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JOHNSTON, F.R.S., S.L. & E, WOKORAIIT MEMBER OF THE ROYAL AGRICDLTUUAI. SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, AND AUTHOR OF " IICTURIS ON AOniCULTUIlAL CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY." SECOND EDITION-TEN TnOPSAND. im ■*- -> y.. J^J't*-aet from tht Journal* of the ffouie of ^tttmbljf of New Jirmiwici, ISiS, 3ft.li8otyBD, That an humble Address be presented to His Excellencv the TnpntPnBtit r«,»^«, ^ • .v . n- r, , l?l II lency will be pleaiied to invite Professor JoLston to visit thifproS for Se^i^sL rf ei^LC^il* *" ?n ®"^- ^ " 1 therein, aad reporting on the Soil, and its capabilities for AgricultM^pu;p«el!^ ^^ eMJBuang Om «iveral Cououe. ."^ \ J^REDEBJCTOir t *. itMPSO*, JPRlKtBB TO TBI QOEXW'e MOflt iXCttJJtVt MAiWVr. I860. "s^ May it ri.r.ASK Yoi;k ExcKr.i.EVfv, In lilting liifDre Yoiii- Kxcflk'iicy ilit! fnHowiiig lloport on tlif At;ririiltur:i! rnpaiiilitlc.i of ilif Provimc of Niw JJnms wick, I .visli lo express my noiisu of its imperfect clmiacloi', nn ui^aln wliicli at diut lime Iraver.-icd lli(! wrjods, iiad in many j)la<'e.'i loadi d :lie almoMpliere wiili Hinoke, and bO llni'.U'd llie fipherc of vi.-:ion llial il wan impoi'ihle to see to uny <'onsick'ruble diniaMce from llio line of road along whii-li we jiasHcil. Tills preventeil me from ohservhifj with my own eyes bo extensively aii I hliould otherwise Lave been able lo do. Lastly, the very ^.'eneral nature of my Survey of the Province whicli tlic time at my d',,spos;d demanded, and the comimrative k1()\< nes.- of iravellinf,' in mi;st parln of tlil-i country, not only prevented mo from dwelliu;,' uj'ou 1(ji idilie^ whi.'h were worthy of furthrT investigation, and where mui'h Ixindness and ho.spilaliiy were pIkvvu me, but made il iiripo:isible lo dip into ihc interior ut many polius where promiilng land and thriving seUlemeiita existed. These eausi's have nccc8.jarily limited in some degree the knowledge I have been aljle I'coin my own oLm rvalion to a( fpiire ns to die ugrirulturai 'harai lir of the Province. I havi' alio to regret lleit ihr peri(;d of leisure 1 have sinei; enjoyed has been too brief to allow me fidly to mature my views in re^aril to the actual capabililie i of ll'e Pi(^vince, lo co;i.iiiU;r its wanlN, and to put up'>»■( teiilmr;*-, i{ const (if N| of griuiite ^)iti'i forest intinn, tui to dwell V II vivid vc (inrilitig t wliiidi tl-.c iiro'iml til iniiid. n parts oftl witli tlie 1 ol SiMiuli A larire Bruii;'.vicl the more iin)«t tlier iiiifuvoiun tiirnl pur; But on yoiid the ihroii|rh ' nial lieiit; Islands : pxrelleiit of its i\m still mir2 iiinontit incnt, w small U 1 f he pni defects i fiiriuer, looks ol an J inil have tra will am qtient c with wl its Agr Englaii pcsirinft he mm! urgeur tor kn peonov tries, 1 l"\ir neluiil yerioJ ,.-(' IlEPORT ON TIIK AflRTCULT['RAL CAPABILITIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK. CuAriKR I. PntliH intinj (J/jsen>alions. Two vprj' (liftV-rct't imprt's-^ions in rpprard to tin* Province of New UriiiKiwick will lii.- ]iroiliiet(l oi' the iiiiiid oftl:(' stranyor, acconliiipr i!s '"-• fontfiils himself with visiting the towns niid iiiBpuctiii^ the land.-i which lie (iloujj tlio Seahoard, or ascriids it> rivers or penetrates Ijy its numerous roads into the in- teriiir of its nuiri,' cenlral and northern Counties. Ill thi.' former case, he will feel like the traveller who enters S\»e(h.'n hy the harhours of 8toi;khidir or Got- tenhiir/, or who Fails amongr the rocks on the lestern coast of Norway. 'I'lie naked cliffs or shelving sliorcp orgritiiite or ( ther hardeni'd rock?, and the unvaryiofr Tiiii'; forests, awaken in liis mind idea- of hoj)eless deso- lation, and jiovcrty and harrenness rppear necensaril^ Revenues it has pos-cssed from time to time as »neans v.ilh whicli tliis Province advanced, I have felt persuaded that the natural impatience' ol a to dwell within llie iron-hound sliores. I have myselfyuing jjeople to liecome great, like that of a young a vivid vecoUection of the disheartening impress'on re-juiau to hecome ridi, was Minding them to the actual (jari'iug the agricultural caiiahililies of Nova Scoiia, rata at whicli tin ir country was going forward, a rate so wliich ih.e first two days I spent in that Province dilTeren^ 'rom what is to he seen in any part of tlie old around the neij;hlji)urhooil of Halifax conveyed to myiworld, with the exception of the li^land Home from mind. Had I returned toKurope without seeing otlier whiidi wo all come. ~ ' ' ' In justice to New Drunswick, I must add anotlier jvirfs of tliat Province, 1 could have compared it only with the more unproductive and inhospitable portions of iScandiiiavia. A large proportion of the Europeans who visit N«w remark". In every "art of the world it has been my fortune to visit, 1 have Tnet with numor(nis individuals who were more or loss interested io, and were anxious IJrun^wick, see only the rocky regions which encirdeito promote, the agricultural iuijirovemunt of their native the more freqtii-nved harbours of the Province. Thoyicountry. Hut in New Mrnnswick a more general feel- must therefore carry away and convey to others vjry iii^r a))j cars to jrevail upon this subject, among all nnfavourable ideas especially of its adajitalloij to agricul- iducated persons, tlian I have ever before m-t with. tnrai purposes. But on the otlier hand, if the stranger penetrate be- ynnl the Atlantic; shores ol the Province, and travel through the inferior, he will lie s'rjiek by the number and beauty of its Hirers, hy the fertility of its Iliver Islands and Intervales, and by the great extent and excellent coiuliiion of its roads, and (upon the wliole) of its numerous bridges. He will serf boundless firests still unroclaimec", hut will remark at the same time an omount of general progress and prosperous advance- ment, which considering the recent settlement and small Revenue of the Province, is really surprising. If he possess an agricultural eye, he may discover great diifects in the practical husbandry of the Provincial firmer, while he remarks at tlio same time the healthy looks of their large families, and the appartntly easy atid independent condition in which they live. If h« have travelled much in other countries, one thing which will arrest his attention more than all, will be the fre- quent complaints wh'ch meet his ears, of the slowness with which the Province advances, of the condition o( its Agriculture! compared with that of Scotlaud or England, of the want ol Capital among its land pos- sessing farmers, and so on ; complaints which wouhl he made regarding New Prunswick with very much less urgency, wore the rate of its own actual progress bet- ter known to its inhabitants, and its own rural and economical condition, in comiarison with older coun tries, better understood and appreciated. For my own part, in taking a general survey of the actual condition of the Province in connection with the \\'hat(;ver other differences may exist among them, a universal desire is expressed lo contribute some little lelp towards the general prosperity and agricultural advancement of the Province. Ir is the very intensity of this desire, in some degree, which causes them to undervalue the actual progression of the countr}'. The dei'elopement of the agricultural resources of a country, and the improvement of its practical Agricul- ture, are by no means synonymous terms, for though every improvement in jiractice must more fidly devc- lojie the inherent fertility of the soil, that is, the agri- cultural capabilities of the country, yet these maybe 'argely developed under a system of agricultural prac- tice, which is not idy rude at first, but which for gene- rations remains almost entirely stationary. This latter form of developement was seen in this Province iluring those years which brought the largest number of Emigrants into its Ports, and it is now going on rapidly in those new Western Territories of the United States into which the tide of Emigration is now setting. Unskilled hands are clearing the forests and sowing grain, unguided by any knowledge of those principles by which the existing fertiliy of the new land is to bo either husbanded or maintained. In the Province of New Brunswic!:, whatever defects its Hufhandry may exhibit, and they are many, it has been satisfactory to me to find that a developement of its ngricultural resources by the improvement of its agricultural practice, and independent of Immigration, has begun distinctly to manifest its(df. Improved im« plements, and breed of cattle and sheep, imported > U period of its earliest settlement, and with the publidgrain and grass seeds, skilful ploughing, the prepara- tion of r.om])0%iff with oxporiinciits in druiniiig, in tin' UHu of lime aiul i^ypsuni, in tli).* gruwtli of green cto\)<' anf the Resligoucho Agricultural Society for 184(1, that whereas in the two years of 1 83!) and 1840, the quantity of bread stuflfs and other pro Tisions imported into the County of Hestigou Jie was valued at Je3(!,,'i0(), the quantity imported in 1844 and 1845 was valued at jC 1 3,(J00 only. In that brief period therefore, and supposing the consumption not to have at all increased, the production of food had been a\»g inented to the value of about Jt*12,000 a year in that County alone. In the County of Gloucester again, in 183:3, only about 700 bushels of grain of all kinds were raised, whereas in 1 844 upwards of 50,000 bushels were gro^vn, the estimated value of which, alonj,' with that of the potatoes, turnips and hay, was upwards of jC40,000. Part of the increased produce in both these cases, especially in Gloucester County, may be ascribed to the increased population, but part of it also, as the lleporta of their Agricultural Societies show, to a bet- ter appreciation of the capabilities of the soil and climate, and a better adjustment of practical procesBef. to the circumstances of the several localities. But though undoubtedly every where progressing, the pace is unequal, (as it ia in other countries,) with which the Agriculture of the several Counties ad- vances. Nothing is easier to discover than striking defects, while instances of apparent stagnation are un- fortunately too frequent. Thus my friend and fellow traveller, Mr. Brown, in reporting to me his observations made at the end of October upon the practical farming of the River border between Gagetown and the Oromocto, makes the fol lowing most just remark : *' Tlirough the whole of these Settlements, if we except Gagetown and its immediate viciuity, there has been comparatively little done in the way of frirming in view of a crop for another year. Indeed there are no proper farming tools. Their floughing ii wretched, and so also are the ploughs, tis common te see the ploughman carrying his plough in his hand like a chain, or on his shoulder like a hand- spike, or holding by a pin stuck through a single upright handle. The fact appears to be that most of these farmers have a portion of island or intervale property, from which they annually obtain, with little trouble, a quantity of hay. This gives them a decided advantage over the farmers in the interior, and enables them to plod on without attempting to adopt any of the improvements now going forward in the northern par: of the Province." I could myself, from my own observations, draw many such pictures of ignorance, indolence, and appa rent mental stagnation ; and if such were to nerve any aseful purpose, might place t\w entire Agriculture of the Province in a sufficiently ridiculous light, But he who is best acquaiuteil with the history of agricultural Profrssor Johnston' h Report on the progress in the most skilfully cultivated countrleM, ntid with the actual state of practical agriculture in other parts of the world, will be prepared to make the largest [allowances lor what he sees amiss in a new country liku this, lie will look out for movement rather than stn^- nath/n. It will please him rather to praise and stimu- late the skill and indu-try he m'«y perceive, than to expose and ri'prelioiid tho more frequent want of know ledge and of energy which may fidl in his way. As a consolatioi and a source of hope to thol a deal of good ground.*' Of the mode of fatting cv tie then in use, he says,— •' Nor can it be otherwise in the supine ignorance our farmers are in, in the method ofchoosing the right agvs of putting up to fatten their beasts, and the want of every provender fit to raise them. Vot they generally never stall any but such oxen as are no longer fit for the yoke : or cows, but such as the good woman tells her husband are no longer good to breed or milk. These for eight or ten weeks they blow up with scalded barley, chaff and malt grains ; that lean rickle of bones is all the butcluT can pick up in Fife and Lothian from Candlemas to June, even iov our Metropolis, and no other town is so well served. And if our gentry have them fatter they cost them very dear, because to have them so they give them a great deal of corn, and I oblige that a gentleman shall cheaper eat two beeves fed abroad in his enclosures on log, hay, and turnips, and much better btef than he can one of these stall fed." After recommending a better method of select- ing and feeding, ho adds,—-'* Our over-sea trading merchants who have occasion to send their ships far voyages will find in their own Mercats beef that will dear sail, which our own half fed beef heretcibre would not do ; and the ships were forced to call re some town in England or Ireland to have beef and pork to make a Mediterranean or American voyage, or endanger the loss of their crew with the thin, lean hard beef their own Mercats could afford." And of the general igno- rance of agricultural principles and practice, and of the consideration in which farming was held, he speaks thus—" I have indeed met with gentlemen of but in- different small estates very little known in the manage- ment of their ground, and if they were asked any ques- tion about husbandry, as if it was an affront to his rank to know, he weuld coldly answer, his servant John or Tom could tell, meaning his bailiff."* These extracts present a very graphic picture of the condition of Scottish Agriculture in the early part of last century, and I have selected them, mainly because they very nearly represent the condition of New Bruns- wick now, in regard to the several points to which they • ^n Exsay on ways and means for inclosing, fallov^ing and planting Scotland,— By a lover of his Country. Edin- burgh, 1729, ^^riruUuml Capahilitics of New lirnnsipick. ClIAI'TKB II. The ^tjiifullnnil aipnhililir.s of l/ii^ ri'fir. At preneiit, SiiDtlnnd i« regarded tlirougliout KurojK' ng tlie lioiau (if xkiltul ugrictiiturul iiructice. Itrt oliiiiiktu IiKN been tuinud and di-prived ofitti terror*. Its iiiiiiit worthli'tiH portioim in (Jaitliiii'SM, and even tlie Orkney Isilunds, liave been subdued into tlie culture of whi'at. Its {)iou(;lnnen an; ranke 1 auiou^r the be8t in the world ; its turnip liu*ibandry is universally praised ; find the fat cattle and slieep i'roin its northern (Jountiex, are now regularly tshipped lor the London market. In- stead of indifference and contempt, the art of culture is now treated with respect, and almost every pntprietor is at once anxioun to promote it, and amhitious to know ioniething as to the best mode of cultivating and im- proving his own Kstate. With the same blood, with equal pecuniary means, with the far readier access to knowledge whidi now exists, with the benefits of Scot- tish experience, and the fuller lights of modern science, the prospects of New Hrunswiek must be at least u» cheering now as those of Scotland were at the period referred to, and its progress towards the present con- dition of Scottish Agriculture, ought to be far more rapid. What I see defective, therefore, in the know- ledge and practice of New Urunswick larmers, awakens no feelings of despondency in my mind. The name lesson which the history of the past teaches, I read in the actual condition of the Agriculture, and of those who practise it in our time. When 1 cou»ider how much slowness there exists at home in the introduction of easily efl'ected agricultural improvements, when in ail parts of Europe I find a more slow progress still, and very much still to be done before ihey can even arrive at the present condition of Agriculture in Great Britain, much less overtake her in the race of improve- ment, I can look with much forbearance on the back- wardness in agricultural practice of a large proportion of tlie yeomi/n of this i'roviuce. The past circum- stances of the country, the mode of settlement especially, and the character of the settlers, have almost neces sarily produced the existing state oi things ; and from uU I have been able to learn, it would a])pear that us much advance had been made towards a rational system of husbandry , as was made after its first settlement by any other part of North America in an equal period of time. The agricultural coiidition of a I.irgo portion of the cultivated lands, however, is now such as to warrant the expectation that certain changes in the modes of cultui-e and in the practices of the cultivators might be easily introduced, which could scarcely fail to increase the existing productiveness of the soil, and thus to add to the comforts of those who till it, as well as to the re- sources and general prosperity of the Province. In considering the moans by which such citanges are to be brought about, it ought to be constantly borne in mind, 'hat to thinking meu it is not enough to pre scribe the adoption of this or that practice, however high the authority may be by which it is recommended The practice must also be shewn to be reasonable, to be more or less easy of adoption in existing circum- stances, and above all to he economical, in the sense that it is likely to yield a fair return of profit on the increased expenditure of time or mon/ its (iiol'igiral stnuliirc. The Agricultural capabilities of a country dejuMuI essentially upon its (ieologi<;al utructtire. Tliat ot ad- joing countries also, especially of such ns lie in cer- tain known directions, may modify in a great degree the character of its soils. In reference to this vital interest of a State therefore, the possession of i good fieological Map is o( much importance, not only as an aid in determining the cultural value of its own surfacu of what it is capable, and how its capalnlities are to be levelopcd, but in throwing light also ou the probrible . [■apabilities of adjoining districts. It has long been considered in E trope M highly creditable to the wisdom and discernment of the Le- gislature of New Brunswick, and to their energy in leveloping the natural resources of the I'rovince, that imitating the New York and other State LegisUtiires, they should have taken such early steps, by the ap- pointment of a Provincial (ieologist, and otherwise, to illustrate the physical and geological structure of tliis portion of North America, and to determine how far that structure indicated the possession of natural re- sources. Agricultural or Mineral, npon which reason- able expectations as to the future welfare and progress of the Colony might be based. On my arrival in the I'rovince, I looked to the re- sults of this inquiry as a means of facilitating my own labours, and of very much shortening the tour I should be obliged to make through the I'rovinci?, with the view of personally inspec'ing the nature of its soils and culture. I regretted to find however that the fjcolo- gical Survey had been abandoned, and that although Dr. Gesner had gone over and examined a large part of the Province, and had published a series of valuable reports, the results of his labours had not been embo- lied in a Geological Map from which I could have obtained all the information I required. I therefore requested J)r. Robb, to whom the Geology of the Pro- vince hiid long been a subject of interest, to put toge- ther in the form of a .Map all the information contained in the Reports of Dr. Gesner, with such corrections and additions as his own knowledge of the Province enabled him to supply ; he accompanied me also in my agricultaral tour, in the hope that by our joint obser- vations, even during so hurried a journey, some facts might be gleaned which would render the Map more complete. In its present state it is confessedly imper- fect, and it is very much to be regretted that a .Map containing the entire results of the numerous journeys of Dr. Gesner during the five years of his engagement, and by which the present Map mi;jht have been mate- rially improved, had not been obtained from him before his engagement cantie to an end, and been deposited among the public documents of the Province.* * I append Dr. Ilol)l)'8 obscrviitioiis, put logcllicr at iiiy re- quest, as to the Hourci's froiu wliicii tlioiiilliniiuliaii in tliis Map lias been derived, and liis own opinion as to its value. Freitertrtim, \oih Bacember, 1H49. To Profes.sor Johsston, &o. «!tc. &c. Sir,— Our knowledge of the OeoUigical structure ot tae Province of New Brunswick n far from being complete, the general outlines only are known, and consequently the ac- companying colourerl sketch of a Map is by no means to be regarded as final. It gives a general idea of the position but not of the extent and limits of tlie different formations. I have endeavoured to exhibit on it at your request, the views which up to this time I have acquired fiom various sources, concerning the area occupied by th« dittereiit groups of rotks jiii t! ii country. i i am^ (> Au iti'-'iu'ctimi of Hiis M:i\) (Xo. !,)• hIk'wh tint ac roniiii;^ tci our |)r down, hy Tarious ineteoridoj^ieal and mccliaiiicid a^fencics : 2. 'I'hat th" frii;.ruii'iits of tin; rockn when thu' crniii- hled, htrm the fiand-i, j;ravels ami clays that usually cover the Kurlace id' a country, and upon wliiidi it;*s'uii.s are formed ami rest ; and '•S. That for the most part the materials ofwhicli the iTumhled .sands, gravels ami Hoils consist, are derived I'roin the rocks on which they rest, or froui otlu'r rocks it III) Kreat distance, ilow they cninc to he derived occatiionally from rock;-i at some di.-tance, will he ex- plained in the tiillowin'^ chapter. 'I'hese facts shew that a (dose relation mn.it generally exists hetweeii the rocks rd' a country and the kind af soils whiidi (liver it. It is this re'atioii which nives (ieology its main interest iind importance in relalimi to .Agriculture. A. Tliij (^i)fil Mrd.siirtfi vvhiidi cover so laryte a hreadlli of New IJrunswick, consist for the most part of gray fund stones, sometimes dark ami g^reciii.sh, and sometimes of (I pak- ycdhnv colour. 'I'he siliceous mat- ter (if which th(;y ciiiislst, is cemented to^'ether or mix- ed with only a small propo. tion of clay, (decayed fel- spar princi](ally,) .--o that when thosi; rocks crmnhle, rthich they do readily, they form lii;ht soils, pah; in I'olour, easily worked, little retention of water, admit- ting of being easily ploughed in Spring and lati; in .\utuinn, hut hungry, greedy of manure, liahle to he burnt u]» in drooghly Summers, and less fuvoura.defor the production of successive (irops of hay. Of course among the vast nnmher of beds of varied 'Iiickness wliich come to the surface in different parts of this large area, there are many to which the above ifoneral description will not upply, — sonu! which con- fiiin more (day and form stitfer siiil.s — some which tlio' screen or gray iisternally, weather of n red colour, and form reddish soils, but lightness in texture and in co- lour forms the distinguishing chnracteristic of the soils of this formation, 'i'his single generali/ation therefore (fives us already a clear idea of the prevailng physical characters of the soils over a large ))ortion of the Pro- vince, and illustrates the nature of the broad view.s whi(di makes the possession of CJeological Maps so va- luable to the student of general Agriculture. This coal measure district is further distinguished by the general flatness of its surface, undulating herii and there indeed, and intersected hy r'-.^-rs, and occa- sional lakes, but consisting for the most part of table lands more or less elevated, over which foresLs, chieHy of soft wood, extend in every direction. 'i"he.-e flat tracts are not nnfretjiiently stony, covered with blocks of gray sandstone of various siyes, among which the trees grow luxuriantly, anil from among which the set- tler may reap a first crop of corn, but winch almost defy the labour of man to bring the land into a fit cou- dition for the plough. Such hnul abounds, for exam.- l)le, behind Fredericton on the way to the Iluuwell Settlement, and is scattered nt intervals over the v\ hole of this gray sandstone country. Another feature which results from this flatness is the occurrence of frequent bogs, swamps, carriboo plains ami barrens. 'J'he waters which fall in rain, or iccumulate from the melted snow, rest on the flat lands, fill the hollows, and from want of an outlet, stagnate, ind cause the growth of mosses and plants of various other kinds, to the growth of which such ))laces are Ipropitious. Thus bogs and barren?, more or less cx« ; Ill lir) worn liy Tiiriiius tliiH criiiii- liiit uoiially licll it;< Sdil.s ifuliirh till' iiru (It'iivi'il otlicr rock-' lit' (Icrivi'tl will ItL' IX- st ffi.'MiTiilly till- Kind ut° vliicli ^'ivt'W 1 rulalioii to fio liiry;i! ii I! most piirL L'ciiisli, aiiil ici-'oiis inat- liiT or iiiix- IfCayftl foi- ls c'riiiiil)!(.', lils, ])al<> iu itrr, ailinit- aiiil lati.' ill iialjlL' til 1)0 voura.jk'fiir Is of varicil f'l.'rcMit iiarfs 1 tlio alitiVL' vvliicli ('(III- vvliich tlio' ;oliiur, and and id co- uf till' siiils 111 tlurcforu jT piiysiciil of till- Pro- road viows laps so va- L'. sliii^iiislii'd Jatiiig liiTii niid occn- rt of taliie .•sis, (•liicHv I'he.-c Hat *itli blocks wliicli the icli tlif set- ell almost a fit cou- , for oxain.. c Ilauwell r tlicv\lio!o ilatness is I, carriboo in rain, or > Hat lands, , stagnati', of various ])lac(?s nre or less cx« .4gricuftumf f'n})fihillti(x of Nfir Pn'iinxuurk. 7 tiMisivi', arc prudiicrd, A cotnnari^nii iif Ibi' (iciilojfi-'naw cicari'il (In- way very Jnindi to an nrrurnfccstiiiiati' c il iMa|i(Xii l,)witii tliL' A^ricnltiiral Maji, Xo. ■'). if iti< n)(ri(Miltiiral .it'jafi'il ii|iiiu tlii>* fnniiatinii 'l'hi> MirAiiiiclii, till- Saint Jnlin, tin* Uicliilnicto, and tiiiiiKTdiM iithcr Itivcr^*, run in i^artur in \\!i'il(' thronjrli Ibi.-i di-itrii'l. Aliiii;.5 tlndr liankua (finite of si d I is oltcii found bclti'r than tin.' n|ilandr< iircscnt ; aiiil la iii'(! almiu tin; Hivors tin.- first m.-ttlcrK found coiiipiir.itivcly fertile tracts of ntiintry 0:1 which to fix their lanjilies and rmninenci; their earliest ('arininu^ operatiniiK, 'I'lie In- tervals anil I,-l::iidR of tin.' I'liver Sain* .Inliii form smne of tlic richimt land in th(! i'nvince; but tliin richnesi- Jiri>»(."< id a riiiiHiderabht de^jree from llio cir'Miiiistance that tlii^ lUver llnwri in the upper I'artofits course throii^jli peiilo^'ical formations of other kinds, and brinj^s down fVoin tlie r(i(d';i of which they consist, the fiiudy divided materials of which alluvial f^oils of the (Joiidties of Suiibiiry and Vork for the uiost part consist. In other countrii.'s, as in l']ii'.,'laii(l and Scotland, the coal tneasures contain a (?reati.'r variety of rucks than is found over the carboniferous area of New I'runswick 'J'hey arc distinj!;iiishi'd frouitlie latter by fr.'(inent bed.-- of dark-ciiloured shah? of {^reat thickness, which form fold, slill", dark-coloured poor clay, hard to ^'ork, and until thorough drained, scarcely reniiiiiorating the fanner's labour. Numerous sandstones ivhich occur :iiniin(? them produce poor, jsandy and roclcy soils, so that largi; portions of the (Jiiuntiet4 of Durham and Northumherlaiul, iu the north of Mngland, lon^ cele brated lor thidr richness in coal, still remain amouf^ the least advanced, and least n^-Ticidturally productive of the les.s eh.-vated parts of the Island. 15. T/iL' Upjirr Siliiyinn Ihjflis, coloured lif^ht pur p!e, cover an extent ol surliice in New Hrunswick only inferior to that formi.'d by the coal incisures. They form the iiort1u;rm p()rtiou3 of the I'rovince, from the mouth of the Isliiitree River (.a the ea-t, and .hicksoii- town on the west, as fiir as the Canadian border. In other Counties these upper Siluiiau strata consist o! various series of beds lyin^ over each other, each of wliich gives rise'to soils po.-se.ised of different agricul- tural values. 'Ibis is particularly observable in the western part of the State of New York, where some of the richi'st soils aru formed from, and rest upon, rocks of this formation. It is a matter of regret that in this Province the large extent of n.jrtliern country over which these rocks extend, has not been sunicieiitly explored to allow of such subdivisions being traced and indicated on tho Map. 'that they exist, I Xvavq seen reason to believe, in my tour through the country ; but the time at our disposal did not allow Dr. Hobb an myself to go out of our way to exploio their characttr or limits On this formation a largo part of the richest upland f-oils of the Province are (()rmed. The fertile, culti vated and equally promising wild lands of the llesti prouche — ami those on either side of the Upper Saint John, from Jacksontown to the (irand Falls, rest upon, and nre chiefly formed from tho debris of these rocks, and were it not for the granite, trap, and rod saudstom which intervene, similar good land would probably be found to stretch across and cover the whole nnrthern part of the Province, from the Ilestigoucho River to the region of the Tobique Lakes. From his published reports, Vir. Ocsner had obviously collei'-ted muchinformaliun regarding this region, which has hitherto been yery diHicult to explore; it would •xist. Tiie soils (d' this formation an- f ir thtronur''r cliaraeter th:in those of the ronl tiirifuilion. 'I he rocks frnia which they are (ormed nr'> iierally slaty clayS) more or less hard, but usually crmnbling down into soils of cnnsiderable strength — an igrieulturi.-ts expre-s it — and sometiiiie: f great tena- 'ity. Among them aUo are beds of vain,, .le limestone, ino.-e or lesH rich iu < tlie «outli»frn|tho SlH-jmily Hivor, nnd clufwliort', (o orrur in tht liiiiiU of tlie rroriiicH, itkirHnK t'lt! Uiiy of Kimdy in'iiciiflilxiurliooil of rm-kM ofn >.imiliir I'liuriirtiT. tilt) Couiiliui of Charlotte uiul Saint .lolin. 'I'lm ii^'i I I'l"' '"•'''♦ "f t'"'**!' rt'loKi«:»l indicntion*. ,,1 >n.in vb.-i. vv.-ll tr.at.-.I, but bavioK «i .li^^)OHition to D. Tho Cnmhrian or Cliii/ Sluln /{nrh, coloured pal* blue in the (leolugical Map, form two bandN, of which the limita are not well det\iiees and extent of which are by no • See the con>n • . .fctnentof the next Chapter, (IIL) Hieaiis dr by gui'»^ Tb.-M. ini'i gi >i.' exi'c ari' renioy less trail cost Clin This (I by no nit judging possess ci stoni* soil of these 1 to be th tlieinsflvc mixing » (fiiiility, more proi Tlie Ai the cariui between though ol we better fiirmation be able, I (icciirate ( the seven rectly on inspectioi du'inical, tu be imp (J. T/i so abundii Silurian r northern ] rocky mai surface of viiice a wi hospitabli ridges, ah of stone t Trap I' of unlerti fertile spo nnd posst soils are hard and the degri crumble generally the soils some dis valuable One c per centa contain, eminentl; and indii soils fori tively. In Nt goes, the hard and They do soils whi Hence S less favf which ab II 11 /■l^rinihural C^ipnhilid'vH of AVw Ilniuxirlrk. nifiiiiH ilcniii'il, mill ill till) iiiiipnr(> put tlowii wry uiucli by ^u (.•■>!<, 'I'lifKi' ri'niouH are (fi'ijerully nfony, offfii rocky mul iiiru)Htiil)li' to cli'iir. W'lii'M It'-s Htoiiy, tlicy MoiHi'tiiiii'i> j(i ,1.' I'xct'lli'iit HciiU filter till.' li'^M rrrijiu'iit rorky inii>*i«fh an* rciiiiivi-il, mihI in iiiiiiiy jilarfs i-oiii|mralivi'ly ••toiii'- li'Nri trai'trt of liiiiil (irnir on wliicli elearaiiccH with U-x^ coHt can rt'iiilily lie \iiaik'. Thin ilo«criptiiiii »Iiiv\m tliat llic cariiiiin' ri'y;ioim an- liy no iiicatis iiKrii'iiiliirnlly I'lii'oiiriii^iiiK on tin- vvliiilt* judging liy tlii'ir gi.-oingical t-liiiractiT ; liut tiiiit tlii'y |iossL'ss caiialiilitii's miin'rior to tliose of tlif gray >-anil- stonu RoiU, iH hlii'wn l»y tin' i'X|a'rii'ii(e of tlio fiiriiiiT' ol tlu'rti' lattur tioiln, tliat tlinso ili'IdH gi'iiorally turn out to III! till* bi'Ht on wliirli tin- Kranifi- boiiidvrM ulievv tlii'iiisi'lvi'H niiista1)iiii(lantly. 'J'lif lii'lirisof tin- graniti' mixing witli tliat of tin; xaMilHtoue ri<(;kH, iiii|iriu'f)t it^ quality, given it often more tenacity, uud renderH it more iiroduclive. 'I'tiu Agricultural .^la|) will Aww that the siiiln along the carmine hands, inid in ihe centre of the wild region hetweeii the Saint John I'i' er iiiid the Hestigoiiehe. though olten VI ry iiifi'rior, .ire nut unifornily so. Were we hefter acquainteil rtilh thi? limits of the geological fiirmationx (H>m|irehni(leil under this colour, we should he ahle, by means of them alone, hoth to lorm iiioi'e iii'ciirate opinions in regard to tlii.> agricultural value of the several localities, and to represent tl em more cor rectly nil geological m ips, and to pre.-crilie hy mere iiupection, the kind of amelioration^^ mechanical or chemical, hy which their natural (qualities were likelv to lie improved, (f. The Trap Ilniks, (issil)ly also more favourable, for reasons which will in some measure ajqiear from what has been already stated. It is to be hoped that Your l'"xcelleiicy, and the Houses of the Legislature, will see the projiriety, at an early period, of resuming this important exploration. More detailed and positive conclusions ns to thu absolute and comparative values of the soils in thu dirt'ereiit parts of the I'rovince, on the dilTcri'iit gecdo- giiral formations, and on the dilVereiit parts of the same formation, the subdivisions of which, as 1 have said, have not hi en made out, will be arrived at by mci'iis of the practical survey which I'orms the s-ubjcct of the next Chapter. CilAI'TKI' III. The ^iiriinltitral vapithilitirs of the Province, ns iiiili' cfitrfi bi/ a pravtieai Siirvri/ aint e,ra/iiiii(ilion nf Us Sni/y. Although the geological structure of a country throws much general light on the geographical iiosition, on the physical and cliemical characters, and on 4b .-igricultural capabilities of the soil of a country, it dues not indicate — 1st. The absolute worth or productiveness of tliB soils in terms of any given crop — as that the red sand- stone soil would produce so many bushels of wheat, or the clay slate soil so many of oats; nur — 2d. Their relative jiroductivc powers when compared with each other — as that if the coal measure soils pro- duce twenty bushels of any grain, the upper Si'arian soil would produce thirty bushels. Sucli absolute and relative values can only be ascer- tained by ail actual trial and experience of absolute fertility of the soils in some spots ut least, and by (i pecsonal inspectio'i and comparison of the apparent qualities, with -.vhat is known of the origin, the com- position, and the absolute productiveness of each. Again, the geographical limits of the severa' forma- tions, as represented in the (Jeological Map, do not precisely indicate the limits ol the several qualiticr of tlie soil which are naturally produced from them, The I. : < t , 1 > K It itm^ 10 Prnfi'.fisor Jo/mslon's llcport on the <1cl)ris of ()i\L' cliitis of rtukti froqucotly overlnp tliu cdijo!'. mil] soiru'tiiiies covur a fonsiidfrable jiortioii of the sur- face of miotljer cla.-s of rocks ailjoiniiifr tlu'ii), in n jrirtii'uliir direction, aiiJ thus cause the soils wliich rest upon the hitter to be very difli'reiit from what the cohtrs of tlie fleoliigieal I^liip wouhl lend ns to expect. Ill this country it is oh.«er\'ed thht the fra^ineiits o( tlie diflVreiit formations have very preiierally been drift ■' from the north or north cast to thu south or puudi west, probahly by some ancient cuprL'iit similai l>) tliat whicii now briii'^^s iceberf;[s from the polar re- gions, and which took its direction across this part ol North America ..hen it was still beneath the level ol tlie sea. Hence the surface of one rock, or the debris derived from it, is very ajit to bo covered by a layer of n ditl'creiit kind, derived from rocks which lay at a greater or less distance towards the north or north east. 'J'hife is most ea visible alonpr the shores of (iranJ Luke,* and in many other localities. Sometimes, also, the upper rocks, whicli formerly overspread ihe surface of a country, have been worn dvnvn, washed away, and entirely drifted olif, leaving; us only the power of inferrin(< that they once existed bj the layers of fine mud. sand or gravel derived from them, which we observed upon the lower roeks which Btill remain. This is seen in New TJandon Parish, where the red Foils appear to be cliiedy derived f'oni red rocks, which formerly existed in the direction of tlic Hay do Clialeur ; and in the Parish of Rot-llird, in We>tmorl:ind County, the fine reJ soils of which have been drifted from Princt Kdward Island, or from rocks in that direction, which have now disappeared. Further, it not unfreqncntly h.appens that the drifted materials wliich cover the surface of a cimntry, and ^•hicli form its soils, consist of the debris of two or more ^itirely different kinds of rock mi*ced together, a.s we readily understand tlut*- such different materials might be mixed together, if tlie same current were to pass, ns the River Saint .Kdni does, in sm cession over n Fcries of differc.t geological fonuations, and to mingle to^etlur in the same sea bottom, and in different pro- portions, the (ragii:ents of all. The nature of the soil thus formed would not be indicited either by that of the rock on which it rests, or by that of any one of the ten or more rocks from which it had been partially de- rived. Thus while mi intimate fL'atioii undoubtedly does exist between the soils and rocks of a country in general, and a very special relation between any given soil and the rock from wliich it has bet'i derived, so that the inspection of a Oeolo:;ical Afai; will conv^ to the instructed eye a true general notion o.' i iie agricul- tural character and capabilities of the country it repre- Fents, still it does not exhibit to the eye, as 1 have said, tlie absolute and comparative fertility of its different fioils in terms of any given crop, uor can it, in a country See lii> third Re^jjit, p. GO. like tliis, precisely define the limits which separate soili )f one quality from those of another. These points are only to be ascertained by speci;il inquiry, mid by a special survey and personal inspection. To make such inquiries and such a personal inspection, vas among the main objects of my tour through the Province. 'Jhe results ol what I saw and learned niy- -elf, tog(?ther with much other information obtained iroin the documents contained in the Land Office, from Doctor Cie.'-iner's Rejiorts, and from other sources, 1 liave been able, chielly through the indefatigable ami most willing assistance lent to me by Mr. Brown, to •mbody in the Maps No. 11. arid No. IIL attached to '.lie present Report. I n tlic^e maps 1 have represented by different colour;; md figures, the different qualities of soil in the Province, ind the geographical position and approximate extent of each quality. For this purpose I have divided tlio ■ioils into five different qualities, represented by a serii!! of numbers, of which No. 1 indicates the best and No. •5 the worst quality. The special varieties of soil denoted by the figures ind numbers, are as follows : — No. 1. on the uncoloured, and the bright red on the coloured maj). denote the soil of best quality in tho [Province. This consists chiefly of river intervales, islands, and marsh lands. It is only of limited extent md is confined, for the most part, to the course of the liis-er l^uillt John, that of the Petitcodiac, and to thu neighbourhood of Sackville. No. If. and the pale red colour, denote the best quality of upland, and such portions of good intervale uid marsh land as are not included under No. \. It is to te understood, however, that there is much marsh and, both dyked and undyked, which does not deserve I place even under this second head. This first class upland exists chiefly in ihe Counties of Carlctou and Kestigoache. No. III. coloured blue, is the second rate upland, | inferior to No. IT., but still very good in quality. It | represents the medium soils of the Province, and \ Uretches over a much larger surface than any of the ;, other colours. No. W , coloured bright yellow, is inferior in quality \ ro any of the others. It is decidedly inferior or poo" ? land, resembling the least productive of that which is now under cultivation. It consists for the most part of light sandy or gravelly soils, hungry, but easily worked, or of stony and rocky ground, wliich is ditVicult ind expen-ive to clear, but as in some parts of Char- lotte County, productive when cleared. This class also includes lands covered with heavy liemlock, and other soft wood, which though hard to c'ear, and unfavourable for first crops, may liereafter prove productive when it has been submitted iairly to the plough. It will be seen that a great extent of thi>> bright yellow land exists in the northern halt' of the | Province. No. V. coloured pale yellow, includes all whicli in \ its present (vmdition appears incap.'ible of cultivation The naked flats distinguished as bogs, heaths?, bar- \ rens, carriboo plains, &c., are all comprehended under fhis colour, and tracts of swampy country, which at i present are not only useless in them -Ives, but a source j of injury to the adjoining districts. All this pale yellow : is not to bo considered absolutely irreclaimable, but to be unfit for present culture or for .settlement, till much larger progress has been made in the general improve» meat of the Province. The dark spot.s, coloured with AgricnUural Capubililic^ of Xt-ic Iir!t.'isi,'Hc/i'. II iieparatcsoih ed hy spfi'iiil i;»l insiu'ctioii, ml iiispf ctioii, tlirou4nt, till much ;ral improve* ;olourcd with Indian ink, Tcpreaent the localities of some of the nakci! and barren plains which are iiicluiied under tliiu No. \'. It is not to be sujiposed that I or .ny trav^Hi'K <:>"" pnnioiis have been alile to inspect, even cursorily, the whole of the country we have l!iu« ventured to colour and to distinguish by numbers. The country we buvi' (ictuiilly seen and explored liuring our late tour miiy be jndjjed of from the green lines tracec on both insips, which represent the routes we took, and the country we actually went over. Cur knowledge of the rest ha No. I. will pioJuci- L'J tiiiia ol' li;iv, or .V) liiiihcli or.ls pr. :ir;e. .\'l). II. •' J llllli "■ I') l/llslK'li .No. III. '« IJ tuns " ::o buslu-'s " .\o. IV. " 1 t.m " 'JO lm,licli " The only renson.-dile objcclion w? icb so liir as I know <:n\\ be made Jigninst this estimate is, to the value in oats assigned to the (luality ol the soil cnlli'd No ]. It may be correct to oljcct that this l\\ > class soil does not in practice jiroduce ."id 'nisheU of oats, but the real effect ol this (dyi'ction is very small : V'irst, 1). 'cause Mcarlv nil this land is veiirlv cut fcr li:iv: Second, be- been gathered from iiumerous persons whoui w-,- mei ,,,^^,:,^j,, ^^..^^.J^ i,;.;,,,,,,^,^ I^^l^,,;,,,, (.,,,, ,_v with in dilferent parts of the Province, from the report nnil surveys deimsited in the h:iud Oilice, and from observations of Dr. Gesner. Though far from beiiij; correct, these maps are valuable, both as an apjiroxi- mation to the truth, end as embodying nearly all ihai is at present knowti as to the soils of the Province. Your Excellency will, 1 am sure, both be iuclined to value them more, and to make larger allowances for their want of correctness, when I mention they aro the oidy maps of the kind of any country which, so far as I know, have yet been attempted, and thiit *bey have been of necessity executed iu a \ery short period of time fbi go extensive a work. The relative areas, or extent of surface covered by these several soils, as they are rejjresented iu tlu coloured map, are very nearly as follows : — No. 1. coloured liriRlit red, IVo, II. coloureJ lipht red, No. 111. colouiod hlue. No. I\', coloured biijjht yellow, No, V, coloured pale yellow, 5'),n0!) acres. l.()()(),i.'00 " (i,l)jO,(M)U «' 5,0il0,000 " 5,000,000 " Totnl area of the Priiviuco, 18,000,000 acres. The area of the Provinire has been c.-ilculated so a^ to include the territory within the boundary, as it may possibly bo determined, between New Brunswick and Canada. Such are the relative geograjdiical limits of the soil> of ditfifrent qualities in the Provino', and the areas covered by each respectively, dccordi'ig to the best information I have been able to collecl, 'J'he absolute values of each variety of soils in term.'- of the staple crops of the Province, I have estimated as follows : — It is usual to talk and judge of the absolute or com parative value of land in New lirunswickby the quantity of hay it is capable of producing. I have taken this crop therefore as one standard by which to lix the ab- solute and relative value of the different qualities of tin soil iu the Province. 'I'hen ol the grain crops — oats, taking the whole Province together, is the most certain, and probably the best in quality. The culture of the oat is extending also, and the consumption of onfmea! as a common food of the people, is greatly on the in- crease. I take this crop therefore as a second standard. I assume also, but this is an arbitrary nssuicptiou, that as an index of the value of land at this time iu this Province, with its present modes of culture, 20 bushels of oats are equal t3 a ton of hay. In other words, I assume that where a ton of buy can be produced, twenty bushels of oats may be produced, or t/s equivaUnt of some oil , variety of huiiian food. Thus I have the means of giving a value to the dif ferent varieties of soil, iu terms either of food for stock or food for man. I have classified the soils of the Provini-e therefore in terms of these crops at the following absolute and relative value per imperial acre. !o .lot succeed upon it in conscqui'uci; of their ranlau's--, which tnakes them lodge and refuse t) ripen : and, riiirdly, l)ecause tMider proper culture iu this c'iiiiate, land that pr(>ducesL'J to 4 tons of hay, as the first clasn intervale and dyked marsU does, o/'////* also to bear .'usily and to ripen viiuvanls of .^0 ordD bushels ol oats. Thi> whole production of food for man or beast which rhe i'rovince would yield, sup))Osing all the available land ti> be cu tivated according to the present methods, ind that h;iy and oats bear to each other the relation of one ton to twenty bushels, would therelbro be — liushcls olOats. 1st CInsa, iiii 1 Class, Urd Cliiss, 4tli Class, To'.is of Hay 1 •-'.•. ,000 'J,(l('O,O0i) 10,l-'r),000 000,000 or or or or 2,.5;>:>,(MiO 40,000,(M»0 20S,."i0o,O(i'J lOOjOUO.OOO 331,000,000 Total produce, I7,3j,"i,000 Heing au average produce per acre over the thirteen aiillions of acres of available land, of \\ tons of bay or ■l~i bushels of oats. What amount of population will this quantity of (bod sustain ? There are various ways by which we may arrive at in approximatio)! to tlu' number of peojile which ;i '•ouutry will comfortably maintain upon its own agri- .•ultural resources. The simplest and the most cc. ji- inonly adopted ia regard to a new country like this, is to say, if so many acres now iu cultivation support the ])iesiut population, then, as many times as thi.s number of acres is contained in the whole available area of tho country, so many times may the po])ulation be increased without exceeding the ability of the country to sus- caiu it. Thus ill New Brutiswick, there are said to be at lireseiit about (j()tl,0()() i'cres under culture, aiul tho produce of these acrts sustains, of — • Ml I!, women and ebilJicu, 210,00:) Horses and c.ittlf, . 1.50,001) Sheep and pigs, 230,000 But (;t)0,000 are contained in 1.3,000,000, the num- !)er of available acres iu tho Province, ne.irly 2i tim-vs, so that stijiposing every (iOO.OOO acres to support an .'qual population, the Province ought to be capable of feeding about — .Mm, women mid tliilJren, 4,()20,non Horses and cattle. 3,:JOO,000 Sheep and pigs, 5.300,000 The human population and the stock maintaining tho same relative proportions as they do at present. . But this estimate is obviously only a mere guess, and by accident only can be near tho truth, because supposing the quantity of laud actu.ally in culture to l)e correctly stated, (wbii-!. cannot with any degree of confidence be affirmed,) the important consideration '\n entirely neglected, that the land nowiu cultivation may be mtjc.li superior in quality to those which are in a vilderness state. This indeed is very likely to be tho 16 Mi Mr ]2 Professor Johfiston^s Report on I he cast", 118 the history ol ngricuUuro shows that the h'ast productive hinds by nature, unless they are much more easy to work, are always the last to be brought into cultivation. It leaves oat oCview also the question of fuel, vvhi(di wo shall by and by see has a most import ant relation to the af^riciilturnl capabilities of a country and its power of supporting a given amount of popuhi tion. lint from the data above giveji we can approximate to the truth in another way, answering directly the question, what amount of population will the VO'luw wc suppose the Province able to yield, maintain? If we suppose a full grown man to lire entirely upon oats without other food, he will require to support him for twelve months, about lOOOlb of oatmeal, equal to about 2000tb of oits, which at the low aveiage of 351b per bushel, amounts to 57 bushels. If we allow that each of the population, hig and little, consumes 40 bushels, an apparently high average, then the conaunp- tion of each ini'l.idual, according to our estimate of the comi)arative productive powers of the land, in regard to hay and oats, would be equivalent to two tone of hay, in other words, the breadth of land which would grow two tons of hay would on an average support cue individual it fed upon oatmeal. 'J'he usual allowance for the winter f^'ed of a horse in this Province is four tons of hay, and for a cow two tons, sheep and pigs may be estimated at a quarter of a ton each. 'J'he cattle and horses together are estimated at 150, 000. If the relative proportions of the two kinds of Btock be as in Canada West, about four to one,' then the entire population and live stock, (poultry, dogs, &c. &e. excluded,) would require for their support the f'Mlowiug amount of produce, calculated in tons of hay: 210,000 at 2 tons each, 420,000 ions. 30,000 liorses, 4 tons each, 120,000 120,000 cattle, 2 tons, 240,000 ' 250,000 sheep and pigs, ? ton, 62,500 842,500 But we have seen that the average produce in ha« of the whole 13,000,000 of available land may be esti mated at one and a third tons per acre, — the above 842,500 tons of hay therefore represent 631,875 acres of land of average quality. It will be observed that this sum comes very near the extent of land supposed to be at present actually culti vated in the Province. It is also about one-twentieth part of the whole available area (13,000,000) in acre?' aad in hay; so that the Province, according to thi« mode of calculation, be suppo,«ed capable of supporting twenty tiroes its present numbers of^ inhabitants and of live stock, that is — Men, women and chilJten, 4,200,000 Horses, 600,000 Cattle, 2,400,000 Sheep and pigs, 5.000,000 If the proportion of animals materially diminish, of course the number of human beings which the country is able to support would proportionably increase. Those who are familiar with ibe feeding of stock will have observed that in the preceding calculation I have allowed for the support of the live stock only during the seven months of winter, and that no land has been assigned for pasture during the remairder of the year while the hay is growing. It will be also observed, however, that Ihave sup- posed all the stock to be full grown, and have assigned • In Canada West, according to the Census of 1848, the num bers of bones was 151 ,389, and of cattle 565,845. a full allowance of hay to every animal, whatever its age. A considerable surplus therefore will remain unconsumed when the winter ends, which will go some length tn f('<'ding the stock in summer, or, which would be preferi ?d, ii: allowing laud to be set aside for pas- ture or for soiling the animals with green food in the stable*. Again, by referring to the relative proportions of land employed in raising food for the human and the animal population, as the relative numbers in which they exist in New Brunsvdbk, as they are given in a preceding page, it will be seen that about equal quan- tities are devoted to each. That is to say, that nearly half the land will always bo under a grain culture, and will consequently be producing a large quantity of 8tra\? of various kinds, upon which all the stock will be more or less fed. t do nut stay here to remark on the unthrift which I in many parts of the Province observed, in the use of straw from different grains, nor upon the greater good which might be derived from this part of the crops, under a more skilful mode of feeding. I only observe that the two indifinite allowances above made will in my opinion amply make up iii the whole for the additional quantity of food necessary to maintain the stock during the summer months over and above the quantity ol hay adopted in my calculation. Before quitting the general question as to the food which the land will raise, and the population it will support, there are two additional observations which it is necessary to introduce. First — That I have made no allowance for the human food produced in the form of beef, mutton, pork, milk, cheese and butter. The hay grown on the one half of the surface of the country is, for the most part, consumed in the manufacture of these articles. When a calculation is made of the quantity of human food raised in this way, the numerical rate of the sheep and pigs to the human population being taken as it is in thig Province at present, and the dead weight of the stock at the average which the common breeds usually attain l)y the present system of feeding, it appears that the beef, mutton, pork, and milk, ought alone to support a population, equal to about oue third of that which the corn land sustains.* • A calculation of this kind is very difficult to make, and involves a great many necessary assumptions. I am not aware of its ever having been attempted before, and how un- certain the approximation given in the text is, will be seen by the following statement of the way in which I have arrived ut it. The neat cattle of the Province amount to about 120,000, averaging all ages, these are replaced in about six years, or one sixth is killed every year, and the dead weight of the car- case of each beast is about 500 pounds. This gives ten mil- lions pounds of beef killed and consumed every year. If 40,- 000 ot the cattle be cows giving milk, and they each yield 450 gallons of milk a year, or at the :ate of 5 quarts a day all th« year round, there will be for consumption 18 millions of gal- lons of milk. If the sheep, as in Upper Canada, be nearly double th« number of the pigs, and they aie replaced every year, and average a dead weight of 50 lbs., ihere will be eaten yearly (160,000x50) 8 millions of pounds of mutton. Lastly, if the 80,000 pigs at the age of 18 months, and hav« an average dead weight of 200 lbs., there will be a yearly con- sumption of fresh pork equal to ten millions and six hundred pounds. Thus we have of annual food produced— Beef, 10,000,000 pounds. Mutton, 8,000,000 " Pork, 10,000,000 « If we deduct one sixth for bone, and seven tenths of the re- mainder for water contained in the flesh, we have— ,-.:. ^^ Thus the 1 the support Men, worn Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Second — I Fisheries whi to the Proviii of this supplj and to pay fo pessaries of but which in inhabitants m That we a\ millions the ; nick, accord in ordinary si tion of fuel raarkable ma this importai a separate c( 0/ the supplj, wick, and of the Pre The prece supposition t vince is occu it is suppost and exportat But in a cou sary of life f therefore, is Province mu In countri peopled, and forests for th how many c( year, and wl ply the ordii lor domestic where wood most of the rarely encou Bone, Water, Dry food. We have V each gallon c( Thus we h Dry. food Dry food Total an Including I this quantity considered e( day, or it wi This, as I he number whi( A part of t the opportun portion of vei • The larg prise the real wick has ev( population, ought to «na whatever its will remain rill go Foirif which would ido for pas- food ill the )portion9 of lan and tlie rs ill wliich i given in a ^qual quan- that nearly ulture, and tityofstrar will be more hrift which n the use of reater good the crops, nly observe ewill in my } additional tock during ntityolhay to the food tion it will ns which it 3e for the itton, pork, 9n the one most parr, ?8. When uuian food i sheep and I it is in thig f the stock uaiiy attain rs that the to support that which I make, and I am not ind how un- II be seen by lave arrived )ut 120,000, ix years, or t of the car- ves ten mil- jar. If40,- ch yield 450 day all th« lions of gal- double th« f year, and aten yearly s, and hav« yearly con- lix hundred lounds. (< is of the re- Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 13 Thus the whole capabilities of the soil in respect to llie support of a population, may be represented by — Men, women and children, 8,600,0(K) Horses, GOOJIMH) Cattle, 2,400 ,UOU Sheep and pigi>, 600,000 Second — That I have made no reference to the Fisheries which are already so large a source of wealth to the Province, and of food to the people. The value uf this supply of food may be allowed to stand against «nd to pay for the West India produce, and other ne- cessaries of life which they cannot raise themselves, but which in addition to their beef, milk and meal, the inhabitants will require. That we appear to fix at upwards of five and r hall millions the amount of population which New Bruns- nick, according tu the data we have before us, would ill ordinary seasons easily sustain.* But here the ques- tion of fuel comes in to modily in a more or less re- markable manner our calculations and opinions upon this important subject. This question is deserving of a separate consideration. CllAPTKa IV. 0/the supplj/ of Fosbil and other Fuel in New Bruns- wick, and ils relation to the Agricultural copabilities of the Province. The preceding calculations have been made on thi supposition that the whole available land of the Pro vince is occupied in thi rai^ng of hay or corn, none of it is supposed to be covered with wood either for use and exportation as timber, or for consumption ns fuel But in a country like New Brunswick, fuel is a neces fary of life almost as urgent as food itself. If wood, therefore, is to be used as fuel, a large portion of the Province must be left in perpetual forest. In countries which like part o( France are densely peopled, and yet which depend entirely upon the native forests for their fuel, it has been hmg ascertained, botl how many cords of wood a hectare will produce in a year, and what proportion of land underwood will sup ply the ordinary demand for fuel by an ordinary family lor domestic purposes. But in a new country like this, where wood is abundant, is consumed extravagantly by most of the inhabitants, and when once cut down is rarely encouraged to grow again on the same land, it Bone, Water, Dry food) 4,766,000 16,680,00o\vor of New liriiiisMiek in corn (uid cattle to support a populjitioii, will he nenriy a? /o'liuvs : — ,"\l''ii, \v()inoii imd iliildien, 4.-0 ),0(i() Jlorscs, .|.-.(),()(»0 CaUle, . l.SKll.ODO bliccp niut i^'y^", :j.7j|),(J()0 Piipponing nil tlie Iniid tlpvnted to tlic growth of fmid, nncl < jdctiliitiiifr nslnuiKiii food, Willi Cdiii JNIuii, Wdiiu'ii and L'liiiilreii, 4,'j;)ii,0'ii IFiilsrs, (iOO.OiM Ciiiilp, 2.liMi,(»;i' ShiM-p mill (lip, _ .1,110(1,00. >nppnsin[f it has to grow all its I'uel al?o in tlie forii. of WOild, {'dill, J'.i ct iiikI Millc. 5.l".(10,fU)f) ■(;oi),oo() Sj-ioii.oDd .5,000,000 (^t M iiuli diif liiill (rrous on llif iiiiH>'il>le liniiil. Ciiiii. I'lfi't and Men, women uiut fliiidrcii. •;,i;(. 0,0(11' lldiNco, d'o.oon (".illk", l,SOO.(Mlii Sli.'ip (iiiil p'lr-. .T.jr.o.doi; Ot which all is p:i-iiwii on Ihik tliiit nitrlit l)P in Corn or Ilav .'Iiiii, ail cunsiiint'U. 3.(J-J0.0n() :?0(),(li)0 1,21). 1. 000 'i.ooii.oo!; J'o ])hn\! in a .'•tronger lisrlit tin? point I am about t< press upon Y-tur i''xcel!eTicy's attention, I siiljoin in om 'I'abnlar view the ainoniit ofpnpnlafion which the Pro- \ince \M)uld s-n] port under tlie .*,'veral conditions I havi separate')' (.•oiisidcredin this and the preceding ('hapter. K>iippiHiii^ all tilt.' availaUir l;ni(l dcvoti'd to the (rnnilli dl I'dOil, airl caljuiating c- l.iiniiiii I'odil — Tl'.c Coin :Jdnc. ('orii, Mpt't, & j,rr)i),0!i'i Cioo.oi'd i'.'J()0,(»0() j,on!),ooo •1,200,000 '110,0.(0 1,800,000 ;3,7")0,ooo .•?,(V10,000 ."SOO.ODO ),200,l)0(> 2..''.oo,oo:) j'l'.'ii, Wdiiii'ii and rhilf'.rrn, 4.2!ii),00,: Mdr--'n, C.OO.OilO ■Cnttle. 2,400,000 '-lioffp and _p:t.v,^ jijOocoo^ \oiir J'!xcelle!,ey will see fro-n the above numbers rl'.atthe .»^ource oi tli(! fuel oC.-i country has a iiio^t ma' teriul iniliienc" on it.s capability to support a popula :;io!i. If New I^runswicA possesses in its mineral re -sources an availahl.? supply of Jossii fuid, snfiicient for i fi domesti<; wants, it might hope to sustain in comfort v.i .population approaching to six millions. (Jn tin •dher liaiid, if wood j^ to be grown and consumed for f„(.f and to be grovni on accessible and economica .,,|. P,,c. its capabili'ies s!iik down to the maintenanct (ifr'ii millions of inhabitants, and one half the numbed rt)f liv<' i-t^ck. Ttvr.ay Indei'd he said that much timo will elapse bo fore No'>v Rrnnswick can feel any inconvenience from ri want of fwel ; and speaking of the Province generally thi« v.ould be true. Hut in particular localities where x-lcarings and spttlements have extended, fnel is already 1)ecomingN<'arce and dear. 8uc,h is the oasp, for exam »ile in Susi-ex \'alc; and it is the pressing wants of th* jnore advanced parts ot a country which indicate the kind of measure which must be adopted, or legislative proceedings taken for the future good of the whole. Profc6Hor Jo/inslo>t'H Rpport on the In the (loological Map, No. 1., attached to the Fi. \\\,'A\ miglit (iedlogy and With a v: n glance a si Idi'po-its in Ps Dr. Robb to Tahlo, (No, liiefly from obK-rvations From this [ijijcars th.'it rovered are rt'presentcd " ■eai has yet ' ■htained fror 5= "to .1^ & \ '«^mniv!vii4ipiiiii K|i4iuuii Jll ^"fV Jgriciikurat CapfthUUivs of New BrvnmicL is tlie He. he Pro- ifiifurt'S. gcnt^ral s of No- ind, mill I viirioiis in luniiy on inatle lly on fliL> ilinC, tliu N;i'!i<»la8 ipts liow- r.s, tn the -iiial high il in any f profit to 1 tlie Pro- in an t'X- mn in nn nl)niulnnt, s olindus- ic jirico ol' I. 'i'liis is ulil render • fuel, and lid lor tlie ' corn, neited with ■r Je^irab'.i; lio deinatid forest, and ;\iUurul rc- )ly working •tant there- interest" sources of tlie forina- the extent regard to ruciv wiih pend year ill science, resources of ■neral con- fate it is to !, and new lie felt his l.-^honrintf il or appro- occasionally g&r views of and thus to irs did not w'liU'h might have heen undertaken in reference to th< (icology and jMineralopy of the Province. With a view of pliieini^ hefore Your Kxcfllcncy a' n glance a ^unnnary of ail that i.< yet known of the coai rli'po-itf in New Urunfiwick, 1 have nqnedted my friend jtr. Rohh to fdl up tlie several C(duinns of the loilowinp Tahle, (No. 1.) 'I'ho mnterinU have hrcn derived cliieHy from Dr. (iciinpr's Rejiorts, Imt the principal observations of l>r. Uohh and ni3seir are also included. From this Tahle and the lU-port annexed to it, it npi'Cars that nearly all (ho seams that h;ivo been dis- covered nro very thin, that such as are thicker are (•presented to Ix; poor in quality, and that very littlt (III! lias yet been extracted or is iikcly to be profitablj ibtiiiued from theui. Many of thofe varieties called cannd f'nrij;inal coal. 'I'lie Kas coal of the .Meniramcdok liiver is of (his kind, and its qiiiility liir the manufai-.ture ol (jras niny he judjiid ol from the act that a ton of it yields only a thousa:id I'tit of pa", iis (rijd at the Saint .tolin (ias Works, while (lu! he.-t r[ualities of Knfilish and Scotch camicl used, !iiiil of IJehimmon's coal from the Cou;ity ol IJurhiHB iu Imii{- land, yield IJ.OOII cubic feet. The discovery said to have been made of a thU'li b;'d of bitumen on i'rederick's Urook, in Alht.Tt (bounty, is very iiiteresiiufr, and should reports not he exa^itje- rated, will undoubtedly prove a source of pvtfit. tho richness m all I have cd and the ' much too xapgerated. has not only curacy, and his Reports .0 confidence •e generally, r researches »5 >^ OS » S .a = s £2 = [■% o « ii 1- O c : i I I 10 Pro/esHor Jolimtoii's Report on tha lr(>|ily iiitii ilu! iiitcrinr of New Uriiiiswick mill iiMil roiiMtiliiti' nci iiKMiiisidcrablc |) inililUln'il H)'|iorlH of Dr. (JuD- nor," 1 ImVi- ilriiwii up llii! followiii)^ lli|mrti— Mori- tliniiiiiii'tliii'il oftlii^ i\rriiof New ilniiifiwirk is ocrupiiMl )iy roi'ks wliiih iiii|ioMitioii iiiiil coiiUmiIh, liotli iiiiiii'riil iiiiil riift.sil, 11 SI iiiMi' iliiisi' iii'iiiliur lo lliiit wliirli im ii wlmlu liaa lii'iii iiriiii'il ilii' <'iirl)oiiiri'niii« KyHtriii ol'l'iirks. A yrciit |iorliiiM of the Hjinn- oiviipii'il hy llii'in, sny hi'Vcii or ("lirlii tliiMiimiiil Kipiiiri' luilin, Inm hri'ii icriiii'il li_v I'r. llirtiicrilio " (Iri'iil Ni'W UniiiHwiik ('oiil li'icld." — Iih mill rrrtaiiily i« Vi'i-y riMisiili'mlili', iillliiiii^'li ii in iiol "oiii; of tlin liirf,'i'Hl urt'ii flisi'oviTril iipiii) till' (ilol)!'."— (llip. IV. )i. the Legislature, when speaking of the same subject, he sayS) " when all the circumstances are duly considered, it may be seen of what imiiortani;e New Brunswick is destined to be- come, not only to hersidf and her sister Colonies, but to Great Britain and tile United States, whose supplies of coal must, to a great extent, be dependent on these colonial resources.' (III. .■)(;.) [ii order to alTord more definite ideas concerning the beds of ooal actually known to exist in the Province, and to enable us to estimate at its rrnl value the ^oiind Work of the milny Vd(|uP assertions wiiicli from time to time have been made concennii^ ibis departiiient of our minernl resourcoH, I propoFtu to bring together short noliies of all ihe known out-cro|ipings Uf coal ill the dlHerent Counties of the l'roviii<;c. Viirli. — 1. An oiil<'ro|iping of coal, resting on fire clny, may be seen at aside cut on the right bank of the Hiver Nasnwaak) nearly opposite Mr. M'ljeaii's farm ; the coal does not seem to be more than a few inches in tliicknesn, and could not be worked with any |)rofit there. B. On the Tay Creek, a branch of iho Nashwaak, coal had long been known to exi.t. In walking up the Hlreain, from its mouth, drift jiieces are found occasionally, and llieii becoiiiu larger and more nbiindant till we reach a bend in the river, uniier a high bank of gray sandstone, above which no more coal is observed j hence it may lie supposed that the out-crop is neai*, and ns it is not in the cliffs it must be in the bed uf tliu brook, where, however, I did not di'tecl it, Some of iho piecos found near this place were about ten iudies tiiick, thoii'di it is possiblu that the proper seiim may have been thicker. The diji of the sandsiones was easterly, and Very low, so tliat the coal may havgjieeu connected v/itli the serin seen on the Nashwaak. U.'T have a speciiiieu of coal from land near M'Leod's llill, on the Koyal Road : but I am informed, on good authority, that the ream from which it came is ihiiincr than either of the aliove. 4. Dr. Gesner, (IV. 2(i,) considers " it is far from being im- probabh^ that coal might be procured at the very capital of the Province, although the rocks themselves oiler but tew indica- tions of its existence near the surface." As the rocks near Fredericton have an easterly dip, and as there are no appear- ances of coal in the saudstoi'.es, widch run out altogetlmr a short distance to the westward, we are hardly warranted, as yet, in siqiposiug that coal will ever be mined at this locality. .'). I have long understood tiiat coal had been got on Lyons' Creek, a small tributary of the Oromocto Hiver, and that il hai'. been used by a blacksmilli near Hartt's Mills ; on making fur- ther inquiry, however, 1 found that it was only a few inches in thickness, and therefore unavailable. I presume that this is the bed alluded to by Dr. Gesner, (I. 71,) of whicli he says, " the coal is only four inches thick, and ai)pea"8 on the bank of the river between slriila of bilumimus shale, where fossil re- mains are abuiidiiiit ; that there are thick beds of coal beneath, however," he adds " there can be no doubt." Knough is said to excite the imagination, but not to satisfy the reason. Sunfinrt/. — Kxplorato y surveys and boring for coal were undertaken some yearc ago in the Parish of liurton, but in no ease, I believe, was workable coal discovered. Qupcn's. — 1. I have understood that some borings were mado near Gagetown, but they wiire unsuccessful. Dr. Gesner (I. 7U,) observes, that "no tioiibt can be entertained that coal may be procured in the County adjacent to Frodericton, and Gage* t )wn." This remains still to bo seen. 2. Coal has been got on die Grand Lake for upwards of forty years, but as yet there are no workings of uny extent in any part of its valley. The coal occurs near the head of the Lake, and at present it is chiefly worked on tlie Shore road, south of the Newcastle Creek ; the workings are either open to the day, or adits run in tVoin the side of the hill, on the rise of the measures, whicli dip towards the Lake, at an angle of less than 10^'. At one of the levels the section observed by me was as follows : — Clay drift of surface, 8 ft. in. Shaly sandstone, {thelf,) 1 6 White clay, 8 Fire clay, 4 Coal with pyrites, Black clay, {shefpskin,) Coal, (main seam,) 1 Underclay, (pavement rock,) 4 1* 3 nnknown. 15 lOi At another place, where the measures were seen at a " strip* ping," or open digging, tliu appearances were as follows :— H^'d clay. Soft yellow clay, Hard yellow clay, {coal rock,) Blue shale, Coal, Black clay, Coal, Under clay, n Ift Oin. a 6 3 1 « 4 t 1 8 unknovrtj. :« Agricultural Capabilitiea of New Brunswick. IT A> may be lunponedt the mining operations are all carried onlrietiea. The earthy matter varied in quantity from twolvo M ilia iinall and rude manner, yuttrom time to time, I believe|twenty five percent., and the ashes contained carbonate of limv. that nearly 9000 chaldrons per annum havo been brousht into market. Within SO years all the coal was got by ttriypingt, lugs, but since tliat time it is'ciiieny got out oy 1 was got by ttriyptngi or open digffiugs, out smce uiat tune it is 'ciiiefly got out\ adits or levds i of these there are or have been a great many on the Newcastle Creek, on Salmon Hiver and Coal Cr«ek. The setders of the vicindy used to go into these mines during the winter instead of going into t^» woods. Messrs. Berton Brothers, of Saint John, have recently taken out mining leases and wrought die coal on a somewhat more extensive scale. The coal is bituminous, and cakes or fuses when heated, so as to form a hollow fire admirably fitted for blacksmith's use, but less so for ordinary grates, without tVequent stirring. '''he Orand Lake coal now brought to market is much better cleaned from pyrites ("sulphur") and clay than it used to be formerly, and I believe that it is oreferred by the Saint John blacksmiths to any of the importea varieties. The uniform quality, thickness and depth of the coal got at the Luke District, lead to the conclusion that one bed only has been opened as yet. Dr. Oesner says, however, (III. 73.) " there can be no doubt that there are other and far richer de- posits of coal beneath the one already discovered, but at what distance from tlie surface it is impossible to calculate, in conse- quence of the almost horizontal position of each stratum in the coal series." If the out-crops of other and far richer dqM>8it8 of cool hod been known — if they had dipped towards the quar- ter alluded to— and if they had not suffered much denudation, the above expressions would have been more justifiable than they appear. An exploratory boring was undertaken in 1837, by the Sal- mon lliver Coal Company, at a cost of X2000, but the returns (supposing them to be correct) gave but litde promise as far as they went ; the boring was made to the deptli of upwards of 400 feet, and in this distance a few thin seams of coal were passed through, and one of bituminous shale and coal 6 feet thick was reported ; nothing further was done and the compa ny broke up. 3. Coal nas also been found on the Washademoak Biver, near the mouth of Long's Creek — its thickness is about a foot, and according to Dr. Qesner, (III. 60,) '* is probably accompa- nied b'' more valuable deposits tlian have yet been discovered." 4. C/oal has also been reported to me as occurring on the New Canaan River, another branch of the Washademoak, but it is not unlikely that both this and the former may be part of the same bed as that seen at the ^rand Lake. King's. — In Dr. Oesner's second Report (p. 63) it is men- tioned diat the rocks of the Westmorland coal field occur at Ward's Creek, a small stream which flows from the south and joins the Salmon River in Sussex Vale. At tlie farm tlien held bv Mr. A. Sheck, he reports " a stratum of impure cannel coal, about three feet in thickness, and from the quaildes of this kind of coal mingled with the debris of the surface, it is evident that it exists in much greater quantities and of a quali^ more pure in situations now concealed by beds of sand and other detrital matter." This stratum, accompanied by a fine grained sand- stone, containing remains and impressions of plants of the coal period, was observed at various points for six miles in a N. E. direction towards Dutch Valley, and, as Di. Gesner adds, " although the largest and most important beds of coal remain undiscovered, yet an advancement is made towards their deve- lopment" (p. 64.) In 1847 I nad an opportunity of visiting the farm mendoned above, and then I found a brownish bituminous shale or slate in contact with a sandstone containing remains of what appeared to be fucoida. We made a wood nre, and got the former to bum ; still there was far too much eartliy matter present to entitle it to be included under the head of coal, Albert.— \. In the Pdlet River, about 15 miles fVom where it joins the Petitcodiac River, smiill seams of common coal ap- pear in its bed, and some drift coal is found in the neighbour hood. Dr. Oesner, (II. 65,) observes in regard to this case " that it is abundant in the concealed stata beneath, appears very evidenL" Coal may or may not be abundant underneath, although it is hardly fair to require us to admit that it is very evident that it is either one or the other. S. In the following pages of the same Report, coal is stated to appear at the head of Torde Creek, and ten miles N.N.W. from Shepody ; it was likewise seen on Mr. Stephen*' land, where a stratum of coal ten feet in thickness was observed in the bed of a brook ; the coal found in this vicinity is said to be The outcrop of diis cual was witliin 500 yards of trap and syenite, vrhich form a high and steep declivity along ltd s.iutlicrn edve to the distance of ten miles. Although the proportion of ashes atiove stated is very large, the above mentioned stratum must be regarded as one of considerable importance, and I regret that I had not an opportunity of seeins it wiUi you wheu wo were in Albert County togMhcr. It ought to be tried expe- rementally at the Ijaint John Qas Works or elsewhere. 3. Dr. O. (in. 39,) mentions the occurrence of a bed of coal at Frederick's Brook, a Branch of Weldon's Creek, which flows into the PcUtcodiac River, in the Parish of Hillsborough. It exists, he says, " in several separate strata, die largest of which is about nine feet in thickness." The quality of this coal is stated to bo superior to that of the Memranicook or Stephens' Farm, mentioned above ; a quundty of it was collected and flred in the bed of the stream, it ignited readily uid burned widi great splendour ; the strata consisted of sandstone, slate, bituminous shale and coul, which ran S. and W., with a south- erly dip. I visited this pla^^e in October last, and found on the land of Mr. J. Steves, near the head of Frederick's Brook, a good deal of brownish bituminous shale, but no coal whatever. Subse- quent to the period of Dr. Qesber's Report, a boring had been made for cool bv Messieurs Bryant and Sherer ; we saw some of their old worxs near the edge of the brook where they had bored to a depth of 40 feet, but without finding any coal. Mr. Steves showed me what had been regarded os cual, but it proved to be mineral pitch or hard bitumen ; it had only been found, **" said, in small rolled fragments in the surface drift of hid he , ^ fields. The occurrence of this mineral in New Brunswick is interesdng, but it was impossible for me in a hurried visit tc attempt to discover its proper site. 4. Coal occurs on lur. Richardson's land, at Cape Enrage, in Chignecto Bay i you yourself visited it in October last, and informed me that it was of the common kind, about eight inches thick, and occurrlBg with the usual shales and sandstones, which here dip at a verv high angle ; that the coal secdon was very good, ana that if otner beds had existed, besides the above, they would have been readily seen. (II. 23.) 5. At Salmon River, fVinher west, and on land belonging to Mr. Foster, coal was spoken of also, but it was said to be impure and of small extent 6. On the south side of Grindstone Island, Dr. O. reports " several strata of soft red shale with narrow seams of coal." The course of the strata is W., and dip 8. 40" ; alUiough diero are indicadons of coal at several localides, no out-cropping of any practical value was discovered on the shore. ( — 25-) fTettmorland. — 1. On Taylor's fkrm, on the west side of die Memramcook River, four miles above Dorchester, there is a good natural section of die coal measures ; the dip is S. S. B., and nearly 40". Here occurs a bed of highly bituminous shale 4| feet thick, into which an adit had been made by Mr. Stead- man ; it ran in, on the dip, for forty or fifty feet; and if followed much farther in the some direction would issue below high water mark ; about 200 tons nf the mineral were piled on the bank for shipment. It is easilv set fire to and blazes readily, but leaves an ash nearly as bulxy as the original piece. Scotch cannel coal leaves about 4 per cent, of ashes. I have heard that this substance has been tried at the Saint John Qas Workf^ but was not considered suitable there ; it ought to be tried again- Dr. O. remarks (II. 67,) that the same coal may be seen on the east side of the Memramcook River, a short distance north o( Dorchester. I was not able to observe coal there, though there is in that vicinity a bituminous shale and a very fetid limestone. 2. At Cape Belleveaux Villa^, Dr. O. speaks of coal ap- pearing under circumstances similar to those mentioned la regard to Taylor's farm, but I am not aware of iu having been out-cropping, it kindled quickfy, and afforded a greater quan- Dr. 6. did not succeed in discovering the out-crop, although, as he observes, " it is evident, that by boring in a situation judi- ciously chosen, the coal strata might be found ; and which from their proximi^ to the harbour, would prove most advantageous to this portion of the Province. (11. 69.) 4. In 1841 bituminous coal was discovered in the Tedish River, a cart-load of it having been procured and consumed in the forge of a blacksmith ; Dr. G. (II. 85,) reports that it occurs ofmuchsuperiorqnaliQr to any found along the whole line ofinathifi stratum about ten feet below the soil, and between tity of carbnretted hydrogen gas than any of the imported va-llt dips N.E. at an angle of 10' beds of bituminous shale, met by fire clay above and below. m 8 9 i)( i h >5 ir 1- B r 18 Professor Johnston' s Report on the Kent. — 1. A Htittuin of good conl ia reported to kavo been dUnovervd on tho Cocagnu River, about three mile* above the IS.) bridge, bv Dr. OeHner'i Hon. " The atratum waa found in the bottom 01 n largo brook, and benf^atii three feet of rapid water. It was eatiinated to be two foot thick, but might nevertheluaa exceed three i'oet in aume aituationa. By ainking a ahnft a ahori diatance from tlie brook," tlio Dr. adda, "ao oa to avoid the in- flux of water, thia coal may be opened immediately." (IV. 6G.) 9. " Coal haa alau been diacovered on the Buctouche lliver, and there can be no doubt that it may be obtained in thia dia- trict in great quantitiea." (IV. 66.) " It is very evident that tiieae coul atratu are the moat nupcrficial, and therefore the least valuable in the seriea to which they bclona ; and from their small degree of inclination it may bo juatlv inferred that the thickoat and moat extensive deposits are atill concealed in the earth. (1. c.) Although I have not had an opportunity of obHerviug eitlier of these fast places, atill, I may be escuHed for observing that although these coal strata are the mostaupcriicial, they are ■ot neccasarily the Icaat valuable of the seriea ; that ia a point which cannot oe proved until boringaare actually made, or the out-cropa themselves have been seen J, Coal was diacovered nearly thirty vears ago upon the Richibucto River; the best known locality is on the Coal Branch, about three miles above Mr. Ford's mills. I visited the locality in October last. The cool crops out about half way up tlie face of a high cliiT on the west side of the brook, ana ia placed between layers of crumbling shale ; tlie coal cakes like the Orand Lake coul, and is about IS inches thick ; the dip is N.W. 10". One or two hundred chaldrons of thia coal have been got out from time to time, by excavating under tlie eliflf; but unlesa other beds are diacovered, this place can never become the seat of extensive coal mining. Judging by the workable quantity is not very fur distant from thot spot." (II. IS.) The occurrence ofcoal and vegetable foaaila in the rocka of that vicinity ia very curious, and requires further investigation: I have never had an opportunity of seeing the anthracite in situ. Charlotle, — I am not aware of coal ever having been reported inthis County. It is much more likely to become the seat of mining for ores of the metals. Search for coal has recently been made amonv tho dark coloured slate near Saint Stephen, hut thrao are far Dclow the true coal measurea. Carteton. — Coal has not yet been apoken of (Vom Carleton, If tho gypsiferous rticks of tno Tobiauo belong to the carboni- ferous seriea at all, they inuat underlie the productive coal mcaaurca. At the Red Rapida tho weatem edge of the red rocka ia seen to rest unconfurmably on the alatea, and near the head of the river they are mot by igneous rocks i it ia just poa- aible the red rocks of this river nave been in former times con- nected with the red rocks of the Bay de Chaleur, from which they were first separated by the upfieval of the igneoua rocka just spoken of, which constitute the highest land in New Bruns- wick. quality and the thickness of the seam, it may yet prove to be uie same as the one at the head of the Grand Lake, from which the sandstones pass continuously, but in an undulating manner, towards the Gulf shore. Dr. Gesner reinorks, (IV. 90,) " that it is probable that there is another stratum near the base of the •li£r," though his labours to discover it were uoiacceasful. Northumberland, — 1. About five miles below Chatham there is every indication of the existence of workable beds of coal : a small but perfect stratum appears on the clifT on the property of Mr. WiUiston ; " appearances," he adds, " render It almnHt certain that coal may be obtained here at no great depth irom the surface." (IV. 95.) • 2. About eleven miles from Newcastle, on the south west branch, coal appears ou the south bank of the River. It ia but an inconsiderable stratum belonging to one of the superficial beds already alluded to. (IV. 97.) 3. Coal has been found on the Renous and Bartholomew's Rivera, but the water was too low to allow any canoes to pass at the time of my exploration in tliis quan^^r. (IV. 97.) Gtoucetler. — Out-croppinga of bituminous cool hove been seen at New Bandon, and drift coal haa been picked up near Bathurst Harbour iu quantities sufficient to justify parties in boring in the neighbourhood : various shafts have been sunk under the direction of Mr. Stevens, while agent for the Glouces- ter Mining Company, and others ; but in no case, so far aa I am aware, have workable beds been attained. _ In Mr. Logan's elaborate section from Cranberry Cape to Point Dumai, a dis- tance of twelve miles along the shore, only two seams of coal ■were observed, and these were respectively eight and six inches in Uiickness. They were both supported by an under clay with •tigmario, and dipped with a very low angle to the N.E. /let tiff ouche. — Coal hats long been spoken of on the Resti- goncbe, between Campbelltown and Dalhousie. In 1839 I had an opportunity of examining that shore, and observed both at Point Anim and P. a Pin Sec, a black coaly rock, vvhich was •aid to have been used for fuel. It waa a black shale, indurated and changed by the neighbouring igneous rocks. By Mr. Lo- gan's report, it hppears tnat the sandstones which line tlie mar- gin of that river do contain a small but regular seam of coal and carboniferous shale togetlier measuring three inches ; " it is aoblMiwever to be inferred," says he " that the group belongs to what is emphatically called the carboniferous asra, or that there is much probability of discovering the mineral associated in sufficient quantity with its strata to render it profitable to mining enterprise ; Uiough seven thousand feet of vertical tliick- aess in continuous succession have been carefully examined," ■othing, he adds, '* like a working seam, nor anything but this one like a regular seam, or like a seam at all, has been met with." Haint John. — ^Dr. Gesner remarVs (IT. 12,) that he discovered two small veins of anthracite coal in a fine grained clay slate princ'ples of geology, but with the practical economy near the Penitentiary i "and it is probable" he aJda '"^that a of coal mining also,— and il with a knowledge of the In conclusion, it is sufficiently obvious— 1. That though very many out-cropa of common coal, well adapted for blacksmiths' use, are known to exist in the country, yet none of them exceed eighteen or twenty inchea in thtckneas. 2. That though the beds of cannel coal reported to exict have a very considerable thickness, they hardly come up to the ave- rage standard of purity. 3. That the importance of the beds which are known has been over-stated, while the probabilily of finding others of greater thickness and improved quality, has been much exag- gerated. Most respectfully, Sir, Your obedient humble servant, (Signed) J. ROBB, Pro/. Chem. * Nat. History, King's Col. To Professor Johnston, &c. &c. The sum of the reasoning and information contained in thia Chapter appears to be — 1. That in reference to the agricultural resources of the Province, and its population-sustaining capability, the supposed existence of fossil fuel is a point of great importance. 2. That without fossil fuel manufactories can be es" tablished and maintained only at the expense of its igricuttural and future population-sustaining capabi- lities. . 3. That Dr. Gesner, whose knowledge of the Pro- vince is very extensive, has predicted the discovery of valuable beds of coal, which shall prove ol great benefit to the mercantile, manufacturing and agricultural interests of New Brunswick : but 4. That Dr. Robb, and others, who have had oppor- tunities of examining many parts of the country, do not participate in this opinion. 5. That the decision of the question would he of great moment to the Colony, not only in setting a dis' puted matter at rest, but in diffusing throughout the community distinct and positive notions as to the real resources of the country, and the line which ought to be taken to develope them— and in pointing out to the purely agricultural settler the mode of clearing he ought to adopt, with the view of securing to himself and to the future occupants of the farm, if necessary, the benefits of an abundant and economically available !)upply of fuel, with as little loss of valuable laud as ssible. I venture therefore to suggest to Your Excellency, as likely to promote all the material interests of the Colony, that means should be taken to secure a survey of the Coal measures of the Province — with re/ef' ance especially to their positive and economical value, as available sources of fossil fuel. This survey should be made by a person who is familiar not only with the IJIII|JPVR]i|MI||pil 'f ^4' '," I. PI'! I^W^F^ 1 Agricultural Capabt'lities of New Brunswick. 19 coal mines ot England or of the United Statei, he pos- sessed Home ramiiiuritj aloo with those of Prince Edward Itlund and Nova Scotia, the prospect of ad vantage to the Province from his lahoUrs would be greativ iucroared. That the advantnge to the iigritMiltural interests, in 80 fhr as it affects the rearing of timber, is concerned, would be general also, will appear from the nunifrous places in which coal has been detected. An inspection uf the Geological Map, in which these places are dis- tinguished by large blaok dots, will show huw many- parts of the Province would be benefited directly by the exploration. Let it be proved that coal exists in available quantity in these localities, and clearings may Eroceed without regard to future provisions of fuel. >et it be established on the other hand, that no reason able expectation of fossil supplies can be entertained, and every proprietor will see the necessity of reserving ten acres of accessible wood land for his household fuel. The Legislature may even think it necessary to enact some compulsory statute upon the subject. It has been proposed to institute borings at the pub- lic expense, with the view of determining whether more valuable beds of coal do not exist at a greater depth. It would not be prudent, I think, to do so to anr extcnt, till further positive information is obtained. Chapter V. Slate of the Roads as connected with the development of the Agricultural capabilities of the Province. The state of the Roads in any Country may^be re garded as a very fair index of its material development ; and the efforts making to improve them, of the desire of those who govern to advance its most positive interests. 1 have already in a previous part of this Report alluded to the generally excellent condition of the higli Roads and numerous Bridges of the Province, as botli interesting and striking toa stranger who passes througli it. As the repairing, maintaining, and extending of those Roads are most material circumstances in con- nection vrith agricultural progress, I requested Mr. Brown, during the course of onr tour, to make such notes and observations regarding them as, from his long experience in planning and surveying the Roads of the Province, he thought it might be desirable to lay before Your Excellency. Since our return to Fredericton he has drawn up from these notes the foU lowing observations, which I have much pleasure it) being able to incorporate iu my Report : — " The Roads of New Brunswick are by Law divided into two classes, called Great Roads and Bye Hoads. The Great Roads arc specially described by Legislative enactment, made and kept in repair by annual grants of tlie public money, and are intended to connect the most important Towns and Dib- tricts in the Province. They may be arranged in the following order, viz : — IL Saint John to Fredericton, Saint John to Saint Andrews, Saint John to Q.uaco, Gondola Point to Fredericton, Saint John to Nova Scotia Line, Dorchester to Shediac, Cole's Island to Cape Turmeutine, Bend to Richibucto, . ; Richibucto to Chatham, ;- Chatham to Bathurst, Bathurst to Campbelltown, Fredericton to Newcastle, Fredericton to Woodstock, Woodstock to Houlton, Woodstock to Grand Falls, Grand Falls to Madawaska, '«'.' , 65 miles. 'f-f ■..'ni 31 70 h 136 16 me, 31 :::TV: 48 40 ^,t;.v<; 48 71 106 h I 1 .. 63 13 71 40 Saint Andrews to Frudcricton, .i u '* ! ft ■ Wawcig to Saint Hii-phcri, i . , (r -Vk-- • i «' Oak Bay to Kfl River, '■ •♦ ••> i • Nerepis to Gngetown, 94 - i> -■ Newcastle to Uuthurst, via i'ucmouche, 115 , Salisbury to Harvey, , M Hampton to BuUisle, i / . 4 . > Pickard's tn Amuricaii Boundary, S , Grand Falls to Ani«ric-an Buundary, 3 irii Hornbitr unit Huiiii Anilrow» tlicni iir)> iievi>riil dilllcult liillii tlint nii^'lit yc-t ti> bo avuidod. Thu roud iit mow, and hni been ibr II nunibt^r oryuiim piiitt, in ii« ^oinI a state for travidliiiK itH tho nnturo nl'thn ({riiiiiid and thu ubjeotioiio nridnu Iroiii tb<: iiyiidicioiiH Inyiiiuiifit out in thf< firm iiistnncf, would a4indt of. From Hnint .lolin to Cliincn, thirty one milcii. Thii rond puiHcit throu|{h n ffmid dnnl ol' hilly, hard niid rou|{ii ground. Tb« diatriut in all in thu County ol' Biiint .lohii, and gfiiurully Mttlud. Thu road join* the iloiirinhhig village of Ctuuro with tho City of Hnint John, and in very much travelltMl. It hiia vcnty iiiilc*. Tliu road pnimet through tho aevcral Countiun of Kiiig'H, Uuoen'n, and tiuiibury, and into the County of York, in a wpII Hutilud country the moMt of tho way. There are fi-rrtp* on tluH line at Oondola Poitit, Wathndeiiioak, Junii(>g anil Froderii'toii. From Goii dola Point to WnHhodumonk, a distnncn of about thirty inilen, the diRtrict ia hilly, undulating nnd uncvoii, nnd auveral liilU over which the rond paases, more oipecially between Bellitle and Waitlmdomonk, nro too atenp either lor convenience or aafety. Between tho .lemHCg and the mouth of the Nashwnnk, opposite Freiloricton, thirty three milus, it is nearly level the whole way, and pnAaos through one of the moat iertile and highly valued ngricultural districts in the Province, being nu extensive alluvial deposit on tlie left side of tho lliver Suint John. Taken altogether, anil at nil times of the year, it is one of the worat lines of rond in tho country. Bo many furrics make it inconvenient, and it is not possible to bridge them; then large portions of it are liable to be covered with water in thu apring of the year, and are for the time being inipaHsoblc. Bome of the few briilges on tho lino are out of repair at present ; were they put in good condition, and a few of the steep hills avoided, nothing more could reasonably be expected. From Saint John to the Nova Scotin Line, one hundred and thirty six miles. This road passes through some of the lincst agricultural districts in the Province. Beginning at Saint John, it passes into King's Connty, and crosees the Hammond River aixteen miles frc>m the city : thence it runs through a cultivated district a distance of seven milea, and over- the Kenncbcccasis River at the Village of Hnmpton. From Hampton it runs up on the right hand aide of the Kemiebeccasia, through a beauti- ful and iertile country, ond crossing several branches of that river, reaches the head of tlie settlement fifty seven miles from Saint John. It ihun paespa through a wiuiemesa about ten miles, and crossing tlic Petitcodian above the head of the tide where it is narrow, follows it down through a well settled roun- try within si^ht of the river to the Bend, a thriving rillnge, ninety four miles from Saint John. Leaving tlie Bend it passes through tho Frencii settlement nt Meinramcook, and thence down on the Imt side of that river to Dorchester, the Shire Town of Westmorland County, distant from Saint John one hundred and eighteen miles. Thence it passes through the beautiful district of Snckville, crossing the Tantamar River, and running through tho great marsh over a point of land near the rains of Fort Cumberland, until it reaches the Missiquash River, being the line between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There are several largo and expensive bridges on this line, the Srincipal of which are those of Hammond River, Hampton, lemramcook ond Tontamar. The Bridge over Hammond River was bnUt on the common cross-truss principle, and co- vered in. Soon after its erection it began tn bend in the mid- dle, and was afterwards supported by two chain cables and a block underneath. It is a clumsy ill looking fabric, but withal ■afe and convenient. The bridge at Hampton ia built on blocks and in good repair. That at Meinrnmcook on the croaa-truaa principle, covered, very good, and neariy new. That over the Tantnmaroii the same principle, covered also, and in good order. The whole line of road is in good travelling condition, though that portion of it between Roacho'a and the head of the Petitco- diac seems to have received less attention that the rest From Dorchester to Shediac, sixteen miles. This road branches ofl* from the Oreat Road from Saint John to the Nova Scotia Line, near the Memramcook Bridge, and passes thence through the interior of the County of Westmorland, to Shediac. There are no very expensive bridges on it, and it ia now, and has been for a dumber of years, in a good state for travelling. From Cole's Island "to Cape Tormentine, thirty one miles. The road passes tlirough a country settled and cultivated the greater part of the way. It runs through the beautiful village at the hood of Bay Verte, and l>etwecn that villugo and ha iiinmcncemei.l, thiou).h»nn uf tho most IVrtilo ngricidturnl d!i< tricts in tJiu Provincu. Tho situ ia well cIiimuii, and theru are no huavy bridut^s iiu it. It has been but • short time on tho great routl rstiiltliiiiiiiiciil, niul is not yet very perfectly inncle, iliough in tolcrublu travelling condition. It ia all tho wuy in llie County of Westinorlniid. Friini thu Bend lu Hichibucto, forty eight ndlea. The road pnsses through n district niostly settled and genurally level. Theru aru fivi^ large and expensive bridges on tfiis linu, besideit otiiers of a smaller si/.u-^-naintrly, Bhediue, Cocogne, Little Bun. toiiehe. Big Bnetuiirhe, nnd llirhiburtn, Thrie bridges dii not I rnpiilrivcrs reiiuire a great dual of skill in building ; but to keep them all up and in gnoil rriiair must ever ruquire ii large outlay of money ; some of them are nuarly new, and they nil are in n safe travelling eoiidithin at pres4>nt. If inuasured, their united length would not bo much short ol tw«r milea. Tliu roi'd is iiartly in Westmorland and partly in Kent, and in a gdoil sntu travelling sliito. From lliehibuctii to Chatham, furtv miles. This road also pusses through n district chiuHy aettled aiul genurally level. There are five pretty long bridgca on tho line, passing over rivers where thu tide ebbs and ffiiwa— nno of them ia new, and they nil npi>ear ante, though one ia old and aomuwhnt out of repair, 'riie uniteil Inngth of tite bridges on this line ia nearly n mile. Thu rond is in a rattier better statu than that between thu Bend and Uieliiliuvto. It joins tho Shiro Town of thu Couniy of Kent with Chatham, lu the County of Northumber' land. From Chntliain to Bathurst, forty eight niilca. This lino begins with a steam ferry bont crossing Uio lliver Miraniii'.hi, almiU n mile wide. After passing through the Rettleinents on the left bund siilt! uf that river, it enters thu wildeniess, niul running through n very iiiiuroinisiiig district, rencbca the half way house. Hero the luml improves, and tli« road continues chiefly tlirough the wihleniess to Bnthnrnt. In its course it enisses the Littlu Bartibog, the Big Burtibog, Tabusintac, and n few other strumiis, and at last a wide furry ut the month of the Nepisiguit. The country through which this road posses generally level. A great portion of the rood is straight, very Hi initde, and in excellent travelling condition, though some of the bridges ore a little out of repair. From Bathurst to Campbelltown. seventy one miles. This road passes tbrouuh a level, well settled, and prmluctive ogri- cultural district ofthe Province, It runa up through the County of Gloucester on the side ofthe Bay of Chaleura, and entering tlio County of Ilcstigoucho near Belldoune Point, reacliea Dal- housie, tho Shire Town of the last named County, distant from Bathurst fifty five milea. From Dalhousie it passes througli the settlements on. tho right side of tho Rcstigouche River, a distance of fifteen miles farther, to Catnpbefltown, where it terminates. In ita courae it croaaea tlie Batliurst Basin, on a long bridffe built on blocks, verv convenient, safe, and in good repair, ft afterwards crosses "Tatagouche, Elm "Tree, Jai|uct, Ben^nmin, Charlo, and Eel Rivera, and several other streams, all tailing into tlic Bay of Chaleura. The bridges, with tho ex- ception of die one over Bathurst Basin, are not very expensive and are all in a safe condition. One ia new, and from tlio ap- pearance of the materials and the manner of building, is likelv to Inst a long time. Tlic road ia in firat rate order, made witli great uniformity and regularity, and in excellent condition for travelling. A serious mistake appears to have been raude in the layuig out of this road in the immediato vicinity of the Town of Dalhousie, where an expensive portion of it will probably yet be abandoned. From Fredericton to Neweactle, one hundred and six miles. This road passes up tlirough the County of York near the right bank of the River Nashwaak, and over the Portose to the River Miramichi, where it entera the County of Nor^umberland at Boieatown, forty five miles from Fredericton. Thence it runa down on the right side of the Miramichi to Doak's, and thenca on the left side of the same river to Newcastle, the Shire Town of the County of Northumberland- The River Saint John is crossed at Fredericton by a steam ferry boat. The road after- wards crosses the Noshwank, the South West or main Mira- michi, Bartholomew's River, Renoua River, and other smiiller streams ■, and at last, the North West Branch, a mile wide, is croaaed in a horse ferry boat. The bridges over the before named vivera are large and extenaive, an"'■> bei (if brid((fi on ttiU line, and many of Uii>m oxpciiiivv, par ticularlv tliiMf* ov«r Currier'* Crvfk, Lon^'* Crfek, Oarden'i Creek, Rullivan't Creek, Itull'ii Creek, and Maduxnikik. The road al*o abound* in tidti cut*, and •xpaniive exeuvatiun* Forineily the Great ituud frum Fiedorictiin tu Wuoilituck cruaaed the River Malnl John at Bur|;iiiiie'« Ferrv, lixteen inilei above Frudericton, and pa**ing up on tlie utner *idH ol the Kivcr, ciyMed ajrain at i'atiheir* Ferry, a few miiei below Woudttuek: but the*e Ferrie* lieing alway* incunyenient. loinetiine* daiiKeruu*, and at other time* iinpaMuble, the roud WH«, alter a caieful «urvey and a lar^^o outlny of money, opened and cumpleteil the whole way on the *ame ilde. Itk conitiuc- tion co*t a iHrve lum, and it will ever require a coiivideiable anriual expeniliture t through a very fruitful and pimluctive agricultural ditirict, uver ground generally undulating and uneven, and i* now, and lia« been fur a number of year* pa*t, in a guod *l8te for travelling. From Woodttock to the Grand Fall*, leventy one mile*. The road continue* up ou the righr lide cf the Saint John, at no great di«tance from the River, paiaing the whole way through one ofthe mutt productive agiiculturaldittrict* in the Province. The line in it* courte croitet a number of river* and iitream*. all falling into tite Saint John, the principal of which are the Little I'retqu'ile, tlie Big Freiau'ile. the River De Chute, and the Re*took. From Wood*toeK to the River I)e Chute, thirty eight miiei, the couniry i* very hilly, undulating and uneven, and in general exeeeningly unfavourable for road making. There are teveral expentive bridge* on the line, the principal of which are thuae over the Big Prexqii'ile and the Reiitook ; the latter i* new, and perliap* tne bent bridge of the kind in the Province. An exploration and lurvey of the whole coun - try between \Vood*tock and the Grand Fall* wan made nine year* ago, by Commiitioiier* from Canada and New Drun*- wick ; tiiey laid out a new line through the aettlementi in rear of the pretent road, joining it again at tlie River De Chute. They aUo laid out a new line from the Rettook to the Grand FalU, which ha* been tince opened and completed, and much of the wilderqe** country cettled. From Woodttock to the River De Chute, great improvement* have been made in tlie old line witlun the laat nine year*; many*tecp hill* have been avoided, other* have been cut down, and theii angle* lestoiied ; ttill thi* part of the road abound* with hill* and *teep difficult place*, which must ever render it inconvenient, and it in there- fore detirable that the new line through the back tettlement •hould be Aniilied and ectabliahed a* the Great Road. From River De Chute to the Reitook, it i* in good travelling con- dition, and tlie aite generally a* well chosen a* the nature of the ground will allow. From the Rettook to the Grand Fall*, it ii in a very good *tate, generally level, and the eatlett por- tion of the whole line; still there are two or three hillr. wliich ought yet to be avoided. The whole line i* very much tra- velled. From the Grand Fall* to Madawaaka, forty railea. Thi8 road paase* from the Village at the Grand Falla, up on the left Bide of the Saint John, through a well tettled, fertile, and comparatively level portion of the Province ; croaaing in it* courae, Aiit the main River Saint John il*elf, and afterward* a number of river* and stream* falling into the main river on the eastern aide of the same ; the principal of which are Grand River, Qiiisibis River, and Green River. Thie line, although it ha* been but a ihort time on the great road establishment, and is nece(*arily yet incomplete, it now in a pretty fair tra- velling condition, and with a few improvement* and small alterations, wonla be one of the ea*ieit and b«*t line* in the Piovince. Some of the bridge* are a little out of repair, and a very good looking new Bridge over the Quiaibi* is now being built ; it will be the mo*t expensive bridge on the whole line ; the bottom it soft, and it has been found a diffioult mattar to make a bridge stand there; the work, so far, appears to be exceedingly well done, and the material* are the bent of their kind. There i« one ferry ou this line of road, that over the main river in the still water at the head of the Village, a short diatance above the Grand Falli. From Saint Ainlictv* to Freileiicton. tevi-nty eixbt mile*. Tliia ruaii pH>«ea tliriiiigh a well ••'ttlrii dittiict livtweeii tha water* ol the River Saint Crulx and the ('liaincook Mountaltit, ami running up on the lelt bank of the Waweig, cruati's that river alMive tlie tiofway, it then piiriuet ita coiirae tliroiigli the •ettleiiient* in tlie inli'riiir, and eriittliig (ke Digdegiiatli River, enter* the Cuuiity ol Vm Ik ncai tlie River MiiKaguadavic, altiiiit thirty two mile* tniin Saint Andrew*. Croimng the MagsK"** ilnvic, it paste* on thro'iKli the wilderneit to tlie Harvey Set* llenient, thence through the Hanweil Settlement, and thence to Frederirton. I'liere iire no expentlve bridge* un the line: the principal U'iiig tiiute at Johiittun'* Cove, DigdrguHtli, Upper Trout llrcKik, and Miigaxuadavic. The bridging has therefore cost far let* than that ol any other great ruad of equal extent, Thougii it pai*ei through an uiululating and rather rough portion ol the Province, tliit mad ha* few hard or dilfi* cult place* on it, and it now, and hns generally been tor a uuniu<'r of year* putt, in a good travelling iilute. From Waweig to Saint Stephen, twelve miles, Tliis road runt through a dentely settled dittiict iti whole length. It branohe* oil from the Great Road to Fredericton about tun mile* from Saint Andrew*, and crimting the Waweig on a lung bridge over the tideway, patiet round the head uf Oak Hay, and thence over to the left bank of the Saint Croix near Porter's Mill, and thence to the end of the bridge in the Town oi Saint Ste|ilieii, where it terminate*. There are *everal expensive bridge* un it, especially those over the Waweig Hivvr and Purler'* Mill Stream. It ha* been very much im- proved since it was put upon the great road e*tabli»hineiit, and thougli now in lair travelling eondition, may yet be im- proved a Tittle more. From Oak Bay to Rel River, *evcnty four mile*. Though the exploring and laving out of thi* line cott a li*rge sum of money, and it liat been on the great road list a number of yeart, it lias not yet been opened through foraummer travelling. It pamed in the Arat place through a dense wilderneat, niid the operations on it from year to year, under two Supervisors, have mostly been from each end inwards towards the middle of the fore*t. On the Charlotte end, the turnpiking has been carried forward fioin twenty five to thirty miles, but this part it by no mean* in a guod truvelliiig stute, having been cut to pieces by carting heavy loads of lumber thereon. On the other end the tiirnuiking h.i* not proceeded so far. It is cleared and bridged all the way for travelling in the winter, and is very much uaed. Thongli a good deal of the land over which it pastet it hard and atony, tlie acttliiig of the country has followed the opening of the road, and both ends are iiow well settled. It has very few bridges on it, and .vhen Aniihed will be easy, and a great portion of it nearly level. Running through tlic Counties uf Charlotte and Carleton, it is deuuieu uf great importance to both. From the Nerepit Road to Gagctown, twenty four miles. This road branches oiT from the Great Road from Saint John to Fredericton, at a building called « Government House," near the head uf the Neiepis River, and after paasing through " Coot Hill," and other back settlements, and running through a hilly and undulating district, reaches Gagetown, the Shire Town of Queen's County, close to the River Saint John. It is in good travelling condition, and there are no heavy bridges un it. Frum Newcastle to Bathurst, via Pocmouche, one hundred and fifteen milea. This road passes down near the northern coast of Miramichi Bay, and along near the Gulph of Saint Lawrence in tlie County of Northumberland. It then enters the County of Gloucester, and crusting the eastern end of that County, again teaches the coast on the Bay of Chaleurs, which it follows round all the way to Bathurst. It passes through a country geaerally level, and a large portion of it well suited for the purposes of agriculture. There are no very expensive bridge* on this road, except that over the Bartibog River, but there are long ferries at Tnbusiutac, Big Tracadie, Litt e Traralie, Pucmouche., and Caraquet, all well attended. There are many fine settlements alung the line, especially that part of It within the County of Gloucester. The road haa been but a short time on the great road list, and is yet incomplete, though it ran now be travelled the whole way with double horse earriagei with ^safety and comparative ease. There are some excellent specimens of road making on it. Salisbury to Harvey, forty two miles. This road branches off from the Great Road from Saint John to the Nova Scotia Line, and crossing the Pelitcodiac River near the head of the tide, passes through the County of Albert, and terminates neair Shepody Bay, at the southern part of that County. It haa been but a short time on the great road establishment, and is therefore in an unfinished state. The land, though gene- rally settled, and much of it very favourable for the purposes 8 ry (nvDiirHhU for ruail making. Tlirrn niv •rvrriil •x|>«'n«ivit liiiil|{«* ; ■ml thia roitd ■IthuiiHli at lirvii'nl •mi* hoiI (tniaalilr, will y«t ri-iiuir* n con ■iil»r«bl« nntliiy ol rnoiify toiint it In Kootl travrlliiiK eonilitlon Krom Hmiijiion to H<>lliil«, four iiiiliMi, TItl* road tn«rplv loin* tlia VlllNfff ol lliiinuu.ii in Klne'i County, witli thr Omt Hoail from Uomlola Voiiil to KrixTprirton. Kroni PIckard'i to the Aincrirnn l)f>unilHrv', ftv« milri ThI* ioN Am* rican Hoiindarv, thr<>« mllpi. Tliii load Join* the Villaffe iit tlip (irand Kalli, in the County uf Carleloii, to another road in the State of Mniiie, The united iKUgth of tlioto threo rimiU l>ciiif< only twelve miipi, further deteriptiun I* deemed iiniipceunry. There are iiUo, the road Ironi Koix' to the IwrJ of Oak Hay in the County of Charlotte, for wliicli, nn ii Oroat Road, nu proviiion ha« yet been inaile, and tin* londii lioin tha Little Fallt on the Madawnnkii to the Aniotican and Canadian Hoiindariet, yet unflnithed. In addition to theie, there are teveral other line* now in progre**. intended for Orcat Koiidt, but which have not yel been added to tho liat. Of theiu luit there itie—l'lie Royal R«>ad, from the River Saint John, oppoiite to Kredericton, to the Oraiid Fail*, through the interior of the country : the road from Fredericton throiiffh the Interior of the country to Richi- bucto in the County of Kent : the road from Frederirton to the Nerepi*, via Dougia* Valley: the road from the Red Rurk Settlement, in the County of Cliarlutle, to the Neiepii in Queen'* County : tlie road trom liOrh Lomond in the County of Saint John, to SuMez Vale in King'* County: the road from Hrockway'i in the County of York, to Saint Stephen in the County of Charlotte. The length of thetu roadr, when added together, exceed* three bundled mile*. They have all been explored and laid out, and con*iderable aum* of money expended in opening and improving certain {Kirtion* of them, BYK HOADS. The Bye Road* are not like the Great Road*, *Deoially and (eparately deacrihod by law. They arc intendcu to conneri and unite the*ettlement* with one another, and to accommo- date the inhabitant* of the reapcctive Pariahos. They arc principally under the direction of Pariah olHcera, denomina- ted " Commiaaionei* of Highway*," Three Coinini*8ioner« for each Pariah are annually appointed by the Juftice* of the Peace in their General 8«**)on» for the levcral Counties, whoie duty it ii to lay out, alter, improve, and otheiwi*e re- gulate all the Bye Koad* within their renpertive Pariahei, in •ccordanca with the proviaioiH of a liAw relalliig to Bye Ronda, It it the duty of the Commi*aionprs ao appointed, early in the ■pring or each year, to aaaeaa and appoint all die able bodif'd male inhabitant*, each aecoiding to ni* property, income or occupation, to perform *o many day* laboui on the bye roada within the limiu of certain di«trict* where they reapectively Tfiide ; to that no one *hall be required to do more than twen- ty, nor leii than two day* labour. Liat* of the name* of por- •on* with the number of days labour required from each, are then made out and handed over by the (Jommis' 'iners to coi- tain other Pariah officers called *< Surveyor*," al*o annually appointed by the Justices of the Peace to oveisee the labour •o to be performed in the re*pectirH district*. Each man ia summoned by the Surveyor, The inhabitanti of the district meet at a certaiA time and place, with auch tools as are requi- red, and under the direction of the Surveyor, perform the number of day* works specified by the Commissioners in the list, Persons refusing or neglecting to appear, or not working to the satisfaction of the Surveyor, are liable to be prosecuted and fined. The sum of two shillings and nix pence a day ia received in liou of labour from any one who chooses to pay rather than work, and all monies so received is expended un- der the direction of the Commissioners for the improvement of the roads. Returns of all the road* laid out or altered by the Commissioners are made to the County Clerk, and by him en tered in a book, and acc( unt* of the receipts and expenditures of all money, and also of the number ot days labour performed, •re annually laid hefore the Justices in tbeir General Sessions. By this method of laying out the " Statute Labour," as it is commonly called, it so happen* that in certain districts where there is a dense population the roads are kept in good repair, while in other district* where the settlers ate scattering, the atatute labour is altogether insufficient. In order to supply this defect, grants of money are made from the Provincial Treasury during the Legislative Session, in thefollowing man- ner, vii :— First a round *um, say £12,000, or any other sum that may be agreed on, according to the circumstances of the country, is set apart for the Bye Road service. This ia divi- ded into suitable lums, and apportioned to the relative wants iif the respective Counties, Tliv*4t division* ar* then handed over to the Rfpresentativei of the dllTvrent Countira, anil by ihcm again auhdivided into amalli-r aum*, lobe applied for the iinproveinviit of inch Bye Roaii* a* require the aame. wheru the Statute Lab'iurof the inhabitants had been founiliiiade- quite. Cominlaaioner* are then a|>)iointed by III* Kxrellency the liieuienant Governor, for the pur|)iMp of exp' nding on llm Bye Roiiil* the aiima ao graated, and the money I* in all re*- pucta laid out, and accounted for, and the amount audited and reported on, in the aame manner aa money i« expended and apriiunt«>d for hy Superviaor* ol Great Road*, a* beforn daacribed, A* line* of oommiiiiiration, the Bye Road*, in giineral, are by no mean* well planned. Thi*, no doubt, arises In part iroin the want ai skill in the Parish ("ommissiuncrs, hut mora I'rom the situation and condition of the new settler* and aet- ilementa. The Commiailoner* are by law re((uired from time to time to lav out roada for the acuominudation of exiating aet- ticment* anil nelghlMmrhiK>d*. and the roada are therefore laid out 'rom cettlement to aettlvment, and soinetiinea from houae to houae, Juat na they hap|>en to apring up in the wildernea*. A good deal of fault ha* been round with the whole road ayatem in thia Province, and much has been *aid and vriiten ngaiiiat it as tending to extravagance, political corruption, and gros* mi*inaiiagement of ihe public money. It i«, notwith- standing, an indiaputable fact, that the Koad* of New Bruns- wick, which ttlteen year* ago were every where a bye word and a reproach, are now in a better travelling condition than ihoie of the adjoining Province*, or the neighbouring State*." It would he itnportinent iii me to pretend either td i^riticiae or to add to «yhat Mr. Brown has so well said in regard to the public, or Great Ronda of the Province ; It given It most nserul exi>i)f In AjirtruU-.tnl Stltltmrnts, by the l/imornbUt lh« Survvyor (iiineralt\f Neu< Uruutuikk, auU hi* J)tptUiei—\ii4ii. kxteiit and <|iiNlily o^ t ' I " ' !'" ■ ' ' Situation, i h a. the Land opened np. County. Kxtentin Quality as numbered on By whori rerom- me ided. ^ M Acres. the Agricul. tnral Map. HMti((<>i'cli« k i North II in belaud \ i'rom Dalhoudf to Roititown, IIU £13,750 500,INK) 2, 3, 4, and 6, Surveyor Ueueral. XeitlK<><><'l'*i Kin. Tree Rl»rr to .larquet River, It 130 16,000 2 and 3, Depy. Montgomery. Do. Kel K ver t'i Urouk to Cnruquet, IH A4(» 22,IKHI 2 and 3, do. tiluucftter, 1.) ;«w 30,(M)0 3. Uepy. Carruthen. Do. 1*. New iUndon to li .liihunnon, a 150 8,)H)0 3. do. Ro»e Hill contiu' d un TnttaKoiirhe, NiRBilo to Maint John Settlement, H 240 10,000 3f do. 10. (1 180 6,000 2 an(i 3, do. to. 0. Anderuiii Settlement to Jac( uet River, Middle River to Ne|)iili|iiit River, 4 120 7,0(M) 2 and 3, do. l» 3'JO 20,mM) 3. do. )0. Hetween Little Trainili River tt Pocmoucbe, S 150 7,000 3, Uepy. J, Uavidson. Do. Caraqiiet River to Itnthiint Rond, !24 720 30,0 Gloucester, ) From Grand Falls to Bathiirst, with branch 7 lines to Newcastle, ) 200 25,000 960,000 2, 3, 4, and 5, Surveyor General. 8301 £54,440 2.327,600 1 Crown Land Office, Wh December, 1849. (Signed) THOMAS BAILLIE, Sur. Gen. Note.— The extent of land to be opened up by the proposed Roads is determined by a consideration of the quantity un- granted, and its fitness for cultivation. The length of new roads recommended in the above Table — not all of course equally valuable for agricul- tural purposes nor equally urgent — is 830 miles, at a cost o( iCfi4,000. They are supposed to lay open 2,300,000 acres of different qualities of land. To show more clearly the kind of land into which each road penetrates, I have caused the qiMiity to be in every CBse expressed in the sixth coluuiuof the Table, by the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5, by which, as I have already explained, the different qualities of the land in the Province may be distinguit>hed. I have also caused the proposed roads to be laid down in the Agricultural Map (No. 2) of a bright red colour, by which means it will not only convey at once to Your Excellency an idea of the propriety, va'ue, and relative urgency of such roads, but will also enable you to judge how far 8 » 9 »r I- 'mi^^^^^^^^ 24 Professor Johnston's Report on the I't ' the real wants of the Colony are met by those roads, and what others it might be desirable to construct be- sides, or in preference to them. I cannot conclude this Chapter without recommend- iog to Your Excellency, and to the Houses of the Legislature, not only a cbnticuance of the enlightened care hitherto bestowed opon the Great Roads, but a special consideration also to all roads which purpose to open up the better lands of the Province t ^ ae agricultural «ettler. Mr. Baillie, in a communication with which he furnished me, observes—" that if the Executive Government were authorized to expend a certain sum annually, in aid of some of the suggested lines of road, very satisfactory results wotild rollow." I do not presume to give an opinion as to how the re- quisite steps ought to be taken or means appropriated, I may however be permitted to repeat what I have already observed at the bee:iruing of this Chapter, that in all countries the roads are not only the most im- portant agerts in developing the natural agricultural resources, bu. that they are also an index of the zeal of those who govern, in behalf of this fundamental interest of a state, and of their wisdom in encouraging the use of the means most Hkely to promote it.- Chapter VI. uictual and comparative productiveness oftlu Province, as sheum by the average quantities of ffheat and other Crops now raised from an Imperial acre of Land, in the diferent Courdies. In the precediitK Chapters I have given a sketch of the general agricoltural capabilities of New Brunswick, as they may be inferred from its geological structure, and of the absolute and comparative productive quali- ties of ita soils, as deduced from practical observation and inquiry. But the natnr:tl qualities of the soil may be neglected, overlooked, or abused. The actaal yield of the land may be very di8proportioa>»te to its possible yield. The crops may be less than they opght to be, for one or other of many reasons, to which I shall advert in the subsequent part of this Report. It is in fact the actual condition of practical agricul- ture in the Province which will determine the actual productiveness of its soils ; while on the other hand, the possible productiveness of its soils being known, the amount of produce actually raised wili tierve as an index or measure of the actual condition of the agricul- V ral practice. Looking at the matter in this point of v'ew, it ap- peared to me of much consequence to collect as widely as could be done with the time and means at my dis- Snsal, numerical statements as to the actual number of ushels of the different kinds of grain and root crops nsnally cultivated within the Province, which were now raised from an imperial acre of land in its sevem) Counties. Finding it impossible to collect all these data myself, I addressed a Circular to the farming pro- prietors and Agricultnral Societies in the several parts of the Province, and from the answers I have received, the Tables (Nos. IV. and V.) ucve been compiled. They are not to be considered as rigorously accurate ; they are liable to certain soi^icions, to which T shall presently advert ; but they are the first of the kind that have ever been compiled in reference to this Province; the nambers they contaiiv have hum given, I believe, according to the most careful judgment of the persons by whose names they are gaaranteed, tuJ in the ab- sence of better information, they« axe. deserving, of a considerable amount of enediti These Tables exhibit several facts of an interestiugr and some of a very striking Mod : thus— v. The produce actually raised di^ffers much in dif- ferent parts qf the same County. Thbs, in Westmor- land, one person returns 15 and another 20 bushels as the average produce of wheat ; in King's, one gives 15, another 25 ; in Sunbury, one gives 12i and another 20 ; in York one gijli,! ^ ^^^^ another 32, and so on. S'milar differences ezHni regard to other kinds of grain. Such differeneea are natural enough, and do not necessarily imply any incori'ectness in the several returns. They may arise from natural and original differences in the nature of the soil ; from its being more or less exhausted by previous treatment ; or from the actual farming being in one case better and more generous than in anothei. , In regard to fVheat, the lowest minimum is in Queen's, where 8 bushels are given as sometimes reaped. In Saint John, Charlotte, and King's, the minimum is 10 bushels; from Carleton no return is given, and altogether the answers from that County are few and therefore defective. I'he largest maxima are from Kent, Charlotte, and York, where 40, 36 and 32 bushels respectively are sometimes reaped. 3. In regard to Oats, only one County, (Queen's) ever reaps less than 25 bushels an acre, according to these returns. In that Cr ity, as little as 13 bushels is occasionally reaped. In four Counties the crop sometimes reaches 60 bushels ; in two others, 50 ; in one, 45 ; and in four, to 40 bushels an aore. The6» numbers indicate what is indeed confirmed by numerous other circumstanoes, that not only do oats succeed admirably, but that they are well adapted to,..and are one of the surest or least uncertain crops now grown in- the Province. 4. Ao to Maize ar Indian Corn, it will be seen that only in two Counties, (King's and Queen's,) is the minimum stated at less than 35 bushels an acre, while in four Counties, the smallest yield of this crop is- represented at 40 and 45 bushels. Id Sunbury, the lurge return of 80 bushels aa acre is sometimes oh- ^ined, and in Charlotte and Northumberland, as much as 60 bushels. This crop is liable to injury from early fro'^ts, and is therefore somewhat uncertain in this climate, which by the great heat of its summers is otherwise well adapted to its growth. The four Counties of Sunbury, Queen's Charlotte, and NorthumberlancI, would seem by the returns to be specially favourable to this crop.* If so its larger cnltivation should be encouraged. &. As to Bttckwheat, 15 bushels an acre are the smallest retcv a, while crops of 70 bushels are some» times reaped. The experience of the last two yenrs has shown not only that this crop in one or othor of its varieties is tolerably certain, but that h is well adapted to the exhausted condition of many ol the soils, and affords also a very palatablr;! food. 6. Of Potatoes, the smallest retuva is 100 bushels, or about 3 tons an acre ; but in Queen's County, a thousand bushels, about fourteen tons, are sometimes obtained. This latter amount is rurely surpassed even in the west of Scotland, the north western parts of England, and in Ireland, where the soil and climate are most propitious to this root. * Vork and Carleton are gen.trally cantidered among the beit adapted for the growth of Indian Com, butof thi* the returns K.S ^.ot afford evidence. I am nomewhat surprited however that more returns Bheuld.oot bavs been received from th« County of Carlaton... . w^ Agricultural CapabiHties of New Brunswick. 25 interestiugr wh in dff- Westmor- I bushels ns le gives 1 5, mother 20 ; >p. £'milar grain, ind do not the several nd original its being it; or from and more imum IS in sometimes King's, the return is County are naxima are , 36 and 32 (Qneen*8) ccordiug to 13 bushels reaches 60 md in four, licate what umstanees, it that they est or least >e seen that n'e,) is the acre, while bis crop is- mbury, the letimes ob- id, as much o'jts, and is e, which by rell adapted ry, Queen's >em by the •op.* If so ire are the are some> ; two years jf othor of ; it is well 01 the soils, 90 bushels, County, a I sometimes passed even m parts of md climate long the bett I the returns led however eti from the IV Produce Cm buthebj per Imperial Acre, and we'ght per Bushel of the deferent Wheat. COUNTIBS. No. 1~ No. of butheb. Weight. 58 to 64 Barley. Weight. Oati. Weight Rye. Weight. Buck- wht-at. Saint John, 10 to 20 • • • • 30 to 40 35 to 47 • • 30 to 50 Charlotte, 2 20 to 36 62 to 66 • • • • 30 to 40 35 to 43 • • • • do. 3 18 60 3Plo35 46 25 38 • • 32 do. 4 20 55 to bO 46 to 54 30 to 45 36 to 43 • • 20 to 40 do. 5 10 to 20 55 to 60 10 to 20 46 to 56 30 to 60 30 to 45 • • 20 to 60 do. 6 • • • • • • • • 25 40 • • • • Westmorland 7 16 60 20 45 3? 36 • • 20 do. 8 20 60 30 56 40 38 to 40 • • 40 do. 9 15 55 28 40 30 33 • • 22 do.- 10 17 62 25 to 30 50 30 to 35 36 • • 30 to 35 do. 11 P 60 • • « • P 30 • • • • do.- 12 18 60 25 45 30 36 • « 30 do. 13 20 60 40 • • 45 • • • • 50 do. 14 20 to 25 62 25 to 30 50 30 to 35 38 • • 15' to 35 do. 16 20 60 to 65 30 50 40 36 • • 30 King's, 17 15 60 25 45 26 36 30 56 " 25 do. IB 25 ioO to 65 • • • • 30 to 40 36 to 46 • • • • do. 19 20 i}0 to 55 30 • • 35 35 ** • 30 do. 20 20 to 30 60 to 62 20 to 25 40 to 48 40 to 60 40 to 45 • • 50 to 70 do. 20i 30 P 50 • • P 38 to 42 • • • • do. 21 15 60 15 50 25 35 30 55 " 25 do. 22 10 to 20 GO • • • • 20 to 35 35 to 45 4 to 40 53 20 to 30 do. 23 20 60 30 54 30 34 • • • • 26 . Queen's, 24 17 63 18 50 30 36 25 54 25 do. 25 15 to 20 50 • • • • 30 34 • • • • 30 to 50 do. 26 • • • • • • • • 13 36 11 54 '5 do. 27 P 60 • • • • P 38 to 40 • • • • • • do. 28 8 to 20 56 to 60 • • • • 15 to 30 30 to 35 8 to 20 50 to 54 16 to 20 do. 29 P 55 to 60 • • • • P 30 to 40 • • • • • • do. 30 10 to 15 66 • • « • 40 to 60 36 to 40 • • • • 25 to 50 do. 31 12 60 • • • • 30 36 • • • • 20 Sunbury, 32 15 to 30 50 tu 60 « • • • 30 to 50 30 to 44 15 to 25 50 to 56 20 to 60 do. 33 12^ 62 • • • • 40 38 • • • • 20 do. 34 20 P • • • • 35 • • • • • • 40 do. 35 15 to 30 50 to 63 20 to 40 50 to 60 30 to 50 30 to 50 • • • • 20 to 50 York, 36 30 • • • • • • 35 38 • • • • 30 do. 37 • • • • 19 53 35 39 • • • • 17 do. 38 20 66 64 59 48 48 • m • • • • do. 40 • • • • • * • • 30 to 40 & 60 30 to 40 • • • • • • do.- 41 15 63 • • • • 35 35 • • • • 36 do. 42 32 65 35 50 50 35 • « • • 45 do. 44 18 63 20 41 32 35 to 44 .. • • 27 do. 45 20 • • • m • • 35 • • 20 • • 35 Garleton, ^6 P 64 to 65 • m • • P 36 to 46 • • • • • • do. 47 • • • • • • • • 30 35 J • • * 50 Albert, 48 25 60 40 50 40 33 • • - • 50 do. 49 16 to 20 50 to 60 16 to 20 * • 25 .32 to 40 16 to 20 • • 30 do. 50 16 to 20 50 to 60 16 to 20 50 25 36 16 to 20 50 30 do. 51 15 to 20 55 to 65 20 50 25 • • 15 to 20 50 aS „■• do. 52 16 to 20 58 to 62 16 to 20 50 25 35 16 to 20 50 30 ,-; Kent, 53 15 60 20 50 26 37 to 41 • • 20 do. 54 15 to 40 62 to 70 • • • • 25 to 35 32 to 38 • • • • Northumb'ld, 55 17 62 32 53 to 56 32 38 • • • • do. 56 15 to 25 60 to 66 ^3 to 35 50 to 56 30 to 40 35 to 40 • • 30 to 50 do. 57 19i 63 • • • • 31 36 • • • • Oloncester, 58 15 to 30 61 t« 65 25 to 35 48 to 64 28 to 40 40 to 43 • • • r- do. 60 20 to 25 60 to 66 • • • • 25 to 30 36 to 40 & 42 • • • • Restigouche, 62 28 62 to 65 60 48 50 40 to 45 •■• • • E i 8 9( )5 »r I- 1 ! I h^ I .i ! r ,._1— U..-iJ".'Ja.i.J-- 26 • "■'■' Professor Johnston's Report on the Crops raised in the several varti of the Province of New Brunswick. * Weight 45 to 5o 55 to 60 50 56 45 45 40* 54* 45 50 50 40 50 40 45 45 36 40 46 40 62 40 66 54 tc 50 to 50 to 16 to 50 to 50 48 50 50 60* 45 50 45* 35 45 60 40 to 50 Indian Corn. 45 to 60 26 40 40 30 to 50 20 • • 20 to 50 40 to 80 50 35 40 to 80 40 40 40 35 40 40 to Weight. 58 to 60 60 63 64 55 t'o'eo 54 to 60 58 50 to* 65 60 70 60 60 60 55 to « • very good Potatoes. 150 to 300 250" 200 to 320 200 to 500 350 200 200 20 250 300 300** 150 to 2.50 250 to 400 200 200 to 300 200*' 200** 200 160 to 400 100 3 to 800 450* 4 to 600 3 to 700 600 300 300 500* 5 to 600 250* 5 to 700 400 400 300 60 150 150 to 140 250 100 to 300 no 154 200 to 200 200 250 200 250 300 250 200 250 250 150 to 200 200 to 300 200 175 to 250 250 't*o 300 Turnips. 3 to 800 4 to 2 to 400 500 6 to 1000 3.^0 280 2 to 800 2 to 800 4 to 800 500 500 500 500 600 300 300 250 300 300 3 to 600 375* 5 t'o'eoo 170 Carrots. 4 to 8 to 600 600 100! Mangel Wunel. 3 to 800 4 to 500 400 500 600 Uto4 rio2 600 Hay. Tons. 4 2 1 to 3 • • 2to*3 Ik 1 to 3 1 to2 • • 1 to*3 • • I to*2 1 toli 1 to2i 2 2to*3 U to 2i Authcrity. D. B. Stevens, (C. Ag. So.) Joseph Walton. David Mowatt. '*** James Stevenson, r John Mann, Junior. John Farmer. '^■' Mr. .'' R. K. Gilbert. Howard D. Charters. Robert B. Chapman. R. B. C. Weldon. William Crane. Charles Dixon, j , John Trenholm. i ' '■ Joseph Avard. ' George Otty, (C. Ag. So.) A. C. Evanson. Henry Hayward. Thomas Beer. Andrew Aiton. ' '\\ Matthew M'Leod. Daniel M'Lauchlan. William Keith. D. S. Smith, (C. Ag. So.) Allan Coster, (C. Ag. So.) John Robertson. Elijah A. Perkins. William Reed. William Pinder. Samnel Mahood. Robert Smyth. C. L. Hatheway, (C. A. So.) Nathaniel Hubbard. Charles H. Clowes. Charles Harrison. Edward Simonds. James Johnston. '■' John H. Reid. William Wilmot. Robert D. James. James Sutherland. " ; Israel Parent. ' ' William Dow. James Rankiu. ...",■ James L. Pickett. John Smith. William H. Steves. John Lewis. V» illiam Wallace. '" John M'Latchey. ,"'' Joseph C. Wheten. J. G. G. Layton. James Caie, (^C. Ag. So.) John Porter. John Hea. H. W. Baldwin, (C. A. So.) George Lockhart. Dugald Stewart. ,' No. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 20i 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 51 52 63 54 55 56 67 58 60 62 ■ jM« •'J'*!. Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. \2f Vg. So.) f. So.) So.) .So.) A. So.) So.) A. So.) No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 20^ 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 51 52 53 64 56 56 57 58 60 62 I J! •s K I, e s I I si J.S «5 I "a g 0, I e 8 I I >< ■< s -< «*r S -1 M ■^ CO a. S m ^ OMOOOOO 0'0»00 to us a OOOOOOO OOUSC 00»00000 'lOO t>.o • o H M OOOOOOO O O VJ o OOOOOOO 'OOt— o • 00 t-.^ l^O CX3 00 'to to CO 50 • o o o i H 2 45 •ooooow — ao*oo«Mto>oo »«o(M0 UJ O 'O • • •■* • CM (M Tti PS CC •* • •* • • o fM M es • C • C O O O U5 O 'O • • • to • us us Tt< X e<5 ■*" 'to • • o 00 8 a o '♦< — — t^— CO oeo o o • • •* CO CO CO .US^WUSU^• 'i < m 4 USOlUSfMOSOOOOOOOO-^rHO cocoeoco(Mcoeoco < • 'J ■i* -«• -^la -«• .«l -M tv -«-•« us o 00 o •* (M a> •OS— 'OotMoo 1— iliillflii i * .s * 7. But the most striking fact brought out by these TableR is the comparative high number by which tli« iverage produce of each crop iu the entire I*roviiuo is represented. Tlieif the second Table, and are as foiinvr : — VI. Wheat, 19 11-12, nay 20 bunlicU Barley, 29 buiheU. Oati, 34 do. Buckwheat, 33J do. Rye, '2()J do. Indian Corn, 4li do. Potatoes, 226j do. or 6} ton>. Turuipi, 45ti do. or 13i tons. No very correct or trustworthy avt-ragi-s of the pro- duce of the different crops iu England, Scotland, or (ireat Britain, generally, have yet been compiled. It is believed, however, that 25 bushels of wheat per im- perial acre, is a full average yield of all the land in Great Britain on which this crop is grown ; some places, it is true, yield from 40 to 50, but others yield only 10 or 12 bushels per acre. It is of less importi ..ce, however, to compare the above averages with any similar averages from Europe. ft will be more interesting to Your Excellency and the Legislature, to compare thein with similar averages collected in other parts of the Continent ot America. In the yearly volume of the transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, for 1845, an estimate is given of the produce per imperial acre of each kind of crop in the several Counties, and a series of general averages for the whole State. The State averages, compared with those for New Brunswick above given, are as follow : — VII. jiveraffe produce per Imperial ^cre. State of New York. New Brunswick. Wheat, 14 bushels. 20 bushels. Barley, 1(5 " . ' ' : • 29 Oatii, 26 «< • 34 Rve, 91 '• 20J Buckwheat, 14 " 3;Ji Indian Corn, 25 «• , ' 4]\ PoUtoe». 90 " • • . ' 226 Turnips, 88 <« 460 Hay, — ' H tons. The superior productiveness of tho soils of New Brunswick, as it is rejjresented in the second of the above columns, is very striking. The irresistible con- clusion to be drawn from it, appears to be, that looking only to what the soils under exi .ting circumstances and methods of culture are said to produce, the Province of New Brunswick is greatly superior as a farming country to the State of New York. In the first of the Tables above given, that which exhibits the actual yield of the different crops in the several parts ol the Province, it will be seen that in- stead of giving an average, many of the authorities give the highest and lowest limits of the crops they usually reap from an acre. Thus in Suubury, Mr. Hatbeway gives for wheat the wide limits of 15 to 30 bushels, for buckwheat 20 to GO, and for Indian corn 40 to 80 bushels ; others give limits quite as wide, out of which it has been very difHcult for me to extract any precise truth. In all such cases I have taken ♦he mean between the two numbers sent to me, and from these means have calculated ray averages. Thus in the case of Sunbnry, I have supposed that Mr. Hatbe- way meant to tell me, that the average produce of wheat in that County is 22^ bushels, of buckwheat 40 bushels, and of Indian corn 60 bushels. It is just possible, however, that such was not the meaning of the namerou& gentlemen who have sent me r I- f 28 Professor JohnstorCs Report on the retarim in this form of higbest and lowest yields, and that the averages I have deduced may therefore be higher than the truth. To meet this possibility, there- fore, T have deduced a second series of averages, using the lowest numbers or limits only where two limits are given. In Sunbury, for example, I have taken 15, 20 and 40, as representing respectively the produce of wheat, buckwheat and Indian corn in bushels per im- perial acre. As nearly one half of the returns give, as Mr. Hatheway does, the highest and lowest, and not the mean return, the averages I have thus arrived at are moot probably below the truth. The following Table exhibits these, along with the former averages, and with those for the State of New York : — VIII. Average produce per Inperial Acre, In N'piv Brunswick. From the mini mum Returns. Wheat, Barley, Oati, Buckwheat. Rve, Indian Com, Potatoes, Turnipi. 171 bu«h. 27 33 28 18 86i 204 389 From tlie whole Returni. l9 1M2thbush. 29 34 33) 20) 4I| 226 456 In New York. 14 bush. 16 26 14 9i 25 90 88 My object in computing these second averages, was to compare them also with those of the State of New York,. and it will be seen that the numbers in the first column of the above Table, though in . every case smaller than those in the second column, are still in every case larger than those in the third column, which represents the New YorK averages. We seem still therefore to be driven to the conclusion that, as a farm- ing country. New Brunswick as a whole- is superior to New York State as a whole. But it is known that the north western part of the State of New York is naturally very rich, and that on the shores of Lake Ontario and the banks of the Ge- nesee River, very fertile lands extend, yielding large crops of superior wheat. I extract therefore from the Tables of the New York State Agricultural Society the average produce of the several crops in three of the Counties of this North Western District. In the foU lowing Table they are compared with the averages for the whole of New Brunswick :— IX. In the State of Neu, York. \ New Brunswick Wlieat, Barle} , OaU, Buckwheat, Rye, Indian Corn, Potatoes, Turnipa, Qenesee. Ontario. Niitfara. 16i 16 18 15 19 19 23 32 29 19 21 17 10 9 8i 25 29 29 125 106 110 105 148 155 Lowest average of whole Province. 171 27 33 28 18 361 204 389 In the capability of growing all the common crops on which man and beast mainly depend,- it would appear from a comparison of the above numbers, that the whole Province of New Brunswick taken together, exceeds even the favoured Genesee Valley, and the southern shores of Lake Ontario. Although deprived at present of the opportunity of obtaining access to existing statistical details, relating to the agricultural condition of the other States of the Union generally, yet the possession of the Report ol the Ohio " Board of Agriculture" for 1848, published early in the present year, enables me to compare the State for the year 1848. These Ohio State averngei f have compiled froui a series of County Reports, whic'b ' jgom^y. * are appended to the general Report of the Board which ' ,„i nrnilnre UoJoctivenei narts of Cam tccoracy. is presented anncally to the State Legislature. Com- pared with the whole Province of New Brunswick, those of the whole State of Ohio are as follow : — Okia in 1848. New Bmntwick. Wheat, Barley, Oati, Buckwheat, Rye, Indian Corn, Potatoes, Turnips, 151 bush. 24 331 20} 16} 41» 69 Smaller average. 17i bushels 27 33 . 28 ■• 18 361 204 389 Greater average. tlem I hav« eolomn of th ti«8ting then irth column JciT 19 11-12 bush, 29 34 33i 20i 41) 226 456 1) tons. Except as regards oats, maize and hay, the above numbers are decidedly in favor of New Brunswick, in compariHon with the whole State of Ohio. There are Counties in this State, indeed, as there are in the Pro. ince of New Brunswick, of which the average produce is greater than that for the whole State, as represented in the above Table. But to show how the three coun- tries [stand] in this respect, 1 shall place in juxta- position the two highest County averages for the Pro- vince of New Brunswick, and for the States of Ohio and New York respectively, in bushels per imperial acre :— XI. Wheat, Barley, OtffI, Rye, Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Potatoes, Turnips, Hay, N. Drunswick\ N. York. Counties ot York bush. 22) 34) 38) 20 31) 240 08 520 l)tons Resti- gfouche bush. 28 60 60 r ? 170 Counties of Mbnroe bush 19) 19 32 10 15 SO 110 New York bush. 20 26 37) 40 45 Ohio. Counties of Shelby bush. 22 40 40 15 20 25 2 tons Defiance bushels, 20 20 45 25 15 45 ISO 2 tons. On comparing the New Brunswick and New York numbers, it appears that no County in this State ig equal in the production of any crop to the richest County in the Province of New Brunswick. At regards the two richest Counties in Ohio, nearly the same may be said, though the superiority in the growth of Indian corn appears to be on the side of the Ohio Counties. This grain, it is known, does not, or is not supposed to suit the climate of Restigouche County, but the average for Sunbury (51^ bushels) is considerably be- yond that for Defiance County in Ohio. ^rom the United States we may turn for a moment to Canada. In the Appendix to the first Report of the Board of Registration and Statistics of Canada, published at Montri7al in 1849, at page 29 an estimate is made of t' . average productiveness of Lower or Eastern Canada, in grain of all kinds. This estimate assigns 12 1-5 bushels per acre as the average prod uc tiveness in grain of all kinds of the land now in grain culture in Lower Canada. This estimate is not founded on good data, and may be too low, I therefore pass it by. But in regard to Upper or Western Canada, the census returns for 1848 (contained in the same Ap liVheat, Bailey, Oats, Rye, Maize, Buckwheat, Potatoes, nr New Brunsvrick averages with those of that Western Ipendiz, page 38) give data, from which the average A compari of the above wick as thos the States of I do not own part, Before quitt; for observini accnraey of ail I have be only ones w Dames and have been ♦ rated intent: only becausi country— be generally ra the Provinc tion, or beci usual. To embodied in n the absen criticise the )een given I consideratio the above, ( On the ol number the or from Cai New Bruns obtain accei them with c On the w comparison New Brun America, < tants of thii considerati< mediate coi agricultura to those of Brunswick ought also And if it parison eve comes doul States are to me to bi informatioi of New Br bilities of t up strenu tate averngei ;eports, whici ! Board which itore. Cout Brunswick, (How : — twick. iroJactivenesii in grain and potatops of the different )art8 of Canada niaj be deduced with an approach to Lccoracy. The nnmber of acres under each crop, and otal produce in 20 districts, are *here stated, and from tlein I have calculated the averages in the fourth column of the following Table, with the view of con- tiflsting them with the New Brunswick averages ii , the fifth column : — eat«r average, 19 11-12 bush. 29 34 S3i 201 26 S6 II tont. J, the above Brunswick, Id There are ■e in the Pro- >r»ge prodace 8 represented e three coun- ioe in juxta* for the Pro. tates of Ohio per imperial Ohio, Counties of d New York this State is } the richest nswick. Aa o, nearly the in the growth of the Ohio not supposed ntj, but the isiderably be- for a moment rst Report of R of Canada, 9 an estimate of Lower or rhis estimate irage produc- now in grain 8 not founded herefore pass Canada, the be same Ap- 1 the average ^^tm^^^^fmr Agricultural Capahilitiea of New Brunsunck. 29 XII. Canada tf-'eit in 1848. Cultivated acres. VVheat, Bailey, Oata, Rye, Maize, Buckwheat, Potatoes, S9it,(i95 29,324 285,571 38,452 51,997 26,656 56,796 Produce ll'ruduce in buiheltlperacre Meti' Jtiruntwick. 7,658,773 •619,727 f,056,734 446,298 11.37,566 432.673 4.751,231 m 24i 11« 21i 16) 84 Produce per acre. 171 27 33 18 361 28 304 resources, rather than to forsake it for other parts of Northern or VV extern America, which appear incapable ofyielding larger crops than they can easily reap at home. 8. There is another interesting point exhibited in the oolamns of Table IV. which is deserving of special notice. This is the great weight per bushel the grain crops frequently attain. Wheat is said sometimes to reach the enormous weight of yOlbs. per bushel, and oats to 601bs. a bushel,* but 62 to 661bs. for wheat are common, and upwards of 40lbs. for onts. The general averages for each County, deduced from Fable IV. are as follow:-'- XIII. Counties. A comparison of the numbers in the last two colomnf of the above Table are as much in favour of New .'uns- ffick as those I have made with the average pi^uuce of the States of N. York and Ohio in the preceding Tables. I do not dwell on the very favourable, and, on my ovn part, unanticipated result of all these comparisons. Before quitting this topic, however, I may be excused for observing that I do not personally vouch for the accnraoy of the New Brunswick Returns. They are all I have been able to collect, and are, I believe, the only ones which exist. They are guaranteed by the Dames and handwriting of the parties by whom they have been transmitted to me. They may be exagge- rated intentionally or otherwise. They may be high only because they come from the best farmers in the coontry— because the crops in New Brunswick art generally raised on new land-^because the best land in the Province has hitherto been brought under cultiva tion, or because the crops of this year are larger than usual. To these, and other like objections, the return; embodied in theTablen I have given may be open ; but in the absence of any data, by the help of which 1 can criticise them, I am bound to assume that they have been given to me in good faith, and with a due previous consideration of such circumstances and objections as the above, and I must reason upon them accordingly. On the other hand I have not selected from a larger number the agricultural returns from the United 8tateb or firom Canada, with which I have compared those of New Brunswick. I have taken all I nan at present obtain access to, and 1 believe I have fairly contrasted them with each other. On the whole, therefore, I think the result of tbi^^ compariaon of the actual productiveness of the soil of New Brunswick with that of other parts of North America, ought to be very satisfactory to the inhabi« tants of this Province, and is deserving of their serious consideration. So far as my knowledge of the inter* mediate country goes, I am induced to believe that the agricultural capabilities of New York are at least equal to those of any of the N irth Eastern States. If New Brunswick exceed Nev York in productiveness, it ought also to excet' ~" .he States of New England. And if it will in this respect bear a favourable com- parison even with Ohio and with Upper Canada, it be comes doubtful how far on the whole the other Western States are superior to it. At all events there appears to me to be sufficient reason, until more satisfactory information is obtained, for the agricultural population of New Brunswick to remain contented with the capa- bilities of the soil they possess, and to give themselves up strenuously to the development of its latent Saint John, Westmorland, Albert, Charlotte, King's. Queen's, SunburVi Vork, Carleton, Kent, Northumberland, Oloucester, Restigotiche, i . • J a> ^ « « ti^ a-s cq O P< 50 61 ^^ 41 _ 60 48- 36i _ 48 68 60 34J 60 45 69 45 38 — 67 59} 48 37 — 48 bH 60 86i 63 43 57 65 38 63 47 63 60 38 _- 51 64 38 62 63 37 — 50 62 63 37 _ 45 63 61 39 63 48 42 — — 59 59 60 61 57 60 65 67 And the general average weights for the whole Pro* vince are, for Wheat, 60 ll-13lb8. Buckwheat, 48 8-lllbs. Barley, 50 do. Indian Com, 59) do. Oats, 38 do. Potatoes, 63 do" Rye, SSI do. Turnips, 66 do. Carrots, 63 do. These average weights, over a whole Province, where the land is new, and manured only in rare instances, or at long intervals, indicate a capacity in the soil and climate to produce grain for huumn food ,of a very superior quality. 9. This observation leads me to advert to a point which flr»t arrested my attention from its abstract scientific interest, but which possesses a direct practical importance to the inhabitants of the Province. I have in various places heard it stated, and by some warmly maintained, that wheaten flour from Canada or the United States was more nutritious, stronger as it is called, and went farther in a family, than flour manu- factured in New Brunswick, and especially from Pro- vince grown wht;at. Such n difference as this might arise either from an actual inferiority in the quality or composition of the grain itself, or from some difference in the mode of grinding and manufacturing it. For my own part, 1 was unwilling to admit the ex* istence of^tjucb an inferiority in the flour, when 1 con- sidered the exeellent quality of the wheat which the Province was capable of producing. It is true that if inferior or unsound wheat is ground, the flour produced cannot be So good, and may probably not go so far a«< that yielded by sound ripe grain. In this case the in* feriority will be owing to the miller's selection of his sample, and not to the general inability of the millers of New Brunswick to produce first ra'e flour from good grain, nor to any general inferiority in the wheat which the Province actually does produce or is capable of producing. Having consulted Mr. R. D. Wilmot, the Mayor of Saint John, who is practically acquainted with the wheat of Province growth, and with the absolute and * See the return of Mr. Harrison from Sunbury. I I I .' 8 9< 91 91 »5 )r s- 1 ; ! ! i 1 ^V,)^|imniiwn'" 30 "" comparative qualities of the flnar manuractured both ill the Frovirwie and in tho Unired Stated, he informed me that the result of a trial made with a barrel of flour (-round at his own Mill from wheat grown at Bellemont in tlie County of Sunbnry, against a barrel of superfine Ci(*ne8ee flour wns, that the Province manufactured Hour went farther, and ^avo a considerable number uK>re loaves than the Genesee flour did, both being baked at the same time and in the same way. He since writes me, that *' the fact is notorious, that at the same price the bakers take the home made flour in preference;" nno he transmitted the following ;-9rtifl cutes from parties well known in the City of St. John : i- ■; Saint John, iV. B , 84/A Nov. 1849. Sir,— In reply to your communication relative tu the quan- tity ot bread pruducod per barrel from the flour ground in this I'ruviiice, hh compared with the produce of that imported under the name ot Oeneaee, the result of my own experience iiriiig the laut twelve years, during which period I have care- fully watched tlie quality ati well as the productiveneas of the different descriptions of Hour used in my establishment, and I tiHve no hesitation in stating that the average quality and pro- ductiveness ot the flour ground in the mills of H. Gilbert, Es- quire, and thatuf the Aiessieurs J. and R. Reed, from whom 1 have chiefly got my supplies, is much superior to the average quality of that imported from the United States. I have, &c. (Signed) JOHN M'LARDY, i?a*er. R. D, Wilmot, Esq., Mayor. Saint John, Nov, 26th, 1849. Sir, — In reply to your communication, I beg to state that the lesult uf my experience is, that the Qenesee flour is not so strung an article, and will not produce as many pounds oi bread per barrel as the flour manulartured here, which is principally made from southern red wheat. The largest avorage quantity of bread I ever produced was from fluur manufactured here, which turned out 132 loaves ol mbs. each, Irorn 19(ilbs. of fluur. I remain, &c. THOS. RANKIN, Jr. R. i). VVilmot, Esquire, Mayor. These letters show that the home millers are able to inaiuiractuve fir.sfrate strong flour Iroui Southern wheat, nnd there is no reason why they may not do so also from the heavy Province grown red wheat; and should tho Sea.sons in future prove favourable to the growth of wheat, there can I think be no good reason why the most fastidious taste should not find in home grown bread as palatable and economical an article of food us the superfine flour from New York usually affords. 10. The qualitij of the Oats for the production of oatmeal, is another question of considerable importance to the Province. Thi^ grain is more nutritious on the whole, weight (or weight, when husked, than wheat is, nnd gives a meal which habit renders equally palatable with wheaten flour. The weight which oats are capa- ble of atfainin^r in this Province, renders it highly pro- bable that the skilful miller could produce from them n superior quality of oatmeal, a presumption which is confirmed by the testimony of many persons, especially in the northern Counties, who have informed me that the Province uiade oatmeal is equal in every respect to what they had been accustomed to eat in Scotland. I have learned with much sutisfaction that the use of oatmeal is rapidly extending in many parts of the Province, and this not merely because of its very whole- some and nutriiiiius qualities, but because the oat is one of the most ctrtain, I might almost say the staple grain crtip ol the country, 'i'he Legislature of New Brunswick has £ think i»hown a most wise discretion in the encouragement it has given in the erection of mills for grinding this grain. District nnd Provincial premiums for the best quality of home made flour and oatmeal, could scarcely fail Professor Johnston* s Report on the ''J**^^^' both to improve and (ully to bring forward and cfltablish the qualities of the home gra^n and bene manufactured Hour and oatmeal. 11. Before quitting this part of my subject, I ought perhaps to advert to the fact that in Tables IV. & V> compiled from the answers I have received to tny pub« lished inquiries, no mention is made of beans or peas, rhis arises from the circumstance that scarcely any of the returns nllude to these crops as usually grown in the district to which they refer. The use of beans in feeding is as yet but little prac- tised in the Province, and though the bush bean is here and there cultivated to a small extent, the raising of the common bean as an article of field culture has scarcely yet been fairly tried, even on soils and in loca* titles apparently the best suited to its growth. Peas succeed well, are grown largely, and form a considerable article of diet among the French habitans of Low r Canada. ■^•%:\.-,<:-ii ■:•'• v'piv)!( e tec Agricultural CapabilUiea of New Brunswick. & ^ o -a u V V S I r-iejO'rio««r»ooo>Oi-ie««'*if5 :|2 :i :gs::| :|il ' • 'H =2^ :|2 : :S : :s : :3 : : : : :5| JO ■) • J5 JS S 8 08 s n :2 10 'Vl OOCQCCO * ' * l^cQ in in a »)i ■ # • • _ m I rt n ',2 2 • 3 a • .„... 33^.333 2333 2 • « n I .^c««««^^«„,3„„„3 ot to CD (0 '^ l.'J ■^ 'I* '^ *o o « o o ** f* QO •^ ■****-* CO CI UQ CO (C CO « 00 ^ n *(an^aQiA(n^n(ncoiA..j •COCO oi^CO^ 10^*9*^*^0 CO c« :2 3 CO to ^ 2^3323 S to 10 ^ to S f W p5 *• (0 10 DO 3 10 CO to to -73 to T3-3 to to CD tn w9 w -,iOO>0>tOiOoiii,o_,i»ai°*o'<'"''00'no'°00"'"*Q*'''"'" toS to to « B tos»o<«<2''"' "!i*«<«'^^5< * ,o3aej 1^ ui a .22 ■-013 to to B 80 n n ^8 & H t.1 o '^ 13 o > S to to S 'd'OTj 'O'fl 13 c »H r^ tOtOtOBBBtOtOBtOBQBtOBta SBBn-l •B«lB''"=«*BBf'B«'*t~«l<»B s * ».. B ou 10 ' 2 B B i-l OU I B o *0 tC to to ' ^ *^ (O B fO •" w 1^ l~ t- 1 to B— t -^ to B g 10 c a «~ ^ M bTS -S "^ to to ^ «, • b3» ^c«eo'<»wtot*ooo>o ^eiC^'<1««0r*O>O^C0'^O»QD0>O^0JC0'^l^{0r»Od ^fHfHfHfHWrHc5cdfor Orain and Roof in tht ttveral CounUtt nfth» Provtiwt qf New Bruntwiek, Wheat. Barley. OaU. Rye. Buck- •rhaat. Maise. Potatoes Turnips. Carroto .Mangel Wunal. Hay. COUNTIBS. English. Wild. Siiiiil John, lis 9d • • it 3d • • 4« • • 3s Is' oa is 9d 8d aito'iod^ lOd SdtolOd' Is • • 9d 9d 9dtoii lOd Iay. ih. Wild. • • Id • • 9Ut • • • • • • •« • • •« t • • • •« SUt 'runno/cA. itter. U o.lt ilOd i9d >9d la oltSI u li !• laid • It Agricultural Capabilities of New Jirunawick. as At < • iod^ tlOdi »• lit XVII. Average Prket of Beef, Mutton, Pork, Chetiie and Putter in the several Cnuntiet of the Province of N«u> BruHtwick, Counties. No. 1 Beef. Mutton. Pork. Cheeite. Saint John, • ■ • • • • Cliarlutle, 2 3d 3id 34d Weilmorlaiid, 3 3iJ 31d 41d King'*, 4 3il 3d 3id Od Queen't, 5 3d • • • • 5d Suiibury, G 3td 5d 3|d 4id Yorit, 7 2)d 3d 4d Bid Carleton, H 3(1 • • , , 6d Albert, 9 Sid 2jd 34d 4)d Kent, 10 3id ^ , • • ■ ■ Nortliumberl'd 11 • ■ , , • • ftid Olouceiter, 12 4J() • • ^ ^ 9d Reftifrvuche, 13 4]d • • 9d Butter lU.i lU|d 9d 9id 9td lOd lOd 9d 9d lii 9d 10|d lOd Ueneral ylverageof the Pricei of liecf. Mutton, Pork, Cheese arid Jiuittrfor the entire Province of New Brunswick. Beef. Mutton. Porlc. Clieete. Butter. Sid. Sid. Sid. Sid. 91d. These Tables are instructive in several respects — Isf. The first of them (Table XI V.) shows that the prices of produce aro subject to considerable variations in the same locality. I'hus in King's, No. 20 says that in his neighbourhood wheat varies from 6s. to 9s. a bushel, oats I'rom Is. 6d. to 3s., and bay from 30s. to 9Cs. a ton. In York, No. 38 represents wheat as varying in the neighbourhooil of Fredericton from 8s. to 16s., Barley from 4.«. to Ss. and oats from 3s. to 5s. per bushel. These prices are so far beyond those given by any other of my authorities, that I think they must refer to seed corn, and are not to be looked upon as usual market prices even at Fredericton in any season of the year. 2nd. The same thing appears in 1 able XVI. respect ing beef and butter; the former (beef) varies in Kent, (according to No. 34,) frofn Id. a pound in the Fall, to 6d. in the Spring ; in Suubury, from 2d. to .5d., ant) in the other Counties in somewhat less degree. The latter (butter) varies in Carleton from 6d. to Is. n pound ; in Sunbury from 7 ' 10 10 Rye, ad 11 33 9 I (to not found nny nr^uniiMit or conclui'ionK on tl>e general superiority of the nuinberH in itiu oecoinl ti' thoHH in the tliird column of the above 'I'uble. It luay bo said tlmt the Ku)(li»h priced are at proKenl unremunerotive to thu Kn^rlifh farnier, and thin ina) Eosiiibly be the cine. No nal'e interenci', therefore, eaii e drawn as to the nufficiency of New MrunKwiek itricen, from any comparison of them with those now reuliy.ed by the Kngliith farmer. 1 have be.'ore ine the Appendix to tlie First /Irpori f/lhe Canndinn hoard qf lictjisl ration and Statistics. published at Montreal during |iie))refient year, in which in given (p. 43) a statement of the averiige prices «l produce in Camida iu IH48. I insert a comparison ol thcKB prircH, and of tlmxe olitaiiie. That riiuntries r iiiHrkeU. 2i.d. Fr iu these coi xxvin. American ' Oats, per b Potatoes, p Turnips, pt American t: Mill Flour, .Mill Flour, Rye Klour, ('orn Meal (Jaf .Meal, ] Muckwheat Hay, per to: Heef, per l( Do. on foot, I'll, per lb. l>o. jier lb. Fork, per p Mutton, pel Lamb, per Veal, per p Butter, per Batter, per Eggs, per (i .American ) O.tts, pel b Potatoes, p Turnips, pe American Mill Klour, Mill Flour, Rye Flour, ("orn .Meal, Oar Meal, ] Buckwheat Hay, per to Beef, per I)i>. t>n looi J)i>. ]»er lb. l>o. per lb. Pork, per p Mutton, pe LnuiI), per Vi-itl, |)er I Butter, piT Biitier. ye .4nriruUnral Cupabih'titta of St'W lirunmur/c. :» 16 38 30 37 the Stiite of Oliii). Uiilenii llivre b« ooiufOiiiiHr verViWirk riiriiifr f^lioiilil Itt* nbli> to du no I'liiier, uml ihouhl «|iei'itil ill til)* cirtMiiiiNtniiccfi nf tli«* New Hruimwick be bflU'r oflf tliiiii tlify iirv. liirinurM tbcri'l'iirf, hdl' niiiii«it r«>rriiiii I'roui coiidiidiiig— ___. ' lA. from the umnunt uf produce — n. 1 lint ((rain niul rootN f(eiierHlly cnn bi> raiaeil more rbfiiiily in tliin I'roviiire thuii eitbtT in New ^Ipfjfudijf to the Chajiter on I' run. A* n furtbtT rrcord iiul iUuilrntioii of tbu price* oi YorkStiite, tbeStiifeofOliio, or Upper CaiiH.lu ; nu.iJ"'"vi»'i"o'' in N*"* HruiiMwirk, I iinnei to thin (.'hnpter L That it ouxbt to be nble to .oinpete with lbe»e " ''"'''« «»f ••'« •'"«'♦''• «»'' l'r"*i'ii-n* in the Market of counlrieM nucee^^lully, aixl drive Ibeiu from itn home '?«'"'. .J'.'»»» d"r'"K "Ih" la»t live yiarn, taken quBrterly. iiiHrkeU. 2i.d. /'Vow* the pritrs ubtninid — That if the furinem in tliene euuntriei eaii make a living, tlie .\ew Brunii- It will lie oeeu tliat thene priien and these iiverageH are, even at tliu place of luont importation, compara- tively high : — XXVIII. 'J'nble of the Prices of I'rovisions t/vnrious kinds in the Sttint John Markits ul different periods of the Years IH4.5, 1H46, IS 17, 1848, and 1849. Ahtici.kb. American Wheat, per bufdiel, .. .. .. Outs, per bui*hel, .. .. .. .. .. I'otatoeH, per buo. per lb., Hulclier'H Market, .. .. .. Du. (ler lb.. Country Market, .. •• .. Fork, per pouiH, .. .. .. .. .. Mutton, per pound, .. .. .. .. .. Liimb, per potind, .. .. .. .. .. Veiil, per pound, .. .. .. .. .. Butter, per lb., (Roll,) .. .. .. Butter, per lb., (Packed,) Eggs, per dozen, .. ». .. .. .. 184.'5. 5 2 1 ■2H m l'O \5 •15 American Wheat, per bushel, O.ttf, pel bushel, ^ . ^ Potiitoes, per bushel, Turnips, per bush' I, .American Sup. Flour, per barrel, Mill Flour, per b;irrel. Mill Flour, ill bii^s, 19G lbs. Rye Flour, per barrel. Corn .Meal, per barrel, j ,• Oaf Meal, per cwt.. Buckwheat Meal, per cwf., Hay, per ton, Biel', per 100 lbs.. Do. on loot, (siiikiiiff offal.) Do. j)er lb., Bulclier's Market, Do. per lb., ('ounlry Market, Pork, per pound. Mutton, per I'Oulol. ■' i ■ liNinb, per poiinci, Vi-aj, per pounil, Hiilter. per lb , (Boll ) I'liiticr. |ie lb , ( I'ocked,) li'rl'JH )>i'r iln/. II. March. s. d. s. d. 2 9 Vo 3 5 \ (> to 2 35 32 G 30 26 3 22 75 to 100 4 to 3i to 4 to 4 to 4 to 3 to to 9 to 10 to I 6i 4 5 .5 5 l> 11 9* May. er bnrrel. 2 1 6 « • 1 9 to 2 41 3 to 45 GO n to 41 3 .37 G tu41 3 Mili Floor, per barrel, Mill Flour, in baKR,l%tb«., 42 (i to 43 9 ftfi 40 to 41 3 37 6 , , 41 3 to 42 6 57 6 to 60 40 to 41 3 37 3 " • ' Rye Flour, per barrel. 28 9 to 30 40 8ft 30 to 31 Corn Meal, per barrel, 28 9 to .30 30 3 22 to 22 6 22 6 to 23 9 Oat Meal, per cwt.. ir> to 22 6 20 to 22 G 2G 3 20 to 25 Buckwheat Meal, per cwt., 12 to Ifi 14 to If. • • 11 6 to 15 Hay, per ton, GO to 80 80 to 100 67 to 65 60 to 80 Bvef, per 100 Iba, • • • • • • • « Do. on foot, (sinlcing ofTul.) • • « • • • • • Do. per A., Hutnher's Market, 4 to 7 fi to 7 4 to 7 3 to 6 Do. per lb.. Country Market, 3 to .34 4 to 4* 31 to b 2 to 3 Pork, per poutul, 4i to 5 4 to f> • • 3ito 4 Mutton, per pound, 4 to 6 6 to 6i 4 to 4i 3 to 34 Lamb, per pound, • * 3| to 5 4 to 4* 2| to 3 Veal, per pound, 31 to 4i 3^10 5 « • • • Butter, per lb., (Roll,; 1 3 I 3 1 1 to 1 1 Butter, per lb., (Packed,) 1 3 I 2 10 11 ^BB^i P^ 7* to 8 101 to 11 1 1848. American Wheat, perbu»hel, Obt«, per boflhcl, Potatoes, pa* bnshel, Turnips, per bowhel, American Sop. Floor, per barrel. Mill Floor, per barrel, MillFloor, inbagB, 196Ib»., Rye Floor, per barrel. Com Meal, per barrel, Oat Meal, per ewt.. Buckwheat Meal, per cwt., Hay, per ton. Beef, per 100 lbs., Do. on foot, (linking oflkl,) Do. per lb.. Butcher's Market, Do. per lb.. Country Market, Pork, per poond, MottOD, perponnd, * • ^ . Lamb, per pound, Veal, per pound. Botter, per lb., (Roll,) Batter, per lb., (Packed,) Eggs, per dozen, American Wheat, per bnsbel, Oats, per bosbel, Potatoes, per bosbel, Tomips, per bnshel, American Sop. Floor, per barrel, Mill Floor, per barrel, Mil) Floor, in bags, 196 lbs., Rye Floor, per barrel. March. .V. d, a. d. 5 to 2 9 to 5 36 36 36 3 •27 18 17 12 30 3 to 40 3 to 37 to 29 to 19 to 25 to IG to 45 H to 21 to 3i to 3 to 3 to 3i to 6 3 4 31 3| 5 10 to lOi June. s. d, 8. d. 2 5 to 2 7 4 to 5 36 3 36 3 36 3 22 6 16 16 40 to 37 to 37 to 17 to 45 4 to 3i to 5 to 5 to Sl't'o 7* 7 4 G 61 Aogost. a, d. t. d. 2 2 3 33 32 31 22 16 16 35 3 6 to 2 to 3 6 to 5 9 to .35 9 3 6 to 23 3 to 17 to 17 « « to 40 4 to 2ito 3*Vo 3 to 3 to 10 to 7* to 7* 6 3* 4 4 4 11 8 December. a. d. a. d. 1 2 1 32 31 30 24 17 14 9 135 9 8 6 6 3 to 2 to 4 to 2 to 34 to 32 to 31 to 25 to 18 to 15 to 13 to .50 6 3 3 to Uto 24 to 2 to 2 to 21 to 10 to 81 to 9 to 5 21 3 3 3 31 101 9 n 1849, March. a. d. a. d. 1 3 2 33 31 31 26 to I to 5 to 3 to 35 to 32 Jane. d. a. d. 2 5 1 30 30 30 17 to 4 to 6 to 2 to 31 to 31 6 to 18 9 September. s. d. a, dt 2 3 to 2 6 3 to 4 30 Vo 31 3 28 9 to 30 28 to 30 17 6 to 18 9 December. a, d. a. d. I 10 to 2 1 10 to 3 1 29 28 28 20 9 9 to 1 to 31 Art Corn Meal, per < >ut Meal, per c« Huckwhcat Meal Hay, per ton. Beef, per 100 Ibi Do. on foot, (sin Do. per lb., Itutf Do. per lb., Cou Pork, per pound Motton, per poo Lamb, ^ler |)ouu< Veal, per pound, Butter, per lb., ( Butter, per lb.. ( Eggs, per dozen The annexed T Prices o CODNTIEB. Saint lulin,.. Charlotte, .. ' 1 16/ Westmorland, to; I 10/ King'*, 18/ 12/ Queen's, .. Siinbury, .. York, .. .. Albert, . . . . 10 Kent Nortkumb'ld, Reitigouche, r .4grivullural CtipubilUum of New lirunMirirk, 37 Tnbh qf the prkiu qf ProvUinru, Sfc — Cnntintted. ABTici.ici. 1 ' 1849. 1 1 * « March. J«Dff. H iMiteiuber. l)rcemb«r« *. d. *. d. 1. d. $. d. ». d *. d. #. d. ». d. Com Meul, p«r barrfl. 25 18 17 17 to IH 1 Out M«nl, per cwt. 12 6 to 14 12 (i to 14 12 1) t<> 14 12 (i to 14 Huekwhcat Meal, per cwt., 9 ' to 1 1 i) to 1 1 9 to 11 9 (i to 12 6 Hay, per tun, 35 to 40 40 to AO 60 to r>o ♦JO to 70 8 Beef, per 100 Iba.. • • • • • • • • » Do. oil foot, (■inking offal,^ Do. per lb., Hutcher*a Murket, • • • • • • • • 4 to ^1 4 to t)i 4 to «> 3 to ft (X Do. per lb., Coiintry .Market, 3 to 3i 3 to 3J 3 to :ii 1 to 2 9 Pork, per pound, 4ito A • • • • 2i to 31 91 Mutton, per pound, 31 to R 3 to 4 24 to :ii 1 1 to 2 Lamb, •^r |H>uud, 3k to 5 • • 2 to :h U to 2 05 Veal, per pound. 3| to 41 21 to 4 2 to :h 2 to 3* Butter, per lb., (Roll,) 9* m to 10 9i to 11 10 to 11 Butter, per lb., (Packed,) 8 to H| H to HI H to 9 10 to 111 Egffa, per dozen. • • K 7 to 71 9 to 9i The annexed Table* (A. k U.) alio ahow the prineii obtained for Cuttle, and fur the Butter and Cheese or a> to lOi D.M'Lauchlar.. 22 • • • • £3 to £6, • « 10» to 2Ui a • William Keith, 23 Queen'f , • • Stocks yn. old,3l to £5, -. • • Wm. Pindar, 29 Siinbury, .. • • • « • • « • lOi to 17« 6d a • C.L. Hatheway 32 ■ orK 1 • • • • • • • • « • • • £2 for breeders John (/. Reid, 38 • • Stock rom 1 to 3 year* old, £1 I0ita£4 a • • • Israel Parent, 44 Albert, . . . . • • • • • • ■ • l2«6dtol7i6d 17t6d John Lewis, 50 10/ to 12/ 10« • • • « 3 years old, SO) to 60i • • 8s 9d Wm. Wallace, 5) . a * • • • • • • 158 to 17« 6d 8>9d J. M'Latcber, 52 Kent, .. .. • • • « • • -- • • • • •• 53 55 Nortkumb'ld, • • • • • • ■ ■ • • • « i • • m « 6/ to 8/ • • • • • • John Porter, 56 f Rmtigouche, 5 Calven, 25i I to30«; 1 jrr. old 50* ; 2 yrs. o!d, 70i, 15ito20i • • Dueald Stewart 62 -,,:.l .-.fj^Hi-llM-: :- f. ■ r, •- : , ;. :--A 1 . '■<•'■■> "1 ■ • ^ W ■ ' •i-'fl . •rv,;.7-<;<' "■;'■■ • ■ ' -f ■ ■ i ^ ' ■; , ..]'■: ■ .. '^ "«•'■• ■ v' '■; ■' -'■ '' li^ i •■- ' • , • : , ., ' .. ' ■■ifj:■},./.! ...r(! : - . 11 . ' t ' •' ■ ■i ' 1,'^ '■ 36 Professor Johnston's Report on the B. Yield of Butler aiui Cheese from one Cow per week or season, nnd purposes for which th- Cuttle are kept COUHTIBS. KilKl of Stock. Butter, lbs. Cheese, lbs. Purposes for which Cattle are kept. Authority. No. Saint John, 3 to .5 per week, From IstMay to Ist November D. B. Stevens, C.A.S. 1 Charlotte, ti " " Dairy and Beef, Joseph Walton, David Movatt, 2 .*> " Dairy ond Labor, then for Beof, 3 ... 120 per scasoi Dairy, James Stevenson, 4 100 " Dairy, John Fa- mer. 6 Westmorland, 100 " " Driry, Labor and Beef, Mr. 7 80 " " Dairy and Labor, then for Beef, 11. K. Gilbert, 8 90 " 5 Dairy, — ^oung cattle kept } I for stocking the farm \ Howard D. Charters. 9 120 '• " Dairy and Beef, Robert B. Chapman, 10 60 •■ Dairy, R. B. C. Weldon, 11 , 5 MnvltoNovll I GO to 100 pr sea. > 75 to 150 per sea. Dairy, Labor and Beef, William Crane, 13 60 to 100 " •' Charles Dixon, 13 100 " !' Dairy and Labor, John Trenholm, 14 6 per week, Dairy and Labor, Joseph Avard, 16 King's, 70 pi'r annum, 140 per annum. Dairy, Labor, and Beef, George Otty, 17 60 to !>0 pr season Dairy and Beef, A. C. Evanson, 18 vO " " Dairy, Henry Hayward, 19 6 pur week. Dairy and Beef, Thomas Beer, 20 • ' ' 70 per season. Doiry and Beef, Matthew M'Leod, 21 V k, Dairy, Daniel M'Lauchlan, 22 60 per season. Dairy, William Keith. 23 Queen's, 70 " Dairy, Daniel S. Smith, 24 60tol00v.i6mos. 120 to 200. Dairy and Beef, Rev. Allan Coster, 25 4pvwkfbr6 " Dairy, John Robertson, 26 80 per season. Dairy and Btcf, Elijah A. Perkins, 27 60 to 100 pr " 120 to 200 pc. oca. Dairy aiiu .^eef. William Reed, 28 100 to 110 pr sea. Dairy, W^illiam Pindar, 29 50 average " Dairy, Samuel Mahood, 30 80 per season. 100 per season. Dairy, Robert Smyth, 31 Sunbury, 100 " fiOO " " Dairy and Beef, C. L. Hotheway, 32 112 " Dairy and Beef, Charles Harrison, 35 Yort, D urham 12 ner week, Dairy and Beef, Job H. Reid, 38 4 « 41 Dairy, R. D. James, 41 112 per season, Dairy, James Sutherland, 42 5 7 per week for 4 \ mnn's, then less. \- 14 per week. Dairy, Sheep for market. Israel Parent, 44 5 per week. Dairy, William Dow, 45 Carleton, 6 " " 3 " " Dairy, James L. Pickett, 47 Albert. 112 per season, or 224. One q«arter of stock for Dairy, Job I Smith, 48 60 to 100 pr sea. Dwy, Labor and Beef, Jo' ., Lewis, 50 100 to 120 " " Dairy, Labor and Beef, William Wallace, 51 60 to 100 " " Dairy, Labor lud Beef, John M'Latchey, 52 .^.ent, 4 pr week, 15th May to 15th October Dairy, Joseph C. Wheten, 53 Northumberland, 112 per season. , Dairy, James Caie, 55 112 per annum. 56 per annum. Dairy, John Porter, 56 Restigouche, 70 to 80 pr sea. 50 to 60 per season Dairy, Dugald Stewart, 62 Average of Butter and Cheese for the whole Province. i." Butter. Per Week. For the Season. 5i lbs. 89i lbs. Chkksk. Per Week. For the Season. 11 lbs. HOflbs. XXIX. ff^holesale prices from Mr. Jar dine'* '^tore Book:. YifAn'? Wheat, S. Flour, R.F lour, C.Meal, Oatmeal, pe' bubli. p?'- brl. per brl. per brl. per cwt. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. .-. d 1844 May, 6 31 3 20 17 13 9 ^oT. 5 6 28 9 20 ( 15 6 13 9 1845 May. 6 27 6 20 15 13 9 Kfv. 7 37 6 25 21 3 2r. 1846 May, 6 3 30 20 18 9 2« 6 Nov. 6 3 33 9 23 9 22 6 20 1847 May, 9 42 6 28 9 27 6 20 Not. ; 6 37 6 23 9 20 22 6 1848 May, 7 6 37 6 23 9 16 17 6 Nov. 6 3 32 6 25 18 9 20 1840 May, 6 3 30 20 17 6 17 6 Nov. 6 3 30 21 3 18 u 17 6 CH.4PTKR VI 11. Of the Climate of New Bruvswic/c in relation to its Jgricvltural capabilities, and to the profits of Farming. 'llift subject of general climate is a very wide one, but tberc'Iationsof climate to agriculture, in the econo- mical sen?p, admit ofa comparatively liiniteJ discussion. Two things in regard to the climate ol" New Bruiifi- wick, J feel myself compelleil by all the evidence I have collcted, unfiervedly to admit. Ist. That it is an exceedingly heal thy climate. Every medical man I have met in the Province, 1 believe without exception, and almost every other person I have cor:", rised with, assure me of this ; and the healthy looks and the numerous families of the natives of all cli>9ses cunfiim these assurances. No, arterB. 9 apman, 10 don, 11 e, 19 1. 13 n, 14 16 17 I. 18 ,rd, 19 20 eod, 21 cWan, 22 h. 23 th, 24 ister, 25 >n, 26 kins, 27 1, 28 ar, 29 od, 30 31 ny. 32 son, 35 38 41 laud. 42 44 r. 45 ketf, 47 48 50 llace, £1 ley, 52 leten, 53 55 56 rt, 62 relation to ? profits of T wide one, ♦heecono- discusfion. ^ew Bruiifi- ence [ have ite. Every , 1 believe rson I have althy looks all clnsses ' li|(!i,>iai"J(|nate on the farmer's operations — the mode in which it interferes with these o])eratioiis--and t)\e extent to which it lesFens the farmer's profits. 1st. yls to the way in vthich it intin'ofrres icith thi far nier^s operations. Tin's it does chiefly by shorteiiinti the period during which all the out-door business of the farm is to be performed. The ploughing and sowing of spring, the root hus- bandry and hay making of summer, and the reaping and ploughing of autumn, have all to be hurried int the few months which intervene between the final thaw of spring and the first snows of approaching winter. It cannot be denied tliat, to whatever extent the time for these field operations is really shortened in Ne* Brunswick, in comparison with other countries, by the duration o(^ winter, to that extent the Provincial farmer ■8 hampered in his work. In connection with this point I was anxious (o obtain precise data, from which I might hope to arrive at some clear idea of the time for field labour which the New Bruiisv.'ck farmer has at his disposal. I therefore introduced an inquiry upon the subject among tht questions 1 caused to be cirOth November. 30th October. 20th November. aeth Ist December. Ist Ist " Ist 12th November. aoth " 15th " 1.5th " 20th 30th " 15th " 15th 25th " 1st " lOtU " Antlu-.ity. No. ■.v.\ 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44 45 40 47 48 49 50 51 .'>2 53 54 55 56 58 60 63 Earliest Sowinf. Latest Ploughing. •JOth April, lOtii May, 1st " 1st " 1st " Ist " 15th April. S.-ith " 15th " 1st May, Ist " Ooth April, 1st May, 1st April, 1st May, ISth April, 1st " Ist May, Ist " 20ih April, 1st May, Ist " 15th " 30th April, ilDth November. 15th " 10th Ist " 20th " 16th " 1 5th " 15th 20th " 10th " l.-ith " 1,5th " 10th lOili 25th " 15th " 1st 15th " 15th Ijth October.* 15th November, l.-.th " Average latest Ploughing, .... iTtli November. Average earliest Sowing, .... 21st April. *NoTE. — lam informed that thif early date cannot mean that Mr. Baldwin at this period was stepped by the frost, but that he had then finished all the ploughing he himself intended to perform. I ha'-e allowed these and other early dates to stand, however, as they cannot have any great influence upon the averages I have drawn, and because T wish on all occasions, if possible, to err on the safe side — rather to apnear to have a little shortened, if I mistake iil all, than to deceive any one by lengthening the duration of summer. If v»e suppose the year to cousist only of a Summer and a ^^' inter, and that the length of the Summer is very nearly repre-enteJ bv the interval between the earliest sowing and the latest reaping, we obtain from the preceding Table the following data and deductions: 1st. K»rliest wowing in the Province, 17th March. Late.st ])io.ughiMg in the Province, 1st Dec. Longest Summer from these data — 8 n nths & 1 4 days. 2nd. Latest early sowing, 15th May. Karlicst late ploughing, Ist Nov. Shortest Summer from these data— 5 months & 15 days. 3rd. Mean, length of the Summer from these two re«ulfs — 6 months and 22 day^ 4th. Average interval between the earliest sowing and lates' doughing — or mean length of Summer — deduced by jmbining all the returns in the preceding- Table — 6 months and 22 days. This nur?ber being identical with that deduced from the extrjme,* only, may be considered as ■* very near approximation to the general or avi^rage length of the Summer in New Brunswick. It of course varies in different Counties to an extent which may in some measure be learned from the returns contained in the Table, but these variations do not afl'ect anr ; eneral considerations which are intended to embrace uf. whole Province. The tillage of the h ud, and the growth oJ the crops therefore, in this part of the world, must be all accom- plished in an average period of 6 months and 20 days. Of t..i.. period, the growth of the wheat and the crops of spring corn requires au average period of three months and seventeen (lays. Tbis appears from the following Ta')le ; — 8 9> 9( 9] 9S 95 or i«- d, 4. 8- )- t I- r 8 40 Professor Johnston' 8 Report on the if ^ • u >• 3$ tie e S 1 2 « • • • 2> VI m ■ bag ef 2g J- .I" t 5, T a 1 a^i-o • g, < B o a_, 2 5^ .3 . S : : S- a. CO 01 So «g 1 ^ S s r? -"02 i 5 »5S 1 ■s 4 I. s, f •« ■S 1 c ■5. s 2S22o :SiS S-S"** « ¥ ' 3 3 3 3-< 5" g=^- 3 • • a. bo «, 3 2§^si|-s||2 ^y)^ (»D^«« (Xtf^ spa. ^' 1 , 2 S _ S 2|«S w ©««'■« •§§ :2|2w-g2^-§2'»-^ :|| X ^ ^ 60 g<< 60 » ^ 4 '« < e >oo --- I*' g -^ sssfa :|25j«-*|r2 ir S « s 2 2 2-§2 - ill < 2 S- 1 ^^ -« 2 2 x-SS 3£t-a .2 art- a- fe-aos - S* 2-2 2«|2Sr2 2-§'§2 2': :«2 SriT -=^rs 2!- 11 '^ 2 « la _ 3 3 0°^ : :S>2S :§2S':i&2-, « >■ c-3 a 3- 3 Iff is- •js "^ * 2 3 «>. ::::i::a:| It s 2 - «, ' is- B » r II e 1 X Ml B °3. 1 : :Sg-Sg'g'2g)Sa2|o2 §^g'-«<2<|^g^2 M, M g, c« bl; ii \ bo« 3 3 r 3 'J'^ii-2 jflsl-i^wS SsaS- a 0.2 2-* 2*^2 S22 2 2-sr '•' < '^0 00 S&-1-2I si SSS?2^22=- ^222-2x22g : mo ^» Sx2-S2 2 "^^^ :2^2 5-2-'-§-Sr'§ =2^« 2 -« weo-^io^ot^oooio-HO^ ^tp S:si S §5S ^S S?5S^M§5?l?SJSSi§?o5^^: • ■?^5S5SSS&Sg n4 c • B a ■< E 3 9 i > • • • • • Is- 1 1 1 - • • • • -■:... , • •■ '- .J •■-••• -iM-- • • f 1 < A • • • ... • • • ■ • * I •8 • • : J! -"-a a a ^ S ll 8 1 If o Li a> A' SS B S » a — a. n, :3 bo s 2 So a< •n 3 V a o 3"0 00 a. j> - 3 -OS-O f fco'-n 3 i s :*•§ a •s J! o "&> 4S •5 S >. (ii *&> .8 ? i I « §> 8 .6 AgVKultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 4\ Pi •-««« ^ UVtOt-WOO — (N TjltOf^O S — ffJM»fintO00aiO--'NM«f i^sfit-© — 91t to* 0»© — M 'f ift l--» IN '^^ I — i -< — — » — -« IN IN(N'NgllNg»'N'NfrlWWWC0c6www ^ ^y ^ ■^ ^ H* ■ TiQiQiAininiSia o a H < I <> S e ■M O *J •-> • ^ ^3 Ii ta •• .2 % — O Oeod o o • 5 J3 "2 • "^ II S-£?s % 9 O T3 O 01 J a b -a '^ « 3 .S'c * K O s «§! Bz: 11 E B ^(2 ■Sfe Si - a 'C 5 B S c" -5 5s ii a Br j5 a> Q = i-o B (2 (2 <9 S -I u .S B = a B - (/) E 111 = := SS a J M ^ o t: = ■*■?. ^ J B-O'-'bc-S'* "-» P "^ •-! 1 "^ •I i 3 a (N-< ' eg a :S OO o •Jz; •I* • o o ■I ■I :3 ■ft 3>oo B E — 33 o in 2 2||S £o=So — m i^B 3 3 O -2 a"" 3 ►1 t-- ■3 .§|3 -^^-^ a 3 ■-» s o = •2- v.- a *■-» S O o, n u O 6C =' s =* 23S (N — S ex« a a . CL,a ■sS ^. i-us 2 a a *-< 532SS>o >, •" a 01 a a o CI a 3 o o CI-"H 4, « «J C 3 a a 3 3 3 r<,i-» a-o o o -S a o *' *'«^ a a a a as ; & 37 o (O .§S§2 01 cn -2 ^=5 Ol r* Mm 3 n, ^ I" -^c» a, 0) ' M S oi 01 CO ■ s CO e CI a eo o« O -HO ''>o3-hP a a a a" "^•-' < X :i< u 00 V) u Ol 3 ag-S ^tn" oT to CO >n .0 >n a- • o 00 57 01 50 CO -2 " V a 3- ►?<= • K, >. '3 >. «5 a —J * ►.S (nS S a . t..l» m ^•> a a g «»-|"2 2o22a2s— «2-3 3 fro, coS-wcocoo, «> f^co'-Wco ^•'•'co *" CO 01 Ol 01 .IM g-; o Bi © ^. -' g '^'■3 2'2 o<»S""« © ujoio 2 g^-. §2 3 «- g;) ^ «t ^ in M ©©oe a _ Q 3 3 3 3 B §3^232333 5-, ,__^ 0> 2»^:;g21s •« -S^jiS •S§g232S3a >-» >-» >-» 3 >-> a a a a a ^ - SSSS"S *; :9( f 9) 95 9£ 93 or »- 1- r ■ 42 Professor Johnston's Report on the i a From tliis Table wc di'Jdcc for the incfin perioil of growth of — IHt. ypiitijf WlicHt, S.M. Hiiilfv, 3.1. Oaty, 4tli Spfiiig Rvp, 5ili. Huckwlieat, tall. Indian Corn, ntli8. 1>RVII 3 20 3 6 3 20 4 3 32 3 17 Average period ot'jj'iiwih, l>iil my limits ])('rinil, 1 luiitlit alvcit to several in teri'stiu}'' points wliioh are eillier broujjlit ont or snj; {rented Ijy a cimsideratiuii of the d.ifes embodied in ti»e>e two tables, and wbicb iorm a valuable record of the existing eliinatie eonditions of the Provinee, in so far as th y affect some of the most important operations ol the farmer. liut returnin|jr to our immediate topic, we have — The nverajfe duration of Snmnier, The average period ot prowlh ol crops ) from the above Tnlil.', J Months, f) Leaving tor the spring and autumn plough- > before seed time and alter reaping, j Da vs. 22 17 ing, &e If we examine* the second of the above Tables, we find that the corn crops are reai)cd between the «((tb Aiipnst ai. "ue end of Sej)temher. Some ol the re- tnrns f.'ive n I i. te tlian the )li\\i\ of October, and that is for Indi. n; but the average latest pbuisfh- ing deduced froni able XXX. is ou the 21st of No- vember, leavintf about seven weeks dear 'Or autumn j)longbiiitj before (he winter sets in. lu Spring, there- fore, before the average sowing titO' , there will be about six weeks, riiTinK which ploughing and othei prepar.iiory treatment ol the land can be carried on. It must be confessed that these periods are short oompiired with the leiiijth of time (or out- door bibnur wbicb the English and more soethern Scottish farmers possess. 'J"lie effect of this, if other things were all equal, would be to impose upon the New Urunsvvick farmer tlu aecessity ol employing a larger force of men and cattle lo perform the work of a farm of equal extent than the British farmer needs to do. If this be so, the effect must be to increase the comparative outlay ol the New Brunswick cultivator, and to diminish in a proportionate degree his profits. Two points, however, have been brouy:ht under my notice as in some measure palliating or countervailing any evil which may arise from this cause ; thus— 1st. The number of days during which rain impedes the operations of the British farmer is notoriously very great. In some ('ounties, which poss'ss soils of a peculiarly tenacious character, it brings in anotV.rrevil in addition to that which attends the New Brunswick winter. It not only shortens the period during whidi the work of preparing the land can be done, but it also makes it heavier or more difficult to do. Thus the farmer's expenses in (treat Britain are considerably increased by the precarious nature of the climate ht lives in. But in New Brunswick the climate is more steads and equable. Rains do not so constantly tali, and when they do descend, the soils in most parts ol the Province are so porous as readily to allow them to pass through Thus the out-door operations of the fanner are lesr impeded by rain, and the disposable time he possesses, compared with that of the British farmer, is really not to be measured by the number of days at the disposa of each. The following Table represents the number of rain\ days in the several months of the year (or five years, as observed by Mr. Peter Dewar, .it Gardner's Creek, in the County of Saint John:^ X X X I T. Number of rnitvi dnys. Months. January, February, Match, April. May, June, July, August, September, October, .Vdveniber, December, Total lainy days, .\o. of snowy davs. IH46. I84(i. 1847. 1848. 1849. 2 1 ^ ^ 5 3 5 • ■ 1 3 , , 4 8 1 2 (i 2 3 6 4 5 10 s 4 7 6 / 10 12 9 5 15 9 7 9 4 7 5 9 9 6 y 4 10 11 6 7 (5 6 12 8 10 5 5 G ? 6 •• 9 9 ? 81 5<) 70 86 ? 42 33 45 35 20 Mean. 2 l-S 1 4-i> 4 1-5 4 7 8 3-5 8 4-3 7 l-.'i 8 7 4-5 NoTK. — Mr. Jardine of i'aint John inlorms me, that on consulting liis Farm Book, , e finds that in 1844 there were •272 dry days, 67 >vi»t, and 26 snowy. I am informed that in the County of Saint John, where the Register was kept from which the above Ta- ble was compiled, more rain falls than is usual through- out the Province; but assuming the above to be a fair average of the rainy days, we have in the montii of April and .May, in which the Spring jiloughing and siuving has to be performed, only eleven rainy days to interrupt the farmer's operations Again, »n October and November, when the Fall ploughing has to he )erf'ormed, there are about two weeks of rainy days. Supposing therefore that every one nf these rainy day« « stormy enough to arrest out-door operations, which I imagine cannot he the case, there remain of dry ploughing lime in Si)ring upwards of live weeks, and in Autumn a clear month. With a single pair of horses, an industrious man will plough, sow and harrow many acres of land during these tuo periods.' * As an additional illustration of the climate of New Bruns- wick, though not bearing immediately upon the point discuss- ed in the text, I insert the following Table sent to me by Mr. Samuel Mahood,of Queen's County. It shows especially how many bright days there are in the year in this Colony, on which clearness of the sky, the rapid growth of the crops, and the falls of heavy dews at night, ve.ry much depend : — XXXIII. No. of No. of No ot 1848. stormy cloudy clear Greatest heat. Greatest cold. days. days. days. Januarv, 4 5 22 ,, XA-" below February, 10 5 13 6 below March, 7 4 a ., down to April, 5 4 21 .. 20 May, 7 8 16 .. .June, 11 4 15 110" in sun. July, 9 3 19 116 in sun. August, 9 4 18 122 in sun. September, •i? 6 11 58 in shade. October, 2 15 November, 8 1 21 December, 7 5 19 10 below Total, 104 51 192 1849. Jaiiuary, 3 5 23 .. 20" below February, 5 7 16 .. 6 below March, 8 3 20 46" in shade. April, 6 4 20 • • 20 May, 6 4 21 100 June, 3 9 18 122 in Bun. 100 in shade. July, 5 a 24 124 in Bun. 100 in shade. August, 5 5 21 123 exposed. September, 6 6 18 . __ 's Creek, in 1849. Meni), 3 2 1-5 ,, 1 4-i5 6 4 1-5 4 6 7 5 8 3-5 4 8 4-3 6 7 IS 6 8 8 7 4-5 ? 7 7 7 20 7 I me, that on 44 there were Saint John, le above Ta- ual tbrony:h- j to be a fair \\e month of )ughiiig and ■niiiy days to , in October ^ bas to be rainy days. >e rainy day« itions, wbidh main of dry ' weeks, and ! York, and of the Jirsl full of Snow in Maine, fur the last 25 years. Winters. »825.. 1826.. 1827.. !828.. 1829.. 1831).. 1831.. 1832.. 1833.. 1834.. 1835.. 1836.. 1837.. 1838.. 1839.. 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. Average dales. Average open water. Closing ot the Saint John. Nov. <( Dec Nov. •< Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. 20, 14, 3, 19. 15, 29, 1, 15, 5, 17, 23, 19, 9, 25, 23, 23, 27, 22, 14, 27. 4, 28, 16, 18. 2, Nov. 16, 218 davs. C■U^lllg 01 the Erie Cunal. << << Dec. 5, " 18, •' 18, '« 20, " 17, 17, I, 21, 12, 12, Nov 30, «« 26, Dec. 9, Nov. 25, Dec. 16, " 3, Nov. 29, '« 23, Dec. 1, Nov. 26, " 29, " 28, Dec. 21, " 9, «• 5, Dec. 7, 240 davs. Kiist snow in Maine. ■ < <( Nov. 16, J4, 7. 12, 8, 26, " 22, " 7, " 20, Oct. 20, " II, Nov. 12, Oct. 13. " 14. '* 3 Nov. 26! Oct. 9, Nov. 8, " «, '■ 30. Oct. 30, Nov. 30, Oct. 14, Nov. 9, Nov. 4. This Table shows that the fell Winter's frost sets ii a* Fredericton, on an average of 25 years, on the I6tl November ; and at Albany in New York, on the 7tl December. This would indicate a difference in tin length of Winter in the two countries of 21 days, sup posing the Spring to be equally early in both. I'he average number of days during which the River Saint .John and the New York Canals have been open during the last 25 years respectively, are— "Saint .lohn River is open 218 days. New York Canals, 240 Difference, 22 days. This indicates a difference in the length of the Win- ter in the two countries of 22 days, which i,* almo.«t identical with the difference deduced from the p^'iod of closi'.ig the canals. Thus iwo facts follow from the numbers in the Tables— 1st. That the Winter in Western New York is 22 days shorter than in New Brunswick : 2d. That this shortness consists in the addition of 21 days to the open weather of the Fall, and only one day to the open weather of Spring. It appears therefore, for his Spring operations, the New York farmer has only one day's ndvantiiu^e over the New Brunswick larmer, vvliili' he has 21 days longer time to labour liis land in the Autumn. But two |)oints ol importance will more or less affect the advantage he will derive fioui this greater length of Summer; these are — 1st. The period which elapses on an average between ■iowing (lud reaping, ^^r the time which his crops take ro grow. Upon this point 1 am in possession of no data ; but if this time be longer in New V ork, it will lessen in a proportionate degree the time which will remain for ploughing and preparing the land in the Fall. 2d. The number of rainy days which occur during the Fall, in comparison with New Brunswick, and in the months of April and May when the Spring work is performed ; — 'ihese were, for Rochester and New Y'ork, and for "^aint .lohn, in New Brunswick, in 1848— XXXV. Rochestei. N. Yorl<, St. John. April, 6 t> 4 Mav, 15 15 7 September, 1.3 8 11 October, 1.3 1> 12 November, 4 7 *J 51 45 40 If we were entitled to consider these as averages. v*'hich of course we cannot safely . Only one ies the actual but this one, great, that a pair of horses in this climate will he able to do asmui'h ploughing in a year as thi-y could in Scotland in the same time. B. Its effects on grass land are often unfavourable. 3. Very injurious to the grass when bare or covered with ice.— David Muwatt, Charlotte. 5. The effects upon the soil by the lung winters are very in- jurious to farming, as the roots of the grasses are affected, and winter grains cannot be used in consequence. — John Mann, Jr., Charlotte. 6. The soil being generally light the meadow land sufTerti materially by the frost heaving up the roots ot the grasses, par- ticularly when recently laid down, but the difficulty is obviated in a great measure by early rolling in the spring. — John Far- mer, Charlotte. 9. The soil gets extremely cold and damp, and where standi* it gets winter killed some times. — Howard U. Charters, Westmorland, lU. What is called mild winters, with frequent rains, or if the snow covers the ground before it is sufficiently frozen, hu» B bad effect. — Robt. B. Chapman, Westmorland. 16. On lands where the surface water is allowed to remain, the action of the frost on the grass roots is injuriouH, and nut unfrequently destroys the crop or materially weakens it. — Joseph Avard, Westmorland. 19. The long winter is very injurious to the country. I am of opinion the hard freezing and the heavy rains reduce the strength from the soil.— Henry Hayward, King's. 20. On the meadows it tend? to kill thn grass roots, and make the land too cold, causiing them to run to moss. If we have frequent thaws, taking away the snow in 48 huijrs, and then freezing hard before another fall, which is too often the case of late years, this proves very detrimental to the land, and all kinds of labour and travelling. — Thos. Beer, King's. 20} If the ground is but partially covered, in dry hard wea- ther the fine parts of the soil drifts off into hollows and ravines. — Andrew Alton, King's. 24. One fortnight without snow on the land in winter has an injurious effect. — Daniel S, Smith, Queen's. 28. The intense frost during the winter leaves the soil in spring in a loose spungy state, so much so, that much of the nutritive substances contained are .ubjpct to be washed away by incessant rains and the water produced b^ melted snow'; and frequently, if any rain falls during the winter, it is imme diately frozen and becomes solid ice on the surface, which generally has a tendency to pioduce what is called winter killing, viz. the grass is so much injured that it must be bro ken up before the land can again produce grass. — William Reed, Queen's. 29. It generally kills the roots of the grass and washes the ploughed land.— Wm. Pindar, Queen's. 31. On high hilly lands it aAecls the grass roots and injure* the soil. — Robert Smyth, Queen's. 32. With alternate freezing and thawing, particularly ol clayey soils, it injures the gra^s land and wiuier grain. — C. L. Hatheway, Sunbury. 33. If we have frequent thaws, and frost immediately after, it injures our meadows and pasture lands. — Nathaniel Hub bard, Sunbury. 2(5. We sometimes have a very changeable winter, which if very injurious to our grass lands, by the heavy thaws and rain taking the snow off them and leaving them exposed to the action of the frost, which coming immediately after the thaw, when the land is very wet, expands the ground so much asi to throw the grass routs out of their places and leave a great part of them exposed to the air ; if we have another thaw it washes so much of the earth from the rojts of the giass that the^ have nothing left to draw the frost out of them in the tpiing, and being exposed to the sun and air are generally killed.— Fdward Simonds, York. 40. Our long winters are the most serious drawback to the farmer, but they have no serious effect on the soil provided the snow falls in November and remains on till some time in April. 1 he want of snow to protect the grass or winter crops of grain has often proved injurious. Heavy rain in the wiiitei followed by hard frosts, often kill the young clover, which h always followed by a lighter crop of hay on the higher ground. —William Wilmot, York. 44. The hard frost injures the grass on clay lands, as it heaves the grass up and exposes it to the atmosphere, and causes it to be weakly, but does not injure the diy land so much. — Israel Parent, York. 47. The effect of the long winter is very injurious to the grass. — James L. Pickett, Carleton. 61. The winter sometimes operate* unfavjurably on the meadow lands, killing the clover roots.— Willioin Wulliice, Albert. 53. The effect which frost and snow may haveorgnnically on the soil 1 know not, nor what effect " the rest from its la- bours" may produce ; but I think the water which penetraten It ill the loring, when the greut body of snow melts, chilling and retarding vegetation, is injurious.— Jo?eph C. Wheteii, Kent. 58. Without snow the frost is apt to kill the grass roots.— Henry W. Baldwin, Gloucester, The substance of the evils prodnct-d upon grass liind, as above expressed, are — That when the (winter is changeabk , so that a thaw conies on and fills the ground v»ith water, which freezes afterwards, or when the i^round, before being covere() with snow, is subjected to a severe (rost, the grass in old pastures and meadows, and the clover in artificial grass fields, is liable to be thrown out and winter killed,— that for the 8;nne reason winter grain cannot be sown, — that this effect is less on dry and light lands than on such as are wet or heavy, iiid that early spring roll; g very much remedies the evil in grasslands, — that when uncovered, the fine soil is sometimes t ifted before the winds in winter, — that the melting of the snows in spring occasionally chills the soils, onuses them to run to moss, and sometimes washes them and fliminishes their strength. The evils complained of here, except the last, which is doubtful, are experienced by New HruiiswicK in com- mon with all the northern piirts of America. They are only occasional, however, and incidental, and to a cer- tain degree can be prevented. The inability to grow winter grain is not unfrequent in some parts of Scotland, owing to a similar action of the frost, and the winter killinjt of the clover is very generally complained ol both in lCi.!ii fut iliiwii, iiH I iiiiderstiiiJ '\% ver^lnoiirihhiuv:;! of atoukt The urop« of hiiy are iint Com- KuiuTully thu CUM-, tlit'ii plHiitiitioiiH Htiuuld l)e niiiile Lliiiiied ul' where the Innil in propfrly trented, hut tho iicrortM tla- oourso (if tliu pruvuiliiig or must iiijufiouHluii^ winter of) i inonths, duriii(( wliich all animals niUKt H'iiid«. It «vill surprise perxiiit* wli" have no tfX|)frieni'e l)i' kept in tiic Iuiiihc, iniikuA the New IJrunrtwick r«rmer uniihh), witli the tiame qiiantilyoMiay or otiier food, to ax to tiie ellcrt ol' such fht-lter, to see how very much (rood i« produced l)y it. Not only art? ihi; stock kept warm, \vliic!i (ced in pU'tun-.* fn prwick farmer is subject to this evil hut to the sweep of tin- wind Cl>nliM^: down a wide val- ley, tlic jrraHs upon which, for pasture, wa« rained from .'is. to 40h. an acre of yearly rent, solely hy tlie planting of hells of trees so as to turn ofT the prevailing winds. Whoever travels ihroug"!! New Uriinswick \ 'II every now and then Come to spoU wln-re a veiy little |)revions experience will enahle him to perceive the evil eoiise- rjuencesof an ignorance or disregard of the importance of shelter in a country like this. I may instance as a striking .'ase tlie I'arisli of New Uandon, along the coasts of the liaV (d' ('halear, where the cleared laud extends in a narrow naked Stripe, skirted on the one side hy the sea, and on the other hy theorigiinil forest. All the force of Uie sea winds heats upon the unhappy fields, crops, cattle and iiihahitants, rendering tlie tiatnral riciii"'ss for which tho soil of the district is re- iiiarkahle, of much less avail to its storin- tormented culti>utOrs. I'his want of shelter from the sen is one reason why the second range of lots is talked of as belter thiin those ipu the sliore, and which has introdiiceil a mode Ol speech Oiiniinon along this coast, that one siluaiitoi, or farm is so many pea-jackets wanner than aiidther. Sin;I> slu'lteras I nccv recommend could, in a country like this, wliere land is still !ibnndaMt attd cheap, and wliere youiiif trees ci'i easly be made to fiTow, he very readily established. Its benefits would be that it Wimld protect the land from the fierce winds, and prevent the j.'rass and clover from l>eiiig winter killeil ; it would assuage the severity of the winter both tn the stock and to their m.-sters, and it mi}<' t ultimately, upon dry lands, riSt'^re the ability of yuug winter vvlieat. The new si'ttler knows that in his tirst cle ired field, while still surriHinded hy wooil. winter wlieat grows well, and tliat its ability to do so detreases as tlie natural shelter is cleared awaj'. On the wlidie, I think we innst allow that tlioujjh the period for out-door labour is shorter in New Brunswick ' — as it is in the Canadas, .Maine, and in the Northern ^'rates — than in Ruj;land, or in parts of Scotland, yel tliaf ilie actiiin ol winter iipioi thi* Sidl is such as ma- te i.iijy to lessen the labour nece,«>iary to bring it in U< a proper state of tilth; and thon|.'h we may not go so far as .Mr. Gray in rej^jard to the comparative aniount (d" Work which a pair of horses under proper manage moot may be made to ))^'r('orm nuriiij,' the more brie! suinnier, yet we may, I think, fairly conclude that there is iiotliing in the length of the winter which oiiirlit — wliere time is diliigently employed, and its vnliw i.i knotni — seriously to interfere with the progress of out-door operations, or niateritlly to add to the expenses of arable cultivation. :2nd. .//.v to ihi: ru'tcnl to which th'- If^inter inlerftres tcith and diiniiiishcs t/ic fhr/mi's /jroji's. We have seen that the harvests of New Brunswick are not lo be comp'ained of; th.it in comparison with iitiier parts of N'.irth Anierici, they are large. This secures ;i snflieient .supply of hiinian food, hut may not m ilxB equally sure ih.>t which i< re(jiiired for the healthy in cinnmon with tlie other parts of northern America; that howsoever he may complain, there is no ]K)Ms)hility of shortening tho period during which his stock mu8t be fed in the house ; that his only resource is to adopt his system of husbandry so us to raise the largest pos- sible amount of fooil for his stock from the smallest breadth of land; and lastly, that the very climate he com]ilains of affords him some special facilities for doiii(f so. 'I'o these latter points it will be most useful in this ]ilacc to draw Your Kxcellency's attention. I'iist, v\s to the growth of hay, upon which all kinds of stock have hitherto been fed almost exclusively, the practice of mowing the grass I ind year after year, for fen or twelve cr even twenty yi?ars in succession, is a sure way of not only exhausting ihe land, and finally of making it iniich more expensive to cultivate, but aUo «if making it necessary to devote a much larger portion of the cleared surliice to the proiluctioii of food for the cattle, than under more reasoiiable management would be required. Let the fanner cense to cut his grass so frequently from the same fields witho; t giving them an}' manure, and he will reap more from each when he does cut them. When the grain crop '\a reaped tho land should nlways he sown down with grass seed instead of being left as it so frequently is in some dis- tricts, to cover itself with any wild grasses or weeds that choose to spring up ; and where the presence of stumps upon new land jireveuts its being ploughed, alter two or three years, let it be pastured only till the roots can be taken U|), or let it be top dressed with manure to some extent, so long as it must be cut tor hay. 'J his top dressing might easily be affected on new land, if the manure which is of necessity made, but which by new sett'ers is so generally neglected and al- lowed to run to waste, were Carefully collected and spread over the grass land in early spring. 1 he ease with which first crops are raised by new settlers from burned land, ivithout any manure, and the practice of clearing and taking the corn crojis off a fresh portion every year, has led to this waste of manure, and to the starved crojis of hay which so much of the cleared land now yields. This custom of neglecting the hay land ought now to be given up by every settler, new and old, and after two years cutting at the most, except where it is very rank, tliev ought to be ploughed up and cro])ped pfter being m.mured, or where the stumps still remain and the land cannot be ploughed, it should be top dressed in the spring when the young grass begiuM to spnnit.* riins larger crops of hav .»-ould be universally obtained, and a smaller jiortiim ol the cleared surface of the Province be t;iken up in the feeding of its st(n'k. Second. I5ut another equally important step in this lirection, which it is the duty of the New Brunswick * The fir?t rropj of grass gniwii among the stua>ps, are upon much ot the hanl wuihI laiul so raiil, m to loilge and scarcely Co ttdmitui hein^ciil ; upon siicji IhikI iiiaioire iiped not be laid until tlie grass begins lo lessen in (|'iaiitily, but it ought never- ilieless lo lie saved up turuilier land. rariuer to ti greater abu laud, than 1 niid it is he to which I given in a liotatoos an present avi North Ami quantity of tiinony bori Province, i fo.it crops r to give anil liy which I lirought ah( " renders it jiloughiiigs 'I'his ada] «oil to prod larther in I ng winters have a Irud ert'eclon slock, as it requires much care, attention nud experience lo keep them in good con- dition. — llobc^rt li, Chapinuii, WeHimorland. 11. Xo Iiiirni with proper care. — H. D. C. Weldon, West- morland. Vi. Long and cold winiers are unfavourable to stock. — Wm. Crane, Westmorland. H. The stock freiiueiitly become poor during the long winter. — .John Trenholm, WeMnKrrlniiil. 17. .Stock if well led and warmly housed sutt'er no deteriora- tion. — George Oily, Iving's. Iri. T!ie siock oi'iieal catilo do not thrive bo well, particularly cows. — A. C. Evanson, King's. 10. The long winters hurt, the growth of stock, and without the greatest attention they get reduced. — H, Hayward, King's. 20. The stock do not sullcr as muuli as might be expected ; if warmly housed anil well led they arc subject to few diseases. — Thomas Heer, King's. 2I)J If judiciously fed nnd well housed, in better condition than wlien put up. — Andrew Ait\ ■Hila ProJ'tsmr Johnston's livporl on the 18 T}Tt. Tlir wintrr-^ iirc lint iiijiiriniiH to ktock of any (li!i«ri|>ti(iti whnn comrorlnlilv hotinivl, nilicr frmii tlii'ir length or »vviTily, — .faint-s Cnif, NortliinnlH'rliinil. A8. Lon){ iinii Huvi^ru winlum urc lioubtltnttryina u|Hm rattlo, 1111(1 if not Wfll lioiinril iiml [Lttuiiiltul to, reJuou their itrcMigth auJ wfi(,'lil| Init nre Hfliioni fiitiil. — II. W. Huldwin, Olouct'itor. O'J. On ntocli it in n lii'iit f'i'il out in tiiu opvn air, with an open iiouir or ilieJ fur tlinni to enter at pluaituru. — UugnUl Btcwart, llctti- ({ouclie. 'I'liHH*! o|)inioiif) ore ncnrly nil favourable to ttio cli- iiinle oftlie I'roviiire hm flttvil for tlif reiiriii|{uml ffodiiig ofonttle. W'itli proper cnr«! tln-y not only winter well nnd (rniii i>i/o mid flenh, hut n<'(;ordiii(( to Mr. Mac< inucliliiii tliey winterndinirahly ; miil ntT.orditig to Mr. Dugiild Slewiirt, the clitniite of IU'sti|j;ouelie. tlie most northerly part of the Province, is less severe upon sttick than that of (treat Britain. A pro|)er degree of warmth, however, good housing and good feeding, are necessary to the health and im- provement of the rattle; and upon these points much ulterution may be made for the better in the ordinary prnotiee of the (.'olony. It is (leknowledged nt present by chemical physiolo- gi.its that warinth is equivalent to u certain |iiirtioii ol food — that an animal which is exposed to more cold will eat more — and that tme that is better housed and warmer kept will eat less. To keep an animal comfortable therefore is to save food, and this alone ought to be n sufficient inducement, where a scarcity of wluter food is complained of. In my tour through the Province I have frequently observed how little attention appeared to be paid to the proper housing of the stock. Wide chinks between the boards or logs, of whiuh the cattle houses or barm- are built, or large openings about their feet, too often admit currents ot cold air in the winter season. The most of the prevailing winds also find their way through the walls, and the comtort of the cattle is thuscontinu ally liable to be disturbed, the chance of their thriving interfered with, and their consumption of food increased, Those who allow such a state of their cattle houses to continue, unjusily blame the winder for what arises from their own want of care. One of the opinions regarding the winter, which 1 have inserted above, makes it a matter of compluini that much care, attention and experience are required to keep cattle in condition while the winter lasts ; thi is no doubt true, but the same qualifications are neces sary to success in any other branch of husbandry ; and he who is unwilling to bestow all he po«ses8se8 ol them npon the business in which he is engaged, may happen to thrive, yet scarcely deserves to prosper. Again, the winter feeding in the Colony is generally very much in the ttondition in which it was over a large part of Scotland some sixty years ago. To keep his stock alive was then the chief atnbition of the Scottish farmer during the winter mouths, and he trusted to the tiourishiiig grass of spring and summer to make up for the starving system of the colder part of the year. Such is very much the prai^tice now in many parts of New Brunswick, but it stunts the cattle in their growth, and even in a mouey point of view is a false economy. The working ox, when spring arrives, has not sufficient strength to do all the work which the urgency of the season requires ; while the animal which is sold for Leef has so small a weight of muscle and fat, comparnd with that of its bones, and the qualify of the meat i? so iaferior, that it is comparatively worthless i'l the market 'I'hus nut only douH reason prescribe, but the profit >f farming in the Colony requireH— not that the winter should be blamed, froi which no good can come — but that proper ineaus should be taken for keeping cattle warm, and feeding them better than has hitherto been generally done. Again, the impossibility of employing paid labour — the labour of hired servants that is — economiculiy dur- ing the winter months, is alleged by some us a draw- back to the profitrt of farming in New Brunswick, riiis is u question which experience only can deter- miue ; and from all I ha .» been al.le to leurn, expe- rience ill nut so decidedly or generally ngaiuitt the pro- dtable employment of agricultural labourers in winter as to Justify a stranger in at ontre adopting this opinion. The usual work of the liirmer and his male assistants in the winter, is thrashing corn, carrying produce to mill and market, tending cattle and pigs, preparing rtificial foot! lor them, where this is done ; collecting inarch, sea, mussel and bug mud ; dressing Hax and lemp; cutting down and clearing new land ; cutting, iplitting, and hauling wood for fires and fences ; aud upon stony land, hauliog the stones that have been previously piled up for the making of fences. These are purely rural operations. Besides these they are often employed in making shingles, and getting logs far making sawn lumber ; in hauling provisions lor the umberers ; iii hauling ship timber, spruce logs, cord wood, lath wood, handspikes, staves, and other small wood, to market. In the present condition of the Province an indus- trious farmer, I am told, will always find somolhiug to do ; and those who do all they can in winter are always must ready with every thing which is necessary to en- iible them to take the greatest possible advantage of the first departure of winter in preparing their land, and getting in their seed. At the same time, in the employment of farm ser- vants, a more careful attentiou to the collecting of manure, and to the feeding of stock, would in many localities afford the means of turning their labour to subsequent profit more efTectually than is now dune. The collecting of marsh mud. buy mud, mussel mud, and bog stuff, for the preparation of composts, might very profitably engage the attention of the farmer in ^'arious parts of the Province, Uiore than it has ever hitherto done. More time miglit also be advantageouly now done, mussel mud, [lostH, might le faimtr in it hnB ever vantnguouly tlie manure In fact, the al neglect ol large share among the in, and how )l husbandry luled in win- he bog stuff ed great im- which the not be even in them any stuck 1 Rbail >rt, only ob- and feeding ir and in the yet found to m the oldttr n every farm s, as 1 shall hffpafter more particularly rxplaiii ; but very much aluo, because of the einployiii<>iit it given to the mem- bcra of the farmer h family when outdoor labour ix unsuitable. The sane mav be said of hemp, to the growth of which some pares of the I'rovince are apecinlly ndnpted, becouiff of the rank rHiiidity with which vegetation proceeds upon them. Wool combing iit nUo a winter employment to a certain extent — to an extent in liicl which will every year become greater, if tlie alleged adaptation of the climate to the rearing of sheep b«' properly taken advantage of. The prepared wool, like the dressed flax, will afford new employment to the females of the hoasehold, in spinning and in weaving those domestic fabrics, the production and use of which, in the present state of the Province, it is so desirable to encourage. I might have considered the special question of em ployment in winter, to be included in the more general one, whether paid labour can bo employed at all to « frofit in agricultural operations in this Province, which propose to discass in the following Chapter. The profitable application of labour in winter, however, though it has much in common with the general ques- tion, is in some respects a different inquiry, and not undeserving of the brief consideration I have given it. The substance of the reasonable results, to which this review of the relations of the New I3rHU8wick nli mate to the operations and profits of the farmer leads, inav be expressed in this summary : — fst. That the length of winter limits very much the period for out-door operations ; but that it also opens and makes friable the soil to such a degree, that the same labour of horse or man expended upon it, goes much farther than in the mother country; and that the num ber of dry working days is also greater in proportion than it is in Great Britain and Ireland. That the rapidity with which crops comes to maturity, leaves a considerable period for ploughing and other out-door work, both before the seed is sown and after the crops are reaped ; and that by diligent attention and method, and by the use of animals which have a quick step, and of workmen who know the value of time, much more land might be kept in arable culture with the same force than is now done. 2nd. That though a large provision of winter food is required to maintain the stock during so many months, yet, that by the saving of manure upon farms of all kind*, even the newest, and applying it to the grass and ill spring, and by the more extended cultivation of ■^Twn crops, this food may be raised more eaiily than lieretdfore, and from n .nuch smaller proportion of the cleared land of the farm. From this would be derived iiUo the incidental iidvantnge, that a better feeding of (he stock and the production of more manure would insure the production of better beef and mutton, of a greater weight of buttt^r und cheeHc, and of heavier liarvests of grain. 3rd. 'i'hat although to many it appears difficult to find profitable employment in winter for the members of tlie farmer's family, or fur his paid survants, yet that more profit than is generally supputied may be derived from labour expended in the collection and saving of manure, iu the preparation of cumpo«ts, and in the proper tending of cattle, especially in the proper adjust- ment in time, kind, quantity and mode of preparation of the food with which they are fed. Tlie dressing ol flax, hemp and wool, also are means of winter einplov- inent, one or other of which in rao»t districts may be made profitably available. This summary of the questiou ought to be satisfactory at least to the New ilruiiHwick tanner, tlow far it is fitted to induce others to settle in the Province, is not or me to decide; but for those who are here, or who come to settle, the trtie course is not to hunt up causes of complaint, which can always and every where be abundantly found, but to inquire how the existing con- dition of tilings, in respect of soil and climate, can be most skilfully met and turned to the greatest profit. Now whatever evils in connection with the climate of this Colony may ultimately be insurmountable by the farmer, it is quite clear, 1 think, that the climate at present is blamed by many for what 'u only the result of their own ignorance or want of care ; and tliat by more skill and attention, the winter months might in nearly all cases be more profitably employed than they have hitherto been. As an addition to the materials I have above inserted in regard to the climate of New Brunswick, I append the following Tables, which have been kindly furnished me by the gentlemen whose observations they contain. I could not conveniently introduce them into the body of the Chapter; but as they may prove both interesting and new to the New Brunswick reader of this Report, and useful hereafter to a history of the climate, I nave much pleasure in annexing them to this Report :— No. 1. Talks shewing the number of Clear Days, Sfc. in the years 1847, 1848, and 1849. 1847. o% 13 9 15 9 • • • • • • • • • • 3 a 11 Clear. Snow. Rain. ■ 2 11 '' . ' January, Febiuary, March, April, May, June, July, Augutt, September, October, November, December, 4 6 5 8 16 13 18 17 11 13 11 • • 5 4 4 6 • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 7 2 1 3 2 4 8 6 5 5 6 S 7 7 8 4 5 11 10 7 c 14 9 10 6 18 inches of snow fell this month : 22d coldest day, Ther. 24" below 0. 6 inches of snow fell this month : 3 feet deep in the woods. 2| feet snow on the ground ; ice in the river three feet tliick. 2d May river opened, 60O 3 p. m. : (ith 75<'. 26th Ther. 93« ; June potatoes in blossom : appla trees in bloom. 6th haying commenced— Ther. 90*' 3 p. M.in shade ; 7th 90« ; 8th 96^ ; 10th 91" ; 14th 88*' ; 20th 92«' : 21«t 98°. 11th harvesting commenced— Ther. 11th 92<'; 13th 78°; 17th 81° ; I9th 83° 23d first frost. 26th first fall of snow. 17th ice in the river : 21st river frozen over ; 26th ice run ; 28th steamer up. 16th steamer New Brunswick came up ; 82d river froien over. 52 121 28 54 100 ■ ',■■ '■■"^■' .'-.-.- ■. ■ '.• i 8 9i a 9i 93 lor ia- A. 4. 0- I ; S- ir .It 50 No. 2. ProfeHBor Johmton'n RvjMrt on the ^ TiibUi thfwhiff the number of (Hear Daji; Sfc. — Conliniitd. 1* U h i rRedPlum, MaySO,^ T^'P. •. \l)amt 2U, IMfl. Snow Rain. 1 Fl,ow««iN«»orTii«u»,Ripr, ^Au|. 5, - iA)ple, •• flW iSep. 2H, ^Cierry. «' ".7 V ''^ " 3il 3 feet mow. January, 15 (\ 1 4 9 Febiuary, 10 G 8 4 4 incliei mow tell thii month ( very coid from i*t to 30lh ; Halifax harbour froien over. March, « 19 4 9 4 lOtti 2 fert mow in the wood«. April, 9 IH a 2 lOih Ther. it— common bcant planted. June, •• 14 • • 7 11 iSth towed oat* and peat ; 3Cth pluugliliig { 20lh Tliet. 79" ( 30th W ; 24lh grati growing fntt. July. • • 17 ^ ^ 9 9 I7lh commenced haying; 7th Ther. H?": lOlli 89«> s llth 9W. Aiigiift, • • iw • • •J 2 9lh potaloei 2h butliel ; tOth Ther. 93" { llth Oft*', September, • • 10 , , 13 7 3d Iroit ; 23d corn gathered. October, , , 9 ^ 15 7 November, lA , , 1 .1 10 1 1th ice in the river ; 12ih full of ice ; |3th river froien over. December, •• 13 7 A » Sth river open again ; (ilh river doted ; 3ltt 2 feet of tnow on the ground. 52 137 24 79 74 No. 3. •B ** 1H49. Clear. "» 3 8 13 Snow. Rain. s u > January, February, March, April, May, 23 19 10 7 • • 2 3 3 3 • ■ 1 ■7 4 9 5 7 8 8 8 June, July, Augutt. September, • • • > • • • • 24 23 19 2'.' • • • • • • 3 4 4 4 3 4 "Sep. Flowrring orTREES,-! -Ripe,. I Sep. I, 26, 9, 28, Red Plum, May 30," Damton, June 2,1 Wi.d Cheiry, " Apple, <' fi,| .Cherrv, " Hay 16 per ton— Potatnet 4t.— Oatt It. fiii. ; 2d January 2 feet tnuw. 4th 4 inchei tnow fell thit month — very coid. lOlh 2 feet tnow in the woodt. ••! 4th Thet. 69" ihade ; ice moved the 6th ; 12th iteamer up. lit towed peat and oatt; 17th oatii up; 18th pent up; 20th Ther. SUth 84^ in thade. 7th light froit. 2d early grati cut ; 7th Ther. 87"—' in head ; 10th Ther. 89" ; llth 96°. |9th opU cut; 14th barley cut ; 26ti 94". luthfroit: largettpotntoe7i"z.; rr . urtzel 10|b: apple 6oz.; oatt40tb; pea»66lb ; bcant 6:in> ; wheat tWH) ; squash (rai< 12, 28 2, 13 <( 13, 5 « 3, 8 <• >4, 31 « 4, 8 n'.y'.tl i^'ih ' •^t'iyt »>-.?■ ; M'jj-I ISI5 . '^ V't; ■ j'nf ' !i;'i>. Chaptrb IX. I . The practice of Lumbering. II. Thfi allrgrd toont of Markets, and of centrex of industrji— in their relations to the practical Agriculture 0/ the Province. I. The prnctice oflinmbcring. The catting of timber in the forests of New BronR- wick, nntl the nuhacquent hauling and floating of the loga and raftn to the mill* and harbours, has hitherto been the tnnin resource of the labourers ol the Pro- viiire. I'he sawitift and preparing of this timber hiia been the chief mnnnfucture of the country; and the lumber thus obtained or prodnced, in its various forin^, lias been the stiiple article of export, and of traffic willi foreign markets. (- n/centrex (>f ' Agriculture New BrunB- natiiig ot tlie hfl8 hitherto ol the Pro- is timber hai try; and the arious form», of traffic with only be car- which are by In all other i^ow only du- orter accord- ry to convert o replace the , by civilized corn. w BrunWick, overdone, nud jviiice not to H natnral and il agricultural WhafcTcr inny he the future fiitc of the lumber trade Hnd of thoNe engnKcd in It, there can be no donht in the mind ol any one who candidly cnnfidera the eco* notnleal hiatory ol the I'rovlnce, that it hal been nl ranch service, not only in iiiiikingt known and develop- ing the general reNiiurCe^ uf the (lolony, hut in e«|)i' cially Contributing nloo to the advanceinvnt of iti agri- cultural intereiit. Thux — lit. It haa provided a more ready market for farm produce ill many parta of the Proviiu!e. 2nd. It hb. kept up the pricea uf auch produce «o that when the lumbering trade liaa been good the pri COM have been generally higher than in neighbouring Proviiicea. I'ird. 1( hna given employment at good wagea to idle handa ; and to atnall farmera it baa aflTorded winter work and an opportunity of earning money at a time when they had comparatively little work at humc. 4th. It haa brought foreign produce mid I'oroigu ca pital into the Province, and ban been the chief aource of the money by inenna of which the country baa been opened up and improved ; by which ita roadi, bridgea and public buildings have been completed ; ita rivera and harboura made acceaaible ; ita natural reaourcea dii^covered and made available ; ita Provincial inatitu- tiona kept up, and ita functionariea paitl. These are some of the beneAta which the lumber trade haa conferred upon the Province. But unfortu- nately, whether from its own nature, or from the abu«e and competition of those who followed it, this trade has alau been productive of much evil. Thus — Ist. It has not merely given laboitr to idle band*: who could obtain no employment in arming, but being itself the iirat and most important pursuit in the Co- lony, it became the leading or chief employment of the able bodied men of the Province. Farming, which silently grew up alter the lumber trade had been alrea- dy establislied, was considered altogether secondary and subsidiary to it. The ground was cultivated chiefly to raise supplies for the lumberer. As a more res-, pcctable porsnit, and as affording the prospect of ex oitemcnt and adventure, the occupation of lumbering tempted the young men in great numbers from the more sober and monotonous pursuits of agriculture, and thus greatly retarded its progress in the Province. 2nd. It also unsettled and demoridized the minds of these young men, and gave them extravagant habits of living, which they imparted in some degree to their families and connections, and which still cling preju dicially to the settled population in some parts of the country. 3rd. It octed in a similar wny nyon the minds of many of the most promisinf? immign its from the old country, enticing them into the wood:<, then teaching them thriftless habits, and in fine, making theiu not only leas valuable additions to the productive labour of the Province, but also less able to maintain their fa- milies in comfort, and to trstin up their children to be useful and industrious members of sociity. P s-'m thus to diminiah greatly the ipiaiilily of m^inure his land might have been enriched hy, had the hay been cnnauined upon his furin. 2nd. Tbia selling or carrying off the buy, haa made It neceaaarv In niitneroiia inataiicca to iniiintai'i the cat- tle on the farm at the xtarving point during the winter, 'o that in apring they Imd become mere akeletona, too veak for their work, if Jliey were labouring oxen, nnd prohiibly short of provender. .'Ird. It haa carried him awiiy, not nnfrequently half ihe aominvr, attending to the sale nnd delivery of hia lumber, to the mMnilie«t and ruinous neglect of the operations upon hia farm, and of the general tending and welfare of his family. 4fh. Ill mmiy places where water power exlated upon Ilia farm, it haa tempted the small proprietor to erect mills, to contract debts, and to incur mortgages, to the neglect of the surer though slow gnins of husbandry, iind to the ruin of himself and his children. In the County of Albert, in which small stre una abound, the number of mills of this inferior kind boa been very great, and 1 am informed, that not only have great numbera of the farmers in that County been se- riously injured in their fortunes by the late failure of the lumber trade, but th t both the breeds ot cattle and the modes of culture hrivc retrograded in that County and in the {!oun:y oi Pmint 'ohn, in consequence of the exclusive enoonragement given to the lumbering. 5th. It bus not cmly carried off the best labourers, and distracted the attention of the farmei's, but it has raised the price of labour beyond the general ability of tlie farmer who gave his whole attention to the land, to employ paid lahonr profitably in the operations of hus- bandry. And — Cth. Lastly, the land on which the lumberer had been to cut his lumber, instead of being improved, was deteriorated by his oper.itions, so that it was n more difficult and costly operation to the settler to clear it than when it stood in its original state of nature. It is unnece8!>nry here to inquire whether the lumber trade has nccusiiarily ur only incidentally been the source of so many evils, or whether the evils them- selves may not he somewhat exaggerated. It is safe I think, to conclude, that the actually slow progress and backward condition of the agriculture of the Pro- vince, and the unprosperous, desponding, I may almost say hopeless condition of many of its cultivators, has arisen from the tifo eager nnd universal prosecution of this trade. It is not surprising thi-reiore that the Iriends of agriculture in the Colony, who have consi- dered it fitted for agricultural operations, and have regarded thera as a surer and more permanent source of wealth and general comfort than the occupation of the lumberer, should have looked wi»h regret upon the continuance of the trade, and should have expected ultimate good to the Province Iroin the late depres- sions and reverses to which it has been subjected. In so far as regards the general prosperity of the rovince, two things I think will be desired by its These are t'.e principal evils of a moral and indus-'Riost disinterested well-wishers: First — That the trial kind whi^h this trade has from time to time in filicte^ upon the Provincial population. But it has exercised a directly retarding and injurious effect also upon the practical husbandry of tbe Province generally and especially upon the regular culture, tlie average productiveness, and economical tillage ol the land. Thus— Ist. Il has given occasion to the «iiial1 farmer who engaged in it, to carry off hia hay info the woods, and Lumber trade should be prosecuted to that extent, and with that degree of spirit, which shall neither exor- birantly raise the price of labour, injodiciously waste the resources of the Province, nor by awaking too innch rivalry and competition, unnecessarily lower the price of lumber in the home makets; nndi second— that a more distinct division of labour should hereafter be introitiiced ; that the farmer should only farm, and the lumberer live by his lumbering only. In this way, 8 » 9 fti lor la- id, .4. li »- ir wmmm 52 Professor Johnston's Report on the 1% I I whatever might be tho effects of the trade upon the Srovincial welfare in general, the farmers .roold be in- ividually exempted ffom its viriasitudeg. When it prospered, the price of produce would improve ; when it was deprensed, those prices would fall. So far, all would nartake of its vicissitudes; but lithta and mort gages Incurred by sharing in it would not hang like depresRiiij; millstones around the uecks of industrious men, making their teains walk slower, and their ploughs go less deep, and weeds in sympathy spring up luxu riautly around them. I do not understand tho subject of I'imber Berths sufficiently to form a satisfactory opinion uii the mat- ter ; but U seems to me that the extent to which grants for catting timber arc sold, and the prices demanded for them, might be made to control the individual ri- valry, and the too rapid destruction of the finest tim- ber, by which the trade has of late years beeu injured and the forest resources of the Colony diminished These are within the contro' of }-our Excellency and the Houses of Legislature. And again, dear-bought experience, the local jnfiue->ce of ludividnals and of Agricultural Societies, and the conviction now gaining strength, (which I hope the present Report will tend to confirm,) that the Province is not inferior in its agricultural capabilities to many neighbouring Provin ces and States, and that, as one of tbe native farmers expressed it to me, " agriculture, if a more slower, is a more surer way to independence"— 'these influences will, I hope, conspire, not only to tie down existing proprietors more closely nnd steao'^y to their farming operations, but will induce the rising generation also to preier the plough to the axe, the tilled field to the wild forest, and the comfortable fireside of a snug farm- house to the rough abundance of the temporary camp II. Want of Markets. The want of good markets iy much complained of as an obstacle to agrienltural progress in the Province ; as well as the -r&y in which farmers are compelled to make their sales at the markets which do exist 1st. The absolute want of Marhis c&n scarcely be said to exist in New Brunswick. This is shewn by two facts : — a. By the comparatively high prices which, adcord- ing to the Table of prices already given in this Report, (Tables XIV. and XV.) are usually received by the farmer. Wsk there a want of markets, absiolutely speaking, these which exist would be glutted, and prices wouIq necessarily fall below the rates which the returns give as the average of the several Counties. 6. By ihe large importations cf bread pinfi's and salt provisions which are Hunually made from the United States aud from Canada. "In the year 1847, the quantity of wheat, and of flour reduced to its eqniva lent in wheat,* imported into the Province, was equal to about 62,600 bushels, besides large quantities of other grain and meal, amounting to the estimafed value of abou^; £280,000 currency."t inferior to the foreign. But t'ue grain of all kinds grown in the Province in good seasons appears to be of superior quality. The importation, therefore, must be occasioned by a deficiency in the bonne growth, and where such a deficiency exists there must be h more or less ready sale at one or other seasons of the year. b. In the case ofwheaten JUmr and oatmeal, the im- portation may imply either a home scarcity of these articles, or an inferior quality in the flour and meal produced from good grain by the home millers. It would appear that some unfounded prejudice has hith« ertn existed against the quality of Province-made flour, which prejudice the letters introduced into a previous part of this Report may possibly have a tendency to allay. As to oatmeal, t!ie numerous mills now erected or about to be k ;t up in various parts of the Province, will, if properly -.inducted, render unnecessary any large future importation of oatmeal, and will provide a readier sale for the excellent oats which so many parts of the Province are naturally fitted to produce. c. As to salt heef nnd pork, the importation of uiese articles at a time when fresh beef in the home markets is setting at I |d and 2d a pound, shcns that the Colony does not produce enough of the quality of beef ^nd pork which, for shipping and curing, is constantly in demand. The defective market, o- low prices obtained for the article-? of produce, and tbe large impiit-.tion, are both to be remedied by an improvement in the sys- tem of feeding, and consequently in the kii d of meat which the farmer can offer to those who wish to buy. ( shall return to this rv>int in a subsequent part of the present Report. 2nd. The distance of markets and difficulty of access to them, which are real ) gene- rally acknowledged and understood. b. By the public establislunent of new markets jr fairs— quarterly, half yearly, or annual — for coru, cat- tle, wool, and dairy produce, in central situations. General meets or fairs of this kind nre eminently adapt- ed to the wants of a young or thinly scattered people. They have been in existence from the most remote periods in almost every country of Europe, and I can speak from my own knowledge of their great value at the present day in Scotland, both to the Scottish and English farmer. They bring buyers and sellers easily together, and thus save trine, labourand money to both —they establish, a tariff of money prices which serves as a sthr.dard fo? all transactions during three, six, or twelve months — they thus put both buyers and sellers in remote places on a level witli each other, and pre- vent the one from taking an unreasonable advantage The importation of so large a quantity of foreinover the other — they encourage attention to the pro I - 1 .. _« i!fl._-_x t^^ . .! ,. "duction of good samples of grain, cheese, wool or fat ted stork, by the rvad;^ sale which tbfrse arr sure to find — while they afford an opportunity to the far:aer, if be have good articles to sell, of procuring money on a fixed day, and of thus meeting etigagements which, relying on the market, he ban not scrupled to make— or if he wish to buy, of bringing upon bis farm at the proper time the kind and quantity of stock which the state of his hay and root crops at the different season* demand. . „ ,., . food admits of diffisrent interpretations, according to the kinds of produce of which we speak, and ti the habits and circumstances of t\i peoplt< a. In the ttse 'f wheat, oats, and otner grain, it may mean, either ..b'li, the quantity produced at homo is insufficient for the home demand, or that Us quality is * 4) buthels I luppote to the barrel of flnur. t Mr. Wilkinion'ii concluding Report on the line of Rail- way between the City of Saint ^hu aud the Harbour of She diac, 1849. c. unreasoni things, { bu*: it is interfere than hy i kets, or which «h «ut parts sale at < It wou ral welfai those agi Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 53 f all kinds pears to be sfnre, mast (rowth, and 9 & more or le year. eai, the im- ty of these r and meal [Dillers. It CO has hitb* made flour, I a previous tendency to sow erected e Province, sessary any will provide :h HO many > produce, tion of L'lese )me markets t the Colony of beef ^nd onstantly in ces obtained impivt-.tion, it in the sys- cird of meat wish to buy. t part of the le advantage n to the pro- , wool or fat- e are sure to to the far:aer, ing money on >m«nts which, ed to nake^ is farm at the Dck which the rereut seasoDi The attention of the Legislature, and of Agricultural Societies, therefore, cannot be too strongly directed to the establishment of such leading, regulatrag, and cen- tral markets in the Province, at proper periods in the y£SP, and in proper situations. c. By the establishment of agricultural agencies or factorships at the seats of tiie principal markets. If instead of himself going with his team great distances, which detain him a week ur ten days from home, and thus having to seek a buyer for his produce from houRe to house, or from merchant to merchant — the farmer could transmit his stock or grain to a trustworthy agent in the market town, he might not only realize better prices, but save the money also he used to spend in travelling, while he would be able at the same time to devote >) closer attention to the business of bis farm In England and Scotland such agencies are not only very useful to the farmer, especially in the disposal of his stock, ^*it they prove lucrative also to the skilful men who undertake them. 3d. The custom of paying in kind, or the want ol cash markets, is much complained of in the remoter d'stricts, and especially among the smaller farmers. This is no doubt an inconvenience, and in eime res- pects an evil, but it is almost inseparable' from the still youthful condition of things in most pavts of the Pro- vince. The produce of the farmer must ultimately be converted into the wares of the merchant. Whether this is done by means of one or tvro transactions — by first selling to one for money, and then with this mo- ney, buying from i\nother, is of no consequence to the farmer, provided he obtains as much tea',, si gars, or other merchandize for his produce, by the one way as the other. In places where the traflic is small, the merchant is unable to obtain money from his custom- ers, and is obliged to take grain or other farm produce, and with this again to pay his own debts to the whole- sale merchant. But he buys his goods at a fixed price, and has to pay for th-m in articles, the price of which varies very much in different seasons of the year. He is thus compelled in self defence to take the farm- er's productions at a very low rate, so as to avoid the risk of loss when he sends them to the varying market. Thus the farmer has often just reason to complain that is market is bad, and prices too low, while the mer chant is only doing what prudence dictates, and whr.t, to avoid the risk of bankruptcy, he is bound to do. At the same time it. is in the power of the merchant often to take undue advantage of this power, and this no doubt is fireqaently done. But for such a state of things competition is the most certain cure. Su<*li .competition will naturally arise as the loc&l traffic in creases, and it is seen that money in lade by the mer- chant — or it msf be raised by a combination of the aggrieved parti'js themselves — .• by an improvement in the means of communication with other markets. I have heard many persons in the Province, sometimes unreasonably I thought, complain of such a state of things, and cry loudly for some legislative remedy; bu* it is difiinalt to see how the public authorities can interfere with an alleged evil like this in any other way than hy rendering easily accessible more distant mar kots, or by establishing fairs and central markets, which flhali in some measure regulate prices ic differ- ent parts of (he Province, and afford a ready means of flale at certain known periods of the year. It would prove a matter of great moment to the mo ral welfare of the Pr')vince, an4 to the development of sess, could centres of industry, whether manufacturing or mining, he any where established. Such centres would afford new markets for farming produce, and would thus encourage new settlers to clear and cnlti* ate still unopened tracts of land. From what has been stated in regard to coal in a previouK part of this Report, there is no immediate prospect of any great advantage accruing to the Pro- vince from its sui)posed possession of large stores of tl)ii> mineral. Gypsum does really exist in vast quan- tities in the Province. Nearly all the parts of the Province coloured brick-red on the Geological Map appended to this Report, contain it in greater or less abundance, and more or less easily accessible. The principal localities where it is known are marked in the Map by light red dot«. The mining or quarrying of this gypsum may hereafter become a considerable branch of industry on the whole, but it 's not likely to form any centres of industry by which a dense population shall be congregated in one spot, or by which the agri- culture of any given neighbourhood be greatly stimu- lated. ^ As to mines of lead and capper, none of any certain alne have yet been discovered — though the geological structure of the country by no means forbids the hope of hereafter finding veins of those metals, which may be worked with profit. Ores of iron abound in some localities, and especially the heematite variety, now smelt<)d in the neighbourhood of Woodstock. In the absence of coal, this ore may be smelted as somewhat sincilar ores are in Sweden, so as to form a valuable article of home production for home use, and even for exportation ; but it cannot hope to ompete in the grwat iron market of the world with the productions of the numerous quick-working furnaces which are fed with fossil fuel.* * That this ore is very abundant, appears from the following remarks of Dr. Gesner, v.hich I extract from his third Report: — " About two and a half miles from Woodstock, and near the main road leading dirough Jackson Town, there is n very ex- tensive and valuable bed of iron ore on land belongiiig to Col. Ketchum. This ore is interstratified vv ith tlie slate, and like the strata on each side, extends from W.S.W. to N.N.E,, iu layers nearly pependicular. This deposit of iron had been supposed to exist in one stratum, but upon examination, I found i'> laid in three separate beds. Measuring across the out-cropping and the strata, it appears at the surface in the following manner : — XXXVI. Clay Stale.— Ore, 28 feet Slate, 250 " Ore, 15 " Slate, 100 " Ore, 27 " Total thickness of ore, 70 feet " These beds of iron can be traced to the distance of haii i mile ; they doubtless extend to a great distance, and may hereafter be found crossing the Saint John. The ore itself is distinctly stratifi J, and conforms to the jposition of the strata of slate -, and the difference of quality in different 'iv 'Is is not sucli as will materially affect its properties for workiuij in a furnace. The ore is a compact red or reddish-brown hsBmatite, or the hydrous peroxide of iron. Wherever it is exposed to the at- mosphere its colour becoraes changed to black or dark blue. The analysis of a specimen from the middle of the bed gave — 98.0C XXXVII. Peroxide of iron, 78.40 Silica, 1.30 Alumina, 5.80 Water. 12,60 Peroxide of Manganese, a trace. 8 9i 91 9J 9! 92 95 lor is- Id, 14. 0- »; s- )r IS " The discovery of this great deposit of iron in the County of Carleton was claimed as late as 1836, but it is well known that specimens of the ore had been sent abroad and examined as early as 1820 ; and its existence was known to the first inhabi- tboae agricultural (-a^abilities which it appears to jpi)s Itonts of Woodstock." i 54 A Professor Johfiston's Report on the Tbufi Tor its markets, the agriculture of New Bruns- wick must look mainly to tbe general development of all the resonrcefl of the Province generally, and espe- cially to that steady and n; tural progress ofcivilization, which Hhall brin^' in a mc-e systematio division of la- bour, by means of which, while every iliing required for the comfort of all is better done, each shall be well paid for doing his own part in the general business of the commonwealth. Chapter X. The alkged high price of labour in the Province, in its relations to the progress and profits of practical Agriculture. To be able to discuss this point, it is necessary ti know first, what 'he usual rates of wages are in the several parts of the Province. In answer to my queries AS to thia matter, \ have obtained a series of rates, which i have embodied in the following Tables. The first (XXXVIII.) shows the rates of wages paid by the day, month and year, in the several parts of the Province from which I have received returas, arranged under the several Counties, as the preceding Tables are. The second (XXXIX.) shows the average rates of wages in each County ; and to this in appended the highest, lowest and average rates of w.ige8 for the whole Province. I have added to the former of the two Ta- bles a column which contains the opinion of the parties by whom the data have been communicated to me, as to the question — " whether labour, at the rates men- tioned by them respectively, can be profitably employed in the raising of agricultuial produce.*' XXXVIII. fTnyespaid to Agricultural Labourer*, in addition to Board, Ltdgintf and ff'athing, in the dijfvrent parts of New Bruntwivh. Counties. ivTo. ll^W ages per Week. Wages per Month. By the Year. £ £ If Wages at these prices can be pro- Summer Harvest Winter Summer Harvest Winter fitablv employed in Agriculture. Saint John, .... ^ , • • • • 40s. • • 15 to 24 Yes. Charlotte, 2 ,, • • • • 60s, 76s. »• No. 3 ,, , , • • 3.5s. 60s. • • No. 4 ■ • 2s 6d • • ,, • • 10 to 24 Yes. .; - -^ » , 5 • • 3s • • . » 70s. 20 to 24 No. 6 28 3d 2s 6d • • • . • ■ .. 5 1 f for settlemeii I, ye». '. j ■- , ■ i ' U for sale, no. v Westmorland, .. 7 Is 6d 38 20s. 608. 12 to 18 No. .■;.;. 8 • • • • • • • • 10 to 30 No. -:•■■;■ 9 2s 3s • • 40s. 60s. • • 5 If paid in produce, ye». ' :. i If paid ill cash, no. -.-> • 10 • • • • • • • • 20 to 30 No. ' t • 11 .. • • ■ • • • • • IC to 20 Yes, as capital invested. i . .^ 12 , , • • • • • • 25 No. . 13 • • • • • • 20 to 25 No. - -:'■*'■■ -- 14 • • 30s. 60s. W to 24 Yes. ' i'w; ,, 15 ., • • • • 40s. 80t. ^ ^ Yes. -v:1ii- , IG ya • • • • • • • • 18 to 24 Yes. ,.:., ... ,;., King's, 17 ■ • • • 30s. 408. 16 to 20 •■y>W-*>^ f^in'- :*■ ' • . -'').. 18 • • ^^ 40s. 8Us. 258*.* 15 to 31) 19 • • 12 to 16 Yes, in Summer. ' •■ • , " • • \ - 1 , • . 20 2«*6d SsGdtoSs • • • • • • 18 to 25 No. T.' ■■ ■>: ■ ' . t 20^ • • »• • • 808. 18 ,,.,.,. Yes. ,. 21 • • • • • • • • 10 to 15 22 , , *• ■ • • ■ 20 to 30 No. >*! ' '••■ Yes. ■ ••,-'■ 23 ,, ■ ■ • • 15 to 20 Queen's 24 • • 40s. • • • • v':;;., No. ■":•:>■' -:,i_ ■ 25 ^ , • * ., • • 20 J\:: , No. ■■. }v! •.. •, 27 • • • • . . • ■ 12 to 18 •/.;•*; ^ Yes. ■■ - , .: „ 28 • • .. • • 30». 708. , , • N"' ..;.'-' 29 • ■ • • ., • • 18 to 22 30 , , • • . . 60s, 15 to 24 1 ■■. 'i'-" 31 • • •• • 40h. 608. 30s to40s ■ • N'., Yes, in improWiig. ; i'. Sunbury, 32 *• 3Us. 608. • * 33 • • • ■ • • • • 20 to 25 No. .■'■■-. 34 • • 308. 40s. " 20 '■ ■■ "■' No. ■ ' "'■'. ■-■ -•"'■ 35 • • ,. 18 to 30 -.K.' No. York 36 .. . . • • 24 Yes ^ ^°> '^ *•* *"* *** '^^ produce ■ 1 to pay wages. 38 , , • • 308. 608. *• ■rs.nr y„ :d,-,, 40 • • ., • • 24 41 52s" ^3s 6d 2s. 6d. 5s. hnd found, himself, 50b. 70s. • • '■•""''■ Ye*. ": '''*°'' 43 Is 9d 38. 6d. • • .. • • • ■ No. *• " -■'■ 44 ^ , • • • • 508. • • • ■ No. 45 • a> • • « a • • 24 No. Caileton, 46 • • • ■ • • 40*. soi. .. : fVf. (,■'.«'•. V'i'.'.n'ti:'. 47 • • >• • ■ . • • 20 to 30 Si'. •',li» Yes.. -T V- ■(;(;'■• Albeit, 48 , , • ■ • • 45s. • • • • 'ffi • ;fli'; Yes. j ^,,. . s, 50 • • ^, • • • • • • 20 to 30 Yes. ■ . !,■'• Vv 51 • • • • • • • * • • 20 to 30 Yes. '■'if'- Kent, 53 • • • • 24 to 36 No. ■■^'♦i ■ 54 • • • • • • ■ • 20 >?•.■■. t Yes. ^x-.'H -t.'!- Northumberland 55 • • ■ • • • 50s. 60^. 25 to 30 n ..;.kv»s No. \U!r:iU 58 • • • • • • • • • * .,.,,1 Yeg» Gloucester 60 «« • • • • • * • 4 • • ■ Yes. RestiKouche, 62 « « • • • • • • • • Yet. xxxn luy qiienet ates, which B of wages veral parts ed returns, 2 preceding ge rates of pended the )T the whole he twoTa- r the parties ] to me, as rates men- y employed diffvrent eg can be pro- Agriculture. 'es. '!■','>■(■', :ft'. W-. >■'] <: .:h ' . ;• r. r'H' y--- -' ,1 . ;■ ••'; »g* ; ■<' 1 /; 9 sell produce .iji^i(.u7-i Agricultural Capabilitiea of New Brunswick. n XXXIX. Average rate of Wajeifor Agricultural Labour, in addition to Board, frothing and Lodging, in the several Countie* in the Province, CouN^ias. §aint John, Charlotte, Westmorland, King's, Queen's, Sunbury, York, Carleton, Albert, Kent, Northumberland, Gloucester, Restigouche, By the Day. By the Month. Sum- mer. 28 3d Is 9d 2s 6d Is lOd H.y'g and HvMt. 28 8d 3i 4« 3a 3s Summer I Having and Harvest. 404 47s 6d 32« 6d 35s 43s 4d 3Us 43s 4d 40s 45s 50s fi5s 658 •)6s 8d 63s 4d 50s 60s SUs 60s For the whole Year. il9 lU U 22 U 20 13 9 18 12 6 18 17 6 22 3 4 24 25 25 25 27 10 Lowest tor the whole Province by the year, £1U, Highest " " £36. Average '• " £21. Average tor the whole Province by the month, £3, Haying and Harvest. .,. . ^i- it ■;.-, ,- , , Average «» ■ • „. ^g^ ^^Y^n Sum- mer months. Average for the whole Province by the day, 38. 3d., Haying and Haivest. .,, ..n Average " ^'.' '■" " 2s. Id., other Summer months. Thece I'ablps form an instructive record of the prices of agricultural labour at the present time in the seve ral Counties of New Brunswick, which will not be void of interest as w<;ll as use in future years. Ist. In looking at the rates paid by different person in the same County, it will be seen that No. 10 pay from £]0to.£]3, and No. 19 (rom jC 12 to .£16, while No. 18 pays from Jt'15 to ^30 a year. The labour employed by these several parties must, cne wouIg sup pose, be very different in quality, but 1 have no means of judging of the fact. Similar differences are observi'd in the returns from other Counties, and especially from Westmorland. These differ s disappear from the County averages, which are iitnined in the t^econd Table, (XXXIX.) 2d. These County averages show wliat wa^ to be ex pected, that labour is cheaper in Saint Joli,, where the greater part of the immigrants land, and in Kin 'sand Queen's, to which access from Saint John ?.s the most easy. Next comes Westmorland, through which the high road into these latter Counties leads ; and this i followed by Charlotte and Sunbury, the former more easy of assess perhaps, but much less inviting and nearer the United States than the latter. In York, Carleton, Albert, and Kent, wages are one fourth higher than in Westmorland and Saint John ; and in Northumberland the; are highest of all. From Glou- cester and Restigouche there are no returns. The averages of the Counties varies from ^18 12 6, the average in King's, to £2^ 10., the average in Nor thumberland.* \ 'A i-f; • :"-fH ?Uv In the whole Province — XL. The lowest ivages paid are The highest wages paid are The average ot all i« This is exclusive of board, lodging, and generally washing. »,^i.,:.'ii Currency. Stsrliug. £10 a year = £8 36 " =28 168. 21 «» = 16 168. * It may be added perhaps, that lumbering prevails more in Charlotte and in Northumberland, than in thr other Counties named. Tt is not much to our immediate purpose, nor directly connected with the profits of New Brunswick farming, that this average in sterling money barely exceeds the average wages paid to good farm servants, who board n their master's house, in the best farmed districts of Scotland. But trom all I have been able to learn, the quality of the labour which this average price will com- inand in mOst parts of New Brunswick is greatly in- ierior to that of our best farm servants in Scotland. The most important question however in regard to this Proyince is " can labour, at this average price, or at the prices usually paid for it in the several parts of the Province, be profitably employed in the cultivation of the land in New Brunswick." Some of the more intelligent agriculturalists I have met with in my tour have assured me " that the modes of culture, the implements ofhusbandry, and the breeds of stock in the Province, are all defective ; and that as H consequence, not only have the agricultural capabi- lities of the Province never been fairly tested, but its ability to return a fair profit upon paid labour em- ployed in tilling it, has never beeu properly tried." There may be much truth both in the fact thus stated, and in the inference drawn from it; but I have been unwilling in a matter of so much im))ortance to hasten to a rapid and i>weeping conclusion. I have therefore consulted the farming community in reference to it, and I have received fifty replies to my questions on the subject. Of the persons from whom these replies come, twenty five are of opinion that paid labour, at the pre- sent race of wages, may be profitably employed in raising agricultural produce, an J twenty five are of opinion thw*^ it cannot. As these contrary opinions — often frou. the same neighbourhood, and wher> the modesof culture, the markets, and the rates of waives are the same — are various in themselves, and as the reasons assigned by their authors are often different, I here subjoin the whole, giving first those which an- swer in the affirmative, and next those which answer in the negative. Ist. Opinions of those who think that paid labour at the present prices may be profitably employed in cul- tivating the 'oil • — A man u h la .stands his business, and tms capital, nay employ laboi pruritably in farming at the present rate of WBgei^ — D. B. Stevens, Saint John. Serv Ills can be profitably employed on my farm from the advania^^ei! I possess of making artifiiial manure : the servanti at the present time are generally ot an interior description. — James Sieve- m, Charlotte. Servants caa be very profitably employed after the faim has ) I brought into good heart. It depends on the nature of • soil wiiether capital invested in improvement be a pcod ".v'tstment or not, and above all, whether it be done with a view to your own occupation, or sale at some future time, in the latter case I imagine the price given for fa'''ns in late years wW be a sufficient negative answer. If dune with a view to ' lement, I consider capital could not be more pro- 6':i' .vested, and at the same time so aecurel) as in this coi : .—John. Farmer, Charlotte. Servants can be profitably employed if paid in produce. — Howard D, Charters, \Vestmorland. Servants can be profitably employed in clearing and im- proving. — R. B. C. Weldon, Westiiorland. . I think servants may be employed in impraving the (inv, and raising produce with advantage to the employer at 'Jor >d. [i. o- I; 8- )r 18 56 Professor Johnston's Report on the Any man who ha« a capitel to start with, even at the pre- vent rate of labour, can gain, I ihould be lorry to tay how much, but a great deal, if dune with judgment.— Andrew Alton, King's. I think aervant* ran be profitably employed in raising pro- duce at the present rate oiwagps.— William Keith, King's. Servants can be profitably employed. — Elijah A. Perkins, Queen's. Servants may be profitable in improving, but not in raising I produce.— Robert Smyth, Queen's. '^ Capitalists may employ farm servants to advantage in im- proving, clearing and raising produce, at the present rate of wages. — C. L. H..hewav, Sunbury. If a farmer has a small capital he can employ servants pro- fitably in improving his farm and raising produce.-i-Edward Simunds, York. Servants can be profitably employed in raising produce. — William Wilmot, York. When near a good market I certainly think that servants can be employed with profit in raising produce.— R. D. James, York. I think that labourers at £20 to jC30 a year will pay well.— James L. Picket, Carleton. Servants can be profitably employed on the farm, though fe'v persons have tried the experiment,. — John Smith, Albert. Taking the improvement of the farm into consideration, it is my opinion that servants can be employed with profit, but lite want of ready money prevents many from availing them- selves of help, which in time would amply repay them.— John Lewis, Albert. Takin? the impiovement of the farm into consideiation, i is my opinion servants can be employed with profit. — WilHam Wallace, Albert. Servants can be usefully and profitably employed at the pre sent wages by those who have means to snare for improve rneuts. — J. O. G. Lavton, Kent. Men servants could not in former years be employed with profit at the wages demanded ; perhaps now they might, at the reduced tvages of the present time, by employers of judg ment and system. — Henry W. Baldwin, Oloucester. It is thought by many that servants can be profitably em ployed — E. Lockhart, Gloucester. In my own experience servants cannot be employed in rai sing produce alone, but coupled with the improvenient of the farm they can ; for the servants of this country are better cal- culated for wiuter employment than for raising produce or cultivating the soil. — Dugald Stewart, Restigouche. 2nd. Opinions of those who think that, at the present rate of wages, paid labour cannot be profitably employeil in cultivating in New Brunswick -.^ I think servants cannot be yrofltably employed at the pre- sent rate of wages — the n....rket8 being very poor. — Joseph Walton, Charlotte. I do not think servants can be employed with profit at the present rate of wages— principally for want of a cash market, the near contiguity of the United States, and the great expense of bringing the land in a fit state for cultivation. — David Mow- att, Chnrlotte. Farming altogether by servants we consider unprofitable, owingtc the low price of produce. — John Mann, Jr. Charlotte. I do not think that servants can he empl'iyed with profit at the present rate of wages, owing to the f a lure of the wheat and potato crops, and the present ilepresseil state of the mar kets. — Mr. , Westmorland. Servants at £20 to £30 a year cannot, I think, be profitab'.y employed, either in improving farms or raising produce, owing to tne uncertainty of the markets and the low price of pro- duce. — R. K. Gilbert, Westmorland. Servants can be profitably employed if paid in produce, but cannot if paid in money ; the reason why it will not pay, when the wages are paid in money, is because the produce sells so low, and the crops are so light. — Howard D. Charters, West morland. Servants cannot be employed with profit at the present rate of wages. • The reason* are, no certain markets for cir produce — the price at best below a remunerative one. — 1- • bert B. Chapman, Westmorland. If to servants' wages be added the rent of land on which labour maybe employed, and taking into consideration 'he present price of produce, it will be found tha: capital employed in agricultural pursuits will not yield a fair return.— William Crane, Westmorland At the present price of produce it will not pa rvants either at £20 or £25 a year.— Charles Di servants morland. ay to employ )ixon, West- I consider the greatest, and perhaps the only return to ilie farmer, i* tht cutting down the woods and clearing up new land, enabling him to turn hia old worn out meadows into pasture, which will bring them to, without the aid of manure . The rate of wages is, and always was, too high in this Pro- vince.— Thos. Deer, King's. Servants cannot be profitably employed at the present rate of wages.— Danl. M'Lauohlan, King's. Servants cannot be employed with profit, in consequence of the failure of the potato crop.- Danl. S. Smith, Queen's. Servants cannot be profitably employed — the sale of the pro- duce not realizing sufficient.— Rev. Allan Coater, Queen's. We cannot hire in consequence of the high wages caused by lumbering— the produce of the farm at present prices will not admit of it. — John Robertson, Queen's. Labourers cannot be profitably employed during the whole year, owing to the failure of the crops in past years. Money expended in clearing land is not worthy to be considered as capital invested, because many years expire before any remu- neration can be obtained save the first crop, and the interest on the sum expended would, before any profits could be re- ceived, amount to more than double the value of the land.— William Reed, Queen's. ServantK may be profitable in improving, but not in raising produce. — Robert Smyth, Queen's. Servants cannot be employed with profit, becanse we have not a secure cash market to take our produce to, and the win- ters being long.— Nath. Hubbard, Sunbury. Servants cannot ue profitably employed, on account of the low price of produce, and the competition of the United States. — Chas. H. Clowes, Sunbury. Servants cannot, I think, be piofitably employed on account of the very long winters.— Chas. Harrison, Sunbury. If a larmer has nothing but his farm, and employs servants in the spring, and is obliged in the autumn to sell some of his produce to pay them, he cannot do it with profit, as the price of produce at that season is generally very low.— Edward Simonds, York. The cultivation of the land with «j«n servants at the pre- sent wages, would not be immediately remunerative in the absence of sufficient demand to constitute a market. — Edwin Jacob, D. D., York. Men cannot be piofitably employed at the present wages, produce being so low that it will not pay the wages. — Israel Parent, York. In consequence of faimers not using compost manure, and the difliculty of procuring stable manure to support large farms, and the want of a ready market, we think labourers cannot be profitably employed. — Wm. Dow, York. I do not think it possible, because, with the extravagant opinions of our present class of farm labourers, the returns will not meet the outlay.— Jas. Rankin, Carleton. Hired lobour cannot be profitably employed, because the produce of the land is so utterly uisproportionote.— Jos. C. W. "ten, Kent. 1 do not presume to say which of the opinions above given are deserving of more, and which of less con- sideration. No doubt, as in all such cases, some of the writers from their skill, judgment, and experience, are more trustworthy than others ; but of this Your Excellency will be better able to form an opinion than I am. But taking the testimony as a whol«», that of twenty five persons who tiffirm on a practical matter of this kind, ought to outweigh that of an equal number who deny. If in circumstances nearly the same as to wages, .soil, manures, and markets, one man says he can em- ploy paid labour profitably, and another says he cannot, the natural conclusion is, that on the pait of the latter there is some want of skill, industry, or method, pos- sessed and exercised in a superior degree by the former; and the fair conclusion would be, that all might equally employ paid labour with profit, if all coiild or would, with equal energy and knowledge, direct its use. But the writers of the above opinions, for the most part, assign their reasons for the conclusion bey have come to. To afford an opportunity of contrasting these reasons, I have arranged them opposite to each other in two following colnmns : — ** " - - ~i'.\A I.'.fTllJ J ; I'll 1. ' ■■';■. r .'ili'-- :^i li- ft Agricultural CapabilUiea of New Brunswick. S7 ?tuiii to ihe iiiK up new eadowt into I of manure. in thit Pro- present rate itaquence of ueen'g. e of the pro- Queen's, es caused by ices will not g the whole irt. Money onsidered as e any remu- . the interest could be re- Pthe land.— lOt in raising use we have ind the win- ?count of the nited States, d on account ury. loys servants II some of his , as the price iv.— Edward r* at the pre- srative in the Iset. — Edwin esent wages, ages. — Israel manure, and upport large nk labourers •k. extravagant the returns 1. , because the ate. — Jos. C. riions above >f less con- es, eoiue of experience, r this Your pinion than at of twenty tter of this lumber who as to wages, he can em- 8 he cannot, of the latter lethod, poB- the former ; ight equally d or wouiif, s use. for the most in hey have asting these I each other or circumttances fThv, tvhtch paid hbour can employ td profitably on the farm By a nan /ho understands his business. Because I possess the advan- tage for making artificial ma nure (of mussel mud.) After a farm has been bio'i into good heart, and when it it liu'.tirstcd %>;th a view to per manent settlement. If paid in produce. In clearing and improving. In improving and raising produce. No reason With judicious management and economy. In the summer season If a mau has capital to start with. No reason. No reason. In ini'^-roving, not in raising produce. In improving, clearing, and raisintr produce, if the iarmei has capital. In improving and raising pro duce, if he have a small capital. No reason. When near a good market. At £20 to £30 a year. It can, though few have tried the experiment. Want of money prevents many from employing help, which would amply repay them. In improving the farm By those who have means to spare for improvement By employers of judgment and system. No reason. Improving and raising pro- duce. Servants in this country bet- ter adapted for winter work than for cultivating the soil. fFhy paid labour cannot pro- fitably be emploifed on the farm. Failure of the potato crop. Produce too low in price. Produce too low in price. Failure of the oiops in past yean. In improving, but not in raising produce. No sure cash markets, and length of winters. Low price of produce, and competition of the U. States The very long winters. If paid In autumn, produce too low to allow it to be done with profit. Not sufficient demand to form a market. Produce too low to pay the wages. Because compost manures are not used — the difficulty ol procuring stable manure, and want of a ready market. Returns will not meet the outlay. Produce of the land utterly dispropoi tionate. The markets are too poor. Wantof a cash market, prox- imity of the United States, and expense of bringing land into cultivation. Low price of produce. Failure of the wheat and po- tato crops, and the depressed state of the markets. Uncertainty of the markets and low price of produce. Not if paid in money, be- cause prices are low ana crops light. No certain markets, and pri- ces at best, not remunerative. Capital so employed , will not yield a fail return. Will not pay. Nti reason. No reason. If paid in produce The sum of the reasons of those who affirm is, that with a little money to start with, and ready money to pay the 7 .Ages when due, without selling his produce when markets are low, with a knowledge of his business, and opportunity of getting or making manure, and of bringing his farm into good heart, with judicious management, economy and system, wagee from £2Q to ^30 a year may be paid by the New Brunswick farmer. Of those who deny, the reasons are in substance, the low prices, the want especially of cash markets, the competition of the United States, the low price of pro duce in autumn when wages are paid, the neglect of compost and the difficulty of procuring other manures, and the failure of the wheat and potato crops, — one person adds, the expense of bringing land into cultiva- tion in his neighbourhood, (because of stones, I sup pose,) and two assign the length of winter as a reason The reasons of those who affirm are all valid and sensible ; and coming from men who have, I suppose, practised what they recommend, and proved it to be profitable, ought to have great weight with those who ar« in search of the troth on a matter so important to the Province. Among IW reasons of those who deny, the failure of the crops, were it certain to continue, would itself be P" conclusive, but these failures, ll Ih to be hoped, will! « Answer of King's County Cent henceforth rarely occur, and the fatal losses they might occasion, may be in some measure guarded against by sowing, (instead of a large breadth of one or two only,) w,, moderate proportion of each of sfveriil crops, as the skilful British farmer does in his more changel'ul cli- mate, under the assurance that if the seasons should be unpropitious to one or more of them, it (»iil be favourable to the rest. The proper introduction and use of manures will re- move another of the reasons urged against the employ- ment of paid labour. The objection, also, which is derived from the expense of bringin(< land into cultiva- tion, applies only to limited portions of the settled country, and besides, does not bear upon the question, whether labour can be profitably employed upon land already in a state of cultivation. As lor the low price of product in autumn, when wages have to be paid, it is not an evil to those who have a little ready money to pay without being obliged to sell ; but to persons without means, it is an evil which is not peculiar to this Province, but is shared by them iu common with the poorer farmers in every country of Europe. It will disappear iu the case of each indivi- dual, in proportion as by (riigality and industry he can improve his own circumstances, and his consequent command of money. It cannot be doubted, that if any means could be devis- ed by which farmers without capital in money could be enabled to procure, for a time, such sums as the expense of employing labour make necessary to him, before the yearly crops are brought to market, and by means of which advances he could hold back till the \n'u'c» of produce attained an average height — a great boon would be conferred upon this class of the agricultural com- munity. Upon this point, a Committee of the King's County Central Agricultural Society, in answering ray circular of queries, make the following remarks : — We are of opinion that farming can be profitably conducted in this Province, had fanners a small quantity of capital with which to pay labour, &c. Wages must be paid before the year's crop is converted into money, which prevents that em- ployment of labour which is necessary to the proper manage- ment of the farm. We would call your attention to the necessi ty of introducing into your Report, a recommendation of the for- mation of an Agricultural Bank, or Banks, through the means of which fanners might be enabled to procure money to conduct their farms in a more profitable manner."* 1 am fully aware of the gravity and importance of the suggestion made in the above extract. I know' also how much the system of Banking in Scotland has in reality, or is generally believed to have promoted the improvement of that country, and the expenditure of money upon its soils. But I am too little acquainted with the practical operations of banking to venture a recommendation upon the subject. The difficulty ap- pears to me to be in offering the banker a readily con- vertible security for his advances on the part of the farmer, who possesses only his piece of laud and his growing crops, in the present sf- ;e of the land market of the country. I suppose that upon good jpersonal security, cash credits will at present be as readily given by the bankers in New Brunswick as in the mother country. I c n only therefore commend the matter to the consideration of those who, with a desire to improve the agriculture ot the Province, and the condition a^ the valuable body of men who are practically eug^8«a in it, possess also a knovv ledge of monetae anairs, which my own proper pursuits have not W "® '<> ac- 8 I ' 9' '9( 9, 9S 9£ 9J lor is- Id. 14. o- t; s- )r IS :i vgricultural Society. ;i- '" Professoi" Johnston'' a lieport on the : I 58 Tlie only remaining reasons of those who deny — the low j-ricps, the want of cash markets, and the eompe- tition of tiie United States — have l;ecn more or less fully di.'Ciissed in the preceding and in the present Compters of this Report. I only remark here therefore that they are evils with which those who affirm have had to contend as well as those who deny. 'I'hey must have had them in view when they wrote the opinions I have quoted above. In the face of such evils they have made the experiment ; they say they have succeeded, and they affirm that others who will act in the same way will succeed as well as themselves. All this is very hopeful for the Province, and 1 am willing to adopt, and to encourage others to adopt this hopeful view of the subject — as hope in all undertakings is a main element of success. I am hound, however, to add, that by far the largest number of those with whom I personally discussed this question, during my tour through the various parts of the Province, were of opinion that labour could not at present prices be profitably employed in cultivating the land. On calmly reviewing all I have heard and seen, however, I am inclined to believe, as one of the answers quoted above states, that comparatively few of thosf who bold this opinion have fairly tried the use of paid labour ; with another, that the labourers to be had in this country are generally very inferior, very trouble some, and often very vexatious to the farmer — but thai on the whole, when good labourers can be got, they may be profitably employed in rural operations.* I would only observe in conclusion, that female la hour, in nearly all parts of Europe, i* employed in the lighter operations of husbandry. Especially in the dairy and turnip husbandry, the assistance of female helpers is considered indispensable to proper economy and success. The extension of the turnip culture, so desirable at present for many reasons, will aflford light and easy field labour, upon which the females of the fanners, or of the farm labourers' families, might be usefully and profitably employed. Such labour in th field cannot surely he less becoming in a female, or less healthful, than labour in the cotton and weaving fac tories, to which so many of the females, both of this Province and of the New England States, now eagerly devote themselves. * Since the above was written, I have received from my friend Mr. Brown, of Charlotte County, the following remarks, gene- rally in accordance with my own conclusions, but giving another anci very probable reason for the belief that paid labour is not profitable, which my own knowledge of the subject had not suggested to me : — " A very general opinion prevails in the " Province that hired labourers cannot be profitably employed " ou a farm at the present rate of wages, and many reasons " have been urged as causes why this cannot be done. Thai " many who have made farming their principal business, have " often found themselves in straitened circumstances, is very " true. Such farmers, however, seldom keep accounts of pro- " fits or losses, receipts or expenditures. The whole family, " consisting in part of non-producing or unprofitable members, " is maintained in the style and manner customary in the coun " try ; the produce of the farm is sold or consumed just to meet " existing family wants and demands ; and in this loose way " of managing, when the farmer finds himself behind hand, he " at once concludes that his business is unprofitable, and that " hired labour will not pay. Whereas, had he applied his la- " hour in a proper manner, and kept a fair debtor and creditor ' account with the farm, he would probably have found at the '! ^ir'""''V.*'"^ * handsome profit on tnat very hired labour, and i". ^*u f '^''"^^ of that profit had been expended in the support " of nis laiu.,,^ ^j. j^jj jjjjj jjj gjjjj^g jj^jjgj. yf^y« Chaptbr XI. \ I. rhe Emigration front the Province. I I. The fFheal Midffe, the Rust, and the Potato Disease, MI. The want a/ protect ion/rom Foreign competition. Their influence OH the productiveness of the Province, and the profits of the Farmer. I. The Emigration from the Province. Another circumstance which has hitherto exercised an unfavourable influence upon the agricultural pro- gress of the Province, and especially upon the opinion entertained as to its agricultural capabilities, is the tide of emigratiou from New Brunswick, which constantly sets more or less strongly towards the United States. During the last two or three years, this emigration has been more frequent and general than for some years previously, and has been supposed by some to indicate that no remunerative employment was to be found in the Province, and that its agricultural resources are insufficient to afford a comfortable livelihood to the family of an industrious settler. Such an impression IS this,. however unfounded, is productive of much evil, it not only disheartens those who remain on their farms, and makes them more ready to complain — a tendency which alt farmers in all countries, and in the most fa- vourable circumstances, exhibit in sufficient strength — but it makes them feel as if exertion would be hope- less, and that they had better quit jo ; while it deters others from settling upon the land, and devoting them- 'elveo to agricultural pursuits. Fee found in ource6 are )od to the impression much evil, their furms, a tendency le most fa- nt strength d be hope- le it deters )ting them- a stranger !stles8 cha- le move, or advantage ry tendency ident of the l)is Annual ng the bad the farming local attach- defect in our will, with a ut remorse — turn his back en — his birth imily altar — waved their his innocent 18 out of his [ unregretted, itrange and a mparatively attachment less fitrong t bound by 18 of many an all asso- )uld incline of reproach elating the } be equally tates of the as my owa jai-e. The erous New as strongly lurol Society Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 59 as from the Province of New Brunswick. Why should it be a special lamentation then among the inhabitantv of New Brunswick, or be held to throw a suspicion upon its agricultural capabilities P The Colony only partakes in what is common to the Continent of which it forms a part. The impulse which sent the fatheri' ucroissthe Atlantic, survives in their sous, iind is every where urging them farther west, whither the main des tiny of the Saxon race seems to point, nud whither it tends. But in addition to those who move in obedience to this secret tendency, it is alleged, truly I believe, that a large number of additional emigrants have, during the last two years, forsaken the Colony, whose de|)arture many lament. 1 1 is interesting to inquire to what class these men belong, why they have left the Province, and what evil is likely to result from their emigration. From the best information I have been able to ga- ther, these additional emigrants appear to have been either — 1. Persons formerly engaged in lumbering, whom the failure of the trade during the past two years had deprived of th^ir usual employment. W ilhout imme diate resource, and unwilling, often unfit, to commence a new mode of life, these persons have naturally gone elsewhere in quest of that kind of work they like or understand the best. They resemble in this respect the many thousands of the floating population known in England by the name of navigators^ who are em ployed on our rail roads, and wh<> shift from place t( place, and from one Island to the other, or even to the Continent of Europe, or to America, when work fails them, rather than seek for employment at a less rude and unsettled occupation. 2. Or persons already deeply in debt, whose farms were mortgaged to their full value, and who having lost hope and heart here, were desirous of beginning the world anew in a new region. Such persons, also. we have at home, and their departure by emigration is coiisidered to be a double good — to the country, that it rihould in this way be relieved of depressed and des- pairing families — and to the individuals themselves, that from new scenes and circumstances they may ga- ther fresh energy, and be able, by renewed exertions, to rehnild their ruined fortunes. 3. Or persons who, though wholly devoted to farming, have applied little skill or steady industry to their call- ing, or have neglected that frugal economy which hard times require. To such farmers the partial failures of the corn and potato crops, during the last three years, have proved doubly severe ; while their more prudent or more patient neighbours struggled through equal difficulties, they felt themselves forced to give way ; and regarding the country they lived in as the special seat of inflictions, which were common to hall a conti nent, they have gone to seek in a new land — what they never will find — a soil which will as generously open its fertile bosom to the unsteady and impatient as to the industrious and persevering. 4. Or lastly, persons who have friends or relations in one or other of the Western States, who have allured them thither by pictures always one sided a.id highly coloured — or whom the love of excitement and change inclines readily to give up a comfortable competence for the prospect of greater and more rapid, though more uncertain gains. In the departureof such classes of men the Province has nothing either to regret or to fear — as if either its progress were about to be stayed, or as if, instead of) continuing to go forward, its Inrlunes were now about to retrograde. Such parties are the weeding of the population, which will not only cease henci forth to shed an evil influence around them, hut whose places will he occupied hy more usefil plants. But the ordinary emigratioi\ of good men, wlioni mere restlessness moves in this lis in other parts of America, it may he desirable to stay or to turn in ano- ther direction. The set of this tide in Americn, as in Europe, is generally from poorer, to what are known, or supposed to be, richer districts or countries. Ireland overflows into Great Britain; Switzerland into France ; Piedmont into Lombardy, and the Italian plains; and the heaths and uplands ol Germany into the rich towns and marshes of Holland. So the New Englander hears of the far West; the New Brunswicker of prosperous Boston and thriving Maine ; the Nova Scotian of the marsh lands of Sackville, and the beauteous fertility of Sussex Vale, or the rich red soils of the Restigouche — and each forgets the surer prospects which might await him were he with patient industry to remain quietly at home. In reference to this tendency to mo\e to richer dis- tricts, it is of much consequence, I think, that the na- tural and compiirbtive capabilities of their own soil should he made known to the iuhabitiints of this Pro- vince. That there ari> many inhospitable tracts of land within its borders, nobody who has travelled extensively along its roads will venture to deny. The Maps ap- pended to this Report show both their situation and extent, as far as they are at present known. There are other tracts also, which from being fully settled, do not afford sufficient space for the natural expansion of the large families of sons, in whom the prolific parents of this Colony rejoice. But the previous pages of this Report have shewn that the Province includes great breadths of valuable land still untouched by the hand of man, over which the natural incnase of the popula- tion may difTuse ifsell" for many years to come, and upon which the labours ol the industrious mover may he ex- pended with the reasonable hope of a fair return. It is ufmuch consequence, I think, that the existence, the extent, and the exact localities of such provincial lands, should be made generally known, wherever na- tural increase or natural restlessness inclines the farm- ng population of the Province to move ; and that easy access to such lands, and a ready means of obtaining possession of them, should he provided by the Legisla- ture of the Province. Thus good men might he kept at home, goods lands settled, and steady hnhits, and a love of the Province as their hirth-place and the home of their fathers, encouraged and promoted. II. The Wheat Midge, the Rust, and the Potato Disease. .;, ;,,.., , , Among the circumstances which have, during the last few years most seriously affected the produce of ti>e Province, and the comfort of the farmers, the midge and rust which have attacked the wheat, and the disease by which the potato has been affected, have been ex- ceedingly influential. 1 . The ff^heat Midge has been known for a great many years in Northern America, and has extended its ravages more or less severely over the two Canadas, and over many of the States of the American Union. It has already appeared in most of the Counties of New Brunswick, and in some districts has almost banished the wheat crop from the farmer's fields. It is generally distinguished by the name of the JVeevil, an erroneous designation however, as that insect, of which at least 8 9' 91 9; 95 9S. 95 lor ia- >d. 14. 0- ); 8- jr IS ; 1 no Professor Johnston's Report on the two ppucii-R nru known, attacks tht* perfect grain in the grunarifH of (ho ruru factor. Indeed " the term Wee vii it) applied in New Kngland (and New Braniwick) to nt lea^t xiz different kindi* of inoecti, two of wliich nri* niotlis, two are flies, and two are beetieti."* The little inix'c.t which hafi littelv in a more especial manner ravaged the wheat crops of North America, is one of the two flies to which the name of weevil hus been ap- plied. The course and progress of its ravages in thie I'rovince ure detailed in the following paragraphs. for which I am indebted to my fellow traveller, Mr. Brown: — '< In the year 1841 or 1843 tlio wheat in thit Province be- gan to be injured by destructive insects, having tlie appear- ance ol very small yellow coloured maggots. Five or six ot tlieni were usually (uund within the outside covering of r :i;i- glu grain at the time when the crop was beirinning to\ pen. This single grain they entirely deitroyed, without appearing to meddle with any of the other grains in the same ear. Hence in many eais'a number of the grains escaped, and thus the quantity of pioduce was di.ninished without at all affect ing the quality of what was left. '< This insect, by some improperly called the ' Hessian Fly,' and by others the 'Weevil,' uppearo to;be the ' Wheat Midge,' it liaring bei-n observed that swarms of small flies alight on the Acids ot wheal about the time that the milkv substance is forming in the ear, and in the manner of the horse bot flies, impregnate the grains separately, and that the small maggotn thus produced, are < Midges ' in the first stage of their exist ence. " These insects flrst appeared in Sussex Vale, in King'n County, and seem to have spread from that fertile district, as fium a common centre, all over the Province, In 1844 they destroyed nearly all the wheat in the low grounds in that val- ley ; on the higi grounds in the vicinity their ravages were ciiiefly conflneu to the outsides of the fields, and to a compara- tively small number of grains iu each ear. Traces of them that'ycar extended through the Parishes of Norton, Hampton, Upham, and Kingston, but did not cross the River St. John In the other direction they extended to Butternut Ridge, through the Parioh of Salisbury, and into Coverdale, in the County of Westmorland. During the two next yean they spread all over the eastern part of tlie Piovince, and extended up the whole way through the Valley of the Saint John. In 1847 thesowingof wheat was in a great measure discontinued, and oats weie generally substituted in its stead. The insects in some instances, appeared among the oats, but did no essen- tial damage. Up to 1847 the counties of Charlotte, Northum- berland, Gloucester and Kestigouche had escaped, and good crops of wheat had been raised ; in that year they began to appear in Charlotte and Northumberland. In 1848 what little wheat was sown, when it grew up, was so much injured by the rust, that their ravages could not so well be ascertained. This present yeai , 1849, some traces of them were found in the noithern pnitsof the Province, but in all other places they have for the most part disappeared, and have left the wheal of this season almost entirely uninjured." It would appear as if the peculiarity of the season? during the last twelve months — the severe cold of the winter, and the heat and drought of the summer— had arrested for the time the ravages of this insect. It is to he hoped that its appearance in future years may have heen prevented also. The only special precautions to which we can reasonably look for benefit, iu addition to a general more skilful treatment of the land, are — a. Late sowing, by which the development of the young grain is retarded until the season has passed at which the fly usually deposits its eggs. b. The use of varieties of grain and seed brought from districts in whicti the insect has hitherto been unknown. The use of seed from affected localities has no doubt been one of the causes which has contributed to its rapid spread over this Continent ; white on the other hand, the introduction of the variety called Black Sea wheat, is said to have in many placet* saved the wheat crop from the luidge, and in many more from the ust. c. The flontiug of the seed, immersing it and stir* ring it in water, so as to separate the light afllected grains from the heavy and sound ones ; and d. The steeping of this heavier grain in salt and water, or in water containing in solution certain quantities of nitrate of soda, or saltpetre, or sulphate of copper, (blue vitriol,) and afterwards drying the steeped seed with slaked lime or burne] gypsum. 2. The Rust is complained of as having been very destructive to the wheat crop in many parts of this L'ruvince, as well as iu the Canadiea and in the States. Along the chores of the Bay of Fundy, where fogs and mists prevail, especially iu the latter periods of the plant's growth, when it is most subject to the attacks of this pest— upon the river islands, and along the in* tervals which skirt so many of the North American , streams — in the neighbourhood of cedar swamps, and iiround the borders of boggy carriboo plains, and the edges of marshy lakes,^the rust most frequently ap- pears, is most feared, and is most destructive. It is considered a worse foe to the farmer even than the midge, because while the insect destroys only the grain, the fungus injures or destroys both straw and grain rogether. The only known remedies or palliations are— (/. Early sowing, with the view of having the wheat nearly ripe before the season of the roost fatal mists and fogs arrives. b. General arterial drainage of swamps and marshes, and special thorough drainage of low and wet lands upon whico water rests, or where mists in the summer even- ings are prone to settle. Such draining, even on the marginsof rivers, will often be found efficient; but I cannot from experience say how far the injurious ac« tion of mists from the Bay of Fundy would be moli- Red by such improvements. I can only infer, that as in all circumstances mists collect and settle most hea- vily and most frequently on the coldest, and compara- tively wettest spots, the pro!)ability is that such treat- ment of the land along the Bay shores would be attended with like good effects. c. The introduction of more hardy varieties of wheat, or such as from some peculiarity are less subject to be rusted. Of this kind is the Black Sea whecit, which has been found to escape where other varieties were itlmost destroyed. This question of the wide failure of the wheat crop hroughout North America, and the consequent gra- dual retrocession of the wheat exporting regions to the shores of the great western lakes, and to the wes- tern territories of the United States, is important enough to merit a mucb more lengthened discussion than I should be justified in introducing here. There is one phase of this question however which it is important to this Province briefly to consider. I shall draw my illustration of it from the Province of Lower Canada. Ill this Province the produce of wheat, oats, Indian corn, and buckwh it and barley, was as follows, in each of the three years 1827, 1831, and 1844 respec- tively : — XLI. • Mr. Harris' Report on the Insects of Ma^aachttsetts inju- rious to vegetation. Wheat, Oats, Indian Com, Buckwheat, Barley, 1827. 3,931,240 2,341,S29 383,150 121,397 363,117 1831. 3,404,756 3,142,874 339,633 106,050 394,795 From this Table it will be seen — 1844. 942,835 7,238,753 141,008 374,809 1,195,456 Agricultural Capabilities of New Jirunswick, <^f n. That from 1837 to 1831 a gradual increat« orthe wheat and oat cropii took place, more in proportion in the oats than in the wheat however, while ttie Indian corn, buckwheat and barley were neariy vtationarT. That of buckwheat had even diminished one nixtfi. This implies that during thore years the wheat and oat crops were the most profitable, but that some unpublish> «d influence was already at work, inclining the French Canadians to turn their attention to oats, in compari- son with wheat, somewhat more than formerly. b. But that from 1831 to 1844 a remarkable revo- lution took place in the kind of cropping found most profitable in Lower Canada. The growth of oatb in- creased from 3 to 7 millionH of bushels, while that ol wheat diminished from 34 to 9 hundred thousand bushels. The growth of Indian corn also underwent a diminution similar to that of wheat— railing uiT from .339 to 141 thousand bushels. In the same period, buckwheat and barley both increased to three times their former growth. I am not aware of the publication ofauy ogri<)ultural statistics of the States of the Union which exhibit s( interesting a series of changes as this. How much agricultural distress — how much disappointment and loss of crops — how many disheartened men and star ving families— how many mortgages, snles, and trans fers of property— must have preceded and accompanied so entire an alteration in the general direction of agri cultural industry, and in the kinds of produce the growers were able to send into the market P What is the cause of this great change? Is it the wheai midge and the rust which have almost driven the wheat plant from Canada ? Is it the ruinous husban- dry of the French Canadian which has so exhausted his land that it can no longer supply the wants of the wheat crop, and minister to its healthy growth P Or is it some unobserved alteration in the climate which hop rendered the country uupropitions at once to the wheat, and to the Indian corn P Has the culture of wheat been expelled forever from the shores of the Saint Law- rence, or can it again be brought back P I do not dwell on these topics, but I return to the wheat crop of New Brunswick. In Mr. Wilkinson's concluding Bepnrt on tha Rail- way between Saint John and Shediac, it is stated that. •* the wheat crop waa formerly certain and abundant in the volley of the Kennebeccasis. It was snfficifnt not merely for the producers, but a large surplus was an- nually sent to market, in appearance ond quolity snr passing the best descriptions imported. The soil now refuses to bring this crop to maturity, just as it is found to do in the older parts of the United States, where similar exhaustion has taken place." It is certain that the banks of the Kennebeccasis do not now produce so much wheat as formerly, and that the raising of wheat has ceased to be certain or profit- able in many of the older States of the American Union. So far the above extract is correct. But the crops of 1849 have shown that the soil of the Kennebeccasis still posseses the power of " bringing this crop to maturity." Whatever may be the case in lower Canada, therefore, (if the midge and the rust can be conquered,) there is still hope, when seasons favour and the husbandry is properly adapted to the soils, that New Brunswick inay recover from the depression under which its wheat crop has during the last few years been labouring. What the agricoltnral adaptations are, which the present con- ditions of the soils demand, will be adverted to in a subsequent part of this Report. 3. The Potato Duense here, os elsewhere, has con- lessedly paralyzed the rural industry of many districts, greatly added to the other distresses, especially of the new settlers, and very much retarded the agricultural progress of the Province. Out like the wheat midg;*; and the rust, this infection has not been special to New Brunswick, among the American Provinces, and States ; nor can it be considered a valid cause for dissatisfaction with his own homestead, or a reason why the New Brunswick farmer should forsake it, and flee tu other countiics in search of mure fertile fields. My own persuusioa haf> long been, that this disease, in its most grievous fonn, would be onlv limited in its duration. Its severity has now, it is to be hoped, in a great measure been allaved, and the produce oi the |)otato crop this year in New Brunswick sucma toliold out the promise of a well-founded renewal of that con- fidence in this root, which has hitherto formed the basis of many of the farmer's most important plans and cal- culations. In regard to these various maladies of the wheat and potato crops, it is to he observed, that the reason why they have so seriously affected New Brunswick, has been that so many of its inhabitants were new to th« country, were still more or lesh steeped in their original poverty, and were unable therefors to endure the cruel vicissitudes of three or four successive years of visitation. -With the new hopes and new energies now awaken- ing, better days are coming even to the poorest of thesu suffering settlers. III. The want of protection from loreign competition. I allude to this as an alleged cause of depression to New Brunswick agriculture, in consequence of my attention having been specially called to it by one or two of my numerous correspondents. Thus Mr. R. K. Gilbert, of Dorchester, writes — " If our fanners had the supplying of our home markets with meats, bread stuffs, and home produce, without the prospect uf competition with the United States, they could then calculate on increased sales, so as to pay labourers ; but as it is now, they are paralyzed, and the circulating medium of the country is constantly drained, and sent abroad to purchase articlea which can be produced at home ; and our lumberers cat foreign produce, and are induced to do so by free trade legislation." In regard to the imports ol provisions, so far as I have been able ti learn, they are owing — 1. In the case of salt pi'ovisions, to the fact that the beef and pork now raised in the Colony is of inferior quality, will scarcely bear the salt, and cannot compete in quality for shipping purposes with the beef and pork produced in certain parts of the United States. The remedy for this importation is to improve the quality of the fat stock which are intended lor the purposes of curing. 2. In the case of wheat, to the failure of this grain in New Brunswick, owing to the attacks of the midge and rust. If these evils be overcome, enongh of spring wheat at least may be grown to supply the home market. 3. In the case of wheaten flour f to the extravagant habits of the lumberers, who have been always accus- tomed to superfine flour, and to the prejudice among other parties against flour manufactured in the Pro- vincial mills. The cure for thi.s importation is to encourage more the consumption of oatmeal and of buckwheat, until the growth of home wheat increases again, and to patronize the Provincial mills in preference to those of Rochester and Oswego. I do not advert to the political part of this question. But if the comparative productiveness of the soil of New Brunswick, as represented in a preceding part of 91 9; fli 9£ 95 tor lis- id, M. o- ); 9- jr (S mmmmmm Pro/i'HMor JulintitOH8 lii'fmrt on the thin Ilfjxirt (Tiilileii IV'. timl V.) bi- crirrt'ot, iiml if the riitc« of Wiij(fH itivni ill Tubl*"* XXXVIII iiiid XXXIX ure to lie cli'pfiitlfd iipoii, tliJM I'rovitioL' ought tu hi* hWi' to coiniirtf mii!i'>;'««fiiily witli tlie (Jiiited Stitte» fiiriiiorff, niMl tu drive tlictii from itH lioini* iiiiirketx. I lii'lifvc tliHt II little iiiofL' ^kili, i'iiiT((y nnd dftfriniiinlion aiiionx tliv liiDdlioliltTi of tliJM Proviiift', ('(nultiiird wltli II mnrt' lioiK'ful *i>irif, would riMulir uuiu'cessnry tlir dinrii^fiiou •tvoii of rt'dtriftivf ftucnl ri')fiilntiouH, tin niloptloii of wJiicli could nut liiil to itrodui't* iiii fiTort u'ry uufuvouriilile to tlie North American ('Oloiiie*, at H time when tliey '••'e C')uii>liiiiiing ho Imidly of the illiberal tiiriir of the United StHtto, iind ol the twenty per cent, duty levied by theiu on the iiffricultiiral pro ducti^'usol C'aiiada, New Ilriinsd in the present and the proeediii|f ('hnptern, fieveral havu no doubt had mucli influence in rendering tlu' ngricuU tural body lesn pronperoiiH, the auriculturai interest less iiiflnential, and tlie a)i:ricultural cn|)abilities of the *i)il le»» appreciated in New Brunswick, than under more favourable conditions lliey would undoubtedly have been. Hut it will be sten that all thene rircuin- PtanecH are independent of and extriiiHic to the natural OM|tabilifies of the joil itself, and that they do not in reality deterinine or permaiiently interfere willi the natural adaptatinn of the i'rovincc as a field fur ngri> eullnral exettion. The lumber trade may Iie]int under proper restrninte — tile produce markets may be improved — labour may be profitably ouiployel by all who desire to t'arin more largely— emigration rrum the Province, fo far as it is to be regretted, mayeease— the wheat midge, the ru»t, nnd the potato dion the whoU? a less untav()urable view of tlieir evil iiiHuences — that the nnaniinniis reply to all my inqui- ries ill every part of the Province has been ^tliat those who hdiie corifini'd Ihi'm.seleis to their fnnnivg opnia- irons nloiif, find have been ordinnribf skilful, indus- triutis and prudent, have iji vo caso/nikd tu do u-cIL' In the midst, and in spite of these evils therefore, there is still hope for the Province — remove them in whole or in i)art, and the (iirmers of New Brunswick must do better lliiin bel'ore. .■ ! v;i ,■ ClIAPTKIt XII. Tfir actual comtitiun of the practicul yigricullure qf the J'reviiwe. , . A. Modes of Culture. ' '*""■ ' " 1m a preceding Chapter I gave tbe result of a Calcu lation as to tlie agrii'uitnral capabilities, or rather the popii'mtiousui porting power ol the 600,000 acres of land now supposed to be under culture, which has a closer relation to the actual condition of agriculttire in New Brunswick. It bad been shown by a previous calculation, that to BUjiport tbe entire present population of the Colony, would require 031, 87''' acres o( hind of the average pro* duciivi' quality of 1 J tons of oats per acre. From this it niiglit lie inlerred either that tbe land actually in ciiliiv.itiiMi is of superior quality, or that it is farmed in II »i)pcrity, and in its periorinance very little either of skill or capital is required. ** A piece of ground is first marked out in the forest, all the bushes and sinull trees arc cut down as close to the ground as potitiblo, the large trees are next cut down, the upper blanches cut off, and sometimes the trunks are cut up into logs ot fit- teen or twenty leet long. The ' Chopping,' as it ir culled, is then left to dry lot sojne time, and at noon in some dry warm day in Augiiat or September it is set on Are, the bushes and binnclies are coinuiuiily consumed, and the logs that are left are rolled, carried or hauled together into heaps, and burned up ; the ashes are then spread, and tlio (croun'd is ready to re- ceive the seed. Land thus prepared will commonly produce wheat, hurley, oata, r^e, buckwheat, Indian corn, potatoes, or turnips. " Wlieat is sown among the stumps of the trees, and either harrowed with a triangular harrow made- tor the purpose, or harked in by hand with a common lioo. Barley, oats, rye and buckwheat, are sown and covered in the same way. If the ground be intended tor mowing or pasture, and nut for a second crop, grusi seeds are sown with tlie grain. " Indian corn is planted by merely raising a portion of the soil about two or three iachei deep, and throwing in five or six kernels at intervals of three feet. '' Potatoes are planted by laying three or four setts or cuttings in a place, at intervdls of two and a half or three feet, and covering them over with a hoe. Turnips are sown broadcast on the giouiid. Abundant rropj are raised in this simple way, the ' new land ' in many parts ol the Province being very productive. The crop of grass alter the grain is often coarse and heavy — the clover frequently flat on the ground. Land planted with Indian com, potatoes or turnips the first year, is sown with grain and grass seed the second year. In this way field is annually added to field, until frequently, the new settler who entered the forest with only his axe on his shoul- Jer, and his pack of provisions on his back, is owner of a pro- ductive farm, living with his family in a comfortable house, with comparative plenty all around him. " This success of the new settler depends a good deal not only on the quality and productiveness ot the soil, but also upon the kind ui wood with which it is covered. It the laud is covered with hard wood, or with a growth where hard wood predominates, it will generally, if properly burnt and cleaied, yield good first crops. The annual tailing and rotting ot the leaves seems to add much to the fertility ol the soil. On the contrary, it the growth be pine, spruce, larch, fir, cedai , hem- lock, or a mixture of these, the wood is not only more dithcult J(*)'icMUnral CapahilttwH of AVir BrHUHtrick. fi8 at prenvnt ill ruviinr , from thin I we u(l(] to iniinrity of iiiliihle for '* for diip- •ad or2l(», loiiy ought [ht in to be iroductivc' Hruiiowick it runlly in y observn- ime obser* [ out of the ly nettlersi, vere repro* condition hitve given its present cription of ndel)ted to «tata, is CO' cew in iarm- ppear a iief' and in ita equirod. )re8t, all the le ground ai l>er biancliet to IpgsotfiJ- l ir. culled, i« le dry warm ' bualies and that are lelt and burned readj- to rc- luly produce n, potaluen, i, and either < purpose, or ■y, tals, rye ine way. If md nut fur a ortion of the ng in five or ts or cutting* ree feet, and m broadcast this simple ce being very often coarse und. Land e first year, ?ar. In this itly, the new in his shoul- 'ner of a pro- table house, nod deal not loil, but also If the land re hard wood and cleaied, utting ot the oil. On the cedai , heai' nore dithcuU to hum and rlenr off, hut tho soil ini-lf is commonly coverfi' with a scurf, being an accuinulatlun »t unroltfd reinaim uf tlit leaves ol those trees, which often resiats the Are, and hliidero the crop from growing. tlu;h lands, altUuugh llity may prove productive alter they ate ploughed, areiiutguod lor fir«lciopi, and bv new settlers iherelure as tar a» possible avoided. " Within ten or twelve years after the trees are cut down, the most of the roots are »o much dccayi'd that many ol ilic stumps are easilv removed. There is however a ditference in the liabiliiy of the loots to decay. The routs ol the pine will last in the ground undecayed lor an age. Those of the hem- luck and the red birch, will sometlines remain sound lor a quarter of a century ; but ten years wdl so lur enable the settler to cleai them away, as to he anle to put In the plough. During the first ten or twelve years therefore no pluugli is required, no manure needed to enricli the virgin soil. Little pi acticalugricul- tiiral knowledge is wanted beyund the use uf the axe, the hoe, the scythe, and the ox goad. This kind ol knowledge, with • great deal more peculiar to their position, the new settlerit of the Province abundantly possess, still with all this they are very ill prepared to become skilfu' and successful fanners." The connequencen of tlii< nyntein ofhulwiidry — tlius in gome measure impogpi! upon tin' new iaiid fanner — upon the atatf of iigricuiture in the Province, are tliun described by Mr. Brown : — " Generally speaking, a'^^riculture may therefore be yet con- sidered as only III its irifancy. Thi; whole of the procpsi advantages superior to Northnmherland. i the two Counties of Gloucester and Restigouche, flanked liv the Hay uf Chaleurs and the Kcstigouche Rlvf-r, hii>I forty years ago derincil univ a fit lialillatioii lur wild ^Cfae and lira^l* of prey. In iKriculiurNi skill and iinpruveiiieiit* ilif inlialnt- ants are very little heliinil those ol Ni'MliiiiiilierUiid ; ainl the larmuf Mr. Feigui>on,Ht llathurat, isoiiitot the l»'»t iiianaKeil in the Province. In tlifse two euuntirs, a« well as in North- iimberlaMd, the succesi hat uiidoubledly aiitrn Iruin the i>kill, experience and example ol old country liirnuTs There uie inuny settlements ol Acudhin French in tin- Counly ol Glou- cester, ami althiMigh they occupy aoine of the liio'n hiioN, and have held them tor a long time,' they are very lar hehiiid their fellow subjects ul Hiitish uiigui in agricultural ini|irovement. "The soil, capabiliiies hikI ngricultural Hdvunceinent mi the Counties ol Charlotte and ^ainl J(din, may be ranked together. 1 he tuwn jilat of Saint Amlrewri, and several iti the luiiiis within that l'ari«h, with several olhcrs in tlie (>ther l'uiiiilu>, are not much behind those ol Newcastle and Duuglaittown. The same may be sail uf iimiiy tarins in the vicinity ul Sauit Juhn, and a lew in the other parts ol the County, The soil uf ihese twu Counties is nut generally so well adapted to hirniing pursuits as that uf the uther Cuuu'ties, In C.arlotle the pru* Kress of impruvement is manily attiibulable to the exertions of the Agricultural Society, In agiicultural advanceinent, as indicated by the p'uughiiig, the iinpleiiients ot husbandry, stock, fences, buildings, Ue , Carleton, King's and V'urU may all be put in une class. Cailetuii has the best suil, Kind's the best market. The natural capabilities uf the suil ul both uf these Cuunties are very great. The buildings and lences In the Counties uf King's and York, taken together, arc rutlicr liettei than thuse in the ('ouniy of Carleton. In all three are to be luund excellent farms, well managed, and well cultivated and productive— in all three ul them settlers pursuing the ex- hausting system uf their lutheis, and deeming every attempt- ed improvement an innuvatluii. "The uther five Cininlies, vit : Sunbury, Ijueen's, Kent, Westmurland and Albert, do nut ditler inatenally in their state uf aKricultuial pruKiuss. Kent possesses extensive re- sources, and Contains many good larms, and foine good tann- ers; a considerable portion of the inhabitants are Acadian French, wiio, like their brethren in other parts of the Country are slow to adopt any of the modern improvements. " Sunbury a4iil t^iieen's possess very fine productive and extensive tracts uf island and intervale laud. '1 his gives inaiiv of the inhahilaiitsa dec ded advantage over those who in other places have no such privilege; and although there are in both these Cuunties many well cunducled and well cultivated farms, the bulk of the peuple are more indebted for their success in farming tu tli'» natural fertility of the soil, and tu the uverflow- ingot the Hiver Saint lohn, limn to their own Hdvaiiceiiitint in agricniturol knowledge, Westmorland and Albert possess ill liUe manner, very extensive and valuable marshes, made by the tides ot the Hay ot Kundy, which, besides uther pruduce, yield annually vast quantities of hay. This enables the inha- bitants to keep large herds of cattle, and flocks uf sheep, by means of which thev have obtained the name uf being the richest. iHruiers in the country. Uncunnected with those marshes there are son-e good farms; but like the people of Sunbury an?enerally agree, 1 s all add only it few brief observations on the more e«sential defects visible in the mode of managing and miinnriiij^ the land, and in the kind of crops grciwn upon it in successive years. 1 st. The mod' of mnnagiiig and mnnnring the. land, n. Shnllnw phnighing. — It is a ronsequenoe ot the Wiint of sufficient strength upon a farm that the work in general l< slighfly done. The ploughing especially is shallow, because it is in this way most quickly per- formed. This observation is true of all countries. Ill New Brunswick, iiccnrdiiig to Mr. Simonds of York County, the plnughiiig seldom exceeds three or lour incl'cs, , • . ' t 91 9 95 92 96 •or .la- id, 14. o- s- 3r IS 01 Profffmior Johrmton'a Report on the From the obiirrvntinnii of Mr. Hrown it will be ■i>»n tlmt tli»> lyftrm of linnhntidry fidlowp*! in the I'rovliicr \n ePKentinlly nn fxhnii«tinfr iiyiitfni; but thr MMCtlrv nt Rhnllow ploughing innkp* the il«tf*. In very mnnjr ohio* n di>e)>t^r ploughintr, by bringing lip thri'e or ronrinehp* of new »oil, would renovate nnd rentoru the worn out iurrnri', nnd put the farioer in o rondition for beginning n new and Ionr exhausting mode or culture, with the prorpert of permanently retaining hi* land in good rondition. The trench plough in deserving the attention of Agrivulturnl Socictiee, nn nnplirnble to the improve mcnt of deep loam*, according to thin principle. In mnny other cnnrn where it would be unMafc at once to bring up the under mill, becnnnu of it* nnxii j* qnnlitie the use of the sub-Moil plough, made lighi so as to fol low in the furrow of the common plough, would he eminently beneflcini both to the root and corn crop*. b. jiutumn ploujiltiog — From the exiierience I have hud of the New lirunswick /'Vi//, mignt be ndvantn gcously nnd perfectly performed to a much greater extent thun ut preoent is generally the case. Thi autumn ploughing not only IcosenH the labour* of the ensuing tipring, nnd thus lorwnnls the work at % press iug seaDun, but it buries again the manure of the po tato fields, which the digging of the roots brings to the surface: it also exposes to the ameliorating action ol the frost and of the winter air, the under soilwhieh the plough hns brought up. e. Drnining, by menus of lending drains, called French drains in this Province, or by smaller drains, open or ciivereil, is in niuiiy localities much required before deeper ploughing or sub-soiling can be advan- tageously or economically introduced The want of draiiioge, so universal over many of the old countries of Europe, cannot be n matter ol special reproach to the farmers of the New World. It is ra- ther to be recommended to them ns a practice whicl nil experience hns shown to be productive ol profit, wherever it has been tried, and which has also beei found, and for this reason is, deserving of their special consideration. 1 shall have occasion to return to thif point hereafter. d. Imperfect denning of the land is another dcfeci which the stranger remarks in New Brunswick farming. If double labour applied to the denning and preparation of one ncremake it produce a double crop, it must not only be pleasanter to look upon than two acres hall filled with weeds, but must on the whole be more eco nomically farmed. c. Neglect of shelter, 1 have already a!Ioded to, as starving the fields and crops, as injurious to the stock, nnd as lessening the comfort of the farmer, and inereas iiig his consumption of fuel. f. Waste of manure — How this waste, originating at first in the ready growth of crops without manure, be comes a habit of the farmer and his children, as appears from tlie history of the prevailing^ mode of clearing and settling land which I have quoted from Mr. Brown. This habit affects the practice of the farmer in two ways : Fimtt by making him believe that manure mav be safely wasted, and that it is the fault of the land li it Cues not produce good crops without manure ; and. Secondly, after his mind is disabused by instruction or experience upon this point, nnd he has begun to return something to his land, by causing him to overlook of intentionally to pass by many opportunities of collecting dually small in quantity, are large in the Sf grrgate, nnd in the coarse of tlie year would add eonsidtrably to hia netna nl enrichint hli fltlds— thas, his liqaid manure runs to waste ; the rains wash his dang heaps in his stable yard, and too often the lesser he«|Ni, after they are laid oat in the fields, and before they are plough, ed in ; hi* straw is not carefully saved and con?erted into manure ; and animal and vegetable matters of variou* kinds, sDoh as potato nnd turnip to|)n, the straw of bnekwheat and Indian corn, the bones of bin stock, the seonrlng of his ditches. Ice, are made comparatively little use of^ if not entirely neglected. 2d. The kindofcrotu grown ujtoti hit land. An regards bin crops, the New Brunswick farmer fotlowi a system which, even where regular manuring is prac- tised, would injure the land, and which is therefore condemned and avoided by nil good farmers ; but which, combined with the waste of manures, and negleet of manuring, is certain to entail an early eshaustion. I mention particularly — a. The repeated successive crops of hay which arc taken year after year from the same fields. This custom, which is characteristic of these North American Provinces, and has been naturally fallen into in consequence of the n<>cess!ty of providing o large supply of winter food for the Btc(l< , is very injurious to the land. Tliis I believe is generally acknowledged ; but the plea of necessity is urged as un excuse. It is not necessary however to cut hny off the same land year after year, without returning to it any manure; neither is it necessary to feed the stock altogether upon hny. To these points I have already adverted, when considering the effects of tlie New Brunswick winter upon stn \, and the means of employing the winter season profitably to the farmer. I shall in a iiubsequeiit Chapter return to tb' subject of feeding. I infer thiit the land of thi' Province, when fairly treated, must be prone to proJu-e abondantly from the large returns which the farmers expect and actu- ally rob the soil of, after once manuring. I visited (he furm ol a most intelligent gentleman, one of the best larmers of liis neighbourhood, and 1 believe most de- sirous to improve, who informed me that after one dressinir with mussel-mud from the sea bank, not far from his farm, lie had taken one crop of potatoes or turnips, one of wheat, and eight successive crops of liay, and he seemed to think the land had used him ill in not having given him more. For the first four crops from such an application, a British rent paying farmer would have been thankful and content, and in taking these he would have been thought rather hard upon his land too. b. The repented succession of crops qf grain is open to similar reprobation. In remote districts ol Scotland and England the practice may be found still lingering, but it brings on ultimately a species of exhaustion which is exceedingly difficult and expensive to repair. c. The want of a rotation of crops is evident where- ever the above mentioned practices of taking successive hay or grain crops prevail. But generally throughout the Province the neglect of a proper and profitable rotation must be reckoned among the defects of the prevailing husbandry. Wherever the system ol rega- iar and copious manuring takes root as an indispensa- ble means of melioration, a well considered rotation of crops must accompany it, if the fall benefits of good manuring are to reward the farmer's labonrs. d. Tne smalt extent to which green crops are eutti- or saving manuring substances, which though indivi-lvate^/may be mentioned as a special defect in the agri "^ ■fRrrgate, iniidtrnblj tiit Hqaid nng heap* M|M, lifter ■re plough' i?«r(efects of the tem ot regn- indispenm- I rotation of efits of good rs. p$ are eulti- in the agri- .'IgnvuUural Capabilitivn of New Brunuwirk. 65 rullure of a country, which by its climate and soilx, seeius su wi>ll adaptod to their growth. I believe that recent experience i« gradually spreading the ciinvic- tinn, that the eultivulion ot green crops i« not on!} likely to succeed, hut likely to be profltahle also to tl.« farmer nnd to the country in o variety of ways, !'•> raise Miem the farmer must prepare, must save, nnd must husliiind his manures ; he nust feed his cattle better, and will thus be led to improvv his breeds of stuck ; while the better hurvesls vf grain he obtains nfler the green crops, will nmke these grain cinps them- velves more proflinlile, and therefore objtcts of more useful attention. 'I'h- spread of green crops in Kng- land iiiid Scotlaud has been invariably the prelude to agricultural improvement, and to an amelioration, not only in th« prnotice but in the circumstanees also ol the farmers; and it can h.i.dly fail to be followed b) similar results in New liri'nswick. c. Alliiwing the ffi ain In become too ripe bifnre it is ciit, is a minor defect which this cnnntry shares with many others, but which, nevertheless is produrtivi every year of a large a^^regato loss to the Province. Tliis over-ripeness not only causes the grain to shed S( much as at times to make oiits and buckwheat sow themselves thick enough to give a second year's crop but it renders the quality of wheat lind other grain in I'erior, hy thickening the husk, and causing it to given smaller yield of flour. Kxperiencu has shown that in those, and other respects, it is thu interest of the farmer to cut his grain a week at least before it is fully ripe. Such are a few of the defec*a which, apart from implements and their u>.e, of which Mr. Brown hac spoken, strike the observing agriculturalist as he passes through the farming districts of New Brunswick, and examines the prevailing modes of cultivating nnd crop- ping thu land. The main defec' 'n the treatment an.! feeding of Stock 1 shall treat oi in a separate Chapter. ClIAPTKK XIIT. The actual condition of the practical j^gricnllure of the Province, — Cordinued. B. The Cattle and Dairy Husbandry. The experience of prnticnl men in all countries iias !«d to the general pei-suasini> that the possession of what arc generally distinguished as improved breeds of stock, forms the most certain basis of profitable farm- iug. And this is so. First, because such stock yield a large return of flesh lueat, or of milk, from the same quantity of vegetable food ; and, second, because by the manure they produce, they enable the same breadth of land to yield a heavier return of grain. The quality of the stock in a country therefore must be a matter of much importance in connection with the profit and progress of its rural industry. The traveller in New Brunswick, who possesses an eye for stock, will see much room lor improvement in the starved and honey cattle which crop the often stinted pasturi-s, and in the long-legged and long snouted piga which cross his path everywhere, from the valley of the IVIadawaska to the oyster banks of Shediac. This defective quality in the live stock of the Pro- vince is very generally acknowledged by the practical farmers. I quote some of the opinions on the subject, which 1 have received in an«wer to my queries : — In this County are to be found sueciment of the very best breed* of cowa, sheep, and pigs. In the same county are plenty of swine running at Urge — these long-snouted, long- leirRcd, rsvrnoiii l to Ww farmltig i(it(ire«t of ihi* dittrick tit impruv* the t)rred ol cattle.— John Trs'ihultn, Wttimof- laiiil, I 'may ilntr st once that tlio pretent mode of culture, Im- plein)ni*,aful breed* ul cattle, tic, are ail dalectivv.-- Daniel .Vl'l.aurhUii. Klnff'i. '■'(Ml lar lirhiiid the affe. — Daiiirl S. Smith, (jucen'i. Tlieitiiclt miiy bt improved by jiidicluu* linpurtatlon,-~AU Ian ('oiti r, Qtiren'*, The liri'edi of cattle hers have ampin room fur improvemtnt. John Rohcrlion, Queen'*. linpruveiiiPtit of itork much required In thii dittrlct. — Eli- jah A. I'erkini, Queen'*. There are >ome individual* who have taken tome pride in improving their itock, whde alter a length ul' time other* have been beiiefiifd thereby; but n* a geiit-ral thing, the ureient «toek are princlpnily nstive* with a mixture uf toreigu breed*. — Wm. Reel, Queen'*. Tlie breed* of cattle are very inferior in quality.— Williass Pindar, Que<-n'«. The breed of our hog* and ali(ep, more than other lort of *tock, need* improving. — i^amtiel Mhhnod, Queen'*. There are imilouhtediv a great many delect* in the breed* of cattle.— Chaiie* II. Clowf*, 8unburv. I think that an improvement in the br>ed of horned cattle woidtl be ol great bencflt tu thi* letlleinent.— Jai. L. Pickett, Carleton. The breed of cattle for lome year* pa*t ha* retrograded in coii*equence of th<) encouragement given to lumbering.— John Smith, Albert. There hat a* yet been irarcely anything done to imprure the breed ufatuck.— William Wallace, Albeit. But to be sensible of a defect is an important step towards the removal of it ; and I have had the pleasure of seeing in nearly every district of the Province, both cnttlo iind pigs of excellent quality, which have been either imported for the purpose of improring the exist- ing breeds, or are the produce of such ns havo been imported. The fAllowing extracts add nothing to this statement, bnt they indiciite a few of the special cir- cumstances hy which existing improvement;! have been brought abont, and by which future ameliorations are likely to be promoted or retarded : — The breed of domestic animali hat been improved of late years, principally thiuugh the instrumentality ot the Agricul- tural Sozietie* ; *till there are many interior one* in the coun- try. — Jnmea Brown, M. P. P., Charlotte. There ore in some situations improved breeds of stock from imported sires, though very few will go to any expense tobe- nent tliemtelves by them, and when they dq attempt it, it is not systei>:< its strength. Ihe.: on the other hand, when beef is nigh, butter is cheap, owing to the large quantity of inferior cattle kept for dairy purposes that cannot be turned off. By having cattle on hand that will yield both ways, you are sure to have animals of profit to meet any market. I know a breeder in the upper country, that got Hirefords as beef; ihey turned in very well, but he says it he had his i)iirham graaes, his dairy would be worth mure at the high prices of butter, Mian the Herelords are worth altogether, and he thinks equal to them in beef. The Ayrshire stock is good for milk out lacks tat meat. When any other breeder of any kind of stock challenges the Durhams, they d; net challenge them fur both qualities, but only one, therefore you will have to keep two distinct breeds to compete with the short horned Dur. hams.— John H. Reld, York. As for stock, 1 have had and seen some very good imported, and some that were bad ; a change gf stuck is very essential to the farmer, but the same care and attention given to the natives of the climate will perhaps be as profitable.-^ Israel Parent, York Uur cattle are of various breeds, a preference however is given to the Ayrshire breed, as being the best adapted to our climate and circumstances. The prevailing desire seems to be to improve the quality of our cattle, horses, &c., not as for- merly by the aid of animals imported from the Mother Coun- try or the United States, but by the exercise of greater care :n rearing stock, and in selecting in infancy the very choicest specimens for that purpose.— James Caie, Northumberland, A godd breed of stock is highly essential, and the Ayrshire* have been found the best adapted to ihisclimate.'-John Por- ter, Northumberland. To the old stock of Alderneys that have been in the country since the conquest of Quebec, have been added the VVe^t Highland, Ayrshire, and short-horned Durham breeds, am' also the Southdown, Cheviot, Leicester, and Teerwater sheep, all which have succeeded well. — Dugald Stewart, Hestigouche. .Among the above opinions there is a preponderance In favour of the Ayrshires, as best suit3d to the climate of New Brunswick, and the circumstances of the Provin- cial farmer. There are some families of Ayrshires which are constitutionally adapted both for the dairy and for fattening purposes The same is the case also with certain families of short-horns, so that the com- bination of qualities inMsted upon by Mr. Reid, may with care be secured in either breed. For early maturity and a speedy mannfacture of beef for the butcher, my own experience has lain cliiefly among the short-horns, and I am inclined to recom- meiid this breed. At the same time, where the pro- duction of human food only is concerned, the nii/k' yicldiiigh?, a much more valuable and productive than the beef-making quality. A good cow will give from the same quantity of vegetable food a much larger amount of food for man, in the form of milk, than it fat beast in t!:e form of beef, however early he may arrive at maturity. In respect to this quality the Ayrshire gene- rally exceeds the short horn, so that where milk w wanted, experience is in favour of the former breed. For profitable use among small farmers, therefore, and .IS a manufacturer of food for his family, the Ayrshire is the more sure ; for the beef raiser and rich manure maker, the short-horn is the more generally useful. It is at the same time true, that some strains of blood it) either breed combine both of these qualities or kinds of fitness in the same animal. Besides the methods of personal observation and of inquiries made of individual farmers, there is another way of arriving at the tolerable accurate opinion as to the condition of the stock and dairy husbandry of a Diffby years, nn butcher, the loss must alw of as beii exceed ii years, foi Th«pt unfortuuj Weights t^ nione ind lity. T independ correct ip your when beefi* ity of interior ned oiT. By you are sure . I iinow a irds a» beef j bii Dorhatn liigb prices of and lie thinlsa good for milii if any kind of enge them for I liave to keep horned Dur- ;ood imported, very essential n given to the litabie.— Israel ce however is adapted to our lire sefcins to be Itc, not as for- Mother Coun- greater caie in e veiy choicest jrthumberland. d the Ayrshires te.-— John Por- 1 in the country ilded the West im breeds, aiic' eerwater sheep, rt.Hesligouche. jreponderance the climate of of the Provin- of Ayrshires Tor the dairy the case also that the coin- Reid, may facture of beef IS hiiii chiefly ned to recoiu- (vhere the pro- led, the mi/fc uciive than the give from the larger amount u»n a fat beast may arrive at Ayrshire gene- where milk ia former breed, therefore, and , the Ayrshire nd rich manure ally useful. It iins of Wood in ties or kinds of jTvation and of here is another e opinion as to husbandry of a Agricultural Capabilities of New Jirumwich, 67 le e»^ttnlT5'» This is by ascertaining the average quantities of milk and other dairy produce yielded nniiuiiiiy by n siiigic cow ; and the average weights of difTerent kinds of s'Ock, and the prices obtained for them when suld to the larmcr o'.' butcher. The Tables (a* & B.) itisorted on page's 3/ and 38, are (,«< contains the prices obtained in the different Counties for cattiw of various kinds, and fcr sheep. The gaps i;i this Table sliow how defective our present information upon this point is The second represents the average yield of butter and cheese from the milk of a single cow. It is a great defect in this Tabic that the average yield of milk is not also given. 1. Remarks on the first Table, (Prices obtained for Cattle, &c.) On the Table exhibiting the prices of cattle I have few remarks to make. Of the qualities and prices of yoke oxen I have little experience, and I doubt the jimfit of using them in what may be called pure firming. For ploughing among stuinps and stones, and tor haul ing timber iu the woods, they may be superior to the less patient and qtiicker horse ; but the farmer who owns an extent of cleared and stumped land, and at- tends only to his farming business, will not find inie in the short seasons of New Brunswick to wait on the laggard footsteps of such oxen as I have seen at work in the Province. I have been told in the State of New York that oxen are to l>e had with a step nearly as quick ns that of ordinary farm horses, and which will do nearly as much work. But such cattle, to do the work, re- quire to be fed nearly as well as the horse, so that the Alleged economy in feeding oxen, in conparison with horses, in this case disappears; and the advantage of feeding them into bad beei at the end of eight or nine years, and stslling them lor six or eight pounds to the butcher, is nearly all that remains to compensate for the loss of time which, with the best of them, the farmer must always ex>erience. Where wages are complained of as being higa, a very small amount of this time will exceed in v«ilue the price obtained, after a series of years, for the worn out ox. Tlie prices flt fat cattle obtained from tire butcher are unfortunately not accompanied in this 'I'able by th< weights of the beasts when sold, so that they do not nlone indicate v«ry satisfactorily their condition or qua , lity. There are three circumstances however which, independent of observation, «nahle us to form a very correct csiiTnat« of the stock feeding, or fatting branch of husbandry in the Provim-e, These are — 1st, The very wide limit> within which the prices of beef and mutton range in she market of Saint John, as shewn by Table XVI. Two meat markets exist ; one, the farmer's market, in which beef and mutton sell at Id. to 2d. a pound ; another, the butchers market, in which it sells at 2d. to £d. a poand« 2nd, That the best of the beef raised stands the salt badly, and that the greater part cannot be converted into palatable salt meat at all. 3rd. That mlt beef for the shipping, and which will stand long voyages, is nearly all imported — and that innch oi the highest priced beef and mntton sold in These facts indicate very clearly, either that the mode jf raising good beef and mutton is not under- ^tood, or if understood, that it is not generally practised. The same state of things as now exists in New Bruns . wick, existed in Scotland, in connection with this branch of husbandry, about a hundred years ago. Cattle were killed at the end ol summer an• r«» »a 7 pinu of Oat. i 8'« ^'bs. 4o2. of Mutton, 7 ft., of Oat straw > ^""'^ **'«''*'> from which he calculites, at the average price of mutton, that his turnips used in thii< way pay him 917 (id. a ton, exclusive of the value of the Jung. He states also that similar results by his methods may be alwayb obtained. The admixture of cum therefore, and feeding under cover, seem in his hands to have largely added tu the value possessed by the turnip when used alone and eaten off in the field." — (Lee. p. 1051-2.) It is not neces.iary, in adopting thii« method, that the precise details above givjen should be followed out-~ that the same quantity or proportions of the several kinds of food should be employed— or that the crushed linseed should be boiled by a steam heat. The prin- ciple of adding turnips to the hay usually given to the cattle and sheep, and to both a certain quantity of lin- seed boiled long enough to form a jelly wh ;n it cools, mixed np with chopped straw, and brought to the stock either cold or hot, — this is what the farmer may in nearly all circumstances profitably adopt. The use of oil cake — the cake which reroainn alter the linseed is crushed and deprived of its oil in the mill — is attended by benefits to the stock, similar in kind to those which follow the use of the linseed itself. For this purpose it is employed to a very large extent in {England. It fattens fast, it enriches the manure, it causes the milk to yield more butter., and it only re- quires to be broken in umall pieces before it is given to the oxen, to the milch cows, or to the sheep. It is not ao rich in oil however as the original seed, and cannot be made into a jelly for the purpose of mixing with the chopped straw, rendering it thus palatable to the cattle, and converting it more easily i.ito manure. Nevertheless, should lh»xseed ever be grown in the Province, or imported in sufficient quantity to keep an oil mill in opiration for the manufacture of oil for Pro- vincial use, the oil cake produced might be advanta- ijeonsly employed by tht raiser of beef or butter. From what I have already said, it will be gathered that the use of linseed will promote not only the grow ih of young stock and of calves which are to be reared, and the fattening of full grown beasts, and of sheep, but will add also to the produce of dairy stock iu millr, in butter, and in cheese. 2. Remarks on the secoJid 7rtife,(yield of Butter, &c.) In regard to this Table, it is to be regretted that the annual produce of milk is not included in the re- turns. It appears however, that when the cows are kept altogether for dairy purposes, the annual produce of cheese or butter does not exceed, from a single cow, 120 pounds of butter or 160 pounds of cheese; while the average of all the returns is, 90 pounds of butter and )40 pounds of cheese. The average weekly yield in summer is greater, amounting, as the Table shows, to about 6 pounds of bntter and 11 pounds of cheese. Were the cattle properly fed therefore, they ought to aftord a much larger annual supply of dairy products. The winter feed in the P.^^incc has hitherto been too scanty and too little adapted to the production of milk, so that after suj'plying tht wants of the farmer's family little has usually remained over for the manufacture of butter or cheese. Coming as they are said to do in a great measure from the old Alderney and Jersey stock, the now native breeds ought to retain still good milk- ing propensities. The following Table exhibits the quantity of milk actually yielded by a single cow in a year in the differ- ent Countries of Europe, and the quantities of whole milk cheese and bntter which the several quantities of milk onght to yield :— •Mr. J, Herkimer each cow their oirn -■tj Agricultural Copabilities of New Brunswick. 69 nutton,that excluiiveof tr results by inder cover, ue poMeased the fteld."- )d, that the iwed oat— (he several he cruslied The prin- ;iven to the Fitity of lin« I !n it cools, to the stock n*t may iu maioH alter I in the mill lilar in kind itself. For re extent in ! manure, it 1 it only re- t is given to heep. It is i\ seed, and ;e of mixing palatable to iito manure, rown in the y to keep an ■ oil (or Pro- be advanta- butter, be gathered y the growth to be reared, id of sheep, ock iu milk, Butter,&c.) gretted that !d in the re- ;he cows are naal produce a single cow, hcese ; while ids of butter weekly yield Table shows, ids of cheese, hey ought to liry products, erto been too ftion of milk, rraer's family anufacture of lid to do in a Jersey stork, ill good milk- ntity of milk in the differ- itieg of whole quantitiea of COUNTUY. Hobtciii, a.erage, Holstein, better land, Hamburg, low land, Hamburg, high land, Holland, Belgium, "', ' '" Prussia, Saxony, Switzerland, Wurtemberg, England, good cows,' Actual pro. a year. Pounds. 2800 4^80 •ygoo 3 loO 4300 4900 3272 3780 4S60 3844 6 to 8000 Imperial gal. of 10 pounds. 280 438 780 308 420 430 327 378 456 384 600 to 800 These ought to yield of Or »vbjle Muk Cheese. BuUer. 140 lbs 219 330 1.^4 210 245 163 189 228 192 300 to 400 280 lbs. 438 780 308 420 490 327 378 456 384 600 to 800 The last two columns are calculated on the results of English and Scotch experience — that an imperial gallon of milk yields, on an average, one (wund of whole milk cheese, or half a pound ol butter. They show what the dairy produce of the cattle of New Brunswick might become, and what the farmers of the country ought at least to aim at. Cheese. — The average yield of whole milk cheese in Cheshire is about 3 cwt. (336 lbs.) a year. This it will be seen is greatly less than the 600 or 800 pounds which the entire milk of good cows ought to be able to yield. But this is accounted for by the making of butter to a considerable extent instead of checpp, daring the cooler part of the year. In the State of New York in 1844 about a million of cows was milked, and the ave- rage yield of cheese was estimated at 1 10, and of but- ter 79| pounds for each cow. The former weight is 30, and the latter exactly lOlbs. less than the average yield of cheese and butter in New Brunswick, accord- ing to the Table on page 97. In this branch of hus- bandry therefore, as in the production of grain. New Brunswick as a whole, notwithstanding its obvious de- ficiencies, is still not so far behind as New York on the whole. There are however evidences of improvement, and of a desire to push the dairy husbandry in New York, which are wonhy of imitation in New Brunswick. Among the rc^'jrns contained in the Table represent- ing the yield of butter and cheese in this Province, there is only one— that of Mr. John Smith of West- morland — which estimates the annual yield of dairy produce (cheese I suppose,) as sometimes amounting to 224 lbs. (2 cwt.) from a single cow. But according to a paper by Mr. Benjamin Johnson, then President and now Secretary of the New York State Agriciilturai Society, contained in the transactions of that body (or 1846, the average produce o( cheese for the whole County of Herkimer, in that State, amounts to 226 lbs. —for the Town of Fairfield, in that County, 350 lb.«.. — and in some single dairies in the same County even to 680 lbs. per cow. The annual a erage in the dairy of Mr. Alonzo L. Fish, for example, was for three succes sive years 680 lbs. per cow, and in one of these year^ 714 lbs. of cheese from each cow.* Butter. — In the transactions of the same Society for 1848, an account is given of the dairy of Mr. Holhert, in Chemung County, which consistsof forty cows, (rom the milk of which he made 6500 lbs. of butter in 1 847 — being an average of 160 lbs. from each cow. This is greatly above the average of 79| lbs. obtained for the whole State in 1 844. Still it is very far (rom the weight which a good cow, well treated, ought to yield, as the Table above inserted shows. In Ayrshire it is common for a good cow to give 260 lbs. of butter, and cows of superior quality yield ."tiil larger returns. — Very much of his profit i'ldeed ileponds upon the selection of the dairyman's stock, as some cows will consume far more (ood than the value of the milk they yield, while others will pay for their keep, and leave a large profit besides. This fact is brought out very strikingly by a statement of Mr. Hol- bert, whose produce o( butter I have quoted, •' that one of his bi'^^i cows will make as much Latter as three of his pi Great, giving the some quantity of viilk ;^^ and that one hnvdred pounds ofviilk drawn from his best cows ivill yield one pound more bulter than one hundred pounds takenjrom the whole herd."* The quality ol her milk, therefore, is of as much consequence as its quantity, in judging of the dairy qualities ofa cow. But this quality depends much upon the feeding, in regard to whicli, as well as to the qua- lity of the stock, there is great room for improvement iu New Brunswick. To this point I shall return. ■ Mr. Johnaon inrormg me there are now about 80 dairiei in Herkimer County, in which the average produce of cheese from each row reaches 500 ibi. Feeding them with the whey ol titeit owa milk adds 100 Ibi. to the yield of cheese. Chaptk.u XIV. Suffffestioni in regard to improvements in the prwtical Agri- culture and the general productiveness of the several parts of the Province, which mag be promoted by Legislative in- terference. From what has been stated in various parts of this Report, and especially in the two preceding chapters, it will be under- stood that the Agriculture of New Brunswick is far from being in that state of advancement, which the progress of knowledge makes attainably! and the interests of the Province require. But improvements in tlie existing condition of agricultural prnctice are not to be attained unless two circumstances co- exist — unless the farmers of the country know how to make these improvements, and are satisfied also that by making them, more profit will be derived from their land than it is found to yield them at present. Now to improve any art, it is necessary to apply more know- ledge to the practice of it. That a community tnerefore may know how to make improvements, it is necessary that the fur- ther knowledge be imparted to them. The profit of proposed improvements can only be rightly judged of, after a knowledge has been acquired of the way in which they can be most eco- nomically carried out, and the principles on which they de- pend. Tiiis knowledge therefore it is the interest of the Pro- vince to place within the reach of all its farmers. The easiest and surest way of leavening the whole mass of the community with a fair share of this higher knowledge, is to make provision for its introduction among the ordinary branches of school education usually taught to the rural classes. It is unnecessary to enter into details upon this subject, but I take the liberty to suggest — Ist. The introduction of a certain amount if agricultural instruction into the elementary and other Schs ftl * Transaction? of the New York State Agricultural Society for 1848, p. 273. ^MTTyfrn^^T^^ liw^jiiinTW" mw 70 Professor Johnston's Report on the % I) Sd. But in the larger Sciioola — the Grnmmar Schools of the County Towns — to which sdttled tcacherK of a higher order aj-e attached, such practical teaching upon Ci small farm, where it suited the taste, knowledge and nabits of the master, might be given in addition to that instruction ir, the principles of agri- culture of which I have already spoken. This however ought not to be compulsory, but should be h.'ll to the teacher himself or to tlic truHtees of the School to regulate and determine, the Assembly giving such encouragemenv in the shape of additional salary or otherwise, as may seem to them expeaient. 3d. But it is desirable nevertheless — necessary I ought per- haps to say — that practical agriculi.ure should be taught in the Province on a scale suflicicntly lo.rge to embrace all the ordi- nary mierations of the Provincial farmer, and under the direc- tion of a person of acknowledged practical skill, in whom the public would have confidence, and whose opinions and practice the pupils might safely adopt and follow. Two such School Farms might be established, beneficially for this large Province, in districts remote from eacli other, where the soils are of unlike tiualilies, and where tlie establish- ment of them would be atter.ded with comparatively Mttle ex- pense. In connection with these farms a mure extended course of instraction should be given in the various branches of sci- ence which are related to Agriculture. At Sackvillc an Acaderay exists, well situated, well arran- ged, well provided with instructed teachers, established by one public spirited individuril, and apparently well conducted by those who preside over it. To this School an agricultural de- partment might easily be attached. If a farm were connected with it, and a skilful practical person provided to manage this farm and to give practical instruction to the pupils, the present staff of teachers, and the apparatus and other instruments of tuition already provided for that institutioD, would in •■ great measure meet the uecesaitics of this new department. The Eurely agricultural training would interfere little with the ranches of education already taught in this Academy to the ordinary pupils. For the agricultural pupils a little ot what is usually given might be lell out, to admit of the introdnction of purely professional matter, and of that practical instruction whinn would require their presence upon the farm. But the adjustment of such details will readily suggest itself to persons accustomed to tuition. The City of Fredeiuoton I would suggest as another locality, chiefly because of the facilities which there exist, both for pro- curing land and for obtaining a well appointed staff of teachers at a comparatively moderate expense to the Province. There the principal Agricultural School and Farm of the Province might be hxed, immediately under the eye and direction of the Provincial authorities, and open to the yearly inspection of the assembled Legislative bodies. It cannot be doubted that if a Form and School were well conducted in tliis locality, it would exercise over the numerous visitors from other parts of the Province an influence very salutary to ita general agricultural interests From what I hare learned regarding the existing position of the College of Fredericton in general estimation at the present time, it would I think be a hindrance in the way of die prospe- perity of the Affincultural School, to attach it too closely at first as a separate department to this College. With its own or- ganization and board of management, with a staff of officers selected from the various scholastic institution* in the City, ojid with its own cheaply erected farm buildings, and board- ing house if necessary, measures would be more readily taken for efficiently carrying out its own special objects, than if it were in any way trammelled by the rules or customs of an already existing School, literary or scientific. I do not enter into details as to the course of instruction which ought to be followed in tliese institutions — or the number of separate teachers or professors it would be necessary to ap- point — I only mention as ptoints which appear to me worthy of consideration in regard to the whole 8ub)ect— Firit. That the elementary Schools which reach the masses, which teach the children at little expense, and without taking them from home or interfering materially witli their domestic comforts, and which through the children teach the fathers, ought to be objects of special solicitude in reference to agricul- tural teaching. Second. That the tmining of future School masters to teach this branch, is of great importance to the Province. The exist- ence of a Normal School in Fredericton, is one of the circum- stances which renders the locality desirable for an Agricultural School. Fart of the special instruction given in this latter School might be made to enter into the course of study pre- scribed to the pupils of the former, and thus, without additional expense to the Province, preptire them far being more exten- sively useful in the rural districts in which thoy may after- wards be located. Third. In establishing the School at FrederictDn, provision should be made at first only for a small number of special lui- pils, who sliould hoard upon the farm. Pupils might hv al- lowed to board elsewhere if they preferred it, and yet avail themselves nf all the advantages or the institution at a mode- rate cost. An enlargonient of the boarding establishment might take place as it came to be re(|aircd. Ftmrlh. In deturmiiiing the number of teachers to be enga- ed, it ought to be borne in mind as a principle not lightly to e neglected — in reference to the reputation and good working of an institution — that the more numeiuus the branches a man has to teach, the less likely he is to know them accurately, to teach them well, or to be respected in teaching them. Tho more therefore circumstances admit of the labours of tuition being divided, the more perfectly and usefully they are likely to be performed. I have not entered into any discussion of the jpropriet^ of in- troducing such instruction into the^ Schools of tne Province, as a mfsna of advancing the general prosperity of the whole country, and the individual profits of the farmers who till it ; nor of the cordial support which si'ch a proposal ought to re- ceive from the agri<;ultnral body as a mesns of elevating tlicm intellectually as a class, and of placing them in that position in the eyes of other professions wnich tnty have not hitherto oc- cupied. These points have of late years been so much dis- cussed that I could not hope to introduce any thing regarding thcni into the pnges of this Report which should be more con- vincing than what has been often elsewhere said by others as well as by myself I may remark however that in a country which, as it becomes clearedf, is destined, according to present appearances, to be- come more and more dependent upon agriculture, a knowledge of the principles upon which all sound and profitable cultiva- tion depends, cannot be a useless acquirement to any class of society. Especially to theclergyman and the physician, whose professions and superior general knowledge make them the natural advisers of the people among whom they are placed, such knowledge would be a great acquisition, both as respects themselves individually, and .'j respects the community at large. They possess many oppoitunities of conveying instruc- tion to willing ears, even beyonid the proper sphere of their own professions, and in benefiting the state bif taking such oppor- ■ tunities for diffusing agrieultural information, they would also be increasing tlieir own influence, and elevating their position in tlie eyes of a rural popnlation. ■.fiid. Next in importance to the Province, I consider a survey of the coal fields of New Brunswick, in reference to its eco- nomical extent and value. I have in a preceding chapter shown how the real workable value of the coal fields has an important relation to the agricultural capabilities of the Pro- vince, and to die measures which may hereafter betaken by individuals, or by the Legislature, for the purpose of pr^er- ving to each locality a sufficient and readily accessible supply of winter fuel. Every pound spent at tliis early period may, in reference to tliis one point only, save humlreds to the future occupiers of tlie country, while it may also to the present ge- neration save thousands which might he unprofitably spent in borings and sinkings in search of coal. In selecting a person for this duty, familiarity with the gene- ral economies of coal fields and coal workings, combined with a knowledge of theoretical Geology and a special personal knowledge of the Geology of North America, above all with a sober judgment which will exclude and reject all conjectures, and will gravely weigh the consequences of creating unfounded expectations — these are the qualifications which would be sought for, and if possible obtained, with a view to the good of the Province, without reference either to personal feeling and favour, or to party considerations. 3rd. I have had occasion to observe ia many parts of the Province, that the best portions of the land which are made accessible by means of the existing roads, are held by persons who have no intention to cultivate or improve them. How- ever much it may be for the advantage of individuals to invest money in land, which though it yield no present revenue, is daily rising in value as tlie population increases and settle- menu extend, it cannot be for the general welfare of the Pro- vince that such sliould be the case. Two things therefore de- serve the consideration of the Legislature : First, whether in all future sales it should not be prescribed as a condition, that within a stated period a certain proportion of the land »old should be cultivated or improved ; and second, whether some means might not be devised, consistent with the principles of equity, by which tho owners of unimproved ov wild lauda Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 71 may atler- 1, provision special )m- light 1)1' al- <1 yet avail at a mode- intent might to be enga- it lightly to potl working iches a man Lurately, to them. Tho n of tuition y are likely priety of in- Provjnce, as ■ the whole who till it ; ought to re- :vating tlicra It position in hitherto oc- o mncli dis- ng regarding 36 more con- by othevs as 18 it becomes meet, to be- a knowledge able cultiva- any class of ucian, whose ke them the icn are made 5ld by persons them. How- duals to invest nt revenue, is es and settle- re of the Pro- 9 therelbre de- «t, whether in condition, that the land sold whether som© e principles of ov wild lauds might be Btin\ulaied to improve them, or to dispose of them to tiioso who wuuld. The rights of private property must ol course he respected, but the general interests of tlie country are paramount, and its steady progress ought not to be hindered with tho view of promoting or securing individual gain. In Canada West, where the evils of Targe unimproved grants were more felt even than in New Brunswick, tliey have been met by the imposition of a tax, fixed in amount, and appor tioned by the inhabitants of the municipal district in which the land li"3, and applied by them, I believe, to the general sup- port !)!' schools, roads, &c., for which municipal taxes an- usually levied. It has been proposed to levy a similar tax in New Brunswick , and though few can reasonably object to the principle of taxing such property for the good of the state, yet objection may fairly be taken to the purpose fur which the mo ney when levied ought to be applied. It is the imposition of the tax which is to create the stimu lus, and to produce the good result wished for. The way in which the money so raised is to be applied, if not inconsistent with the general welfare, is of less consequence to the Pro- vince. In order to secure the levying of the tax therefore, the purpose to which the proceeds are to be applied might fairly be made a matter of compromise with the opponents of the measure. It has been proposed to apply the produce of the tax to the support of the common schools of the district in which it is levied, or to the making and upholding the bye roads of the neighbourhood. To either of these most important objects it miglit fairly, equitably and beneficially be applied. But there is another object to which I am anxious to draw the attention of yourExcelle' cy, as deserving of the serious attention of the Provincial outhorities, and as one upon which the pro- ceeds of such a tax might be expended, with a view at once to the general welfare of the Province, the health and prosperity of the localities in which the unimproved land is situated, and the individual interests of those to whom it rightfully belongs. 4th. Like all countries situated in northern latitudes, and covered with naturel forests. New Brunswick has its share of swamps, morasses, beaver dams, boggy lakes, sluggish streams rivulets arrested by windfalls, and hollows void ol natural out lets, in which the rains and melted snows linger till the sum' mer sun sucks them up from the unproductive soil. Every one knows the influence of such swampy and moist places upon the general climate of a neighbourhood — how they chill the air, produce fogs and mists, and more frequent rains, — and how they are not only useless for agricultural purpose* themselves, but subject to early frosts and to rust and mildew the drier lands which lie around them. But New Brunswick possesses another physical character which subjects it more extensively than other countries to tliis species of agricultural evil. It° surface is generally of little elevation, and it possesses extensive flats on which the rain water Unices, or from which it runs off with difficulty, slowly, and after long delay. Tlie injurious consequences of this stagnant condition of the surface water are not so great in this Province as in some other parts of North America. The singular healthiness of the cli- mate prevents it from producing the fevers and agues and af.ec- tions of the lungs to which it gives rise in Great Britain, and in parts of the American Continent which lie more towards the west. But the land upon these flat districts is made diflicult, or altogether incapable, of cultivation — the crops of the adjoin- ing more elevated, sloping and drier lands are injuriously affected — and the climate is rendered colder, moister, and more subject to fogs and mists than it would otherwise be. ]!t is true, thnt if the country were once generally cleared, the iucreased bt'aporation from the surface which would neces- sarily ensue, would render many tracts of land dry, which are now incapable of profitable tillage in consequence of supera- bundant water. But there are many others, already almost bare of wood, on which rains linger and mists settle down, capable in some cases of being tliemselves reclaimed, in others of being so dried by arterial drahiage as singularly to benefit the neighbourhood in which they lie. In the coloured Map attached to this Report, in which the qualities of the soils of the Province ar.' represented, spots snaded with Indian ink will be here ad there observed. These dark spots represent flat bogs, swamps, and oarriboo plains, more or less destitute of wood, full ot water, and the sources of much evil to the regions in which they lie. These dark spotjt might have been made more numerous had the in formation at my command been precise enough to have enabled me to fix their localities. In the course of my own tour through the Province, I have among other places personally noted the carriboo plain nortli of Little Tracady— the swamps in Suss?x Vale and on tho North Hiver — the elevated swamps on the Saint Andrews road, tiiruugh which the Dead Water Brook flows — the deep, nar- row, swampy vallif? of the County Charlotte, aad those which intersect the Harvey Seltlemenl — the pine swamps behind the Harvey Settlement — and others, I might name. Those who live near the head waters of the feeders of the Saint John and Miramichi Rivers are familiar with marshes and bogs like tiiose wliich lie at the head uf the Penniack branch of the Naswaak, and about the head waters of the Washademoak and Cocagne Rivers. The drainage of such tracts would be a Ijenefit of no small value to the localities in which they lie. It would greatly improve lands already granted — would render worthless land saleable and fit for settlement — and would gra- dually prepare the way for tliose further improvements to which I purpose to advert in the two succeeding Chapters. I will mention another locality somewhat different in its cha- racter from the absolute swamps of which I have above chiefly spoken, in which, as it appears to me, the introduction of ar- terial drainage would be uf manifest advantage. The district ofNewBandon, which stretches along the southern shore of the Bay de Chaleurs, comprehends towards its eastern part a considerable extent of rich red land, the quality of which, in my indgnient, is such as in favourable circumstances to bo ca- pable of producing as large crops as any other soil I have seen 111 the Province. But it is flot and wet. Though presenting to the sea a bold cliff of from SO to 120 feet, the rains and melted snows spread themselves over the flat table land, and for want of a sufficient natural slope, remains in the soil, and either render it unremunerative, difficult, and inhospitable to the settler, or cause it to be covered with a stunted forest of worthless soft- wood timber. The traveller who proceeds eastward towards Grand Aunce, and who takes a glance at the country as it is seen from that elevation, will form a very good idea of what I have attempted to describe. Relieve this valuable land from stagnant or superabundant water, by large arterial cuts — which, crossing it injudiciously selected places, shall convey to the cliff what naturally flows into them — and the whole tract will at once assume a new agri- cultural character, and new capabilities. Were it so relieved, this fringe of red land would fall to be coloured light-red in my Map of the soils. I should reckon it among the first class up- lands, and after they shall have been respectively tilled for half a century, as scarcely less valuable than any otiier land in the Province. I have spoken thus fully of New Bandon, not because it is the only case of the kind I have seen in the Province, but be- cause there are many such cases — many localities in which ar- terial drainage would act, as I beli )ve it would in New Ban- don — improving the natural condition of the soil in the first in- stance, and enabling the skillul fanner to avail himself here- after of the further tdvaiitages attendant upon thorough drain- age, by ploughing main outlets into which nis smaller conduits ini"ht deliver their watery burden. I therefore recommend this subject of arterial drainage to the attention of Your Excellency, of the Houses of Legisla- ture, and especially of the proprietors and surveyors of the several Counies of the Province. 1 believe there is no County of the Province in which much money might not be profitably spent in improving the outlets and channels of brooks, in drain- ing marshes and bogs, and in providing main outlets for the water upon flat districts where it injuriously lodges. The proceeds of a tax upon the unimproved lands of each County might form a fund to be expended in works of this de- scription. The expenditure, while it benefited the country generally, would also increase the value of the estates of those who' paid the tax, so that nn reasonable objection on their part ought to be made to this Mode of apiilying it. By forming a single fund of the tax levied in each County, and assigning tne collection and expenditure of it to some existing County board or district committee, no new machinery would be required, little new expense would be incurred, and both the levying of the tax and the expenditure of the proceeds in drainage im- provements could be commenced wiuiout delay . 5th. In the Chapter upon the Roods of the Province, I have inserted a tabular view of the new roads which have been re- commended by the local surveyors, as likely to facilitate new clearings by opening up the better classes of laud to the settler. These roads are cobured red in the maps of the soils attached to this R«port. In a country where so large an effort has already been made for the formation of roads, and where their value must be so well understood, it is unnecessary for me to insis: upon the benefit* which the opening of some of the wil- derness lands would confer upon the Counties in which they 8 9 9( 9; 9c 93 sor lis- sd, 14. re- •o- 3; 13- br M al :■, I MmsmSmmmtU^msasasBSi 72 Professor Johnston'' 8 Report on the •re situated. I would only remark that to open up the best lands of the Province, must be followed bv the most imtnediatc and most beneficial conseijuonces. The colours of the map indi- cate where these better lands are situated in the several partu of the Province. It will therefore bo easy to select for the first additions to the existing roads, those proposed lines or open- ings which are likely at the least expense to make accessible the largest proportion of the most valuable land. 6th. An evil complained of very generally is the want of markets, ond the control which the thinly scattered merchants are supposed to exercise over the farmer, in fixing the prices j i both of what he buys and of what he sells. This atlegeil evil will be in some measure obviated by the establishment of fixed fairs or markets — annual, biennial, &c. — for corn, cattle, sheep, cheese, and wool, in certain central and easily accessible parts of the Province. Such fairs would indicate to the seller where he was likely to meet with a purchaser — to the buyers where they would be sure of obtainmg a choice of the kinds of pro- duce or stock tliey desired to meet with, while the prices given and received at each of these markets would influence the pri- ces obtained and tlie transactions carried on between merchant and farmer in all parts of the Province. 7th. There are two classei of hinderancet to immigration and settlement which have struck me as of serious weight, and as deserving the attention of the Legislature. The first is, the wantofa sufliciently copious legister of information in regard not merely to the ungrauted wild lands belonging tu the Province, but to the lands and farms belonging to ind'vi- duals, which are to be sold or which may be more or less easily obtained by those who are desirous ul purchasing. lam not sufliciently acquainted with the duties of the Immigrant Agent in Saint John to know what amount or kind of infor- mation he is expected to afford to Immigrants who arrive at that Port. But in the country districts I have ten heard a strong desire expressed, that farmers I'lom the Mother Country possessed of money enough to purchase old cleared .'arms, could be induced to emigrate to New Brunswick, in order tliai a better system of husbandry might tlirough theii means be introduced into the Province. I have upon inquiry, however, usually found that if a home farmer were to come into those districts in search of a farm, he could in general find more difficulty in ascertaining where good or desirable farms were to be had, and in procuring them at reasonable price;, than he would in any part of England. It has, therefore, occurred tome, that if local registers, containing the description ot all lands for sale in the neighbouihood— their quality, and the price asked for them — could be established in convenient places, it would greatly facilitate the procedure and settlement of such immigrants as would prefer to buy cleared land in a peopled neighbourhood to bewmg out farms for themselves from the foiest wilderness. Again, for the class of poor immigrants who desire to locate themselves on nev lana, it is a great hinderance that they must first seek out a spot they would like to settle upon — next have it surveyed — then sold at public auction, — wlien, alter all their trouble and loss of time, they may be out- bid by a third party, who has taken no previous concern in the matter. It seems to me that if a survey and plan of a district, which it is desirable to settle, were made out at the expense of the Province, and the price of land in the several parts of the dis- trict fixed by competent parties, the inconveniences felt by the new settler would be greatly diminished, and the anxieties and delays he complains of for the most part removed. Such a system, while it would secure accurate surveys, made upon a uniform and more correct system than hitherto, would occa- sion no pecuniary loss to the Province, as a small charge per acre upon new lands, when sold, would defray all the neces sary expenses. It is a recommendation also to the adoption of the plan, that it is in substance the same which long experi- ence, on a larger scale, has pointed out in the United States as the best fitted to promote the interests at once of the State and of intending settlers. 8th. Connected with the more accuiate surreys of new lands, which ought in future to be made, are *.he numerous sources of litigation which exist in the ill-defined boundaries ol existing farms. This is an evil which is almost inseparable from the first settlement of new countries, and is only prevent- ed among the later settlers after much loss and dililcuity has already resulted to the successors of those who first made farms for themselves in the wilderness. In the Stste of New York the boundaries of many of the older settled farms have been defined only by expensive litigation ; and so it will probably be in New Brunswiek, unless some steps are taken to prevent the numerous evils which arise from such a mode ot proce' dtire. It ii beyond my province to suggest any definite mea fure by which so deiirable an end as the avoidance of litiga- tion may be secured, but I take the liberty of recommending it to the wisdom of the Provincial Legislature. 9th. As connected with economical considerations of an im* poriant, positive, and material characiei, I would recommend, Fiist, the completion of the Ueulogical Survey and of the Oeological Map ot the Province at as early a period as it can conveniently be etiected ; and Second, an analysis of the various limestones of the Pro- vince, in relerence especially tu their economical values tor Ijuildiiig and agricultural purposes,* — and that of the iron ')res which are known or are stated to occur in many parts of the Province, which are still ungranted. The only other points connected with the agricultural im- provement of ihe Province, which occur to me as deserving of the direct attention of Your Kxcellency and the Legislature, are— the establishment of a Provincial Agricultural Society or Doard of Agricultuie — the employment of one or more peri- patetic practical Agriculturists, — and the otTeringor premiums tor certain specific forms ot' improvement, 'Ke miKuluL'tlon and trial of which are likely to be best piuniotcd tjy such general encouragement on tlie part oftli Province, 'I'hese topics, however, will be more naturally discussed in the fol- lowing Chapter. Chapter XV. Suggentionfi as to Improvements which may be promoted bjj the ejcertions of Agricullural Sucielks. In Reveral parts of the Province Apfriculturul Socie- ties exist, headed in general by active, zealous, and intelligent men, whom I have had much pleasure in lueeting, and from whom I have received much infor- mation. There is nothing uncommon or peculiar to he country in the complaints 1 liave heard expressed by the heads of these Societies, that they are iuade* quati'ly supported by the general mass ol the farming population. The same complaints are made, more or less loudly, in nearly all parts of the world — the cause of advancing Agriculture being almost every where supported and promoted by the few. As the value of knowledge to the practical fanner becomes more gene* rally understood, probably this indifference ia the masses will be overcome. That Agricultural Societies are capable of doing much good, no one will deny who has attended to the results which have followed from their exertions in some of the countries ot Europe. That they are often ill supported, ill directed, and are sometimes found isleep ai their posts, is not more true in the agricul- tural than in other walks of life, and is no argument against their establi.shment, or their claim to the ge- neral support of the country. But it has in most countries been found desirable to unite the best heads, the warmest zeal and the sound- est discretion of the whole agricultural community in a Central, National or Political Council, capable at once * I append tlie annalysis of three limestones collected by my- self during my tour through the Province, and since examined under my direction : — Carbonate ofLime, Carbonate of Magnesia, Alumina and Oxides of Iron, Insoluble Sili- ceous matter, Butternut Ridge. Falls of Saint John River, at Saint John 91.28 0.78 0.54 7.27 99.87 98.23 0.17 0.33 0.22 99.67 Jos. Blakely's farm at North River.* 94.08 0.63 0.68 4.57 99.96 These limestones are all excellent for agricultural purposes, -That of Saint John especially so. *Three miles fVom Steves', on the Petitcodiao River. Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 73 ice of liti(ra- ;ommi>ndiiig naof an im- recommeiu', >' Biid of the riud aa it can of the Pro- al value* tor of tlie iron lany parts of iculturalim- deservinf; of Lpgrislature, nil Soriety or ur more peri- of prpinium» lUlKxIllCtitllt )ted tiy *uch iiice, 'Ihciie ed in the fol- ic promoted ieliis. tural Socie- Kealous, and pleasure in much infor- r peculiar to ■d expressed ^ are iiiade- the farming fide, more or — tiie cause every where the value of * more gene» Mice iu the e of doing ended to the exertions in ley are often times found the agricul- 10 argument m to the ge- desirable to d the sound- nmunity in a pable at once lUected by my- ince examined Jos. Blakely's farm at North River.* 94.08 0.63 0.68 4.57 99.96 tural purposes, [iac River. ofemhrncing those large views which comprehend the good of the whole, and of descending to, and minutely discussing the small details on which the special cul- ture oi each district, and the profits of its farmers de- pends. Through such a central council, board or society, an impulse may be given, aud a general direction to the proceedings of County and Local Societii:" — an example is set, and advice given, and the general wisdom and discretion of the whole solves the doubts and removes the difBcultios which lie in the way of those who preside over the agricultural improvement of the Beveriil parts of the country. The languid in remote districts are stimulated, the discouraged are olieered up to new efforts, and a unity and fixedness of purpose is imparted to the little knots of willing men, who by council and example, are labouring in remote places to improve the art by which they live, and to elevate in the social scale the class to which they belong. It would therefore, I think, promote the general advance of scientific agriculture throughout the Pro vince were a Provincial Agricultural Soriety to be established— with such a constitution, and such a staff of officers as exhibiting no party bias of any kind, and regarding agricultural improvement only as a means of promoting the good of all, should command the gene- ral confidence and support of the entire community. In regard to such ^ Society, I take the liberty of observing — ":' First. — That it ought to be an entirely voluntary society, supported mainly by its own funds, and having full power to elect all its officers. Second. — All topics of discussion should be prohi- bited at all its meetings, which are in any degree of a political or party character, or are likely to become subjects of party discussion before the Provincial Legislature. Third. — It may fairly claim from the Legislature an annual grant in promotion of its general objects — and 60 long as the managing council possesses the confi- dence of the Legislature, the grants which are now annually made to each of the County Societies ought to pass through the hands of the Central Society, and be subject to a certain extent to their contfoul. Fourth. — In the event of a Central Agricultural School or College being established in the n<>ighbour- hood of Fredericton, or elsewhere, it might be directed in part or in whole by the Couucil of this Provincial Society. Fifth.-^In return for these privileges, the Society should be boun ' lO report every year to the AssemMy how the money granted to themselves had been ex-- pended— how that apportioned to each ot the County Societies had been applied—what had been done in the College — what exertions they had themselves made during the past year for the progress of the Province -—what the County Societies had done — what they would recommend in aid of a more rapid progress — what new means they would desire — what hinderances stood in their way, and how they were to be removed. Such a report could not fail to be valuable, generally acceptable, and generally useful. It should therefore be annually published at the expense of the Assembly, and widely diffused tbrnughout the Province. But two things are indispensable to the beneficial working of this Society. First. — It must have the general confidence of the Legislature and of the Province, and must exhibit no party bias. Among other meium by which, in consis- tency with our representative institutions, it mik(ht bo made to combine the wisdom, zeal, and opinions ol all, it might be provided that the President and Secretary if each County Society should be exofl'icio members of the governing body or General Council of the Pro- vincial Society. Second — It must be provided with a zealous, ener- areiic, skilful, experienced and discreet Secretary. The whole life and efTiciency of (he Society will depend upon this officer — knowing what the Agriculture of the Province is, what it may become, and hot* this improvement is to be brought about. If a man p'^s- sessing this knowledge, free from prejudice, open to conviction, reaily to comprehend the influence of cir- cumstances in modifying principles and rendering inex- pedient generally useful modes of procedure — if such a man could be found, who would willingly throw his heart into thi.s matter — no reasonable sum which the I'rovince could pay would approach the great value of the services which in a few years he might render to the best interests of the agricultural coiMinunity. Besides this central Society, the formation and sup- port of local Societies in every County Should he encouraged. As at present, they should receive grants in aid of their funds from the Province as thoy do now, only through the Provincial, to the Council of which Miey should report, as the central Society does to the Legislature. In more limited districts. Farmers' Clul;8 with Agricultural Libraries attached, would be eminently useful ; and in encouraging and aiding these a portion of the funds both of the Provincial and of the County Societies, might be very usefully expended. Supposing these Societies to be organized something after the manner above described, there are numerous points to which (or the benefit of the Province, their attention might be especially directed ; such as — Ist. The encouragement of a system of thorough dfainage, especially on the heavier soils of the Province. I have already spoken of arterial drainage, by which main outlets are provided — the system of thorougli drainage is a perfecting of the means lor carrying ofT the surface water which this primary drainage has be- gun. It consists essentially in establishing a system of ditches about 3 feet deep and 18 feet apart, over the entire field to be dried, at the bottom of which ditches a passage for water is left either by putting i>> G or 9 inches of stones broken of the size of road m 'tal, or hollow tiles of burned clay, and filling them up again to the level of the soil. On my first arrival in the Province, I was doubtful how far it would be safe to recommend the introduc- tion of thia method of improvement which has proved so successful in England. A careful consideration however of the nature of many of its heavier soils — of the climatic conditions of this part of the Continent — especially the mean annual fall of rain, and the baking and parching effects of the severe draughts of summer, which render a deeper available soil necessary to the verdant growth of plants — together with the resuits of actual trials made in different parts of the Province ; these considerations have satisfied me that in North America, as well as in Great Britain and Ireland, much good is to be expected from the judicious intro-> duction of a system of thorough drainage. Thorough drainage such as I have described, has not hit'-. .to been much practised in New Brunswick. Mr. Henry Cunard, upon his farm near Chatham, ou 9( 9i 9i 9£ 93 sor lis- ed, 14. •0- 3; 13- br al i, e fn SE 74 Professor Johnstoii's Report on the li the MirRiniclii, Imn Nkiiriilly mid ronipletely dried HOtne of hid fields hy thiH method, and mh he iifiitured me, with ft reandiiuhle exp!'»'fn ion of profit. Others I be- lieve in the Slime nei^hb urliood, — for there ure upon thnt river iind it« trihutiirieii, muny excellent iiiid zen lou8 fanners, — have, I believe, drained to u rings that fed the swnmp, and have succeeded well. I cut drains 3 feet deep, no wider than necessary for the workman to use his tools freely in. I piped the drains with stones drawn from the field in this form J\ and filled smaller stQiics over the piping to within 18 inches of the surface, I covered the stones with o light layer of straw and filled in the earth ; cost 2s. 9d. per rod. — Robert D. James, York. I have had a good deal of experience in what is called French drainage, both for the purpose of cutting oft' springs and removal of surface water, and consider it to be a very pro- fitable improvement where there are many small stones to be taken ofl" the land, (which is generally the case in w«t high lands in this country). I have the drains dug three feet deep, one foot wide at the bottom, the small stones put in the bottom, the larger ones on top, the whole of the stones being about 18 inches deep, cover with fir bushes or straw about 6 inches, then fill in and plough over: — Edward Simonds, York. I drain wet land for the purpose of removing surface water. I take the course of my droin with a little descent across my field, ploughing it 4 feet wide, making the drain very slanting on each side until it comes to the pan, 1 then dig from 6 to IS inch ?s deep, which is sufticient to carry oft" the water — open dra. .4 are best to carry ofT surface water, springs may be drained with deep narrow drains filled with stones part way and then with earth ; but the frost going so deep in this country disturbs the earth and stones, so that in a few ,y'ears covered drains are apt to get stopped. — Israel Parent, York. The above opinioi:« are all in favour of drainage> but none of the writers adopi methods such as our best Enjflish and Scotch farmers would approve ol. ]Vlr. Reid's drains are too iarjje and expensive, and are ihtended partly to drain the springs which show themselves on his eloping fields, and partly to bury the numerous stones which oversprend it. The same is the case with the drains put io by Mr. James. They are such as may fitly be used to lay swamps dry, but tiould not profitably be inserted for the purpose of car- rying off the surface or rain water only. Mr. Wilmot and Mr. Simonds both bring the stones too near the surface. The ground cannot safely be stirred to a greater depth than ten inchea, when the -itones come within twelve inchea ot the surface. Twenty four inches is the smallest distance, where stones are employed, which ought to intervene between the upper surface of tlie stones in the drain and the surface of the mil. Indeed if .Mr. Parent be correct as to the depth which the frost will penetrate and disturb the nia- terinis of which the drain is made, the upper surface of the stones ought to be still further below that of the sui'. 1 have heard from many persons in conversation, the objection to covered drains which is put by Mr. Pa- rent, and it is one which is not without an apparently Kooii foundation. The frost, when the land is uncov- ered with snow, is observed in severe winters to harden the soil to a depth even greater than three feet ; but it does not follow from this that the materials of a drain laid at that depth should be displaced so as when the thaw returns to render the drain inefficient. I have been told on the contrary, that drains only one foot in depth have continued unimpaired oven after the seve- rest frosts. It is not unreasonable to suppose how- ever, that accidents from the frost wiy occasionally happen, and therefore, it is desirable for the avoiding of this inconvenience, not less than to enable the land to be deeper tilled, th»t the surface of the draining materials should be at least two feet under ground- where tiles are used they can readily be covered with nearly three feet of earth. The benefits or consequences of thorough drainage, as they have been experienced in Great Britain, may be enumerated under the following heads: — 1st. It carries off all stagnant water and gives a ready escape to the excess of what falls in rain. 2nd. It arrests the ascent of water from beneath, whether by capillary action or by the force of springs. 3rd. It allows the water of the rains, instead of merely running over and often injuriosly washing the surface, to make its way easily through the soil where it falls. 4th. By this de.a the most effectual improver. 2nd. This kind of drainage, as I have already stated, may be performed either by means of broken stones, uf open stone conduits, or of tiles of baked clay. In (ireat Britain where labour is less expensive than in New Brunswick, the use of tiles is usually found to be the most economical. It would no doubt prove to be so also in New Brunswick. The introduction at pre- sent, and by and bye the home manufacture of machine!^ for the production of tiles, is therefore a point to which the attention of Societies will naturally be drawn in connection with the encouragement of thorough drain age. I saw one in operation in September last ai Montreal, producing excellent tihes, the effects of which in improving certain localities in the neighbourhood of that city were considered very favourable. One ha^ lately been imported into Seneca County, in the State of New York ; and I am happy to learn that the Agri- cultural Society of Saint John have ordered a similar machine, and have made arrangements fur the manu facture of tiles in the viciuity of Saint John. I'he establishment of tile works up the River Saint John, and at convenient places on the eastern shores, and * For further details regarding thorough drainage, see my published "lecture* on jigriculturitt Chemittry and Geolo- gy " 9, 550, of the second English edition . The so called fifth edition of the New York publishers is only a reprint from the stereotype plates of the first English editions of 1843 & 4. ' towards the months of the Miruiniclii and Restignnche Rivers, would place within the reach of nil the incanS uf testing tlilH lu/m of iigricuilurul improvement. 3rd. After drying aud thoroughly cleaning the land, which is also deserving of more attention than it has litherto received in tlie Province, the subject of deeper ploughing and of sulisoil ploughing may be recom- mended and patronized by the Agricultural Societies. To deepen the available soil, if it be previously liiid dry, is to add proportionubly to the capability of the Innil 10 produce and nourish crops. If the roots iir» umiblu to descend, the riches uf the earth lie buried us truly ns the golds of (-alifornia do in the unwashed sands of the still undisturbed vallies of that promising country. 4th. Next comes the manuring of the xoil, when dried, cleaned, and deeply ploughed. In regard to this rliere are a few general points which Societies may use- I'ully bear in mind. a. The Ge(dogical Map attached to this Report, and (he Chapter I have devoted to the explanation of its Agricultural relations, have shown that there arc cer- tain geological formations occurring in New Brunswick, 'he soils resting upon and formed from which, are espe- cially poor in lime. In the districts where these occur, (he use of lime as an improver of the soil, is indicated by its absence from the rocks. In these districts, therefore, trials with lime in various states, applied in various ways to different crops, and at various seasons, ought to be recommended and encouraged. 'I'o show the general chemical character of such of the soils as I considered it desirable to collect daring my tour, 1 subjoin the composition of five specimens which have been since analysed under my direction. They were collected respectively— No. 1, from Scotch Corner near Woodstock. No. 2, from Mr. Oray's island farm in the Saint Johu River. No. 3, from the lower intervale beside the bridge at the mouth of the Keswick. No. 4, from burnt land on which a second growth had come up, consisting of scrub pine, red pine, and white pine with sweet fern. A poor sandy soil in many places bleached on the surface by the acid of the ^pge- table matter. Taken 3 or 4 miles from Steves' to- wards Saint John, on the right side of the Petitcodiac. It is apparently the debris of the red sandstone. No. 5, from the stiff clay soils of the Napan Settle- ment, near the Miramichi River. A. The proportions of fine and coarse sand wera found by washing, to be as follows :— 1 Fell down first S minutes, 68.95 Do. second do. 1.43 Do. third do. 1.47 Clay, fine Sand & Organic matter, 28.15 2 52.75 2.77 1.07 3 63.51 2.49 1.G6 4 93 32 0.42 0.35 5 47.15 2.22 3.69 43.41 32.34 5.91 46.94 100.00 100 00 100.00 lOO.OOTlOO.OO B. The composition as fuuad by analysis, was as follows : — 1st. Bj washing, as above — 12 3 4 5 Clav, fine Sand & Organic matter, 28 15 43.41 32.34 5.91 46.94 Coarser Sand, 71-85 56.59 67.66 94.09 53.06 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ( I 9, 9i Vi. 95 sor Us- ed, 14. •0- 3; is- br as al • f '1 lk?s' '^l:! E^as ! if if I 70 V!d, Up annlyiU — I Orftaiiic mutter, 4 79 Ovhlmol Iruii, 1098 Aliimiim, 'AM OarboiiRtf n( \Am*, 0.31 Sulpliatc oC l.itn(',(Ovpiuin) — OiirlMiiiiiti' ul .Viu|;iii'i>lK, U 'Jl Salt* of I'otadi and Sudu, 1 .i)S I'lidophorir AciH, O.'iJ ItiKoliiliiii Silireout matter, 7H.'J9 Professor Johnston' a Report on the 2 3 4 5 4.20 4.16 3..'W 3.y<.» (')()<) 5 4:i 2 81 7.11 4 42 4.7H 5.04 7.SH {):x\ U.4I 0..31) 2.;i3 o:i2 trare trace O.M 0.73 0.73 2.03 1.02 0.9»i O.I'J 0.24 0.17 0.12 _. . 0.14 HJ.af. K1.49 88.23 7.V70 100.25 100.34 100 08 100.77 100.02 An inapcction of this Inttor Table show* that witli tli« exception of tlie one from N'apnii, the proportion of liin(> present in thcao Koilt \* very mnall, nnd there fore thnt the judiciouAnpplication of limoto them would be likely to |)roduce profitahle resultf. It would bi- out of place hereto conKJder the other AUg^eKtiong nf to uieaiifl of improvement which the above analysis will ofler to the experienced agricultural chcmiat. From III! the information I have been able to obtain, lime has not hitherto been very generally or extensively employed for agricultural purposes in the Province of New Brunswick. The following are all the Reports of experiments in liming which 1 have received in an- swer to my queries circulated throughout the Province : I can AHHWcr but to one application on an acre and a half oi° my own land. The land i» a gravelly luam, under-drained 1 put the lime in heaps uf three busheln, covering it with good coil from a foot ridge ; after remaining a week I mixed ihc soil and lime thorouglily ; 1 applied thirty ItusheM to the acre — raised thirty six bunheU of wheat to the acre— the grass greater in quantity and better in quality for tour art follow- ing than fruni any dresning I had previously n I. — David Mowatt, Charlotte. ] have tried shell lime at the rate of sixty imperial bushels to the acre, spreading in the spring on a piece uf land I was preparing to manure for potatoes, the giound being previously well pidverized; the lime and manure 1 ploughed in lightly, then furrowed out for potatoes. I could see no difference in the potatoes from those along side that got nu lime ; but the rot prevented a proper trial. 1 could perceive however, a loamy friable cast given to the soil which it did not nuturally possesii, and the wheat was excellent. I could not but ob- serve tlie remarkable difference of the straw, not to speak ol the grain, from that which had no lime. While the one wn' «oft and falling through /et'£/entv«, the other was much taller standing upright, retaining its freshness till the grain was lully ripe. The hay crop was also much better, esuecialiy the clo- ver. I believe that the application of lime in proper quan- tities, in all soils properly drained, (except very light sandy soils) will conduce to the prospeiity of the farmers of New Brunswick — Daniel M'Lachlan. This year I used twenty two hogsheads of lime ; each ca*k will slake tilteen bushels.' I used four casks or sixty bushels to the acre. I never had such crops as 1 had this year. ] used it on clay siliceous bog, and alluvial soils ; it did well on all except the alluvial, it made it dry and pack. After my land is ready ploughed I deposit my casks of lime along one side ol the field ; empty them in heaps, ond cask in each pile, cover them over eight or ten inches deep with the surrounding clay, and allow them to stand for three days. A man can spread one acre per day with a barrow— the horses give the land a single round with barrow belore spreading, and cover the lime with two tounds ot the harrow immediately, I then drill, and put the manure in the drill, or spread the manure on the sur- face, and harrow before furrowing. — John H. Reid, Vork. As most of our land is a strong, heavy mould, with a J.z," subsoil, we have applied lime to great advantage for some years, and have ever found it a hand-maid to draining. We generally use it in making compost with mud or "egetable sub- stance, and apply it the following year by spreading, and ploughing it in, or as a top dressing to our light meadow land. We do this as soon after mowing as we can find time, which greatly increases the latter growth, and prepares it to resist the winter frosts, and presents the earliest growth in the spring.— Wm. Wilmot, York. Lime has been applied to all soils in this District with good Lime has been profitablf applied to tht heavy clsyev soils of (he ntirthi-rii part of the Parish uf Bathunt, as well h< the light sandy hind in the koiitliern iiart. It Is sometimes spread iinmixetl upon grass land in the fall, and potatoes, after they appear above ground, but principally mixed with marsh or si-n inuil, anil ploughed in in the Spring. Coinuosi ofone- third lime and two- thirds salt mud, with occasionally a portion ot conwnon earth, are now very gent'iallv made in the fall, and applied to the land in the spring ftillowing, t.( every crop ex- cept potatoes— to the latter, gifen stable manure is principally applied.— Henry W. Baldwin, Oloucester. The six reports above given are in favonr of the nse of lime, a.i a profltable application to the land in five ('oimtiesof the Province, and no doubt similar benefits would be derived from it<« uses in other Cininties also. Mr. Mowatt obtained a larger wheat crop and bet- ter and more abundant hay for four years after.* Mr. .Maclncblan's land became more friable, and while the grain of his wheat was improved, the straw was re- markably strengthened, and the clover hay was espe- ially benefited. Mr. lleid's were larffer in all the varieties of soil be cultivates. Mr. Wilmot on his heavy soils, and especially applied ai a compost to his grass land, after the first cutting, fluds the use of lime very advantageous upon drained land. In Northum- berland it does good to all kinds of crop, and in Glou- cester on all kinds of land. I cannot enter into details as to the time, mode, quantity, crop, soil, &c.. which the farmer will select as moat likely to be profitable in bis part of the Pro- vince. Those I have fully explained in a work spe- cially devoted to this subject. — (The use of Lime in Agriculture, Blackwood, J 849.)— But I commend the subject to the Agriciltural Societies of New Bruns- wick, as one, by the judicious consideration and encouragement ol which, they may very 'considerably increase the productiveness of their country. 4th. Next in importance and in universality of ap- plication, is the use of bones. In very few cases, so far as I have been able to learn, have bones been employed as a manure in the Province. Such as are collected, are exported to England and elsewhere. In ureneral, however, they are allowed to go to waste. As n manure, bones are largely and profitably em- ployed in Great Britain, and they are especially adapted to the restoration of soils which have been exhausted by frequent cropping with grain crops and with hay. In encouraging the collection of bones, their use as a I'ertalizing substance, the erection of mills to crush them, and the prepar.ition of them by means of sulphu- ric acid so as to facilitate their action — Agricultural Societies have another important means of benefiting the districts in which they are situated. 5th. 1 may notice also the sowing of crops for the purpose of being ploughed in, ns a means of improving the light worn out lands, poor in vegetable matter, which I have seen in lyimerous parts of the I'rovince — the use of composts made of lime and bog earth, (muck as it is called in some of the States) — of marsh, sea, and mussel-mud, and of various refuse substances, such as the husk or bran <»f buckwheat — the more careful preservation of farm yard and barn manure from the * Mr. Mowatt's farm is on the old red sand-stone near Saint Andrews. The red sand-stones of Sussex Vale, and on the North River, are sometimes rich in lime. In a specimen col- lected by myself in that neighbourhood, and analyzed under my direction, there was found of caibonate of lime, 17.31 per cent., sulphate of lime, 0.49 per cent. This accouiKi in part for the good soils which are formed by the decay uf these rucks, „ and intimates that thev may often be found to remunerate the fffect to every description of crop, from 25 to 40 bushels per farmer less for the application of lime because of the quantity •ere — John Porter, Nortbmuberland. ■ \^ Iwbich (bey naturally contain. . 'vwass; Af^ricuUnrnl Copahilitim of New lirunnwirk. 77 layev M>ili of wi>ll ii< the tinipi ■(irrail I, niter th»y ith marth or iiiott olonr- My a portion thvrHll,aiid pry crop ex- it principally r of the n»e and in flvo lar benefits unties also, ip and bet- fter/ Mr. d while the uw wai re- f was espe- r in itU the mot «n hid aposi to his uae of lime I Northum- nd in Olou- ime, mode, r will select of the Pro- \ work spe- of Lime in ninmend the Mew nrunn- eration and (considerably snlity of ap- w cases, so bones been Such as are ewhere. In waste, ofitubly em- ally adapted exhausted id with hay. Iicir use as a ills to crush lis of sulphu- Agricultural f benefiting props for the of improving able matter, e Province — earth, (muck marsh, sea, stances, such more careful ure from the tone near Saint lie, and on the 1 »pecimen col- inalyzed under lime, 17.31 per Bcouifu in part r of these rocks, remunerate the of the quantity washing action of the snows ami rains both in the yard nod in the field— a greater attention to autnmn plough ing— an abandonment of the system of si-lling hay and straw off the farm unle** an eqiii«alent in manure he- brought buck in its plane— a more early cutting of tli grain crops than is generally prartiKod— these and many similar points which 1 might mention, offer many opportunities for the beneficial exercise of that local influence which the leaders of Agricultural SocietieH are supposed to possess. fJth. The improvement of breeds of stock is nniver sally recognized as a legitimate object of Agricultural Societies ; but the care and tending of cattle in winter is no less necessary a subject o| attention, as the more improved the breed, the greater the care in feeding and housing they require. The building of wanner and closer, though at tht same time well ventilated, cuttle houses.'ought therelore to be encouraged. The custom of turning or allowin(( cattle to roam out among the snow in the winter months, should bo discouraged—the growth of root crops to supply more suitable and more profitable nourish" ment for the stock, should be urged forward more rapidly — the use of oil cake or of linseed in the form of prepared food— the introduction of linseed crushers, of chaff cutters, and of corn shcilers and crushers, should be stimulated and facilitated as mean!- by which the necessity for selling or killing so mucli of" the stock on the approach of winter would ht avoided, and a supply of good meat for the town mar ketfl would be secured in the early mouths of spring and summer. 7th. The anticipations of many Provincial farmers, that the profitaule culture of wheat bus finally forsaken the Province, may not prove true when the proper draining, liming, boning, and other forms of treating the land, are properly understood and practised. But as a whole, I think the out may be considered as the most natural— the staple grain crop of tho Province. Good varieties of the grain therefore should be sedu- lously sought for, regular change of seed supplied, and means provided for converting it into a palatable arti cle of food. The supply of oats which the Province can raise, may be considered, in comparison with the population, to be unbounded, and no fears of scarcity nct'd be entertained, as soon as the use of oatmeal a*: food has become more general among the people. In aid of this end, the bounty offered by tho Legislature for the erection of kilns and mills for drying and grind- ing oats, appears to mc to have been very judicious and salutary. It is exceedingly interesting to observe from the sta- tistical returns bow much the faiture of the wheat crop has been gradually changing the diet of the inhabitants of the North American Colonies, In Lower Canada, the growth and consumption of oats hns greatly ex- tended during the lust ten years, and during the last five or six years the same has been the case in New Brunswick. This is very strikingly shown in regard to the upper district of Gloucester County, by the fol- lowing returns of the quantity of oats and oatmeal, im- ported into Bathurst (luring the last five years, which have been obligingly furnished to me by Mr. \V . Napier, the acting Controller of Customs at that Port : — <• !^lnlemrnt of If'hrat iimi Nt/e Flour, Cirn Mral, Onit, (initU'Hiig vinnufavlnrrd) iiniiorlnl inin llie I'orl of Ha ii..,-.i V II ...I .. . 1 ... .L. «• i> . .• .... /Aurst, N. H Cuunli/ i>f (ltiiH> nnil I onMiinr^t in Ihr I 'iwrr Dinti ul of tht tin- in Iheyrnrt IH 1.1, 'ft;, '4", ' W unit 'HI. Year. IHM, iHirt, lHt7, IHIH, I Hilt, Incresie I'roin IH-l.'Jio'J'J \^ tlUHl niiii ryeKlour. I'JIVi bun. IIU) •• l»74 " •J.i«7 '• •J08S " 88a ('(iiii .Mi-itl. •1(10 l)IIH, 580 " 5U " 1180 '• I ita '• Oaih, Ml Mesl. :(a nil 1700 bun H80 " l,V>ll " ;i8;i(i " 3830 Ku If , (>'.>:») I) II < mill '• 8(ii»l '• •J 100 '• 58(>1 Totul. ir in<>nnii, inny be mlvniitnfrpniiiily ofliTi'il for till* |)iirjio«« of prninntiiiff them. In Jh« puininnry of rccDiiiiiKMuliitiniin whii'fi rorin* the rniirlu tliiiK ('liiiptiT iif llili l(i>|torf, I liuvr iiiifiitinnvd Romt' iitlier kiniiri'il nlijt-rtd li'>t lulviTtfil to in the pn-iUMil ('littptiT, mill I linvt^ udiled nl^o a lint of prir.e ftubjiM'tf from wliicli Hofitttien <*imi nrU-ct utich nii nppenr intmr miitibli* to tlicir own iliMtrictii, or iiioi^t likely tu fxcllt- I'lnulntiun niiiung tlieir own practicikl men. CMAt-TKK XVI. Siiffi/csliotif (13 trt itiipn)Vetni7it.s in the fuMtice oj imiividittil Jarmern, After wlint lian l)e«Mi n\\A in the prffiedinfc Clmptern on thcHubji'Ct oi indiviiluni practice, it will he uiineCiM- *nry fur inu now tu touch upon ninny things which would olhtffwiBe have nuturiilly found a place in the present Chnpti-r. Hy nn ini|iroveinent in prnctical Rgriculturoi I nn- Jerotand a change in pruoticu which ■hnll enable the fanner to raif^e larger or more valuable cropn Irom the same extent of land than before, or tu produce eqnai crujm at a cheaper rate without permanent injury to \i\% land. Tu the practical man therefore, 1 wish to recommL'iid nothing, which if rightly performed, will not in my opinion be the meuiif ot putting more money in hid pocket. \> hat I biive^nld in my RuggeNtioud to AgricultnrnI Societies in regard tu draining— deep and Rubdoil ploughing — green manuring — the uoe of bones — tlu paving of waote materiaU fur the manufacture of manure •^the covering of manure from tlie action of the raiiifi nnd Knows in the fold yard, and from the wasliing of the rains when laid upon the field— ol the u«e of lime— ol nn earlier cutting «>f the grain crops — of improving the breeds of stock -^of a better housing of the cattle— ul the growth and u?e of greeu crops, linseed, and prepared ibod during the winter month8*~of more diligent and more extended fall plcughing — of the value of agri- cultural journals and bouks — all this is intended ai> special advice also to the individual farmer, b^ach man can exercifse a far more direct and beneficial intluenci —beneficial to hin)self and to the l*rovince — over hie owu practice, than Societies, however sealous they may be, can be expected to do over that of the district in which they are placed. The improving hirmer indeed does good in two ways. lie not only puts more money immediately into his owu pocket, but by the influence of his prudei't and successful example, he induces utherf around him to follow iu his steps, and tu put more money into theirs aUo. Thus the agricultural impro- ver—the judicious, not the hastj and imprudent one —is a most valuable member of society, and it is for the best interests of every country to support, en- courage, and honor hitn. There are oidy a very few additional topics on which 1 think it necessary to address a few observations to the practical farmers of New Brunswick. 1st. I would recommend the abandonment of the system of cropping with grain or cutting for hay till the land is exhausted — a system hitherto so much followed in the Province. If while the stumps are still in the ground, the land cannut be ploughed, and must be left in pasture-'the manure made by means ol the hay and other produc ' of the farm, should be collected, husban- ded, and applied as a top dressing in Spring to the early grass. But where the stumps are already ap, and grain and root crops bava been raised upon the land, the barhnrous custom of eultlnir for hay, ypnf after year, without wanure, ought to be for ever aban- doned. 9uch latiri, when In grass, may be pastured, if thought desirable, for three ur four years'— !t may even be allowed to bu in |iermani-nt pasture with an 'iCcasional top dressing«»>but not more than one year's hay ought to be cut, as a generni rule, without the np* plication of some fertiliBlng substance to its surface. When land has already been exhausted by such treat* ment, the use of bones is dc«erviiig ol a careful trial. 2nd. 'I'he custom of leaving the land In rover itself with poor natural irrass alter the grain crop h.is heen taken off, should also be abandoned. It ought always to be laid down with grass seeds where a naked fallow is not intended, 1 have indeed seen many cases where naked fields have shown the neglect of tid* most pro* fltable practice of seeding, but it has generally been upon farms held by the poorest and most ignorant per* tion of the rural population of the Province. 3rd. The adoption of a system of expeninenling, )>rudently. Cautiously, and on such a scale as— if all liis experiments slujuld fall — woijld not seriously aflect his pocket, is the next point I would urge upon the prac> cical man. 1 1 Is a line of activity upon which he cannot too soon enter, 'i'here is- a broad intervening space between the actual condition of New Urunswick agri- culture and the coudition to which it might be brought by the judicious application of existing knowledge. I3ut that knowledge cannot be difTuxed among — Cannot l>e acquired by the farmers of the Province all at once. What they do learn also they will naturally doubt, until they have seen It actually applied to, and actually causing more jtrofltahle crops to grow upon the land. It is therefore by a system of trials that general confi- dence will be obtained in this or that method of im- provement. The distinction between the man who lesires to improve-~*to advance, which is a sort of condi< tion aOecting all material things in North America at he present time— and the man who is content to sit still, is that the first endeavours to acquire information^ and having obtained an inkling of new knowledge— perfect or imperfect— shews a disposition to make use of it— to make trials of the methods of advancement in lis own walk, which the knowledge suggests. The maker of agricultural experiments, therefore, is the man who is acquiring knowledge— is thinking how be can apply it most usefully to himself, and is testing the opinions and recommendations he may have heard or read, by the practical means which his farm places iu !iis hands. It is a favourable sign of the diffusion of knowledge, and of the awakening of thought and dor* mant intellect among the agricultural community of a country when the habit of experimenting prudently and economically, is seen to diffuse itself among them. The use of lime is recommended by many in the Province of New Brunswick, and I think with reason. The advancing man will therefore try lime in a small piece of his land, if he doubt its efficacy and his means tre small. He will try it in various ways, applied at different times, to different crops, and in different soils, :ind the results will determine biin as to whether it would be proper or profitable to use it on a larger scale. Again, in many parts of North America, gypsum is extensively. applied to the land. Will it pay to use it on your farm in New Brunswick P Tt has been occa- iiionally so used, as the following replies to my queries show:— Some years a^^o gypsum was ettiployed to some extent as a top dresBinK for grass land, and with ^ood effect, but from some unexplained reason it is now laid aside. — Robert Gray, York. Unlike /Igricullural OipafjiWiira of Arw HfumtwicL Imy, ynt 9v6r aban* jtanturuil, i—'A may re witli Hii otic yenr'M tut the np* In ruirfuri-i ■ui'li trvat> Tul trtiil. pover itiielf |t li.iK !)i>en )(lit alwnyR tk«!(i fallow iinpN where tnont pro* riilly been loritnt por* >ritnen(tn(r, n»-»>ir all lUfly aflect (II the prnc* 1 he cannot ■niiig npace iwicic ngri> be hrouxht knowledge! ig — Cannot nil ar onvet Hlly doubt, nd actually n the landi iiTiil confi> hod of iin- man who trtflfcondi* Americii at itent to sit iTormationf lowlodge— a make use nccuicnt in eots. The ore, is the ing how he testing the re heard or I places in diffusion of lit nnd dor* inunity of a idcntly and them> lany in the rith reasoui > in a 8mall h\n means applied at ferent soils, whether it arger scale. gypsum is lay to nse it been occa- my queries e extent as a tut from some ; Gray, York. t nhtalnrd Itn tcin* of plamrr nf rnria anil lowml it in llip IpriKiti rnip (lelilt. t fiml tli<> iiat* Niiil wlirat rnltnl on llir iio. taio Uiiil afuT tlii* uinnurr lo I'lir niiriiitaii our otlirr rropa, ilinl paiiaiTa \)yv ri'Miark tlic lilirnrciu'o ami lni|iiir« itin <-nn*c, Tint plualcr nbouniUMM llii< Tiibii|iii*, and ciin In' Imil in Kri-ilrrirtun fur 13*. H ton. On tlio turniii liinti wi< ii |>lai<(rr limail caat, ami then tirillcil it, Kor potaioca wc niailii the tirill, aowrd aoniu gnnno or plilAirr in tlic lioiiinn, roViTi'il it oyit with a Inv'T ol'rurlh, tliitn plwntcil thn potntoca, I'livcrcil tlicin up, ami tliifn tho pluitrr airain, For llu' Inat trn jrf ura we n-^u- larly na- what rich in lime. With bones, likewise, in various forms, small begin- nings may he made by way of experiment. And so with nil the impro/ed practices I have directly recommended or indirectly alluded to, the really good nnd Kealoui' farmer-^the roan who loves his art, nncarcely any fleld so wide as that of the experimental fanner— imne so lull of endless novelties, which the f>'*tive mind may inves' ti>j:;iit: CAperitnentally, and alwnys with a view to profit. Unlike the old stagnant art ol farming, of which the principles were not understotul, the art of this present time is guided by clear principles— is full of ever new interest— is in n constant state o( progression — and affords full employment for highly intellectual and ni;- tive minds.* 4th. In the preceding Chapters I have recommended the growth of flax to a certain extent for the jturpose of procuring linseed as n food (or the stock, nnd fibre for the winter's employment of the farmer's household. There nrc other crops which in particular localities the fanner may find it profitable to cultivate. The poppy and the sunflower, which demand coui>idernble heat to ripen tliem, are cultivated in French Flanders nnd else where for the sake of their seed, which are first crushed for oil, and the cake then used either for enriching th, manure or feeding stock. Hemp also is cultivated both for fibre and for the seed, which is also crushed ami nsed as the seeds of the flax, the Riinflower and the poppy are. It is worthy of trial whether in some partf of the Province these crops could not be profitably grown. But among platits, the success of which in some parts of the Province is less ddubtful, I would particularly mention the broom corn.f This crop is extensively * Ah u help and ^uide to Agricultural Societies and others, in undertaking, recommending or offering premiums tor ex- periments, n Work ot mine recently publiaheJ undei the title of " KXPERIMBNTAL AORiccLTUai!, being the tetnltt of past experiments in Practical ytgrivulture, and tuggeitiont for new ones" will be toiind especially useful. t Of the sorghum saccharatum (or holrus saccharatusj broom-corn, there are several varieties laised in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, in the valley of the Connecticut River, principally in the broad meadows of Northampton, Hadley, and Hatfield. The pine tree kind is regarded as the poorest cnllivHii'd, among other localities, !u the Valley of tha .Mohattk, In Norili We-ti-rn New York, and \* aiiid t<» he a profltahle crop. Thia valley \» Celebrated also for itiig owtb ot Iniiian corn. It i* di«tingMl«hed a» a corn region in cimtraNt with the rich wheat bearing country larlher went. 1 infer therel'ore that those pnrts ol New Krunawick which, lilto the County of Smilmry, are miiat adapted to the culture of Indiuti corn, would be likely to grow aUo goml ero])s ol broom corn. It is thert'lore dexervii ; ol inure extensive trials than I be- lieve have yet been made in New Hrun' -st improved breeds of stock. Thus Mr. H ubbard of t, hoarded and shingled. The building above is also boarded and shin- gled on the roof and sides. There is a yaiil in front of the under story of 43 feet square. A shed is built on the north and wsstot the yc '. to break ofT the wind, the south si. And ittle, they h the oat- ipoii their Ki'reening I previous repairing \'\v.K, I do I ; but the ipon fihel- f some re- 1 favoured lich i veu- iat to make V leaves the mc, making 1, and when r aif)''t. rding both DTP for sale. of Agricul- Graminar 4th. Into the Normal Schools of Fredericton and Saint John. 6th. Into the Academy of Sackville and the College at Fredericton. 6th. An Educational Farm at Sack > I!!'?, iu connex- ion with the Academy and the agricultural instruction given there. 7th. An Agricultural High School or College at Fredericton connected with a School Farm. In thif- High School a full course of agricultural instruction should be provided, and it may or may not be connected with the existing College at Fredericton. 8tb. The establishment of District Corn and Cattle Markets to be held in stated places at stated periods, for the convenience of buyers and sellers, and the fix- ing of prices. 9th. To tax all granted and unimproved lands above n certain number of acres, the proceeds to form a f'lnd for the arterial drainage and other general improve ments of the surface in the Parish, Township, District, or County. 10th. The establishment of a Central Agricultural Society, to whom the grants of money to local Societies should be entrusted. 1 1th. To open up some of the new roads through or into the ungranted lands of superior quality whicTi art' coloured red in Maps II. and III. attached to this Report. 12th. A removal of the difficulties which at present stand in the way of the selection, survey and purchase of land. These difficulties are a great hinderance to the emigrant, and have no doubt greatly diminished the indui^ements to settle in (lie Province. 13th. To lessen if possible the causes for litigation which at present arises so often out of the unsettled boundaries of farms. Hth. By township or district surveys to make it mere easyfor an emigrant to settle himself, and so to define the boundaries of farms as to leave no cause for such litigation among future settlers. 15th. By small special grants of money to aid in the formation of Agricultural Libraries. 16th. The employment of a peripatetic practical Agriculturist to visit the diflferent settlements, at the application and under the direction of the local Socie ties, to instruct the f 'ttlers in the husbandry of manure, turnips, and other practical branches. 17th. To obtain an economical and practical Survey of i'le Coal Fields of New Brunswick, with the view of setting at rest the question as to the supply of fossil fuel in the Province. 18th. As less urgent than this, a continuation of the Geological Survey. 19th. An analysis of the various limestones found in the Province, in reference to their fitness for agricul tural and other purposes. 20th. An analysis of the iron ores of the Province, and an economical Survey and Report as to their ex tent,'would also be an important work for the Colony II. Points to which Agricultural Societies are re> commended to direct their attention : — Ist. Encouragement of thorough drainage by pre mioms, and by the introduction of machines for the home manufacture of draining tiles at a cheap rate. 2d. Of deeper and sub-soil ploughing by premiums, and by the purchase of sub-soil ploughs for the use of the locality 3d. Of the establishment of Agricultural factorships at each of the principal market towns, and local 8- br 'S8 al 82 Professor Johmloii's Report on the tect tliein from the grpatcst licats ofguinmer, and froin waahing; ol the raiiiR and melting snows of spring. 28th. Attention to the growth of wool, either ns ni\ article of export or as a means of employment for the members of the farmers' family in winter. 29th. A more frequent use of marsh, swamp, sen and mussel mud, as a means of fertilizing the land. 30th. It would be important also to promote llu keeping of Meteorological Registers in each County, by which the fall of rain, the temperature, the prevail- ing winds, &c., in diffeicnt localities, may be accu- rately ascertained. As one way of promoting the objects above adverted to — Agricultnral Societies may reconimond, encourage and offer premiums for or on such subjects as the ful ■owing: — 1st. On the clearing of land without burning. 2d. On the drainage of swampy pluccs by leading cuts or outfalls. 3d. On the thorough drainage of clays, of soils rest- ing on clay sub-soils, and of land liable to be baked or burned up in summer, or ou which crops are tvintcr- killed by the frosts of spring. 4th. For rolling and draining grass lands liable tr be winter-killed. 5th. Forexperli. entson deep and sub- soil plonghiiiff. 6th. For th'.' growth of winter jcrain. 7th. For wheat grown on old laod. 8tb. For the earlier cutting down of oats and otiiei grain. 9th. For the best or most skilful rotation of crops. lOth. Experiments with other kinds of grasses be- sides clover and Timothy, commonly used. Native grasses might probably he found that would be equallj nutritive, productive, hardy and lasting in the arround, as these, or more so. Rye grass does not suit the land or climate, as it is usually thrown out or winter killed. Aftei the Timothy dies out other native grasses come up which are almost always poorer tlian the Timothy, but if a good selection of native grasses were sown, and allowed to get hold of the land while it is in good heart, they might form a tliiek sole of grass, which if properly pastured would not for many years become poor or mossy. 11th. For the raising of grass seeds, and on the best way of laying down to grass. 12th. On the growth of flax, hemp, poppy and sun- flower. ]3th. On the use of bones as a manure generally. 14th. For special trials with dissolved bones and ammoniacdl salts in promoting the growth of wheat. 15th, On the saving of liquid manure by tanks or otherwise. 16th. With lime, and with gypsum, or gypsnm and «alt, or lime and salt. 17th. On the use of nitrate of soda, common salt. ashes leached and unlcached, ammoniacal salts, and other similar fertili:..ag substances. 18th. With swamp, sea, mussel, and other varieties of mud, either alone or in the form of compost. 19th. In ploughing in manure in autumn. 20th. On top dressing the young clovers with earthy rompost in autumn as a preservative against being m'nter killed. 21st. For the leaving or planting of trees for the purpose of shelter from cold, injurious, ?r prevailing winds. 22d. For the planting «f maple groveg and manu- facture of sugar, f.- 23d. For the best samples ol home made flour and oati.ieal. 24th. In improving stock from native as well as from imported animals. 25th. For cattle which give the richest milk. 26th. For the largest produca of milk, cheese and butter from a single cow, or from a dairy of cows, 27th. For the best arranged and most comfortable cow houses. 28th. On the superior p/ofit of warm well ventilated stables in saving food. 29th. On the comparativo profit of sp.iring and plen- tiful feeding in winf'.r. 30th. On the use of the straw of Indhn corn in (eediiig cattle. 3!st. For the manufacture, importation, and use of )il-cake in feeding. 32d. On the feeding of milch cowg wit';i the whey ol their own milk. 33d. On the curing of beef, pork, and butter. . 34th. On the comparative profit of horses and cattle iii the cultivation of arable farms — especially in refer- tf?^ce to the shortness of the season. 35th. For the introduction and use of any iraple- inents which save labour profitably. 36lh. For the introduction of any new and profita- ble emplcvmeut for winter. 37 tb. For the cleanest and best fenced fanu — the Sest cultivated on the whole— the largest crops on tho whole— the largest and finest craps ot particular kinds — the finest and best treated stock of cattle, or pigs', or sheep— the largest, best managed, or most produc- tive dairy, the most profitably managed, &c. &c. III. Points to which individual farmers are recom- mended to direct their attention: — l.st. Thorough drainage of clay soils, wet slopes and liottoins, and ujarsh or dyked lands, where the fall is sufficient to admit of a ready outlet, and a sufficient depth of drain. 2d. 'letter cleaning and deeper ploughing of tlio ^oil. 3d. ISIore care in s.ivlng, collecting and applying manures of all kinds — liquid and solid. 4th. An abandonment of the system of cutting re- peated crops of hay off the same land, tiil it is ex- haustej. 5th. An abandonment also of the custom of taking repeated successive crops of corn off the same lau'l, without alternation with other crops, and without manure. 6th. Cutting down grain of all kind^ before it is 'ully ripe, and grass before it runs to s^ed. 7th. Cutting down Indian corn with a knife as is lone in New York, and use of the stalks in feeding milch cows and other stock, 8th. Sowing buckwheat or rye to plough in green, and use of bone dust to renovate exhausted and worn out lands ytti. Ploughing deeper in all cases than has hitherto been usual, but especially such land as has ceased to be productive as formerly. 10th. Taking advantage of every open day in the fail to plough and prepare the land for the spring sow- ing. 11 th. Selecting good stock of cattle, pigs and sheep for keeping through the winter. 12th Providing warm but well ventilated housing for them. . . i . ■ 13th good c I4fh adding food he 15th cover I winter, conditii fi'iie of 16tY out hay fore cai 17th. and iip{ bones i.< Worn ou 18th. when lai of its pr 19th. for his £ Of Emi has fli and th smt th 1 tnigl of emigt distinct already ( this Repi of choosi of recom worded be many disappojr will blau upon tht I <.oi before Y forming come int Province There clusively First, comfo'ta' emigra'it Second attendee Thirds and the different I. On what has ter of thi first "ate much als ved, and extent an reference especially vious to by natui ants, the grants fr e flour and as well as lilk. phceae and " COWP, loinfortablo I ventilated g and picn* m corn in and use of the whey of utter-. . !8 and cattle lily in refer- any impk" and profitn- ■d farm — the crops on tbo ticular kinds Lttle, or pigs, most produc- kc. &c. rs are recom- .-.; f •■■ I ' ret slopes and ere the full is 1 a sufficient ghing of tlio and applying :)f cutting re- till it is ex- :oin of taking e saroo land, and without *; before it is td. a knife as is ks in feeding ugh in green, sted and worn » n has hitherto has ceased to !ii day in the le spring sow- jigs and sheep :ed housing forj AgricttUural CaptMilities of New Jirunswick. 13th. feeding them plentifully, tliat they miy be in good condition when spring arrives. 14th. (irowing turnips and linseed with the • iew of adding to the quantity and enriching the qnalit/ of the food he has at his disposal. 15th. Collecting carefully and preserving under cover all the manure made by his stock during the winter, that he may have it abundantly and in good condition for his potatoe and grein crops when the ti'iie of planting or sowing comes. IGt'i. Manuring annually, by top dressing, his worn out hny lands, when the land is not stumped, and there- fore curnot be ploughed up. 17th. Collecting carefully all waste bones, breaking and applying them to the land ; especially the use of bones is to be recommended upon land which has been worn out by over cropping win. s'orn. 18th. Sowing down always with artificial grasses, when land, after a corn crop, is to be left with the view of its producing hay. 19th. To provide shelter, by fences or plantations, for his fields and stock. Chaptkk XVITI. Of Emigration to New Bnimwiifc, the success which has attended JgriciUlural Settlers in the Provitice, and the kind of Emigrants for tvhom there is at pre- sent the greatest demand. 1 might be excused from touching upon this subject of emigration from Europe to New Brunswick as a distinct question, oi' the ground that the data T have already given are sufficient to enable the reaJers of this Report to judge for themselves, as to the propriety of choosing this Province as a place of settlement, or of recommencing others to do so. However earftfully worded also recommendations may be, there will still be many who will mistake their meaning, and when disappointment occurs in consequence of these mistake: will blame the writer for the evils which have come upon them. I consider it a kind of duty, nevertheless, to lay before Your Excellency, some of the materials toward forming a sound opinion upon this subject which have come into my possession during my residence in the Province. There are three points to which 1 shall almost ex clusively confine my observations : — first, the ability of the Province to receive, locate comfo'tably, and abundantly sustain a large .lomber of emigrants. Second, the kind and amr.unt of success which has attended industrious agricultural settlers in past years. lliird, the class of persons ivho owght now to come and the encourrgement they are likely to meet with in different parts ot the Province. I. On the first of these points little need be added to what has already been introduced into the third chap ter of this Report. There is a very large extent o( first 'ate upland in the Province, still ungranted, and much also, which though granteu, is as yet unimpro- ved, and is on sale at slightly elevated prices. The extent and position of thes" lands may be seen by a reference to the Agricultural Map which is intended especially to^iHustrate Cbnpter III. Indeed it is ob- vious to common 8en».t', that if the Province is fitted by nature to snpport three or four millions of inhabit- ants, there mnst be ample room for crowds of emi- grants from Europe, aiitl that if there be much good land still ungranted, there must also be the means of locating these immigrants comfortably. At the same time, as I have elsewhere stated, facili« ties are wanting to make the country ent'cing and easily accessible to the new settler. Roads into the new lands, facilities for obtaining speedy possession of them, offices to give information in different parts of the country, registers of lands on sale by private par- ties, improved and unimproved— these are a few of the points which deserve the attention of those who desire to see the wild lands early settled by intelligent and in<]ustrious emigrants. 11. The kind and amount of success which has at- tended industrious agricultural settlers in past gears. I have, myself, during my tour, seen numerous exam- ples wiiii-h were both interesting and highly satisfactjry as to the opportunity which the Colony presents to the industrious man, to make a comfortable living by till- ing the land — to the poor man, of bringing up and comfortably settling a large family of children. In- stead, however, of detailing the particulars of the many cases I inquired into, which would be both tedious and open to suspicions from the bias 1 mfiy be supposed to have had in favour of the Province or against it, I shall introduce in this place the information 1 have received from the various parts of the Province, in answer to a question as to the success which had attended settlers from the old country in the different districts. The varied stat^'inents and opinions thus obtained from dif- ferent Counties and persons, will present a much more reliable and truthlike aspect of the case, than any which a single individual could present as the result of his personal observation : — Sober men who have attended exclusively to farming, have invariably accumulated property, and their descendants who loUuw agriculture, have grown up sober, industious, virtuous, and prosperous. — 1>. li. Stevens, Saint John. There came here some years ago thirty or seventy emigrants from Scotland, who settled altogether in the Parish ot Saint James, in this County, they \vereail very poor when they came, and are now living quite comfortable- There is another set- tlement called tiie Bailey Settlement, who were poor emigrants from Ireland, who 1 understand are very comfortable; also mother settlement of English, called tlie Harvey, who are doing well. — Joseph Walton, Charlotte. I have known scores ol persons who were landed har& without a penny in their possession who are now in easy cir- cumstances, with farms and stock, of trom fifty to five hundred pounds in value. — David Mowatt, Charlotte. Industrious farmers who have attended exclusively to their business, have all done well and improved their circumstances, — James Stevenson, Charlotte. With regard to particular settlers or settlements, I can onl/ state that in my ii -.medipte neighbourhood (a distance, say, of 4 to 6 miles) it is settled by Scotch from Perthshire, who came t . thio country twenty five or thirty years ago ; few of them had much or any money on their arrival, now they own faims and stock, 1 may say superior to their neighbours ; all this by dint of perseverence and inrfuslty. I might also state of an Irish Settlement from the North of Ireland, in the Bailey Settlement in this County, they settled in the woods and are now comfortable. — John Miinn, Jr., Charlotte, Persons upon leased farms, from 10 to 50 acres, have acquired in the course of a lew years a certain means of a comfortable livelihood, paid for tli<>ir stock, and have money laid by. I consider one great advantage in this district to be the ready market which the States a^Tord, and the cheapness with which articles, other than farm produce, can be procured. — John Farmer, Charlotte . There are some settlers who hive j,ane into the wilderness, and who have in a few years, by the irnprovement of the land alone, acquired not only competency but comfort. Industrious tarmers who have attended exclusive!/ to their business have, notwithstanding the pressure of commerce, and the failure of the crops, improved in their circumstances.— Mr. West- morland. Farmers who have attci'ded exclusively to their business 8 9. 91 9i 9i 95 laor dis- ed, 14. ro- 13, as- al d, le I I 0- 1- !l ill i: 1.^-l.i-., , L„. m iWM.ii.uww 84 Professor Joh7istoii's Report on the III have, noUvithatan-Jing the diRiculty they have undergone, improved their clrcumstanceB.— R. K. Oilbert, VVe»tmorland There ia a ecttlomeiit called the Irish Settlement, who are b» poor now as they were twenty yeaig ago, and not more land cleared than was ten year ago. There in another called tht- Golden Mountain Settlement, where the people began puor about fifteen years ago, who are now living welt, and are quite independent. Farmers who attended exclusively to their busi- ness were enabled to withstand the shock of bad times better than any other people in this distiict.— Howard D. Charters, Westmorland- Persons with small farms, good land, and small families, and also persons with large farms, who hi»>'e plenty of help within themselves, and little or no wapes to pay, who have been industrious and prudjnt, have improved in their circum- stances ; but even they, at the present time complain that they cannot make ends meet. — The farmer's interest generally is in a very depressed state. — Robt. B. Chdpinan, Vestmorland. From the early seltlement of the Province til! within a few years past, such farmers as were atteniire io their bt'«i>'?«8 were generally in improving and comfortable circumstances. Lumbering and pursuits of that nature, have operated »o a limited extent in producing an unfarouraitle change in the habits of the people ; the failure of the crops, and last, though not least, the operation of free trade principles, have caused m«ch distress and privation amongsttiie agriculturists. — VVm Crane, W'estmcrland. Industrious farmers who have attended solely to their own business have, in almost all cases, improved in their circum- stances. — r. Dixon, Westmorland. Industrious farmers who have attended to thoir business attentively have, in many cases, improved in their circum- stances, — ,'ohn Trenholm, Westmorland. The new settlers in this section of the County of Westmor- land are most thriving, particularly those who have attended to their agricultural avocations.— Alex. Monro, Westmorland. Industrie U3 farmers who have attended exclusively to their business have, withr.ut exception, improved in their circum- stances. — George Ottv, King's. From my personal knowledge, I can enumerate several set- tlements inh.ibited by the poorer class of emigrants from Ire- land, who have within the last fifteen years realized what may be termed an independence — say property i.'orth from i.iiOO to -£120(1— besides bringing up large families. Mechanics, when settled in country distrirts, «oou become ~>i:oprietors of land. — A. C. Evanson, King's. I know of many who have attended exclusively to their farms have become independent. 1 am acquainted \vith an Englishman who lived a servant with my father about 2i' years ago, who is now worth £800, and when he commenced had not more than one year's wages. — Henry Hayward, King's. Iki King's County there are to be found many i ettlements grown up, and still progressing, comparatively in a very short time — some of the inhabitants doing very well, others not su ■well, but all possessing independent properties, and notwith- standing 5 years lailure of the crops, still making a comfortable living. There are the upper part of the Mill Stream, the Camp- bell, English, Irish, New Coik, New Bottle, Upper, Dutch Valley, &e. Many have not been settled more than 8 or 10 years; theprincip.il p.irt of the men began with nothing but their axe, or at furthest, one year's wages ; all of them are now doing well. — Thomas Beer, King's. There are very many farmers who by attending steadily tu their profession, have made themselves and families com- fortable, and there can be little doubt that the man who minds his business and understands it, will alway.^ thrive. I must here observe, that a crying evil is the too general dis- posal of the wholesome farm produce at a sacrifice of time a;;d substance for foreign grown food, 8sc. — Andrew Aiton, King's. We have a neighbour who emigrated from England some twenty five years ago, with eight sons and a capita! of about £300 ; purchased a farm ; now the sons all own farms, value in the aggregate £3000. Also a number of individuals emi- grated from England some twenty years since, with little save themselves and companions, located in an unbroken wilder- ness, aided by nothing but their perseverance and industry, now constitute a flourishing settlement, enjoying all the pri- vileges of competency and comfort. Sober and industiious farmers have invariably accumulaled property.— Matthew M'Leod, King's. Steads dustrious settlers who have been brought up to farming, I attended exclusively to their business, have manifestly improved in their circumstances. It is always obiervable that tradesmen who have bought land, make but poor settlers ; being unskilful In the art of farming, they get .liscournged, sell their landn, and gnofT. — Daniel M'Lauchlan. King's. 'J'liis place was settled about the year 1814, by persons of no capital ; those peisons have raised large families, settled them, and are now worth from 10 to £1.500. All those who have attended exc.uiively to tlieii business, have had success in farming- — Wm. Keith. King's. Most all the settlers in this district were poor emigrants, and fro.n industry on tlieir farms have, in the course of eight or ten years, acquired property worth from 3 to il400, and are 'iving very comfortably. Settlers in this distcict should pay exclusive attention to their farms and not enter into lumbor- ing pursuits. —Daniel Smith, Queen's. 1 here are several prosperous settlements in the rear of Gagetown. Industrious farmers who have attended exclu- sively to their business, have improved their circumstances. — ■ Reverend Allan Coster, Queen's. Every industrious taimer has progressed who has attended solely to his farm ; the great diihculty is the want of energy and unceasing indu.'try, with proper means. — Juhii Robert, son. Queen's. Several settlements situated in the western section of Queen's County, more than two th' ds of these settlers Slav- ing emigrated tioni the old eountues, within 20 years have rendered their circumstance' comfortubls, reflecting mud! credit on their industrious hauits. Industrious farmers who Httend exclusively to their business, have prospered more than Hiiy other class that I know of.— Wm. Reed, Queen's. i know of several persons who settled in this and the adjoin- ing settlement M-ithout capital, who are now well off. Mr. Inch, (from Ireland,) in the New Jerusalem Settlement, set- tled on 100 acres of wild land, about 20 years since, and now owns three farms, in all 600 acres well improved. Mr. James .Mahcnd, in the Coothill Settlement, began on wild land without any capital 22 years since, and at his death in 1817, his property \\ as valued at £800, and no doubt was worth £1000. — Samual Mahood, Quten's- A settleme'it of emigrants from Yorkshire, (England) was commenced in 181(i, in Queen's County, and on seeing it in 1837, I was highly gratified in seeing a well settled district, intersected with good roads, and ornamenied with beautiful helds and orchards. The Harvey and Cork Settlements on the Saint Stephen Road, as well as some on the l>orderg of the Magaguadavic Ri-er, are in a thriving condition. Persons uttending exclusively to farming liave seldom failed to improve their circumstances. — C. L. Hatheway, Sunbur^. The settlement in the rear of this district was commenced about 25 years ago — has maoe but slow piogress, and is poor. Our River farmers have the most of them improved in iheir circumstances until the last three or four years, but most of them do something in the lumber vay. The potato rot has been a g.-eat drawback to both rich and ♦)oor.— Nathaniel Hubbard, Sunbury. There are several back settlements in this County, com- posed chiefly of emigrants fjoin the old country, who on ac- count nf want of capitol, were compelled occasionally to hire out and get lumber until their land was sufficiently cleared to live on. Those who attend to their business improve in their circiimst.inces. — Charles H. Clowes, Sunbury. Farmers who have attended to their business, and been economical aiui industrious, have improved their circumstan- ces. — Charles Hairison, Sunbury. I have known several industrious farmer? who have attended exclusively to their business, who have very much improved in their circumstances, until the t'most general failure of the crops, but who, if the crops continue to bo as good as they were ttiis year, -will, I doubt not, go on a ; 'osperously as formerly.— Edward Simonds, York. There have been many men in this County and Province who came without any money, ana by gettinsT farms on the shares, or at high leiit, have raised large families, and have made money to buy that farm or another as good in ten years. The Harvey settlers were men -.vho came to this country without any experience in clearing the forest, but who have made a good settlement and comfortable homes Take ten years tu^cth.-rr, and you will find the farmers the best off.— John H. Reid, York. Almost all the farmers in this neighbourhood were lum- berers before they were farmers, and it was by lumbering they got their farms stocked, &c. ; but that lumbering or any other occupation is incompatible nHth prof^iiable farming, is evi- dent enough. I know one or two farmers who, by industry and attention to their farms, have materially bettered their cir- cumstances, but farming on the whole is not a thriving busi- ness. I am inclined, however, tu aKcribe the failure ratfaierto a tivenly fi\ dustrious have iiiv M-L.itch) Tlieie ex lusivi- arr.ved a eh lose lii Sh're To it; worke h.ivc now educated County p business, an honest tg, ther (fet [■Lauclilun, f penona of lies, settled thdrie who had auccess Igrants, and of eight ur 100, and are sliould pay nto lumbnr- the rear of nded exclu- , instances.— 189 attended nl of ent-rgy jUn Robert- 1 section of settlers 1iav- !0 yearA have ecting miiclr farmers who i?d more than ieen'8. d the adjoin - veil off. Mr. Ltlement, oet- ce, niid now Mr. James in wild land eath in 1817) bt was worth England) was n seeing it in ttl#d district, rith beautiful pltlements on iMjrders of the on. Persons ed to improve IS commenced , and is poor, ■oved ia their _, but most of potato rot has r.— Nathaniel County, com- y, who on ac- ionally to hire iently cleared ■39 improve in ury. ess, and been r circumslan- have attended luch improved failure of the good as they osperously as ' and Province J farms on the ilies, and have d in ten years, this country but who have les Take ten the best oflF.-- )od were lum- nmberiag they ig or any other irming, is evi- 10, by industry tiered their cir- i thriving busi- ilure rather to!* Agricultural Capabilities of New Brunswick. 85 want of system and energy on the part of the farmer, than to anv inherent defect in the climate or the soil.— Kobt. Gray, Yo'rk. Wherever farmers have applied themselves exclusively to farming they have, when the laud was of a fair quality, not only become comfortable in tlieir circumstances, but many are quite independent. — Wm. Wilmut, York. 1 Unow numbers of settlers, chiefly emigrants, who have gone into the wilderness, taken upland, have now good clear farms, good buildings, and are very comfortable. I know many indusinous fanners who have principally attended to their business who are now in comfortable circumstances. — James Sutherland, York. The (Janligan, Tay, Woodlands, &c. Settlements, all with- in a few miles of the residence 1 have built for my family, are, without exception, making progress varied by the habits ol the respective settlers. I know of no instance of an itidus- tlious and sober farmer, contented (or a 'ew years to live chiefly on the produce ofliisown farm, who has notimptoved in his circumstances. — Kdwin Jacob, D. D., York. Near where I live are several back settlements ; those that have been industrious and prudent have made much progress, and in general have done well, have cleared up large fields and raised plenty of grain, in fact have done better than those set- tled along the rivet. Farmers who have well attended theii farms, have in all cases impiovcd in wealth, some more and some leis, but all improved. Farmers who went lumbering, of course neglected their farms, and three-fourths of them liave sunk their t.rmsand much more. — Iirael Parent, York. Industrious farmers who have attended exclusively to their business have in every instance improved in theif circumstan- ces. — Wm. Dow, York. 1 know many single men who came here pcnnyless, and within filteen years have fine farms of their own, well stocked, and are :'"W with their fa. nilies living in comfort and plenty. Industrious farmers, or even men who were no farmers, who attend exclusively to the business, invarinbii/ improved in their circumstances. If you sr-e a fanner gonig back in the world you need not Msk why — he has left h's larming and in his haste to get rich has taken to lumbering. — James Rankin, Carleton. Industrious farmers who have attended exclusively to their business are doing well. — James L. Pickett, Carleton. Several settlers who commenced with little or no capital six years ago, are now independent, and the wilderness is lest dis- appearing aroiina them. All wiio have devoted themselves ex- clusively to Agriculture have, witlout exception, impicved in their circumstances. — John Smith, Albert. Persons who have attei.ded exclusively to their farms, and who have pursued an economical and industrious course, have in most instances been so far successful as to be quite '•oinfor table.— W. H. Steves, Albert. There are several settlements in this County in a very pros- perous state; and 1 know some settlers who went info the woods destitute ten and fifteen years ago, who are now in a very comfortable condition, out of debt and doing well Farmers in this County who have attended solely to theii farms, and have been industrious, have invariably improved in tlieir circutnstr.nces, while others who have had bettei farms and fp .ater facilities for farming, that have neglected their farms and bestowed their attention on saw mills, are in debt, — John Lewis, Albert. Tl'cre are several settlements in this County in a vr • pros- pert .is stale; and I know some settlers destitute ten or fifteen years since, who are now in a flourishing state. Farmers who iiave been industrious in this County have made great im- provements. — Wm. Wallace, Albert. With regard to particular settlers, I am acquainted with peisons wild with very little assistance, together with theii own industry, have settled on new farms ten, fifteen, and twenty five years, who now are in good circumstances. In- dustrious larmerB who have attended to their.farms exclusively have invariably improved in their circumstances. — John M- L.vtchy, Albert. There i» a settlement a little distance from me. co.nposed ex lusively of Scotch emigrants ai.d their descenilants ; the\ art ved about 3C yars ago worth comparatively nothing; they choose land rather ferule, a short distance from the ceiitrsl or Sh're Town of the County, thus affording a ready access to it; worked as iiidustiious and indefatigable Soolchmen work; h.ive now extensive and cleared farms ; aii.l brought up and tilucated famili«R, even to ^rand.^hildren, Kxperience in this County proveo this, who<'ver years a^c .lade bis 'arm hi.-> chiel business, the centie to •*• Inch other things tended, and took an bon^t advantage of lumbering folly ; cut a few logs on his own land ; worked for high wages tlien given ; sold produce at high piicci then given ; is now in the independent, proud, enviable position which every person should aspire to. — Joseph C. Wlieten, Kent. I know of many thriving settlements and settlers in thii County whose farms are now worth £1(10 to 4.'500 each, and many of whom, when they hist went there could not command t'lO from their own resources, and ar? now living in compa- rative ease and independence. I do nut mean to say ihey are living in aflfluence as many tarmers do in the old countries. — J. O. O. Layton, Kent. Industrious farmers who have attended exclusively to farm- ing have invariably done well. Persons of this character who began without any capital some twenty years ago to clear and cultivate lots of land which they purchased from Government, have become comparatively independent— that is, thev have succeeded in reclaiming a part of their lots from its wilderness condition, and converting them into cultivated farms of thirty to eighty acres, well stocked, and tree irom any incumbrance. James Caie, Northumberland. Where settlements have been occupied exclusively in farm- ing, they have invariably improved beyond other parts of the country. Every industrious fanner who has given the busi- ness his exclusive attention, has uniformly improved his cir- cumstances and become independent. — John Potter, Nor- ihumbeiland. There aie many instances of individual farmers who came to this Country in a state of almost positive destitution, who in twelve to eighteen years placed themselves by their own exertions in comparative independence. The settlements of Salmon Beach- New Bandori, and Kinsale, afford the most striking instances of the prosperity ^that can be secured by steady industry in this country. No farmers have improved permanently but those who attended exclusively to their farms and perseve-ed. — Henry W. Baldwin, Gloucester. Farmers who have attended exclusively to their business have improved very much in their circumstances. — E.Lockhart, Gloucester. There is a settlement principally of Irish at Belledune, who being inconveniently settled for Imnberinir, attended to the cul- tivation of land, and became comfortable and independent in their circumstances. I have not within the last ten years known any person who attended exclusively to farming indus- triously, that had not improved in his circumstances. — Dugald Stewart, Rostigonche. The above mass of teptitnony I consider exceedingly valuable, and the publication of it cannot fail to be of much use to the Province. Though varied in expres- sion, it has all one main tendency, whit-ii could not be ■strengthened by any reinaiks of uiine. In no country of Europe can it be said, as the above extracts, and iit-arly all the verbal opinions I h.ive received, say of Now Brunswick, — " that cvtiry indu.«trious person who lias attended solely to this business has done well in Tanning." Til. The class of persons tvho ought now to co7ne, 'ind the cncourdiic nie.it ihcfi are likely to meet tvith in 'liffercnt partx of the Provtnce. There are three clas'-ses of persons who so far as I have seen and have heard from settlers of a few years •itanding, ought not to come to New Brunswick, per- haps to no new countrj' like this, I'irsl, thof'i- who are well or comfortably off at home. Second, those who are afraid of bard work, or are likely to be discouraged by tariy privations and diffi- culties. Third, those to whom a severe winter, in a healthy climate, is a matter of dread. Of the numerous persons in the old countries vvho do not fall under any of these classes, those who know a little of f rming are inosit ilesirable and will succeed best. If they are labouring met'., tlioy ought to be (Tontent with moderate wages for a year or two till they feel their way in ihe country, and learn where they can best settle thnioselves on farin.«< of their own, which on the v;ild or new lan.lt uan be bought for three or I four shillings au acre, iucludin^f all expunsos. If he 8 9. 91 9: 95 9c 95 isor dia- led, 14. ve- ro- »3i ns- for !S8 ial d, li i \ 86 possess ^200 or ^300 of capitol, he will settle him self more lendily on a farm already partially rlearcd, which he will have many opportunities of buying in nearly all parts of the Province. The following extracts contain the opinions of prac- tical and experienced men in all parts of the Province, as to the demand for emigrants in their several locali ties — the class of men who should he recomineuiled to come — and the price at which partially cleared farm!^ could be more or less readily purchased : — A sober industrious class of cmigrnnls, espcninlly with a lit- tle capital, might como to this country with ndvnntngo to them- selves and tlio country. Un-lniul farms, buildings included, with one <|uarter cleared ana fit for cultivation, could he pur- chased at from lOs. to .'iOs.per acre — few- farms are runted, but could bf! procured at from X5 to XIO per annum, per 100 acres, — D B. Stevens, Saint John. I think if tliere was a good iiulusirious class of emigrants to come out to this country, they miglit do very well for thi'inst^lves and the public. In this coun'.ry we have generally had the very poorest emigrants to r'oj) among us. Wo rci|uiro good industrious men with some cn))ital. — Joseph Wnlloii. Charlotti-. From die experience of thirty years devoted exclusively to farming pursuits, I have no hesitation in saying tlieru is nothing in the sod or climate of this country to prevent on intelligent and industrious man from being amply remunerated for the capital and labour expended in cultivating the soil. Cleared farms can be purchased very low at present, from one to three pounds per acre, often witli comfortable buildings. Farms frequently rent otthe halves" in this county, the landlord stock- ins the farm ; rents are generally low in comparison with the valuo of the land. — Dcvid Mowatt, Charlotte. With respect to emigration, farmers with a small capital would do well, say from i.'200 to X.'iOO. Good farm servants are much wanted, and would obtain from £16 to XiiO per year ond found. — James Stevenson, Charlotte. Th3 industrious farmer with even a moderate capital is the class required by the Province ; also the sober, industrious mechanic, even without capital. Land partly cleared, fenced, and good dwellings, &c., is wordi about ±'300 to X'lOO per one hundred acres ; uncleared land from 5a. to 30s. per acre. In all cases convenience to market is to be considered. — John Mann, Junior, Charlotte. The land is productive, easily tilled, sea manure abundant, and the markets of the United States and the Province available at a small expense of carria^'e by water, and fisli abundant. Small fanners or labourers who are i >dustrioiisnnd persevering, and who have means of getting over the first dilficulty of making new settlements may be recojinnended to come The generality of the inhabitants earn an easy liveliliood by fishing, but the few who farm exclusively have done remarkably well. — John Funiur, Charlotte. It is rather favourable to immigration in this district. Those who have plenty of money and those who are industrious are the persons who are best calculated for this district, as all the emigrants who have come here for three years, were nothing less than paui^ers. A farm of '.200 acres of upland,, and thirty acres cleared, with twenty five acres of marah, will rent for about ,t'i.'0, and sell for X600 on credit. — Howard D. Charters, ^\'cii3 of 200 or 300 acres, can be bought for £300 to £400. — D. M'Lauchlan, King's. I think emigration would be iirofitable in tliis district. Eng- lish and Scotch capitalists would be very beneficial to the Pro- vince and also to tlicmselvcs. Cleared, lar.i is v-orth £5 per acre. — Wm. Keith, King's A man widi a small capital and two or three sons, might settle in this district with great advantage to himself and the Pro- vince. No cleared land for sole or lease, but a large quantity of good wilderness land can be purchased for about 2s. fid. per acre. — Daniel S. Smith, Queen's. Fanners possessing from £200 to £500 might be advised to come, also farm labourers of oil kinds. Land altogether cleared sells commonly for £5 per acre, partially cleared, for £2 per acre ; land rents for about 3 per cent, of the cost. — Allan Cos- ter, Q,ueon''a. to rent or to ; main tiling orii Bubjecls Id bo oncou- iikiiig a com- tied without adviintiige to the emigraut ary inoans — at very hiw ccupied Buit- ;tlcr9 should s of emigrants regarded as the strongest inducements to select this or that County or locality as the future home of themselves and families. It is ditficult to see one's way to definite measures by which the desired end could be promoted. It must be effected chiefly, I believe, by private co-operation, and the Ministers of the several denominations might aid it much. The Legislature might piobably assist by giviifg special facilities and encouragement to any body of settlers who might unite at home, with the view of settling together, and bringing out at once their Cler- gyman and Schoolmaster with them. Thismethod has been adopted with much success by the Free Church settlers in New Zeland, nnd by the Reformed Dutch, who, with their Pastors, have lately emigrated iu large numbers to the United States. Agricultural Capabilities of New Brumwick. 60 ;y and (]ii« iniue time, i; generally us to many uties more T» nud laud ble. letter from if the Ntw f, one from rial placed [[ration So- al iiiforma- ee, uud the itR. which most eof impor- leu brought y tour, and 1 in the foN M.P.P.:— . 19, 1840. ilities of this [;lntiii n share I tentl preatly ;ach of them oniinalion of mly met with [ynian of any generally bo It denomina- numerouB to ire judicious nentB or mix- ittlemcnts till me or more respect, I be- it. I know half the sup- Ktended over n respectablo there are no nake the sug- )se intercBted D. Wark. ;iouense of the numerous imperfections it contains — arising at once from the rapidity with which my services ol the Province wa» necessarily made, and the equal rapidity with which the Report itself has been drawn up. Besides errors in judgment, which I cannot full to have made, and mis- takes in substance, arising from imperfect informotion, numerous repetitions and verbal faults must, I fear, have crept into a manuscript, (he copy of which I hnvo not had leisure to re-read, much less to revise. For the last Ave Chapters I muft ask an especial share of in- dulgence. Written in the United States since tny de- parture from New Brunswick, sometimes amid the hurry of travel, and always while more or less occupied with othsr subjects of thought, they cannot fail to be both hasty in style and defective in matter. I only regret that 1 have been unable to do more for the Province in the time I have devoted to t'.e study of its agricultural condition and capabilities. What 1 have accomplished iu so far as it is set forth in the pre- sent Report, I trust your Excellency ani3(i l«IV! 183fi lH4a 1841 Irtllli 1843 U.VDKll Cllur, dKANuN 1841). (Acri!*.) U 2J ■Ji ai 3 IJ 1 1 1 1] al 3 1* 11 11 at 61314 _o_ 3 4 5 4 41 Ul 8 4 «1 111 (i 5 2 3 60 i Si l\ yi M n H ai H 1^ M 21 H U 3 11 1 11 i ?t 251 U tdllH 13 13 HI 71 4 4) 1 3 8 a 21 9 81 51 4 »1 1231 108 fcirocK. (NiiiiiUtT.] 73 Land. (AcroH. tUpH a o -I o 4 13 14 16 8 5 !) 11 14 11 20 41 20 9 5 3 24!203 70 511 27i 71 3* 4 !i 3 2 5 » 5 2 11 2 2j U 2 00 or £600, perhaps more— their daughters beginning to be married and s'ettling around them — their sons beginning farms of their own. The only difficulty now is to keep one or two about the homestead, to prevent the old people from being under the necessity of hiring labour, the mmnimt this commences the onward progress stops. To the farmer who wishes to leave England with a cnpitil in his pocket, say from £200 to £1000, let him first ask these questions of his wife and daughters, (I allude to the femalea of a family, because on their dispositions and habits his suc- cess greatly depends): Are you ready to put up with and sur- mount the few difficulties we must at nrst have to contend with ? Are you ready to perform your own household work, and to make not only your own, but my clothes and the boys ? for servants, mantuamakers and tailors, are not always to be obtained in a new country, even if you have the means to pay them, and are always exorbitant. If the females are not ready and willing to meet these cases with patience and perseve- rance, let the family remain in England. However, supposing they are so, and the family arrive at Saint John or any other port in the Colpnies, then let the man not b<> in a hurry to purchase this or that farm, nor let him tell any one that be ban /If'TuxiUural Cdpahilitiea of New Rrnmunvk. 01 %n tho PrI' in IMl). lAUKS. t column, I Out liiiiU- licludcd in it« ; hut tlin ited in lU'iU ken into £3 19 0. £9 15 0. , f £4 10 0. £0 0. £8 0. u ettiinnte la jxcceded the ( should ob- Buius. ir. e, that Rob- luiiting ill all Company. ter , c, liar- ir bread cnrly Pwo or three nmt'nt grant )ii, and they )t I'lcsn, but itliii nesaru nini: II debt -raili 'iMiy e BUT get n till- : of the lal :or Ithy bevcrjigu ■:e the troublo in thocuurad ?es, requiring irse of twelve upon ft iriflS, d farm, that more— their around them >uly ditRrulty to prevent liring labour, stops. vith a capital irat ask theae .0 the females abita hia sue- tvithand 8ur- fe to contend laehold work, nd the boyii ? alwaya to be meanB to pay are not ready and perseve- er, aupposing I or any other in a hurry ta te that be bav mon«y ( (ho momfnt thi» fnct i« known he will And numcrouii irienili ready to give ndvlve interestedly ; but let him be pn- tieiit, look niiind and judg*> for hiinnelf, and be in tlic muntry at IcHKt one year bt-tore ho \n\* out }>'.< money. Altei havin|r bought u farm, let hliii conflnv liln Wrtnta within limited boiinJi, and be deterniiiini not to get in debt to any mnii, for ever) llireu mnntlm will hring him hi« arconnt with the iii- tereat anil entnpoiind iiiteri'd nddeil to it; if he be debtor to II eoiiii'jy (li'iilcr, that dealer will anon lei him know that lie ban H fine yoke III oxen, II good horaeor row wliich he nni"! diii|M»e of to pay hia iti'l l, and ultiinati'ly he will lie nlillge.l tu force n aale when the market ia at the liiwcat, and nine tiiiu'H out of teti the dealer becomea the purcbaaer ; but let him keep out of debt and be content to progress alow*y, and the I'lianrex are all in liia favour— six per cent, intrreat for money borrowed la far beyond the meana ol any farmer to pay. lliita* I have before oliNfrvcd, tiiu piior laboming ateadv farmer, witliout anv rapital but bia own labour, ia the man moat likely to thrive in the cultivatioit of land in a colony. I think that buekwiieat would li» n good grain to introdnci- into more geneial nae in Oreat Hritain, particularly in Ire- land ; from aeventy five to eighty dava bring* it to maluiily ; it leqnirea a certain managoinent both in milling and cooking, but when properly managed ia a most wboleaomu diet; notii- ing will fatten i>ig!< quicker; it iloea not require arichaoil, but will grow uny where, if notnltogelhcr too wet and barren ; ploughed into the land when aix inches high, makes a mo>it excellent fallow; during tlic blight on the potatoes, it Lai been the saving of the poor in this country, always giving them a ready meul, and leady to be taken to the mill the lat ter part of August or first September. I think in Ireland two crops might be obtained during a season ; the Caimdn will tow itaelt ; it is only necessary to barrow the ground over, when it will produce a second crop perhaps better than the first, M-ithoiit sowing. I have also grown as good flux and madt as good linen in this country as ever wii ^ proluced in the Netherlands, but it cost me in labour three times as much as I could purchase the article for in the stores. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient ser"ant, THOMAS BEER, To Professor Johnston, Kiiii/'s Counti/ No. 4 At an adjourned meeting of the Board of the Immigration Society, held at Douglastown, the KUh October, IWJ, The Hon. Alex. Rankin, Vice-President, in the Chair, The Com ■ > e appointed to prepare a Report for Professor Johnston, ng the capabilities of this part of the Province of \«w h, , ick lor Immigration purposes, A'c, having 8iil.iii.lted i Report, whieli is as follows, viz : — igned, havi ^ been appointed n Committee e Northumberland Immigiation Society, to comii iinicatc win Professiii Johnston on his arrival, and re- port upon the capiiliililies ibis part of New Brunswick for ^migration purposes, anil lue taviiities and inducements for emigraiiN eoming among w^, having entered upon the same, beg to submit the following Report, viz: This Conimittee, in ilie first place, report that there are im- mense tracts III uncultivated Governnient laiits, which can be procured for » ml scttleiiuMit, on a fee siuine tenure, and at moderate rate>, say three shillings currency per acre for the purchase, payable in four yeaiU instalments, one fourth each year, without interest, uroi, payment oi 'he whole on the day We, the uiu. 1 y tlif" Boaid oi of sale twenty per c i. di-count is al.' ,ved ; in either case n Patent will issue tu iiic Grantee, his hens and assigns forever, free of further c^ >ense. That the Grant is subject to no iii- 'imbrances audi .joet inure particularly devolve up n the Agricultural Hoard, we abstain Iroin saying mure on the •ub- ject. SiifHce it to aay, thut as l.iino Stone Quarries are in great abundance within the Diatrirt, and as they have been I'litiiiil Well adaptetato of perlectiun, through the means 01 lime. Tliat tills County is intersceled Ihrmighiiiit by n gri at ex- tent of water commiiniealiiin, well ralciiliiled as an eaty meniiH of transit ihrniighout the ('uunty ; and our Legislature have provided lioiiiitiliilly towards the Hoad Service, wliiili mav be now said to be in an admirable state of forwardne.s. 'Ihatmanv extensive and very valiiai.'e Mills, worked l>y steam and water power, are in opeiiilioii, where grain of nil description can he niainil'acturej, and lumber prepared for building, export, and utiiei piirposts. That the climate ia bracing and healthy, ond the previiiling diseases of many parts of Ciin.idii, of the interior of the .'Vineri- can Republic, and of Tropical (Jlimates, are unlisiown ; and with modernle attention and care the inliabitaiila live to great age, and retain their activity and elasticity to the last, without either their poily or iniiid becoming subject to debility or elecay. That water of the be^it and purest kind is in great abundance every where to be lound, and it the coininon beverage, without requiring artificial mean;' 'o make it palatable. That Emigrants can piuciire passages, with their families, to this country on very moderate terms, and can bring with them 95 ssor dis- ted, 14. ive- 'ro- ?3i as- for fss ial id, lie o- n- n- ir I. J^-. .^1i^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1.25 ■^ 1^ 12.2 US i ■ 2,0 / ^ HiolDgraphk] SoHices CorporatiGn ^^ 33 VtflSr MAIN STWHT WItSVW NY. MStO 4^ <^ ^%^^ ^V^ ^ \ i\ 92 Professor Johmlon^s Report on the niJon the ovcnlonc liimhor trado, where even tlie fanners ip- giirilleasol thi'it l!iriiiHunill>(iiiurutiiucinployiiieiits,li!ivcriiii|ivil madly iiitu iln tuils. Williiii thi< imiiiediute ncighbuurliuod we cull adduce iiuiiieiuun exaiiiplcH where Kini);rants troiii Oreitt liiitaiii, ulinosit ueiiiiylexsoii thciritrrival, have procured f'ariiie. and settled cii tlieiii, and by moderate toil, and exclii- Hivt'ly engaged in their cultivation, have paid tlie purchase money, lived comlortably, and liavu now a eoirueleiice fin ihei.iiielvcs and I'uinilies, tree Iroin debt and difficulty, and are contented and hujipy in their lot ; while their neighbours more highly favoured, with farms piirehated and paid on the arrival of the farmer, heving left them to follow after lumbering pur- suits, are now farmieBS and pennyless. This truth, without any exaggeration, we hold up as an iiicontestiljle proof of what we arc cunteiiding for, liuviiig now given a very brief outline of the capabilities ol this part of the Province for lininigratiun purposes, we would, in conclusion, suggest the description of settlers that would be successful, and become useful alike to the country and beneficial to themselves and ftmilies. li; the first place we should recommend that inteiiiliiig Kmif^rants become practi- Ailly acquainted with the various branches of Agricultural operations in their own country, and with sufficient skill to bring that experience with them, and turn the same to the best account on ai rival. They should be industrious and per- severing, moderate in their wants and desires, and frugal in their habits, and above all should be contented, and give the country a fair and impartial trial, and not draw invidious dis- tinctions between the country they had left and the liome ol their adoption ; always bearing: in mind that the one is the ra(>8t highly favoured spot on the Globe in every point of view, while the other is in comparative infancy. They should be det rmined to devote their time, labour, and exclusive attention to the cultivation of the soil, without allowing their minds to be absorbed by any other consideration, or their attention de- tracted from ihe one grand object. Farming. They >' ould be thankful and contented with the produce of their own farms to sustain them, and be clothed with such materials as can be produced therefrom. An Km'grant arriving here with such a determination, we are constrained to say, would be eminently successful ; and by proper representations to his friends across the Atlantic, the tide of Emigration which have tended to- wards the far West would be directed towards this hitherto neglected Hritish Province. We do not in the foregoing re- commendatior.s wish it to be inferred that farmers of capital should not come to this country, far from it; a farmer so cir- cumstanced would be enabled tg settle himself more eligibly, iind to better advantage, and gather around him ttiose luxuries mid comforts which, without means, would take time and labour to acquire. — AH of which is respecfully submitted. Alex. Goudfellow, ^ Committee John Frazkr, f of the KowARP WiLLlSTON,!" Immigration' John Portbr, j Uoard. Albx. Rankin, Vice President. Thereupon Resolved, That the Report be accepted, and the same be countersigned by the Honorable Alexander Rankin, Vice President of tlie Society, and be by that gentleman, and John Porter, Esquire, handed to the learned Professor on his arrival here. Extract from the Minutes. Edward Williston, Secretary. We beg further to Report that the Society has now on hand ii considerable sum, which can be appropriated to the objects contemplated by the Society at its formation. That by the constitution Emigrants on arrival will be assisted from the funds with meaLS to enable them to settle on lands, and also to purchase seed for the first year's sowing. When the Emi- grants, selected at home under proper authority, and only those encouraged to come who would realize the wis'ios of the Society, and the Society be satisfied of their becoming per- manently attached to the country by settlement, this Society would be induced to appropriate a part of their funds towards the passage across the Atlantic. And unless a proper discri- mination be exercised at home, the Society would not feel safe in appinpriating ilieir means for the latter object. We would further state, that farm servants, well acquainted with the various branches of husbandry, would be well rewarded by coming to this country for that purpose alone, as they could lealize from JE18 to JKJO currency per annum for their labour, Alex. Rankin, Vice-President. Ed WD. Williston, Secretary, Al/DITIONAI. 5tli. Act to facilitate the sale and itnf-ovemeut of the Crown Lands in New Brunswick. Gth. Report and Statistics of the Harvey and Teetotal Settlements formed in the Wilderness under the superintendence of ihe Houorahie L. A. W'ilmot, No. 5. 12 VICTORIA, CAP. IV. AN ACT TO FACILITATE THK SALK AND IMPROVKMBNT OK CKOWN LANDS IN CKIITAIN CASES. Passed 8lh March, 1849. ' Whereas every facility and encouragoinent shouh ' he afforded for the occupation and impro''einent of the • ungranted Lands in this Province : And whereas it i.« ' deemed advisahie that the Government shouUl be in- ' vested with power to dispose of the Crown Lands in ' certain cases by private sale, upon such terms and • conditions as may be most encouraging to the pur- • chaser ;' I. Be it taerefore enacted by the Lieutenant Go- verntir. Legislative Council and Assembly, That not- withstanding any thing contained in the Fifth Section of an Act made and passed in the eighth year of the Reign of His late Majesty William the Fourth, inti- tuled An Act /or the support of ihe Civil Goveinment of this Province, '\t f\ia\[ and may be lawful for Hi^ Excellency the Lieutenant Governor ur Administra- tor of tho Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, from time to time, and as often as occasion may re- quire, and with a view to the early disposal of the vacant Crown Lauds to persons who are able and wil- APFENDIX. ling to improve the same, to cause portions thereof t'' be surveyed and laid off in such place and in such way and manner as may be deemed most advisable. II. And be it enacted. That it shall and may be lawful for His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of the Government for the time being, by and with the advice and consent aforesaid, to sell and dispose of the Lots so survcjed and laid off as aforesaid, by private sale> for such price as may be deemed advisa- ble, and upon such terms of payment, either in money •)r in opening and making the Roads through such Lots, or otherwiise, as may most readily facilitate the occupation and improvement thereof by orderly and industrious Settlers; provided always, that no Lot be -old at a less rate than three shillings per acre, or shall contain a greater quantity than one hundred acres. III. And be it enacted. That His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor or Administrator of the Govern- ment for the time being, by and with the advice and consent aforesaid, shall have lull power and authority luring the continuance of this Act to make, publish and enforce such Rules and Regu!ntion8 as may be required for carrying out the objects of this Act. IV. And be it enacted. That this Act shall not come into operation or be in force until the first day of September next. REGULATIONS. 1 . Th.it the Local Deputies do, as soonas practi- cable, report to the Surveyor General the most desira- ble Tracts of Land for immediate settlement in their respective Districts, and the probable number of Lots that may be required fur immediate settlement, and Ap^riciillural Capabilities of New lirunsiinck. 93 linve leii(li>(l to- I'du this hillivrtu ,\\e loiogoiiiff re- jrmers of capital H fanner so cir- !lf more eligibly, im those luxuries i take time and y submitted. '\ Committee f of the \,C ImmigrHtion' 1 Board. (hat siinilnr Reports be made from time to time ns shnll forf»'it bin right under the Sale, and hi* allof'nent shall he open to iie'v njipiicitioii, and will he fold with- out reference to any improvements lie may have made ccepted, and the -■xander Knnkiii, ; peiitleman, and Professor on his s. ON, Secretary. has now on hand ,ed to the objects 1. That by the issisted from the lands, and also When tlie Emi- horitVj and only the vvisbes of the 'ir becoming per- ent, this Society !ir funds towards 3 a proper discri- ould not feel safe ject. We would minted with the yell rewarded by lie, as they could for their labour, i^ice-President. ;ious thereof f^ nd in Ruch waY visable. all and may be nt Governor or the time being, said, to sell and oS'as aforesaid, deemed advisa- ;itber in money through such y facilitate the by orderly and that no Lot be s per acre, or one hundred Excellency the of the Govern- the advice and and authority make, publish ions as may be this Act. Act shall not til the first day soonas practi- he most denira- ement in their number of Lots lettlement, and 00 !asion may require. 2. That all ])erson8 desirous of selecting any parti cular Trai't for Settlement, under the provisions of the above 7*c' do signify the same forthwith either to the Local ''i.'pnty of the County or to the Surveyor Ge- neral, i 1 order that such Tract, with the Iloml to and through the same, may be lai-l oflT preparatory to sale 3. That the Applicants in all cases shall state in their Petition whether they wish to pay for their Land 1m Money or by Labour upon the Roads. 4. That no Land will be sold at less than three shil lings per acre, and no person shall be allowed to pur chase more than one hundred acres under the provisions of the above Act. 5. That where the purchaser shall prefer paying the whole amount in Money on the day of Sale, u discount will be made thereon of twenty per cent. 6. That where the Lands applied for require to be Surveyed, the expense thereof shall be paid by the applicant before he be allowed to take posstssiou, or perform any labour in payment, 7. That where the purchase is made for Money un- der the Regulations, if the paymer.ts required are not duly made according to the terms of Sale, and any In- stalment is not paid on or before the day when it be- comes due, the Land in all such cases shall immedi- ately upon default made, be open to re-sale, and upon application made, shall be disposed of without reference to any improvements whi.ih may nave been made by the former purchaser. 8. That nil payments of Money shall be made to the Local Deputies, except in case of purchases in York and Sunbury, when they will be made to tlie Receiver General. 9. That the Local Deputies shall render Returns, make remittances, and be entitled to receive and re tain the same Commission on Monies received under the above Act, and by virtue of these Regulations, as they do at present under the Regulations of the 11th May, 1843. 10. That as the avowed object of the Legislature in passing the above Act was to secure the occupation and improvement of the uugranted Lands of the Province, no neglect of occupation and improvement will be per mitted for a longer period than three months, unless upon good cause shewn therefor to the satisfaction of His Excellency in Council; and in case of the non- occupation and improvement of any Lot beyond that time, and not satisfactorily accounted for, the Lot shall be open to re-sale, and upon application made will be disposed of without reference to any improvements made by the former purchaser. 1 1 . That the occupation and improvement under the last Rule shall be by bona >?rfe settlement upon the Lot, and shall be such as plainly to indicate the intention of the purchaser to do all in his power to make a permanent residence thereon. 12. That in all cases where the purchaser is to make payment by Labour on the Roads, he shall perform the labour at such times and at such places as shall be fixed upon by the Commissioners to be appointed for that purpose ; and in no case shall less work be done in ai y one year than will be equal to one-fuurth of the whole purchase money. 1 3. That if any purchaser shall refuse to perform labour when required as aforesaid, the Commissioner shall forthwith report the same ; and unless good cause be shewn for such refasal, the purchaser so refusing thereon. J 4. That no Grant of any Lot purchased under the provisions of the abov-e Act shall i:«.sue until it bt; jtrov- ed to the satisfaction of the Lieutenant fJovernor and Council that, in addition to payment for the Lot by Money or Labour, the purchaser has actually resiili-d thereon for the space of one year, and has brought at least 'en acres thereof into a state of cultivation. 1.5. That ifany purchaser do remove or cause or permit fo be removed from his Lot any Timber or fjogs before he shall have received a Grant of such fjot, such Timber and F^ogs shall be seized and for- feited to the use of the Province; and the Lot from which such removal shall have taken place shall be open to new application, without refc-rcnce to any im- provements of the original purchaser. It). That in case any purchaser sliall be detected in any fraud, deception or misrepresentation in his deal- ings with the Government under the above A st and these Regulaiions, he shall thenceforth be excluded from all the benefits and advantages of the said Act. \T. The remuneration to the Commissioners ap- pointed under the said Act, sliall be Five per CL-nt. of the value of the labour performed, thi' same to be paid by the purchaser to the Commissioners on ajjproval of the vork, and to be deducted from the purch.ise money. 18. That applications to purchase Land by labour under the above Act, in detached or isolated Lots, will not be entertained. (Patsed in C,mncil29lh Ocloher, 1849, \')th Fehmary , 1H30, vnd\thJiil^',\m<),) No. 6. HARVEY SETTLEMENT. Report from Honorable L. A. JVilmot, Commissioner for Harvey Sdtkmenl. (Copy) Fredcricton, Mi Feb., 1844. May it pi.kask Your Excellkncy, 1 have the hotior to lay before Your Excellency a Statistical Return of the Harvey Settlement for the past year, including also the new Settlers in the rear Lots. The great success which has followed the labours of these industrious and valuable Settlers is an unques- tionable proof of what may yet be done on our mil- lions of'Wildernesn Lands. The Return shews that from Land where not a tree had been felled in .luly 1837, there have been taken during the past autumn, 2GU tons of Hay and Straw, and 15,000 bushels of Grain, Potatoes and Turnips. It is desirable that the accompanying Return may be circulated among the Settlers' friends and country- men in the North of England, as well as in other parts of the United Kingdom, so that the capabilities of our new land soil may appear, and that it may also be made known that we have at least five millions acres yet un- disposed of— a great portion of which is of better qua- lity than the Land at Harvey— whereon the sober and industrious Emigrant may create a home under the pro- tection of British Laws and in the enjoymeni of British Institutions. I have the honor, &c., ' '; (Signed) L. A. VVii.mot, Conir, His Excellency Sir W. M. O. Colebrooke, K. H.,&c. be. &c. i , .■:-,..■ vu-i.' ive- •ro- B3i !ag- for ess ial id, lie •0- •n- n- 94 Prnft'Stior Johiston^s Report on the tiilurn of Harvey Settknientfor the Ymr 1843. NAMES. William Kinblutoii, Janien Mowiitt, William Mo^stT, Tliomus Ilerljert, William Orievi-, Jdliii CocUljuni, David Luttbid, Jolin Thdiiison, Roliert Wilson, Ilciirv Citii)»«, William l'.oll, Tlioman Muu'att, James Wisliet, Alexander Hay, Aiidreiv Montgomery, Matthew Percy, James Conie, Tlioiuas Kay, George Davidson^ John Scott, Thomas Percy, John Carmichael, John Wightman, John Ne»hitt, Kobert Tait, William Patterson, William Robison, Robert Kmbleton, George Nesbilt, George Kmbleton, George Coekburn, James Swan, Thomas Brip-g.-, Matthew Little, Jasr.es Little, William Little, David Little, A. Hughen, Luke Craigs, James Craigs, John Moffat, Thomas Brown, M. Giil, William Cockburn, Robert Piercy, /. a. £ s 'a, X 2 5 e CS CS o 5 , a. 3 H or. i 3 i 3 c Rstimhted valueolijand s "i < < o VI Oi u < 1 o •n 5 H 3 (A 3 V) "i (ft la ■/I 3 a 6 J a n 3 ■/ S 1 2 X a. •7 4 B 2 if, 2 in a 1 6 3 ir. 7 and Improve- meiits. () ;{ 3 3 3 300 12 100 X'GO 8 4 « 3 3 3 300 4 90 14 1 3 2 1 4 100 14 8 12 3 5 5 400 G 250 31 1 2 1 7 4 1 2 8 156 u; 10 12 (i 14 S GOO 18 250 34 70 3 4 1 2 7 G 2 4 8 180 ()} 5 4 2 3 2 40 5 50 18 4 1 1 5 3 7 118 (Ji 4 / 2 4 200 12 70 1 1 2 o 2 2 8 100 i.-i 1') 13 2 12 G 700 IG 300 30 G 3 2 2 i) 3 2 10 165 IM •Vj 12 3 '.» 200 8 130 8 13 1 1 3 3 2 5 150 (> f. G 1 3 3 100 5 120 14 9 1 •) 2 2 2 5 130 K 4 3 1 1 3 200 12 100 42 1 1 1 2 2 2 k/ G 92 5 li 14 « 8 3 IGO 7 20 16 1 2 2 2 I 2 130 10 4 2 1 1 4 150 15 100 44 1 1 2 5 2 2 8 100 Cj •1 C 1 1 GO 4 50 1 8 3 3 3 4 150 11 5 7 2 6 G 400 24 200 48 (i 3 1 2 8 4 1 3 5 135 1) 5 G 4 3j 4 200 19 100 1\ 3 1 2 4 1 2 8 126 0,j 3 3 1 3 3J 235 J 3 90 21 i n 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 73 •1 3 2 1 2 2 150 4 70 10 2 1 3 3 I 3 75 10 5 '2 G 2 2 4 80 8 80 11 1 3 1 1 2 90 10 8 4 S 5 8 G 300 15 100 15 12 3 3 1 9 5 2 2 4 180 10 (i 2 3 1 H 2 200 7 50 25 1 1 2 2 1 1 7 92 7 3 4 1* G 3 300 4 100 15 10 1 2 3 1 2 6 135 10 5 10 5 5 300 G 100 8 10 (t 2 1 c 7 5 2 « 130 10 3 3 300 5 70 15} 1 5 1 2 70 10 4 (i 1 5 3 330 IG 100 15 ') 1 4 3 2 3 120 10 mi ~1 111 4 1-.S 49J 4 115 3 91 { 453 G955 25 270 230 2920 30 10 20 2 41 1 19 1 9 59 / 97 4 40 3 28 1 2G 2 47 3 11 147 130 504 IGO £3007 10 4 1 1 4 200 IG 100 15 14 1 £78 6 1 1 5 72 n 5 11 1 4 200 12 130 8 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 100 (i 5 4 3 3 180 10 130 1 2 2 i 1 1 5 100 U 14 13 4 4 7 70(1 20 300 U 3 1 35 3 1 1 1 1 149 (> 3 2J 1 o M 300 5 70 1 2 1 1 1 1 90 !) 13 21 3i 3i G 570 240 1 8 2 1 1 1 1 133 4j 11 G 2 7 2 350 3 60 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 138 3 '2 M 200 50 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 64 / 1 t 1 5 60 3 G 2 130 30 1 3 3 1 1 4 58 7 1 2 2 1 Iinproveinciits, €ropf<, Stuck, &(•., i)f tlic '• 'r'-'ftolal !?L'ttlc'iiieiit," uji to tlie cloft; of till' hict year. ')'li<; results of tliis, the fifcoiul effort in wliicli I liavc Iji'i.'ii f'ligafireil, ill foniiiiijj; fSi'ttlotnilits in tlie Wilder- Iwliich can ikhv In- n-furrti! ti iu'.<(!<, have affordeil im; the most uniniiigled gratilica-; Siiuilar uiatiagi'irn'iit niuct jir(i(hici! siiiiilar n siilt«, tion. I •"il 1 •'"'i "'^'li )>c'rsi.!i(l('(l thut no otlicr !-y»-f<;ia is s;) w«>ll Where but two years ago stood a dense Kurest, therclcalciilati.l to jiroinoto tin' iniproxciui'iit of our inillicn.'j ha%'e been gathered by thirty SettU-rs during tiie past 'if wilderness a-.res, and tlu^ to ailvance file I'opu'a- of X 1,1 37 in Building-^ ami Clearing*, nnd ulicn tln're Kjiidded to this tl e oiarki'l valijL' (il tlie ( mp, ex. reding tVDU, we have abuut .t'JilOd return (exclusive of the ■ iiakiiig ol four and a (juarter iiiilen of Iload) from a rrant ol Lund, whieh, in its Wilileriiess xtnte, would not ill the same time have proiliieed one shilling. I caniior ninv (•onsiui',i'e'<«fu! (n'lMipntior: of '>iir Wild [/ ind.^ by aesociat'-d Iiodics of .^eltlers, liav- lag the privilege of mnkiiig thi'ir oivii Uuads ut a rea- • . , .- 2 iM > a. £14 44 21 11 31» 35 2.5 21 33 14 27 31 •M •53 ■ .'U 33 33 31 23 33 8 22 31 29 14 35 31 14 31 37 31 21^ 37 25 35 35 57 24 20 14 £1137 Ke.maIIKS. — The valuation is exchiairely confined to the improvements, and does not include the Pureliase Money to the Ciown.— In making up the Estimate, caeh Housein valued at £6, Out Home, £3, and £4 per acre is allowed tor the Laud thoroughly cleared, and £2 per acre lor that only partially jcleared. RECAPITULATION. Hou*es, 33; Cut Houses, 41 ( Aereo cleared, 177 ; Acres ciopped, 127; Rualipls Potatoes, 5,700; Turnips, 4ri4 ; Oats, 980; Wheat, 95: othdr Grain, 37 ; Cow», 11; Horseg, 3 ; Swine, 29.— Total number of Souls in Settlement, 101. f Signed) L. A. WILMOT, Commissioner. i^t i> -3 B 93 « U k. v a c ■;J •a i d o C'J 'A 1 1 1 5 1 J. 4 2 3 1 (1 .) 1 1 4 1 t) 1 4 hoisfi 3 2 2 .lo. 1 1 3 5 o 1 3 I 1 4 2 4 1 5 1 3 1 3 1 ■I 1 i I o G 1) ■i • 1 4 1 2 1 3 2 1 101 3 2y avf- ?ro- 83; Irs- for ess ;ial .id, sle ro- m- m- a- er ilUti \, , ;, ,. ( f J' '.»• '•'.•;^-, "Hj 'v^.>, ■ ..'A^" .■■'. ,V '.>«■ ,.,.', .^^,.M ■ ;•' > ; V'f'^ * • ■ .■.>*',' lit; «■•.•-.- . : •, ,-»y.:fc. -''-U- -.-u .-' ,, .■ ~'^.- ':-■,•,=- 4 ., f^'f^i -.5/; ;/■i■■ ... ... lAin ^■im. H-; ^^^n; V''-.-H^'i: ti ;' S'.r .7 i 1 i' x:„ '■• n* s J- -I' '' ■ ' 'I i i' I :'■ I r, i i ! 4*. -I : ? '■ v» j .f,: J i ' i ' I ! '' ' A -'•*'';:; ■air f ■ r s -i <:. m^^:' 4 t ..? r X w ii^ COxNTENTS. *^ lU ' il. Preientatlon of R#port to th« Lieutenant Governor, 2 Prtflimiiiaiv Otxervationi, 3 AgricultiirHl capHtiiliiioa ut the Province at indicated by it« 0<'i)li)pric«l Ktrurtiire, 5 — — Ijy " pnicliciil BUivcy and exn' .lation of itt loil, '.I Fomii ami < ther tiinl, and itfi relutioii to llii.' Agrii-ultiiral r RoM(i« in the inme connoction, I'J AcIuhI iiri'i conipiirutive productivene exeriioiu ul Agiiciiltuial Societies, ', ' InipruveineiiK by individuiil luiineii, ', !>uimi)hry of lecdinineiidHlions, i lOii liiiuii|2iBtioii, the Hucccii^ of Iininigranti, and kind I iiio«t in dcinuiid, ^ j APPKNDIX. 1 . Letter of the re«ident Director ■ ' the New I runnwirk and Nova Scoiiii Laud Company, 8 2. Statement of the Stock, Crcpn and Improveoients on certain h'aims (>1 the Company, 9 .i. Letter of Captain lleer, R, N., on tho pronpectl of mdustrioiiH larrnerii, Ol 4. Memorial of the Noiliiumberlnnd I mmigraiion Society, 9 .'). Act to lacilitule the sale and iin|ir()vemeiit,ol the Crown Jiar'ds : and Ilegnlalion< ihereuniler, 9i ti. Report and .Slaiistics of the Ilnrvey Settlement, 9^ /. Report and Statinlicii of 'le Teetotal Settlement, 95 INDEX. Agriculture — Duvelopmeiit of resources .lucl improvement in practice not Hynonimous, 3 ; indications of iniproveininl. 3, 4 J relations which make Geology impnrtnnt, 6 , actual condition — modes of culture, 62, Cattle and Dairy hus bandry, f;5 ; Buggisied improven.ents by Legi.slative intei lerenco, G9 ; by Agricultural Societies, 72 ; by indi- vidual fa.'iners, 78. Agricultural ('iifindiliiiei- — Ak indicated by Geolccical atruc- ture, 5 ; from iinperfict inlormulion soniewliat discou racing, 9 ; as indicated by rnrveyi and examination of Soils, y ; as allecti'd liy the demand for Fuel, li! ; as ( on necied with HoikIk, 1!); proposed Hoadn, 'Si; actual and compari'tivu j)roductivencss, 24 ; us atfected by climate, 3ri. Agricuitiifitl S)cieiiei- — ImproveiiienisBuggctited for promotion by, 72; institution ol a Centra! Society reoonimended, 72, 73; sninniury of recommendations to, 81. ylgricul/nrtil A/ti/,, H, 9. Ca/tle — Prices and yield of Butter and Cheese, 37, 3S ; eiVceiF of Winter on, 47 ; actual condition of Cattle and Dairj husbandry, 65. Climate — In relation to Agricultural capabilities and profit.-* 38 J healthy, not unfavourable lo Crops, ;)9 ; earliesi sowing and latest fall ploughing, 39 ; time of sowing and reaping, 40; rainy days, 42 ; clear days, 42, 49, 50 , closing of the Saini .lohii Jliver and Erie Canal by ice 42 ; temperatures below zero at Woodstock, 50 ; ell'ect: of frost on ploughed and gra.is lands, i\,-\'>; arlilicia shelter recommended, 45, 4*i ; length of W^intcr not pre judicial to ont-door operations, 4t) ; how it iiiierfere with prolits, 46; cli'ect on Stock, 47 , summary, 49. Coal — Geoloyical obervatioiison the Coal M-^asnrca, (i ; Tabu lar statement of present inforin.ii.ion respecting Coa deposits, 15; Dr. Uobb's Report, 15; su'nm.iry am rec(Mninendalions, If, 70. Com iin("//i— Description and methods of cultivation, 78. Crops — Actual and comparativi' prodiu e in dilVerenl ("oiinties, 24; iiiaximum, iriiiiimum, and avuragH, 27; comparcil with Stale of New York, 27 , Ohio, 28 ; Canada West, 29; weight of Wheat, iVc, 29 ; absolute Rnd coinpara-j live prices, 30. Drainiigc — Arterial, recommended to the consideration of the i Legislature, 71. , iimigraiiiin /'rum ilte Province — Its influences considered, 58 ; See Immigration. j Farmen — Improvements suggested to them as individuals, 78 ;! summary, 82. I Flour — Nntritivnness when from Provincial and Foreign' Wheat, 29. ■ Fuel — As atJ'ecting Agi'icultural capabilities, 13. I Geulogv — Indicative of Agriculturel i:ipabilitie.s. 5; pi-evious, imiuiries creditable, 5; order of superposition of rocks < not determined, 6 ; Points important to uudersiand, C ;: Coal Meat-i.-es, 6 ; upper Silurian rocks, 7 ; lower Silu- rian rocks, 7; ('ambriau or Clay Slate rocks, 8 ; Red Sandstone, 8 ; Granite, Gneiss, and Mica, 8 ; Trap rocks, 9 ; resumption of explorations recommended, 9, 72 ; in what respects it does not indicate Agricultural capabilities, U. Geological Map — Constructed bv Dr. Ilobb and Professor .Johnston, 5; observations Ijy Dr. Robb, ( \o/e) 5; dis- tinctive colourn, (i ; ■•oniiiletion recommended, 72. Oeologiiu' Hurvey — Conipleti(Mi recommended. 72. (iiS)ier, l)r — ^V■nnt of a Geological .Map by liim, regretted, 5; imperfect Maps by, 8; stricture on his Reports, 14. drain — Ouglit to be cut a week before it is fully ripe, t!5. Hay ami Oats — Assumed as standard measures of produotive- iies.i of land, 10. hnmigrnnls — Liable to erroneous impressions as to the Pro- vince, :! ; success ol, and kind most in uemund, '•'S ; Letierof CaptaiiiBeer, R. N., 90 ; Memorial of Doni;!as- town Jmmiuration Society, 91 ; Act and Rejjulalions for the sale and improvement of Crown Lands, 92; success in the Harvey and Teetotal Settlements, 9J. lninii(/iatiuH — .Special I'acilities recommended, 72. Inhnbit int\- — Not ju.stilied in undervaluing' the Provincial profrress, 3, 5. Labotii- — Ii.» alleged hi;;h ])rlce examined, 54 ; Wages paid, 54; inferior in quality, 55; opinions as to profitable employment, 55, 58. Legislation — The pressing wants of parts indicate the pro- ceeilings to be tidieu for the i»ood of the whole, 14 ; im- provements recommended to be jjronioted by, (19 ; Sum- mory, i?0. Lumherinii — Its practice and effects examined, 50. Marliflts — Complaints of want of, examined, 52 ; recommenda- tions, 72. Vet/' lirniiswick and K'va Sciilin. T.nnd Covipany — Letter from resident Direclnr, and Statistics, fc9. latmeal — (iuallly oi', and encouragement lo erect Oat Mills, 30. I'l'pnlntion — Capabilities of the .soil in respect ol, 11, 111, 14. f'lilato Disftiss — Virulence deireasing, fil. t rurs — Absolute and conipai alive of Uri.in and Roots, 3J 32; of Heef, Motion, I'ork, Cheese and Butter, 3.3 — 37, rem.irks, tJS ; of cattle, 37, remarks, f^G. I rvlcctioti froiii Foreign ivmpetilion — j^s at'ecting profitable fanning, til. 'iecommendaiiioif — Summary of, ."0. yi''7/(jiV— Circiimstances aitending the collection of information, 2 ; sources of information, 2 ; duly to praise ond stimulate rather than expose and reprehend. 4 ; contents, common ' cnse and pi-aclicnl, 4. Roads — State of, as coimectcd with Agricul'urul capabilities, 19 ; propoH(;d Roads, 23 ; recommendations, 71. Rods — Geological observations on, 7, 9. Ritst—EtYfcl of, and remedies. GO ^c/ioot.\ — ICstablishment of Agricultural, and introduction of Agriculture a.s a study, 69. ■Scotland — Agri'Miltnre in 1729, 4 ; estimate of present state, 5. So<,'4- — Divided into five qualities, 10; relative areas, and pro- duce in Hay and Oats, 10. ■Survei/s of Land — Rrconuneiidod to con."iideration, 72. '/'eft///— XVheat Midne iniptiiVen for, 59. //■Aea/~Q.ualily in Hour. 29. See Vrcps. trheat Midqe, Rust, and Potato Disease— ^Stai on produc- tiveness and profits, 58.