pounds a year is not likely to induce a more competent person to accept the office. He is certainly a man of great diligence and appli- cation, but he has by an irritability of temper, and a certain rudeness of manner which are natural to him, and by separating himself entirely from the society of the people of the town, rendered himself in the last degree unpopular ; and however circumspect his future conduct may be in the discharge of his public duties, he will never be approved by them. How far, in the cases now under discussion, he may have been to blame, it is extremely difficult for me to know. They occurred chielly before I came to the Govern- ment and there is scarcely any persos capable of ^ving information relative to them who is not influenced in some measure by a feeling of party. The complainants are urgent for a public examination of evidence upon the spot, alleging tkat they are not equal to a discussion with the chief justice on paper ; that his representations are filled with false- hood, and that there is no other method of proceeding effectually than that of a public enquiry at which they may be able to bring forward their witnesses upon oath. Your lordship will perceive from my correspondence with the complainants that they reserve to themselves to transmit additional statements. I have shown to them the defence of the chief justice which is enclosed herewith, and they aver that it is filled with misrepresenta- tion. If your lordship or the Lords of the Committee of Council should be pleased to require from me more minute information in this matter, I beg to be honoured wilh your commands, but it is my duty to state distinctly in this report that in whatever instancis his judgement may have erred, I have not md in any part of the chief justice's conduct the most remote appearance of corruption, nor when I have called upon the complainants, have they ventured to charge him with it in any instance. As your lordship will percei, e that the accojupanying statements are not of ' 362 REIGN OF GEORGE III. J! ' mi subsequently the head of the Supreme Court was a barrister of not less than seven years' atanding. Vice- Admiral John Campbell was Governor from 1782 to J 785; he appears to have been an able and enlightened ruler.i John Jones.' a dissenting preacher, who founded Congregationalism in the Colony in 1782, gives a pleasing picture of his Excellency, '• as beyond all expression gentle, mild, and good-natured." In 1784 he issued the a nature to admit of my sending duplicates to the Lonls of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade, I take the liberty of requesting that tliey may be forwarded when your lord- ehip ha.s done with them. *' I have the honour to be very respectfully " My Lord, " Your Lordship's " Most obedient humble servant, " J. T, Ddckwohth. " To the Earl of Liverpool." Report bt the Losds op the Com- mittee OF Council fob Trade and Foreign Plantations. Downing Street, 13 June, 1812. " Referring to papers sent on 28 October 1811 of complaints preferred by the Mer- chants of St. John's against the Chief Justice of Newfoundland " Their Lordships have averted in the first instance to the charge made against John Reeves Esq., late Chief Justice ' that he had for several years together participated in the salary of the Chief Justice after he had ceased to fill that situation, . . . .' " Their Lordships say that they haA'e no reason to doubt the truth of Mr. Reeves' declaration that he has never received any money or money's worth in consideration of the office of Chief Justice of Newfoundland or any office place or thing relating to Newfoundland " After a full enquiry and deliberation it does not appear that any act of wilful iu- justice has been sanctioned by Chief Justice Tremlett nor is there any well attested proof of partiality or oppression or of any un- accountable delay or unwarrantable decision. " Under these circumstances their Lord- ships have not recommended His Royal Highness to dismiss the Chief Justice from the high and important situation which he fills and H.R.H. is therefore pleased continue to confide to him the charge administering justice in the Island Newfoundland " Batiiurst. [In a separate paper.] " Their Lordships attribute the un- popularity of tlie Chief Justice not to any actual misconduct in his judicial capacity but iu some decree to the invidious nature of the duties which he is called upon to execute us well as to the ungracious manner in to of of which they miiy be occasionally performed. Although there may have existed no ground for serious complaint and still less for any charge of partiality or corruption there can however be little doubt that whilst the Chief Justice is continued in his present situation there will not be mat general satisfaction and confidence whicl jught in all cases to accompany the administration of justice; and although H.R.H. will on no account consent to the dismissal of the Chief Justice or to any act which might imply the least suspicion of his integrity or even any dis- approbation of his past conduct H.K.H. would nevertheless be desirous that some arrangement should be made by which Mr. Tremlett might be employed with less embarrassment and inconvenience to himself and with greater prospect of advantage to the public service " Should an opportunity offer of placing Mr. Tremlett in a judicial situation of equal emolument iu some other settlement he will not object to transfer his services from that which he now fills." Witnesses to be sworn against the Chief Justice — John Bland, High Sheriff. Geo. Lilly, auc- tioneer. Path. Brazell, cooper. ' •^°^" Campbell, the son of a minister of Kirkbean, in Kirkcudbrightshire, was born in that parish about, but probably before, the year 1720. At an early age he was bound apprentice to the master of a coasting vessel, and is said to have entered the Navy by offering himself in exchange for the mate of this vessel, who had been pressed. After serving three years in the Blenheim, Torhay, and Russell, he was. in 1740, appointed to the Centurion, and sailed in her round the world with Commodore Anson, as midship- man, master's mate, and master. On his return home he passed the examination for lieutenant, and his certificate, dated 8th January 17-14-5, says that he appears to be more than 24 years of age. Through Anson's interest he was very shortly afterwards made a lieutenant, then commander, and was advanced to post rank on the 23rd of ■^^«;'e»iber 1747, and appointed to the Bellona frigate, which hu commanded with John Burke, cooper. Christopher Broom. BISHOP O'DOMEL. 363 •ister of not less 1782 to J 785; '.^ John Jones, in the Colony as beyond all he issued the isionally performed. » exi!>ted no ground d Btill less For auy iorruption there cau iirt whilst the Chief !iia preseut situation general satisfaction ght in all cases to tration of justice; ill on no account >f the Chief Justice {ht imply the least or even any dis- i conduct H.H.H. csirous that some made by which employed with less lenience to himself !t of advantage to lity offer of placing situation of equal settlement he will services from that I against the Chief John BunKE, cooper. Christophbu Broom. son of a minister of tshire, was born in 3bably before, the ge he was bound a coasting vessel, red the Navy by ge for the mate of n pressed. After Blenheim, Torbay, 740, appointed to in her round the nson, as midship- master. On his i examination for Scate, dated 8th he appears to be Through Anson's liortly afterwards commander, and f on the 23rd of ipoiuted to the commanded with following order, which stands in pleasing contrast to the proclumationH of his predecessors : — "PurHnant to the King's instructions to me you are to allow all perbona inhabiting this Island to have full liberty of conacienco and the free exercise of all such modes of religious worHhip us are not prohibited by law, provided they be contented with a quiet and peaceable enjoyment of the same, not giring offence or scandal to CJovernment. " Jno. Campbell.'* Under the benign sway of this excellent Governor the firat Roman Catholic chapel was built in this year, on the site known in St. John's as the "old chapel," then called " Parson Langman's garden." Bishop O'Donel came to the Colony first as Prefect-Apostolic, with power to administer confirmation; on the 5th of January 1796 he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Newfoundland, and Bishop of Thyatira in partihus. Bishop O'Donel's name is one of the most honoured in this Colony ; his deeply religious character, his polished manners, and his inherent gentleness and goodness won all hearts. He had to over- come terrible obstacles— the prejudice and opposition of the strait-laced old admiral, Milbanke, and the rampant Protestantism of his surrogate. Bishop O'Donel's career deserves every attention at the hands of the local historian. His arrival and his sojourn in the Colony are of far more importance to us than the advent of half-a-dozen admiral- governors. He brought peace, quiet, and good order; instead of silenced priests there was an authorised ecclesiastical organisation, an open administration of the rites of the church. The fugitive priests, by their example and teaching, were not conducive to harmony. In fulfilment of the divine injunction to render to Ceesar the things that are Cesar's, Dr. O'Donel taught his people to be good Christians and good citizens. I quote from Bishop Howley an extract from the body of some success till the peace. He afterwards commanded the Mermaid, in 1765, the Prince, of 90 guns, and in 1787 the Essex, of 64 guns, and was flag captain to Sir Edward Hawke in 1759 in the Royal George, and served in that capacity in the decinive battle of Quiberon Bay, 20th November 1759. Campbell was sent home with the despatohe*, and was taken by Anson to be prasented to the king. According to the received story, Anson told him, on the way, that the king would knight him if he wished. " Troth, my lord," answered Campbell, "I ken nae us« that will be to me." "But," said Anson. " your lady may like it" " Aweel," replied Campbell, " His Majesty may knight her if he pleases." He was, in fact, not knighted. He afterwards commanded the Dorsetshire, of 70 guns, till the peace, and in 1770 he was in the Royal Chnrlotte, in which he remained till promoted to his flag in 1778. In the following spring he was chosen by Admiral Keppel as first captain of the Victory, and had thus an important share in the conduct of the fleet in the indecisive action with the French fleet under D'Orvillicrs, on the 27th of July, as well as on the previous days. His loyalty to Keppel, and the rancoir which the subsequent courts-martial excited, prevented his having any further employment as long us Lord Sandwich was in office, though he attained, in course of seniority, the rank of ^nce-admiral in 1779. In April 1782, when his friend Keppel was installed as First Lord of the Admiralty, Campbell was appointed Governor of Newfoundland and commander- in-chief on that station. He held this office for four years, and ended his service in 1 786. He died in London on the 16th of December 1 790. 364 llEIGN OF GEORGE III. the Diocoaan Statutes of 1801 for the guidance of priesta in the Colony, prepared by Bishop O'Donel. He directed : — " That public prayers be offered up every Sunday and holiday (though but fow of the latter oan be observed in thia MisHion, and the Superior will hereafter, by a private notice, designate such as can bo observed) for our Most Sovereign King George III. and his Royal family ; that the priests should use every means to turn aside their flocks from the vortex of modern anarchy ; that they should incnloato a willing obedience to the salutary laws of England, and to the commands of the Governor and magistrates of this Island. . . . We most earnestly entreat, and by all the spiritual authority we hold, ordain that all miasioners oppose with all the means in their power all plotters, conspirators, and favorers of the infidel Trench, and use every endeavour to withdraw their people from the plausible cajolery of French deceit ; for the aim of this conspiracy is to disHolve all bonds, all laws, by which society is held together, and more especially the laws of England, which are to be preferred to those of any other country in Europe." The patriotic services of Bishop O'Donel at the particular crisis of the French Revolution, when rebellion and anaiichy were lampant, his especial service in putting an end to the conspiracy amongst the soldiers and United Irishmen to murder the whole population of St. John's,^ the dangers he voluntarily encountered, the secret influence his deep religious fervour exercised over these poor ignorant dupes, are only known to the Omnipotent. Under such obligations, can we wonder that Protestant vied with Catholic to do him honour, and to show their love for one who, with Colonel Skerret, under Providence had been the saviour of their lives ? ^ In recognition of his loyal conduct he had a pension from the Crown of £50 a year ; it was only obtained after much petitioning aud per- sistent application by the Governoue, «8peeially Waldegrave ; everyone must agree with Bishop Mullock, that he was very poorly rewarded. A friendship existed not only amongst the Catholic and the Protestant laity, but also between Father Yore and the Church of England minister. Parson Dingle. The following letter shows, however, that all the priests were not of the same amicable disposition as their gentle chief pastor : — " Sib, St. Johns 19 Oct. 1785. " Mr. WiLtiAM Satjndebs having repreB«nted to me that there is a Eomish Priest named Landergan at Placentia of a very violent and tmbulent spirit, who ' See the letter on this subject from Chief Justice Ogden to Governor Waldegrave, iu the Appendix, p. 418. * In a petition to the King from Bishop O'Donel, praying for a continuation of his pension after his retirement from the Island, he declares' " that his own loyalty and ser- vices have been acknowledged and fully approved of by every Governor and par- ticularly by General Skerret who found himeelf tuidar great embarra*sm«nt in 1799 as having no force either by sea or land to oppose a most dangerous conspiracy formed against all the people of prop(;rty in th> Island. Petitioner was fortunate enough to bring the maddened scum of the people to cool reflection and dispersed the dangerous cloud that was ready to burst on the laeads of the principal Inbabitants of this Town and even of the whole Island for which he often received the thanks of the very deluded people who were led into this dark design of robbery and aasassination." f priestH in the lay (though but tew will hereaftur, by a 3Bt Sovereign King very means to turn ay Bhonld iiicnloato e oommandB of the rnestly entreat, and lers oppose with all rers of the infidel from the plausible disHolve all bonds, he laws of England, iiticular crisis of ere I'ampant, his in^t the soldiers f St. John'8,1 the uence his deep dupes, are only we wonder that show their love } had been the from the Crown ioning and per- ^rave ; everyone ly rewarded. A I the Protestant Ingland minister, sr, that all the beir gentle chief ins 19 Oct. 1785. there is a Komish ibulent spirit, who ler by sea or land to us conspiracy formed of prop(;rty in th> fortunate enough to 1 of the people to cool the dangerous cloud on the heads of the this Town and even for which he often P the very deluded ) this dark design of 1." PRINCE WILLIAM. 36.-5 has given great interruption to Mr. Bark, a regular and sober man of the Cfttholiok peraunaion, and that iinloss the former is sent out of the Country the peace of the place is in imminoiit danger of being disturbed— I desire that you will cause tho said liandergan to be put aboard tho first vessel that may sail from Placentia for England or Ireland. " Jno. Campbell. " H.M. Justices of tho Toaoe at Flaoeutia." The toleration shown to the Roman Catholic Church had great influence on the permanent settlement of tiie Colony. Tho country boys who came out from Ireland were full of the earth hunger which distin^vuishes their race; they cherished the little spots of land they cleared and cultivated ; the best farms around tho capital are the work of either West Countiymen or Irishmen; to these two classes of settlers we owe the good cultivation and picturesque homesteads around St. John's and Conception Bay. It is impossible, in a history oi' this character, to give details about the various administrations of tha twenty-three governors who ruled the Island during the long leign of George III.^ Two events, however, require more than a passing notice — the arrival of Prince William Henry (afterwards William IV.) as captain of H.M.S. Pegasus, in 1786, and the last attack of the French, in 1796. His Royal Highness, in accord- ance with the naval rule of the day, was appointed surrogate by his commanding officer, Governor Elliott. In his letters to the Governor, the Prince appears as an attentive, careful subordinate, most respectful towards his superior officer. Later on we have a very animated and lengthy correspondence between his younger brother, the Duke of Kent (father of Her Majesty), and Governor Waldegrave, who sternly refused to recognise the Duke's authority, as lieutenant-general of the forces in Nova Scotia, over the military in Newfoundland. " Your Royal Highness has no more control over me PRIXCE WILLIAM. From an engraving after Jlolmes, 1 The appointment of each governor, and the principal events during hia tenure of oflSee, will he found in orderly sequence in the chronology in Chapter xxiii. 366 REIGN OF GEORGE III. than you aavo over tho Emperor of Cliina," waid tlu' (Jovernor of N'ew- foun.llaiKl. TIh« Duko waH rijjfht, hut still, all through the discuHHion Hh Royal Hi.,'hnos.s in most roHpoctful in hi« languago to our hau^'hty ruler. Our naval Royal Highnoss— the Duke of Clarence -wa8 not a mode) prince, but ho was very ^rood natured, and a .i,'ood friend to the Colony ; he ordered tho huildinct proportionate to nel Skinner, Com- ig him to raise a mdland Feucibles, lent of his offlcern, len as were likely, ho quotas of men 3rvice commenced of the flh;hery, and n Adjutant. Vite a ter, and Sergeant- ?ras chieflj' formed whom were well ce in drilling and ment ; and it was in the four actions fren, and the Exeter that she was con- ing was knighted on and became rear- I made a baronet in from Newfoundland ihester. He becamo and died in 1806. — fBiog.) lorial of Sir Jumes rock often called ly named Wallace's idiially destroyed — a stone quarry. THE LAST FRENCH INVASION. 369 astonishing how soon tha latter becamo fit for duty ; when this service was per- termed the Nova Scotia Regiment were ordered to return to Halifax. " In the meantime some buildings were erected at Signal Hill, and the first block.house commenced There bsing no carriage road to Signal Hill, all the guns required for the Hill were taken by men of the garrison and parbuckled up the face of the rock at Crow's Nest, and thence to the respec- tive batteries— a most laborious and dangerous service. " Preparations for the more effectual defence of the Narrows were also going on, m the formation of three furnaces for heating shot, viz. : At Tort Frederick Chain Rock, and Fort William. A large naval force from different stations met here that summer, consisting of the Monarch (74), the Governor's ship the BamiUe8 (74), the Adamant, and another 50; four frigates, and three sloons of war, all in the harbour at the same time , ^ •• 1796. The levy of the Royal Newfoundland Legiment had been completed the preceding fall ; and it was found that the barracks at Forts Townsend and W.lham were insufficient to contain so many men ; it was therefore ordered that ■*v i^- 7AIUrcF ^'■JO3N:^HAKP0UI^.>^£WFt•LJMDLAJ^L,7RCMABO7t,THEL0NGBRlIDGE -v^ RIVER HLAD the garrison should go under canvas for a few months while the old barracks were being repaired and cleansed, and some of the new barracks at Signal Hill fi'ushed, and also for the greater facility of practising the officers and men of that young regiment m the indispensable tactics and operations of the field A camo was accordingly formed on the general parade ground with a small park of artillery, of which the troops took possession about the middle of June The luiproved defences of the Narrows being finished, some experiments were tried with heated shot before His Excellency Admiral Sir James Wallace, the Governor whK;h gave general satisfaction. A large platform of wood was built on South Point, rftllod +h» r»MUf. ,^f V — i.-- T».it ,. , , , . wuniu "V" r '^ ''^ ■^^•^"- = -uaiLi;!.)-, omvnicn were mounted eight 24-pounder guns, three or four 18-pounder carronades, and two 10-inch mortars. The Block. Louse was so forward as to admit six guns to be mounted on the second floor Ihe regiment by this timc-the latter part of August-was approaching fast to systematic regularity and discipline, and of approved internal economy. A A 370 REIGN OF GEORGE III. efRr.ion„w!^^i V *^ ''^*^' gamsou and fortifications, together with the efficiency oftho TO anteercompanies-a fine set of men particularly the company of volunteer artillery selected from among the flower of the Inhabitants of at. John s-as well as the undoubted loyalty of the Inhabitants, a wish seemed to be inspired that something might liappen to test the fidelity of the whole If such was the case it was not long before that wish was realised, for early in the mormng of the first day of September the signal was made for an enemy's fleet to the Southward, which proved to be the French Admiral with seven sail of the line, two frigates and some other small vessels of war. The signal of alarm in the town was instantly made at Si^^nal Hili and all the forts. There was only the Governor s ship and one frigate in Port. [The Governor's own report says there was one fifty.gnn ship, two frigates, and u sloop of war.] His Excellency Admiral Sir James Wallace,' a Governor of warlike celebrity, immediately proclaimed martial law and ordered all the men in the town fit for service- merchants with their domestic and wharf establishments. Captains of vessels with their crews planters with their fishermen and sharemen-to musler in front of the camp where they were enrolled and told off to the forts and batteries and they were not to bo dismissed until the Governor's pleasure was known. " The enemy stood off and on near Cape Spear all that day and during the mg.o the road was open from Magotty Cove Bridge through the enclosures leading to Signal Hill, by direction of the Governor, in order to expedite the transport of aniinumtion, stores and provisions to Signal Hill, as well as the camp equipage, which had been struck in the evening; and by daylight in the morning of the 2nd the tents were all pitched ou the summit of the Hill-from the Duke of York's battery to Cuckold Head and also on the south side Hills over Fort Amherst Thi. warlike demonstration with the display of three or four thousand men on the Hill must have had a very intimidating effect on Monsieur when viewed from the sea. ' " This day passed off under something like a passive hesitation on the part o" he enemy a great deal of telegraphing and boat communication took place with the flagship and towards the evening the fleet stood a little further off to sea ■ reconnoitring p^-ties were out along the shore day and night in anticipation of a landing being effecteu. A great many seamen were employed that day in raising the Cham across the Narrows, the great capstan at the south side being assisted by three schooners placed at equal distances from Chain Eock and by grappling the chain ^vith their anchors and heaving all together they raised it to the surface of the water. These vessels were also charged with combustibles and were intends 1 The first notice of Wallace is his conitnanrt of the Trial .sloop in 1763, on the Newfoundland statioii ; in I774 he was apain on this station, in the Ease (20). He was sent by Admiral Shuldham from St. .lohn's to Boston, with a detachment t)i the 65th Segiment. An armed mob haviog: seized cannon and ammunition in Fort George, Newport, and carried them to Providence, lie demanded to know why the Governor had allowed the fort to be dismantled. The reply was : " To prevent tliem falling into the hands of the King's servant, and to make use of them against any Power that shall molest us." Wallace was in many of the engagements in l'7S-6-7-8 at Khode Island and New York. Ho very gallantly repulsed the French squadron sent to take the Channel Islands in 1779. and went with Admiral Darby to the relief of Gibraltar in 1781. His attack npon a French 74 in this same year is one of the most brilliant examples of British valour and perseverance. He was goon appointed to the Warrior (74); in I793 became colonel of marines ; in 1794 Rear- Admiral of the White, and to command at Newfoundland; and in 1795 Vice-Admiral of the White. For his exertions to repel Admiral Richery, he was voted the sincere and heartfelt thanks of the mercliants of St. John's. He undertook no further service after retiring from the Newfoundland com- mand, and died in 1803. He was knighted m 1777. His services during the American War were very hrilHaJit ; hnt> in spite of his abilities and worth, he did not receive the degree of attention and reward he was entitled to.— (From.Roi.FE'8 Naval Bioqraphu, vol. i., p. 413.) i> i !fy » ATTACK ON BAY BULLS. 1^71 I, together with the ularly the company the Inhabitants of 8, a wish seemed to y of the whole. If ed, for early in the for an enemy's fleet h seven sail of the nal of alarm in the . There was only 's own report says '.] His Excellency brity, immediately II fit for service — lias of vessels with muster in front of batteries and they vn. ly and during the enclosures leading dite the transport he camp equipage, ae morning of the ;he Duke of York's rt Amherst. This id men on the Hill «ved from the sea. tiou on the part of m took place with i'urther off to sea ; ti anticipation of a hat day in raising 3 being assisted by i by grappling the t to the surface of and were intended in this same year is examples of Britisli 36. He was goon nor (74); in 1793 nes ; in 1794 Reai- ind to command at 1795 Vice-Admirai exertions to repel IS voted the sincere the merchants of k no further service Newfoundland corn- He was knighted uring the American hnt> in spite of his lid not receive the ward he was eufitled a/ Biography, vol. i., The detachments at the re- to he nsed as fire ships on the enemy coming in contact with the chain The flag ship and the frigate were also placed in enfilading distances in the Harbour to give them a warm reception on entering the Narrows. On the first appearance of the enemy the shot furnaces were kindled, it was found difficult however to preserve the proper degree of heat and to prevent fusion which happened to some of the sdoc* " On the 3d. the enemy formed a lir.e and stood in for the Narrows when it was expected their intention was to attempt a landing; they stood on until the van ships came within the extreme range of the guns of Fort Amherst, when she and all of them put about and stood out to sea. They remained in sight for several days and at last bore away to the southward and arrived at Bay Bulls whore they landed and to consummate their dastardly conduct, they drove the poor defenceless inhabitants to the woods." In the words of the local poet of the soutliern shore— " Burnt their stores and houses, Took their fish and oil, The hard-earned prodace Of their yearly toil." Thus terminated the great excitement occasioned by the appear ance of this formidable armament. spective posts were all continued until the French fleet had entirely left the coast. Only one man and a boy were allowed on each merchant's establishment, all the rest were stationsd at the forts and batteries. The enemy remained in Bay Bulls from the 4th to the 8th. On the 5th they set the town on fire; on the 6th a gale of wind came and prevented their further progress; on the 8th they unmoored and left. Their further exploits were to destroy what remained of St. Pierre then in possession of the English ; they also burnt some fishing rooms in the straits of Belle Isle. In Bay Bulls the French captured a couple of merchant vessels, and Mr. Dingle, the magistrate. One captain was brought on board of Admiral Richery's flag ship, the Jupiter. When asked about the strength of St. John's, he lied "like an ambassador for th^good of his country"; he said there were five thousand troops ; tiuU tliey could not enter St. John's on account of the boom and chain, and that two hundred guns would play A A 2 SIIUTAUY COSTCMB. From li.M. MS., 3.%mif. 072 REIGN OF GEORGE III. on them if they came in. The French seemed to doubt the number of troops, but on his boldly repeating his statement the Admiral gave up the idea of attacking the town. The French Republican newspapers gave a flaming account of Richery's great warlike exploit; that he had landed fifteen hundred men at Bay Bulls, two thousand at Poi-tugal Cove, and had captured a large number of ships and fishing vessels and a thousand sailors, which had been sent to St. Domingo. The Honourable William Waldegrave '-the last naval Governor i.i the eighteenth century, 1797-8-9— was a son of the Earl of WaldegraAe. No administrator of the Colony, with the exception of PalHser, did more for the island. He had greatly dis- tinguished himself as a dashing- captain of a frigate and m admiral. The period of his government was a very troubled one, the mutiny of the Nore extending even to New- foundland. A rebellion broke out on board H.M.S. Latona, and was only quelled by the officers drawing their swords and the marines presenting their bayonets — they actually had to prick the mutineers before they would give in. In his address to the ship's crew on the following Sunday the Admiral told them : — iord hadstocit. ,, ,r ,, , , From an engraving after Hntifer " 1 ou are all eager for news and news- a<,yier. papers. I thank God I have the satis- faction to inform you that your great delegate Parker is hanged, with many other of his atrocious companions. You looked up to him as an example whilst he was 1 William Waldegrave, first Lord Rad- stock, G.C.IJ., born 9th July 1753, was second son of John, third Earl ot Waldegrave (by Elizabeth Gower, sister of Granville, first Marquess of Stafford, K.G.) ; entered the Nav3' about 1766. As early as 1775 he obtained command of the Zephyr sloop, and was shortly afterwards — May SOth. 1766 posted into the Ripon, 60, bearing the broad pennant of Sir Edward Vernon, in the East Indies. He afterwards commanded the Pomone, 28, in which ship he captured the Cumberland, a r.otorious American privateer of 20 guns and 170 men ; and in the Prndeiite, 3^ — aided to some extent bv the Licorne, .32— he succeeded in capturinir —4th .July 1780— the French frigate Lu Capvicieme of 32 guns and 308 men, more than 100 of whom, in the course of an obstinate engagement of four hours, were eithsT killed or wounded, with a loss to the Prudente of 17 killed and 28 wounded ; he afterwards, in the same ship, took L'Ameii- caine privateer of 32 guns and 245 men. He accompanied Admiral Darby to the relief of Gibraltar, and assisted under Admiral LORD RADSTOCK. 378 the number of Admiral gave up ling account of fifteen hundred had captin'ed a id sailors, Avliicli al Governor iu of WaldegraAe. 3T0CK. g after Hayfer. with many other pie whilst he was I 170 men ; and in to some extent bv eeded in capturing ^reneh frigate La »nd 308 men, more the course of an four hours, were with a ioss to tht- d 28 wounded; he hip, took L'Amen- ms and 245 men. Darby to the relief ;d under Admiral m his ghjry, I recommend you to look to his end as an example also .... I have now to tell you that I have given orders to all your oflBcers, that m case of any further signs of mutiny they are not to think of confining the ring- leaders, but to put them to death instantly, and what is still more, I have given orders to the batteries to burn the Latona with red-hot shot in case you drive mo by your mutinous conduct to that extremity. I know in this case the officers must perish wjth you, but there is not one of them but is ready to sacrifice himself for the good of his country in any mode whatever And now go to church and pray God to inspire you with such sentiments as may acquire you the respect and love of your Countrymen in this World and eternal happiness in the next." The tire-eating old sailor who made this address was most sincerely religious, and, in private life, the kindest and most benevolent of men ; he looked carefully after the food and comfort of the soldiers and sailors, organised a society for the relief of the poor in St. John's, ami was all his life a permanent subscriber of £20 annually to tliis fund. It was mainly through his exertions that the old Anglican church in St. John's was thoroughly repaired and improved ; it had fallen into such a dilapidated condition that it Could not be used, and divine service had to be held every Sunday in the court house. Through Waldegrave's active exertions over £1,500 was obtained from the king, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and private friends -His Excellency being the most liberal subscriber of all. He exerted himself also to increase the miserable salaries of the clergymen in the Colony. Bishop O'Donel, and all who came in contact with the Admiral, pay a warm tribute to his fine character. It was very fortunate for our island that in such troublous times as the Irish rebellion, the conspiracy in St. John's, and the mutiny of the Latona, the Government was in the hands of a ruler at once so benevolent, so just, and above all so courageous. Kempenfeldt in capturing part of a French convoy under M. De Guichen, and obtained possession of another privateer, the Uoulogue, of 16 guns. During the subsequent peace, Captain Waldegrave, with the exception of a sliort period in command of the Majestic, 74 was on half-pay. In U93, on the commsnc?- ment of the French revolutionary war, ) ^ was appointed to the command of : . . Coiirageux, 74, when he served under Lord Hood in the Mediterranean. He was nominated a colonel of marines on 11 th of April 1794, and was advance he sat for Newark. In 1803 he was president of the Board of Naval Commissioners to investigate abuses, and 1806 became one of the Lords of the Admiralty. In 1805 he wa« made Admiral of the Blue, and in 1818 G C B (From Ralfjs's Naval Biographi/T vol' ii ' p. 129.) St f y. ^"^- 11., 2 Chief Justice Ogden received his formal commission and was actually sworn in May THE EFFECT OF THE WAR. 375 peaceful and successful, the of the United 1 the mutiny on of Waldegrave, — Vice- Admiral v^ail both in the ' Governor nor Admiral Pole to tlie Colon}', L was drowned onie in Novem- and, however, to have felt on, at the end ictor J. Ogden "^ : Chief Justice, )ert Barton, of icorde, Lieut> n gave himself assumed more duly commis- strator. His ised a little f^adier-General I campaigner, troops under lo could not ) Navy. Tiie orge Williams, ivas in eommaii'l at I the Spanish fleet »nd next year was dland station ; he e year, as he was ion, M'ho M-as in- He was made a admiral; in 1802 3 he was president Commissioners to 06 became one of • In 1805 he was ndio 18I8G.C.B. iography, vol. ij., eceived his formal lly sworn iu May chief magistrate — appealed strenuously to Bai'ton to allow the licences to remain at thirty-six instead of being reduced to twenty-four; they urged that the publicans were paying high rents, that they had laid in a choice stock of liquor, and that they would be ruined ; His Honour's reply wa« very curt and peremptory — his order must be obeyed.^ There were strict instructions from England alx)ut the change in the flag — the Union Jack — consequent upon the union of England and Ireland, consummated on July 2nd, 1800. All this time war was raging, but its effects never reached Newfound- land ; Englishmen had the -w-hole island and banks to themselves, including St. Pierre and Miquelon ; our only competitors were a few American fisherman, We had large well-armed convoys with resolute naval officers to protect our fishing fleets, and men-of-war permanently stationed on the coast.^ American vessels going to the Mediterranean were always in danger from the Algerine pirates, and they therefore smuggled a good deal of their cod abroad in English bottoms. This year, and each succeeding year, licences were issued to import provisions strictly in British vessels manned by British crews, but it appears very evident from the Governor's proclamation that these rules were evaded ; American traders came disguised as fishing vessels, sold and bartered their goods in the outports, and stole away the men just as usual. Admiral Gambler strongly recommended support being given to the seal fishery, as a powerful incentive to keep the men in the Colony during the winter, and thus prevent the constant emigration to America. James Gambier,^ Vice-Admiral of the White, who was Governor from 1802 to the end of 1803, was not only a very gallant naval officer, but • List of Persons wlio have obtained Licenses to keep PtBLic Houses from Michelmas, 1797, to Michelmas, 1798. Michael Little. John Cox. John Holan. Sarah ftfartin. John Cahill. Wni. Power. Patk. Flannery. AugustusMcNamara . \Vm. McCartliy. Wm. Welsh. Patrick McDonald. Ai'drew S, -St, .John- Peter Lyons. Michael Mara. .Tames Maher. John Flood. •Tohn Brophy. John Widdicomb. Edmond Doyie. Michael Hnnlon. Patrick Kedmond. John Power. Thomas Murphy. Wm. Prcndergast. Domiuic King. George Shepherd. David Power. Michael Welsh. John Nevean. Phil Harrahan. Daniel Delancy. Mark Codey. Michael Welsh. - Captain Edgell, H.M.S. Pluto, had a house and farm near St. Jolin's, •■\\n\ resided here many years. The Pluto, a sloop, appears to have remained in Newfoundland for about twenty years, off and on. ^ James Gambier, born iu 175C at New Providence, was placed on the bofiks of the Yarmouth, guardship at Chatham, « hen eleven years old, under the care of his uncle. Became lieutenant in 1777 while serving on the North American station; was captured iu 1778 by the French, but was soon exchanged ; he took part in the relief of Jersey in 1779, and the capture of Charlestown in 1780. He had nn further appointment afloat til! 17l>3, when he commissioned the Defence (74), for the Channel fleet. Gambier's notions of religion and morality were much stricter than those in vogue at that time; his ship was known as "a praying ship," but she proved 376 REIGN OF GEORGK III. WHS far m advat.ce of his age. both in regard to his views on the future prospects and govern.uent of the Colony, and in the furthering of all humane and benevolent ideas for educating the settlers' children and eivjh.,ng the poor Beothics. The naval ruler has been much abused xn our histories ; it will therefore probably astonish many of Ministry the necessity of granting responsible government to New* foundland in 1802. This communi- cation of Gambler's shows that he was a Liberal fur in advance of his time; he had seen the benefits of local government in America and Nova Scotia, and knew tliat it was necessary for the progressive ad- vancement of the Colony. He wrote to Lord Hobart on December 12th, 1803, as follows : — " I am led to apprehend that the present system of policy observed towards this Island is defective, being insufficient for effecting the happiness and good order of the community which is the chief end of all government. This I attribute to the want of a power in the Island for framing laws for its internal regulation, inc^ben. on .e to p^pose .o ,our L.,hip-, cc-idi-ation L't^tlS '<^ LORD OAMBIER. From an engraving after Beechey. she was also " a fighting ship » by being the hrst to brexk the line on Ist June 1794 His ship suffered severely ; the story is told that Captain Pakenham passing within hail said to Gambler, « I see you've been knocked about a good deal : never mind, Jimmy, whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth." Gamblers conduct was noticed by Howe and he received a gold medal. In 1795 he was an Admiralty Lord, and though made rear-admiral and vice-admiral in 1799 he remained at the Admiralty till 1801, when he became third in command in the Channel In 1802 he was Governor of Newfoundland^ and Jn 1804 again went to the AUminilty. He was mainly responsible for the omission of the order from the "King's Regulations" requiring foreign ships within the Narrow Seas to salute the flig, an order maintained since King John's time, if not from the aays of William the Conqueror. In 1807 he was made a peer for his conduct at Copenhagen, and again went to the Admiraltv Gambler was strongly opposed to Lord Cochrane's attempt to use fire-ships against the trench m BBS(,ue Koads in 1809. Hearing that Cochrane would oppose a vote of thanks. Gambler applied for a court-martial, and was acquitted by one expressly selected as friendly to him. In 1814 he was a commissioner for negotiating a treaty with the United Slates. Was made a G.C.B. in 1815. and Admiral of the lleet in 1830? he died in igg;? He was on|y at sea five and a half years be. tween his promotions to lieutenant and rear- admiral; his naval experience was thus ex- tremely limited.-(STEPHEs'8 Nat. Divt. of Biography.) •' THE TREATY OP AMIENS. 377 is views on the n the furtherinff ettlers' children, fias been much tonish many of on the British lER. !/<«• Beechey, public utility by lised here except ate for the many herefore feel it establishment of if not from the iqueror. In 1807 his conduct at t to the Admiralty, pposed to Lord fire-ships against in 1809. Hearing e a vote of thanks, t-murtial, and was elected as friendly commissioner for he United Slates. 15, and Admiral ied in igg;}. jje a half years be- utenant and rear- ice was thus ex- !'8 Nat. Did. of a Legislative power in Newfonndland, Bimilar to that which has Icoi found drmhdon " J^'o«i""-' V ; it is rather too full of his own affairs, h n importance, and his n:irrow religious' views. It is also, unfoitunately, very inaccu- rate and unreliable. 378 KEION OP GEORGE III. Sir ErasmuJi Gowor ' succeeded Ganibier in 1804 ; he k principally remembered for the street, tliirty feet wide, beming his name, which he laid out. The population at this time wns increaainj^ rapidly; six hundred and seventy Irish emigrants landed in St. John's in one year. In 1804 the population is returned as more than twenty thousand, the quantity of fish caught as over six hundred thounand quintals ; for the same year the returns of tlie seal fishery sliow a i;et result of thirty- four thousand seals, and boat or schooner fishery of seventy-three t!iousand.2 The records show great activity in ship-building, thirty vessels of wo thousand three iiundred ions naving been built this year on the island. One important fishery seems to have been entirely neglected; the whole pack of her- rings is given as about a hundred barrels. The imports are very large : 221,162 gallons of rum ; bread and flour, 83,389 cwt. ; pork and beef, 10,522 cwt., not allowing for all the smuggled provisions brought in by Americans. One of these Yankee vessels was nearly caught at Tilton Harbour, but all that the naval captain could actually find out that she had on board were garden seeds. We find in the annals of this time, and all .through the histoiy of the Colony, bitter complaints of the tyranny of the merchants towards took Lord Macartney Hud his embassy to Chimi in the Lion, for whicli service he was knighted. In 17U4 he commanded the Triumph, one of the ships with Cornwullis HI his celebrated retreat. During the mutiny at the Nore he hoisted u broad pennant on the Neptune for the defence of the Thames, which ship he continued to command till ho became rear-admiral in 1799: he was made vice-admirnl in 1704, and admiral in 1809. He died at Hambledon, in Hampshire, in 1814. — (Stei'iien's Nat. Diet, of Biography.) 2 In the Appendix will be fbnnd a long and very interesting account of the early seal fisiiery, written by Mr. John Bland to Governor Gambier. 1817 was another year like 1862; a continuation of N.E. gales drove twenty-five vessels ashore, but no lives were lost. SIR KBASMUS 00 WEB. From an engraving after Liveaay, ' Sir E. Gowor, eldest son of Abel Gower, of Glandoven, Pembrokeshire, entered the Navy in 17.55 under ihe cure of his uncle. Captain Donkley. He served through the war on the American and home stations, passed for lieutenant 1762, and was lent to Portugal for service against the Bourbons. Served under Commodore Byron, and in 1769 under Sir George Itodney in Jamaica. In 1779 was first lieutenant in the Snndwivh, Rodney's flagship, at the capture of the Spanish convoy off Cape Finisterre, and took command of the Gvipvscoa prize. He gal- lantly captured the Vryhcrd, n Dutch ship of 50 guns, under tho, baitcncs nt CsuWaJore, and soon after the Chasseur sloop with important despatches to Suffren. From 1786 to 1789, Gower was Commodore Elliot's flag captain on the Newfoundland station, and in 1792 TF1E TUUCK SYSl-EM. 379 he ifl principally nariie, which he 11^ rapidly ; six Irish einigrantH 'a in one year. ;ion is returned y thousand, the ^ht as over six uintals ; for the rns of the seal osult of thirty- i, and boat or seventy-threo )rds s)iow gi'eat uilding, thirty housand three been built this One important e been entirely i pack of her- )out a hundred } ai'e very large : um ; bread and llowing for all One of these ut all that the Dn bojird were I the history of chants towards id his embassy to licli service he was commanded the ps with Cornwullis During the mutiny broad pennant on nee of the Thames, to command till ho 799 : he was made I admiral in 1809. Hampshire, in 1814. of Bioyraphi/.) II be found a long ut of the early seal . John Bland to was another year of N.E. gales drove , but no lives were their dealoi-8. They never gave out the prices of tho articles sold on credit to the fishermen, and tliey " broke the price of fish in August " just at the amount they liked.» In good years some relief was obtained from the competition of tlie sack ships, who bought fish from the independent planters and gave good cash prices. The laVwuring men complained to Governor Oower that the merchants "price their own " gooils and ours also as they think most convenient to them." 2 To remedy this intolerable state of aftairs His Excellency adopted the following drastic remedy : — " Whereas T am informed that a practice has prevailed in some of the outports of this island among the merchants of not informing thoir dealers of the prices of the suppliea advanced for the season, or the prices they will allow for the produce, until they arc in possession of the plauter's voyage, whereby ' There were numerous complaints from outports about merchants' prices and their «lealing8 with the fishermen. The one from Togo says : " For a number of years back we have been struggling with the world, as we suppose, through the impositions of the merchants and their agents by their exorbi- tant prices on shop goods and provisions, by which means we are from year to year held in debt so as not daring to find fault fearing we may starve at the approach of every winter. \Ve being at the distance of seventy leagues from the Capital, where wo suppose they arrogate to themselves a power not warranted by any law, in selling to us every article of theirs at ai.y price they think fit, and taking from us the produce of a whole year at whatever price they think fit to give. They take it on themselves to price their own goods and ours also as they think most convenient to them." The petition is signed by many Irishmen— Patrick Miirrav, Peter I'owler, Toby McGrath, Mieha'el Burke, James Meehan, John Geary, \Vm. Broders, and Win. Keefe. 2 Pniciis of Pjiovisions and other Commoditiks in Nkwfoundland during the Summer of 180.'!, in Barter for Fish. At St. John's. ! For Fish. For Bill. „ In ! At Trinity, Conception Bonavista, Bay. FoKo. In Placcntia Buy. Bread, per cwt. Flour, per barrel Fork, per barrel - Butter, per lb. Rnni, pur inillon Molusses, do. Salt, UtiKlish, per bushel - Kg.. Foreign, per bushel - Cordage, new, per cwt. - Do., twice laid, per cwt. Grapnels and anchors, per lb. Fitch, per barrel tai; per barrel Tea (common), per lb. - Tobacco, per lb. Peas, per bushel Oatmeal, per cwt. - Caiiva.*!, per piece - 40s. to 43«. (10s. to m. 10.5s. to 120« U(l. to Is. 2d. 5». to 5s. 6d, •is. to (Is. M. 11a. (W. to 18s. 18s. to 2S». 10((s. 60s. to 60s. sa. aon. to 03s. 42s. to 60s. 3s. Od. tc 4s. 6d, Is. to Is. 3d. 84s. 32«. to 42s. 508. to 08». 95s. to lOOs. lOd. 3«..3rf. to38,9rf 4s. to 4«. M. lis. Od. to 15s. 18s. to 20s. lOOs. 6(ls. 7rf. 55s. to flOs. 35s. to 42s. 2s. lid. to 3s. 8rf. to 9d. 45s. 40s. 05s. to 72*. 77s. 12(!s. 1.30s. Is. 3d. Is. .3d. to Is. Od Os. (td. 7s. 7s. (Id, (Is. Od. to 7s. 18s. 20s. 24s. 25s. — 112s. — 75s. — Od. — fid. per lb. - { 2s. Od. to 2s. 9d. per gallon. — 5s, to 5s. Od. — Is. M. — lis. to !.3s. — 26s. to 32s, — 95s. 44s. to 47s. 7//S. 130s. Is. M. to Is. M. Os. to 7s. 7s. 2''s. to 22s. 22*. to 20s. 112s. 70s. to 80s. 70s. 00s. (Is. Is. od. 12s. 2es. 90s. to 105s. Of course it must be remembeied that it •w-as war time, and wheat was from 9s. to 12». per bushel, and pork and beef relatively high. The prices of molasses and salt are exorbitant. An old fisherman informs me that, in the *• spring of the Wadhams," he was wrecked at • Treesfspond, and lived part of the winter there • some of the people, he says, had never seen money from their birth to their grave, they were in debt to the merchant all their lives long. 880 REION OF OEOROE lit. the latter aro ox posed to groat impositions, the nierchuuta arc horoby ro.iaired U> make known to their doalers before Ih. 15tli day of Augnat in every v.ar, or at the time of dohvcry, the priccg <.f provi«ionM and other commodities gold by them, and the prices they will kivo for Cnh and oil. and to Hx a Hcheduh, thereof in some conspicuous part of their respective stores} and in cane any merchant shall negliot to comply with this useful injuncticm, and a dispute shall arise between him and any dealer rospecting the prices charged on such merchant s occo..nt. and uQPh dispute shall bo brought into a court of justice, the same shall bo determined according to the lowr»t price charged for such goods, and the higheit price given for fish and oil by any other merchant in that district. And the judge of tho Supreme Court, tho surrogates and the m.igiatrates, are horoby strictly enjoined in all such cases to govern themselves by this regulation. " Given under my hand, September 12, 18)5. " E. aowEB." The evild of tho truck Hystem have been exposed by many able writers on political economy ; a pnrliamentary commission showed its workings amongst the Shetland fisher folk, how men lived and died without ever once getting their necks free from ihe yoke of the shop. In Newfoundland this teirible evil is almost coeval with the fisheiy! To this very day there are places in the Colony where neither tho wages of the labourers on the merchants' wharves nor Government roads, nor even the widow's poor relief, are paid in cash. Truck had to be killed by a stringent Act of Pjirliament in the United Kingdom, but no Government in Newfoundland has yet had the courage to declare that the labourer is really worthy of his hire— that i)ayment8 in truck are illegal, and all such paymasters liable to a penalty. Truck is not a crying evil in St. John's ; it is " the dark places of the earth that arc full of wickedness," and it is in the distant out-ports, and amongst petty traders and old-fashioned houses, that it still flouiishes in full vigour. It is not necessary, for a clear view of our history, to dwell much on minute details. From this period onwards the Colony began steadily to improve ; a primitive post office was instituted in 1805, u'nder Simon Solomon (father of our fii-st postmaster-general, William .^wlcaioii); ^ a newspnper, the Royal Gazette, which still flourishes, wai= 'n^tihu^ i by Mr. John Ryan, an American loyalist, in 1806 ; it was puonshed as a possible evil thing, under the most severe restrictions ; security in £200 sterling had to be given, and the magistrates were to have the perusal From Nova Scotia : On a A-oz. letter the postage from— ' The Fost!if4e i.uf i - 1815 were as follows From CaL?.!i ,; : Ona-J(« iet! th;> pj stage from — 3. d. Quebec - - I 8 Montreal - - - 2 ! Three Kivers . - 1 10-J Berthier . - 2 1 York (Toronto) - - 2 9 Niagara - - 2 9i Winsor Digby Horton Yarmouth Pictou Parrsboro s. - - - - 1 - - d. 4'. 9" 7 H 7 7 hereby re<(air«d to ill ovi.ry year, or ftt difios gold by them, Mchoduli) thoroof in any tuerohant uhall Hhall arise between hant'H account, ond iliull bo determined highoit price given 1 the judge of tho by strictly enjoined " E. OOWEH." I by many able ssion showed its 1 lived and died '^oke of the shop, vith the fisheiy. leither thn wascs inient roads, nor had to be killed ingdom, but no e to declare that ints in truck are Truck is not a le earth that arc d amongst petty u full vigour. , to dwell much y began steadily [)5, under Simon a ►^i'olcjuop); 1 a if 'astihu^d by puijiished as a lecurity in £200 lave the perusal he postage from — s. - - - - 1 - - d. 4'. 9' 7 7' 7 LOCAL EVENTS. dSi of tho contentH of the paper before publication.' I am thankful that duty ifi not ineumJKjnt on us now, OHpecially during the olections, when each party organ is full of audacity, mendacity, and /scurrilous personal VIBW 05 THR RBWPODKIILABI) COAST. From a draxoing in (he D.M. abuse. Nothing better indicates the at this time than the founding of ' PEHSONS I.ICEN8KD 21 ST SkI'TKMBKK 1807 TO KKKl- TaVKHNS 1.\ THE ToWIf OF St. John's for the KNsriNo Year. From the " Koyal Gazette," December 21, 1 807. Persons licenned. t;ign of Tavern. pleaaant social relations of St. John's the Benevolent Irish Society ; this liobert Parsons West India Coffee House, High Con- stable. Upper DivisiON.—Froni Uiver Head to Mr. Boucher's, Bulley's Farm. Angus ^^ncnamnra - Willium WeUh Kobert Dooling John Fitz^'erald Edmond Dojio Michael Hanlvn Dominick King Graham Little Richard Perchard • Mf rgnret Walsh -Agincoart. Swan. Red Cow. Jolly Fi»hermao. Blue Bull. Shoulder of Mutton. White Hart. Royal Oak. Sailor. William Best John Widdicombe James Hayse Edward Angell John Williams John Cahill Patrick Murine William McCarthy Kichard Heaney Michael Murphy Mary Hennessey Bunch of Grapes. Rose and Crown. Ship. Britannia. Nelsou. Tavern for all Wea- thers. Flower Pot. Hope. Stniggler. Dove. Royal Standard. ■ From Bouchers to Hudson Cove, Mr. Hunter's [now Job's Cove]. Patrick Redmond - Ship Assistance. William Power - Angel. Lower Division.— From Hudson's Cove to the easternmost part of St. John's. Comeliui Quirk Dennis Murphy Daniel DriscoU Patrick Walsh Robert Brine William Welsh Michael Mara John Miirphy Thomas Murphy Charles Power London Tavern. Wheatsheaf. Bird-in-Hand. Union Flag. Butchery and at Pringle's Farm. Sun. Duke of I'M-k. Three Crowns. Plough at Brine's Budge. All persons licensed to keep public- houses are constables for the district of St. John's. I li ; ! I;, I il 8^2 REIGN OF GEORGE III. invitation, winch Htill flourislies in full vigour, was instituted u?id^r the happiest circuinstanccK. Jan.oa McBiaire was tho most active ainon.rHt tho foinulerH, and president fror.i 1«09 to 1S21, wl>«n ho loft the Colony. I quote from Bishop Howley : — ^ "Tho preliminary meotinj? 'of a number of Iri:-h j^.nfclcmon, desirous of r<^. hoving tho wants and distrosaos of their countrymen ana fello^y.c■roaturoH at . It?; 7"' ^''^'^ "* *'"' ^°"'^"'' Tayevn. in St. John's, on Wednesday, tho ^ uth I-ebruary, 180(5. It was unanimously ag.ocd •' That a society, f ,rmed upon true principles of bonovoloncc and philanthropy, would bo the most olTcctual mode ^ ofostablishing a permaiiont relief to tho wrclchod and distressed." Under this * ccmviction, it was proposed to elect a committee from tho gentlemen present to ' lorm a code of rules and regulations for tho government of tho society, tho ' extension and regulations of tho charity, and to consult with tho Rt. Kev. Doctor ' O^Donol and others, whoso local knowlodgo of this country could best inform ' thorn as to tho most effectual and beneficial mode of establishing a Ciiakitabu' ' Irish Socikty upon firm pr;ncii)los of loyalty, true benevolence, and philanthropy' ' when the following gentlemen wore nominated and nnanimonsly chosen- ' Lieut.. Col. John Murray, James McBrairo. Esq., John McKellop, Esq Mr. Joseph Ohui-ch, Oaptaii. '""inckwortli Tonge.' ' " From this it will bo seen that tho society was purely unaectarian in its origin and all denominations of Christians were admissible to its ranks, tho only quali- fications required being that one should bo either an Irishman or a descendant of an Irisliinan." James McBrairo, wh.o ti^ruroH prominently in the social and political life of the Ci)lony at this period, was a very remarkable character. Originally a sergeant in the Army, he came out to Newfoundland a poor man ; ho soon acquired the reputation of being one of the shrewdest and most prosperous business men of the place. On the constitution of a volunteer corps he was r.ppointed captain; he drilled his companies admirably, if severely; some of the gentlemen, like Magi 11, complained of his being a martinet, and terribly overbearing; finally he rose to be major-commandant of tho St. John's Volunteer Rangors.i 3JcBraire was of a very fine, commanding presence, and never looked better than when at the head of his table, dispensing hospitality. In all riots the major was a terror to the mob. In the year 1816 a transport, with troops for England, put into St. John's for wato)-, with Dr. Leslie on board. H(.' ' In 1806 tho lioy.x] Xewfoundlnnrt Hangers were embodied uncfer^MajerMeBraire, Commandant ; Captains Parker, I. Williams, JJouchier, T. Williams, and IJattcn ; lAm- ti'uants Henry Sliea, Solomon, liilly, Steven- son, Haire ; Ensigns Parker, Gill, Thomius, Alellcdgc, Parsons ; Surgeon Coughlan ; (^iiar- tfi'-Master Ikciik-ii. In 1812 the corps had fallen into a disorganised state, and was reconstructed, on the breaking out of the American war, witli the following officers : — Major McBraire, Connnnidant; Captains Bouchier, T.Williams Lilly, M'jAHistor, G. U. Robinson, Crawford^ Haynes, llyan, Trimiiiglmm, Thomas ; Lieutenants iMcllcdge, Broom, Stewart, McLea, Sunpson, Livingston, Grieve, Arnott, Clifr. Shannon ; Knsigiis ]\Iorris, MoCalraan, Iteii dell, Scott. Willis, N. Gill, Mven La,,g; Adjutant Hughes ; Quarter-.Master Barnes ■ Surgeon Dr. Duggau. Major-General Campbell commanded the troops, which at this time numbered seven hundred and fifty. JAMES McBHATIlE. 383 I instituted ni^d^r tho most active 1 , wli"n lio loft tlio men, desirous of ro- i fello^y-c■roatu^OH at on Wodnc^day, tho iocicty, f jrmed upon ! mostollccliufilmodo rcssed." Under this 7,ontlotnon prcaont to of tho society, tho tho Rt. Ecv. Doctor y could host inform ishiug a C'lIAKITABLK e, and philanthropy, lanimonsly choson: a McKellop, Esq., ctarian in its origin, nks, tho only quali- II or a descendant of ciiil and political L-kable characte}-. fouiulland a poor ho .slirowdest and lonstitution of a d his companies agill, complained lly he rose to be .^ 3JcBi'aire was :)otter than when 11 riots the major t, with troops fio- ! on board. H(; Botichier, T. Williams, Kobiuson, Crawford, niiigham, Thomas j room, Stewart, McLeii, tricvc, Arnott, Clift, Tis, McCalraau, Keii- Gill, !Niven liSiiiir ■ irter-JNfaster Uarnes ■ pbell commanded the me numbered seven mentions iVm'mff in state at Major ^fcBraire's wibli the principal mei-chants and officers of the ^rarriHon. After an excellent dinner, as the pntlemen were smokin^r, there was a^rreat noise heard outside ; McBniire innnediately put on his hat and rushed out with a lonjr stuff. Tho Doctor describes with delij,d.t the prompt way in which the redoubtable Major quelled the disturbance ; ev(!ryone went down before his terrible^ wand, and in five minutes the mob dispersed. McBraire left this Colony about 1822,1 and settled with his only son at Berwick-on-Tweed ; h(^ carried ofFa fortune of about .£.S0,0()() sterlin^^ He was rei)uted to liave nmde a ^rreat deal of money in tlie American war; one of the prizes had a load of ^rrin(l.st(mcs, some twelve; hundred ; of course these went for a son<,^ Souiecme asked McBraire, wdio had purchased tliem, what he was ^oing to do with such a lot ? " You will see," siid he, jind tliey did see. In the winter the tnvn was short of Ijiscuit, McBrair.; hal his stores full ; wary mau who b ai^Iit a bajj of bread had also to buy a grind-stone for two dollars. Sir Erasmus (Jower not only dis- tinguished himself by his benevolence, hispromodon of religion and education, be was e(iually remarkable for his zeal in reforming tlie courts of justice; he raised the salary of the Chief Justice from i::i()0 to £500 per ainunn, and the stipendiary magistrates were under his administration first given permanent pay; he signifieantly hints to all these officials that, for the future, they must not be concerned in any private or professional business in the town."' In his recommendations to the Home Govern- ment he endeavoured to impress upon them that St. John's was no longer a mere fl^•.| ling station, but a h'rge c:;mmercial seaport: that the promotion of agriculture and a secure tenui-o of lands was absolutely necessary for its future welfare and progress. He said :— " It is eighteen years since I was first on this station, and tie groat improve- nients and changes that have taken place in that time, rentier it now absolutely . ' '^'''*' ''i"'7 ''t*"'^ ^^"l «« McHniire was any of the usoal Irogranhioal works nor in going out cf the flarbour he waved his hand Stkpukn's Nut. D.cLofino.imph, and saul : " (lood-bje. Newfoundlanders , •. From tlu Census of HO? it appears good-bye you poor fools." ,hat at that date C:hief Justice D'Ewes Coke 1807 to 1810. His name does not appear in Vidi. j"1" >ii v^uiai AllMIIiAI, llOI.t.OWAY.' From an ciif/rtirhi!/ by ('oak. M ■' 384 REIGN OF GEORGE III. mceBsarythftttho capital of this Colony should no longer bo cramped, cabined, and confined by laws and restrictions, which at present are entirelv unsuited to its condition and progress." II ii' He had to use at all tiinea great pressure upon tlie Imperial Govern- ment to obttiin their consent to the free importation of American provisions. There was evidently a bitter dislike and jealousy of tlie United States, and it was only the absolute requirement of food for the Island that made tlie British Government reluct;intly give way on this point. In accordance with r strong petition from the meichants, ho tried to obtain for Newfoundland the exclusive privilege of supplyincr the West Indies with salt codfish, and the British Army and Navy with regular rations twice a week of our great staple, but failed. In 1809, Labrador and Anticosti were again re-united to the Newfoundland' Government, and the courts made permanent under an Act of Parliament. In 1810 the celebrated Admiral, Sir John Thomas Duckworth i becanie Governor. He made another; and more serious attempt to conciliate the Red Indians. Lieutenant Buchan, R.N., of H.M.S. Pike was sent to Exploits with a party of seamen and marines. It was' m the winter, and after undergoing unparalleled hardships they at last came up with the Beothics. The gallant Buchan did all in his power to promote friendship with the savages ; he left two of \nz marines M^ith them, and some Indians accompanied him. The blood-thirsty character of these aborigines and their treachery is most forcibly exhibited by the terrible tragedy with wliich this promising effort to conciliate their savage nature ended. The two marines left by Buchan with the Indians Avere found lying about two luindred yards apart; that of tlje corporal, being first, was pierced by one arrow in the back, three had entered that of Bouthland ; they were laid out straight, with their feet towards the river, and back upwards; their heads were off; and had been carried ' Sir J. T. Duckworth, born in 1748, was the son of Pev. A. Duckworth, afterwards Vicar of Stoke Pogis and Canon of Windsor; entered the Navy at eleven, and was present at the destruction of M. de la Clue's squadron in Lagos Bay and the Battle of (iueberr.u Bay. Duckworth served in Byron's sliip in the action off Grenada in 1779, and was immediately promoted to be commander of the Rover. He was praised specially by Lord Howe for his beh.ivioiir in the Orion (74), at the action off Ushant, and received a gold medal. He was present at the cunitH- lation of Minorca in 1798, and expected to receive a baronetcy. In 1799 he became Rear-Admirid of the White; was with Lord St. Vincent in his nnsuccessful pursuit of Admiral Bniijt. In 1800, whon blockadin.' Cadiz, he captured a ricli Spanish convoy'^ his share of the prize-money has been said to have amounted to i;75,O00. Was made a K.B. for his services in the West Indies in 1801 ; he directed, in 1803, the operations which resulted in the surrender of General Kochutnbeau at San Domingo. The opera- tions conducted by him during 1805-6-7 were not at all successful. He was Governor of Isewfoundland from 1810 to 1813; on his return he was made a baronet; he became a f!!!! sdmiral in 18iO. Of all ihe men who have attained distinction in the English Navy, there is none whose character has been more discussed.— (Stephen's Nat. Dicf of Biography.) ' •' THE BEOTHICS. 3S5 own that this Colony, for the iiig, and .sewer- •rotection from ^ not complied las' representa- sre established, 'hants' Society brigade and a THE SECOND AMERICAN WAR. 337 vigilance committee ; it wa.s managed and controlled by the astute and ubiquitous McBraire. In 1812 began the second American War. The ostensible cause was the right of search claimed by England, and the impressment of seamen. The real reason, as is no at admitted by all candid American historians, was Madison's re-election as President. He did not want war, but felt that his chance of being elected agai.i depended upon his taking that course. All the blood that Was shed, and the ilDghsh and American property destroyed in this terrible conflict was simply to gratify the inordinate political ambition of this unscrupulous man. For once, the British Government were ready and prepared for the struggle ; in St. John's alone there were three sail of the line and twenty-one frigates, with thirty-seven sloops, bri-s and schooners of war. Mr. Ewen Stabb told of thirty American prizes being brought into the harbour. I have heard a gentleman describe his walkino- across from Bennett's (now Duder's) to AJsop's, on the south side, 0:1 American prizes chained togetlier.' During the whole of the conflict Newfoundland was in a great slate of prosperity; wages were high, provisions were very dear, having all to be brought from England and the British provinces, but fish and oil and all our produce was also abnor- mally high. On board the cuptured vessels were all sorts of valuab'e freights— Lyons silks and whole cargoes of champagne. The clerks at Hunt, Stvbb, Preston & Co., prize agents;^ spent their Sunday afternoons firing at chaiupagne bottles on ADMIRAl EEATS. From an enji-avhij of far Juckson. • Liesnces were granted in September ISIJ to seventeen vessels from St. John's to l>ro"-ced to the United States for provisions and live stoek ; ont of these eleven were American prizes. They included the Mercurj, bng, 156 tons, owned by Lang, Haiue, & Co. (Baine, Johnston, & Co.): Aid., schooner, 00 tons ; John Uunscombe, Dan>conibe & Harvey, now Harvey & Co.; Morell, 61, schooner. Brown, Hoyles. & Co.; and the Express, 131, W. & H. Thomas & Co. - Thomas Stabb, the resident partner in this firm, was the father of the late Ewen, Nicholas, and Dr. Henry Stabb— of "th" Lunatic Asylum. The clerks ia the firm who shot f..r chimpagne were Ewen Stabb! rhomas Brooking, and Samuel Prowse (afterwards collector at TwiUingate). Durinff this period. William Carter, Esquire, held the lisi-rativv po.^itiou of judge of the Admiralty Oo-ii t ; a ra-jst impartial and efficient judge! 1 . W . C.irter was uaval officer (after- waids the well-known senior magistrate of St. John s) : he was the son of Judge Carter and fat.ier of our eatoemed Chief Justice! Sir F. B. T. C.irter, K.C.M.G. B B 2 88ij KEIGN OF GEORGE III. a gumphead at the end of the wharf; the man who knocked the head off the bottle won a case, the one who missed liad to pay for one. In the autumn of 1812, after the breaking out of the second American War, Newfoundland lost the valuable services of Sir John Thomas Duckworth ; he was jjivited by the electois of New Romney to 3tand for Parliament, and had to resign his commission; he was succeeded by a still more distinguished admiral. Sir Richard Godwin Keats, K.B.i The naval career of this gallant officer ranks with the most brilliant in the heroic annals of that age. Nothing could exceed his activity and zeal for the protection of the island from the attacks of the French and Americans. Our American cousins pride themselves on their naval exploits in tneir two great wars with England ; the Newfoundland records contain ample evidence of their losses and defeats by English cruisers, and very few instances of their success. Occasionally they made a raid on some ' Sir B. G. Keats was born on the 16th of January' 1757. He served at the commence- meni of the American War, at the burninf; of Norfolk, in an attack upon Hampton, Vir- ginia, and at the enpture of New Voik, Fort Washington, and Rhode Island. As a lieu- tenant he was on board the RumUles in the astion between Keppel and D'Orvilliers, the 27th July 1778; also at the defeat of Don Juun de Lomgena by Rodney on ICth January 1780, and at the ensuing relief of Gibraltar ; was promoted Commander into the Rhinoceros sloop of war, in September 1783, us a reward for the skilful manner in which he had con- ducted the naval part of an expedition against the enemy's small craft at New Bi-unswick. Captain Keats also bore a dis- tinguished part at the capture of the French 40-gun frigate L'Aigle. In 1789 he attained post rank. In the ensuing war, in command of the Galatea, he attended the expedition to Quiberon, and participated in the capture and destruction of several of the enemy's frigates and other vessels. He was a long time em- ployed in the Boadlcea in watching the port of Brest, and, on the 2nd July 1799, com- manded part of the force under Bear- Admiral Charles Morice Pole in an attack on a Spanish squadnm in Aix Boads ; and, in the Superb, distinguished himself in the defeat of the Franco-Spanish squadron by Sir James Saumarez in the Gut of Gibraltar, 12th July 1801. Keats ran his ship alongside two Spanish three-deckers, and engaged them both at the same time ; then making sail, he passed out from between them unnoticed, and over- taking another of their fleet, whose fors^c wns more pioportionate to that of the Superb, he soon compelled her to a surrender. The two three-deckeis, not peiceiving his escape, continued, iu the darkness of the night, to engage eoch other, until thev both caught fire and were consumed together ; thus giving to Captam Keats the honour of having by a masterly manffiuvre, occasioned the destruction of two first-rate line-of-battle ships belongiiicr to the enemy, and cai.turing another of equal torce, with a comparatively trifling loss on his own part. He accompanied Lord Nelson to the West Indies in 1805 in pursuit of the combmed fleets, and fought as flag-captain to Sir John Duckworth in the action off San Dommgo 6th February 1806, and was ni consequence presented with a swoid V lined at 100 guineas. In October 18o7 he became a rear-admiral, and shortly after- wards, on the outbreak of war with Bussia, was appointed third in command to the fleet destmed for the Baltic, tinder the command of Sir James Saumarez ; and. in August 1808, being detached by the Com- mander-m-Chief, he was the instrument, with his flag on boatd his old ship, the Superb, of emancipating from French thraldom the Spanish troops stationed in the Danish pro- vinces under the Marquis de Bomana. For the able management displayed by him on this occasion he was created a K.B. He afterwards served, in 1809, under Sir Bichard htrachan during the operations against Wal- cheren, and assumed charge in 1810 of the squadron employed at the defence of Cadiz • and in 1811 was second in command in the Mediterranean. From 1813 to 1816 he was liovernor and Commander in-Chief at New- foundland. In 1818 he was nominated a major-general of Marines, and made a full admiral ,u 1825 , and from 1821 till his death, 111 1834, he held the Governorship of Green- wich Hospital. He died an Admiral of the Wnite. PRIVATEERING. m locked the head r for one, of the second ices of Sir John New Romney to ission ; he was Richard Godwin ranks with tlie ng could exceed m the attacks of aval exploits in records contain uisers, and very a raid on some they both caught fire her; thus giving to iir of having, by a iioned the destruction attle ships belonging ng another of equal ly trifling loss on his lied Lord Nelson to 5 in pursuit of the ught as flag-captain 1 in the action off bruary 1806, and lented with a swoid In October 18o7 I, and shortly after- ak of war with third in command he Baltic, tinder the Saumarez ; and, in iched by the Com- the instrument, with 1 ship, the Superb, •ench thraldom the in the Danish pro- s de Komana. For splayed by him on reated a K.B. He I, under Sir Kichard •ations against Wal- rge in 1810 of the 3 defence of Cadiz ; in command in the Vi to 1816 he was r in-Chief at New- was uominatt^d a >, and made a full I 1821 till his death, ernorship of Greeu- an Admiral of the remote outport of the Colony;' Major George Cartwrjght, in his long diary, gives a graphic account of the way his fine business at Labrador was spoiled and plundered by an enterprising New England privateer in the American war; there is nlso an account of the capture of three of our sealing schooners in 1817, given in the statistics of the Seal Fishery .2 The destruction of American commerce and the capture of American vessels by British cruiseis in our waters exceeded by ten to one the gains on the Republican side ; the English fleet on our shores far outnumbered their enemies. Under two such distinguished naval officers as Duckworth and Keats, the Governors of Newfoundland from 1812 to 1814, captains vied with each other in their activity, vigilance, and smartness. The Admiral Governor had no hours, he was "always on duty. I am indebted to my friend, Mr. Robert Pike of St. Lawrence, for the two stories given below'' about privateering on our coast! ' Mr. Robert L. Newman furnishes me with the following information about the capture of their vessels by American and French privateers in the war of 1812, taken from the letter-books of their firm : — •' 1812. The Buck sailed from Little Bay, Fortune Bay, 5 Deer, for Oporto. On the 22 Deer, was taken by two French frigates, Lon. 16-04 Lat. 42-35, who let her proceed after heaving overboard about 900 qtls. of fish in order to put aboard 100 prisoners, recaptured by an English frigate and taken to Halifax. " OnJany. 23 1812. The Gosport was taken by a French privateer La Gavotte, of 1 6 guns, who let her proceed after plundering her of 150 qtls. fish. *• In 1813. The St. Lawrence boarded by an American privateer, who plundered, de- stroyed, and disabled the vessel in every way possible, flinging overboard the cargo. She bor? up for Dartmouth arriving 1 April. " Dec. 1813. The Syren captured and scuttled on her voyage from Oporto to Newfoundland by an American privateer. " 12 March 1814. The Duck was cap- tured and given up, to bring upward of 100 Prisoners to England, after throwing all the fish that was between decks overboard to make room for the men. "14 April 1814. The Selb;i captured on her voyage from Little Bay to Portugal on the Newfoundland coast, but given up. "13 Aug. 1814, The St. Lawrence on her passage to Bilbao with a cargo of fish was captured by an American privateer, re- captured by a British frigate, and again captured by another American privateer, the Wig, and sent to America, recaptured again by the English and sent to Portsmouth." - See statistical chapter. ' In 1813 an Irish youngster ran away from his master, Mr. Bonnell, in St. Law- recce, and went to Lauu, found an American privateer there, went on board of her and jomed the crew. He came down to Great St. Lawrence with the Americans, and cap- tured a Jersey brig belonging to a firm of three brothers, then carrying on a trac'o there. The privateer was commanded by a little Irishman named ConoUy. She was after^vards captured in the passage between Columbier and St. Pierre— known as Hell's Mouth— by H.M. cutter Lictor, under com- mand of Lieut. McKillop, R.N. The privateer got in the Doldrums (becalmed there), and surrendered without a figbt. In the last French war, before the battle of AVaterloo, Mr. Henry Beck, an old Englishman, ancestor of the Becks of St. Lawrence, had hid fishing skiff armed In the spring of 1814 he captured a large French banker, by boarding her and driving the crew off the deck. He was taking his prize into Harbour Breton. It was a fine day. The French cook was in the gallev getting dinner for all hands. An altercation took place between one of Beck's fishermen and the cook; as the vessel was passing Little Cape the cook threw the contents of the frying pan into the Englishman's face blinding him. This was a preconcerttd signal agreed on among the French crew ; they seized Beck's men, and threw Beck into the hold, breaking his bones ; he died soon after. The Frenchmen took the banker to Boston, U.S., where the St. Lawrence men were kept priHoners unti! the aulumD, when they returned home. The following ships were captured in 1808 :— t u The Alfred, Park, Master, from New- foundland to Poole, and Duke of Kent from 3EK> BEION OF GEORCE HI. Pno of the most striking evmts of tl,k w«r was the capture of th, vere le,l by their hei-oic captam, and the ship struck in eleven minutes, Mr Emerson, grandfather of the Honoumhie the Speaker T7a ^^Z^T'tTT '"a"' """"""""""' '- ofte^^:^ih^th p..?e into the Imrbour In connexion witi, this immortal combat thei-e on Ixjard the br.gi)«o/-,. belonging to Newman & C„., goi„„ „„,, j,, ^ewfoundknd; their vessel was captured by the Ame if>n pr^U h g S^r John Skerbrookc., and .s the SAa««„« w„s short of men the f^Bhmen were put on board of her; one of these labourers Darbv Se"f.Se.°'^'' '° '-'^^ '" '"^ ^-"^ •- '» -apturerthl ainyed "St. Johns m beptcmber ISla, from Prince Edward's Ward n place of Tremlctt wbo was sent ther« in a k^ng'^ ship.' He writ , to h,s fr,ond Reynolds, who was Postmaster-Geneml at Lisbon il dosing year of the great Peninsular War .— r have .xt: sirra-^iT zr: ^"jfizi "■" ,"%^?!i ^-- -^ thi. in the counting 1 ousc of a L'l, 1T.^1 / u ^™°™' "' '"'''°"- ' ""'» have been hero hot a to," 1° „ """''""h "ho™ .hip i. bo.md to Lisbon. I Colclough remained in St. John's for three years ; he was not mu,.I, of a lawyer, and a very sorry administi,,t„r ; L had. howeve,r te ..other wit, and the true Hiternian faeuhy of "garanioging the la«n'' and panl particular court to old Sir Eichard -Koats^ impressinnn His Excellency the groat and patriotic .services of C.sar'^C ™™gl Nowfoundland captured; recaptured by ii.M.S. Melpomene. Sent for Oporto- captured again 1st November. ' Union of Poole from Newfoundland captured ; recaptured by H.M.S. I'/oicr. Nancy captured by Frenoh privateer • retaken by II.IM.S. Vragon. Live Oak, Wimboio, blaster, from New. foundland to (Iporto, captured by tliree ^pauish ro« boats; cairied into Vi.ro after an enmigenient in which one man was killed and thrt-e wounded. Acorn from Newfoundland to Portu-ral captured andtaken into Corunna. " tn r.f"''^"''^' "'"' ^^"--y from Newfoundland ne«r mI' V^"'*!"' ^°'«1""S^ Hved in the house near Uv hAen's .hop, Kawlia's Cross. He had a {oyalcoat-of-arms over his door, and compelled every one to take off his hat when passing the ho ise. When one of the Dalton" was a trifle vocferous in court his Honour appealed to him. "If y„u «,„..t he oivil Air. IJalt.ui, be as civil as vou can " -On the 28th Octobt'r ISllcharffes cf part lahty and corruption were made by the Society of Merchants in St. John's against e capture pf the on ; the bpard^ru I eleven minutfs. Speaker, h^cj 4, ben describ64,thQ illis brought the tal combat there h l^ibourers were 'o., going out to leric^n pr^vj^teer English privateer short of men the abourers, Darbj' e captured the me Court bench, Edward's Island, lip." He writes '< Lisbon, in the i"ewroundlnnd, 29, 1813. Chief Justice and b Lisbon. I write und to Lisbon. I i was not mudi owever, shrewd ing the Saxon," impressing on !sar Colclnugh. from Newfoundlniul captured and taken rh lived ill the house iwlia's Cross. He over his door, and w off his hat when one of the Daltons court his Honour m can't he civil, ou can." f 1811 charfres cf vere made hy the it. John's against COLCLOUGH'S ACCOUNT OF THE RIOT. mi The result was eminently- satisfactory ; h6 h^d practicdlly the- dm^anli comnnssion-ih the Governor's absencQ, and had his sakry raised fronv £u()Oto £1,000 a year. I r«^gret the inexorable requirements ^P spfMjo prevent me from quoting more from this humorous and fantastio irishman s letters, but it is quite clear that in a diffiiulty he was little better than an old woman ; he got out of all troubles by simply relying on the strong common sense, personal influence, and energy of McBraire who was now magistrate, major-commandant, and president of the Comiiiercial Society. The quondam serjeant. with his long staff and humorously forcible way of knocking down all opposition, had a thousand times more power and influence over the people than this absurd Uon PompoHO. Colclough reminds us forcibly of Thackeray's Malloney of B.illv Mulloney, wh^ invites him to " come over to O'Dowd's town, my boy • wc I a-^e all English there, with a brogue as broad as from here to the Covo " ot Cork." The Chief Justice was always running dowahis countrymen • he exaggerated a "combine " to raise wages in the fishery into a terrible political conspiracy; he hints at murder-the only evidence he could produce was one soldier, whose evidence was worthless. When all this blew over, then he begins again about the Irish faction flghts on the Barrens, when General Finn stripped to fight General Muldowney for the lionour of Waterford against the " yallow bellies " of Wexford These the Chief Justice, Thomas Trcmlett. The .Society at the same time charged the former Chief Justice, John Keeves, Esq., Law Clerk to the Council for 'Jrade, with peculation and having received a portion of the salary of each of his successors. The accusations against hoth Tremlctt and liecves were proved to be wholly malicious and unfounded. In his report on the case (p. 3G1) Sir J T Duckworth declared that Trenilett was a most independent Judge, that he had good ability and great industry, that in all his conduct there was not the most remote appearance of corruption, and that when the complainants were called upon they did not venture to charge him with corruption in any instance. There is no doubt Tremlett was an irritable old bachelor; his manner was rude, and ho swore terribly. He exchanged iu 18I;J with Caesar Colclouffh. Chief Justice of Prince Edward's Island. Uoth these legal himinaries were at th« tine under a cloud, and it was considerei a good arrangement to give each a nt'w. sphere »« ., man-of-war cariied Chief Justice Tremlett to the Islan.I, and on her return voyage in October brought back the illustrious C'a-sar. I am indebted to Lieut.-Governor Howland and Judge Alley for the following notes on tlie careers of both these Judges in Prince Edward s Island : — Clolclough, an Irj^l, barrister belonging to an old familv n, Vlexford, was appointeil Chief Justice of (he Island on the 1st May 1807. Eor the hrst few years he gave great satisfaction : atterwards he got into trouble with Governor Des Barres and was suspended in September ISli. Colclouyh claimed the right to appoint tlie sheriffs ; he showed himself a piirtisu, on the side of the proprietors against th- settlers society, known as the " lovil electors." Des Harres was i-ecal'ed thioDgh the influence of the proprietors, and Col- clough was reinstated; but as he was L'reatlv dishked in Prince Edward's Island, and Iremlett was unpopular in Xewfouiidland, they exchanged olfices. Tremlett as a Chief Justice m Prince Edward's Island was a complete failure. Complaints were made against him, but the lory Uovernor shielded him. At last, in 1824, both Governor and cinet Justice were removed ou an appeal to thf- kmg supported hy lesoiutioiis from an intluentnil county meeting. Tremlett died at Iriiro, Nova «cotia. His ignorance of law ami practice was a great bar to his suocass i,. his last situation. He was surly and unpopular everywhere. * * Ill I 892 REIGN OF GEORGE III. lights were simply for " divarsion " ; the town was dull after the fishery was finished ; there were no politics or House of Assembly, no police ofiice, no theatres, not even a bnzaar; what could an Irish loy do in those times without a bit of lively fun? McBraire, who knew the Irish well, laufjhed at the whole thing. The Chief Justice's description of the great riot is very good in its way. The constables came in to say tliat if he did not go out the town would be in ruins. This message, he writes, "was delivered without " any alleviation by a beast of an Irish maid servant, whilst I was " sitting in Mrs. Colcloi.ghs sick room with all her children down in " the measles, with the addition, ' Madam, don't let him out, he will probably be killed, and what will become of us ? ' " We picture the scene of Mrs. Colclough weeping on his neck. He said he was not to be stigmatized ns a coward, so out he must go. Guns were fired from the Hill, Fort Townshend, and Fort William— a signal that the troops were coming. When the gallant Chief Justice arrived on the Barrens • "lo i behold ! there was nobody there," he says; " McBraire had driven them off." Whatever may have happened, it is clear the riot did not disturb old Coote, Mr. Blaikie, ]>. W. Carter, and the other magistrates, who were having a good dinner at the hospitable board of David Tasker The fun of the whole thing wi.s that the crowd followed Colclouah and hurrahed him, trying to make him believe that they were his assistants. In his letter, he seems to have had a lurking suspicion that tho inol) were mocking him. McBraire would have invited them all in to drink at the store. Neither priests, bishops, Colcloughs, nor justices, could have put down the faction fights; they died out in time, and were succeeded by the more legitimate " divarsion " of politics. I judge Cfesar Coldough was no lawyer f.om a correspondence with the very able Attorney-General of Nova Scotia, Uniacke The Act provided for a sole' judge; the Chief Justice wanted the Governor to appoint an associate judge, as he was afi aid he could not get through the term; Uniacke pointed out that an acting Chief Justice could be appointed in case Colclough was sick or absent, but when t!ie law provided for on« judge, the court would be illegally constituted with tivo on the bench. Colclough was a mere tool of the Governor's, a striking, contrast to Tremlett, wlio possessed the highest qualities of a judge- independence and impai-tiality. Tremlett's manners were, unfortunately against him[; a crusty, ill-tempered, old bachelor, he did not make' friends. There was a merchants' society in St. John's in these days which had been constituted about 1800; its object was to afford a medium of THE EFFECT OF THE WAH. officittl cotninimication and ccmsultwtion between the Governor and the mercantile body nbout convoys, &c.^ The two leading men on whom Colclough, during the absence of the Governor in England, relied to guide him in his difficulties were McBraire and young Mr. James Stewart,' a very able, inteliigent. gentlemanly man. It is very doubtful if the conspiracy referred to by Colclough really ever existed, except in his own imaginition ; there was, however, a gootl deal of excitement amongst the people,* especially the Irish, who formed the great bulk of the " shipped " servants in St. John's, concerning the change in wages ; the rumour had gone abroad that " wages were to be cut." Some of the merchants were very shrewd business men ; they knew that the war was drawing to a close ; France and Ameiica were exhausted, Napoleon's stai- was on the wane, Trafalgar and Wellington's Peninsular campaign had delivered Europe from his thraldom ; they fully realized that if men were shipped on the old terms, shouhi' peace be suddenly proclaimed, the war prices fur fish they were then gettinc would come down with a crash, with the high prices they had to pay for provisions and outfit, and with large sums for wages falling due in the autumn, they would all go under. McBraire forcibly impressed this on his brother nierchants, but they had all been making money, the war had lastad with the French almost continuously since 1789, most of them believed it would still continue; they did not, therefore,' take the wise precaution of preparing for a sudden fall in the markets. Not only Newfoundland, but all British North America had prospered by the war. Compared with the United States, the British Provinces were very small and very thirdy populated ; during hostilities, however, all the trade with Newfoundland, hitherto monopolized by the Americans, had fallen into their hands. They supplied all the lumber, cattle, butter, oats, corn, hay, and other produce that had always been 1 The Chamber of Commerce of St. John's was founded on the 26th December 1H23. First President, N. W. Hojies (father of Sir Hugh Hoyles) ; secretary, John Hoj d (father of .Mrs. James Baird). 2 I have heard several persons speak in rather disparaging ternn of this gentleman (who founded the firm «)f J. & W. Stewarts, 80 I consulted the late Mr. Brown, who knew him well. He says Stewart was a line man of very superior parts, a perfect "entleman. In contradistinction to the old firm°of Rennie Stuart & Co., in which he had been resident partner, his establishment was afterwards generally know as " Foxy Stewart's." =• In 1813 a very large Comnassion of the Peace was issued, under which the follow - idg gentlemen were appointed Justices — Coote, Broom, Bev. Mr. Rohmd, and Blaikie magistrates for St. John's ; Key. F. CarrinKtoa and Lilly for Harbour Grace ; Rev. J. Clinch. M.I)., and Burrell, Trinity; Kgar, Greens, pond; Pord, Bonavisfa; McKie and AnReli Ba^- Bulls: W. Carter, Ferryland ; Bradshaw and Blackburn, Placentia ; Gosse, Carbonear • Anthoine, Fortune Bay; Bryant, Ferryland • . hippard, ht. Clary's ; Pmson aud S. Prowse lOr Labrador. For the Island generally, the tollowiug naval officers:— Captain Elliott Cooksley, Skekel. Campbell, Holbrook! Buchan; also the Rev. F. Carringion, and 1 . C. Le Geyt, the Governor't* Secretary. H9i KEION OF OEOUGK III. w 111 jn-ocurtMl fn,... AhwIch; of courso. thoy could not funuMh all U,e flour that was r.<,turecl. but it .hows whnt pro^.s^ tluy wcmo .nakin^ that «/ ;'»K»'fcy;hve thouHan.1 cwt of hn.ul ami flour. British A.u^ rica supphcMl ^t.wfoun £140 for the season. No doubt tho merchants weie cither en- couraged to give these high wages by the results of 181.S, or else they were compelled to do so aguin.st their will ; I think most probably they acted on com- pulsion ; certainly no prudent men would run such fearful risks if they could help it.i ^ FAKMEll AND (HRr, SIT.ITTING FlSir. From a dratving in the li.M. ' III Lieut. Clisippdi's hook, "The Cruize of t'-ie linsnmuiiil," we have an iiecount of the social life of the Colony written in a very super6fti:il !!!.^IlI»■r. He dc-^enl-es ihe tiiai of an Irish fislierman for getting druuk at the lauer end of the fishing season. The jury in the Surrogate Court having found the prisoner guilty, Captain Campbell, 1{.\.. the ."iurrogate, parsed the following sentence on the culprit: "Prisoner, jou have b.'cn loiind guilty, ttfttr the most mature deliberation, of unruly and disorderly conduct; the law in such a case warrants the court to cancel all your claim for i TITLES TO LAND. 39« n'ltih all Uie flunr. leio inakinfj that , BritiNh Aiu» r!ca ousand cwt., aJNO , Hud two an«l u it was war time ur huiulred anrl <1, bcsido-i all (he n prizes. There slu'iy and ti'.ide } out the amount into the Colony, nd large caigoes prize agents in the head of tlie le under a first Is of w.ir on the o. bout wage'-, no ) was paid to a IS II. 1 risks if tlioy In Cumpbell, IJ.N., following sentence r, jou have been iie most mature and disordcrl}- I a case warrants your claim for TlK. greatent event occnning under the governorship of Sir Richard KoatH wan the onler fn,m the Home Government to grant titles to lands m the Colony. 1 his change was brought about by various cauHos. by the 8ugg.)sL,onH and recommendatiom of Oower and Duckworth, but at the l««t.dMefly by an o.ganizen,, him to defend his rights, and the just interest of his family, in opposition to the opinion and passions of such a Governor, will have but a small chance of success An act of independence would be arraigned as an act of mutiny. All the influence of his office, all the arts of his satellites would bo marshalled to efl-ect his oZ throw. ^ Accustonaed to use force to knock down opposition-forco being the power he knows best how to direct-tho toils of investigation, deliberation 3 judgement, are seldom had recourse to by a Naval Governor." ''^''''^^'^*'«n' ^''^ The following is from the Doctor's second tract, "the poisonous publication nnd vicious pamphlet," refen-ed to by Sir Richard Keats :5 these ancient admirals could only have lived to see our local press at ' He mentions in his second pamphlet, raol. an offiop nn™- k^ij i. i • 1813, that he had been dismissed froi his Dr! Henry Shea ^ ^" 8™"^««"' offices of surgeon to the volunteers and the J • 398 REIGN OF GEORGE III. i. liili electibneeririg time, Low would tliey feel when Dr. Carson's papers so nurt their pride ? — ' i x- . T ol ^ *"" ^!^' ''*'''^/"'' "\''*'''*^' ^'■°'" "'•''•'"S *« ^™P»ff» *be motives of tho Oovernora I am even disposed to allow, that they have been, for the most part actulted bv t^'rbL: :trand'\h^ ^'h '^''^^ °' ^^^^^ Commanders, generalLgtrdne's^ lnfi?H ^7 ' and thereby reqiiirmg a passive submission to their will, utterly unfitting them to preside at tho head of a Government not possessing he usJa wlthSr "t; '' " *''' undertaking u high situation' witrthe ttie which they cannot be acquainted, that I wish to expose and d.'ride as inconsistent of BnW ^°"'"^'' ''^^"^'^^^'^ *" *^^ ^^^^"^* ' • -^ hostile tor ;^^^^^^^ enthl^tl'to1hr.l' "^ Newfoundland af^^tfialy loyal, and atta.-hed efen to enthusiasm, to the glory arid interest of the British nation. They are uniformly ThIXV. T"'"l^ '^'' ^"''^ °P^"''°"' ^"'^ *^« 8°«d will of tLir Go eZs^ This fact has been strongly manifested, on the arrival of each succeeding Goyernor ." but, no sooner did they become entangled in the. Gothic system of pfuinTrwn fences stages, «nd houses ; no sooner did they commence, the blasting Sem of fre^S^". ",«.'• 'r"f '""'*!"" '^^^''"^"^ ofimproyement were dis'siptid^an. the iiund recoiled into gloomy despondency. "The only remedy again.st the evils flowing from tho present syntem will bo fou>u m giving to tho people, what they mo.st ardently wish, and whaUs' Zues- nonubly their right, a civil Government, consisting of a resident Governor a Senate House and House of Assembly. - ■ . ^"i- uovernor, a ''I shall as briefly a^ possible, endeavour to point out the advantages that ould flow to t'lis island, and the mother country, from the establishS of a with r'T'n •/"'/'''" ;^' appropriation and cultivation of the land.. In doing this I shall have to combat some prejudice, and some error The island o N<.vioundland has been represented as destitute of soil; ^ aLo.phere a, unfriendly to vegetation ; agriculture as injurious to a fishery; and the country :sr;:^i:^^zir:n;:-^-'^-- --^---^ ^--^^ As the result of the action of the merchants and the animadversions ot tlie doctor, Sir Richard Keats' instructions from England '•Directed his attention lo tho propriety of authorising tho cultivation ot those lands of tho colony which might bo applicable to that purpose H was therefore to consider himself authorised to grant leases of small portioVi ciro L ^"'^r" »-^-i^-'« 'or the purpose of cultivation.Tak n - care, however to reserve an annual quit-rcnt, either nominal or re f according to the circumstances of each individual case. In furtherance of tic' design contemplated by this instruction, the following notice war^ubHsVj.^ bearing date June 2G, 1813 :— ""•'' puoiisnecl, nn"'ff^^f '^'"^''"'^ infiatmus inhabitants desirous of obtaining small grants of land for the purposes ot cultivation in the neighbourhood of St. John's sub cc o very moderate qu.t-rents, are desired to give in their applications to the offco o the Secretary to the (Jovornor, before the li-st day of July.' " Before issuing this order, His Excellency had called for a return of all lands hat were already claimed outside the town of St. John's, with, tho titles on which the several claims were based, when it appeared that the inhabitants werrm-o ceeding rather rapidly to do for themselves what they had tardily re eivei from - ' tJ . I arsons papers so vos of tlio Governore. st part, actuated by enerating a fondness to their will, utterly )osse^aing tho usiial , with the datic8 of !rido, as inconsistent tile to tho i)rivilogo8 1' attached efen to They are uniformly of their Governors. U'ceeding Governor ; m of pulling down blasting system of vere dissipated, and ient system, will be md what is unques- sident Governor, a le advantages that establishment of a t of tho kndd. In ror. The island of the atmosphere as 7; and the country , and incompatible } animadversions land tho cultivation hat purpose. Bo of small portions ultivation, takhig- lominal or real, rurtheranco of tlic !e was published, ling small grants it. John's, subject ous to the office of eturn of all lands ha titles on whicli ibitants were pro- iily received, from GRA^TS OF FARM LANDS. , gy^ "The following extracts are taken from i\p )Minr. ^f .\. r^ Lord Bathurst, reporting the success of thimlsure Thev a so .ff r^T' *° of the squatting system which had begun to ™i .nd o7now il^ ^■^u'^^''' dawning in pople's minds as to the alricultu'rauiSt^ofTo count,;'!' ^'"'^ The measure which I was authorisoH tn n-ln..^ «p ^ i • .ana to i„au.,.io„, .,au.i.„.„ f„. J"X:oTe;;,jLr; r."^ fZllfy ««, ^i^^-.ji=^^^^^#*#. "-r.-.ar«^ mm^ FABM SCE.SJ-; NKAR ST. JOUs'n .UX.LT 17!l((. From n wiiUr c„U,nr p„intu,y in t!,e II.M., MS. .%m3. received With becoming gratitude, notwithstanding paina havo )« . , induce the lower classes to ascribe the bounty of Goven me, t to . ^f '" *'^'''". ^"^ In proceeding to execute this part of my instructioi . it L^ ^'^ '""^'''''• some enquiry into the lands at present m! 1^' 1 T ° necessary to m.ke titles by which those in occup.^Lriu 1 vici^n^^^^^ t h""^""' r' "'^'^ ^^- is evident that the possessors ot^a con:idri' ;orlw\ler ht o ' ^^V cla.ms than that .hich occupancy may be permitted to e t^li h st ol ' Z a population of nearly 10,000. seems to have orown oulo? if«n . ®.^- ^°^'" «' ^^'^^ and to be changing its character from a fi.L^ T , original situation, for a c„„.iac,,.5„=ti™ p„,.rhi 'z.:/tT t::^:^rzi "'""• -'; 400 REIGN OF GEORGE III. striking, present to the view several neat, well-oultivated, and productive little farms. " • It is a circumstance particularly favourable to agriculture that husbandry does not interfere with the fisheries, and that the fisheries supply the farmer with manure. The lands may be prepared, and the crops put in and taken out, before the commencement of, and after the fl8he:y is over. With the.e advantages, and that of a certain and profitable market, the desire to possess land for several years has been eager and general. Proclamations repeated by my predecessors, forbidding persons to take possession of lands, have been disregarded. In cases where gi-ants or leases have been obtained from Government, the limits have commonly been exceeded. Pretexts of every sort which ingenuity could devise have been resorted to to found titles, and by paying attention to claims or pretexts of private property, of which they are peculiarly jealous (and they have not been invaded by me) I have found but little land in the neighbourhood of St. John's to dispose of. " ' The total number of grants made this season by the Governor under the authority afforded by his instructions was one hundred and ten small plots of land not exceeding four acres. These were subject to annual quit-rents of from 28. 6d. to 5*. per acre, renewable at the expiration of thirty years vt moderate fines. The above grants were not equal to the number of applications. Many of the latter had yet to be decided on ; His Excellency governing himself chiefly by the recom- mendation of the magistrates, paying attention to character, and considering the circumstances and family of the applicant. " • The scarcity of provisions which had prevailed in the early part of the year 1813, had b3en well calculated to stimulate the people to make trial of what the land could produce towards their support. During the first months of 1812, before the declaration of war by America, supplies were in sufiicient abundance, and to be had at a moderate price. But after the breaking out of hostilities, the prices gradually advanced to an unprecedented height. Fortunately, a seasonable importation was received from Canada, of 12,000 cwt. of bread, and 4,000 barrels of flonr, which barely dissipated the prospect of starvation during the winter. Even with this welcome addition, so dire was the scarcity, that at one period common biscuit " was retailed out in small parcels of a few pounds as a peculiar favour to the poor, at the rate of £6 sterling per cwt. Potatoes were sold at 35s. per barrel (two bushels and a half), and the inhabitants were reduced to the most alarming state of need, when u vessel arrived from Greenock with relief." Before the arrival of this vessel, a committee of gentlemen had paid General Moore £7 sterling per barrel as a deposit for flour out of the public stores, to bake up for the poor. Even in the summer of 1813, the following high prices prevailed Biscuit, 708. to 848. per cwt. Flour, 120s. to 1268. per barrel. Beef, 1408. to 1478. per barrel. Pork, 1808. to 2008. Potatoes, 228. 6d. to 258. per barrel. On July 16, the society of merchants reported to His Excellency that the quantity of provisions on hand was not more than sufficient to supply the demand for two months, and there was little prospect of any considerable importations.' " On this subject the Governor made urgent representations to the Secretary of State, and, probably as the result of those representations, though apparently coming in the ordinary way of trade, large imports were received, mostly from Great Britain, which replenished the stores, brought down prices, and reTnoved all apprehensions of famine for the ensuing winter." ^ > From Pedley's Hislorif of Newfoundland and Newfoundland Records. CHIEF JUSTICE COLCLOUGH. 401 ud productivo little iure tbnt husbandry )ply the farmer with id taken out, before e..d advantages, and ind for several years iecessors, forbidding 1 cases where gi-ants lave commonly been i have been resorted pretexts of private re not been invaded I of St. John's to jovcrnor under the Email plots of land its of from 28. 6d. to loderate fines. The Many of the latter liefly by the recom- ind considering the 'ly part of the year e trial of what the aths of 1812, before }undance, and to be stilities, the prices tely, a seasonable I, and 4,000 barrels during the winter, that at one. period )unds as a peculiar s were sold at 35s. educed to the most ith relief." Before General Moore £7 , to bake up for the prevailed — Biscuit, 1408. to 1478. per 1. On July 16, the ty of provisions on months, and there IS to the Secretary though apparently Jived, mostly from s. and removed all d Records. In June 1814 there is a letter in the Records from Hunter & Co I^raying permission to export a quantity of flour, "that the market is " noAV so glutted that it is impossible to sell it, and that if not allowed " to send it away it will be spoiled." In 1815 both Colclough and Sir Richard Keats left the Colony The Chief Justice was evidently terrified by the following letter. He put forth a proclamation immediately, offering a reward of £100 for the discovery of the writer or of the person who affixed it to the Court House gate, of course without result. " '^;;*Jf?°°T*^'«pf's^« Colclough. Esq., Chief Judge in the Supreme Court ot bt. John s, and in and over the Island of Newfoundland, &c., &o &-> ^heweth^l^''"'^^' ^°'*''°'' "^ *^' ^''^''''' "^ '^*- •^''^^'^ ^^ ^^^^r''! ^°«* ^^^^^J f..nJ'P*V^^.^T °^ ^^' *^''^'''' ^™ very much oppressed by different orders ft^om the Court House, which they amigine is unknown to your LordS Sn.7.7n * J'"w^ 'f ^*^°°'^"^ *^«^^ ^'S^'' -i*^*^-* *^« !«»«* sine of tS^ being sick or mad. Wee do hope that your Lordship will check the Justices that 7Z^^ ^T" 1 '^'' 7" Proclamation against the Interest of the poor Pami fes that their dependance for their Winter's Fewel is on their Doggs. and likewS several smgle men that is bringing out Wood for the use of the FiLry. if^Tase this busmess 18 not put back it will be the means of an indeferent business as ever the killing the Doggs in Ireland was before the rebellion the first Instance ^Ube given by killing Cows and Horses, and all other disorderly Vice that X be «omprehenedbythe ArtofMan, "uac can oe hJnZ7 *'^ '"S^ ^'''* ^\''''°r^. ^T ^°"^'^^P ^""^ nneasines for directing any like taness to your Honour, but Timely notice is better than use any voilanfe. What ZL Im' T'\ ""^^^ ""' """^ "^'^ *" """"' ** P^«««^^' by Puting a stop to this great evil. Wee hope tha= our Prayra will be mains of obtaining Life Everlasting for your Lordship in the world to come. x^venasung " Mercy wee will take, and Mercy wee will give." The Chief Justice should have known, as one experienced about his countrymen, that the threatening letter is a common Hibernian device ; that, whilst it is sometimes malignant, often enough it is the mere wanton trick of some idle vagabond who can write, and wants to worry his neighbour. Magistrates of any standing, either in Ireland ^r amongst Irish people, could " paper a trunk " with such epistles This one IS m very mild tone; it has not got even the traditLary coffin and cross bones at the head of it; it is more of a respectful remonstrance than a threat of murder, as the affrighted ColcWh translated it. During the troublous times that were coming on the Colony, It was^ a good thing he left._ Colclough was succeeded in the .h... ^ustieesnip uy rraneis rorbes, Esq.,.a distinguished barrister of Lincoln s Inn He' was appointed on the 4th August 1816 and <5ommenced the discharge of his duties on the 15th July 1817 and remained resident in the Colony up to the 6th of May i822. 'chief 402 EEIGN OP GEORGE III. Justice Forbes won golden opinions from all classes ; the pages of " The Select Cases in the Supreme Court of Newfoundland " are an abiding monument to his profound learning and serene intelligence. The faction fights went on for many years after Colclough left " Yallow-belly Corner," on the east side of Beck's Cove, commemorates the spot where the wounded in the melee used to be washed in the little brook flowing into Beck's Cove. The Tipperary " clear airs," the Waterford "whey bellies," and the '^ '- "dadyeens" were arrayed against the "yallow belly" faction—i. ones" or Kilkenny boys, and the Wexford "yallow bellies," Ti...^ were besides the "young colts " and a number of other names for the factions. They fought with one another " out of pure devilment and divarsion," as an old Irishman explained it to me. Besides these scrimmages there were plenty of fights when the "fools" or mummers came out from Christmas to Twelfth Day. These men were dressed up with high paper caps of a triangular form, ornamented with ribbons. They wore white shirts, sewn all over with ribbons and streamers. A good " rig-out " cost both tmie and money. The " swabs " were made of a bladder, covered with canvas or a switch, made sometimes of a cow's tail fastened to a stick. Some were dressed as women, with long garments known as " eunchucks." They were all masked, and ran at passengers with an Indian yell, and spoke in a falsetto voice. Men were often beaten badly for old grievances by the fools. I remember, as a boy, how proud I used to be to shake hands with a fool, and to know what " rigs " Noah Thomas or Mick Toole were going out in. Each company had one or more hobby-horses, with gaping jaws to snap at people. The fools had to be put down by Act of Parliament. Mummers and fools were English customs, dating back to the Saxon time, brought to this Colony by the old Devonshire settlers. The returns for the year 1814 show unexampled prosperity— an enormous fishery, a large catch of seals (a hundred and twenty thousand) and splendid prices; 1815 was also a good season,^ the fish exported amounted to one and a quarter million quintals. ' Fish was quoted in St. John's at nineteen and twenty-one shillings per quintal, cod oil at thirty-three pounds, and seal oil at thirty-six poimds per ton. 1814 is, wrongly, generally stated to have been a regular annus mirahilis, nine hundred and fifty thousand quintals of fish having been reported to have been taken and sold, at » In 1815, 1816, and 1817, Newmans built their excellent models and staunch con- several fine vessels at Great Jervois, which struction, all constructed out of timber were highly commended by Trinity House for obtained in Bay Despair COMMERCIAL DISASTER. 403 two pounds sterling per quintal, the whole exports being valued at the enormous sum of over two million pounds sterling.^ With the close of the year 1S15 came the crash.- In December 1815 Mr. Coote, the Supreme Surrogate, and Captain Buchan, R.N., on whom the whole judicial business of the capital devolved, wrote to Sir R. G. Keats :— " In November 1816 there have been upwards of seven hundred writs issued smce the closing of accounts in October [in all over nine hundred summons], and forty declarations of insolvency ; notwithstanding which we are happy to inform your Excellency that the public peace has not in any material degree been inrerrupted, nor do we perceive the smallest ground for apprehension of any change ot sentiment likely to disturb the present tranquillity." What a contrast between these calm words of two brave cool- headed men in the midst of dii-e calamity and the fears and forebodings of Colclough. Peace had come after the crashing defeat of Waterloo, WESFOHD HEEBIlfG COT." 18th June 1815 ; the United States had made peace with England by the Treaty of Ghent ; American and Norwegian fish flowed into the Mediterranean markets; produce was selling abroad for less sometimes ' The oflScial returns of exports for this year, from October 1813 to October 1814, do not show either such high prices or quanti- ties. Fish is put down at 20s. to 26«. per quintal; value of seal oil, &c. and furs at £38,570 ; salmon, 3,425 tierces, at £4 per tierce. There is a significant item of 2,049 quintals of fish exported to the Brazils. James Stewart is credited with being the first merchant in Newfoundland to inaugurate this important business. In one of bis letters he writes, "30.000 quintals of fish, •trc-U handled, should make any man's fortune." 2 Pkices, 1812-1816. "Price of cod oil, Liverpool, 1812, £38 sterling per ton. " Price of cod oil, Liverpool, 1813, £49 sterling per ton. " Price of cod oil, London, 1813, £42 10». sterling per ton. " Tar in England, 1813, 43.9. per barrel^ and expected to rise higher. « April 1 8 1 6, the price of cod oil continues low at £28 per ton. The introduction of gas light for the streets and shops lessens the consumption very considerably, and will be worse."— JVoiM Newman & Co.'s Boohs. 2 It was from this haudy little craft that our fishermen got the idea of the boat now in such general use all over the Colony it displaced the lug-sails towards the end of last century. The fishing boats in the cod and seal C C 2 i I; 40 1 REIGN OP GEORGE III. than one-thircl of its cost to the merchant. A panic ensued, and nearly all the houses m the trade went down. The catch of 1816 was considerable'-over a million quintals were exported. Prices, however had become abnormally low-fourteen, twelve, and even ten shillings per quintal. » The winters of 1815, 181G, and 1817-18 are memorable in the annals of the Colony. In the winter of 181.5 the capital end all the outports were in a state of actual starvation. The losses and insolvencies referred to by Coote had ruined the credit of our merchnnts. Importations of provisions were quite inadequate, and, to add to the general misery, emigrants were flocking in from Ireland.^ l^y Christmas 1816, when communication with the outside was virtually shut off. the dread spectre of famine threatened our unfortunate Colony Fortunately, at this temble crisis, the virtual control of the Colony was in the hands of Captain David Buchan, R.N. The niost fulsome panegyric is really but faint praise for the cool courage able management, and humane exertions of the heroic commander During this trying winter he put his own men on H.M.S. Pike on short the'^Grand Jur'"-^' ^"owing address was presented to him by V * t^^^T.i^'^"!"-'^ MMpicnoos in pnblio ciertioM to afford tho only rohce Ll«'t.sn«Vr°?^°""^ tteo.,.u.i.ie. „, impending f.Mine conid MrltS- fishery were formerly called Bhallops and shalloways, these words often occurrinff in our history. The shallop was a large boat, decked at both ends and open in the centre, with moveable deck-boards and pounds • there were cuddies both fore and aft where the fishermen could sleep. There were never less than three men in a shallop ; their dimen- sions were— 30 to 40 feet keel, 10 to 40 feet beam ; many of the larger shallops had five men, and would carry 200 qtls. dry fish. The Bhalloways were open boats, what are now called punts. The sails in common use nntil after 1780 were lug sails. The sprit- sail boats were probably copied from Irish models, like the picture of the Wexford hernng cot. There was no fire below deck • the cooking apparatus, or gaUey, was bunt of stone, and was generally on the forecastle. The fishermen's clothing was made commonly of whitney and barked swanskin (oiled clothing had not been in- vented, and the barvel was universally used by the fishermen all over North America) ; for the seal fishery the men had bluchers and — — - — , i .; p^>tn Trric luusiiy used for cookmg and drinking vessels. The first decked vessels for the seal fishery were about the size of ordinary Western boats, 40 to 50 feet keel, and 14 to 15 feet beam. The schooners all hu., heavy keels j both the bottom planking, keel were made of birch and witch hazt . ^ook about seven men to haul out the hire -k for a keel. tot the boat's frame iunii, , eenerallv used ; the timbers were abou. .^t apart^ t ,*['?, P'*""""* was about an , and a half thick, generally of pine, with blu spruce for spars. The schooner rig came int. gue about the time of the commencement ui the ship seal fishery. In the early accounts of this industry a distinction is made between the fishery as prosecuted in shallops and in schooners. The only novelty introduced about 1798 was the use of larger vessels in this business. There was always more or less of a seal fishery carried on by the residents with nets, pursuing them on the ice, and following them up with shallops and punts. » Pedley, in his history, states the catch was small. The records show that the amount was about 1,083,452 quintals. -Eleven thousand Irish came to St. John's between 1814 and 1815. There is an instruc- tiyecorrespondence between Kent and M"rr!« ol VVttterford about the cubic space required for an emigrant. Their sufferings in crossini? must have been terrible, only exceeded by the horrors of the middle passage on board an African slaver. THE WINTER OF THE RAL8. 405 nsued, and nearly ch of 1816 was Prices, however, ven ten shillings nemorable in the pital end all the The losses and ! credit of our idequate, and, to in from Ireland.^ Jide was virtually our unfortunate rtual control of ehan, R.N. The ;he cool courage, (roic commander. S. Pike on short ted to him by ord the only refuge )uld address them- heavy keels j both keel were made *ook about seven '"k for a keel. iuDii, , generally ! aboui ot apart, about an > aud a line, with blu «ipruce r rig came int( gue commencement ui the he early accounts of on is made between d in shallops and in i^elty introduced about arger vessels in this vays more or less of by the residents with he ice, and following id punts. ory, states the catch rds show that the 452 quintals, ish came to St. John's There is an instruc- een Kent and Morris cubic space required sufferings in crossing !, only exceeded by e passage on board irc If Buchaa leserved all these encomiums for his services in 1816-16, what praise shall wo give him for his still more difficult task in the terrible season of 1817-18, known in Newfoundland as the "Hard Winter," and still more generally as the " Winter of the Rale ? " In the former season, starvation alone had to be contended with ; now famine, frost, and fire combined, like three avenging furies, to scourge the unfortunate Island. A frost tiiat sealed up the whole coast commenced early in November, and continued almost without intermission through the entire season, and on the nights of the 7th and 21st of November 1817, three hundred houses were burnt, rendering two thousand in- dividuals, in depth of that cruel winter, homeless.^ Nothing can add to the simple pathos of the grand jury's presentment : "Calamities so extensive would have beau in our most prosperous times productive of severe distress, but on retrospecting to our situation for the last three years, during which period we have alternately suffered by fire, by famine, by lawless outrage, and numerous mercantile failures, which have greatly iiyured the commercial reputation of the town, the recent conflagrations seemed only wanting to cousummate onr misfortunes. Several hundred men in the prime of life, without money, or the means of being employed, without adequate clothing or food, are at the hour of midnight wandering amidst the smoking ruins to seek warmth from the ashes, and food from the refuse of the half-consumed fish. In dwe11ing-hous3H the misery is little less. Many families, onco in affluence, are now in absolute want. Within these two days, two men have been found perished of cold, and many hundreds must inevitably experience a similar fate if humanity does not promptly and effectually step forward to their relief." To add to this misery, gangs of half-famished, lawless men everywhere threatened the destruction of life and property; vigilance committees were formed in every settlement. Mr. George Kemp, then residing in Brigus, tells of tlie confidence and safety the planters felt when Captain Buchan came amongst them. In St. John's and every outport his presence brought tranquillity; all caught the contagion of his splendid courage. The suffering endured during that winter no pen can fully describe. A vessel with provisions put into Bay Bulls in distress ; the people flocked down en masse to board her, and they would not let the ship leave the harbour until half her cargo had been unloaded by the authorities and distributed. In Renews, two West Country crews were frozen up ; a mob, headed by the village blacksmith, attacked the room, threatening to murder the Devonshire men unless they surrendered their provisions ; one of the skippers, an old captain of a privateer, had been expecting aa attack, and had his store loopholed for musketry ; he fired a volley over the lieads of the crowd, and all fled ; afterwards the same captain and his mPi.-chant shared all their provisions with the Renews ■ There had also been a very destructive fire in February 1816. II i i'' . f :S fi 406 REIGN OF OEOltGE III. people.^ Many more incidents could bo related about the winter of the Rals or " RowdioH." Near Renews, a lot of Iri.sh enii^rantH left their ship at the edge of the ice, and crawled on shore on their hau.ls and knees, to ndd more si.arers in the already inade(iuate rations. During these three unhappy years everything was against U8; even the seal tishery failed m 18l7.i In the spri,.g of 1818 this period of calamity came to an end. Ihe seal fishery was unusually productive, in less than a fortnight WOODLANDS COTTAGE, ST. JOHN'S. From a drawing by lady Hamilton, in the possession of Sir H. A. Hamilton, Bart. scores of little vessels returned, loaded to the scuppers with fat; hope revived, the fisheries were good, the markets improved, and the poor dd Colony again began to lift up her head. The Governor, Sir Francis Pickmore/ had been ordered to remain through the winter in New- foundland. Dr. Carson's pamphlet had shown up the absurdity of Governors coming out for two or three months in the year. Henceforth all their Excellencies were perennials, not fleeting annuals. Admiral Pickmore was a firm, courageous old m«n, but the toil, exposure and ' 1817 is the worst seal fishery on rpcnrd only thirty-seven thousand seals being killed oyer the whole Island. ^ There appears to be no information about Sir F. Pickmore beyond what can be gathered fron the Navy Lists. The family appears to have died out. as none of this I SIR FRANCIS PICKMORE. 407 he winter of the igrantH left their their liaiids and rations. During 3; even the seal !ame to an eiul. ;han a foi-tnight llton, Bart. with fat ; hope , and the poor lor, Sir Francis inter in New- 3 absurdity of r. Henceforth uals. Admiral , exposure, and Lists. Tiie family :, as none of this the Navy, Army, I anxiety of the last terrible winter told on his enfeebled constitution, and on the 24th of February he died. One can form some idea of the se^'erity of the season from the fact that it took all t»ie crew of H.M.S. Fly, with tlie assistance of civilians, a whole fortnight to cut a channel through the ice, which was between four and five feet thick. The faithful admiral's obsecjuies were carried out with great state, the grandest ceremony ever known in the Colony. " So past the stroag heroic soul away. And when they buried hitn the little port Had seldom seen a costlier funeral." The sufferings of the Newfoundland colonists called forth humane response from all quarters. The British Government sent £10,000, Halifax contributed liberally, but the most touching and generous gift was from the large-hearted people of Boston. A few years before they were fitting out privateers to destroy our fishing vessels, now they sent, us a welcome ship-load of provisions. In the most inclement month of tiie year, January, the brig Messenger came into St. John's, bearing the following address : — " To His Excellency Francis Pickmohe, Esq., Vice-Admiral and Governor, Ac, President of the Society for the Improvement of the Poor of St. John's. " SiE,— The recent conflagration of a great part of the town of St. John's, at u period ofthe year when it maybe impracticable to obtain relief from the parent country, and the calamity which must necessarily ensue to a large number of our fellow-beings, have been felt in this town with all the sympathy which they are calculated to inspire. A subscription, for the purpose of affording some immediate aid to the sufferers, has been consequently opened in this place, and the means of purchasing a quantity of such articles as are considered to be best adapted to the exigencies of the moment, have been readily contributed by a number of its inhabitants. •• The American brig Mea$engef, Captain Peterson, having been chartered for the exclusive object of carrying this offering to St. John's, we have now the honour to enclose you a bill of lading, and manifest of her cargo, consisting of the following articles : — 174 barrels of flour 125 barrels of meal 11 tierces of rice 27 barrels and 963 bags of bread, which, on behalf of the contributors, we request that you will have the goodness to receive, and cause the same to be distributed among the sufferers by the late conflagration, in such manner and in such proportions as their respective circum- stances may require. We beg leave to recommend the bearer. Captain Peterson, 10 your kind protection. . . The cause of humanity alone has induced him to undertake, at this inclement season, such a voyage which, under other ciroum. stances, he would have felt himself obliged to decline. " We have the honour to be, with all due consideration, very respectfully, your Excellency's obedient humble serv-o its. raimifid^ " James Pebkins AfiNoiD Willis " Jonathan Amoet, Junr. Benjamin Rich " Tristeam Baenabd John Hoitston. *• Boston, December 27. 1817." i iOH IIKION OF GEORGE III. Bi«hop Lan.l,ert, of the Franciacan order, luul succe.lod the eminen, 1^1. ODonel lu, Ro.nan Catholic Bishop of Newfoundland; he woh Dp r„™K t "'"""''=« had been completely conquered, wly, then did she recover her position on the Newfoundland const ? Castle - reaffhs answer is characteristic: -The European sovereigns wanted to make the Bourbon, popular with the French people." Foftirsake of the incapable, unteachable Louis XVIII,, a galL yoke was thrown round a. necks of British colonists. It is thf fli„,s°iert a^dZst pZy excuse for a greot diplomatic blunder. ^ ^ On the death of Admiral Pickmore, Captain Bowker, of the admiral's tt ^'^/'''■"e-;^"™™'- »"U1 the arrival of Sir Charles Hamilton « in July 1818 In the beginning of September of (hat year another lire broke out ui St. John's, which consumed twelve houses'^.nd paH of ^he ' A stipend of £75 per annum was granted to Dr. Lambert. "1814, April In consideration of the respeetubilitj attached to your situation as Head of the Catholic Church ^n^ewfoundland, and of 'the hifrhlv creditable and meritorious manner in Avhich office. His Hoyal Highness has been gra- ciously pleased to direct that an annual allcwancu of £75 shaii be paid to you whilst tion » °"^'""'-' **" ^°^^ ^^^^ important situa- ^ Sir C^ Hamilton, born 1767, was entered on the books of his father's ship, the Hector in 1<76; in 1784 he succeeded to the baronetcy; was captain in 1789. In i7o^ i,„ WHS present at the sieges of Bastia, CalvL &c He was in command of the Melpomene for seven years, serving on the coasts of Holland Africa, the East and West Indies. In 1801 SI It CHAKLES HAMILTON. 40» t important situa- Ordnance property, and in 1819 yet another destructive conflagration, which de8tn.yed one lunidred and twenty houses at the M-estern end of the town ; the loss was estimated at £120,000 sterling. There can be very little douljt that these fires were the work of incendiaries. Although, for the time, these recurring calamities caused great privations and misery, the result was a great improvement in the laying out of the city; Water Street and Duckworth Street, formerly narrow lanes, were now built up with good substantial houses, and were widened to fifty feet.^ The new Governor was chiefly remarkable for his stern, unbending Conservatism. The most important event during his tenure of office was the convention of 1818 with America. It was agreed : — '•That tLo inhabitants of the United States should have for oyer, in common with the subiects of His Britannic Afajeety, the liberty to take fish of every kind on that part of the southern coast of Newfoundland extending from Cape Hay to SIR C. HAMILTON, BAKT. Frcm a porfrnit in flw possession (\f Sir £. A. Ilaiiiillon, Bart, he was returned for Diingannon, and in 1807 for HonitoD, which he represented till 1812, though away on aclive service. Was made rear-admiral in 1810, and vice-admiral in 1814. From 1818 to 1824 he was Governor of Newfoundland ; became admiral in 1830, a K.C.B. in 1833, and died at Iping, Sussex, m 1849. Lady Hamilton was the first Gover- nor's wife to reside in the Colony j she lived in Fort Townsheiid, St. John's, for four years, and drew the portrait of Mary March. ' The St. John's Fihes of 1817-20. 1 Geo. IV. Cap. li. An Act to regulate the he-building of THE Town of St. John's, in Newfound- land, AND FOR INDEMNIFYING FERSONS GIVING IIP Ground for that furpobb. ^ [15th July, 1820.1 Whereas the Town of Saint John, in the Island of Newfoundland, hath recently been visited by very {r,eat and destructive Fires, the^ ravines whereof have been chiefly occasioned by lut Barrowiicss of the Strtseis and the difficulty of arresting the progress of the flames ; And whereas it will greatly contribute to the convenience of the said Town, as well as to its future security, if certain regulations be made for tha rebi'ildinir of such parts thereof as have bet n drstroyed and also for the erection of anv Houses or' Buildings in the said Town he-e.\fter ; lie it therefore enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and con- sent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that the Lower Street in the said Town commonly called Water Street, shall not be' less than Fifty Feet in width in everv part thereof, extending from the house audstores occupied by Brown, Hoyles ^- Co., at the Jiast end, to the public Ships Room, commonly called the Western Sfiipa Room, at the West end thereof; and that the Upper Street conamonly called Duckworth Street, shall not bo less than Forty Feet in width ; and that all and every Houses, Stores, Erections and Buildings whatsoevtr, built and erected since the first t^ay of June One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighteen, or which shall at an" tune or times liefeafter be erected and built in the said street or either of them, whether the same be upon any vacant spot of Ground or upon the site of any former Building, shall be made to conform to the width of the said •r 410 REIGN OP GEORGE III. t-ii the Rameau IslandH ; on the western and northern coast, from Cape Ear to the Quirpon Islands; on the shores of the Magdalen Islands, and alsol thTcoasts! bays, harl)oura, and creeks, from Mount Joli on the southern coast of Labrador to and through the straits of Belleisle ; and thenco northwardly, indefinitely along the coast, without prejudice, however, to any of tlie exclusive rights of- the Hudson's Bay Company." The convention further provided : — " That the American fishermen should also have liberty for ever to dry and cure fish in any of tho unsettled bays, harbours, and creeks of the southern part of the coast of Newfoundland above described, and of the coast of Labrador; but so soon as the same, or any portion thereof, should be settled, it was not to be lawful for the said fishermen to dry or cure fish at such portion so settled without previous agreement for such purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the said ground." Properties, lately held by Georye Niven and A. Chambers, the middle of the Cove to be the centre of the Street, through the Ground lately occupied hy William Barnes and others ; and the last or Eastern Street from the Ordnance Wharf up to the King's Road • and that no House, Store, Erection or Building whatsoever, shall be erected or built so ns to front above Water Street, uoon any or either of the said Cross Streets, but that the same shall he and remain open and free from any Buildings whatsoever, other than the inclosures thereof; and also, that in case any other Cross Streets may be hereafter required as a security against Fire, upon the same being marked ont and presented by the Grand Jury, and approved by the Governor for the time being, there shall be such other Cro«!s Streets or Fire-breaks, of the like dimensions of those hereinbefore mentioned, and accord- mg to the Boundaries so presented and approved; and the Ground and Property necessary to be taken shall be estimated and paid for in like manner as is herein-after . - ' — .t.v.ij,., ,aat iiotiiiDi- nerein contained shall authorise the takint' of any Fishing Itoom, Flakes, or any part thereof, which may be actually occupied and emjiloyed for the purpose of curing I.ADY DAMlLTOIf. From a portrait in the possession oj Sir H. A. Ilamilton, JBart. Streets, as the same is respectively hereby established and directed ; Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall "be construed to extend to any House, Store, Erection or Building, which since the said first day of Jtine One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighteen, may have been or at any time hereafter may be erected in Water Street aforesaid, the same being built and made entirely of Stone or Bricks, and covered with Slates or Tiles, and always baving a clear width in the said Street of not less than Forty Feet. l\.—And be it further enacted, That there shall be Four Cross Streets or open spaces to serve as Fire-breaks, and intersect the said Streets called Water Street i-nd Duckworth Street as nearly as might be at xight angles ; and that all and every of the said Cross Streets shall not be less than Sixty feet in width, and bhall run in the fol- lowing directions, that is to say, the first or western Cross street from the Water Side, in « line with the corner of Dinah Elliot's Sbrn and Haddock's Lane to Duckworth Street : the second from the Water Side running in a line with the corner of James Cliffs and Perkins and Winter's tenements leading up the Church Hill; the third to run from the Water Side between Clapp's and Keen's Fish. BUTLER AND LUNDRIGAN. 411 ivention further The agitation for representative goverament in the year 1819 i-eceived great impetus from the well-known case of Butler and Lundrigan. At a surrogate court held in Harbour Grace before Captaui David Buchan, H.M.S. Grasshopper, and the Rev. John Leigh Episcopal Missionary, Lundrigan. not appearing upon a summons, was held to be guilty of contempt of court, and sentenced to receive thirty- six lashes on his bare back. Lundrigan was tied up and floajjed bv the boatswain of the ship until he fainted under the severity of the punishment.1 At a meeting held in St. John's on the 14th of November 1820, Patrick Morris chairman, the following resolutions were passed :— •' Eesolved that we yield to no body or class of men in loyalty to onr King in obedience respect and support of the laws o: our country, or in love and venerat'ion to our glorious constitution. veneration " Eesolved that we have beheld with abhorrence and detestation the cruel and ignomnuous pumshment inflicted on the bodies of Philip Butler and James '' Eesolved that we shall pursue such legal and constitutional means as may be within our power to have the law repealed which, it appears, sanctionTTuch arbitrary proceedings in the Surrogates, and that a committee be arpoTnted to carry our intentions into effect. "ppomiea to " Further resolved that we defray Butler's and Lundricran's exnonsp, .,n^ .^ ■ tenance and that tbanKS be passed to the Lawyers Dawe° and GerMlyfl"^^^ disinterested conduct m conducting the cases in the Supreme Court. " William Caeson, M.D., Patrick Doyle. Patrick Morris. jqhn Rv,,n " John Eochfort. M.D., Geo. Gadev - George NiVEN. Thomas Beck. .. J?"^^«^ ^^^ Thomas Burke. TiMOIHY HOGAN, EOBT. E. WAKEILiM " Lewis W. Eyan." The case of Butler and Lundrigan was taken up solely for the purpose of being used as a lever to obtain a legislature for the Colony Petitions were presented to both Houses of Parliament, and Dawe was «ent to England to work up the case. There is no doubt that this agitation very much forwarded the demand for local government The immedi^^e result of the appeal, which was warmly supported by Lords HoUand^ and Darnley in the Lords, and by the celebrated Sir James Macintosh and Dr. Lushington in the Commons, was the Judicature Act and the suppression of surrogate courts. ' Sir Charles Hamilton was so disgusted with the way that Government suits were conducted iu the courts, that he requested the Government to send him out a lawyer who ^'"n *l ^^} *' attorney-general ; a gentleman ealled W estcott was accordingly sent out to His Excellency. Sir Charles found his new law adviser very glib at recommending measures in the Council, but utterly incapable --— — r-. -S"'- iigaiitj iD itic courts : (he imported adviser made the last state of things worse than the first, and he was soon sent backagam to England; both Westcott and his wife enjoyed a pension for the valuable services he rendered the Colony 412 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XIII. It . ^ I I I ■ij liJ'. I. The Recapture of St. John's in September 1763. FEOM THE "LONDON GAZETTE." , Whitehall, October 12. This mominff amved Captain Campbell, of the 22nd reiri- ment, from St. John's. Newfoundland, being dispatched by Lieutenant-Colouel Amherst with the following letters to the Earl of Egremont. (a.) Cot. Amhehst to the Karl op EOKEMONT. -, _ St. John's Newfoundland, JMy Lord, Sept. 20 1762. According to the orders I received trom Sir Jeffcry Amherst at New York, of which your Lordship will have been informed I proceeded from New York to Halifax with' the transports, to take up there the troops destined for the expedition. 1 got into the harbour the 26th of August; and finding Lord Colvill sailed, determined to embark the troops there, and at Louiibourg, as expeditiously as possible, and proceed after his Lordship. The meu-of-war being sailed who were to have taken part of the troops on board, I was obliged to take up shipping to the amount of 400 tons. I had everything embarked, ready to sail on the 29th, but contrary winds kept us in the harbour till the Ist of September, when we got out a,ad njrrived at Louisbourg on the 5th. The next day the trojps were embarked, and we sailed out of the harbour the 7th in the morning. I had the good fortune to join Lord CoMl's fleet on the lltb, a few leagues to the southward of St. John's; and by the intelligence his Lordship had received, I was obliged to change my resolution of lauding the troops at Kitty Wtty (a narrow entrance cloBe to the harbour of St. John's), the enemy having entirely stopped up the passage in, by sinking shallops in the channel. From the best information I could get, it appeared that Torbay, about three leagues to the northward of St. John's, was the only place to land the troops at, within that distance. Lord Colvill sent the Si/ren man-of-war into Torbay with the transports ; and it was lute at night on the 12th, before they all came to an anchor. Capt. Douglas, of His Majesty's ship Sj/ren, went with me to view the bay, and we found a very good beach to land on. It blew hard in the night, and one of the transports, with the proviuciul light infantry corps on board, was driven out to sea. I landed the troops early the next morning, at the bottom of the bay, from whence a path led to St. John's : a party of the enemy fired some shots at the boats, as they rowed in. The light infantry of the regulars landed first, gave the enemy one fire, and drove them towards St. John's. Ihe battalions landed, and we marched on, the path for four miles very narrow, through a thick wood, and over very bad ground. Capt. M'Donell's light infantry corps in tront came up with some of the party we drove from the landing place: they had concealed themselves in the wood, fired upon us, and wounded three men. A part of Capt. M'Donell's corps rushed in upon them, took three prisoners, and drove the rest oflF. The country opened afterwards, and we marched to the left of Kitty Vitty. It was necessary to take possession of this pass to open a communication for the landing of artillery and stores, it being impracticable to get them up the way we came. As soon as our right was close to Kitty Vitty river, the enemy fired upon us from a hill on the opposite side. 1 sent a part^- up a rock, which commanded the passage over, and under cover of their fire, the light infantry companies of the Koval and Montgomery's, supported by the grenadiers of the Royal, passed, drove the enemy up the hill, and pursued them on that side towards St. John'f , whsn I perceived a body of the enemy «;oming to their support, and immediately ordered up Major Sutherland, with th.' remainder of the first battalion, upon which they thought proper to retreat, and we hud just time before dark to take post. Capt. Mackenzie, who commanded Montgomery's light infantry, was badly wounded. VVe took ten prisoners. Tho troops lay thia night on their arms. The next morning, the 14th, we opened the channel, where the enemy had sunk the shallops; they had a breast work which commanded the entrance, and a battery not quite finished. Lieuteuant-Colonel TuUikin, who had met with an accident by a fall, and was left on board, joined me this day, and Captain Ferguson, commanding the artillery, brought, round some light artillery and stores from Torbay, in the shallops. The enemy had possession of tMo very high and steep hills, one in the front of our advanced posts, and the other near to St. John's, which two hills appeared to command the whole "round from Kitty Vitty to St. John's, ft was necessary that we should proceed on this side, to secure at the same time effectually the landing at the Kitty Vitty; from the first hill the enemy fired upon our posts. THE RECAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 413 shots at the boats, a» light infautry of the (jave the enemy one towards St. John's, and we marched on, very narrow, through ;r very bad ground, t infantry corps iu me of the party we g place : they had the wood, fired upon ! men. A part of )s rushed in upon Jcrs, and drove the 1 afterwards, and we Kitty Vitty. It was sion of this pass to for the landing of ing impracticable to came. As soon as \itty Vitty river, the rom a hill on the party up a rock, passage over, and , the light infantry and Montgomery's, tiers of the Royal, Y up the hill, and I towards St. John's, dy of the enemy , and immediately ;herland, with th<' ttaliou, upon which etreat, and we hud take post. Cupt. ded Montgomery's y wounded. VVe 10 troops lay thia le 14th, we opened emy had sunk the :cast work which and a battery not t-Colonel Tullikin, lent by a fall, and me this day, and iding the artillery, irtillery and stores ops. The enemy •y high and steei> [• advanced posts, John's, which two the whole ground John's. It was proceed on this e time effectually A'itty; from the }n our posts. On the 15th, just before daybreak, I ordered Captain M'Donell'g corpg of light in- fantry, and the provincial U^ht infantry, sup- ported by our advanced posts, to march to surprise the enemy on this bill. Captain M'Donell passed their sentries and advanced suards, and was first discovered by their main body on the hill as he came climbing up the rocks near the summit, which he gained receiving the enemy's fire. He threw in his fire, and the enemy gave way. Captain M'Donell was wounded. Lieutenant Schuyler of his company killed, and three or four men, and 18 wounded. The enemy had three companies of grenadiers, and two picquets at this post, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Belcombe, second in command, who was wounded ; a captain of grenadiers wounded and taken prisoner, his lieutenant killed several men killed and wounded, and 13 taken prisoners. The enemy had one mortar here, with which they threw some shells at us in the night ; a six-p6under not mounted, and two wall pieces. This hill, with one adjoining, commands the harbour. The 1 Cth we advanced to the hill nearer St. John's, which the enemy had quitted. Twenty-nine shallops came in to-day with artillery and stores, provision and camp equipage, from Torbay, which we unloaded. I moved the remainder of the troops forward leaving a post to guard the pass of Kitty Vitty on the other side. Last night the enemy's fleet got out of the harbour. This night we lay on our arms. The 17th a mortar battery was com- pleted and a battery begun for 4 twenty- four-pounders and 2 twelve-pounders ; al)out 400 yards from the fort made the road from the landing for the artillery, and at night opened the mortar battery with one 8 inch mortar, seven cohcrns and six royals. The «uemy fired pretty briskly from the fort and threw some shells. The 18th in the morning I received a letter from Count D'Haussonville, of which I do myself the honour to enclose your Lordship a copy, with copies of other letters that passed and of the capitulation. As Lord Colvill at this time was some distance off the coast and the wind not permitting his lordship to stand in, to honour me with his conciurence in the terms to be given to the garrison, I thought no time should be lost in 60 advanced a season and therefore took T^°,,™*T*°/,***""'"^ ■'• •"oP'ng to meet with his Jx)rdship's approbation ; and he ha» given me the greatest pleasure by entirely approving of everything that I have done. I must beg leave to say, my Lord, that every assistance we could nossibl* rie^i— from the fleet has been given us, Lord Colyill upon the short notice he had of our joining him having laboured to get together all the shallops he could and with which we were amply supplied ; it was a measure of essential service and without which our opera- tions must have been considerably retarded. The indefatigable labour and persevering ardour of the troops I have the honour to command, so necessary towards completing the conquest before the bad season set in, did indeed exceed what I could have expected. Lieut.-Col. Tullikin seconded me in everything that I could wish. Captain McDonell of Col. Fraser s regiment having Sir Jeffrey Amherst's leave to go to England, was to have delivered this to your Lordship, but his leg was broken by the wound he received, which keeps him here. May I humbly presume, my Lord, to recommend this gentle- man to your Lordship's protection as a real brave and good officer. Lord Colvill intends sending H.M.S. %r«« immediately to England. I send Capt. Campbell of the 22nd Kegiment with these despatches who will inform your Lord- ship of any particulars you may desire to know. I do myself the honour to transmit to your Lordship such returns as I can Poss'^ly get in time, tu show the true state of the French troops and garrison here. I am, &c. William Amherst. Capt, Campbell has brought with him the Irench colours which were hoisted on the fort at St, JoJin's. (b.) Col. Amherst to the French Commander, Camp before St, John's, oiB. . Sept. 16, 1762. Humanity directs me to acquaint you of my firm intentions, I know the miserable state your garrison is left in and am fully informed of your design of blowing up the fort on quitting it ; but have a care, as I have taken measures effectually to cut off your retreat, and so sure as a match is put to the tram, every man of the garrison shall be put to the sword. I must have immediate possession of the fort iu the state it now is or expect the consequences, ' I give you half an hour to think of it, I have the honour to be Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, Wm. Amherst. To the officer commanding in St, John's. (c.) Count D'Haussonville to Col. Amherst. xKT'.u , , ^^ Sep, 1762. regard to the conduct that I shall hold, you may, sir, be misinformed. I wait for your troops j.nd your cannon ; and nothing shall detenuine me to surreiider the fort unless you shall have totally destroyed It and that I shall have no more powder to fire. I have the honour to be Sir, Your most humble and most obedient servant The Count D'Haussonville. 414 EEIGN OF GEORGE III, id.) COPNX D'Hai'ssontille to LiKUT.-Cot. Amherst. Sm, Under the uncertainty of the succors which I may receive either from France or its Bllies, and the Fort being entire and in a condition for a long defence, I am resolved to defend myself to the last extremity. The capitulation which you may think proper to grant me, will determine me to surrender the place to you, in order to prevent the eflfusion of blood of the men who defend it. What- ever resolution you come to, there is one left to me, which would hurt the interests of the Sovereign you serve. I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient humble servant. Lb Compte D'Haussonvilm. Fort St. John, Sept. 17, 1762. [N.B.— Thfs date should be the l«th.] — Camp before St. JohnV, Sir, Sept. 18th 1762. I have just had the honour of your letter. His Britannick Majesty's fleet and army co-operating here will not give any other terms to the garrison of St. John's than their surrendering Prisoners of war. I don't thirst after the blood of the garrison but you must determine quickly or expect the con- sequences for this is my final determination. I am Sir &c. Wm. Amhbkst. To Count D'Hauysouville. (/.) Count D'Haussoxvillh to Col. Amhkbst. _. , Sept. 18, 1762. I have received sir your letter which you did me the honour to write to me. I am as averse as you to the effusion of blood. I consent to surrender the fort in a good condition as I have already acquainted you, if the demands which I enclose herewith are granted to my troops. I have the honour &c. Le Compte D'Haussonville. (g.) AttTiCLES OP Capitulation. Demands of the garrison of St. John's, and, in general, the troops that are in it : — The French troops shall surrender prisoners of war. — Agreed to. The oflScers and subaltern officers shall keep their arms to preserve good order among their troops. — Agreed to. Good ships shall be granted to carry the oflScers, grenadiers, and private men, either wounded or not, to France in the space of one month, on the coast of Britanny.— .<4^rcei to. {Lord Colvill will, of course, tmhtirk them as soon as he can.) The goods and effects of both the officers and soldiers shall be preserved.— ^»s Britan- nick Majesty's troops never pillage. The gate will be taken possession of this afternoon, and the garrison will lay down their arms. This is to be signed by Lord Colvill, but It will remain at present, us afterward* in full force. Camp before St. John's, 18 Sept. 1762. Wm. Amhekst. Lb Compte D'Haussonville. (Ji.) Total of the Fbenoh Tnoops made Prisoners in St. John's Fort. 1 colonel, 1 lieut.-colonel, 13 captains, 13 lieutenants, 4 ensigns, 27 Serjeants, 45 corporals, 40 sub-corporals, 12 drummers, 553 fusiliers. Staff Officers. M. Le Compte D'Haus- sonville - . Colonel. M. De Bellecombe - Lieut.-Colonel. M. De Mongore M. Scire Henry Michel Major and Ad- jutant Engineer. Surgeon Major. Chaplain. («.) English Killed and Wounded. Return of the killed, wounded, and missing of the troops under the command of Lieut.-Col. Amherst, from the 15th Sept. inclusive. Captain Maxwell's light infantry.— 3 rank and file killed ; Id rank and file wounded Captain McDonell's light infantry — 8 rank and file killed ; 1 lieutenant, 1 Serjeant 5 rank and file killed ; 1 captain, 15 rankard iile wounded. Captain Barrow's provincial light in- fantry -1 rank and file killed; 3 rank nnd nle wonnded. First battalion— 2 captains, 1 Serjeant, 1 drummer, 3 rank and file wounded. Second battalion — 1 rank and file killed ; 1 rank and file wounded. Provincial battalion — I rank and file killed. Total, llieutenant and 11 rank and file killed ; 3 captains, 2 Serjeants, 1 drummer, 32 rank and file wounded. Names of the Officers. Lieut. Schuyler, of the Royal Americans, Killed. Captain McDonell, of~ Frazer's - - . Captain Bail!ie,ofthe Royals /wounded. Captam McKcnzie, of Mont- gomery's - . .J „, , , . Wm. Amherst. »t. John's, Sept. 20, 1762. THE RECAPTURE OF ST. JOHN'S. 415- «ken possession of this nrrison will lay down Brt by Lord Colvill, but It, us afterward*, in full ohn's, 18 Sept. 1762. ERST. E D'Haussonville. RENCH TttOOPS MADE r. John's Fort. -colonel, 13 captains, ?ns, 27 Serjeants, 45 •orals, 12 drummers, fficers. us- - Colonel. - Lieut.-Colonel. - Major and Ad- jutant - Engineer. - Surgeon Major. - Chaplain. > AND Wounded. Founded, and missing der the command of srst, from the 15th ght infantry .—3 rank and file wounded. 8 light infantry.— lieutenant, 1 Serjeant, captain, 13 rankacd provincial light in- ! killed J 3 rank and t, 1 drummer, 3 rank id; 1 rank and file n — 1. id 11 rank and file jeants, 1 drummer. Officers. e Boyal Americans, 11, of~ I Royals / wounded, f Mout- -J Wm. Amherst. (A.) Lord Colvili, to Mr. Clevland. Copy of a letter from Lord Colvill, Com- mander-in-Chief of His Majesty's ships m Nortli America, to Mr. Clevland. l)ated on board the Northumberland, in ht. John's Harbour, Newfoundhmd. Sept. 20, 1762. Sir, I had the honour of sending you an account of my proceedings until the 18th of August by a vessel which sailed from Placeatia for England at that time, and on the 22nd I sailed with his Majesty's ships the North- umberland, Antelope, Gosport, and Syren, and the King George, belonging to the provmce of Massachusetts Bay. On the 25th we chased a schooner off ^t. John 8, and took her close to the harbour's mouth. She had been an English privateer, taken by the enemy, had eight carriage gons mounted, and was manned with thirty French- men, commanded by an ensign de Vaissean. The enemy had sent away great part of ht. Johns men, women and children, by giving them vessels and provisions to carry them where they pleased ; two of these, a sloop and a schooner, we met with on the coast, and took twenty -three Irishmen that were single men out of them, to replace in part the marines of the squadron that were left 111 the garrison at Placentia and the Isle ot Boys. These Irishmen said, that if I would go into the Bay of Bulls, numbers of their countrymen would resort to me and enter on board the squadron; but during two days which I stayed in that bay, not a man joined me. The few inhabitants that remained there quietly followed their business of fishing, and It IS possible the enemy prevented any others at at. John's from coming. Mr. Gariand and Mr. Davis, two of the principal inhabitants of Harbour Grace and Carbonera, in Conception Bay, having ac- quainted me that a number of men in their neighbourhood were willing to serve in the squadron during the present exigency, I sent the armed schooner for them, and she re- turned with fifty men, which I have dis- tributed among the ships. And the same gentlemen, representing that the enemy sometimes sends small parties by land to Portugal Cove, which have threatened to molest them in shallops from that place, desired, in behalf of themselves and all their neighbours, that the schooner might be stationed in Conception Bay, for their pro- tection and defence, which request I complied The island of Carbonera, in Conception Bay, has had no other garrison for many years out a icw old men of the artillery to teke care of the guns and ordnance stores Had some of the inhabitants of the adjacent coast taken post here, they might easily have defended it against any force, as the island 18 inaccessible on aU sides, except one narrow landing place, and no safe road in thfr neighbourhood for great ships; l)ut the enemy landed in boats, and destroyed the whol& without resistance. And the island of BOYS near Ferryland, would probably have shared the same fate, had it not been possessed in due time by the Syren's marines. In frequently passing the harbour's- mouth of St. John's, we could plainly sec that the fort, which fronts the entrance, was tortifled all round with new works ; and that a redoubt, or sometliing like one, wa.s raised at the httle Harbour of Kitty Vitty. The old battery at the south side of the harbour's mouth was repaired with additional works, and a new one erected on the same side^ nearer the entrance. All these were to be seen from the sea ; and I could not learn that the enemy intended cny thing more thaa the finishing these works. On the 8th of September I received, by a s]o«p express from Halifax, letters from Ssir JefTery Amherst at New York, acquaint- ing me that he had come to a resolution to "end a body of troops, in order to dislodge the enemy as soon as possible from St. John's ; and that Lieutenant-Colonel Amherst was to. command these troops. The same convey- ance brought me letters from Colonel Am- herst, acquainting me with his arrival at Halifax on the 26th of August, his departure from thence on the 1st of September, and w-ith his intention to call at Louisbourg for the troops there, and then proceed round Cape Eace, to join me on this coast. Upon receipt of these letters, I sent the sloop whieh brought them to look out for Colonel Am- herst and the transports off Cape Eace, and m order to join them the sooner, to concert measures for the ensuing operations, before the enemy could have notice of their arrival I dropped down with the squadron to Cape Broyle ; but Mr. Gill of St. John's, who had been sent out of the town in a cartel schooner, sending off advice from Ferryland, that he was sure the enemy intended to sail in a very little time, I returned with the squadron to our station off St. John's. On the 11th we were joined by Colonel Amherst, with the troops in ten transport vessels; and I proposed Torbayas the proper place to land at; it is to the northward of M. Johns, about seven miles by land, aud the roads pretty good, but the bay is not reckoned safe anchorage, being open to the easterly winds, which usually begin to prevail at this season. By one of the transports from New York I received a duplicate, the original not yfteome to hand, of their Lordships' order of the 7th of June, directintr me to repair ir.vgelf or send a sufficient force, to enabirCaptlik Graves of the Antelope to defeat the designs- ot the squadron commanded by M. de Temay. On the 12th we proceeded to Torbay. I sent Capt. Douglas in the Syren to anchor with the transports, accompanied by the boats 416 REIGN OF GEORGE III. •J < -ft; n% < At ', If ., ft B !-J V i-.t > j' .1 itj ■of the squadron, and a number of shallops, or fishing boats, which I collected from different parts for the king's service. With the rest of the ships I returned to my station close to St. John's harbour. Next morning Col. Amherst landed with the troops in the head of the Bay, having only four men wounded from the distant bush firing of the enemy ; he marched directly to Kitty Vitty and made himself master of that important post in the evening without having a man killed, and only two or three wounded. Everything belonging to the army was carried from Torbay to Kitty Vitty in shallops escorted by boats from the squadron. And this service was conducted with diligence and care by Mr. Dugdale, my first lieutenant, Captain Douglas having joined the squadron again. The enemy's fleet was to have sailed the morning I passed the Harbour with the transports ; and three hundred men only were to be left in St. John's for the winter- but upon seeing us they landed the grenadiers again. The 15th it being strong from E. to E.S.E. with thick rainy weather. In the ■evening the wind shifted to the westward, light breezes and thick iog. At six next morning, it being calm with a great swell, we ■saw from the mast head, but could bring them down no lower than half-way to topmast shrouds, four sail bearing S.S.E. distant seven leagues ; the mouth of St. John's Harbour at the same time bore W. four leagues. We lost sight about seven, though very dear, and *ome time after a small breeze springing up from the S.W. quarter I stood towards Torbay in order to cover the shallops that might be going from thence to Kitty Vitty. In the afternoon I received a note from Col. Amherst acquainting ine that the French fleet got out last night. Thus after being blocked up in St. John's Harbour for three weeks by a squadron of equal number, but smaller ships with fewer guns and men, M. de Ternay made his escape in the night by a shameful flight. I beg leave to observe that not a man in the squadron imagined the four sail when we saw them were the enemy ; and the pilots were of opinion that they must have had the wind much stronger than with us to overcome the easterly swell in the Harbour's mouth. I sent the King George as far as Trepassy to bring me intelligence if the enemy should steer towards Placentia ; and I directed Captain Douglas of the Syren to get the transports moved from Torbay, a ■very unsafe road, to the Bay of Bulls. A bomb battery was opened against the fort, in the night of the 1 7th. and next day it capitulated' before any othei batteries had Tiegun to play ; and I herewith enclose a copy of the capitulation. The squadron got into the harbour yesterday morning; and in the evening I « uceived their Lordships' order of the 2nd of August, sent me by Captain Palliser of the Shrewsbury, who with the Superb, Bedford, and Minerva, had just arrived on the coast. I have directed Captain Palliser, with the other ships, to come into the harbour as soon as convenient opportunity offers for so doing. We have about 800 prisoners, grenadiers picquets, and some marines, being a very fine body of men and nearly equal in number to the regulars of our army. I am now pre- paring transports to carry them to Brest. The enemy did not intend to leave ap great a part of their force here ; their grenadiers were ready for embarking, but M. de Ternay seemed determined at all events to grasp an opportunity, which if once lost might never be regained ; therefore in the utmost con- fusion he left behind his grenadiers, anchors, and turned his boats adrift, when they had towed him out. The fog was so thick that Lieut. Col. Tullikin who was posted on an eminence in the narrowest part of the harbour's mouth could hear their noise but could not discern any of the ships ; the fog even altered the direction of the sound, whicli seemed to come from another part of the Harbour whilst they must have been directly under him. There is a considerable quantity of provisions and other goods at this place collected and tumbled promiscuously into different storehouses by the enemy. Many of the Irish servants have also been robbino- and plundering their masters. To ascertain properly in order to make restitution as far as can be, and to restore regularity to a country so long distracted by being in the enemy's possession, will be the particular care of Governor Graves who in my opinion is well qualified for such an office, and as he will stay here he will be able in a great measure to restore the affairs of this country. Captain Douglas of the Syren has behaved with spirit and activity and exerted every talent of a good officer during the expedition ; (and without adding any more officers to the corps) I am happy in the opportunity of sending him to wait on their Lordships. II. Bermudians in the Bank Fishery. (a.) Messrs. Hull & Hahvev to Jon\ Brickwood, Public Ageut for the Island OF Bermuda. Newfoundland Aug. 11th 1788. Since arrival of Governor Admiral Elliot are confirmed by him, in indulgence of making and drying fish on any part of the coast of Newfoundland for present year ; but he is of opinion that the clause in the Act of 14th Parliament 15th year of Reign of present Mtgesty is against ns, insoinueh that t.hov may not in future land, to cure and make their fish on any part of coast, unless a different explanation of that clause take place. Not- withstanding by Act of William IIL 10 & 11 c. XXV. His Majesty's subjects residing within THE BERMUDIAN IRRUPTION. 417 Y Captain Palliser of the ith the Superb, Bedford, list arrived on the coast, iptain Palliser, with the into the harbour as soon unity offers for so doing. 800 prisoners, grenadiers riarines, being a very fine iarly equal in number to army. I am now pre- I carry them to Brest, ntend to leave ^o great a re ; their grenadiers were ig, but M. de Ternay it all events to grasp an f once lost might never ore in the utmo<veniment has mani- iter and in the spring, tde their appearance February, by some ed np in the night, and property of the listed in enforning a published, respecting rary to a presentment advertised a hundred scovery of the author tbitants viewing it in le commencement of ind destruction of all forward in support )£fered two hundred sorry to say without itill more alarming, ween forty and fifty Hand Kegiment, to , with a declared a letter left behind lerson to death who B them. 'ITiis they night of the 24th endezvous was the rt Townshend, at 11 ained in time from >Villiam. We know B party from Fort them, but at Fort happened to have a y late that night, of their going out ated hour, and the nal Hill for those e plot was blown, I met, who imme- )od8, but from the d in their pursuit, jrtnight, sixteen of ir three of whom jrs, and implicated who had not only Iso taken the oaths istered by an arch- fed to the re^laient, 'ho with a sergeant e not as yet been nor was it possible defection and the ugh the regiment. a general court- ose taken, five of I be hanged, and aer were executed n the spot where !d, the other seven further dealt with uld think proper, le king's evidence were sent in irons to Halifax } and the Duko of Kent has at length removed all the regiment, except two companies of picked men, to head quarters, and has relieved them by the whole of the 66th regiment, who are now here. Various have been the reports on this bus.aess ; the town to the amount of 2, 3, or 400 men mentioned as privy or concerned in this business, and of acting in concert with them, at least so far as to destroy, plunder, and set off for the States, but no names have been particularly mentioned, so as to bring the proof home. In fact, we were at one time in such a situation, fis to render the policy of acting very doubtful, until more force should arrive, as we knew not who we could depend upon for support in case of resistance, having every reason to believe the defection was very extensive, not only through the regiment, but through the inhabitants of this and all the out harbours, particularly to the southward, almost to a man have taken the United Oaths, which is " to be true to the old cause, and to follow their heads of whatsoever denomination." Although those heads are not to be known to them till the moment a plan is to be put in action, all this one of the evidences has declared originated from letters received from Ireland. Although a United Irishman, he was yet but a novice, and was not so far let into the secret as to know who the letters were ad- ! enabling the ^ach^f^rr "d'f '' '^\^"^ ^^^i^^^C^i^^^^^ the circuit courts shall have the same jurisdicS ^ thin he dTtrict Tn Ihf 1' they were severally held, as is vested in the supreme court for the Si ^ with the exception of trying certain crimes specified! or of hearing or L "^' any suit arising out of a violation of any Act'^of Par iament relating TZT7 and revenue of the British colonies in America. Such crime; an? such suU Z"t ried. heard, and determined only in the supreme court. To persons who fp«i Although the Act was passed in 1824, the Supreme Court was not duly constituted until thft Snrl Ja«„o^„ loo^ _i--.- . . ""^'J ^"-"» whuu it was opened with ' Chief Justice Forbeei resigned in 1822. THE SUPREME COURT. 428 >( justice, and the )ny. Sir Charles vith the Ministry, I absence. As the the Imperial Act stration of justice le administration of by the KingH Most ic., in thiH preseTil it shall and may bi> r the Great Seal, to ich shall be entitU-d Hhall bo a Court of tever in Newfound, on the government Majesty's courts of f Chancery, in that hath, and the said . and general gaol ^ovommeIlt thereof, nd misdomeanours or islands to which ishery.'' i effect that the being respectively ling, or in some of T the Governor to d for enabling the ourts to be therein tute circuit courts 3t once every year iremo court; that district in which the whole colony, ng or determining ating to the trade d such suits to be persons who feel t court, there is f such judgment, urisdiction on the Court was not as opened with the following imposing ceremonies by Hi« Excellency Captain Sir Ihomas Cochrane : — "The honourable judge,, the honourable Liout. Colonel Burke, O.B.. com- dZi™ ?'" .^r-""/ ' r '■°"'' '^^ "»^«''«*'-»te« -v-'d heads of all the public tZ^T ' r'r r ""''*"?: ^^" "^"'^y' *^« '^^"^^^ °f commerce, the grand wh?: !J '"?? "[ *'i! Pnnc.pal inhabitant, assembled at the Government House, Tftr Ik! 7 w ;>ffl«« ^^••^ administered to the chief judge and assintant judges. JwJ t?" Excellency delivered to the chief judge Hi. Miye.ty's R^ya tolT^JH^l r'^^'f^'n^^ *^^ j°^«« *" '^' ^^*«f '^''^ *>' *»>« Supreme CoL. to be borne by him to the Court House, and to be there read. " After the.0 preliminaries were over, the asHembled parties formed them- nrilTn'? " PT'T""' ^^^ '"''^''' °^ ^^'"^^ ^»^ ^^^^ A"** by a programme LT L'"'™'?- .Tho c"'"'''^'^'^'' (t-o and two)-fort.majorigentlemen of tbe learned professions (two and two)_clerk8 of the central, southern, and noithern circuit courts-magistrates (two and two)--tho chief magistrate. Ac. Ac. On arriving at the Court House, the Charter wuB solemnly read; at the conclusion of which proceeding, all the prinoners confined in the gaol (with the exception of five) were called to the bar, and, after a suitable admonition from the chief judge, were informed that His Excellency the Governor had been graciously j)leased to exert on their behalf the prerogative of pardon entrusted to him by the Crown." The judges appointed under the Act were Cliief Justice Tucker, and Assistant Judges John William Molloy and Augustus Wjilleb Des Barres.' Molloy was soon removed, and Judge Brenton appointed in his stead. The full dress of the chief jus- tice, as superior civil officer, was appointed by the king— a blue coat, but no epaulettes nor lappets, button-holes upon the cuff" and collar only, but the same pattern as worn bv Lords- Lieutenants. The chief magistrate was ordered to wear a blue coat, JUDGE DBS BARBES. From a photograph taken in iS6/. ' The two puisne judges first appointed to the Supreme Court in 1826 presented a marked contrast. John William Molloy was a reckless, gay, squandering squireen, who soon ran into debt, and was got rid of. The Hon. Augustus Wallet Des Barres was, on the contrary, a most prudent and correct man. His father. Governor Des Barres, was a distinguished French engineer oflScer in the English service ; his surveys of the Maritime Trovinces were celebrated ; he is alleged to have been present at the battle on the UeiglUs of Abraham when Wolfe was killed ; and was Governor of Cape IJreton and Lieut.-Governor of Prince Edward's Island. He was a man of consummate ability and immense influence ; he is reported to have danced on a table when he was a hundred. He died at Halifax, N.S., in 1 824, aged 102. His son, A. W. Des Barres, was so young when he received his first ap- pointment —I believe as Attorney -General of Cape Breton— that, by the advice of his friends, he wore a pair of false whiskers when he went to receive his commission. He was celebrated for his ready wit and repartee. Once when the late Judge Hayward was quoting Chitty to the Bench, his Lordship retorted : " Chitty, Mr. Hayward I Goodness me, what does Mr. Chitty know about thin country ? He was never in Newfoundkuid." 421 REIGN OF GEORGE IV. y. if!;;i! ill I' BlfM' with red cuffs and collar, buttons with crown, and G. R. cockade on the SKle ot the hat. Constables were to wear blue coats and buttons with the crown and G. R., a red waistcoat with the same buttons, and a cockade on the hat, and were required always to carry the insignia of office. His Excillency had a great taste for official forms and ceremonials. Lieut.-Col. W. Haly, Thomas H. Brooking, John W. Duns- combe, and Newman W. Hoyles, were in 1825 appointed His Excellency's colonial aides-de- camp, witli the rank of lieut.-colonels of militia. Sir Thomas Cochrane is now universally admitted to have been the best Governor ever sent to Newfoundland ; everywhere are monu- ments erected to his memory. He inaugurated our system of roads, promoted agriculture, and laid out the beautiful grounds of Virginia as his country seat. Cochrane Street and the Jlilitary Road remind us of the great of7Hi. FV..11 ' . . administrator. I cannot say much in praise ot/His Excellency s taste m the erection of Government House The «ite m an aamirable one, the grounds are well laid out, but the building If. W. HOYLES. Fi'om a portrait in the possession (if Mrs. A. O. Ilaywaril. "''*2ti^^. ■^.iff^f COLONIAL BtTILDIKGS AND GOVERNMENr II0U8E IX 1866. From MuUaly's Trip to Xewf omul land. itself looks more like a prison than a vice-regal residence- the dif.T, „ll .•end .s a .rap to catch snow, and in winter' the ^l^^^^t HON. P. MORRIS. 425 R. cockade on the and buttons, with ne buttons, and a fiy the insignia of a great taste for ials. Lieut.-Col. ig, John W. Duns- yles, were in lcS25 colonial aides-de- lieut.-colonels of now universally jst Governor ever ^where are monu- He inaugurated oted agriculture, iful grounds of Cochrane Street d us of the great 7 much in praise int House. The but the building w. •■■'^ e; the ditch all entrance is as cold as Siberia. I can give him credit for every other improvement, but am compelled to say that Government House is a huge pile of unredeemed ugliness. The two great leaders in the struggle for a local legislature in New- foundland were Doctor William Carson and Patrick Morris. Both were distinguished, able men, but in marked contrast to each other. The Doctor, the originator of the movement, was a stiff-mannered, pedantic old gentleman ; dogmatic, self-opinionated, and independent, a veiy clever man both in his profession and the conduct of public affairs. Munis, on the other hand, had all the qualities of a popular tribune ; you can see both in his writings and his speeches that he was an impetuous Irishman ; everything was done with a rush ; in place of the doctor's calm reasoning and carefully polished periods, his pamphlets are full of go, flasljes of Irish wit and sarcasm ; when he cuines down to person- alities he is as truculent and scur- rilous as a Western editor. Morris once tried to cross swords with the great tri- bune O'Connell ; the arch-agitator annihi- lated his colonial antagonist simply with a wink. At a great repeal meeting near Waterford, Morris, who was opposed to O'Connell's views, attempted to address the meeting ; O'Connell called out in his broadest Kerry brogue, " Well, Pat, when did you come across, was there much fog on the Banks ? " and then with his finger to his nose said : " Boys, do you smell the fish." Amidst the roar of laughter that followed, Morris quietly disap- peared. ^^^ /^ 1 ^ .^Ipfc ' 1 fit ■'^''f'W 1 |L,>":'"v IBJ^^^ n HON. P. JIOUKIS. From an old ptftmit. Sir Thomas Cochrane'.s government lasted from 1825 to 1834. Duiing the fir»t part of his administration- his popularity was un- bounded ; lie was the first ci\41 Governor, the first real administrator and ruler of the Colony. An emineiitly practical man, he not only organised improvements, he personally superintended their execution. His activity was unbounded ; in tJie early mornings he was out on horseback inspecting the roads, directing his workmen, layino- out the grounds at Virginia, having interviews with the farmers, giving them practical hints about agriculture ; everywhere he impressed his strono- personality on Colonial affairs. He was very sociable, and his hospitality 426 REIGN OF GEORGE IV. ColZf * m; M """ -T ''" '"*^^^^"^' ''" ^'^^ ^'y'^ ^' Sir Thomas ^>ochrane. Mr. Morns m his pamphlet thus speaks of him :_ out'of w^icKtas^^r^^^^^^^ r^l' I '^"•^r^"^' ^^-* ^^.000 per year, retinue of servant L^Ttl^y^^^T ^^u.^''''''^^^ authority.' a largl table, and all str^gers who ^^^^^^^^ "' Newfoundland at hi public charities andTst^utions 1 g4at pL oVSL'™™^"*' *° ^°^«^"'^« *<> ^'^ country, bo that if the author of this palh^t . oii'-'°?T t " ""P'"^^ ^^ *^^ of the subject, he will find thL he wafegreg^^^^ "^^ ^"'^''^l' ^'^^ favourite Admiral-Oovemor was a c;i««m«l!!! ^ / -7 '° supposing that hia of pounds, shillings, and ^en^ fa iisT^S:^ f Ju S" Sfc^ "^^^^^ coJtry and the pe:p;^\^d~ ^i^^iuTa^tf ht Sf ^ e^j good to the colony, since his appoint- ment, than all his predecessora put together. ^ He has, as far as his limited authoiity permitted him, given every encourage- ment to the cultivation of the soil, and has himself shown the example; he has encouraged every measure calculated to promote the internal resources of the countrj'; he has made roads, aome of them at his own expense; he has been the patron of education for the poor and the rich; and he had scarcely landed on our shores when he recommended the establishment of a university for the education of our respectable youth to prevent the necessity of sending them to the United States and other parts ; ir short, he has felt a sympathy tor the jonntry and the people beyond what <7a8 ever felt by his predecessors, and .he country feels grateful to him for It." SIR THOMAS COCHEANE. From a photograph by Maull and Polybank. p^ror^sror ""' ''°"'"'' ''-""' ^-'' '^"""- '°- ■■" "'^'^ ' Tlie salary was only «3,000 per auDuni. ,^ »r -^/'"i "f '*^ ^^^«' Progress, &c. of the Newfoundlmid Fishery. Poole, 1828 ^Dr scallan, the third Koman Catholic bishop of Newfoundland, was appointed in April 1815 bishop of Drago in partibua, and in 1816 coadjutor to Dr. Lambert: h.. was toiisecrated the same year at Wexford; he had been labouring as a priest in St. John's since 1812. No man was more beloved in his diocese than Bishop Scallan; he was in lonl^ ««"««. \gentleman. Both Bishop Mul- lock and Bishop Howley censure him for Mlho Tfu''^^™"*^- The liight Kev coSutir fnd"''^ ^^''""'"^ ^"« appLted hi: iT?^-*°^*"*^ consecrated in the old cbapol ■ •}oROy m Larpasia tn purtibus in ia2<) i >.,. TorDu^r S^'^^P'^^"-. .oVowied'b; tyle of Sir Thomas F him : — It £4,000 per year, 1 authority,' a larg© Newfoundland at hia <, to subscribe to all > is expended in the ces an enlarged view in supposing that his ears that the matter nt. If a comparison pear more striking; the condition of the las done more real , since his appoint- 3 predecessori put lis limited author ity n every encourage- bion of the soil, and be example ; he has Jasure calculated to J resources of the de roads, aome of lense; he has been on for the poor and id scarcely landed ho recommended a university for respectable youth, 3ssity of sending States and other IS felt a sympathy the people beyond 7 his predecessors, 8 grateful to him lly loud in their Scallan; he was in Both Uishop Mul- 7 ceusure him for The Right Kev. ? was appointed his d in the old ebapol tidus in 1829. Car- m, now owned by Died after his titular ROAD MAKING. 427 All the gi-eat improvements around St. John's may be said to date from Sir Thomas Cochrane's time. The roads to Topsail, Bay Bulls, Torbay, and Portugal Cove hnd been commenced before his arrival ; it was, however, his energy that pushed them forward. At this time officials and merchants vied with each other in creating countiy residences and farms— Mount Pearl, cleared by Sir James Pearl, Holbrook's Farm cultivated by Surveyor-General Holbrook, and the finest of all, Urook- field, the property of William and Henry P. Thomas. Eve'iywhere around the capital land was being cultivated ; a perfect furore seemed to have seized everyone to become landed proprietors. The gi-eat pioneer in this movement was Dr. Carson, though it must be re- membered to their honour that Major Griffith Williams, Col. Skinner, and Lieut.-Col. Haly had been farming before he cleared " Rostellan,"' formerly known as " Billies." Amongst the public-spirited merchants of that day the chief place must be given to the Thomases, and especially to the senior partner, William Thomas.^ During the whole of the first part of Sir Thomas's administration, there was a continued agitation for a local legislature; whilst the Irish were probably the most busy workers for reform, many of the leading Protestant merchants took an active part. Besides the rommitLee, the most conspicuous supporters of the movement were William Ihomas, Thomas H. Brooking, his partner, G. R. Robinson ^afterwards member of the English House of Commons), Benjamin Bowring founder n. p. THOMAS. From an old photograph. ' The family of the Tliomages are probably the most ancient in this Colony ; their con- nection can be traced back to the Shapleighs (one of •whom was grandfather to John Treworgie, the Cromwellian Governor of the Colony), thence through the Bevils to ^7illiam Bevil Thomas. The Thomases carried on business at Dartmouth and St. John's in partnership with a Mr. Stokes, as Thomas & Stokes. William Bevil Thomas was born in St, John's in 1757 ; he married Elizabeth Way, in 1785, at Dart- mouth, and had two 5ons, William Thomas and Henry Phillips Thomas. William lliomas was foremost in every benevolent work. As a very young man he was secretary to the society for improving the condition of the poor; be was equally distmguished as a merchant and a politician. He filled all positione well, whether presidinir at a religious meeting or as president of the Chamber of Commerce. Though a professedly religious man, sometimes the old leaven broke out in him. He w^^s very active, and fond of directing everybody. Often, as he paced his long wharf, if one of his ships was beating in the Narrows, say his fine hrig the Cynthia, Captain Goldsworth, he could be heard muttering. "Luff, confound yoa, Goldsworth, luff, you lubber I" Brookfield the fine house at Devon B/»w th^i- "''a'-r street premises, and the beautiful cottaee'at ropsail, are monuments of the large prolres. sive Ideas of the Thomases, and especially of the constructive ability of Henry PhiUijs 428 REIGN OF WILLIAM IV. of the firm of Bowring Brothers, a very active, intellii.ent Liberal .cousm of Sir John Bowring), Charles T. Bowring. who afterwarda filled a high position in the Corporation of Liver- pool (father of William Benjamin Bowring, recently Lord Mayor of Liverpool), R. R.' Wakeham, the genial secretary of the com- mittee (brother-in-law of Sir W. V. Whiteway, K.C.M.G.), and Henry Wintcn, the able and independent editor of the PiMic Ledger. The opposition consisted of nil the officials and those dependent on the Governor's good will ; James Sjmms — afterwards Judge Simms — seems to have been their mouthpiece at all public meetings. THE LATE C. T. BOWRING, ESQ Ftom a pJiotograph by Haft, Exeter. The bitterest antagonists of the measure were, however, the old West Country mer- chants ; the idea of Newfoundland having a legislature waf^ to their minds simply outiageous. One of them— P^ter Ougier— stated in his evidence, "they are making roads in Newfound- land, next thing they will be having carriages and driving about." Ix his pamphlet Mr. Patrick Morris scanSes the author of a work en- titled, " A view of the rise and progress of the Newfoundland Fishery." The whole object of this writer was to recommend a return to the rule of the fishing admirals ; the pamphlet was pub- lished in Poole, and the writer declared his object was to give an enlarged view of the fisheries and trade of Newfoundland. There can be no doubt that it was the influence of these West Country merchants that retarded the grant of a local legislature; a good deal could be said against the rnovenient. Bishop Fleming, in a letter to Lord Gieiielg, declared that he never approved of it; but the reply to every objection wa& the unanswerable argument that all the British Colonies, even to little ALDERMAN W. B. BOWRIXG. Prom the Illuafrafed London Xetvs. Photo, by Brown, Barnes, cfc Btll, THE FIRST HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY. 429 itelliffent Liberal ) afterwarda filled •oration of Liver- iiijamin Bowring, iiverpool), R. R wy of the com- W. V. Whiteway, ca, the able and 'ylic Ledger. The the officials and irnor's good will ; Judge Simms — louthpieee at all of the measure t Country mer- iidland havinor a of them — Peter Is in Newfound - , BOWRIXG. London Xetcs. 'arnes, d; JBell. >', declared that jction wa£ the even to little Bermuda, had a local government; Nova Scotia had obtained it in 1758, the older American Colonies had always governed themselves, and Newfoundland could no longer be denied. English statesmen clearly saw that, with all its defects and possible evil consequences, it was the only way in which free men could be governed under the British constitution, and it came at last as a matter of course.^ In July 25th, 1831, Mr. Robinson objected to the Vote for New- foundland in the House of Commons, adding, "that if a local " legislature were granted, the colonists would never ask the House " for another farthing." Loi-d Howick, in reply, stated " that the time had come for such a boon to be granted." In January 1832, Mr. Brooking, Chairman of the Newfoundland Committee in London^ writing to William Thomas, Deputy Chairman in St. John's, stated that Viscount Goderich informed him that it was the intention of His Majesty to give Newfoundland a representative government similar to that of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The agitators had hit upon a fortunate time in English politics— the era of the great Reform Bill In 1832 the Bill was passed in the House of Commons gi-anting a representative assembly to Newfoundland; on August 26th of that year Sir Thomas returned to St. John's armed with full powers to carry out the great constitutional change. The general election took place in the autumn of 1 832. The first House of Assembly seems to have been a very respect- able body. The only contest in which there appears to have been any excitement was in St. John'.s ; the candidates were Dr. Carson, Mr. Patrick Keough, Mr. William Thomas, Mr. John Kent (a relative of Bishop Fleming's, from whom he received strong support), and Mr. W. B. Row, who does not appear to have gone to the poll. The great Doctor was defeated ; the author of the new constitution was the first to test the proverbial fickleness of the public : — " Fantastic as a woman's mood, And fierce as frenzy's fevered blood." He had been the pioneer of the new movement, had suffered in the people's cause, and yet the public, "that many-headed monster thing —the mob"— were the first to cast aside their leader in the fight for Home Rule, and to give their votes and support to a new and ' Note the items of expenditure under this government of officials ; the whole revenue swallowed up in enormousi sularies, and onij' *300 allowed Tor roads, show that it was high time to make a change. (See in the statistics the expenditure in 1830, 1831, and 1832 prior to grant of Legislature.) ' kf 480 REIGN OF WILLIAM IV. |ji m K '? 2S \ Ik •it , ^ f ?i i f|- ^iri ""r . "^ ""^ ^ ^'^'^'■*^" ^" ^^^ ^^''^^ '^^''■' co.npared M ith hira, Kent was a mere neophite The Doctor's defeat was due so Benn' 7 ^'''' !' 1" f ^^^«<^^-»^--g trick. An Irishman calied Bennett came mto the booth where a number of Wexford men were casting their votes. '• Well." he said, " I hear the Doctor say he did not ^ care how i went so long as he could bate Keough and them blooming yallow bellies. Mr. Keough was a Wexford man, and after that he got every Wexford vote. The story was a barefaced lie, but it served its purpose. Our old friend Mr. John Kent, who then fleshed his maiden sword was a very young man. His address shows how thoroughly he had' grasped the political situation, that there was no finality about the existing Legislature; it was merely a lever to force greater concessions trom the Bntisu Government. In his address to the electors of St. John's, 4th September 1832, he states :— " Our constitution has, as yet, only half developed Itself ; but in that partial development, a sufficient evidence is given of the desire of power to hedge round its prerogative with a force ductile to its will but irresponsible to the people. In a council nomil nated by the Governor, composed of those holding' offices under Government, or expectants for place" and in which the leading interests of the country are unrepresented, oligarohical principles mu/t prevail. The task of prostrating those principles or of so modifying them as to make them useful' now devolves on the people. . . . Your ex- tensive franchise, amounting almost to universal suifrage, will enable you to do this." Mr. James Simms, who had been a merchant, carrying on business I'in St. John's was appointed Attorney- General of Newfoundland on the 2nd of January 1826. The first law officer of the Crown was one of thp most prominent opponents of the new Legislature, and, as senior member of the Council, his conduct towards the Lower House wxs most overbearing. Many of us can remember him a. a handsome gentlemfuily old man, very stiff in his opinions, and of fen -Ings courage' m his own house hospitable and generous. He had a very high-pitched' voice, and very slow, measured speech, which gave t - ,re point to hi.s sarcasms. Once, in the Amalgamated House, Mr. Ken^ I'^clared : " I will " attack Her Majesty's Attorney-Gen eral." Simms rose sLn-jy, ^ reply -' I know not." said he,, "with what weapon the Honourable Member will •" attack me, except it be with the jawbone of an aos," HR; JAHE8 0IMM8. From a portrait in the possession of J. Simms. THE OPENING CEREMONY. 431 1 cause; compared defeat was due, so n Irishman called k^exford men were tor say he did not nd them blooming and after that he lie, but it served is maiden sword, loroiighly he had Inality about the •eater concessions tors of St. John's, tes : — only half developed opment, a sufficient of power to hedge e ductile to its will, In a council nomi. }d of those holding pectants for place, sts of the country principles must g those principles, make them useful, • • • Your ex- most to universal is." » had been a ss [in St. John'.s, on the 2nd of kvas one of the and, as senior wer House was as a handsome, Fcari'.'ss courage, sy high-pitched I'o point to his clared : " I will lowly, to reply : )le Member will On the 1st of January 1833, with all due pomp and ceremony, the farst House of Assembly was opened. The newspaper report says :_ .. " ?'j Excellency the Governor left Government House a little before two o'clock atteiided by some of the principal military officers and by his staff, and procei^^^^^^ to the Court House, at the doors of which he was received by a g;ard of hlour ZorZ'£:1}i::%rTV'''''''i^'^' '°^'- Havingbeen'conductedtrthe KZriff.A.^^o ^ ^^' ?°°'®' ^'' Excellency was received by the Hieh hherxff and the Sergeant-at-Arms to the Council, who led the way to^he thfone, The speech of the Governor dwelt at considerable length on the new «ra which had arisen in the political condition of the island, and the new responsibilities imposed thereby, concluding with the following declaration of His Excellency's own sentiments :— " The experience of the past will afford the best criterion by which to iudge of my washes and feolmgs towards those you are here to represent Uninfluinced bv any local prejudices, and without a single personal desire to gratify. I can have but one object before me-their happiness and prosperity ; and I assure you gentlemen, from the bottom of my heart, that it will be my most unxTous ani increasing endeavour to co-operate with you in every measure that can best attain those objects, for which the privileges now about to be enjoyed have been soHc ked by the people, and graciously conceded to them by their sovereign." The following members were elected for the nine districts to the first House of Assembly of Newfoundland in 1832 :— St. John's Conception Bay Patrick Keongh. John Kent. Wm. Thomas. Peter Brown. James Power. Charles Cozens. Bonavista Trinity - Ferryland Burin Fortune Bay Placentia William Brown. John Bingley Garland. Robert Carter. Wm. Hooper. J^ewman W. Hoyles. Roger r. Sweetman. John Hill Martin. '. - - Robert Pack. Twill ingate and Togo Thomas Bennett. The House of Assembly of 1833 was the youngest constituent body m America, but it was not one whit behind any of them in stately parlia mentary pageant and grandiloquent language. H. B. (Doyle) in London caricatured it as the "Bow-wow Parliament." with a big Newfoundland dog in wig and bands as Speaker putting the motion: "As many "as are of that opinion say-bow; of the contrary-wow the " bows have it." The Clerk of the first House of Assembly, appointed by the Crown, was Mr. E. M. Archibald ^ ; he had been admirably trained m his fathers office, and he kept the Speaker and the new House > E. M. Archibald, afterwards Sir Edward Archibald, Gonsul-Gener.-,! in New York a very able man, was one of the younger sons of the celebrated Hon. S. G. W. Archibald, the most distinguished Nova Scotian of his day. u man with influence enough to secure for himself the position of Attorney-General of Nova Scotia, Speaker of the House of Assembly, and subsequently Chief Justice of Cape Breton; his son, Charles Dixon Archibald, was Clerk of our Supreme Court and was succeeded iu this oflSce by his brother Edward, who afterwards became Attorney- 432 KEIGN OF WJLLIAM IV. ti 1 straight on all questions of parliamentary form; his journals are admirably written. The firat journal contains election petitions from Dr. Carson and Hugh Alexander Emerson. The former shows some queer ways of THE BOW wow PAEtlAMBNT. From a drawing by II. li. (Doyle). working a contest. It appears there were at first only four, candidates, John Kent, William Thomas, William B. Row, ond Patrick Keough. afterwards the Doctor came forward. Each candidate agreed to brina his voters to the poll in tallies of ten ; Carson alleged that Kent and C. D. AECIIIBALU. By Boivnesa, AmbleHde, SIE E. ARCHIBALD. By Antony, Keio York. Keough broke this agreement by both of them bringing forward .'two fictitious candidates, who crowded out his voters. The Doctor also contended that as Mr. Keough had been employed " filling up seveial " places and appointments in the court house for the opening convenience his journals are tn Dr. Carson and mo queer ways of 7 four, candidates, Patrick Keouirh. e agreed to bring ed that Kent and ARCHIBALD. i«tf, New York. rig forward ,'two The Doctor also illing up several ning convenience THE LKCilSLATlVK COUNCIL. 433 "' dL.nnlilnl'^t''''"'"'' *'' "^^' ^'^'"^'^ ^^«"°'^ - ^'^--f-^ utterly " o 1 'f ° \ """'"' "' '''^ "-««-'^'« House. Elections " mces u^r/T 7";'" "'" ''" P"'^'^ ^f parli.unentH; if the " c Zt "^ r "^'^'^ *." ^" ""P-'« "- accumulated n.uss will soon bo BoZs 1" ./"^"'ff^^H^''^ Alexander Emerson, candi.cos tlhf Jr^i!:: ;!;' '.^ '"'"^' *^« "'"««•• ■" -'»"-»d -'• ^l- land secretary fox he^lS; th/rr'"'""^^^^ 'T "" *"- >--g. ^l.e colonial the tinxo bein' and Wni am' W I ™' ^ ^«^°'; «* '^^ '^Wef ofBcer of tho CuntomB for ' Ooundl Td to T «^'»""«f «» to ' bo read and published before tho ' -,S L;.;;;:"?"' '"^ "".'' ^' *'« '"^""^«- thereof tl. oaths thecal tionJ wl erein thrai:, : "d 7""'; ''^ ^''^ ^"' ^"""^'^ ""^^ "'^ ^'^ "^t'- public eonoern sn^^^d l^ ^l^Z^S; • [^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^" -' ""^^'^ "f Justi !''rri r' ""^'^^ ^^' '-^P'^^^^^' i""»^^»i^^tely disagreed: Chief Ju t ce lueker, a Bermudian, contended that ti,o Asse.nblvLd no r /' to pass a Revenue Bill. The matter was referred to Fijian,! an matter of course, tho Ministry .supported the wt^^"^^^^^^^^ Alexanaer Tucker resigned his office, and loft tho Colony ^d;. ft " heen'Ali'rCon''riV^^^^^ '""'^" "--''' MiJruckerrt had - Aaoi„o^.-Gcnoral of Upper Canada.^ The difficulties between the and aI«o Norfolk, inlWliaStHe la 'ffin ^"17;"""^' *^''' '"?*.""'^ '» *''^' ^^'"-- v-uu xic wai, niKtu and kept a prisoner until 1815 at Verdun. £ £ J>. (i.VltLAM). From a portrait in the pox.ses.sion <(/ .Vrs. Murray Vookcsliy. 434 UKKJN iW VVirJ/rAM IV. m m H0U80 an.I tli.> (V.ni.dl w,.n< ivikIohmI mucli nion. l,itt.-r l.y hin ap- l'o«i.t.n..nt. H(. w.is most uvorlK-unn^r to tl... I.owrr M..uh.'.. ahynys call.,.- lnMKs,.|f-„u.st i.i.|,r„,,,,rly-27u. ,S>'''y fou^dit .,vor the n.ust trivial most cantankerous. Iloulton had undoul.ted ability, but he was the worst possil.l). selection I'or hoth the Council and the Mcnch. His views, hoth of law nnd le<,n"s- liition, were most illiluTal ; as a teclnncjil hiAvycr he was mostly ri^dit and .suiilimely indt'pondcnt, hut his hnrsh sentences, his indeci^nt parly spirit, iind liiw personal mean- ness caused him to be hnted as no one else wiis ever hated in this Colony. Foi'b(>s and Tucker were both able men. especially Forbes; they were not only learned, but, better still, they were shrewd men of the world, , ^. „ thoroughly polished, ctairteous jrentleme.i. Apropos oi Roultons character for inhospitality, a good story is tol.l by Risliop Strachnn. the genial old Anglican Bishop of Tonmto. ]5oulto.,, HI a hot argument with a young lawyer, connnitted the unpanlonable cnme of «topp.ng the bottles at the Bishop« tabic. Strachan stood it for a tew minutes ; at last he called out, in his broad Scotch : "Henry John, pass the bottles; ye're n le in yer own hoose noo, men." The fiercest controversy between the two bodies was over tlio Contmgency Bill of the Lower Hcnise. These contingencies were swelli,.. up eacli session ; the Council tried to cut them down; strictly speakino^ they had no authority to toucli them at all. They could throw out tht ' This shows Boulton to have been a Prpsifionf ixr»,„„ i, 1 i ^ «r, ™,,ll.miu,W ™„,„„a ciir ip^L? rf Sf t,7 al^lt ,. I,' « r'T CUIKP JU8TICK BOULTON. liitttT l)y liiH ap- or H()UH(^ always With him vvi'n; t ; JainoH C/Vowdy, h(i Collrctor of thf Sext yoar {\H'M) )t ii|) n coniiniiMl ' the inoht trivial ) GoviniouN Jloiisi! I'l'od to Htriko out r tho moist piuM'ilc incapacity. The ihcr fsido hiujidh to vholc, tho Council UH. IJouIton hail ! wa,s the worst th(! Council and of law 11 nd l(!'-<«-lmj(. Ihe .pmrrel between the House and the Council was .nihm.od by the press and tho mercantile body. I give two cxan-ples ol the anienities of tin- press: " And ,vn lM,li„vo a:„.onl,,.r ,.ur,l< -.f k.iavoH .1.h,h .w.fc oxiHt tluu. that whirl, -n.,».H..s tho lou.n ..r AHH..nhly lor th, (.'olony. Tnke th.,,. r.ra i M ... Hpouk.r . ownwanlH. we d- not hu,.,,oho U.at u Kn-ator H.t of I w i. . .■urHod r i ':;.";r"' ?;;"."":•:"> """- '•'■ AHK.u.hb with which tho country .. » HC.1. I,H KxccI cncy vv.ii ,n this M.Htanc, do well to. m fur a,s j-oMsihlo. w.sh hJH hnn.lH cl,.,„. Iron. U,. and tak. npon hiruHcIf ,. J,„lioionH rcHponHib i,ty. iV win, I a Tho men to bei,itie.| in all these childish s.,.uibbl,.s wer., the HuLdish Mm.stry; they w<,.re worried to death with lon«. „n ,rials from each s.de vnlun.es <,f despatches; the Clonial Le;,d.lature they had calle.l into ox.stence was a veritable political Frankenstein, that unee,.sinainful to relate that many of those who ha -vyns perpetrsstec!, wan a man of remarkable intrepidity, an able and most independent editor. He Was one of a Very convivial circle, which iucliided Mr. John Boyd, whose Uaillic Nicol .larvie wiis considere«l by gootl judges the best anmtciir acting; ever seen either here or elsewhca'. Boyd was being sharply cross-examiiitil about Wmton's habits in a libel suit. Winton was of rather a saturnine habit, except wlicn under the influence of good li(|uor, which brought out all bis talents. " Now, sir," said Mr. 7f:iner>;«n, pointii'ff at lioyd, ^* did ^i.ii never see Mr. Winton the worse lor licpior?" " Nae, nac," said Boyd, " never. I often eiiw him the better of it." Tilt) IfouHt' ^11 ve H unci pickings foi- ley wurt) not very • »lo to tlio rin^' ol OiujuilwayH iiluyj'd t'luuiinj^'M skill luiil istiVH. Niii,M!nt iiinl tud tliut the Hon. Colonial .specinion, •scliolur, should do jcply dcjdored tin ' ; he held out the ity with hiiu ; his On all niutteis, leyiil tidvi.ser was ', which extendul altly assist.^d hy ■nly called home. it he was in some II the Colony. It oud in his praises •w turned a^j-ainst le nioh was nicst they hooted, and e as they piisscd E\'ei'y lespt'ctable ^ors, regretted liis rom tlie Ieadin<^ jarbaroiiK uutraLM' Thomas Cochrane >ir Tiionias might illic Nicol Jarvie amis ilges the host anmtciir it here or ebewlicif, arply cicss-exaiiiimil II ft lihel suit. Wintoii lie luibit, except wlioii •f good li(|uor, which nt.s. " Now, sir," isaid i :tt lioyd, " did )oii he worse lor )i(ju(>r?" , " uever. I often eiiw CAPTAIN PIlKSCorr. 437 have loon too rifrid in his views, and that, with a new m.n at the •Hni, matters m.^d.t work smoother in the distracted colouy. Aft..r all Governor (!..chrane's gr.-at servicen, ho was superseded in a discomteous and sl.ahhy n.anm.r ; his first intimation of the change of governn.ent was the amval of Captain Prescott. with a fresh cou.missi,:;. i.^X the new (.oven.or's stay, from 1M34 to tho sununer of 1840 ti.e p..ht,cal cond.tum of the (,4 - . ^ Coin and killion - - . ' Ai>ple«, the barrel - I Cos Is. the Urn Horsc-s rnarc-s, and geldin^rs, each -" >Neat ea(t.!e, each - Calves ~ - - _ ' Sheeji, each - - . . " Hogs, each - - . . " Lumber, one inch thick, the thou- sand feet - - . . Ton timber, and balk, of all "kinds includ.ng scantling, the ton '. bhnigles, the thousand Goods, wares, and merchandise (except wines and s,,iriis), not otherwise enumerated, described or charged with duty in this Act, and not herein declared to be f.uty free, for every CI 00 of the true value thereof 9 > I I 1 Free. Free. Free. Free. f, f, 10 5 Free. c 6 1 CONTINGKNCIES - 2 10 fn«.«3 "™ ''^ ^^'^^^ '^'^^ 2'/. to be applied towards remunerating the offi..ers of the Legislature for their services, and to va s Jt'fraying the contingent exj/enses o? Majesty's Council, and of the House of Assembly, as follows :— "' . The clerk of lUr Majesty's Council for his services, CI 00. »■ uuucii ror The master in Chancery attendiW Ilor Majesty's Council, ■.-Kin ^ ""«'n<'"'g iler scrviS^:^:" "' ^'" ^'--^ «<>"' f-^ his of „'!?°'*««'«tent door-keeper and messenger ot iler Majesty's f louncil, CIO. The clerk of Her Majesty's Council for preparing and superintending the pr ti g of the Journa s for the present session" £25.^ defralfL "*" ""'' Majesty's Council, to SlX.Jrf. '''°'*'' '^"»""*^'*'"t «» his office, the JomnS'" JT""!,"^ printing and binding nresS s^? • ^f ^^"^''^y'^ f^^'-'t-il for tht present session, CI 00. The usher of (he Black Rod, to defray Ul iKrf!' «""'"'«"'* "» J"-'' offic? Richard Perchard, house-keeper. f„,. ceanmg theC^ouncil Room the presen and last sessions, C 10. of 0?^^""'"",""''"^" Legislature for salary or one year and a quarter, omitted in Con', t.ngeney H.ll of last session, C18 1.0. 1 he librarian of the Legislature for salary of the current year, dg 1 .5. ^ r.f A ^^ '!'f "°°- *^''' Speaker of (he House of Assembly, .C200. ""use To the chairman of the Committee of Supp^, towards defr.aying the charges of a tendauee during th. present session^aT the n. eof Cl per diem, for forty-two da;s tra^ veiling charges, postages, and extra ex^p^^nscs of the members of the House of Asseinblv &':?I°' !^ ^P"'"'"^') resident as . John s, and m the out-ports, £7.V] ClO'/''^ clerk of the House of Assenibly. Hugh W. Iloyles, Esq., for preparinir illlnrn^Ko^"''"^ ""^ pnnting'^ o?"^;hf d"ri.:^5.fs:r:iii;:;'S;"'^^"-^-- John Delaney, doqr-deeper. for his at «'i VI" tor extra services. V„danc?n^''"'''.' '"r?S"''' *'°'' '»■« "t- Philip Brown, under door-keener for hU i'r'Se?-' '■"■""««■.-? 2; I:; tor extra services. ^ I,;. ?f"''^''S'' ''^«"". »«''i'*t uit messenger, for /"rst'sf" "' ~"»'-^ CONTINGENCIES. 441 keeper and messenirer il, CIO. ^ Majesty's Council, for 'nding the printing of sent session, ii25. Majesty's Conueil, to iilingent on his office, 'printing and binding jesty's Conneil for the IBhiek Rod, to defray :ei't on his office, house-keeper, for lom the present and Legislature for salary •ter, omitted in Con- on, CI 8 15,9. r^egislature for salary eaker of (he House the Committee of ng the charges of eswit session, at the forty-two days, tra- aud extra expenses flotise of Assembly er) resident at St ■ts, £7.1;}. ouse of Assembly, Isq., for preparing printing of the , for nis attendance ^70. Itieper, lor his at- anil a further sum for _ dop \eeper, for ■'irH sum of £5 lit messenger, for rther sum of C5 use of Assemlily, The solicitor of the House of Assembly tor extra services, di.'iO. ' Richard Holden, assistant clerk, for his services, £80. Th(> chairman of .Supply and Finance, for his services, t:50. William Firth, for coals. 1.5.«. id William Freeman, for fitting up the Assembly for the present session, C24 17., 2d David Walsh, for his services as speeiai messenger to Conception Bay, £5. Ryan and Withers, for account of the Legislature, £18 Is. Stephen J. Daniel, for stationery and engrossing, £3. / « Robert R. Holden, for engrossing peti- tions m 1837, £10 18,«. 4d. 6 1'" The chairman of th<. Committee of Audit tor his services, £50. ' The proprietor of the NeirfoumUamlvr, CMofoir *"*"' '"''"""^ t!'^- journals. The pioj)rietor of the Newfoundlander, tor printing the Journals of the present session, £150. ' The proprietor of the Patriot news- paper, for the general printing of the House £279'T8'"^^' **"""^ *''*' P'"*'"'"^ '"'''""' The representatives of the late Timothy Ivelly for painting the Court room, U 8*. 4rf. ilie assistant clerk, towards pnyinir for the newspapers of the Colony, i;7 18,/ 2d £50 '*P°'"''''" of the Ho'use of Assembly. on hilclffitrt"'"''"" '^^'"""'' ''-''"*^-* Henry Wintoii. for stationery, £, 3,«, \d . Uiehard Holden, junior, for eopyinR s.nee the last, and during the present, session^ coalsI'Sfm!: '''"'^'"""' '"'• "«'^'' ^-' '""» serviS'S ""''^^"' '*^'''''*""* '''^'■'*' for extra «ffj.'^?''"'T'''''^''*'"'*"o'' •'""'■"P the Journals of the two last sessions, tl!) la, 2d do™. I'"" "'"'f '^oor-keeper and the assistant dooij,eeper,lo defray the expenses of cleaning the Hou.seof Assembly, tjo. ^ Ree/i.'! "/"■■♦I"^'' "V" of £50 to Thomas session '■' ' ' "'""■''' "luring the present And a further sin,, of tl30 to the actiiiL' clerk of the House of Assembly towards e . letraymg of law charges incurred by or,^"F'' further sum of £lo to Waller JJilIon, Esq., for bis services the present us i 'I CHAPTER XV. REIGN OF VICTORIA. ' ill 1838 1839 1840, 1841. 1842. 184:j.— 1844.— 1846.- 1847.— 1648.- 1849.- 1850.- 18.^1.- 18,37-1857. .-First geological survey by J. Beete Jukes. Boultc, C.J., removed, and Bourne appointed. Great case of Kielly Carson. ' "ou.nc —Newfoundland constituted a separate see, Bishop Spencer, first Anglican Bishop. -Regular fortnightly sailing packets established between St. John's and IJalifrx ll.M.ts. Spitjire first steamer .0 visit St. John's. ' " —Foundation stone cf the Roman Catholic cathedral laid. -Anmlgamated Assembly constituted by Act of Parliament. First Presbyterian k.rk estabhshed. Agricultural Society forn.ed. Captain Fabvre and 4 V F^^^^Son"' """"'" °' ''"'"'"""' "''P""*"' ^'-"----- «" l-^-eneh Amalgamated House opened by Sir John Harvey. Act for the Encouragement of l,ducation passed by Richard Barnes. •Edward Feild, D D appointed Bishop of Newfoundland. The first steam packet the S.S. North American, arrived in St. John's from Halifax, N.S. : sixty hours' passage. Chief Justice Norton, first Roman Catholic Chief Justice. -Public meeting on 26th May in the Court House. St. John's, in favour of Responsible Government , petition sent to Queen and Parliament. Terrible and destructive fire consumed the town on the 9th June. Tremendous gale on 19th September. Colonel Law, Administrator. Sir Gaspard Le Marchant, Governor. Chief Justice Brady appointed Foundation stone of English Cathedral of St. John the Baptist laid ; Sso Co onialS:; and Custom House, St. John s. ""iiumj, -First Session of Legislature, after return to Consiitution of 1833, opened or s:t^r,K'^^'"^'''^'^"^"'""-"^"^'«^^^""-^-^-^»-*''May. -Customs' iJepartment placed under control of tk oohI Government. -Death of Bishop Fleming. -Publin mi'Plilinr in nrntnntn Airnnt ct^~t- • • England.' """ " ' ^^^ '*^""' <'""""n«rcat-.or. iiom St. John's to emoved, and Bourne t Anglican Bishop. John's iind Ilalifftx. First Presbyterian l?abvre and Mr. W. lissioners on Frencli e Encouragement of ■ first steam packet, , N.S. : sixtj hours' ustice. hn's, in favour of nent. Terrible and reniendous gale on linted. Foundation Colonial Building 1833, openiirt on irrived on Cth May. ;nt. ui St. John's to CHRONOLOGY. 448 Prof A?'*"' '^°''™''- ^'■"* ^^«"--- '» <^""-Pt'-on Bay. Hon. J Crowdy Adnnmstrator. Elec.Hc telegraph introduced into .St .Toh„"by F. N. G..sborne. Terr.bly disastrous seal fishery ; " Spring of the VVadham"." ' 1854._Reciprocity treaty between British America and the United States. New York Newfoundlan,l. and London Telegraph Con.pany incorporated. ' 1855.-GoTernor Darling. Responsible Government introduced, Hon. P. F. Little first Premier. ]l„„.an Catholic Cathedral consecrated. 1856.- Direct steam oy the Galway Line. The American steamer Jame. Adger arrived in St. John s ; endeavoured (o lay the cable across the Gulf. 1857.-IIo„L. O'Brien, Administrator. Sir Alexander Bannerman appointed Governor I he Anglo-French Convention about the Newfoundland fishery; indignation Ts pS;.'^?'"" "'" ^" ^''"""**^' ^°'^ «-'"^' ^- «"lf cable Sd by On the 20th of June 1837 bec^ins the reign of Victoria, Her present Majesty, the noble Queen wliose virtues hp,ve Avon the hearts of all Knghsh-spoaking people, whose fine character an.l statesmanlike ability have done so much to 'luicken the loyalty of her subjects, to— " Keop her throne unshakon still, Broad based upon the people's will." Her accession ushered in the dawn of a happier era of pc-ace an,l mar- vellous progress. To treat of all the important events that have oceurre.l (urmg the Victorian age, even in this small portion of Her Majesty's dominions, is quite beyond the space at my dispo.sal ^ The very first subject brought under the notice of the Encrli.sh Ministry in the year of the Queen's accession concernino- our Ishnd T ^ n o*'!f t"^ ''""^'^' ''"'^ '^''P"*^^ h^i^^re^n the Council and Assembly In 1.J7 the House of Assembly sent home delegates on the complaints' a^amst Chief Justice Boulton, and respecting the disputes between the House and the Council. The Assembly was represented by Dr Carson ' The first Anglican Bi-hcp of New- foundland, Aubrey George Spencer, was ap- pointed in 1839— a most amiable and godlv prelate. He founded the Theological CollegJ, and laid the first .stone of the r.\th. dral. His' feel)le health soon gave way uu(i"V t(,<; itniin of his arduous episcopal labou' . 'J be successor ol Bishop Spencer was the Pl;;;hv >;< /, Edward Ffcild, our great Anglican pi'olnte, whose life has been admirably written by t.ie Rev. II W. Tucker, M.A. A striking personality, his powerful influence changed the whole ohariu- ter ot the Church and the clergy in the Colon \ iJie ininis-ters had all belonged to the EvaiV gehcal or Low Church type; one of this school is now a vara avis in the diocese. The Bishop's prcdr.minant trait was the true missionary spirit; to the service of his Divine Master he \ :; consecrated, body and soul. He scoriie(' popularity and all the pomps and vanities of the wo.Id. To his opponents he seemed narrow and intolerant; but to h-s admirers, and they now embrace the whole Anghcan Church, he was the embodiment of all that is saintly and holy. In social life the iJishoi) was a delightful companion, full of pleasantness and humour, a dear lover of children. The marvellous work he per- formed in his great diocese is well known • one ot the results of his powerful influence \yas the sub-division of the Protest«ut educa- tional scheme. With all my admiration for the great prelate, I cannot say that it was a good movement; 1 believe its influence in dividnio- thi> pti<,n of the Appropriation Bill by the Council. I ho Assemlly in the main suec(>e.lecl ; both Houses, however were severely blamed for their .liscourteous and improper conduct towards each other, and were informed that they ought to sliow each other proper consideration. The success of the British Constitution, as the best Government in the world, is largely dependent on the fact that it is worked out by gentlemen and men of honour, who, notwithstanding all the acerbifcioR of party, are governed by the rules of courtesy an B Ministry had iuniai'y loss ]>y cs on Boulton iges, that his his decisions ?oun-;il should 18 Council and There was, attendance at behaviour, to he was made )uld certainly r filling such to have been lore seriously •rated case of r Kielly met id gentlemen, his face and nted, as any- medy lay in b ; that, how- US Kent; he KIELLY V. CARSON. 4^ appealed to the House.' The Assembly sat with clcsed doors, and finally h.m hat he had been brought there ou a charge of having violated the pnvdeges of the House by n.aking a„ attack cm one of their ml L . he clerk was ordered to read the report of the connnittee appoints.! " Ind if , f r ^ '" ' ^""'^ ^''''^' "^" *^''^ 1'^-^^"^'^- -t' «^« House. ^ and, It allowed to pass unnoticed, would be a sufficient cause foi' deterring n.en.bers acting in the indeper.lent marmer so necessary for n ^-sjfpr^* •n. -'■' r?' i~i r^:' ■■nr --h. .W« 'U ^ W.MKU slUKliT. ST. JOllN'8, LOOKlN}■ the issuing out of certain writs at the suit of one Edward Kielly for alleged damages against the Speaker, &c., has been guilty of a gross breach of the privileges of this House, "rVl*^ X'''"^ '.'• Kol"''so'' being an officer ot H.M Council, this House cannot proceed against hiiu for such contempt. " Resolved, That the said Bryan Robin- son be not admitted as the bearer of any message to this House until a message be (lispatched to H.M. Council acquainting the Council with their resolution." Two days later the House of Assembly came to their senses and rescinded the resolution against the obnoxious Muster in Llianec-v- (W ,,]] ♦i,,,;- ..i,„,,_.i tms 18 the most humorous of all, rot tliafc I have m conHidcred by privileges." Tlio nservative party, I clmrge of tlie mace, Dr. Kielly le east side of Robinson,- then for a habeas that the House Jch rights and ed in their late ■s, and that the st was informal, at the conmiit- those essentials it legal. Thr(;e ihip delivered a ent. ly seem to have ids ; instead t)f tid thus settiii"- vere guilty of ^^sterner — Tom Ml-. Kobinson, litted to com- the Legislative fffomulkinder's iiiff'tliatH. Kol.iii- iiccry, attendant on iiiiptiioiis langiiiiffo ing the House of ibers thereof, and Ttaiii writs at thf 'or alleged damages has l)eeii guilty of leges of this House, II being an officer se eannot proeeed npt. said Bryan Robin- he bearer of any itil a message be il acquainting the in." ousc of Assembly lid rescinded the loxious Muster in "iird prouccuing;-; >f all, THE PMVY COUNCIL JODOMENT. 447 proprietor and printer should be brought to the Bar >r „„«;,/..■,„ Jnn,fcmu's ,n,lgn.„,t. These, however, were ,„il/ o„ breaks Z e^i-lafvc ,n™„>,ty c„„pare,l with their l,«t ,«t. The Speaker tied 1"» warrant to arrest Dr. Kielly, who h«l been di^^luw^ed' ^eu Z also to arrest the High Sheriff, who had liberate.1 bin, uu.ler a Ss order, and, lastly to arrest Judge Lilly. The specf.le w^ s en'S ,e town „t Tonnny Beek, with the n.aee, dragging a highly respect d iu, 1 ot he ,Supre,„e_(.'o„rt though the streets, with a gitat n.of u rrS and to i„wn,g the eor.i.ge. After being t,.ke„ t„\he Speak r'™„„f le judge was couHned in the house of the Serjeant-at-AnL. "veZ Ireseott nun,ed,ately prorogued the Legislature, and thus pron p K "ud properly put an end to these undignihed proceeding's I H. antunu, the e,»e of Kielly „. Carson »n,e upVf r CWef „t Bourne, ,n the Central Circuit Court, for adjudication. Ti,e decisim, of the court was reserved for the opinion „f ,he three judges i^ the Supre,„e Court The judges differed, A.ssi.,tant-.T„dge Lify ,1 cid tha the plea of justification, on the gmund of privilegf, had ^,ot t e ...a.k out, and that the plaintiff should have judgn.entl the den u,™' lelu dants. Th s judgmer.t was appealed against to the Privy Council and the hnal d«.„on was p..no„nced .u< follows, on the llth o^ Ja,l y • i a Wi wT: -r" ''"" "°"" "' ^""""'^'y ofNewfoundh,;,?^ IS a Local Legislature w.th every power reasonably necessary for the proper exercse of their functions and duties ; but they have .fot, " _^ toy erroneously supposed themselves to ,K,ssess, the san.e exclusive " Ho se*^"f tt ™'™' '" °^ "^"S'"'"' ■'- --^"d to the fu^Xl l^"^"'";:"™'- Tbe fantastic tricks of our legislators u .shed the lewbng case on the question of the powers of colonial pa,ban,ents ; K.elly r. Carson established the law on the subject for aU .„Mri7°'"',Tr,''"'^''*'"'™*"'^''"' "'"' "« 1^'gMatures of 1833 rot at Carbonear, m the autunm of 1840, so disgusted the Briti.h M.n,stry w.th Newfoundland affairs, that Governor plscott wasor^d to dissolve the Legislature, which he did on the 26thApril 1841,.and the GovEKNOR Pbbscotx's Speech in Closing the House op Assembly, 26th April 1841. " Mr. President and Hon. Gentlemen of the Council, Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, "As a Committee of the House of Com- mons has been appointed txy enquire into the state of Newfoundland, before .vhich Com- mittee I shall have to appear, I will on the presenr occasion confine myself to the c\ pression of my regret that such a pro- ceeding should have become indispensably necessary to the tran.iuillity and welfare of the I 448 KKIGN OF VICTORIA, 1h;{7-1857. P, Constitution whs suspended from tl.ut date until the 17th January 1848. In 1«42, under the Conservative ministry of Sir Robert Peel, a new constitution was ^rjver. to the Colony-the Anud^ran.ated L,.gislature. The u.end.ers of the Le-islativ<' Council -at with the tifteen elected niend.ers; the Acts were worded, " JJe it therefore enacted by the Governor, Council, and Assend)ly in General Assendjly convened." It was one of the queerest forms of a statutable parliament ever invented ; there was an executive coimcil, but it did not contain a single one of the popularly elected m.Mnbeiu As usual, the whole patronage of the Government was in the hands of the Executive. In the sununer ..f 1,S41 Captain Henry Prescott, C.R, ceased to g«)vern us. He is universally acknowledged to have been a I)olished gentleman, his speeches are able and above all conr-ise. but the last of the naval adoiinis- trators, with all his good (pialities, was neither a strong Governor nor a good diplomatist ; the whole period of his rule was troubled with political s(juabbles and sectarian animosities. He disliked Boulton, but appears to have been either unable oi- unwilling to control him. The dawn of a brighter day, how- ever, was already breaking; our old friend Byrne, most able and 1 • , ,, practical of road survevf)rs, was all the way» t., Outer Cove, Middle Cove, ami all the otLi- cov.: Silt H. I'HKSCOIT.' ,o,!i "^ ^''■"- I'rescoft, G.C.B. [178U- 1874 J was the only .surviving son of Admiral J.suac 1 rescott (who wiis on the Newfound- land station m 1781) and wh8 born at Kew Green, Surrey. He entered the navy at the usual afje; was engaged in action with four ships that c.scaperl from Trafalgar; was employed off Sardinia f.om 18tt8 to 1810 and took part in the defenee of Sicily llJ was promoted to the rank of Captain, after distinguitihuig himself in the destruction of several vessels at Amatia ; was Governor of Newfoundland from 1831 to 1344; was a p'7L°J ^^'^^''''''y *^"""g 'ho later half or 1847 and was Admiral Superintendent of lortsmouth Dockyard from December 1847 to the end of 1852. In 1862 he became Admiral of the Blue and was a magistrate for Surrey, lie was created a G.CB. in 180!). y7.« "f 'jl« R^'ign, 1885.) Further full detai s of bir H. Prescott's early life will be found in O'Bryne's Naval Biographv. 7 til Junuaiy 1848. 1)eit Pool, a now luitt'd Legislature, he tifCeen elected enacted by the \y convened." It nt ever invented ; - single one of the patronage of the ), C.B., ceased to is universally have been a 11, his speeches e all con«'ise, but naval adminis- is good (jualities, strong (jovernor i.itist ; the whoK' le was troubled bles and sectarian lisliked Boulton, ave been either J to control hiiri. igliter day, how- breaking ; our most able and surveyors, wa.s 1 around Con- 8 Douglas and ire busy getting the otlier coves a ; was Governor of 31 to 13.14 ; was a luring tho later half ral Superintendent of rem December 1847 In 1862 he became was a magistrate for d a G.C.IJ, ill I8(i!). 1885.) Further full tt's early life will be 1 Biography. .SIR JOHN IIARVPY. 4^ ofvtZtl" '""" "'"™^ ''""" ™" - -«"■"-«»•. projector The arrival of Sir John Harvey, on the lOtli of Septe,„l«r 1841 marl<8 »„ important point in our history ; for the Hrst time the control an,lmanage„,e„t or the Colony were placed in the hand, o two" ble p..l>t.c,a„„ two statesmen of consummate t»et and ability, Sir Jol and h« coUeagu,. the Hon. Ja„. Cwdy, for lourteen years II e ColontS Secrete^. Crow, had been for many year, endeavouring to snith treme. From this time forward the political ■wheel ran smoother. Sir John had one rather awkward habit, he always wrote his speeches, and, though excellent, they were uncommonly long. He had been known in the Army as " the handsome Colonel Harvey " ; his manners were the perfec- tion of courtesy, nothing disturbed him. In those days Cassidy the tailor was a great sporting man, and prided himself on his knowledge of farming in general. At the great agricultural meeting at Mount Pearl, when His Excellency made the speech memorable in every history of the Colony, the irate tailor came in to complain of Murray another sportmg tailor, who insisted on judging a ploughing match. ' Cassidv very excited and inebriated, strode up to the head of the table where' His Excellency was being entertained by the magnates of the land • '^ Your Excellency " says he, "is a shoemaker to be a judge of a tailor's' ^ work your Excellency, or a tailor to be a judge of a shoemakers work - your Excellency ? ' With a bland bow, " Mr. Secretary Templeman/' F F 8IK JOHST HAEVET. Prom Sonnycaatle'a Neuifoundland. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^.v!^" 1.0 i.l IIIM us I u lUUt. 2.0 1.8 1-25 II 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► ^7% m ^< \ w^ ^'"''V <^'^ '^6 ^** # i\ Photographic Sciences Corpomtion Jk. ^^ '" '^■"•"y ""J^'and, brought strengtl and v-ealth to the out-harbours, a„,l nourished the growth of a ITr °'''" """"""f • E-o^ous amount, of money were made ta those daje. Steam completely changed the whole aspect of affaire. The men now get much smaller shai-es ; the big bills of the Forties and the £t^nl T dT' '"^f '• " """'' "''"' 'o-O^y '"""y «™- g«« over where are Sfev^" ^7^°'^''"" '''P'"" "'"' S'-* P"«"e", R^f J ,-^ J^""' <'«'«=™"J""s. the Ashes, Dawes, Delaneys Blaadfords, Uane.,, Knees, Jackmans, Bartletts, and others, ^ still the ItislSfes:^" KIlLIHa SEAU. most skdful ice masters, and their crews of Newfoundlander the be^t sealers m the world. Dundee has splendid sealing steamer,, but her mi can never have the same aptitude as ours for this peious purs"^ The followmg anecdote of the late Mr. Smith MacW's, aZZof copying Oumprngfrom pan to pan of ice), shows bow mu^ch at ZTtht Newfoundlander feels on the ice floe :— iderstand, brought i the growth of a le two occupationH ere made in those iffairs. The men Forties and the lly ever goes over id great planters, )awes, Delaneys, liers, are still the mders the best rs, but her men erilous pursuit. y'n, apropos of ch at home the an very smart at ; a great rivalry were seals on the oys ; there was a THE SPANISH DUTY. ^53 channel just caught over, which the Canadian did not ««« ^r^A a v 'barbarous! 'when he heard the story." ^ ^""•^'^ ""^I'***^ ^^^^''^'^ PANNING SKAL. Prom a photograph by Walter Monroe. When Mr. Walter Grieve sent the first sealing steamer to the ice it wav a poor day for Newfoundland. The only consolation we can lay to our hearts 1 tliat steam was inevitable ; it was sure to come, sooner or later the pity of It is that it did not come later. Politics and steam have done more than any other cause to ruin the middle class, the well-to-do dealers that on.e abounded in the out-ports. Contrast the statistics of 1848 with 18/8. It was as bad for the merchants as for the men Another aspect of our trade, which is almost forgotten by the present generation, was the great influx of Spanish vessels bet^veen 1840 and 1860; the direct cause was the Spanish duty known in the Peninsula as " el derecho de la bandera "-the deferential duty in favour of the Spamsh flag, amounting to over a dollar a quintal. For several years there were often sixty and severity Spanish vessels loading fish in this port, and a large number in Harbour Grace. C. F. Bennett & Co had thiity-two in one year. The most numerous at first were our old acquamtances the Bisca) ans ; their ships, however, compared with the Spaniards from the Mediterranean, were small and poorly equipped a great many of them simply luggers of sixty and seventy tons Barcelona, Malaga, and Valencia vessels were splendid oraft • m-n" -* tif 4M BEIGN OP VICTORIA, 1837-1867. ttem we™ davers , yoa could see the ring-bolts in the hold to which the poor Afncam were chained. Jtf r. Henry Le Messurier informs me that one beauttful vessel of this class upset, and in getting her u^a "Lw of secre places were found in her hold. The captains of these lbs nearly always brought gold Spanish onzas and Mexioa. dollai o pT loads of Span,sh bulhon sent up to the bank. Whilst it lasted it must have been a large source of profit to the tmde. For many years these Span.sh vessels carried a« ay between one hund.^ and /xty -^d one hundred and seventy thousand quintals of fish,' The alter Jon of the terf-<,„,ng away with the preference given to Spaniards-ended this Under both Caplain Prescott and Sir John Harvey there wa^ great «tvuy both m agriculture and road making.' In 1838 theTrst geological survey was commenced under the distinguished J. Beete Jukes, who arrived ,n St. John's in Mr. John Staffs clipper br,^ In 1860 there were seventy Spanish and rortuguese vessels in St. John's alone, aeirre- gating 8,673 tons; navigated hy 678 men they loaded 154,415 qtls. of cod-lish and 378 tons of oil. In the same year American vessels loaded 16,582 qtls. of fish ; a German and Danish vessel took 200 tons of oil and 6,430 seal skins. The trade with Hamburg in oil con- tinued for many years ; Munns sent as much as 600 tons of pale seal oil in a year to Hamburg, the greatest factory of adulterutid goods in the world, there to be converted by German science and dexterity into the iinest quality of « Pure Cod-Uver Oil." '^ PoBTCocESE Fishing Comiany. "In 1835, a Portuguese company was formed in Lisbon, under the title of the Compeaii Piscarias, for the prosecution of the Bank fishery; they sent to England and purchased seven English schooners, of about 100 tons each, and shipped in Devonshire, at high wages, men who had been accustomed to the Bank fishery. After being fitted out at a large expense with all the luxuries they thought Englishmen were fond of, such as cheese, brandy, porter, &c. (and fine feasting these old Bankers had), the vessels proceeded to Lisbon, and on arrival there, an eiiual number of Portuguese were put on Iward, to be instructed in the method of fishing • then taking in sardines for bait, they proceeded to the Banks, and when they had completed their first trip, they returned to Fayal, in the Western Islands, where they landed their fish and then went on a second voyage, on the return from which those who had been success- ful landed the second cargo, and proceeded on their third voyage, the catch of which they took green to Lisbon, where it was sold in the same condition. In Fayal the fish was taken in waggons to the tops of the mountains, where !Sf h-i"^ ^''° previously made, covered with boards, as a screen to protect the fish trom the scorching rays of the sun, and it was there cured by the winds and heats, which curS^'Ve fl-h' "' T^ ^'yiDg. and when cured the fish was thence exported to duty At the end of the season the Englishmen so employed were discharged and sent home, the Portuguese having hu. obtained from them all the infonJia! tion they required (they now fish with bultows), the Company, however, is nor n a flourishing state, having laboured under many disadvantages. So ignorant were many of the Directors, at the time the Company was formed, that at one of their meetings, the Vice- President proposed drying the fish on the Banks ! Their Government, I believe, have made overtures to Great Britain to take off a «n!^^°° «*^^ heavy duties they now impose upon our fish, on condition of having granted a portion of the Newfoundland coast, fo them to form a settlement for the cure of fish • tZ '! ^® •*^*'' *^« Portuguese Govern-' ment not having the means of granting bournes It would be wise policy il Great Britain to accede to the proposal, as the consumption is much curtailed by the high piices the consumers have to pay, the duties being in many mstances more than the price we obtain for the fish itself, and the quant ty consumed would increase in a greater ratio than the differenceof quantity the Portuguese would catch. — (PTahrek's Lecture, pp. 17, 18.) twi!" ''''° r/"' ^83^ «°d 1838, the Legislature voted $ 1 75,000 for roads. THE FIRST STEAMER TO ENTER ST. JOHN'S. 455 hold to which the informs me that her up a number ins of these ships an dollars to pay gusto of the cart- it lasted it must many years these id sixty and one alteration of the liards— ended this '■ there was great 1 1838 the first guished J. Beete art's clipper brig Fhere it was sold in the 'al the fish was taken in the mountains, where iously made, covered sn to protect the fish ys of the sun, and it winds and heats, which ^ery drying, and when thence exported to dmitted at a nominal of the season the yed were discharged Tortuguese having em all the informa- they now fish with f,^ however, is not in ving laboured under o ignorant were many ime the Company was Jir meetings, the Vice- ^ing the fish on the ment, I believe, have t Britain to take oflf a ities they now inipo»ie ion of having granted foundland coast, for It for the cure of fish ; Portuguese Govern- means of grantin^r wise policy in Great he proposal, as thd urtailed by the high ve to pay, the duties more than the price elf, and the quantity in a greater ratio thun the Portuguese would ■ture, pp. 17, 18.) 337 and 1838, the •0 for roads. Diana, in company with the celebrated Plantagenet Harrison. Two very important elements in the commercial life of the Colony— a bank* and regular postal communication with Halifax-were established during this period. The first steamer to visit our waters was H.M.S. Spitfire, a paddle steamer, in 1840; she put into St. John's with a detachment for the Royal Newfoundland Company. J. B. Jukes returned to England in her. In 1842 the steamship John McAdam ar- rived, and several pleasure trips were made to Trinity and Conception Bay, and duly astonished the natives. By 1844 we had a regular packet steamer plying between St. John's and Halifax, Nova Scotia; most of us can remember the ex- citement caused in the town when the North American, with her huge walking beam and a figure-head of an Indian painted white, first came into Mr. Matthew Stewart's wharf; she had made a wonderful passage of sixty hours from Halifax, and her captain, J. B. JUKES. From an engravino. MB. J. W. SMITH. By 8. H. Paraont. MK. R. BROWN. By S. II. Parsons. Richard Meagher, was duly congratulated on his remarkable voyage. From this time forward the sailing packets which had been run by 'The Bank of British North America commenced business about 1836. Mr. Andrew Milroy, father of Lady Thorburn, wail the first manager. For many years they carried on business in Tobin's" Building, Water Street, below Mr. Stott's; for some reason the Legislature refused for several years to grant the bank a charter. In April 1844 the Newfoundland Bank was incorpo- rated, the capital was £50,000, half paid up. The following were the principal share- holders : Charles Fox Bennett, William Bick- ford Row Lawrence O'Brien, Robert Prowse, George Ii Junscombe, Richard Baraes, John Dillon, John Kent, Richard O'Dwyer, John P. Muliowney, Robert Roberts Wakeham, Lawrence Maccassey, James B. Wood, John Stuart, Edward Kielley, Thoma« Bidlev 466 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1887-1867. Bland & Tobin were discarded, and we have had continuous steam communication ever since THa ««rv;„« * i-oniinuous steam bv r.,n..rH ^ n -' "'^ *°'' "'^"y y®*™ ^a« carried out by Cunard & Co., m conjunction with their Liverpool line and thonah known Captam Corbin, and afterwards by the dashing QuLford two as fine seamen as ever trod a deck. """arora, two as The Amalgamated House » lasted all through Sir John Harvev's adnnmstrat.on ; it worked far more harmoniousl/than the first House a glance at its composition will show us that'it cont!uLf nea^r;^^^^^ tt fi^f mi^'f "?." *'' ^'^^"^- '" *^^ "^--'^We year of the hie (1846), an agitation was set on foot to obtain responsible government; it was not entirely successful, but in 1848, win the 'i!! William Walsh, and Charles Loughlan The money was returned to the shareholders. The very existence of the new concern probably influenced the existing bank, and made it discount with more liberality and less favountism, and the raison d'etre for the Newfoundland Bank ceased. . . . Nearly the same proprietors founded, in 1854 the ST° ^"^u °^ Newfoundland , the success ot this institution was due, in the first place, to the able management of Mr. J. W. Smith manager, carried out afterwards by his sue' cessor, Mr. Goldie. The Commercial Bank was estabhshed in 1867; the first manager was Mr. K. Brown, under whose careful ad- ministration the bank was a marked success He was succeeded by Mr. Henry Cooke The last session of the House of clos^f ^ n""^'' *^' ^"-"^ constituSon, was liFrZ '®^'' His Excellency making the shortest speech on our parliamentary records the constitution being suspended ^tnTsS' when an election was held on the 20th De cember of that year. Sir John Harvey opened ?n th? SS^i'^'f "'•«'*'»« Amalgamated H^ouse; «nJi ^ •''i"""y ^^^3 ^'tl» the longes speech on record. ""jstsi The House consisted of the 10 followino- members appointed by the Crown "J-HoIT continuous steam irs was carried out I line, and, though iently by the well- : Guildford, two as ir John Harvey's t the first House; itaiued nearly all aorable year of lain responsible 848, when the I a marked success. Henry Cooke, of the House of «t constitution, was scott on the 26th ency making the 'liamentary records, spended until 1842, Id on the 20th De- ohn Harvey opened mal^amated House, 3 with the longest Jf the 10 following I Crown :— Hon. J. THS GREAT FIRE. 4.^7 world wa^ a^tated with revolution, and crowns were falling in a oT'oueirrT Tr ^'' ^^^ "^"^^P^' ^"^ «"^-» consLtio^ ot Queen Loi-ds and Commons, was restored to us. I should have mentioned that Chief Justice Boulton was succeeded in 1838 by John Gervase Hutchinson Bourne ; he was a scholar, a Fellow cj Magdalen, Oxford and an able lawyer. He was, however, unfortu lately cursed with a violent temper; at the bar he wa^ uniformly favourable to Mr. George Henry Emerson and antagonistic to mT Robmson (afterguards Sir Bryan.)i Many stozies are told of Bourne's temper; the best one I know is in connexion with the crier of the court, La,„bert The old man wa« helping the chief with his gown, the sleeve was mside out, and Bourne could not get his arm through ; in W wrath he swore, " The devil's in the gown " ; old Lambert, who was getting the sleeve right said, quite innocently, " Not yet, my Lord, not yet " Sif Jolm Harvey dismissed the Chief Justice in 1844 ; he was succeeded by nomas Norton, a most accomplished L-ish gentleman, who had been sent out as assistant judge to Demerara.^ Norton was the first Roman Catholic Cluef Justice; he wa.s a universal favourite, an able, impartial iudge a most humorous and fascinating companion off" the Bench; he only re- niained m Newfoundland a few years; he loved gay soc ety, and had most influential friends to promote his advancement During the Governorship of Sir John Harvey, St. John's was efer^ed to tT "" '" Newfoundlanders, a date constantly letened ta The previous year, 1845, had been remarkable for the disastrous fire at Quebec, and a month later the ternble conflagration at St. John, New Brunswick. St. John's, to its honour, had contributed Sunms, Attomey-General J Hon. Jas. Crowdy, Colomal Secretary; Honbles. Jeo. Duns- ^S"' ^^ ^^T"'- P- *^«''-". Colonial Treasu/er, W. B. Row, Jas. Tobin, Jo. Noad, feuryeyor-Gcneral. C. F. Bennett, Jno. Kent. Ihe in members elected were • — For St. John's : Dr. Carson, L. O'Brien. J. V. Nugent. Conesption Bay: Thos. Bidley, .Tohn TrSJji?' ^^h ^™°'Jerga«t. E. Hanrahan. Innity : Richard Barnes. Bonavista : Bobt, Carter Ferryland : T. Glen. Placentia : Jno. Dillon. Simon Morris. Fortune Bay : B. Robinson. Fogo : J. Slade. In 1846 there were three sessions, and members and officers got three sessions' pa? ; ?.;„y'iS7 ''• .®°»'<='t«'- to the House.'^ In June 1846. owing to the absence of Mr Speaker Crowdy, Mr. Kent wa. appoinTed Speaker. The House sat in the Eastern HoSS *^ ^''*'""' ^'^'"™ ^^''^^ ' Chief Justice Bourne was terriblv antagonistic to Mr. Robinson, who petitioned tne Imperial Government against him. The Chief Justice then made charges against the Colomal Secretary. Mr. Crowdy, and Sir .lohn narvey; his complaints were shown to be unfounded, and he was quietly removed He was a man of ability and learniug, but his ungovernable temper utterly unfitted him for a position requiring calmness and cool judgment. 2 Chief Justice Norton was an intimate convivial fnend of Sir Alexander Cockbuni, Une day on circuit Cockburn sent him a note. Master m Lunacy dead 5 will this suit your book, Tom ?" Norton answered at once, « Your servant Tom will accept this crumb that falb from yonr Lordship's table." 458 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1867. ?■, ' liberally to the sufferers by both calamities. Our fire was the most disastrous of all ; it began in Hamlin the cabinet maker's shop, about S a.m.. and by nightfall it had destroyed the city ; the suburbs, then very unimportant, were left ; byr sundown nothing but a forest of chimneys remained to mark the site of our flourishing town The citizens and the fire brigade worked manfully; Sir John. Major Robe Colonel Law. and the military were untiring in their exertions I F 1 vt^Tu^ ""*' eveiywhere. An attempt was made at Messrs. E. & N. Stabbs, now Blair's premises, to blow up the corner building *nd thus make a break. One artilleryman and two citizens were killed many had narrow escapes. By mid-day the heat of the tire became so intense that no one could do anything. The conflagration reached every- where; the beautiful new convent at the head of Long's Hill, far away from the flames, was destroyed by sparks carried by the high wind • when the huge wooden building. St. John's Church, caught, the heat to leeward became overpowering. With the burning of the many substantial wooden buildings and seal vats on Water Street, and with several ships on fire in the harbour, it seems now almost miraculous that ihe south side esca^^ed. Out of sixty large mercantile warehouses, JNewmans old premises at River alone remained.^ ' A plan of the town, showing the extent of this fire, will be found at p. 522. (Newfoundlander, June 18, 1846.) " The fire broke out at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesday, 9th June 1846, in the shop of Hamlin the cabinet maker, in George Street, off Queen Street, and was caused by the overboiling of a glue-pot. The fire immediately communicated to Queen Street, and in a short time the whole collection of stone and wooden houses in the locality were on fire. It was hoped that a stand might be made at the corner of Queen Street and Water Street, but the fire spread on, consuming Messrs. Rogerson's, Stewart's, and C. F. Bennett's premises ; it was stopped by an heroic effort at Newman's premises. River Head. The wind began to blow from the westward. The terrified cry now arose that Bennett's and Stewart's oil vats were on fire ; at that sound despair seized on every mind and paralysed every nerve ; it was then seen that the total annihilation of the town was inevitable, and the scene of consternation that arose defies description. Sir John Harvey ordered Mr. Stabb's house (O'Dwyer's corner) to be blown up. The break, however, was not of suflficient extent, and the wind, which was strong at first, seemed to act here with redoubled violence, hurrying on the flames with fearful rapidity to the back of Stone Buildings, commencing with Mr. Pierce Grace's house, and ending with Messrs. McBride and Kerr's, and the entire range of Avooden dwellings at the opposite side. The next suites of buildings at both sides were soon enveloped, and the firo now rendered all powerfiil by the immense quantities of oil and combustible materials of every description which it had consumed, and with which it had been fed, hastened on the work of destruction with inconceivable rapidity, laying waste completely every erection at both sides, stone and wood without distinction, as fer as the break at Messrs Douglas & Go's. The Custom House next took fire, and lured the flames forward to Messrs. Gill's premises ; hence they extended rapidly along, consuming everything inter- mediate to the promises of Messrs. Robinson. Brooking & Co. These fine buildings were soon involved, and the ravages continued with unabated violence even to the premises of J ^*" F^^'^^^ and Gleeson, at the extreme end of Hagotty Cove, after the consumption ot which. It might with truth be said, the fire died out from the uttemess of exhaustion, having left nothing to sustain it, and having laid the entire way for more than a mile in extent a barren waste, its two principal streets. The loss of life, if the extent of the havoe be remembered, is inconsiderable ; we believe there were but three— one artilleryman and two civilians— who met death on this occasion. Ihe public bmldings consumed were, besides the Custom House above mentioned, the beautiful convent of the Presentation Nuns, and schoolroom opposite, St. John's Church, THE GREAT FIRE. fire was the most fiiaker's shop, about ; the suburbs, then g but a forest of ishing town. The John, Major Robe, I their exertions ; I made at Messrs. he comer building, tizens were killed ; the lire became ho iion reached every- ng's Hill, far away y the high wind; , caught, the heat ling of the many • Street, and with >st miraculous that mtile warehouses, len dwellings at the xt suites of buildings at nveloped, and the fire, verM by the immenKo )nibu8tible materials of h it had consumed, and n fed, hastened on the I with inconceivable ite completely every stone and wood without the break at Messrs. 3 Custom House next he flames forward to ; hence they extended ling everything inter- of Messrs. Robinson, !se fine buildings were ravages continued with n to the premises of leeson, at the extreme after the consumption truth be said, the fire emess of exhaustion, sustain it, and having r more than a mile in 8 two principal streets. I extent of the havoe isiderable ; we believe -one artilleryman and death on this occasion, isumed were, besides )ove mentioned, the e Presentation Nuns, e, St. John's Church, iHB Not one of us who witnessed the terrors of that awful fire will ever forget the 0th of June 1846. The weather was fortunately warm otherwise the misery of the poor families who were huddled together on the Barrens for the first night or two would have been still greater • PIAH OP THE ATPBOAOH TO ST. JOHR'6 HARBOUB, with military promptness, tents were provided for their shelter, and in the course of a very short time long lines of wooden sheds were erected, called " the camps." The leading men in St. John's showed great spirit the Court House and jail, the theatre, the Commercial Buildings, the Bank of British North America, the Colonial Treasurer's Office, and Savings Bank. The public moneys fortunately were all saved and deposited in Government House. The Roman C3tholio Chapel, the Orphan Asylum School, the Native Hall, and the Factory were immediately thrown open for the shelter of the many houseless and destitute of our fellow creatures, who had been in the short space of a few hours deprived of their homes and means of subsistence. " We cannot speak in too high terms of praise of the conduct of His Excellency Sir John Harvey in these melancholy circum- stances. He was to be seen during the day in the midst of the scene of horror, aiding the people by the suggestions of a superior judgment and experience, counselling against the commission of irretrievable errors, and evincing all that sympathy for the afflicted which 18 so strikingly characteristic of his humane and tender heart. To Lieut.-Col. Law and M. A. Robe and every officer of the garrison we feel an expression of public thaakflilness is a just debt. Their actions were judiciously directed, and most energetic- ally continued, and the troops under their com- mand have ably sustained the high character they had achieved on many and similar occasions of public distress. "Thefiredestroyedthe premises of Messrs. Hounsell, Schenk & Hounsell. Stahb w«,» 460 RBION OF VIC'TOUIA, 1837-1857. ;i! and alacrity in taking meatures to reliovu the .liHtreMed, and to re- constmct the town. The very next morning sonio of the citizens were at work excavating amongst tho ruins of their dwelling., and preparing to erect temporary shedH ; thousiuuls were ruined, but everywhere there was a hopeful, determined spirit that St. Jt.hn's should riwe again. Sir John and his advisers acted with great promptitude and gowl judgment • an admirable relief committee wns appointed ; property was carefully' guarded by the military. On the very next day His Excellency adopted measures to meet the pressing emergency of the situation. Pedley says : — "Ho issned a proclamation conveninK tbo local legislature to meet in six days He laid an embargo for a limited period on the exportation of provinions. H.i addrewed a cronlar letter to the Oovornor-general and the lieutonant-governors ot all the Bntiah American colonies, and the Hriti.h consuls at Hoston and Now York, making known the deplorable disaster and the inunediate wants arising Jrom It. He authorised the chartering of two vessels, one to Halifax and one to ^ew X-ork. for provisions. Lastly, he called a meeting, held on the 10th, at which he presided of all the heads of the mercantile establishments, as well as of the prmoipal inhabitants, the clergy, judges, and ofiicers of the aovernment. One of the resolntions passed at the public meeting deserves to be recorded, as evincing the strong brave heart oltho citizens amidst the still smouldering embers of tho fell rum which had suddenly come upon them :— * x'l^^^fl^'' ^i"** *^'' meeting is aware that the well-established credit and stability of the trade of St. .lohn's. coupled with the natural and inexhaustible resources of its fisheries, will speedily (>nable it to recover its usual current, but that in the meantime it is necessary that publicity should be given to the demond lor provisions and building materials which at present exists in this market ' 'Great sympathy was displayed, accompanied by a bounteous liberality, towards the inhabitants of St. John's suffering under such a fearful calamity in the neighbouring colonies and in the United Kingdom. Halifax was the first to exhibit Its practical charity. At a meeting of the citizens held the day after the SiTo^"' mu' * '"^«^"P"«'^ ^a« commenced which in a very short time reached xi,dW. Ihis munificent contribution was expended in provisions, which were forwarded by the steamer, and wm in addition to £1,000 transmitted in specie by the Government of Nova Scotia. Prince Edward's Island also forwarded a large sum. as did also the towns of St. John and Fredricton. The Government of Canada sent £2.000, and the citimns of Quebec subscribed even a larger sum for the same object. The news an-ived in England at the time when Mr. Gladstone was holding the office of Colo«i»l Swetary only until the appointment of his and Holmwood. William Grieve & Co., Wilson & Meynell, Robert AUop & Co., Rennie Stuart, & Co., Wm. Warren, Boyd & McDougall, P. Rogerson & Son, J. & W. Stewart, C F. Bennett & Co., John Warren, Langley & Tessier, P. & W. Carter, E. TayJor, Shea & Murphy. Thomas Glen, John Mo William, E. & N. Stabb, Pierce Grace, I. & I. Kent, R. O'Dwyer & Co., Neil McDougall, Begg Keir, & Co., Bowring Bros., R. & A. Rutherford, M. Stewart & Co.. Robt. Finlay, McBride & Kerr, Michel Nowlan, John Renouf, Richard Howley, Saml.Mudge, Warren Bros., Baine Johnston & Co., Edward Smith, Wilson & Co., Jamis Clift, Richd. Perohard, S G. Archibal.l, w^J'^'tt ^*J' ^- ^°**«' ^- N. Goff & Co., W. & H. Thomas & Co., J. M. Rendell & Co., Gilbert Clapp, J. B. Barnes & Co. Job Bros. & Co., Hunters & Co., Jas. Tobiu & Co., L. O'Brien & Co., James Douglas & Co., Parker & Gleeson, Edward Morri- Nicholas Gill, G. F. Bowd, Walter Dillou, J. Cusack & Sons, Dunscombe & Harvey, Robinson Brooking & Co., John Brockle- bank, John F. Mullowney, Richard Hillman." I reHiod, and to re- f tho citizeuB were ingH, and preparing t everywhere there Id riMe again. 8ir nd go(xl judgment ; erty was carefully y His Excellency he situation. i to meet in aix days. of proviMions. Ho Ueutonant-governofH at lioBton and Now idiate wants arising Halifax and one to a the 10th, at which its, as well as of the overnment. One of ecordod, as evincing ng embers of tho fell tablishod credit and i and inexhaustible I usual current, but ven to the demand this market.' mnteoua liberality, fearful calamity, in tax was the first lo the day after the short time reached isions, which wero uitted in specie by forwarded a large 16 Governmont of a larger sum for hen Mr. Gladstone 'Ppointment of his iros., Bnine Johnston Vilson & Co., Jamis S G. Archibald, e, R. N. Goff & Co., 0., J. M. Rendell & B. Barnes & Co., 1^ & Co., Jas. Tobiu ^o,, .Tames Douglas an, Edward Morris, >WD, Walter Dillou, nscombe & Harvey, Co., John Brocklc- , Richard Hillman." THE DEPARTURE OP SIR J. HARVEY. „, ttiAf, Rnm P9K (vu\ i> :i ^i ■ . /•"■<"• ■"• "»>ioiton ot 1 iirliamont, audod to n„H'",orfc"'°, "T ™' " ■""'* "nfortunalo one for the Colony. On Ik, 19thof Septon,bera te„i«c gale de.tr„ye.l an in„„o„,e .mount Zlltt >l '"'*'f '■"'"• ""-^ '">"=•' ■■ 'here wa,al«, an extrao^linary h.gh t..Io, the water ca>ne up to the floors of several houses on tto south side of Water Street.' There were a the troubled sea of politics. Hi, »ucce,r"n p.om„tmg peace and hannony among the able but excitable HHicians of hat piwmce w,« tho final achievement of his long and ilctive Ii"e L,«ly Harvey, to whom he was tenderly attaehed, expired rather suCfenly ,„ 185, Sir .Tolrn never rallied from this blow; in M^h 1852 he also d,e.l at Halifax.' His n.erits as an able diplon.atist ."d pol,t,c,an were rightly appreciated in Nova Scotia, but he has received scant just.ce from our local politicians and historian. We have on y to I ' 1 kdley's Histori/ of Newfoundland. In the June aession of the House of Assembly (1846) Mr. Glen proposed to spend £100 to mcrease the gas lamps h. Water htreet , clergymen, doctors, and out-harbour planters complamed of the dangers and dark- ness of the streets. B. J. Parsons, E. Hanra- Han, R. Carter, and Hon. W. B. Row voted agamst it ; Parsons vehemently denounced tbe expenditure. =• Major-General Sir John Harvey, K C B entered the army in 1800; he served' with great distinction in India and in Egyot As Deputy Quartermaster General he w^t through the American war of 1812. On one occasion when opposed to General Wingfield *>cott, U.8.A., his opponent admire? his gallantry so much that he gave orders to his soldiers not to fire at the handsome, dashin* colonel. After the war. Sir John was ap! pointed Inspector-General of the Police m Ireland, even in this difficult position he became a universal favourite. In 1885 he was made Lieut.-Govemorof Prince Edward's Island, and two years later was promoted to the larger governorship of New Brunswick. His Excellency had to inaugurate responsible government in the province, and it need not be HHHl that he carrietl out the liberal policy of the English ministry in an eminently satisfactory manner. During his tenure of ofticc. there was great excitement over the Alame Boundary question , Sir John and his old opponent General Scott, by their wise and pacific measures, kept peace between England and the United Stktes. For W° ^S'^^PP?'*'^"? '° *•»« Commander-in- Chief in Canada. Sir John was dismissed; after explanations, his valuable services were rewarded by « K.C.B. and promotion to thS Governorship of Newfoundland. In 1845 the Cnnard steamer Hibemia struck near Cape Race ; she got off all right! and the passengers came on to St. John's One of ihem wrote to the Fredericktm Loyalist, "St. John's Harbour is quite a business place, the harbour full of shlppL everybody actively employed, and appa?entlv profit^b y so. ... Political f ends K vanished, religious differences are unknown Protestants and Catholics are livSJ h»' Christian charity and perfect harmony with each other, he society is excellent, ai tS people hospitable iu the extreme, and this state of things. I am happy to say. is mainlv attributed to the propitiS adm Jis^SS Li 462 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1867. 1 I (J contrast the violence and party animosity that existed under his predecessors, both excellent Govei-nors, to rightly value the tact and the ability with which Sir John Harvey managed all parties. Both sides h-ive always declared that, with his infinite grace and smooth speech, he humbugged them all ; perhaps he did, at any rate he was a skilful peace- maker, one of the first duties of a Governor.^ Sir John Harvey was succeeded in 1847 by Sir Gaspard Le Marchant, a distinguished soldier.* His Excel- lency will long be gratefully remem- bered in this Colony for the deep interest he took in promoting agriculture. He was a thoroughly practical man and not a diplomatist, like his august predecessor ; Sir John talked admirably about fai-ming, Sir Gaspard acted. He introduced Ayrshire and Jersey cows, and in a few years completely transformed the breed of cattle throughout the Colony. He liked to see after everything personally ; when he heard that the mob were burning him in effigy, he went down to see if his SIR O. LE MARCHANT. Sy Sassano. Sir John Harvey, their present Governor, and the former Governor of New Brunswick ; he is certainly the most kind-hearted, hospitable, excellent man; he is doing a great deal of good here, and is respected and beloved by by all classes, I believe. ..." > Mr. Timothy Mitchell, afterwards the well-known Inspector of Police, had been in the police force, under Sir John Harvey, in Ireland and New Brunswick, and at His Excellency's suggestion he came on to St, John's. In the old days the Inspector did splendid work, %cth in the detection of crime and in the capture of criminals. I remember on one occasion when he was attempting to arrest a rioter in Catalina, the man caught up an old picket with a lonj rusty nail in it ; as he was going to make a blow at Mitchell the Inspector drew trom his pocket the case of a long French pipe he had borrowed from me ; the man thought it was a revolver, and dropped his weapon at once. In the witness- box Mitchell showed as much ability as iu the perfnrmnncc of lii^ other duties. Judge Robinson L.id rather a sharp way ct cros3- exumining police and magistrati s ; he was asking the Inspector, rather peremptorily, about the confession made to him in an arsc)u case. " You searched the prisoner, sir, Avhat Aid you find on him?" "His insurance policy in one pocket, my Lord, and the Key of Heaven in the other," was the imperturb- able reply. 2 Sir John Gaspard Le Marchant, Ivnt. Bachel. (cieat. 1838); G.C.M.G., 1860; K.C.B., 1865. Entered the aimy in 1821; became a colonel ia 1851, and held local rank as a major-general till fully promoted to that rank in March 1858; retired from the command ot the 85th foot in 1846 on proceeding to Newfoundland; was Govenior and Commander-in-Chief of Newfoundland from February 1847 to June 18.^2; Lieiit.- Governor of Nova Scotia from June 1852 to December 1857, when he was appointed Governor of Malta, and received local rimk of heut.-general there, 1859 ; was a brigadi"i- general in the service of Her Catliolic Majesty; a knight of the 1st class and a knight commander of the orders of San rornando and of Charles HI. of fspaiii; received the honour of knighthood from the Queen, with permission to wear his fortijin orders, which wt:e conferred for services ia Spain. He dieiZ in 1874. THE NEW LEGISLATURE. existed under his ue the tact and the arties. Both sides IE MAECHANT. I Bassano. ;le throughout the 7', when he heard 3wn to see if his 1 the prisoner, sir, what n ?" " His insurance my Lord, and the Key er," was the iinpeiturb- ird Le Marchant, Km. i); G.C.M.G.. ISfio,- ed the ainiy in 1821; 1851, and held local ral fill fully promoted 3h 1858; retired from 85th foot in 1846 on in \\a.nA ; was Governor hief of Newfoundland to June 1852; Lietit.- 'Cotia from June 1852 den he was appointed tid received local vank 1859; was a bi'igadi"r- ice of Her Catliolic ' the 1st class and a f the orders of San larles III. of Spain; r knighthood from the 'n to wear his foreijin [iferred for services ia '4. 46» 'ZLZ/:^$. "" ""■ ""' " -'^ ^°" '^"»- - .ad bee. In December 1848 the first session nf fi,« t • , " When pursuing of their shindies, They broke the lovely windies, Upon the Shannon shore "_ reached our Island home. Responsible ffovernr ent w«« ^u our modest rebellion, and the only oj:::",:Z''lZ::'t:^ Gove^n^ent will b/no rnJ:;:Z'^l^:tX: "'^^ '' -"^^J^esponsible tions of Newfoundland have been of late in various ways modifi ^ ' /?' ''''"*°- some time must unavoidably clause beforfi t w ! ^ f^o^ified and altered, and and adaptation to the colonitl wLtf o/ so^^^^^^^ *'** '^°»«""* «f ^-^7 preliminary to the future extension of popX G^TumentT' '" indispensable Of ^tl!:^fT' ^^ ''''' ''- '-'^ ''^ -- -w. in a despatch ^^i^l^r'llla^^^^^^^ differing from the conclusions at Responsible GLn..en.,an^lXwt;:oXr^^^^^^^^ establishment of I consider on the contrary that the wisdom IndTustice of fw ^T'- ' ' ' confirmed hy the accounts since received from Newfoundland.'' '""^^"^^'^"^ ^^- ' Postal Commjnication, 1847. PnWilitf^' ^^"^^u ^^^^ *° acquaint the Public at arge that he intends to run a four! V^Tr''"'? Kelligrews and Brigus and Port de Gmve during the winter months; a steady and confidential man will fe^ve St. John's every Wednesday morning, with the packages aud letters for transmission, which will be forwarded to their destinatTon as legularly as the weather will permit : single letters IS., double letters 2s.; packaces'^in proportion to their bulk and weight. " Mr. Doyle begs to announce to the communities of St. John's, Harbour Grace and Carbonear, that he has engaged a confi- dential packet man to travel around th^ r„ The Postal Revenue in 1841 wa^^ 1 084 1851 „ 4'329 1861 „ 5,170 1871 „ 10,000 1878 „ 15,60!> " " 1892 „ 44,000 'I 464 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1857. 1.111, I,', The agitation still ^^ent on, notwithstanding Earl Grey and the sturdy feir John Pakington. Responsible government had been conceded to every one of the North American Colonies; the Home Government ought to have had wisdom enough to see that it was inevitable, and conceded it gracefully, instead of having it wrung from them. Each successive House of Assembly had pronounced in favour of executive responsibihty ; even the Amalgamated House, in which two-fifths of the members were nominees of the Crown, had voted in favour of the same principle. This political agitation, begun at the May meeting in 1846, continued up to the introduction of our present form of government in 1855. The actors in the final scenes of our great constitutional drama, however, were new men. Mr. John Kent, in 1849, became Collector of the Customs in place of Mr. Spearman (who retired with a pension). Dr. Fleming, worn out with incessant toil and labour in his diocese, in 1848 obtained as coadjutor Dr. Mullock, who arrived in St. John's on the 6th of May 1848. From this time forth the leaders of the Liberal and Catholic party were Mr. P. F. Little and the new Bishop. Both were men of great ability, libei-al and enlightened in their views.^ Dr. Mullock was a scholar, full of wit and eloquence ; he did much to forward the interests of the Colony, and was one of the first to promote telegraphic communication, local steam, and practical agriculture. Mr. P. F. Little, afterwards Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court and brother of the present excellent judge, J. L Little, came from Prince Edward's Island, where he was born in 1824; he began practice as a lawyer about 1845. He had a very up-hill fight, but his ability his .-'.ttention to business, with his shrewdness and knowledge of affairs soon p. F. IITTLJ. Sy Lafayette, Dublin, ' Bishop Mullock's good sayings, however, are quite eclipsed by the wit of his brother, familiarly known as Tom, organist of the Cathedral, the " Parish Piper ' as he styled himself. On one occasion there was a dis- snssion at the Bishop's table about the interior of the Colony ; Dr. Mullock, in his impetuous way, said it was a wilderness, only fit for the bears. "That's what I was saying," said Tom, " it was barely known." Ou another occasion, Tom, for want of a 1)etter conveyance, sent down to Don Hipolito De Uriarte, the Spanish Consul, a piano he had purchased for him, on a hearse. The n .'^.*t .^^■■^.'°**'«°*°*'* a «rowd had collected before his door to witness this novel ?1^*S?„°^ ^o^Jng a piano. «' What for, Mr. Mullock," said Uriarte. "you send down my piano on the funeral cart ? " " Sure " said Tom, " I wanted to convince you that yoii — .-.. v^"\'. i"iii3 peculiar orattJ and brogue, and his rubicund countenance, gave u fine flavour to his jokes, which is los^t in the telling. 7. arey and the sturdy I been conceded to Home Government was inevitable, and from them. Each avour of executive vhich two-fifths of 5d in favour of the in 1846, continued nent in 1855. The p. F. IITTLJ. Lafayette, DubHn, ation, local steam, Supreme Court, 'ame from Prince 2;an practice as a it his ability, his ge of affairs, soon ih Consul, a piano he a, on a hearse. The [nant; a crowd had r to witness this novel piano. " What for, larte, "you send down I cart?" "Sure," said >nvince you that you Tom's peculiar dra»i ubicund countenance, 8 jokes, which is lost SIR G. LE MABCHANT. ^gj Mr. P. F. lltaeZZ th/l ^ t^""" ''"■ ■^'Po-'iWe government powerful .:"„ r™'.e"rr ""^"r' ■"" "^ '"' ^I'' "-' -sailed by a portion of the ill p e^T. vt ™,'««"^"8'y his enen.ie» specially ,„eer.d .Tl^TeZoll^^^'Z ''T' .ntroduction of coeks and hen«, cow, h"^° 1T "" '^ subject of infinite ridienle. Adn.i„iL«r ;ore *7J3-t^ pass away, but an improved breed of ™«1. • *^' P°''''™ 'o the connfy that ^ Ji: ^^^^ 'LISTel '""'" and hi8 political enemies has long been f„,J,ttrT! ^o™™"' fanner in the country oven to-day linLnZtt^;.'"* • ^'^^.^'^ .°" cow a, " of ould Sir Caspar's bre«l.» U IIUm Jdl " ^"'"^^ poor politician, but he wa« loyal, honest, andtlttdrf ^ "'^ practical work in encouraging the cultivation of !T' j " '"'"'' breeding of cattle, than afy former gI™^!"' '*°'' "' ^P"™"^' *« His ExceUency Ker Baillie Hamilton,' who assmnM tl. • the government in December 1852. was 7n\n^m^^" IT."^ predecessor. Sir Gaspard went about eyl^Z^S^ '' a^er around St. John's; Mr. Hamilton Zl^ l^Z "T tactum man; he wrote well, and ™ very pious an^^go^anet: 'Legislative Council, Hon. Col. Law, President. » *fM^rchibald, Attorney-General. ;; ^.'bj^ow^' Colonial Secretary. " i^'J^^^' Surveyor-General. » I/. J*. Bennett. >f J. J. Grieve. >i L. O'Brien. House of Assembly. Speaker, Hon. J. Kent. ^ acentia: G. Hogsett. A. Shta. Fogo:C,. H.Emerson. FerryJ„nd: P. Winsor. Fortune Bay: H.W.Hoyles. Bonavista: J. H. Warren, Trinity: S. March. service in moo • , "dian military S7ei;ici^o^?k?C^^^^ Tal?.!" '''^ Lowrrcorrrer""^'«'?"««^^^^^^^^^^^ afterwards acted there as coloSilff .' I^^TTdml;,Srorthe Iv^"-^"''""^^" Barbados and the WiXaM^'Sr "n 1851 5 Governor of Newfoundland Tls-io Goveruor-m-Chief of Antiirua 3 1 r ' ward Islands iu 1855 to tuar^'lst. '^'*- Q O 466 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1867. OOVBKNOE BAII,r,IK HAMILTON. JVow an old phofoyrnph. tried to plea«e the public ; he could not speak, and in the crisis and ag. ation for responsible government he was about as unfit a n,an as the iintish Government could possibly have selected to till a difficult position. Lord Dufferin humorously compared himself to the humble individual in a paper cap who goes about with a long-spouted tin can o.lmg the n.achinery, and his Lordship's marvellous success as an administrator 13 largely due to his tact and good judgment, and his faculty as a political lubricator. Poor Ker Baillie Hamilton, excellent, good, honest man, had not this gift; he never tried to conciliate parties or to make the governmeni work smoothly; as a Governor he was a complete failure ; at the same time nothing can palliate the indecent manner in which the majority of the House of Assembly assailed him. It is not necessary to go over all the long discussion about responsible government When the British Cabinet, represented by the Duke of Newcastle, finally agreed to , . ,. . ^'"1"*^ *he Colony Home Rule, they attached two main conditions-the old office holdei-s should receive fair treatment and there should be a proper Representation Bill. The Secretary ot htate for the Colonies wrote to Governor Hamilton that- ^il^Z ^*J^'*^J' Government had come to the conclusion thnt they onght not to w thhold from Newfoundland those institutions, and that civi ladminrstrattl On the question of the pension to the retiring officers, there was a most contemptible wrangle ; a Committee of tl.e House, consisting of FM r\r i'\?"'"''^' ^'^"'**^' ""^^ Hanrahan, decided to give, KM. Archibald Attorney-General, after.twenty years' good service as a public officer, and now compulsorily retired, £140 per annum. Governor Hamilton very properly refused to accede to such an unfair allowance, and the Home Government approved of his conduct. Finallv tlie pensions wei-e fixed as follows :-J. Crowdy. Colonial Secretary, £400- Archibald. Attorney-General, £;ioO ; Noad, Su. veyor-General. £285; H. A. Emerson, Solicitor-General, £90 Over the Represent. tlon question Ix^th sides fought bitterly; Mr. Little's party wanted to "gerrymander" the districts to .ecure his party majority, whilst the Conservatives with equal pertinacity opposed him. In such a difilculty in the crisis and unfit a man as tlie to till a difficult ?lt' to the humbl«i g-spouted tin can »U8 success as an udgment, and his icator. Poor Ker lit, good, honest he never tried to ce the govern men I vemor he was a une time nothing' manner in which ise of Assembly ) over all the long ble government. , represented by inally agreed to le, they attached ve fair treatment, The Secretary lat — b they ought not to ^■il administration, d been adopted in 3a, and they were as soon as certain Egislatnre." :ers, there wats a se, consisting of lecided to giv(! ood service as a Quin. Governor infair allowance, Finally, tlie Jcr«taiy, £400; jeneral, £285 ; Representation rty vranted ic, ity, whilst the uch a difiiculty RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. 467 1^72"^ ^Plon-atic "ovemorwould l,ave stood between the opponents and Jiave endeavoured to work- nnf « f^i. • , "FP^nenra that both sides had t^ wo k J ' T^ '^' '"'^ ^"^^""^ «*' t^^l^"^***'^" siues naci to work on was the mperfect census of 1K4.(^ . u and Twillingate with one member each were under-represented, whilst less important and less populous district., like Placentia and Ferryland md each two member.. It is clear, however that the Protestant Party we,-e unwise i,,' stolidly resisting any change. They should have known that responsible goverament was sure to come sooner or later, «nd have stood out firmly for a census before the Representa- tion 13111 was agreed to, anr] endeavoured to luake the best of the coming event. Too much impo.tance was given to the personal uiterests of the office holders, and too little regard to th. f gocxl government of the Colony. Thero shouldT t ^ ' Z :. -' Lt- r^ stirs. =■ -."t-i: be admitted that Mr Littl ^atd t i T''^"^*"'^'' ""^' ^* ™»«* .-„, „.,d t. co„.r :eS XX. to % 1^ -z • Legislative Council. DON. T. E. ROW. Bff Cox and Durrani. Hon. L. O'Brron, President. Jas. '.' -'r:. John iCoc jfort, M.I). Geo. H Emerson, Solicitor-Gtnerdl. John Munn. S. Carson, M.D. T. R. Kow. J. J. Ilo^'ersou. T. H. Ridley, Jas. Furlong. !'• l>"ggan. J. Cormack, House of Assembly elected 7th Mav 1855. ro '''^'f^,^'"^* House of Assembly under responsible governn.ent consisted of the lolloning members : St. John's West: Hon. P. F. Little Attorney-General and Premier; Hon! A. Shoft, Speaker: Jnhsf li'ijj^ St. John's East : Hon. J. Kent, Colonial wSr' ''• '• '*""""«^ ^""' "Sender^r^'- "''^"''"'' '• ^■ 2 I.. n? 468 EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1867. constitution w.vh a political blunder. Wo nuiy give them credit for honesty of purpose, but all the same they committed a grave mistake It IS due to Governor Hamilton's memory to record that when important questions of telegraphic and steam communication arose dunng hm admmistration he showed both liberal and enlightened views • he also wrote very able despatches on the French fishery question. On the subject of the telegraph. I have carefully consulted the records of the time and, as far as possible, endeavoured to state the history of its introduction into the Colony correctly in Chapter XXI. Inl855the new administration under responsible' government was appointed, with the Hons. P. F. Little, Premier and Attorney-General ; J. Kent, Colonial Secretary ; T. Glen, Receiver- General; E. Hanrahan, Surveyor-General; G. H. Emerson, Solicitor - General ; and L. O'Brien, President of the Legislative Council. It was purely and entirely a Liberal administration, all the members of the Government represeriting Roman <:!atholic constituencies ; Mr. Emei-son did not count, as he had been defeated in Twillingate, and now Hat in the Council. The throe principal officers, Little, Kent, and Glen, were able men ; in the words of Mr. Hanrahan, as an administration « it was as near perfection as possible.'' They had the rare good luck of prosperous years. " the sunshine of prosperity." in the words of Mr. Kent, beamed on the Government. 1855, 1856, and 1857 were years of p enty ; the new Cabinet, under the lirm hand of the P.emier, was able, liberal, and progressive. In 1854, the cholera was brought into St. John's by infection from a sailor s clothes ; it spread destruction with frightful rapidity ; all the efforts Carbonear : Hon. E. Hanrahan, Surveyor- General, and Chairman of the Board of Works. Holyrood : Talbot and Byrne. Port de Grave : K. Brown. Ferryland: Hon. T. Glen, Keeeiver- General ; E. D. Shea. Burin : Benning and Morris. Bonavista: R.Carter, Warren, and Wal- bank. Fogo and Twillingate : Ellis and Knitfht Fortune Bay : H. W. Hoyles. Burgeo and La Poile : K. Prowse. Placentia : Hogsett, Delauey, and Kelly Trinity : F. Carter, March, and Winter Bay de Verds : Beiuister. The first administration under respon- sible government was composed of able and enliRhtened politicians ; the Governor guided their footsteps, and was their firm ally and B. PKOAVSE. supporter. The Attorney -General, V. F. Little, very wisely associated himself with members from the opposite side ; Messrs. Walter Grieve, Munn, Ridley, Rogerson, G. H. En-erson, and Haywurd (afterwards Judge Hayward), were amongst his Protestant supporters. Mr. Little was an able leader, aud always kept his party well in hand ; from first to last he enjoyed the unbounded confidence of Bishop 'Mullock. Mr. Kent made an excellent Colonial Secre- tary, and T. Glen was a heaven-born IW- ceiver-General, one of the best party men that ever sat in a cabinet. At a political meeting an out-harbour member, who was under obligations to the Government, said to Glen, in a patronizing tone : " I believe yoii are right, Mr. Recejvrr-General | I will support, you." "Confound you," said Glen, " I don't want your support when 1 am right j it is when I am wron? you must back mo up." * ! them credit for grave mistake, ecord that when munication arose nlightened views ; sry question. On ed the I'ecords of the history of its government was Lttomey-General ; Glen, Receiver- r-General ; G. H. nd L. O'Brien, ill. It was purely itration, all the resenting Roman son did not count, Ungate, and now principal officers, >le men; in the [ministration " it are good luck of srds of Mr. Kent, ' were years of remier, was able, infection from a ty; alltheeftbrts •General, RF.Littlo, limselfwith members lessrs. Walter Grieve, , G. H. Eirerson, and idge Hayward), were iipporterti. Mr. Little ilwajs kept his party to last he enjoyed the of Bishop Mullock, llent Colonial Secre- a heaven-born lU- the best partj' men inet. At a political member, who was Government, said to ne : "I believe yoii f r-General i I will ifound you," said >ur Buppert when 1 im wrong you must ARCHDEACON BRIDGE. 4^ of medical skill, the humane exertion of the clergy ami of self-devotod women were powerless to stay t!.e plague; however, it was practically lledlh ["^t r"';"''"'"' ''''''' ''' "^^ '^'y- ''^'-'^^ the chole^ l^s ed, the number o deaths was appalling. Bishops Mullock and Feild and Archdeacon Bridge were conspicuous during the epidemic by their heroic, self-sacrificing labours for all-Catholics ' and Protestants alike were personally attended by these He was a remarkably able man, of ARCHDEACON BRIDGE. From a miniature in the possession of his son. Admiral Bridfje. r~ ' Sir Charles Henry Darling, K.C.R (created 18C2), entered the Ainiy as ensign oii tJ\ »5P^n>l>^r 1826, by recommendation trom the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after public examination; became, in 1827 assistant private secretary to the late General Sir Ralph Darling, then Governor of New South Wales and Major-General com- 470 RKTCrN OF VICTORIA, 1H.37-I857. lir voHt oxporionco; |,o tun^ht his new n.h.ist.y how to work tl... now const.tutum. an.l rul,.,l then, lik., a pack of seh,«>ll,„vH. Th. ConNerva ivo party eanu. int., collision with hin.. lirnt as n-ganls his authority" to nmuKurato tl.o new consftnti<.n. an. a, „s„al to 1« «aerifice,l. Tto-eTn I tftnt-General of Militia, was a member of ti.e assembly and of severnl ext-cutive boanN • was again appointed Governor's secretary .liiriDfr the a.l-interini administration of the ZZ'Tu u ^T"-''' ^y Major-General HackMlle H. Berkeley, and continued to held tnat ottice diirmg the earlier period of the rr!r-""'?«// *i" ^*'«''' """• «»• Charles n,.Ln" l^n^'*' '' '" '^^^ ^^"^ appointed l^ifutenant-Governor of the inland of St Lucia- in IHol appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, an office specially created for the conduct at Cape Town of c' civil irnvortimont ,..l.;l.. c- rt " " '" manding the forces m that colony and Van Dieman's Land; and was also appointed military seeretarj' to that officer in 1830, I,, 1H3;<. while a student in the senior depart- ment of the Uoyal Military College, was appointed secretary to the late Lieulenniit- General Sir Lionel Smith, upon that officer's nomination to be Governor and Commander- in-Chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and was employed in that capacity untd 1836, Sir Lionel Smith having been i^ that year nomniated to the government of Jamaica, Mr. Darling was appointed Go- vernor s secretary for that colnnv ami i-o - -i — ^-^..-uui. »i, v.iiin; town ot tlie tained the appoinLent uSl theTe.'mh^tio'; tt rfvIrnT '°!, 'A^"'' ^"' ^•^°^*^« ^athca^ i-n that I'r bf^'J'^ ^'"^""""-"^ "» "'" ^ ?„rjr;r^,?"=°^--;^¥?f. l"i«»" in that J ear obtained an unattached company and retired from the army in 1841 - in 1843 appointed bv (he Karl of Elgin, then Governor of Jamaica, Agent-General of Immigration for the colony, and held also the office of Adju- be engaged in h.s military and civil 'dii.ks on the fronuer After the departure of bir George Catheari, administered the jro- yernment of the Cape from May 1854 t., December 1854, during which period the par- liamentary constitution of the settlement was NKoorrATroNs wrnr France. 471 to work tlic new y». Tlu! Conmerva- nnls luH Huthority en t\wy iimiHtod cm It'gislativc council ; iHpateh was a Htronu argument, .ibly put no .l.,ubt, but entirely in the intereHts of tho French, and opposed to tluj rights and claimH of the (Jolony There mm much indignation in St. J(,ht.'s when it was pubii.sh.xl with the other paper8 concerning the great Gonvention with tlie French of 1857. In order to comprehend the wihl outburst of popular indignation which aroHo in 1 857, it is nece.ssary to go ))ack for Home time, and alno to underHtand the character of the previous negotiations which had been going (m between the representatives of the two Governments for several years; all these various discussions and draft settlements have one uuN-arying chtimcteristic : the French gain all the advantages and the Colony gets nothing in return. The principal English negotiator Sir Anthony Perrier, appears to have been either a French tool or tlxn'oughly incaptible official. All the fine diplomacy of France was directed to three principal points : first, to secure an unlimitnl supply of bait ; second, to get the right to arrest and remove Colonial fisher- men and their vessels; third, to get a secure territory and to extend their rights on the treaty shore. It is a fortunate thing for us that the French were so over-reaching and so covetous of territory that even Perrier could not concede all their demands, and that the final Draft Convention of 1857 was an outrageous abandonment of our fishery rights. Labouchere and Perrier were agluwt when they heard of the excitement these unfair propositions created in the Colony ; the New- foundlanders held indignation meetings as hot and fiei-y as the Tea riots of Boston ; not only was Newfoundland aroust d, all British NortJi America rose with iier. The Eari of Derby, the Secretary of State for the Colonies in a despatch in 1884 to Sir John Glover, summarized the negotiations resulting in the Convention of 1857 as follows :— ''In the year 1844 the French Government proposed negotiations to be held in London, and previous to opening them it was determined to appoint a British and .branch Commissioner in Newfoundland to report upon the question, " Captain Fabvre. commander on the French naval stution, and Mr Thomas President of the Chamber of Commerce at Newfoundland, were, in consequence' appointed by their respective Governments. inaugurated and established j was nominated to the government-in-chief of Antigua and the Leeward Islands, previously to his sole administration of the government of the Cape ; but never assumed the duties of that Government, having shortly after his arrival in England been reu,uired to "roceed tn New- foundland as Administrator of the government of that colony, of v he was subsequently appointed Governor .._^ Oommander-in-Chief in February 1857 was appointed Captain- General and Governor-in-Chief of Jaii.aica, au office which embraces the geminl superin- tendence of the affairs of British Honduras and the Turks' Islands, and at that time included also the government-in chief of the Bay Islands ; received the Order of the Bath \.it..^.ij.) loo2, for his "loug and ciTective public services." Appointed Governor of Victoriii, 1803 J recalletl, March 18i]C; died in 1870. ' " 472 1 I I REIGN OP VICTORIA, 1837-1857. "On the aoth July 1844. Mr. Thomiu, made hiH renorfc to th. n this report ho .UKgOBtod with reffanl to tl.«Tr„« i. P^ . ^'^ Oorernor. I„ in their fishing places »e also hhL . T .! *P* separate and distinot Hmits to Belle Me North and Ldf^^^^^^^ "^ ^ho Fruuch fl.hory to French fishermen. "nggestiouB with regard to the sale of bait March I'L"^^^^ "^^^^^ '^ "««"*-"«- ^-« l^old in Paris in the month of "The British Oommissioner, Sir A Porr:<>,. » exchange for the fVench cession of all riffh^T^fw "^ »°*^«"««d to offer, i„ the following concessions :_ ^^ ^'''''° ^*P« ^^^ »"d JJonne Bay. •' Admission of r^elimm right of fisherv fmm p« going round by the north . "^''^'y ^«"» "onno Bay to Cape St. John. desirous of retaining for France, in addition to th'/ . ? ^''^''''^ ^"« mentioned, her rights of fishing, curing fish Ac aJ pL ^ Z'""! '"'«'**« "bove Port, and Lark Harbour, and ?; acq2e for tL PrTn K f ' ""^ ^'''''"•*' P«'-'-«- fishery on the coast of Labrador. ^ ^'^°"** * concurrent ' right of negZrn;Tnt:r;er^^^^^^^^^^^ -admit of hi« brought forward by the French Gorr^ment 'n fn Ik "° ""'I P'-opo^tions were negotialions fell through. ^^^^^^nent up to the month of May 1847. the " On the application of the French Government in i>j^^ renewed. Sir A. Perriez- being again directed to p":ceU"JSis"ra:'""« "'«" Commissioner M de Bon being appointed on the part of Fr^cT *' ^"^''^ "The British Oommissioner was instructed to Lite p;Zs,hf..o .u r. Commissioner such as might form a startinir Doinfc in h?/ ^f. 'Z'*'™ **"« *™nch •• M. de Bon accordingly proposed on the nar nf v °^«°*"^*'°««- British subjects to inhabft^the 1^81 VtTof in'T'' ^ '^'"'' *^« "«^* «f exclusive right of fishery in that bay to which Vw •f'' ^f""' togiveup tho '• 2. The right to fish during two months of the vear rwifl.^ f • on shore) on that part of the coast of rltiP"* *'"""S^ °'- «* 'Ting Isles of Vertes and le Isles St. Modest botMn'l fT^ '-twecn^hf " 3. The right of fishery at Belle Isle North.t' the sTrS'**;, ^l!^ . Oommissioner asserted was enjoyed bv the F.u'' ''^'''^ *^« ^'«nch any demur on the part of Great Britain "^ *" ^^^' ""^'^^^^ "The concessions demanded by the French nn^nfio* admissible, and the British Commissioner. Tordefto^r """"" °."* considered arising out of the claim of Great Britain to a coZZnt vTl^T^J''" ^'®*'°'"«« that the question would be best settled if the riLhte of t? a u ^^'y* '°««««*«d nations were kept separate and distinct In ordfr /n fishermen of the two proposed that the French rights should be mlL . J"*^ °"*' *^'^ «"«ge8tion, he subjects from Cape St. Johnfo 8ome point on the 1^''" *' '^'''' ''"''^'^ Verde (Green Point, to the north of Bonne Bry) the F ^'". '"''1'""'^ *« ^^^P'' to renounce their right altogether on the remabd«r nf^K ' '''' *^« ot^^r hand, that part where th« British h^ been ir f' " *h« coast, which would be fishexy and other fisheriesWdental to the r^lr^ZelTjt.ZX^''' to tho Oorernor. In of 'ezolnsiro rightii,' separate and distinct •f tho Fruuch flghory :d to the sale of bait iris in the month of horised to offer, in Rfty and iJonne Bay, ty to Cape .St. John, Belle Isle North j measures had nearly Captain Fabvre wag usive rights above Red Island, Port-n- oncurrent ' right of id not admit of his V propositions wore h of May 1847, the negotiations were is to act as British J. Js from the French itious. admit the right of •ms to give up the Lhemselros entitled ed— le Booth* coast of t curing or drying lated between tho 1; and '^hich the French > to 1841, without •e not considered »e the difficulties Sshery, suggested ermen of the two lis suggestion, he I against British St, such as Cape the other hand, which would be on the herring I population. EXCITEMENT IN THE COLONY. 478 aduu8t«ly forwarded to thrKlirnTfflcoro^^^^^ * ?" "^ ' ""**"' '^""^ ^'^^' ^« proposnl to thos: whrhadT:, tdt^ PrTcr ^"^ '" ^''^ '°™ "^ ^ ^^^^^ in the'll^!;ro5Z titSS^^^^^^^^^ f"^ *'^ ^°^«"-' «— ^ of negotiation to t off ed Tthe XnX a * ''^n'Promise ' „s the bnsis believed, with the views of thrCoronf„lT^».;''"T"'' ^*' «°"««Ponded, he any advantage orreaUalue and therTL':;^"^ ^'^'''''^ "^^^'^^ ""»"<>« of of barren rights and uselos; or nnmT T . -^ ''" * reciprocal abandonment treaty whieh^iUtru^u-edTrT^^^ '""•^^^' '^ ^^"** the Newfoundland Fisheries question '^"'*^ engagements on arr;:e?!nTnd:nr tTer^UhT Julv 'o^ H '''' '' ?''''''" ^•^-<». ->- Under Secretary of State for te Oofonfes"' Th'e baTs* TIJ'" ""'' ^''''''''''' ^^« founded upon the counter proposing Zfe by slrrk^ri^rr'^r" draft of the treaty proposed by Mr. Labouche« * ThT' . " "P"" ^'^'^ t^inatedby the signature of a^onven^tHn'Xndo^rr^^^-^r^J and^tlf^frit^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ <^apo St. John, on the east coast of Newfoundland .T rf^^ *° '^* ^^'^"''^ ^''^'n the Quirpon Islands, on the nlh co^t Tcanl v *^' ^"""P"" ^'^^""^'^ ^"^ from upon the following five fisherTharrl na Je^v r?"' '?k '^ T' "^'^^^' '" '^"^ Port.a.Port. Hed Island and Po^T^ t . 7^: ^"'*"''"-Cto.x, Small Harbour. harbours, to a radiu of three main! ml-' *n !f*'"^' "^^ ''^^'^'^'^ ^hese five each such harbour. On other 3„nf T»^ '"* ^ ' ^''°™ '^« ^«"*'« «f British subjects were to en^;aCnc™7ri hTo^^ '^^ '."^°" «^-P*«d) but French subjects were't^ have threL"sfve n,^^^^^^^ The excitement in the Colony over the Convention i.f is^-r mdigoation ove. this ^^ I :^.ir:rH:S;H!!lTf ^"^ ^™'"^ pottage. The proceeding „f „„r Lerilture in^J?^ a mess of aa to what oar conduct .hn„M X^fb ' i v "'u" ^''''' '^ "" "there none were for a part^bnralfwet ZTst:'' t" '''""^' and Opposition united to n^ntain our right 'ou^" a^^^'Z^Z 474 HFjaN OP TICTOTITA, lfl.17-18.^7. i'V'! H 1 1 « an old photograph, resolutions and 3 Newfoundland quote only the the most solemn jries or our soil to As our fishery and oriel aud polUicul our rhildrrn, we > convention ; we tako no stop.s to leges tliat reniuin iefore Governoi- lid before tlie le Labouchoiv w unoqnivocahl\- id ; and yon arc at the consent of FrXED SKTTLKMKNTS. 47S tlieoommnnityofNewfonndland JHrociird.a l.f Wn- M»i *• r, vHHoulial proliminftpy in ^nv moL p J i5. V/i. -^ Her Majogty h fJoircrnraent a<, the (H. Lal>oaohoil ) ^ ^ modification o. then- territorial or maririme rights."- Mr. Darling had infonnod tlu, Hous,. during, the winter of bin pro- n.otu,n ., annuca. The publication of His E.vo..|lencyH own d^: eh (No.(](,. July 2drd I85(i; cx-eat.d a very strong feeling agaiuMt bin. • on a careful perusal of this v aud m„de tl neceswy dnven oiT the coast dunng the wars between 17.50 and 1818 Enriish fishermen had monopolised all the north-east coast; but long l« ore t " " ^'' ""/"''• Newfoundland " plante.. " had extend ttlse ' fiom Bonavista gradually a« far north a» Quhpon It 2,,. permanent establishments of the English fishing ship^ ^hieh inlrfe ' v,th the free exerc.se of French rights, when the Frlh fishermen 2' 1815 Tt 7™t''"»»K -"»'=«- after the la.t treaty of " ace ta 1815; the English ship fishermen had to be forced awav I, „.fr ^ nermn.n»nt .,.tH"~ .--. •■ - , """^""way, but the real ;, """° ""="•■ '""•™' mterlem! with; the French eneonm,,,.,! the,r presence as guardians and keepers of their fishing estabMrS K *». ?'*'T '^e^Patches, unfortunately, are both too long to reproduce; they will be found in the Journals of the House of Assembly, 1857. «ou»e ot U hi !<. f-' mi m '%m 476 REIGN OP VICTORIA, 1837-1857. li I. ^WVWS-r , -a t; originally they never claimed a right to interfere with these 8mall tannerH and pernument nettlers on the coast, whose occupations in the wnitpr were furrh.g and sealing, and it is to this direct encouragement that the present English settlements on the north-east and wesr coasts are largely due. The Fnglish fishery at this time was chanoin.. its character from a ship rishe.y into a shore fishery, and the inen who had been using the west and ncrth-cast coasts now betook themselves to the more lucrative fishery at Labrador. The fight made against the blench by on., of these old ship fishermen is tol.l in the narrative of the stubborn old West Countryman Tory.» Fixed settlements only reterred to the permanent establishments of their rivals, the English ship fishermen. Governor Hamilton's advisers were well aware of°t his historical lact ; Gov ernor Darlixig seems to have entirely ignored it. The treaties on this subject must be construed accordincr to their real legal meaning, and the principles of International law, and also hy th' "xpositio contempmxinea showing how they were interpreted and understood. Whatever was not given to France remains with the proprietor and Sovereign Power, England; we have therefore the right to clear pnd cultivate land, to work mines, to carry on a salmon fishery and any other business that does not actually interfere with the Fiench' c d fishery. Our opponents may claim that either or any of these interferes with their limited fishery rights, but the injury must bo proved, their claim for damages must be a reasonable 'claim, and tlip question must be decided in a reasonable and rational manner by the British Government, the o.dy authority who can execute a treaty on English territory. For instance, on the west coast of Newfoundlan.l there are several small settlements on rivers. These streams aiv barred at their mouths by sand banks, and are therefore entirely unsuited for a ship cod fishery; for a century and more Englishmen have cleared and cultivated land at these places, and latterly soirc lobster factories have been carried on in these localities; M'ill any reasonable man contend that we cannot occupy these pllces ? Wc have done so, and will continue to do so. re ' The case of the firm of Richard & Mellam Tory, of Poole, carrying on a laige business at Sop's Ann, White Bay, for twenty-four years (set forth very fully in a long memorial to Governor Elliott in 1786), represents very high-handed proceedings on the part of the French naval officers. First- two bateaux with fifty men attempted to take possession of Tory's premises, but they would not allow them to land ; next day two French men-of- war came to Sop's Arm, and officers and men armed came ashore, drove the Torys from their premises, took away two-thirds of their dwelling-houBC, dragged anotlier English planter, Craze, on board the French sloop-of- w-ar, and kept him prisoner for two hours ; they also look possession of a salmon fisheiv up a brook which had been occupied anil used by an Englishman, named Craze, f(ir thirty years, made him leave the brook luul take up his nets, &c. The French let the Newfoundland planter Cmze remain in pos- session of his dwelling-house and premises. ihe great ftntasronism of the French U 'lie time was against their rivals the English sliin fishermen; the fixed settlements referred to were their rooms, not the humble establish- ments of the resident fishermen, which the French rarely disturbed. 7. with these small occupations in the rect encouragement ast and west coasts was changing its and the men who ■ betook themselves t made against the n the narrative of ' settlements only rivals, the English well aware of this )ly ignored it. according to their d law, and also hy •e interpreted and remains with the herefore the right 1 a salmon fishery, ■e with the Fiencli ■ or any of these i injury must bo ble claim, and tlip lal manner by the ecute a treaty on r>f Newfoundlan.l lese streams arc therefore entirelj- more Englishmen nd latterly sou e ialities; will any ese places? We lisoner for two hours ; )n of a salmon fishen id been occupied anil »n, named Craze, fur I leave the hrook iiiiil The French let ilic Craze remain in pos- f-house and premisis. of the French nt tiie rivals the English sliip ettlements referred to the humble establisli- fishermen, which the THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TREATIES. 477 It may be a^ked, is there no fair solution and settlentent possible of this venerable international difficulty? The French, as business men, are the most reasonable clear-headed people in the world. If this question could be once approached in a fair and reason- able spirit, it might be amicably settled. At t'.e present time the French fishery is a ship fishery, carried on principaiiy on the banks; their sedentaiy or shore fishery is relatively insignificant;^ as a French friend of mine explained, it is "an afl^air of a dozen old fishing brigs." The first requisite for a successful bank fishery is a certain supply, at reasonable prices Hox. i. a. cuzoN-nowE. Of the three varieties of fresh bait-herring, caplin, and squid. Our ' " List ok Fuexch Lobstkk Factouiks and Coi. Fisii.Mn 1? coAsx o. nkwkouno,.a.« x>.k.n« ;!;.k So,'!;;:";8or '"' ''''''' liOBSTElt FacTOKIKS. Where situated. Brig Bay Bartlett's Harbour St. John's Island Port au Choix Port au Choix Black Duck Brook Les \'ache8 lied Island Red Island Tweed Island - Port au Choix - Savage Islands Port au Choix - Port au Choix - Berbice Cove - St. John Island Fishot Islands - St. Juliens Kouge Rouge I Number of I Men approxi- ! mately. Manager. Where from. Belin - Bandgren Marie - Vilala - Belin - Tajan - Farvacquu (All lobsters canned at Cod Fishing Rooms I'oirier - Hacala - ' Belin - Belin - ' ^'ilala - Budeau Hiideau Miirie - FoJiard Ejon - DoUo - Perdon - H2 30* 12* 17* 15 24 60 28 80* 3.5 80* ;i4 34 70* 46 68 35 3i France. France. France. France. St. I'ierre. St. I'ierre. Les Vaches.) ' St. Pierre. St. PiciTe. France. France. France. France. France. France. France. France. France. France. Riiuarks, Not worked since 1892. 1892. 1893. ^894. Men - . . . _ gyg Lobster factorips working - 8 735 8 9.'53 9 1895. 983 11 478 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1H57. r 591 |i||i||i 4+ T G.Ihc neighbours know well that Fortune Bay. in ctee pmximity to St. P errc, turm»hes the best porible supply „f bait in the worhl • i i„ abunclant. e«.ly acce.«ible. and reasonable in price. Without a certainty Zffit T, "T Tf'/ understands and appreciates thi gi™t fa^t TIus supply ,s entirely in our hands ; we can at any moment pandyse the movements of the whole French fishing fleet by srZ," thcrsupphesofbait. We did so in 1888. Their Ml compfe.uent for e„ hmt U.t,ng on herring amounts to ,ifty.f„„r thousand barrel" by t.e.th May m that year the French had only obtained four thous'and .ml forty barrels ; their spring fishery was i„ consequence a compHe a"d d.sast™us fadure. The effect of the Bait Act, which be«.„ in 888 .s clearly shown by the tables giyen below.' That yoax w,« a favLrAk nom the bank fishery, „s both the English a„d\,„erican fl h":" made good voyages in 1888. "^"cunen Tliere can be no possible doubt about the effect of the R-.it A.f he Fj^neh fishery; besides the convincing proof o/^t^ltf CI! have t .e iol ow.ng extract from a letter published at Pa r n tl PeUt Journal, dated St. Pierre and Miquelon! July 15th, 1889 :- "Our Colony is very severely tried this year; the cod-fiBhin^ w;.- u tutes its principal-we might say its onlv-ind,,sfr7T, i^'J^'"''' ''°"'*'- deplorable resuL During the Z t^^ s.TelXi^,toZi: tl' '^^^' t^'' barely paid for their wine; all have returned from this trint "f if ""'^ ^^^' tVom four to eight thousand .sh, .xty-fiye to o/:Tunt:d*?nd^l;;:LlTi;^ ' The value of our bait is shown by the xollowmg : — "According to the report of Captain Loch, of H.M.S. ^/«m, in 1848 there were 360 French Banking vessels, of from 150 to ;100 tons each, carrying from 16,000 to 17,000 frenchmen, which vessels caught annually 1 ,200,000 quinials of fish on the Banks. He also status that Monsieur Delucliise, the French fiovernor of St. Pierre's, had the honesty to tell him, it was the supply of bait obtained from the Newfoundland fishermen that alone enabled them to carry on the Bank fishery. Captain Lf)ch also remarks :— ' It is obvious that, by withholding from the l67l 2,056,61-.. j; »:^.«"J :<,342,111 S;! W.284..... h,849.Vj1 2«y •:l^'''^^ 5,109680 S «H,058 4,673,W) ^888 ;t38,126 'SS'J 300,000 Bounty paid. Francs. 7. close proximity to in the world ; it is Without a certainty is unremunerative ; id appreciates this can at any moment ig fleet by stoppincr ull comi)lenient for Jusand barrels; by ned four thousand snce a complete and li began in 188cS, i v/as a favourable inerican fishermen >f the Bait Act on f the returns, we at Paris, in the th, 1889 :— shing, which consti. > to this date, given the fishermen have with an average of d thirty quintals for lators are so blind to country as to permit Is it not surpri.sinir ne as to neglect their luty of passing such ich measures, as will svent our forei^in rivals applies of bait from en's Lecture, p. 14.) NCH Fish, fhom {etuiins. 4 Bounty paid. *• Francs. .'-',056,61".) .'V'28,44i; ,:<,;M2,lit H,849,2LM 5,109,680 4,673,;j.|0 THE VALUE OF BAIT TO THE FRENCH. 479 each craft, which represents nearly nothing. The whole of this fish has been sent to Bordean. and we have nothing left, and the future prospects look aCat Hke a comple e failure, consequently consumers will have to pay very dearlv for the fi'h which they have hitherto been able t.. buy at a low m\Z TlTlllZ / St. Pierre are oW,^ to ,0 to tke .ast coast ol ae F^^IZ. JZ^:;^Z s^^irch 0/ bait, which meuna a month's Jlahing lod." i^jounaiana m And from the French journal, Le Froyrh, of June 2,id, we get the lolloping nicontrovertible testimony :— ■' This bait is made of small fish, which is only to be found in onv ..uantities in the warmer waters of the south coast of the island, and is the nece lary ba o^ ^t St Pl"f ' "Ir'^'f ' "t' 'f ''' ''' ^'■^"^^ «°"1^ b"y' -eoSinrtoreir wa . St Pierre. Mxque on. The lav, forbidding its sale was thus a gre^t blowZ Z ' to fini '"'^"r' ■ *" '^""^ ^^""^ ^^^'^"^^ * '^^*^^ ^^^^ less liked by cod or else to find for themselves, on the French Shore, a fresh bait whir-h .,1 1,1 1 , costly and the supply of which would be irr^^ ^ ^i^^^^l^^ The French are a very shrewd people ; in each ..nd all the various conumssions to frame a settlement, one of their principal demands was a tree supply of bait from our waters. It is elear then that we have somcthmg exceedingly valuable to give the French ; Mliat should we ask w nl iT ' I "'""'"'' ^"°" ^^ ^^'"^^ ^'*"' • I *l""k, if the French wuulJ be reasonable, we conld settle the who!e .luestion something after tins manner, or at least have a modus vivendi :— 1. Let the French have exclusive possession for the fishing season withm the three-mile limit around each harbour which they actually occupied with their fishing ships and crews last season, one or two guardians to be allowed in each harbour to protect their property ; 2. Concurrent rights of fishing over the whole north-e.i«t coa«t, and on the west coast as far south as Cow Head ; 3. An absolute right to p.uchase, paying port charges and light dues a full supply of bait at anchor in ar.y port of entry m Newfoundland during the fishing season, subject only to the same regulations as our local fishermen. In return for these A-aluabh; privileges, what should we ask ^ I thmk we might demand :— 1. That the French give up their impracticable and ab.surd claims and give us a free and uninterrupted right of fishing on all the north-east and west coasts of the treaty shore, except where 480 EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1837-1867. the French are allowed exclusive rights ; and should also give us — 2. An English consul at St. Pierre ; 3. And an undertaking to prevent the export of ir.toxicating liquors in their fishing vessels except for ship's use. This simple arrangement would solve a great n.any of the present difficulties. It would not wound French pride, they would have the inestnuable advantage of obtaining at all times a sure «nd certain supply of bait fresh from the nets, it would prevent the ^.resent wnnton destruction of the bait fishes, and put an end to smu-Hin^ The plan cculd be ea.sily carried out. Some Newfoundlanders" might object to It, and no doubt the St. Pierre .hopkee, ei^ would strongly oppose any arrangement which would put an end to their lucrative trade of smuggling This suggestion is entirely my own; it is a good worku.g arrangement, and should be acceptable to all but the extremist'- on botn sides. Under no circumstances should bait be allowed to be exported to St. Pierre. Recent experience has taught the bait dealers that the indiscrnnmate sale of bait to the French is suicidal folly even for them. Every sensible man in Fortune Bay will approve of mv proposal. -^ ,'11 id should also give rttoxicating liquors 4Hl any of the present, V would have the sure and certain he present wnntori ) smuggling. The undlanders might rs would strongly to their lucrative wn; it is a good but the extieinisth be allowed to be b the bait dealers inicidal folly even !1 approve of my CHAPTER XVI. REIGN OF VICTORIA. 1858.' 18C0.. 1861.. 1862.- 1863.- 1864.- 1865 1866.- 1867.- 1868.- 1869.- 1870.- 1871.- 1873.- 1874.—' 1875, 1876. 1S77.- 1878.- 1S80.- 1857-189S. -First Atlantic cable landed in Trinity Bay, but soon ceased to act. -Prince of Wales visited the Island. Formation of the Volunteer Corps. """Hl'rSurMab"^"'^ ^''°'''" ^"''""' ""*' '" St. John's. Harbour Grace, and —Great distress owing to bad fisheries. Steamers used in the seal fishery. —Hon. L. O'Brien, Administrator, Revenue collected at Labrador. ""^'"'n!^;;?"'^''*''''' ^T^S,":-, Confederation of the Dominion of Canada. Copper mining commenced at Tilt Cove. The Currency Act confirmed. ~^'Tn^i^'^^X^!zsr'- ^- ^- ''■ ^^'•'^'^ '^'^^-^ ^'•--' -^ -Second Atlantic Cable successfully landed at Heart's Content. -Fishery very successful. The British Nor(h America Act for the Confederation of the Provmees is passed. Dominion of Canada proclaimed. ~^'Te&''°° '"'""'^ ^^ *^^ ^"'''" Administration suppressing able-bodied poor ■^''"nnn!f!5''r A^^\ appointed Governor. General Elections j Confederation candidates defeated. Census taken. Dr. Mullock died. ^onieaeration -Hon. C. F. Bennett became Premier. -Garrison withdrawn from Newfoundland. Treaty of Washington ■""'Gov^ren^d^fetd! '^ ^"^" ^'"^ ^°'"'"--^- «— ^ ^'-'-^ Bennett ■The largest cod-fishery ever known in Newfoundland Sir P K T r«,.i^^ ardTFrCrier^ «°^^^ ^— ^^«^-' Sir'nobin^-.^-aLS;' ^^'ci^irEn^n7er?'"'°* ^'""'^ ''^"'"'^ ""^^'- ^''*''=*'"° °* ^andford Fleming, '^''shofooo^ZZ'J^-^-^^-^' ^"^*^™°''- "'^^"'^^ ^'^l^eiy Commission met- BMshlZZcet\Zf^^^^^ ^ l"^'*^ by the United States to Se ^niisn 1 rovmces ; Newfoundland's share, one million • Sir W V Whit«wa^ Commissioner for Newfoundland. BishopFeild died." n Bermuda ^^'''''^^' ^' rV* a^pnoS '3°' sf-** ^^^^ ^f ■'•'""' '^"•'^«- Commander W. Howorth, -Sir W. V. Whiteway became Premier. i^.ii.i. i^arter, K.C.M.G., Administrator. First Railway Bill passed. H H 482 EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. 14, ,::! I 1882 1881.— Serious disturbance on tbe railway line (Battle of Fox Trap). Sir Henry Fltz- Hardinge Maxse, Governor. First Uailwiiy under construction in Newfoundland ; .St. John's to Harbour Grace. ,— An Act passed for the construction of the Great American and European Short Line Kailway. Charter granted for the construction of a Graving Dock. Sir W. V. Whiteway became Premier. 1883.— St. Stephen's Day Harbour Grace riots. Sir F, B. T. Carter, Administrator. Sir U. Maxse died in St. John's. Sir John H. Glover, G.C.M.G., appointed Governor. Dry Dock at Riverhead, St. John's, opened. H.M.S. Tenedos docked. Fishery Exhibition held in London ; Sir A. Shea, K.C.M.G., Com- missioner for the Colony, llailway to Harbour Grace opened for passengers. Hon. E. Morris, Administratoi' in absence of Sir F. B. T. Carter, K.C.M.G. ,< 1885.- 1886.- 1887.- 1888- 188».- 1890.- -Ford-Pennell Convention on French fishery claims. Sir P. B. T. Carter Administrator. Sir Robert Thorburn, Premier. General Election. -Report of Joint Committee on Fishery question. Placentia Railway commenced. Sir F. B. T. Carter, Administrator. Sir G. W. Des Voeux appointed Governor. -The Bait Act became Law. Sir H. A. Blake, Governor. Ballot Act passed. Queen's Jubilee ; Service in English Cathedral attended by all denominations of Protestants. Sir A. Shea, K.C.M.G., appointed Governor of the Bahamas. Colonial Conference held in London ; Colony represented by Sir R. Thorburn, Premier, and Sir A. Shea. -Second Washington Treaty negotiated; Hon. J, S. Winter represented the Colony. Modus vivendi established for two years. Bait Act put in operation in March. Placentia Railway opened for traffic. Act to provide Municipal Council for St, John's passed. Sir T. N. O'Brien appointed Governor. Sir F. B. T, Carter Administrator to January 18&9. -General Election; Thorburn Government defeated by an immense maioritv Sir W. V. Whiteway, Premier. J J • -Act authorising new Railway Line North. Agitation concerning the modus vivendi with the French about Lobster Factories West Coast. Reciprocity Treaty witli United States by Hon. R. Bond, Colonial Secretary ; prevented being carried into effect by Canada. Delegation to England on difficulties with the French. 1891.— Municipal Council Act amended. Delegation to England on difficuhies with French. Internationa] arbitration on Lobster question to be held at Brussels Hall's Bay Railway completed to Trinity and Bonavista Bays. Celebrated cast- of Baird v. Walker, arising out of modus vivendi, determined by Supreme Court in favour of plaintiff ; confirmed by the Privy Council. Newfoundland Bill in the House of Commons, 1892,— Beeth of the Duke of Clarence, January 14th. Terrible calamity and loss of life in Trinity Bay, February 28th. Great fire in St. John's on 8th and 9th of July, -General election ; Sir W. White way's Government returned by a large majority. -Election petitions, sixteen members unseated. Goodridge Government formcil. Failure of the Commercial and Union Banks and many mercantile houses. Greene Government formed. 1895.— Disability Bill sanctioned by the Imperial Government. Sir W. V. Whitewiiv Premier. • ' I am conscious of many sins of omission and conmiission in the prepamtion of this most difficult part of my subject ; whilst eiulea\oui-- ing to write a true history of the period, I have had also to walk, like Agag before Saul, delicately, in order to avoid offence. Many minor 1893.- 1894.- ap). Sir Henry Fitz- tion in Newfoundland ; 1 and European Short of a Graving Dock. Jurter, Administrator. , G.C.M.G., appointed id. H.M.S. Tetiedoa >hea, K.C.M.G., Coni- ipeued for passengers, arter, K.C.M.G. ir P. B. election. T. Carter Railway commenced, appointed Governor. Ballot Act passed, by all denominations mor of the Bahamas. by Sir E. Thorburn, nter represented the Act put in operation to provide Municipal ed Governor. Sir F. 1 immense majority. ing the modus vivendi !ciprocity Treaty witli tented being carried ^s with the French. I on difficulties with be held at Brussels. ays. Celebrated cas^e ed by Supreme Court Newfoundland Bill in mity and loss of litV ) on 8th and 9th of a large majority. Government formed. ' mercantile houses. r W. V. Whitewity, mission in tht- tiilst eiulea\oui- so to walk, like . Many niinor ELECTION RIOTS. ^^^g events which I have not included in the text will be found in the notes .md the chronobgy. The history of St. Pierre and Miquelon one o the most amu,s,ng episodes in our Island story, and an account o the Labrador, will be found in a separate chapter. Many persons have imagined that the frequent election rows in Newfoundland, about this period, were the outcome of religiotis bigotry but a bet er understandmg of the facts will show us that this I an incorrect vtew There is no real bigotry or sectarian intolerance in Ne" foundland ; all these riots we.e made to orde,-. Dr. Jolmson has defined AyaUCXy CATHKDBAI, AND THE NARHOWS. ST. JOITX's. ly 1853. From a drawing by the Hon. and Sev. W. Gray. patriotism as "the last refuge of a scoundrel." The sham patriots^ who instigated their dupes to get up these disturbances often mlcL religion a stalking horse for their designs on the Treasury: the blatant demagogues who cried out that the Catholic Church was in danger or hat the sacred rights of Protestantism were beit.g trampled on, ulwlys bloomed out after the ^ele. as fat officials. Instigated bV The^e designing rogues, a few rowdies and bludgeon men led the way and the simple crowd that followed were led to believe that their right; or their H H 2 V-i 484 KEIGN OP VICTORIA, 1857-1895. ; i s s religion were in danger ; in American political slang this is known aa " bulldozing." • For a few years after the inception of the Legislature these tactics were pre-eminently successful, especially in Conception Bay. We hear most about riots by Catholic mobs, but the attacks on Catholics by Protestants, in Bay Roberts and other places, were equally disgraceful. The riots of 1861 marked the end of this discreditable violence ; it was all caused by unscrupulous politicians, there was no strong popular sentiment to sustain it ; disorder and political rowdyism completely died away shortly after these events of 1861 ; it would never have arisen had the principles of amalgamation^ and fair play to all parties been carried out on the introduction of responsible government ; but the Protestmts and the Merchants' party blindly resisted the new movement, and the Liberals and Catholics, being wiser in their geno-ation, and more skilful joliticians, though representing really a minority of the population, gained the ascendency, and kept it from 1855 to 1861. Having kept power so long, they were loth to give it up ; they made a terrible outcry when they were turned out in 1861. When the elections were fairly contested, the Protestant party, representing a majority of the people, easily won. In their turn they kept all the departmental offices for themselves ; it is due to Sir Hugh Hoyles's memory, however, to state that he offered his opponents a fair share in the Government — the Presidentship of the Council, held by Hon. L. O'Brien, and two departmental offices — but the Catholics either could not, or would not, coalesce with him. The principle of amalgama- tion, giving all classes and creeds a fair share of the offices and patronage, was not carried into etfect until 1865, under the Liberal Administni- tion of Sir Frederick Carter. Since then, tlie relative position of the great religious bodies has completely changed ; formerly their numbers were nearly balanced, now the Protestants out- number the Catholics by nearly two to one. Sir Alexander Bannerman's administration of the Government lasted from 1857 to 1863 ; the period was marked by prosperity. In the year following his arrival, Hon. P. F. Little, the able leader of the Liberal 8IB B. EOBISSOK. By Hughes, Byde, > Mr. Little offered Mr. Hoyles the Attorney-Generalship if he would assist in the movement for responsible government 5 Hoyles refused. No offers were made on the formation of the first Ministry in 1855. this is known as ture these tactics ti Bay. We hear on Catholics by |ually disgraceful. } violence ; it was o strong popular n completely died jr have arisen had rties been carried Lit the Protest) nts lovement, and the , and more skilful f the population, 61. Having kept e a terrible outcry ctions were fairly y, representing a r won. In their .mental offices for L" Hugh Hoyles's lat he offered his le Government — icil, held by Hon. ental offices — but Dt, or would not, pie of amalgaiiia- eeds a fair share is not carried into iberal Administni- Since then, the mpletely changed ; e Protestants out- jovernment lasted rity. In the year :ler of the Liberal offers were made on the Ministry in 1855. BURIN ELECTION. 485 party, retired from politics, and was appointed an assistant judge of the Supreme Court; the Hon. A. W. Des Barres and J. Simms, assistant judges of the Supreme Court, having been pensioned. Mr B. Robinson and Mr. Little were appointed in their places; two more able and efficient judges never graced the Bench. One of the most notable events in 1859 was the hotly contested election of that year. Burin was what the Americans call the pivotal district; there has never been in this Colony anytliiog like the struggle which took place there; every office holder of the old Assembly, and every Liberal supporter, was requisitioned for the campaign fund. Mr. Glen, who managed this part of the business, wa.s ine°xorable ; members and officials fought against the demands of the stern old Receiver-General, but all had to pay down their money. Hoyles and Evans were the Conservative candidates, the Liberals were represented by A. Shea and J. J. Rogerson; they were well matched opponents. Mr. Shea,' now Sir Ambrose, was the gieatest politician of his party, one of the most able men the Colony has produced, and amongst his co- religionists far away the greatest of them all ; he had an opponent worthy of his steel in the Conservative leader. Sir Hugh Hoyles. What the contest cost has never been made public, purity of election was then undreamt of. The Liberals were credited with spending about £2,000; Mr. Hoyles paid all his own expenses. ...^ ^wxxl^.,i, nttn exceedingly close, but the tactics of Mr. Shea, and the intimidation of electors by the celebrated Cody ("who had a claim") at Flat Islands and elsewhere, helped materially to gain the day. The Liberals again carried the Government— the Hon. J. Kent was Premier and Colonial Secretary; Hon. G. J. Hogsett, Attorney - General ; Mr. Shea, Speaker. The new administration was inferior in strength \^ Mr. Little's cabinet. Mr. Kent, as Premier, was a most honest and capable official, but his temi)er was uncertain, he never enjoyed the complete confidence of the Catholic party and of Dr. Mullock JOnX 8TUAKT.' By S. IT. Pargons. The contest was ' John Stuart, of the old firm of Rennie Stuart & Co., was the most pnp«]Rr man in Newfoundland; for over 30 years he per- formed the duties of the two responsible offices of clerk to the House of Assembly and the Board of Works. A most able official, kindliest and most genial of men, hi.s death left a void in the House and our hearts which can never be filled. !"!' 480 KEIGN OP VICTORIA, 1867-1805. like his predecoHHor; the real leader waa Mr. A. Shea, Though the sunshine of prosperity had risen upon them, it did not hiHt ; from 1800 to 1861 there were serious divisions in the party, t!ie strong and skilful hand of Mr. Little was no hmger felt, and the great Liberal party began to fall to pieces. Shea and Kent did not work harmoniously together. In 1860 the fisheries partially failed, there Wtt3 conseciuent distress, and a lavish expenditure of relief to able-l)odied poor ; Mr. Kent, I believe, was opposed to this iiidisciiminate expenditure. In the autunui of 1860 there was a special session of the Legislature held before Christmas ; it was soon manifest to outsiders that there was Wiir in the Liberal camp. A serious conflict had arisen earlier in the year, between Hishop Muliock and the administration, which called out the celebrated letter given below.^ His lordshij) and Mr. Justice Little, on a visit to New York, had virtually made a contract with the owners of the steamer Victoria to run this vessel HON. JOHN KENT. £]/ Chisholm, ' " To the Catholic people of the Diocese of St. John's. " My dear people, June, 1860. " I address you this letter on a matter of ^ital iniportunce to your interests, and I consider that my advocacy of everything connected with the improven.ent of the country gives me a right to oflfer you a few words of advice. The great and paramount want of Newfoundland is a facility of com- munication between the capital and the out- ports ; as long as the outports are left isolated, so long will education, religion, and civiliza- tion, be left in the background. Newfound- land must remain in that state of darkness to which ages of bad government have reduced it. I solemnly declare that without steam communication the people must remain poor, degraded, and ignorant. Forced by the indignant voice of the people, those whom you call your representatives passed a Bill granting £3,000 a year for five years for out-port steam. It appears that by a dishonest quibble, intended to defeat the project, two steamers w ere smuggled into the Bill so as to render the oflFer illusory, in plain English a humbug. " A beantifisl steamer, In every -Sray adapt- ed for the purpose, engaged to do the service r.o'-th and south twice a month, was offered in New York ; I visited the ship myself, and if she was not all that was specifietl, tbc contract could be terminated at three luonthH' notice. She had every accommodation for passengers, and would have done more to develop the interests of the out-harbours thuu all the Houses of Assembly that ever met on the Island. " The Government, when they saw the matter brought to a point, refused to engage her. What was intended only to delude tlie people was about to become a reality, and thi- contract was repudiated. How does it happen that an enormous revenue, wasted in providinr useless places for State paupers, cannot aft'ora the sum of £3,000 a year for outport ac- commodation ? Year by year every improve- ment 18 put off for want of means, thoii.'h every infant even in Newfoundland pays In taxes £1 a head. Will strangers believe tlwt in a British Colony the shire town of Fortune Bay is in reality further from us than Constantinople ? but then we have the satis- faction of seeing thousands upon thousands of pounds distributed amongst our locust-lihe officials. We pay heavy taxes, but get com- paratively no return; almost all goes in salaries and pretended compensations, and I have no hesitation in saying that the collec- tion of a revenue under the present system is nothing but legalized robbery. I am aware J . lea, Thongli the 1 not lout ; from )arty, the strong b, «nd the great to piece.". Shea k hannoniously isheries partially it clistreHH, and a jf to able-lK)clied , was opposed to diture. In the a special se'rHion 3re Chiistnias ; it liders that there >p. arisen earlier in Muliock and the ialled out the \v} His lordshi]) ^'irtually made a 3 run this vessel 1 the ship myself, and lat was specifietl, tbc nated at three months' y accommodation for have done more to the out-harboiire thuii mbly that ever met on , when they saw the int, refused to engaj;u ed only to delude tlitj lonie a reality, and thi- . How does it happou le, wasted in providinj; paupers, cannot aft'onl year for outport ac- y year every improvc- nt of means, thonjih Newfoundland pays in strangers believe tlwt shire town of Fortune rther from us than len we have the satis- iiiids upon thousands mongst our locust-likf J taxes, but get corn- almost all goes in compensations, and I iyiug that the collec- the present system is obbery. I am aware 'fe.,.. THE PRINCE OF WALES AT ST. JOHN'S. 467 twice a month north and south. An Act had been passed granting 43.000 a year for local steam, and the bishop > a most vigorous supporter ot improved communications both by steam and telegraph, was terribly wroth when his own particular Government refused to recognise his authority to commit the.n to a contract ; when his lordship foun.l that the Government firmly refused to charter the Victoria, he denounced iMr. Kents administration in this i- scathing epistle. The year that marked the publication of Bishop Mullock's letter is also distinguished in our nnnala by the arrival of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales on his way to Canada ami the United States. The visit, which lasted from the 22nd to the 2oth July 1«60, was a complete success; the town was given uj) to festivity and rejoicing, the young heir apparent won all hearts by liis grace and courtesy. We did lionour to our future sovereign 1>y a grand ball, a regatta, a review, and the gift of a dog- from t'.ie breed of the celebrated Bat Sullivan. Much of the -success of the Princes visit was due to Sir Alexander and Lady Lannerman, the Duke of Newcastle's tact, and the geniality and refined courtesy of old Earl St. Germains, the excellent management of General THE I'BI.NCE C5 WALES. that my name has been made use of to prop up the supporters of this system, but I consider it due to myself, and to those whose interests I advocate, to repudiate any con- nexion with a party who take care of them- selves, but do nothing for the people. This IS not a political or a religious question, it is one of civilization, in which Catholics and 1 rotestants, priests and ministers, are equallv interested." ' Newfoundland owes a deep debt of gratitude to Dr. Mullock ; he was not only the active, earnest promoter of steam communica- ti^r>n, both local and transatlantic, for the Colony, he was the first to advocate a rail- way to Harbour Grace and telegraphic com- munication. The steamer Victoria, Captain Cudworth, eventually inaugurated local steam communication north and south; she was utterly unfitted t; the service; in September 1861 she completely broke down, and had to return to New York. In 1863, the 8.S. Ariel was put on the route north and south, by her owner, Hon. Captain Cleary ; under her most careful commander, Hagan, she did excellent work, until she was finally replaced by the steamers Tiger and Leopard. In 1877 the Curlew and Plover began a very efBcien< service. In 1888 the fine steamers Volunteei and Conscript of the Coastal Steamships Company performed the work. These splendid boats were a vast improvement on the former (!oastal steamers. 2 This dog, " Cabot," was afterwards the subject of an amusing law suit. Cabot was a very fine animal, and Sullivan charged a royal price for him, which the committee thought exorbitant. 4«8 HEION of VICTORIA, 1867-1805. Bruce, tho Prince's Oovcnior, uiid tlio popular ^'ay younpf Cajituins Oroy and Tecsdalo, tlu* hero oJ' Kai'N. All wt>nt nu'iry as a nmnia^'o holl during tho throi) lovely Hununer days of the Prince's stay amount us; one and all did their best to make the auspicious occasion a truly joyous time ; our volunteer turn-out and i-eview was a great success. The spring session of lH(il was marked with more dissensions in the Government ranks alnmt poor rtlief.' An injudicious utterance of the Premier hi-ou^dit matters to a cliinux ; the strife in tl.e party was so keen that there would have been a split even if this untoward event had not happened. Mr. Kent, in his place in tlm House* of Assembly, openly accused Sir Alt^xander Hainiermnn of conspiracy with the judges,- the lawyers, and the minority in the House of Assendily, to defeat tho (JovernmontBill fixing the value to bo given to sterling money in the payment of official salaries. This accusation appeared in tin- newspapers. Tho Governor wrote to the Colonial Secretary' asking for an explann- tion ; Mr. Kent replied that he did not con- sider himself called upon to give an account of his utterances as a member of the LolWs- lature to His Excellency." Immediately on roceiving this communication, Sir Alexander disnjissed his ministry and called upon tlie leader of the Opposition, Mr. Hoyles, to form a new administration. Mr. Hoyles selected his Government, and announced its foriim- tion to the Assenddy. The House was immediately dissolved, and a general election teok place in April 1861.* Theie was no contest in Burin, «nd no conflict ov HIK R. IIOYLKS. By the Stereoscopic Companu, ' Bishop Mullock Avroti- an iudiffiiant letter about the distribution of poor n-lief. Mr. Kent tried honestly to curtail and regu- late the expenditure. He found a conspiraey against him, headed by Mr. Shen. Mr. 1'. Xowlun brought in a resolution " that any regulations made on the subject of poor relief should not ignore the just influences of the representatives of tho people." Mr. Kent declared he " was attacked by a miserable faction who sought his political destruction ; a set of frozen serpents, which having been wanned into life had stung the breast which give it vitality. There was no doubt a Judas at the bottom of all these proceedings . . . It was well known who was the person behind the scenes, some designing, cozening, cuuuiug rogue who for ambition or vindiotivu purposes had devised this treason against the tiovernment." - Judge Robinson had always contended that stvrlitKj could only mean British sterling, i.e., dollars at 4s. Id. It had been tiie practice to use two sterlings, one a coloniiii sterling dollar at 4«. 4rf. and another, dtsig- nated as British sterling, at As. 2d. Judge Itobinson petitioned the House against tlie passage of this Bill, urging his claim to be paid his official salary in British sterling. ■' In a debate on this question, Mr. IIo^ les stated that Mr. Kent had not consulted' bis colleagues before replying to the Governor, Mr. Hogsett contradicted him; "He con- sulted nie," said the ex-Attorney-Geiiinil. " Then if he consulted you," reidied Mr. Hoyles, "he would be sure to put his foot in it." •• For the result of the clectioD, see p. 664. RIOT IN ST. JOHN'S. 480 un^' Captains Oroy fVH a innnia^'o boll 1 .stay atnoii^t uh ; ■. Hon T Talbot, sheriff (the Protector of the District Judffes"). an eminpnt otifl j..«-..» /i ., ,. says, in his short History of the Colony ^o Governor fit for his position would have taken any other course than the one adopted -190 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1867-1895. I II;!. nllclle? "" ^''''^ '^'"P*"*^^ ^^' '^P^*^^«^^ ^™°"g Hol^r^t .^r^^.^V'^''' '^"' *' "'" turbulence of the defeated candidate Ho^ett and the violence of a fe^v rowdies. The unfortunate riot in fet. John 8 was the direct outcome of the Harlx^ur Main election. For a time It appeared like an organised attempt to make parliamentary government impossible; thanks, however, to the exertions of Bishop Muliock and his clergy, and the general good sense of the co nmunity, order was completely restored. The next day the town was as quiet as usual; Colonel Grant walked up through the city alone with his cane and a little dog to attend at the inquest. It was fortunate for us at this stage of our history that the reins of government were in the hands of one who, in this terrible crisis, showed a firmness, and cool,' undaunted courage that won the admiration of ,. „ . .. ^'^ ^ercest opponents Sir Hugh Iloyles, the on if , ?'" ^— -nt, and, we may say, the whole Admimstra- t on rolled into one, soon after 1861, when the angry passion of this evil time subsided, became not only the most respected'bul themo popu k ' anan in the Colony, beloved by all classes.^ popuiar, HON. T. TALBOT. by Sir Alexander Bannennan." After all the best answer to all objections made aminst both the Governor and Mr. Hoyles is the result of the appeal to the constituencies; when the elections were fairly conducted a gootl working majority of their own party, over and above their Catholic allies, was obtained to sustain their action. ' The Riois oe ISfil. NeufountUander, May 14tb, 1861. " The military should never be called out and never are called out, where prudence and good order prevail, until the civil powers of repression have been proved insufficient and this was notoriously not the case here, tor the means of increasing them to efficiency m the way we suggest had been neglected. Well, what might have been anticipated followed; the presence of the troops excited anew the fury of some of the townspeople. Those who had been before then dispersiiig began to collect again ; stones were thrown at the soldiers; Colonel Grant was insulted and strueic ; provocation followed provocation. and the order was given to fire. Then came that ternfic discharge which yet thrills with horror every soul who heard it, that sound which told of slaughter to the innocent and guilty, perhaps to the innocent alone, as the blow might chance to full ; and then was the air rent with such shrieks as the sudden and awful sense of the death summons can alone .™?r ^'■'° '''°'' *°'^' *'»''e« »f them mortally, one man. named Clifford, an aged hi?/ ""^l T "H'"P^'"^' 'I'^d on the instant The two others, Hun» and Fitz- Jr-atrick, lingered but a short time ; the latter was an elderly invalid, who had only the dav before come out of the hospital, and thougli, unhappily for the poor fellow, making one of the crowd, quite incapable of mischief, both from age and infirmity. Amongst the wounded, p Donnell, one of the most esteemed and loved priest m the island. Exhausted from rifn^'f K? "' ^"''°"" ''^ ^h*' ^''Y' he called a respectable man, named Patrick Mirick, whom „nH'r/°, -^"^ *i5''^^' """^ '^o'^ him to lean on and help him through, while he entreated and implored them, for the love of God, to keep the peace and retire to their homes. While thus (>iiarniyoi1 in *},.. ■• :„„ t . ♦i.:„ - r-c-- — -'.<^ ne worK. or peace, this most amiable and worthy priest received a shot which passed through his ankle. He was taken into a neighbouring house for a while, and then, in a most painful and pros- trate condition, carried home on a bed j poor THE SEAL FISHERY. 401 was tlie estimable expressed among defeated candidate ufortunate riot in in election. For a ike parliamentary :s, however, to the ind his clergy, and CO nmunity, order lext day the town Grant walked up s cane and a little It was fortunate )ry that the reins mds of one who, hrnmess, and cool, lie admiration of ;ume on a bed; poor Out of evil sometimes comes good ; the direct result of all this rioting and violence, all this storm of violent partisanship and sectarian strife, was to put an end for ever to religious ascendency on both sides. After a short respite, it becauie the settled rule in the foncation of our Government that all religious parties should be fairly represented in the arrangement of an administration and in the distribution of offices. As a direct result, sectarianism in politics, bigotry, and intolerance, have year by year diminished. The year 1861 witnessed the commencement of the great civil war between the North and South; many of the blockade runners made St. John's a port of call on their way to and from the Southern States. The following year, 1862, will always be remembered as " the spring of the Polynia and Gamperdown," two Dundee whalers that were sent out to prosecute the seal fishery. Within the memory of man there has never been such an ice blockade ; for weeks and weeka it blew a " solid " north-easter; the sealing steamers did not take a seal. The ill wind, however, blew wealth untold into Green Bay ; ail along our :Mirick, who was with him, was shot in the thigh, and, of course, very seriously injured. Wlieu the alarm rang through the crowd that the priest had been shot down, their strongest feelings were aroused to a degree, seemingly, beyond all control, and infuriated demands for vengeance were heard in every direction. At this critical juncture came again the most praiseworthy services of the Catholic clergy and Judge Little. They positively left no means unemployed to restrain the people, and had they done less than they did, we are assured by undoubted eye-Vitnesses that direful retaliation would hu'vc followed. The judge, at imminent peril to his life from stones on the one hand and musket balls on the other, rushed into the middle of the m^lee. He called upon the magistrate, Mr. Bennett, to retire the troops for the safety of the town. Mr. Bennett declined. The judge then asserted his own superior Huthoriiy, and assured Colonel Grant of peace if he would withdraw his soldiers. This assurance was strongly endorsed by Crockwell, J.P., who came up at the moment, and with wise and cool discernment saw and declared the judge's proposed course to be the right one in all respects. The Colonel at once consented, with an expression of deep regret for what bad taken place, and requested the judge to accompany him and his men to barracks, which was accordingly done. Meanwhile, r-etweeii eight aud niuc o'clock, the powerful summons of the cathedral bells bade the terrified and enraged multitude repair from amidst scenes of crime and blood to the House of God, there to hear the voice of their chief pastor. The thoroughfares began at once to empty themselves in that direction, and in a few minutes a vast multitude had assembled withm the cathedral. The liight Rev. Dr. Mullock appeared on the altar in ponti- ficals and, with heartfelt and melting suppli- cations, conjured the people to be calm, io keep the peace, and to go to their homes. He then presented to them the Chalice con- tammg the Most Holy Sacrament, and exacted a promise from all present that, for the honour of the Divine Presence, they would obey his instructions, and endeavour to induce all within their infiuence to do the same. Soon after this all externally was restored to tranquillity, and no disturbance or breach of the peace took place in the night. His Lordship, on the following evening, repeated his exhortation to peace, and with such excellent effect that, thank God, all is well up to the time we write. The present is not the moment for recrimination or for any other words than those which may tend, with Heaven's help, to soften down passion stimu- lated to nmdness " Ata more fitting period responsibility for the iffesent state of the community will doubtless be fixed upon its causes and acces- sories. But now the immediate and paramount duty of all is to strain every nerve for the conservation of peace and order, and to avoid, as far as possible, every subject or proceeding calculated to freshen or keep alive the bitten acliing memories of those events we have endeavoured to describe. We are happy to be enabled to add that Father O'Donneli; for whom such universal sympathy exists, is satisfactorily recovering from the effects of his accident." 492 ItEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. SIB A. BAS>EKMAX. From an old portrait. nortliem coast the catch of seals by shore men was the largest on record; £25,000 was made by one firm, Muir and Duder, out "of this remarkable windfall. The cod fishery of this year was a partial, and the ship seal fishery almost a complete failure i — the worst season since 1845— the whole export of seal skins amounting only to two hundred and sixty thousand. In the following year Sir Alexander Bannernian ^ resigned his Governorship ; he was a man well stricken in years, and died in the year following his retirement from Newfoundland. He will long be honoured in our memories as an honest, straightfor- ward adminisf;rator ; a genial, kindly, liberal old Scotchman, with a dry, pawky humour, essentially Aberdonian. I do not remember that he had any prejudice in the world except against the Galway The early spring of this year was marked with the terrible shipwreck of the S.S. Anglo-Saxon at Clam Cove on 27th, accompanied with great go down the last few days, among which are the Ami/y Tobin, Melrose, and the Marqaret besides several others I cannot name. While I am writing there is so much sea, and the ice IS so heavy, that I eiinnot tell the minute the sides of my vessel will be driven in. I have driven from the Funks since the 28th ult tightly jammed. We are now off Cape bt. Francis and expect to drive to Cape Kace before getting clear The young harps are all m Green Bay and White Bay, the vessels cannot enter more than half a mile in the jam of ice, and then they subject them- selves to damage and loss from the fearful sea.' The spring of 1894 very mup.h resembled this extraordinary season. ^ Sir Alexander Bannernian, Knt., born 1783, died 1864, a cousin of the baronet of that name, was for many years an extensi\e shipowner, merchant and banker of Aberdeen, and M.P. for Aberdeen in the Liberal interest from 1832 to 1847. He was elected Dean of the Faculty in Marischal Colhge, Aberdeen, and appointed, by Lord Melbourne, Commis- sioner of Greenwich Hospital ; knighted in 1851 on his appointment as Governor of Prince Edward's Island, thence to Bahaiims in 1854, Newfoundland in 1857 to 1863. ~~ j tT"" — ' ' *"arguiuc Gordon, sur- vived her husband several vears ; she was an intimate friend of the greaUJeneral Gordon, and the celebrated Mattfet beloved by Thomas Carlyle. ^' The season of 1862 was unprecedented ; for fifty-two days the wind was inshore, N.E. to E.N,E., and for more than two months not a drop of rain fell. The papers of the day speak of the certain decline of the seal fishery. They attribute the losses made in this industry to the large size and expense of the more modern vessels. The Newfoundlander, of 7th April, 1862, says: — " New capital will certainly not be invested to any amount in the costly ships that have been in vogue of late years, and it looks as though the choice will lie between the vessels of the olden time and screw steamers. We think, whether we will or no, the trade will come to be carried on by means of steamers. Their failure in the present year [Polynia and Camperdoum], when all have failed from causes without precedent, and beyond all human control, will, perhaps, not deter the same parties from another attempt ; and should the adventure succeed, we must go to work with all the same means, or be content to abandon the enterprise altogether." Letter fhom Captain E. White to Job Bhos, 6th April 1862. Evanthes at Sea. After referring to the wind, N.N.E. and E.N.E., and sea, he says : — "As to losses, 1 am afraid the number will be fearful. I have seen some six or eight as the largest on )uder, out of this he cod fishery of and the ship seal te failure ^ — the ■tlie whole export ag only to two id. tr Sir Alexander Governorship ; he n years, and died retii'ement from long be honoured )nest, straightfor- lial, kindly, liberal , pawky humour, do not remember linst the Gal way terrible shipwreck panied with great lays, among which are •ose, and the Margaret, '. cannot name. Wliile I much sea, and the ice lot tell the minute the be driven in. I have s since the 28th ult. ! are now off Cape to drive to Cape Kace . . . The young harps and White Bay, the ore than half a mile in en they subject them- loss from the fearful if 1894 very mup.h inary season, annerman, Knt., born sin of the baronet of nj' years an extensi\e d banker of Aberdeen, in the Liberal interest e was elected Dean of lal ColHge, Aberdeen, Melbourne, Comniis- lospital j knighted in lent as Governor of I, thence to Bahanms d in 1857 to 1863. tfarguici Gordon, sur- al years ; she was an t-peneral Gordon, it beloved by STEAMERS AT THE SEAL FISHERY. 493 WALTER ORIEV£, a|Ei^t los3 of life. The steamer Bloodhound, belonging to Baine, Johnston & Co., commanded by the late Captain Alexander Graham, and the Wolf, belonging to Walter Grieve & Co., William Kean master, inaugurated the employment of steam in the seal fishery. The first attempt was a comparative failure ; the Bloodhound arrived, 22nd April, with three thousand, and the Wolf, with thirteen hundred seals, on the 28th.^ A limited supply of water was px-ovided for St John's by the water company instituted in l.'s48. The flow was derived from George's Pond, Si^'nal Hill, and was found very beneficial; later OP there was a demand for a larger and fuller ^^ Mnffatt, Edinburgh. supply. In 1863 the town was at length furnished with an almost unlimited quantity of water from Winsor Lake, by the General Water Company. A great blunder was made in the engineering by an ofiicial whom the company had distinctly refused to employ. Sir A. Shea and the other directors weakly gave way, and the works cost the Colony about §120,000 more than they should have done. However, we cannot grumble; the supply of pure water is simply invaluable, and, if properly managed, it offers a complete protection against fire. No town in the world has such a water supply as St. John's, in proportion to its population. The natural pressure is sufficient to reach the highest points in the city. The supply is beautifully soft, clear, cool, and absolutely pure drinking water ; much of the success of the water company is due to the good management of our veteran sportsman, John Martin. During the interval between the departure of Sir Alexander in 1863, and the arrival of Governor Musgrave in 1864, Hon. Lawrence O'Brien, 1 The next trip of the SS. Bloodhound is comraomoratod in a local poem : — " The Mary Joyce Is stuck in the ice, And so is the Bhodhound too, Yoimg Bill Kyan lefl Terry behind To paddle his own canoe." HON. I. o'BKIEy From an old photograph. i 494 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. SIK A. MUSGBAVE, K.C.M.G, -By Duryea, Adelaide. President of the Council, administered the government with dignity and efficiency. Durmg the four years of Mr. Musgrave's tenure of the Governorship there were great changes, progress, and poverty. Sir Anthony was au amiable and painstaking administrator; he was thought a great deal of at the Colonial Office as an able writer of despatches, and no doubt he made the Home Government believe that he was able to carry confederation in the Colony; he never, however, had any real power or influence in Newfoundland.^ By the end of 1864 Sir Hugh Hoyles' health had so completely failed that he was no longer able to bear the heavy burthen of his office ; he had literally worked himself to T ,. , ,^ c ^^^^^''^ '^"''''- ^" ^^^^ he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a position of comparative ease-a. a lawyer Sir H,^h was unrivalled. He made a model judge, the most, r)ainstaking, able and impartial administrator of justice that ever graced the bench of any British colony— an indefatigable worker, he gave no complaints for the law's dt4'ays. His decision of character, his amiable manners, and his extreme courtesy endeared him to all.' We were all proud of Sir Hugh as the most distinguished Newfoundlander of our day. The leadership of the party naturally fell on the shoulders of the present Chief Justice. In the election of 18G5 Sir Frederick's Government was sustained by a large majority. The great political movement of the time was the confederation of British North America. To complete the union our Island was necessarily included m the scheme; Sir Frederick and Sir Ambrose Shea were sent as our delegates to the great confederation conference, and retu.^ned SIR F. B. T. CAETEE, K.C.M.G. Sy S. H. Parsons. rn ,T^ ^n*onj- Musgrare, K.C.M.G. (1875) Cl>.M.tr. 1871), was Private Secreterv fn Air. Mackintosh when Govemor-in-Chief of the Leeward Islands, 1850-5) ; entered as student at the Inner Temple, 1861 ; appointed treasury accountant at Antigua, 1852- re- sumed legal studies at the Temple in 1853 • STJ.f.^fIf°'? .S?e'-etary of Antigu., ^ -.11 .a.j 1^1 ; administrator of the Colony of Nevis, October 1860; Administrator of Government of St. Vincent, April 1861- appointed Lieutenant-Governor of St. ^'iu^ V^?^^IJ^^%' Governor of Newfoundland, April 1864 ; Governor of British Columbia CONFEDERATION WITH CANADA. AUo' it with dignity and .'e's tenure of the •e great changes, Sir Anthony was ing administrator; t deal of at the able writer of le made the Home t he was able to the Colony ; he ■ real power or id.^ By the end 5s' health had so 5 was no longer burthen of his orked himself to le became Chief ative ease — as a judge, the most . T. CAETEE, K.C.M.G. S. H. Parsons. jsarily included hea were sent , and I'eturned ■etary of Antiguii,. ator of the Colony ; Administrator of icent, April 1861 ; rernor of St. "\'iu- r of NewfouiuUaiul, British Columbia,, with a dnift of the terms on which we might become united with the Dominion. The proposals to unite our destinies with Canada were not received with enthusiasm. The main question was one of terms; what would Canada give us in return for surrendering o,.r mdependence ? The offer from the Dominion on the all-important subject of a railway and a steam ferry has hitherto been vague and uncertain; but even if any such tangible offer had been made before IbQJ, \ookmg back now at the excited condition of our population on tlie subject, I very much doubt if any terms would have been accepted. Ihe anti-confederate party were strong in numbers, powerful in organi- sation, and their leader, Mr. Charles Fox Bennett, showed himself a most able and mdetatigable political campaigner. The awful tales that were told about taxation, about ramming the new-bom babes down Canadian cannon "bleaching their bones on the desert sands of Canada," had a tremendous effect on the simple out-harbour people. There still lingers amongst them a traditionary remembrance of the sufferings their fore- fathe.s endured from the French Canadian «nd ladian raids made in the seyenteet.th and eighteenth century, and this partly accounts tor their dread of Canada; Irish national feeling, their hatred of the Union, brought about by fraud and bribery, was also appealed to The result was an overwhelming defeat for the Confederate party ; they were ■snnply annihilated, and from that day to this Confederation ha^ never been put forward before the country as a practical political question.^ Both from an Imperial and Colonial point, the union of the British JNorth American Colonies is a consummation devoutly to be wished • It IS all a questivernment were a ill these financinjf piite prepared to 'eimbursement in ANGLO-AMERICAN PREEMPTION. 499 case of loss; they ap,>lied for this purpose to the British Government but none could be obtained, and so Sir F. Carters Government very properly, therefore, refused to entertain the subject ^ HilUhnw"r^;;^T'r''^ " letter from Mr. Labouchere to Governor Hill shows the kmd <,f vague promises on which our Government were requested to i-un so enormous a risk : "Should you, Sir, terminate the existinir monoDnW in 1R7a «.„a *-i xi land lines of the island, for the value of iJr^::'^^^^^^! aTinTr'l vLXTltlrTnCa*' that they will be ready, if it be wished. I take Tver jour lines at a rental, agreeing to lower the tariff, and to allow all cables to land on your shores, and to advance money on the guarantee of the rental to eo.b,o your 00 ony to pay off Mr. Field. In fact, they are ready to enter into any^r^t^ houl'ldrr: f ^'^y'r'^;-'^'^^ operation, so a^nxious are all com" S houses and our daily press to reduce the heavy cost of transatlantic telegrams *• I hare the honour to be, Sir, «rr o. c ,.., '"^""'' ^^c«l^ency'8 most obedient humble servant. To Sir S. Hill, K.O.M.G. u t . v.v.iri.u. Henry Labotjchebe." One of the most humorous things was the final result. The bi.r telegraph moiiopolist. John Pender, of the Anglo-American, gained 1 lueto r/ ''T''/'^ """'"' ^"''^ Company, and the balances due to the lawyers and claqueurs against the Anglo-American and their monopoly were all ultimately paid through the company's agent A. M. Mac Kay; so ended the farce. ' ^ ' The election i^turns of 1873 gave a sma'l majority to the Bennett Gm^mment but it was of a doubtful character; by a series of n.tng«es well understood at the time, Mr. T. R. Bennett, Member for Fortune Bay and the Surveyor-General, Hon. Henry Renouf, took office as District Judges, and Mr. C. Duder joined Mr. Carter; this left the Government in a minority of one.^ Mr. Carter was called on to form an Administration, and he worked along through the session of 1874 with only the Speaker's casting vote ; in the autumn he dissolved the House and a general election gave him a good working majority. To this peri^ belongs the incident of the Royal Commiasion, consisting of bir B. Robinson, James Goodfellow, and J. Fox, Esquires. The evidence was not taken on oath, only the Report was published. The Opposition demanded the evidence, which was never produced. From the known high character of the Commissioners, we may rest assured that the inquiry was honestly conducted ; the non-production of the evidence however, seriously impaired its value ; it is known in our annals as W Bennett's party had remained steadfast he had a majtMity of three. When T. K. Ben- nrtt and Benouf took office, and C. Duder left his party, Mr. Carter had fifteen to four- teen, with the Speaker. The return of 18r.> shows the immense advantage of goinir before the country with the control of the Executive machmery. II 2 000 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. \m the " Jim Dobbin " Coramission.^ Sir Frederick's Administration in 1874 was happily favoured with prospeiity and the largest fishery ever known in the Colony. In 1875, Sir Stephen Hill, in his speech at the opening of the session of the Legis- lature, said : — " The period appears to have arrived virhen a question which has for Home time engaged public discnssion, viz., the construction of a railway across the Island to St. George's Bay, should receive a practical solution As a pre^ liminary to this object, a proposition will be sub- mitted to you for a thorough survey to asoertaiu the most eligible line, and with a view to the further inquiry whether the Colony does not possesa within itself the mcan» of inducing capitalists to undertake this great enterprise of progress." A sum of money was voted for the pre- liminary survey; it was completed during the summer of 1875 by a number of Canadian surveyors under the superintendence of Sandford Fleming, the eminent Canadian engineer. The result of the survey, which was carried out in a very rapid manner, and over quite a different course from the one followed in the actual construction of the railway, clearly demonstrated that a line was feasible, that there were no great engineering difficulties to Le overcome, and that a light railway might be constructed -at a very reasonable rate per mile. Mr. Bellairs' previous survey established the same result. Sir Stephen Hill's term of office having come to a close in 1876, he was succeeded by Sir John H. Glover, G.C.M.G.^ The new administrator proved himself a most energetic ruler. SIB A. SHEA. Bn Biutano, 1 This nickname was given to it by the sheriff, Hon. T. Talbot, a member of Mr. Bennett's Government; he stated that the Commission was got up entirely for party purposes. He compared it to a dispute between two neighbours who had fallen out— Jim Dobbin and Pat EUard — and Jim Dobbin got all the friends on his side to blacken the character of Pat Ellard. Badinage apart, there are very grave objections to the appoint- ment of a judge on a political inquiry of this character. 2 Sir J. H. Glover, R.N., G.C.M.G. (1874), entered the navy in 1841 on board the Queen, bearing the flag of Vice-Admiral S Edwairrd Owen, in which ship he sailed \o the Mediterranean ; transferred, in May 1842, to the Mediterranean Survey until 1850; for two years commanded the cutter Auxiliar ; in 1841 served on the West African station until promoted to lieutenant in October of that year; in 1852 served in the Wiitchesler frigate on the East Indian station; tianB- ferred to the steam sloop Sphinx, shared in the attack and capture of Pegu, and in the action at Donibew, was especially mentioned in despatches on both occasions ; senior lieutenant in the steam sloop Rosamond in the Baltic in 1854; commanded the Otter, steam, 3 guns, from 1st March 1855 to March 1857, and was employed in her on " particular service" in the rivers Elbe and Weser, in 1855 ; from Alarch 1857 to March 1861 wis employed on the service of the Niger Expedi- tion,^ surveyed the lagoons at Lagos, and that portion of the River Niger comprised between Boressa and the sea; during 1861-2 he com- manded the Handy gunboat on the lagoons SIR J. GLOVER. 501 A.dmini8tration in lie largeHt fiHhery lill, in his speech ion of the Legis- lave arrired when a time engaged public a of a railway across y, ubould receiTO a . As a pre- osition will be sub- survey to ascertain 'ith a view to the lony does not possess ucing capitalists to of progress." ^oted for the pre- completed during veyors under tliu anadian engineer, in a very rapid one followed in lonstrated that a 5 difficulties to Lu )ructed -at a very jy established tlie I close in 1876, he new administrator e West African station lutenant in October of rved in the Winchester Indian station; trans- oop Sphinx, shared in e of Pegu, and in the 18 especially mentioned oth occasions ; senior m sloop Rosamond in commanded the Otter, t March 1855 to March d in her on " particular 8 Elbe and Weser, in )&7 to March 1861 wis se of the Niger Expedi- K)ns at La^os, and that iger comprised between luring 1861-2 he com- anboat on the lagoons In the following year, 1«77, after protracted negotiations, and repeated applications to the Imperial Government, Commander W. Howorth, R.N., was appointed tlie first stipendiary magistrate on the west coast, and, in accordance with the undoubted rights of the Colonial Government, Custom House officers were appointed and duties collected there. In 1877 Sir Bryan Robinson was com- pelled by age and increasing infirmities to retire from the Bench ; Sir Frederick Carter took his place, and Sir W. V. Whiteway l»ecame acting Attorney-General. One of the important subjects that required the attention of the new Cabinet was the Washington Treaty, ratified between Eng- land and the United States on the 8th of May, 1871. Under the compensation clau>ee, nnd L. H. DavieH, all eminent lawyers, were apiwinted British counsel to conduct the Canadian branch of the iiKjuiry. In conjunction with the Hon. W. J. S. Don- nelly, Mr. J. O. Frn«er, Judge Bennett, and Mr. W. Kelligi-ew, Sir William prepared our case. In this important work his assistants were not only experienced and able men, but probably the b(>st that could le selected in the Colony. Judge Bennett's practical know- ledge of the fishery on the .-outhem and south- westei-n parts of the island, and the ( pera- ' <^'o»« of" American and French fishermen o i our shores, was unequalled ; both Mr. Donnelly, Mr. J. O. Eraser, and Mr Kelhgrew were thoroughly v.i-sed in the general trade in th. Ooiony. Their duty in assisti.-g to prepare the evidence and select witnesses was very w.ll performed. Whilst we give them every ere lit for their valuable labours, their work does not in the least detract irom the eminent ser- vices before the Com- mission of our counsal. Sir A. Shea, who was always pre-eminently clear and lucid in his statements, whilst prais- ing their work, put Sir W. V. Whiteway's ser- vices in the right light when he dec'ared that they were rendered in a case of greater im- po7'tance and involvhifj larger rmponMitks 'than have cvn- fallen to tite lot of any puUk IpLIiCtZ:'^"" '""' ''"""^ -'"' ^^'-^ "^''""-'"^ " Resolved, That the Lejrislative Cnnr^oU ho= r>Uo™„ :„ ^ ,. appreciation of the services" of the HonT Wiliiam vX.^! wv^ ^^ ''" '"'''"''^"^ for Newfoundland, before the Halifax Fis Ws C^ltr. I^'fe^^iyr "' JUDGE BESNETT. £y S. II. Pay»cn». MR. J. o. PBASER. ■By S. II. Partona. THE HALIFAX COMMISSION. 50.3 strongly tolrw ivc, com{)«iiMiiti<)n. fn. W. J. S. Don- ^e Bennett, and !ini prepaiefl our •k his anH:Htants id able men, but i I e selected in practical kndw- itheni and south- and the < pera- ch tinhennen o i r. O. Fraser, and al trade in tlij lence and select liem eveiy ere lit he least detract IB- J. O. PBASER. V S. II. Partona. of any public Addresses to 1 the following •ding its thaukful :eway, as counsel le year 1877. " TLo Council feel naatired that the suoceail'Ul isaiifl of the Ineiairy there hold into the claim of Newfoundlantl was in largo moomiio due to Mr. VVhitowoy's able uiid zealons exertions in Iwjhalf of the iuterestM of thin (.'olony. " LfgiHlative Council, " April 18th, 1879. " EnWABO MOHHIH, " rresldenf. •' Resolved, That the thanks of tho House bo accorded to tho Hon William V. Whiteway. Premier of the Colony, for the ability and energy dUr)layo.l by him in uuccesBfully conducting tho ca.^e of this inland bofore tho Fisheries Or.mmiHsion which Hat at Halifax in 1877, appointed m u Tribunal of Arbitration under tho terms of the Washington Treaty. *' April 18th, 1879. A. I. W. McNkilv, " 8i>eaker." The result of the Ha'ifax Conuuission is well known ; its great success was largely due to the tact and ability of the secretary, Sir Henry G. Bergne. Five-and-a-half million dollai-s were accorded by the Commissioners, and out of this amount the handsome sum of one million to Newfoundland under the following award : — " The nndersignod Commissioners, appointed nnder Articles XXII. and XXIII. of the Treaty of Washington, of the 8th of May 1871, to determine, having regard to the privileges accorded by tho United States to tho subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, as stated in Articl s XIX. and XXI. of the said Treaty, the amount of any compensation which, in iheir opinion, ought to he paid by the Government of the UiiUed Statafl to the Government of Her Britannic Majesty iu return for the privileges accorded to the citizens of the United States under Article XVIII. of the said Treaty, having carefully and impartially examined the matters referred to them according to justice and equity, in conformity with the solemn declaration made and subscribed by them on tho 1.5th day of June 1877, award the sum of five millions five hundred thousand dollars in gold to be paid by rhe Government of the United States to the Government of Her Britannic Majesty, in accordance with the provisions of the said Treaty. " Signed at Halifax this 23rd day of Nove/aber 1877. " Maurice Delfos.se. " A. T. GvLT." A number of gentlemen in the Council and Assembly took pai-t in the discussion when the awar.l Avas considered. Speeches were made by Hon. A. W. Harvey, Sir Ambrose Shea, and Sir William Whiteway ; they throw light on the subject, and bring out in a very distinct and emphatic way the immense value of our fisheries the greatest cod-fishery in the world — a:id the jnagnitude of the interests at stake before the Commission. 604 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. HOW. A. W. H.iRVEY. Sy S. H, Parson*. The Hon. A. W. Harvey spoke as follows on this occasion :— "The amount of the award made by the Commission is declared by the Amencans to be out of all proportion to the privileges of fishery they hi obtained, and to no part of the award did they object so vehementVas^to the portion allotted to Newfoundland; in fact, thoy insisted that Newfoundland should be ruled out of court altogether. By reference to the terms of the Washington Treaty it will be seen that they do not specify what the remuneration, if any were awarded, was to be paid for. They do not say, for instance, that if the fishery privileges granted are ten times more valuable than those given to us on the coasts of the United States, the award should be proper, tioned to that. Nor do they say that the extent to which the United States fishermen used those fisheries over and above the extent to which British fishermen used the United States fisheries, should be the gauge of compensation. It IS the value of the privilege of fishing the claim was based on, which was a very difficult and intricate matter to get hold of and decide upon. If the value of the fisheries were to he Newfoundland. New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia: and he should have said that one million dollars would be utterly inadequate to represent the value of on* than'^ll't, *^;*^«'t *«^.*he standard, as we contended they were worth Lore than all the fisheries the United States fishermen were admitted to partirinarL on the coasts of the other provinces. There would be hardly a dlLTon that t^^ fists: ofT" "^Tu ^^^ ^^'^ ^*P^ -^^^^ "«- °f --e woVtrafthe" mb n^ be«nT« •/-, ' °«ighbouring colonies; and if upon that principle the awaM had been decided, we should have received more than two million five hundred thou sand dollars of the whole sum. But as that would have been manifestly unfa^^^ dollars than the larger amount. No doubt the Nova Scotia fisheries are far mZ interfered withby the United States fishermen than are our anTthe exte^ o which they use and will use them, is four times greater tha^he use they wiU rij ""TJ *^'''^°'" ^ '""'^•^"^ ^« ^^^ °^^d« -^ uncommonly good bar-Tia m securing the proportion of the award that has been paid io us." ^ The Hon. A. Shea said :— I .^omms nd 0. th„ pre^noe ol aelive competition in our fisheries, »-e should be g..„ers m . degree Ar beyond .ny snpposable amount to be des r") m TuLd compensation for the privilege of particifition." ouegea VALUE OP THE NEWFOUNDLAND SHORE FISHERY. 505 ccasion : — 1 is declared by the of fishery they have rehementlyas to the ridland ; in fact, thoy I should be ruled out sference to the terms it will be seen that t the remuneration, be paid for. They that if the fishery times more valuable 1 the coasts of the should be propor. ^ say that the extent tes fishermen used bove the extent to td the United States ge of compensation, ilege of fishing the was a very diflicult hold of and decide fisheries were to he lars would not be a le of the fisheries of mid have said that it the value of our y were worth more 3d to participate in iispntation that the than the combined iiple the award had five hundred thou- lanifestly unfair, I Colony one million lieries are far more , and the extent to the use they will only good bargain money considera- rity to a right to the importance of became necessary had this further on the subject oi: case, and in thus ies, wo should be iesired as alleged Sir W. V. Whiteway, the Attorney-General, after acknowledging the vote of thanks, concluded by saying :— "For some years after the signing of the Washington Treaty it appeared to be very doubtful whether or not the Halifax Commission would ever sit. 'J'he question was international between Great Britain and the United States'. Numerous despatches were interchanged between the two Governments iii reference to the subject. At length, in the year 1876, official information reached us to the effect that the Conunission would probably sit in 1877, and we were required by the Imperial Government to prepare our case' Two members of the Executive, the Hon. Mr. Donnelly and myself, were nominated to perform this duty. We did so, and had our case ready to submit to the British Agent, Mr. Ford, who with Mr. Bergne visited St. John's on his way to England from Canada, where they had been engaged for about two months with the fishery officials of the Dominion and several eminent counsel in the preparation of the Canadian part of the case. The stay of Messrs. Ford and Bergne here was short, some two weeks only, as our prepared case needed little or no alteration, a re-arrangement being all that was required to make it accord with the case of Canada. And here it affords me infinite pleasure to refer to the eminent services rendered by the hon. Surveyor- General, Mr. Donnelly. The services rendered by Judge Bennett, Mr. Fraser, and Mr. Kelligrew may bo gathered from the records of the Commission. By their evidence and by about twenty affidavits our case was sustained, and there was not a point which was not secured. I may say it was not only nailed home, but each nail was clinched, and our position rendered invulnerable. On the part of the United States there were about seventy witnesses examined and a similar number on behalf of Canada, in addition to which thoy each produced between two and three hundred affidavits. A treaty had been entered into between Great Britain and the United States, by which the United States had conceded to Great Britain the right of fishing upon a certain part of the American coast and a free market in the United States for Canadian and Newfoundland caught fish and produce, and in return Great Britain had conceded to the United States the right of fishing in Canadian and Newfoundland waters in common with British subjects. We alleged that the value of our concession was greater than that made by the United States. This Commission, appointed by virtue of the treaty, was to try that question, and to award the difference in value, if any, to Great Britain. Now, the United ^rltates counsel candidly admitted, first, that the concession to us to fish in American waters was of no value to us, as we could never use it; and secondly, it was our argument at the trial and clearly proved that for us to have the right of importing into the United States our fish and fish produce duty free was an advantage to the United States as a nation ; it gave them a cheaper article, upon the principle that the consumer always paid the duty, and in this case it was shown by conclusive evidence that, duty or no duty, the Canadian exporter of mackerel had averaged about the same returns in his account sales. A duty simply operated as a protection to the United States fishing interests as a distinct business. To take it off was an injury to that interest, but a benefit to the United States as a nation. It was with the nation that Great Britain was dealing : therefore the concession of a right of fishing on the American coast was admitted to be valueless, and the right of free market was shown to be a benefit to tho United States and no additional value to us. On the other hand, Newfoundland conceded to the United Stntes a free right of iishing on the coast from Bamoa Islands by Cape Eace to Cape John. What was the value of this concession P Had the Commission found nothing in our favour, what would have been the effect hereafter in British negotiations with tlie United States and with France ? Let us V t?l JI06 REIGN^ OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. foi o moment suppose the case of Great Britain proposing to m to givo the French a free right of hshmg all along our coast, with a view to the solution of our so-called French Shore difficulty. We know that this course would proro car , uin, but tho argument of Great Britain to us would have been unanswerable :-' You have had ' the opportunity of a solemn inquiry before a disinterested tribunal sitting in the very centre I of your fisheries, whore every facility was ac • hand for fully investigating their value, and tho • conclusion arrived at, after six months inquiry ' by that tribunal, was, that a right to fish along ' your coast was not worth anything." I venture to say that probably the true position and im- portanco of this inquiry was not generally appre- ciated here at the time of this Commission, or we should not have had loose, ill-considered opinions expressed. The decision had established that whicli wonld for all time endure to tho benefit of the country. It has been decided after a most rigid investigation that the right to fish along a portion of our coast for 12 years, under the facts given in evidence, is worth ono million dollars. W e have now an established basis, and I look upon this as of tho greatest importance, and that npon which we cannot set too high a value." Sir Frederic Carter having, taken his seat upon the Bench, tirst as y ssistan Judge, and in 1880 a.s Chief Justice, in succession to Sir Hu was docked, ami the «Z wmt' the dock has been taken out of mS C^Zr: t C under lease to Mossm Harvey & Angel for $11,000 per annum. Th ."oc^^ ^emenoe to the trade, gives almost constant emplovment to tmdesm..,, X^rsiZ"""'' '""-"'"" "' <•<"'- w<.'e.:wo,.idbe":t™.:; »Sf31l The most important social indastry in St. John's is the Rope Walk As a great hshmg country Newfoundland ^ uses an enormous amount of lines and tw^ines, netting, coi-dage, and cables ; until quiwi recently all these articles were imported, principally from the West of England, Isitterly from New England. The Colonial Cordage Company was founded by the energy and enterprise of the Hon. M. ^^^^■[^■HKi'^-'t Monroe, a brother of the distinguished Judge Monroe, of the Higher Court in Ireland. Aided by local and foreign capital, he inaugurated a work which gives employment to a large number of work- people, and circulates money in the Colony. The goods turned out by this company are all of the ver. finest quah y. Instead of importing all our cordage from abroad"! bulk of the hues, twmes, nets, and cables used in our fishery a,e now made in the co"P*r«' Wh-J-* ^hf. --,,•-• -• » x, ^'«"eij aie now .1-^ i,j_!.„i^. ?, n,^„^ one inuiawon ot the enternrisp wna *»,« work of the Hon. M. Mon^e. its succos.f„l workFug T n^i;;!; HOy. K. MOHHOB. THE COLONIAL CORDAGE COMPANY. 511 i conditions to whicl» ailwftjr, marks an cr;» untry." jf the dry bones ; d, the construction Tlie dock is own- widest part, M-ith si large enough to by the patentees, ;an in M.iy 1883, cl tlie gi-eat work ock for ten yearn le lessees and the* payment of rent, nds, and is now mum. The doe'v benefit and con- snt to tradesmen, uld be otherwise the Rope Walk Jittiibuted to the practical skill, tact, and good judgment of his brother, the sole managing partner, James H. Monroe.' MOITROB. 11 of the very om abroad, tlie ihery aie now (rprise was the ig is mainly THB COLONIAl CORDAGE COMPAKX's MILL. The events of the next succeeding yeai-s, from 1883 forwards, are fresh in the memoiies of all, and it is . t needful to dwell with minute particularity over circumstances with which all Newfoundland readers are familiar. One unpleasant subject I should like to pass over, the viruhnce, mendacity, and misrepresentation with which the promoters of the railway and the graving dock M^ere assailed. The most monstrous fictions were invented to set the people against these new enterprises. This resulted in a very serious disturbance. In 1881 the inhabitants of the south shore of Conception Bay, believing that all unutterable evils would happen to them if the line * The Rope Walk 18 owned and operated by a local joint stock company, the Colonial Cordage Company, Limited, of St. John's, Newfoundland. It gives constant and steady employment to upwards of 500 people — men, boys, and girls — in the manufacture of cables and cordage of all kinds, fishing lines of every description, and all sorts of netting, sieves, and cod traps. It is situate at Monday Pond, convenient to the railroad. This concern was originally built in 1882, and burned down in December 1885. The present buildings are of a more substantial nature in brick and stone. They were pushed forward with great energy, operations beinff commenced the following July, only six months after the destruction of the old buildincs. The ma<>hin».rv is rkt ♦»,„ _-. f improved description, and the goods manu- factured are quite equal to anything produced in England or the United States. «I2 REIGN OP VICTORIA, J857-1895. ■went through their lands, stoned the engineers, took away their instru- njents. and drove them from their work. The inspector of police, Mr Carty, ond the police magistrate, with only eleven men, were left to contend with a mad, excited crowd of about live hundred men an,l women armed with guns and every variety of weapon. The arrest of the ringleader at the point of the bayonet, and the firm action of the police authorities, eventually restored order. All this unseemly THE EOPB WAIK. "opsail to Indian Pond weie in an msane state of excitement. Though it wa., the busiest time of the year, they never did a stroke of worlc ; all day long U^eyZuZ 'This riot has been generally known »« «he" Battle of Fox Trap."*^ The people o?tJe south shore were told by a leading merchant in ij^ ""' " "^a^^ «"■*«" (tolieate') would be erected near the Long Bridgefand every man going into town with a horse and ittle farms and horses would be taxed, and around l^t L\'"",*'"'=^*'*'^«^ «ver their ground, it would be taken from them. RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION. 513 away their instru- ispector of police, a men, were left to hundred men ami )n. The arrest of he firm action of l11 this unseemly, rapulous fabrica- le to oppose the to Indian Pond the busiest time tig they watched iwn with a horse and iftjr cents; that their [vould be taxed, and 'hey further beJleved 36 carried over their 1 from them. SIB HENRX MAX8E. the engineers and the small posse of police, and followed them from plaere determined to use the Placentia branch »ut also states that r's objection to the 1 Colonial Secretary ry to seek for Catholic FRENCH CONVENTION OP 1884. niS To some of the stern unbending Tories of Water Street, the railway was the unclean thing, hence this thin disguise ; it was altogether too transparent to deceive the public. The convention between England and France, made in 1884 relative to French fishery rights in Newfoundlmd, was submitted to the New- foundland Government in 1884, by Sir Chve Ford and Mr. E B Pennell, C.M.G. ; with certain modificationn it received a qualified ai.proyal, but the Whiteway Cabinet absolutely refused to hold a special session of the Legislature to rccomniend its adoption In 1885 on the change of Government. Mr. E. B. Pennell, C.M.O.. of the Colonial Ofhce. was again sent out to Newfoundland with an amended convention to confer with the local authorities ok the subject, and to endeavour to make an arrangement. The negotia- tions resulted, however, in the Joint Committee of the House of Assembly and the Council absolutely refusino- to ratify the Ford>Pennell Conven*^ tion, unless the French would agree to withdraw or modify their bounties; concurrently the committee drafted, ;^-n and both Houses passed, the first ^^^^ Bait Acf of 1886. In substance it empowered the Executive to prohibit the capture in our waters for expor- tation or sale of bait fishes, except under special licence to be issued by the Receiver General under the authority of the Goveinor in Council. If carried out efficiently it would stop all the supply of bait to the Fiench from our south coast. The Fi-ench ma^le every effort to induce the Imperial Government to refuse their sanction to the Act and in the Governor's speech of 1887 Sir G. W. Des Vceux informed the Legislature that Her Majesty would not sanction the Bill. The Governor's despatch in favour of the proposed measure, and the address from the House of Assembly sent home with the second Bait Bill in 1887, are both very able and well-written documents. Sir G. W. Des Vceux wrote on January 14, 1887, to Sir H. Holland • after referring to the matter o-enerallv. he mnnlnrlprl . ' " 25. Though this measuro. if allowed, would to a large extent place the fiah prodoction m this neighbourhood within the control of the people of this Colon r tuey have no desire to monopolize it, and I feel satisfied that they would willingly K K 2 8IE Q. W. DEj VffiUX, K.C.M.O. 616 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. modify the proviHione of the measure in favour of guch Govorjimont« as would grant a proportional reciprocity. " 26. Without of course being able to speak with certainty an to the amount of conceSHion that would be granted by the Legislature in any particular case, I have very good reason for believing that, as regards the United Htates, the right of obtaining bait would be restored on the opening of the American tiiarkots to Newfoundland fish, or (if common cause be made with Canada) to ell IJritish flHh j while in view of the greater expenHe involved in maintaining tho flHheiy fVom head-quarters on the other side of the Atlantic, I believe that in the case of tho French the abolition or a aubstantial reduction of the export bounties would alone be held sufficient, even though the other bounties and tho prohibition of the import of British fish were still retained. In a word, tho principle that the colonists desire to maintain is, ' Live and let live,' and they merely object to that of ' Let others live by killing U8.' " 26. But whether the viowH of the colonists on this subject are just or not (and after much and anxious consideration of the subject I am bound to say that, in my opinion, they are based on very substantial grounds), the proposed measure of prohibition, as in no way affecting the Treaty rights of foreign Powers, can scarcely be contended to be otherwise thnn such ns is within the competence of the local Legislature under the existing constitution of the Colony ; and, indeed, if thu same object had been aimed at by more indirect means, and a Bill had been passed imposing a prohibitive duty on bait exported in foreign vessels, it appears open to doubt whether, under mj existing instructions, I should have been justified in refusing assent to it. " 27.^ But however this may be, any question as to the competence in the mat of the Colonial Legislature has been practically set at rest by the recent allowance of the Canadian Bill, which, I am informed, adopts almost precisely similar means for procuring an analogous object. And as the importance of the fisheries to tho Dominion is moreover incomparably less, for tho reasons above given, than to this Colony, it may be presumed that the disallowance of the Newfoundland Bill, whicli would apjiear probable from the long delay of decision, is due to some Imperial consideration which applies either not at all, or in a considerably less degree, to the cuso of Canada. If this be so, as indeed there are other reasons for believing, I would respectfully urge that in fairness the heavy resulting loss should not, or at all events not exclusively, fall upon this Colony, and that if in the national interest a right is to be withheld from Newfoundland which naturally belongs to it, and the possession of which makes to it all the difference between wealth and penury, there is involved on the part of the nation a corresponding obligation to grant compensation of a value equal, or nearly equal, to that of the right withheld. " 31. I would respectfully urge that, in the absence of a fixed decision against this measure, the delay which has already taken place in respect of its allowance should not be further prolonged. " 32. Now that I fully comprehend, the present position of the Colony, it is to me no longer a matter of wonder that the Legislature has hitherto failed to ratify the proposed Arrangement; with Prance ; indeed, I can scarcely conceive it possible that this Arrangement will ever be accepted bo long as the Bait Clause remains in it, and no security is taken that the export bounties will not be maintained on their present footing. r'ornmonttt as would aR to the amount of rticular oaHO, I haro iJtatcB, the right uf norican markets to I to all ISritish fiHh ; g tho flHheiy from I in the cose of tho ountieB would alone bition of the import I that the oolonistH ect to that of ' Let are just or not (and 1 to say that, in my opoBed measure of 'owers, can scarcely teteuce of the local md, indeed, if thu till had been passed it appears open to e been justified in )tence in the mat he recent allowance isely similar means the fisheries to the I given, than to this undland Bill, which 9 to some Imperial erably less degree, other reasons for :avy resulting loss ony, and that if in .nd which naturally difference between )n a corresponding qual, to that of the ed decision against ct of its allowance the Colony, it is to jrto failed to ratify conceive it possible '• Clause remains in naintained on their TIIK BAIT IJILL. 417 " 33. For though all tho other articles have the appearance of concession on the part of the Fnuich, and some are, no doubt, substantial conoossious, they ar.j all immeftsurably outweighed by the uingle concousion rcijuirod on tho part of this Colony. For if there wore granted to tho French an inalienable right to procure bait here, the future, not only of the coust where they already have flshi ng righti but of the whole Colony, would practically be placed within the control of their Government. Even if tho present bounties should prove insufficient, it would require but a slight addition to thera, involving an exceedingly small cost by comparison with the enormous expenditure of Franco, to destroy tho trade of this Colony altogether, and at once; and in view of the great importance attached to these fisheries by the French, as the means of maintaining the strength of their navy, it would appear by no moans improbable that such an attempt would be raado if there wore thus withdrawn tho only means of preventing its snccesa. And this probability appears the greater, when it is considered that the cessation of British productions with the cause in operation that would render its recovery impossible would, in all probability, produce a rise in the market value of fish, which would eventually render unnecessary the contiiiuance of any bonmy, so that the additional expenditure on the part of France would bo only a temporary sacrifice that would secure a permanent economical gain. •'34. As the matter at present appears to me, it seems deserving of the con- sideration of Her Majesty's Government whether it would, under any circumstances be politic to place in the hands of the French a weapon capable of being used with such terrible effect against British interests, and whether, without the security for the discontinuance of tho bounties on their present footing as above referred to, it would be wise to make farther effort for the passing of the Arrangement while the Bait Clause is included in it. '• 35. In conclusion, I would respectfully express, on behalf of this • suffering Colony, the earnest hope that the vital interests of 200,000 British subjects will not be disregarded out of deference to the susceptibilities of any foreign Power, and this especially when the privilege which that Power desires to retain cannot be pretended to be matter of right, but is a benefit which may be lawfully with- drawn, as in the nature of a tenancy at will, and may now be justly withdrawn as being used for the infliction of fatal injury on those who have hitherto permitted its enjoyment. Sincerely hoping that the fulfilment of the desire of Newfoundland may be no longer delayed, and that 1 may be able to meet the Legislature next month with the announcement that this important Bill has already received Her Majesty's gracious allowance and confirmation, I have, Ac. " G. William des V(eux." The House declared : — " It was with feelings of profound disappointment and regret that we learned from His Excellency's speech, at the opening of the present Session of the Legis- lature, and from your despatch to him of the 3rd instant, that Her Majesty will not be advised to give her aanction to this Bill. •' This announcement awakened a public sentiment that has had its expression in the immediate passage of another similar Bill, which took precedence of all other business in the Legislature, and will be transmitted immediately for tho approval of Her Majesty's Government. We most earnestly trust that tho result of this renewed eft'ort in support of our rights may not be another disappointment with its ruinous consequences. "When we learn from your despatch that tbo main reason for the refusal of our Bill is that its present adoption would ' inflict grave loss on the French fishermen,' we cannot forbear from the expression of our surprise at this apparent disregard of 516 KEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1896. m ii ■?f.^ tne sufferings of onr fishermen, and of the British interests which nre thna made subservient to the purposes of foreigners. The people of this Colony have the right m our fisher.es. and foreigners have not; and wo cannot see those rights surrendered in defiance of our appeals without expressing our deep sense of the injustice to which our people are thus called on to submit. "Tour despatch sets forth that further information is required to enable Her ^r Th.rir'"'"? ^ ^.PPr««;«te the true character and bearings of our Bait MLtv'- r^v J"' . • ' ^^^S'^'f "■:«' ^^'^^^y '•^f^rred to, in possession of Her Majesty s Government, is pregnant with facts in justification of that measure, and appears to us to exhaust the whole subject. But while we fail to see any wa;t of coniplateness in the evidence already supplied, every desire is felt to satisfy any lurther reasonable requirements in this respect. '• It would further appear from your despatch that, in support of the objections to the measure much importance is given to the fact that the bait traffic has been ong recognised and has only of late been resisted. We thought the reasons for to h'^M? /'7 "^ ^''°. '°S '"P^^^"''^ ^" *^^ representations recently made to Her Majesty s Government. The traffic was permitted so long as the bouutv- assisted fisheries of France found a market in that country for their produce. But within the last three years the great increase in their fisheries has gone far bevond the requirements of their home markets ; and wo find them meeting us in Spain Italy, and other European countries, and. with the bounty equal to 60 per cent, of the value of the fish, they are fast supplanting us ; the reduced value of our stapJe industry from this cause already representing a fairly estimated sum of £250 000 per annum, under conditions that menace us with a still more serious decline ' In these facts our change of view of the bait traffic is but too well warranted, and we have abundant reason for the application of the remedy provided in the Bait Act In furnishing our rivals with bait, we promote the evils we have to contend with' and our only course is to terminate this suicidal traffic. -We are but too conscious that, from the causes referred to. the condition of our rade awakens a sense of great anxiety at the present moment ; while we hav full irust m the future, if only permitted by Her Majesty's Government to Cislalo as we see fit for the protection of what belongs to us. We regret we cannot°sa e ToZl r/ r^'^^Tl^ '' ''''' '^ '"•"'"■ -P---«. the question how much longer and to what further extent our trade will bear up against the adverse mfiuences that now prevail. Our ability to sustain ourselves against ulidu competition would be no argument for obliging ns to contribute to its con tmuance, while the perils of such an experiment are too obvious to warrant's RCCCULQfIlC6* . " ff^^^T'*^'" ^^-^^^^"^e"*. i» proposing that they should be the iudges of tlie effect of our measures on our local interests, are not, we humbly submit in a position to discharge that duty with safety or advantage. When it is sugg'e tod that, as regards our Bait Act. a consultaticn with the French may lead to a remec v being found m some other direction for the admitted evils, this proposal Wd appear to have originated with a want of knowledge of the situation. A fre supply of bait to the French from our coasts means the effacement of our Bri sh trade and the exodus of our population, and forbids all thought of pos le equivalents. We moreover, must decline respectfully to accept the view that le Irench, or any other foreign Power, has a status or consuUative claim in tie control or disposition of our property, and we humblv demnr to an- r^<>oenitL 4 their pi^t^sions in this respect. We acknowledge no authority~but that of tl, Imperial Government, and their rights of dominion are wisely limited by on constitutional powers, which secure for us the free exercise of our instructed intelligence m the management of our local affairs. THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. 519 rhich nre thna made his Colony have the lot see those rights ir deep sense of the lired to enable Her earinga of our Bait I possession of Her f that measure, and I to see any want of s felt to satisfy any •rt of the objections bait traffic has been ight the reasons for lions recently made ong as the bounty, their produce. But las gone far beyond testing us in Spain, il to 60 per cent, of value of our staple ;d sum of £250,000 lerious decline. In warranted, and we 3d in the Bait Act. ve to contend with, ;o, the condition of ent ; while we have rnment to legislate )t we cannot safely question how much ?ainst the adverse ^es against undue ribute to its coii- ious to warrant its I be the judges of imbly submit, in a hen it is suggested ij lead to a remedy lis proposal would situation. A free lent of our British ought of possible the view that the tive claim in the any re<^ognition of ty but that of the ly limited by our of our instructed " The decision of Her Majesty's Government leaves us to deal with disheartening prospects for another year, the effects being already seen in the restriction and abandonment of proposed enterprise; but we cannot believe that any alleged difficulties will be allowed further to supersede the rights and mar the fortunes of the loyal people of this Colony struggling to maintain their position as an independent and honourable appendage of the British Crown." In 1887, when our delegates were sent to England to press on the sanction of the Bait Act, their arrival, most fortunately for our interests, coincided with the holding of the Colonial Conference in London. Our Premier, then Mr. Thorburn, soon made Sir Robert, represented the most ancient colony ; he was the premier of colonial premiers. In claiming our rights to control and legislate for our own fisheries we had all the colonies on our side but Canada; she demanded from the Colonial OflBce that the Act should be disallowed, and even if allowed, the penal clauses should be altered. Our representatives gave an assurance tliat Canadian fishermen were " to be placed upon the same footing as our own." Whilst we must all do justice to the able and earnest efforts of our delegates, Sir A. Shea and Sir R. Thorburn, the fortunate coinci- dence of their visit and the con- ference of all the Colonial Premiers gave great weight to our demand for the Imperial sanction to the Bait Act ; in the Jubilee Year of Her Majesty's accession, the Colonial Office dai'e not be so ungracious as to refuse us the exercise of a right in which we would be sustained by every Colonial statesman then in London. The British Government, having most reluctantly assented to the Bait Act, made it a condition that the Act should not be put in force until the following spring (1888). The year 1887 will be ever me- morable as the Jubilee of our Gracious Sovereign Queen Victoria. The occasion called out a gi-and exhibition of loyalty over the vast Empire whose drum-beat now encircles the world. In St. John's an impressive Jubilee service was held in the Anglican cathedral of St. John the Baptist, and was attended by all denominationH The subsequent history of this important question of the Bait Act is well known to Newfoundland readers. I was requested by the Thorburn Government to put the Act in operation. In Jfarch 1888 I HEE MAJESIY THE QViEX. By Bassano, i!li EEIGN OF VICTORIA, 18o7-1895. found myself one morning suddenly transformed from a peaceful Distiict Judge into the commander of a fleet; the French called me "Bon>Varde Admiral," and our tugs " the Ironclads." We had very great difticulty m getting free from the ice ; the old Hercules, however, butted her way round Cape Spear, and the S.S. Lady Glover followed in her wake ; we managed to "clear our skirts," whilst the Curlew and Po^^tia were detained for a long time at Trepassy. The initial difficulties attending a very arduous undertaking were thus overcome. ° The year 1892 will ever be memorable in the Colony as a period ot calamity, beginning with the great disaster in Trinity Bay, and followed by the fire of July. In January all the English-speaking world mourned for the death of the Duke of Clarence ; sincere and wide- spiead sympathy was felt for the bereaved prince and for the mother, the beloved Danish princess, endeared to all English hearts. In February occurred one of those terrible calamities and loss of humnn life which vividly impress us with the terrible dangers to which our hardv hsherinen, who earn their bread upon the waters, are daily and hourly exposed. Saturday, the 28th of February 1892, is a dark day in the annals of Trinity! a day to be ever remembered and mourned. The morning sun ushered in a lovely dawn, the sky was clear, a soft, bright, balmy air blew from tlie land over the treacherous sea, the light bi-eeze scarcely ruffled i^s bosom. From Trinity, and every harbour adjacent, boats were' out by early dawn in pui-suit of seals, which had bjen seen the i)revious even- ing. From Trinity, Ship Cove, Trouty, English Harbour, Salmon Cove, and other small places, the daring ice-hunters set off with high hopes and buoyant spirits to chase the wary seal ; in this most exciting nnd dangerous pursuit the Newfoundlander recks not of danger diffi- cu ties and perils that would affright one unaccustomed to the ice- fields are mere sport to the hardy native. On this eventful day seals were few and scattered ; in the fierce excitement of the elms; 'TT T.* """^ '""^^ *^^' ^^^' ^^*^^^^«^ ''^ *^^^ <=«"""g tempest ; a few of the older fishermen, especially those from Trinitv, more wary, and probably less vigorous, noticed the first signs of the^ storm, and before the icy blast came down with full force they were under the lee of the SIR HENEY BLAKE, K.C.M.G. By ir. d- C. Boiiney. TRINITY BAY DISASTER. r»9i a peaceful District ed me " Boa»l arde sry great difficulty er, butted her way in her wake ; we and Portia were Acuities attend ingr olony as a period Irinity Bay, and English-speaking sincere and wide- d for the mother, rts. In February lumnn life which which our hardv i' BLAKE, K.C.M.Q. . <{• C. Downey. ligh hopes and 3st exciting nnd f danger; diffi- med to the ice- is eventful day it of the chase tempest ; a few more wary, and urnij and before tT the lee of the land and could row in. Two hundred and fifteen men were out on that day ; tlie majority got safe to land after a tremendous struggle for (heir lives; the lest of the unfortunate fishermen, in spite of their heroia exertions, were finally overpowered ; with strong arms they rowed for their lives, but the freezing icy tornado swept down upon tliem and paralysed their efforts ; \ hey had done all that men could do against the blizzard ; they fought with the gale whilst instant death appeared on every Mave. One bold crew from English Harbour, seeing all their attempts to stem the tempest were in vain, made for the ice ; so chilling- was the blast that before the boat had reached the floe, flying before the wind, one young fellow became paralysed with the cold ; however, Newfoundlanders in a difficulty are never without resource. They climbed on to a pan higher than the rest, where they made a rude shelter; their boat was broken up to make a fiie; with this and some seals they managed to live through that awful night. Thirteen fisher- men were found frozen to death in their little punts ; eleven others, were driven up the bay and perished in that dark cold night of death. TJie hardships that were endured, the sufferings of the poor fellows that were saved, the agony of suspense for the dear ones on shore, the heroism of these poor humble souls in their hour of agony is known only to the Almighty Power " that rules the raging of the sea." All that could be done Avas done to alleviate the distressed ; a gallant crew from Heart's Delight saved the sixteen men on the ice ; the generous Captain Fowlow put out in the schooner and succoured some and brought them home to their agonised families. Charity flowed in to the widows and orphans ; kindness, open-handed liberality, tender human sympathy was. called forth for tlie mourners, for those, alas, whose sorrow for the dead will never die, who all life long will grieve over the death and destruction of that dark day of storm. In the course of this History I have often had to chronicle tl.e ravages of fire ; thrice our capital has been destroyed by the devouring flame; the conflagration of the 8th and 9th of July 1892 far exceeded all former calamities in suddenness and in the immense value of the property destroyed. The great fire of 1846 began with the upsetting of a glue-pot in the shop of Hamelin the cabinet-maker, the still greater fire of July 1892 commenced in a stable, and was, in all probability, caused by the spark from a careless labourer's pipe. Commencing on a fine summer's evening, fanned by a high wind, the fire burnt all through the night, and in t'le bright daAvn of that ever-memorable 9th of July, ten thousand people found themselves homeless, a forest of chimneys and heaps of ashes m irking where the evening before had ^tood one of the 622 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. busiest and most flourishing towns in the maritime provinces. Lest I should be accused of prejudice, I prefer giving an account of the disaster •liiliiiiMJii^ nt—wTHnm from another pen. Nearly all the following description is taken from the St. John's Evening Herald of 10th September 1892 :— rovinces. Lest I it of the disaster «» ^==A\ a o •a a* -8 .a V 00 C9 IS o o 3) .a a o 3 <4-> o P taken from the THE FIRE OF 1892. 523 Ever memorable in the annals of St. John's will be the 8th day of July 1892. For generations to come the great fire of this year will form a subject for conver- eation, a period to date from, in the same manner as for the past forty-six years the great fire of the 9th of June 1846 has been. Exactly forty-six years and one month had passed away since the great fire of 1846, and the inhabitants of St. John's had come to look upon the fire demon as one that would never again destroy any great portion of our city. We felt secure in the great water power we had, and the almost unlimited quantity which was stored in the natural reservoir at Windsor Lake. In fact, such was our faith in the power of the fire department, and in the supply of water, that when a fire occurred, even at night, but few people ever troubled to arise from their beds to ascertain its Avhereabouts. Such was the feeling of security, that when the bells rang the double alarm on Friday, the 8th July, but few people paid any attention to it. The weather had been extremely hot for some weeks before ; so much so, that the grass had withered on the high lands, and vegetables were being dried up. Forest fires prevailed in the surrounding country, and for days the air had been laden with the smoke ai^d heat of burning bush and moss, Friday was one of the hottest days of the summer, tho thermometer registering 87° in the shade at 2 p.m. Although the thermometer ranged so high, an unusually strong breeze of wind prevailed all day, decking the harbour with "white caps," and the dust flew about in blinding showers. About five o'clock the Central fire bell rang out an alarm, which was quickly responded to by the firemen, who proceeded to the scene of the conflagration at the junction of Freshwater and Pennywell Beads. By the careless handling of a match the stable of Mr, T, Brien had caught fire, and there is nob the least doubt that it might have been easily extinguished in its incipient stage, but that not a bucketful of water could be had, for the water-pipes had been undergoing repairs that day, and although the Avater is said to have been turned on at 3 p.m., the water at 6 had not reached the higher levels of the town, and the reservoir, close to the scene of the outbreak, was found to be empty, having been pumped out by the fire brigade at a practice about one month previously. With no water to check the devouring element, and a stable full of hay to feed, and a gale of wind to fan the fiames, the fire spread with incredible rapidity, leaping from house to house. It was speedily seen that the fire was going to assume large proportions, and a call was made for extra aid, Avhich brought many townsfolk to the spot, but although there were many willing hands, there was no water. This fact seemed to paralyse the firemen, and the leaping iiames flying with such rapidity from house to house, passing over an occasional one, demonstrated the fact that no human effort could stay their onward rush. Whilst one stream of fire rapidly descended Carter's Hill, another swiftly destroyed the building"? on the south side of Harvey Street, and those on Long's Hill, taking in its course the magnificent Methodist College Hall, School, and Home ; the Masonic Temple, a comparatively new building, and one that was justly looked upon with great pride by the Masonic fraternity. Tho destruction of Presbyterian Manse and building near by followed. People began to realise that the fire was going to be ont- c ? huge proportions j household goods were hastily packed and taken to places which were thought to be safe, such as the Church of England Cathedral, the Gower Street Methodist Church, and the St, Patrick's Hall. Soon flying pieces of shingle and light wood were scattered over the city, and in less than two hours fires had started in several places. Scotland Kow, on Church Hill, was on fire before the Masonic Temple had caught, and a building inside of Chain Eock was burnt dowa before the fire >24 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-lft93. readied Water Street. The Court House and W. Campbell's supply store caught simultaneously, and be'oro Gower Street Church waa on fire. Standing near the Syuod Hall one could see a mass of fiamts ruhinp down Long's Hill and across the road from the Fire Hall, licking np the brick buildings in front of Victoria Hall as though they were chips. A few firemen, \\\i h a short hose, through Avhich feebly filtered a small stream of water, endeavoured to put out a spark of fire which fell on the building north of Mr. Mariotl's house ; presently it was seen that the Clergy Houso adjoining Bishop Jones's residence was on fire, and then the roof of the Synod Hall caught. A ladder and some water would have saved these buildings, but there was none at hand, and the chief of the Municipal Council stood and gazed in a helpless manner at the empty hose and the burning buildings. The fire had now reached that noble edifice the Church of England Cathedral, a work of art, of Gothic desig i, by Sir Gilbert Scott. Although not quite complete, it was the pride of the city. It had been erected at a cost of about $500,000, the transepts and chancel having been lately added to the nave, which latter had been built forty years previously. Alas, it now lies a magnificent ruin. With the onward sweep of the fire, the heat and the wind increased. Sweeping down over Gower and Duckworth Street, the brick and stone buildings, warehouses, stores, halls, public buildings, and houses on Water Street fell before the flames as speedily as did the wooden buildings higher up. The Union Bank had a narrow VIEW OF THE AJJOLICAIf CATHEDItAL A^D THE 1 NION BANK AFTER THE FIRK. From a photorjvaph. escape, due no doubt to the fact that it was protected in the front by the lart^e poplar trees standing in the Cathedral grounds. By 8 o'clock the fire had reaolied Water Street, and Messrs. Harvey and Co.'s premises, Campbell's, Job Bro,«. a,ud Co.'s, were on fire in the east, and the Court House to the west of Marl r ITouse Hill. People on the upper levels were fast huri-ying away with their bo i behold goods, those who conld employing teams and paying exorbitant prices for ri-irhire. Many deposited their belongings in the streets, only to be consumed by ; ue relentless flames, or stolen from them. As the night advanced, the fire swepi, en from Long's Hill west down over Playhouse supply store caught Standing near the ig's Hill and across in front of Victoria hose, through which out a Bpnrk of fire •esently it was seen in fire, and then the Id have saved these Municipal Council ! burning buildings. agland Cathedral, a not quite complete, ibout $500,000, the lich latter had been ut ruin. With the Iweeping down over warehouses, stores, fore the flames as Bank had a narrow THE FIRE OF 1892. 525 1 THE JIRK. Front by the large . Harvey and Co.'s ast, and the Court sr levels were fast ploying teams and belongings in the 1 from them. As n-n over Playhouse Hill to Beck's Cove, where a vigorous stand was made, which was effectual in stoi)ping its progress west. On Playhouse Hill, near Bates Street, a vigorous elfort was made by some noble workers, who formed a fire break by tearing doAvn Dougherty's Forge, thus saving the upper part of the town. The fire, which had taken possession of the buildings on Garrison Hill, was communicated to the St. Patrick's Hall, and notwithstanding the great efforts made by the Christian Brothers and others to save this fine building, it was soon one mass of flames. It was then feared that the fire would spread to the Convent and buildings on Military Boad, and a stand was made to save the houses on the north side of Queen's Boad. All on the south side were in flames, but the stone chapel belonging to the Congregationalists stood intact. It was here that great want of tact was displayed by those in charge of the fire department. A hose which was engaged in playing on some wooden buildings further to the eastward, and which could not possibly do any service at the time, should have been employed in wetting the side of the Congregational Church. Had such been done, this building, the one opposite, and in all probability the houses of Mr. Greene and of Maxse Terrace, would have ins ANGLICAN CAinEDBi.1. AFTER THE FIBE. From a photograph. been saved. The fire which had swept down Gower, Duckworth, and Water Streets, crept slowly up Prescott Street, and at the top of King's Boad a great efl'ort was made to save the Eastern Fire Hall, which was successful. Had this taken fire all the buildings on Military Boad would have been destroyed. Another anger menaced Military Boad in the presence of a stable to the south-east of the *2® REIGN or VICTORU, 1857-1895. hSl^^^^^'^'^l^^ "''"^'^ "°* ^^ ''*'*°^«'* ^y^^^ l^o««- Outhis building for ore.- balf-an-hour three of the members of the force worked right vStW hJZ Sets' TwTs* h '^' r.'r P^' ""' f!'''''' "'^^ ^'^^ ^'*^ «- ' o\her t Lo I uwinK to the exertions of these policemen and citizens, the Military Roa.l 5:;S"^''p 'm/'*'°'"* ^'""''^ ^" ^-^'^ S*-«t. »»d the Church of Enlnd Academy Buildings were saved. " ^ xmou oi jingiand r^n l^^^^^^^J'ow reached Cochrane Street, and it was hoped that the uoner portion of this fine street might be saved. A few lengths of hose weJe obt3d but no sufficient to reach the burning houses, and the water supply rs It whatu ought to have been. Several attempts were made to pull dorbuTldirgs but a frIZr "Tl"^ ":*^. ^''^ '**°"°^ ''^'"^"^y^' *^« «ff°rts proved futile unW the fire had reached next door to the Hon. G. T. Rendell's residence The house t! southward was partially torn down whilst on fire, saving Mr Eendelll thTLu house now standing on the east side of Cochrane Street ' ^ rr.ttl°T *''° °'-^''"^' *^^ ^'' ^^^ ''"'^^^ *^« buildings west of Devon Row The .vaterside premises, stores, warehouses, wharves, &c., from Bowring's to Murrav I fTarL'thrt'n """r- ^^"^7°^»-° -d Soap Factory was TZes an^'uwa feared that Devon Row would go, but a vigorous effort on the part of ts residems S McKarTheT"*"^'"^''^"^.°t '^'^' ^''''' ^—-g the' stores of H^n A m.".f ^'/i, , """l"^' ^'''" ^"^^"^ W°o<^« * Son's premises, Hnrvey's Tobacco Factory and Bakery, the Coastal Company's Wharf and Stores, a portion of Hovle^ Bavarian Brewery, Lindberg's, W. Canning's, and the American Consul's residences to thfhTr^wn'v . *'f ^^r" '' ^'^''' ^°"° ^^J°--« *^« MW De;6r"d le ^ to the hard work done by Manager Noble, of the Railway Company! and his men who successfully fought the sparks and flames. The St. George's Bai^acks wS Im Z r? 'T '"' ?P'''"J^ '^^P^*^'' ^^^ «--^^ buildinis ^n the ct ; If the IvL^.l K ' ^f7''' ^''^''^'"^ ^^'^y i" *be evening. Several vessell lying at the wharves had narrow escapes. The Nelly. Ethel, and Frince LeTol moved into the stream and their rigging and sails caught fire several t^es The ?or:f bTrfer* '"' ''''"'' *'^ ^°^^ ^"^^ ^-' '-• -d "^ --^- of small fullv^tS (^H^.Zf^ *^? "^r*^- *^'.'''" ^."^ ''^•"P^"*^'^ ^^« ""^'^ o* destruction ; Sii *?^f ■^7^*^« of tbe city lay in ruins. $20,000,000 worth of property had been destroyed, only covered by an insurance of H800.000.' Nearly eleven thousand people were homeless, some two thousand houses and stores had been des^^^^^^^^ and the following public buildings: Church of England CathSl Rectory 'Amount of Insubanck effected on I'aoPEKTT IN St. John's sKSTBown ■•>».■» . * BY THE Fire. • "o™ » »K8™o^ed Brought forward .3.555,000 Liverpool. London, and Globe - 175 nnn ^^^*''*®***'", A • " ' ' * lOO.Ouo Atlas --.... 100,000 Lion - -^lu.unu Queen vuh Fo keen, the chancOH appeared «o evenly luilanced, eHpicially in St. John's tluit no one, under the Ballot Act, could foretell the result. Mr. Monroe, one of the ablest politicians in the island, conducted hisi o'.vn election in the west end of St. John's with iumienHO spiiit, leaving no stone unturned to piin his seat ; Mr. Walter Bnine Crieve made an ecpially de- termined h'ght a^'ainst Sir William and the Hon. R. Bond in Trinity. Tho merchants used their influence" to the full, and tho White way party employed the machinery of Oovern- ment to tho very utmost extent : lijth s:ides were sure of victory. Tho old leaven of prejudice again.st tho mercantile monopolists of a for- mer time has still immense influence in the Colony ; antagonism between capital and labour shows in a very pronounced degree under the Ballot Act. This feeling, and the unlimited use of the machinery of Government, gained tho day for the Whitewny parLy. The prejudice against the merchants, however reasonable and natural in olden times, should not exist now ; employers and employed are mutually dependent on each other. We have seen the eftect of the withdrawal of large mercantile houses fiom the outports. No one has filled their places ; their beneficial influence in giving labour and em- ployment to the people has been entii'ely lost. LJiUX O'JIBIEN. Hy *V. //. Parsona, It should always be rememl)ered that a fishery business like ours is a niost precarious enterprise; it is exposed to a thousand accidents, from the dangers and perils of the sea, from the chances and changes of a variable climate, quite apart from the risks of markets abroad. Whatever great fortunes were made in the old days, they are not f^ained now; occasional large profits are a necessity in such an exceedingly risky bvisiness. The men who .stir up strife between capital and labour in the Colony are no true friends of Newfoundland : what we require is more money introduced into the Colony, more patriotism and less politics. 8JR R. PINSENT. 531 The contesi >vuh iaily in St. JohuH th(( Ballot Act, ult. Mr. Monro*', wliticittns in tlio 18 o'vn election St. John's with ivin^ po stone Heat ; Mr. Walter an i'((ually I»8BNT, D.C.I.. Hu S. II, Parsong. The election campaign of 1HJ)3 was mnrked by a remarkablo out- bin-.t of perHunal abuse ; Ix.th the political p.trtics vie! with each other "> keeping up this indecent carnival of scurrility. There w.ih not even a stray gleam of coarse humour to palliate the nauseous do.sc ; the one and only comic element in the campaign literature of 18!>;{ was the political manifesto of Mr, Murray, wh) po.sed as "the lishurman's friend." The year LS93 was .saddene I by the untimely .leiiths of Sir R. J. Phisent, D.C.L., on April 2Hth, and the Most Rev. Dr. T. J. l^ower, Roman Catholic Bishop of St. John's, on Decendier 4th. Sir Robert WHS a native that any Colony might be proud of ; be was not only an able lawyer and a distinguished' judge, he took a deop iiitereHt in all that con- cerned the wolfar.^ of the Colony, and was active in every good work to promote the best intei-ests of his native land ; his mild, amiable character and his polished courtesy made many friends ; few men in the Colony were more beloved few who are more missed. His clear intellect, his untiring industry, and his intense love of his profession, combined to make a lawyer who would have been an ornament to the Bench and the Bar of any portion of Her Majesty's dominion^. Sir Robert's courtesy and kindness to the Bar were proverbial. He had all the (pialities of an able judge strong in his law, clear in the marshalling of his facts ; always prompt in his decisions, no charge could ever be laid against him of that t<.'rrible delay which is a. practical denial of justice. ; The period between 1884 and 1894 wasi marked by a number of negotiations with otheri countries. Besides the Ford-Pennell Conventions cf 1884 and 1885, and other questions concerning' the Treaty shore and the lobsters, we had the Washington Treaty of 1888, in which England and Canada were rei^resented by Mr, Chamber- lain, M.P., and Sir Cliailes Tupper, Newfound- land by Sir James Winter, K.CM.G. An admir- able Reciprocity Treaty was arranged between the United State.s, Canada, and our Colony ; it was not, however, ratified. The United States treated us in rather a dlshonouiuble L L 2 ^__ ■ ■'/ .',•"' •^ ■(■&■ \r*':-^^ ■ V ^* ^.-i^'-^ Mt l^lb ' -*-"' JlPl im ^ LT - ' ^*i '^WKSW V % ' l^^^'' \ ,^ te imm 1 ) y: i" a If 1 1 1^ K g^* ' ij Ji K|^. '.3JH ^• i y Bill J. S. WISTBli, K.C.M.O. 6ii2 IlEIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. manner ; they obtained the benefit of a modus vivendi for two years, and then repudiated the solemn international engagement. In 1890 we had the modus vivendi about the lobster controversy with France. Two delegations were sent to England ; the one from the Patriotic Association consisted of Sir James Winter, P. Scott, and A. B. Morine, Esqis. (also one to Canada, composed of D. Morrison, P. R. Bowers, and I). J. Greene, Esqrs.) ; the other was the official dele- gation of Sir W. V. White way and the Hon. A. W. Harvey (who went first to England), and the Hons. R. Bond and G. H. Emerson, Speaker, who followed later on. In the same year the Hon. R. Bond was sent to nil Washington to negotiate the Blaine-Bond Reciprocity Treaty. In 1891, again, a delegation, consisting of Sir W. V. Whiteway, the Speaker^ G. H. Einerson, and A. B. Morine, with Honbles. A. W. Harvey and M. Monroe, was sent by the Legislature to oppose the French Fishery Treaty Bill, known in pojndar parlance as the " Coercion Bill," then before the House of Lords. These were all very important questions for the Colony; they brought us a good deal into public notice, and it is necessary for the due elucidation of our history to state the leadino points in each question. I will tak3 first the abortive Convention with the United States, known as the Bhiine-Bond Treaty, leaving the French Fishery dispute to be dealt with in a separate chapter. Accoiding to the Parliamentary papers laid before the House of Assembly, the Colonial Secretaiy went to Washington with tiie con- currence and at the request of Lord Knutsford. The teiuis of the Convention to be made between Newfoundland and the United States were ap- proved of by the Colonial Office, and it was only after the whole matter was definitely ar- ranged that the Imperial Government intervened at the instance of Canada and refused to ratify tiie Treaty. Sir .Tohn A. McDonald's opposition to the arrangement, and his imperious order to the Home Government to put an end to it, wa.s given on the eve of an election ; it was done to secure his Government's return. For the English Government to act as election agents for Canada seems a very extraordinary proceeding ; our rights as an independent Colony have been made entirely subservient to the political exigencies .-f the Dominion. Because Canada could not get a suitable Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, she should not have stopped ouV Convention with America. D. Morrison, tsy. M for two years, ent, •bster coritroversy 111 ; the one from iter, P. Scott, and of D. Morrison, 8 the official dele- arvey (who went ilmerson, Speaker, Bond was sent to rreaty. In 1891, ay, the Speaker, . W. Harvey and e French Fishery Mcion Bill," then bant questions for notice, and it is state the leading Convention with fity, leaving the hapter. re the House of n with tlie con- Lord Knutslbrd. be made between States were ap- [ice, and it was as definitely ar- ment intervened refused to ratify nald's opposition perious order to n end to it, was ; it was done to For the English ents for Canada an independent iCal exigencies of able Reciprocity ve fctoDDed oiii- BLAINE. BOND TREATY. 583 Nothing did more to stir up a hostile feeling against the great Dominion than this interference in our aflairs. A conference met at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1893 to endeavour to arrange in an amicable manner matters between the two Colonies. One of our demands was that Canada's oi»position to the Blaine-Bond Treaty should be withdrawn. Matters still remain in statu guo. Canada has a considerable trade with Newfoundland, but our Colony sends very little produce to the Dominion. She is not one of our consumers, but our rival in the fish trade ; our great market of the future lies in the United States. The American deep-sea fishery is a decaying industry; the consumption of salt-water fish is very small compared with Europe. We can supply the great Republic with all t!ie fish she can consume from our most abundant and extensive cod and herring fisheries. We have immense advantacres to offer the Americans in the pursuit of their own bank fishery ; we are not like Canada, rivals with the States in manufacturino- and agi'iculture. America, from its position and its immense poj^ulation, is our best customer. Every West India island m allowed to make an aiTangement with the States; why should we alone be forbidden to carry on our trade in a way which is most beneficial to ourselves ? The position of the British Government on this subject was rather undignified. The points of our case against both Canada and the British Government were very clearly set forth in the Resolutions proposed in the House of Assembly on March Gth, 1891, by the Hon. R. Bond, Colonial Secretary, and adopted by that body. Any fair-minded person reading the correspondence on the intended Treaty will be convinced, first, that the Secretary of State for the Colonies authorised Mr. Bond to negotiate for the Blaine-Bond Con- vention ; that England made no objection ; that the only opposition to the proposed Treaty emanated from Canada. If after the Colonial Minister submitted the Convention to the Dominion Government it was then to entirely fall to the ground, the Secretary of State should have stated that such was his decision clearly to the New- foundland Cabinet; that his sending Mr. Bond again to Washington, after hearing Canada's objections, could have only one meaning and intention, viz., that the Imperial Government, notwithstanding Canada's objections, proposed to allow Newfoundland to carry out the proposed Convention, and this is further proved by the despatch from th«; Colonial Office to Canada that the Convention could not be indefinitely poHtponfd. CrlonistH are wont to rely upon the honour and word of an English Minister. If he was not all the time playing with Newfound- 534 REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. i i I ! land, if he really meant serious business, then the only obvious weaning • and true intent of his words, the only construction that any honourable man caa put upon his language and action, is that he intended and determined that this Colony should be allowed to make a Convention with the United States. In the negotiations now going forward between the Governments respecting the union of Newfoundland with the Dominion, it is to be hoped that the Canadian statesmen will show themselves liberal, and even generous, towards the Colony, otherwise they will make the path of the Island delegates very thorny and difficult. No terms whatever will satisfy the opponents of the New- foundland Government, but if the conditions are eminently reason- able, all sensible men in the Colony who are now disposed towards confederation as the best available way out of our difficulties will be satisfied. • . The other alternative, making the Island into a Cro^^■n Colony which is put forward very earnestly by many persons and the' Opposition, is really not a practical solution ; we must remember that an English Cabinet would never take away a constitution from its British subjects unless tliere was tremendous pressure brought to bear m its favour ; the least opposition to it on the part of the Colony or the Assembly would decide against it. The Home Government would also object to administer the government and make themselves responsible for Its finances and general control. The Crown Colony idea is obsolete and impracticable. The whole of this chapter was printed in 1894, and the book was intemUd to end with that year; owing, however, to my absence from England, final publication was delayed until 1895, and in oraer to bri.i- this History up to date it becomes my very unpleasant duty to coii.t ment on the disasters and disgrace of 1894. These events are too near some of the details are still mb judice, and the whole circumstances are' too recent, to be calmly discussed and impartially considered ; all the facts want to be brought forward, and a certain distance of time and space allowed, before we can fairly adjust the blame for all these disasters and humiliations. Oi;e thing, however, comes out veiy cleariy, chat merchants and politicians on both sides have lielped -u bring the unfortunate Colony into disrepute by the fierce rancou.' and bitter pei-sonal hate whic" characterised their party strugdes: m their mad desire for revenge on each other true patriotism dLp- peared, and the vital interest., of our unfortunate Colony were entirely ignored. THE ELECTION PElTTJONg. 535 y obvious meaning lat any honourable 'j he intended and ake a Convention r forward between mdland with the tesmen will show Colony, otherwisti very thorny and ents of the New- iuiinently reason- disposed towards ifficiilties will bo I Cro^^•n Colony, lersons and the st remember that titution from its > brought to bear bhe Colony or the nient would also selves responsible y idea is obsolete id the book was my absence from in order to brino' i.nt duty to com- ^nts are too near, iircumstanees are ;)sidered; all the mce of time ajid le for all these omes out very have helped to ) fierce rancour party struggles : atriotism disap- jy were entirely nOX. A. P. OOODUIDGK. Jlj Bradnee, Torquay. The merchants' party having suffered ignominious defeat in, th© General Election of 1893, were determined to be revenged ,on the Whiteway side, their avowed object being to ruin its leader: for this purpose petitions were filed in the Supreme Court under the Corrupt Practices Act againsv seventeen memberH of the ma- jority. The English opinion that measures all political questions in the Colonies by its own imperial bushel has been extremely severe on the Whiteway party, and laudatoi/ of their opponents. Persons well acquainted with Newfoundland politics see clearly that there was no real principle involved, that there was not a pin to choose between the Goodx'idge and the Whiteway politicians, that this clever political trick to kill Sir WilliarA, all the turmoil, disorder, and bad feeling caused by these election petitions and the contests they created, the disgrace and degradation of the Colony, were simply the outcome of rage and vindictiveness. The Corrupt Practices Act is a very severe and drastic measure, but standing alone it is quite an inadequate remedy for the rotten method of electioneering pursued everywhere [in North America. The spoils system lies at the root of all political corruption at contests. It is only, therefore, by the reform of the Civil Service on the English model that elections can be carried out in a fairly deceut and honourable way. In the tlistribution of patronage and the allocation of public work to their supporters the Whiteway party continued the bad pi-actices of their predecessors, and the Goodridge party did much the same. It was acknowledged at the election trials by the judges that the public road-money had been fairly well spent, and that no charge of pei-sonal dishonesty could be brought against the unseated members. How any set of politicians, aware of the condition of the Colonial finances, and, as directors of the banks, cognisant of the state of the trade, could have ventured on this wild career and rushed the Island down headlong to ruin, seems utterly unintelligible, except on the sup- position quum Veils vult iierdere, jmus dementat The real interests of the Colony were never considered. No one can deny that the findings on the election petitions were technically riffht. but the manner and mode of deliverinef the fii-st inrlo-. ment was, to put it in the mildest way, not judicious. The first deci- sion, which was to govern all the cases, should certainl; have been the 536 1; i' REIGN OF VICTORIA, 1857-1895. rt f T ! ^^""^ ' *^' i"d^e«t «J^ould have been delivered by the Chief Justice as the united a^t of the Bench, not as the isolated opinion Tv. ^uT ^"^^'' '^^'' ^^'^ °"'^^ '■''""^'^^ ^^" ^" e-^*reme opponent of the Whiteway party. ^*^ Our successive disasters, the fire of 1892, and the jarring of the pohtical factions, seemed enough to «11 up the cup of our woe ■ but woree was in store for u& Up to fatal Black Monday, 10th De- IZllT; Newfoundland credit stood high. Our prindpal mone- Lbu^lfof "■"P^f'™."*,''""'^ "nd "broad; suddenly credit, financial reputation, confidence in toth mercantile houses and banks, fell like c„,.rr-1. -1, ^°' *'''"•'" •'"y' *° '™ *« ">«" distracted countiy in the world-a community wi*h,ut a currency; the notes of he banks ha.1 been the univei-sal money of the Colony! eirenlating I free y as gold on Saturxlay, on Monday degraded to worthless pape"^ It won d be too painful a ta.k to enumerate all the causes that led tot _s tei-nble financial crisis. The death of a commission mer- mtrhav h" ''""! il ^'°™ °" '^"='=P''"«- P'-<"»"'Iy the crisis migh have been postponed for some months. The only excuse that can p^ibly be alleged for the direetoi. of the bank!, Xi w' bo„-owing« and cra«s mismanagement, was that, like Mieawber they were waiting for '.something to turn up "-some rise in the « inarKes or some other lucky chance thai would lift them out of the mire of insolvency. The misery caused by these failures of banks and mercantile houses was as disastrous, as widesp..ad, and as univ rsal ,rith "o K ngdom. All our prospects still seem black and gloomy, and in most countries such disastrous events could have but one resul Trre tnevable ruin ; the pro.,pects of Newfoundland, however ^™™: judged by outeide standard.,. Once l^fore. in 1817, she suZd f!^^ more severely and rose again; may we not. therefoi, reaslbly hot that Newfoundland and her bold and a,Ivent«rous sons wilf Z- agam emerge from her present unhappy condition ? Populations tl" . hve by the sea and earn their brea.' upon its treachero"n are always liable to dire disaster; but the .same spirit thatlea with a spiiit to „u ,.gam from calamities that would for ever daunt the courage of a . ndsman. One change wa« inevitable; the di hone credit system on which the Irasine- „f ^u. .^ , ' "" "'""""e^ had t„ ■,!,■„ „,.» . I ,■"'.■' ' '" °' ""= Luiony wm traiisacwcl had to die out; demoralising to the people and disastrous to the CONCLUSION. 537 1 delivered by the le isolated opinion reme opponent of le jarring of the up of our woe ; [onday, 10th De- principal mone- ^ears maintained 7 credit, financial banks, fell like most distracted cy; the notes of y— circulating as fthless paper. the causes that commission mer- ly affairs of the 'bably the crisis 'nly excuse that nks, their large Micawber, they 'ise in the fi-^h hem out of the and mercantile rsal within our in the United my, and in most le result — irre- iver, cannot bo ihe suffered far reasonably hope sons will once cpulations thai cherous wateis irit that leads ves them also for ever daunt ; the dishone.st Was tiansacted lastrous to the merchant, there could be no genuine prosperity whilst this old truck system existed; recent events have effectually banished it, we may hope, for ever. Terrible misery will be caused before the change can be effectually carried out, but in the end it will be beneficial. If commercial gambling finally ceases, trade and finance will rest on a firmer and safer foundation. Not only must there be a new mercantile method of carrying on the fish business, the old antiquated system of curing and handling our staple product must also be superseded by modern ideas, and newer and more scientific methods adopted both in preparing, packing, and transporting. We must remember that whilst much of the working capital of the Colony has been lost in recent failures, the wealth-producing power of the Island has not been seriously impaired. Fish must always ren)ain one of the staple foods of the world, but the products of the sea, which have hitherto been our chief, we may almost say our only resource, should in time be augmented by the labours of the lumberman and the miner. Newfoundland is still almost an unexplored country ; her geological for- mation points to much hidden wealth, which we may fairly hope the development and completion of the railway will help to bring forth ; the natural result of speedy and convenient communication is to attract capital and start new enterprises. On the morning' of the 24th June 1897 four hundred years will have rolled away since John Cabot fii-st sighted the green Cape of Bonavista ; four centuries will have elapsed since the stem of the Matthew's boat grated on the gravelly shore of Keels, and since King's Cove witnessed the setting up of the Royal Ensign, the feudal ceremony that proclaimed to the world the possession of a new continent for Eng- land, the grandest field for the expansion of our race. May we not confidently hope that when the morning sun shines out again on the anniversary of that great Baptist's day in 1897 evil times will have passed, and our Island, closely united with ne. prosperous younger sisters, will once again become a happy and contented New-found-land ? :'/v^;-i- 538 CHAPTER XVII. THE PRESENT POSITION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE COLONY. ■ In my original introduction I mentioned tliat this work was only an attempt to write the History of Newfoundland. No one recognises umre forcibly than I do the imperfections of this volume, especially the n^KJem portion. One of my American reviewers, says " The Fishino- -| Admiral was the dire enemy of the early Newfoundland settle? We are, however, bound to confess that when this truculent mariner " disappears from her annals, a]l the light and glow, and romance fade " away out of Newfoundland history." To write of the events of to-day, to record the annals of our own time with absolute candour and impartiality is a most difficult task • to one situated as I am, it is not only a hard task, but an unpleasant one Once, however, having put my hand to the plough. I canr.ot now turn back; to make this book in any sense complete the history must be written up to date. In this chapter, therefore, will be found a chronicle ot events continued to the commencement of 1 89G. The year 1804 ended in gloom. Almost universal despondency prevailed throughout the Colony; the shadow of the awful disaster the crash lay like a dark pall over the land. The stoppage of the banks, the run on the savings bank, and the failure of seven lar^e mercantile houses, had a n)o.st widespread effect, almost universal distru'st prevaded. In one form or another, a. note holders, shareholders or depositors, the whole population of the Colony lost by the banks The narrow resources of widows and orphans ; the painful savings of a lifetime, gathered in by rigid frugality, earned, a good deal of it \a constant danger and peril on the sea ; all was lost in this tremendous tailure. Newfoundland trade had been considered sound. The Union Banl- was a time-honoured respectable institution ; its credit stood high both at home and abroad ; wl.at caused this sudden downfall, this kwful crash ? The actual immediate occasion of the disaster wn.« fh« .J.o.i, ..' Mr. Morns, a commission agent in London, who had financed several NEWFOUNDLAND TllADE. 539 'ROSPECTS ork was only an ) one recognises lie, especially the y^ " The Fishiny )undland settler, 'uculent mariner k1 romance, fade inals of our own Ufficult task ; to '■ unpleasant one. sannot now turn history must be ound a chronicle Jal despondency awful disaster, stoppage of the of seven larsfe niversal distrust shareholders, or he banks. The il savings of a )d deal of it, ia this tremendou.s he Union Bank tood high, both fall, this awful as the de.ith <^-^' nanced several Newfoundland firms; this wrecked the Commercial Bank. The fall of the Commercial closed the doors of the Union, and broke down seven large firms ; the whole fell together like a house of cards. All students of history must readily see that the decease of Mr. Hall was only the proverbial last straw that breaks the camel's back. The true origin and cause of this terrific financial wreck lay much deeper and further back. It was unsound banking and unsound trade that injured Newfoundland on this fatal "Black Monday." We know now that for several years past the Newfoundland fish trade has been conducted, with some exceptions, wholly on credit. A business whose sole Ijasis rests on such a frail foundation is liable to sudden overthrow. The crash of 1894 was a terrible catastrophe to the trade, but worf?e happened in the Waterloo year, 1815. Immense fortunes had been made in the business, but of late years there has been a cheapening all round of articles of food, and general stagnation in commerce. Our staple article, like wheiit and sugar, has gone down in the principal markets of the world. The truck system on which the merchants do their business, at its best, is a dishonest and degrading method of conducting trade. It is a direct encouragement to idleness and fraud on the part of the fishermen, and, as sad experience has shown, disastrous to the merchant. It now appears that for the last few years markets have been so bad that the shippers have been losing money continually on cargoes sent abroad. When merchants, therefore, fell behind and had to pay heavy interest to the banks, their swift descent to insolvency was only too rapid and too sure. It has been the practice of. their opponents to rail at the Newfoundland merchants, and accuse them of robbing and oppressing til:. It is pleasant to turn from these melancholy themes to a brighter subject. Amidst the general depression there were many who looked on the cra.h as a blessing in disguise, and there were several firms like good weatherly sliips, who rode out the gale without losing a 'rope yarn. The first banking facilities came from the Bank of Nova Scotia brought to the Colony through the instrumentality of Mr. J S Pitts' the great Bank of Montreal soon after established an agency in St John's' and a branch of the Merchants' Bank of Halifax also commenced business m the Colony. These Canadian Banks largely assisted in promotincr trade, and in helping the Local Government to tide over its difficulties " As the spring advanced the horizon began to brighten, steamer after ■steamer came in loaded with seals. The first arrival was the Aurora Captain Jackman, on the 27th of March, with nearly thirty thousand young harp seals, closely followed by the A\ptune, Hon. Cai>tain Blandford, with over thirty-two thousand. A good seal fishery ahv.v.s puts heart into the merchants to supply for the summer codfishe.y Owing, however, to so many firms being in liquidation, tiie advances for this important business would have been very inadequate wore it not for the generosity of the British Government in advancing a lar^e sum for relief. We were fortunate in getting this generous gift vve ' The banks are now in the hands of liquidators and lawyers. It is expeet,?d that a ffood dividend of about :.') cents, in the dollar will be got out of the Union ; the iii vidend from the Commercial w.ll be a small one, 2(> to 25 cents. Two suggestions were made at the time to save the Union Bank, the Com- mercial was long past redemption, one was to get u strong bank, like the Bank of Montreal, to take over its business and earrv out the liquidation. It is unmistakeably advantageous for a bank to liquidate a bank j the other was for the shareholders to advance on prefir- eiitial stock about $400,000, which would luno tided over the difficulty. It is believed that, under either of these arrangements, the Union' would have paid in full. If, as most people consider, the crash wm inevitable, thtn we have the one miserable consolation of knowin;' that It did not come at the worst time of the year ; if it had nappened in May it would have stopped a large proportion of the fitting out of the fisbiuc fleet, a d-gastw too awfu! \^ contempittie. HE COLONY. CONFEDERATION CONFKKENCE. A41 ly 70 cents in the time, have paid in the sliareholclers. nking and craflci jcted, a groat deal i of the poor were Lady O'Brien and Bowring, and her tliers in Enghind 1 liberally to the St. John's. The icially the clergy les to a brighter any who looked everal linns, like Lit losing a rope t of Nova Scotia, ' Mr. J. S. Pitts; ncy in St. John's, imenced business ed in promoting ? its difficulties, en, steamer after ivas the A urora. thirty thousand , Hon, Captain 1 nsherj-- alwiiys imer codlisheiy. n, tiie advances idequate were it Ivancing a largo sierous gift; we advance on preftr- W, which would h:no It is believed tli.it, ngeinents, the Union . If, as most people inevitable, thin we asolation of knowin;' I worst time of the in May it would have I of the fitting out of aster too awful to wera still more fortunate in the Commissioner who was sent out to distribute it. A happier selection for this difficult work than Sir Herbert Murray, K.C.B., could not have been made. Money was tidvanced to the farmers for the put chase of seed potatoes* ; useful public works wero instituted, and, above all, numerous deserving planters and tishermen were assisted in the hire of schooners, the purchase of salt, and the supplies of food and fishery gear. It is very ^atisfactory to know that almost to a man the outharbour fishermen have honourably repaid their loans. The political events of the year 1 895 can be very briefly chronicled. The Legislature met early in January ; on the 21st of the month an Act Wiis pa.'^sed removing the disabilities of the members unseated by the decisions of the Supreme Court. i On tiie 31.st of January the Hon. D. J. Greene, Premier, who had conducted the government with marked ability, resigned. Sir William Whitiw.iy and his colleagues were sworn in, and all re-elected without opposition. On the 27th February a message had been sent by Sir T. N. O'Brien to the Governor General of Canada, on the question of reopening negotiations for union between the two Colonies ; a favourable reply HON. I). J. cikkkm:. ' Some nieiiibeis of the present Govern- ment are of opinion that niv views of the election petitions are rather unjust towards them. In order to show both sidis of the (juestion, thereloie, I give tlie followinf; extract from the "New York Herald "of Maieh 1895. My own views are still unchunfred. I am still of opinion that the decisions of the judges under the Act, though possibly too se ere in di-'qualifying, were right in unseating the members petitioned against. I still consider .Sir William and his coileaguts' resignation in 1894 was poor play ; he should have remained in office, and trumped Morines ekction peti- tion's trick with a repealing Act, as he did in January 1885. All the time the Wliiteway party had the country at their back. In March IJ^gs the "New York Herald" wrote : — " The people at the polls defeated the Winter- Alorine. "party, but A. B. Morine, a lawyer of considerable ability, with a Cana- diati political education, worked an old Canadian election dodge on the unsuspecting Whitewayitessuccissfully. Under the Hr.bcry and Corruption Act it is illegal to do a lot of little things Newfoundhuu'. politicians have lieen doing from time 'Immemorial. For instance, in some cases the member repre- ."■ei-ting a constituency visits his electors very ."■eldoin, tl;e elections biing l;tld in (he spring or fall, when all the fisheimen arc home. Constituents embrace the opportunity afforded by the presence of their representative to obtain grants or piomists of grants for road lepairs, &c. This kind of thing was con- strued into bribery and corruption, and ac- cordingly 17 election petitions were prepared secjctly, all in the same form, and filed in cotBt on January 6, 1894, at 3 o'clock, on tbeJiist day and at the last hour which, under tfae law, an election petition could be filed, i « Hi PRESENT POSITION- AND I'UOSPKCTS OP THE COLONY. a'd'on^tlTf "■','■ S" ''"'"^"^ """ "PI"''"'"' "" ""• I'"' «•"-'•. son, tt„d W. H. Horwoo,!. tl,. rop,e»„„totive8 „f Nowfo„„dl„„,l, mot the Dommion Dekgates in conference at Ottawa. Af,,e,. ,„any p^^TmcL,! sjon, negofations we.. Hnally b»ke„ oft; ,l,o Bon,i„i„,/ood^ refused to accede to the only honourable tern,» which theNewfou " Z Delegates co,dd venfu-e to propose for the acceptance of the C Jony rien,a,n diftculty wa,the ref„„„l „t Canada to takeover th. whofe debt of the Co ony. They b.dieved at Ottawa that .,ur Inland wa t Th ' ""TT f ";f^^*l^»'.« -onld accept any term., they mi.drofti T e great St of all Canadian statesmen, Sir John A. MeDcfnauCand t „ «b:est ot h,s .successors, Sir Charles Tapper,' held flrmly ,o th ■ opin ™ ■ I'js ' is. -> This prevented any of the Whitewuv p'lrh petitioned ajrainst from filing counter petitioirs to contest the return of their oppont'oif., and also prevented the introduction during these trials of unv recriminatory evidence against the other side. The whole of the Whitewav Cabinet were included in the petitions filed ' n* "-.V^^ ''*■*' *'"■'*''' ^'"''^'^ «■'"' t'"«t of Hon. Mr. Woods, Surveyor-General, before Sir James Winter, who had just retired from the leadership of the opposition, ;.n3 accepted ii seat on the IJeiich. Mr. Woods was unseated and disqualified. Every charge in the petition, and all the particulars in it, were in connec- tion with the expenditure of public money on public works. There was no charge, direct or implied, that any private means had been used to bribe and corrupt any elector. Nor was there one solitary case oi' personal briberv proven in all of the 17 i lection trials. The charge was th;it the candidates, after the flissoluiion of the Legislature in 1HI»:{, con- tinued to administer up to jiolling day November G, the affairs of the districts thev had, in most cases, previously represented. ' " To properly appreciate this it must be borne in mind that the duties of a Member of laihament in Xewfoundland arc not alone legis ative, but executive and administrative • in other words, there being no municipal form' of government in the various districts, towns and settlements, on the Member devolves all the duties which, in th? United States lingland, and Canada, properly attain to the county council and overseers of the poor. It was, therefore, for the allocating of the variou"; grants voted by the Legislature for railwav connecting roads, for the repairs of public highways and bridges, construction of launch- ways, lighthouses, and generaHy looking after their district and doing, in the autumn of 1893, the identical work they had done in 1889, 1890, 1891, and 1892, and all the years they had stood in a repi-escntative capacity that the Whiteway Members were unseated and disqualified. And so nicely was the dis- tinction drawn that, in delivering his jndg. met on the Irinity petiti.,., filed against Nj, Wlliam Whiteway. Hon. Jt„bert IJond, ami Mr. Watson who represented that section, Mr. Justice .Little took occasion to mak. usj ot the following remarkable language- ^eyel1heles^^ although under the law tlfer.- IS nothing left for n.e to do but unseat ami • ai d Mr VT ^^■'" T ^'l"'<-'««y. Mr. JJou,l. and Mr. Watson, I deem it only due to them stain on their honour, integrity, ^r molality."' Ilie toivgomg was written before the ;l^l.ve..v of Sir Charles Tupper's able speech 0111, bir Charles is recognized as the ablest man in his party-wonderfully vigorous and eiierge ic-a Canadian grand old man. Kegarding the admission of Newfound- land as a member of the Confederation, Nr Charles sai.l he had always atfache.l great inportance, and had told Sir John MaedouaM ^^ hen the question first came up, that th,' rounding oft of the confederacy by its entrance ^vas an all-important one. He did not for a inoment wish that the island should be hrougl icto confederation unless it be accomplishc on terms that would substantially benefit the people of Xewfoundland. He believed tit union wouhl contribute to the happiness a well-being of that people. He had no de o see thein enter the confederacy except with their hearty concurrence, and he deeply c ffretted the collapse of the recent Jlth- !' h'i,T , '"*' '"'," """"»'' '" "'!"k that if e had been consulted earlier in those nego- t^iations, the result would have been differcMi.. Ihe stumbling bock in the recent negotiation, was the financial question-the refufal of tlH impel ml (government to contribute §5,000,00(1 owards the colony's indebtedness. Io| L.pon consulted him (Sir Charles), but i was a ease of locking the stable door ftj the horse had been stolen. Lord Kino. ZVlV''''' '' ^■"'' ""^''^ inipossibK; to ^Wn? ^,?'*'""n«»t to give the desired aid to ^e^^foundIaud, because it would creiite ,. dangerous precedent, and similar aid could HE COLONY. the 17tli Mareli, •is, Cioo. H. Emor- )uudland, mot the many protracted uioii Government ho Newfoundland !e of the Culony. e over the; whole >ur Inland was in thoy mi^dit ortJ cDcmald, and tin y to the opinion itioii filed against Sii a. liabert Hond, and .•sfnte.l that Rcction, iccHsioii to nmk',' use iiiitrkttble luiiifuage : under tlie law then- lo do but unseat anil Whitcway, Mr. JJoud. tn it only due to tlieni this court without a tegrity, ar morality."' s written beforo thi; I'uppcr's able speech during' his election ognized as the ablest t-rfully vigorous and rand old man. lission ofNewfound- c Confederation, Sir fivys attached great Sir John Maedonaid, came up, that the eracy by itH entrance !■ lie did not for a id should be brought it be nccomplishei stantialiy benefit the • He believed that the happiness and He had no desin 'ederacy except with . and he deeply rc- tlie recent negotiji- ?'! lo think that if licr in those negn- lave been dift'ereiii. ■■ recent negotiations —the refusal of thi ntribnte §5,000,00(1 debtedness. Lord ir Charles), but it ' stable door after )len. Lord Kipon terly impossible for 5ive the desired aid it would creaite ii similar aid could CANABIAIf AND NEWFOUNDIAND CONPEPERATION DKIEGATES. !"6. ,-ip '«« ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 ttilM lis ^ 1^ |2.2 2.0 us us I L25 iu ill 1.6 J^ ^vV'/ PhotDgrephic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN SIRS WEBSTER, N.Y. :458Q (?16) 8-'2-4503 > t? S8 te 01 m k th oi V( >J BENfel'^ITS OF CONFEDERATION. 543 that the tmion of our Island with the Dominion was absolutely neces- sary for Canada, and if the negotiations had been in their hands, the terms of union would have been settled. Quite a reaction of feeling on the subject has since taken place in Ottawa, Montreal, and Quebec, men of all shades of opinion now deplore the failure of the late Con- ference. Canada would be in the long run a greater gainer by the union than Newfoundland. In the Appendix v/ill bo found a correct statement' of the terms proposed on both sides. The facts arc condensed from a very able speech delivered by the senior delegate (in the absence of Mr. Bond) Hon. E. P. Morris, in the House of Assembly, 16th Mav, 1895. The consolidation of British North America is an Imperial as well as a Colonial question ; it was unfortunate that at this particular juncture of affairs both Canada and Newfoundland had to deal Avith a moribund Liberal Govennnent iu England. Had the present enlightened chief of the Colonial Office been at the head of affairs with his large views of Imperial Federation, Mr. Chamberlain would not Lave allowed such a favourable opportunity to unite British North America to elude his grasp. All the older statesmen of Canada have repeatedly declared that the Atlantic terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway should be in New- foundland. In tht'se negotiations the railway across our Island should have been considered as part of the great Impei-iiil highway, a Dominion, not a local road. After the Trent affair, the Intercolonial railway was built through Canadian territory entirely for strategetic and Imperial purposes. The Canadian Pacific Railway is used for Imperial purposes to transport the Impo'ial forces over English territory to the Pacific. By the completion of the Newfoundland route, English naval and military forces could be landed at Montreal under five days fi-om Plymouth. By fast transports like the Cmnpania or Teutonic, they could be placed on English territory in America in thi-ee and one half days steaming from Plymouth. Warlike operations in modern days not be given to other colon'es in siniilHr financial difficulties. But Sir Charles pointed out to Lord Kipon the peculiar circumstances which surrounded this case, inasmuch as under the old French treaty Newfoundland had suffered most feverely, and that about six hundred miles of its coast lino wns practically in the possession of a foreign power. He also pointed out the difficulty of making France believe that a little island of two hundred thousand people could override the wish of the Imperial Government. The matter would be entirely different, however, were Newfoundland a portion of half a con- tinent with five millions of a population, and were Newfoundland a portion of the great confederation the queMion could be settled without much inconvenience, Equally strong ri-asous for Imperial assistance could not be given by any other colonj-. Another point which would justify such a precedent was the Imperial guarantee of the cost of the intercolonial railway at the time of confede- ration, on the ground that it was in Imperial interests. Sir Charles expressed Lis belief that Mr. Chamberlain would lend his powerful assistance in consummating this very desirable object. He emphasised the importance of the union from commercial and financial con- siderations, and above all for the idea of coiisolidating all the Ikitish American co- lonies, and he believed that before long he would find means of solving it." 644 PRESENT POSITION AND moSPECTS OF THE COLONY. are swift and sudden, and the advantages to England and to Canada of possessing tlie quickest route across the Atlantic and through their own territory, are simply incalculable in case of war. In the two last con- flicts between England and America, Newfoundland was the head quarters of the North American squadron, «s many us thirty-two British men-of-war were at one time in St. John's Harbour. With abundant coal supply, splendid harbours on her east coast, an English naval force operating from St. John's or Trepassey, commands within easy range not only the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but of the whole trade of the Atlantic. ^t. Johns and Cape Race are the most important strategetic points in North America. xNewfoundland is the advanced outpost, the guardian and sentinel of Canada. This was Sir John A. McDonald's strongly expressed opinion, every naval expert will endorse the view Our country will be a great outlet for Canadian trade, but to connect the two countries, to make commerce flourish, to promote traffic between the Dominion and Newfoundland, to unite them in a real union, the railway to Port-aux-Basque, and the steam ferry across the gulf are absolutely essential. The connexion between the two countries cannot be made either complete or profitable without these new lines of communication. Viewing this question in its larger aspect, and as it should be looked at, from an Imperial point of view, it seems a reflection on the capacity and statesmanship of the Canadian and English politicians concerned in these negotiations for union, that, after such protracted discussion for the sake of a few paltry thousands a year, the whole niatter ended in such a lame and impotent conclusion. On May 11th 1S95, the Newfoundland Government leceived a final answer from the Executive of Canada, declining to accede to the only possible terms on which Newfoundland could, with honour, have entered the Dominion. At this juncture of our affairs, the future of the Colony seemed dark and gloomy, a heavy floating debt, and the large amount of interest due in July had to le met; our credit had been so injured by lying de.spatches from the enemies of the I.land, that many believed money could not be borrowed ou any terms whatever; there seemed nu alterative ui this unfortunate state of affairs but to make default ou our bonds, or become a Crown Colony. A meeting of the Executive Council was convened on the day the despatch was received, and sat all day in anxious council. Mr. Bond, the Colonial Secretary, volunteered at once to proceed to the money r^nn L'"" ^"^^^""^ """"^ ^"''"'''' *^ ^'y ^^*^ ^^^^i" the required loan of ^2,500,000. His offer was accepted by the Government, and the san.e HE COLONY. and to Canada of through their own the two last con- id was the head thirty-two British With abundant iglish naval force 'ithin easy range Lie of the Atlantic, itegetic points in wst, the guardian Donald's strongly the view. Oui- it to connect the e traffic betw^eeii a real union, the I'oss the gulf are countries cannot !se new lines of should be looked I on the capacity ians concerned in 'd discussion, for matter ended in leceived a final jede to the only )ur, have entered re of the Colony large amount of en so injured by t many believed thei'e seemed no nake default on on the day tlie ncil. Mr. Bond, 1 to the money requix-ed loan of t, and the same NEW LOAN OBTAINED. 545 evenirtg he left for Pictou, Nova Scotia, in the S.S. Tiber, arriving in Monti'oal on the i5th May. Whilst the enemies of the Government scornfully derided his mission as a predestined failure, even his friends thought his venture a forlorn hope. At every step new obstacles beset Kis path, new calumnies, new falsehoods, and new misfortunes ; whilst he was in Montreal there was a run on the Newfoundland Savings Bank, the Bank of Montreal and Bank of Nova Scotia were appealed to in vain for assistance. In this untoward state of affairs a total collapse seemed inevitable, and unless atemporaiy loan of $150,000 could be obtained within forty-eight hours the Savings Bank woidd have to close its doors, and then all hope of obtaining the required loan for the Colony had flown. An effort was made by Mr. Bond, through a leading firm of brokers in Montreal, to obtain the sum required. As a consequence of the crash, and of the defamation of the ( 'olony that had been so persistently practised by its enemies here, the Government securities held by the Savings Bank would not be accepted as siifficient security by lenders, and, as a last resource, the C^olonial Secretary had, with the deposit of the Debentures, to pledge his personal security in order &o procure $100,000. The Savings Bank for the time was saved ; it was fortunate for the Colony that our envoy had not only the high-minded patriotism, but also sufficient means and credit to avert a dire calamity. Mr. Bond discovered that it was useless to try and obtain the larger loan for the Colony in Canada, so he at once proceeded to the United States, first, however, having put himself in communication v/ith leading financiers in London, through their agents in Montreal. He found, after a time, that lie could do better for the Colony in England, so, on the ,5th June 1895, he left New York, and arrived in London on the 1 .5th June, and a few weeks later he succeeded in obtaining a loan for the Colony of £'550,000 sterling, at four per cent., inscribed stock for foi'ty 3'ears ; this amount was subscribed for nearly twice over. Whilst Mr. Bond was in London, busy with bankers, arranging the terms of the loan, information reached him that the Savings Bank was again embarrassed ; the Directors cabled him to try and raise a temporary loan of $850,000 ; after much labour he succeeded in obtaining this sum, at three and a half per cent., thus placing our local monetary institution beyond all peril for the future. Now that the Colony is again floating in the calm waters of solvency and sound finance, it is easy for scoffers to make light of Mr. Bond's labours, but when one thinks of the angry sea of trouble through which our envoy had to pass, the vile slanders, the abuse, the villanous M M 546 PRESENT POSITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE COLONY. attacks that were made at the time, both on our agent and the Colony one toels astonisl.ed at liis marvellous success. On Mr. Bond's return from his mission, he was welcomed with enthusiasm, even his bitterest opponents came forward and thanked him tor his exertions on behalf of the Colony.^ Inimediately after Mr. Bond's return, '.he Executive began arranging their Retrenchment Scheme. Our Government is not an ideal Govern ment and the Retrenchment Act was not an ideal measure; it was a rouKh and ready method of equalising revenue and expenditure ; a measure absolutely necessary to stabilitate the credit of the Colony ' in many cases it pressed harshly and severely, especially on the pooi-est tT^nnr i' T'"'.'' '^' '"''^"'^ ''^'^''''- ^^^' ^-^^"^t^^" ^'"ounts to iH-J4,()00, ami estimating the revenue for 1895-96 at M 725 022 and the expenditure at .?1,331,00(), a surplus is anticipated of .^394022 For the last six months of 1895, from July to December, the revenue was quite equal to the revenue receive.l during the same period in 1894.^ The Council of Higher Education in this Colony has been a long- time forming, but since its constitution it has done splendid work In September of this year the results of the Matriculation Examinations were made known ; the results show that our scholars have attained a very high general average in these examinations. These contests produce a wholesome rivalry, and they have done more in a few years to advance education in the Colony than all that has been done in this generation. The three denominations in St- John's, the Church of England, the Roman (Catholics, and the Wesleyans, have each been fortunate in the selection of master, for their colleges. Mr. Blackall of Bishop Field's College, has had the most up hill work, but under his able and enei^etic management, with the aid of good assistants, the school under his charge has marvellously increased in numbers and a ...#l ' The Rev. D. M. Harvey, LL.D., the ablest opponent of Sir W. Whiteway's Government, in the January number of the " Canadian Bankers' Journal," thus writes of Mr. Bond's mission : — " The Hon. Robert Bond, Colonial Secre- tary, did not despair of the colony, and re- solved to make an attempt to negotiate a loan. His efforts were crowned with success. He obtained in the London money market, on behalf of the colony, a loan of two millions and a half of dollars at 4 per cent., to be repaid in 40 years. He also obtained a million of dollars for the savings bank at 3i per cent., bo that this institution was rendered absolutely safe in any emergency. This loan was an immense boon to the colony. Not only was the floating debt paid oflF, but the credit of the colony was greatly strengthened. It furnished a proof that the kings of finaiicf Had formed a favourable opinion of the resources of the colony, and did not despair of Its future." The directors of the savincs bank unanimously passed a resolution thank- ing Mr. Bond for pledging his own credit an.l tor his valuable services to the institution. - On the 19th May Newfoundland sus- tained a grievous loss in the death of the Hon. Moses Monroe. For years he had bun one of the most prominent figures in our commercial, social, and political life ; a man othne intellect, far seeing, energetic, and enterprising in business. No one in his cImss was more popular; no one had more frien.ls. warm hearted, generous, courteous, his pliice amongst us will never be filled. 'HE COLONY. it and the Colony, 3 welcomed with and thanked him i began arranging an ideal Govern- neasure; it was a I expenditure ; a f the Colony; in y on the poorest notion amounts to t $1,725,022, and ited of $394,022. iber, the revenue e period in 1894.- has been a lonff ilendid work. In on Examinations rs have attained These contests e in a few years een done in this the Church of have each been s. Mr. Blackall, rk, but under his )d assistants, the in numbers and I greatly stren^tliened. it the kin^s of finance «ble opinion of the , and did not desp-iir •ectors of the savings id a resolution thank- ng his own credit and to the institution, y Newfoundland sus- in the death of the ]or years he had biiii inent figures in our political life; a man ;eing, energetic, and No one in his ehiss ne had more friends. , courteous, his phue i filled. COAL AND IRON DEPOSITS. 647 efficiency. It is not necessary that I should sing the praises of the Christian Brothers, they have completely revolutionized Catholic education in the Colony ; enthusiastically devoted to teaching, they now possesH noble school buildings, fitted with every modern appliance, and their schools both for discipline, system, and teaching, are simply unrivalled. Mr. R. E. Holloway is too well known throughout the length and breadth of the Colony to need any enconium from me. As a scholar, and a many sided scientific teacher, he would fill the highest position in any college. It is satisfactory to know that the great veligious body, who benefit so immensely by his manifold gifts, appreciate fully his moral and intellectual worth. The great Navigator, Cook, first made his mark as a scientific observer in Newfoundland ; he was a man far in advance of his age. In his letters and reports he dwells upon the great industrial resources of Newfoundland, and especially mentions the coal which he discovered in his exploration of the rivers and lakes of the West Coast. At the time he was treated as a visionary and wild enthusiast ; but after a lapse of nearly a century and a half. Cook's views are now proved to be correct. Between 1838 and 1840 the celebrated John Beete Jukes was Geological Surveyor of Newfoundland, and he discovered seams of coal at St. George's Bay and Grand Lake. Later on they were explored by Mr. James P. Howley, the present head of the Geological Survey. The most important coal areas lie close to the railway track, at the head of Grand Lake and in St. George's Bay, They have been thoroughly explored by Mr. Howley, and mimerous workable seams of coal have been discovered; one seam has been traced for eleven miles, and indications of coal have been found over an area of fifty square miles- The coal area at St. George's Bay is not quite so extensive as the one at Grand Lake, but it is of immense value, and tlie coal is of a very superior character. This discovery has revolutionized the whole state of aftairs in Newfoundland, everything is possible to the country that has coal and iron in abundance. Lying as it does right alongside the track of the railway,' close to good shipping ports on the West Coast, and eighty miles from salt water on the North Coast, it will supply the thousands of tons of coal now produced from Cape Breton and elsewhere ; employ- ment will be given to our labouring population, not only in mines, but also in pulp factories and the manufacture of paper from wood. We ' Mr. R. G. Reid intends building imme- diately substantial and commodious shipping wharves and stores at Ray of Islands ; it is hoped that the railway will be completed this year (1896) to Port-aux-Rasques ; every effort will be made to push it through. M M 2 548 PRESEITT POSITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE COLONY. have fill the ingredionts for the successful prosecution of this industry. abun lanoc of spruce luid other wood, cheap lalx)iir, iind finally coal. On the 1st November 18J)."), a car load of coal from the Gnind Lake coal fields wasbrouglit over the railway to 8t. John's, hy Mr. R. G. Roid. It was tested, both for steam ant. John's. Work mmer of 189"), on ve tramways and icason before the In Mr. Howley's )meiise depoi^it of containing forty jrior quality has can be no doubt thf Island. The next spring will and war ; a coal 3ntial ingredients I ; from British haustible supply, idland coal fields of the Colony on th,s Sir F. B. T. s and a Nova Scotia new lodes. Another 1 at Port-aux-Port is season. 4 IRON MIMIS, IIEIIE ISIE. sill II. MUltllAY. 34!) Carter, K.C.M.(J., who holds tho dormar*/ coimiiisHion, iiioHt (ifHcifiitly aihniniHterod the govormiieut. Owing 'o tho HaUiry having been so rcihictMl under tlie retrenchment .scheme ♦^liere was con.siderahle cui-ioHity about the next occupant of Uovennneut House. Fortunately Tor the (Jolony, Mr. Chaniberlahi waH able to draw Sir Herbert Murray I'roni Iuh retirement, and to persuade him to become the Ruler of Newfoundland ; evi^rywhere the new Governor was cordiiiUy welcomed. Since Sir John Harvey's time no such high otlicial in the English service, a Kniglit Coil niander of the liath, has been the Queen's rei)resentative in this Island. From his well-known character, and his great influence with the Colonial Ortice, our new Governor is a powerful influence for good in Newfoundland. Sound tinance, economical manage- ment, and tho development of the resources of the Colony, can be depended on whilst lie has control of our affairs ; he has no ambition to gratify, no ulterior objects to serve, and he is too cool and clear headed ever to become i)artix.iui. All we can hope is that his Excellency will stay with us, he is far too g iipjioiiiteil IJishop of lloche.ster, edueiitwl at Christ- Commissioner to Newfoundland; made K.C.U. chureli, Oxford; entered the Civil Service in in I8'J5. ISir Ilerhert's Inothei- in-law was 1H5'J ; private secretary to Lord Derby, Primp the well known Sir .John I'akington, raibcd to Minister 186(5 to 1868. In 1870 appointed the peerage us Lord Ilumpton ; he is best Treasury Remembrancer in Ireland, where remembered in Newfoundlaml as the stern ho served until 188^. In that year appointed opponent of responsible government in this to tho liourd of Customs, of which he became colony. SIK n. .MUIinAV, K.C.D. Uy L'imbai'di cC Co., Lmidon, .wo I'UKSKNI' mSITION AND IMIOSI'KCTH OF TIIK COLONV. witluM.t i.iuuMln,u.nt. Otliur smu^rplcrs i.. Burin. Burger, an.l oNuwhcro w.u'o aiTcHtocI tl.rmi^h tlie exortio.w of the ul)i.|,ntig iliiit Hiiice tliu havu bc't'ii robhiMJ lujtivjty of tlio unc(! In tlio price L^aiiiNt MiiDggling. >n WHH a couMtant y ofHctn- of tlio slitiu, liiit vvliiUt an and Mr. E. P. nt'd to root out 'u niu«t, howovor, id in tlio Mulijoct ^i'oundland nuiHt diMaHterH ; liko a I' her top luunpor nid. I, for one, for her. lawi (I their increaHo III and iron, the spiled new hope. HH, our political wtill doinj^ \\h 'He of imi, and fliinics of party ^Hand proHpority urdeiM ; the foul g(X)d men must political Htrifo. oniouH lioH and that the people IS cea«ed ; when nbove all, when lopt a difttrent itiniony to their 5 oxiHts a more liforH who come implo kindnoHK, iH Colony; the justice, but for NKVVKOUNDLANirS KIJTUHIC. 551 mother wit, for dexterity aH lK)at Imildors, hou.'o carjMfiiterH, railroad limn, and all avocations of the Mca, they have few et|ual,s. An dariii|^ Hailoi-N, (IN HealeiN on tlio shiftin;^' ici! Hooh, ask the Dimdco whaleiH or tlioHe who have gone to the Arctic with a Newfoundland crew. They liave no Cwinptjcrs iv. th(( worlil, and these are tiie people who have been foully Mliuidered aH thieves, wreckeiH, and cowards. ContniNt the lieroism and hardihood of the Newfoundlander, (Jud^'er, in thuted to their welfare and progress, and in that direction we must follow. In this Htonny month of v/inter, whilst the .steam engine and the snow-plough du«h through the drilta and keep up communication, with the oablo sliip at Riverhead bringing employment nnd wealth to the city, ov ly intelligent man can now understand the wisdom and the statosmanship of Sir William Wliiteway and his government in inaugurating the railway and the deck. I know that I Hhould be looked on as a visionary if I were to .speak of all the ])os8ibilities and increased prosperity the co;il miius will bring forth ; I therefore pass forward to a new enterprize, in which the results aro sure, the success is certain. Mines and minerals may "peter out," tlio gold and tin which expert-^ say abound may all vani.sh away, but the tish around our shore is an everlasting harvest, ever ready for the benefit of man, the free gift of the Almighty ruler Of the sea. With old method8„ the great winter fisheries at 13onne Bay, Bay of Islands, and around the western .shore might remain as they now are, stagnant and n(!glected, but, with collecting steamers and cold storage, the tish harvest can be gathered in three times a week, and delivered punctually at the fish markets all over Canada and the continent. When New Zealand mutton is carried fresh sixteen tlujusand miles through the tropics, and now comes in competition even with the cheap food products of Canada, what cannot be done with our abundance of fish ? Trade in fresh fish is one of our great entcrprizes for the future ; it is in safe hands, and it will be carried out eiliciently by Mr. R. G. Reid. Our salt fish business is overdone, this new departure will help to make better prices. With coal, iron, and copper, timber, agriculture, and the fisheries, Newfoundland should prosper. That she may have every success, that her sons and daughters may grow and multiply, that their garners may be full with all uianner of store, is my earnest hope, my heartfelt wish. 552 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XVIf. I —Proposed Terms of Union between Canada and Newfoundland. ABSTKAC'T. The flrnt conference with the Canadian rcprrsentatives took plnce on the 4th diiy of April; mne couferencis altogether t' a^ *'' Jearly allowance to IVewfoundland the following sums :— $ 50,000 165,600 Allowance foi legislation Subsidy of 80 cents per head of her population up :o 400,000— which at present population of 207,000 equals .... The payments to be made on the population of each decennial census after the union. Allowance for Crown lands and light of minerals and metals iiiid timb-r therein and thereon - 150,000 Interest at 5 per cent, on $2,000,000 excess d^'bt - . loo.ooo ^"♦«i' - - - . .S.165,6(~ ."«. Canada will maintain all that class of services iu Newfoundland which fall under Uie head of general or Dominion services. These comprise :—Go\cn;^r'a salary, Cus toms, Excise, .Savings' Hanks, Public Works (of a Dominion charr- ter). Crown Lands, Admimstiatioii ot Justice, Post Office, iSteam- sjiip Services, Marine and Liffhthousos. lOsUeiies, Peiiirentiaries, Weights ai-d' Measures, and Gas Inspection, Arts, Agri-. culture, and Statistics, Quarantine and ImTni- gration. Insurance Inspection, GeoloKical hurvey. ° 4, Canada is to maintain, in regard to steamship services, passenger and mail com- munication m at least as efficient a manner as at present, as follows :— Between the Main- land and Newfoundland, l)et\vecn Newfound- hind and Great Britain, the Coastal Steam ^erviee, east anit for use anywhere in Canada in cases of general and serious emergency. 6. The fishermen of NewfoundlaU'l ;;- to participate equally with those of Canada in any bounties to fishermen which may he granted by the general Government at anv tune. •' 7. Canada vill take over, at a fair valiia- non, the .S.S. Fiona, now in use by the (government of Newfoundland for fishery service, •' 8. Newibuudland shall be represented in the Senate of Cana.hi by four Senators, and ni the House of Commons by If representa- tives. It Mill be remembered that in 1888, on tieviMt of Sir Charles Tupper, certain in. torinal terms were discussed, but not officially. Ihcjse terms, however, were made public, and It was generally understood that Cans-'-ai statesmen were prepared to favour such terms Jor the accomplishment of the u.iioii. The following counter-proposals of the NewfouuvMand delegates were therefore based, to some extent, on the proposals of 1888. No. 1. The Itecistrn: General fixed the population „f the Colonvon the aoth Sei)tem- herl8'J.'. at 206,614; it is therefore «ife to assiune tliat at the end of the vear it m, S16'"**'''i ^''''' '*"'**"^^ '^"*"'''' ''ierefore, be No. 2. Bounties to fishermen, $150,000. No. ;}. Canada's net public debt is --..^..i„!„.is„,. iixri yvpukiUnn Iji 0,0(10,0(10; the per capita debt is therefore $50. Th, population of Nev "oundiand, as mentioned in No. 1, ,8 207,000, which, at the Canadian pei capita debt of $5o, would represent a total indebtedness of the Colony of ¥10,^50,000. maintain, in reganl to Bsengfi- and mail coni- is efficient u manner as : — Between the Main- id, iMJtween Newfound- in, the Coastal Steam between Labrador and •endituie on mili'ia in ich time as Parliament to introduce therein a system, CaniKhi will ly towards the mi in- stabularj', to consist of i8 to efficiency, equiji- to standards approved litia. This force is n) Ihe Dominion Govern- in Canada in cases of -Tgency. of Newfouufllunf^ i;rc ith those of Canada in •men which may he I Government at any ; over, at a fair vahia- now in use by the •undland for fishery hall be represented in •y four Senators, and tns by If representa- •red that in 1888, on s Tupper, certain in. ised, but not officially, 'ere made public, and stood that Cans-'-in to favour such terms )f the u.iion. iter-proposals of the were therefore based, rojiosalsof 1888. '.: General fixed the on the aoth Septem- is therefore (safe to of the year it wir would, therefore, be shermen, $150,000. 3t public debt is ihiiiiin iy 5,0(iO,(Hi(); thprefore §50. Thr md, as mentioned in at the Canadian i)ei' Id represent a total y of |io,a5o,ooo. TERMS OF UNION. 553 The funded public debt of Newfoundland is - And under Loan Act, 58 Vict. cap. 2 - - - Floating deb. - - . Amount required to com- I)lete railway to Port aux Basque - - . . . Amount required to cover cost of Brigus branch li. Itoad Amount to capitali/,e lia- bility to Newfoundland K. It. Co., viz., .^45,000 at 4 per cent, for 22 years - - - . Total 9,116,534.73 1,150,000.00 C75,000.00 3,620,000.00 3 12,000.00 650,300.00 ■$15,829,834.73 Less : Debt represented by railway system of the (Jolony, as follows, viz. : — Cost of N. and VV. Itail- way to date, 31st Dec. 1894 - Placentia Hallway - Brigus branch, completion Western Kailway - Consolidated liability to F. li. R. Co. - - - N 4,4*6,000.00 525,000.00 312,000.00 362,000.00 650,300.00 §9,553,300.00 Or §4,073,465.27 less than the propor- tion. This at 5 per cent, vill yield an annual amount of $203,673.35; the annual subveii- tion to be paid Newfoundland under No. 3. No. 4. Salary, Licnt.-Go- vernor - - . . Customs . - - - Judicial - . . . C. D. C. Judges - Postal .... Block House Custom House, Harbotir Grace,. St. John's Peni- tentiary - - - - Interest on public debt Steam subsidies - Shij)wrecked crews Pension, P. O. - Fog and noonday guns Signal Station - Inspector, weights and measures Kxaminers of masters and mates - - . . Kncouragement, ship-build- ing .... Maintenance, lighthouses - Observatory Medical attendance, Labra- dor . . . . Protection of fisheries In-peetOF, pickled fish, La- brador - . . . Fishery bureau - - - Treasury Office in connec- tion with Customs - Government engineers $ 12,000.00 75,295.00 18,500.00 6,440.00 70,545.00 650.00 7,850.00 371,245.00 185,360.00 3,000.00 231.00 948.00 610.00 100.00 2,300.00 10,(»00.00 46,850.00 160.00 800.00 500.00 1 ,000.00 19,000.00 4,700.00 4,628.00 Travelling expenses of Har- S Iwur Grace Judge - - 240.00 Maintenance of telegraph li'ies - . . . 18,000.00 Inspection, railway con- struction - - . 4,000.00 $862,858.00 No. 5. In lieu of contemplated allowance for battery of artillery, it is considered that an amount to b« agreed uj)on should be allocated towards the Police Force, who could be trained and equipped as a military force. No. 6. By reference to No. 3, it will be observ -d that the cost of the railway systems of the Colony has been deducted from the net public debt. No. 7. This only had reference to the ungninted Crowu lands within the island; but whereas the dependency of the Labrador embraces an area of at least 160,000 square miles, the mineral and timber and mineral lands, of which have not been disposed of, it is claimed that $100,000 per annum shouhl be added to the amount above named. No. 8. It should be imderstood by this that similar expenditures m are made in the other provinces of the Dominion, should be carried out in Newfoundland, and that the Fishery Commission, at present estsiblished, should be the medium of expenditure. No. 9. Stkamshii's Si'bsiuies. — ..1. Efficient mail and passenger accommoda- tion between Canada and Newfoinidland weekly; and upon the completion of the railway to Port aux Basque, a first class steamer shall be put on to connect that port with the nearest terminal railway port in the Dominion. B. East and West postal service equal in efficiency to the i)resent steamship service. C. Communication between St. John's and Liverpool by steamers direct. D. Postiil service upon the large bays by steamers, viz.. Green Bay, Bonavista Bay, Trinity Bay, and Phieentia Bay. No. 10. That the fishermen of Newfound- land shall be exempted from the payment of any licenses, fees for fishing, or for use of cod-traps. No. 11. At the present time there are a number of local industries which have been established by i)rotection. Those industries, under confederation, would be considerably hampered, if not closed. It is submitted that as these particular interests would be thus injured in the general interests of the Dominion, that compensation in the way of aid for a limited period should be allowed. The establishment of a naviil brigade in the Colony, which will tak«- th.- foim of a naval training ship. No. 12. Precious metals to be reserved to the Colony. No. 13. Fifty thousai'd dollars to be allowed for legislation. {i-' 554 PRESENT POSITION AND PIIOSPEOTS OF THE COLONY. SEKVICES TO BE BORNE BY THE COLONY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. WHS, III Governn:eiit Hoiiso - Provincial Secretary - E'inancial Secretary - Board of Works Colonial buildings Legislative contingencies - Attorney-General Solicitor-General Sheriff, Central District ,, Northern District - „ .Southern District - Bailiff, Central District Chief (5lerk and liegistrar - Ist Clerk, Kegistrar's Office 2nd Clerk, Registrar's Office 3rd Clerk, Registrar's Office Stationery - - . . Crier of the Court Crown prosecutions - Magisterial enquiries - Circuit Court of Supreme Court, and hire of steamer Clerk of the Peace - Constabulary - - . Keeper, Court House, Har- bour Grace - - . Miigistrates, outports - Court houses and goals Ferries - - . . Repairs to public buildings - Relief, poor l'e:»sioQ, Inspector Carty - Other pensions - Education - - . . itoads and bridges Keeper, half-Avay Salmonier Repairs, clocks in buildings Inspector of meats Public Works - Education, deaf and dumb - Education, blind Regist"ation jurors Rent, public offices - Fuel and attendance, public offices - - . . Dry dock^, water rates Rent, Bannerman Park Insurance - - . . Promotion, agriculture Conveyance of sick fisher- men from Labrador Registration, births, deaths, and marriages Sheep Preservation Act house, public 3,:{oi.oo 5,924.00 2,.562.00 8,850.00 1,500.00 35,000.00 2,400.00 1,200.00 1,385.00 1,385.00 923.00 650.00 2,000.00 800.00 600.00 600.00 200.00 500.00 5,000.00 400.00 5,.500,00 1 ,570.00 60,000.00 50.00 22,038.00 10,000.00 5,076.00 1 1 ,300.00 309,011.00 1,440.00 1,296.00 151,891.00 129,300.00 162.00 200.00 250.00 36,000.00 900.00 1,050.00 350.00 2,500.00 350.00 100.00 80.00 800.00 10,000.00 400.00 1,500.00 100.00 Total - $835,794.00 And on the loth day of April the New- foundland delegates submitted their counter proposals, which were as follows : — What Newfoundland asked subsidies: — 1. P^ighty cents per head of $ 207,000 population - - - 165,60O.(K) 2. Bounties to fishermen - 1 50,000.00 3. Difference in public debt 203,673.35 4. Crown lands - - - 250,000.00 5. Legislation - - . 50,000.00 $819,273.35 This sum would go to defray the local services left by Canada to the colony, some of which subsidies were, of course, subject to some slight reduction, the said services amounting to $733,594, according to the latest estimate of the Newfoundland Receiver General. What Canada offered us to defray the above services was $505,600, as follows : — 1. 80 cents per head of popu lation of 207,000 2. Interest at 5 per cent, on $10,000,000 being the difference between the funded debt of Ne wfoundland,aiid $8,3 50,000.00 which Canada would assume 3. Crown lands - - . 4. Legislation - - _ 5. Contribution towards police or miiitia - . . - 165,600.00 100,000.00 150,000.00 50,000,00 40,000 00 $505,600.00 It will be seen by this statement that the subsidies offered by Canada to defray the cost of the services left to and to be borne bv Newfoundland would leave a deficit again^Tt the colony to be raised by direct taxation or otherwise of $232,994, thus : — Local services as per 1894 § estimate- - - . 738,594.00 Ciinadian subsidies to defray "^'^e ■ - - - 505,600.00 Deficit against colony - . §232,994.00 Added to this would be the interest on .>7,4P: 334.73 the portion of the public debt of .Newfoundland which Newfoundland wouM have to assume, which at 4 per cent, would be !!i299,l«»3. In other words, if Newfoundland joinc299,193 interest on balance of public debt lett the colony to be met. It must also be liorne in mind that on llie expiration of Mr. R. G. Reid's opnali„!, contruct the colony would have to open te her whole system of railways 5 this would have to be borne by direct taxation, which HE COLONY. land asked wits, jr head of S in L'rmen iblic debt 165,6()0.(K) 150,000.00 203,673.35 250,000.00 50,000.00 $819,273.35 JO to defray the local I to the colony, some ;, of course, subject to I, the said services i4, according to the ewfoundland Ueceiver red us to defray the ,600, as follows : — I of popu- $ cent, on lifference debt of )0,000.00 iuine - 165,600.00 towards 100,000.00 150,000.00 50,000,00 - 40,000 00 §505,600.00 liis statement that the Hiiuhi to defray the o and to be borne by ive a deficit against by direct taxation or us : — ler 1894 § - 738,591.00 ;o defray - 505,600.0(1 y- §232,994.00 I be the interest on II of the public debt Vewfouudland wouM it 4 per cent, would i^ewfoundlaud joined e above terms, and services as they are Id have to raise by mrposes §532,187. these local services within the Caniidiiin here would still be fince of public debt in mind that on rlie '. Keid's opevatiiiij lid have to operiite ilways 5 this would "ect taxation, which COAL FIELDS. 556 for mainteniiD.ee and operation over and above income, may be put down at $150,000. Further, maintenance of telegraph lines, §18,000. Inspectors of railways, $4,000 ; Govern- ment engineers, $4,628 would also have to be borne by the colony ; it would then be — § Shortage on subsidy - - 232,994.00 Interest on public debt - 299,193.00 Operating railway - - 150,000.00 Telegraph maintenance - 1 8,000.00 Government engineers office 4,628.00 Inspectors of railways - - 4,000.00 To be raised by direct taxation $708,915.00 •Such terms as these were out of the question, could not be entertained, much less recommended. The Newfoundland delegates said that a sine qu&. non, a first condition to the discussion of terms, was the assumption of ♦he public debt of N^ewfoundland by Canada. If the Dominion Government would assume the total debt and obligations, and openite the railways and telegraph lines, the Newfoundland delegates were prepared to reduce the amount of §738,594.00, asked for local subsidies to $650,000.00, or a reduction of §88,594.00. The Dominion delegates, however, could go no further as regards the assumption of the public debt than they had done, viz., 38,230,000, but ihey were prepared if the Imperial Government would assume the difference between our debt and obligations and the Dominion of Canada, viz., §5,479,834.74, to further consider the raising of the annual subsidies from §505,600 to §650,000, the minimum amount asked by the Newfoundland delegates for annual subsidies. Negotiations were then centered into with the Imperial Government by the Dominion Government to ascertain if aid could be had in that quarter. On Saturday, the 11th day of May, the following proposal was made by cable from Sir Mackenzie Bowell :— To SiK WjI. V. WlIITKWAY. St. John's, Newfoundland, Ottawa, May 11th, 1895. Lord Kipon's despatch, 9th May, to Lord Aberdeen, forwarded to Governor of New- foundland, will inform you of position taken by British Government. If Newfoundland adopt Kipon's proposal, terms maj be modified by aid from Home Government, if not, Canada can onl3 supplement proposal mni\c to your delegates hy agreeing in aflding to aid m construction of Newfoundland Itailway from lliver Exploits to I'ort-au- Hitsque by a subsidy of §0,000 per n^ii.' .nul to add §35,000 to yearly allowance. BOWKLL. It will be seen by this that the Canadian Government are prepared to raise the annual subsidy, $35,000, and contribute $6,000 per mile towards the construction of the railroad from lliver Exploits to Port-au- Basque, which is equivalent to the assumption of a little over the cost of one- third of the railway from these points. As regards the Imperial Government, they are not prepared, so far, to contribute in any way.— (£«eni«<7 Telegram, May 17, 1895.) II. An Account of the Newfoundland Coal Fields. By J. p. HOWLEY, F.C.S., Dieectoii of THK GeOLOOICAI. SurVKY OF Nkw- FOUNDLAND. In 1889, the coal seams already known exist on Robinson's Head and Middle to Baraehois liivers were first visited, and thoroughly uncovered, so that accurate measurements, and good average specimens of their quality could be obtained. The Howley seam was uncovered for 150 feet along its outcrop, and was found to attain a thickness of 4 feet 2 inches gool solid coal. The Jukes seam was traced over a quarter of a mile, and vaiious openings made across the strike of the seam. It was found to vary fi-om 3 to 8 feet in thickness, and averaged" 4 feet 6 inches. It is a beautiful quality of coal, of a brittle nature, presenting a brilliant, some- times iridescent lustre, and would seem to be somewhat analogous in appearance to what is known in Scotland as cherry coal, though it partakes more of the nature of caking coal. The Cleary seam above this gave a thickness of 2 feet 2 inches. It is a good solid coal, breaking out in oblong blocks, and much resembles Glaee Bay coal. Twelve other seams, varying in thickness from a few inches to 6 feet, were discovered on the Middle Baraehois River. Two others besides the Howley seam on Robinson's Head River, and four more, including the Shears' seam on the Northern Feeder, a tributary of the latter river. The principal scams in the section, the actual existence and dimensions of which have b»en so far ascertained beyond question, are: — The Jukes Seam The Cleary Seam - The 18-inch Seam The Slaty Seam The Clay Seam The Rocky Seam - The Murray Seam The Howley Seum The Shears Seam The Murray Seam, which shows the greatest average thickness of coal, is made up of alternate layers of coal and shale. It is a tough, rather slaty coal, much inferior, at Ft. In. 6 2 6 4 8 5 4 3 2 ■ n 556 PRESENT POSITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE COLONY. least, at its out-crop to the others. It was named after the late Director of the Survej , Alex. Afurray, C.M.G., F.G.S. The Shear seaiii, though so small, is a very superior (luality of coal, approachiug a seiiii-anthracito in hardness and brilliancy of lustre. It is a very clean coal, remarkably free from im- purities. Altogether the coal seams contained in the St. George's Hay trough, that have been 08 yet discovereermitted to continue the exploration of this region, I have little doubt that long ere this I shouhl have been in a position to furnish reliable information on this head. To illustrate the importance of whiit such information would mean, it may be stated that an aggregate of 27 feet of coal, provided the seams maintained their ascertained thickness throughout, should, for every square mile of superficial area they may be ' found to under- lie, contain about 2.5,920,000 tons of coal. AH that is known with certainty at the present time is, that on the Middle Barachois River, the trough has a width of at least two miles,' while in its longitudinal extent coal has been found to outcrop at points five miles apart in a straight line, from the most easterly to the most westerly known limits. In 1891, the Govern- ment were pleased to adopt the suggestion of giving the Humbcr River area a more thorough search for coal, especially in view of the contemplated extension of the railway system to the western side of the island. On leaving the scene of operations, the Colonial Secretary, Hon. R. Bond, said to me, " If you " can find a workable coal team at Grand " I^ike, it will be the means of insining the " construction of the railway to the AVest " Coast." I replied that I "would do mv utmost, an - 1 III, 4 I am, and the coal is of ma from this outcioii the Messrs. Reed obtained t\u> ear load of (!oal. On Kelvin Brook but a very small section of the measures is exposed. It eon- tains however, six outcrops of coal. No 1 consists of soft coaly and shaly layers alter- nating, 3 ft. 8 in. of which is coal. No. .'i, contains 2 ft. (i in. of rather impure coal, but No. (i is made up of two layers of excellent bright black coal, divided by a layer of car- bonaceous shale. The lower coal is 3 ft. 6 in. thick, and the upper 2 ft. 8 in., making in all (J ft. 2 in. of good coal. The shaly layer in the middle is about one foot in thickness, but appeared to become somewhat thinner as the seam was sunk upon. As it was impossible t'j go beyond a few feet down at the time, owing to the influx of water from the river, it could not be clearly ascertained whether it maintained this same character, to any extent. In all probability the shale in the middle may thin out entirely, or become more and more real coal, as the seam is developed. In either ease it will be seen th.it this is one of the most promising coal seams so far dis- covered in the Grand Lake district, though, perhaps, not the best coal as regards (juality. During the past season of 1 89.j, our knowledge of the more southern trough hos been j'reatiy increased by the discovery of two seams of coal, and indications of others at a point on the line of railway, 4 J miles to the eastward of the Kelvin Brook section, and on the same line of strike. This discovery places beyond all reasonable doubt the fact that the coal measures form a continuous trough from about one mile to the west of Aldery Brook, to the point on the railway line, a total distance in a straight line of 11 miles. Certain observations nmde during this past season also, seem to point towards a widening of tiie trough in its easterly extension, but nnieh yet remains to be accomplished before any definite conclusion can be arrived at us to what may be the full extent and importance of this promising coal field. James P. IIowiey. Coal Analysis. By WILLIAM H. FILTON, F.G.S., F.S.Sc., Leeds, England. No. 20 Skam. Aldeuy Bkook, Guanu Lake. Moisture = 7-41 I Volatile matter = . SO' 73 Fixed Carbon = 5349 | Ash == ''•71 Sulphur = -66 Coke (in closed vessel) 61 '86 per .it Colour of ash - - Light pink. No. 16 Seam. AT.i>r:KY Bhook, Gkand Lake. Volatile matter = 38'62 Moisture = 7.4 i Fixed Carbon = 55-28 Ash =- 4-49 Sulphur = -79 Coke (in closed vessel) 60-58 per cent Colour of ash - - Brown, No. Seam. Aldeuy Bkook, Grand Lake. Moisture = 580 I Volatile raatter = 31-44 Fixed Carbon = 57'8C j Ash = 408 Sulphur =: -82 Coke (in closed vessel) 62-76 per cent. Colour of ash - - Light pink. No. 17 Seam. Aldery Brook, (jkand Lake. Moisture = 4-32 Fixed Carbon = 7266 Volatile matter = 16-84 Ash = 5-33 Sulphur = -85 Coke (in closed vessel) 78-84 per cent. Colour of ash - - Light brown. The Iron Mines at Belle Isle. III.— EXTUACTS FROM TIIE RkI'ORT OF TIIE Director of the Gover.\ment Geo- logical Survey op Newfoindla.nd MADE TO TIIE CoLONIAL SECRETARY, DATED St. John's, December 12tii. 1895. ' The third and fourth ore beds are con- fined to the upper shales, above the qnartzite the former, occupying an area of about 1 ' square miles, the latter of a little over a quarter of a square mile. The outcrops of those two bands have been thoroughly traced out by Mr. (."hambers, and they are all contanied withm the company's leases, except a mere corner of the lower band. The\' are both perfectly parallel to each other, forminff a gentle curved line, and are separated bv about 150 feet of strata. The lower band. No. 3, ranges ui thickness from 4 to 12 feet averaging about 6 feet 6 inches. The upper band. No. 4, langes from 3 feet (! inches to 6 teet 6 niches, averaging about 5 feet 6 inches According to a rough estimate made by Mr. Chambers, the two together are believed to contain about 40,000,000 tons of ore Several thin irregular layers occur between the two main bands, as well as above the upper, and below the lower one. But the.so are not considered of much economic import- ance. Most of the associated strata are more or less impreguated with iron, though not sufiicieiitly rich to be considered as ore. The general character of all these deposits IS pretty much the same, though varyiiiff somewhat in the percentage of metallic iron they contain. The uppermost. No. 4 band is the richest, averaging 56 per cent, of metal. No. 3 averages about 50 per cent. But one analysis of No. 2, that I am aware of, has been made, it gave 48 per cent, of metal. No. 1 has not heon i^alvscfl -i- ^ tl are all a variety of brown hematite ore, of a dull colour, with a somewhat steely lustre on a fresh fracture, and having a peculiar fine granular structure. The bands are all distinctly stratified, conforming i„ every respect with the associated strata. Fossil 558 PRESENT POSITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE COLONY. Pil! shi'llH, Lingula, are abundant on the top of No. I, and are found more rarely in all the otliere. The ore partakes of the same cleavage as the saiidstonos of the Hection, being, if anything, even more jointed. It broaks out in rhomboidal junks of all sizes. often nearly square, more frequently oblong! It thus affords most unusual facilities for mining, and owing to its lying so near the sutfaee, and beinsr cohered only with a thin coating of soil, it can be easily stripped, and the ore bed laid bare for acres m extent. Its jointed cleavage renders blasting unnccesNary, except an occasional shot to loosen up the ore. Half a dozen men with mining picks could raise sevenil Imndred t(»n8 per diem without difficulty. The principal workings at present in operation are situated on No. » band. Although not a high grade orr by any means, the abundance of it, so near the surface, with the unusual facilities for raising and shipping, should render it a most value- able property. Its chief value to the present company, I understand, consists in its ready fusibility, therebv acting as a flux for the less tractable ores of Nova Scotia. Moreover, as these latter ores contain little or no ph«s- phorus, and the former rather more than is necessary, a mixture of the two in the furnace affords alwul the requisite quantity of this substance in the resultant pig for the pro- duction of a good class of steel. The Nova Scotia Steel Company, Limited, of Now Olatgow, are but the lessees of tlie property. Tbey pay a royalty of 5 cents per ton on all ore raised, to the original holders of the grants. The grants are four in number, comprising an area of 1 square mile each. The remainder of the Island is held under licenses to search for minerals by Severn! parties. The facilities for working and shipping ore from these claims are equally as favourable as those described above. Were it hereafter considered advisable to smelt these ores on the spot, the island is admirably situated for the purpose, and many eligible sites for the erection of such works arc available. In conclusion I may add that I know of no more promising deposits of this class of iron ore in this country, nor do I think there are many in North America more favourably situated in every respect. I Imvc the honour to be, Sir, Your o1)edient Servant, (Signed) James F, Howlky, F.G.S., Director. HE COLONY. qiiisitc quantity of this ultaut pi^ for the pro- 188 of steel. The Novu ny, Limited, of New lessees of tlie property, f 5 cents per ton on all •riginal holders of the are four in number, )f 1 square mile each. D Island is held under r minerals by Severn! :iei for working nml «' «^ B««tWcs of Newfoundland Repeal of the obnoxious American Stamp Act. ^'«=»viouricuanrt. 1769.-Commodore BYRON, grandfather of Lord Ryron, the poet. Governor. 177o.-John Stretton. Wesleyan minister, has hot dispute with Rev. David Balfour F„U copal Mmister, Harbour Grace, about the right to preach in Carbonear chaJiP'" V.ora.«^vrvavi.irf&.a.yA V"«envardsi.ordsnuiaiiHiu) Governor. Rev T«l.„ Hoskms Wesleyan minister. Govemer issues Proclamation 24th S. regulating nver salmon fishery for the Colony ; French not mentioned * ^"'•-^tnTMiuirfRoaT" '" '""' ^"' Townshend, and to construct Ki'ng's Road too CHRONOLOGY. 1774 1775 1770 1777 1778 1779 1781. 17H2. 1783. 1784.— 1785.—, 178C. 1787.— 1788.— — riacentiii Court House biiiiJ. Conliiu'iital CongreRs in Americn. All exportation to Newfouiulliind from North Aniurica Stiitos prohibited 17th SeptemhiT, 1774 ; naiised grmt ditttress in Ncwtoimdlaiul. Imports from colonies t.'145,(M»0 ntg. prior to U.'voliition. Ciiiebec Act, 14 Geo. III. cap. 83; Labrador annexed to Canada. — Kev. .Tolin .Tones first Congregational Minister in St. .lohn's. Heaviest Btorm ever known in Newfoundland; :«10 persons drowned. I'alliser's Act, 1,'i George III. Hounty for bankers to continue eleven years ; first Act requiring written agree- ment between miuters and servants in the fisiierv ; wages first cliarge on fish, &c. ; all cases to be tned summarily by Court of'Sessions or Court of Vico- Admiralfy. Duty of one shilling per gallon on rum from America; caused excitement in New Kngland. Conunodore DUFF, (Governor, issues Proclama- tion about salmon fisheiies at Exploits, (Jandcr Bay, &c. ■"■''VniJir'AOT™ 'i^" "^ '""•<'P'^'Vl<'n«''. l'"i'ed States. 7th May. Rear-Admiral MONTAGUE, Governor, arrived. .—July. Admiral Moi.tague fitted out several armed vessels in Newfoundland seas to cruise there against the American privateers, by which measure he kept the coast clear, so that vessels might sail witliout danger. .—Independence of the United States recognised by France. France declared war againsit Kngland. Admiral Alontague captured St. I'ierre. —Spain declared war against Kngland. Rear- Admiral EDWARDS, Ciovernor, completed Fort lownshend. New Anglican Church on site of present cathedral beuig built. ,— The lower road (Water Street) and the upper road (Duckworth Street) ordered to bo kept twelve feet wide. First regiment formed in St. .John's, under Colonel I'ringle ; Wm. Lilly, Ensign. Smart fitting out of II. M.S. Pinto, in St. John's, and capture of two American privateers at Petty Harbour, one called T/ic Uvnnje ; part of her timber now in the Museum, St. John's. — Vice-Admiral John CAMPBELL Governor. Indepicndence of United States acknowledged by FIngland. ■N. Gill, D'Ewes Coke, George Williams, Archibald Buchanan, Magistrates, St. John's. Treaty of Versailles ; French allowed from Cape John to Cape Kay; declaration of King George IIL that English not to interrupt French fishery by their competition. Koyalist province of New Brunswick created ; divided from Nova Scotia 1781. HeligKuis freedom established in the Colony; Dr. O'Donel, first JJomau Catholic Prefect Apostolic, arrived. Lease for 99 years to Uev. J. (Bishop) O'Donel, and certain trustees, of the premises known as " Parson Laugman's Garden" (Old Chajiel) ; liev. Walter Price appointed Flpiscopal minister, St. John's. r V . Judges of Oyer and Terminer, D'Ewes Coke, Geo. Williams, Wm. Gaden, ]{ichard Hutchings, Uiclmrd Houth, Nicholas Lechmere and Thos. Dodd. John McGeary, Wesleyan missionary, arrived in Newfoundland. Permission given to import bread, flour, and livestock from United States in British bottom. Act 26 George IIL cap. 26, continuing bounty to Bank fishery for ten years. Jurisdiction of Courts of Vice-Admiralty to try fishery cases transferred to Sessions Courts. Rev, Jiio. McGeary Wesleyan minister. Rear-Admiral ELLIOT Governor. Prince William Henry, afterwards William IV., arrivid in Newfoundland as Captain H.M.S. Peynsus ; presided in Court at Placenfia ; instrumental in building present English Church, Placentia, towards which he contributed fifty-five guineas and the present handsome communion plate. Wm. Carter, f-randfather of Sir F. B. T. Carter, appointed Judge Vice-Admiralty Court, vice N. Gill, deceased. Bishop Inglis appointed as AiiglicBii Bishop of Canada (formerly Keetor Trinity Church. New York), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, .John Jones allowed to erect Meeting House (Old Congregational Church). Dr. John Brown appointed J.P. Placentia (graml- father of l^ir H. W. Hoyles). Year of peace and plenty ; no prisoners in the ,j;iil. Many Bermudian vessels fishing in NcAvfoundland ; complaints against them by West of England adventurtrs. Serious riot at Ferrylaud. McAuslan apf Deputy Postmaster, October, 1778. 1789.— Admiral Mark MILBANEE Governor, ('ommon Pleas established for the CJolony. decked vessels and open boats. ; appoiiitfd French Revolution. Court of Seal fishery prosecuted in siiiall ericn. AH exportation 17 th SeptembiT, 1774 ; 1 colonics C345,tH)U itg. ; Labriulor aunext-d to I. IlfnvieHt Btorm ever fv's Act, 15 Oeorjfc III. rc'(|uiring written agroe- wages first charge on «ions or Court of V'ice- Froni America ; caused ernor, issues Proclama- May, Rear- Admiral s in Neufuundland sens ch measure he kept the France di'clared war PWARDS, Ciovernor, 'DoneI, first Jtonuui ; to llev. J. (Bi.shop) IS " I'ar.son Langman's d Episcopal minister, Wni. Gaden, Uichard >odd. John McGeary, ission given to import •ttorn. fishery for ten years. ■ cases transferred to ter. Rear-Admiral William IV., arrivid n Court at Plaeentia ; tia, towards which he lUimunion plate. Judge Vice-Admiralty 18 Anglican Bishop of jw Brunswick, Nova Meeting Hou.se (Old P. Plucentia (graml- o prisoners in the jiiil. ints against them by MeAuslan appoiiiit-d volution. Court of prosecuted in siiiati 1791-1809. ^501 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795, 179« •—Chief Jiutice REEVES presided in Court, designated as " the Court of Civil- Jurisdiction of Our Lord the King at St. JohnV, in the Island of Newfoundland," appointed hy Act 31 George IIL Canada divided into two Provinces. Rev. W. Black, Wesleyan minister, arrived in the Colony. .— " Supreme Court of Judicature of the Island of Newfoundland," prewded over by C.J. Reeves, opened 7th Sept., 1792; first case tried— Andrew Thomson v. George Williams. This Act was renewed annually until 1809. Surrogate Courts established. The Floating Surrogates. Cottage Farm, Quidi Vidi, cleared by Captain Skinner, U.K. Admiral KING Governor. —Louis XVI., King of France, beheaded. Chief Justice, D'EWES COKE. .—Murder of Lieut. Lawric, R.N. Farrell and Power convicted of the murder. H.M.S. Bontim pressing men for Navy in St. John's. France declares war against England. —Royal Newfoundland Regiment embodied ; Commander, Colonel Skinner. —Admiral Sir James WALLACE Governor. All St. John's under arms. French under Admiral Kichery destroyed Bay Bulls. England and Spain at war. Newfoundland fishery very prosperous. £1,500,000 invested in fisheries. Dr. O'Donel consecrated, at Quebec, Bishop of Thyatini in partibus, and Vicar Apostolic of Newfoundland ; first Roman Catholic Bishop. George Williams appointed Chief Magistrate. Battle of Cape St. Vincent. Mutiny of the Nore. The ringleader, Parker, hung. Bishop O'Donel received a grant of land 500 yards frontage at River Head. Governor, Hon. Wm. WALDEGRAVE, Vice-Admiral, afterwards Lord Radstock. R. RQUTH Chief Justice. — -Irish Rebellion. Nelson's great victory over French fleet. Battle of the Nile. .—First Grammar School opened, Rev. L. Anspuch Head Master. Census of St. John's this year (1799), 3,132 inhabitants, besides military; General Skerett in command of the troops. Mutiny in the Garrison at St. John's. Ringleaders captured and punished. Admiral POLE Governor of Newfoundland. Riclianl Roiith, C^hief Justice, drowned on his passage to England. —Union of England and Ireland. J. OGDEN Chief Justice. -Admiral Lord GAMBIER Governor. Treaty of Amiens, signed by England, Fnmce, Spain, and Holland. Regiment of Volunteers, under the name of " The Newfoundland Light Infantry," formed 1,000 strong; Colonel Skinner in command. Former regiment New- foundland Fencibles disbanded, 1802. Saint John's Charity School Society instituted, August 1803. ThomaS TREMLETT Chief Justice. Thomas Coote Chief Magistrate, vice Williams, deceased. •Phcenix Insurance Company, of London, presented a fire-engine to the town; British and Imperial Insurance Companies gave 35 fire-buckets. Sunday schools re-established. Sir ErasmuS GOWER, Governor, opened Gower Street. Post Office established in the Colony. Simon Solomon Postmaster-General. Battle of Trafalgar. Death of Nelson. Population of St. John's, 5,504. ■Benevolent Irish Society formed at the London Tavern by Jas. McBraire, Esq., Major Commandant of the St. John's Volunteer Rangers; President Captain Winckworth Tonge. Dr. Lambert, Roman Catholic Bishop, arrived ; consecrated in Wexford Bishop of Chitra in partibus. Volunteer Corps Newfoundland Rangers embodied ; officers— Captains Parker, J. Williams, Bouchier, T. Williams, Batten ; Lieuts. Shea, Solomon, Lilly, Stevenson, Haiie ; Ensigns Parker, Gill, Thomas, Mellege, Parsons; Surgeon Coughlau; Quarter-master Bcenlan. 1807. — Four actors ask permission to open a theatre. Admiral HOLL0WAT, Governor, arrived July 26th, 1807. The "Royal Gazette and Neiiirfoundland Advertizer," first published, 27th August 1807, under most careful restrictions. John Ryan, editor and publisher. Abolition of the slave trade by England. 1808. — Farmatinn nf Volunteer Corps for dofcnro of the capital and island. Lieut. Spratt, R.N., sent with paintings to the Beothics. ' ia09. — Labrador and Anticosti re-annex"-' to the Government of Newfoundland by Act 49 Geo. III., which also estai d permanent Courts of Judicature in New- 1797.—: 1798. 1799 1 800.~ 1801 1802, 1803.— 1804. 1805. 1806.' foundland. N N W8 CHRONOLOGY. 18lo.-Proolamatiou to protect Hid indiu.iH. Sir John Thomas DUCKWORTH Governor. MagiHtmtes for St. .Tohn'H-T. Coote. J. BroZ; U s".7c7. .T.u,.eH niHikie. hMqrH.. and Rev. D. Howlnnd. ropulation, .St. John's, 6,0oo. ftlaJor-Oent-ral Moore in couiumutl of the troopN. 1811.— Lieut. Huchan'H exi)edition to HeothicH. Two niariiieH killed. Waterside In ht. John 8 cleared of ihlps' rooms , leased by auction to the public. Permission first granted to erect permanent houses. v.ui.m.o.i 18ia.-Becond Ainericon War. St. John's in a flourishing condition. North Amorican fleet consisted of 3 sad of the hne. 21 frigateH. a; sloops, brigs, an.l schooner, of war. Harbour of St. John's full of prizes. Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. Volunteer Force re-or^anisod ; Major Mcllraire, comm.mding j rapta.n£--Bouch,er,T. William., Lilly. McAllister, G. R. Robinson. Crawford Haynos, Ryan, Trimipghnm, Thomas; Lieutenants-Melledg.t, Broom, Steward McLea, bimpson, Livuigston, tJrieve, Arnott, Clift, Shannon : En>-igns-Morri^ McCalraan, Rendell. Scott, Wdlis, N. Gill, Niven Langj Adjutant-Hughes' Quarter-master— Barnes ; Surgeon— Duggan. "ugnts , I813.-June Ist, Capture of the Chesapeake, American frigate, off Boston, bs H.M.&. Shannon. Twenty-two Irishmen, bound to Newfoundland, weJe iii Shannon. Coming out in Newman & fo.'s brig, Duck, they had been capturi.l bj- American privateer, Governor Plmnmer, recaptured by English prfvateer «T?;TT«'-ix^? . ^'^'""''ooke, and then put aboard Shannon. CSBSar COL- CLOUGH Chief Justice, from I'rince Kdward Island, in place of Tremlett/wln. was sent there in a King's ship Sir Richard Godwin KEATS, Governor, laid foundation stone of St. John's Hospital, Riverhead. First gliint. of land • 110 grunts issued the year. Decisive victory of Wellington at Vittoria, Spain French driven across the Pyrenees. Publication of Dr. William Carson^ pamphlet ; agitation for Colonial Parliament. The following magistrates weiv .. appomtt-d tEis year:~roote. Broom, Roland, Blaikie, for St. John' Carnngton and LJly, Harbour Grace; Rev. J. Church and Burrell, 'frinitv Ldgar, Greenspond; Ford, Bonavista; McKie and Angell, Bay Bulls: W Carter, Femland, Bradshaw and Blackburn, Placentia^ Gosse! Carbonea : Jackson, Trepassey, But er and Bishop. Burin; Spoiner and Antho'nV Jorune Bay, Bryant. Ferryland ; PhipparJ, St. Mary's, Pinion S Prowse, Labrador, «„d for the Island, Captains R. N. Elliott. Cooks ey Skekel. CamplK-ll, Holbrook, Buchan, and Rev. F. Carnngton and p! C tTLp^s'^ltrintTsJ!'"'' ^""*'"'^' ^^"J"'-^^'"""! C"">P^'«» commanding 1814.— Battle of Lundy's Lane, between T^yal Canadians and Americans. Treaty of Ghent • rooo"L)'nT fi^"'™"'! 7'\ ,*^'"l '^^'T'y °^ *•'»"«' ""'■^"' enter Paris: 1,-00,000 qtls. fish exported; whole value of exports, |!ll,144.00O. Newfound- AdiinUrCoii;. ™'^ established. P. W.'carter, Esq.,' RegisSrVice. 181.5.-Battle ofWat..rIoo. Abdication of Napoleon ; banished to St Helena. Secoml Treaty of lar.s Last Treaty made between England and Franco about the Newfoundland Fishery. Confirms Treaty of Versailles, 1783. Numer. m failures caused by peace and depreciation of fish in foreign markets. Wesleym. Mission Stations organised into districts. 26th August, Captain D^iv Buchan, R.N., took possession of St. Pierre and Miquelon. 1816.-12th February, St. .John's nearly destroyed by fire; great distress; loss, £IOI),(,0(. sterling, cargo of provisions sent in winter by benevolent people of Boston US Francis FORBES, Esq., afterwards Sir Francis, Chief Justice, aSd a most able and competent Judge ; continued on the Bench for six ^ears. F rst 8Poti« Dr^"S'"".v'^°i? *° Newfoundland by Dr. Stanser, Bishop of Nova Scotia. Dr. Scallan, third Roman Catholic Bishop, consecrated Bishop of Dmco hl^f «'r« ^r' AP««<«"° °f Newfouiwlland. Church at Harbour Grace burnt. H.M.S. Comus and transport Harpooner lost at St. Shott's November 10th. Admiral WCKMORE Governor. ' -St. John's again visited by fires, November 7th and 21st , 200 houses destroyed. Great distress, severe winter ; riots, known in Newfoundland history as "X Winter of the Kals," and the Hard Winter. """•"'ana nistory as Uie 1818.— Convention with the United States respecting tbe FwheWe. Adir- a' 1817.- 1810-1830. 563 mas DUCKWORTH r. Urooiii, U. Sconce, tion, St. John'H, 6,0oo. killed. Waterside hi the public. Permission ition. North American )», brigs, and schooners ipoleou's retreat from fcHruire, comniimding ; R. HobiDson, Crawford, ledge, Broom, Steward, non ! En>'igns — IMorric, gj Adjutant— Hughes ; igate, off })oHton, b\ Niewfoundland, were iii they bad been captured i by English privateer hnnnon. CSBSar COL- place of Tremlett, who n KEATS, Governor, . Firstfirriintgoflandi ?ton at Vittoria, Spain. Dr. William CarsonN •wing magistrates were kie, for St. John's; I and Burrell, Trinity ; igell. Bay Bulls j W. a; Gosse, Carboncar; )0oner and Anthoine, Mary's; Pinson and N. Elliott, Cooksley, Carrington and P. ('. Campbell commanding ans. Treaty of Ghent; s ; allies enter Paris. 1,144,000. Newfound- Esq., Begistrar Vice- ) St Helena. Seconst. 1 honuiH s t liureh eonscerafcl. Penny I'ostage established in England. .— LeglHlativf Unirn of Upper and Lower Conada. Foundation Htoiie of Romnu WAPVTrV'K'n '""'.V,n' ''''"'"'"«• Major^enwal Sir John aAKYxtX, K.t..Ii., ap|iomted Governor. — SisU-rs of Mercy arrived in St. J(.l.uV, loth June. Amalffamited Asscmbl' . Newfoundland constituted by Act of the Imperial Parliament— ft & 6 Vict, cap. cxx., passed Aiigu»*t 12th; Hon. J. Crowdy, Colonial Hccretary, flist Speaker, tirst Agricultural Society formed. H.8. John McAdam arrive.!. ?',",..? * "'"P'"»y incoiporuted in St. John's to run steamer between St. Johim' and Halifax, N.S. First Presbyterian kirk established i Uev. Donald A. Frand minister. Captain Favbic and Mr. W. 'rhoums. President Chamber of Com- nierce, appointed Commissioners on French Fishery Question. (Jeneral Election ot MeinlH'rs to the Amalgamated House held on 20th December. The As- sembly coiiHisted of 15 elected members and 10 nominees of the Crown. Hon. J, Crowdy Speaker. -Act for the Encouragement of Education intrwluced by Uichard Uariies. Death of Dr. Wm. Carson. Nugent introduced Hill to abolish oath of supremacy ami abjuration, and to substitute oath of allegiance. Amalgamated House opened by Sir John Harvey on 17th January, longest cpeniiig speech on recor.l. St. Andrew's Kirk opened December :»rd. -Edward Feild, p.p., appointed Bishop of Newfoundland. The first steam packet arnyed m St. John's from Halifax, N.S., S.S. North Anwrican, tomnmn.fed hy Captain Richard Meagher, sixty hours' passage. Non-denominational Academy at Castle Reniiie, St. John's, Charles I). Newman, M.A„ Oxford, Principal; rat&rVr"f T V^""'"'' !^''''T P^>^ J^"**«« NORTON first Itoman Catholic Chief Justice; most excellent Judge. -Prince Henry, son of the King of the Netherlands, in war steamer Mine, visited St, John 8 ; great demonstratjon. Gas introduced into Ht. John's. Geo. Lilly appointed Judge, Supreme Court. "•-•'/ -26th .May, public meeting in Court House, St. John's, in favour of ResponsiMc Government i petition sent to Queen and Pariiamer' 9th rune, terrible iind destructive fire .-onsumed the town. 19th HepicujWr, trMoendous ffiil Sir John Harvey appointed Governor of Nova Scotia. Ci)l !■ C'V .\dministr!i 1847— I 1848.— < 184f> J •Sir Gaspard IJE MARCHANT, Governor, arrlve/i aard .ipril. Chief JUBtlce BRADT appointed. Foundation Stone of English Cathedral ot St. John the Baptist laid; also Colonial Building and Ciutoin House, St. Joliu'-. Great Revolution in Europe. December 14th, first Session of Legislatore. after return to Constitution of J 833, opened by Sir Gaspard L Marchmit Bishop Mullock arrived, May 6th, in S.S. Unicorn, Captoin R. Maher. ¥m\ i ater Company ; supply from Signal Hill. Free Kirk cstabllsheil. 'irnf 18.50.- 1851.- nvery -yV gold in California. Customs Department placed under control of . al .vernment; J. Kent first collector; Mr. Spearmen retired on a penHi'in. .•i\ amer Kestrel, Captain Maher, lost. Death of Bishop Fleming. Market Hou-se opened. Free Kirk opened. ^'"l"^."?.^?''"*,*" P™""*'' ^'"*^* "t^a™ fro™ St- John's to Enffland. The aveat Exhibition of the Industries of all Nations held in London, May lit. Great demonstration of Sons of Temperance, St. John's. General Election. 1HA2— 1H04. 065 k-ititlon of flfeond GencraS Tumiiefkoco MUfiiotiM. riived In Rt, .Tohii'D, In he brig Diana, lM>longiiig wi, and Joiin Oerrase il |l7a,0uO in twoynirw fli>t Anglicnn UiHhop. in'M itnd lUlifux, N.S. ; IT, nrrivt!il with troopn ; Vtttlvo Hodiuty fomif'l, liMhud in England. Iiitlon Htoiiu of Roman •General Sir John inlgntnatpd AMKcmbl', • irimnifnt— ft & 6 Vict. oloninl Hccrt'tnry, fliKt fithn McAdam arrived, iinuT bi'ttvuen St, JoIhh' Ik'v. Doniild A. FriiNti l<>nt f^hainber of C'nin- Dtion. (ii-u«>ral Election h Di'ctnjlKT, The An- )niineci of tho Crown. ihnrd Iliirncii. Doath of jath of Kunremuoy ami l^annitt'd Houhc opened ling npiH-vh on record. The flrit itcam packff wrican, comniandfd hy ■nominational Aoadumy .A,, Oxford, I'rinciimlj NORTON lint Itonian • (ttcanier lihine, viKifed Ht. John'n. Oco. Lilly favour of HciponKilik- «th funo, terrible itnd bur, tr'inendoud giil . l r .G 9"" AdminiHtm • ImA iipril. Chief English Catbednil of itoni llouNC, St. JoIiii'h. n of LogiHlatare, after aspard Lu March;iiit, )taln It. Mahcr. Firnt «tabl!she England. Ion, May lit. d EleoUon. E, cat tSftS.— Ker Bailie HAMILTON Oov.mor. Death of the Duke of Wellington. Loiiiit NH|Hileon Kiiiperur of the French. Fimt Steamer in ('(inception liay. Hon, J. Croudy Adniinirtrator. Klortriv telegraph introduced into St. Jiihn'ii by F. N. Uiiiborne; St. .lohn'x an Co o„3, anrt Sunth McKay, ,he dLovover. Three steanZ XS3 W^f ^.S^SolLn^iSS.^-,--^^ -' con«r.S;""ir"J: CARTER Premier. Sir H. YT. HOYLES Chief Justiee. GcSl L^^eSJ' th^tIamiJby^^'j.'S.Don^n;:;'t'ci;,s^S^"""^ ""^^^^^^ ^^"^ --- Dominion of Canada proclnimecl l^hZ rV ^^' ' ™""]'^^'' ''^ ^'''''^■ Bishop Feild PioeinimecL U„hop Kelly consecrated coadjutor to -I^arge jnc.ease in the Pablic Debt riajuly Candidates defeated HiLL.ppoi„saSi.,4^1^/s'fi,,*;'-S':Si£.%Ss Klection ; Confederation died. Census taken. Dr. Mullock 1870.- -The Most Kcv. T. J. Power, consecrated at Home Bishon of Sf Tn1,n' • a ■ St. John's 9th September. Diocesan Synod of rh,„X V i^" ? , ' '^"""'^'^ '" Hon. C. p. BENNETT Cmier^ Chu.chof England established. 1871. — Garrison withdrawn from Xewfoiindland Tnom'.enio- ,,..„»„ •* fisheries, &c. Treaty of \Va i «^ STTwTo^l"^'^' ','''''"'' V" ^"^'^ carried out by S.S. Tiyer and LeojZd. ' ''''^«"»t'-n"e'l coastal service, -First Exhibition held in Newfoundland, opened by the Governor- Rev V P«f„,„ i K.p pro.iector. Agitation about pre-emption of the \ew YoVk Vo V JI ' and London telegraph lines ; continued through 1873. ^''''^'''^' Newfoundland, -Direct steam to England by A llan Line commenced, Georjre Street Mpfl.nHi ■, nu ^ organised; Kev. G. S. Milligan P.tS 'jL S^^ Robinson, J. Goodfellow, and J. Fox, Esquires! ^ Commission; Sir IJ. "'"'En^nee?"'™""' """"""^ ^''''''' "'"^^'- •^"-^'°" "^ ^andford Fleming, Civil -Christian Brothers arrived in St. John's. Sir J ff OLOVPn rn \r r^ ^. 1872.- 1873.- 1874.- 1875.- 1876.- '?■hea, K.C.M.G., appointed Governor of the Bahamas. :Methodist College and Alexander Street Methodist Church opened. Colonial Conference held in London ; Colony represented by Sir R. Thorburn, Premier, and Sir A. Shea. 1888. — Second Washington Treaty negotiated ; Hon, J. S. Winter represented the Colony. Modus Vivendi established for two years. Methodist College Home opened. Bait Act put in operation, March. Placentia R.iilway opened for traffic. Act to provide Municipal Council for St. John's passed. S.S. Volunteer and Conscript on coastal service. Governor Blake appointed to Jamaica. Sir F. B. T. CARTER Administrator to January 1889. 1889. — Sir T. N. O'BRIEN appointed Governor ; arrived in January 1889, General Election, Thorburn Government defeated by an immense majority. Roman Catholic Cathedral, Harbour Grace, burnt. Act granting manhood suffrage passed. 1890. — Sir W. V. WHITEWAY Premier. Act authorising new Railway Line North. Agitation concerning the modus vivendi with the French about Lobster Factories West Coast. The modiis was accepted by French Ambassador, 11 March. Protest from both Houses K March. Meeting of Patriotic Association, Bannermau Park, 26 March. Tax on all Canadian vessels purchasing bait. Reciprocity Treaty with United States by Hon. R. Bond, Colonial Secretary ; prevented being carried into effect by Canada. Delegations to England on difficulties with the French, consisting of Sir W. V. Whiteway, Hon. A. W. Harvey, Hon. R, Bond and the Honble. The Speaker, G. H. Emerson (official) ; from the Patriotic Association Si." J. S. Winter, P. J. Scott, and A. B. Morine to England, and D. J. Greene, D. Morison, and P. R. Bowers to Canada. , 1891,— Municipal C!ouncil Act amended. Delegation to England on difficulties with French, consisting of Sir W, V. Whiteway, Hon, A, W. Harvey, G. H. Emerson Hon. M. Monroe and A. B. Morine. International Arbitration on Lobster Question to be held at Brussels. Hall's Bay Railway completed to Trinity and |;^ 5m CHRONOLOGY, J.1 ; .r; 1892 1893, 1894. Council, judgrnent coLnSl ^ZZ^TBrn t'Sfii °° "Tn"' *** ^"^^ Temporary Act (Treaty Bill) passed for two veSi "°"'' "^ ^''"""""^ ' sea. and frozen to del: Vi«Jt^ f DeeTsor^^* • '" ! "r^rly gale, driven to at Halifax, N.S., between Canadian wfi^ f ^'f »° *° I^abrador. Conference Government. GS:e^?st"tLtr"uV9th'''"^^^^ ~"t.tle7r^nrof^#'"AS^^^ Treaty Bill vember, General EleSn THp Whif n ^'r «• J- Pinseut. D.C.L. No- majority. DecLber4rVhe ncSer^S^^^^^ ^^ " ^^'^^^ Bishop of St.J. hn's, died dSo with ■iTi."*'T' ?'^ ' ^°"""' Catholic <.n goods landed on West Coasf rfarSnthbrv^^^^ ^^^'"^'^^ °^ ^"^^ twomen.bersforBardev2deuSa'edfnd'ir'"% i^^T**:, M""*- 27th, communicated to the House of Ass^mhlv A ^l^ff^' AP"1 2nd, judgment Whiteway party waited on Govprn^jfu- ?"' ^ v ' ^ePH'^tion of 20 members ot deputation It GUriJgeTartrprXsteda^fii":"^^''','' "''""• /P"' *'^' «°"°t«r tion refused. April llth SEfrl^ 'l'"'""^ ^^P"' 'Oth.dissolu- Premier; WhitcSy parW Sd^w S^^^^ A. P GOODRIDGE House of Assembly proriued to ^3,5 '^Anrl? tu^"'^'"'' ^" ''• ^P"' ^^th. 23rd May. May 5th two memhpl nf ^^ 1^^ ' ^ prorogation extended till May 22ud, Bavde Verde bvrelectil r^S"? -^"'^ "°'"'*'^^ "'''» disqualified. ai,d one opposition canifdate £ 23rd torn^", '"*""■" /V^i'^ Government May 31st, three members St iJhn's wlc? ^*/°." extended to 7th June. 7th.' pron'-gatiou extended toSfh July Ine'Tnh ""v ^''^''^''l^^^- "!»"« June 14th. one member for Burse., frirl T^ p i ' ^«^!n"e Act expired. June 23rd. H.R.H. X Duchess of Ynrf ^ }°'K'''''J^^^ '^"^ disqualified. July rth. prorogation exTo3ed"to'7SAu^S^' jln'th't^o •"^'^"*/"r- t^rStr^itSr^'^nt^^^^^^^ Assembly opened. Ss^ 9 h Hoto i ^ , . . "^"f "'* 2"<^' ««"«« "^ Burgeo and La Poile f ectioa lesXl t tf '"'''? '^^T'^' September 10th. OmX\..,.»„a w — "i't; election lesulted m return of a Government candidate 1895.- members elected for TrinitT loth X^ZTn,' '"''^"'"^ Three Opposition all returned VVhitewnv"andidH tes cTr' ^^'^"°'"'' ^' J«l»»'«> ^^d Burin St. GeorgeV, 12th NoSer -..tJ^ ^' °''?"™''"*^^°"''^''**'' '^turned for Monday failure of Comm:rciar?n:iU,rnt^^^^^^^^ fnT"" Z"*"' ^'''''"^ Louses; December 12th, resignation of GooZ,l„r ^ •"^'''^''''^ mercantile ment of C^abiuet with D. J. GREENE Se?nt? ^"^^'•"'^'^°* ' '^th. appoint- "'"dSionI*'ofXS"Vrt"""l,;u':rv'3^^^ "' T^"^''-' "--*-' ''y Sir w. V. wfoE^^Pri^r^v^rr^„^f'rcHow£^'t^ native Catholic bishop, arrives Relipf rmn.'.Wt7r.'^ -— -, — ="".i' nowiey, first from England. . Mar'ch 27th!- cSlS'SgaleniSnS''""^''"^ SS. Aurora, with 27.000 seals. Anril 2nd Tf n„.l If P*P . V '^"^^^^ "* TlJu' p" "r..?L:V^^-»'''y re opened. Bishop of ^VestCo'„st. SepSS' Jith, S r 'l^^^^, 'ferK^ Governor. October, prosecution of sn u^glinff) svndS' V '^Pr'"*"'' JUDICIARY. 560 , arising out of modus :ifir ; on appeal to Privy e House of Commons ; tnity and Joss of life in ortheriy gale, driven to Labrador. Conference rs of the Newfoundland •y French Treaty Bill Pinseut, D.C.L. No- ; sustained by a large D./)., Roman Catholic ibout payment of duty Is. ay party filed under peuod. March 27th, April 2nd, judgment tttion of 20 members ot 'n. April 4th, counter . April lOth.dissolu- A. P. GOODRIDGE JJills. April 14th, ■ogntion extended till eated and disqualified. of one Government tended to 7 th June, d disqualified. June evenue Act expired, ited and disqualified, of an infant Prince, h, two members for ted only. July ,3ist, ugust 2nd, House of id. September 10th, •vernment candidate, nd Attorney-General turned. Twillingyte 3d. Three Opposition it John's, and Burin Qdiditte, relumed for member loth, Bkek 1 several mercantile 'ent; 13th, appoint- mbeis unseated by linistration formed ; «shop Howley, first liberal eontributioiis pointed. Arrival of assembly re opened, issioner. April 4th, nference broken off. . Hond obtains loan, h, departure of Sir ited Itoman Catholic )•, K.C.B., appointed ■ November} 25th, t. November 28th, II.— Judiciary. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF JUSTICES AND AS.SISTANT JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT. 1- JOHN REEVES, C.J., 1791-1792. Appointed in 1791, under Act 31 Geo. III. c. xxix., sole Judge of the Court of Civil Jurisdiction of Our Sovereign Lord the King, at St. John's, Newfoundland; aext year, by 32 Geo. III. c. Ivi., the Supreme Court of Judicature of the Island ot Newfoundland was created. Reeves, C. J., sole Judge, D'Ewes Coke and AARON GRAHAM assessors. 2. D'EWES COSE, C.J., 1792-1797. Coke, originally a surgeon in the navy, settled in Trinity ; was afterwards supreme surrogate at St. John's. 3. RICHARD ROUTH, C.J., 1797-1800. Was formerly collector of the customs ; on his appointment as Chief Justice he was required to reside pennanently in the Colony; in 1800 he requested permission to visit England, and was drowned on the passage ; his widow enjoyed a pension for many years. 4. JONATHAN OODEN, C.J., I8OI-I8O3. Surgeon, R.N. ; sent as assistant surgeon to hospital by H.R.H. Duke of Kent, commanding in Nova Scotia ; became naval oflScer and supreme surrogate; appointed acting C.J. in 1801; received his commission in May 1802 ; resigned in 1803, and was pensioned. 5. THOMAS TREMLETT, C.J., I8O3-I8I3. Was an insolvent merchant of Poole ; became naval officer and supreme surrogate in succession to Ogden, and, on the latter's retirement from ill health. Chief Justice ; he was translated to Prince Edward's Island as Chief Judge, in exchange for Judge Colclough, 1713. 6. CiESAR COLCLOUGH, C.J., I8I3-I8I5. An Irish gentleman of good family; an amusing writer, but a very inefficient judge, and no lawyer; salary increased to £1,000; retired on a pension. 7- FRANCIS FORBES, C.J., I8I6-I822. Appointed by commitsiou bearing date 4th August 1816; took his seat on the bench 1st July 1817; resigned .'?0th September 1823; resided on the Island during the whole of the period; a most able and popular judge. 8. RICHARD ALEXANDER TUCKER, C.J., 1822-1833. Commission dated 1st October 1822; took his seat on the Supreme Court Bench 5th May 1823; sole Judge until 2nd January 1826, when the Royal Charter granted by His Majesty to the Supreme Court of Newfoundland, under the provisions of the Act 5 Geo. IV. cap. Ixvii. s. 17, was promulgated, and the bench then filled by HON. R. A. TUCKER, Chief Judge HON. JOHN WILLIAM MOLLOY - - 1 4 • HON. AUGUSTUS WALLET DES BARRES J ^*"'''''"' "^S'^'' On 26th September 1826 HON. EDWARD BRABAZON BRENTON was appointed A.J. in the room of Mr. Molloy, who had been removed from his office. JAMEB SIMMS was sworn in, 2nd January 1826, as H.M. Attorney-General. In September 1826, during the absence of the Governor, Sir T. Cochrane, Tucker] C.J., was Administrator of the Government, Brenton Acting C.J., and JAMES COCHRANE Acting Assistant Judge, until Sir Thomas's return on 12th Auirust 1828. * 570 JUDICIARY. 9. HENRY JOHN BOULTON, C.J., 1833-1838. Was formerly AttorneyGencral of Upper Canada; removed from office and appointed C.J. of Nnwfoundland ; removed by order of the Privy Coimcil in 1838. Charges liaviiig been made against Judge Des Barres, he retired temporarily, and E. M. ARCHIBALD, Clerk of the Court, was Acting AHsistant Judge in l)ec«mber 1833, and in part of 1834. 10. JOHN OERVASE HUTCHINSON BOURNE, C.J.. 1838-1844. DKS BARllHS and BRKNTON, A.J's. Bourne was dismissed by Sir John Harvey in ] 844. J. Simms, Attorney-General, made Acting Chief Justice on lOth Juno 1844, and continued to act until the arrival of C.J. Norton. 11. THOMAS NORTON, C.J., 1844-1847. Commission dated 5th November 1844. Des Barres and Brenton, A.J's. j Brenton died in 1845 ; and GEO. LILLY was appointed A.J. ; Lilly died in 1846 ; and J. Simms was appointed Assistant Judge on 27th November 1846. Dca Barres was Acting Chief Justice from 3rd September 1847 to 29th November 1847. 12. SIR FRANCIS BRADY, C.J., 1847-1865. Sworn in 29th November 1847. F. B. T. CARTER became acting A.J. on Cth April 1854, in place of Des Barres, A.J., who resumed in the fall term of the same year. G. H. EMKRSON, Acting -fudfje in 1856. Des Barres and J. Simms, A.J's. until November 1858. P. F. LITTLE appointed A.J. on 1st November 1858. BRYAN ROBINSON appointed A.J. on 2nd November 1858. P. F. Little was Acting Chief Justice on 30th November 1858. CHARLES SIMMS was acting A.J. on 30th November 1858, and affaiu on 7th February 1859. 13. SIR HUGH WILLIAM HOYLES C.J., I865-I88O. Sworn in on 20fh Mny 1865. P. F. Little retired, 20th November 1866, when Geo. Hy. Emerson was appointed acting A.J. on 19th August 1867. JOHN HAY WARD Avas appointed A.J. on 7th August 1868. F. B. T. Carter, Attorney-General, was acting A.J. on 20th May 18C5, on 20th May 1868, and again on 20th May 1878. 14. SIR FREDERIC BOWKER TERRINGTON CARTER, C.J., K.C.M.G., 1880, present Chief Justice. Sworn into office 20th May 1880. SIR R. J. PINSENT, D.C.L. Made Judge of the Supreme Court on 20th May 1880; died April 1893. J. I. LITTLE. Made Acting Judge on 27th November 1883, and Judge on rth May 1884. * SIR J. S. WINTER. Made Judge on 27th May 1893. :r\y Attoroey-Gencral .J. of Nfiwfoundland ; f8 having been made ;. M. AKCHIBALD, ber 1833, ami in part 8-1844. 10th Juno 1844, and th November 1844. d d r 1846. jmber 1847 to 29th November 1847. 854, in place of Des 58. !58. 358, and again on 7tli orn in on 20th May ). ITy. Emerson was 38. Ii May 18C5, on 20th R, C.J., K.C.M.G., e Court on 20th May 1883, and Judge on I CO o o I I ■a •c ^ 00 ^ HOUSE OP ASSEMBLY. 571 i\ a CJ5 s-r . « J 5 p. 5 Hia ^^ S V i A fx; eh' «i pd is *,- N,- Hi rf ►^ H 33 ^' X hS ^' I. 2,2 3 .3 B § 1. a . a .,_; . 5;-t U i«- S'JM B.^ O ^ Q^ * ^" S J2 I'M pC ■3 be * 3 KM s s 4 « s 3 IS 2 ■« '3 3 O I ^<1 5> rf ,0 e a •? '3 - -5 o ■c "»f^ X H E-i g . Si.S fe S.2 g l> 9' C8 ' •^ Hb* H • a 2 ^ . 5-" 3J3 ^ ..a e • • " S •:? £ O ^ -H 2— -a sj 3 S ® t. o f^s ^^ ^ 3 i^ (5 a.s' I 3 3 s 3 a (^ i§ de-t^"«&H i! 3 _ 3 aw^ s ►? i-» wi?!»^t4i^« 9 51 '' C.S at" ? H « •< 3 ei-jW « 1*. a u 3 a. ® "" 3&I Jg I I 8 I f ) I I ^ "1 •r ^ 1 3 p. QQ .al-3 C39Q • ST* ■** &■ 572 s .a O HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY. •a 3 a a> o 2 -iSCt:? 2 I i O a a I o I I i i'-rh*-- Ct =•£= E'C l^-Ee .=■ B S go 'CM ^.5^ ■^1^ o ■^'•"i^Ti-ii-jai-s' o^5 g.S 33 s**^ 2 is - S S _ ts, V u i-s Hi H^ ^ ;«, H^ > Ed ^ ^^ p^ p: i-i .i-.'d<^"(i;di-;h;pii-i ,«, . . ■r S" -1- - C'2 « •! = C L; -M C fi i- Or'^ »> U 1=1 • • , ^ 1 — I I »; QJ S"? ? t^p « • .» 3 Ms • "^ . - = 2 , . . , ^. , , . . I * I I I ■ I ■ t I >) ■ I . d3 ^ vi vi i-^ ^ '•■£ ^ iri i£ re ?: t— * so -jt s« S tt X •£ w « '•; -^ o 5 "M s a£ o O It- ^ t* • l> l-> X a X Si c; — - *; ^ M = w y *J w ire 1^ d^ p- — r- c5 rH rt •* ^ -r f-J >c^ IC »C !>; i^ t>. tn iO -M t* p- X S P o -ri ?i c; 5C w CO ic c; ».7 c cf •^i x r- x'rCi-n • X:0»OOCOt^l>t.-3;£I*r-H-^Minp«ir3r^ c x-.r-XXxc: sjXr-oSM:ic^9iM go = e »i r. 55 -? 58 !.•: oc t- i.T M X X s i.-^ -N 'f I', t- 3; ;£ ».5 ■* ■>t GJ n I'* 5^ o r^ cc -Ji PH 2: ci s^ * -^ iS^ w*r:co^i-'5X«c£t^:i;t--i>.x 5>> <4 I I I I I I I I M ! I I I 4il M ■y c^ irt CO M i-H X t>. "M Tj" X K t-* c If: t>» i^ :* ^ »^ w -.*. ^-. -Tj -"r " c, t^'?i«Eo^i-;aq:ci'j , x « i^^^x c »i x t^-^ * -^ 2S xi' rH p-?S jH CO •^I^W S'O i « CO N ^ 1^ ^ CO -H in C: ?? tC o IC to CO •»3^ rf (^' ^i-" t >>o: jxxxxxxxxxaexxxxxxxxatxxxxxxxxxxxccx 574 STATISTICS. ,5 3 J5 5 * ^ X C5 !C lO « l.-^ IQ or t^ F^ :2 — -k) •* (^ Y- y^ »^ -* ^ «, * «, 1'' 00 s d *! -. -^ *v ^ l-"^ X »-■ i-J ! ri ' I- M »I ff5 -M 71 r^ 10 ■0 ^ M^-J" ■<* ■* 1ft P4 -t I' M I- OS js r- ■^ - o i« ^ *j »ft b» : rf 5; ^t -^ 1^ cT ; 3; 00 1^ i> cb 55 i S 52 15 S ?2 '-^ "s^ ; y? ^ X or o i-( p-i ! »^ O 5; ti ^ pi -; : 1^ 00 -M r; « Kj 35 ' WW « «3 w «i C 15 »ft x t^ 05 o e -i* ifj B t>. S *^^c oq-f oci?5 W O t> 30 0> W •>? wj (M — '.i t; I-* !» w -^ » « 35, '^ ''■' ^ T. 2g j-j"oo-o »--^^ i-cy -ri «oo?c 3 C r'j !-;_ 0^ Oi^ 00 1* t'- X n ^ F-l « 95 X 06 QO S S thin, with underlying gravel. This naturally poor soil is wonderfully productive; grasses and all vegetables grow with astonishing quickness. Connoisseurs declare that ihe Newfoundland peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, cabbage, and cauliflower, are the sweetest and the richest they have ever tasted. Wheat has been ripened over and over again ; barley, oats, and all leguminous plants come to perfection. The greatest drawback to our climate is the tardy and uncertain spring, caused by the presence of ice on the coast. The summer is always delightful, and, except in the extreme north of the island, there is generally no severe weather before Christnuis. During the winter, when the cold is much less severe than either m Canada or ilaine, there are a few very extreme days, and a few snowstorms, but very seldom a continued hard frost. We are quite free from the violent thunderstorms and tornadoes that devastate other countries. We have no venomous reptiles. The hardy, robust appearance of our stalwart fishermen, the blooming complexions of our girls, all bear testimony to the healthiness of our sea-girt isle. On the west coast, after Cape Bay is turned, there is some excellent land about the Codroy Valleys and St. George's Bay ; with the rudest and most primitive farming fine crops are raised. That a large portion of Newfound- land is rocky and barren is unfortunately too true ; both Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, and Canada, also contain some of the most barren and sterile soil in the world. Our country has been condemned because the rocky and sterile parts, the haunts of the deer- stalker, are known, whilst large portions of the good soil lies up liver valbys and amidst forests, mostly unexplored and unknown except to the surveyor and the lumberer. Newfoundland contains many fine stretches of grazing land. Even about the compara- tively shallow soil of Avalon cattle and sheep become wonderfully fat and flourish- ing. The truth about the country lies between the picturesque enthusiasm of oiir own writers and the fierce depreciation of some English and American travellers, who, from hasty observation of the most unfavour- able portions, have cursed the whole country. XXXVL-Timber. Whatever questions may arise about our soil, there can be no question about our forest wealth ; the best answer to all our detractors is the price of our pine lumber in London, Newfoundland Vellow I'iiie fetching the very highest price in that mnrket. The principal varieties of our forest timber are : — White Fine, Yellow or lied Pine, Scrub I'ine, Black Spruce, White Spruce, Red Spruce, Fir, called here Var, Larch, called Hackuui- tack in New Brunswick, Tamarack in Canada, and very erroneously Juniper in Newfound- land. White Birch, Yellow Birch, called Witch- hazel ; Black Birch, Low and Ali)ine Birches, two inferior varieties. White Ash, Bluck Ash, Mountain Ash or Kowan Tree, called here Dogwood. Balsam Poplar or Balm of Gilead, Aspen Poi)lar. Willow in several varieties. Alders, Choke, and Wild Cherry, XXXVIL -Mines and Minerals. The mineral « ealth of Newfoundland has only been developed very partially. Large deposits of copper have been found principally in N6tre Dame Bay. Whilst so much of the country is unsurveyed, it is only reasonable to suppose that there is much latent wealth over a wide and unknown area, displaying much the same geological formation as Tilt Cove and Betfs Cove Mines. K\ery facility is given to explorers ; licence fees to secure a large mining area arc only §20. Valuable information can be obtained on the subject of our mineralogy from the yearly geological reports furnished to the Government. The following account is taken principally from Mr. Howley's Geography. The metals and economic minerals known to exist in Newfoundland are as follows : Gold, found only in traces in quartz veins, and associated with iron ore ; native silver is found in Fortune Bay. Silver, associated with galena ; nickel ores, viz., copper nickel, cloanthite, and millerite. Copper in various forms, viz., native copper, variegated copper ore, grey and yellow sulphurets, copper py. rites, &c. ; galena, or sulphuret of lead ; gra- phite, or plumbago; molybdenum. Iron ores in great variety, viz., magnetic, chromic, specular, iron pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, iron sand, hajmatiie, vivianite, or phosphate of iron ; manganese and zincblende, coal, and several other less important minerals. Vari- ous other important substances, such as marbles, white, black, and variegated, lime- stone in abundance, barytes, gypsum, shell marl, kaolin clay, brick clays, roofi'jg slates, granites, syenites, serpentines, swndstones, whetstones, steatite, asbestos, petroleum, &c., and many others. Ths following are the localities where the more importaat of these substances have been found. Copper ores, at Shoal Bay, south of St. John's, in the neigh- bourhood of St. John's Town ; at Holyrood, Turk's Gut, and Crow's Gulch, in C'onceptiou I f1 570 SPORT. Bay J at Tickle Harbour, and head o» Random Sound, in Trinity Buy ; at Pit Sound Isliind and Bloody Bay, BonaviNta Bay; at Twillin- aaie Tgland, Trump Island, New Bay Head, Pilley's Island, Sunday Cove Island, Three Arm8, Green Bay, Burton'n Pond, Belt's Cove and Tilt Cove, in the Great Bay of NAtre Dame. In Mings Bight, Bay Vert, or Little Itay ; on Groais Island, in St. Julien Harbour, in Goose Cove and Howe Harbour, Hare Bay ; in St. Mary's Bay. At Placentia Harbour, and La Mancb^, in Placentia Bay ; at Ben- noits Brook, Lewis Brook, and Serpontioe River, Port-il-Port Bay, and several other localities. Lead is known to exist near St. John's Harbour ; in Conception Bay, Trinity Bay, St. Mary's Bay, Placentia Hay, principally at LaManche; in Fortune Buy, Bay Despair, on the west coast, at Red Rocks, near Cape Rny ; in East and West Bays, Port-tk-Port, and other parts of Port-k-Port Peninsula, besides various other lonalities. Iron ores are found on every side of the island, and in all the bays. A valuable supply of the finest ore is now being worked by aNovaScotiaCompany at Bellelsle, Conception Bay. J-Iickel is almost invariably found in the serpentines ; but has only been developed in workable quantity at the Union Mine, Tilt Cove. Coal, as already mentioned, in St. George's Bay. It is stated to exist in workable seams, but its commercial value has not yet been fully ascertained ; some of the seams are on the new line of railway, and will be opened up by the Construction Company. Petroleum, in Port-tl-Port Bays, at Cow Head, and Cape Rouge Peninsula ; gypsum, in im- mense volume in St. George's Bay, and at Great Codroy River. Excellent roofing slates in Smith's Sound, and on Random Island, Trinity Bay; white and variegated marbles at the mouth of the Humbcr River, at Canada Bay, and other places. An immense deposit of asbestos is now being Avorked very success- fully by a company on the west coast. Build- ing stones of every description and good quality, limestones, &e , are found in vast profuMon at many parts of the island, the latter espeeiallj' on the noi th-eastern and western shores. There are only a few places where th- more valuable ores were worked to any extent so far, viz., at the Urion Mine, Tilt Cove, and at Rett's Cove and Little Bay, Ndtre Dame Bay. At the former nickel and .copper are mined to a large extent; at the latter, only copper as yet. Lead has been worked at La Manche Mine, Placentia Bay, and at Lead Cove, Port-;-Port Bay. XXXVIII.— Sport. As a sporting countiy Newfoundland bas no rital in North Americ . The whole interior of the island, unvisitcd It man, is the itome of immense herds of Carii>ou {Cervun Tarati- dmi), a species of reindeer peculiar to this Colony. Soon after the birth of their young in the spring, the Cariboo lierd* migrate north and return again to the milder southern coast in the autumn ; many deer alwi remain in the woodlands about the ({under River and other northern streams all the winter. Throughout the interior the deer-paths abound, even the stones in places are worn smooth by the count- less herds who have been making their pilgrim- age through Ciidless years. At some places lakes and streams lie across their track. At one of these crossing places. Gander Lake, fifteen hundred deer, so Garrett Kelly informed some tourists lately, hid been killed; his originul statement to me was seven hundred. The very 'oest deer grouni's in the island can now be reached quite easily by the new railway or by coastal boats, north and south. With camp and canoe, the deer-stalker can be trans- ported in a few hours to grounds that for- merly could only be reached by three and four days, often a week, of most laborious toil and travel. Deer-stalking, the sport ot princes in Europe, the common occupation of Newfoundland fishermen, requires endurance, nerve, and straight shooting; with these qualifi- cations and suflicient leisure, nowhere in North A merica can better sport be obtained. Grouse- shooting comes next to deer-stalking in the Terra-Novian sporting bill of fare, and is a most fascinati'ig, health-giving amusement. Whilst the bes* deer-stalking is at the north and west, by far the most extensive moors and the largest number of broods are found in the south-east part of the island, Avalon Penin- sula, St. Mary's, and Placentia Bav. The local game laws are well observed, and by the LOth September grouse aie generally to ln' found in fair numbers ; even around St. John's, ten or a dozen mile.'i from the capital, bags of eight and ten brace are made on the first day by frood shots and hard walkers. For successful grouse-shooting, next to straight powder, the most important factor is a well- trained setter; with these concomitants and fine weather, n good Newfoundland barren affords glorious sport. I have heard Admiral Kennedy, R.N., a very prince amongst shooters, declare that he preferred the wild shooting in New- foundland to any other sport in the world. To ensure success a kuowledjje of the habits of your game is also essential. The grouse, a semi-arctic bird, takes no heed of cold, but is extremely sensitive to wet and north-east winds ; in togs they are found on the highest and barest rocks, always, as the fishermen say, " standing," on the alert, hard to get at. There aie two distinct species of grouse, the Willow Grouse (Tetrao saltcennis), and the true Ptarmigan, known amongst the fishermen as the rock partridge; this latter bird is found on the highest anl barest hills, west of Fortune Bay. It s entirely unkcown on the east coast, wh^ie the Willow Grouse, the gror,t -porting bird of Newfoundland, is most abundant. Besides groufie, there are geese, ducks, and 8nJi)e, Sic. Salmon fishing has been specially good during Sf»OttT. «77 100 herds migrate nortli mililer Routhern coast [Jeer bIwi remain iu the under River and other winter. Throughout laths (ihound, even the •n Ninooth by the count- n making their pilgrim- earx. At Nome plncen obH their track. At otic S Gander Lake, fifteen tt Kelly informed some un killed ; his originul seven hundred. The in the island can now by the new railway or th and south. With er-stalker can batrans- i to grounds that for- reached by three and pk, of most laborious stalking, the sport ot common occupation of I), requires endurance, ting; with these qualifi- 9ure, nowhere in North t be obtained, Grousc- deer-stftlking in the ill of fare, and ia a moNt ig amusement. Whilst 1 at the north and west, nsive moors and tlic ijds are found in the island, Avalon I'enin- Pluceritia Hay. The 1 observed, and by the are gencrnlly to hv ven around St. John's, Tom the capital, bugs !e are made on the nd hard walkers. For ing, next to straight rtant factor is a well- e concomitants and fine mdlund barren affords ard Admiral Kennedy, ingst shooters, declare vild shooting in New- r sport in the world, owledjje of the habits ssential. The grouse, no heed of cold, but to wet and north-east found on the highest lys". as the fishermen alert, hard to get at. t species of grouse, (Tetrao salicen.sis}, ran, known amongst rock partridge; this on the highest anl Fortune Bay. It > he east coast, where •- gf^'ct "pOitiDl; uiiM St abundant. UesidcH ducks, and spipe, Siv. I specially good during tho season of 1H9J; one commander killed thirty fair-siied salmon and grilse for his own rod in one day. Seu trout are even more abundant than salmon in some streams ; they run small, from a J pound to ii pounds, but In all the good rivers, both north and south, the average is from 1 lb. to :i.» lbs. 1 have nev*r seen a sea trout over" ."i lbs., though I iniderstand tlu-y run much larger at Labrador, up to 7 lbs. Brown and fresh-water trout are of all sizes, and marvellously abun- dant. Recently rainbow trout and Loch Lcvens have been introdueed ; m-iny of these fish were caught this season near St. John's weigh- ing 4 lbs. to .') lbs., and one 0' lbs. (a beautiful flsh). The American or blue hare, as it is known in Scotland, s extraordinarily abundant. The large arctic hare is common, but never in large numbers. Our local natural history is very incomplete. A good catalogue of in- digenous plants has been made liy the Uev. Mr. Waghorne. The one and only list of birds was made by Mr. Henry Reeks, F.L.S., and published in the Oniitholoyist ; it applies more especially to the west coast of the island. Valuable notes on Newfoundland natural history were also made by Philip H. Gosse, but have not been published. The following graphic description of a deer- shooting episode iu Newfoundland is copied from a recent work on caribou shooting in the Colony by Dr. Davis : — " On the plain below us were more than a hundred caribou, moving about among the little moss-covered knolls, rocks and tufts of scraggy evergreens of fir and juniper. As I brought n»y field-glass to bear upon the scene, I beheld a picture which I shall never forget. About hiilf-a-mile down the slope, in a small open marsh, were at least fifty caribou gathered in a crowd, and right in the centre was a battle royal between several great stags for supremacy and possession of the favoured does. The battle seemed to be waged prin- cipally against one great kingly.looking fellow with magnificent antlers. The does with their fawns and the yearlings (prickets) and younger stags had apparently formed a ring or circle round the half-dozen or more fierce combatants in their great struggle for the survival of the fittest— the does venturing in near them now and then seemingly to encourage the fighters by their presence. The clashing of their horns could be easily heard as they plunged and reared at each other in deadly strife. The weaker gradually succumbed one by one, and were eventually driven off, leaving the ' king ' master of the situation. But his glory was destined to be short-lived ; little did he know that there was danger near, and that his kingly head should soon fall, as a specimen and trophy of the noblest of his kind. It was now quite late ill tho aftt'-noon, and an we were about five miles from camp as the raven flies, and severel more by the roundabout way we Avere obliged to take to reach our cabin, Le Buiie thought it was too late to begin shooting ; the weather was mild, and the deer would not travel; better go to camp and return in the momiDg with the whole outfit, put up a tempoiarr camp, and remain until we had filled out our string of heads allowed by law. Hut what sportsman could turn his back on such a picture without nniking an attempt to iecure the head of the king ? I suggested that we shouhl try for it, even at the risk of camping out. 'i'liis was easier said than done, as there were siveral small groups of deer between us and the lard iu which ho was presiding, and many sharp eyes and noses to be feared. Le Hulfe was feurfid that if they should detect us either by sight or scent we might stampetle the whole partly and lose all, though be was willing to make the effort. " We started out very cautiously, creeping throufih the low cover and keeping us well to windward of them as possible, gradually getting nearer the point of attack. When within about 400 yards wc thought all was lost, as a big stag close iiy, which had been whipped, discovered us and created quite u disturbance by his loud grunts as he kept trotting backwards and forwards from group to group, trying to give the alarm; but as there was another fight on below him, the main herd's attention was attracted to that, and no stampede occurred just then. From this point forward the cover was so light that we had to worm along very close to the ground part of the way, through water and muck, regardless of wet knees and elbows ; but finally succeeded in getting within about 2'lh paces of the ' king ' ; but here the cover ended and our position on sloping ground exposed us to the deer, and I was obliged to try my hand again at long ran^c. I raised the sights for the estimated distance as well as I could, and as I was lying down, took very careful aim from an elbow rest, military 8t> le. I fired, and as the rifle cracked I saw- that the ball had struck him too far back ; it seemed to make him perfectly ferocious, as he crippled around in the herd with a broken thigh, still holding the fort against all comers. He soon turned a broadside, and I fired again with better results ; he made a few wicked lunges in the direction of one of his late rivals, and fell dead. We then l)roke cover and ran down to where the fallen hero lay; and strange to say, the herd seemed to be punic-stricken at tne downfall of thtir leader — some of them trotting around close bv, and others stanoingas if paralyzed within easy shot. Just then I noticed a large stag standing about eighty yards off with a magnificent head of antlers. I shot him down in bis tracks. At this stage of the game all seemed to be in confusion, as the deer did not seem to know what all the shooting meant. As Le Biiffe did not carry a gun, to keep out of my way and out of sight of the game he had taken shelter behiud a large rock, about the size of an old fashioned Tensyhania hake- oven (such as our ancestors used), about 200 yards from where I was doing the shooting. Here he almost came to grief, as he was attacked by a fierce caribou with most vicious Oo IF 67b SPORT AND OA.MK LAWS, lioriii. HU erv for lii'lp iit«r.ifti'(l my iiftcii- tiou jiiHt ill liiiiu to nav.' him, nit tho nrnddcned Iteant WHS jfrunting and cliarjiing nt him km ht- wii» riimiinir roiitid hikI nmri'l th'- rock. I run down to within '20 yards of ilie circim, whfii th«( unriiKud unimiil caiixlit Mijfht of nij and imn 'dintoly Miuaretl off to j<,»u mu buttle on opfh ground, and looked iih if ' o asked no other favour iindor tin- circtinistancei*. Hut 1 hud hiiii well uiivfrtui with tlic rlrtu, unit called out to Ln Huffe to lie tint behind tho roik UM I wan f{(iinf( to iihoot. JuNt im tho «reaf siivii;;^ ilciT lowi-rud \m luad to niitku a ru»h at mo, I tired u b:ill into hin breaitt, and he fell dead within nix ft-ct of la? Hutfe, who in a brave nmn and u«ed to dannar, but nt thif) moment wa< in while m u »h»-'* u ho again took ine liy the hand. Kor Wir,r.ow «rou8K, locally named piirtiidKe. an ' other varieties of itvonm iirid eiwi of »iimo. oloi., tiuip l)Oj•"''« tl»"» lit March to 1.11 h Heptenilier. c-.u*';""!?' '■''*'' ""'" ''■'"" ""' ««'l't«nil)er to Tkout, Ifiiid.hMikr'd wilinon luiil oilier fretti wiiler flth not to Ix. tiiken in any l,ike, river, or stream. Ijelwoen ISIIi Septn|iilM'r and Olsl Decemlier. Cabiiiou, i\'-.(lc, -Licence is nM|ulred bv non- residents to shoot deer, Ino MKHi, „nly (Ke stnits and throe does can 1m> kiMed by eiw'h sportsman. The icenees are »rriinted by Juitloes of tho I'etice and Custom House olllceis in liin fona prescribed bv I with tlic rlrte, unil u> ll« Hat buhiml the ) RltOOt. JlINt UN the il U\» lii-iiil til iiiitku II into liiN hreititt, itinl •i'» i>f la! Hiiffe, wlio <*il to iliingtir, hut nt I ill* IK u nhc't Of ho ml. 41 tliiio Ut April to lit Ma ttm« lit Unri'li to m mil Rupteiiilier to II II 11(1 f.ilit.r fri>»li wator y liki', rWor, or Htrmiii, I Hint Di'i'inntM'r. I' in miiilred by imn- I'Hii (inly live KtniMftiKl «iM!|i nimrtHitmii. The itliK'ii (if the I'wu'o mid iiii foiiii iiroicrllied by CHAPTER XTX. r///; CltlTRCIl OF ENGLAND IN NKHroUNDLAND. By Rev. W. Pilot, D.D., HHperinfi-nilmt i{f Church qf JUngland NrhtmU. Tho liiNtory of tlio (Miurch ol" Kiij^'lniiil in Ntiwfoundlaiwl may lu' siii.l to (late from tlio first attompt to colonize tlit! Islan:ht hundred. In 1701 Mr. Jackson was taken on tiie list of the " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge," and in 1703 was accepted as the first missionary of the " Society for the Propagtitifm of the Go.spel in Foreign Parts " in Newfoundhind.' ' In April 170.S the Societv took into consideration the deplorable eondition of Mr. Jackson, "a painful minister in New- foundland, who liad ^oiie upon a missiiin into thoce parts with a wife and eight ehil(lie:i." In 1705, when Mr. Jackson was i-eealled by P P 580 CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN NEWFOUNDLAND. The attacks made on the new minister by the notorious Major Lloyd are fully set out in the former part of this history. The Kev. John Jackson, though a very poor man, burthened witli a family of eiffht almost helpless children, showed himself both a God-fearing missionary and a bold opponent of immorality and corruption in high places The needs of his family, the poverty of the living, finally drove him from his post; It IS satisfactory, however, to know that after his trials in Newfoundland he was finally presented to an English living by Queen Anne in 1709. The small garrison church was in existence, so we find from the records, in 1708; it gradually fell into decay; subsequently, in 1720, a larger wooden church was built near the site of the present cathedral ;i by 1759 this also had fallen into decay and in this year, as described,^ a new and finer edifice was erected by the determined effort of Governor Richard Edwards. The successor to Jackson was the Rev. Jacob Rice, appointed by the Bishop of London. Our information about his ministry is very meagre • like his predecessor he was very much distressed through want of means. In 1730 Mr. Fordyce succeeded Mr. Rice; he was sent out by the Society on the faith of a promise from the inhabitants of St John's to provide him with a small annual stipend and an allowance of a quintal of merchantnble fish from every shallop ; of the salary only three-fourths of the promised amount was paid, another fourth was soon lost through the death and removal of some of the subscribers, and the promised quintal of fish was either refused or paid in the worthless quality of dried cod, known in this Colony as " Madeira." About three years after his arrival everything in the shape of payment was withheld until he erected a galle.y in the church, costing thirty guineas, at his own personal expense. After manfully discharging his onerous duties for five years under circumstances of unparalleled difliculty he was at last compelled in 1736 to return to England from sheer inability to procure a subsistence for his family. Whilst the inhabitants of St. John's treated the Bishop of London, he was wrecked on the voyage home, and lost all his effects. In 1 709, in reporting on his case, the Committee of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel "were of opinion that the said Mr. Jackson is an object of the society's favor and compassion, that he, having been in Her Majesty's service, as well by sea as in the plantations, and having therein suffered many unreasonable hardships, and being a man of good desens, he is worthy tu be recommended to the favour of the Lord Keeper." ' The first wooden church built on the site of the present Anglican Cathedral was erected H 'J »-o ^l"' ^}'''- '^'''"»'»^ Walbank, chaplain ot H.M.b. Sutherland, whilst at St- John's in 1742, mentions that he " ministered for four months to a congregation of 500 people, in a large church built of firr and spruce by lli.. juhabitauts, in the year 1720, the building was well furnished, and a poor fisherman of Petty Harbour had recently given the churdi a decent silver Patten and Chalice with gold." New England was not satisfied with supplvincr Newfoundland with cattle and grain, shealso wished to supply us with her dissentinir mnnsters. The West Country men clung with tenacity to the old Church of England, and refdsed all religious aid from America. » At p. 295. DLAND. rious Major Lloyd '. The Kov. John I family of eiglit earing missionary high places. The rove him from his ter his trials in living by Queen existence, so we Fell into decay ; milt near the site n into decay, and as erected by the appointed by the y is very meagre ; hrough want of was sent out l)y mts of St. John's I allowance of a the salary only ' fourth was soon (scribers, and the in the worthless I." About three snfcwas withheld, y guineas, at his nerous duties for r he was at last lity to procure a •t. John's treated as Walbank, chaplain ■hilst at St- John's in " ministered for four n of 500 people, in a r and spruce by (In; r 1720, the biiilding a poor fisherman of atly given tlie church d Chalice with gold." tisfied with Hiippjvjni; le and grain, she also with har dissenting untry men clung with irch of England, and rom America. REV. JOHN FORDYCE. 581 this most deserving minister with such incredible meanness, after his departure they forwarded to the Society a public testimonial that the Rev. John Fordyce was a most diligent and faithful pastor. Fordyce was presented with a gratuity of 30i. to pay his debts, and was appointed in 1736 to the society's mission at Prince Frederick, in South Carolina, where ho died in 1751, fully maintaining the same character for ministerial activity and ;5eal which had met with so ill a requital in Newfoundland. In 1736 the mission of St. John's was given up for nine years, when the inhabitants, having fully realized the loss they had sustained by their own niggardliness, in refusing to fulfil their stipulated agree- ment to pay their clergyman, again petitioned the Society for a missionary. This time they alleged that they had purchased a house for the missionary, and bound themselves to an annual payment of iOl. towards his maintenance. Trusting to these assurances, the Society^ unable to procure a missionary in England, consented to the removal of the Rev. M. Peaseley, M.A., who had been sent to carry forward the work so successfully begun by Mr. Jones at Bonavista. Peaseley remained in St. John's for seven years, discharging his duties diligently In his letter, dated November 1745, he says his congregation, which was larger on his arrival, continued to increase, insomuch that the church could scarcely contain it. Besides attending to his own flock in St. John's, he was in the habit of making periodical visits by water during the summer months to Potty Harbour. But Mr. Peaseley was destined, like his predecessor, to experience the non-fulfilment of the promises of his people, which made hij longer residence among them impossible. His embarrassed condition ied him to petition the Society to be removed, which was done, and he was ai)pointed to St. Helena Beaufort, in South Carolina. The next missionary of St. John's and the out-harbours, which embraced the whole of the province of Avalon, was the Rev. Edward Langman, M.A., of Baliol College, Oxford, appointed at the requesf of the inhabitants, to whom he had been favourably known from a former residence among them, and who were therefore well able to appreciate the value of his services. On his return thither to take charge of his cure in 1752, he reported that his congregation was numerous, and the number of communicants thirty. Of one hundred families which exclusive of the garrison, formed the entire population of the town, forty were of the communion of the Church of England, fifty-two Roman Catholic, and eight Dissenters. In 1759 he undertook a missionary voyage to Placentia, where he remained ministering to a congregation of sixty or seventy fiehermen^ P P 2 582 CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN NEWFOUNDLAND. and performing the several offices of the church. During his visit he baptised fifty persons, some forty, some thirty, some twenty years of oge, and fifteen infants. And further, he stimulated the people to repair their church, which at this time had fallen into decay. The next summer he paid a similar miasionary visit to the harbours of the south-east. Mr. Langman found in Reneuse twenty- five families, of which nine were Protestants, and sixteen Irish Catholics, the whole population amounting to one hundred and forty. In Fermense nearly the whole population, amounting to one Jumdred, were Roman Catholic. In Ferryland there were sixty-four Protestants and eighty-six Roman Catliolics. In this visit he baptised thirty-eight children, and distributed copies of the Bible, Book of Common Prayer, and Catecliism. At St. John's his ministry was marked with diligence, ospecially in the work of catechising the children in the face of the congregation, which he did every Wednesday and Friday, and durin-^r the season of Lent, and frequently reading one of the Homilies, with which the people seemed well pleased, and were edified. In 1761 he extended his missionary visits again along the southern fhore, and found in the Bay of Bulls forty-five families, of which thirty-seven were Roman Catholic from Ireland, the remainder Protestant. Eleven families whom he found living in Witless Bay were almost all Irish. Thus far Langman s ministry had proceeded without uny .serious impediments, but in the year 1762 it was destined to receive a severe shock. On St. John's Day the French landed at Bay of Bulls,' marched their troops towards St. John's, which not being in a condition of defence speedily surrendered by capitulation ; the garrison were made prisonei-s and the French seized every kind of property within their reach. In the general plunder, Mr. Langman was a suflTerer to the extent of 130/ and the losses sustained by the rest of the inhabitants now rendered it more difficult for them to do all that they had promised towards his mamtenance. Still much that n.ight have been done on his behalf- was left undone. The house promised to him, as to his predecessor Mr. Peasely, was never provided, and to eke out the needful substance for himself and his family the only provision on which he could reckon was an allowance of 50/. a year from the Society. The offerings of the people were scanty, and niggardly given, and for the little gratuities lie In the atttok on Bay Bulls in 1790 by the French, they procep<1<'(l tlirough the woods half way to Petty Ilmbour; discouraged by the difficulties of travell.ng, they returned and burned the Anglican and Roman Catholic ehurches in Bay Bulls, and every house in the harbour, excepi Nowlan's. Wlien the Frendi broke into his hut. the unfortunate motlur ran for her life, but the sight of poor Nowlaii, with his infant twins on his knees, excifeil such commiseration that the invaders left him in peace. 3LAND. REV. E. LANGMAN. 583 iring his visit he ! twenty years of le people to repair decay. The next harbours of the ies, of whicli nine whole population nearly the whole \n Catholic. In ighty-six Roman n, and distributed 2hism. ?nce, ospecially in the congregation, ng the season of with which the 1 he extended his found in the Bay i Roman Catholic milies whom he lout any serious receive a severe f Bulls,! marched dition of defence, e made prisoners, their reach. In i extent of 130/., now rendered it lised towards his le on his behalf his predecessor, eedfiil substance he could reckon s offerings of the ttle giatuities lie 's. Wlien the Frencii ! unfortunate mother sight of poor Nowlaii, >n his knees, excited the invaders leil him did receive, he was compelled to go and beg as a poor man would for an alms. Notwithstanding these heavy diawbacks, Langinan persevered as a " faithful dispenser of the Word of God " to discharge his labonous duties until his death in 1783. He had been particularly zealous in allaying religious strife in St. John's, and could write with satisfaction to its absence, and to the fact that several families of Dissenters were in the habit of joining in the public worship of the church, and of receiving the Holy Communion. The Reverend Edward Langman is one of the most important figures in the early history of the Church of England in the Island ; he resided continually in the Colony for about forty years ; he was conspicuous for his culture, broad and liberal views, his upright life and his earnest devotion to his Master's work ; ho was the first minister to occupy the magisterial bench ; a man of strong and decided views, he asserted his opinions with the vigour and force of an uucoin- promising layman. He was truly the rector of the whole paiish, and aeems to have been very well liked, both within and without his own communion. Parson Langman was in his day nearly as popular and belove•' "" *''"™' conH,,„ed nearly two 1 ou td ' ', ,7"^ '"'""' S'""»'H ""J I.'.land.but decltred «,at "i » '"l"^ ""^ '"'" <='^"«^ "' 'I'" ■■ the Island." IJe „us .dad . « "'*""*'"' "' ''"8" P-rt"™ «f ».>.s glad to hnd a general observance of Su.alay, rv^mi^i -^'i^i^Lr^ij^nr'a;; iS""^ ^--' •«•« ^^ i«^^; ..« died i.. BISHOP I.NGLIS. Pi'om an engraving. DLAND. es, who had been at the particular IS minister in the by the venerated hurch was opened, lo had been the I's only one year. ry for many years tor of St. John's ; ng Cfin remember ence and the roll onorous voit;e in i.ise. f 1787 the See of was constituted, Hand, which up d been nominally of the Bishop of included in the but Bishop Inglis able to visit the not till twenty t it received its ► isit from Bishop five clergymen >lmastcrs formed taff: In 1S22 the ) Bishop Stanser, 22 and 1823. i fii'st visitation mark of respect, lolic Bishop, the miles of travel 1 grounds, and iS. The Bishop r clergy in the mmoved l)y the fge portions of mce of .Sunday, 1821.'; he (lied in BISHOP INGLIS. 585 and even in the height of the fishing season a readiness on the part of the men engaged in it to present themselves on that day for instruction and Christian teaching. No sketch of the Church of England in Newfoundland, however brief, would be complete without reference to the pioneer work in education of the old " Newfoundland School Society," first called also " The Society for educating the poor of Newfoundland," now merged into " The Colonial and Continental Church Society." This Society owes its existence and its successful working entirely to the labours of a Newfoun.Jland merchant, Samuel Codner. Every Newfoundlander should revere his memory ; no single indi- vidual haseverdone so much for this Colony as this plain West-country merchant. Mr. Codner himself describes how the Society came into existence. At a meeting at Mai'gate in 1821, to inaugurate a branch of the Bible Society, Jiord Liverpool made some forcible observations on the duty and responsibility of Great Britain to give to her extensive colonies the blessings of religious instruction ; his words sank deep into the heart of Samuel Codner, and he deter- mined, with the blessing of Coie,l befoi-o tl.e fire oF July 1899 |,v tlu. newer hou^., of Mr. St. J„l,„). Mr. Willo,.,,,, I.y, tl,e Zj^tJZt^ wl,o su,K..r„,te,ule.l the school., i„ NewfounJh,,,^ w„« of i,nl , I | ' :";:::^';::;:^h:i;:=:rrt:"r^^ A..r.i.t 64 — T U32 680 iM-t NEWFOUNDLAND SCHOOL SOCIETY. 587 Most of the early teachers of the Society became ordained ministers of the Church of England in the Colony ; the saintly memories of these teachers and missionaries, Meek, Kitigwell, and others, will always lie revered amongst us. To the last Samuel Codner ' took the wannest interest in the Colony ; his life was devoted to the Society he had so successfully founded. In one of his last letters to Mr, IJond (father of the Hon. R. Bond) he mnkes in(|ulries as to whether Mr. Robert Prowse, who has been recommended as unpaid manager of the institution in Newfoundland, would be a suitable ])erHon for the work. During the long period that the Newftiundland ^'chool Society has been at w(jrk in the Colony its teachers have been almost invariably good instructors, and the schools prosperous and well managed ; for a great many years .500^. Iia« been granted to tliem by the Local Government, and to-day twenty schools are in full operation in the Island. In 1829 Bishop Inglis constituted the two archdeaconries (»f New- foundland and Bermuda, and the Rev. Mr. Coster became the first archdeacon of the former. The venerable George Coster, our first archdeacon, was a missionary at Berjnuda from 1822 to 1824. He was then appointed visiting missionary to Newfoundland and Ecclesiastical Conmiissary. He resided chiefly at Bonavista, where he laboureott him un.ler a cli..,n,r eoofirfned 113« pe sons conscerated ix JnseS'"'t "'./''"' "^' ^''^■'"""' '^ ^"""-•■' chnrehe. orgaoi.ei or a.^i.ed iXtnU^ ^1^ ^J^ ^^ ^ - ^^^ DLAND. Spencer came to first Htiitioned at lity. It is relateil rul Ludy Hamilton sermons that they lowever, would not i very elegant and as most simple and ti(»n can remember gliter to Sir John the kindly genial [eared him to all Diocesan was an lie old school of Bicker.stetli ; lie I'k of the New- oeiety, the IJritish )Ie Society, and scopate both the rgy in the Colony the Evangelical jhool. When he the iyee of New- fiist bishop, in time Archdeacon my consecration," " to the see of nd only eight u. h of England y." "he Churcli he schools were destitute of tli.it Witln'n a brief i were remedied, ordiiiiied two pricsls led or restored uwu- or Siiiidiiy scIiooIk. Colony ill 1843. On lioj) of Jaiiiaiwi, lie lalitifs iieccssitry for st have slroiigtli of liini under a cliiiintc icfluud, ii stoiiiacli lis of sea sieknef-s, d those of au liisli BISHOP SPENCER. -idi) mi the mcst crying deficiencies supplied, and the foundations laid of that church oiganizaticm upon wldch his successor. Bishop Feild, subsequently built with so nmch success. In all his work he was largely aided by Archdeacon Bridge.' Bishop Spencer divided the diocese int., rural deaneries ; established, with the aid of the Society fur the Pro- pagation of the (Josi)el, a theological instittition Ibr the training of divinity students, helped and encouraged the erection of nuae than 20 new churches, originated jtnd revived Sunday .^chools everywhere, increased the number of clergymen to twenty- live, with lay readers and f-choolmasters undcii- them; establisheEACOy HOT WOOD. liU S. U. Parsom. KKV. I)K. I'll.OT. Jl// isliop Foiid as his co- adjutor, and on his resignation in 1«77 the Synod remitted to deleg.ites in England the choice of his successor, which resulted in the consecration, on May 1st, 1.S78, of th(! Rev. Llewellyn Jones. His Lordship, the present Bishop of Newfound- land, is a soinid High Churchman, a man of l.i-oad and lil)eral views ; in St. John's he has won all hearts hy his cheery manner, his unfailing courtesy. The bishop is imhued with the true missionary spirit ; although the labours of his great diocese have seriously injured his health, ho decline«'"''* a.nountin. to .1?r.0.000, cxolusiv,, of tho bc.autir.,1 catl.e.lrftl. My tl.o on.-my u^ li.Nl.op Jonc^s, appeals woro nialy inlluoiiCKof Hishop Keild; he rofiiffnod hiH coniiniasion in the anuy, and after due prepai-ation was or(hiined in 1873. He was appoint»-rl to the iniHHion of Hay of Islands. Out of his large means he presented the dioc(*se with his yacht " bxvntek." No numUiund.le, n;>^ineer oflicer. In 1.S7J) Mr. Curling' was made rural dean of Belle Isle Straits. Aft(»r sixt(»on years rd' sueh constant toil and labour as falls to the lot of f(-w, Mr. Curlin<( ^rave up his mission to prosecute his further studies at Oxfoi-d. His liberal benefactions totlu! Church of Enfjland in Newfoundland Inve been distributed all over the Island. Clenerous as Mr. rurlinlied, was nearly finished, and that a gentleman of London had given him a set of vessels for the Communion and a handsome stone font. In 1734 he repre- sented his congregation to be in a flourishing condition, and the number of his communicants increasing. Within a period of eight years he baptized one hundred and fourteen persons, of whom five were adults. His ministrations were faithfully carried on, and gratefully received among an atfectionate and willing people, and these evidences of his usefulness led the S.P.G. in 1741 gladly to appoint him its missionary in their more important settlement of Trinity Bay, as successor to one who had already begun a good work there. The proximity, however, ty^ FORTEAU CnUBCn, tABRADOR. From a drawing by the Hon, and Rev. W. Graii. of Trinity Bay to Bonavista enabled him to still keep up some inter- course with his former congregation, as, indeed, he was requested by the S.P.G. to do, until the services of a regular minister could be obtained for them, and these were soon afterwards secured by the appointment of the Rev. Mr. Peasley, a graduate of Trinity, JJublin. Mr. Jones continued to discharge his duties as the missionary for Trinity Bay for a period of six years, but in 1744, finding the winters too severe for his constitution, he asked leave, after twenty-five yeara of hardness endured Q Q 596 CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN NEWFOUNDLAND. for his Master's sake, to be sent to a warmer climate, and was aceord- jngly appointed to a mission among the Indians in the Moskito country. On lus way thither ho put into Jamaica, and was perstiaded by the Governor of the Island to accept the living of St. Anne's. TRINITY. Trinity Bay is one of the deepest bays which indent the shores of Newfoundland, and had been one of those earliest settled by fishermen rom the mother country. So numerous had they become in 1729 that they represented to the S P.O. their earnest wish to have a clergyman settled amongst them, pledging themselves to contribute 30^. a year towards his maintenance and to build a Church. The Society accord- ingly sent to this extensive district the Rev. Robert KiUpatrick, on a salary of 30^. a year. The discouragements which he encountered, particulariy in the inconsiderable contributions of the people notwithstanding their promise to the Society, led him after a few months' residence to request that he might be transferred to a settlement in New York. He was accord ingly sent to New Windsor, in that Colony, but so far was he from improving his condition by the change, that he applied for and obtained leave to return to his first mission. In New Windsor he could meet with no one who would give him a lodging on any terms On his way back to Trinity Bay his course brought him to Placentm, where he was detained three months. Here he did what he could to repair the evils which he describes prevailing in that settle- ment, from the absence of all religious ordinances, and from the in culcation oi- the principles of infidelity to which many of the inhabitants liad abandoned themselves. He preached here for six Sundays and baptized ten children It n,ay be of interest to mention that while the French held possession of the Island, Placentia was the seat of Government and was a place of great importance as a military post of the French. In 1G89 there ha.! been established a branch of the Convent of our Lady of 'Angels of Quebec, on the site of the present Church of England church and burv ing ground, and a few of the French and Basque tombs of the date of 1080 and 1C90 are still preserved in the chancel of this church to marl- out the place where it stood. As on the acquisition of this place bv the Ena-lish the Frpnr«h wai'^ ollo«r«ri +^ j:„„ — .i? ... .... ■' .. ■• ., ^' ^^ aiopvac ui tneir titles to pro- perijuis here, it seems probable that the site of the recent convent was purchased by the English settlei-s, 'and converted into a church for the use of the Church of England. This was only twenty-one years before POLAND. ite, and was aceord- lie Moskito country, perstiaded by the ne's. CHURCH IN TRINITY BAY. 597 dent the shores of ettled by lishermen icome in 1729 that have a clergyman libute 30^. a year he Society accord- ert Killpatrick, on artricularly in the iding their promise to request that he . He was accord- far was he from i for and obtained lor he could meet ms. brought him to re he did what he ng in that settle- md from the in- of the inhabitants ten children. It leld possession of d was a place of n 1G89, there har»/Ufi/»r> iV>nf Ur. J-o.'.^V.i- 4.1-- -1-51 -1 B J — - .fii...^, .... ..,.^, ,.,,i,i!j[, Diitlv lifc uiiuiiiiip tut; uilllui'UIl OI the poor free of charge. The whole of Conception Bay was his micsion, and with indefatigable zeal he made a tour around it four times in each year. In 1788 he wrote : " that he had visited every small harbour in that bay ; that he was in the habit of publicly catechizing the children Q Q 2 598 CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN NEWFOUNDLAND. " in church, in face of the congregation, and that tliey gave great " satisfaction in the performance." In a letter dated 1789, he reports that the population of the Bay was three thousand seven hundred and seventy-three Protestants, and two thousand six hundred and fifty-four Roman Catholics. In the following year he laments the great increase of Popery ; he reports that he had administered the Lord's Supper every bunday, and that the number of communicants was two hundred Mr. Balfour continued to discharge his many duties with unabated vigour for thirty years, when age or infirmity compelled him to retire the Society continuing his salary in consideration of lay and active services, and the destitute condition of himself and his family From the record of the foundation of St. Paul's, Harbour Grace, we learn that the hrst Anglican church in the town was built in 1764; it was burnt down on 18th August, 1832, and the present stone edifice was com- menced on the 28th July 1835, the comer stone being laid by Goveiw Prescott. The first Anglican clergyman in Harbour Grace wan Laurence Coughlan, next David Balfour, succeeded by G. C. Jenner. From 1802 the place was filled for several years by the historian, Rev L A Anspach. Another well-known Anglican rector of Harbour Grace was the Rev. F. Carrington. The S.P.G., which had beenTor some time solicitous to fill the mission of Trimty, which had been vacant since the removal of Mr. Balfour to Harbour Grace in 1773, appointed the Rev. James Barker to proceed to that place in 1782. He had already been in the service of the Society as Missionary at Providence, in the Bahamas, but upon the capture of these Islands by the Spaniards, a year or so before, he was compelled to leave it, and re.urn to Ireland, his native country; no record, however, of his long work is to be found in any of the Society's publications, and it 18 probable that Mr. Barker never reached his destination PLACENTIA. 1 •/!! Y^\u ™orfi''^ ^'"""^ **"" P""'^P'^ inhabitants of Placentia was aid before the S.P.G.. setting forth the great want of a clerg^^man in that settlement, and their willingness to contribute to his support P.acantia had attracted the notice of His Majesty King William IV ' ti.en Duke of Clarence, when in early life he ^as engaged 'in the honourable service of his country as Commander of the Peg^mtf^ and lie was not slow in lecommending the daims of the ancient seat of Govern- ment of Newfoundland to the favourable notice of the Society He further OLAND. CHURCH AT PLACENTIA. 599 they gave great 1789, he reports !ven hundred and •ed and fifty-four )he great increase 'd's Supper every IS two hundred. ! with unabated ed him to retire, lay and active s family. From ce, we leiirn that )4 ; it was burnt idifice was corn- aid by Governo." ice was Laurence er. From 1802 ian, Rev. L. A. 'hour Grace was io fill the mission ■ Mr. Balfour to er to proceed to 3 of the Society the capture of as compelled to ecord, however, ublications, and ion. ' Placentia was I clergyman in ) his support. ? William I^^, figagcd in the 'egasits, and he eat of Govern- ty. He further showed his interest in the work of the Church here, by contributing the sum of fifty guineas towards the erection of the Church, to which also he presented a handsome set of vessels, which are still used, although now veiy occasionally, at the celebration of the Holy Communion. The S.P.G. had not been unmindful of the condition of the neighbouring settlements as represented by Killpatrick and Langman, and had made several attempts to procure a suitable man for the post, but as no decent [)rovision was assured towards his maintenance, by the people, they did not feel justified in taxing their scanty income for his entire support. Now, however, upon the faith of tlu*ir promised contributions, they were enabled to send the Rev. John Harris, who had already proved him-^elf an able and useful minister as curate of Haverford West. After a passage of nine weeks, Mr. Harris arrived at Placentia. He found that the original church, formerly the Chapel of our Lady of Angels, had been removed, that tlie population had nearly all become members of the Roman Catholic Church, only a remnant of one hundred remaining members of the Church of England in Placentia, and thirty in the out-harbours. After the fiist year of his ministry here, he was enabled to state that by the activity and diligence of Mr. Brown, the first ANOWCAH CUURCU AT UERMITAGE BAY. magistrate of the place, a new chui'ch wjis nearly completed, and that he had visited Buiin and Fortune Bay, performing the various offices of the church. In 1790, upon the removal of Mr, Price from St. John's, 600 CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN NEWFOUNDLAND. andTe^Mr' f ''" '" '" ^"'^^"'^^ -quest of ita inhabitants, and the Rev. Mr. Evans, a cumte in the vicinity of Havcrford West was appointed to succeed him. "avcriora West, bv ^,^* ^J— T^"u t '^^^' "^ '^' '^""''^^y ^"^ -tt^ntion shown hiu. by the principal inhabitants, one Mr. Waldron at no IJfT • venience to himself, placing a boat at l2 di ;LVa^^^^^^^^^ him in his missionary excursions. His visits to ^1 ^t ^^^ who M Mtherto lived Zh^eluf' "" '*^'' T"^ * P^"?'" content to endure risk fat LriT^-, 'ff""^<^ '"'d J^'toesB, and tl.e end of his 2,^XToTonL '^' ""'*''' "'«'" """*•" the ap.t>e or -—i^ ^i, iTr^::^*^ ^^^^^^^^^^ —he was shipwrecked, and to the surprise of nil wCT ?^ )LAND. jf its inhabitants, Havorford West, 3ntion shown him no little incon- id accompanying irin were highly grant of land for fr. Sanders, who ice, to whom the made excursions 30ut a thousand among a people d darkness, and he might answer fes of discovery " irs to call them knew the coast, except what he Evans left the urch of England APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XJX. I.— Chronological List of Clergy. llECToiis oi' St. John tiik Uai'tist, St. John's, New- foundland. 169i3 Number of Day School Schohirs - . . . 11,9 J 9 51 &\ 141 1 2,000 135 51 172 One Theological College endowed. 20,000 2,400 700 1,500 60,000 46,500 12,000 1,000 6,500 21,000 Amount collected for General Church Fund - . . Amount collected for Home and Foreign Missions . Amount collected by Women's Home Mission - . Amount collected for support of Oi'ifhanages - . . Endowment for Bishoprics Endowment for Queen's College - . . . Endowment for Susteutation Fund - - . . . Endowment for Special Mis- sions - - - . . Endowment for Clergy Pen- sion Fund - - . . Endowment for Widows of Clergy Fund - . - 21 uoo Value of Cathe^lral and Clmrches 50o,'ooo „ Schools - . . jjO.OOO » l«reouages - . 65,000 „ Ulebes - . 20,000 DiOCKBK OF NEWiOUNBLANU. Former Prelatea^AxihKy George Snen- cer, D.I)., 1839. Edward Feild, D.lj", Wu James Butler Kelly, D.D., 1876 Present Bi.shop-Uight lieviiend Lle- welyn Jones, D.D., Lord Bishop of Newfound- land. CoDKecrated in St. I'aul's Cathedral, JX K'*Vi.*?"^H°^^'*''^- l''"Jil'ai.d James 1878, by the late Archbishop Tait, of Can- erbury the Bishops of London and Hereford, and Bishop Kelly. ' Archdeacon qf Neufoundlaud-Ucv. Edward Botwood. Conmismriea in England— Uev. Canon Jones, M.^^., 13 urjieside, Kendal; lie v. J. J Curling, B.A., Hamblc. Southampton. Commtssari, in Bermuda— 'fhe Ven J Lumley Lough. Ukaneuy of Avalon. Kcv. Edward Colley, Rural Dean. ^1- John's Cathedral. ■ Kev. A. H. Browne, Uector. u y .^- i'^^'y- "•^•' ««n'or Curate. «cv. J. H. Bradford, Junior Curate. .,,"V.*;- ^^- ,^'''»»> ^•"•. Succentor. M.S ^^""'"" -«ov. A. C. Y Wood, M.A., Hector; Kev. H.Dunfield, Curate. Uectc?" '*^'"-'''*~***'^- Kdward B.)twoi>d, 1..V I'f"'' u'\?'"^- ^"^ ^'•"/'--Kev. E. Col- ley, lie\. H. Marriott, B.A. *>. ./ohn-s Outports-lly^v. H. Ehington. {'"■f'ff'tt Cooe-ltev. W. K. Smith. Non-Parochial-n^y. Wm. Pilot, U.D., Kn , I '.?!.' u^*'!*""' I"''P«'it»'- of Church of iingland Sehools. M.A.^'"^"'"^"'''' ^^"^^^y^-^^^y- C. Knapp, Deanery of Concei-tion Bay. Key. John M. Noel. Itural Dean. Briyus—\if>y. Q. H. Bolt. M.A. lialmon Cote— Kev. J. Darrell. loil-de.Graue—li^y. T. G. Netten. Batf Roberts— \{cy. Wm. Shears. Spaniards Bay—\\^y, John Godden. K K^'^cSr '''"'^ ^^-«-- son. ^^'^'"' ^"'"'"^ ^'''«'e-««v. J. S. Sander- Harbour GVace-Kev. J. M. Noel. Jamcfwt;: '"•'"'' ^*""^ *Vrf.)-liev. (Airbonear—liny, F. W. Colley Bay.de- Verds-lii,y. J. G. Cragg. Deankuy of Tuinity Bay. Kev. H. C. H. Johnson, Rural Dean. Hear s Coutent~U^y. II. C. IL Johnson. Random-lioy. G. K. Godden, B.A. Trtnil;, West-lii>y. Frank Smart. Jrinit!, Last—liiiv. G. U. Field. Cataltna—liiiv. John Antle. Ueaneky of JloNAv.rA Bay. Bev. Augustus E. C. Bayly, Rural Dea„. Bonavista—Wuy. A. E C. Buvlv K 11 and Uev. Henry I'etley. ^^' " Kmgs CWc— Bev. William Kirby (.joose Bay— Way. T. K. Nurse. Stilvaye-liQy. Harold F. Wilson, B.A. Ureenspond—lii^y. H. J. Bead. Deawkky or Notre Da»ie Bay. Kev. Kobert Temple, Rural Dean. Foyu—\\ey. w. C. White. Twilhngate'— liny. Itobert Temple, E.D. )LAND. CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN 1891. 603 f>F AVALON. vy, Rurul Dean. vne, Hector. y, H.A., Svuioi- Curate. ford, Junior Curate. -).!)., Succentor. . A.C.V,Wooa,M.A., eld, Cumtf. ^ Edward B«)twot>d, Trap-liiiv. K. Col- l.A. '»— Kov. II. Ehington. iv. W. 11. «iniHi. ev. Wni. Pilot, U.D., . U. Field. Antle. Deaneuv of Notue Dame Bay— com/. HerriHy Nevk—Rev. G. 8. Chamber- lam. Euplvita -Rev. C. Wooil. Little Bay—Uov. A. ritiman. Cofliu, CatcchiHt. Deaneuy of Placentia Bay. Kev. John Hewitt, Itural Dean. Harbour Buffelt—licv. Arthur Shorter. Burin— litiv. John Hewitt. Zawu/iMe— Uev. F. T. K. Smith, B.A. Whitbourne and Placenlia—Uev. J H Bull. Deaneuy of Fortune Bay Bev. George Bishop, liiiral Dean. Harbour Briton— Uuv. T. P. Qumton Hermitage Bay— liw George Bishop, Betleoram—Uiiv. William A. Ilaynes. Buryeo—l{i:v. T. A. K. AUsopp. Hone Blanche— liMv. T. E. Wilson, B.A. Channel— llav. Llewellyn Godden. St. Pierre— lliiv. T. W. Temple (under licence of the Bishop of London). 1?.D Deanery of Straits of Belle Ible. -, Bnrat Dean. St. Georye'n Bay-Uev. Charles Jeffery. Bay oj Inlands— licv. Arthur Waghornc. Bonne Bay—lttsv. Charles W. Hollands. Battie Harbour , Mr. W. I'itcher, Catcchist. Sandwich Bay , Mr. L. Dicks, Catechist. Strait of Belle Isle — Kev. William Weaver, Mr. G. Mifflin, Catcchist. Kev. II. Pctloy, Senior, M.A., retired. Kev. J. Godden, unattauhed. Theological College. Visitor— 'Um Lord Bishop. Principul-lltiv. C. Knapjt, B.A. Council— The Lord Bishop, Rev. E. Bot- wood, Kev. A. C. F. Wootl, Kov. E. Collev. K.D., Rev. W. Pilot, Sir J. s. Wint/rl K.C.M.G., Messrs. J. Outerbridge, W. Il' Horwoo Lord Bishop Revs. E Botwood, F. Colley, H. Duufield! Wm. Pilot, A. C. F. Wood, W. R. Smith and Hon. A. W. Harvey, K.C.M.G.. Hon' G. T. Kemlell, J. W. Withers, Hon. Sh- W v' Whiteway K C.M.G., Hon. W. II. Uorwoodj Hon. Dr. Skelton. Secrvlary—Hon. G. T. Rendell. iy.rx Bay. ^iybyJiitralDeaii. K (;. Bayly, R.D., illiain Kirby. It. Nurse. F. Wilson, B.A. J. Read. Dame Bay. 'iural Dean. lite, bert Temple, E.D. 604 CHAPTER XX. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND. By the Most Kev. M. F. Howlev, D.D., lUshup of St, Juhn'ii. \ The daring explorers of the fifteenth century were aniinatci alike hy the spirit of discovery and an ardent desire to spread the gospel of Christ and to convert the heatlu.n. We have notices of catholic priests and tnars accompnnying many of these early voyagers. Italian monks (Augustinians) went with"'Cabot on his second voya-'e there were priests with the Tortuguese. and in the early part of this volume will be found notices of Biscayan clergymen accompanyh.g the Basque fishermen to Terra Nova. Cartier mentions having mass celebrated at Brest, Labrador, in 1534. Tliere are no other records of Catholic worship in Newfoundland until we come down to Lord Baltimore's settlement at Ferryland in 1623. He expended a very large sum of money on his colonization scheme. Iti 1627, when he lii-st visited Ferryland. he was accompanied bv three priests, named Smith, Hackett, and LongviUe. These priests "said " mass every Sunday at Ferryland and used all other ceremonies of tlic " church of Borne, in the ample manner as it is used in Si)ain/' so says the Puritan divine, the Rev. Erasmus Stourton. Baltimore's colony iaile.l like all Its predecessors, and the next event in the history of the Catholic Church m the Colony is the establishment of the Frencli in Placentia, 1602. We gather from the English records, and from French sources that there was a small chapel, several priests, and one at least always m residence during the winter from the early foundation of Plaisunco The formal establishment of the Franciscan Friars at Placentia by Bishop St. Vallier of Quebec took place in 1689. In 1686 Govornur Parat, in sending to France for his winter supplies, mentions " 10 lbs " of wax candles tor the altar." In the official letter of Bishci) St. Valher to the Franciscans he speaks of "the chapel which has I.e.n " consecrated to Uod in the said town."^ The Franciscan 'liurch in » This chapel appears in the early plau of riacentia facing p. a48. BISHOP O'DONEL. 005 VUNDLJXl). miniated aliko by e gospel of Christ liolic priestH and is second voyage, livly part of tliis n acconipanyiiiir •ns having mass 1 Newfoundland it Ferryland in his colonization i aecomj)anied by ese priests " said eremonies of tlio n Spain," so says I'e's colony failed ' of the Catholic ich in Placentia, French souict's, at least always 1 of Plaisunce. at Placentia liy 1686 Governur Hitions "10 Iba. .ter of Bislio}) which has been scan 'liurch in >. 248. Placentia aoen,8 to have disappeared witli the evacuation of the place by the trench after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. and all further attempt a tonnnig any permanent religious settlement seems to have been abandoned A Memoir of the diocese of Quebec at the year 1794 conUims the following remark. '■ Since the peaee of 1763 the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon have bc.en subject to a Prefect Apostolic, iiwne travellers report that there is one also in Newfoundhmd." Quebec hud evidently lost all rapport with Newfoundland in ecclesiastical .natteiu About the middle of the century (1750) the immigration rom Ireland (principally from Waterford, Kilkenny, a..d Tipperarv) began to a.ssume considerable pioporlions, and though they had no regularly organised ecclesiastical government, we lem„ /rom the penal ermctmente of the governors of the times, against acts of Catholic worsJnp. that there were priests in the Island. Wo find that towards the last decade of the century the Catholic popu ation ot the country had increased to nearly twenty thousand and there were some six or seven priests in the country. Hence by the year 1784, it was thought that the population had taken sufficiently permanent root to demand an official recognition from Rome In this year then. 1784, we may date the birth of the Catholic church in Newfoundland. The Rev. James Louis O'Donel. O.S.F., a native of Knockloay, co. Tipperaiy, Ireland, was appointed Prefect Apostolic of the Island by Pope Pius VI. He was a wise and pnident man, and though his assumption of a dignity conferred by the Pope was naturally considered an audacious act of " Papal aggression " by the over-zealous governors of tha time, yet by his mildness and firmness he lived it all down, and became a great favourite with all classes. He was elevated to the Episcopal dignity in 1796. and consecrated in Quebec by Bishop Hubert. Ho built the "Old Chapel" and "Old Palace." visited the diocese, and drew up a set of diocesan statutes. By his prudence he more than once quelled the turbulent spirits of his Hock, goaded by persecution, and his services were acknowledged and rewarded by the British Government. After a laborious pastorate of twenty-two years he retired to Ireland in 1806. He received a most complimentary address and presentation from the merchants and people generally on leaving, and his departure was universally regretted. He was succeeded by the Right Rev. Patrick Lambert, also a member of the Order of St. Francis, who held the reins of Ecclesiastical Govern- ment for ten years. During this time the penal restrictions were considerably relaxed, and the population of the place rapidly increased and society generally began to advance in all the amenities of civilized and social life ; schools of various denominations were established. In 600 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHUHCll IN NKWFOUNDLANI). the year 1807 tlio Henevolunt Irish Sociwty wiw foriimd, uinl, though iion-deiioiniiiutiouul in clmractur, it hooii hfCiunu piuctiailly a Koiiihii C/alhoIic butly. Its objoct whs two-fold, chaiity ami uducutioii. Under itH aiwpicieH the Orphan Awyluni waH built, and hcIiooIm oi^nt-d, which have never ceawed down to the ja-enent day to dimiHo the bi-netllH of a Hound moral and religious education. Dr. Liind»i)rt niuilo a viHitation of Conception liay and the Houthern whoro. Ho enlarged the " Ol.l Palace " and increoHed the number of pritHts U) Heven, anry of Belvedere, whore ho dicvl full <,i' works ann ]8.')0. Under his episc(.pate tlu^ cathedral was completed an.l Hdorned with its grand altar, its numerous .^tatnos. paintings and olhei- rare works of art. He built the Now Palace, Episcopal Library bt. Bonaventure's College, the two convents for tho Presentaticm ami Mercy Nuns ; tho whole forming a group unique for giar.deur of .ite ami beauty of arehitecturo. The cost of tlnso splendid buildin-s was not less than 120,000/. (»G00.000). When ho came to the country ti.ere were twenty-four priests in tho Islan.l ; at his death there woie th.rty-hve priests, fourteen convents, ami sixty-five churches and chapels. Ihe cathedral was conseernted on S-.-ptember 9th 1855 on which occasion Archbishop Hughes of New York and several of 'the Canadian bishops attended. At this time, also, the frmndation stone of the Church of St. Patrick, at River Head, St. John's was laid by the distiDguished American Prelate. In 1S5(] Dr. Mullock had the Island divided into two dioceses, St. John's and Harbour Grace. Father John Dalton was consecrated by Bishop Mullock, in the Cathedral of St. John s, as first bishop of Harbour Grace. Tlxe number of Catholics m the Island in 1857 was fifty-seven thousand. In St. Bonaventure's College, besides the secular school which took the place of the old Roman Catholic Academy, there was an Ecclesiastical Department, and soon several natives of the country were prepared for the priesthood. Dr. Mullock was author of many learned and interesting 608 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND. BISHOP POWER. By S. H. Partons. lectures and pamphlets, which were published from time to time He also ,s credited with being the first to originate the idea of the Transatlantic Telegraph Cable, and the Harbour Grace Railway He died m St. John's on Easter Monday, 29th March, 1869. Bishop Mullock was succeeded by the late Right Rev Thos Jos. Power, who was consecrated by His Eminence Cardinal Cullen," Archbishop of Dublin, at the Church of St. Agatha's, Irish College, Rome, on Trinity Sunday, June 12th, 187o. The new bishop had already passed a distinguished career in Ireland. He was bom in New Ross, co. Wex- ford, in 1830. He was Canon of the Cathedral m Dublin, and President of the Diocesan Semi- nary at Clonliffe. He had acquired great renown a.s a powerful and eloquent pulpit orator, and had gained University honours in London. He was a most polished and courtly prelate, and well fitted to fill tlie now important See of St. John's. He found before him a church flourishing in all its ecclesiastical departments, a grand ca herlral, a palatial residence, a devoted, zealous, and dis- tmguished body of clergy, convents, schools, orphanages, and all tl.o institutions of a thoroughly organised diocese, all of which wore woithdy maintained, increased, and developed during his loner and successful episcopate. " He arrived in St. John's on September 9th, 1870. By a happv coincidence the Church was en fete in honour of the annivei-sary of the consecration of the cathedral. The triumphant reception which he received was worthy of the noble and faithful people of Newfoundlan.l He died on the 4th December 1893, thus his episcopate lasted over hventy-three years, being the longest on the list of our hierarchical tree During this long reign he encouraged all ecclesiastical and educational matters. He raised to a height of particular grandeur the music an,! ritual of the cathedral, and while thus caring for the aesthetic beauties of the catholic worship he did not neglect the material needs of the edifice and comforts of the congregation, having secured at a lar..o expense the heating of the vast building by a hot-water system Ho completed and dedicated the Gothic church of St. Patrick's River Head, and several substantial and elegant churches were erepfod in difterent outports. Tiie great glory of his episcopate is the int.o- duction of the Christian Brothers as teachers of the Benevolent Irish Society's schools, and the erection by the same Society of their hall UNDLAND. time to time. He ! the idea of the race Railway. He 59. Right Rev. Thos. 3 Cardinal Cullen, he Church of St. ome, on Trinity The new bishop guished career in ew Ross, CO. Wox- i of the Cathedral he Diocesan Semi- lired great renown pulpit orator, ami s in London. He irtly prelate, and important See of e him a church tical departments, zealous, and dis- age.s, and all the of which weic ng his long and rO. By a happy nnivei-sary of the eption which he Df Newfoundland. >pate lasted over hierarchical tree. and educational r the music and esthetic beauties srial needs of the sured at a Ijuw ;er system. Ho Patrick's, River were erecfcod in te is the intro- Benevolent Msh ty of their hall BISHOP POWER. 609 and schools on the site of the old Orphan Asylum. This hall was «'urnt down in the great fire of 1892. but is again nearing complete restoration on a still grander scale. The brothei-s have also schools at itiver Head, and teach at present some nine hundred boys. The group of ecclesiastical buildings in the capital has also been increased by the hne residence of the brothers at "Mount St. Francis, the commodious Orphanage at Belvedere, the Presbytery and Convent at River Head, and the beautiful Chapel of the Sacred Heart at the Mercy Convent • m all respects the diocese has made great progress. There are thirty priests sixteen convents, two orphanages. The Catholic population is torty-five thousand. old ^T'lVu ^" .^^^^^°""^"^"d owes a d^ep debt of gratitude to the o d pne-sts of the diocese; these devoted pioneers had to suffer hardships as good soldiers of Christ, to conquer difficulties unknown to the presen generation. Fifty years ago the toils of travel were such as would appal the present generation, accustomed to railways hne coastal steamers, good roads and the telegraph' Amongst the pioneers of the Holy Faith, the best ren.embered in our day was Dean Cleary. familiarly known all over the southern shore as the "Dane" He, was not only a devoted priest, an eminent church builder, you could tell you were entering his parish by the splendid roads; every public work in his gi-eat parish was under his personal superintendence For over half a century he ministered to the spiritual wants of his flock, rich and poor- Protestants and Catholics had equal love and esteem' for the good dean; the noble churches and convents erected by his unwearied zeal are the -orennial monnm«nf ^ w • . , ^" " '• *^'^^'"""' -Donneh m Harbour Main, of Father Condon's • The following paragraphs down to the commencement of tha a^ ■ .■ Grace Diocese have been added by me to I««hop Howled exceJen'r'"'" f ""'""' Church in Newfoundland with his full approval.-D.W 1\ ^^' "" "*" ^''*''°"° DBAM CLRABY. ■By J. Vey. 610 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND. groat works in Placentia, anrality and the over our luiul. n appointed tu ei'ected into a lev. Dr. Daltoii, •st bishop. He ; after Bislio)) thirteen years od works, the tion of ohe fine Bishop Dal ton V. Henry Car- the Order of 3usly President John's. A mail Lordship was scopate, to the ; completed and harbour Grace, ^as burnt down improved plan diop of the See, where he had been for many years parish priest. His great learning and adminis- trative ability, zeal and indefatigable energy, his prudence and charity, were not unknown to the authorities in Rome, and he was chosen as the one best fitted to remove the difficulties which had distracted the CATUEDEAL, HAKBOUB GKACE. Frtim a phntnyrtiph by J, Vcy. diocese of Harbour Grace. The hopes then cherished were fully realised. He soon succeeded in restoring peace, with all its blessings. Of his episcopate, in which he still holds honoured and active rule, it is enough to say that he has displayed in a still more marked manner, in his new and widei sphere, those virtues and energies already alluded to. He has studded the diocese with churches, schools, and institutions, and is still actively engaged in the work. There are in the diocese twenty-one priests, forty-four churches, eighty- five stations, five convents, twenty-live nuns, ninety schools and a population of twenty-nine thousand. JtlSllOP MCDONALD. , r. 1 . l l Photo hy Notmau. J-ho Western part of the island, comprising the French shore, had been obliged to depend, ui» to the year 1850, on the chaplains of the French navy and fishing fleet for its spiritual attendance. Occasionally a priest was sent to visit it from Quebec. In 1849 Bishop Mullock visited it for the first time, and in the following year secured for the people the services of a stationary clergyman in the person of the Rev. Alexis Belanger, who was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of St. John's. He died at Sandy Point, St. George's Bay, on the 7th September 1868, B R 2 614 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND. and was buried at Quebec. He was succeeded by the Right Rev. Monsignor Sears, of the diocese of Antigonish, who, in 1870, was created Prefect Apostob'-, thus taking the region out of the juris- diction of St. Jolin's. Monsignor Sears was a most energetic and entlmsiastic prehite. Besides building several churches, schools, and presbyteries, and establishing a regular staff of clergy on the shore, he was the first who, by his lectures and vigorous letters to the press, drew the alteiition of the Government officials of St. John's and England to the state of that part of the Island, to its great natural resources and future prospects. He was thejpioneer of the system cf public loads on the coast, and by his eflforts secured for it representation in the Legis- lature, the establishment of mails, police, and custom seivice, &e. He died at Stellarton, N.S., on November 7th, 1 885, and is buried in the family vault at Lochaber, Antigonish. He was succeeded in Ihe Prefecture Apostolic by the Rev. Dr. M. F. Howley, of St. John's. In April 1892 the Prefecture was elevated another step in the hierarchy and made a Vicariate, the Prefect being appointed Vicar Apostolic and Titular Bishop of Amastris. The Right Rev. Dr. Howley was consecrated by Bishop Power, of St. John's, in the cathedral of that place, on St. John's Day (June 24th) 1892, being the first native of Newfoundland elevated to the episcopal dignity. During tlie past eight years the French shore has developed rajjidly ; several churches, presbyteries, and schools have been erected, and in 1893 a community of Sisters of Mercy was introduced. There are now in the Vicariate six priests, two convents, ten sisters, thirty-four churches, sixty-nine stations, twenty schools, and about six thousand five hundred of a population. The total Roman Catholic population of the Island, by the census of 1891, is over seventy-two thou,'- md. The group of islands comprising St. Pioi •?, Langlade, Miquelon, and Ile-aux-Chiens was fully ceded to the Freiici; "by the Treaty of Paris, 1763. In that year there was a cure there, the Kov. M. Paradis, who was sent from Quebec, In 1770 the Rev. V P.equet was there as ST. PATKlCK'a CIIIKCII, CAlUlONBAli. From a plwlogvaph by E, Vursoun, DLAND. BISHOP HOWLEY. 015 ho Right Rev. in 1870, was b of the juris- energetic and !.s, schools, and n the shore, he the press, drew and England to resources and public loads on eflTorts secured in the Legis- nent of mails, jivice, &c. He !., on November ;d in the family ntigonish. He Ihe Prefecture ev. Dr. M. F. in's. In April was elevated hierarchy and 5 Prefect being slic and Titular The Right Rev. consecrated by John's, in the 3, on St. John's , being the first gnity. During ai)idly ; several and in 1893 ti are now in the -four churches, id five hundred of the Island, Miquelon, and 'reaty of Paris, '.. Paradis, who was there as I 'I Prefect Apostolic. At the time of the French Revolution (1793) there were two priests in St. Pierre and one in Micjuolon. The oath of allegiance to the Republic was tendered to them ; two (Pferes Jamtel and AUain) refused to take the oath and escaped to Arichat. Pero Longue- ville took the oath and remained. At this time the island was taken by the English, and occupied by them till 18 1 G, when it was again ceded to France by the treaties of Paris and Vienna. A priest of the diocese of Rennes, France, the Rev. M. Olivier, was sent out in 1815 as Adminis- trator; since then there have been four Prefects Apostolic. In 1842 tho ft'h'es dea ecoles Chretiennes were introduced. They have a very fine building, and about three hundred pupils in the communal schools. There is also a pension for young ladies, under the Sisters of St. Joseph de Cluny, an asylum for children, maritime ho.spital, girls' asylum, industrial home, fee, all under charge of the Sisters. The present Prefect Apostolic is the Right Rev. Monseigneur Tiber i. There are four priests. The Catholic population is, in summer, twenty thoi\sand, in winter, eight thousand. Roman Catholic Church. niOCESK OP Habhoue Orack. I)iocK8B OF St. John's. Fiivmer /'/v/«/f.«— Ri«lit Rev. Dr. O'Donel, died ISU. Ri){lit Rev. Dr. Lambert, died 1817. Rinlit Ri!V. Dr. Seiillan, died IS.m Ritrht :iev. Dr. Vleiii- iiiSt, died 18,50. lliKlit Rev. Dr. Miillwk, died 18t!!l. Rislit Rev. Dr. Power, died ISiW. Present liishiip -R\\t\\t Rev. Dr. M. F. Howley. Atliiiiitin/ratoviif the Dinoexe -Very R^'v. Joliii Scott. Archil eneon De(i)i iiftlw Diocese -Very Rev. John Rv.nn. Cathedral, St. Ji,hii's~\'i!ry Rev. John Scott. Itev. Charles H. O'Neill, Rev. J. O'Riolly, D.D., Rev. M. Ityan, Ph. D. St. Patrick's, Kirerheatl-Yers Rev. De;iiiRyaii, Rev. Kdinund Cnjok, Rev. Win. Jiioknian. Tiiihsail and KelHs/rews—Kvv. J. MeGriith. J'etly Jlarlioiir—Hev. Ro>{er Tierney, P.P. Torliny—liev. M. J. Clarke, P.P. Portugal Cr*w— Rev. Joliii Walsh, P.P. Witless Bay-He\. X. Roach, P.P. ; Rev. M. P. O Driscoll. J'^erryland—'Rev, Laurence Vei-eker, P.P. Keneivs—Rev. John Walsh. P.P. Trepasscu -Rev. William Born. P.P. St. Marti .» -Rev. Vincent Reardon, P.P. Sahnonier— Vacant. Placentia—Ro\. M. A. Clancy, P.P. St. Jiride's—ltev. Stephen O'Driscoll. Litt/e Placeiitia -Rov. J. St. .lohu. P.P. St. A'l/ran's—Ucv. AV, P. Doutnev, P.P. Burin- Rev. P. M. O'Connor, P.l'. -///«»-Rev. K. P. Walsii, V.G. ; Rev. P. W. Browne. lVh>tltourne—\iivtu\t Cirlionear Ki-\. V. I). McCarthy, C.C. Northern Bay— Mas. .lohn Roe, P.P. //r()/c-'/tf- rc(v/s -Rev. J. Donelly, P.P. 7'/'('.()7j— Viii'iint. Bonnrista~lU}v. R. M. Walker. P.P. King's ('(Jt'e—Rov.T. E. Lynch, P.P. St. Brendiin's-ncv. J. G. Battcock, P.P. Tilfon Ilarljoiir—Rav. W. P. Finn, C.C. Fortune /larlionr- TUsvi. Ridiard Walsh and Walter Tarahan. Little Bay— Ri'V. S. O'FIynn, P.P. Coachman's Cone — Rev. M. Sheehan, C.C. C()»c/(fi— Rev. John Lynch. Laliradoi- (Blanc Sahton) — Labrador (.V((/'/;;-,V->- P'^rfc Vaciiut. Codroy Valley— Rax. D. 5lclnnes. Bay of Lilands— Rev. A. Suars. Bonne Bay—V.c\. P. W. Brown. llarhour Britain— Rev, 0. 0'Jt<'gan, D.D. St. Jacques— Rii^. W. J. Browne. 016 CHAPTER XXI. THE METHODIST CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND. By Rev. James Dove, D.D. The history of Methodism in Newfoundland dates from the year 1765, one year earlier than its epoch in the United States. The story of its rise, progress, and present posiiion is briefly told in the following- paragraphs. It is a noteworthy fact that it was the first mission ground ever occupie.1 by the Methodist Church. Mr. Wesley, having heard of the spiritu.d destitution of the colonists was very ilesirous to furnish religious instruction for them. At his instance, supported by the Countess of Huntingdon, Laurence Coughlan was s^nt to New- foundland by " The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." He was bom in Ireland, and after his conversion being called to the work of the ministry, he laboured ten years as a travelling preacher in connexion with Mr. Wesley. Complying with Wesley's request, the Bislop of London ordained Coughlan. who sailed from England and arrived at Harbour Grace, Conception Bay New- foundland, in 1765. Though now a clergyman under the auspices of the aforenamed Society, he was still a Methodist preacher, both in doctrine and discipline, and to his evangelical labours Methodism owes its origin in Newfoundland. When he entered upon his missionary work not a school was known m the Island, nor was a single temple raised to the worship of Almi.^hty God, except one in St. John's, more especially for the use of those employed in the military and naval services. "Men who had come " from England had never seen a minister since they left their native " shores ; and most of those who had bc(>n born on the Island had " never known one in their lives ; the need of a zealous missionary " was great, and few men were better adapted for the work than the " man now sent." During seven years Mr. Coughlan pui-sued his solitary labours, suffering, much of the time, severe ppr«P«.ur,,-on= He was prosecuted in the highest court of the Island, but was acquitted • abusive letters were wiitten to England against him; a physician was KEV. L. OOUGHLAN, 017 NDLAND. from the year tes. The story n the following- e first mission Wesley, having ery tlesirous to !, supported by sent to New- the Gospel in liis conversion, en years as a nnplying with Ian, who sailed ion Bay, New- he auspices of acher, both in ethodism owes )ol was known p of Almighty use of those v\\o had come ft their native e Island had us missionary v'ork than the pui-sued his ecutionp. He '^as acquitted ; >hysician was engaged to poison him, but, becoming converted, exposed the dial)olical design. Meanwhile, as the success of the missionary increased, tl\e fury of his enemies became more violent. Tijey had him summoned before the Governor, a discerning and resolute otticer, who not only accjuitted him, but made him a justice of the peace. His opposers were now reduced to silence, nnc] the persecuted preacher pursued his labours with increased effect. His health at last failed and he returned to England, leaving behind him two hundred communicants, little thinking that besides their conversion he had also kindled a fire in the land that should never be extinguished ; that a large Methodist community should arise therein as the result of the seed which he had sown ; that the little church he had planted should be cared for, watched over, and edified ; that in after years its members should be counted by thousands ; that its influence should be felt in the government, and its representatives should sit in the councdls of the country ; and that by the preaching of his successors, multitudes should be " turned unto the Lord " and be for ever saved. After Coughlan's departure the Methodist Chuich in Conception and Trinity Bays was kept together and ministei'ed to by John Stietton, an Irish merchant and local preacher, Arthur Thomey, and J. Pottle, who were converted under Coughlan's ministry ; and by John Hoskins from England, who settled as a schoolmaster in Old Pelican. In 1785 Mr. Wesley sent out John McGeary to occupy the vacant post. In 1791 the Island was visited by William Black, a missionary from Nova Scotia, who remained six weeks. His success was very marked ; the drooping cause was revived. During his short fHt.rs a.ul Iculin^. layn.on. Tluy unaninu.u^ly r.con.nu,„.l,..l an extension of the work in .lifforent parts of tlie Island, an.l as a proof tlTltVr """' "^ *1>-^- -presentations, several layn.en forwinh.l nearly Ul stei !a.^- ro lu.. Missionary Committee in En^rla,..!, with a list of the sul...,l..r..v.^.ch appeared in the report of 1«17 as the «rs umney ever h.rwarcle.1 from a British colony for n.ission work. At tlu- Conference ot 1S16, no less than six n.inisters were selected for service in the Island. This^ extension of mission worV [o,)k place at one of the darkest peno proviou.ily lai'j,'o in tho history ai »Im\ other equipments necessary for a liberal education, are arranged for. Methodism in the Island owes much to the liberality and zeal of i,or intelligent laymen, working harmoniously with the mini^ry, aidijtg in her councils, and in many instances making noble and generous coiltri- butions to the various departments of her work. A noble bequest of DLAND. HON. C. R. AYRE. 623 evident from the i su])erinten(]ent :— e ; of teachera, one undred and thirty- id students in the ng those destroyed pose to fuinish the uth of the denoini- selves of tlie same. nee, and Home for osting when cuia- lated in a central spread out their , commanding the South Side Hilla well heated, well e. These are for lent, also for the ry, library, gyni- miisic-rooms ami c apparatus, ami arranged for. y and zeal of Iior )ini!--try, aidijig in I generous coutri- noble beque.st of -115,000 was made by the late Hon. C. R. Ayre, for the erection of an orphanage in St. John's for the Methodist orphans of Newfoundland. Plans for the same have been adopted, and ere long the building will rise, a monument to his loving care for thoughtful and the fatherless. The name of Joseph Laurence, Esq., of East Keswick, Yorkshire, an English Methodist layman, deserves to be placed on record as a ti-ue friend of Newfoundland. He took a deep interest in the evangelization thereof, kept up a long and intimate correspondence with the officials of the Conference, which was " marked by a sim- plicity, a saintliness, well nigh apostolic"; it was therefore most belitting that a part of the service at his gi-ave in October, 1886, should JIOS. c. H. AYHK. lill S. 11. Varmms. COCiIRANK 8TKEET METIIOWBI OUVRCU, ST. JOEK'b 624 METHODIST CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDIAND. be conducted, as it was, by the ex-president of the Newfoundland Con- ference, then visiting England, to whom it was a privilege to be able to pay the only tribute then possible to one who for years had had the prosperity of the Lord's work in Newfoundland engraven upon l)is very soul. Mention may also here be made of the nanie of John S. Peach, another zealous friend of Methodism, who spent more than fifty years of ministerial toil on the Island, and died in 1891. Metliodism in St. John's is well represented by her four spacious churches, three mission halls, college, day schools, and present orphanage, which will be replaced by the new one, to which reference has been made. Outside the city liberal provision has been made to meet the spiritual need of her fifty-three thousand adherents, scattered arouiif John iS. Peacli, :e than fifty years her four spacious present orphanage, efercnce has been triade to meet tlio , scattered arounil APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XXL Methodist Church in The following Statistics show the present status Methodist populfttion, as per census of 1891 - - - 53,276 Number of Districts - - 4 Number of Ministers - - 63 Number of Local Preachers - 61 Nu:nber of Churches - - 106 Number of other Heading Places . - . uu Number of Preaching Appoint- ments 338 Number of Parsonages - - 40 Number of Church Members - l(t,834 Number of Sunday Schools - 176 Number of Officers and Teachers - . - 1,104 Number of Scholars - - 11,539 Amount raised for Missions - 7,195 Amount raised by Women's Missionary Society - - 188 Amount raised for ministerial support - - - 19,859 Value of Churches - - - 250,000 Value of Parsonages - ■ 100^000 Kev. William Swann, President of Conference. K€v. John T. Newman, Secretary. 1. St. John's District. St. John's Centre— 'B.ex. A. D. Mor- ion, M.A. St. John's W;s<— Revs. H. P. Cowper- thwaite, M.A., Kev. A. E. Kowson ; James Dove, D.D., Supernumerary ; Geo. S. Milligun, LL.p., Superintendent of Education by per- mission of Conference. St. John's East — Rev. (jeorge Paine ; Kev. Mark Feuwick, Guardian and Chaplain of the Home. Pouch Core—liev. H. C. Hatclier, B.D. Topsail — Kev. Anthony Hill. Brigus — Hev. James Wilson. l.'upids — Revs. Solomon Matthews, W. A. Palmer. Bay Roberts and Spaniards Bay — Rev. ( liarles Lench. Whitbovrne — Rev. John Keay. Chapel Arm — Supply under Kev. Geo. P. Story, Sound Inland — Rev. George Hurry. Flowers Cove — An Agent. St. Anthony — Rev. Edgar Jones. Bed Bay — Kev. Aykroyd Stoney. Hamilton Inlet — Supply. Labrador Coast — Rev. V. W. Follett (summer months) ; Student at Collewe. Chairman — Rev, H. P. Coppertliwaite, M.A. Finawial Secretary — Rev. Murk Fenwick. ton Newfoundland, 1894. of the denomination in the Island. 2, Cakbunkab Distkict. CarboHear—Ee\. James Nurse, Rev. W. J. Luscombe. Harbour Grace — Rev. Wm. Swann. Freihwaler — Rev. Jesse Heyfield. Blackhead — Rev. Samuel Snowden. Western Bay -Rev. Wm. Kendall. Lotuer Island Cowc— Rev. Wm. R. Tratt. Old Perlican — Rev. R. W. Freeman. Hant's Harbour— Viev. W. T. D. Dunn, Heart's Content — Rev. James Pincock. Green's Harbour — Rev. Wm. J. Bartlett. Shoal Harbour — Rev, W. J, Hutcheson. Northern Bi()ht-Uev. Wm. Patterson. Britannia Cove — Rev. Charles Flemiug- Mmgrave Town— liev. W. H. Dotchon, Chairman — Kev, Wm. Swann. Financial Secretary — Rev. Wm. Kendall. 3. Bon AVISTA District. Bonavista — Rev. Thos. W, Atkinson. Bird Island Cove — Rev. J. J. Durrant, ('atalina — Rev, A. A. Holmes. Trinity — Rev, Edgar Taylor. Glover Town — Rev. Chas. K. Hutson. Greenspond—Rev. ¥. G. Willey. Wesleyvitlc— liev. Jabez Hill. Musyrave Harbour— liev. T. B. Darbv. H.A. ' Indit'H Islands and Seldom-Come- By — Rev. II J. Indoe, K.A. (Indoe). Foyo — Kev. W. H. Hrowning. Herring Neck—Uev. Wm. Harris. Twillingate—Hev. Levi Custis, B.A. ; Kev. A. Iloskins. Moreton's Harbour— liev. S. J. Russell. E.iploits — Rev. Henry Scott. Laurenceton and Burnt Bay— liev. fjelby Jefferson. Little Bay Island and Pilley's Island — Revs. John J. Wheatley, C. Squires. Little Bay— liev. John Pye. Nipper's Harbour and Tilt Cote— Revs, John ('. Sidey, E. Moore. White Bay — Rev. James Opie. Chairman — Rev. Jabez Hill. Financial Secretary — Rev. T. W. Atkinson. 4. BuKiN District, Buflti — 1?„« fVh^......, tr r SiMon Cove — Supply. Flat Island— Uev. James Smith, B.A. St. Pierrt —One wanted. Fortune— Uev. Joba Pratt. 626 METHODIST CHURCH IIn NEWFOUNDLAND. 4. Burin Distkiot — cont. Grand Bank — llev, G. C. Frazer. Garnish, Fortune Bay — Rev. K. K. Pock. Buri/eo — An Agent. Petites — llev. Charles Howse. Channel — Uev. John T. Newman. St. Geim/e's Bay- Rev. T. K. Kelly. Bay of Islands — Kev. iS. Halfyard. Bonne Bay—Hev. J. K. Curtis. French Shore — An Agent. Chairman — llev. Tlios. H. James. Financial Secretary — llev. John T. Newman. Students permitted to attend Mount Allison ('vlletje, Sacfwille. John E. Peters. I Henry Clegg. VV. B. Ambrose. | George Storey. J. C. K. Peck. Wesley College, Montreal. J. T. Hlyth. I C. W. Follett. George E. Heal. | T. E. Roberts. Toronto University. F. G. Drake. LAND. attend Mount Allison Sac/wille. I Ilenry Clegg. I George Storey. . Peck. ge, Montreal. I C. W. Follett. I T. E. Roberts. hiiversity. Drake. CHAPTER XXII. THE CONGREGATIONAL AND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES, AND THE SA L FA TION ARMY. The Congregational Church ix Newfoundland. The small body of Christians in Newfoundland now officially designated as "The Congregational Church" is one of the oldest dissenting bodies in the Colony ; though its numbers have always been very limited, it has had considerable influence and has ever been distinguished for the learning and ability of its ministers. It is stated in the Congregational Hand Book that in Queen Elizabeth's time some of the English separatists (Independents) were banished to Newfound- land : this is inherently probable; our Island was then the best known and most accessible portion of America. In the small scattered settle- uients then existing about St. John's and Conception, these victims of Elizabeth's ecclesiastical tyranny could easily hide themselves away. The separatists were the extreme branch of the Puritans, who had broken away from tlie Church and the Hierarchy. Guy's colonists and their zealous Puritan pastor, Erasmus Stourton, would join with these exiles, and in this manner a small independent body may have been formed, and their numbers would be increased during the reign of Charles I. In J 645 we have certain proof of their existence; Geo.ge Downing, the first graduate of Harvard. Cambridge, Mass.. on his visit to Newfoundland, received an invitation from the Newfoundland Independent Church to become their pastor, and a similar offer was made to the Rev. Richard Blinman, an English divine who visited Newfoundland in 1660. Probably owing to the want of organisation, this 'ody as a separate denomination died out, and we hear no more of ^ ^^ngregationalism until 1775, when the present church wa.. established ;>y an artillery sergeant, John Jones, a Welshman. From the old records of the church still preserved in St. John's we gather many particulars about this God-fearing old soldier-how first the little congregation met together every Sunday in the Court House' Nathan P«rkei', a New Englander, oae of the founders of the present house of Job R.otl.ers, soon became an eider, aiterwarda Waiiis Lang a carpenter smd builder, also became an elder. In the spring of 1777 iu twenty-eight days, under the skilful management of Wallis I^mg, a small S 8 G2H THE CONGKEGATTDNAL rHTTROH. building M-as put up. Governor IVrontaffuo tried to stop their progress and ordered John Jones to Placentia, but, snys the devout old soldier, Ihe Lord put his hook in his nose and turned him back by the way 1^ he came, so tluit he did them no harm, but good, inasmuch m it made them fast and pray. . . . And the Lord was pleased to ble,s,s and mcreo^se them." Soon after this Mr. Jones was ordained in Lngland. The little church strengthened and increased, notwithstanding the opposition of the Rev. Edward Langman, a magistrate and episcopal mmister ; even the stronger opposition of Governor Edwards did not sta,y their progress. All restraints were removed under the genial Admiral Campbell in 1784.^ In 178i) the Meeting House (existing up to 1892 as the old Temperance Hall) was built. Much of the work was voluntary labour. The articles are signed and sealed by John Jones Henry Phillips, the High Sheriff, Nathan Parker, Wallis Lan<. Joseph Lowman, Edward Freeman, James Barnes. At this period in Newfoundland history every event was inaugurate.! with copiours hbations of wines and spirits ; the woi-ship of Bacchus uas iiniversal; v.'c are not surprised therefore to loarn that the foundations of the old Temperance Hall were laid with the accompaniment of a quarter cask of rum, « Ordered by the committee to be purchased and left in care of Mr. Lang." We can picture to ourselves the scene when the cask was sampled and Freeman and Barnes, Parker and Lan i.bHtantiul I r:;tir^^rr '''''''' '''-' ^^*^' ^^^'^^^ ^-sL.:!: lua-ncso .Scotland. It was capable of seating 700 wornhippers A towe, w.th lolty and ,.-aceful spi... .osc on tL western end ^f tht ---«£5^^1|j||||||^| «T. AM,RJJW'« rUKSBVIKlUAN CiURCir, «,. joH.N's. builuino-. The main eutiance w«s nn f i, . ance of the interior wa« necnbnvl^. ..i • ^''\'^'«'". y«t the appear- 1- . ,- , '^"'^'"V ^'^^ peculiarly pleasuiw and imm-pssivo Tk/f ^ ol.jeet which attracted attention on enlerin: was thcTl ^, ■ f, occupyinj; the place whe.*. in fo.mer da s Tl ,^, ut ^^"'^"""^ The flr»t wa., „f polishc.I walm.t rich)! . }^ "^ *° ■* '"''"= '''«"'■ in the c^ntrc .,^..^,..J^t :::£n Zf 'ofTrit^!:'' l?' THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 633 Ipit ill thu eveniiit;. noHt capacity, iiid was a 'iibMtantiul tVee-Ntoiio from the ) worHhijipors. A cHtoru L'lul of the r Hupporte.! a tall fjasftH,.,., having five branches gi-acofnllv pmpcrtione.l. The iumivo gasalier was also of beautiful form and the best workmauHhip, and lighiod tho buildin^r perfectly. A spacious gallery occupied the end opposite the minister's desk. The basement for evening services, Sabbath school, and other classes, acconunodated between 400 and 500 pei-sons having a ceiling 14 feet high. The ve4ry opened off the basement. The cost of the church was iB40,000. The organ cost nearly ^4 000 the fine bell $500. Including the funiituo in the basement- cabinet- organ and piano, mission work on hand, pew fittings, Sabbath school ibrary, ..nister's gown, pulpit Bible, and other valuables-the total I(^8s by the fire exceeded $50,000. In ad.lition to these the adjoining budding, known as " The Temple," and a dwelling-house, both church I)ropeity, were consumed by the flames. It may also be mentioned that the valuable communion plate was likewise lost. Indeed, nothing was save >> >% W Hipiographic Corporation i3 WEST MAIN STREET VbiBSTEi(,N.T. i4380 (716) 872-4503 V^r. ^ ^\^ 'l^^- ^>^^ A^ f ^ /*^o \ % 6.U THE SALVATION ARMY. and passed a Bill authorising staff officers of the Society to celebrate mairiage. The staff officera are also district registrars and grant certificates of death. In 1891 the Army was allowed a grant of $1,400 for educational purposes, in accordance with their numbers as shown :u the last census. There has been lately formed a Refuge Home in St. John's, and the organisation has now a missionary vessel. The visits of Commandant Booth and of General Booth in September 1894 were made tlie occasions of irreat demonstrations. 7tf3 Y r^ rs Society to celebrate gistrars and grant 'd a grant of $1,400 ambers as shown :u 1 St. John's, and the ts of Connaandant made the occasions i> (/ \*is^ -^ v\ ^■<-£ / .St Bmrhr B.jS^Enn (niakMlwn^ J. ft AT ./OAJV BAY , V"" '■■■fMti^ni,^ s '' '' a o C o 'I li ii u k A r'i'^ ^';.*lr„ J / '"'" ■«l.rrt /»■) ■ ■ &, BOXXE BAW\ 1 .,.f Ai* T*^ ^ . -,^r,.H»(ft' Jr«niU. 1 fJlX / uj A - ^T«l' * ll |-||M|| ■'-4>4l K*} Cf^'^T .(Vfif-iinn .JlNVWll tn s. ^ u n fc n w n HanuaK^ '' f AuutAiirtj'^ fi' K«4i Milt f V j^-Vniwn V^ .f)U. ,f''.-':Kif««rfiiHdr rrfi n w* . w u i m ' . ■ '**. V 3T JOHNS tMitn-B' ^&'?^';' V'-:-^^ ^h-j^ rS-z 1 "^>.tf V' ,i*tfp.,ftil »*«(*' /«•>; ^<-^ t»>. '•■»-, ■¥' A N r o C E\ A N - \ se- as- 54" Lono^tude W^st of (Ireramcli 53° Stanibrils. Gtxtffrtifthi^sal EstahtUtiment,