IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 m 1^ 
 
 .; 1112 
 
 m 
 
 142 
 
 IIM 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 r ' ^ 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 V} 
 
 <? 
 
 /}. 
 
 ^l 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 /^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST AAIN STREET 
 
 VVf3-TER,N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 \ 
 
 iV 
 
 % 
 
 V 
 
 cF 
 
 \\ 
 
 4 
 
 <v 
 
 o 
 
 :<> 
 
 % 
 
 %^ 
 
CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions 
 
 Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 1980 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Nr ''es/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mdthode normale de fiimage 
 sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ Covers damaged/ 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 m 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculde 
 
 □ Cover title missing/ 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes g^ographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge intdrieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 filmdes. 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 □ 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommag6es 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages d6color6es, tachet§es ou piqu^es 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages detachees 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Qualite in^gale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel supplementaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6X6 film6es d nouveau de fapon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 D 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppldmentaires: 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est U\m6 au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 
 
 
 
 
 14X 
 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Library, 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada 
 
 L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grSce d la 
 g6n6rosit6 de: 
 
 Bibliothdque, 
 
 Commission G6ologique du Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimde sont film6s en commenpant 
 par ie premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — ^signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre 
 film^s 6 des taux de reduction diff6rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre 
 reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 6 partir 
 de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mdthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 t 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
\AIIUAI >i/i;. 
 
 !K(iN/i: I'ISII-IIOOK 1 kOM A T.ACrsTRIM", SI'/rri.KMKN'r M:\K MdkCi'.S. 
 l.Alsi: OI- CIAIA'A. SWTl'/KRl.AM). 
 
SMITHSONlAiN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 50!) 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING 
 
 IN 
 
 EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES RAIL 
 
 WASITIN(iTON CITY: 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 1884. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The author of the following memoir was requested to prepare an article on 
 " the methods and apparatus of prehist..ric fishing," fur the Report of the United 
 States Commission of Fish and Fisheries; but the work grew to such propor- 
 t.ons that it was deemed advisable to consider the propriety of its publication in 
 the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledoo 
 
 In accordance with the rule of the Sn.ithsonian Institution, the work was 
 submitted for examination t.. a commission of experts, consisting of Dr. Danifl 
 Ci. Brinton, of Philadelphia, mul Professor IIkniiy W. IIaynes, of Boston 
 These gentlemen having recomn.ended its publication, it was accepted by the 
 Institution, and is herewith presented as an important contribution to the sum of 
 human knowledge. 
 
 The memoir, for the most part, is based on the materials co itained in the 
 arciucological division (under the direction of Dr. Rau,) of the United States 
 Aat.onal Museum, of which establishment the Smithsonian Institution has the 
 
 charge. 
 
 SMrnisoNfAN Institution, 
 
 Waiihiiiglon, December, 1881. 
 
 SPENCER F. nAIRI), 
 
 Secretary Siaillmnian. Imlilution. 
 
 m 
 
TREFACE. 
 
 <<»» 
 
 ih„ v,.l„,,,„ ,.,„m,, l,„vo ,„o„ „.,.;«.„ by o„o „„l „„,y „„,„„,„,., „i,„ j,„ 
 
 L;tt fT" "'"""'■' '"' ""• "■°" '■"""""' '■""""■*""" "" ■"»"- 
 
 1." . ... «..,v k„„„.|.,fe„ .,f «,„ pi»„.,,,-., „,,, ,„, „ft„. ,, „ „,. _, • 
 
 . I »l.o„M ad tl,„t, owing to „,„,, j,,,,,,,^ „„,„„y„, ,, .^ ^^.,^ 
 ■ca Cponcoe „,,» „„t ,■„ „„, „„y b„„„ 3„„„|„,„„,„„„ ,_„ , 
 
 ;■""""= "' ";" ^'^ " » ™»1-"-. ...»ny ,«n., ,.o'u,o. „a o..-,, 
 
 : 7" f "° "■'! • «-^'-"-'". '- ""•"" 1-0 conjoe.,,,.0.,, f,.„„'. „,oi,. „,,,; 
 
 ™ ..0, „„,, .,«„,, of ,«,,« „.oro „a„.U witi, .l,o„„ .„„ ehara*r of net- 
 
 "»ta„c«. lot, [ M„„t „ot o„nt lo stale that, wlile composing tl.is „-„,-k I 
 
 Ul. some n,o,„.,c., o, ,W United States Commission of Fish and FisLerios; for 
 bcso ,.,, e„,en assisted „,o >vi„. great readiness „,,„„evev I had occasion to 
 appeal to tlieii- liriowledge of tlic details of flsliins. 
 
 In treating of prel,i,t.,ric lislnng in Europe" I havo nsed all tl,e literarv 
 ma...r,al w.thin ,n, read,; „„t eertaia data relating to tl,e s„Weet l.ave 
 ""■..lc» been on,i.ted_for tl,e si„,p,e reason ,„at tl,e writing. ainin 
 
 "■"■"J"(l .1, ISKI il„.,aw , 1 ..]," : ' t r '•■'" ""■ ""'8""S"" ■"" K 
 
VI 
 
 I'lir.rACK. 
 
 hnvo considorably abbrevintcd its first part by excluding much introductivo and 
 descriptive matter not immediately connected with lishing. Yet, ns it probably 
 will also bo road by non-archioologists, it has been thought necessary to dwell 
 on the differences between the paheolithic and neolithic ages, to give accounts of 
 the tool and bone-bearing drift-beds, of cavo-habitations, artiticial shell-deposits, 
 lake-dwellings, and, finally, to present a brief characterization of the bronze ago. 
 These intercalated portions were in part taken, with or without niodilications, 
 from "Early Man in Europe," a small volume embracing a series of articles, 
 which I had written in 1875 for " Harper's New Monthly Magazine." The 
 articles in question, notwithstanding their popular character, embodied the 
 results of a careful study of original sources, and it is hoped that the extracts 
 from them, utilized in the present case, will meet with the approbation of c( m- 
 petent judges. 
 
 In the introduction to the second part of this work I have briefly stated 
 my views concerning paheolithic man in North America. It would then have 
 afforded me special ]ileasurc to refer to Professor W. Uoyd Dawkins's excellent 
 article on early man in America, published in the "North American Review" 
 (October, 1883), tiie more .so, since his conclusions and mine point in the samo 
 direction; but the pages in which I alluded to the subject wore already electro- 
 typed before the publication of that article. 
 
 A work like that here presented must, from its very character, in a great 
 measure be a compilation from preceding writings. There are authors who, in 
 such cases, will slightly alter the text of their predecessors, and thus make it 
 their own, though not without mentioning the sources from which they have 
 drawn. I have preferred the mode of verbal quotation, not on account of being 
 the easier one, but because I was actuated by the desire of doing full justice to 
 those by whose labors I have profited. 
 
 I have been much assisted in my work in various ways, and it is but proper 
 that I should express my acknowledgments. Reference was made to the advan- 
 tages I derived from my acquaintance with members of the United States Fish 
 
 gimsctt Pier, Kliodo Island, nppeared in " Seipnco " (Vol. 2, p. 063). Tlioro nro figures of one perfect flsli-liook 
 lind of fragments of tlireootiicrs given. Tlio pcrfoet one, of wtioso representation I would huvo publislicd a copy, 
 if it liad l)een feasible, bears some resemblance to the original of B'ig. 189 on page 127 of this work, yet is smaller 
 and clumsier in shape. Owing to an oversight, a prehistoric Nova Scotian bone barpoonliead, figured on page 
 137 of Professor J. W. Daw.son's " Pussil Men" (Montreal, 1880), has not been noticed in this work. Such 
 drawbacks seem to be unavoidable. 
 
 «!• 
 
 ■7«L 
 

 I'HK|.'Af:K. 
 
 vrr 
 
 * » 
 
 f 
 
 c™ n.„„. My p.„,,,„,, ,„„„„ „„,„„^ y,„,„ „^„„^,„^„ _^^^^ 
 
 :r';: '° ""■ f" '-'■ »" -i™*- »' «» o„i„i,.„. ;,„. ,,,„^, „, , 
 
 Mung „„„ , . .,„„ „„„„„, ,„ ^^,^„„ ,,,^, ,,^^^^,^,__^. ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^_^^ . n 
 
 fomnrdoil to tlio Sir,ltI,.,o„i„n Institution. 
 
 Many otl.or gontlomon In.™ n,„nito,,„,l thoir i„tc,-c,l in n,y u-oA by loan. 
 ."S n,„ ,„„an,o„. or trn„»n,i.tins l.l.o.o,™,,!,, or drawin,., lu.y. wL I o 
 „«ry ,„,„o.in,e, ,„ito Io„,t„y_e.„.,„n„,io„, , ,:;„„„ i^:! 
 
 1. ... ^.i. «» ,„ all ,n,tanccs the nan,., of „,o,o co-laborors arc gi.on in tl.o 
 
 .n c„,,noct,„„ ,vi.„ ,„e i„f„™,„,i,.„ ,„.,„,„j ,„, „„,„_ , „^^^, ^ 
 
 n.jwil to a scnoral osprcwion of niy gralitndo. 
 
 Tl... iM„,tration, in tl,i, work .or,, noarly all „„„lo nn,lor „,v i„„„odiato 
 
 n„c,-v,„on ,,y t„o sUilif,,, „„,„, Mr. t„„r„.., r. Triil. ,. .y ,.,,,., io„ , , 
 
 bo,„,. „,. or f,.,„,f,„ „,„,, „ „„,„,,,. ,„„„.,„^,,, ^,^,^.„^_^^ ^^^ _^^_^^^^ ^ 
 
 U..m ,„ object, specially ,lr„„n for this wc-k, tbc „„,i.„.itv „f «,„ ,„„„ ,,rf„„ 
 q>cc,,„o,„ belonging to the United State, National .Mascnn,.. All of Mr TrillC 
 
 tZ'm T""'*:'"-'' ">■ "■" ''- Y-" > '-..^raving Co,„p,,„v ,„; 
 
 r..,K I lace). In ,,d,l,„„„, I ,,„,, „,„ „,„ „, ,, ,„„__,,^,. ,_^ ^.^^^ ^^^^.^^^ ^_^ _• ^^^ 
 
 v,..,„y ,orve,l ,„ il,„,,tr,„e S,„itl,.,„„i,.„ ,MU;Um,. .,r otber wo,.k,. , „,„ 
 
 ■nJcbtcd to Me.,.,.,. II„r & „,„„„,, ,„,. ,|„,„t ,^, ,„. ^.^^ , 
 
 u»cd i,, ,„y .,„„„ „.„rk .. E„rly Man in En c" (ccipyrigbte.Un .s;,-,,:,,- Fi: ' 
 
 1 . lU an 113. pablisl i„ MitcbelP. .. ,.,„t „, „,., ,,,,,„„j.. ^ 
 
 ...k. lo Col„„e, Obnrlc. ,:. J„„e. I a,„ „„,,er obligation., tW tbe loan of tbc 
 block of F.g. 337; D,.. E,„i, Bcs,cl, p,„ced tbe cat, of Fig,. 19, 20, and 21 
 my d^^p^and Profcor Pntna,n ace„M„odatcd ,nc with tbose „ Fi., 362 
 
 . • T„ H.. ,„„.„„,„., „,. „^,„^„.,.. „^ ,,, ^,^ ^.^^^^_ _^^ .,„„.,„„,„„, 
 
 itcd. 
 
VMI 
 
 I'llKI ACK. 
 
 and m. El,H,troty|.e.s c,f Fi,.... i(»o, 212, 2r,4, nm\ 2m, finally, w.ro sent, with 
 otiu-rs, by MoHHrs. V. Vi.w,.g >uu\ Son, ..f Hrau„M..hwoi,.. Th.mo laHt.n.ontio.u..l 
 ■llustrat.ons arc taken tVon. tl.o " Archiv lur Antl.n,,.ologio,- pnbliHhecl by that 
 well -known firm. 
 
 In conchiHiun, I wouM say that, whatever may ho thou,t.ht of this work, it 
 will go far to illustrate anew the parallelism in the te.,lmifal i.rogresH of popu- 
 l"t.nns totally unknown to each other, and for which only the common bond of 
 h.nnan.ty can be clain.e.l. The ,Uvsig„.s of European and North American 
 flsh.ng-jmplen.ents in this wnrk bear witness to the statement. It will bo 
 not.„-ed how slowly n.an in Europe arrive.l at the idea of barbing the fish-hook. 
 None of the European hooks of bone or horn ligurc.l in this work is properly 
 barbed, excepting the one shown in Fig. 91 on page 71, and this hook may post- 
 date the neolithic perio.l, and pertain to a tin.e during which barbed fish-hooks 
 of bronze were not uncommon. An.ong the prehistoric American fish-hooks 
 which I was enabled to represent by designs in this publication, only one has a 
 point armed with a barb on the inner side, namely, the deer-horn'hook from 
 New York delineated in Fig. 193 on page 128, which, as stated, is supposed to 
 iiave been n.ade after a European pattern. Yet, 1 would not venture to say that 
 lmrbe.l llsh-hooks had been unknown in America in ante-Columbian tin'.es; 1 
 simply state that none have fallen uiuler n.y notice. Indeed, the halibut-hcmk 
 of the Northwest Coast, doubtless an .Id aboriginal invention, may be classed 
 among barbed fish-hooks (Fig. 9 on page 15). 
 
 Further analogies (and also differences) in the character of the prehistoric 
 fishing-implements of Europe and America will easily be discovered by those 
 who peruse the pages here ottered. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution, 
 
 June, 1884. 
 
 ClIAKLKS IIaU. 
 
i 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 • • 
 
 I'ART I.-KUKOPK. , 
 I.— Pai..t-:oi.itiiic Ace 
 
 Oc'iRrul Characteristics 
 
 The llrift . . . " " ' 
 
 Iini-lcmcntsaiulAiM." I kcinains 
 Implfiuoiits iisal as |(;L-|.icl<s(?) 
 Caves and Rock-shelters , , ' 
 
 kelrealsof ,\j u ,li„i,v.. the Rcln.kvr-period 
 I''ish-ri'inaii, , 
 
 I''isliiiij,' ,111(1 Fishiivti-imiilriiicius 
 l)HiiKM(ioiis„r V..}n-. uui A'lnati,: Manimals 
 
 2. — NkoMIMIC AdK 
 
 (lencral (,'haractcri .lies 
 
 Anillrial Sholl-depDsits ....,' 
 Character • • . , 
 
 (-aptiire of Molhisks and Fish 
 I.ake-dwellings .... 
 
 Character .... 
 Fisli-reniains ..... 
 Fishing-implements • . . , 
 
 lloats 
 
 ■ Fishing-implements and Utensils not found in l,a( iisti 
 Oeneral Remarks . . . _ 
 
 l:)onl)le-pointed strai,i^hl liait-holdcrs 
 I'ish-hooks • . . . 
 
 HarpoDii-Ju'ads .... 
 
 Arrow- heads .... 
 Sinkers .... 
 
 Boats ... 
 
 • • • • 
 
 Anchor-stones 
 3- — Bronzk Acf. .... 
 
 Geneial Characteristics .... 
 Lake-dwellines 
 
 Character 
 
 Fishing-implements .... 
 
 "oats 
 
 Fishing-.mplements and Utensils not derive.l from I.ake-hahitations 
 
 e ."ieltlenielits 
 
 PAOK. 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 'I 
 •( 
 •) 
 lo 
 I J 
 
 27 
 ^2 
 
 3- 
 
 3.i 
 
 33 
 
 3^ 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 ■15 
 
 46 
 
 66 
 
 6S 
 
 6,S 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 72 
 
 «1 
 
 «4 
 
 yi 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 103 
 109 
 
CONTKNTS. 
 
 ETC. 
 
 PARI 11. — NOKTIl AMKRICA. 
 
 Intuoduciouv Ri:m\i;ks 
 l''isiiiN(;-iMri,|.:,\ii.:Ms and U ii;.\sir.s 
 
 Donlili' poiimd sti;ii(.lit liait-holders 
 
 I'isli-luioks . . . _ 
 
 II '•'•••. 
 
 llarpooM ;uul AiTow-licads 
 
 Ncls . . 
 
 o- , 
 
 t'inkors 
 
 .... ■■••••.. 
 
 I'lsh-cudi-is • . . . 
 
 HOATS AND Al'I'llKlKNANCKS ■..'.''' 
 
 I!(iats ... 
 
 I) 1 ■■••••.. 
 
 Ifailiiij,'-s((i()|)s .... 
 
 I'acMlcs ••..'.'''' 
 
 A'iclii)i-..st()iK's 
 
 PiiEliisTUKir STUirn;M.:s roNNi-riKD win. iMs.iiNo" 
 l''isli-|)ivscivfs 
 
 11 '■■••., 
 
 I'lsli-pc'lis 
 
 kKi'KKsKNiAnoNs OK Imm.ks, Aquatk: Mammai.s, E-i 
 I'ipos ... 
 Imilations in Slono and .Shell 
 Clay Vessels 
 IVliiieations 
 AuriikiAr, .Siiki.i.-dkpdsits 
 
 InlnidiK.ldry Notices 
 ■- ("iieeiilarul 
 Nnva Sidiia 
 
 New llnmswic k ami Ww England 
 New Vink .... 
 New J else)' . . . _ 
 
 Delaw.ire 
 
 Maryland • . . . 
 
 West \'iij;inia 
 
 Ohio .....' 
 Tennessee 
 
 Iowa .... 
 Georgia 
 I'lorida 
 -Mah.ima 
 Caiiforni.i ami ()iei;oii 
 
 li-gcde I Hans^ 
 
 Crantz (David) ... 
 Lloyd ('P. (i. H.) . . _ 
 Dc Laet (Joannes) 
 
 PAOR. 
 
 "^ 
 
 "7 
 "7 
 
 I 20 
 
 II" 
 
 '.S.S 
 
 '«.? 
 I.S8 
 iSS 
 lyo 
 lyi 
 1 92 
 
 '97 
 200 
 20,) 
 205 
 206 
 21 1 
 
 21(1 
 2 1*) 
 2I,S 
 2JI 
 
 "'5 
 227 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.(1 
 2.(1 
 2.11 
 2.(2 
 
 2|.i 
 2.|(, 
 2.1() 
 256 
 
 2f)I 
 2^1 
 261 
 266 
 267 
 
(;oNTKi\T8. 
 
 XI 
 
 1 
 
 Do Cliii'iiplain fl,u Siuiir) 
 
 Sudani TlRoilat (t,u !■'. {;al)ricl) 
 
 Le Jcuiic(l,u I'. I'aiil) 
 
 Charlevoix (Kalliur) 
 
 Huiiry (Ali'xandcr) 
 
 HcariiL' (.Sariiiicl) 
 
 Mackenzie (AlLxandcr) 
 
 VViliiaiiis (Ro/^'it) . 
 
 [Joliiisoii ((.'aplaiii Edward)! 
 
 Ogilby (John) 
 
 Jossclyii (John) 
 
 Van dcr Donck (Adriacii) 
 
 K.diii (IVtcr) 
 
 Morgan (l,owis IT.) 
 
 Loskicl ((;Lc.rgc Henry) 
 
 Dl- l!ry (I'hcodonis) 
 
 Smith (Captain John) 
 
 [Deverly (Rohcrl)] 
 
 I.awson (John) 
 
 Hri. kfll (John) 
 
 Adair (James) 
 
 1)11 l'ral/(,\r. I,e f'.ige) 
 
 VVyelh (Nalhaniel J.) 
 
 C'aliin (Oeorge) 
 
 I'owers (Sleplien) . 
 
 The same 
 
 Stone (Livingston) 
 
 Dunn (John) 
 
 Swan (James G.) . 
 
 The same 
 
 The same 
 
 Meares (John) 
 
 Cook ( Captain James) and King (Captain James) 
 Appkndix. ^ 
 
 NoiicKs Of I''isi.in<;-imi.,.km,.:nts am. lMsii.iu.:|.Kr.:s|.;xTAri, 
 Niiaragiia 
 
 Costa Rial • . . . 
 Chiriqni, State of Panama, United States of C 
 State of CaiK a, United States of Coh.nihia 
 Peru 
 
 
 
 I'Afa.. 
 
 * • • 
 
 
 26,S' 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 26,S 
 
 • « 
 
 
 271 
 
 * • • 
 
 
 272 
 
 • • » 
 
 
 273 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 
 27.1 
 
 • • . 
 
 
 276 
 
 * • • 
 
 
 277 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 2 7" 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 
 2 7,s 
 
 " • • 
 
 
 279 
 
 • 
 
 
 2X1 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 2.S1 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 2.S-' 
 
 • • . 
 
 
 2'\^ 
 
 • 
 
 
 2,S., 
 
 • 
 
 
 2.S7 
 
 " • • 
 
 
 2.S,S 
 
 ' • • 
 
 
 2.S9 
 
 2(JO 
 
 . 
 
 
 2,J, 
 
 . 
 
 
 29.5 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 2'/S 
 
 • . 
 
 
 2./, 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 301 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 .302 
 
 * * • 
 
 
 30.5 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 3ot 
 305 
 3'o 
 3'o 
 
 •-V 
 
 3'5 
 
 IXS IIISCOVKUKIJ K(.1;tii ,„■ MiCXK.O 
 
 3' 9 
 
 
 
 3'9 
 
 olombia 
 
 
 320 
 321 
 322 
 324 
 
mmmmmmmmmmt 
 
 1 
 

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I' ranee 
 I.a Mailelainc, Krancc 
 
 11111(1, Aiasl;a 
 
 I'irn. I, a ^ra.lclainc, Kraiicc 
 
 Fig. I.— Drift-implcment. Sainl-Aclicul, Krancc 
 
 *'8s. j-S.-Double.pointed bone implements. La Madelaiue France 
 F,g. 9-HaIibut.l,ook. Makal, Indians, Cape Kla.tery, Wasl.ington Tcnii.,ry ' 
 H'. .o._Codfish-I.ool<. Makal, In.lians, Cape Kla.tcry, Washington Tcrrito,. 
 I'.g. I" — Harpoon-hcadof reindeer-lmrn. La Madelaine, France 
 I'ig. l2._narpoonliead of reindccrliorn. I!runi<|uel, Fra 
 F'gs. I3-'S— Harpoon-heads of reindecr.li.irn. 
 Fig. I6. — Iron-headed Sioux arrow 
 
 Fig. I7.-narpoonl,e,ad of reindeer-horn. La Ma.lelainc', France 
 I'ig. iS.-Harpoon-head of reindeer-horn. Langerie liass'c I'r.nce 
 ^ I'lgs. I9-2r. -Harpoons. Eskimos, ALaska 
 
 I'lgs. 22-2J.— Harpoon or arrow heads of reindeer he 
 
 Figs. 2.1-28.-Harpoon-heads of reindcer-horn (?). Kesslerloeh, .Switzerland 
 
 F,gs. 29-30._Harpoo„-l,eads of rcin,Icer-hor„ (?). Kent's Cavern, England ' ' ' ' 
 
 f.g. .,-. >'.->«i"g of a f,>h on apiece of reindeer-horn. La M.adebine France 
 ';iK- Xi — li(,'"reofap,keengr,ave,lona,lrilledl,ear'.stooth. Dnrnlhy Crotlo Fnn'ce ' ' 
 >.«. 3.».-n„„n,eofa«sh(.SV„„^„..^)onareindeer.jaw. Lau.erie ,1!:^.;;: " " " 
 -«-"™'!;"f ■-"•-'• on a b.aton of reindeer-horn. Cave o'f Covet, Ilclgium ' " 
 
 ig. 36.-K„,le drawing of a ftshing-sceue on the se.apnla of an ov i au^erie- Mas ' i ' ' 
 i'.«. 37.- .ntnnes of two heads of .he an.ehs. a hlan Hgnre, an iu;t ^ 't:, r an, 
 
 >n.^rksonap>eeeofreindeer.horn. La Madelaine, France 
 •■g. 38.-l-,gure of a .seal traced on a drilled bear's tooth. Duruthy Co.to France ' ' ' 
 "S'-- 39-40. — Double-pointed l.(.iie implemenl.s. 
 Figs. 41-42.— Doulile-pointed bune 
 
 Fig. 4.j.-I;one arrow-hea.l (?). Saint-.\ubin, .Switzerlan.l 
 Fig. 44— Fish-hook of deer-horn. Wangen, lia.len 
 
 Figs. 45-46.-Fi,h hooks made of wild boars' tusks. Moo.see,h,rf, Swit.eHand 
 I'lgs. 47-4,S.-|)„„,,l-h hooks. Wangen, i;aden 
 
 Fig. 49.-I'ouble lish-hook (?) of ,Ieer-l,orn. Sain.-Anbin, .Sw,'l.erl,,'nd 
 I'lgs. 50-51. -Hark noats. Kobenhauscn, .Swii/erland 
 Fit's- 52-53— Wooden implements used for reeoverim; li-liing li„c. 
 
 Fig. 54-—" Arjiion " 
 
 Fig. 55-— "Devil's claw gr.ipnelf' M.assaehuselts " 
 
 Figs. 56-58.-Heer-horn l.ar|«o„-heads. .Saint-Anbin, sJii.crl'and 
 
 Fig- 59-— lione harpoon-head. Cmcise, Switzerland 
 
 Fig. fK)— Harpo(m-hcad of deer.horn. Concise, Switzerland 
 
 I'ig. 6i._I|arpoon.he,ad of deer-horn. Wauwyl, Swit/erlan.l 
 
 I'lgs. r..-^,4. Harpoon-hea.ls of deer horn. Laltringen, Swit.erl.unl 
 
 I'lg. 6s._Arrow-head of ileer-horn. Saint-Aubin. Swilzerl md 
 
 I'ig. f.6.-Flint arrow-head. Kobenhausen, Switzerland 
 
 Fig. C7. — Idiut arrow-head, liodio, Italy 
 
 Fig. 6S._|.'ragn,ent of lishing-uct. Uobenhausen (?'), Switzerl.ind 
 
 I'lgs. r,9-7o. -Stone sinkers. Allendueh, lladen 
 
 tinee 
 
 Wangen, Raden 
 ne implements. L.ake of Neuchdtel, Swii/eil.iud 
 
 K'llicnh.iuscn, Switzerland 
 
 PAOK. 
 3 
 '3 
 '3 
 •5 
 '5 
 17 
 '7 
 17 
 17 
 10 
 
 >y 
 21 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 2S 
 2S 
 29 
 29 
 
 3' 
 32 
 
 46 
 .(li 
 
 47 
 4S 
 4S 
 49 
 49 
 5" 
 5'"> 
 5" 
 52 
 
 53 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 55 
 5" 
 5'| 
 5" 
 57 
 5S 
 
h:^ 
 
 XIV 
 
 LIST ul' ILLUSTKATIONS. 
 
 Fig. 
 Figs. 
 Fig. 
 Fig. 
 
 iMg. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Figs. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig- 
 Fig. 
 Fig. 
 Fig. 
 Fig. 
 I'-ig. 
 
 F.g. 
 Fig. 
 Figs. 
 Fig. 
 - Fig. 
 Fig. 
 I'ig. 
 '•■ig. 
 Fig. 
 Figs. 
 Fig. 
 Figs 
 Fig. 
 Fig. 
 
 I'-ig- 
 1-igs 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 I-ig. 
 
 lig. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 lig.. 
 
 lig. 
 
 I'ig>. 
 
 Mg.. 
 
 I'-ig. 
 
 I-ig. 
 
 1-ig. 
 
 lig-. 
 
 l--ig. 
 
 I'-igs. 
 
 71.— .Stone sinker. Kstavayer, .Switzorlnnd . 
 72-73-— ytone sinkers (?). Sainl-Aiibin, .Swil^erl.nnd 
 74.— Stone sinker (?). .S.iiiil-Aubin, .Swilzerlanil . 
 75.— Cl.iy sinker (?). Niclau-Stcinlierg, Switzerland 
 70.— Cl.iy sinker (?). Inkwyl, Switzerland . 
 77. — liark flo.it. Rolienhausen, Switzerland 
 78.— Wooden implement for arr.inging nets. Wangen, liaden 
 79-So.— Imiilements made of boars' tusks. Nussdorf, Uaden 
 81. — l'erfor.ated bear's tooth. Nnssdorf, liaden 
 
 S^-— Ncttingimiilement. New England 
 
 83-— Netting-implement. Eskimos, Nunivak Island, Al.iska 
 84.— Netting-implement. Eskimos, Chirikoff Island, Akaska 
 85. —Netting-implement. McCloud River Indi.ans, California 
 86. — Boat. Uobenliansen, .Switzerland 
 
 87. — Boat. Moringen, Switzerland 
 
 88.— Flint (ishliook. tiresinid, Sweden 
 89.— l-'lint fish-hook. Kranke Lake, Sweden 
 
 90.— Flint lish-hook (?). .Scandin.ivia 
 
 91.— Bone fish-hook. Scania, Sweden 
 
 93. — lione fish-hook. I'omeraiiia. Prussia 
 
 9j- — Fish-hook of reinileer-horn. Lapland, Norw.ay 
 94-96. — liiine harpoon-heads. Scania, Sweden 
 97.— Hone bar on-head. Seeland, Denmark .... 
 
 98.— Fish orbird-spcar-bead of bone. Arctic America 
 99. — Prong of fish or bird-spear-head of bone. Scania, Sweden 
 100. — lione harpoon-head. Fiinen, Demnark 
 
 loi.— lione harpoon-head. .Seeland, Ucnm.irk .... 
 
 102.— Bone harpoon-head. 'I'lerra del Fuego .... 
 
 103-104. — I larpoon-heads of ox-horn. Pokind 
 105.— lione harpoon he.ad. Victoria Cave, Kngland 
 . 106-10S— Javelin-heads of bone with inserted lliiu-llakes. Sea ia, Swi 
 109. — Tavelin-head of elkbone with inserted Hakes. Eastern Prussia 
 110.— .Scanian Hint-point set in wooden socket 
 
 III.— Sink-stone of steatite. Shetland 
 
 "2-1 IJ.— Sink-stones. Wells, Shetland 
 
 114.— Stonesinker. Burns, England 
 
 115-I16.— .Stone sinkers. Ireland 
 
 117. — .Stone sinker. County of Down, Ireland .... 
 
 llS.— .Stone sinker. County of Weslmealli, Ireland 
 
 119.— Stone sinker. Seeland, Denmark 
 
 1 20, —.Stone sinker. Denmark 
 
 121.— Stone sinker. Disiii, 1 of Sc.iu, D.nm.irk 
 
 12.'.- Stone .sinki-r. Di irict of \-jb.,rg, I >emnark 
 
 12,;, — Stone anchor I.'), liohusl.uid, Sweden 
 
 1.14. — Fishing-im|ilement (?) of bronze. .Switziiland 
 
 '25-137. — Ihi>nze fish book-. Nidau-Sicinberg. Swil/erland 
 
 i.j.S.— Bronze fish hook. 1-onl, Switzerlaiul 
 
 139 140. — Bronze fish-books. Corlaillod, Switzerland 
 '4>-'43.— lifonze lisb-hooks. Montellier, Swil/erland 
 1-14.— Ilronze fish-hook. Moulb cjf river .Scheus,, SwilzLrlaml 
 
 145. --Bronze fi.b-hook. l.atlrinyen, Switzerland .... 
 
 146. — Bronze fi,h book. Uomansborn, .Switzerland 
 147-1-18. — Briinze fish-hooks. Unlcr-Uhldingen, Baden 
 1.19. — Ilronze fish-hook. Roscninsel, Bavaria 
 '50-'53-— Urunze fish-hooks. Lake of liourgct, .Savoy, Francg 
 
 VAm. 
 58 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 Co 
 f'3 
 63 
 6-1 
 64 
 
 05 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 06 
 
 67 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 7' 
 7' 
 71 
 73 
 73 
 74 
 74 
 •(• 
 76 
 76 
 
 79 
 So 
 82 
 82 
 83 
 S5 
 S6 
 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 89 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 95 
 99 
 
 ICX) 
 
 101 
 lot 
 101 
 102 
 
 lOJ 
 
 'o.i 
 
 104 
 
 4 
 
LIST OJ-' ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 t. ISO. liarbcl bronze ro,l not yet bent .„t., the form of •, r,J, ,,„.,|. ^,- ■ 
 
 If,- >i9.-Iiarbe,l bronze armature. Peschiera, Italy 
 
 ;.«. .6o.-)!arbe<l bronze armature. Roseninsel, liavaria ' ' ' " 
 
 »'-t'. .6..-Iioat. Cu.lrenn, S«.itzerlan,l * ' " " 
 
 1%'. l62.-lJo.it. Vingclz, ,S»itzerlan,I . 
 
 I'lg. lej.—Hoat. Merci.rago, Italy " 
 
 I'ig. 164.— lironzc fish-hook. Ireland 
 
 J;ig-.6S-.66.-Iironze fish-hooks. Gleniuce, Scutl.... 
 
 Ije. l67.-Iironze llsh-hook. Tunen, Denmark ' " ' ' 
 
 iMgs. ,6S-,69.-,s,,,,,e fish-hooks i„ the form of baits. Germany ' ' " 
 
 S' ! -,'^°" ''-"°;"'«' ^'o-" ■"'I'len.ent. Greene County, Ttnnc.eo ' ' 
 "K- '72.— Double-pointed stone imi.lemenl Wll , '•^""^--''^ 
 
 I't- '^..-bone fish-hook. Moml. of Oak Creek, D..k,,a ' " ' 
 
 i.g. J!>4—none fish-hook. Ma.lisonville, Ohio ' ' ' ' 
 
 ^|«. .S5.-Ii,.ne fish-hook. Mississippi County, Arkansas ' " ' ' 
 
 H'. .^G.-Uone fish-hook. Orleans County. New Vork ' ' ' " 
 
 lig. 187— lione fish-hook. Clarksville, Indiana ' ' ' ' 
 
 H'. •S8.-Iione fish-hook. Cunningham's Man.l. Ohio ' ' ' ' " 
 
 ! rll"" rtl'^'t '^'*= ""^""'■' '-""'^ '^'-". ^-v ^• ,rk ■ • • 
 
 o.- .ne sh-hook. Mound Lake, Cass County, Illinois . 
 •yr.-l.one fishdiook. M.idisonville, Ohio 
 192— Bone fish-hook. Madisonville, Ohio 
 
 .|,s. .94-.95.-I.onc hsh-hooks. .Santa Cruz Island, '-alifornia 
 ■,gs..,6-,5,._„.,„e „,„,,„„,., .S.anta Cruz Islam,, Californ ' ' ' 
 
 I'g. 20o.-li„„e fish-hook. Kskimos,(;reenhnd ' ' ' 
 
 I;«. 20.._Rsh.hook of reindeer.horn. Kskimos, Chesterfield Inlc ' PrMi'l, k' 
 ■..s. aoa-ao=.-.Shel, fish-hooks. Santa Cruz Is,a„,,, CaliforniV 
 
 ZT'si^llYT''"- ^-'^^-I^>»"".Califi,rni ! ' ' 
 
 ^. -ort.-sheM ,hd,ook. San Xieolas Mand, California . 
 
 I 'gs. 207-2.0.-. Shell fishdlnuks. .Sanl.C,,,. I l,„i r- IT • 
 -.11 «i, 11 ,■ I , , •■""•" "I- M.iiid, California 
 ....-Shell fid,-ho„k. Sa„M;...Kdld.„,d.<-al,n,rnia 
 = ...--Se„es „r .h..i„, i,u„„,,,^ ,, „„^ ,,,,^,^^^ , ^^^ ^^_^^^ ^ ■ • . 
 
 .'•J. -S.nn,un fish-hook of shell will, ...uie .inker 
 
 2i4.-Ki.,h.l,uok of turtle shell (?), .Scle Island 
 
 215.- Ii,.nefi.h h..ok. New Zealand 
 
 ..6. C,,,,, ,,„,,. Mouth of nc ;,,<i;,w,.„„:„, ; • ■ ' 
 
 .ap.y._,.|hdiooksinadeofc.,etii,,,i„.„ M„haves, .\, „ ' " " 
 
 -o.-loneydoe,i..tt»igwi>hspi„e,e„t,ui,..mbleafidi ,■ ' ' ' 
 
 ■;": "!'~ '"V""'";"'""^^"'; '"--'^'••"■'. '•■'-'=„., m.,,/. • • • 
 
 igs. 224-22S.-I)o„e harpoondiead. Unalashka Islan.l, Mask. ' ' 
 
 I'lg. 22fi. — l!one harpoon head (;,e,id,,„P c , • 
 
 ;j^..-..nehar;,oon.head. i;:^^:^:;:;-:;:-^ • 
 
 t. «8.- oneharpoondiead. ■'"get Sound, Washington Territory ' ' ' 
 l.g-.9.-narpoond.ead of deer-horn. Onondaga Comity, X,;;':,,, [ [ ' 
 
 Peschiera, Italy 
 .Switzerland 
 
 Kig. 
 h-ig. 
 
 r-ig. 
 
 Ki". 
 
 I-ig. 
 Iig. 
 l-'ig. 
 Mg. 
 lig. 
 I-ig. 
 ldg>, 
 Vig. 
 
 XV 
 
 I'Arin. 
 104 
 .04 
 .05 
 .05 
 105 
 loG 
 107 
 loS 
 .09 
 109 
 109 
 .10 
 .IS 
 .18 
 
 ..s 
 
 "9 
 .20 
 .20 
 
 .2. 
 122 
 
 '2,5 
 .24 
 
 124 
 124 
 
 1 20 
 
 .20 
 
 I2O 
 
 .27 
 
 127 
 
 127 
 
 .2S 
 
 .2S 
 
 .29 
 
 'JO 
 
 '.1' 
 
 '3' 
 '.>. 
 '32 
 
 'J-! 
 
 •J.i 
 'J.i 
 
 ',i4 
 
 i.>7 
 IJS 
 i.i9 
 .40 
 14 J 
 
 "12 
 '■).( 
 ■1.) 
 
 '15 
 '45 
 '45 
 
Bnwn-'i 
 
 XVI 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTliATlONS. 
 
 I 
 
 Fiy. 230.— Ilarpoonhead of elk-liorn. Iloncoye F.ills, Now York 
 Fig. 231.— Bone liarpoon-head. Detroit, Micliit;an 
 Fig. 232.— Bone liar|TOonlica(l. Mailisonville, (Jhio 
 I'il,'- 233.— Bone harpoon-head. Alka Island, .Alaska 
 '•"'t!- 234-— Hone harpoonhe.ad. I'ort MOller, Peninsula of Aliaska 
 '•'iK- 235'— ''one harpoon-head. Aniakn.ik Island, Alaska 
 Fig. 236. —Bone harpoon-head. I lodgdon's Island, Maine 
 •■'t;- 237' — Hone harpoon-head. Muscongus Sound, Maine 
 - Fig. 238.— Bone harpoonhead. Stikinc River, Alaska . 
 F'g- 239.— Bone harpoon head. Fort Wayne, Michigan 
 l^ig. 240. — Harpoon-head of deer-horn. Onondaga County, New York 
 Fig. 241.— Bone dart-head. Ontario County, New York 
 Fig. 242. — Bone dart-head. Goose Island, Casco Bay, Maine 
 ^Figs. 243-244.— Bone dart-heads. Adakh Island, Alaska 
 ■ Fig. 245.— Bone dart-head. Amaknak Island, Al.-iska . 
 Figs. 246-248.— Harpoon heads of deer-horn. Flhridge, New York 
 Fig. 249.— Copper dart-head. Fond du Lac, Wisconsin 
 Fig. 250.— Copper dart-head. Waukesha County, Wisconsin 
 Fig. 251.— Copper dart head. Fond du I.ac, Wisconsin 
 - Fig. 252.— Copper harpoon-liead. Thlinkcls, BaranolT Island, Al.isl. 
 I'"'E- 253.— Modern .stone sinker. Dunkirk, New York . 
 Figs. 254-257. — Stone .sinkers. Muncy, Pcinisylvania 
 Fig. 258. — .Stone sinker. Muncy, Pennsylvania 
 I'ig- 259.— Stone .sinker. Muncy, Pennsylvania 
 Fig. 2(io, — Stone sinker. Tenncs.see ..... 
 Fig. 2O1.— Stone sinker. .Santa Maria Petapa, MeNico . 
 k'ig. 2(J2. — .Stone sinker. Tiverton, Khode Island . 
 h'ig. 263. — Stone sinker. Dos I'uelilo--, California 
 Fig. 264.— Stone sinker. Chilniark, Martha's Vineyard, M.issiichu 
 Fig. 265.— Stone sinker. Newport, Rhode Island 
 Figs. 266-267.— Stone sinkers. Wickford, Rhode Island 
 Fig. 268. — Stone sinker. Tiverton, Rhode Island . 
 Fig. 269. — Stone sinker. Milledgeville, Georgia 
 Figs. 270-271. — Stone .sinkers. Oregon .... 
 
 Fig. 272. — Stone sinker. I,a Patera, California 
 
 I'''K'- 273.— Stone sinker. Georgia 
 
 Figs. 274-275.— Stone sinkers. Coluuihia (_'ounty, Georijia 
 Fig. 276.— Stone .sinker. Mitchell County, North Carolina 
 I^'g- 277. — Stone snikcr. Putnam C<junty, C.corgia 
 Fig. 278. — Stone sinker. Mid.lltliorough, Massachusetts 
 Fig. 279.— .Stone sinker {?). .Sanl.i Cru/. Island, California 
 
 Fig. 280. — Stone sinker. Ohio 
 
 Fig. 2Sl. — Fskinio sl(uie sinker. Arctic America . 
 rig. 2S2.— -Stone sinker. Mound, Licking County, Ohio 
 '''iK- 2S3.— Sinker of specular iron. Hancock County, Illinois 
 Fig. 2S4.— Stone sinker. .Santa Rosa Island, California 
 Fig. 2S5. — Cast of stone sinker. Louisiana .... 
 
 Fig. 2S6. — .Stone sinker. Tennessee 
 
 h'ig. 2S7.—.'sionc sinker. Morehouse Pari>li, Louisiana 
 
 Fig. 2S8.— Sinker of sjiecular iron. Carroll County, Tennessee 
 
 I'ig. 289.— Sinker of red liem.atitc. Saint Charles County, Missouri 
 
 I'ig. 290. — Stone sinker. Tani])a Bay, Morida 
 
 I'ig. 291.— Sinker of clay-iron stone. Shell-rlept)sit near Mohile, Al; 
 
 Fig. 292. — Siidier of specular iron. Huntington, Cabell Cmnity, Wi 
 
 '■'K- 293.— Sinker of .specular iron. Morehouse Parish, Louisiana 
 
 lania 
 
 t X'irginia 
 
 PAGl-:. 
 14O 
 146 
 146 
 "•J7 
 '47 
 '47 
 14S 
 14S 
 '49 
 '49 
 '49 
 150 
 
 '50 
 
 ■5' 
 
 '5' 
 
 153 
 
 '.s,5 
 
 '5J 
 
 153 
 
 '.S4 
 
 '57 
 
 '5S 
 
 '.W 
 
 I Co 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 162 
 
 102 
 
 'f>3 
 
 >f'3 
 
 '03 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 164 
 
 i('>4 
 
 105 
 
 i(J6 
 
 166 
 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 lOo 
 
 169 
 
 169 
 
 1 69 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 171 
 
 '7' 
 
 '7' 
 
 '7' 
 
 4 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XVII 
 
 Fig. 294._Slone sinker, MoumI, IIcmlL-iMm C.MMKy, II 
 
 Kigs. 295-296. -St,me si„kcr,s. Manatee tlounly, HnrMa 
 
 '''K- 297. —Cast of Kone sinker. Ohio 
 
 Fii,'. 29S.— Stone sinker. Franklin Connty, Ohio 
 
 ly- 299,— Sinker of s|,ecnlar iron. iMuund, Licki 
 
 Fig. joo.— Stone sinker. IJevcrly, Massaclnisetts 
 
 I'lg. 301.— Stono sinker. Kaslport, Maine 
 
 Fig. 302.-Stone sinker. .Sontl, Kingston, Kho.le Island ' 
 
 I'lK- 303. -.Stone sinker. Gnadalonpc, California 
 
 Fig. 304.— Stone sinker. Massachusetts 
 
 F'E- 305.-Stone sinker. Marblehead, Massachusetts 
 
 I'ig. 306.— Stone sinker. Sarasota liay, Florida 
 
 '•■■g. 307— Stone sniker. Middlel.orough, Massachusetts ' 
 
 Fig. 30S. -Stone sinker. .Santa Cruz Island, California 
 
 I'ig. 309.-.SIone sinker. Santa Rosa IsJamI, California 
 
 Fig. 3Io.-Stone sinker. Saint Croix River, Maine 
 
 Fig. 3' l--Stone sinker. Santa Cruz Island, California 
 
 rig. 312.— Stone sinker. California 
 
 P>S- 313— Stone sinker (?). .San Miguel Island, Califorin'a 
 
 Fig. 3I4.—Sinker of specular iron. Morehouse I'arisli 
 
 I'ig' 3'5.— Stone sinker. Arkansas 
 
 Fig. 3>6.-Stone sinker, San .Miguel Island, California 
 
 '■'K- 3'".— -Stone sinker. Chester, Illinois 
 
 Fig. 318.— Stone sinker. Northwest Coxst 
 
 Fig. 3r9.— Cast of stone sink 
 
 I'ig. 
 
 iig County, Ohio 
 
 • h, I., 
 
 Iig 
 
 California 
 
 20.— Stone sinker. Cleveland, Ohio , . ' 
 
 ■ig. 321.— Kskimo stone sinker. Ukivok Island, Alaska 
 
 I'igs. 322-J23.-.Stone sinkers. Vellowsione N.ational Park, Wyoming ' ' ' 
 I'ig. 324.— Copper sinker. M.nind, Marietta, Ohio ' ' 
 
 ''ig- 325.— Copper sinker. Mound, Fake County, Ohio , . ' ' ' 
 
 Fig. 326.-Castof shell, prepared to serve as a sinker {?). Ijon,:,, ' ' ' ' 
 I'ig. 327.— Shell sinker. .Sarasota B.ay, Florida . . ' " 
 
 Fig, 32S,— Cast of shell sinker, Florida 
 
 Kig. 329.-Shell sinker (?), Shell-deposit, lileimerhasse.t's wind. West Virginh ' 
 '■'g. 330— Stone fish-cutter, lilackstone, Massachusetts . l- • ■ 
 
 I ig. 331. -Cast of stone fish-cutler. New.ark Valley, New York ' ' 
 
 Fig. 353. -Stone fish-cutter, Xorristown, Pennsylvania 
 
 - IV- 33,!-J34.-Stone fish-cutters, one in wooden' handle. ' l-Nkimos, N„„o'n Sound Alasl- 
 '•'B^- 335-336.-Iron an.l sione fishcutters, th.it of iron inse.ied in,,, a wooden handle 
 
 li-iy, Washington Territory 
 ''Jg- 337.— lioal, exhumed near Savannah, Ceorgi.i 
 
 I'ig. 338— Wooden toy dra.it. Santa Cruz Island, California . . ' ' 
 
 H'- 339 -Wooden l).iiling.scoop (?). S.anta Cruz Island, California' 
 Fjg- 340.-Paddle. Long I>|aml, New Vork ... ' ' ' 
 
 1% 341— Anchor-stone. .Sus.pK.fianna River, near Sayre, Peimsylv'^ni , ' ' ' ' 
 •■g. 342.-Auehor.s,o„e. Illinois River, near the month of the San.,u„on, Illinois " ' 
 
 ^ 'g* 343.- " 
 
 l''ig- 344-- 
 
 '•■|g. 34S.~-':.irthworks in the Etowali Valley, Georgi.a 
 F'g- 34<''.-Slone lish-pen. Saratoga County, New Vork 
 I'lg^. 347-34S.— Stone pipes representing a heron feeding 
 
 near Chillicothe, Ohi 
 Fig. 
 
 .Mak^ 
 
 .N\Mh 
 
 he month of the Sail" 
 errunning rock." {Jloucester, Massachusetts 
 'Kiiliek." Rockport, Massachusetts 
 
 ' Unde 
 
 ;on a fish, an, I an oiter with a fish 
 
 F'g. 349.-Cl.ay pipe in the shape of a fish (?). Chattanooga, Tennessee 
 •Jg. 350.-Piece of slate worke.l into the likeness of a fish. .Stikine River Alaska 
 Mg. 3S'^-lM^h-sl,.aped oi.ject of //„//.//..sl,ell. .San Nicolas Island, California 
 
 PAtii-:. 
 171 
 
 172 
 172 
 
 /.) 
 
 '74 
 
 "71 
 
 '7-1 
 
 '75 
 
 '75 
 
 '75 
 
 '75 
 
 '75 
 
 •75 
 
 176 
 
 17(1 
 
 171, 
 
 .76 
 
 '77 
 
 '77 
 
 '77 
 
 '77 
 
 '77 
 
 17,S 
 
 I7,S 
 
 17s 
 
 '70 
 
 I So 
 
 I.Si 
 
 iSi 
 
 I.S2 
 
 1S2 
 
 1S2 
 
 1.S2 
 
 I,S4 
 
 1S4 
 
 ■85 
 186 
 
 .87 
 I.SS 
 190 
 
 '91 
 
 '9' 
 
 '93 
 '94 
 I,/, 
 
 '97 
 19.S 
 201 
 
 205 
 
 20(, 
 
Hgg 
 
 HttMaMNn 
 
 XVIII 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 '•'in- 352-— StDiiL' carving rc|iresciilini; ii lisli. IpMyicli, Massachusetts 
 ''if- 353'— •'^'o»<-- cirviiiu ill the f.iriu of a Ci.lact.Mii. Sealmmk, New Ilamiisliire 
 ^'ig• JSI. — Ktonecarvinurupiusemiiiii a cetacean. San Nicolas lsl,aii<l, Calirorni.-i 
 l'''e- 35S-— Slum-- carving in tlic sliape of a so.al. San Nicolas Island, California 
 I'ig. 356.— Clay vessel niiwle in imitation of the sim-lish. l'ljilli|,s County, Arkansas 
 
 ^">e- 357-— l'"isli-sliapecl clay vessel. Southeastern .Missouri 
 
 Figs. 358-359._Kac simile ileline.itions illubtrating .\/tec navigation ami fishing. Kmni ih. 
 Kig. 360.— Plan showing the location of the princip.il shell ileposit at Keyport, New Jersey 
 l''ig. 361.— Section of umler-grouml part of a hut. Oiegon .... 
 
 ''ig- .562.— Canoe of the lieothucs. Newfoundland 
 
 V'g- 3^'3-— Methods of fishing practised liy the Virginia Indians. After Do Dry 
 
 l'''K- 364.— Virgijiia Indians smoking fish. After Ue llry 
 
 l'"iB- 3<J5— Virginia Indians engagc.l in boat-making. After Do liry 
 
 I'igs. 3O6-J67. — Hull hide boat ami p.iddle of poi.lar wood, made by .Minnetarees at 
 
 Fig. 36S. — Makah harpoon-head and line 
 
 Figs. 369-370 — Makah whaling-canoe and paddle 
 
 J''g' 37'' — Mukah canoe showing method of scarfing 
 
 Figs. 372-373.— .Stone sinkers. Ometcpec Island, Nicaragua .... 
 
 l''g^- 374-377.— Sinkers made of fragments of clay vessels. Omclepec Island, Nicar; 
 
 l''ig- 37S.— Stone carving in the form of a fish. Costa Rica .... 
 
 !•''«-• 379-3S0.— Fish-representations of gold. Chirii|ui, United St.ites of <\.l,.mliia 
 
 Fig. 3S1.— Cold lish-hook. Slate of Cauca, Uiuted Slates of Colombia 
 
 Fig. 3S2.— Wooden mask « ith appended bags. I'eru 
 
 ^''gs. 3S3-3S4.— Keel with line ami two copper fish-hooks, ami stone sinker. I'eru 
 
 l''igs. 3S5-JS7.— Copper fish-hooks. Ancon, Peru 
 
 Figs. 3SS-3.S9. — I'orlions of nels. .\ncon, I'ern 
 
 •'ig- 390.— Fish sha|ied cl.ay vessel. IVru 
 
 '■'ig- 39'-— '■'isli-shaped clay vessel. Ari.-a, IVru 
 
 Figs. 392-393. — Fidi-shaped clay ves.sels. Trujillo, IVru .... 
 
 ^''gs. 394-395'—' I'ly vessel and ornament.alion on it enlarged. I'eru 
 
 Figs. 396-403. — Fish-shaped silver ornaments. From one of the Chincha Isi.mds, IVru 
 
 Fig. 404.— I'ish-shapcd silver ornament. Gran Cliimu, Peru . . . . 
 
 Fig. 405.— Piece of cloth with inwoven lish-designs. Pisco, IVru . 
 
 agua 
 
 Mendo 
 
 llllc.ld. I 
 
 I,.. la 
 
 I'ai:k. 
 JuS 
 200 
 211 
 211 
 212 
 
 2"3 
 215 
 
 228 
 
 aja 
 
 266 
 
 2S5 
 2S1) 
 2S7 
 
 -95 
 306 
 
 3<'7 
 j<->9 
 319 
 320 
 3-' I 
 322 
 323 
 325 
 326 
 327 
 32S 
 329 
 3JO 
 330 
 331 
 33. > 
 334 
 335 
 
PART I. -EUROPE, 
 
 1— PAL.KDLITHIC AGE. 
 
 GEXEKAL CllAKACTERLSTlCS. 
 
 use ot metal, and made h,« Huploiuents a.al wc.,-,,m,„. of ,sah.staucos loss servi.v- 
 a ^,. .uo.nnnpliatol,o«en.d ,., the hand o,' naUu-o. such as ::d J .. 
 1 o.n but ospccially .stone, ,s gcuTally tnu.ed tl.. Stun.. Aue. It l.as In.-n 
 chvuled nao two epochs, nan.elv, the eavlie.. .r paheo.ithie (old-s.one, ,.Z 
 ho later o neohth.c (new-.tone) a^e, these division, n-arking unlike eo.:ii i.„s 
 n t,^ existence ot iU. ancient inhabitants of Euro,.. Duvh,. ,he pala^litl e 
 ugo the elnuate ot Europe was ..ider than at present, owing ^o a r. ri..era n 
 cj.uscd byg .end .„fl..„ces,and n.an then eo-existed, at le.^t in son.e^ ' 
 1 oont,nent, w.th annuals .brn.ing a launa distinct fron. that of later tin es 
 c.nlences ot Ins presence at that reu,„te epoch, in the shape of relics left 
 % Imu, have been der.ved fron, .pndernary drift-beds and fron/caves. and w 
 
 son.cuhat Id e.ino aspects, a sejmrate treatment of whici, appears preferabh. to 
 
 synoptu-al descr.ptu.n. As a special ieature of the period lowev r. it h . 
 1.0 mentnuuHl that the stone in,plen,ents pertainiug „, it. and neariv alwavs unnle 
 
 <d Hint, are, .so tar as known, simply fas],ioued by fhdunu' and'chipp'i the 
 
 pmct,«3 ot nuproving such iniplen.ents by gnnding and polisluu^ beiier^u- 
 sidered as characteristic of neolithic times. The art of .nnkint. v.^s^N „f cbtv 
 It may also be added, appears to have been unknown to paheolithic man. ' ' 
 
 THE DRIFT. 
 
 Tmplements and Animal Ifemaw,.-Th, tlint imideiue.ds lound in the oua- 
 
 ernary deposits along certain rivers in France and England are the oldest objects 
 
 ^humed ^uan ot^whichjvejhu^l^tr have any positive knowledge.- Tliese 
 
 (1) 
 
 t 
 
/ 
 
 2 liii'iiiiyi'iiiiii i'isiiiN(i. 
 
 (Irit't-l)C(ls, t'oniicd h\ Inyors of sniid, ,!.'rav('l. mid loam, also coiilain the bones of 
 animals of tliat jK-riod, sonu' of wliicli aro now extinct, like the mammotli and a 
 few other species of eleiiliant, several kinds of I'hinoceros, tlie nius, and ii'isli 
 elk ; while others, as the hippojiolanuis, the cavediear, cave-iion, and cavedivena, 
 mav still survive under move or less modiliod forms. Certain (juadrupeds, which 
 have left their osseous rennnns in the (|uatornarv dejiosits of \\'estern Knrope, 
 still exist as before. Iml no longer in their ancient habitats, as, for instance, llio 
 reindeer and the musk-ox. The former inhabits now the coldest district of 
 Europe, and the ;nusk-ox. entirely extinct in that part of the world, is iit present 
 conlinod to the snow-regions bordering on Hudson's Uay. On the whole, the 
 fauna of the European drift was richer and more varied than that of our lime, 
 for it com])rised, besides the extinct mammalians, most of the now existing 
 species. Yet, as mentioned, the temperatui'e of Europe was lower than at 
 pi'csent. or els(> such (|uadrupeds as the irtammoth, wocdly rhinoceros, reindeer, 
 and mu.sk-ox — all titled for a cold climate — could not have subsisted in the lati- 
 tudes whi-re their fossil bones now occur. 
 
 Th(> ])rece(ling condensed statements were made for the purpose of indicating, 
 to some extent at least. []\o surroundings of the hum.an beings who lived at the 
 long-|)ast period here under consideration. That thcv occupied a very low 
 position in thescide of human development is shown by the character of the flint 
 tools preserved in the (|uaternary deposits. These • drifl-implements " were 
 tirst discovered, about forty years ago, by M. ]?oucher de J'erthes, in the ancient 
 gravel-beds of the river 8o)nme. in the neighborhood of Abbeville, in I'icardy, 
 and afterward found td Saint-Acheul. near Amiens, in the same ])rovinc(\ Th(\v 
 lnn(> subsequently been exhumed from cnn-esponding dei>osit'; in dther ])arts of 
 l'"ranci'. and in various Ine.-dities ol' Engl;ind. 'I'he implements were split fri)m 
 nodides of flint so fre(|uently occurring in the chalk : some of tlicm i'\en exhii»it 
 portiiMis i)f the chalks crust whicli usually sui'i'ounds these tlinly bodies. The 
 prevailing forms of the flint lnols .ire tjiciseof \cry mughly wrought large sp(>ar- 
 heads. .and of nx.al nr idnioiid-shajied tl.-ittish pieces, sharpened amund their 
 edges, and likewist' exliil)iting. .-il least in most cases, no high degree of siiill on 
 the part of theii- makei's. The tools of the latter kind are sometimes denomina- 
 ted •'hatchets.'' it being believed that a number of them were inserted in cleft 
 sticks, and fastened with sinews or strips of hide of animals, thus fulfilling the 
 purpose which their name implies. To these foi'ms must lie Jidded Hakes of 
 vjirious shapes and sizes. m;iny of which, doutitless. were split otV during the 
 process of fashioning the more finished tools already mentioned. Others m.iy 
 have been detached inteiUionally. to ^erve as cutliiig-tools. and a few ;ire worked 
 into ;i rutle scra|)er-l'orm. The shape of the implements design;iled as s])ear- 
 he.ids and hatchets dei)ended, in all jirobability, much on the original outline of 
 the chalk-tliids from which they wei'e manufactured. These nodules are mostly 
 
 i 
 
 l/^ 
 
 ^?\ 
 
mill T-i.Mri,i;Mi;\Ts. 
 
 8 
 
 of )i romidiHli or .«l()im;iU.,l Innii ; .iiid in making tlii-ir tools tiio nncioiit poopk, 
 kiioclml two of ilicm to-otlicr. milil lljiltish fni-iiucMts of siiitiil)!.' si/., (•.•mu. oir. 
 whi(!h they brouglit into tlio mjuired sliapc by blows aimcl ;,( WuAv riiruinf..r<MiL'o' 
 Honco many of the iiiiplcmonts ,nv not r\:wl\y of ,,v,,l or spcvir-likc forms. 
 
 but presoni sli.-.pcs intrrinodiidv botwcon fli-'iii. As ,-, vnU: tlic iimitow.t or re' 
 
 pointed cml of these iiistnuiuMits is tlu- one Mdjiplcd for ciittiiii:'. The tools of 
 the spear-head type usually vary in lon-tli from six (,. oi,-lit inrhcs. Ihoimli larger 
 ones have been found. Many of them .oeui to havo Imvii us,.,! with the hand, 
 the end opposite the pointed part bcinu oftrii ihirU and massive. f(. farilitate 
 handling: and in some the lower end is nut fMsJiiuned at all. but left in its ,,rigi- 
 nal state, when the form of the tlint preseided a siiitaMe h.indle. Others, whi\;h 
 arc worked thinner .d the |.,w,-r end. p.'rhaps w,-re fistened to ]M>les. and thus 
 actually .served as .speardieads. Arrow -points have not been foiin<l in the drift. 
 ;md hence it appears probable tiiat the di'ift-people were i-iiorant of archery. 
 
 It can hardly be suppo.sed that the types of implements here l.rieflv noticed 
 exhaust the stock of tools (.r weapons used by tli.. early con tern por.-irv of the 
 mammoth, for others. ina<Ie of loss durable mat«-rials. si'iel, as b„n.. aiid horn. 
 may have decayed in the ,i;-ravel-i)eds, leavin- no traces to indicate their former 
 ])resence. None of the hitter kind, a.s far as 1 know, have been discovered in the 
 drift-deposits. 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 Fiu. 1.— Drift-impiemfiit. Saiiit-Atheiii. (350!t.j 
 
T 
 
 4 PKKllISroilIC KISIIINO. 
 
 hnpleinetiiH lined a» Iir-pichu {>]■ — 'I'lnmuli llic wnvajro iiicii who t'oriiuMl tlio 
 siiiiplt' stone iiistriniii'iitH iiikUm' iioli((> (Ifpi-iKk'tl lor siihsistciur on tlic rlinsc .•mil, 
 |irc.Hiinial)lv, on li.sliinu, wc an' in tlic dnrk iis to tlio nictliods cniployoil Ity tlieni 
 ill these pursuits. 'I'in' ipiatcrniiiv linls liavi' vieliU'tl no olijects directly rot'oraMf 
 to tishiiiii ; yet it has been thoiiulit that some of tlie tliiek-lmndh'd pointed flint 
 implements may have lieen used tor makintf lioles in the ice, in order to oateh 
 lisli or ;i((uatic mammals t're(|nentim; tlie jj:reat rivers at that lime, in the 
 iiretic regions, it is known, the natives din holes in the ice, and jtationtly wait for 
 hours at tht; apertures, until the seals, comiuu to the surface to brenthe, can be 
 struck and .secured for food. Amphiiiinus animals, perhaps, ascended the (|uater- 
 nary rivers, and were capturi'd .as stated. ■■ 
 
 I give in Fig. I on pagi> '{ a n-presentatioii of a ilrift-implcment from Saint- 
 Aciieul, near Amiens, which may have served as an ice-pick. The lower part, 
 or handle, as will lie seen, shows the unaltered surface of the chalk-Hint; the 
 worked portion is .somewhat chisel -shapeil. It belongs to the series of European 
 drift-implements exhibited in the United States National Museum. 
 
 m 
 
 CAVES AND ROCK-SIIELTERS. 
 
 Retreats of Man ilnriug the liehiilecr-perioil. — More linite results hearing 
 upon the condition of the early inhabitants of Europe ha^ Ween obtained of hUe 
 years by the careful exploration of caves in England. France. Bi'Igium. (Jerniaiiy, 
 Switzerland, and other European countries. The caves to which 1 slnill refer 
 were resorted to by jjaheolithic nian,t who has left in them such tr.aces of his 
 occupancy as enable us to form a n.ore or less distinct view of his mode of life. 
 Explorations of these early sheltering-places of man. I may state, .are carried 
 on with great energy in Eurojie. and already liave given rise to i. literature of 
 considerable extent. The results, however, present only local tlill'erences. while, 
 on the whole, the conclusions arrived at arc the same, namely, tli.it in times 
 anteceding any historical recorvl or tradition, tribes of sax.age men lived in cer- 
 tain parts of Europe conteniiiorani'ously with various species of animals, which 
 have either iiecome extinct, or ha\e migrated to other piirts of Europe, or even to 
 other continents, However, as it is ni.it my puri)ose to give .an account of cave- 
 researches in Europe, but of prehistoric tishing, my observations will chiefly 
 refer to those caves which have furnished the most abundant material for illus- 
 trating the latter subject. Among them a group situated in the valley of the 
 
 ■•'SiiMvngo (Dr. U. E. i : On Kishiiit; iluriii!; tlie liciiulwr-l't'rind ; Kdiiiiiiie A(|uiti>iuru!; I, |>. 'iiU. Tim editor 
 of this wcirk, I'riil'e^si.r T. I!. .lones, iidds in ii iuili> ; ■' Smne nmylily dri'ssed fliiils t'omul in llie ■|iiiiternury yriivela 
 limy Imve lieeii 'sinkers' and iiiiitiition biiits, siicli iis tlii! Gskiinus use in tlsliing mid uiii,'ling," — It in (iiitstiuniiblo 
 uiieilier the dril'l-Piien were fur enciiiij;li iidviineed Ici ri'scrt In Mieli deviecs. 
 
 t Sdiiie caves in Europe undnuhtedly servi-d as liiiuiaii lialjiiulinn.s in neolithic times. 
 
if 
 
 Ji^ 
 
 ROCK-SlfKLTEns. g 
 
 V<:./m..,m ,.(ll,u.n( of tli. l)onl.,n,„, ,vl,i..|. (lows tl.n.u-Ii a portion of South- 
 wosti-rn h\,uu-i>. knuw,, i„ ai,..i,.nt tinios .....lor ll... „;nuo of A.|uitania, d.ioflv 
 clnun. om attonti.ni. Tl„. valloy of tl... V.'./.'-.v is v.tv rirl, in cavo... whioh 
 <'<Tiir 111 till. |,i,.(„rc.s.,.i< funnatio,,.. „f ..n.tMccM.us liin...stoiio bnrdoriii- on i|,o 
 meand.-nn.' river, and form a pwi.iiar fontmv in its Loantifiil smu>r\' Tlio^o 
 oavos. iMAvcvfr. aiv not at all .lislin.auisJuMl l.y vast proportions, sonio hein-- mere 
 hollows or ••ro.-k.sl,c.|t..rs ••(«/.,/« in Fr<>n.-li), owino. flu-ir ori.i,, to the .nsintc 
 pration ot soft strata wliirl, olVrro.l less rcsistaiwo to atinosphori. influonces than 
 tli(. harder rocks rovcrin- Ihoni. In tinios lo,.- past, rude hunters and iishers 
 used these hollowed roeks as .Iwelling-plaees, leavii.o. tln.re abundant tokens of 
 their oecnpaney. whieh atVord the means of jndoin- of their con.litions of 
 existeiiee. 
 
 The he'itdvnown of those cav<.s and shelters-situated on both sides of tho 
 Vezere at short .listanees from eaeh other, an.l all embraced in the Department 
 ot tlu. Oordogne-are U Mo»sfia; La MaMnine. Lnnqerle ll„„te, La,u,erie 
 Basse (inrriTEnfrr. Los K:;zies, mA (h'o-Mmjnun. They wcn-e conjointly oxph. red 
 by M. Edouard F.artet, a distinouished French paheontologist, and Mr Henry 
 rimsty. an l<]nglish nentlenian of w.-alth and givat scientith- acrp.irements 
 Iheir efVorts resulted in the publication of the '• Ueli.p.ia. A.piitanicje,- a com- 
 prehensive and richly-illnstrated work, which, notwithsfinding its f.atiii title is 
 written in the Eiiulish laiignajie.'' 
 
 fn prehistoric times the almvo-nanied localities, ur •• stations," as tliev have 
 been .-ailed, undoubtedly were inhabited by man for a lengthened period, Ilurin- 
 which tlu- numeri.-al i.roportio,, of son... ,.f the then .-xisting species of animals 
 seems to have u.,.l..ro,.ne .-hanges, while in the same ..[.och a .leci.led progress is 
 traceable in the mechanical ac.iuiremeiits .,f man. S.. much niav be inferred 
 from the animal ivmaiiis and works of art foiiii.l in the ditleivnt caves of the 
 Ve/ere.t Gen..rally sp.-aking. the refuse left by the cav.-men. or Iroqloibites. in 
 tlle•cav.^s un.ler noti.'e consists of b..nes (many of them broken for extracting 
 the marrow), pebbles, ami articles of Hint, horn, an.l bone, intermingled with 
 chara.al in fragments and dust: the whole often being cemented t.,gether, and 
 forming a kind of tufa. Tlie.se accumulations s.imetimes extend to"-! depth of 
 
 * Reliq„i» Aqui.»nic.x. ,• bei,,, Cntnbutions to tho Arch.olo.y ,u,.l P.>h«o„tc;ogy of P.-.rigo„l ,uul the adjoin- 
 ns 1 ■ovuu.os of bo,„h,.rn iTunc.,.. «y Kdo„ard Lur.et ,„ul n,.nry Chrhty. Kditod bv Thoma. ItunoK .1 „c, 
 18li5-(.'j. London, 1875. ' 
 
 tSir Churlo, Lycll remarks, conccr„i„K the uneqnal representation ufaninial remains in theeave., as follow, • 
 
 . M. Larlet has founded a ehissi.ieation upon tl,e prevalence of eer.ain »„i„,aU in the debris ; ,l,e n,a>«,„oth 
 
 and eave.bearcharaeteri.in!; the earlier, and the reindeer ll„. later deposits. Jiut as the .ame speeies oeenr Hu-ouHi- 
 
 out, and as most of the ren.ains were bronght there by man, the abnndanee of any particular anin.al n>ay not 
 
 indieate the prevalence of that speeies at the tin.e, but only the sueeess of the lumters, or the sojourn of n.i.ratorv 
 
 ammals in the nei.^hborhood.' -r/,- G.„l.,U-al KMn.c.. of the Aniijuiiy of Man; London and P .del ', 
 
 loci ; p. loo. 
 
"^i^^i'^i^ii'iiimmmmmmiKm 
 
 6 
 
 t'liioirisToiirc; kisiiint;. 
 
 eight or ton foot. .„,! ;, length of sixty or sovonty feel. The eavo-pooplc of the 
 \ c/ere d.stnc-t wore- more advanced and lived at a later period than the num 
 whose implements are fonnd in the drift-heds ot the Sommo and of other rivers 
 Iheso oonelnsions have heon drawn from the fauna of the caves and from the 
 greater skill displayed by th.M-ave-dwellers in the man ufactm-e of their imple- 
 ments ol war and peac.^ At the tim.^ when these eaves served as tlie abodes of 
 huntmg-tnbes, the mammoth, cave-hyena, cave-lion, cave-bear, gigantic Irish 
 •Kvr, and others, had not yet becom.- c-xtinct, but liad apparently rnudi decreased 
 III number, while the reindeer, now inhabiting tli.. northermnost portions of 
 i^uroi)c, was prevailing.— for whi.h reason this epoch has been stvled theK..in(l..er- 
 period by arclueologists. Togvth.-r with the ivindec-r, as common in the time <.f 
 Its lU'eponderance. must l,e mentioned llu- horse, aurochs, il,e.\-. and chamois 
 tiie last two of which have now left tli.^ lowlands and souo-hi refu-e in the more 
 congenial temperature of Alpine h.Mgl.ts. The Anfi/opc sair,a, aii animal which 
 now inhabits portions of Russia and Asia, belonged at that time to the fauna of 
 Euroi)e, as shown by a number of its bones found by ^,l. Lartet and otln-rs. Re- 
 mains of the mammotl, and of llu other (-xtinct (pia<lrupe<ls i)reviouslv mentioned 
 ■■ifo of \ery rare occurrenc(> in these caves, insomuch that it would appear doubt- 
 ful whether the cave-men ro-existed with them, if their r.'presenfations. traced 
 "'I linrn and bone, or carve.l from such substances, had not been found in s.mie 
 ol the caves. The character of the cave-fauna indicates ;i still rigid climate. 
 
 Tlie animals most lVe(pu'ntly hunt.'d by the troglodytes, ami furnishing their 
 pnnripal food, were the reindeer and the horse ; the tirsi-named .pmdruped^being 
 "1 .-id.litional valueto them on account of ils antlers, which they worked very 
 skillfully into implements of various ,leseriptions. It appears," however, that 
 Ihey fed on every kind of anim.-d they could obtain by force or cunning, not 
 .-\<-epting carnivores, sncli as wolves and foxes. Remains of the stag are said to 
 I'o rare, and still rarer thos,> of the wil.l boar. At some stations bo'Jies of birds 
 and lishesoc.-ur abundantly. Further on I shall speak more in detail concerning 
 the l;,tter remains. It (U.es not app,>ar thai lhes<> people kept any domesticated 
 animais; neither the reindeer nor the liorse seems to have been tamed by them. 
 They had no sheep, goals, or cattle, and liiere were no dogs to prot(>ct tlie cave- 
 HHMi's ru.h> dwellings or to share with them the excitement of the cimse. 
 
 The reindeer-hunters of the |),,rdogn<' displ;,ye.l, as has l,een stated, much 
 more skill in the manufacture of impbMiienIs than the peoph- whose relics are 
 found in the river-gravels ,ind in the cave-deposits of earlier .late. Flint con- 
 •'iiiK'.I to !.<> the kind of stone almost ex<-lusively used by them; but the articles 
 made of this material .show a great variety of forms, and sometimes a tinish 
 which almost assimilates them to the n:anufactures of tiie later or no.dithic phase 
 of the stone age. Yet, the peo])le of the Wwre A^alley were still ignorant of the 
 art of grinding and polishing stone implements, noarticl.> thus improved having 
 
 
 Jftk^ 
 
v^ 
 
 Jtk^ 
 
 rmo iiK[.\i)[;r;i{-i'i'Rioi). 7 
 
 been discovorod in tlie cavc-deiKwits. cxwptiii.n- siiiall liouldcr.s with a shall.tw 
 ciip-shapod cavity ground in on one side, wliicli wore found at sovoral s<tations. 
 They may have served as paint-niortavs or for bruising vegetable substances. 
 The accumulations in the caves contain "innumerable chips and countless thou- 
 sands of blades of flint, varying in si/e from lancedicads. long enough aiul stout 
 enough to have been used again'^t the largest animals, down to lancets not larger 
 than the blade of a pen-'-iife, and piercing-instruments of the size of the smallest 
 bodkin."* Quite numerous are the so-called nuclei, or cores, that is, blocks of 
 flint fi-om which flakes have been detached, to be afterward preparetl for definite 
 uses, SUCH as cutting, sawing, etc. Well-made spear-heads of flint have been 
 found, and also objects resembling arrow-heads in size and shaiie. Flint scrapers, 
 like those still ur-d by the Eskimos for cleaning hides, have occurred in great 
 number at difl'erent stations, as, for instance, at Cro-Magnon. Tlie flint imple- 
 ments of Le Moustier omewhafc approach the drift-types, and are generally of a 
 ruder character than flie chipped articles found at the other stations, which fact, 
 in connection with -.-arious other circumstances, renders it almost certain that this 
 cave was inhabited by man at a much earlier epoch than any other of the group 
 under notice. The contents of the caves, I may state in this place, exhibit no 
 uniformity in the products of human industry, having been inhabited by the 
 hunters for a vci'y long p<>riod, during which they improved perceptibly in the 
 niechanical arts. 1 must refrain, however, from entering upon a detailed descrip- 
 tion of each cave or .-^belter, as it appears sutficicnf for my i>urpose to present a 
 g(>neral view of ti-oglodytic life in the valley of the ^\''/ere. 
 
 The implements of horn and bone, which evince still more skill and patient 
 labor than the flint tools just briefly noticed, were likewise manufactured in tlu! 
 caves, many unfinished articles of this cla.s's having been discovered in the rub- 
 bish. Among such relics I will mention chisels, awls, needles with diminutive 
 holes, round and tapering lance-heads (with l)eveled lower ends for insertion into 
 wooden sliafts). harpoon-shaped darts, large and smallt spoon-like instruments 
 (supposed to have served for extracting m.arrow tVom boiu's), whistles, and 
 \-arious other objects, the us(> of which is not always quite evid(>nt. These tools 
 and weapons are mostly cut from reindeer-horn, a mat(>rial of o-reat hardness, 
 .■iiid therefu-e well (itted f(U' the purposes to which it was applied. Generally 
 speaking. articl(>s .,f reindeer-antler are most aliundant in the <-aves supposed to 
 liave been the later retreats of the ancient hunters (.f the ^•e/^re N'alley. 
 
 There are indications that the cave-dwellers were not insensil)le to the charms 
 of personal decoration. They probably i)ainted themselves, in the fashion of still 
 existing savage tribes, with red color, which they scraped ofl' fr.mi pieces of soft 
 
 * r.nili'l nil. I Chri'ily.- I!,'li,|ui;i' .\quiliuiic!0 ; I. p. '_'!. 
 tTii lip I'diwidc'i'i'd hiTi'ul'liT. 
 
mmmmm 
 
 [ 
 
 8 
 
 PnEHISTORIC FISHIiVG. 
 
 red hemfttito. Siu-li pieces, with the m.u-ks of sci-apiug, have been found in the 
 caves. They also employed, for ornamental puvpose.i, shells, which they pierced 
 with holes, in order to string t],em togvtiior. In the cave of Cro-Magnon* were 
 found about three hundred pierced shells (mostly Littorina litforea), all belong- 
 ing to still existing marine species, and prol)ubly obtained from the shores of the 
 Atlantic Dcean. At other stations pierced fossil marine shells, doubtless derived 
 froni the Faluns or shell-marls of T(.nr,iine. have occurred. They further wore 
 small o\al plates of ivory, pierced for suspension, and, perhaps, as trophies of 
 the chase or as amulets, perforated teeth of the wolf, urus, ibex, reindeer, horse, 
 and other animals. 
 
 Strange as it appears, these jieople evinced, notwitiistanding their otherwise 
 low condition, a decided taste for drawing, and even for carving. Their delinea- 
 tions, traced with a pointed Hint on honi. bone, ivory, or slate, consist occasion- 
 ally of geometrical figures composed of i)arallel lines, rows of dots, lozenges, etc., 
 but mostly of outlines of tishes or of ([uadrupcds, such as the horse, reindeer,' 
 stag, ibex, au.ochs, mammoth, and others. These animals appear either singly 
 or in groups, and often exhibit llu'ir diai-acteristic features in a degree to render 
 them recognizable almost at the first glance. Sometimes, however, the drawings 
 resemble the lirst attemi)ts of children at delineating animals. Such represen- 
 tations have chierty been found at the stations of Les Eyzies, Laugerie Basse, 
 and La Madelaine. Of special interest are those (.f the mammoth, of which 
 several have lieen discovered, engraved as well as carved, and showing the 
 characteristics of the extinct proboscidian so faithfully, that no one could have 
 executed them who luul not seen the living original. 
 
 The figures of animals are often fr.iced on the stems or beams of reindeer- 
 antlers, which are in such cases carefully workctl, and pierce<l at the broader 
 extremity with round holes, varying in number from one to four. These remark- 
 able objects cannot ha\e served as weapons, l)eing too light for such an applica- 
 tion ; yet their fre(|uent occurr(Mice and uniformity of type show that they pos- 
 sessed a conventional signilicance. and therefore have been regarded as badges 
 of authority or distinctioM worn by the chiefs or promiiu-nt men of the tribe, like 
 the batons which in our day indicate the dignity of a marshal. The number of 
 lioles in these decorated reindeer-horns is tli.>uglit by some to have been propor- 
 tionate to the iiosifion oceujiied by the wearer. Supposing this interpretation to 
 lie correct, it would follow that the troghtdytes .■ilready were sufficiently numerous 
 to form a society in which the distinctions of rank were recognized 
 
 BefVu-e concluding this short general account of the troglodytes who once 
 
 * This civo, .lispnvurwl i» 1808 in tho cMirs,. of niiln.ii.MalK.i-.s, wa^ to jndi;o fr,>m tlic .liflorcnt I.ivlm-s, llrsl 
 nioi-ely .•.■sorted U> ,a dU\W,;a tinii's l.y luii.lnr.s l.ut iirtcrwiitd i.?cd iis ii li,,l,itati..n, until lli<. iicT.Mniilnted riil.hisli 
 grmUn.lly lai,-, d the fl,.,,,- so „s l„ lonvo l.ut litth^ room iM'twoon it ,ind the ruuf. The i-nvo was then abandoned by 
 the living, but 8till served them us a burial-iilace for their dead. Tho remains of live individinils were found in it. 
 
 
 A 
 
THJ'; RKINDKER-PERIOD. 
 
 9 
 
 ^■» 
 
 
 dwelled in the valley u\' the Vezore, it may not be out of place to review their 
 condition of existence in a few words, in order to show in what respects they 
 differed IVom later and more advanced men of the Eiiroj)ean stone age, to whom 
 reference will be made hereafter: — 
 
 They subsisted by hunting and tisliing. adding, as may be assumed, to their 
 animal food such fruits as were spontaneously offered l)y nature. They had made 
 no stci)s toward an agricultural state, and domesticated animals probably wore 
 entirely wanting. As dwellings they used caves, overhanging rocks, and "doubt- 
 less rude huts constructed of boughs, skins, or other materials. Their tools i^nd 
 wca])ons were mad(\ sometimes very skillfully, of stone, horn, and bone. Thev 
 employed only c/iijiped stone implements, and were unacquainted with the art of 
 niakiug vessels of clay. Their dress consisted of skins sewed together with 
 sinews. An artistic tendency, whieh manifests itself in primitive attempts at 
 diMwing and carving, must be regarded as a feature distinguishing them from the 
 populr. ions of the later stone age. 
 
 As may be imagined, the stations of the reindeer-period, in France, are not 
 confined to the valley of the Ve/ere, many others having been discovered in 
 different jwrts of that country, ami in Europe generally. But I know of a ic^x 
 only, in addition, which have yielded relics perhaps designed for fishing-purposes, 
 and these are the " Kesslerlurh." near Thnyngen. in the Canton of Schaffhauseu! 
 Switzerland, and Kent's CMvern, near Torquay. Devonshire. England. The .Swiss 
 cave containcHl a largo number of animal remains, among them those of the rein- 
 deer and alpine hare in greatest abundance, implements of flint, harpoon-heads 
 and other ol,j,rts of bone and horn, and even engraved designs of animals. 
 
 Kent's ('Mvern ajipears to have been resorted to by man at an earlier period 
 than any of the French caves previously mentioned; for there were found in it 
 abundantly not only the remains of the horse and reindeer, but also those of the 
 cave-hon. cav.«-hyeiia. and cave-bear; and while bones of the mammoth are not 
 very common, remains of the woolly rhinoceros have occurred .piite frequentiv '^^ 
 The flint implements of Kent's Cavern are not unlike tliose from the caves' of 
 the W./cT.' A'nlh.y. ()„l_v a few ol.jects of horn and bone have c-ome to Hahi, 
 three of tlnMu i)eing harpoon-heads. ' ' 
 
 As far as 1 know, .nily (Mie rei)resentation of an animal has been discovered 
 m an English ••av.-. n,-nnely. the delineation of ;i Imrse (head and fore-quarters) 
 on a smoothed fragment of a rih. This specimen of ancient art was met with in 
 the Hobin-llood Cave, ;it Cresswell Crags. Xortheastern Derbyshire. 
 
 The(|uestion to what rnce or races the men of the paheolithic epoch belono-ed 
 is yet und(>cid.-.l. Conip.iratively (o^v humnn remains referable to quaternary 
 times have been discovered, and the skulls which were in a condition to permit 
 examination, exhibit both the brachycephalous and dolichocephalous types. The 
 attempts to identity Uiese men with historically known or still existing popula- 
 
 * Teeth of the ,.„t,„..to„tl,P,l li..o,. fMa.>,a!rn,l„.~, MUl.nA. H.-'. Mnfiro,! in t!,o Urfun-^^^^], 
 
 2k 
 
 Iso found. 
 
10 
 
 IMiRiriSTOHir FISIIIXG. 
 
 tions, suol. as Lapps and Finns, axv, for the present, merely speculative in char- 
 acter. Their surronndin.o-.s compelled tl.em to live mudi in the manner of the 
 Eskim<.s, but this is no proof that they were Eskimos, as some arc inclined to 
 l.elune/-^ At any rate they are regarded as men diilering in race from those 
 ."•(•ui.ying Europe in • ae later (,r neolithic ])eriod, to which reference will bo 
 niade in tlie sequel. 
 
 [ now pass over to a consideration of the piscatorial pursuits carried on by 
 th.' (^•l^•o-men of the Vezere and of other districts, treating Hrst of the fisli- 
 remains discovered in tho -.-.-js, then of the implements supposed to have been 
 employed by the troglodytes for obtaining fish, and lastly of the engraved delin- 
 eations of fishes and aquatic mammals rescued from the cave-rubbish. 
 
 Jus//-tr,naiiis.—ThG\ have occurred abundantly at La Madelainc, in the 
 cave of Les Eyzies, and particularly in the rock-shelter of Bruniquel, situated 
 on the left bank of tlie river Aveyron, in the Department of 'rarn-et-Garonne, 
 and not tar from "^rontauban. In some caves of the Vezere V^alloy (Lo JNEoiistier' 
 Gorge d'Eiifer, ('r)-Magiion), which ;in' supposed to have l)een inhabited at an' 
 early time, wlieii tlie rcin<leor was less numerous than it became afterward, no 
 iish-bones. and hardly any binl-rcmains, have been found, and tiiese are Just the 
 stations in whidi Ijarbed darts nf ivindeer-horn were absent. " There was not, 
 therefore," says M. Edouard Lartet, - in the mode of living an absolute conform- 
 ity between th(> people of tliesc two periods, though inhabiting (he same country, 
 and ill the neiglilwrhood of the riv(n-, rich probably with lisli then as now. Coul'd 
 it be that the more ancient peopl(< liad no good fisliing-impleinents ? Or, per- 
 haps, were tliey in the habit of eating their fish raw on the banks of the river, 
 whilst their descendants, or successors of a different race, preferred to take their 
 fish to the caves and shelters where they cooked their other articles of food ? 
 Indeed, some modern travelers tell us of existing savages living near the sea and 
 yet ignorant of the means of obtaining fish therefrom as an article of food."t 
 
 Dr. Paul Broca. in speaking of tlie earlier retreats in the Vezere Vallov, 
 expresses himself quite positively on that point. •• .\[an," ho says, " hunted then 
 the smaller animals as well as large game, but had not yet learned how to reach 
 the fish. "I It does not appear at all probalde to me that the more ancient cave- 
 dwellers should ha\e neglected the practice of obtaining fish in some wav. The 
 absence of Iish-bones in certain caves may be owing to causes whicih escape our 
 lierception at this time. 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 
 ■Till' I'>liiiiio< ;ii'u ilcfiilc.'dl.v dcilic'li(H'0|iliul(Hi-. 
 ■I- r.iirti't lEiloimrd): ItmiiiiHis nn tlio Kaiiim foiiml in tlir- Cmvo of Cm Matfrinn ; Hcliqiii^o AfiuitimiL'aj ; I, 
 
 |Rror„: Tim Troglcilytcs or C.ivp-Dwc1I,m-s of tlio, Viillcy of tlin Vozr.rc ; SniiUi.^oniim lloport for 1H72; 
 p. n-J;!. [Trnnsliition of „„ iuMm's-s lUilivfica liofore Uio Knmcli Assnoiiill.m fov (ho Advaiu'omont of SoiunopJ, 
 
rrsii-iuoMAixs. 
 
 VB> 
 
 •'!» 
 
 The ruinains of the salmon have been found abundantly in the bi 
 nuinbor of caves in the Dordogno district and in nei.i,dibor 
 Suiitli of France, and licnco it may 1 
 largely for food among the ])oople of the rciiidcer-agc. Yet 
 
 11 
 
 eccia (if a 
 
 ing regions in th(i 
 )e concluded thnt this species of fish served 
 
 among the numerous 
 auvage, not a 
 
 salmon-i-ein;iins. wliich wore carefully exfimined by Dr. H. E. S. 
 single entire skeK'ton lias l)een discovered. He has seen only iiortions of the 
 vertebral column, as if nothing but the edible part of the fish had been brought 
 to the caves. Had the salinon-lieads 1)een there, they would have been as well 
 preserved as those of th(> small cyprinoids which are found in the same deposits. 
 He refers to some species of salm<ui common in the Northwest of Americ^a, as 
 Salmo qnlnnat, Richardson, Salmo Qairdneri, Richard.son, Salmo paucidens, Rich- 
 nrdson, 8ahm h/cantlnti. Pallas, and Salmo proteiis, Pallas, nnd then continues:— 
 
 '' Unfortunately we have no materials for the study and comparison of the 
 osteology of these ditTerent salmons; hence it is impossible for us to refer any of 
 the salm.m-lu.nes foiin<l in the reindeer-caves to one rather than another of 
 these speiiies. Iiuleed. we have been unable to recognize any differencje betwe(^n 
 the salmon vertebra" from the caves an< I lho.se of the living Salmo salar, Linne, 
 although we have taken care to compare vertebra) from the same region and of 
 the sanu> size, derived from individuals presumably of the same age. 
 
 •• \Vv know that th(> smIuiou has ,i very wide geographical distribution, 
 the same sp^-cies being met with in Scaiulinavia. Puissia. (Jermany. France, 
 (i;ilicia. F.rilain, L^eland, and in North America, according to Mitcliill. Storer, 
 Riclnirdson. DeKay, (iiinther. and other naturalists ; the sahnou re:icliing verv 
 high latitudes. " . 
 
 "'riie mammalian fMunn of the reindeer-age is th.at of the boreal regions of 
 to-day; the birds killed by the cave-dwellers of Perigord- are the birds^of this 
 region: the shells tlmy used tor ornament, obtained from the shores of the 
 Atlantic and .Mediterraiu-.m, are such as live tiiere still. Ft is theref.uv hiahlv 
 prob.-ible, not to say certain, that the existing .Sff/mo mhir was tiie eonunon snhnon 
 of tli(- |)oi'(|(igii(>, affording food to the cave-dwellers of the Vezere."f 
 
 It is worthy of notice that ni the present time the salmon does not com(> up 
 as^ liigh as the Vezere, nor ,>veii to that part of the Dordogne, into which the 
 Vezere ei.ipti(^s. -A U-w |.>agues lielow the conHuence of the two streams, not tar 
 ;Vor' r.;.: iide," s;. , : Dr. Mroca, •• tluMv exists in the bed of the Dordogne a bank 
 of rocks, which in liigli water forms a rapid and at low water a regular cascade, 
 called the Sunt dc la (iirttiissf. This is the present limit of the snln^on, and as, in 
 the days of the troglodytes, they did not stop here, we must conclude that the level 
 of the Dordogne since then has lowered, either by the wearing down of the bed 
 
 * An M division of Fnuuv, whiel. now f..rm.s the Dopi.rtmont of Dordoiinc nnil n pan of that of (iirondo. 
 t Siiiivnijo: On l'i<liiiiu- (liu-ini; llir l!.iii,l,.,.r-|'rHo.; ; l!rli,|niM' .\.|nilanicM.; 1, p. 2L'I. 
 
T 
 
 12 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 of tho rivor, wliicli uncovered the rocks, or by loss of a portion of the waters/* 
 Anotlior fish of the s.ihnon tribe, a trout, doubtless the common trout (Salmo 
 fftrio or Trutta fario), was also caught by the cave-men, but it docs not seem to 
 have been extensively used as an article )f food. Remains of the pike {Eso.r 
 hiciii^) are not wanting- in the Dordogno c.ives ; but they are loss abundant than 
 those of the salmon. The pike, says Dr. Sauvage, is common throughout Europe, 
 from Scandinavia to Turkey, Northern Asia and North America, and attains a 
 large development in cold countries. 
 
 Together with the species just mentioned, some other tishes were taken by 
 the troglodytes of the Vezere district. Dr. Sauvage found in tneir hearth-stuffs 
 the remains of the white bream {Abmmis blicca), now common in Holland, Eng- 
 land, Franco, and (fermany ; also bones of the bream or carp-bream {Ahramh 
 hmma), of the dace {SqualiKs leitcincus), and of the chub {Sqiialiiis cephahis), all 
 of which are now distributed from the North of Europe to the Pyrenees, and 
 belong to the cyprinoid or carp family. 
 
 " To resume, the salmon appears to have been of great importance as food 
 with the cave-dwellers of Perigord. and it is probable that they migrated in 
 search of this fish: whilst in their every-day tishing they caught trout, pike, 
 bream, white broani. daco. and cliul).'"-|- 
 
 Fishing and Fishing -implements. — It seems to be a prevailing opinion that 
 nvAW was i, lish-hunter before he l)ecamo a tish-catcher, or. in other words, that 
 the spearing and shooting of tish preceded the methods of capturing them by 
 means of line's and nets. However that may be. there have i)een found in the 
 ca\o-debris of Southern France bone implements which are identical in shape 
 with a class still used for catching tishes and birds. I allude to small bone rods 
 tailoring toward both ends, and sometimes grooved around the middle, to facili- 
 tate the fastening of a line. Such a primitive fishing-utensil — it hardly can be 
 called a lish-hook — is properly baited, and when swallowed by a fish or bird, 
 cannot be disgorged, and the creature falls a prey to man. 
 
 These pointed rods are employed in tishing on the Northwest Coast of 
 America, as, for instance, by the Makah Indians, who inhabit the region about 
 Cape Flattery, in Washington Territoiy. •' For very small fish, like perch or 
 rock-fish," says !^[r. James G. Swan. " they simply fasten a small piece of bone 
 to a line of sinews. The bone is made as .sharp as a needle at both ends, and is 
 tied in the middle. "J 
 
 I give in Fig. 2 the representation of one of a sei'ies of double-pointed and 
 
 *Hrocii: Tho Tr.)^'loaytes ; p. 328. 
 
 tSiuiviino: On Kisliiii^ (Uirini; thn Him lulcer- Period ; Ki'liiiiiiio A(|uitnnioin; I, p. 22''), el passim. 
 
 JSwaii: Tlip Indiiins of Ciipc Kliittnry, hI the Kritniiioo to tho Striiit of Fiicii. Wiuhiiigton Torritory ; No. 
 22(1. if SMiilh^opiiiiii CoiitrilMitioiis to Kiiowli'di;e ; Wiifhinijtoii, 18C9; p. 41. 
 
 
 It 
 
4b 
 
 DOiruJ.E-POlNTKI) HONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 13 
 
 grooved bono iniplenionts in the United States National Mu.sonin, obtained from 
 Eslviinos of Norton Sound, in Alasiia, by Mr. E. W. Nelson, wli., went t(. tl.at 
 region in 1877, and reumined there about four years, engaged in investigations 
 
 *«' 
 
 Fio. 2.-Doi.ble-poiute(l boue implement used iu eatching birds. Eskimos, Nortou Souud, Alaslia 
 
 (48571;. 
 
 in the interest of the United States Signal Offlee and the National xMuscuni. 
 These pointed rods, Mr. Nelson informs n.e, are used bv the natives for catehin- 
 sea-gulls and murres. which they cat. using also the skins of the latter as a 
 material f.,r c.jats. A cord made of braided grass, and from fifteen to eighteen 
 inches long, is looped to the grooxe of tiiese pointed bones, and fastened laterally 
 with the other end to a trawl-line kept extended by anchored buovs.^Mhe bono 
 being baited with a small fish, into which it is inserted lengthwise." Tlic trawl- 
 lines, with the short baited cords attached to them at intervals, are set near the 
 breeding-places of those birds. 
 
 «» 
 
 'J 
 
 Wti 
 
 I 
 
 
 Fl<i. 3. 
 
 A 
 
 Hi 
 
 i^ll 
 
 1-l.i. . 
 
 All -}• 
 
 Pju, ». 
 
 Fiua. 0-8.— Doiil)le-]K>iiiLe(l Ijoue imiilcmouts. Ijii Madelaiue. 
 
 Similar bono rods, as stated, have occurred in French caves inhaliilcd durin.. 
 tiie reindeer-period. Figs. 3 to Sj" represent a number of such point.xl implements 
 
 ■»T1.0 bu,,vs arc .ith..,- worked blocks „f w„od „r inllutcd bbuldw^ „f sc-aln, walruses, ete.. and the anchors 
 ordmiiry stones of siiitahle si/.e. The stone is ntluclied to the buoy by a raw-bide line. 
 tReliciiiiiuAiiuitanieie; Figs. 10-15 OH B Plate VI. 
 
14 
 
 I'liimiSTOIUO I'ISlllNO. 
 
 of chftc-on sixos. nil found .t the st.-.(io„ of U M.-ulel.ino. wlii.-I,. I.owovcm- is 
 not the. only one n. .Southorn Fnnco that has f,„,,isluHl such ohjcrts. Two of 
 hos. here hgurcHl show notchings, ,nul ll.o.e is at least sonu, ,,n,hal,ili(v (hat 
 tlicy served in the inaimer before described. 
 
 M. LnHot lK.w.-ver gives it as Mr. Christy's opinion "that thev n.av havv 
 
 lu.ned part ,.t h.sh-hooks, having been tied In other bones or stiek.; oblim.elv • 
 
 a.ul, indeed, m the specimen l^ig. !:> (l.e.e Fig. 5) there are notehes made;,! 
 
 trvas a, ,.. the .stem and one of its ends is flattened on one side, , so a. to 
 
 . lo. o Its being laid against another piece and tied seeureh- on.-^- [n order (o 
 
 '^::TT: :'• ';• '^T ^^--t wlmt ,. cans a-..,ishing-impi.: 
 tion ^ootka Sound, • yet without indicating for what .special pun.ose and in 
 what manner it was used. •• 8ueh thin tapering pieces of' wood or lin. tied 
 
 jvecuiv y, .,t a certain angle, on the thicker part, and within tlu- curve of a stick 
 bent like a .shepherd s crook. .Sometimes the spikes are sharp at i,oth ends but 
 more otten they are blunt at the outer eiul.'^t ' 
 
 The imi^ement figured by him is a f^aliMoo^; identical in sha.-c with one 
 epresented by Mr. Swan m his work on the Makah Indians of Cape Flatterv 
 
 luilibut-hooks being generally from tive to ten inches long § 
 
 '"Hie lialibut-hook,-' he says, '-is a peculiarly-shapJd instrument, and is 
 ■"■•Hie of splints tron. hemlock-knots bent in a form soniewliat resemblin... an 
 nx-bow Jhese knots remain perfectly sound long after the body of the liJlns 
 <h-c,-,yed and are exceedingly tough. They are selected in preference to those of 
 •spruce, because there is no pitch in them to oifend the lish, wliich will not bite 
 ■•It a hook that smells of resin. The knots are first split into small (slender V) 
 pieces, whidi, atter being shaped Mith a knife, are inserted into a hollow piece of 
 the stem ot the kelp and roasted or steamed in the hot ashes until they arc 
 pliable ; they arc then bent into the re.,uired form, and fed until thev are cold 
 when hey i-eta.n tin. shape given them. A barb nnule of a piece of bone is 
 iHMHly lashed on to the lower si.le of the hook with slips of spruce .-ul thin like 
 a ribbon or with strips of bark of the wild cherry. The upper am, of (he hook 
 IS s .ght y curved outward, and wound round with bark, to ke.-p it trom splittin.- 
 A thread made of whale-sinews is usually fastened to (he hook for the purnor,; 
 Hi tying on the bait, and another of the same material, looselv twisted, serves to 
 asten the hook to the kelp line. As the halibufs mouth is'vertical, instead of 
 ^':^'''''^±^^'^;;^^^^'^^^_M^, it readily takes the hook, the upper 
 
 ,u,.|y ..V thc,r n„dJle to ,ho bovel...a end of h .In.f,, n..,v „,., „av„ ...,..,.1 fo. UnU „oi,„ and b.rb ' 1 
 M.ch aMl,e Australmns ,„ake out of „ ,...n, .tick and a kangaroo. ,i,„„a .,,.,,,,.,.1 at 1,'„1, ,.,.,...■ ' 
 
 T il)iil. ; J I, 1). ,')], 
 .tibid. ; U. p. iV,. 
 «Scl,o„l..,aA ligu,.. o„ l-lato ,, of Vol. 11. of ,,i, ,a.ge work a M.nilar book ,Vo,n On.gon, but .ives no 
 
 ^'w 
 
 JL 
 
 
i)omiM';-i'oiNTi;i) konh imimjcmknts. 
 
 *♦ 
 
 »» 
 
 >4| 
 
 Itnrtioii of whirli pnssos oiitsido mid ovor tliu cuniov of tl 
 
 10 UlOUtll, JlIK 
 
 •"ort of .sju-iiii-- to fjistoii the barl» into tlio li.sli's Jiiw. The Tiul 
 
 I net 
 
 S MS 
 
 iiui.s prefer this 
 
 kind of liook for hfilihul iishiiig, although they can readily procure metal ones 
 
 from the white traders. 
 
 "The lines used in the halil.uf-tishiiig- are usually niade of the stems of the 
 gigantic kelp. A line altached to one of the arms of tlie halil)ut-liook holds 
 it in a vertical position, as shown in Fig. 9. The bait used is the cuttlelish or 
 
 I'Ki. 9.— Hiilibut-liodk. Jliikiili Imliiiii.s Capo Flattery. 
 
 squid {Octopii>i fidwrnthfns), whh'h is plentiful and is taken by the natives by 
 means of barbed sticks, whirli they thrust under the rocks at low watei-. to 
 draw the animal out and kill it by translixin-' it with the stick. A porti.Mi 
 of the scpiid is tirmly atta.'hed to the hook, whicii is smdc by means of a st„ne 
 to the bott-.m. the sinker keej.inii the hook nearly in a stationary position. To 
 the ui)])er portion of tli(> li)ie it is usual \n attach liladders. which serve as 
 buoys, and several are set at one lime. A\'iicn th(> tish is hooked, it pulls the 
 bhuid<T. but cannot draw it under water. Tlie Indian, s.ring Uw sionai. i)ad(lles 
 out: hauls up the line: knocks the llsh un ili,. inwid with a club ; r<-adjiists his 
 bait: casts it .,\erboard: and jmurcds to the ne.\l bladder he si-cs -ixii,;;- i,,k,.,i 
 of a lish. Wlicn a niimlier of Indians are together in a lar-v ranu... and tli,. 
 tish bite readily, it is usual to lish from the canoe without usin-' the biiov."- 
 
 Imo. 10.— (.'(HJIWi-liudk. Miikali Indians, C»\h' Flmlm-. 
 
 Fig. 10, als„ one of Mr. Swan's illi.straliuns. sh.nvs (he form nf .a ,Makah 
 '■'""""'■' ><• ^vl'--'MlH.ngl, mn.-h siu.pler than th.. iialibut-hook. is sonunvhat 
 
 -KvMui; Tlw Iniliiuis..,- Ciij.o KiMlt.T.v; i.)., 1 1 ii.ul i;:l, ~ " 
 
16 
 
 i'i{i:iiisT(inic I'isiriNo. 
 
 tllo »usBM,i„„ ,|,„t ,„„!, „ ,„„.„ 1^ ; " 'I' • l'>' ™fo (.. g.. boyoiul 
 
 ;l«ism,l for o,l,„,. „,,,,u«li; ,.. He ; f, ii ," """■ "'""■'■ "">' '"•' 
 
 «..,«;';r: : : ■^";i;;.'t:':L:::;'V"'»';'^™ ;■■ »"*-^"^' «.o «..-.-.or ,„• 
 
 Ho ,„v,:_ " ''"■'" """"' '" '1"^^ '■"■<-■» ..r S„„ll,o,„ FrancT. 
 
 '-' "ill, ,„■ ,. „„,,. ,„„,„ tr " ' » """■ ir' """"'""'•^- ""'•"■» -'■■■ 
 
 -Kl .oil shaped, arc ,!^h ! ^" eu r" ""'''^7'"^; •-•i--lilu- in cha.^ete.- 
 stubbonM.e«sof theuudenal n h i:^^^ -tun,..,... ... eo...ide..ati,... ..f H,o 
 
 '''^'^Firlnty:;;-';--^ 
 i.-s.:^;.eL:"i;:;;;::;;;'r::t:;;:r:,"^^"*'-^^^ 
 
 *Sw«„ : The [„di..,,, „f Capo Flattery J ,,. .1.. ~ ~ . 
 
 t 'I'lio (loinleil pieces of bono 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 I'M 
 
llAUl'()()N-lli;.\l»H. 
 
 17 
 
 |.rovi(l(>(l with incisions „v jjimmivcs, sii|.|.nsc(l l.y smmio U> Iimvo hitvimI for tlio 
 n.-wptioii (.f poison. ,in opinion wliidi I inmlly <';in sjnirc. in <-onsi(kTiition of tlu- 
 fact tliat tli(! arrow-sliafts of many Iii.lian tribi'.s. hiicIi ns tli(> .Sioiix, Clioyenno.«i, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Kiu, I l.-l.a Ma.l.hiiiiu. I',,;. lj.-I)iu.,i>iMul. Kiu. l:;.-l,a M,„l..hiiiie. I'lu. M.-I,„ ,M,„|.|i,lii... l-io. i.o.-Lb JLidelnine. 
 
 AIM. 
 
 Fkis. 1 1-15, — Harpooii-luaiis of reiiuk'tT-liDrn. 
 
 TiMiivaways, Xnvajos. I'ai-Utcs. .-nnl otjicrs, cxliihit lonLiitmlinal uroovcs, intended 
 to ra<'ilitat(' tiic How of the wonmlcd animal'.^ hlood.''' Tlicrc iirc tliivc of lln-sc 
 grooves, cat in at o(|ii;d distanri's, and nsnaliy forniin!^- irrcunlar wave linos, as 
 sliown in Imu. 1'> which rcpivsonts an iron-hoaded Sioiix arrow. ()[' course, onlv 
 one of the grooves is visible in tlie tiuiire. 
 
 i 
 
 Fk;. 10.— lri)iilieu(lc'il !sii)ii.\ ainiw. 
 
 *Tli('y riMiiiml uiiu of t\w lilu.iil-gi vi'.s (lUuir'mne.n] on T.ilcdo aiul otlior sword-l.lmlc^ 
 
 |; 
 
18 
 
 IMIKHISTOUIC I'lSUINO. 
 
 Witli n Hiiiiilnr vi(nv flu' tntirlndvlrs iiiny lifivc i-iit ;;T()ovi's in flic l>,irlis of 
 tlu'ir \V('n|tiiiis. if. indi'iMl, llicsi' iiicisidiis were iml iiicrcly dcsi^iu'd rue iinidiiu'ii- 
 tatioii. 
 
 In doci'iliini;' III!' li;ii'|>iiiin-iilM' nhjccts uf I'l-indt'crdinrn ligiii'i'd <iii |)ji;;,(' 17, 
 I t'dl'uw more or less M. liiirlcl's ri-nnirUs. 
 
 I''i^. II. — Tliis s|u'('iiM('n t'\hil)ils only two lijirhs on one side. 'I'lic top has 
 litvn cart'l'iilly tapi-ri-d to it point, and the uroowy of liic l)arl)s aro deeply cut, 
 e!*pi'eially tliat in llie second one Tlic shank is sliylitly cnrxcd, willi an c\ idcnt 
 .svvellinj;' at the inidillc. and liic Unolis near llie lowcf extremity are ((uito 
 proiiiineid. From La Madclainc/' 
 
 Kiu'. I-. — Tins line specimen was fonnd liy M. IJriin, conserxalor of llu« 
 Mii«eum of Montanban, nnder tin- rocU-slielter of l{rnnii|iiel. Its npper point 
 is short, and it has niuo grooved barbs on one side. 'I'liere is only one Unoii near 
 the lower end.t 
 
 Fig. l."{. — This is a perfect specimen, havinu; its original tapering end and 
 suddenly sharp point, and threo iniiva of .dtornaling, single-grooved barb.s. 
 From La .\ladelaine.| 
 
 Fig. 14. — This specinuMi measures nearly idno inches in length, .-ind is oiio 
 of the largest fouml by .Messrs. I..,irtet .and Christy. Its point is elong.afe and 
 somewh.at slnirp. and the stem regularly rounded. The b.-irlis. cut out synimet- 
 vicilly and marked with single groo\cs, ,ire three on one side (liM't) .and live on 
 the other (right) ; the tirst on the right side is placed forward, and has none to 
 cornvspond with it on tiie otlnu'side. The others jire nearly opposite or aUeriiidi'. 
 The knobs at the lower end are very ]iromin(iit. Krom La .Mad"l.aine.>^ 
 
 Fig. 1"). — A distinct lype,|| with the point form ng a triangle iiy the meeting 
 of (wo b.irbs, which like the others. ,ire ne.irly Ihd. .and provi<led with (wo 
 paralKd groovi's on i., ' ''ices. The li.irbs |iroJect ojiposite e.icli other. 'Che 
 stem is marked liy two loni;,,, ' lines. betwe(>n wiiicli is a sonu'wh.al raised 
 
 tillet dying out .at the point. The knobs at the lower end are tolcr.ibly prominent. 
 From La Madelaine.'; 
 
 Fig. 17 represents a tV.igmeid.ary h;ir])oon-sh,apeil object of rcindeerdioru 
 from La Madelaine. tlu" lower n.art of which is not t.-iperiiig. but teruMii.ites in 
 "a butt coincx on one face and iie.rl\ Hat on the other." and exhibits, uioreoxcr, 
 above the lowest p.iirof ba!"ii>- all that rem.iinsof them — a longitudinal, dceply- 
 
 * Hcliquiio Aciuitanicio; rpdiiotinn m I-';,'. - uii li I'lato VI. 
 flbiil.; rediu'tiiMi ol' Fit;. ',i .ui |i. ."lO, II. 
 illiiil.; reduction of Fii,'. i on I! I'hilc XIV. 
 4 lliid.; ii'duotion of Ki(;. -I on It Plato I. 
 i " Unless,'' II... Jl. Larti't mi\s, "it wiis oriniiuiUv lonu'ir. Ki\d liius been rccut and sliaiiu'iii'darier Imvinj; lioi'u 
 
 lllolv.Ml." 
 
 " Ui'li.|Uia' Ai|nitanii'U' I ri'dinli.m ol l''ig. Ton It I'iatu 1. 
 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
II Altl'iKiN-lllvADS. 
 
 H) 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 <Mit pcrfdrnlidii. II is (lie uiilv ultjivt of tliis spceifil t'unu tiij;iiro(l in " lli'li((iiia! 
 A(|iiiliinic!i'.'''' 1 pluco iildnysido of it Kig. IH. rc] nrsL'iiliiiu- n s|K'ciiii('ii fuiim! 
 
 % 
 
 Fin. 17.-l.:i .Mh'I.'Iium . I'l'i- li-.— l.iiiiKi'i i'J Mhwo. 
 
 Fids. 17 anil 18. — (liir|)iiiiii-liracls nf rt'iiiiitvi-iiurii. 
 
 Ity M. Rlic Massciiiit at Laiigcric IJasso.f [Is Inwci- cxtrcMuity ta|icrs to a point, 
 and liicri'isa iicrloraliiiii al siinic distance tVuin it. TIr' drsiun is iidt sidlicioidly 
 characteristic {,, slmw win'liirr the ulijcct lias a llattisli or iMiiiidrd funii. 
 
 'riicrc can lio iiu duiilit tli.al many (if tiic points of rciadccr-iiurii I'mmd in 
 the French caves were the arniatni'es i\\' huntin;;--spi>ars. if nut of arrows, whidi 
 fad. if it neeih'd veritic.alion, is proved iiy tiie diseoverv . al the station of Les 
 Ey/.ies. of a lioiie in whicli a iiroUen l),ii'l)ed dartdiead still i-einains tixi'd.i It 
 wonld he iiupossihle to decide at this lime which o, the .irmatiiivs provided with 
 hnrhs served as the lie.nls of liiiidin;ji,-spears or of harpoons. I'ossildy the cave- 
 nu'ii wei'e not wry chui(\' in the selec\ion. and used them ;is the occasitm re(piirod, 
 though it is (piite prohaMe that, in spearing tish. they preferred shafts purposely 
 provided with heads having unilateral harhs. which, of eoiir.se, [)eiietrated with 
 greater ease. JDr. Jiruca i.s very .strict in his detinition of the harpoons u.seil hy 
 
 *Fi,i,'. "i7, I, |.. I DO. 
 
 f JlaUM-iuiix iMPUr I'llL^tnirc rriuiitivc r.l Niitiii'i'llo ili; I'Hoiiiiiu:; \u\. V, ISO'.l, I'ImK; 'Jll. 
 
 I Kifjiiri'd ill l''i;;iii(T'- ■' I'liijiilivi' Mini," j.. 10(1. 
 
 i* 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
20 
 
 I'KKII ISTOIfIC KlSIIIXCt. 
 
 i 
 
 the cavc-mcn. "The harpoon," he says, •' was a smiill dart of rpindcor-horn, very 
 like the largo btirbeil arrows^, except tliat the barlxs were only on one side ; a 
 slight protnberanee at the base allowed a e(n'd to l)e attached, which was held in 
 the hand of the iishcrman. It lias been frequently, and is still, confounded with 
 the arrow. It is dear that t\n arrow barbed only on one side would be very 
 defective in flight, as it describes a long curve; its course is necessarily affected 
 by the resistance of the air which sustains it ; but in the short flight of the 
 liarpoon this inconvenience is much less, and besides, the direction of the harpoon 
 is downward, and it does not need to be sustained by the aii". The instrument 
 barbed only on one side is then not an arrow, and must be a harpoon. The use 
 of its barbs was to catch and retain the tish after it was struck ; but why were 
 they all upon one side? To diminish the width of the dart so that it might 
 penetrate more readily ? I cannot say. 
 
 *' One of my colleagues, M. Lecoq de Boisbaudran, in a conimunicatinn before 
 the anthropological section, makes some very interesting remarks u[hhi the mode 
 of action of the unilateral barbs of the harpoon. While pa.ssing thron';ii the 
 air, these barbs do not cause the harpoon to deviate pcrceptii)]y. but as soon as 
 it enters the water, the unequal resistance it encounters must necessarily ch.inge 
 its direction. It would seem, then, that the tisherman who aimed straight for 
 the tish would miss it. Now. it is well known that a straight stick appears to be 
 broken when plunged obliquely in water: in like manner, in consequeiu-e of the 
 refraction of the luminous rays, the image of the tish is displaced, and if direct 
 aim were t-iken at this image, it would also l)e missed. Here are. then, two 
 causes ot error. Now. it is evident that if they can be brought to act in opposite 
 direction..^, they will counteract each other, and M. Lecoq shows that when the 
 barbed side is turned downward, the harpoon will reach its destination. This 
 arrangement of the Inirpoon was then intended to rectit'y its cour.se, which 
 indicates great sagacity of observation in our troglodytes. 
 
 "The inhabitants of T('rre-de-I<\'i( still use a hiirpooii l),irl)ed on one side 
 only."'^' 
 
 At this diiy. however, the hlskiuios and Imlians of the Xo'lhwest Const of 
 America u.-se h;iri)oons with heads li,irl)i'il cither on one sid(> or on l)otii. As an 
 example I repre.<eat in Fiu'. lit .1 -cMl-h.-irpoon. ;il)oiit live leei long, used by tlie 
 l']skimos of IJristol I?,iy. in .\las|;a. Fig. :,'() siiows its upper part enlarged. 
 The head, made of w;drns-i\ ufv. Iiarlied on l)oth si<les, and provided with .an 
 eye, lits with its tajterinu' lower rad into .a eori'esponding (.avity in a k'nd of 
 socket iiiade of lioiie, into uiiieii tin' wooden shatt is inserted. An inflated 
 
 I 
 
 lii 
 
 m 
 
 'linic'n- Till! Tni'^lodyli"^; p. 32!l. — \ Kuoi^inii huiii- li«r|p.i.iTi-ln'iiil. i'it;ht inrlioi aiiil In ii^luli- Inii';, 
 
 liiivirii; II ^ini;li' liiuli mi rnr/i siili', is liijun'd in " l{i'lii|iii!0 AqiiitiiiiicM\" II, p. ITU. It was nliliiiiii'il, willi 
 cilJHTs, iluriiiL; 111" voyii{;u nf till- " l!''Mn1i'." Ui'lrnMii-i' will III! iimcl" licri'iiriiT in ili" tiin' mtIpi uI' Imni' liiir|i<iiiii- 
 lipiid- rnwii Ticrru di'l Knogn in Ihi' I'nilod Sliiti!s Xuliniial Miim^iiiii. 
 
 __l 
 
HAKPOONS. 
 
 21 
 
 stomaoh of a seal, attacliod to its lower |)art, .serves as a float or buoy. A loiiu' 
 line of braided sinew, fastened at some distance from tlie end of the sliaft, 
 connects the latter with the ivory iiead, as shown in the figure. The lino lo.,s»iv 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Fill. ■.;n._rp|.pr |..irli.iii i.l rig ni, erilaiK'"! 
 
 P.a.W.-K..klmHs,li,i.,t„ln,5,Ala-l<.. (lllM). F.i. ^l.-RsUim... Yukon liiv,.,, Alaska. W44,. 
 
 Fir,R. 1!)-21.— Hnrpoona. 
 
 coiled around the shaft and closely below (he siu-ket lias notliMm- to do with the 
 arrangement Just described, but serve^^ to •.(rcMigtheii the connection of tiie siiaft 
 
 *1 
 
 h^ 
 
I 
 
 22 
 
 PRKHISTORIC I'lSHINTi. 
 
 il 
 
 with the socket. In launching the liarpoon at ;i se;il, which is done liy means of 
 tlie throw ing-board, the head becomes (h^tached, remaining in the body of tiie 
 animal, v.'Iiich dives under, pulling down the emli irrassing float, but reappears 
 after a while on the surface, when the pursuing hunters in their skin-boats 
 (bidarkas) finally kill it with dubs. The animal is claimed l)y the individual 
 who first sti'uck it; but if two have fastened simultaneously their spears in its 
 body, the one who wounded it nearest the head becomes the owner. 
 
 Fig. 21 represents a lighter kind of seal-harpoon, derived from Eskimos at 
 the mouth of Yukon River, Alaska. It somewhat resembles the one just 
 described, but lacks the buoy, and is feathered at tlie lower end. The hunter 
 likewise employs the throwing-ljoard in connecli.>n with this harix'on, whii-h 
 measures about iive feet. The ivory h(\ad has five l)arl)s, two on one side and 
 three on the other. The line, passing through the eye of the head, and properly 
 attached to it, is fastened below the socket and at some distance fro\n the feather- 
 ing. When the head is buried in the seal's body and has become detaclied from 
 the shaft, the latter floats in a direction crossing that in which the animal swims 
 or dives, and thus impedes its motions. 
 
 Arrows, in every respect similar to this kind of spear, but, of course smaller 
 (about two feet eight inches long), and iiaviiig a notch at the lower end of the 
 shaft, arc used for the water-hunt by I'^skiums of the Xorthwest ("oast, for 
 instance by those of I'ristol 13ay. When the arrow has reached Its victim, and 
 the point has come ofVtlie shaft, the litter floats like that of the seal-spear just 
 described. These arrows are shot from short liowr', stifVened on the back with 
 whalelione and sinew, and not easily lient. 
 
 I have given a somewhat detailed account of thes(^ harpoiuis and .arrows 
 with detachable heads, because it has been suggested the harpoon-like heads 
 from the French caves, wliirli nearly all show a tapering termination, served, in 
 part at least, as detachable armatures. Tiie projections or knobs at their lower 
 ends, it is supposed, facilitated the fastening of a line. If such really was tiie 
 ca.se, the liart must !ia\-e been inserted into a I'oiiical cavity at the upper extrom- 
 ity of the siiaff, for no horn or lioue sockets made for receiving the tapcrii g ends 
 of the dart-heads ha\e been found in tiie l''reiieli ewes, it would lie hazardous 
 to asstn-f that the ca\'e-men of Dordogne made use of an apparatus so i-oiiipiieatcd 
 as an Eskimo seal-spear, their ;ittarks being chiefly directed agjiiust large lisli, 
 such as salmon and the li!<e. No one can say whether their flsh-spears h;id 
 detachable or fl.xetl points. In the latter c.ise llu' kiiolis witli which the dart- 
 heads iire provided may siniply have served to bold iig.iliires by which the head, 
 after being inserted into the lioHowed end of the shaft, was more lirmly lashed 
 to it. Yet armatures like those rejireseiited liy I'ius. 17 and 18 certainly have 
 the appearance of detachalile hciids. 
 
 It will be seen hereafter that certain North American Indians, in c;i|»tiii-ing 
 
 { 
 
 1 
 
 rr. 
 
HARPOON-HEADS. 
 
 23 
 
 salmon and sturgeon, used, and still use, a long spear with a detachable sharj) 
 bono point, connected by a string with the shaft. The ])oint, however, is not 
 inserted into the shaft, but the shaft is made to tit into a cavity at the upper 
 extremity of the point. 
 
 Fici.'<. 22 and 2.1. — Harpoon or arrow-heads of reiiuleer-horii. La Maileluiiio. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Figs. 22 and 2'{ represent small harpoon-like objects of reindeer-horn, 
 iigiired in " Rolii|nia> Afjuitanica'."'^-' and both found ;it La Madelaine. Tiie tirst 
 of them is thus doscrilxvl : — "A small specimen cut in tin" sha])e of a barlied 
 harpoon, with a long ixpjnt, which has licen broUen. There a)'e four barbs on 
 one side only, distinctly separate, sliarji. and very oblique, but without the usual 
 grooves. Th(> lower part tapers ro a (joini without any indication of knobs. 
 Tills diminntivo weapon-head may have served as an ariMw-head." The 
 descriptiini of the si'cond. repi'csented in l''ig. J;{. is as follows: — -'Another 
 minute har|)o(Mi-like lioad, of similar dimiMisions to the last, l)nt showing oidv 
 two l)arl)s cut distinctly, wliilsl al»ove them two otiu'rs are intlicateil by shallow. 
 obli(pie. nntinished noicho. This specimen li.is preserved its sharp point. Xe.-ir 
 the pointed liutt there is a kind of notch, which may have been of use in 
 fastening this little weapon on a shaft. "t 
 
 If not arrow-points, these litth> darts may !i,mv(> served as armatures of 
 <linnnnti\-e tishing-spcai's in the hamls of juvenile ca\e-dw(>lli>rs. 'i'hey hardly 
 resemnle the liarbed prongs, two or three oi' mu'e of which form the heads of 
 what are now c.dled tish-gigs; ;ind. inileed, in looking caret'ully ovei- the pl,at(>s 
 of " Ridicpiia' A(piitanic;e," I have not noticed tli(> ligure of a sin-ie specimen of 
 a form to be thus employed. 
 
 » KiL'-. S iiii'l !i,,n II I'liiip VI. 
 
 • l{i'lii|iiiii' Ai|iiiliiiiii'ii'; II, |i. 57, e'.r 
 
■c: 
 
 34 
 
 I'KEHI.STOKIC KISHINO. 
 
 station ..,;,,. o"l^ ' ' • , i r r' '; ^ ^••^:'"^'^- '^J-- -- ^-..Hl at tl.is 
 } u,ht l.a.pooi.-l.ke objects, differing in the exeouti-.n as well as in 
 
 lil 
 
 m 
 
 Fia. li7. 
 
 I'l.i. i4. 
 
 All ' 
 
 FlO. 28. 
 
 * Sec p. 9. 
 
HAKPOOX-riMADS. 
 
 2o 
 
 thoir .stnto ot prcsi-rvation. Tliroe l.avo ui.il.-itor.-.l barbs, wl.ik- fiv(- aro barbo<l 
 on both sKlos.- TI.e autlu.v dosignatos those chirts in the list of illustrations as 
 h»oehn>lmrp,n>e„, or bono harpoons ; but in oonsi-loration of his ron.ark thd 
 roiiuloor-hor., was noarly always nsod as tho material for iniplon.onts. it n.av be 
 interred that the darts in question also eonsist of that substance. 
 
 \y ivprosonts tiv.> of them, all of which are here reproduced as Fi-s. i>4, 2o 
 liO, 2, and 28.t The pe.-uliarities of these dart-lieads are sufTicienilv .sliown" bv 
 th.; MInstratn.ns, and hav ing ligurod an<l described characteristic objects of the 
 sa.,H...lass from French caves, I may leave it to the reader to make his own 
 comparisons, in or.ler to .liscover analogies and differences. Mr Merk -ives it 
 as h.s opinion that the dart-heads im.n.l by him serve.l as tho armatures of'spears 
 wh.ch were ,.nly thrown at birds, a view which I foel disinclined to accept 
 Some ot them may have served in the tish-imnt. 
 
 Pi.i. ii. 
 
 V:i 
 
 
 I'^'is. '_>!) and .iO.— Harpooiiliciuls of iviii,l,.or-lu)in (?). K't-iit's Cavoni. 
 
 F.iconclusion. I pn-sent in Figs. I'i. ,,nd .'^0 .hOineations .,f two harnoon- 
 
 '"';;'; *''""• ''^""^■^ ''^"^-•"- "• '''"•••1»''y. Ii^nre.1 by Mr .b.iu, Evans in his 
 
 well-known woi'k <mi tiio aiuMrnt stone implements. ,.f., of Great Hritain ^ 
 
 •'The h.vpoon-heads,- he observes. - are ,.f two kinds, son.e bein^ barbed 
 "•• l".H. snh-s others on one only. Of the fornuM' kind but one exan.ple has 
 '"--. •''...Hi. winch ,s shown in Fig. 403 (here Fig. -)). It lav in the second tn„t 
 ;■' ''"I'/'' '" '••;•.':'' '•■•'^'-'■•"•'1' i" '1'" vestibule. Above this was the black band. 
 1 hive inches thick, containing Hint flakes an,l re.nains of .vxtinct mammals; and 
 ub.n-oJln^ again, the stalagmite tloo,.. eighteen inches in thickness. Jt is. as 
 
 I ri?,'^^. -KK iiniUlM on lip 4.V.1 iifKUiiO, 
 
 r4 
 
 
^MWMiMHtMlliiaBli 
 
 28 
 
 IMtKniSTiiUIC I'ISIIINII. 
 
 \ .J. 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 ■ i 
 
 usual, iiiipcrfpct, Imt tlio two and (Hio-fourtli iiiclics wliicli remain slmw the tapering 
 liiijut and l"ur liai'is on eitlicr .si(U>. windi are opposite to each other, and not 
 alternate, ll is preeiscly of the .same eharaetiM" as some of the harixiondieads 
 from the cave of La Madelaine. in the J)ordouiie. which are usually formed of 
 I'cindeer-horn. TIk^ material in this instance is, I believe, the same. The 
 striated marks of the tool hy wliicli it was scrjii>ed into form are sti'l distinctly 
 visilile in places. Siu-Ii harpoon-heads have been regarded as characteristic of 
 the latest division in the sequeuce of this class of caverns, and have been found 
 in numerous localities on the Continent. 
 
 "Of the other kind, which have the barbs along one sid(> only of the blade, 
 two e\aui|)Ies have been found. One of these, though in two ])ieces, is otherwise 
 iie.'irly perfect, and is shown in Fig. 4(14 (here Fig. •JO)- It has also its analogues 
 among the harpoon-heads found in the cave of La .Madelaine and el.sewheri", 
 espe<'ially at Uruniipiel. Its stem shows the pi'ojection for retaining the loop or 
 cord by which if w.is connected with thi- shaft, though it was prolial)ly still 
 susceptible of iM>ing detached from innnediate contact with it. in this respect, 
 as indeed in general cliar.'tcter, tln^se early we;<pons seem closely to resemble 
 those of the l^skimos of the present day. 
 
 •'The otli(-r instrument of this kind, shown in Fig. 4(1") (not reproduce is 
 the terminal jiortion of a similar point, but witii the l)arbs ;dl broken otV at tiie 
 liase. It is about three aud three-fourths inches long, and was found in the 
 black l)and."''-' 
 
 !t is riot known whether the cave-men of the reindeer-period in France and 
 other parts of Ruro])e undei'stoud lishing with nets, no pre]iared nc^t-sinkers 
 h;i\ing bt^en discovered among the delii'is left liy them. The aliseiice of the 
 latter. howe\er, is no |)ositiv(> proof of tin' non-e\istence of nets in pal;eolitiii(^ 
 times, for pel)bles without any .irtiticial moditlcation could have served as sinkers. 
 It would be equally fruitless to ni.ike it a snl)ject of inipiiry whether they had 
 l)oats. Referring to \\\o cave-nn-n of the N'ezere \'alley. Di-. IJroc.-i observes: — 
 
 '•These antique tishermen evideidly did not use nets, for with nets all kinds 
 of tisli are taken. • Their. solo instrument was the harpoon, with which they could 
 only catch the large lish, and among these thi'v cliose the one who.-e tl(>sh th(>y 
 ]>referred.;- Had they boats tor tishing .' There is no evidence i>f it; besides, 
 the river was then snfticiently nari'ow to allow the ns(> of the liai'poon from its 
 b,inks."t 
 
 I'.VMii-: 'I'lif ,\iiri,.nl Sloiw Iiiiiili>iiicnl-, Wi':ip"n-^, iiimI Oriiamoiih of (iroiit ni-ilniii : r.onil.in, IST'J; 
 ,,.-1.71..!,. 
 
 t 'I'lii' Miliiiiiii. Tt Ims bocji M.'on, Iiowvit, lli.ii ihc ii'..^l.i,ly|i- m1-m .iuil'IiI -iii.'iHit .-|iiH'ii..i nl' iMi Dr. 
 ■'^:invii'j;i' i- vci'V positive on iIimI imiiit. S.'i. p. 11. 
 
 X lir.H'ii: Tli.>TMul..,lyt.-: p. MS. 
 
 \ 
 
 ( ' ■' .; 
 
 1 
 
DESir.NS OK I'TSiriOS, KTC 
 
 27 
 
 I^<'lineatwns of J'lshos ami Aquafic Mammah.-\{^hvenvc w.,s marlo to tl.o 
 peculiar nrtisti. penchant of tl.o ,non of tl.o roin.lco.-po.-iorl, wlnH, rovoalo,! itsolf 
 m tl.o ,.,-act.oc of onoravino. o„ l.o,-,. and oti.o,- s„l,stanco.s tl.o outli,.cs of ...nimals 
 wl.u-h tlioy h.n.tod 0.- ol.tainc.l l.y otho.- ,.km„s, a,..l which, it mav bo as.sin.iod 
 woro r.-anlo.l with special interest on a.ron„t of th(> advantaocs (leiMvotl fro,," 
 thorn. The fact that a nnn.ber of those sketches .-opresent tishcs seems t.. indicat. 
 tl.cr partiality for tl.o spoils of the wato.-, whi.-h, as wo havo soon, contribute, 
 lai-geiy to their supplies of food. 
 
 Fro. 31.-n,,„r..ontulinns „f lislies a,„] a hoi'se ,, n baton nf rpin.lcei-horn. La M.ulohiine. 
 
 FiH'. 81 ropi-esonts a -b.iton" of .•eindeei--l.orn, one foot in lenivth. ajmn 
 wliich two ilsl.es .and ;. h,„-se ai'o tivinHJ, the forn.er b.-in- verv badly'^oxocuted, 
 inso.nuch that it wo„M be {...possible to in.lul.oe i„ ..„,y speculation as to the 
 -enus to which they l)elo,|o.. ()„ the side opposite to "that shown by Fin^ ;J1 
 other lish-like tlg.i.vs, four in nmnbe.-. are .l.-aw„. Ti,is spo.-imen was foiinu at 
 L;. .Madelai.ie.-'- 
 
 Fro. .S2.-Drawing of a fish ,n, a piuec of rci.Kleer-horn. La IVfa. 
 
 Iclii 
 
 Alu. h better ,s ,he .les,.„ of a tish on a .-od of .vindoer-ho.-n, here .iven as 
 
 ,;;■';;. - 1 " ""';;.^'^^^"''":'':' ^--'^ ^•^"■"1--' 1-- "f veindoor-horn, on which 
 ;'*' •"^<-'l •-'-•n.nes ,., lishes.one on each side. I„ tl.o tio,u-o he.-e .nven 
 
 V;?' ' "-''-!• "-l'^U..-i' tl.o,ills,anobscu..oin.licationof thebal-^;; 
 
 a d he p,.opo,,,,.„. .„d .e„e,.al appearance pern.i, us to .vter this lish to one of 
 
 bi . a b,„h ends : .„d we ...,. sca..ce]y tbrn, a,, opini..,, as t„ its original use, 
 . n.l M.ethe... ,.,.leed, ,. was an ur,.anient or not."-!- The piece was obtained a 
 iaA i\Lad(>laiiie. 
 
 • Rcli^uin, Aquilani™; v\.,, ,, „ ,,,„„„ ,„ ,„„, ,v._ .,.:;^, ,, ., „ ,.„,,,„.„^| 
 
 ili-liiKi thiiii III KiM, :;-j 
 
 w trnciiii;' ,.n ih,. 1,,,,.,, j.. |,,,.j 
 
 
28 
 
 I 
 
 i'ukhistouic iisiii.\(i. 
 
 
 Tlioiv is in Hh. coll.vti,,,, „(• 
 
 , — v>\\\\. 
 
 r..-in-orio Basso. „pc,n wl.i.-l, is ,M,oT.n,.,l H,. fi" . 
 
 '"tcM>,iocI fur ,, .,v/w/..v Fi„. -n ; " ^ "'""f'-.o ul a (is],, supposo.l to l,o 
 
 '"-i^i".. 'U::;:::; :^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ -....not 
 
 ('(I 
 fho 
 
 * «"» or M. Kcloiinrd L,i,-u.|. 
 t V-1. rX, 1874, p. 142, Fis. 37. 
 X l£eIi,|ui:L' Aijiiitiinici;; I_ j,. 22.",, 
 
 I 
 
IUvSIUNs OK riSHKS, KTC. 
 
 L'n 
 
 M. lMlu,.,-u-,l Dupunt l.as publislu.l th. dosci-iptiun an,! figure of a " l.at.m " 
 with a rough tHh-desigu upou it. wl.ieU was tb.uul i„ the ;ave of Goy.t, in 
 llif .llustration is hoiv rq)i-oduced a. Fig. 35. "It i.s oniamontod 
 
 Bolguuu 
 
 Fi,;. Jio.-TnuMi,^' ,.|' a lisl, „a a baton ul' i-oiu<krr.huni. Cavo uf Goyel. 
 
 on i|s larders a..d on its two faces with incised lines; I have n..( vet n aide 
 
 o discover what the anceut engraver intended (o re,.resent on ..„; of the faces 
 because an nnportant part .,f the design was traced on the lost p„rtiun „f th.: 
 object; there are seen lines whi..h cross each other and son.o hatd'in.,. 
 
 ;• Ihe ..ther tace sh..ws the lignre of a iish. the posterior part uf' whirl, is 
 an mg on acconnt of ,1. fracture. The <lo,s engraved .,n the bad. of the tisi: 
 
 would seem to indicate the characteristic .spots onlhe back of a tro 
 
 ut." '■■■ 
 
 F.o. :;h.-I;,„1. Jnnvi,,;^ „1' a lisl,i„.-s..uo un thu scapula of a,, ox. Laug.ric. Jia.sc. 
 
 I'V. ;!<; is a n.prud„cti„n „f .„ ,.x|,vn,ely nnle drawin- of a tishino-scene 
 
 ;;,;': p:":"; '" ■ -'-••'-'--M, M.MassenatatLan.eri;iW: 
 
 I lie >lv.'t,-h IS tlnis d,'s,Til.ed l,v him .■_ 
 
 ^^_ "''''''^ -l™.- .vpn.s,.nts a rudely-exe..Ht,.d nan fWrn. will, an inunense 
 
 *lii,|,„„i: Us .. B,u„„s ,1.. ('..i„„uoi,l..incnl •' ,1,. la Cuv.Mn.^ ,1,. (;.,v,., ■ \t ,■ • r-7T. " 
 
 ll.un.,,,, l.,a„. l,;„-l.,„,,s.„. W. ll„v,I (..wl.i,.n,i„K ,hi" , ' ^ ^"•— ^ ^ "I- V. '^"^: V- :.m 
 
 
i ? 
 : I 
 
 3f) 
 
 I'HEIItSTunir KISIIINO. 
 
 ".^ i 
 
 • i 
 
 nriii, lit least tlircc tiiiii's a.s loiisj,' ns the rost of the ImkIv. Tliis .•inii. it jippi'.-irs, 
 tries to seize ji tin nl" mii ciinrniniis lisii. wliicii. tVoiu I lie Hli,i|)e of tlio tail, easily 
 iiiiitlit be taken for a cetacean. Was the (Irauiilitsuiaii inspired by the recDlioiitien 
 of sonio groat uiaritinie tishinu'-exjiloit ? And why not? ITave we not the 
 (rrtainly that the alioriuiuvs made e.xrursions to the sea-slioi'e? The did'en-nt 
 kinds of shells wldch we liiid in tolei'al)h' niiiMl)er. sonietinu's piercrMl and cut l»y 
 man, among the fragment^; of tlint and reindeer-horn are an irrefniable proof of 
 the fact."- 
 
 Dr. liroca. however, gives the following e.vplanation of the sketch : — 
 
 "It rejjre.sents a man in the act of harpooning an ,ii|naiic animal. The 
 latter, although it has the form of a lish. is so much larger than the man tli.it it 
 has been supposed h> be one of the cetacea. jiroliably a whale, and that tin- artist, 
 in conseipience, must have found his way to the (iulf of (iascogne. 1 am not 
 disposed to admit this interpretation. It is hardly possilde that llu" men of that 
 time were sutlicieiitly e.xperl navigators to venture upon the ocean to harpoon 
 the whale. It is said the tail and back suggest the form of a cetaceous animal : 
 liut may it imt rather be a porpoise than a whale? Porpoises sometimes sport 
 in the (tiroiule, and 1 saw once, in my childhood, one of these animals carried 
 by a flood even into the Dordogne, wiiert- it w.is stranded between iiibouriie antl 
 L'aslillon. It was killed by tishermeii with boatdiooks, and exhibited from 
 villagi' to village. If. as is probalile. the tide ro.se higher in those days than 
 now. and jiarticidarly if the Dordogne was \viiler and deeper, it is conceixaiih; 
 that .-I pm-poise might ascend the river iiigli I'liough to come within reach of the 
 liaritooiis of our troglodyti s, and so unusual ;<\\ e\eiit would naturally inspire the 
 enthusiasm of an artist — ih this case very nnskilli'ul. 
 
 " Dut I am tom|>ted to believe that this pretended cetai-ean is only a badly- 
 drawn lish. The rel;iti\'e size of the man pinvcs iioiiiing. |ui' the artist, thi'oiigh- 
 oiit the whole sketch, has manifeslcd entire contempt for j'roportioii. This too 
 diminutive man h;is ;i gig.-inlic ;iriii. ;ind the li.irpoon ho tlimws is proi)ortioiicd 
 to the size of the tisii. We .ire i^'iiiiiided of certain jocose di'.awings of the 
 pi'esent day. in which puny iiodie- ai'e supi'lied with enormous heads, 'i'iie 
 great inti'rcst of tlii^ pai'ticniar work ot' art consists in the un.inswei'alile proof 
 it gi\t^s that the troglodytes w^rd tin- liar] ii in lishing." r 
 
 Tli(' original of Fig. ''57. found at I. a .Madel.iine, .•ind e\ideiitly a part of a 
 batiui. is thus descrilied in the " Keliipii.e Aipiitanica'"' : — 
 
 "The olijects here represented are engraved on the face of a cylindric.d rod, 
 which our artist has rendered diagrammatically in two sep.irati! tigures. so as to 
 r(>produee the whole in halves. 
 
 
 
 *Mii«eimtt Olijci'ls (inivi's I't SiMil|iti'S ili; LiiUL'iTii' Hiissi; ( I-)ni-.l,i:,'Tii>) ; MaLniaiix ; Vcl. \'. ISr,!); p. .IjJ. 
 Skulcli tiikiMi fiuiii I'liili' 'J'i 111' llie ■'■Mill- vuluiiio. 
 
 '1: 
 
 
 i 
 
'W 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 l»i;si(iN.s Ol' IISIIKS, KTC 
 
 81 
 
 "On .mo ..f (lies,. l,,.,lv(-s iivpivsci.l.Nl .-.s a ilat .Hunn.v) wv soo (wo hv.uU 
 ono nttei- the ..tluT. ovi.l.ntly .vf-n.l.lc (., a bovine nv.u.s. W.. „,,,. ,kI.I tl.al 
 cliamctor« ior a detoni.ii.arioM of tl... sptrics aiv not altoudluT uaMtiii- 'I'lic 
 
 
 Fu,. ;^7.-0„Llincs „r two lK.a.I,s „f tl,. nur.K.l.s, a lm,n,.„ lig„r... a„ orl r/,, tw ,rs...l,o;uls, ,n„l ,lnco 
 
 i-uw.-s (it marks on a pice, cil' iviiiiU'ir-linrii. [,a Madilaiiio. 
 
 p.'iiits of aKad.uR.Mt a.i.l tlio Wi.vtion of the Imnis si.flW. for (I,rnis..]v(w t„ 
 .lec-Kl.- for (Ik. auroH.s; whil.si. nmnMn,-.-. a ,uon. si.„iiinn,t inau-a(ion r„uM 'n,.t 
 K> oIl.Mvd (l,a„ tlu' ronvoxity of (lio f,„v!„.,ul ami (ho prosc-uco of l.air-tuf(s, 
 Ixitli on tin' iac'c and iiiidor t!i(> tlir.iat. 
 
 "Oil (Ii,. opposite, si.lo of tlio otli.M- Iialf-fyliiidrr (r(.prodM.-,.d as a pla.ir) w« 
 sr... in a nu-dloy of tij,„res. sonK'tinu's upside ,lown, lirst. a Inunan forni, willi 
 tlu" Iinil.s not tinisln.d v.-ry ineorreelly. alllin„-l, tiie l-nv is wilhonl anv expres- 
 sion—a n.-li-onee i.rol.al.ly intentional on tli.. part of the anrionl artist, who 
 I'.-is perfectly .•iiaraelerize.l, eh.se l.y it. a In.rsoV jiead and part ..f its ehe-l witli 
 their details protly well remh.red. More to the ri^hl wo pereeiN e a soeond horse's 
 liea.l, nut so well ent. To the lot! of and l.ehind the linnian form, anmn-.t rows 
 "I dashes, ur il,oiir.-. ,,f whieh uo .•annut e,nii|.ivliend either the intention or 
 value, there is an outline (reversed with respect to the other li-ure.V, nf a .erpent 
 or ruthn „f an ,rl mUh UuUrafm,. of Ih. fnil-fi, r^ and its head, will, nnnilh' 
 "l";ii- .•i|.l"-".n'l,es the h'- of the 1 ;'..,,„ f,.,,,,. In this l.izarre urnnp of li..„,,,s. 
 "I' iM the ti-ures lluMuselves, w ... , ■ we cannot see anv intention or pn.nn'ditate.I 
 ••irran.n-en.ent : and if others, more kin.win- think th.it Ihev hen- r.^co^nize the 
 expression of an alle-ory, .,r <.f any symholism, we very wil'lin-lv leave to tlu'in 
 tiio merit .-i.s well a.s (he re.sponsihility.'-j- 
 
 *Tla' lliilii- Mn> Miy uwii. 
 
 tlt.-li'|lli:i> .V.liul.llli,;,.; 11,,,, I,-,; |i^„,->, „„ Ii I'i;,!,. 11, S;, ;ui.lSl,. 
 
 '.f 
 
 1- 
 
I'llKHIsiuKK IISIIIN,;. 
 
 »..-:':,:;;tr,;:n:;;:;;;:r':;;;;;r^^ --' ^'- 
 
 liimpivv. ors,.n,r„t it w„s n..f .1,.,.. i , ""'"•'"' '" '■''l"vs..nt an ocl, 
 
 1 
 
 Ull 
 
 111- r"'l;i(ii|M- (,, it 
 
 F„, ;)^.-FiJ;„n. „t , s.al hn.r.l .„. a .Irill..,; l.oar'. !„„( 
 
 iMinilliy Cmlto. 
 
 or Hn, (;,,. „„ , ,, , ■'■ ';••"••""-'■'•'- of (i„„nl,.n,. I.,,.,,,,,,,..,,, 
 
 ''''•"'"< <l'c'.irtisfsin(,.|.(i.ui (u,|r,vM]M. 
 
 ;;,!;^;::;::;:;;::;'::t:'7""" -n,,;,.,,;::;:,,:,;;;:';::::, - 
 
 :.'.— XKOI.ITIIIC A(i|-:. 
 
 '■HNKiiAI. ntAI.'ACTIlI.'isTHK 
 
 tl.« tunnor .-iin.,!.. ..vi,,.. .r K l '';'"1-m<.-v u.s m.-u- (MWaili,,;,, 
 
 •"• ""•■ H..U-. The nn.' I • ' '" ''^ '•'^"'•- '""' '" ' •'• 'i'" ^'"-t 
 
 _____"J'^i""n'.tl.. .iMnnceros. I,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.. .,,,„ ,„,.„, .,,^,, ,^^.^ _^^ 
 
 • MMlMriHiUj V„| IX, In-,, |, I,., |,.^^ .,^ 
 
Ni;(ii,iTiiic \(ii;. 
 
 :v.\ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 li.Nl wnrk,.,l „„( tlH'ir iiiissi,,,, in K,,,.,,,,,., ul,i|.. H... nnisk-ux, iviinLvr. HiNuinis. 
 il.c\, .Mini Mtli(M-,|u,„lni|H.,ls .•KlaphMl I,.;, Inw |,.|ii|„.ntmv. \uu\ ..it!.,..- miun'Mt.Hl 
 'i'TlInvMnl, „r diusci. (lie c.,!.! lieiVhts nf iM<.mil,'niis ms (1,,-ir al.n(l,.s. (Mi llic 
 nthcr Land, soviT.-iI spock-s „r animals. prWiaps .Irriv.Ml fi-mi .listaiit .•oiintri.-s, 
 til.poar !is tlii^ (lonwsti.-af.Ml assuciatcs „( man, \vli<. was im Iniin,.,. ,, „„.,,. sava-o 
 
 liimtcr, hut lin,l \h w. in s,Mno .listricts at irast, a lillci' of ||„. s,,il, and. ( so- 
 
 <|ii.-ntly, a ('onsnnuT nf vouvtal.Ic WuhI, (hnimli still assi,l„,,u<l.v a|.|.lvin- iiiiMs,.ir 
 1.. the c-haso nnd to lishin-;-. During the iiaia'ojithi.' a-vs. it ;i!,|„..irs, man uuuU- 
 hi.s stono f(.(,]s and weapons almost ,.\eliisively of Hint, reducing them to the 
 intended sliap(> l.v llakin- or ehippinv nione. not havin- leannul yt to improv(. 
 their form and etlieiency hy the proeess nf u'rindini;'. Ft was (piite ditVeivnt in 
 tlie times now nnderconsi.leralion. The stone implements of the neolithic p(-riod 
 e.xliil.il a -real. T variety of well-deliin'd fnrnis. and are no longer Generally made 
 of tiint. hnl also nf other kinds of stom*. sneh as diorite, .serpentine,' ha>ait, 
 'pi.ift/.ite, ami similar snitalile materi.als. Many nf ij,,. ncnlithic axes, ehisols, 
 ite., are hrnii-ht iiiln llicir linal shapes liy ,i;rindin,i;- ami [lolishinu'. Yet the 
 praeliee of •■hippinu (lint into arrow and spc-ar-heads, knives, scrapers, and other 
 niensils wascarricd on with ■,M'e;it industry, the artieles pmdneed in this way lieiiii;- 
 
 ""' ""1.^' ^''''.^ 1" '•"ii-^. I'lil al-n. Mvneraliy spi'akin-'. nf Mipi.rii.r wnrkmanshi].. 
 
 insnmucli that tlint-chippin,!? may be .said to have a.ssunied in this period alnmst 
 the eharacte;- of ;m art. Some of tlu^ Danish handled dau'^ers are marvels of 
 skill. The mainifarlure of elay vessels was --eneral durin-- tiiis epoph : and. 
 thoii-li ahv.ays hand-m.ade. tjii'y fre(|iirnlly e.\liil.il ele-ant forms. Tlu. carliei' 
 meL;-aiithie m.muments of Kui-oih' (dolmens, eliamliered tumuli, ete.). pertain to 
 tiie same era. 
 
 ^^ '''■'' ""' II of ncdlithie times tlio ih'seendants of the cniitemporaries of 
 
 tiie m.ammntli ;ind tin- -iv.it he.ar. or immii:-rants from ahroad. ulm hmn-ht with 
 them new .arts ;ind the ;inim;!ls they had t.-inied in tlicir nld Imnies? There 
 eertainly e,\ists a pip hetween p,il;i'olithie .and luMdithic implements, the uradiial 
 transiliuii from tnw class to the other not hein-- represented with siitlicient 
 distinctness i,y intermedi.iti' forms. It is hi-'Iily prnliahle. tn say the h'.ist. that the 
 neolithic pi<riod w.as iiiaii,n-ur;ited in I'jirope liy the spreading' <<\ ,a new |inpulatinii 
 in which some are inclined to reeoi;-nize the lirst wave of .Vry.m immiirratioii. 
 
 .\I!Tll''l('IAIv SlIi':Ll,-l>Kl'(»SITS. 
 
 Characfry. — On the indented co.ists of thej)anisli islands nf Sceland. I'linen. 
 ;Moen and Saiiisoe, and alou^- the fjords of tlii> Teninsula of .liitlainl there occur, 
 mostly ill the ncighliorhood of the sea. considerahle accuiiuilations (.f shells, 
 wiiicli were foriiierly supposed to have been deposited tiy the sea at a time when 
 
 11 r> 
 
 fit 
 
 Vi 
 
 A. 
 
^ 
 
 34 
 
 rREHISfORlC FISHING. 
 
 I'l 
 
 the level of the land was lower tii.ui at pivsont. It waj mitiecd, however, that 
 tae shell-hoaps showed iio tvaee of tlie stratification which always characterizes 
 marine deposits, and that they, instead of inciosini;' slieils of niolliisks of every 
 age, contained merely those of I'tdl-Lrronn specimens, whidi, moreover, belon:;ed 
 to a limited mnnher of spei-ies not liviiKf together umler natural conditions. 
 Upon further t'.\amiiiatiun there were found among the shells the liroken bones 
 of ilitVerent >pccies ■>{' wild (piadrupeds and birds, and the remains of tishes ; also 
 implements of Hint. horn, and bone, fragments of a rude kind of ])ottery, char- 
 coal, and ashes, but no ulijects of niei.il whatever. Tlu' artilicial origin of these 
 accumulations being now established, they were recogid.'.ed as the amassed 
 remains of the rejtasts of ;i popul.itioii that dwelled in early agi-s on the shores of 
 the Baltic, pursuing the chase, but chietly the capture of fish and shell-tish. 
 The Danes denominate shell-heaps of this description Kji>hlccninuddin(iii\-' a word 
 meaning ■•kitchen-refuse," lint the term •• kitchei-nddilens " is often employed 
 in English, niiih'cn being a name still used in the ^'orth at' England to designate 
 a refuse-heap. A large number of kitchen-middens have been examined 
 conjointly by Messrs. Fur>.hhammer, Steenstruji, and Worsaae. distinguished, 
 res))ectively, for their iiroticiency in the departments of geology, natural history, 
 and arclneology ; and the results of their investigations, contained in several 
 reiiorts adilressed to the Academy of Sciences at ("ojieidiagen, have aihled in a 
 great measure to our knowledge of prehistoric man in the North of Europe. 
 
 Artificial shell-deposits, however, have al.-o been dixovered in other parts 
 of Europe, as f-.r instance, in Sweden, Norway. Kiigl.iinl. .Scotland, and on the 
 co.ists of France, both north .iiid south. Yet nowhere in Europe ;ire they .so 
 numerous and well characterized as in tlie country to which my .account refers.-i* 
 
 One of the largest kitchen-middens is that of Meilgaard, in the Northeast 
 of Jiitland. It is more than a huiulred metres long. ;ind in places three metres 
 deej). Very e.\tensive accumulations sometim - jiresent an undulating surface, 
 the refu.se having been heaped u[) more al)uudantly in some jioints than in others ; 
 ;ind o'-.asioiially the heaps surround an irregular iVce space, wlu're the cojist- 
 l>eo[)le doubtle>. h.id built their huts, which m;;y li:ive been of the most 
 primitive descri|ition, prob.ibly poles stiU'k in the ground and covered with skins, 
 liuile hearths con^'sting of a kind of p.ivement of pebble-, not excei'ding the 
 size of ■. man's list, ha\e been disi-overed in the refu?i -iiea]is. lin-se lire-|ilaces 
 are more or less circidar, onlv a few t'eet in diameter, ;ind surrounded with 
 
 * In KMi;li=li |.iil]li>:iti.iii- tlii' phir;il lurni " ICjiiliki'tiiiuiJJiiiKS " is jjoniTiilIy uiipriud. 
 
 t As !imy 111' r'mijini'il, -lii'll ili'in»il.- ul' artilKial iiii:;in ,iri' riu! (■.nilirn'il tci KiirM|.i', Iml :iUci rmiir ul.iiii; [}['■ 
 lillunil districts nt' I'-'ier oiiii.lin'iils. C'.p;i.-tti-ilii>-. .liTiviii;^ tlu'ir nu'iitu nf siili-islcnio chicUy tVniii llii' m'u, iirii'^- 
 s:irily wi'l It'iivL- tlicru llic li)ki'n« (iT tliuir [irusi'iKi'. In AM"ric:i Micli i>lii'll-lii'ii|>9 uri' riTi|iii ilI, and hiivo liwri 
 olisi'ivcd iVcin Wi'-t <ir" iil:m.| U< Tii'ini Ji'l I'lir^ii, iii.d ii so i>n tin; wostiMii sen lidurd. I -liall dcri'lr a portion 
 ul' lliis |>ubliculiun tu North AnicricHii .'.|'i'll-du|n>.'.its. 
 
AitTinciAi, s(iETj,-i)Krosrrs. 
 
 35 
 
 ; 
 
 i 
 
 chimroiil and adu-s. Tho o,,is1-|h...|:!c. niaiuifacturod a kind of very primitive 
 pottery, tVagiuoiits of whi.-li are found commingled with tiie shells. The clay is 
 always mixed with coarse sand, produced by the trituration of stones, and added 
 for the jmrpose (,f preventin.ij; tlie crackin,-- of the vessels while in the tire. 
 
 Th.> Danish kjoUkeiimod<iii)gs haveyiehled a number of awls, chisels, eomb- 
 shaped articles, and other tools made of h..rn and bone, and in irrcat abundance 
 chipped tlint implements, sucii as flakes, piercers, lanccdiea.l-shaped objects, 
 slin-ston.'s(?), and n<itably ;,.x.'s of a jicMdiar shape, and therefore called -shell- 
 iiii'und axes." They pn.liaMy served iiinpeiiin- bivalves, f am not, aware 
 that any objects directly vferabh. t,, tlshini:-, such as tish-hooks. harpoon- 
 heads, sinkers, etc., have occurred anion- tli.' refuse. The tlint implements are 
 mo.stly of ;i rude character, ana inferi<.r to the well-llnished .sj)ecimens of chipped 
 flint so rrei|uenl in Denmark, roli>hed stone implements, however, are not 
 entirely wanlin- in tlie kit<-hen-middens. Takini;- into .-iccount. additionally, the 
 fauna of the period, presently to be coii>idcred. it may not lie amiss to refer the 
 Danish kitchen-middens provisionally to the e;irly part of the lU'olitliic period. 
 -Messrs. Worsaae ,ind Steenstrup themselves are nut (piiti- in .accord concernin^' 
 the anti(piity of tin- Danish kitchen-mid.ieiis. Whij,. the l;ist-n;nned genflem.in 
 attributes tiiem to th.' dulmen-lmilders, the former considers them .o belonuiin,-- 
 to an earlier ei-och.- There i> no evidence ;'iat man lived in the .Scandinavian 
 rs'iirth durin;,' (piaternary times.v 
 
 'riie ceast-people certainly led .a very rude life, l)ein-. ,ts it appc.irs. nn;ic- 
 cpiainted with a-riculture. and c.impelieil .o subsist entirely on the spoils of tin' 
 sea and the t'erest. Xo traces of carinmize.! cereals h.ave been found in the 
 kitchen-miihh'ns: but masses of vvii,-,i is thou-ht to be the reHdue .if burned 
 eel-urass [/ostrra mariiia. I. in.) .,ecur in their immedi.ile neisrhborhood. Not 
 many centuries .-I-... salt was produced di the D.'uiish se.i-shores by sprinklin- 
 sea-water over burnin- heaps ,,f this mafi.ie plant : ,aud hence it is'thou,ght the 
 ancienl co.ast-dwellers had obt.iined s.alt by the .s.ime j.rocess. It is not quite 
 cert;iin ulietlier these peopj,. inhabited tli.- sc.a-board only in summer or dbrim;- 
 the whole ye;ir, thou-h t he rharacier of the bones ;ind .in'tlers. which belon- to 
 animals of ditl'erent a-es, would tavor the \ iew tli.at they i^ved tln're thron-h 
 sur.v.-sive seasons. .Mtliouuh they derived their su-tenaiice m.iiidy from the 
 •"'•••'• '•"• •"""•■ "I' iiianniials and liin[> sraltere<l thron-h the refuse show th.al 
 theehase furnished ;. p.rt of li;., provisions. The li^t of the former cempri.scs 
 the stair, roe. wild lioar iirus ', -■, f,,\. wolf, m.ai'ten. ottei', porpoise, seal, watcr- 
 
 ' liiill.lin., du f..iii,'iv.s ifAivluMl..-!,. I'lvlii-i.Ti^uc a ( '..iliiIi..,-"- in !>' ..i ; (;,.i...m1i;ii:.-ii, |s72; p 1 1.",, olc 
 r'V..n..ii„.,-oii;.„ili,.l„.„ |!,.si,.,|,.|„„u' '\'< 1„.1„„ -,:„Mlii,nvi^.l,r„ .N,.,.|. i,. , „. r ,1, - i,..,-,|..mIu I,, n Kr.iv 
 
 |.a- 
 
 iilicrlmiipt In ..■„.t IVn..,|e ,l.r .Strin -...it, wol, lio di.i .Muininmli-ui.d Ilri,nllii..rpori,.do oder di.^ ' pal.-.olilhi«l,.. 
 Zcit' t'eiminit Hird, sind n..,li ken,.' Spiucii imcli-fwio^on," - ll'..™,!,'.- /),> i;.r,,rv/,lc/,>r ,trs .\ur,/ni, w,r/, 
 jlfiehrcitiyrii nrnhmdern; h,f Deulsthf uherlnigi;, lort ,/. Me.-tuiJ ; Haiiibiirg, ISTH; p. 17. 
 
 il 
 
'S! 
 
 36 
 
 I'llKIIISTOKIC KISIIINO. 
 
 til : !' 
 
 rat, beaver, lynx, wild cat, licclgvliog. blade boar, and ithmisc. Nox< to tlio 
 sea-animals, the stag, roc, aiid wild boar cvidiMitly coiistituted the principal 
 food of the coast-peoplo. The dog, which is represented by a small I'acc, 
 seems to have been their only domesticated animal, and, as the bones show, 
 was also eaten by them, as it is by our Indians wlio keep dogs as companions, 
 and use them as food, especially on solemn occasions. The urus {Bos primi- 
 genhts, Bqj.) has become extinct within historical times, and the wolf, black 
 bear, wild cat, lynx, and beaver ar(> no longer found in Denmark. No bones 
 of the hare have occin-red among the sliell-heaps. perhaps for the I'eason 
 that those ancient ])eople were ju-evented l)y su])erstitious motives, like the 
 Laplanders of our day, from rating that animal. The reindeer and elk are 
 missing in the kjokkenmoddings, tlmugh their formci' presence in Denmark has 
 been proved by the di.scovery of their bones. 
 
 Remains of aquatic birds, sucli as wild ducks, geese, and swans, are often 
 met with among thesliells. Tlie great i)enguin or aidv {Alca imprimis. Lin.) and 
 the capcrcailzi'j >)r niountain-cock (Tetrao iiro(/nllin<, Lin.) deserve sjiecial mention. 
 The great auk. a bird incapable of flying, being provided with mere apologies 
 for wings, is .said to have been totally exterminated e'. erywhere by man. 
 According to Professor Carl Vogt, it was found in Iceland, its last retreat, until 
 the year 1842. after which it became cxti-'ct.-'- The ca|K'rcailzie, a l)ird no longer 
 found in Denmark, though still inhabiting the forests of Germany, feeds in 
 spring chiefly on the bu(b' <if tlie ])ine. a tree not growing naturally at iire.sent 
 in Denmark, but very coninion during the stone age. as has been ascertained by 
 the examinaiion ot Danish peat-bogs, 'i'hus it would seem that the disajjpear- 
 ance of the pine from Denmark caused tju; capercailzie to leave that country. 
 Remains of the domestic fowl, the stork, swallow, and sparrow are wanting in the 
 kitchen-middens. 
 
 The coast-people broke all the long Ixiues of mammals, ur split them length- 
 wi.se, for extractinij the marmw ; those containiiiii no marrow .ire K'ft entire, but 
 gnawed both liy men and degs. as the impressions of the teeth indicate. 
 
 Human remains, attril)utalile to the people of tliis period, h.ive not been 
 met with among the debris. 
 
 CrptKir of Afolliis^-n and Fish. — Tiie oyster {O^frrd nlnlis, lAn.) is tiie species 
 of shell-tish occurring nnisl ;ilinnd,iiitly in the kitchen-middens, its sliells x.me- 
 times (constituting almost entirely their contents. Next fnlhiw. in the urdei' ol" 
 their fre(piency. tlie cockle iC'nnliiini nln/r. Fiiii.t. mussel {M//filiis n/ii/is. Lin.i, 
 and periwinkle {Jjifforinti Hffono. I<iii ). all of which are eaten by man at the 
 ])resent time. Other marine and even terrestrial shells, such as Massn rrfiriilnftt. 
 Lin., aiul s|)ecies of JlKccinitm, Venus, J/rH.f, etc., are meniioned as occurring 
 
 * Vi>i;t: Vork'siiiiyuii lilier Jiii Sluiisolieii ; Uii'.'<acii, 18i!.S; Vul. II, p. 111. 
 
 'I 
 
 tl 
 
 I 
 
 i! 
 
ARTIFICIAL SHELL-DEPOSITS. 
 
 37 
 
 ill the n'fuse; Init tlioy appo.-ir in sin.-ill iminboi-, ami have added but little 
 to the I)iilk of thoslu'll-hoai)8. In regard to the oyster, it is worthy of remark 
 that this bivalve has disappeared from tlie neighborhood of the kitehen- 
 middens, being now contined to a few h)calities on the Cattegat. Yet even there 
 it never attains the large si/e eharacterizing the oysters of the old shell-beds. 
 The ooekles and periwinkles, too, though still living in the same waters, arc 
 much smaller than those of ancient times. These changes have been attributed 
 to a diminution of the saline matter in the water of the IJaltic Sea. 
 
 The crustaceans are represented in the kitchen-middens by a few fragments 
 of crabs. 
 
 Fish-remains are (juite abundant, especially those of the herring [Clupea 
 harengns, Lin.); but bones of the dorse {amlns mUarrns, Lin.), dab {Flpuronectcs 
 liiiiaiiflrt. Lin.), and eel {Mitrwim mif/nilla, Lin.) are also quite common. 
 
 Xothing definite is known concerning the methods employed by the coast- 
 dwr'llers for obtaining their prey from the sea, no implements having toon 
 discc '\er(Ml that altbrd any clue. The nature of their captures, however, indicates 
 that they had to venture upon the open sea, in order to make them ; and they 
 probably availed themselves of small boats, perhaps formed of trunks of trees, 
 hollowed by means of lire. That they used nets appears highly probable, though 
 direct indieatijMis of that practice, in the shape of prepared net-sinkers, have not 
 l)een fdund. 
 
 LAKE-DWELLINGS. 
 
 Chanuid-. — The facts hitherto considered in these pages l)oar rather indis- 
 tinctly upon prehistoric fishing in Europe. Though we know well enough that 
 the cave-men and the p 'o' wlio left the kitchen-middens practised fishing, wo 
 have scarcely any positive Keiwledge concerning the nu'tlinds employed by them 
 in their piscatorial luirsuits, juid must lenc it in a great measun- to imagination 
 to supply tliat want. Far more prei'js, intorni;iti<>n con. ■■ruing lisjiiiig in ancient 
 limes w.is nbtaini'd in tlic course of the c .aiaiuation ,i" pile-buildings in the 
 
 lakes of Switzerland ami otliei- countries of i''iin>p,>. Tl xistence of tiie 
 
 remains of thes(> lacustrine settliMuenls Ixvame know:, in llie winter of ISo-l. 
 when the water in the Swiss lakes had sunk much lidow its .n-dinary level, laying 
 liare large tract - nf j.-uid along their shores. A rare chance was thus atlorded to 
 
 the people of the iiriuliiiorli 1 for adding to tiieir lands liy building walls n(>ar 
 
 the wat(M'"s edge as a means lor <'utting otV dtMuided area- So it happened at 
 Meilen. on the iiake of /ilrich. wliere. during the pm-ress of such operations, 
 pieces of a rmle kiml of pottery, ai'iicles of stone, bone, .and horn, hard-shelled 
 Iruits ;iml other vi>getalile remains, and rows of decayed woodcMi pil(>s were 
 disc.ven'd in the mud of )|i,. Like. The late Dr. Ferdinand Keller. President 
 
38 
 
 I'kkiustouk; fishinq. 
 
 of the Antiquarian Society of /iiricli, wiio afterward acqiiirod so much reputation 
 by the reports in which ho olucidatos the suhject of Swiss lacustrine setth'monts, 
 proceeded to Meilen, in oi'(kn' to inspect the relics and the place where they had 
 been exhumed. IJeing an experienced antitiuarian, he recognized without diffi- 
 cidty the character of the relics, and, suniniing up his observations, concluded 
 that the piles had served as the supports of platforms on which the ancient 
 inhabitants of this locality erected their dwellings, thus living above the surface 
 of the water and at some distance from the shore, with which they communicated 
 by means of a narrow bridge. To Dr. Iveller, therefore, belongs the merit of 
 having first i>ointed out the true character of lacustrine remains, and of having 
 inaugurated a series of discoveries hardly surpassed in importance by any yet 
 made in the domain of i)rehistori(^ arclneology.* It \vr now remend)ered that 
 in times not long jtast. fishermen had lived in cabins built in the liiminat, a 
 small river issuing from the fjake of Ziiricli. The works of modern travelers 
 were found to contain accounts of certain Asiatic and I'olynesian ])opulatioiis 
 who still inhabit imildings erected on piles iu the water, thus perpetuating a 
 custom prevailing in times l»(>yond record and tradition in the lake-regions of 
 SwitziM'land, and a passage in Herodotus, relating to the Pav>nians, a triiie that 
 dwelled, 520 years before the Cliristian era, on Lake I'rasias, in Thrace (modern 
 lloumelia), was now oft(<n (pioted as illustrative of the ancient Helvetian mode 
 of life. There are also pile-dwellings in America.f 
 
 • Till' KiiKli"!! verniiin of Dr. Ki'II^t's rt'porls \m\rs Uin title: Tlio Liiko D\vi'lliii:r« "f HwitziTliincI mil ntlior 
 I'lirts of KiiMpi', liy I'r. l'"i'r<liii;in.l Ki'lliT, I'ri'.-iili'iit nf iIim .\iitii|ii:iriiin Ai-iiciiitinn of Ziirioli. SitoikI I'Milion, 
 jmiillj- •'nliiri;«l. ""ruiU'liili'd iiii'l iiiriitigiMl liy ,li>hn Kilwiird I.i'c, V. S, A., V. (1. S., Aiillior of •' Imh Silii- 
 ruin," I'lc. Ill two Volunii's. I.onilon, IS7S. — lIiT^'.-iftc r I -li:ill ofliTi liavi' oi'i-nsion to nnotc tliis triirisliitioii. 
 
 f AI"nzo ill' Oji'dii, II S|iunisli noliloiimn, who li;ii| I n h i'oni:i:uiion of (Joliiiiiliiis oil liU >oi''iiiil cx|>i'ilitioii, 
 
 undertook in M'.l!), indcpondi'iitly, ii voyii^ii fir llii' imiiin^o of oxploriii;; tlio nnrllicrii c'oii'<t of South Aiiiorii'ii. 
 He was iiri'ompiinii'd hy thi' Klori'ntiii'', Aini'riijo Vuspucoi, wlio hn^ Iffl im luroiint of tliis voyn^^i', from whii'li 
 Wusliini^'toii Irviiii; derived tin" f illowin;; stiitt'ini'nt : " l'rociH'diri:< iilon;^ t'lo coiKt, tlii'V iirrivi'd iit ii viisl divp 
 gu\(, ri'siMii'.ilini; :i triiinpiil liiki'. I'literin;; wliii'li tlioy li"hiild on tho I'li-ili' .. sido n villii'^i", tlio conslriu'tion of 
 wliich struck tliioii Willi sui'prisi'. It cmsistrd of twi'iily liirgi' hcuiscs, sluipwl like liclls, iiiid Imilt on piliN drivon 
 into till" liottoin of til'' liiki', wliieh in this piirt wiis limpid ;uid of hut lilllo di'plli. Kuoh lioiiso wiis |>rovi<l('d with 
 H dniw-liridii'i iind with niii'ii'-i, hy which the i oiiiiiiiini('iili'>ii was carried on. From this n'seinlilniice to the 
 Italian city, Ojeda ijavo the hay the name of ili" (inlf of Veiii •'■, an I it is called at the present day Vencziiela, oi 
 Little A'enice; the Indian name was Coipiihio-oa.'" --/.'■iw"»f/ ; T/f Lil'r inut \'(ft/aijfA nf ('/tristop/i^r d'hiin/int ■ 
 Now York, IH,-,!>; V.d. III. p. '.'H. 
 
 It is worthy of notice that in the (iiilf (Laki') of Maracaih >. syuth of the Hay of Venezuela, and c iniiiiini- 
 eatini^ with it, pile-lniildini;s are still i-recteil hy the litill*-civili/.--d (toajiro Indians. A (ieriiiiin traveler, Mr. A. 
 (Joerin:;. );ives Hii acc.miil of a visit to these Indians in " lllus'.riied Travels " ^V'll. II, p. Ill 'Jl), an exiraet of 
 which, Hccoinpaiiied hy representations of the dwellin^js, Is coiilaiii.'d in ICelli'r's •• Lake l)\vUiiij;s " ^ Vol I, 
 p. 77H y). "The houses, Willi l.iw slopini; r.iofs," lie says, " were lik" so many little cock-lofts perched on lii;;li 
 over the shallow waters, and they were connected with each other hy means of hriili^es. iiia<1eof niirrow ptaiiks, the 
 
 split stems of palm-lrcf'. — We wre invited to enter one .»f the liiit^. To d'l this we had to pei-f.trni a 
 
 feat worthy of •^onie of the monkeys in the nei:;liliorin^ woods, for W" hail to <'liiiih an iiprii;lit pole hy mean-' of 
 nolclies cut into its sides. Kaeli li'iu-e, or cock-loft, cmsisted of two parts, the pent-roof shelter lieini; partitioned 
 ofl" in the middle; the fr.int aparlnient serveil the doiili'.. purpose of ''iilrance hall and kitchen, the rear apartment 
 US It reception and dwelliii^-chaniher. and I was not a little surprised to oliserve how cleiin it wils kept. The Hour 
 
 I 
 
 « : 
 
 'N 
 
 
LAKi;-i)\vi;i,MN'ns. 
 
 39 
 
 Ǥ 
 
 Wlion tlip roHiilts of Dr. Kollcr's invostiftatioiisi hocamo known by his 
 writings, a general soardi for similar nicmorials of former times was made in 
 tlie many lakes of the repnhlic, and such unexpected success rewarded the eflorts 
 of the explorers, that more than throe hundred lacustrine settlements arc now 
 known to exist in Switzerland and a part of Germany bordering on the Lake of 
 Constance. an<l others have been discovered in the Lonibardian lakes, in Savoy, 
 I'avaria. Austria, >.recklenbnrg, Prussia, and in some districts of France, oven 
 at the foot of the I'yrenees. lleiu-e it is evident that the habit, of erecting 
 dwellings in lakes was at one period widely spread over Eui-ope. Nowhere, 
 however, have these remains been found in greater number than in Switzerland, 
 a country abounding in lakes, which naturally invited such aipiatic colonies. 
 In fact, the shore-lines of most of the Helvetian lakes are marked witli the 
 traces of these ancient habitations. In this connection should be mentioned the 
 lakes of Neucliatel. (ieneva, Constance. Uienne. Morat. Zug. Ziirich, Semi)ach, 
 I'fiiffikon (Canton of Ziirich), Aroosseedorf (near Heriie). Xussbaunien (Canton of 
 Thurgau). Inkwyl (near Soleure. oi- Solothurn). and W'auwyl (Canton of Lucerne). 
 The oldest lake-settlements date back to the neolithic period, and those, of 
 course, are first to be considered in these pages. The jiile-work at the bank of 
 liake IM'iitlikon. near Itobenhausen. for instance, has not yielded any articles of 
 bronze, but some earthern crucibles containing lum|)s of melte»l bronze, ami ,i( 
 AFoilen only a l)ronze c(dt (or hatchet) and .-t l)rMcelct of the same alloy were 
 found; which facts demonstrati" that these colonies still tlourished at the time 
 when l)ronze was introduced. There are many other l.ake-settlements in which, 
 among hundreds of ;irticles of stone, horn, bone, or wood, not the slightest trace 
 of mi>tal has occurred. Thes<' stations of the pure stone ;ige are chietly found in 
 Eastern Switzerland. Most of tho.se in the western lakes of (he llolvotiaii 
 repul)lic have furnished articles l)otli of stone and of bronze, and in some 
 stations tools and we.-ipons of iron, tiiouglit to Ite (iallic in character, and even 
 coin.-* iind other objects of Honiaii origin. Iia\e conic to light, it thus appears 
 that these lacustrine colonies existed for a wvy long periixl. which was character- 
 ized by remarkabl(> clninges in the ccjndition of man, whose progress, whatever 
 
 WHS lariniHl of split stems „f trci'a, set cluso tiii;i'thnr iiiul enviTi'd willi iimts. Weiipnris unci utensils wore pliieed 
 in oiiiiT in tliu idi-ners •• .Mr. (i.ierini; hiis iilsi> |uiMislieil ii ilesi-riplinn •:( tlu'se Iiiiliiiii pile-dwellintts in thu 
 "(iartLMilmilio ' ( 1ST!), p. 404, ele.l, with a kdihI view nf h };ri)iip ol' the iiqnutii' liiiWliiliim.s. "Siniilar pilc- 
 liuililiiiijs," lie nl)<erves, "lire nnnienms iiloiit; tlio shores nt" the lake; iliey iiften I'orni whole villaijes, whieh 
 proenl a must eiirinu.s aspeet in a dark niijlil, when the lighted Imi^are mirrored in Iho waters of tlii' lake." All 
 this tends to erify Vespueei's aeeoimt Trlhe-, at the nioiilh ,if tlii^ Orinoeo and .\maz.pn resort to pile-dwellini^s 
 more or less similar to those here ih'seriliej.- -Sec also a very fjond artieli' l.y Dr. A. Krnst, enlitli'd '■ Die (ioajiro- 
 Indiani'r," in "Zeitsehrifl fnr Kthmdoc^ie.' Vol. II, IS70; p. :)'28, ete. 
 
 Theeilyof .Me.xii'o was originally a village hiiilt on piles, ami other Aztec plaees sitnaled near lakes were 
 thus eonslriieli'd. 1 am not awiire that remains of aboriginal pile-dwelling"! have hcon noticed in tho United 
 SlHti's; hilt it winild not at all he surprising to Iind them. Italize, a small pilot-town near the mouth of tho 
 .Mississippi Itiver. i< hiiilt .01 pile>. I -aw this eniioiis village in 184S. 
 
 i 
 
40 
 
 IMlKItlSTOltrC FISHING. 
 
 its causes inny liavc been, can hv Iraccil in an iiiiintcrruptod line. Tlu>u«;li some 
 of tlio settlements are supposed to have been al)anilouetl towanl the bcLrinning 
 of the Christian era, it is notable that they are not nientioned by Ciosar, who 
 had become acquainted with the Helvetians by liia wars, nor by Pliny, an author 
 particularly fond of (hvellinu; on details. No account, no tradition, alludes to 
 these ])cculiar structures, which evidently were designed to protect their occu- 
 pants from the attacks of wild beasts and human enemies. 
 
 A detailed description of the lake-dwellings pertaining to neolithic times 
 would bo out of place in this publication, which is devoted to a special subject; 
 and I therefore confine myself to a general account of these early lacustrine 
 structures. 
 
 They were located in shallow places, and never very far from the shore, with 
 which each communicated by means of a narrow bridge, as before stated. The 
 upright piles were mostly whole stems of trees growing in the neigIil)orhood, 
 usually from four to eight inches in diameter, and roughly jjointcd at the lower end 
 by means of lire or the stone hatchet. Upon tlicie piles, brought to a level several 
 foot above the water, and strengthened by cross-timbers, rested the platform, often 
 merely composed of unbarked stems lying parallel to each other, but sometimes 
 consisting of boards two inches thick, which were fastened with wooden pegs into 
 the frame-work, thus forming an even and solid floor. The lacustrine settlement 
 near the (Jerman village of Wangen, on the Untersee, the northwestern detached 
 part of the Lak** of Constance, contained from forty to lifty thousand posts, and 
 formed a parallelogram seven hundred paces long and one hundred and twenty 
 broad; but in other lake- tillages — at Robonhausen. for instance — probably 
 twice as many piles were required. When the bottom of the lake was roi-ky, or 
 afVordcnl no sufficient bold to the stakes, stones were heaped up between and 
 around them, in order to consolidate the erection. These stones, of course, had 
 to be iirouglit in boats to the designated spots. Some dwellings were not erected 
 on piles, but on a kind of fascine-work, formed by layers of sticks and stems of 
 trees, stones, and loam, built up from the liottom of the lake until the foundation 
 was high eiiongb to receive the i>latform. The upright piles found in these 
 sulistructures only served to give them steadiness. These fascine-structures, 
 reminding one of the Irish and Scottish crfiniiof/s. only occur in small lakes. 
 The huts erected on the platforms, it has been ascertained, were nmstly of a 
 rectangular sli,i|i(>. and coiisiste<l of ;i wooden iV.-ime-work watthnl with rods or 
 twigs, ■•ind covered lioth insidi' and niitsiile with a layer of clay from two to three 
 inches thick. The roois. it seems, were made of bark, straw, or rushes, the 
 remains of which havent'ten been found in .i carbonized state. A plaster of day 
 mixed with gravel was spreail on the tloor of the hut to lill tlie chinks, and a 
 rude hearth, composed of several sl.alis of sandst(tne, occii|)ied the middle of each 
 cal)in. 
 
 t 
 
hAKE-rrt'KIiLIXGS. 
 
 41 
 
 Dunng the l.,ng occupatieu of the lac-u.strino villages inanv objects, no 
 doubt, toll accKlontally into tlie water; wiiilc largo quantities of rJfuso, such as 
 t 10 b..nes of (ho consumed animals and bn.ken clay vessels, were intentionallv 
 thrown over the platforms, and, as may i,e assumed, through the interstices of 
 tlu. sten.s or planks forming them. These heterogeneous accumulations 
 bocan.e .ml.edde.1 in the mud, forming what are now-ages afterward- 
 callod the ard.eologioal strata or relic-bods, upon which for many years the 
 drodging-imploments of antiquaries have operated, and brought to "light the 
 oM.lonoos ..t a most curious, long-forgotten phase of human existence. In a 
 number ot cases the bulk of these relic-be.ls has been increased by the ruin of the 
 villages themselves, some of which, there can be no doubt, were consumed by 
 hve. I hose conflagrations cannot lune taken place in consequence of hostile 
 attacks, because human skeletons are exceedingly scarce in the pile-works and 
 tl.orolore n.ust bo ascribed to accidental ignitions, which were likely to befall 
 wooden straw-roofed huts, each of them provided with an open hearth, probably 
 bla/..ng n.ost of the tin.e. When such calamities happened, many articles fell 
 ...to the water .n a ..harred state, and were preserved to our days, "owing to the 
 aln.ost indostruchble nature of carboniml suixstances. Several .Swiss lakes have 
 nmch decmised in extent, an.l (heir ancient shores arc fringed with formations 
 ot peat winch now inclo.so in sonie instances the remains of lacustrine villa-os 
 tonnorly surrounded by wator. Such is the case at Moosseedorf, near Bernoral 
 
 i™- "; *''*-V'''"''""' "'■ f^''*'^"'""^^! ••»'"' '^' Ho'H-nhausen, on the Lake of 
 tal ,kon. whore the owner of the coloI«-atod pilo-work, Mr. Jacob Messikonnnor 
 has boon sn.rossfully engaged for years in extracting relics of the early h-u-ustrino 
 ])oriod tnuii moor-ground and peat. 
 
 The builders of the early pilo-works, it must be adn.itted. wore an intollioont 
 ami industrious peoplo. who applied to the utmost the scanty means whioh their 
 primitive state of civilization olfered them. Thoy pursued "hunting and llshin-.- 
 but devoted themsolvos also to agriculture i.nd tho raisinu- of .-attlo • thov woiv 
 skilllul workers in st-mo, h..rn. bone, ami wood, practiso.l the art of pottery to a 
 .UToat .>xtoMt,and p.-oducod very creditable tissues, empluving a loom of s"implo 
 con.strudmn. The various occupations of the lake-mon, and the fact of (hoir 
 living in .-lose cmmunitios, in.lic.to ,..o small doi-Toe of social or.ler, which 
 nec'ssitatod s.ibmissi.... to the decrees of chiefs or a majority of the people 
 
 'I hoy omph.yo.l ilim and jasper in the manufa.-turo of arrow and spoar-heads 
 hardly distinguishablo from those found in the United States, scrapers, .saws' 
 and various cutiing and piercing-tools. Some of the saws, mostly two or tluve 
 inches long, .still retain their wooden handles, int.. which thoy were comonted 
 with asphaltu. , a substance also employed for fastening arrow-heads in their 
 shafts. Qn ,c! frequent are the ground colts or woduo-shaped hatchets, made of 
 serpentine, gabbro. hornblende-rock, diorito, .syenite, and other kinds of tou-h 
 
 *' 
 
42 
 
 I'UKIHSTOniC KISIIINO. 
 
 
 stono, iind doubtless used lor various purposes, rtome, wliich represent ehiaels, 
 were set in pieces of deer-lioru, liollowed at (»no end for reeeiviiig the blade, and 
 forinins; convenient handles. riartriM' ones served as axe-lieads, being either in- 
 serted dire<'tl\' into the thick end of a wooden clul», or into an intermediate deer- 
 horn socket worked into a square form at the upper end, to lit into a corresponding 
 cavity of the wooden shaft. These statements are not conjectural, a few complcto 
 axes, blaile and shaft united, having been discovered in the pile-works. At Meileii 
 iind other lacustrine stations there have been found celts made of nephrite and 
 jadcite. hard mineral substances, not known to occur in Europe, but not 
 uncommon in ditlerent parts of Asia. Some, who ascribe the lacustrine settle- 
 ments to new-comers from abroad, have suggested that they imported these 
 implements, which doubtless were much valued on account of their hardness and 
 greenish color, ^'arious lake-villag(>s of the stone age have furnished W(>ll-shai>ed 
 stone a.\es pierceti tor the insertion of handles. Among other stone oliject.s 
 found in the pile-works may be mentioned slabs of hard sandstone upon which 
 the celts, etc., were ground, grain-cru.shers. and tlat or more or less concave sl.abs 
 used in connection with them, hammers in the shape of pebbles of suitable form 
 and little or not ;it all modilied by art, net-sinkors, .and spindle-whorls. 
 
 Most varied were the uses the lake-men made of the horns, bones, and teeth 
 of animals. The horns of the stag were made into the handles and celt-sockets 
 .already mentioned; stout jiieces of this material, perforated with holes tor 
 holding woudon handles, served, according !o the m.-inner in which their en<ls 
 were fa.shioned. as hamnuTs. hat(!hets, or* hoes ; and the antler was sometimes 
 converted into a weapon or a hoe by the remnv.d of the prongs, excepting th.-it 
 nt'.ir the brow. Bones furnished the material for arrow iind spear-heads, 
 poni.trds. chi.sols, scrapers, piercers, needles with or witlwuit eyes, fishing- 
 implements, and other artidis. The teeth of the bear and the tusks of the 
 wild boar were utilized for iiiilar purposes, the l.itter, for instance, to serve 
 as cutting or scraping-tools, after the inner curve had iteen ground to an edg<>. 
 The lake-dwellers, like th(> men of paheolithic times, wore the perforated teeth 
 of certain anim.als as trophies ur amulets. 
 
 The number of objects of wood preserved in peat and water shows how 
 extensively that material w.-is u.sed by the lake-dwellers. They consist of handles 
 ;ind shafts for implements, maces r(>seml>ling that with which Ifercnles is usually 
 represented, mallets useil in driving the piles iind for other purposes, l)ows, 
 threshing-tliiils, ladl's, dijipers. bowls, tnlis,'-- and boats made of a single trunk; 
 besides knife-shiiped tools, eonibs. primitixc nicks for suspending iippiirel and 
 utensils, iind various other objects. 
 
 That pottery was abundantly made even in the lyke-.settlements of earliest 
 
 1 
 
 • Tlii'«i' vi'*"!'!* 1» ur n i^roHl riMi'mliliiiici' to tln' woo>Ii>iiwiiri! nf tin- •wmi' rhu-' ninji' ill llic |.ri!sp|it tini 
 
I-AKK-»WELMNOS. 
 
 diite is provod l.y tlio groat nuiiil)or of sherds scattored over tlioir sitos. I 
 vessels also l,;,ve been toiiiul, partly llat-bottomed. TI 
 
 43 
 
 In tiro 
 
 le material is mostlv 
 
 uni)iirilie(l elay mixed with ,-oarso gravel, jv.imded granite, small fragments df 
 
 e vessels are of rather rude appeiiraiiee, and sliglitlv 
 
 sliells. or eliareoji 
 
 'i'l 
 
 ion arc not wantinu 
 
 i>aked. prol.al.ly in an open lire. Yet attempts at deeorat ... ^. 
 
 some of the vessels heing eneircled hy knobs below the rim, or showing rows of 
 impressions made with the linger- or some blnnt tool ; while in other cases lines 
 are traceil with an implement or by pressing a eord on tlio soft clay. .Most of 
 the i)oltery has a blackish appearan<-e, .)wing to a coating with .some .lark 
 pignici.i. There is evidence that vessels of larger size were used for storing 
 grain, apples, and oIIkm- provisions. This [u.ttery can hardly be distinguished 
 from that formerly made by the Indians in the eastern half of the present 
 United States. 
 
 i\<«t the least interesting among the lacustrine relics, preserved in conse- 
 •|ii''ii«'o of their carbonization, are the twisted, plaited, and woven manufactures, 
 which were found at variuus stations, but especially at Robonhausen and Wanuen. 
 A kind of slK.rt llax was cultivated by the lake-men, and used most extensively in 
 the fal)ri<Mtion not oidy of thread, cordage, and nets for tishing, and probably 
 for hunting, but also of ditfereut sorts of linen doth, .some with inwc.ven 
 patterns, a fact proving that they employed a loom. Numerous spindle-whorls, 
 either of stone or of clMy. boar witness to the common |)ractice of spinning. 
 The lake-people <lni,b!l.-:;s dressed to a great extent inwoven garments; but it 
 may be assumed (hat tli«-y ,als,. eniploy.-d the prepared skins of animals for that 
 purpose. Indeed, fragments ,,f leather have been found at Uobenhau.sen. 
 
 During the early lacusti-jne period hunting still furnished in no small 
 degree the means „f sub.istence. as shown by the large number of )).)ne8 of wild 
 animals tuiind on the sites of the anci.>nt lake-villages. IVote.ss.u- Riitimeyer. 
 of IJasel, has c.irefully investigated the fauna of those times, which, cm "the 
 whole, .•urrespunds (o that o onr days, though certain speci.s „f animals now 
 no lunger foui„| i,, Swilzerlan 1 then inhabited that .-ountry. The urus an.l 
 anroclis. or bis,,ii. were hunted by the lake-men, or |)erhaps caught by them in 
 l)itfalls. The elk. an animal not known to have lived in .Switzerland in 
 historical times, still roaiU(>d through the woods : but the reindeer, it is hardlv 
 necessary to ivpciit, had migrated northward in .search of a .-older dimat.-. The 
 stag an.l wild b,,ar. both n<. longer living in Switzerlan.l, were much hunte.I by 
 the l.ake-.lwellers. and their bones imlicate animals of v.«ry largv size. Another 
 species uf wild ling. .lilVcriiig Irom the wil.l b,,;.,. p,-opor. ami •ailed the •'marsh- 
 hog" by itiitimever. is r.'pr.'seiit.Hl by numerous remains in the pile-works. 
 
 • The l.n,.ros..l,.n8 Indioutc sn.uU Imnd,. The lno««rine ceramic «rt, it ^nay be imu.ned, w,,., prttcti.«o.| by 
 
 woiii,.,!, ;i- 11 W.-.S, iiii.l <till is, tiinniif; Die NorUi AiniTiaiii iTuliiins. 
 
 : 
 
44 
 
 ITJEIlISTOniC IISHINO. 
 
 Huiu'.i ul" tlio roe-ilivr arc far loss abimdaiit than those of the stau'. Tlio hare, 
 it seems, formod im- artii-lo of diet among these people, owiiiu;, perhaps, to tlie 
 same prejudiff whieli eausod tlie men of the Danish ivjoiikcnmothlings to al)sfaiii 
 from its tlesli. Among tlie (•;irnivores may he mentioned tlie i)ro\vn hear, wolf, 
 and fox, the last-named of wliieli oeeiirs fre(|iienti_v in tlie settlements under 
 notice, and was eaten by the lake-men, as proved hy the condition of its hones. 
 The lake-dwellers possessed a species of domestic dog of middle size, which they 
 seem to have much valued, if the fact tliat it was not used as food, unless in 
 cases of extreme need, warrants such a eonclnsion. Remains of the horse are 
 exceedingly scarce in the settlements uf the stone age; but two kinds of cattle 
 were common during that i)eriod, one of them small, and called "marsh-eow" 
 by I'rofessor Riitimeyer; the second species. Ijirger in size, is supposed by this 
 author to have descended from the urus. The otiier domesticated animals were 
 goats and sheep. Traces of the tamed hog are almost entirely wanting in tln^ 
 oldest settlements of the stone age; but they beconu- more numerous in later 
 periods of lacustrine occupancy. It has been ascertained beyond doubt that the 
 filmed aniniiils were brought for shelter to the lake-villages, where they were 
 kept in stalls distriliuted betw(>en the huts. The large bones of (|nadrui)eds are 
 nearly .always broken or split for extracting the marrow. Remains of domestic 
 fowl have not been discovered. The wild birds which have left their traces in the 
 deposits around the piles, all pertaining to the ]irescnt fauna of Switzerland, are 
 wild ducks, geese, swans, water-hens, grouse, ami some other species of the 
 feathered tribe. They evidently were objects t)f the chase. The amphibians are 
 represented by the common water-turtle {Clsfiido ciirojuM), still occasionally found 
 in Swiss hikes, two sjjecies of frog and one of toad. The remains of lishes, 
 whicli, as may be expected, are numerous, will be considered in a separate 
 section, in accordance with the plan adopted in this publication. 
 
 Carbonized vegetable remains have been preserved in great .ibundance and 
 variety, to assist, as it were, in elucidating thi^ mode of life of those ancient 
 lake-villagers. They undonlitedly raisetl l)arley. wheat, and millet, several kinds 
 of e.nch of these cere.nls luiving been fouml iu the Iju'ustrine deposits. Some of 
 these spiries of grain were cultivated iu Egypt, and therefore are Ix'lieved to 
 have found their way from that country to Switzerland. Rye was not known to 
 the colonists, and oats not Itefore bronze had come into use. Rarley and wheat 
 appear (>itlier in grains, sometimes in coMsi(leral)le (piantities, or. more rarely, 
 in tlie sli.ipi' of ears; and even carbonized wheat-liread. in which the bran and 
 the imperfectly-crushed grains can lie distinctly seen, has been found .at Rol)en- 
 Ii.uiscn ami Wangen. This unleavened |Mvhistorie bread, which is very coarse 
 and compact, mostly occurs in fragnuMits. iiut sometimes in the form of roundish 
 cakes, about an inch or an inch and a half thick, and four or tive inches or more 
 in diameter, and was doubtless baked by placing the dough on hot stones, and 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
KfHU-KKMAINS. 
 
 45 
 
 n.vcring it over with -lowiii- ,,slu>s. Millet was oinploy.Ml in a similar inamn-r 
 tor inakin- bread. It is pruhaLle. hnw-ver, (liat ilie lake.i)ei.i)le .•unsiunecl their 
 t'arinaceoiis tuixl chiefly in tiie sliajie of iiorriiiui'. 
 
 Carbunized apples i,f siniill size, identical with those ;,n'(.winj,' wild in ||„. 
 woods of Switzerlan.l, liave been found abundantly, ami in a loleralde state of 
 preservation. They are often cut in halves, nmre rarely in Ihnv or four parLs, 
 and were evi(h'ntly dried for consumption durini,' winter. Whetiier a lari;er 
 kind of apple, found at Robenhauson. was a cultivated or a wild.;;r(.wini,' sp,.ci^>s, 
 r.-mains undecided, Profess„r Oswnhl Iloer, of ;^i,rich, who |,."s published an' 
 mterestin,!,' work on lacustrine vegetal)le remains, inclines to the forme- vicnv. 
 Wild pears were treated in the .same mann.'r: but they are far less common 
 than apples, which inu-*t have formed a much-.^ou-ht article of did. Anion" 
 other veiretal)Ie remains accumulated in the lake-mu,l may be menli.n.ed h:mZ 
 nuts and b.-e.-h-nnts. both in great pl.M.ty ; also water-chestnuts, which doubtless 
 were collected an.l .>alen by the lake-men, .-is they are in Upper Italv at this day. 
 Their present (.(•.•nrrcnce in Switzerland aj.pears to be restricted to',-, tarn in the 
 Canton of Lucerne. Then; have furth t been f.un.l the stones of sloes, bird- 
 cherri.'sand wild plmu-;, and seeds of the raspljorry, blackberry, and strawberry, 
 showin- that these fruits of tlu> forest were used as foo.l. Hxceptin- i-eas. no 
 culin.ary ye-.>tables have appeared in the ston.>-,i-,' settlements Albwi'on h.nin- 
 lK>en made to the cultivation of tla.v, it may further be .stated that hemp was 
 totally unknown to the lake-.lwellers. even to those of a later jn'riod. 
 
 According to Dr. Kdler, the l.ak.-cojonists of the stone a-e drew their 
 sustenance chiefly from tiie veovtabje kin-<lom. Their anim.d food was a^iuired 
 l-y hunting rather tii.an by the breeding of c,,ttle, considering tlial in the 
 .lecumnlations arouml the j)iles the bones of wild animals outnumber those of tl,,. 
 domestic species. In the bronze-yielding pile-w.u-ks, it will be seen, tli,. propor- 
 tion is reversed. 
 
 Fis/i.rriiifiiiis.—VoniAr living upon lakes pleiitifnilv slorke.l with li.||. ii 
 can be imagined, availed themselves of all means in llieir power f.,- c:,pturiu- 
 them, an.l the numerous remains of tishes discovered on tiie sites of th.. .nieien^ 
 lacustrine vilLiges bear witness to th.' extent of their efVorls in thai direction. 
 .Vol only the lioncs of lish.'s. Imt .-dso tiieir >c;iles, th,. latter ev.ui in a -ond st.ite 
 I'f pres(>rvalion, h.ive been exIiMcted IV.. in llie l.ike-niml. ••With respect t,, 
 tishes." .says I'rofessor lliitinu-yer, •• many species were found wjiidi are now llio 
 most abunda?it in our lakes and rivers."- Tli(> following are luenlioued:— 
 
 Tlu' salmon {^nlmo salat\ \An.). the pike yl-l^n.v lurins, Lin.), the perch 
 {I'erca jUolatUh, Lin.), the carp {Cf/pnnm c'tr/>l'>, Liu.), the dace {C//i>nnns 
 
 *Kullgr: Liiko Dwellings ; V.jI I, p. 537. 
 
 
"T'T" 
 
 if. 
 
 I'HKIII.HTOHU; KISIIINIK 
 
 leueisiKs, Lin.), Mio chub {C/zprinus ttuhiittt, \ilss.), tlio iiaso (('liomlroHtoma nonun, 
 [fiiii.] AufiiMs.), tlic Idirbot (/iOfa viilijarh, Jen.), ninl tlic riitl (Scartliniu.i eri/tfiru- 
 ji/itha/iiiiis, [Lin.] Hmi.).''' 
 
 Pike of viTV iargi' xi/.o tin' nR'ntii»n<.Hl. l''i>li-ri'niaiM.s wort! inont iibuniiant 
 at tile ."^tntinnn nl' Kdbfniiaii.scn nnd Muussoedurt'. 
 
 Fislthiij-'niiplemcnts. — Tin' relics directly it't'i'ral)le In lisliinn', which have 
 been discovered in the lacustrine reliobeds, render it certain thai the ancient 
 laUe-tlwellers fished with the line and with nets, and tjiere can h.irdly be any 
 doubt tiiat they speared tisli. Their moth: of life rendered the use of boats 
 necessary, and some of Iheni, indeed, have been |»reserved to our time. 
 
 Such pointed bone rods as proltably were u.sed dnrinLf the reindeer-])eriod, 
 instead t»f real tish-hooks, oirnr lVc(|neiitly in tin' di'posits around the piles of 
 ancient lake-vill lues, and no doubts are entertained as to their use. Dr. Keller, 
 in treating of the anti(|uities t'ound at \V;ihu,-eii, descrilu's them in these words :- 
 
 " Fishing-impleiui-nts nmde of l»one. These occur very ai>undantly. A 
 str.'ii;;;ht pin or shank is cut .away a little, or has an incision round it in the 
 middle, to which the tishinu-iine is attached, and then the little pin is (|nite 
 covered over with the l)ait; when swallowcil it cannot easily be not rid of I'v the 
 lish. This [)lan is nuw in use on the Untersce for catchiny ducks. "j- 
 
 f 
 
 I'lu. ai».— Wuiigori. 111,. In— tt«ii(ii.ii. I'l.u 11- l.aktMif Neui liAlol. Ki.. IJ.— LiikiMif .N, ii. ii.Uil, 
 
 All |. 
 Flos. U!)--1'J. — I)(mlili'-|iiiiiitiil liiiiic iinpliiiiriils. 
 
 • KoUor: I.iiku I)wclliii,'.s Vol. 1, p oil, 
 
 i^ Iliiil.; VhI. I, |>. 71. — ' M. iln la Itiiiiiiliii'ii li'll.s us timt in Fraiiec^ a siiiiilar r>'nii nf iiistniiiu'iit U lined for 
 cut4.-liiiig culii. A strai^lit pipi-o of t.ldcr is tiilicii, a n.'odlt; jiointiid iit Ixilji imiUh i.s |>a.-<sfil tlirou^li il : tlii-i is liait<-il, 
 iind f" cols arc caught. "—Wrtrne/ J'/illli/is: Tninaaeliniia tif the American Fish Culliiiiii Aasociution, New Yurli, 
 187!) 1 p o:i. 
 

 DOirilMM'orNTKIt IIOXK IMPMIMKNTS. 47 
 
 'I'll" Iiikc-pooplo may li.ivc used thciii f..r eatchinj,' tisli ixs well as a(|uatio 
 birds. 
 
 Fign. 3}) and 40 reprudcnt .siidi lisliiii^'-iiiiplcinciils fn.iii VVaiii,'i«ii.- 'rii..ir 
 clianictor is so plainly cxprosml l.y iLo illustrations that a .loscripHon Ik-cumics 
 siipo-rtu. iH. Tli.Mv aiv sovoral pointed l)orn>s uf il.is .■Imractci- in lli.. airlia-o- 
 loj,'ical rollcTtion of tlic United Slat.-s National Mnsciiin. I -ivi- in Fijr.s n ,„„i 
 42 rcinvscntationsoftwoof tliciM, wjiici, vvm« ol.tainod fnmi ono otMl.o pik- 
 works in tho Lako of XiMU-l.at..!. Ilouvvcr, I wonld not assert that their appli- 
 .•••'tion r.«ally was that of Lait-hohlers. .•onsidering tho absence of notches .)r 
 Lfl'iioves ill the liiiddle. 
 
 Kiii. i;>. — Xuiif iirr()\v-iii>uil(?). S:iiia-Aiiliiii. 
 
 M. n.'iiri F.e II, .11 lu'lieves tliat soniewliat curved specimens of tiiis class 
 served as arron-heads. l.ei.m- atlaclied to the end of tiio shaft in a nianiuM- to 
 '"'•'M botli point and l.arl., as indicated by Fi- J:!, uhirh is .-opird from his 
 
 work.-i- Til.- nri-inal. he states, uas obtained fi 1 the stdie-a-e .ettl.'iiieul neir 
 
 Samt-Anbni. in the Lake uf Xeiichatel. If it reallv is as repres.-nte.l, all dmibis 
 i<s to ,t^ use must eease; but the .h'sign, tVr aught I know, may show an inia^i- 
 nary connection ot puint and shaft. 
 
 Keal li^h-hooks, made of huni. hone, and boars' tusks, approacliiie- 
 l"oderi, t,.rms. and, in ...uiie c,-,ses. nbjects .M' less characterisi^- s),,,,,, |„u 
 suppo.sed t.. n-preseiit, (ishdu.oks. are not want in- in the lacustrine dep„s:,s uf 
 early date. Vet they appear to ociir in limited number, onlv a few heii,-- 
 figured m Dr. Keller's work. I'ortunalely I derive some aid fr.ui. the ivpurt". 
 "•" 'I'*. International Fi.shery Kxhibition, held at M.-rlin in IHSO, in which 
 delineati(Mis of siniie Sjwi.ss hooks are uiveii. 
 
 * ICfllcT: Luke Dwrllinits ; V.>l. II, I'liite XI V, Kigs. 23 and 21. 
 
 ' '"'"""^ '■'" '«'""*^il'^'-'" '•;»rc'l..; liflUuditi.,,,; Bru.«*ol,s,„ull'„n.; IS77, ,,. -'1.3. iti™,,. 14, ll,-,.t „>„.). 
 
 hi 
 
 hi 
 
mmmm 
 
 .i ■■ 
 
 48 
 
 I'liKlirsTOHIC I'lSlllNO. 
 
 miood. ,1... . ,,o.-. W.S applio.1 a. a lisl.-ln.ok, i, ..,, ..f cuu>.e, o„lv have . rvod 
 for catching larger kimls i,\ M\. 
 
 I 
 
 Kl.i II. W;inK.-ii. 
 
 '■"■•• r. -M |„,- 
 
 Fi'i I'i. -MoosKoclnrr 
 
 I-'ic.s. Il-Ki.-Fi.h.hooks „/• ,l,,rl,u,„ ,„„l l,„,,r.' i,„ks. 
 
 TI,e ..-i^inMl uf IM,. .n is ,l,.s,.,-, 1 I.V I,,, K,,l..,- as ■•., Ush-l k mkh!,. „f 
 
 tl- tusk nt a w,l,l l,„ar. ;i; T- ,i„.ko ,V.„n ll,.. ill„s,n,tinn. III,. s,,.vi,n..n whid. 
 
 <'■""<•■ N\ In!.. .-...Mplet... ,t ,n;,v \unr f,.Hil|..,l i,s ,„„.,,„,.,> u,.|| ru.wU 
 
 '""'';■"'' '"•'""'""'" ''^ i-'t •lKUM,I,.rnf,l„. original of n„.;i,; .,i,i..„ 
 
 was also ,ouu.l at Mnuss....I,.,,-n,.l i^ ,h„s .los..nl...,I : -■■ Fish-l k „„;, •, 
 
 -••'.• s ,.sk ; ,t was ,„anufaH,nv.l in Ih- lull„win.- uunun- : fw.. l,„l,.s w.-.v l„.,v.| 
 n;.'"g n.,lu.s,.a.-.. l,,.,w.vn,hen.uas..|,,an.a:n.av,an.IM^^^ 
 
 lllllsllcd iiv siTa|i|||y-.(,ii,l>, ;j 
 
 ' ,"t ^^'7"^^-'^'-- "l-> .vs,.,nMin. Ihal .ins, .l,.sn- , rU. 
 
 shanks. „.w,.v,.r,.|„.u no inouio,. ,|„. .uaH nl of a line, as ,n Iho ,.,,„■ n.^ 
 
 • •asi'. I lir.v \V(MV cxhihiliMl at Merlin in IHSO.II 
 
 ..;i::: ';.!;:::::■;;:::;::::';;;;::;:;■ ™:-;::;™^--;;.«^ ,.. 
 
 i llii' iiiiili'riiil i> d.Miliili'.s ,l,.pr.|i,,rri. 
 
 t K.'llor: UkM|)w..||i„^M; V..L I, ,,. ,;.; Vol, II, |.| V, I,.,!! 
 
 « ll.iil. ; VoL I, |, ,l;i; Vol 1 1. I'h.t.. N \ 1 1, j.'.^^ o. 
 lAmMiclirlluriililf; |.. IL'N Ki^,,. h(,„i„|„|. 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
llsM-lliioKv 
 
 49 
 
 iias I 
 
 The <«ri!..iii;il f,( l.'JM- ij) ^^1 
 
 li<'ll is ciiliicil IVulii Krllri'V •• |„ilvc Dwell 
 
 iiiirs. 
 
 Hvn iv.;;,r.lc.l i.s ,-. ,|,,„l>lr lisli.ii..nlv. This s|Mvin,.-ii. iiia.l.. of ,l.vr-li 
 Nvas ioMHl ...t (iM- st.-.tiun ,.f Snint-Aul.iii. j will nm ,.,ttr„.|„ to d.ri.l,. wIkmI 
 It served ;,s ;i li.-iiing-iiiii.leiiieiil or lor .some otli.r luirpose. 
 
 orii, 
 icr 
 
 l-IPi. 17.— WuMiji li 
 
 '■■'■■ l--\Vuiii;.ri Kl.. I'l -Siliill .\i.hin. 
 
 l-"HiH. I7-I!". ISl.IK and (Inl-llnlll Ii>|| liodli,-. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ;"^'"' ''''"' I '<- ll''l''' n'|M''"-'''lt'''l •ll'i' li-n-lieM. Iholluli tiii iM.lM'olMtinli.- 
 
 Ill l"i;;.-. Hi, 17, ,111. 1 IS Kmvc prnjeciioiis wjii, h |,,iri;iKe lo .-oiiie e\t<'iit ..r IJM 
 fiifir.irlcr of l),irl)s. 
 
 Tlie l.lKe-llie.l IIIH]IU's1 iuli.ilpjy llse.l Molie sink. MS f, „' i|.'e| i- \V,||,T ll^liiii'j 
 Nvitll hook ;iim| line; I. Ill ,-|s jl is in |||;I1I,V ciises illi |)o- ~i l.|e jo .liviw ,i Jiii,. o| 
 il<'lli,iiv,ilioii I.etweeii lin,. ,ni.l llel-Wei-his, | sli,ill .siih-...,|ii,.M(l\ ivfer |o |||, 
 >\liell ll'e.itiliu' >>( tl Iijects ch.ilMcteri/e.l ,is -inkers. 
 
 Sni.ill |pieces oi' l),ii'k of o\,il oi- rechiii- iil.ir. ;iihi .-oni"ti s oi r.iiher 
 
 irre-iil.-ir, outline. |.iefci'il uiih one hole, or wiih t\w,. uhirh li;i\e I n ejHed 
 
 llo.its lor nel-^, .re not linrre(|llellt in : ,llle of iIm' i.iell-trine relir-l,e,|s. The 
 "I'.i-vl- of Ihi- rl.M-s ti-lire,| in Kelle, > "l/ike HueJIinL:-" ,1 |.|.j le.ij' |o l,e I,,., 
 ^'"•■'" I" ll''^'' '"'''II Il-'<1 I'T llo.-ilill;;- nel-. ;in.| I he ^.nWi' h.,hls ._. | |',,|. |||,, 
 
 s|Kvinien< in Ih,' eol|,.eiion of ih<' I'liiie,! ,S|,.||es .\,iii,,ii,il Mn-em,! ,-,> «,.|1 ,i- in 
 iiiv own, uhieh hitter w.Mv ol.triiiied ,il {{ohenhiiiiseii, .iihI miiI I e l.\ .Mr. 
 
 .Messikonilller, ni.ni.V Ve.irs nuo, .■iiiIoHl: ;i >eries of relie- iVoli, lh,ll joeMlilS. 
 I„ll-er ones, houe\er. sili|;,l,h' for hllo\ill- nets, .-nv in the eolhvti.ili ,,f the 
 
 l'e.il'o,i.\ .Miisemi. of Ainerie.ui .\reii,eo|ouv .'iinl I'll! loM-v. ,11 Ciinl.ri.l-.-. 
 
 .M;is.s!.'linsells. , -111.1 ,,n.' ..f tli.'iii will !„• .|,.,eiil„',| l,s m.' h.'iv,ifier. I ,-,m ..f 
 
 nj.illioll th;it Ihesni.lll.rohj.vtsof the eh-iss here si.iere.j Weiv eniph.v.'.l .i. 
 
 llo.ils lor lishiiiu'-liii.-. t.ikiiiu- lh.« |.l.u f tlie .-..rk tl.-.ils ii.-e.l in ..iir' .|;,vs. 
 
 I''i,i;s. Vi .111.1 ."li ie|,reseni -|„',iiii(>iis in iii_\ r.,|hviion. Tl riuiii,il ..I |'"iu. ,*»(i 
 
 b7 
 
 • v.. I. II, I'l,,!,. XL! 1 1, I'l- II. 
 
60 
 
 I'lfKlllSTOIIIC I'ISIIINC. 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 is ii fljit pircc uf liark. not (niitc tlinM^-i-iylitlis ut' ;iii inrli ii) tliickiioss, iiiid 
 pierced with a Imlc nearly in tlie niiiUlle. V\>j;. .'d slinws a I'nrni like tliat ot" a 
 boat with truncated end;*. In this instance a hole is [daeetl near each extremity. 
 
 
 Fi(is. .")() und 51. — IJiiik llniil!'. linlu'iilmiisi'ii. 
 
 ii 
 
 The lower surface is Hat. tlie upper one, seen in the liuiire, irrei.'nlarly convex. 
 The two holes would have facilitated the sliilinu' of the lloat alonij the lishinu;-line, 
 before fasteniiiir it at the desired distance fnun the hook. There are two hark 
 doats of this shape "n the archicolo^ieal eollectioii of the United States National 
 Museum, both likewise from llobeidiausen. 
 
 Fi.i. :.: l;.i'iil,aii-i'n. Ki.i, .•a-ll..l.. iihiiu-iii. l-i.; m, "Ai|i|.iii." 
 
 Kli.>. .VJ-">t. — Woudtii iiiiiiliiiiciil.s ii^iil for ri'iiiviriii;; li.^liiiij^-lim'.-. 
 
 In I'onnciiiiin w illi tlir liin'-li^liinu of ilir l.-ike-nieii I lia\(' to descrilie a 
 rather numerous class of -inipie Wdoilcn iinpliniciits which liear niui'h resem- 
 lilance to the t wirlinLT-stieks usrd in makiiiL;' fliocolate. 'I'liey (•iin>ist of a piece 
 I'f a small ti'ce-stcni with tin' slump- of the iatrral hranehes projectini:' from its 
 lower eiiil. {"II:. ■'>- rrpresenls .m oIiJim'! n\' tiii^ kind from Koi)eidian-;eii, which 
 is apparently nnicji liritcr prescrvcil tlian oihcr- iVom tlie >ame locality, I 
 
 •KoHcr. I.iikr l)»illii,i;-i VmI 1 1 , I'lul.' .\, Fig CJ. 
 
 I if 
 
AKl'IONs. 
 
 possess niysrlf tw.. ,.f tl,,,,, :uu\ I,;,v<> sm, dliors, ,-,II nf wl.irl, ,„v8cnt a imich 
 nrnglRM- .•.ppc-n-Mia-f tli.iii tlic s|„mmim.m. Iumv li-invil. I pln.T Mln.i-.ido of it, as 
 
 lMJ,^ ."),•{, Ill,' n'pnwiiljili 
 
 oil 
 
 nt' nllC. Jllsd IVolll Rnl)Cllll!lllSO|l, wllicl 
 
 1 wjis sent to 
 
 tho Borim Fisliory Exhil.itiun i„ \HHi):^' It show.s tl.o char.-.ctor .A' tlieso objects 
 iinu'li better (liaii Viii. .'yj. 
 
 ••Those iiiipleineiits. uliirb are iint at all micniiiiioii at l{oI)eiiliaiiseii. are of 
 peculiar interest; at first tliey were ••oiisid.Ted as iiiipleiiieiits use.l tor tlio 
 ••iiiirning or nianiifaeliiriii- of butt.T. but M. U,,elia( .Nfaniv, (lie eii-ineer of 
 (ieiieva. in llie fuli.iwin,- iMtiee', lias clearly shown that they are tu be e.Misidoreil 
 as tishiim-inipleiiients : — 
 
 •The tishernieii wim at the present day use implements nf this kind live, 
 while the tish are -niii- up. un the banks of the river Arve, well known for its 
 <"hl ami riishiii- stivaiii. They pass the night almost like sava-es. under huts 
 iiiaih' (.f twjos, and their small subsistence is extremely precarious. Tliev eateh 
 the tish in the following manner:— To ,,iie end i.f a cord, the length of a st.nie's 
 lhr..w, they fasten a r.-undish flat st(UU'. an.l to the other end a heavier st(me of 
 .•my convenient form. To this main cord they tie at intervals thinner striii-s 
 
 with hooks at the .■iid. and fi i three to five feet long. The heavy stone 
 
 is tlicii U down iiitn the water from the boat at the side of the bald<, but 
 
 *' 'li<'i'^l"i"^ is thrown as far as po.-;sible straight across the stream towards 
 
 the o|.|,n..it,. bank. Karly in the morning thrs.. cr.ls are drawn u,, and 
 e\amined. the implement used tbr this jmrpo-e brin- r\;„tly like tho-e found at 
 IJobeiihaiisrii. If is in fad the t,,p of a young lir-tr.v with the iu'aiiches 
 s|u-inging from ti,e main stem like radii. A n.rd is fastene,l to the upper ( nd 
 of this kind u\- ||,M,k, and in .u-d.u- to make it sink, sonic leaden rings or hooks 
 aiv fastciied to ih.' main stem: it u-oes by the name of „ri>ioii anioUMst tiie 
 (ishenneii. It is fhn.wn into the uater from the Im,:i|, and when .Irawn up. 
 
 '"■'".-^ ^^i'l' i' <1"' thiiiiirr .ords which have the lio,,ks at tl nd. As 
 
 the M.||l,.rs at liobenhaus.n had no lead, it i> possilih- that the perforai,.d st s 
 
 found in th.ii -ritlcmcnl m.iy h.-nc l,een i.scd to niik th.'sc implements. 
 
 Thi- implemei,: is nf -re;,t i,inn-t uiihrcsped to ij.e hi-torv ,,f .•ivilization. 
 
 for it proxes ij,,- t i,„ple uf. whVj, ii:,.e .a.-iiully derived tiieiV orioi,, iv,,m tln^ 
 
 hi.uhcst aiili.|uilx .iivat the present m ent used in pivciselv the same m.Miuer."i 
 
 l''ig, Al represents the .irpion. uhich measures .iboiil ei-ht indies 1,, len-th.i 
 Nearly related to this simple .ippliaiice in f,,nu an.l fiiiidioii, thoimh mure 
 
 compiic.iied ,aii,| enliivly ma,|e of inui, is the -devil's cl.aw -rapnel " iV\.^. .",|. 
 
 UM'd by :,eu KugiamI ti,sh,.rmeii to reefer tishingdiiies from the boti.an of the 
 
 * Aiiilliilic IliTi. III.-; |,. l:;o, (.'iu'. !i(i. 
 t Keller: I iil(id)w.'l|iiii,'» ; V,,| l,|, .VI. 
 { llild. 1 V..1 I,,, .-,1, 
 
 > 
 
62 
 
 I'UKIllSToHK llslllNd. 
 
 sua, v.licii till' liiioys iiiiirkiiig tl\o |ii>sitiiin of tlic set lines ur li.iwls Imvf litvii 
 lost (•!• .siihiiuTjACil li,v llic Mctiuii 111' violent winds ;inil \v,i\c.-. It is -;H>uorally 
 enijilnyed nn tlie «H(ter tisliin^-li.inks ivini:' ulV t!ie llast Cd.ist of Xcu'lli AnuM'ieji. 
 in (leptlis v.irviiii;- tVnm t\vent_v-li\ c to o\cr une liiindred t'atlmnis. 'I'lie n|(eratiiin 
 is !. ■ fillows: (ine end ut' a Imii:- line — lieiierally six-thread Manilla lienip linny- 
 line — is fastened tn the Imiu' link at the extremity ol" the a|i|);iratns. This dune, 
 the implement is thrown out of tin" lioai, and so ninch line veered out that the 
 jrrai)nel will •• hiii;" the liottom. while the dory is lieiny' pnlled alonu'. Ordinarily 
 two men row the l)oal during' this operation of drauv'inu' f«ir the lost uear, while 
 other sits at the stern with his haiid on tlie line, in ordei- to lie alije to tell 
 more surely than he otln rwise eoidd when the trawl-line is hooked. if tho 
 depth of water exceeds lifty fathoms, it is trenerally necessary to fasten an 
 additional weight on the line, two or three fathoms distant from the grapnel, for 
 the pur|)osi' of keeping the latter dose to ihe » •loni.'-' 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 Fio. •').'i. — " novil'K oliiw grn]iiiol." Miis.suchiisi'ttn. < •") liM'J . 
 
 It lias lieen stated that tlic> lake-peojile doulitlcss obtained tish liy the method 
 of spearinu' — •• supposition liased upon the discovery of huMislrine liarlied dart- 
 heads of horn and hone, well suited for that purpose. Some of them may have 
 heen the armatures ot' liuiirMm-sp>ars. alllioUM-li. as we iia\e seen, the lakc- 
 dwcllers \M re e\perls in the faltrication of weapon-iieads i^f tlint and jaspei'. 
 
 The nrii^iii.d of l''i'^-. •')!. made of staL;-liorM. certainly heai's the cjiai'acler 
 of a harpoon-head. 'I'his specimen was I'ound at the sl.ilion of ."^ainl-.\n!;in, 
 ;inil lielonuecl to the cidleciion of M.de .Mortillet. ;• 
 
 l'"iu'. •"»" represi'nis another liarpoon-he.id ol' deei-horn, likewise I'ound at 
 S.iinl-Auliiii. :ind formerly in the posse.-sion of !»r. ( 'lencnl, whose collection 
 was ai'c|iiirei! liy the INalnidy .Museinii. Il appears that I'i'ofessor Desor 
 considers this >pciinien as ,i li.sh-ho.di, an opinion which I can h.ardly slnire.J 
 
 * I'or llii>. inriinihiliiM I :i:ii imli'bU'd I- (':i|itHii> .lii-i'pli \V, (.'.illin-, nl' lln' UiiiU'il Sl;iti'.- l'Hiiiiiii»-i>iii nl' Kiih 
 arid Ki»hi'rit'!i, 
 
 t TIh' illii-lnili..ii - r.].!- .l'...'il I'r.ii'i •' U.'li.|in:i' .\.|iiil.'iiii(M', 1 1 , |i, .M . Im;;. 1 1 . 
 
 ; iJixir: I'liliililh", t.r l.iniisti i in l'iiii»triniiiiii>. in llii- l.iiki' mI' Niinlnilcl ; .Siiiilliscuiiiiii iti'|ii>i'l I'.ir IWifij 
 |i :'•■'<'. V'lii. .'iT i« II ri';niiliirliiMi o' Flu. II " "ii tin- -miih' |i.'i'.;i>. - I cuiild not iili'iilily tlii- -ihi'Iiih'Ii iiiiioiii; tliu 
 Sivi-r lull |iu.iii.lii'ii':, ..•III 1,, nil- lor I'jiiiiiiiiiiilhin |py tin' tiii^tiT* d' llir I'i'dIumIv Mii-iiiin. 
 
 i 
 
ii.\i!i'o<iN-m;Ar)s. 
 
 m 
 
 Mr. Kricdcl li-mvs n Ijiciistriiic (.l.jotl ..f almost (li(> s,iiii(> sliapo, wlik-Ii iu 
 
 (losi-nalcs_,.o,Tc.cllv, I think— as a liarj n-liea.l. Tu its sl.aiik still adlicir.' 
 
 the l.iluniiiK.u.s siihstan.v in which it was iastiMie.l into a .shaft.- Fi-'. ",8 ivpro 
 
 i 
 
 Fi.i '.7. 
 
 i 
 
 FiiiM. .'jO-OS.— Di'iT liiiiii li;r w-\ii.Iii.!icls. Stiiiil Aiiliiii. 
 
 si'iils a lin(> (li'i«r-hnrn harpuon-licad of kiiidriMJ character from Saint-Anliin, 
 whi.di is preserved in the IV-ahodv ''n^eimi (Xc r,i>:L*. ('). A smaller one. four 
 and oiie.fiHirth indies in lenutli. derived from the >anie locality. ,ind likewise in 
 
 •Aliilliilid lliTii hli' ; |,. l:!ii, Fig. 0", 
 
rn.|«»iu>.-ii»».»^--^. 
 
 -.....-.. M... 
 
 M 
 
 I'nEiiisrouic iisHiNO. 
 
 ■i 
 
 the abovo-naiiic'd institiition, has jiillioiiiii^' lo its slmiik a aniiill iVajj^iiii'iit (if tlio 
 wooilcn sliaft into wliicli it was insortcMl. 
 
 HI 
 
 1 1 .'I I 
 
 i 
 
 K(i|. .I'l.—I 'nil. •!■'■•. I'l.J. >'•'■ — rotli'i-i.v I'lii III — Wntiwyl, 
 
 Fn;'.. r)!l-(!l. — IIiir|ioiiii-|i('!l<1s of Imiu' iiml ilrirli.iin. 
 
 Fiir. *')'.> shows a vcrv carefully nurkfil lin?ii' har|innii-lica(l. {'xhiliiti'd at 
 Berlin in ISSO.-'- The loi-ality fnnii which ihc s|)(>cin«'n was dfrived is not 
 named; l)iit tin! same olijcct, it apiKvirs, is tiijuivd. witii other similar ones, on a 
 smaller scale, in Dr. Keller's worlv,t as well as in Ilia', of M. Kivd. Troyon.;j: 
 They are then" denominated Imiie arrow-heads, and the Conci.se settlement in the 
 lialie of Xeiichatcl is nu'ntii'ned as the locality when> the specimens were 
 ol>tained. These ohji-cts are attrilaited to the stone period, thonuh the l.ike- 
 villajje in ipiestion still flourished after the introdiici, n of iu-onze. The shank 
 of Kiir. *")'.•, it will he .seen, is very artistically notciied. and if its form is cyliii- 
 dric.i! or rod-like, as tin' dclinealion -iiiir'jrests. tli<' niti-hes may haxc ser\ed for 
 the reception of iiitumen liy which the he.ad was fastened in a socket-like cavity 
 at the end of the shaft. There an', indeed, no very nlrong indicati(Uis tiuit the 
 
 * Aintlkln; Hcriclitc; p. I'JS, Fii;. h.',. 
 
 t K«HU. : Lake UwilliiiK* ; Vi>l. II. I'liil.' I'lll, Kins. HI, 17, ui,<l IH. 
 
 I Trovnii : lljtliiliitii'ii-. liiiiii.'lri'M dci T('iil|>!i AlK'liinsi.'t .MinliTMi- ; I.iiii-iiiiih', IHiIII; I'IuIc V I, Kii;i' .!, I,uiiil r>. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
HAi!r()().\.iii;.\i»s. 
 
 la I. 
 
 k.'-incil !i.-.«(| IliirpoollS wi(I, (l..(;|rl|i|I.It' llCiuls; I, lit 11 
 
 iMii|>liiy('<i tliciii. 
 
 ii-y may iirvcHliclcss Iiii\( 
 
 Tlic aniiafnrcs thus far il.'scril.(«,l cxliihit i.i.lv a siniil 
 
 r liarlt ; in F\ix. (J() 
 
 as 
 
 s.'n..s of unilat.ral l.a.-l.s is s,.,.„. Th. siMTinuM,. M.a.lo ..f ,l....,-h..r„, wa> 
 toiind at ( 'uiicisc/' 
 
 Passin- ..v.M- f(i liar|..HMi.lilv(> annatiiivs witli l.ilatoral l.arl.s. ] r.ivo in F\<r 
 
 CI tlioivproHcntaliM,, o{ a ^^immm. , ,.f ,Ic.,.r-lH.n., f..i.M,l at W'a.iwvir Ft sli..\v!s 
 
 thivo sl.ar|.Iy-,ut l.arl.s ..i, .-adi si.l.., ,ui.l a|.|)oars to i)e «.r a flatti.sli tbn.i j- 
 
 
 'm 
 
 Pia. m> 
 
 l''li.-. (iL'-fil. — J)ii'f li.irii liinpiHin licacls. liiUiiiiiiri'ii. 
 
 I''ius. (L', (i;$. ,111.1 fU ,n-<" .l.-Iiiiraliuiis .,r ,l,.rr-ii,.rii li:ir|...un-lH-;i(ls ul.taiii.'.l 
 l.y Dr. (Jrn.s iVum ili,. I.atlrinuvn sinM,« ami lin.ii/.'-auv s,.|||.>m.'ii1 in llic LmU." 
 "f Wu'uw. Tliry aivall pcrlnral,',! .-.i llir Inuvr .mhIs. u liirli tcniiiiialc al.nii.tlv. 
 
 *Tr<ivi>n: IIiiliiinliMii. I.M.n^tn'- ; I'liit.. \M, Ki:;. 25. 
 : K.'llri I,mI,.. liw,.|ii„u's v.. I. II. I'l,ii.' XX, l''i^. •.'(1. 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
li^wiw ' *— * » !'■■ wi«»y* * i 1 1 m tm rnt mammm 
 
 66 
 
 PKKIIISTOHIC KISIIINC. 
 
 Tlio orifj^iniil nf Kiu. (L* is cluinu'tt'rizcd hy Dr. (Jrnss as •• a laryv liar|>i>(iii. nearly 
 cii^lit ami tliivc-t'niii'tlis iiidics Imiu'; it lias eleven liari>s. is perforated at tlio 
 Imse, and has been .skilll'nlly iiiaili- nnl nfa iVaunient nf . stair's Imrn."* Tiie barlts 
 are rather lilimt. Kii;-. <i;j represents a very tine speeiinen, lliu.- descrilied i)y 
 Dr. (Jress in •• Maleriaiix " : "A larni' Imrpniiii nf deer-lmrn. twenly-lwu ecnli- 
 liu'ters in leni;th. |irnvided with six \ ery sharp liarhs. and perforateil al the liase 
 for heiiiu: fastened to a wooden shaft ii_\ means of :\ pe^,' {rfiri'illr)."\- Dr. (Jross, 
 fonseipiently. does not re:;ard these harjiodiidioails as di'taehaldi' armatnres. 
 K till' perforations had served tor reeei\ in_ii' a line they prohaMy wonld not ha\e 
 heen placed so near the lower en<l. I'^Il;'. <)4 shows a shorter harpoundiead of 
 similar eharaeter, with only one harli on o.ich side. A deerd rn hai'poondie.id 
 resemhlim;- very nnieh the oriiiinal of I'it:-. (il, ;nid nearly of the same length, is 
 preserved in the I'ealiody .Mnsenm. D was found al Saint-Anhin. .and lielonnrd 
 to the Clement eolleetion. 
 
 It may he assumed lli.il oni- of lli(> methods employed liy ihe laUe-people 
 tor olit.ainimj; tish was that of shootinu them with arrows — liarlied |ioints of iione, 
 horn, and ston(>, well suited to form tlu' ■•irm.ilures of such arrows, haviui;' lieen 
 found on the .sites of Ihe aneient lake-\ illaucs. 
 
 1 
 
 11= i 
 
 'I'! 
 
 m 
 
 Km r.:..— .Siilnl \iililri Ki.i. mi.— Hi.li.'nluiiHan. Km. 07.— Iliwli'i. 
 
 I'lOH. fi.")-(i7. Arrii\v-lu'i»il.>< nl" Imrn ami lliiil. 
 
 .\n ari'ow -h",id fnnii S,iinl-.\iiliin. enii~i-<liML:' of si.-i.^diorn. .and aecordinu' 
 to till' illn<lr;ition. still conni'deil w iiii ;i porlioi; .if llic sh.afl. is represented l>y 
 Kiu. •>•">.: It ii.is only oil!' Iiarli. and is .•.■ri.rndv uf .-i -ji.ipe sniii^vstive nf li-h- 
 shoiilinL'. l"iu. liii ~li.iw- thr I'l.rm nf .1 liarlird llint point iVoui Koiienh.iusen, 
 which mi-iit have licm u-cl uilh .uh .int.aL;!' .1- the hi-ad of an arrow designed 
 
 • Krll.-i l.akr Dvullinu'*; V..I. I. |. l.'-d; V..1. II. I'luti' XI. 11. I'ii;. 1. 
 
 t(ir.i-<: IKTiii.rt'ii Tniiiviiill''' iImik Ii'» IInlMl:ili'>ii4 l.aiii^liv^ ilii \,if i\f IliiTnic; Miil.'i iuin ; \'iil .\ S', 
 IMSII; |.. in. l!.-|,ri".i'iitiiliMiis i.r tli.' Iw.. Iiui|ic".ii-lii';hl- ••ii I'l.il.^ II. Ki-- I I'l'l '-'. 
 
 ; K.'ll.i ].:il.- Ihvllii,-. ; v.. I. II, I'l.l- .\ 1,1 11 Ki-. 12. 
 
 M 
 
 iJf 
 
iisMi\(i-M:rs. 
 
 Li ,i : ri: r,; "• """■ '"^ """"•'"'"^ ""■ -"■"• '-"- -''•• '•- ••. 
 
 ' •'!-"' \'nvs,., ,„ L„n,l..,..|v. |„ ,|n. ins.nn.v. „.,.. ,1,. sixo is ,„„ 
 
 r • '";! " '^ '"•"''^"''> ""• —I .:; „ „,,,„, „ , • 
 
 " ,"■",''"'. '^' ■"•'■'-''-'^ l-v •iu'urnl niav jus. "as w..|l 1...... 
 
 Fr(i. (IS.- |.'i„f,,ii,.|it ,,f (H|,ii,i,'-ii..|. l;.,l.,ii|i,iiis,.n'?). 
 
 ''''"''■'■'•■"' '"' "" •' ' "'•" •'"■ l.-.k.Mhv..ll..,s ti.s|,..,l uiti, uoU. Owin- fu 
 
 l"'''"'"H' .•ir.MiiMstan.Ts. k„„u„ t,. (1„> iva,!.-.-. inanv lal.rirs ,,r (lax Iru- l",-,.,, 
 
 |..vs..rv...l ,M llM. n.li,-l„.,|,. .,,.1 an.,.,,^ tlu-s. a,v iVa;. ,„s „r n-.s ,,.,.1. -vaHlv 
 
 '"'"""'"• """' ' "• ''•""'■ 15"' «'^'•', i„ tl...al.sr.i.T,.rtl„..rlVa..„H..,|. ll,',. 
 
 "'•••"'•••■■"'■'•"I >val i,.-!..iMi<rrs w„Mi.I fnrnisi, <„m,.i.,,t .,.,M„„i f,,,' lli- a<<..r.i„„ 
 •■'•' '-M,.,|,na,M,(a,-,mv,-i, is sai,|, " ( |„. >,„., si,„,.l,. I^.nn a,v iU,- ,„•(. whirl, 
 v"rvn,ns,.|..,.,.,|.h, l„„l, in ,i„. s.,vn^^tl. ..f ,l,„,.,„,i ,.,m,I in ti„.si/.,. „r ,|„. n,..!,.. 
 
 ;"■'""■;'"'- '" ""• '""■1"-"^^ ''"• ^^''i'-l' "i-'v ^v..v ,l..si^ 1. ;„„| vrt th.v „.,.n, ,11 ,,! 
 
 l--l-nn,a.l,.intl„.sam,.manm.r.l I. w„mM l.. ..ran^./in,! K if prinmiv. 
 
 '":"';'"""'';'"''''•'■'''''"'•'•'■"• ""•"""'^'•" ^i"-",...wi,at,.v..r.h..i,.,|,Unaliun 
 
 !"'; " '""■ "• ''''"•'•" '"■'• '"" '"" -l-li.i-ati„n. uf M,.|.,Va^n,..nts ^^ivn in Dr 
 
 K.'ll..r> Nv,„k. „n,. „!• wl,i..l, i. Inav n.,.r..,h„....i as Fi,-. ,;s,|; Tl,.. nK.sl,..s ,.r ,|,is 
 
 » K..II...-: I,,.l„. Ilwrllili^^s; V„|. II, l.|.„,. XIII, Ki^r, l;). " 
 
 ^ "'"'■'""""••'>■ "■'- - ' <-. <l„. ,..-,. i„ ,!„., ,„..,li..ati..n, I .n.:aly ,li„,i„i.|„., i,. ..i,.,„i,„. v„I„o. 
 
 J K..ii,.rt r.Hi,f.iittviiiiig,j Vol. II, nmucLxii, kik. i. 
 
 i IM.I.i V..1, I, ,,. .MO. 
 
 , "'"I : \'"i II. I'Imi. CX.X.WI, ]■■;.; •_', 
 
 
0g 
 
 I'UKiiisToiiic iismsff. 
 
 iii't, wliicli is made 111' stmiij^ cnnl. iirc imt (|iiilc tlirt't'-cinlitlis of nii iiicli in widtii, 
 and liciicc it was well siiito<l lor lisliiiit;-|»iir|»nsi«s. 'I'Im" ntlior tigiiri'tl rrajjmcnt 
 III" a net lias iiicslios no less than two iiiclios wide, and is tlioivl'ori' — willi jiood 
 reason, I liclicvi' — dcsijj:natod as a rcninant of a liuntinic-not. Tlic plate tVoni 
 wliicli Fjo-. (W is coiiii'd shows designs of (lax falirics iVoni Holicnlianscn and 
 \\'anjj;on, but tiw locality wlu'rc rai-h olnjcct was ohlaincd is not specialized, I'itlicr 
 on the plate or, <is far as I could discover, in the text and the list of illustrations, 
 
 Of conrse, any attempt at spccnlatini; on the character of the nets employed 
 hy the lake-dwellers would lie fruitless. The few remaininu; frajjinients certainly 
 give us no clue. It is likely tluit (hey used the primitive ami ahno.st nnivers.il 
 seine-net while llshing near the shore; in dee[) water they may have followed 
 other nn'thods. We oidy know that they used vdH, and must he satisfied with 
 that information. 
 
 Xet-siidvcrs are freijuently mentioned in tiie translation of I)r. Keller's 
 work, Imt in many c.ises not sufficieidly desci'iiied iind rarely lignred. There are 
 sometimes doubts expressed whether stone ohjects of a certain form .are to i)e 
 considered as sinkers or slin'.;-stones ; ami the same \,mueness prevails with 
 rciiard to pierced cones of halved clay, which are thought to h;iM' served eilhei' 
 as net-sinker> or as weights in the process of weaving. 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 M 
 
 ■ii 
 
 h 
 
 Vm ul-AII.Mi-l,ii.>li. 
 
 I !■. T'l - Mlrn-lii,, li. 
 
 I'm 71 ■ INtiviiytT 
 
 Fiiirt. 0!t-7l. — Stoiii' sinkers. 
 
 I? * 
 
SINKKHS. 
 
 fie 
 
 n<>foiv iMili'fiii',' iipmi ;, (l,.s,-rip(iuii of |; 
 
 ntlclltlnli ti> ||m> IjicI Ihjil niiK M|r| 
 
 I lis 
 
 •iisd'inc siiilvcrs, I woiiM il 
 iiv I'liiitiil ill st.ttl('iii,.iit.s ,ii' tin- pure Ht 
 
 """' '*"" ""' •■'"'•"> '"• '•••.^■"'■' ■•'- lillii.-. piN.vi,l..,| tiM.v in- iin.l 
 
 .•iiinstiiii.vs rxcliidih-' III,. pMssiliility u( I;,!,.,- int nisii.ii. Tl 
 
 l;i\\ 
 iilii> 
 
 rr ell'. 
 
 lose tViHll stilli 
 
 l>||S 
 
 rs. 
 
 iiiu- 
 III 
 
 P'Tl.-m.iiii,^ tu tl... ,mv.. nf Stun,. ,111,1 l.ruiiz.. i,i,,y Im-Iuh^ („ ..j,!,,.,.. |t is ,.vi,l,.,„ 
 
 ' "" ""■ "•"'^'""" ''«• >t"-'" to \,ruu,r w.Mil,! i.,.t liav,. d.;ui-,..l ||„. ,.l,,.|r,.u.t,.r uf 
 
 "'" ^'"'^"'■': '•"''•'"'• "•••■^v,.i,,l,ts ,.r .s ,n,l ,.luy a.v ..v..,. ut p,,w,.|i» in „.,. 
 
 iiiih.im- iiii,-iviliz,'(I .111,1 ,Mviliz,Ml pooplcs. 
 
 All.,s:,.,i w,.,s ...Imi.ly n.;i,l,^ tu tl... ,imi,.,ilfy. ,„• ratlu.r imp-ssibilitv ..f 
 MislinuiiislMim ,„ n,,„y i„st..|i„...s lH.tw..,.|, sink,.rs f,.i- Ii,„.s uu,\ sii-l, .s .itv,.",! .,s 
 >H.t-w,.|j;l,.s. ^ H |.:„r, ,,,„ ,,n-l,..„I,..ri>ts mostly .vl',.r t.. .i,.t-siMi...rs ..nh 
 
 „„ ' '"'"• "" "'""'" """ " '-'^i""'^ "'• !• i;;'^. <!:► M,i,l 70^^^ won. use! as sii,k,.|.. 
 
 n...y .•...•tiiinly ,...„,,„M,. ,|„. ,..,„„i.,„„.st X.irtli An.oWoan nl.ori-i,i,.|| i„.t.w,-i..|,t> 
 .•n....istii,u„t w,.,t,.r..„n, (1,, pH.i.ios nnt,.|„.,l „„ ..pp„.sif,. ,1,1,^, ,|„. n„t,.l„.. I^.i, 
 l''''"l..'-."l l.y -lows. Tl... nn^\nnU .,f F,>. ,;!» ,i„.| 7(,. ,vlii,.li ,„•.• ,l,.nvc.,| iV.., 
 tl..- sl,.m.-,.,u.. st..,tiu„ „f All..,isl.,.„.|,, ,.n ,1... IJ,„..,,.,., ,,.,,,^,,,_ ,.„.,. ,,,.^,.,.,,,.,, ,^^ 
 ••ll|.t. .•.liM..st iiiiw.,rlu>,l n,l|..,| st,m..s. fn.n. tn.ir tu Iiv,- linos tlii,k ,•..,,1 iVu,,, tlnv,- 
 |.n.lM mil lui;,„|.i„,.|,„. i„ I,.„.,i,,,„,,i„. ,,. nirtlior Ini.vs uf ,vu,k,„Mnsl,ip 
 ""'-' <li- iH.iluus ui- lum.ws ...t . ,,n,l /.•••;• it is n..t ,.v,mi stat.-d wl„.tli..|. ,|,,. 
 ni.l-.ilatiui.s aiv pi-u,l.i,.,.,l l.y l,l.,ws ur l,y ,i.n,i,li„o, .,,i,! tlio ,I..si^,is-li..,v f„i,|,. 
 '"."• '"I '-'•""^'■^' "I' '"ui ,illi,„.s, wliicl, fail tu iinlioat.. tli,- pm-is,. ,-liara,.t..r 
 
 u| till' Spl'l-illM'llS. 
 
 „ '''■' ■'-'"■••' "'■ ''''^ '14: lV..m tlif. stun,. an.I l.n.i.zo.au.,. sfatiu,, „,.■,, 
 
 Kstavay,.r. u„ tl,.. Lak. n( .\..„..|,at,-l. ,. i,„.|,tiun,..l ,,s u,,,. ,.f tli,. .tu,,,.. ..,„'„ 
 
 '"""'•^ '•••'"'"' ••^""-■^' -"^ V..t tl...|v aiv ,ii„lu„l,to,l Xurtli A,i„.ri..ai, .ii.k- 
 
 st..M..s..l ..xa,.tly tli..sai„.. i;,nii; an.I .|n,i.. similar .„„.. tuiiinl in Hurup,., apart 
 
 '■"",' '•■''''•■'""""I'Miis. .•..•<• pr uii.v,| sii,k..rs l.y .■ui„p,.t,.M| aivl,u.u|u.a.t< as will 
 
 iH'sliuun „, tl„. s,.,,,i..I. I w.„il,l miliositatiiidyas,.,.!!,.. ,1,,,, ,.1,,,,,,.,,., ,„ ,|,„ 
 liuiir.'.l >p('ciiii.'ii. 
 
 A t;.u Mum,. ,|is,., .„. ,|i.,.]ii„. p.,,,,,,,„ ,,i„, .^ ,.„„„.^,, ,„,.,.„,^„„„, ^^.,,. .,^ _^^^^^. 
 
 li.iN.' -y^r,\ ,.,. i...i.siMk,.|.s. an. tiuun.,1 ii, K,.||,.,.'s - l.ak.. Dw,.] s • - I.,,', 
 
 mM,.a,l ,. ,.upyi„. ;,„y ,„• ,,i, il|„.„.atiuns. 1 ^.ivo in V\... 72 an.I 7;{. ,m, H,,. Iu|- 
 I..W,,,. pa.,.. ,|,.s,;:„s „f „,i.inals in II,.. IVal,u,|y M„s,.,„„. „ C.nil.ri.l.^o Fi-v 
 -1 IS an invi^iilar (lat .lis,- ..l^niy san.lst..n... half an iml, i„ ,i,i..kn,.ss „;;| 
 
 "^'"';'""V' '■""^'' ^"••''"•'■- ^^ ''i"'' '"""•• .•i.vi.ni.tan.v n.| rs it ,lilli,.nl, ,„ ,l.„.i,i„ 
 
 wlM.|l„.r til,. Mui... h,,s l„,,.n artili.ially inu.liliv.l ,„. ,„„ Tl,.- l,u|,. i„ tho nii.Ml,. 
 
 » K,.|l..r- r,uk.. DwHIin-: V..I II, |'l„„ XXIV. Ki,-< i h,„I 1. 
 
 t ll'i'l. ; v.. I I, |,. ;,., 
 
 I ll.i.l ; Vol, II, |.|,,i,. X, All, K,.,r, |..<. 
 
 j ll'i'l ; V..i, I, |, ..'i;.-,. 
 
 V- 
 
flO 
 
 I'KI'.IIISTultM I'ISIIIMi. 
 
 is (Irilli'd iV.iiii liuili si. !(••*. Tliis s|MM-iiii('n i \.«. liHtl. A) whs nht.iini'il .-it llu' 
 Siiiiil-Aiiliiii slaliun, Thi. (.ri<^iiial of I'iu. 7M l-Nn. l!i!>l. It) \a h .hiiiiicwIi.iI tl)i|. 
 
 ^. >^ 
 
 
 ■'• ■■*■.' •>) 
 
 . >:r^^ 
 
 
 
 -<r:"'^%. 
 
 , v. •-JV'-f 
 
 F|.l. 7.' !■ 1.1 7 I 
 
 Fliw. "•_' ami 7!. — Shiiu' -iiikii-' '' . Siiinl Aiiliiii. 
 
 tisliiiN.il jii'Mil.. Ill" fniii|)ai'l -jv-.w -.•iinl-liiiii' i iimlas^ri, willi a cciilral |ii'i'|iiialinii 
 Mink ri'diii linili >ii|i's, ami uf lij-ionical loriii. It \\a> likcwi-r rniiiul al Saint- A id •in. 
 
 
 ;■ 
 
 w 
 
 Km Tl,— Suliii \mI.iii. I'm :•■ -NLImistrlnberg. Kw. :r..-liiU«'Vl. 
 
 I''li.<. 7 l-7ti.— SiiikiT- ■ ?i 111' <liiiic and clay. 
 
 Tlicrc arc in tin- rfalimlv M iistMini siiiaiiiT |ii'lililcs. |M<rtnratiMl. Init nut in (Ih* 
 ('(•nti'f, wliicii ai'r ilnio-t {<»> liulit In iiavc sitmmI as ni-t-sinki'i's. Imt wliidi may 
 
 lia\r 1 n nsi'il in i'"nnfi-liiin u itli li^iiinLi-lini's. if lln-v wcri' nut ilc'sij^iini I'nr iitlicr 
 
 |Mii'|nisi's. ()|)i> of thrni ( \i>. I'.titl (J).r.inini al Saint-Aiiliin, i~ InTc I'l'in'cscn- 
 t<'cl as VI'j:. 74. It i» a small w.iicr-uom siim,. ,,1" ]ialc-'^i-.iy imIoi- an<l (•.ilcu'ccnis 
 I'liai'acli'r, |iicri'f(l with a straii:lit ex linilriral Imlr. 
 
 In F\'^. 7') I i't'i>ri'st'i\t imi' of tlic clay cunrs to wliidi rcl'crcncc was niadc.'" 
 
 • Koll«r: Uko DwoUins- ; V.,1. II, I'liito X.XXVIII, Fi^'. 
 
 IN 
 
 ■^^1 
 
MINKKIIS. 
 
 <'.| 
 
 It h«>l()iif;j* III llic l;iri,'<' scriiw nf nliji-cls ilcrixril iViiim iIk' iiii|inrl;iii( Niilmi- 
 SlciiiluT^ sclflciiii'iit ill llu' Liiki' lit' ISii'iinc. " Mniiy uliircts ot' stimc, liuiii-, .nnl 
 |iiiltfrv wliii'li li.'ivc lii'cii iiliiaiiH'il llicrr, .iml wliiili iiKirU llu- npiiiinriiri'iiiriit >>( 
 till" fi\ ili/.atiuii nf nuiii in mii' ilislrirls, slmw liiat it wns a si-llli'iiiriit in liic 
 oarlirst |icriiiil : Iml iU fxistciii r was |irn|.iiiu('il ii|i In liif liiiir wlini lii'mi/i' was 
 <'iiiniiiiiiil\ i'iii|i|iivcil i'l.r iin|ili'iiM'iils ; nay. il i'M'Ii millfistiMl lliis iicriiMl, ainl 
 rcai'lii'il thai \vlii'h ii'nii rann' iiiln ii^o, " ■ Tin' day cuiio arc lliiis docrilinl : — 
 
 "Tlir llliliu-* wliirli (•iiliillliilll\ uip liy llli'-i' liallir. ^illU-slnlics {sif\ nr wci^lils — 
 
 ai'i' aliniil I'liiir ami ii liail' iiu'lii'^ iii^'li. nf m iniiiial rnrni. ami .in' aliniit I'uiii- m- 
 luiir ami a liall' in diaiiii'liT :il tin* liasc: llicy wrn- iiiailr williuiil .uiy (mi'c .iml 
 tit' I'uiMiiiiiii clay. Till' I'.ii'l lli.il llii'v arc |icrriir.itcil lnwanls llir jMiini i.l' tln' niic 
 ,'iml lli.'il llicy were I'lHintl .it .1 lis]iiiiu->lMliiiii. >cciiis In arirnc lur llic i'i)i'rci'liii'.-.s 
 111' till' I'liniimni ili'siiiii.iliiiii : Iml siilisi'i|iicnl invcstiualinns iiaxc prnvcil lli.'il 
 inaiiy .it least n\' llicsc c|;iy loiics were .--iiiiiily weights iiseil in we,i\ inu'.""!" This 
 tliciirv w.i^ lir>l .iihaneeil hy .Mr. I'.nii'. .i I'ililiim-iii.-iniil'aeliii'er ut' /nrieh, \\ Im 
 <'iiiislriiclri| a weav iiiL;:-a|i|iai'aliis liy which he niaile the v.iriniis kinils nf linen 
 cliith riiiiml in the l.iUc-seltlenii'iits. •■.\ml, ,is .1 t'lii'ther I'l'iiiif. lie shiivM'd I'l'iMii 
 iinliiliilalile e\ iilciicc thai the cl;iy cunes ai'e 111 lie cunsiilercil :is ciiii.-tiliii'i:i |iarl.- 
 (if the liiiiiii-. ill' the laUe-ilwelliii'^s. It' t'lirlhei' |iriMi| Were w.inliii^'- it iii.iv lie 
 
 ;.'i\eh in llie r.iel lliat ill .scVCl'lll I'nollls Lately e\c.l V.ltcil liy .Ml'. .Mes^iknlii liiiT .it 
 
 KiiliciiliaiiM'ii. al Iciisl li.'ilf a ilu/eii i>( llicse d.iy cuni's wei'c rmiMil in each, mi 
 thai we.iviiii:' iiiiis| lia\e liccn c.irricil mi there |u .a i:r<',at e\tciil.".i; 
 
 This -iiiimls scry jiljiiisilile, Iml il ilues imi carry cnin ictiini with il. .Mr. 
 I'aiir'.s rcciiiistriicletl Imiiii.j which. Ii\ the w.iy. hears a striking re.>eiiil>l.iiice to 
 line in ihe .\i'ch,eii|i)ii-ical .Miiseiiin at ('ii|)enlia,i;eii.i| is li\ nu ine.ans .an ahsulnlely 
 siiii|ile cuiitrivjiiice. Iml rather ciim|ilic.ileil when ciini|i;ireil with Ihe sinijilc 
 
 liiulll- nf llliiilern illili.ins nf (he West, wlln |irni|uce textile f.ilirics certainly .IS 
 
 • • I .1- llm-e nf the Sw iss lake-nieii. The I'ini.i Imliaiisnii the (iila I5i\ei'. tnr 
 
 .iist.iiice. iii.ike \ eiy i I'eilit.alile ami really nrii.iiiieiil;il li-siies, eiii|ijii\ iim .1 Inniii 
 lli.il ciiiisi>ts niily ii\' ,1 few stick-, which lhe\ carry .-iliniit in .1 ■-ni.ijl liiniilie* 
 The li 11 nil 111' the ancient .Mevicins. ■ ■ w.is far les,- ciiiii|ilic,alci| ih.in l h.il cnn-trncieil 
 liv Mr. I'.iiir. .-iml yet the iniialiii.int- wii\e cntlnn rjnili which excited |lie 
 adiiiir.iliiin el' the S|i,inisli niiiiernrs. .\ iiiindier nf Midi |iriiiiiti\ e Indian 
 
 ■ Krll.T: l.:ilv Dwi'IIiiil;-; V..|. 1, |.. l.;;i. 
 
 t ll.iil. ; V.O 1, ;.. I'll. 
 
 * ll.iil ; V.il. 1, y. 'ill 
 
 !- II.kI ; \.A I, i'. ..li:, Kiu. 10. 
 
 .1 'riiit iiii'.li^i\:il l"iini, •■liliiiiii'd rniiii <ii f llir Fu'nii' Isliilid-. is Huiiri'il hi W'^rMiiii'^ •■ NcMili .[(r (l|(|.ir;iT 
 
 1 ilrl l\"lli;rlii;i' Mu-c'lllll i KjiiluMlllMVIl ; ' ('"|iiTlll!l^'rll, |N.')!I; p. l.VI. I''ii,'. '<'<s. 
 
 ' y.iwry : Ni'li'- "I' ii Milil:uv l!ii iinM"i..uii.'i', .1. , ; \Vii>liiiiulH>i. IHIh; |,, h,"i. 
 •■ IJ.|ir iilfi Ml ilh' .Mi'iiilo/.a I •ili'S. 
 
 
62 
 
 PKr.lllSTuUlc rlSHINC. 
 
 Wi ■ 
 
 I', -i '- 
 
 liM)in.-<. Willi a ( •niiincncfd |>ioc(' dt' clntli on (Iioiii, iii.iy In- soimi in (lu' I'nitfd 
 States Xalidii.il Miisciiiii. in tlicsi' luoms a sti.'k serves as a warp-stretclier. 
 
 In variniis lacustrine stalinns have lieen loniid rini,'s of liaUed elay, tn wliicli 
 tiie clianicter >A' net-siidvers is iinw and then .ittriliuled. " Thesi' ring's," it is 
 stated, with rel'erenee tn thnse t'uiiiid at Nidaii. "are made nf chav mixed willi 
 lilth' stones and pieces ut' charci.al. lint they are imperfectly Inind, and very 
 lilth- care has hcen lu'stowed npon tliem; tiieyvaryin external diameter iVuni 
 three and a halt' to nine and a halt' inches; the hole in the ndddje i.-. t'rnm seven 
 lines to two and a hall' inches -.vide, and the thickni'ss ol' the rinif itself ^arie8 
 from one ini'li to npwards of two inches. N'arions opinions have lieen expri'ssed 
 as to the lis • of these rini;s. 'I'Ik; idea that they were nel-weiL;hls is now aban- 
 doned. It seems now ascertained that th"y were n>ed as snpports for the vessels 
 which either had no base at all. or one so small that th<\v would not stand. 
 There can Ite no doiiht also that th"y were n-i'd in a similar way as supports fop 
 pipkins with a conical liase when placed on tiie iieaHh. Many of these rin^s 
 liaxc liecoiiie fri;di|e from the action of violent heat, Init it is not always 
 certain whether this li;ippened on the hearth or wneii the settlement wa> Ipiirnt, 
 down."'^' The view that these rin;^s .served ;is .Mipporls for vessels seems to mt! 
 k'Mrrecl, and they lieiom:, ,is tar as I can Judue, more properly to the era of 
 lacustrine Hie when bronze w,is in iisi>, and dnriiiir which m.iiiy vessels with 
 convi'X or even ct .iic;d bottoms were made. I h.ave one ot' tlnv-e chiy riiius, 
 which was sent to nie, with ir„iny other l.iciistrine relics. b\ the l.iie I'roiessor 
 
 De-or. The sliecinieli in i| U-stion. ob|:iin<'d at .\llVi'niier. L.lke uf \ell(|i:i|el, 
 is r.ilher cirelessly ni:< . ,iiid answers well the description just uiveii. I'lveii 
 the little stones and pic ii's ot' cli;irco,il ;ii'e not vvaiitiiiL;. The riiiu" is imi >|uiie 
 I'liiir iiu'.es in diameter, and the central Imli' i« i little iimre liiaii .in inch .iiid a 
 ll.alf wide. It shows no VMmT indicitive uf u-e ,i> ,i liel--iliker. bill di^lilli't 
 tr.'ices of exposure to (in . On the .!'••, .inp.iiiv inu label i- written by i'ri'|i>sor 
 Desor : lii'iiiizi zi it . h'iii'/ mil iji hniiiitti I' i.i'ili zmn A I'tsli III II ill r liisin. 
 
 Vet some ol the clay riiius .icliially .■•eem to h.ive lu'eii ii^eil as net or line- 
 siiikers, ;i>, I'm' inst.ince. llie ori!.;iii.il of i'"ii;-. 7<i on pa-e (id, which was loiiiid in the 
 
 s|olie-,ii:e settleliielll .iT till' |„ii»eM| IllUwyl.v ■• This >pecinii'll li;is the jiin'oW 
 still relll.linin- W llirii vv.is Woni by the curd, h -eelll- liou de.ir ih.il these -Ml. I Her 
 
 riiiu- wi'i'e iiil-'.eiL:lii>. while nicfl of the |,ir-er oiie- were -iippoil- for ihe 
 
 I Mliicilfihiteil e.MlheliW.ire V e-sel-."i The -i/.e ot I lie speci lliell is Hot lilelil ii ilied. 
 It i- prub.ibly d.illb e the si/e of the limife. 
 
 .Xccordiii'j to Mr Iv I'r.uik. iiet->inker- cmi-ii-'tinLr of pieces of potlerv witli 
 
 • Ki'll.r l.ik.- Ihnlliiii. ; v.. I 1. |.. l.'lO. 
 \ II. hi ; V"l II, IMutc .XXXIX Im-, -i. 
 
 • 11.1,1 , V..1 I, |. u.-. 
 
 i- 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
ri.oATs, 
 
 m 
 
 incisi(.iiH (»r iintcho.s ,,ii upposji,. sides li 
 
 ivc ( 
 
 lacii.strinos,.(t|.-i.M.|,( „f Srl,i,ss,.nn.-,1. i,, ll... I,,,si„ „f tlio F,..l 
 
 l)crg.* This Sl:iti..|l. Wilicl, Lolcll-s In II 
 
 I>'<t<.>rv. There nw in ihr Tnil.,! St 
 
 xviirroil ill Ijii-m;.' iiiiml>er ,i( th 
 
 ••r-Scr. ill W'iirt 
 
 AlM.Tlr;m nc|.siiik,.|S nf the s,-,|,„. ki,„l. (,, wl,i,.| 
 
 the iiiii»eiiilix Id this work. 
 
 II' St.. in- jim:(., \v;is |.,irli(iii,irlv rid 
 ites Xiiti.Miiil Mil 
 
 • •111- 
 
 I in 
 
 'inn suiiic ('('iiinil- 
 
 1 ri'tiTcncc will j.c nia.l 
 
 (' in 
 
 Km. 77 -HmIiomIui, 
 
 Fi.iM. 77an,l7M.~.-H,„k ll.,:,i .,n,l w I.,, iinplnur 
 
 ll W.O >l.|t('c| oil ,1 lll'iTCI 
 
 Klu. TH.-Wuii^,,,, 
 Ml I'lir llllinii,'ill;,' IHIH. 
 
 „, „ , , „ "■"" I '■■'.^" "'■"■•' I'-u ■•niirlanistni,,. I,,.rk,l..,„.si„ 
 
 ," '"'■''""'•^ ■^'"-'""" 'I'P'-- (., I ■ .„m,.„.n, si.,. ,„ |„,,., |„.„„ „„.., ,.,.,. 
 
 -■>ni.iH.|:. ,,,77,N,..;jj;,Hnv,nv..|,, nh.-ni. u hi.-h ... , „l,n;|„. 
 
 . .uilKUM.n hK,...,, .,.,.,,,,, lM~..r,v..,.n.iih,-.|i.,,„.,„|,,,,„„,.,|u,tH:i 
 
 "■'"•'■''"";""■ 'l-l;'l-n,.n,,;.i.i,.d...,.| ,,„:,, I..,. i,;,M|,.,,,i„,s 
 
 *'"t "";"l-"na.,.n,..ls,,||riv, nllv .■:n,,|„v ,.,||„, , l„. >: ,,„,,„,.. y.,, 
 
 Z\T !'■""■' '^^ '-■'--''-- "-' l^.-lL-n.|.,r 
 
 ^» llli'll I lli\ .ll',. lii.'iilr 
 
 i„ , :V:,;;:;'';; '""■''■ ' "•'-^^-,.,.1,,..,. n.,.,i n, n.. rs, , ,, ,ii,..,i 
 
 .M> U,. ,..,,n,.,.. ...,,sh,n.ui,,,l,.n.,.n, nu,,,.,,,,|,,,,,, ,,,„■. ,|.,nl. 
 
 ''"' ■ '''"">^ ■"•""I'l" nl-uvn,.. n, ii>,...ni ....M,, n - In, 
 
 '". '•'""■ ^'-"-' ^'11— .,.,. ...vM. in ..„..'. it, sij:: 
 
 Ki-li.r : l,„l,, I),,, 11,,,,,,, v.. I I, |, .-rfia, 
 * I'H'I : v.. I II |'i,„„ xxn ^.||j „ 
 
 ; ii'i'i . V..I 1, ,. 71. 
 
«4 
 
 l>|{i:ilis|(>uir I isiiiNci. 
 
 tli;it the ;mri('ii( tislicnm-ii ,i|i|)lic(l -iicli simple .(.iilrivjiiirr- tfmliiiL; In Oirililjilo 
 (lifir wiiiK 
 
 It iMllllnl now lie (Ic'fitU'd wlirllllT IIm' l.tki'-inrli lii.'lili' llliii- Iirl:-. "iili II 
 
 fraiiii' liv kiinitiiiL.' tlic striiii: .it >';\>-\\ |>niiit ni inti rsi'diun," ;i» M l^'ii^iiicr 
 fiiiijiM-tiircx,''' nr frnpli'vctl iiclliim-in'i'illcs. Tlic l,i)trr .in' n'|K'.il('ill\ iillinlcd to 
 in the wnrk tVnm wliicii ! (lrri\c iln- |iriiii'i|>;il I'.irts ln-.n-iiiii ii|iiiii prfiiistoi-ic 
 lirtliiiiir ill till' Swiss aiul i>tluT lake-. ISiil tin' iintici'- n-latin- to tlii-sc iiii|ili'iiiciils 
 arc vai^iic aixl not calciilali'il |u tlirnw any liixlil mi iln' nnllmil ii' ni'l-inalvini;. 
 Aniiiiiu' tlic antii|iiitics Inuml at tlic stoiic-ayc >latinii iirar Xi^siliirl'. nn the 
 UclicrliiiLtcr Sec. tlic IK. rtliwcstcrn hraiicii of the Lake of ('(Hislainc (IJailcin, arc 
 nicntioiicd •■ ncttiiii:. hair, or clothes |iiiis. iiiade out of lioai's' tusk-, ar.il consc. 
 «|iU'iitl\ ciirxcd : llie\ |ia\c .1 sharp point, and ai'c soiiicliines notched at one e:!,', 
 prohaldy caused hy the use in which llie\ were applieii. The pins fur uiakini; 
 lishiim-iicls were made out of the corner toutii i.f .1 hear and perforated. "I- I 
 rcpr.'ducc iM Fii.'s. 7!>. «<•• and SI the repfcsentations servinu to illustrate the 
 aliovc descriptions.; I"'i;is. 7!* and SO cerlaiiil\ liear no rc~enili|ancc to ,iny 
 ncttin;.'-iiiiplcnicnls with which I ,1111 acijuaintcd ; and as for tin- pierced iicar's 
 louth (!•'!;.'. SI), there i< no statenient made in .■»iipport of tin- view that it served 
 a"' a pin for niakiiii; lishini;-iiets. It ditVers in 110 way from the pierced teeth 
 xMini a> trophies or charm- li\ tin' pi'ehi-l'iric |']ur'ipi ,in> as well as li\ still 
 o.xistiiiu: Miivaifc trihes. roinled riiis found at sume l.i' n-lrine stations Iia\c 
 lieeii reu;arded as nctlinu-imi'Ienieiit- ; Init it i- not at all c, riain that lhe\ were 
 thus eniploVL'd. 
 
 Ki'i wi 
 
 l''n..-.. !'•>->*[. -Illl|i|rlllrlll.'. Iliailr iif lloill>' |l, k.', :i il |irl I'linilrii lirlll'.- lolilll. NlI'MJiilf 
 
 * h'tmi)i-r' I'riiiiilin' .Miiii ; y It'i 
 
 ; K'Hur- l.rilti' l>n'i'lliiii{ii; V>'l I |. Il'.i 
 
 ; IIm.I , v.. I II, I'luli' .\XVIII I-.-- li. 1: iM.I |.. M..i,mliv..ly. 
 
I 
 
 NKTTIN(J-N|.;i:i)|,ES 
 
 (m 
 
 I.M,r,In-tuslH.wM.,. a,,,K..-uM„.vnr n,.tli,„., ||,.s .•.! ,.,v>,.,„ „.-„..| i„ x.,,,|, 
 
 AM.on.-a Imll, l,yt -ivili....! ;anl uu.uvili.e.1, I insert l.r.v iv,.,v.oi.UtioMs .,f 
 
 siicli IlllllloillUlitS. 
 
 c 
 
 Km. Ki'.-Nuw i:r,i;i„n.|. (i«ii:i), 
 
 
 ■*■'.' "T 
 
 Klo. M.-Khklin..., NunlniU IkI.iuI, Airutln. (in 
 
 (iniTO- 
 
 I'M. M.-l->kiin,.,, Chiru..!! I-I.in.l, Al.,li.. ,11.--*). 
 
 Pl< ;>. S'J-M., MiHlrrii im lliiii; iinriliiii, nd 
 
 Ki.. H^_iII,H,n(..s .IH. sha, f ,1 ,,, ,„,.„,..„ ,„.,„ _ 
 
 '"•"""•"""•'•'I lli-'iv l.v marliiiHTv Fi.. s- ■ ''-"•'''"'''•"' 
 
 ':""::• '''•••'7' 'r ,""• ^'^'- '-i^i i-. x.n.ivak i.i.„.i, 1..: V 
 
 .v,..vs,.n,...l .nlM,.M.,;.n.lin Fi,. s;^. la.llv I. „„.,.,. ni„. : ! 
 
 "':'.7">:'r' :'■,";•""" ^^ .1,.. mhi.....! ui..,. m,!.,. ,„ .•ai,,;,,,,, ' 
 
 Ill"- ^^MiH'liiM.^ tl,..v US., a slirk l,ii.Mvat...| a-, l.,.il, .,„|s 
 
 U !> 
 
66 
 
 I'KKIII.STOUIC FISIIINd. 
 
 lionta. — I,;iciistriii(' lilr wniiM li.'irdly liav(> lioon jms.-^ililc uiilioii) llio iiifans 
 t»t" liMMniintiiiii nil I lie Water, aiitl lic'iic'i' \vi' may assiiiiic dial iIumt was no lacU uf 
 lioats aiiiiiii;; tlii< lal\<'-iii<'n. Many Ituats, IikIimmI. Iia\r lici'ii t'oitiiil iiii)it>il(l(>il in 
 till' iiiml nil \\v near lln- sid's uf rc-rmiT lalvi>--*i'lllt'iii;-iii-i. Kxrf'ptiiiu a lew, tlii'm- 
 ■•iiicii'iit Imats arc iiiadf nt' a siiiiili- tree, ai;i| IiuIIuwimI nut l»y mean.-' uf sti'nc or 
 iiiflallir iiii|ili'im'ii(s. acciiriliii'.^' to tin- pcrioil ju wliii'h tlu'V oi'itjiiiatcil. In timrs 
 aiilcccdiim; tlu' iiilroiliii-lii.ii nt' liroii/i«. (iriMluiildlcss was an I'llicinit aid in liic 
 maniifacf lire ol these luiats. Siuli iiriiiiitivc vi-ssels, eorres|i(tiidin'4 to llie diiu'- 
 oiits in lliis ('(iiinlry. ar" still in ii-i- on some of the Hwiss laUe.s, a>. for in-tniee, 
 
 on those of LllciTlie. /li .', and .\eu-eli. ill llie Cilltoli uf /.wx, ill \\hieh di-llict 
 Ihev are liialllll'act lireil |e (he pre-'elil day. A lioal ol' (liis di'SCI'iplion i> called 
 
 Kinbdum (oiic-tt'ee) iti Su ii/er!aiid. 
 
 M 
 
 l''li;. Sr,. l',.i:ti Kith liliilll-rli. 
 
 All ancient ImmI, t'..iihd ii Knii. nh iii-eii iiv Mr \|c---ik Miniier, and. I 
 
 hejieve, -till III esi-te ■ l|. il \x it li -1 .1 lid I IIl: I lie dlHimllX of | ircsiTV i IC; -lleh 
 
 oliject^ whill "lit u|' the M ili|' i- l'e|i|i Illed III |-'iu. ''^'•- It \~ U>ehe feel 
 
 loll'.;-, iwn tei'l aiii| a hall wiije, and ll\c ilic|ie> de.|i ; | tind n.i 'lateliielil 
 roncrinillu (he Iviliii ••! W.ii'd 111' whiih ,1 i - luide The |||||>(IM(I Il|i|ier \ ie»\ , 
 
 (■ide-', ie\\, ,ind rre--.--eeti.iiii I. iidcr^ any t'liiiler de-icripiieii iiniiecc.-.>ai\ . As 
 UMl»enhaii>cn i> a -talimi ■■f ihe -loiie n^^. . (hi-^ lioat cm with >afe|y he .i(( riKiili'd 
 to that jiciind. 
 
 |*rot'e»>or |)e~or -iiteaKs ol a nnniher nf -n jiii'ouiii's in (jo |..iKe m| jhenne, 
 one ol wliiclican lie seen near Saint l'etel-'> Ulaiid ( //. (/.>'//( '-/V' C/'c), I'l'ojcc 
 till:; fr'.iii tic- mud nf the Idu-, ami -till icddini.' (Ii.' cai'jfo o|' .".tone- with whicii 
 
 
 • K.II.t: I..1I..) Dwllliig* i V.i II l"..i" .V, l-'ii; M 
 
 t II. hi ; v.. I. I, ,. Ail. 
 
 i 
 
i;ii A IS. 
 
 er 
 
 it. h;i(i t'"!ni(lf ivi! U i- in.ulr cf tli.' iniiiK mI ,iii nak. m'.-ii ly Ic-- tlnii lit'ty 
 
 fei'l Imiijj. Ity iliriM' .ukI .i li.ilf I'l I'Hir I'. I in »i(illi,i ■•.\i-. ur.liicu; l< M. UcMir," 
 
 s;iv.- M. »|c M flillrt, ••till- (akf-ilWfllcl-s Mltlli' >|iPli.- .l-v. ill or-l.T In cnlisulidlllf 
 llli- (lilcs i|c.«i-:l|.''l \'< -ill lii'l't tisi'ir ll.ll'italinll-, Ui'il-ril llnlu u|> (/«'•"''■"/"" •'') 
 wiiU siiiiK'M wliirli tli'V ^^itlhcri'il ill Imit-^ on ili.- ^Ihut, (lie luitliuii I't' tlic laUr 
 
 l-finu I 
 
 .i;iii\ iViT nf 111. 'Ill r 
 
 |1' |lll'U_'lll' (I 
 
 t' Saint rrtiT'-~ I- 
 
 iihl 
 
 tlMMTlurc, 
 
 wouM .iiijicMr (.1 !i.> .1 M-..'*cl slink vviili its !ip;iil 111' .stuiii'.-i at a ilair i-i'acliinn' as 
 lar liii'U IS til-' cicmIi i>r iinljslicil -iHii'.' I A- it is wrll kimwii tliat maritiiiif 
 Irilifs !i,i\i' |ii)ll<>\vo(i iMil MTV laiiji' caiii'i':-! willnnii niftallir Imils. .M ilc Mnf- 
 |i||''l's vii'w may I'c i i.rrii I ; tiiit il is oi|uaily pus-ilik that the loat in i|il('sti<ni 
 
 lu'liiiiys lit a iairr linic. 
 
 Ki.i. >.". |{...ti .M. 
 
 ( 
 
 
 i 
 
 l''iir. H7 illii-ir.itr- tin' lunii "I' ■air ut' -rxci-.-il i|ii--miii. (mumij ,it ihc .'lalmn 
 I'l' .\iiiiii-i II, Lake i.t' Hii'iMii' ;; It ■•(■rl,iiiil\ lia- ,i\rr\ |>i'iiMii i\ i' .i|i|n'.ir,inii', 
 .'iini lua.v l)('lun;i In tlir -Ihim' .i;;'' ; lail, .I'li idriiii;: that tlir Mi'iiimt-n srI- 
 lli'iai'iil lias t'n.riiisl.rcl .iliini- ut' -ii.iic, l)iiiii/c. .iinl irmi. it i- inip" — il'lr \'< 
 as,si;i.r|i |o it .. ilcrMiih' [ilaiT ill i.iiii--triiii' ■lir.-n.'li'UN . Slranui-ly iii"ii:^li, ilir 
 (limi'i!«iiia- i.r till- li'i.ii ;iiT iin iiicli.'iitiil in llic tiMii-laiini. cij' | >r I\i'!Iit'-. 
 
 rcjinl't-. ailcl I \»'.||[ii I|m| rii'll 1^11. i\\ lli.lt II rulisi.-ls <>!' .■al'. -W n.Ml, if tin tail W'li' 
 
 ih>l i.niiii II III M. 'I'iipviih'- ■• llaliil.a'.iniis Larii-I I'ls " i|iai,'.c l(>.'ii. 
 
 Ml iiiinii is III III" . ;iiiil .1 li'^iifi Lii'ii 11 111' a |.'\ -liii-it I.r iii-\Minil. I, ill. iii.'lii'~ 
 
 l.'i".; aih! •ami .1 li.ilr uiil. . I'.aiiiil at ill.' "I'ttli nil III ..i ti. i'..!rni..i'ii iImthI'ii i. 
 
 Ill ill.' I..ik.' .1 liii'iiiii'. aiiij (■li.'ii'arlri'i/i'il .1- ' iiii'i'i l\ a r.'iiri'ilnrli.'i .•lllic 
 lai ii-li;u.' I III... - .1 ill'' -I'.ih' |>. ri.'.l." I 'nil li,i\ iiii; l.i'.'h 1 1. 1 1 111 I .i^si'i'i.'iii'il w il II 
 iiiij;'! I» "I iiirlal. |K .iiitii|liil\ i- iiliri'll:iiii. 
 
 I .III. 111. I .iw.irr tli.ii aii\ i.iiiiri\ .111. . ■ I'T |ir..|.. Iliii'^ Im..iI-. mi.hIiIIi'-. "li-.i 
 li.txi ii'-rii ili-i'.i\i'ii .1 .iiiii.ii:.; lln' I'.ii-i riiic I'l'iiiaiii- ..| Sw ii/i I l.iiiil nr iitli'i' 
 (iiiiiilrii'- .\ii an'lii'r--l"ii>' li'i'iii Nnlin i> 'Ir -riilicil aiiil liuiiii''! in I...' - traii-- 
 lalii'ii hs cri^iii, iiosxcS'i', i^ <il' r'Hiipanilivciv rrcciit dali , and iln-ri'l'iirf 
 
 • Bbibt; ^ln!ttli.»i |. 'MKi. 
 
 ( Tccyoh : llnliliiiii"i.> t.iiiMiaii'it; |. Iilii. 
 
 ; |i M. rlill.t: Orii.ih.'.l' hi N,i\n.«ti..ii . I .1.. In IV. !i. Mm, r,..ii\. V.l III |s,i7; |. (7. 
 
 <K..|l.r^ l.uk.. I>w.'lliii«-: V II. I'l ii, \l, l••l^ I 
 
 i: tiHii 1 Vi.i 1,11 vj 
 
(58 
 
 ruKirisrouic I'laniNo. 
 
 boyinul (lif cniiipjis.- of nn pn'sont .ihsorvfttinnH. Arconlini,' to I'rofoasor (ins- 
 tahli, ii wooden .iiiclior caiiii' to li^iil in (lie pi-.itcovrriMl small pilo-work at 
 Mcrciii'iiiro, ni'iiv Amna, on Lauo M iiruiorc. Tliis station, from tin- oltjccts 
 tluTf loniid. is suppostMl to pcitain t< tin- tin.r wlim In-on/.c licuan to take tlic 
 plai'c ot' slono. 'riic wi.oilcn anchor was more llian a mctiT in length, ti'rminati'il 
 at om- end in two iiooks, and was pert'oi-ated at tiie other, to receive the rope.'' 
 Xo further description, or li^ure, is i,'iven. and it remains doiilitfiil to wliat period 
 the olijecl lii'loni's. 
 
 [ shall have to refer to luciistrine lioats auain. when treatini,' of (ishiiii,' 
 during' the liron/e period. 
 
 The .ilistracls of reports on l.iUe-selllements in Austria, IJavaria. etc., 
 contained in the tr.in.-lalion of Dr. Keller's work have fnrni-'hed no .idilitional 
 
 Uiifortunatelv, the ori^iimd 
 
 details lieariiiu' Upon tisliiii;;- III the neolitiin; age. 
 troutiaes iiri' not at iii} command. 
 
 FISFllNt.-IMi'LKMKNT.S AND t'Ti:NSll,S N(»T I'lHND IN I .\Ci:.STI{|NK 
 
 SEITIdCMtlNTS. 
 
 liiiinnl Uviiiiirkfi. — The aliove title siillicieiitly e.\pl;iin> the purport of this 
 seciioii, in u hich a liiiiiti'd niimlMr of olijects w ill tie ilescrilieil. It .ippe.irs t" 
 me that llol IliailV isol.iled lis|iiliu-ilMpl<llie||l> ha\i lieeU discovered ill I'jir-.pc ; 
 for, if tliev wefi' iVeipieiit, more vvcpiild lie >Miil cciiiceriii::!': them in ;irclia'>ihi^ical 
 
 Works. Net, ll'it .1 few Ill.lV lie ill e\islelice of which i ha\'' nil klloWi|ed;L;e. Iinl- 
 
 vvithslandiim mv iinleavois to lulluw the pruure.-s of prehislurn jirch.i uIm-x ni 
 l''urope iis cli»ely ;is disl.ince :ind oihe" ailvcrse circum^l.iiici-- pi-rmit. In the 
 main, however. I heljeve mv oli-<erv.itioii reuardinu the com|iiarali\e si;ircit\ of 
 iii'olithic aniiipiitie- lie.irinL; iip"n ll-him: to he inrnct. I \\ill mention an 
 e\. I III pie ill p. liiii. Iji .\uuust I S.St I, 1 1 II re W.I-- in the cilv <>i licriin m iNhilHliiiii 
 of ;ireliieo|<iu'ic:il liiids [ luiiiilii iieide in (■ermaiiy, to which ne.irlv all pnhlic ;iiid 
 priv.-ile collictioiis of the .■ iipiri' hiid cuiilrilMiicd their siiaire>, .nid it liondlhs^ 
 
 repre>elltei| llnl umIv ail tVpe>ii|' <ierni;lll prehistoric llltiiniilililies, liilt lUii their 
 
 niinieriiMl piMpnriinii. riie i\liiliili'd i.lijeii- .ire i iiiiiiiirni' ■! in .1 priiited c.ii.i- 
 lo;^l|(> III' fvUt i<cl;iv 11 p;iiie>. to which a .-llppleliient o| I^S^ p;ii:i''» is .added. Ill 
 ;'\amiiiiii'.i the c.-il.-doirtie, I w.is -iinck with the >c;ircit\ .m ti>hiim.olijei't- nieii- 
 tiiiiied in it. llier> liein;^ specilieil only a nuiiilicr ot' lliiiin- puinted .-ii lioth emU 
 and ^llppiiMil I lii\i' liiili ll-i d !ll»i li>ll-l|.ii'k-. I Uii l«--iie Ii -ii liiM.k-., i.iir Imiic 
 li.'irpiioii-hi'ail, I W'l liiiiie il.irts ( /•'<'.■« 7/.s/«7/r/'i — one w iili ii -1 rted .--plinter^ i>t' IlinI — 
 
 ■ UiiHlnUli . I.ilx' lliil'iLili'ii' iiikI l>r,'liiMMi'ii' Kiiiiiniii. Ill lii" Till liuri'', :itii| Murl U.-Jh ,,f N,inlii'iii iiml 
 tViiliiil Itiil.V, liiih-liili'i I) 1'. II t'liHUil' rs; Li. ml. Ill, IHii.'i; |. lOU. 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
DontM. i(>I.NTi:i> I LINT I M I'M'.M I'.NTS. 
 
 69 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 and scvcntfcii iii't-wciglits. some of lliciii marked dniilitful. A iiiimlx'r ul' (lu'so 
 siidvfTH may iml liclnii!.' l<i iicniidiii, l»iit ti) later, times. Tlicre are fiirtlior 
 cmimerated, I will add. a lisli-himk <>( ltrniizt>, <iiie of iron, and two or three utlicr 
 olijects.'-- It will lie admitted that these lew articles furmed Imt an iiisiirniti, .nit 
 t'raetitin nf th(> many tlmiisantls i>t' anlii|nities exhiliited at ISerlin. 
 
 I will nn\v iircMced {i< <!rscril>e (he lishinii-implements referred to at tho 
 liPffiniiinL,' of this section, classify iiij; them according to the use to wliich they 
 were applied. 
 
 Duitt'e-imnti'd Kfra'niht Haif-Ziolihrs. — Referonco has hcen made on procoding 
 p!ij,'i's to l)oii(« rotis taperiiii,' toward hoth ends, which were, and still are. nsed in 
 lieu of tish-liook-i. It ;!ppcars that in mojithic times smcIi simple impicmi'iits 
 for cttchinu' fish wci'c m;ide of iV\\\{. | never have seen anv of them, ami there- 
 
 lore 1 
 
 ia\e lo rclv on the sl.i 
 
 tements of others, Mr, Kricdel alludes to one in tho 
 
 Fishery hep.irtmcnt of the i*»erliii Provincial N!iis<'nm. of which he is in charp'. 
 He says : — •• I'l'. p|i these stone spindles, chipped to, -i pi linl .at each I'lid. ;iml attached 
 ill tlie middle t" a line, the liait was fastened, in order to In' swallowed entire hy 
 the tish inieiiili <l lo lie (•auj.dit."t The specimen in i|iie>tion w;is found on an 
 island in the ri\i'r Havel, near IJi'rlin Si'verai. iiiit;iined fnuii the Island of 
 
 It 
 
 Mijen. Ml the 15 illic Se;), uen< exhiliiled liy .Mr. Kn-eiilier- at l!"rlin in IM.Sd. 
 He eonsiders iheiii well -idled fur catchiui,' pike.) Mr. Uu-enlierLT speaks of 
 aiiMilier ehiss iif tlihl implemeni- lVi>ni Kiiueii, whicii pre-ent a peciiiiai' form, ami 
 ser>ed, as he lliinks, in tlie ceiistrnctjcin of li-h-iKiuks.^ I .-hall revert to them 
 hereat'ter, wlien ire.itiiii: >>( a peculi.ir da.— of li>h-hiM'ks from (ireenland. 
 
 riti/i-liiiiit.s. '\\\t, entire lisli-hook'* of flint. |»r»'!Mrved in the .Museum of 
 l.niiil. Sweden, .are de-ci-ilM-d ,and lieiirei! I.y l'roft^,-nr .Sven NiNsim, I repro- 
 iliice on liie ne\r paL:e hi- d luii- .i.s I i^-. SH and «!».![ 'j'he Swedish ardi.-i-- 
 olo;.'ist Liixes t he fojlitu ill:: .ici-.tiinl of I he specimen-. : — 
 
 " riie lir-l of the*e i here V\[X. H.S) v\;|S fo|||;<i lle.'ir Lonilll.l, of the -Imre of 
 
 Hie .'^oiind i< III -mid i li i- in ii'ii:.'!li. iVom lli< inid.lle of ihe "i I of l ii.> -h.aft 
 
 to liie liellil o|' llie liooK. .'iliMiil i>ne ilirli Mild live line.-, .'llnl ill lil'e.idlh. iVolil llie 
 
 i 
 
 * Aiiit'iii; Unii-p'iiiiiiii- !iri' iiii'iili''iiol tliiwi' ul llif |.iki' Inuii ii |.ili-\nirl> <iii tli. K..-i'iiinM-l tilitli*"!' Ui»m"I) 
 III liiiki' Sliiriilii'ri;. Ilnviinn, iin.i Ml' ill.. HVA [Silnina •il,ini>. "I Un' • iit-li-li r«iiiilv iiml piU' Iri'iu S4'hi<B«.<'iin— I, in. 
 Wiirlciiilwru. 
 
 I Kricnli'l ■ Kiilin-r iliinli ilii' Ki-i liiTii-AI'ilH'iliiiiK 'I' > Miirkioli''!! l'rii\iii/iul-Mii<>iiiin- 'Iit Stiiilm-ini'ifct* 
 llcrllli : ili'riili, \HXit; |v. t 
 
 J Siirli iiiipliMin'lil'' 111' .luiii'. I"iiii-, iir tiri'iilli' iin- i'hIIoI Sfiilzungfln in (iiriiiuii. 
 
 4(Vii>i»|: Kiiliil.iL' iliT .\ii»«ic'lliiiiK |ir;ilii»liirli(i'lii'i' iiml itiillin'|ii>li>({i..lMT l-'iiiulo Di'iitvlilmi^l!- - - w» 
 Barliii (AllifliHt, IHHO); itorllli, IHHO; |.. lUM. 
 
 II Nil»<"ii; Till' I'riiiiillVf liilmliitiiiit* i>r .S. Miiilini;vii\ ; lruii>l«l.(l I.y Sir .1 >lin I.iilili."* I...nilnii, fWtH. 
 I'luti' II. KiK". '-'* i>i"l -"• ^'ll-' -".• i« iil«" !•■ !«■ I. mini iti W>'r-uiii' - " lliiiiiiiurki olilii.l ..|.1\» vi.il i tl^ni;i.r ..; 
 lirnvlinii'i' •'..|M'iiliii..;.:i l«|.l, |r \<, 
 

 F) . 
 
 li ' 
 
 I 
 
 70 
 
 I'UlllllsToltIc llslUNd. 
 
 uulyiilc ut" till' (.liiit'l to llic outside id' llir licpnk, ;tliniil oiir iiH'li ;iii<l fniir lines. 
 At tlie tn|i it is iliick fiiitl liroKeii nlV str.iiLrlil, Mini lielc.w tlie tliici» emi iliere is 
 ii seiircelv iiiiiieeaiiie iiicisii.n. <ii' iieeli. iiiiiiul wliicii In lie llie line. Il lapers 
 
 (liiwiiWMi'ds tu liie pniiil, aiiil ii.is I ii f/iiii/ml mi lint/i siilrs liiwni'ds llie iVniil iind 
 
 liack ; il lias, tlierel'nre, as we .-ee. Keen rasiiimied wilii some skill lu aiiswt'r ils 
 purpose, 
 
 " \oi)ody who has st<('ii llie lishdiooks of hone, wood, or shell, iiiadi' i>y 
 savau'i'H.fiin eiilerliiin the lea^^t doiilii tjiat this one has lieeii iwed I'or the same 
 piirp"'e, Il is even possilile to -ay ujili Idleralde acciiraev . jiiduinLr tVoiii ils 
 si/.e and the placi' where il \\,i-- Icmnd, what ilescriplion of ll>ii was principally 
 t'aiiuhl with it. Aiiioimst the li-h indip'iioiis to (he .Snnnd inresuinll. un ihe 
 
 .>hiii f which it w.is picked up, il \vniild ha\e heeii toil larp' for the niouth of 
 
 eels. Ilounders. or wiiiliiiL:. hnt it is ^iiilaiile in every way for the Oresimd cod- 
 lish {(litilim (-(tllKrlds, Lin.', and tlii-' >pecie> ni' lish i- sliil i'.iui:lit li\ heok-;, hei-e 
 .and el-ewheie. 'I'liere is I it I je diMil.l , therefore, thai Ihe said llini tish-hook w.is 
 used in ancient limes for cod-ti-hinu in the Sonnd. The other lish-iiook of Mini 
 (hi-re l'"iu". ■'^'■•l was toiind on tin' li.ai.k of the Kraidvc L.iki-. ne.ir Silfakra. It is 
 smaller, ihe lenulii >c.irci'l\ exeeediiiu one inch and one line, .ind the hrcidih, 
 
 from the onl>ide nf ihe -halt |o the mil-ide of the i k, not (|Mile -i\ line-. It 
 
 has likewise lieeii I'iiippeil in fi'oiil and liick. .and the -h.aft widen- ,il the lop |o 
 
 allow Ihe line to II,' lii'd loji, |i hi- 1 n ii-ed for cilcjiiie.^- -^mailer li-h than 
 
 till' I'ormca'. Tin- KiMidvi' Lake j- .|i|| -iiM'ki'd with perch and eel, .and an 
 experienced anL:ha' h.i- .i--nred nic ihil on,' would -till In' .aMe to c.ilc'h lhe-i> 
 kinds iif |l>li with thi- \ei\ hook."' 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 Vitt m "it'-unil 
 
 Kl.l •'! Klrinll.' I.ili,. I'l.l Ml M.'itlli|lllii«lit i.v.lfO. 
 
 FkIH. ««!K>. I'"lifll (Ml ll.i.ikx. 
 
 Mr. .lojiu Lmhis m.akes liie I'l.ilnw iie_' si.itenieni w ih I'e'/ard to IlinI lish- 
 hoiilx- : — ■• l'"i-h-iMok- formed enlinly of llinl..iiii| foninl in .S\veden. hiveiieeu 
 enL;ra\ed li\ .\ il-Min, jiiid oilnr-. iire-nnnd lo h,i\eliein fomid in lloldrrness, 
 
 *NllMni): l*rlliiltlvi> liilinliilHtitt; |i U'J, n|n. 
 
l'fS||.||IHIKS. 
 
 I.y Mr, T. Wri-lil, K. S. A. The IhII.t an-, l,n«vvcr. in mII |pn.l.;.l.ilil_v, (nv- 
 
 K<'rir 
 
 1 
 
 ' iiilniilii 11 llir |.rrci'(liiiir y.v^r iiiol willidiil sninr iiiisMi\ iii^'<) I-'Il;-. iN', it|). 
 
 r<'s nli!!- M rliiiiiicil fliiil li.H.k t'oiiiiil .'illi.T in Swrdoii or Xnrwa.v, ami pr.'sciitcl I.. 
 I Ik- .\.i!i..ii«| Miisriiin \<\ l*inr,.ssnr,lil|snn.a -ciillrniitu nfSraiMlin.iNiaii nalidial- 
 
 ">'• ''"'"' ' '* '- '"" ''i'-Ik'^ ■•mil HiM'-ciu-lilli inn-', an. I niaili> of a llalti.^li Make. ..n 
 
 • in a\.ia-,.alMinl ciir-ri-lilli nf an inch in lliicknrs.s. Ih.- sninrwliat rn.lc rliiiipinu' 
 lMinu-.-Mi,iiii,.,| l.Mlir (niliinc. Th,. |.nint t.Tiiiinat.'s ralluT >liar|.|_\. Nn .|.,nl.t 
 'III !"• '•nl.riaini'ci as i., ih,- ircniiincncss ..f tlir ivlir. i\< apiu'iiramv iprtukmin,!,' 
 uivat anti(|iiitv. Of cnnrsi-. it rcniains' iiniliri<lc<| « li.'thrr this hook was iliwij^nctl 
 I'M- i-alrhiiiM: lisji nr fur s.inir (.th.T |nir|M.s(.. thnui.-'h cximtIs in anuliiiir have 
 ndiiiitl.'d III.' /,„n jHissihility tliat it may have Imtii a tisli-liuuk. 'I'll.' wiillh of 
 Ih.' shank an.l uf ij,,. .uivcl iMiliun, h(.\vr\.T, Icsst'ii its litiuss for that inu'iiose. 
 
 ''"' " ■"•^"'''* l-i, .- !• .,„».... >iu. IM.-.V.r»,,y. 
 
 Vu,-*. !U-'.i:!. Ki^li-liiHiks cif liiiii,' iiti.I iiiiMli'irlicirii. 
 
 rn.t'.'ssur .\iK„,n -ivrs ||,r ,lcMTi|ilinn and li-mv uf a lln.' I.arl.i.l l.Mnc 
 
 fl'*!'-' K ihciv I'i-. !•! I wiiirli |„„,sil,iv Ihjnii.js I,, III,. I liiliic auv.t •■|t haM 
 
 lin-n loninl." \\>- -a\>. -in I' lii.. .,|d |icat.hnos j,, il,,. .Snnlh nf Scania, it 
 
 is ihr.v inclirs |,,M-. .Hhl ahniil H\.,.iM|llhs nf .•i|| incj, iVnni Ihr pnini nf Iht' 
 
 '''■"■'• '" ""• ''■■•'• I'll'' ''■II' ■iii'l III'' Ih'IkI fiiv n.'arl,\ mnnd, and llattrm-tl :i littlu 
 
 • Kvriii" Aiii'iciil Si. .Ill' liii|.lriiii'iit- ; )), SiLI. 
 
 I Tli.^ 111. ii-inii.. ||.|,.||„„|., „r l,.iiii., fir., 11 »,U 1,1, ri.ii, t..T..il, »rr iiiil.nrl>i>.| 
 
72 
 
 ntKIIISTOKIC KISIMXO. 
 
 if 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 towards the t"|>, wliidi is ln-n.-iil, I'nr ilic imrpusc ul' fastciiiiiu tin- line It \v:is 
 fiiiiiul in .1 lio^' i-iintainin!,' t'n'sli watiT, ami lias nn ilunM licrn n^cil (nv catcliini,' 
 pikf. nf wliicli ('iiornnnislx lai'!.'!' ■*K''l''l'ins liavr lici'n Inninl in tlic liu'js of Sfania. 
 I Kniiw no oIliiT tVfsli-watrr lisli in Scania for wliidi sni-li a larirt'-sizcd hook 
 roiild lia\i" liccn used."''' 
 
 A lionc lisli-l.i. Mv of niori" iiriniilixc apiicaranci'. |ii'csci'\cd in llic collccli 
 
 on 
 
 of tin' Soi-iclv for I'oincranian History and Arclia'oloLiy, at SIftliii. i> n'|>ri'scnt('d 
 
 on tin' |»r linu' |»ap' in I'iti. !>>'. This s|)ri'iiii(Mi was fonnd indu-ddi'd in marl, 
 
 foiirtfcn fret lii'low tilt' suilarc, ni'ar Ki'ddics, |)istri<'t of Knninn'Islinrj,', I'oni- 
 orania. It is lii,'un'd and di'sia'ihrd li\ Mr. ( 'hrisli'nscn.i 
 
 I'Mu;. '.•."1. on tilt' sanio \>:\\xt\ '\n fopioil from " Matt'rianx. " It sliows tlif form 
 of a lish-liook of rt'iiitlfi'r-iiorn. pri'scrvt'il inlln' Mn^i'iiiii of Ciiristiania. Norwav. 
 andtaUi'ii frtnn a u'rav f in tho N'lirwt-^ian part of Lapland. Tiifsc L:ravfs, sitiiatfd 
 on llif l>laiiii of lyiflmoi', in liic W'araiiurr I'jord. floso to llir l(iis>ian fronlior. coii- 
 laiiiftl nirpsi's wrappfil in liaiitls <>( willow-hark. W'itii tiiom, orsfattt-rcil oscr tiif 
 
 siirfa f lilt' soil, wt-rt' found ptillfrv. i'l'mindiiiLr "iif tif tiiat of tlio tlidmcns, pit-fcs 
 
 of nsiM'stiis (list' nnkiiownl. anti a lar^o niimhtrof ohji't'ts niadi' of rt'intlt'i'r-liiMit', 
 
 siifii as roinhs, .'irrow ami l.iii iii'ad>. lisli liouks, spoons, ftc. 'I'lit- aiif to wliifli 
 
 llit'st' .'intiipiitii's iii'ltiim' iias iiol vi hrcii i'>t;il)lisiii'd.| 'riioimh, in all prohahil- 
 ity. tiii'V art' po-|-ii('olilliir, I did no! di'i'in it .iiiiiss lo ^ivc ;i rii;iiri' of that 
 ■Mirioiislv -^liapiil llshdiook. Tlii' rt'pri'st'iii.ilioii prt'siimahly shows ihf ohji'ft in 
 nalural si/o. 
 
 lln)'}iiii>ii-lii(iih. — ."^I'Vi'i'ai aiifii'iit liarpooiidifatls of hont' art> tlt'scrihctl hy 
 I'nifossor Niissoii in iiis work on llu' primitivt' iiilialiilants of .Si'aiitlinavia.^ 
 
 * Nil»M>n : Trlniitivn InhnMiiuil- ; |i 'Ji 
 
 f l'lii'i>lc'n'i'ri : /.iirOiiirlii. IiIimIo-i .Vri'^''lli>ik<'r|.i ; D.'Ul^i'lin Ki-i'lu'rui /, ■itiirr.; ; Slciliii, Mnrrli '.'■_', \M\ ; (j. i.l'i. 
 
 J ('ii/.,iSis <!<' I'',i|ii|i'ni'<' : t'criiipip-ri'iiilii ilii t'.irii;rrn liiliTiiiitixiiul d' Arclu'Ml..|:ii, i-\ ir.\iilliii'p"lii';ii' I'li'liitl,!. 
 rii|iii'.» ill' ('.i|ii'iilui','iii' ; ■_'• I'lirtir; MiitiTiiiiix ; Vol. VI, Is7lt; p 'Jl-'l ; tli^iiriMHi tin' hiiiiii> |.iii,'i' 
 
 " t "I -• ' - ' ' • .-..•, ,. — , ..-,■..■ |..^. ■ 
 
 ) II nil. mill hi' "liili'il lliiit siiiiii' 111' till I'liiii' iliii'l" 111 1)1' iK'«<iilii'i| limy I I' |"i»t-iii'iililliii' uriKiii. I ii Swiili'fi, 
 
 liir iiiHliiiii'ii, liiiiii'-hciiili'il jiiu'liiiii WIT" still ii-i'il lit II liiiii' wliiii liniii/." win kiinwii. I'mli r Nil<'"h riiriiinln'i 
 
 llii' I'llLiwiim iiniiil' : 
 
 " Wlii'M, itliiiut tiiii-ty yi'iir-i iitjii, u li'Vi'I |'i»'i I' t»rt"tnil iii-ur tin' villiiiji* ul' 'ry;^i'Ujii, in tin' .Smitli nl' Sruiiitt, 
 
 Win In llll I'llllivilti'd. llliTll WiTil I'lllllil, I'liHI! Ull.li'r Hill nill'lK >l' til" I'lirlll, n llllllllllT III ni.i'll'liilH 111' lllllllllll 
 
 lii'iii'.^<, whi> llll I li"'"ii iiiti'rri'il IIuti', iiihI niiiml I'uli lUi'lulnii w:i. :i mw nl' ilmim fnniiiii'.^ :iti ulnin^iiti'il '<i|imrii 
 
 M'Vi'ii I'l'i'l liy lliriii'. Tlii* limninT m inli'i'riim Uh' i1i>iii| i.ii'iir.i mily iiiii'iii'.'-t iIiumi iiiilimH wlm u-nl wi'ii] < nl' 
 
 lirnii/.i', mill |ir<iliiilily niily iiinuii^^t tin- imnr, ih'mt tiiiiiiiii;Hl | |il<' wli" ii>i'd niily siniiii wi'ii|i'itiM. Ah it riitiln'r 
 
 |ini'il' tlllll llliisi' nliilloliillM hirl. liili'il 111 II Ipilli! wlliill, wlll'll ii'lllill',' ill lliu .Sillllll 111' 'Swi'lll'll, WiTil ill |lll<l4l'!.Kill|| of 
 
 lirnii/.i', t iii:iy iiiniiliiiii Unit mil' nl' lliii kI>iiImIiiii4, pnlrilily lliiil "I' ii wunun, liml rniinil niiii nl' tin' uinili'iiii"! ii 
 •■|iiriil I'ini; iiiinli' nl' linini-i.-irruliir limn/i' wiri', siicli us wus wni'ii liy tin' |nin|ilii nl' ilm lirnn/.ii m^i'. 
 
 " Tim skull nl' iMIll nl' tlln sUi'li'Inlls Wlis |iii'ri't'il Willi II |:IVi lin nl' linll'', llliulil I'i'illl tin' |iiiiMt I'l" tllll lllllli'r of 
 
 nn I'lk, wliii'li, wlll'll it I'liiiii' inln my Intinls win iiiiililiil"il. lnil, wlicii rniiii'l, liii'l * {iiilii |»>rl'i'i't ; iilmiil si'vi'ii 
 
 iiirhos liin^, rniiinl, liiivini; tin* ^iinilU'i' i ml |i<>iiiti'il, lln* tlin-kiT i nl nlV slniiKlit, iiml iiliniit tin iin-li in (liiiiiit:l:ir. ''* 
 Primitirr' InliiihititHtn ; |i. 171, 
 
IIAKI'OOX-IIKAIIS. 
 
 78 
 
 "Tli.> I 
 
 tliuM.' siiviiij;('s wliu iiilml)i| isl.iiiils ntnl ll 
 
 iai-|u.,ni." ll.- Hays, "is; nniion \UWin<f aii<l liiiiitinv'-iiii|>l(>ni<>iit 
 
 llllnlii.' 
 
 !!• rtcvi-coiist. It rail lir used niil\ in tli 
 wjilcr. wli.Tc it i.s thrnwii in unl,.r tu l;ist,-n in lli.- .ininial wliirli is in I.,- Canirlil 
 lU |.ur|H.sr is nnl to kill |||<< |Hvy, Iml lu rUn-k its rar.'.-r in Ih.' water, su-llia 
 " '"'■'> '»' """ ''^''.v ai.pn.aelie.l ;in<l iiilled with aimtlier weupon— llie s| 
 
 tear. 
 
 Fl<is. !)| !>7. — nmii' li!iipoiiiilic!iil,-i. 
 
 I''l.l. !P7.-HlM.|«li.l 
 
 " "•"■| -^ "'' '""!'•• >liMri'-|"'i'i<'''l. "ill" '•.n-lis on ,,ne side, an- neeasinn.dly 
 
 '"iiii'l ill "iii-anrienl |.eat-l.,.Ms in S.vniia. Sin-li a une is seen un I'l.ile i\', Kio-, 
 
 71 (li'MV Kiu. !»|). Tins Iiar| .pnint a|.|.ears, like tln.se fn. lu <ire,.nlaMd. to 
 
 li.i\e lieen fastenetl In its Inn-' shaft in sn.-li a manner ;is I., he dis.'n-a-ed there- 
 iVnni when it sluek fast in the harpnuned animal. Iiecinise .ahnvc the puint „( 
 .•itlacjnm'nl is n pmj.vlinn nwv wideh the strap <>v line seems to li.ave Im'.mi tied. 
 ll was funnd in Se.ania. in a Imi- n<Mr the s,.a-enast. it may Inive heen nsed f,.r 
 hnntin.L,' seals c.r small whales ur nther similar ainmals. Meanwhile, it is verv 
 rem.irk.dde that .iniun-st the nhji.ets whieh Messrs. Christy and Lartet h.av'e 
 fnnnd in the eaves uf IVri-nrd. and whieh mav l)e eoiisidered ;is hein-- jimuie' 
 
 It 10 
 
 » MiliiMii : I'rimitivi' Inliiiliitnntu ; p '2tl 
 

 "V^, 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 »4i!IIIIM 111^ 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 !" ftf III 2.0 
 
 U lllll 1.6 
 
 <? 
 
 
 /i 
 
 / 
 
 e. 
 
 ^A 
 
 'm A ... 
 
 ^z' 
 
 '/ 
 
 >!Sj 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 4^ 
 
 'S) 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 rv^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN ST».iEET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14530 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 %^J^< 
 
 %"■ 
 
^ 
 
 ^ > 
 
 * w'x 
 
 .A^ m^ 
 
 .y 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 =% 
 
 <^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 " 4_<-' 
 
 %"- 
 
I' 
 
 74 
 
 PBEHISTORIC FISrriNO. 
 
 thn moat ancient traces of man in Europe, are liarpoons of bone, wiiich seem to 
 have been liolvcd in tlie same mannor."^-^ 
 
 The Swcdisli an-lucologist figures another bono liarpoon-liead, hero Fig. 9o. 
 on the preceding page, found in a Scanian bog, and " siiowing traces of having-'been 
 helved in a somewhat different manner, namely, by tlie point of bone beim^ fas- 
 tened to the handle."t 
 
 Alongside of it he represents a somewhat similar harpoon-head from Ticrra 
 del Fuego, many of which, he says, are in the British ^[usoum, labeled Heads of 
 Fkhinr/spears ased hi, the Nafioes of Tierra del Farr/o. In addition, he represents 
 two harpoon-heads of bone, Figs. 96 ami 97 on page 73, which were likewise 
 found in bogs, the original of Fig. 90 in the South of Scania, that of Fig. 97 in 
 Seeland.J The type shown by Fig. 90 will be considered hereafter. 
 
 m : 
 
 
 Flo. 08.— Arclic! Ampric!). Vw. nil.— Sivini:,. 
 
 Fkis. 98 and !)9.— Fi.sli or hird-.spcar-lioadrt oC hone. 
 
 * Nilsson : Primitive Inlmbitiints ; p. 29. 
 
 t Ibid. ; p. !10, Pluto IV, Fii,'. 0!). 
 
 t Ibid.; p. 30, Pluto IV, Fiijs 7') nnd 74. 
 
HARPOON-HEADS. 
 
 75 
 
 
 Prolbssor Nllsson represents in his work wliat lie calls a leister, or fisli-spear, 
 from the Northwest Coast of America. He sketched this implement in 1830 in 
 the Museum at Bristol. He also gives illustrations of another similar imple- 
 ment, obtained north of Hudson's Bay, and preserved in the Ethnological 
 :Museum at Copenhagen.* I reproduce as Fig. J>8 his design of the upper part 
 of the last-named implement. His other ligurc shows the whole object on a 
 smaller scale. The implements are thus described by him :— 
 
 "On the top of along pole are fastened two tolerably long .sharp-pointed 
 bones, tlic jioints bent a little outwards and the inner side provided with teeth 
 pointing backwards, to hold the fish securely when struck. These bones are 
 fastened to the shaft in such a manner that each, indei)endently of the otiier. is 
 in some way movable inwards and outwards ; their sides are therefore flat at 
 the other end, and the inner edge provided with (me or more teeth, pointino- 
 forwards, in order to bo tied fast, so that they cannot be torn away by the flsh ; 
 and, in order to prevent their being bent too much apart, they are tied together 
 by means of a strap at a short distance from the handle."-)- 
 
 Speaking of the dart here represented (Fig. 98), he says : — 
 
 " Its entire length is thirty-eight inches, of which the wooden shaft measures 
 thirty-one inches and three-fourths; the bone points, in all eleven inch(>s loim-, 
 are, to a length of fiv(> indies, fastened to the shaft, and consequently pn.trude 
 si\ inches beyond it. Tiie shaft is round, about half an inch in diameter, some- 
 what compressed in front of the lower end. the end itself cut off diagonally with 
 an in(!ised broad round notch, showing that a thick bow-string has been resting 
 thereon ; at the end three feathers are fastenctl lengthwise. It appears, however, 
 that this implement was made rather for shooting birds on the wing than for 
 spearing iish in the water.."]: 
 
 "But l)e this how it may, it is nevertlieless very remarkable that the half 
 of an implcnuMit, evidently similar to this last-mentioned one, has been found in 
 tiie peat-))og of Felsinosse, about three English miles from Lund, in tlie i)rovince 
 of Scania. I have sketched this on Plate IV, Fig. 79 (Fig. 99, opp(.site i>ag(>). 
 Tins bone dart is seven inches long, round, and compressed ; the back a little 
 thicker, ])ointed towards the top end, round, and bent outwanls a little; 
 tiie inner side somewhat compressed, with five broad incisions forming teeth, 
 bent backwards; tli(> lower end broader and also compressed, the inner edge 
 provided with obli(|ue notches forming teeth, pointing forwards, which thus 
 prevent the dart from being drawn forward. But what still more shows the 
 
 * Nilsson: Primilivp rnlmhitftiits ; Pinto IV, Fiir.a. 7"), 77, und 78. 
 t Ibid.; p. <i3. 
 t Iliiil.; |i. .1-1. 
 
r 
 
 I' 
 
 u. 
 
 76 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 perfoet likeness between the North American and the Scanian instrument is, 
 that If we carefully examine the latter, we shall find it scratched transversely in 
 two places, the one at the place where the strin-s on the American one attach 
 the points to the shaft, and the other a little way hio],or up, w'.ere the shaft ends 
 m the Ameri<-an implement, and where the points are tied round; the Scanian 
 dart is in other respects entirely even and smooth. 
 
 
 M 
 
 Km l(ji.— Prm.iii. 
 
 Fill. wi,-s,.phiii,l. 
 
 I"iil. mi— Tiiinuii.'l l.'iioBci. (.'.7:;t). 
 
 Flos. 100-102.— Bono Imrpoon-hcads. 
 
 " Thus we see that the Scanian implement was constructed exactly in the 
 same manner as the American, ami it is difficult for us to un.k-rstand h,.w 
 
IIARl'OON-HEADS. 
 
 77 
 
 implements so complicated could have been constructed so completely alike by 
 the Eskimos of the present day, living in the most northern part' of North 
 America, and by the aborigines in the most southern part of Scandinavia, 
 between which two races, so very dissimilar in origin, and so widclv se])arated 
 as to locality, we cannot suppose any relationship to have existed. That imple- 
 ments so simple in construction as the flint arrow should be alike in nmst 
 countries, even in Scania and Tiorra del Fuego, can be explained by a kind of 
 instinct 111 man, «.• man, everywhere, as long as ho stands at the very l.jwcst 
 point of civilization ; but the perfect similarity between implements so compli- 
 cated as those now in question, 1 look upon as one of the groat, still unsolved 
 enigmas of ethnological science."* ' 
 
 ^ I must confess that the case does not appear to me as having such an extra- 
 ordinary bearing. As soon as mnn, in any part of the world, had conceived 
 and carried out the idea of constructing a dart with two or three pron-^s for 
 fishing or hunting purposes (a plan very simple in itself), a short practice would 
 have taught lum the desirability of rendering the prongs movable to a certain 
 extent, and hence ho would naturally have been led to fasten the ligatures in a 
 way to bring about the change for the better. Professor Nilsson's discovery 
 however, is very interesting. " ' 
 
 I «nfl ^o; Pl.-ite 40 of Captain A. P. Madsen's beautifully illustrated w.n^k 
 'Antiquites 1 rehistori.iues du Danen.ark. L'Age de la Pier're " (Copenha-en 
 IS/.}) representations of Have bone harpoon-heads (Figs. G, 7, and 8), each of 
 them showu.g a ditn.rent type. One of these darts (Fig. G, nut reproduced), 
 which measures a trifle less than ten inches, was found in a bog in Jiitland It 
 shows two broken unilateral barbs, the iirst forming the do.n.ward continuation of 
 tlio iH.int, the second projecting two inches below the Iirst. Another ({.'jo- 7) „f 
 which Fig. LOO on the opposite page is a reduced copv, shows much more eC.borate 
 xvorkn.anship. Jt was found near Odense, in the Island of Fiinen. The third 
 
 (I'.g. «) of which Fig. 101 on the opposite page is a copy, was extracted f, a 
 
 bog 11. tlu' District of Fredenksborg, Seeland. It doselv resembles in shape FL- 
 JH., copuxl U:m I'rotessor Nilssou's work. Javelins wit'h bone armatures of thi^ 
 
 shape, but larger, are still in use a. g the poor inhabitants .^fTierra del Fiu-., 
 
 ng. 1()2 ivpres.Mits one of a number obtained during the United States J-Apjorin.- 
 Fxped.tion under Lieutenant Wilkes, and now in the United States National 
 Museum. The longest of the.se dart-heads, which exhibit very creditalde work- 
 manship, measures nearly sixteen inches. 
 
 Not long ago (.'ouut Jan Zawis/a, of Warsaw, was kind euou-h to send me 
 _: "^ '' ^'"'"'' l^"'^""-^tion entitled " Wiadomosci Archeologic/ne"t (War- 
 
 *Nils.-(iii: I'riiniiivuliiliHljitiiiits; p. ;j|,,,ie. 
 t Ai-cliiuoliigiiiil Nuws. 
 
78 
 
 I'HEHISTOniC FISHING. 
 
 ?! 
 
 I 
 
 
 'i 
 
 i 
 
 Ml 
 
 m 
 
 Ik -'I 
 
 M 
 
 S!i\v, 1882), to whii'li miinbcr Prince J. T. Lnbdinirski lias contributed an 
 interesting article relating to tbe discoverv ot' tisbing-spear-lieads on the banks 
 of the Uawiata River. The article, ibr a translation of which I am in(lel)te(l to 
 Mr. Louis Solyoni, of the Library of Congress, is illustrated with two re})re- 
 sentations of harpoon-heads, of which Figs. 103 and 10-1 on the opposite page 
 are copies. It i'ollow.s here in full : — 
 
 "It is now generally known that prehistoric man selected the vicinity of 
 water for his place of abode. Water being one of the necessaries of life, and 
 the art of well-digging probably unknown, this choice followed as a natural 
 conse(|ucnce. Nor do those miss the truth who assert that it was done with a 
 view to facilitate locomotion, the communication across large tracts of land bi'ing 
 then much impedctl by swamps and virgin forests. FisJiing, also, furi.ishing 
 palatable and healthy food, was another inducement to select su(^h situations, 
 and that lisli was duly appreciated as an article of diet is sutticiently [iroved by 
 the lish-reinains discovered in places inhabited i)v prehistoric man. 
 
 "But who can e.\i)lain their mode of lishiiig? Were tishing-nets known 
 and used? It is often asserted that the discs of burned clay which are fre(|uenlly 
 found served as weights for nets. Yet net-iiBliing was probably not the lirst 
 method resorted to by primitive man. Those who have observed how fish are 
 caught during spring, when tlu>y enter shallow waters to deposit their spawn, 
 probaltly will accept the conclusion that spearing, which is considered a barb.ir- 
 oiis mode at i»resent, though still practised, was probably tlie first attempt at 
 lishing made by prehistoric, man. It v»'as during the pairing-season of fish, in 
 shallow waters, that lie had the lirst opportunity for oi)S(>rviiig them closely, and 
 the lirst chance to get possession of them, uiilil he discovered that lliey could i)e 
 c.iught all the year round in lakes and rivers. In winter, for instance, they 
 could be ca|)tured by means of baskets let down through openings cut in the ice, 
 tlu" lisli crowding near these apertures, imi)elled by the necessity of breathing 
 fresh air. According to Herodotus, this iiieth(Kl was practised by the people 
 who occupied i)ile-dwellings in Lake I'rasias. 
 
 " Nevertheless, it is most proltaltle that the lirst tishing-implenient was a 
 spear similar to that used at the ]>reseiit time, and hdice s|)e;ir-heads are foiind 
 in all prehistoric loca'.ities where tish formed an important jbod-arlii^le. 
 
 "^ladsen has jniblished in his work 'Aiiti(|iiites I'lvhistoriipies dn Daiic!- 
 mark ' designs of spear-heads found in that country ('Age de la I'ierre.' Plate 
 40, Kigs. (J, 7, and S|, which he calls bone arrow-heads, yet erroneously, con- 
 sidering that some of rhem reach a length of lit'teeii centimeters, a size not only 
 unnecessary, but even inconvenient for arrow-heads. We therefore incline 
 without hesitation to the opinion of Oscar Montclius, expressed in the 'Anticpii- 
 tes Suedoises ' (Vol. I, p. 14, No. 53), where he gives representations of bone 
 
I 
 
 HARl'OON-ltEADS. 
 
 79 
 
 spcar-hcads. calling thorn harpoons, and mentioning the fiict tliat they were 
 f.HUul at the button, of Hastefjorden Lake, among other articles of bone The 
 place ot discovery o.' these implements indicates their use. 
 
 ''They also occur in Russia, as we learn from the work of Count Uwarow 
 recently publ.shed, and devoted to the prehist,.ric times of Russia. lie describes 
 there a bone spear-head found near the river Oka. 
 
 f>tm\ 
 
 l'"in. 101. 
 
 Flo. 10;5 ami 10 1.— Harpoon-licads of ox-liuni. I'ola 
 
 lul. 
 

 I 
 
 80 
 
 rKKIlISTOIUC I'lSIllNG. 
 
 " Hcretotbro tho.so implonuMits had not boon mot witli !niinii<j; tlio relics of 
 tho atone ago within the limits of anciont Poland. It thoreforo ail'ords mo much 
 pleasure to announce the discovery of two specimens of the implements under 
 notice, found in the district of Oiszan, on tlie bank of tho small river Uswiata, 
 which empties into the left shore of tho Dniepr. At the time of this discovery 
 the land drained by the U!5wiata was the property of tho learned J)r. Zeckert, 
 now deceased. 
 
 " I3otli heatls arc made of ox-horn, and very well preserved, though dis- 
 colored by the action of time. One is almost black, the other yellowish-brown. 
 Our illustrations show tho objects reduced to two-thirds of their actual size. 
 Length of one, twenty-four centimeters ; of the other, twenty-three centimeters. 
 They arc at present in the collection of anti(iuitios at Mala wies, near Groice." 
 
 m 
 
 'i 
 
 
 Fio. 105. — Boue harpoou-head. Victoria Cave. 
 
 A bone harpoon-head of peculiar shape, represented in Fig. 105, was dis- 
 covered in the neolithic stratum of the Vict(»ria ("ave, near Settle, Yorkshire, 
 England. "The harpoon," says Trofossor W. Boyd Dawkins, "is a little more 
 than three inches long, with the head armeil with two Ijarbs on each side, and 
 the base presenting a mode of securing attachment to the handle, which has not 
 before been discovered in IJritain. Instead of a mere projection to catch the 
 ligatures by which it was bound to tlie .-ihaft, there is a well-cut barb on either 
 side, pointing in a contrary direction to those which form the head. Ample use 
 for such an instrument would be found in Malhani tarn, some three miles off, 
 ami very probably alsn in that which furmerly existed close l)y at Attermiro, 
 but which has been choked up by peat, and is now turned into gras.i-land by 
 drainage."* 
 
 Having alluded to the javiilins in use as liunting-implements among the 
 Kurile Islanders and the (Ireenlanders, Professor Xilssoii (lcs(M'il)es a class of 
 Nnrth Eurot)ean armatures considered by liini as javelin-points, giving on Plate 
 VI of his W(n'k several illustratii)ns, of which I reproduce Figs. 124, l2o, and 
 126 as Figs. 106, 107, and 108 on page 82. 
 
 *Diiwl(iiis: Cttvo Uuiiting ; p. HI. 
 
IIAIU'OON-IIKADS. 
 
 81 
 
 Wc find now und ll 
 
 luivo ovitleiitly been used in tl 
 
 icn in oiii- |)o,it-ni(isso.s," ho says, " impleuionla which 
 
 'IS 
 
 10 sanio nianiuT as tlio javolin from tlic Kurilc 
 Islands, abovo doscribod. Tlioso imploments aro of bono, six to ton inciics h.n-' 
 two and one-fouvtb to tw(. or throo linos broad, .nrasionallv round, but ivcnoralfv 
 rathor coniprossod, taporing to a point towards both onds, and oitlior providoil 
 |iIon- both sidos with a dooply indontod ,i,m)uve, into which thin sharp tlakos of 
 flint aro inserted, and fastened by means of black puttv resembling pit<-li, or the 
 groove with the flint flakes is found only along one side /^^ The front end is 
 pointed, and l)ohind, fho point is occasionally widened, in shape like a sj.oar- 
 I'"iiit, so that the whole bono represents a spear in miniature, with its Ion'.' shaft • 
 1 K. groove holding t! - flint-splinters does not reach quite to the point. Such is 
 the implement in its ^rhjiml form, but. by degrees, as it wears out and is a-^ain 
 .sharpo.iod toapou.t, the spear-shaped expansh.n disappears and the poi.d is 
 ^v.M-n .Imvn to tiie grooves. The hin.ler end is likewise sharp-pointed, and has 
 oynlontly been inserted in a wooden shaft. (bMierally this end is to a certain 
 distance less smooth tuan tlie remainder of the bone, and sometimes the resin 
 by moans of which it has been cemented in the shaft, remains np to a little 
 ...oro than an inch. This implement is principally found in bogs in the South 
 «t Scania ; also in tlie province of Boluislaiul, on Tjoru (west coast of Sweden)- 
 I 1.S said to have been also fouiul in the Island of (Jland. In the .Museum of 
 the Academy of Antiquities, in Stockhohn, there is a specimen, the longest 
 which have seen (ten inches in length), found during the digging of the (iGtha 
 Canal, between I afvelstorp and Tutorp, in peat-earth, under a bed of clay, an.l 
 eight feet under ground. But where there is peat-earth there must have been 
 water; conse.,uently, everything that is found on, and espcciallv under, peat- 
 earth, has sunk to the bottom in some water. It is probable, tiierefore, that the 
 n.iplements m question, while being used on the water, have dropped therein 
 ami gone to the bottom. In order to form a correct idea of the manner in which 
 iieso ■m,,loments were used by the Scandinavian aborigines, wo ought to enquire 
 liow they are omploye.l .-.mongst the nations where thov are still in' use 
 
 -'^\^^^ (u-eeiilander uses this weapon onhi on tlie water, in the pursuit ..f 
 .■Hiuatic bmls. It ,s provided with a shaft five feet in len:;th, ending at the back 
 with s..me ornament, generally a reindeer-foot or soim-thing of that kind, and U 
 thn.wn by hand at birds while they are resting on the water. It strikes usudlv 
 at the distance of from fifty to sixty paces, and Egede relates that the Greeii- 
 lander can hit his prey at a tolerably long <listance. as surelv as a good shot 
 could do It with a towling-piece. From his early childhood the Cxivonlander 
 begins to practise throwing the bird-javolin. It is thrown by means of . 
 
 * Thu.S(.. iliirts i-uiiiiml on.- by tlioir conslnictRM. of the Mcxica 
 iiiswiiril. 
 
 Kll 
 
 n vuiqwihuitl, whid, the Spmiiords called cspml,,, 
 
 
fm^insittr""""''^" '" 
 
 82 
 
 I'UKIIISTOUIC I'lSllINU. 
 
 throw in<,'-Htit'k or hoard witli such forw that it tl'n's wlii/xiiiig throiigli tho air, 
 and with such woiulorl'ul akill that it gonorally piorces tho hoad of tho diiuk. 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 Fio. luo,— Scania. l''iii. 107,— Sc»ni». Kkj. loa.— Suuula. I'l... 1U9.— PriiMiik. 
 
 All i. 
 Figs. lOG-101). — Javcliu-haulb ul Ijouu with in.,i.rtiil Hint llukcs. 
 
 " There is scarcoly any doubt that the darts liore skcti-Iicd have boon the 
 same kind of liunting-iniitlcnients, and that they have Irhmi employed in the 
 same way. That tii(;y iiave been, and were intended to bo, thrown l)y hand, wo 
 can easily see, because they could have been used only on the water ; for if 
 thrown on land, they must infallibly have been broken to pieces and destroyed. 
 They are, therefoi'o, found only in peat-bogs, which in former times were open 
 waters, sometimes of (^onsideral)le extent. They occur not unfrecpiently in the 
 South of Sweden. Our niuseunis contain a great number of them ; but in Den- 
 nuirk they are I'are."* 
 
 ]*rofessor Nilsson's .statements seem to l)e correct in every particular ; yet 
 these darts, on account of their jagged sides, were also ser\ iceal)le as heads of 
 implements used in the lish-hunt, and for this reason 1 have given tiie preceding 
 extract from Nilsson's woi! . 
 
 The peat-bogs of Eastern Prussi.i likewise have yielded a limited number 
 of these bonc-and-flint darts, wlii<'li are preserved in the collection of norliiern 
 antiquities in the Xew Museum at Ucrlin. They were described by Mr. Friedel 
 in an article entitled " Ueber Knochenpfeile aus Deutschland," which ai)peared 
 in "Archiv fiir Anthropologic" (Vol. V, 187 J, page 433). Fig. 100 is one 
 
 ' 
 
 y i 
 
 * Nilssoii : I'rimitivo Iiilmliitiiiits ; p. 40, eti'. — Minlson liguiesa luiinbur of Danish specimens of this liInU on 
 I'lalo '10 of \m "Anliciiiilos Proliistoriijues dii Dimeinurii." 
 
HAUPOON-HKADH. 
 
 83 
 
 Of Ins illustrations, slinwiuir ,, ,i,,,.l of elk-honc^'^ wit), flint-splintors sot closely 
 tn;,'.'thcT ami ilis,,„se.l in tw.. r..w,s, ; prosn.t lliis tiguiv .simply with a view to 
 HM.wthe appoaran.-o of a l.u.ie-aiKl-flint dart soiu.wliat .lilleriiig in type from 
 tlioso described by Professor A'ilssoii. 
 
 Stone points, wi. may assume, were also used as armatures for harp s i„ 
 
 neolithic times; l,i,t Professor Nilssoti's suo-estion (hat some may have l..-en 
 inserted in sockets of l,„iie or wood, and thus connected with the "shaft, is not 
 snj.ported by any evidence, provided my opinion that no such sockets liave been 
 discovered is correct. Those of woud, of course, could not have resisted .le.-av • 
 while sockets of bone or horn, if they had been u.sed, would bo still in existence, 
 like the much older horn and bono objects of the reindeer-period. 
 
 Fio. no. — Scaniau flint puiut set iu wooileu socket. 
 
 Nilsson tigures (Plato X, Fig. 203) a well-chipped flint point found in the 
 earth near the sea-shore of the Hound of Lomma, in Scania, which he considers 
 as a harpoi.ii-head. "A per.^oii who had long resided in (Jreenland," he .says, 
 "recogniml it at once as such ; and in order to .show me the way in which the 
 sfonep.mit had been fastened to the harpo(,n, and the harpn.m to the shaft, ho 
 l.rovided it with a piece of wood as vej. resented in the sketch, Plate III, Fig.' 49 
 (here Fig. 110). At the lower end of this piece of wood is an indenlation^hito 
 which the sliaft of tlie harpoon enters. ]}elow is the loo]) by which the harp.,„n 
 is attached to the .shaft as well as the strap, to th.; end of which a bladder is 
 tietl."t lie designates various other Eurupcan flint points ligured by him as 
 harpoon-heads used in this manner; but he is not very po.^ ' i ve in his state- 
 ments, and linally expresses his own doubts in the following remark :— " It 
 
 * Till) European oik coiTcspoiids to tlie Anicrioiin moose, 
 t Nilsson: I'riiiiilivo Inliiibitujils ; p. L"J. 
 
■ ll' Ul lil 
 
 
 8-4 
 
 rUKIIISTOUK! I'lSllINC). 
 
 11 ; 
 
 onij;lil, iKtwcvcr, to he observed lliiil it is difliciilt to draw a line of deiiiaivatiou 
 between tiie stone points wliicli liave been iiar|ionns, and tliose wliieli luivo 
 beIon;j;ed to arrows, benuise tlie same stone jxiint eould have been adapted either 
 to ii harpoon or to an arrow. ""'■• 
 
 On tile other liand, it may be taivcn tor granted tliat shafts with ehipped 
 stone [)oiids of sintal)le si/e and shajte iinmciliafi/// attaeiied to tliem, formed 
 lisliing-darts at tlie period under eoiisiiU'ration. It woidd be ini|)ossibIe, liow- 
 ever, to single out the poiids tlius em|>lo\ed, tiiongh sneli as are provided wilii 
 l)arlts seem partieuhirly lilted for tliat purjMiso. .Mr. ^^>\m Evans, in his well- 
 known work on the aneieiit stone im|)lemenls of (J real Hritain, lignres (page 
 ;M(>, I'tv.) several ehipped Hint iioints of this elass, small ami large, that might 
 well have served as armatures for lishing-spears, ami others are re]tresented on 
 the plates of Captain .Madsen's work on the j)rehistorie antiquities of Denmark ; 
 but, in view of the uncertainty us to their use, 1 refrain from co[iying any of 
 these illustrations. 
 
 Avroiv-hcaih. — With rcgivrd to arrows used in shooting tish — a method most 
 probably practised during the period hero treated — I have nothing to add to my 
 statements on page oli. An arrow employed in hunting (inadrujieds or birds 
 would also on occasion serve to kill a lish, and hence tin attempt at speciticatiuu 
 must necessarily jirox e fruitless. 
 
 Sinlicrs. — The objects of this class obtained from !lie lacustrine settlements 
 of tiie stone age may in general be considered as neolithic relics ; but tin. aiiti<iuity 
 of such as have been found on or below the surface of the soil, in water, swamps, 
 etc., is donblful. to say the least, considering that line and nct-siidvers of stone are 
 used in Europe at the present time. Only particular circunistaiicou .if associa- 
 tion would favor the recognition of the period to which such stray specimens 
 pertain. In a late work Dr. Arthur Mitchell, of Ediid)urgh, makes some ol)ser- 
 vations bearing on this sul)Ject, which are of sutlicient interest to be given here 
 in full. I also insert the illustrations accompanying his remarks. 
 
 '•There is a elass of stone objects," he says, "which are nearly always to bo 
 seen in collections of antiipiities, and which are now correctly called sinkers. 
 They have been often fouiul under circumstances which indicate a great age. 
 Worsaae ligures them among the anticjuities of the stone ago in Denmark. Tiiey 
 vary much in form and in character. Most of them are simply bored stoiu's — 
 generally with one hole roughly picked orgrouiul through them, but occasionally 
 with two. Sometimes they have ii groove cut down (Mie face of the stone and 
 running over its end, and another similar groove cut transversely to this ; or the 
 
 f NilsdDii: i'riinitivo Inhiibituuts ; p. 3*2. 
 
HINKKIIH. 
 
 85 
 
 i 
 
 
 groove may run round tlir- circumfiwnco of ii n.-ittisli ovoid water worn pobl.le, 
 f,'ivin,n; it souiewliiit tlu; appearance of u niiip's hlodi. 
 
 Fid. 111.— SinU-stnno of stcntito from Shetland; wciglil, 14 oiiiico8. 
 
 "Tlioso .'ttono sinkers I have frequently seen in use. As recnrds tlie first 
 type, those which are simply lion-d stoii(«s, I have seen the sjinie luiin with one 
 of theni at the end of one line, and at the end of the other a sinker of le.ad cnst 
 in a mould and tiistefidly shap(>d. Usually the hored sinkers an- water-worn 
 stones, selected for suitability of shape; hut sometimes they ai. made of a piece 
 of stone roughly tiaked into a projter form; while at other limes, whore the 
 soft .soapstone is fcumd, there is more or leiss neatnes.s in tlieir design, and they 
 may even he found imitating the form of the IcMden .uker, or having rudely 
 out on them t!i'> initials of their owner (see Fig. 111). It m.iy Inippen agfiin 
 that they aio entirely natural stones; that is, hoth tlicir form juid the lioh> 
 threngh thorn nniy he due to naturiil agencies. A sinkei' of this last kind F once 
 saw with a Slietlander. It was of flint, and he s.iid he Inid lirought it from 
 ' foreign p.arts,' h.-cause he thought it would he us(«ful at home as a sinker. 
 
 " Of one of the typ(<s of siidcers, th;it showing the two grooves crossing each 
 other, there was some ditficulty in seeing the I'.xact way in which the line iuid 
 liof)ks were made fast to the stones, and what purpose tlie groo\-e.s served. Some 
 stones of this kiml have l)een found in circumstances indicating great age; and 
 I remember hearing a distinguished antiipiary, no longer alive, speculating 
 ingeniously as to whether they could re;dly have served so commonplnce a pur- 
 pose as tliat of sinking ;i tisherman's line. But I have been .•ible to sot the 
 question at rest by procuring two s])ecinu'ns from the parish i>\' Walls, tlirough 
 the Rev. James Russell, with all the ;i])pliances on them exactly , -is thoy W(>re 
 when actually in use a f(>w years ago (.see I^'igs. ll'J and ll.'J on the following 
 page). Sinkers of this form vary in size. They are genenilly, I think, larger 
 tlian t,h()se of the bored form ; and I understand that this is cwplained by the 
 fact that they are (ihiefly used when fisiiing in deep waters. 
 
 " It is not s(dely, however, in those districts of our country which we regard 
 as outlying and remote that we encounter lishermen using stone inst(>ad of lead 
 or other materials for the manufacture of sinkers. On the Tweed to this day the 
 nets are weighted by bored stones, and specimens of those are placed in museuma 
 of antiquities, not because they are themseh 's objects of antiquity, but beeaust? 
 their history being accurately known, they teach lessons of caution in dealing 
 
 I 
 
Wm- 
 
 ■iSfiSBBaiBta 
 
 !J 
 
 
 
 1*! 
 
 is 
 
 1 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 Ir: 
 
 86 
 
 PRlCIirSTOIUO I'MSHINO. 
 
 with objocts not vory dissimilar, alnmt tlio iiistory mid use of wiiic.li wo iiavo no 
 
 accurate knowU'dgc."'' 
 
 Kill. ll'J. Km. m. 
 
 Fkih. 111.' 1111(1 ll;i, — Siiiksloiii's IVimi Walls, in Slu'tliiinl. Tlu" liiigi'r is ii rmiL^lily-lliikod piocci 
 of simkIsIciiu'. and llu- smalici' a walii'-woni liraili-stniic. In (ink'r to niaivo llic conl gmsp those .slmioa 
 si'cuii'ly, j;n)i)Vi'S iiri' n)U};lily I'nt in (iu'iii in llu- way inilicatod iiy liio wiMnlriils. Tlu' largor sloiio is 
 S inclios iiinir, and woiglis l:! (uinccs; tin' snialli'i', In wliich lln' lidok is slill atlailiiMl, is ■"> inciics kmi;, 
 mid weighs 1 1 (Uinep.s. 
 
 If, under tlioso circunistii. ices, I doscrilx* and liij;nn' some sinkcM's, I do i( witli 
 tlie Mieiila! reservation wliidi tlie riin>n-oiiiu- olisiM'v.alions necessjirily iniply.j- I 
 Would also ['(t'er ii^.ain to tlie ditlicnlty of maUiim' a proper dislindion iietween 
 line and not-sinivers, lor cviMi at present heavy line-sinUers .and liiiht nel-sinlvern 
 arc used, ,uul vice versa. 
 
 * Mit.'liclli Tlip I'list ill IliP I'tiwnl -VVIml is ("iviliziilion? Ni'W York, 1881 ; p. Ill, (•((■, 
 
 t The sciiidnizin!; rniiU'r, I Impc, will iml lliiil rmiU willi iiii' fur ili'seriliinj,', wliili' trciiliiii; of llio iipulllliii" 
 |ici'iiiil, uliji'i'ls whii'li limy 111' "f iniu'li liilcr ihitiv Tin' |i..ssiliilily timt sunn' nt' llii'iii limy Im iii'ulilliii' will lio 
 jirci'plfil US my (»x('1isr. 
 
 1 
 
SINKIOKS. 
 
 87 
 
 »o 
 
 Sinkers in lli(>ir simplcsl, 1 nni iiiniost hMiiptcd to say luilnral, form two 
 liko tliat in possession of tlu' lisliornian nienlioncd l)_v Dr. Mitelu'll, namely 
 
 nalni-allv perforated nodules of (lint, wliieli. a( rdiii<>- to Dr. Klemni. " suv so 
 
 freipient and sometimes of sncli large size on the sliores of Ileligol;ind .and 
 Iliigen, lliat llie inli;d)itants use tliem as net-\veiul,ts and even as aiiehors."* 
 Tlier(> ar(> several net-sinUers .ind anclior-stones of tliis kind in the Herlia 
 I'rovineiid -Mnseiim. one of liie latter li.avinu,' heeii obtained hy Dr. Kriodel in 
 tlio Island of liiigen from a lisiierman wlio aetnally used it ;is an anciior.f Such 
 weights doubtless were employed in very early times ; hut. of i-ourso, no one would 
 attempt (o sjieculateon the .antiquity of this class of relics, or rather on the time 
 in which they were utilized. Some of these natural formations oonsidered as 
 siidii'rs may in re.ality never have iieen .•ii)plied to any use liv m;in. 
 
 Mr. John |i]vans, having doscribod the grooved hammers fouml in Great 
 Britain, continues as follows: — 
 
 I'm. lit. Sloiii' .siiikii'. JJiinis. 
 
 "Clo.scly connected in ft)rm and character with the mining hammers, though 
 as a rule much smaller in size, and in all probability intemled for ;i totally dilVer- 
 ent purpose. ;ire the class of stone objects of which Fig. 1 lit (here Fig. 114) 
 gives a r(>presenl;itioii, r(>pro(hiced from llie '.Arclueological Jonrn.il.' This 
 specimen was found with two others .-d Hums, near .\ml)leside. Westmoreland; 
 and another, almost precisely similar in size and form, was found at I'errv's 
 Leap, ami is pi'eserved in tlu> Museum of Anlitpiiti(>s ;it Alnwick Castle. 
 Another, from Weslmorel.ind, is in the .Mayer ( 'olleclion at i/iverpool, and they 
 have, I believ(\ been found in some iiumbiM's in tli.at district. A stone of th(> 
 same character, but nuu-e el.iborately worked, h.iviiig sonn-wliat acorn-shaped 
 ends. w;is found l»y the Hon. W. O. Stanley, F. S. A., at Old (ieir, Anglesea. 
 They wer(> originally rcg.irded as hammer-stones, lait such as I h,i\e examiiu'd 
 are made of a softer stone than those usually employed for hammers, .and (hev 
 
 *Klfinm: Allgemcinn fuUiirwissi'iiaolml't ; W.Mlizi'iii^.Miricl WiilVi-ii ; Loipzl};, 1851 1 p. V>. 
 t Krii'ili'l: l''iil\rcr' iliin'li ilic KisihiTi'i-Alilhiiliiiii.': ; p. 1. 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 its 
 

 w 
 
 If 
 If 
 
 88 
 
 TREHISTORIC FISniNO. 
 
 if! 
 
 "iU 
 
 
 hill > 
 
 .'ir(> not battered or worn at the ends. It secni8, therefore, ])robahUi that llicy 
 were used as siidtcrs for nets or lines, for wliich purpose they are well adapted, 
 the groove being deep enougli to ])rotect small cord around it from wear by 
 friction. They seem also usually to occur in the neighborhood either of lakes, 
 rivers, or the sea. A water-worn nodule of sandstone, live inches long, with a 
 deep groove round it, and described as probably a sinker for a net or line, was 
 found in Aberdeenshire, and is in the Antiquarian ^hiseuni at Edinburgh ; and 
 I have one of soft grit, about the same length, given me by Mr. R. D. Darltishire, 
 F. G. S., and found by him near Nautlle, Carnarvonshire. iMany of these sink- 
 stones arc pi'obably of nr great anti(iuity." 
 
 Mr. Evans refers in the same place to "sink-stones, weights, or plummets 
 formed by boring a hole towards one end of a il.ittish stone." He mentions 
 several specinuMis, but gives no illustrations of them. While in Sweden, h(> saw 
 the leg-bones of animals used as weights for sinking nets.'-' 
 
 " Tu Ireland." Sir William Wilde ol)serves, "sink-stones, for either nets or 
 fishing-lines, are by no means I'are, as tiiey continue in use ev(>n at the ]>resent 
 <lay ; and quoit-like discs, of sandstone, from four to six inches in diameter and 
 with a hole in the centre to attach tlicm ti> the l)ottom-rope of a n(>t, are not uncom- 
 mon in localities where lead is scarc(\ Hut, l)esides these rud(> imple- 
 ments, we lind others formed witl; nmre care, and which are generally supjxtsed to 
 have l)een attached to eifluM- lines or nets."i- lie gives three illustrations of sudi 
 stones. Figs. 77, 7S. and 7!*, of which I r(>j>ro(luce the tirst two as I'igs. lb") mikI 
 IIG. The original of Fig. llTj is described as being composed of soft while 
 
 J.',v ■ 
 
 
 l-l,.. II-.. Kiel. 1111. 
 
 Frcs. 11") and IKi.— Stone ciiikcrs. Iroliuid. 
 
 sandstone traversed by a vein of quartz, and encircled by a groove round the 
 long axis for retaining a string or thong. Fig. 1 H» represents " a i)himmet-like 
 piece of sandstone, three inches and a half long, with a hole at the small extrem- 
 
 *Eviins: Aiiciont Stone Iniiiloiiipnls; p. 211. 
 
 fSir W. Wilde: A l)iscri|ptivc Ciiliilnniic of the Aiitii|iiilic's in Un' Miisoiiin uf tlii! Uoyiil Irish Aciuloniy : 
 Vol. I, Diihlin, 18011; p. 01. 
 
SINKER.S. gg 
 
 ity." Yot, Sir W. Wildo, \vhil,< iKliuitting that these stones would f,.nn useful 
 snik-stoncs, thinks th(>re is no direct autliority bearing on the subject. Indeed, 
 11".^ stone represented by Fig. llo lias been regarded by some as one of the 
 "flail-stones" attached by a thong to a stick, used in early Irish warfare, and to 
 which some allusion is made in ancient records. As for the object shown in Fig. 
 110, he thinks it might have been used as a plummet, or tlie weight for a steel- 
 yard or ouncel, "an implement in mu.'h more frequent use than a beam and 
 s(!ales in the western parts of Ireland up to a very recent period."* 
 
 I have little doubt that Fig. llo, at least, represents a sinker. 
 
 Fia. 117.— County of Pown. (oo; 
 
 Fia. 118.-Coiinly nf WVHim.Mlli. (!liu7). 
 
 Fifi.s. 1 1 7 aii.l 1 18.— Stone sinkers (?). 
 
 I present n, Figs. 117 an.l 118 delineations of two of the rp.oit-Iike iliscs 
 with a ]i„le 1,1 tlie ceiitiv. (o which Sir \V. Wihle draws attention. Thev were 
 s..nt. m lH,i). with oilier Irish antirputies, to tin- .Smith.sonian In.stitution bv Mr 
 HolHM-t Day, Jr., of Cork County. The material of the.se spe.-imens, which cer" 
 tainiy hav." the ai-p.-arance of being very ohi. i.s tine-grained sandstone. Tliev 
 were touiid. ivspivliveiy. in the counties „f I),,\vn and Westmeath. 
 
 Passing OV.U- to Danish specinuMis. 1 give in Fi- 119 on the followin- pn-vp 
 a somewhat .Mi'arge.l copy of on,- ligiird by Mr. W'or.saae.t who ela.s^es it, 
 doubtless for good reason, among the relics of the stone ag 
 it was dug up in a bog in the Island of Seeiand. 
 
 He informs me tiiat 
 
 Rl2 
 
 *;)irW. AVililo: Ciit.ilomio; p. nr,. 
 fWorsuiK': N..rdiHko Okl^iijr,.,- ; irij,. ss, p. 18. 
 
 If 
 
90 
 
 PHRHISTORIC KISHINO. 
 
 m 
 
 t!i 
 
 Figs. 120, 121, and 122 aro copioil from Plate 30 of Captain Afadson's work, 
 before cited.* 
 
 t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fiu. 1 
 
 Fios. 119-122.— Stone Sinkers. Denmark. 
 
 Tiic Danish locality wlior(> the original of Fi^-. 120 was found is not speci- 
 fied. The object shown in Fig. 121 was ploughed up in the District of 
 Sor("), and that represented by Fig. 122, exhibiting two grooves crossing each 
 other, was obtained in the District of Vilnirg. All these Danish specimens aro 
 preserved in the Museum of Northern Antiipiities at Copenhagen. 
 
 I'rofcssor Xilsson describes aiul represents several sink-stones, ime of them, 
 like the Danish specimen, provided with two grooves crossing each other (Fig. 
 122). Concerning this class of sinkers heol)serves: — ''These i)lummots ai'O 
 generally large, and have probaldy been used as weights for trol ling-nets, (>tc. 
 They are still occasionally picked up in islets and I'cefs on the coast of Uohus- 
 
 * Tlioy lire tliuio Fii;s, l.'i, 17, liiid !(!, ruspectivoly. 
 
BOATS. 
 
 91 
 
 Llin (west coast of Sweden)/'' Mo also fu 
 
 fi;roovos. 
 
 :iires a number of sinkers with sindo 
 
 To tlio liguros of sinkers 1 
 
 sclcctecl only suel 
 
 lioro presented otliers could be added, but I hav( 
 
 details, I will confess that I h 
 
 I as most probably ivcre sink-stone 
 
 a ; for, without entorini;' into 
 
 '"i^'o >n.y doubts as to several other figured specimens 
 to winch that cliaracter is attributed. 
 
 Professor A^irehow alludes to ancient clay net-sinkers, chiefly obtained fr.>m 
 pile-Hwks in Prussia, which, however, are of comparativelv late origin, beiii.^ 
 relerablo to the <.lose of pagan times. The largest and most recent of the 
 .sinkers, iron, IJoissin Lake near Belgar.l (Pomerania) are described as large flat 
 n.i.nd discs with a hole i,, the cvntre, ami, as a rule, rather slightly burned. Of 
 siM'cial interest is I'rofx.ssor Virchow's observation that such .'lay net-weights, 
 burned entirely bla(;k {f/anzsckwarz r/ehrrniMf), are still used in Eastern Prussia.-j- 
 
 L'onfs.—qmte a number of ancient boats, discovered under circumstances 
 f'ivonng i>reservation, have been described by various authors, but most of thein 
 doubtless belong to post-neolithic times. There is in the Provincial Museum at 
 I..M-lin an oaken .lug-out, formed like a shallow tr..ngh, ami hollowed out by 
 means ot lire, while its outside is rudely shaped with stone instruments It 
 measures, in its present shrunken state, eight nu-ters in length and ab,»ut forlv 
 centimeters in width. This boat was foun.l near Berneuchen, in the I)istri<-t .'.f 
 Lan.lsbcrg on the Warthe (nran.lonbnrg), two meters imbedded in peat t It 
 may be a relic of the stone age. 
 
 r find no reference to existing stone-age boats in such publications on Danish 
 and Scandinavian anli(,uities as are within my reach. I'rofessor Xilsson treats 
 of boats in a transient way, merely alluding to the probable method of their 
 manufacture. "These (the boats) seem to have been excavated trunks of trees 
 tor the broad gouge has evidently been used for excavating wt.od."§ 
 
 Sir ^^^ Wihle ,les.-ribes several .-.icient Irish boats stdl in existence, thou-d, 
 without giving any clue as to the time from which thev mav date " So f,r "is 
 we yet kn..w," he observes, "two kinds of boats appear to have iieen in use in 
 very early times in the B.-itish Isles-lhe canoe and the curragh||_the one 
 lornied out of u single piece of w,.od, the other compose.l of wicker-work, cov.>re.l 
 with lii.l.'. Xo .•uuMent specimen <.f the curragh could, however, have come down 
 to uu.u.u times. The single-piece canoe is generally forme.l of oak, and mav 
 be divided into three varieties, viz., a small trough-shaped .me, .square at (he 
 
 * NMssnn : I'riinitivp Inliiiliitiints ; |i. 2fi. 
 
 t (-'imiliiio (Ing Dciitst'lion FisHioroi-Voroins ini .Inluv 187:!; liorlin, IS?.-!; p, Mn. 
 
 t Friwlc! : FCilircr (liirdi dio Fischcrci-Alitliciluiii; ; p. L>. 
 
 § Nilssiin : I'riiiiitivo Inlmliitant^ ; p. 101. 
 
 11 Coracle. 
 
 I? 
 
 If 
 
 H 
 
 S4 
 
i 
 
 \r., 
 
 I'i ■• 
 
 i; 
 
 •Sii 
 
 m 
 
 It y 
 
 92 
 
 PKEIIISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 ends, from ciglit t(i twelve feet long, round .at tlio bottom, and liavinn' projecting 
 handle.-) at eitlier extremity, apparently for the purpose of transporting it from 
 plaee to place. Sudi a boat could be used either in fishing or as a means of 
 transport upon the inland lakes and rivers. This, in common with the two other 
 varieties, is very shallow, so that those who used it must ha\'c sat flat upon the 
 bottom, and progressed themselves by means of light paddles — probably one 
 used in cither hand ; this is further confirmed by the total absence of all appear- 
 ance of row-locks. The second variety generally averages twenty feet in IcMigth 
 and al)out two in breadth, is flat-bottomed, round at the pi'ow, and nearly square 
 
 at the stern. The third variety of ancient Irish canoe is sharp at both 
 
 ends."-'- 
 
 IT(> r(>fers to the discovery of a boat of the first-mentioned kind in Monaghan 
 Cnimly, but furnishes no illustration. It may or may not be a l)oat made 
 during the stone age. The two other kinds are represented by specimens in the 
 Duldin Museum, and Sir W. Wilde gives figures of them, which I will not 
 reproduce, because tlu> originals appear to belong to more or less recent periods. 
 
 "A single-piece canoe," he says, " has been discovered eitlu>r u]ion or in the 
 vicinity of all the crannoges which have been carefully examined. They have 
 ;ilso bi'cn found ill bogs and in the beds of rivers, as the I3oyne, the IJrosna, and 
 the IJaii. etc. Ware says that .single-piece canoes were in use on some rivers in 
 Iri'l.ind in his time. The curragh or coracle is still employed: upon th(> Boyne 
 it is foniicd of wicker-work, covered with hide; and in Aran the framework is 
 formed of light limber, fastened together with great ingenuity, and covered with 
 canvas. "-I" 
 
 While treating of " Upheaval since the Tinman Period of the Central 
 District of Scotland," Sir Charles Lyell gives a iiighly interesting account of 
 boats imbedded in silt b(n"dering the estuary fif tin.' river Clyde; and though his 
 observations refer to boats of diflferent periods, I cannot resist the temptation of 
 inserting here the distinguished investigator's valuable information : — 
 
 " It has long been a fact familiar to geologists, that, both on the east and west 
 coasts of the central ])art of Scotland, there are lines of rai.sed i)eaclies, contain- 
 ing iiiariiK" shells of the same species as those now iiiliabiting the neighboring- 
 sea. The two most marked of these littoral deposits occur at heights of about 
 forty and twenty-five feet above high-water mark, that of forty feet being coii- 
 sidennl as the more ancient, and owing its superioi" elevation to a longm' con- 
 tinuance of the upheaving movement. They are s(>en in some places to rest on 
 the ariitic shell-beds and boulder clay of the glacial period. 
 
 * Sir W. Wililo: Cutiiloguo; p. 202, etc. 
 t Ibid. ; p. 204. 
 
 1 : 
 
 li 
 
BOATS. 
 
 93 
 
 onf.... Ii? "^"''^./''f •'«*« ''^'^'^ l="-»"^ i-ivcrs, such as the Clyde, Forth, and 'lay, 
 c tox ho «ea, ho lower of the two deposits, or that of twentv-iivo foot, expands 
 into a terrace, trmg.ng the estuaries, and varying in breadth from a few yards to 
 several uulos. Of this nature are the flat lands which occur along the 1 ^ 
 
 t "d C t^'77 ''''-' ^""^'^^ "^ ^'"^'^ ^'^"""'^^^'^ --•' Si^ ^""v '-! 
 
 U -^ ■ fl ,^r ■-"';"' ' ''''""' ''•"*'1"''"->'' "^-^^''^y- ■" I800, informs us 
 
 .1 rr" 1 ''^''y y^'"'^'^ l''-^^'^^'^!'".' that date, no less than seventeen 
 
 n.>pccted a large number of then, before they were exluuned. Five of then 
 
 I'.v buned .n sdt under the streets of Glasgow, one in a vertical position with 
 
 tlie prow uppermost as if it had sunk in a stonn. In the inside of it were a 
 
 M (ace ot the sod or seven feet above high-water mark ; but a few of then, were 
 
 lev! ";/^^'" '^'^^V';^'''' '"' consequently more than twenty feet above the 
 < .v-1 ^ el. One was sticking ,„ the sand at an angle of tbrtA-iive degrees, ano.her 
 l-ad been caps./ed, and lay bottom uppermost: all the rest were in a horixon,,] 
 position as ,t they had sunk in smooth water. Within the last few years (ISG!)) 
 a^eou. canoes have been found in the silts of the Clyde, between Bowling 
 .uid Dumbarton and are preserved for inspection in the adjacent .rounds .J 
 Auchentorhe. Two of these had been exhumed from the 1 J of the river near 
 l^unglass. I hey were Ibund lying abreast of each other, embedded in (enaciuus 
 da.> , containing water-worn boulders, overlaid by a deposit of alluvial mud 
 
 -Almost every one of these ancient boats was tbrmed out of a singh/oak- 
 st,>m, hullowed out by blunt tools-probably stone axes-aided bv the .;■({.„. of 
 ("V = .;• tew were c-U beautifully s.nnuth, evidently with metallic tJols. Hence a 
 gTadavmn could be traced from „ pattern of extreme rudeness to one sl.owim^ 
 great meehamcal ingenuity. Two of them were built of planks, one of the tw.r 
 .lugupu,, the property of IJanktun in ]8o;3, being eighteen feet in le .', and' 
 
 iil n,' ;'"'"V"''"'^:; ;" '\ '-'.••l--lmped piece of oak, litted in exa, ly 
 1 Ive ti .e 01 our day. 11.. planks were fastene.l to the ribs, parllv bv sin-ularl - 
 .haped oaken puis, and p.rtly by what must have been s.p.arj i.ils :^' ..n. ^ 
 l-.d o, metal: hese had entirely disappeared, but some of the oaken pins 
 ~d. lins boat had been upset, and was lying keel uppermost, with 
 l>-v pomlmg straight up the river, In one of the canoes a iKl.utifuIi; polished 
 eel m- axe ot greenstone was Ibund, in the bottop- of another a plugi.f cork 
 which, as 1 rotess.n- beikie remarks, 'could only have come from (he latitude 
 ot bpain, aouthern France, or Italy.' 
 
 "There can be no doubt that'some of these buried vessels are of far more 
 ancient date than others. Tho.se most roughly hewn may be relics of the stone 
 
 p. 
 
wmt-: 
 
 ;.;TIt::-T^?.T-»-^ »->——■ 
 
 '!;l i 
 
 
 ''il 
 
 U If 
 
 It 
 
 It' 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 ii 
 
 04 
 
 PREHISTOUIC I'lSlIINU. 
 
 period; those more smoothly cut, of tho bronze nge; anil the ropularly built 
 boat of Bankton may perhaps come within tlie age of iroi\. The occnrrenee of 
 all of them in one and the same upraised marine formation by no means implies 
 Tiiat they belong to the same era, for in the beds of all great rivers and estuaries, 
 there are changes continually in progress, brought about by the deposition, 
 removal, and redeposition of gravel, sand, and line sediment, and by the shifting 
 of the channel of the main currents from year to year, and from century to cen- 
 tury. All tiiesc it behooves the geologist and anti(iu:iry to bear in mind, so as 
 to be always on their guard, when they are endeavoring to settle the relative 
 date, whether of objects of art or of organic I'enmins embedded in any set of 
 alluvial strata."* 
 
 M. dc Mortillct mentions several dug-outs extracted from peat, gravel, etc., 
 in France.f Yet, from his descriplions, which are otherwise sufficiently minute, 
 I cannot infer that a single one of them pertains to the stone age. 
 
 I am not aware that paddles or other boat-propellmg imjjlements of wood 
 refei*ablc to the neolithic era have come to light. Several bnjken paddles are 
 preserved in the Dublin Museum, and one of them is tigured by Sir W. Wilde. 
 " They ai'c all of black oak, and present the appearance of great antiipiity."^: 
 
 Anchor' stones. — The anchor in its simplest form — next to a naturally per- 
 forated h(>avy nodule of flint — doubtless was a stone of proper form and weight, 
 attached to some sort of rope. A groove rut arounil tiie stone for holding tho 
 rope in place rendered this primitive anchor more serviceal»le. Such stones, 
 however, may belong to any age, and I allude to them merely for indicating the 
 probable character of a neolithic anchor. 
 
 Mr. Friedel mentions an Aii^rrsfcin, from tlie District of Angermiinde 
 (Brandenburg), exhibited in tlie Berlin J'rovincial ^luseum. It is of sandstone, 
 about the size of a man's head, and eneircled l)y a deep grouve.§ 
 
 I have no illustration of snrli a slonc to present. 
 
 Brofessor Nilssun ligurt's on Bl.-itc IX (Fig. ISO) a })erforate(l stone object 
 with four pointed arms, forming a sort of cross, it is here reproduced as Fig. 
 12'3. This specimen, fouiul in the J'rovinee of ])oiiuslan<l and preserved in tlie 
 Anti(|Uarian Museum of Lund, has l)eeii considered as an anchor-stone, and 
 Nilssoii formerly sliared this opinion; but siibse(|uently he thought it more 
 proljable that it had been the head of a battle-axe, though he is by no means 
 
 * Sir C. Lj-ell: Antiquity "f Mini ; ]i. 50, etc. 
 
 f Ui' Jlcirtillct: Orit;liio (le la Niivigiitinu et d': In Peclic; Jliitrriaux ; Vol. Ill, 18(17; p. 48, etc.— This is 
 not, us llii! title wciulil iiidicati', M. ilo Mnrtillet's eiitiro pibliciitioii, but (inly unu iif its flia|iti:rs. 
 
 t Kir AV. "Wilde: Calaln;,'Uo; p. 'J(M, utc. 
 
 § Friedel : Kuhrer dureli die Kiscliurcii-Ablliuiluni; ; p. 1. 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 1: N 
 ii 
 
ANCiroiJ-STONES. 
 
 96 
 
 certain. A nearly similar object, on which zig.ag-lincs are engraved, was 
 hkew.sc found in Bohusland, and i.s now in the Museum of Gotcborg. Professor 
 ^.Isson observes that helms not yet found this form among weapons used by 
 modern savages.* The Peruvians, 1 will mention, u.sed star-shaped perforated 
 weapon-heads of stone, copper, <,r bronze. M. Cazalis de Fondouce, who saw 
 the original of Fig. 123 at Lund, considers it too unwieldy to have served as 
 suggested by the Swedish arch.-eologist.f 
 
 Fio. 123.— Sione nuclior('i'). Bubuslaud. 
 
 a— IJRONZE AGE. 
 
 OENEBAL GIIARACTEllLSTICS. 
 
 It would be beyond the scope of thi.s treatise to discass to any length the 
 
 I.e.. ^^. to tho,<e Kuropcn, ..ounlnes in wl,i.-h the u.^e of mdal i-roviuusiy had 
 
 '"•" !"''^""""- ' ^'"'■' ""'■'• > a iVw ob..n.„ions, ,h„„,h to the pm , . 
 
 We n, vu.w ,t w,,nh, .n„,ost suHicc to state ,l.a ..n.n.e in tlK. n J ^ 
 
 "H.th th, t the ordinary nnploments hi(h.-rto niadc of stone, etc.. could be 
 replaced by more serviceable ones of bronze. This transition. In-wever. mns 
 luu•ck^sh>^^^^es,.aM^ ,,,, ^„^,,^. .,„„j„.,i,,.„ j',,^,;,^ 
 
 *JJilsson: I'rimiUvo Inlmbiliinls; p. 75. ~ " 
 
 n-|UOMloO,i,onl,,,^M,o; .Matoriaux ; Vol. VI, 1870-71; p. •J.'io. .\„tl„„p,,log,o Ircbisto- 
 
 X The ,„.dinary l,ron™ „r „„a p.n..d is an all,,,- ,!f „i„o paHs .r ..,pp«. «,., „„e ,„■ n,. 
 
 I' 
 
..i. TTa-T"~vr,VA^,t,-- — m --v yijr '^^"liK .' 
 
 OG 
 
 rUKIlISTOKlC J'lSHINU. 
 
 J! 
 
 S 
 
 II 
 
 
 ; 1 
 
 tlu'ii, lis may bo usHiiincd, acfossible only to tlio wealthy, wliilo tlic poor liacl to 
 foiitont themselves with iion-inctallic tools ami implements as before. In fact, 
 u period in wjiieh bronze was exclusively used never existed, as tlu; exaniinatiun 
 of bron/e-ago tumuli has revealed; for in many of them objects of liron/e and 
 stone were found in close juxtaposition. Even in times when iron was employed, 
 stone implements had not yet entirely fallen into disuse. 
 
 Some believe in immigrations of bronze-producing Asiatics — for Asia is 
 generally considered as that pai't of the world where bronze had its origin — 
 among them the distinguished Danish ardueologist, J. J. A. Worsaae, who 
 draws attention to the circumstance that after the api)earanc(' of bronze a change 
 in the mode of burial took place; for, while the men of neolithic times buried 
 their dead unburned, those of tlio bronze period mostly disposed of them by 
 cremation.* 
 
 The inhabitants of the ^Eediterranean countries probably were, in conse- 
 (juence of their commercial relations, earlier in possession of l)n)nze than the 
 populations of more northern countries, who, it may be conjectured, received 
 their first sup[dies from the youth.f Yet there can be no doubt that the people 
 who obtained objects of bronze first by importation, manufactured th(>m after- 
 ward ; for in dillerent districts dillcrent types of the same class of articles are 
 obscrval)le, insomuch "that a practised ardueologist can in almost all cases, on 
 inspection of a group of bronze antiquities, lix with some degree of conlidence 
 the country in which they were found.";}: The l)ronze objects themselves present 
 a great variety of tends, weapons, and ornaments, which 1 will s]iecify, following 
 Mr. John Evans's classilication. He enumerates: — celts (tlat, flanged, winged, 
 socketed), chisels, gouges, hammers, sickles, knives, razors, daggers, rapiers, 
 halberds, maces, leaf-shaped swords, arrow and spear-heads, shields, bucklers, 
 helmets, trumpets, bells, pins, tonjues, bracelets, rings, ear-rings, and many other 
 personal ornaments; linally, vessels, caldrons, etc. It should 1h> understood that 
 this list of the classes of anti()ue bronze articles found in Ureat Britain and 
 Ireland includes some which probably pertain to a period more recent than the 
 bronze ago. ^Ir. ]']vans is careful to make his comments in every doubtful case. 
 As the most useful among the bronze articles may be considered the edged 
 to(ds, such as hatchets, chisels, knives, etc., l)y means of which work of various 
 kinds, es])ecially wood-work, could l)e done in far shorter time than before their 
 introduction. The bronze relics in general present r(>markal)ly elegant forms, 
 even the colts, spear-heads and other smaller articles, and many are ornamented 
 
 * W()i'.«ima: Die Vorjjescliiclito dcs Noidcns niicli t;l(Mi.'lizcitiy(Mi Donkmiileni ; \i. 60. 
 
 f Tills tliuory, liowuvcr, miiy mil liiild good for lliin!,'iiriaii Imiii/.o aiilliiiiltles, wliicli oxiilblt iimrkid |iuciill- 
 arilkv of f.irin. Tlioy protjiiljly iiiiiic directly from tlio Bust. 
 
 I Ilvans: Tliu .Viicluiil lironzti Imiiloiiicnts, AVeapons, and Ornainoiils of Great ilritaiii and Ireland; New 
 York, 1881 ; p. 'Jt. 
 
LAKK-DWKLLrNOS. 
 
 97 
 
 wit , punclicl linos <,f .livor.s ,,..,tt. >rn«. The p,.ttory of this period, though inado 
 without the appli,-.,ti..u of the iMthc. is superior to that of preceding times It 
 IH ol.v.ous thMt the 11,0,1 of tlie l.ronze ago, wiio sh.,we,l so much appreciation of 
 art, weiv <..„,sideral.l.y advanced in culture, when on.pai-e.l witi, ti,e stonc-using 
 jH'oplo hitherto cunsidered. S..i„e ol.servations on l.ronze-ago civilization, as it 
 appears in a special ilistrict of Europe, will bo made in tho following section. 
 
 LAKE-DWELLINGS. 
 
 Chfimcfer.—'Vhv. iironze-yiehling lake-settlements of Switzerland wero gen- 
 erally of greater extent than those of the preceding period, and, being t/n'Ther 
 ilistant from the shore, stood in deeper water. The piles suj)portiiig the platform 
 were spht steins, fn.m five to six incl,es or more in thickness, and pointed with 
 bronze hatchets. The huts, it seems, i-esembled in their construction those of 
 the stone-age coh.nies. As for the occupation of the lake-men of (his period it 
 may be safely inferred that, like their predecessors, thev were .•mriculturists 
 hunters, ami lishers. They .n.ltivated tho cereals previouslv mentioned, and' 
 m addition, oats, which, however, only appears at the stations of later date' 
 I hey probably used de.-r-hon, or wooden hoes for p.vparing the ground, and 
 perhaps, en,ploye,l a plough of simple form. To the list of animals ali-eady 
 domesticated in (he prece.ling period must l)e added a pony-like horse and -i 
 dog somewhat larger than that of the ea.-Jier settlements ; there are also ti-aces 
 ot a smaller species of dog. They hunted the wihl boar, stag, roe, an,l b,-own 
 l)ear. The tirst-named of these animals still existed in large numbers as its 
 bones testify, while the stag appears less fiXMiuently than in former times 
 Remains of (he hare are waiKing, probably because, as formerlv, it was not eaten 
 owing to superstitious motives. The ibex, elk, urus, and bison" wei'e not as much' 
 
 huided as ,„ the eai-lier p(>riod. having, perhaps, farther retreated f, , the 
 
 Ml.nd<.sol man. The bon.'s of domesticated animals found .m the .s-'tes of the 
 bron/,,..age pile-woi'ks outnumber those ,.f (he wild species, a fact which would 
 ""iKMte a .lecline in huiKing an.l a more vigon.us applicad'on to hnsbandrv 
 iMshiiig evidendy was eagerly pursued, as I shall have occasion to show. 
 
 Tlu- bronze (ools and implemeii(s in use among tlie lake-people w..,'e celts or 
 
 h.-itcli,.(s of every .h'scriptioii, h.ammers whh'sockets fo,- (Ik- ins,>rtion of e,- ml 
 
 handles, chisels, gouges, knives (..f(en of elegant form, the blades bein..- curved 
 m (he direcdon of a wave-line), raz.u's. sickles (designed t.. be ].r<,vid,,| with 
 wooden handles)^ (ish-hooks. sewing-needles, and eng,-aving-ins(r>i,i,eiits 
 A.mmg (he weapons air (o be mentioned leaf-shaped, short-li.'.ndled swonls and 
 
 * S„„,o ..■ .l,cso bundle. l,.vc Ic.n ,u,.ncl, which ,uc ca.va with gn.t ingenuity to lit tho grip of the hand. 
 
 u lo 
 
 
 i 
 
 
It 
 
 ■ 
 
 til I 
 
 08 
 
 I'HKIIISTOUIO J'ISIIINO. 
 
 (lappora, holli rare, Horkttoil Inncc-lii'iuls, often (ininmiMitiMl, and barlM'tl arrciw- 
 hoada witli n stem for inaortion into tlic alial't, rarely aorki'tod. A low hridlc- 
 blta of Itninzt', iudieativo of lioracniaiialiii), have Ikm'u found. Itut no liorsc-alioca. 
 
 The bronze ornanionis, wiiicli arc very nunii-roiis, coniiirisc hair and dress- 
 pins, armlets, nock-rinj,'s, linij;er-rinj,'s, ear-rin^s, libuho, buttons, and various 
 other objects designeil for personal adornment. Tlie pins, sometimes very hnii,'. 
 are generally provided at tin? upper end with knobs of diflerent, mostly really 
 tasteful, patterns; some terminate in rin<:s, Klattish rings, aliuul three-fourths 
 of an inch in diameter, are supposed to represent tho money of the perioil. 
 Moulds of stone, clay, or bronze, for easting various objects, have been found; 
 other articles may have been obtained by trade from abroad, especially certain 
 pieces of superior workmanship. 
 
 Numerous clay spindle-whorls bear witness to the e.vteiisive production of 
 flax-thread, undoubtedly much used in tho manufacture of linen doth designed 
 for garments. Skins, it may be supposed, served in their stead during the cold 
 season. 
 
 The clay vessels of this period betoken a considerable progress in the ceramic 
 art. The clay of large pots serving for the preservation of provisions is strongly 
 mixed with (|uart/ sand ; that of the smaller vessels, which often exhibit elegant 
 shapes, is purified, and forms a homogeneous mass. Some vessels have conve.v 
 or even conical bottoms, and had to be supported by those coar.se clay rings 
 previously mentioned, whidi arc peculiar to the bronze period. There have betMi 
 found plates which may lie considered as an innovation, as they are absent in 
 tho stone-age pile-works ; and clay lamps with two ears for suspension denote 
 another progress in the civilization of the lake-]ieople. The ornan\ent,ition of 
 the pottery, like that of tlie lironze .-irticlcs, consists of dots, incised ])arallel 
 lines, rows of triangles, concentric circles, frets, and other geonietrii^ designs. 
 Many of the vessels have ii co.uting of black paint, liut diflerent colors were 
 sometimes employed for disjjlaying ornament.'d designs, such as triangles and 
 circles. A bltick-ware di.sh from the Corfjiillod settlement (i^akeof Xeuchatel) 
 is decorated with regularly-cut. thin sheets of tin, whicli are rendered adhesive 
 by means of ;i resinous substance. Curious objects of clay, shaped like a cres- 
 cent supported by a foot — rudely made, and yet exhibiting some form of decora- 
 tion — have caused much speculation, being regarded either as head-rests or as 
 symbols connected with moon-worship. 
 
 It is supposed tliat the lake-peoj)le of this period disposed of their dead 
 both by interment and cremation. 
 
 According to I'rofessor Desor's conji.'cture, tho introduction of bronze in 
 Switzerland took place eight hundred or a thousaml years before the Christian 
 
 * JIdst of the fiicts iiinntioned in tliis sliorl ru-iiiiic nre liiUcn from an oxrnllcnt little wurl;, entitled " Dio 
 Bliitliezcit dcs Uronzealters der rfiililbaiiton in der Stiiwciz, dargestcllt von I'lof. E. Duaor ; KulVriit von Ur. 
 A. Jahn; Bern, 1875. 
 
 M i 
 
 1% !i 
 
I'lHII-IIOIlKH. 
 
 00 
 
 Finfiiiitf-iiiiplcinciifs. — Kxci'iifiiiii- lu'iiii/i' Hsli-lidoks, Imrtlly iiiiv llMliinj,' iiii- 
 l»li'iiu'iitH iiavo eoiiii' tt» li;.'lit, wliicli cm lie mjiIcIv ri-t'ciTod to Iho period i-liiirac- 
 Ifrized l»y the Unowliiljic! nt' hroii/.c. Tlic lakc-iiicii of tliiw tiiiios tloulitloaa 
 used siiik-stiMii's and floats liUi- tlins(> pri'x ioiisly dcsiM'ilii'd, and nets of tlie same 
 make, tlmuuli tlieir nietliods of net-tisliini;- may lia\e un(ler;;nne clianjJTes tor tliu 
 lietter. Of tliis, liowever, we know notliinir. It is (>ven possilile lliat the use of 
 honedieadoil liar|>oons was continued, lor some time at least, and tliere is some 
 likeliliood tliat the one i.r tlie other of the Imuic har|ionn-heads (h'scrilied in theso 
 pages, wliieli were olitained tVoni stone ami bronze-yielding settlements, may in 
 reality pertain to the age of bronze. 
 
 Fm. 124. — Fwliiiig-iinplomeut {'!) of hroiizo. Switzcrlniid. 
 
 The pointed pieces of lioiie or Hint serving as l)ait-hohlers, which are by 
 tins time familiar to the rciidi'r. also seem to have been cojiied in bronze. Mr. 
 Friedel, at least, figures a (hudde-pointed lironze object thus classed Ity him,* 
 stating at the same time that such specinie-ns are extremely rare, I reproduce 
 his represent.-itioii • s Fig. 124. The locality where the original, of course a 
 lacustrine ("lie, was found is not s[»ecified. 
 
 Real tishdiooks of l)ronze, on the other hand, are very frequent in sonio 
 stations, exhibiting a great variety in form ae.d size, and doubtless shaped in 
 accordance with the character of the kind of tish to be caught with them. The 
 .smaller Imoks are m.ade of wire, either rounded or more or less sipuin; in the 
 section; tlie larger ones seem to lie cast.'!' Some ot' the hooks be;ir so close .a 
 resemidance to those used .mI tlie ]iresent time that an expert in angling might 
 \\;\\v occasiun to indulge in comments on their special applicability. 
 
 Figs, ll'-') to l.'{7, on tlie following i>age, rejjreseiil. in half-size, a series of 
 thirteen hooks obtained ,i( the Xidaii-Steinberg .settlement.::: where the late Colonel 
 Schwab collected so many \aliiable relics, which he bc(|iie;ilhed to the city of 
 IJiemie, Figs, VJ't to li'S show iinbarlied hooks, h;i\ iiig the upper part of the 
 shank lieiit over, so as to form an eye foi' the .•itt.-ichment of the line. Figs. liiO to 
 1.'34 illustnite barbed specimens, all with shanks bent ;it the upper extremity into 
 the slijipes of hooks or eyes. Fig. l."{") shows the shank notched for giving a hold 
 
 • AiiUliflie Boiitlile ; ii. V20, Fii;. li I. 
 
 t I must stiitp, however, that I hiivo nut sruii .-iiciinu'iis iif tho liir{;i'r kiiul, 
 
 t Keller: Luke Uwullings; V>.1. II, I'hite XXXVl, Figs. 2.-,, 3-J, ;il, M, V!'.), .".0, 21!, 21, 22, 2», 20, 28, 27 
 respiTtively, 
 
 n 
 
 
 M 
 
:! 
 
 ■"I 
 
 !■: •, 2 
 
 
 100 
 
 I'REHISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 to the lino. In Figs. 13t5 and 137 forms of unbarl)od double hooks are given. 
 Thus it will be seen that hooks of this character are no recent invention. 
 
 \J 
 
 Flo. 130. 
 
 Kio, liiu. 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 1/ 
 
 JU 
 
 % 
 
 \jr 
 
 \^ 
 
 \Jkj 
 
 All ',. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Mh 
 
 FicH. 12.")-l:>7. -\\\\)w/y li;<h-li(Pi)ks. NitliiuSleiiiln'i't;. 
 
 The second group, comprising Figs. 13S, 1,'U(, and 140, illustrfdes forms of 
 hooks from tbe stations of Font and Corlailiod. in tiie Lake of Neiicliatel. TIi(> 
 oiiginals, foi'iiKM-Jy iiejonging to the CIciiuMit collection, are now in tiu' lV';ii)ody 
 Museum (Xos. GOOO.S, -*()471, and OOim.Z). The uidjarbed hook shown in Fig. 
 
 I! 
 
KISH-HOOKS. 
 
 iOl 
 
 138 is romiirkiible on .iceount of the umisual form of tlio eye; Fit-'s. 139 and 140 
 reprcsoiit b;irbcd double hooks.* 
 
 Fio. 138.— Font. 
 
 Fio. 139.-Cortaillu,l. i,-,,,. Ho.-Cortallloa. 
 
 Figs. 138-140.— Broiiiin fish-hookf. 
 
 Fig.s. 141, 142, and 143t sliow forms of iisli-hooks from the station of J^Ion- 
 tellior, Lake of .Alorat or Miirten, in the Cant,.n of Freiburi-- (I<^-ibour-) \s 
 the illustrations fully exhibit the character of the specimens, further exphrnatiuns 
 are not needed. 
 
 Fios. in -M:?.— Bronze fish-hooks. MontolhVr. 
 
 The next sjfroup, composed of Fi,!>;s. 144 and 145. „„ pno-e 10i>, exiiibils 
 designs of two bronze lish-liooks, obtained, respectively, at the mouth of the 
 
 * Not u siiifrle barbed doiiblo hm.k is flgiircd in tlic triinshilioii of Dr. Kollor's work, 
 t ICII.t: I.„ko Dwelling.s; Vol. II, I'UU: C, Kigs. 21, I'O, »n.I 22, rospoctivcly. 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 f 
 
i«pip<)«pppiiipw3n 
 
 *jj.^»nrf,'^W"T iT^^'^'^-T '; 
 
 1| ! 
 Ji- 
 
 ll 
 
 102 
 
 puErnsToiuc fishino. 
 
 small river Sclioiiss, which empties into the nortlieiistoru end of tlic Lnke of Bienno, 
 ami at ihe Lattriiigen station in the same lake. These two illustrations probably 
 rcprcsont the objects in natural size ; but nothing relative to it is said in JNIr. 
 Lee's translation of Dr. Keller's reports, from which the iigures are taken.* 
 
 a 
 
 
 II 
 
 H'O 
 
 Fill, til— Mi.ulli "f rivi'rS.lii'iisr<. 
 
 Fms. 144 and 14"). — Bronze fisli-liooks. 
 
 ICO 
 
 Fifi. 145.— IjiUtrlngon. 
 
 SI 
 
 m 
 
 Tlio very fine and largo specimen of which Fig. 146 shows the form and 
 size, belonged to the series of l.-icustriiie relics sent l)y tlie Antiquarian Society 
 of Ziirich to tlie Inlernatinnal Fishery Exiiibition, held, as stated, in tlie year 
 1H80 at Berlin, iind tlie ligure is copi(>d from the volume treating of tliat exhihi- 
 tion.-|- It was found id Rnniansimrn, on the Swiss side of tlie Lake of C'onstan 'e. 
 Though there is, as i';\v as I c.iii discuvcr, no pile-work iit Romanshorn, such 
 <'onstructions existed in the neigliborliood, and the specimen is considered as a 
 relic of the lake-men.| The originals of Figs. 147 and 1-18§ were ol)tained at 
 the station o{ Uii(er-Ulilding(>n in tin; ITcbcrlinger See (Baden), and that of 
 Fig. I M>.|| a large uiiii.irbcd donlilc hook, is a relii; from the Roseninsel, in 
 Lake StariibcrLf, Bavaria. 
 
 » KVllir: Liild' Dwillinj^'s ; I'liitu XC, Vh^f. r-'iuul U. 
 f Aintlii'ao liiTiilili'; |>. 127, Fii;. 71. 
 
 [ Ttiv IVontisjiiiii' rcpiTsiMils ii still lariior liioustriiio lirnnzo fNli-hnok. Oipiod fnmi l'l;itfi LXVIII of Krllor's 
 ' I.iili.' Dwi.'lliii;,'.-." 
 
 § Kcllri- : l.iilM' Dw.lliii-s ; V..I. 1 1 , I'liilr X .X I .X, l•'i^'•<. 21 luul ii'i 
 II I hid. ; Veil. II, I'lulu CI..XXX1, l-ig. 7. 
 
 II 
 
Fisrr-iiooKs. 
 
 103 
 
 (A 
 
 9k 
 
 u 
 
 Pia. I47,-Un(..r-riil,ling,.n. r,n, HS.-Untoi- tll.lilingon. 
 
 Km. nil.— l!nra:iii'<li>iin. 
 
 Fi.i. M:l.— lioscMiin^cl. 
 
 Fros. 14r,-nn.— Bronze fish-hook.^. 
 
 Lnstly, I i)rosont m flu- rullowin- ,,,,,-(' in V\ix^. lAO t„ loir^^ ,, o,,,ui> ..f hn.iizo 
 fisli-IuM.k^^. Imrbcl and iinl.arlK.d, tVn,„ ..,>(tl,.„u.„t.. in tli.> L.-.k." of Boiii-vt 
 S;.v..y. TI,c uri^inal uf Fi^. l/JO is .vrtMinly of vrry .-hMnsv n.ako, and its sliapo 
 suu-tjestivo ol sumo dduht as to its tis(> as a tish-liuok. 
 
 Thoorioinals of Fi^,.. ir4 and ir,r,. also on pa^v 104, ohtainod at the pilo- 
 work^.t IVsH.UM-a. ..n I.ake (iarda, aiv dosi.onat.Ml as small liarpoons.-j- They cov- 
 
 » Keller: Uko Dwollinu's ; V„l. II, Ph,t,. CI.VII, Fi.^s. |;i, ,-•, Is, a,„l I:k ,-nsncctivch^ 
 t llii>l-; V.il. II, l'l:,i,. CM.X, Fi-.. I ,,11(1 :i 
 
 
 ,11 
 
 11^^ 
 
■.f 
 
 i p ■-. 
 
 * !■ 
 
 
 : ^ 
 
 (1 ' 
 
 f 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ' ■ 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 ^.iil 
 
 k:! 1^1 
 
 104 
 
 PKEinSTOiac FISHING. 
 
 tainly are too dimiuutivo for such •. .,« . . re- 
 curved, and has an eye at tl "''' '■""' ^" '"• 
 
 - "pper extremity. I ^J^^T^ '^ ""'■^-'^^ 
 .> conjecture tliat the originals of 
 
 Flu. lou. 
 
 Fio. l,',i. 
 
 I'l.i. If, 
 
 All 1. 
 
 Flu. 153. 
 
 both, Fi<.s n-innl ir- -«kc. of Bourget. 
 
 E3 
 
 i 
 Br i 
 
 I: 
 j: 
 
 F,,,. l,,.i._iv,,„,|„.„,.„ „ J 
 
 1' li-<li-liii()k.s. 
 
 ■Amtliclionerichto; p. 128, Fig. 81 
 
 ■ I !:: 
 Ill 
 
BOATS. 
 
 105 
 
 Bronzo points, however, which may possil,l.y have been tho armatures of har- 
 poons and arn.w.s^ f,,. shooting fish have occurred, and I give illustrations of a few. 
 1 gs. Jo/ and lo8 show Imrbed points from Moringen, tlio one stom.nod tl>c 
 other socketed.^.= Fig. 1/50 represents a sodceted specimen f,-om Peschiera,t and 
 Fig iGf) am^her one from the Roseninsel, in Lalce Starnberg.t Vet the use 
 of bone aud flmt points may have long continued ai'ter the introduction of bron/e 
 
 U.,. I57.-M.^^i„g„„, ,.,„. ,M-M.M-i„.,..,. P,„. V.X-Vc,c ,,. 
 
 Flos. 157-100.— KarbLMi l,r„„ze annaluiTS. 
 
 I'n. liai.— n,,.:,.,i|„.,.|. 
 
 7?oa/.s-.— The possession of bronze liatclief 
 
 period to produce better dug-outs than tl 
 
 s enabled the lake-dwellers of th 
 
 IS 
 
 were restricted to the use of st( 
 
 lose made by tluMr i>redccess.)rs, wl 
 
 have been found und( 
 
 'ne iiuploments. Many of the boats, 1 
 
 10 
 
 anti(piity, as in the ca.se of those d 
 
 ■r circumstance.s which render it difficult to d 
 
 lowever, 
 
 etevmine their 
 
 ited 
 
 up to the time when i 
 
 iscovered in bronze-yielding pile-works inhab- 
 
 age oriffin. 
 
 i'<'n was used. Such may be cither of I 
 
 uronze or iron- 
 
 A u lous iK^t was found in the .settlement near Cudrefin, in the Lake of 
 Wh,tel In the translation of Keller-s work reference is made to U.e extent 
 of tins s(,,t,on and its numerous piles, and it is furtluT mentioned that "pottery 
 ha^ been (Vmnd I.ere .„d a boat made o„t of a single stem."§ From this scanty 
 jnlormation it is impossii,le to draw any conclusion as to the anticpiitv ,>f tl^ 
 ast-named ol^jec . At any rate, I reproduce as Fig. 161 on the neit page tho 
 hree views Illustrating the appear.na of .is boat., which is certain^ of a 
 remarkable fbrm, and, beingprovi,leci^..th a sort of handle at one end, reminds 
 
 *K,.1I,.,-: r.Mk,.I)w..lli,.,.; v„l. ir, l>l,.io XLVir, Pi^. 9 nnd IL 
 tll'i"!-; V"l. II. I'lal.. C.XIX, [.-ii;. 2. 
 
 ill.id. ; V..1. II. I'ha.! CL.V.XXr, Fi^Mi. 
 §nild.; Vol. 1, J,. 4iiL'. 
 
 II Ilml. ; Vol. U, Plato r,XXXVIT, Fiir,. :i, I, ,^,„| g. ■ 
 
 U\ 
 
 ft 
 
 m : 
 
\ 
 
 ii -i 
 
 
 ■P^PW1P» 
 
 » 
 
 ■ :<{ 
 
 U' 
 
 106 
 
 I'HKinsTonH; kishino. 
 
 ono of a class of anoioiit fvisli boats iiioiitioned by Sir \^^ Wildo (page G2 of 
 this i)ul)Iicalion). Tliis diig-out, wliich wns with grciit ditliciilty taken in several 
 pieces out of the water, is thus described by Professor (jirangier : — 
 
 Fui. Kil.—Boiil. Ciuhvfni. 
 
 "The Cudrefin canoe is about tiiirtv-six and a linlf Enulish feet lonsr. and 
 about two feet nine inches in its broadest part. The height in tiie niithlle is 
 about *\\'o feet, the (U'pth nearly oiu^ fi 't six inches, the thickness of tiu' sides is 
 three inilies, and that of the bottom rather nuire tlian four inches. At the 
 bottom of ,'he boat there are four t-ross-ribs, made out of tlu' same piece of oalv 
 timber as tiu" boat, nnd at a distiince apart of eiglit or nine feet; tlial at the 
 prow is an actual seat, and is about one foot wide and eiglit inclies high ; the 
 tliree otliers are about three inclies liigh aiul seven inclies wide. Tliey were 
 
 probably intended to strengthen the bottom. As it would liave been 
 
 rather dillicult, with my small experience in those matters, to give an idea of tlie 
 dillerent jiieces wliicli togetlier make up this vessel, I have thought it liest to 
 draw it, not just as it is at the present moment, but as it was l)efore it was taken 
 out of the water. The most remarkjible things about it, according to my ide.-is, 
 are tlie pjirt like a haiuUe and the prow, wliicli are in very good pn'servation."* 
 
 M. Ediiiiuid do Fellenbcrg succeeded in recovering two boats near tlie 
 station of Vingelz, in the Lake of Bienne. One of them is referred by him to 
 the lu'on/e age. The iirst, an oaken dug-out strengtiicned by cross-ribs at tlni 
 bottom, measured a little over forty-three feet in length. A (U-nck extended from 
 one end to the other, and it had been kept together in olden times by iron 
 
 * Keller: Lttko l)wolliiii,'s; V"l. I, p. 282. 
 
nOATS. 
 
 107 
 
 cniinps, nMiinaiits of wliicli still rcniniiiod in place. M. de Fellenbcrg ascribes 
 it to tlio pro-Iloiuaii iron jiorioil. 
 
 |^f^^W«.^lOT]!^rT''M^™ JWUilfWfSS*Wi|IWWn^wlw«^B^^IiWil|i|p i''',"'."'^'f|,'f'"''^''r 
 
 __ u.:* 6.. 
 
 . .;„.:..j 
 
 
 :iiik^ 
 
 :*^r.i. 
 
 Fid. 1G2.— Bout. Viugulz. 
 
 Fig. 1(>2 is a roduccd copy of the representation of the second boat brought 
 to light by him.* lEe tlius describes it: — 
 
 "When 1 was ent-ai^ed in excavatinc; the larcfc canoo at Vinuelz, one of 
 the visitors informed nie that the stem of a tree, apparently cut into a conical 
 form, was i)rojecling a little from the bottom of the lake; it lay about thirty 
 paces on one side of the great canoe. When we had secured the large boat. I 
 had this conical .'item uncnvcred, and ibund, to my no small delight, that we had 
 unex])e(!tedly fallen in with a second canoe, for the conical jjiece of wood soon 
 ap[>earcd as if cut nil' suiootidy above, and after a few minutes' work we brougiit 
 to light the comjjlete sides of a small but still ]»erfect ' Einbauni " or 'dug-out' 
 canoe. 1 had the whole canoe car(>fully uncovere<l, antl there were so many 
 peculiarifii's in it that it may be considered as oiu' of the most interesting lioats 
 of its kind. It lay with its massive conical end t()wards the lake, tolerably 
 parallel with the gr(>at canoe, and, like it, nearly a hundred feet distant from 
 the ancient bank ; that is, from the viney;irds below A'ingelz. Th(> massive 
 conical end was the highest part, iind the canoe siink gradually into the mud, so 
 that the other eud was buried two feet deep. This canoe had one remai'kable 
 peculiarity : at th(> hinder jiart it is cut olV (piile square, both sides ;ind bottom, 
 and about eight inches from the eiul a board al)ont an iiu'h thick, and worked 
 with the hatchet, is fasten'Ml in on the bottom and between the sides as ii kind of 
 makeshift. It seems from this, eitluM- that tlie front portion of this jjrimitive 
 boat had, liy some accident, been destroyed, and that the canoe had been made 
 again available by the insertion of this board in.stcad of the stern part, or that 
 the stern portion of the boat, in its usual rounded form, had never existed, and 
 that this singular arrangement was the intentional termination of the boat. In 
 
 * Kollor: Luke Dwuniiiu's; V.il. TT, Pl.it.- lA'X.XVII, Fii;s, 1 and 2. 
 
 i 
 

 
 
 i; 
 
 I 
 
 108 
 
 PRICIIISTOHIC KISItlNO. 
 
 the latter caPO it is diflficult to uiulcrstaiul the prolongation of tlio bottom and 
 sides for ciirlit inches, or the additional thiekness of the wood just at this end 
 from ahout the liftli rih down to the i)art eiit oil'. One would almost have thought 
 that this was the middle of the eanoo.* 
 
 " The canoe, in its present state, is a trifle more than nineteen English feet 
 long, from the extreme point of the eonical end to (he part cut otF. The circum- 
 ference is somewhat round, so that the sides project beyond the bottom and slope 
 very gradually downwards; thus the boat has somewhat the shape of a trough. 
 It is strengthened at the bottom by tive cross-ribs, which rise nearly two and a 
 half inches from the bottom, but do not reach the sides. There is a peculiar 
 beak-shaped projection in the massive conical bow, which stretches about eight in- 
 ches into the hollow of the canoe and divides the extreme end into two parts. The 
 sides are very thin at the edge, and this is also the case with the bottom, except 
 near the part where it is cut nfV, where it is twice as thick as (dsewhere. It was 
 unfortunately impossible to preserve this very perishable canoe, as it was of 
 poplar, and fell to pieces as soon as it was exposed. 
 
 " If we ask the age of this interesting boat, it will itself return the answer; 
 for in fact we found lying on the bottom in the middle of the canoe, a (|uantity 
 of pieces of pottery belonging to three dillerent earth.onware vessels. This 
 pottery is of hali'-baked clay in two instances, mixed with a quantity of quartzoso 
 sand. One has the edge ornamented with impressions similar to those common 
 at Nidau-Steinberg and Moringen. One piece belonged to a shining black thin 
 vessel, and very decidedly indicates the hroiize ar/c, and to this age we may con- 
 sider the canoe to belong. It may probably have hailed from Nidau-Steinberg."f 
 
 IM^ 
 
 Fia. 163. — Boat. Mercurago. 
 
 A boat from the i>ile-work in the turbary of Mercurago (see page G8 of this 
 pul)lication) is described and figured by rrofessi>r Oastaldi.;]; His illustration, 
 here given as Fig. 1()3. shows the boat in a fragmentary state, only one meter 
 and ninety centimeters of its length remaining ; it is about a meter wide, and 
 thirty centimeters in depth. The station in (piestion, it will be remembered, is 
 
 * This iippiMirs ]iluiisililu i'n<iii.i;h. lint ii (lll^'■(lllt, twonty-lwu iVcl Idiii;, with ii sti'm-pic^i'o placed oxurlly as 
 ill till! Swiss liiiiit, WHS round in tliii lakc-dwi'llini; nl ISiistuii, near Kilniaiirs, SfoUund. It is described and repre- 
 sented in Dr. Uciliert JEimro's "Ancient Scottisli I.alie Dwellings ur Crarinogs " (Edinliurgli, 1882; p. iiOli, etc.). 
 He mentiuns in his work several Scottish I'anoes, hut does not seem to assign to them any great antiquity. 
 
 t Keller; Lake Dwellingi'; Vol. I, p. 224, etc. 
 
 t Oastaldi: Lake Uabilations; p. 102, Fig. 30. 
 
 Ii J'i 
 
KISII-IIOOKS. 
 
 nZ'^!'!:' r ''"""^'"" ''] '''' "•«"«'*'-' '■'•-» «t""« to bronze, and the du..- 
 
 109 
 
 may bo of bronzo-ago orii'in 
 
 out 
 
 FISIIING-IMPLEMJCNT8 AND FTENSILS NOT DERIVED FROM LAKE- 
 HABITATIONS. 
 
 fisl.ing „,ay bo in oxi.tonc, „,v scanty litorary nrnt^al fvil ^t 1 T' 7" 
 beyond an allu,si<.n to a fow tish-l.ooki and boat" ''"""' "''' "" «" 
 
 Fiu. liil.— Jrolund. 
 
 '■'"'■ "'■'•-«i"<lnM.I. K,,,. luc._s,.„|,an<l. 
 
 Fills. KM KJr.— 15i(,ii/.e iish-Iiooks. 
 
 Flu. 107.- Iiuiii.iurk. 
 
 Mr. .Join. Evans states in Ins exeellent work on ti.e bron/.e ago that he 
 knows onlyot one bronze .ish-hook .onnd in (he British Islands, n'nnelv the 
 
 nsh speennen figured by Sir W. Wilde.^^^ It is here represen.ej as Fi,'',I! 
 In tins siKvnnen ,t w,ll 1... seen. ,he upper end of ,he shank is flatten..! :„. ,ur 
 
 file aftachnient of (he line, jii.st ;,s 
 
 '" HMMlern lish-i.u„ks. There are, however, 
 
 :,, it. , V 1- 1 If iMiM:iiii- iiu\ve\er, 
 
 . he Aa hunal Museun. of A, allies of Sen.lan.l five bronxo ho..ks fron 
 
 Gknluee, \ ,g ,..sh,re, two of wln.-i, have be.„ .inured. Figs. 1.15 and ICt; are 
 copies.-!- ^ r. W ursaao figures .mly oik- Danish fish-hook of b,-on/e in his ....l- 
 al..gue o, tlH. a„ti,ui,K.s in the ("opnihagen Museuni.J His represontalion' is 
 
 Isl.n.l o. iMinen, .Tdding that several others are in the (>op.„haue„ .Milmmih, 
 one of them belonging to a large find of bronxe-age anti,uities i,. a tun.uin 
 
 *Hir AV. Wildor Catalo-iio; p. 520, Fii;. .103 
 t IVin'cudiiiKs (if llic S. 
 
 t Wor.-iaiio: Nordi.sko Oldsagcr ; p. CO, Fig. 277. 
 
 inty or A „ti.,„an,.,s„r, Scotland, l8S0-'m ; minhnr^^U, 1881 ; Kigs. I()a„d 11 „„ p. 1-75 
 
 1^1 
 
 
'mmmmmf^ 
 
 W^IIBWWBiVW" 
 
 lii 
 
 f ) 
 
 110 
 
 I'UUHISTOUIC J-'18IIIN(1. 
 
 in Kiincn. Bronzo hooks were found in tho foundry of Ti!iniiui<l (Jura) and in 
 tiio iioard of Saint- I'icrro-on-Chatro (Oise),'" but tlio works in whicii mention of 
 thorn ia luado arc not at my diapusal. 
 
 i '^ 
 
 ii M 
 
 Fio. 16S. Kio im. 
 
 Fios. 168 and 169. — Brouzo fisli-houka in the form of baits. Gcriiiauy. 
 
 There are in a iiuis(Mim jit liiihoiik {C'ltlfiir/iisforischea Museum) three lisli 
 hooks made of thin sheet bronze, and having sliarp points and somewiifit lisli- 
 sliaped shanks. Mr. Christensen, wlio describes and represents tliem in the 
 artich; quoted on paj,'e 72,t is of opinion tliat they were tiuis formed in order to 
 serve as artiticial baits. Figs. 108 and lOO are fae-simile copies of two of ids 
 rather uncoutli illustrations. If the.se hooks w(>re emph)ved as baits, which 
 seems probable, it was diietiy their metallic lustre which attracted the lisli, while 
 iron hooks of the same shape, on account of their less shining appearance, i)rob- 
 ably would have been useless. These Liibeck specimens, therefore, may have 
 purposely been made of bron/e at a time when iron was the common metal. 
 
 Mr. Friedel describes a bronze-age dug-out preserved in the Provincial 
 Museum at Berlin. It is made of an oak-stem, four metei*s long and eighty 
 centimeters wide, and was found in a turbary near Linum, in the District of 
 
 *Kvaiis: Aniii'iit linirizu Iinpluinciits ; p. l!l'2. 
 
 t Deutsche Fischerei-Zeiuiiii,' ; Marcli 22, IHHl ; p. 1)5. 
 
IKtATH, 
 
 III 
 
 EMst Ilavcllaiul (nran.!..,,!,,,.-), on sandy noil covorotl l.y a layer ,.f n.-at ox.r..,l- 
 niy tlii-oc; nu>tcrH in tliicknoss.* 
 
 Two Danish ..ak.n ,l,,^..nu(s_or ratlKT their mnnants-in Iho ("unonha-^.n 
 MnsHun, whn.h pn.hal.Iy h..lon,. t.. th. hn.nz.> a,.., a.v n«p,vs.nt...l in Wursaa.-.s 
 oatalofruo. Yot tho <listinn.uish.Ml a.riia.uh.^a., i. nut aU..^..(h.-r c-rrtain as lo 
 hen- ant..,u.ty, (or th. wunl lironcealdenn ,s\ih .,n intorrooation-nmrk after it 
 lornis th,. iii.a.lin.i,' <.r the |)a,-.« on which tiicy aro li-nred.f 
 ^^''"^^ ^'"'"y '"y '"'•"•"''t "f prohi8t«.riJlishinfrin Europe to a close. 
 
 * Priodiil : Fiilircr (hinli dio FiscliiTi.i-Abtliciliin!,' ; p. ^. 
 
 ' '" ^ '^; "'•' ";;';:"•'■-'«' «1», ,..,ns,.l,„s „f tl,,, ox..«vuto.l l,«lf .,(•,». „ul<-stc,n with ,run..,.„..l ..,„ls. 1.,. „w 
 
 Oubru,! do M„rt,llot orronoously rofors lo it a, u Ouni.h o«„.,„ of tl,o bro„.„ ug„ (M„t^n„ux, Vol. Ill, lWi7 ^ 
 
 
 fi 
 f 
 
 IH' 
 
I •ii^ t Mi i i W W i ] 
 
 •' 
 
 i I 
 
 I' 
 
 I: 
 
TART 1 1.- NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 INTRODUCTOIIY KEMAIIKS. 
 
 Whilo tlioro is no (liffi(Milt\ 
 
 iiltplicd to tli(3 !iiiti([iiitit.'.s of I'airopo. (1 
 
 ill coinprdioiiding tlio term " proliistoric." wlioii 
 
 cimco 111 Its i-oiuiL-ctioii with the aitclacts loft l)v tlio t 
 
 i(> s.uiR' word .•issiiiiics (111 jiltt'ivd si^nili- 
 
 fouiitry. Horo, l)y .i-'oncral consent, all olijects are considered 
 whicli occur in mounds and other burial-places of early date, on and' !., . 
 surface of the ground, in cuves. shell-]iea])s, etc.— in fiict all articles of al 
 ual werkiiianship that cannot with certainty I 
 
 ornier inhaiiitants of this 
 
 as prehistoric, 
 
 low the 
 
 lornii- 
 
 which are either still 
 
 je ascrii)ed to anv of the tril 
 
 or, to speak more distinctly, within tl 
 the Indians. Thus, a collection of Xor 
 
 hi e.Kisteiice, or have become extinct within historical t 
 
 )es 
 imes, 
 
 of very liivdi antiipiity as well 
 
 le recollection of the white successors of 
 iiericaii relics may contain specimens 
 
 IS noway of sugi^vstiiig accurate discriminati 
 that 
 
 IS others of coniparativelv recent date; vet tl 
 
 lere 
 
 on. Ml 
 some, or even many, of the objects classed witl 
 
 after the arrival of Europeans in this country; for, tliouyl 
 
 slow in reco-nizin.Lf the superiority of the white man's tools and (.th( 
 
 ireover, it cannot be doubted 
 li our anti(piities originated 
 
 an 
 
 d endeavored to olitaiii them by barter from tl 
 
 ones among then 
 
 1 the natives were not 
 
 T implements, 
 
 le immigrants, the less favored 
 
 or not all n.uld be sujiplied at once— were still compelled t( 
 manufacture, according to old usage, various articles, which, when discovered 
 
 •e placed in collections of Xorth Amei 
 
 It 
 
 cei'tainlv wou 
 
 Id 
 
 lean aiiti(|uitie 
 
 district positivelv to the Iiidi 
 
 mistake to attribute altorigiiial relics t 
 
 loiinh these iia 
 
 alls who (Krii|)ied it when the whiti 
 
 fives doubtless left many nianiifactui 
 
 roiii anv given 
 
 arrived. 
 
 special country, it cannot be decided, at least not 
 
 there discovered is to b 
 
 issigiied to the last occupants, or t 
 
 res on the soil of their 
 in most cases, whether an obicct 
 
 ilecessors of a dillereiit lineage.* 
 
 to invadei 
 
 s, or to pre- 
 
 If all these cii 
 
 'cumstances are taken into 
 
 that the one or the other object liereal 
 
 accouii 
 
 t. II 
 
 eiv arises a jirobability 
 
 recent origin, and even post-date the advent of the Ci 
 
 ■r described by me mav be of more or 1 
 
 ess 
 
 lucasians in this countrv. 
 
 ►Tl 
 
 witli 
 
 lic'so iilworviitiuiis i'(.|or iiiiincdiiitulv to tlio lone 
 
 ^jiml I'lin 
 
 ail 
 
 iilililiod to the wfstern districts wliich hi 
 
 settled ciistorii ro;,'iiiiis of North Ainer 
 
 ericn ; Imt Ihuv 
 
 1 Iiituly biiuii colonized by tliu white,-. 
 
 (ii;j) 
 
 5-. 
 
 ,-t. 
 
 W' 
 
 
 I 
 
ir 
 
 • i^ 
 
 3 
 
 1 > 
 
 114 
 
 I'HEillRTOUlC FISHING. 
 
 Was tlioro a p.ilu'olitliic nuo in Nortli America? 
 
 Uiiriiig a miiiibor of years. Dr. Cliarlos V. Abbott, of 'rrciiton, New Jersey, 
 has publislied papers in wbii li lie ilescribes rude implements found by him in 
 the undisturbed yrave' bods of the Delaware Valley at Trer.toii, and he linally 
 sums up his exiierien<'es, together with those of others, in the thirty-seeond 
 chapter of a late work treating of the aboriginal relies of the northern Atlantic 
 sea-board of America. The implements in (piestion resemble in shape n)ore or 
 less those from the drift of France and England ; yet while the latter consist of 
 cretaceous flint, the material of the Xew Jersey specimens is argillite.* I have 
 seen but three of them, which were sent to me by ])r. Abbott, and these are 
 unmistakably fashioned by the hand of man. They were all found, he informs 
 mc, by himself in the gravel -bhifT' facing the Delaware River at Trenton, at a 
 depth of thirteen feet from the surface. "The i)urplish-colored one was under- 
 neath a boulder and could never have been above it. since the dei)osition of the 
 boulder." Dr. Abbott's illustrations of Trenton implements likewise leave no 
 doubt as to tlie artiticial shaping of the originals. He admits that, "having l)een 
 seriously misled by the various geological reports that purport to give, in proper 
 sequence, the respective ages of the several strata of clay, gravel, boulders, and 
 sand, througli which the river has linally worn its channel to the ocean-level, he 
 has probably, in ])revious publications, ascribed too great an anti(iuity to thc-^e 
 implements, although what is now known to be a substantially correct history of 
 the various deposits in the river-valley does not dissociate these traces of man 
 from a time when essentially glacial conditions existed in the ui>per valley of the 
 Delaware lli\er, though they occurred subsequently to the existence of the great 
 continental glacier, when at its greate.-t magnitude. 
 
 " It was not until the surface geology of the Delaware River Valley was 
 carefully studied by Air. Henry Carvill Lewis, of tbe Second (Jeological .Survey 
 of IVnnsylvania, that we were in possession of all the facts necessary to enal)le 
 us to recogni/.e the full signilicance of those early traces of man, discovered in 
 ono of the latest geological formations of this valley. "f 
 
 T'le conclusions drawn by Mr. Lewis from his investigation are, that tlie 
 Trenton gravel is a true river-gravel, and is the most recent of all the formations 
 in the valley of the Delaware River; that it is apparently post-glacial ; and that 
 the stone implements of pal-eolithic tyi)e, which this gravel contains, indicate the 
 existence of man in :\ rude state, at tlie time of its deposition.;}: It renuiins to 
 be seen whether this is the last verdict in the case. 
 
 * Only ono speiir heiid-liko ini|ilemciit of flint lius tliii.s fur ln-en notkcd. It wus taken, within llio city of 
 TriMitim, I'nim lln' ;;ruvcl, at a ili'plli nf six leol ln'lnw llio .surlaoo. 
 
 f Abljdtt; I'limitivo liiiliistry : or llliistralioiis c.r tlio llaiiiliwnrli, in Sloni', lionu iind Cliiy, of llio Native 
 l!iu'c'< lifting Niiriliern .Vtlaiitic Si'abnarJ of America; Salum, Mass., 18S1 ; p. 171. 
 
 X Ibid. ; p. 001. 
 
 |1 
 
 < 
 
 I 
 
 (; ■•■ 
 
 I 
 
DUIPT-IMl'LEMKNTS. 
 
 liu 
 
 '• 
 
 Tlicro has been discovered nt Trenton, about fourteen feet below the surface 
 the tusk ot a mastodon, covered with partly stratified gravel and stones. Allu- 
 ding to this circumstance. Dr. Abbott observes:-" When we consider that not 
 only the remains of the mastodon, but those of the bison, have been found in 
 tins gravel, and that within a few yards of the spot where the tusk of the mas- 
 todon mentioned by Professor Cook, was found, paheolithic implements have 
 been gathered, one at the same, and three at greater depths, it is apparent that 
 we here have evidence of .„ ni's contemporaneity, on the Atlantic coast, with the 
 arge mammals mentioned."* Bones of the reindeer also have been met with 
 though sparingly, in this gravel. ' 
 
 Finally, Dr. Abbott strongly inclines to the view-not an unusual one-that 
 the Eskimos formerly extended tar to the southward in North America and 
 indeed, were the makers of the rude tools found by bin. in the Trenton "ravel ' 
 Professor Ilonry W. Ilaynes, of Boston, who has studied the stone a-e for 
 si.x years in Europe an.l Northern Africa, latelv visited, in companv witlfpro- 
 tessor M. Boy,l Dawkins and other gentlemen, the ivgion in .,uestion and 
 became fully convinced of the pah-eolithic character ..f the Trenton ai-illite tools 
 On this occasion, it should bo stated, several implements were taken by his com- 
 panions, either from the gravel or the talus on the river-bank, in hi,' presence 
 anu he toiind live himself. ' 
 
 "It has been my good fortune," he says, "to tind pal.-eolithic implements in 
 Europe in several localities, both where they have been accompanied by tlm 
 characteristic fossil bones, and where these have been wanting. I have thus had 
 the opportunity of making myself l^imiliar with the general -.haracter of such 
 localities and the appearance of the country in the vicinity, touet her with the 
 nature and .|uality of the gravels in which the implements'are found, i have 
 especially studied the gravel-beds of the valley of the Seine, in the vicinity of 
 Paris, and of the Tiber, near Pome, for .several succes..iv(> vears, and in a verv 
 great number of visits, and fr,.in both the.se locai.ties 1 have I.btaine.l fo.ssil bone's 
 of the mammoth, the rhinoceros, tlie hii)popoiamu.s, the bos aiiti.|uus, the great 
 extinct elk. the horse, the ivindeei'. elc. Accomp ;.iyi„n- (lio.se r.s.sjl bon(>s were 
 found the characteristic pal.eolithic nnplements. I h.n.. also visited (he |;„i,„„s 
 hnvility of .Saint- Acheul, and the well-known gravel-pits near .S",,isbu;'y. Kn-iand, 
 in In.th of which spots have occurred numerous tlnds .,r paUeolit;;!, implements' 
 accompanied by similar fo.ssil bones. In another loealily, near Ifin.ni. in Nur- 
 mandy, where the pleistocene (h-jx.sits no longer e\is(, ;,s is jiiso the .Mse in (he 
 v.'.ih-y of the Nile, I have found a large .piantity of pala-olilhic imj-lemenls 
 made cmt of <piartzite. From these various ex|)eriences I fe.>l myself warranted 
 in stati ;;• .lat the general appearance of the country and the character of the 
 
 *Aljlmlt: I'rirnitiv' Iiulii^ry ; p. IS'J. 
 
 y 
 
 '1 
 
 ■■ii. 
 
 t 
 
 "S, 
 
 i 
 
■^•5^ 
 
 ^'J^JWI^ 
 
 ■9P*<*P"9lpa*<P 
 
 i 
 
 
 i i 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ; s 
 
 ! i 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 116 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 gravels at Trenton, New Jersey, present a most striking resemblance to what I 
 have seen in the various localities in the Old World to which I have referred. 
 There is the same riulcly-stratiiiod mingling of coarse materials marked by a 
 similar absence of clay. It is true that in the gravels of New Jersey thus far 
 not many fossil bones have been discovered, but only a few of the mammoth, the 
 bison, the reindeer, and the walrus, some of which, like the animals of Europe 
 under similar circumstances, have since migrated to the colder regions of tho 
 north. But 'he fact remains that fo.ssil aninuil bones have actually been dis- 
 covered in these gravels, and when we call to mind to what a limited extent they 
 have as yet been examined, we may reasonably expect more to be found hereafter. 
 
 "I limit myself to a general statement like this in regard to the marked 
 resemblance of the locality, and the precisely similar character of the gravels at 
 Trenton, New Jersey, to what I have seen in many localities in Eurupe, which 
 have yielded true pakeolithic implements, and I leave in more competent hands 
 the discussion and determination of the true geological character of the gravels 
 of tho T3claware Valley. 
 
 "Speaking then merely from an archa-ological stand-point, I do not hesitate 
 to declare my lirm convicti()n that the rude argillite objects found in tlie gravels 
 of the Delaware River, at Trenton, New Jersey, are true pakeolithic imple- 
 ments."* 
 
 This is certainly a strong vindication of Dr. Abl)ott's claims. 
 
 I have el.-^ewhere e.\|ires:<ed my lielief that man is an «'xotic element in 
 America; but that the present Americ;in continent received its lirst poi)ul.ition 
 at a very remote jieriod, when, perhaps, the distribution of land and sea w,is 
 dillerent from what it is now. The earliest immigrants, I further stated, ni.iy 
 have been so low in the scah; of human develo[)ment that tlicy lacked the faculty 
 of expressing tiiemselves in .-irticulate l.niguage, as it is tlitlicult to account in 
 another way for the totally diverse characteristics of tlie numerous linguistic 
 families of America. 
 
 In acconiance with these \ lews, I do not deem it iniproli.ibli' that ini]ih'm<'nts 
 analogous in clcir.-icler to diosc of the i'luiope.in drift siuudd occur under cor- 
 respoiuliug circumslanccs in North AuK-rica. 
 
 I cnuint express a similar opini(»ii witli regard to "pliocene" ni.-iii in 
 America. Admitting, for inst.ince, the correctness of the rejiorts (Ui liie jiolisiied 
 stone imi)lements said to h.ive been taken from a l)eil of 'i'.ilile Mountain in 
 Tuolumne County. <'alifornia. older tiiau the I'airopean tlrift. it would follow 
 that man lived in America in a polished-stom- age, before the ccuiteni| n'.iry nf 
 
 * lliiyiics : Tile Argillitu Iiji|>l<'iiu'iit.'! tniiml in llio Clnivcls nf tlio Di'liiwaru Itivc'r, at Tri'iilnii, N. J., Cdiii- 
 |iarc'il will' Uip I'aUi'nliUiie Iiii|i!fim;iits nf Kiirii|ii' ; I'rooucdiiiijs c'l' tliu liosum Sociuly ><( Natural History; Vul. 
 XM, .laiuiary lit, 1S81 ; ].. 13G, utf. 
 
douhlk-pointki) stone implkmknts. 
 
 ii: 
 
 the mammoth in Europe fashioned his ru.Io implemenis of flint. An inference of 
 8ucl, stui.en<i-,us hearing si,n„i,l not he accepted without incontrovertihle pr<.of«, 
 and theso, it seems to me, liave not yet he(>n nirnislie.L If ultimately, what now 
 appears almost incredihle, should hocome an ostahlished fact, all douhts, of course, 
 will lie removed. 
 
 While treating of prehistoric fishing in Europe, I was enahled to divide the 
 Ruhject into ditlerent sections, devoting each of th.'m to a special phase ..f human 
 existence. But such a mode of proceeding would hardlv he applicahlo t<. Xorth 
 America, and I prefer describing, in proper succession, such relics hearin- upon 
 fishing as may he called prehistoric, according to the explanation of the term as 
 given on a preceding page. 
 
 The abundance of fish in the rivers and lakes of North America— not to 
 speak of the sea-bonrds—e.xcited the astonishment of the e.-.rlv European colo- 
 nists, who found the natives well acquainted with various modes <.f fishb,-. which 
 could only have been acquired by long-continued inirsuits. Takino- tirem as a 
 whole, they practised fishing by spearing and shooting, with houk and line, and 
 ^s of various kinds, and they even knew how to stupefy fish by throwin-^ 
 intoxicating substances into the water. They constructed traps, weirs. fish-iKMis'' 
 and fish-preserves, ami, iiiially, navigated, for the purpose of fishing, the .stream.s", 
 lakes, and seas with boats varying greatly in size and make. 
 
 All this will subsciuently be set forth in a series of extracts from authors 
 who describe the natives of North America as (hey were when iirst observed, or 
 when Uieir habits had not been niatcri;.lly changed l.y intercourse with the whites. 
 
 For the rest. I abstain fr.,ni giving any details ciiceining Indian mode of 
 life. The indigenous American still belongs to the ]>resent, and it may be pre- 
 suijposed that his characteristics are known to the reader of this w,.rk. " 
 
 FISIIING-LMPLEMi'XTS AND UTEXyiLS. 
 
 i'r 
 
 fh>,;i''-p.nffd sfvni;,ht IMf-I/ohlers.— Among the many thousand North 
 ''^'"' "'■ •"''■i^''^"!' flint and other st<me exhibited in the Unib'd States National 
 Museam ' ,v i^ not one to which the above applicdion could with any .U-ree 
 of sal.>ty be . ,„ed. Only ,•, few among them possibly n,i-ht have thus been 
 employed; but these .■..nstitute a fraction by far too small to form a type, ..r in 
 other words, to represent a class of obj.vts made for a common purpo.se. Never- 
 theless I will descril)e som(> of them. 
 
 The ..riginal ..f Fig. 170, on the following page, is a .-hipped implement of 
 dark-gr.iy jasi.(>r, found by Mv. Paul Schum.acher near Ro-ue River, Orc-.n. It 
 IS slender, and (he points are rather blunt, apparently not from use, but in cmsc- 
 
 I 
 
 
 
.'^tiiitai^Ait^ w.:-tii,,^Mii^m0<»'^ 
 
 "": 'WPiBM«K.».M;;jli^p^ytw«»?t-f^ 
 
 h 
 
 ■■!• 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ihi 
 
 i i 
 
 118 
 
 PHEHISTORIC FISHINO. 
 
 qucneo of oxposuro, tlie spocimoii showing a kind of polish oviflcMitly produced 
 by contact with other bodies. It looks as though it had been drifted in water. 
 
 } 
 
 f 
 
 Fio. 170.— Orognn. (12.'*^:.). Kiii. 171.— Toiinosso.'. (('.ivvul) I i,. .■.--Wy.)tiiitlg. 
 
 Fi(is. 170-172. — Dimlile-pDiiited stone iiui)lemcuts. 
 
 Fig. 171 shows tlio form of a sonunvhat similar object, in this instance 
 brought into shape by grinding. Tliis specimen. ])re.sented by Professor W. A. 
 Kite, is not Hattish like tiie one first described, but almost round in the cross- 
 section, anil terminates in tolerably sliarp jtoints. It consists of a blackish kind 
 of stone, apparently argillite. and was foumi nearly opposite 'lie mouth of Middle 
 Creek, in Greene County. Tennessee. 
 
 Fig. 172 is taken from the "Fifth Annual Report of the Superintendent of 
 the Yellowst.me Nati<mal 1'ark" (Washington. ISSl, Fig. 1(5 (Ui page ;}7). It is 
 not distinctly stated whether the original, wiiich belongs to a series of stone 
 imphMuents collected in the National Park by Superintendent P. W. Norris, con- 
 sists of flint or olisidian. This, however, is of little consequence, as the shape 
 alone is the noticeable feature, and that is certainly exceptional and suggestive 
 of the application here considered. The notches would have facilitat(>d the attach- 
 ment of a line, and the implement, inserted into a fish and swallowed liy a larger 
 one, could not easily hav(> been disgorged by the latter. IJut, nevertheless, it 
 l)rol)al)ly was ])repare(l for a totally difl'ereut puri)ose. 
 
 I give in Fig. 173 the ilelineation of a rather large polished implement, 
 found in Berks County, Pennsylvania, and presented to the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution by the Hon. G. II. Keim. I figure this specimen for the simple reason 
 that it has been regarded l)y some as a bait-holder, an opinion in which I cannot 
 concur. The material is a greenish-gray argillite. The illustration shows its 
 form distinctly, and I have only to add that a cross-section laid through the 
 
 I 
 
DOUBLIM'OINTEI) liON'E IMPLRMEXTS. 
 
 119 
 
 middlo would proscMit a sonicwliat flattened oval. [ am inclined to regard this 
 specnnon as a cereni-nial \veai)on in wiiieii the usual i«.i-turati(,n for theVeception 
 of a handle is rci)laeed by a groove. It weighs three ounces and a half. 
 
 Fig. 173.— Double-pointed grooved stone implement. Penusylvaniii. ((iG27j. 
 
 - 
 
 Straight bone rods tapering toward both ends are not wantin- in the archae- 
 ological division of the National Museum. Thev were .■hieflv /.l,tained in the 
 course of explorations of the Californian Santa JJarbara group of islands and 
 their neighborhood, undertaken in the interest ..f the United States National 
 Museum by .Messrs. Paul Schumacher and Stephen Bowers. These explorations 
 extended over the islands of San Miguel, Santa Cruz. San Nicolas, and Santa 
 Catalina, and varn.us points on the main-land, embrace.l in the counties of 
 San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara. A place c^alled J.),.s Pueblos in the last- 
 named district has furnished many remarkable objects.* 
 
 Figs. 174, 17o. and 17(i, on page 120, represent specimens of pointed bone rods 
 found by Mr. B..wers on Santa Cruz Island ; the original of Fiy-. 177 M'as obtaine.l 
 by him on Santa Rosa Island. Some of tlu- specimens ..n exhibith.n in the National 
 .Aluseum show traces of asphaltum in the middle. Thev are of a somewhat 
 compressed tbrm and generally well made, and their number in the Museum is 
 suiHcient to form a class, if they were grooved or lu.tched in the middle as 
 shown in Fig. -J on page 13, I would have little doubt as to their use as bait- 
 holders, though the grooves or notches are not absolutely necessary features As 
 
 Tho rol.cs were f.,und in gmves as well us on tho surface, and while many o( them arc evidently very old 
 others betoken a n.nre recent origin, and s„„,o of tho latter have occurred in nssoeiation ..vith articles of Kur,,,ean 
 manufacture, such a. iron blades, objects of brass, beads of glass and en.unel, etc., provin, that thev are referable 
 to the na ,ve. who„, the white, found in possession of the islands and the neighboring coast. Tl,; islands have 
 been totally vacated by the Indians, the las, of whon,, a few in nun.ber, were renu.ved, nearly llf.v vears ago, to 
 tno Santa Uarbaru .Mission. 
 
 , „.^!T";'' "?''" "'''"'•'"'"■'^ «■"'■ l'"''li-^l'^'J '0- i>': U. C. Yarrow and Mr. Paul Sclmn.acher, and more than 
 halt ol \ ol. \ II ot the •■ United States (Jeogr,.|,bi..al Surveys West of the One Uundred.h Meridian, in charge 
 of First Lieutenant George M. Wheeler " ( WasbingKm, IHT-I), is devoted to a minute deseri, -Jon of the locali- 
 tiea and the objects there obtained. 
 
 
 
 (.1 
 
 ■:i 
 
 
 :4i 
 
 I 
 
sz 
 
 'f^mmmmfmmmmfmmm 
 
 120 
 
 rUKHISTOHIC I'-ISniN'fl, 
 
 it is, tlioy may have si-rvod in tin- manner indicalcd, or as parts (if fisli-liooks, or 
 ill some other way not yet explained. 
 
 I 
 
 Fio. 174.-H!inen Cruz Islnn.l. 
 (202:17). 
 
 I'i'l 17;..— SiinlaCniz Ishiii.l. l"hl. Kii — Sniitil i;ni7. Nliiml. Ki.i. 177.— Siinlii l!n«n Isliinil. 
 
 (2C.2.-17). (2r.2:i7). (23r,sn). 
 
 All ]. 
 
 Fids. 174-177. — D(ml)lt'-[)()iiiti'(l Ijono implements. 
 
 RJ 
 
 Fish-hook^. — Tt does not ai)])ear that tish-hooks entirely made of silieiouH 
 material, lik(> tiiose dcscrihed hy I'rol'cssor Nilsson, have been fonnd in 
 North Ameriea; hut hooks constnicted of (lint or clialeedony and bone have 
 oceurred in Greenland. Dr. (uisttiv Kienim de.seril)es and represents such a 
 specimen obtained from .in old j^rave in tiiat country. Fiu'. ITS is a reproduction 
 of his illustr.'ition. The curved bono shank and piece ol worked tllut are bound 
 toivctlier with a narrow strip of wIi,ilebon(>, and the line attached to the upper 
 end of t)' ■ ,iMMk consists of twisted vei^etabjc tibre.* 
 
 Another somewhat similar sp(>cimen from a grave in .Southern Greenland 
 is in tile EtiinidoL>ieal ^[u.seum at Copenhagen. It attracted the special attention 
 of Dr. Hmil IJessels during a visit to that city in 1881, and th(> distinguished 
 artist, Captain A. I', ^^adsen. made for iiim a drawing of the object. That gen- 
 tleman's di'sign is heri> copied as lug. 17i). The shaid-;. pierced with four hoh>s, 
 and nearly cylindrical in its upper ])art, but worked tlat lower downward, is 
 made from a bone of s(tme ipiailru])ed. and shows a brown coloration, like bones 
 extracted from peat-i)ogs. Th(> chi|)ped liook consists of bluish-white clialc(-.Iony. 
 Both shaidc and hook wer(> found together, but without ligature, this connecting 
 mediuni having yielded to the etVects of (h'cay. The re-uniting of the two jiarts 
 
 ICIiMiiin : Allu;enK'iiiiM;iiltiirwissonsrlmrt ; WitUzimi;;!' iwnl WullVn ; Ijcipzi!;, 1H.'>I| p. (il, Kii;. 101. 
 
imm 
 
 J 
 
 FISH-irOOKS. 
 
 121 
 
 I 
 
 by means of twiiio 
 
 is tlio \v..rli „f Mr. ('. L. Stoinliauor, Ins|),n-t..r of tlio 
 nuisoum just, mentioned. 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 P""- ""• Flo. 180. 
 
 Fkih. 178-180.-Fi.Ii-l,o,.k.s composed of l.oi.e aiul chipped stone. Greenland. 
 
 T).-. I^essols Obtained on the same occa.si<.n a verv fine specimen from Greon- 
 lan.l, nan.ely, a well-el>ipi.od piece of transparent blui.b-g..,vv cbalcedonv. win..). 
 iM>l>.'UvntIy lormci. ,.r was designed to fonn, a part of a ii^l.-i.ook of tbe kind 
 l.ore n..t>ced. F.g. 180 sl.ows its appearance. This objo.-t is trian-n.lar in the 
 cmss-scction, the portion not seen in the illustration being flat and but little 
 chipped. 
 
 It is doubtful whether flint was thus prepared by the former inhabitants of 
 the present l-n.ted Wtate.^ to serve in the construction of ilsh-hooks, for not a 
 s.ngle spec,,nen o1 the required form is to be found an.ong the thousands of ilint 
 objects m the Aat.onal 3Iuseum. Articles of „,is description, however, appear 
 b. occur .n Gern.any, and a number ..f specin.ens derived fnnn the Island of 
 Rugen and thought to belong to this cla.ss, were presented for inspection bv .Mr. 
 Rosenbe.^ dunng the exhibition of preiustoric (iern.an relics, held at JJeriin in 
 1880._ lo judge Iron, the description, they are not brought into a .leiinite shape 
 
 l.ttle mod.t ed lor the attadnnent to a shank. Their sixe being considerable, thev 
 could only have served .n the construction of hooks designed to catch the laro'c 
 species ot fish.* "^ LiioL- 
 
 fl 
 
 lV„s,): Kutalo^dor AnssU-nung ,,ral,iHtorisol,e,. ,„al n„,l„.„|,„l„,is..lu.r Kun.l,. I),ml..|,l,.,„N , „. 3«3 
 
 u 10 
 
 !'! 
 
 hi 
 I 
 
 t ! 
 
 F 
 
 
?i^ 
 
 iM»ummgeittL,t 
 
 immmm 
 
 ■•ninraipsonMifM 
 
 r J 
 
 Im ! 
 
 :ii 
 
 ;ii i 
 
 fi 
 
 r '' 
 
 
 J** 
 
 
 122 
 
 PKEHISTOniC FISIItNG. 
 
 A similar statonipnt is made by Mr. Christenscn in tlio article already quoted 
 in two instances. IIo says tiiero arc sunictimes found in Ciermany flint splinters 
 with curved points, occasionally fashioned at the thicker end for attachment to a 
 shank. These .specimens are regarded by him as component parts of lish-hooks. 
 In addition, he represents a bone object of a form suggestive of the same use, 
 preserved in the collection of the antiquarian association " Prussia" in Konigs- 
 berg, Prussia. I copy here his illustration as Fig. 181.* 
 
 Fin. 1 SI, — Bone point of fish-liook. Germany. 
 
 After this short digression I resume the subject of North American pi-eliis- 
 toric iish-hooks. 
 
 In the first place I have to allude to their great scarcity in the eastern 
 portion of North America, and to state that those which have been found within 
 that area arc almo.st exclusively made of bone. They occur more frequently on 
 the Pacific Coast, especially in Californian latitudes, and there they consist either 
 of bone or of shell. I refer here to real fish-hooks, and not to relics which 
 possibly were parts of hooks. Hone fish-hooks are occasionally mentioned by 
 the early authors on North America, .-is a perusal of the " Extracts" at the end 
 of this publication will show.-j- The Ik ks useil by the Indians of Virginia arc 
 thus described by Captain John Smith : — " Their hookes are either a bone grated 
 as they noch their arrowes in the forme of a crooked pinne or fish-hooke, or of 
 the splinter of a l)one tyed to the dift oi' a little sticke, and with the end of the 
 lino they tie on the bait." From this short, but eminently graphic, description 
 we learn that the Indians of a certain Atlantic district used fish-hooks made 
 entirely of a fragment of bone, and others consisting of two parts joined together. 
 The latter class of hooks is still in u.<e among some North American triljes. 
 The ilakali codfish-hook. Fig. 10 on page 15, is similarly constructed, and I 
 present, additionally, in Fig. 182 the form of a fish-hook used by the Kutchin 
 Indians, who inhabit the territory l)ctween the Mackenzie River and Norton 
 Sound. " The hooks," observes Mr. Strachan Jones, " are made and baited in 
 
 * Deiitsclio Fiscliorci-Zc'idint,'; Miiroli 22, 1881 ; p. 05. 
 
 f Seo " Extructa: " Captuin Smith, Ogilliy, Siiyurd, Kftliii, etc. 
 
FISH-HOOKS. 
 
 123 
 
 the following manner.— The pinion of a goo.se is taken, and tl.o smaller bone i. 
 s .arj,ene<l an.l fa.stened liook-sI>ai.e to tl.o larger; a piece of llsl.-skin is cut in 
 the shape of a fish and sewed on the iiook ; that part representing the head is at 
 the point ot the hook ; that representing the tail is where the bones have crossed 
 each other; a lino is then knotted to the larger bone, and all is complete "=" 
 
 ■< 
 
 Fio. 182.— Bttited bone fish-hook. Kutehin Iiidiaus, Alaska. 
 
 Prehistoric fish-hooks of this kind, as far as known to me, have not hoon 
 preserved. After the decay of the ligature the c<.nstituent parts of such .a hook 
 would become separated, and, when discovered, their real character probably 
 would escape recognition in most cases. :\[r. A. T. damage, of Uamariscotta 
 Maine, informs mo that he has found in the artificial shell-deposits near that 
 place quite a number of double-pointed bone ro,Ls, which, ho suggests, were parts 
 of fish-hooks. 
 
 I now pass over to a description of i\ortli American fish-hooks made of a 
 single piece of bone or horn. 
 
 Fig. 183 (on page U>4).— The original of (his bone hook was presented to the 
 National :\Iuseum by Dr. \^^ J. Ilolfman, of the Hureau of Ethnoloo-y It is as 
 simple a form of a tish-hook as could be concei^■ed; there is not even a .listi.u-t 
 notcii at the upper end of the shank, ..i.ly a faint trace of one being visible The 
 surface ot the hook .shows the stria> produced by the scraping-instrument used 
 in fashioning it. Dr. Hoffman has furnished me with the foliowino- ,,ocount 
 relating to its disco\ery : — 
 
 "Traces of aboriginal settlements occur quite abundantly alon- the \alley 
 of tlie .AEissouri River, north of the mouth of Oak Creek, at the former location 
 of Grand River Agency, Dakota. The latter stream (Oak Creek), emptvin- into 
 
 'Iv 
 
 
 ;/ 
 
 • .Tone., : The Kutcliia Tribes; Smitl,soniu„ Ueport for 18G0, p. 324 ; liguro ,.,. the same page. 
 
 ;f^ 
 
II u m9!"H' 
 
 CE 
 
 mmmm. 
 
 2tJ22232Eli2. 
 
 £2SS 
 
 124 
 
 ruKinsToiiio I'isiiiNo. 
 
 tli(' Missouri from llio wost, luis iorincd n ])oint of tlw! prairic-tcrrnco, upon wliicli 
 nro visii)l(' iiunn'rous low licajis or mounds of oartli mul dav, varvinij,' from 
 sovoral inclios to a foot in liciglit, and from two to ten feet in diamt'tcr. Some 
 of thcso consist underneath almost entirely t»f bones of tlio larjifer mammals, 
 wliilc at various other points the soil seems to have been washed away, leavinu; 
 the bones, sturi^i^in-scales, et(\, lying around ]»roiniscuously. The Itones in no 
 instaneo presented the elVects of tire, l)iit always exhibited the sharp, irregidar 
 appearance of having been cracked for the removal of the marrow. 
 
 + i 
 
 Fid. lax— Dakntii. (:11S10). I'm. IM.-llliio (Mn.liionvillo). 
 
 Figs. 1813-185.— Bono fish-hooks. 
 
 Fin. la.".— Arlcftnaaa. 
 
 n. 
 
 "Upon digging into one of those smaller earth-heaps, the fish-hook was 
 found in the end of a fractured thigh-bone of a buiValo. Fragments of pottery 
 were very abundant, while arrow-heads, hammer-stones (such as arc used at this 
 day for driving down tent-pins, etc.), and small blue beads wove not uncommon. 
 
 " Black Eye, chief of the Upper Yanktonnais, informed me that the Arikara 
 wore defeated and driven from that iilentical spot by the Dakotas, under the 
 command of his father, in 1818. Tiio hillocks present every appearance of having 
 once been earth-lodges, though smaller than found at this day at Fort Borthold." 
 
 Fig. 184. — The original of this much -corroded hook w.as found in one of the 
 so-called ash-pits of the great cemetery near Madisonville, Hamilton County, 
 Ohio. The depressions at the upper end of the sliaidc are the result of decay, 
 small particles of the bono having come off in that ])lace. Tlio hook is in jios- 
 session of the IIoii. .fosepli (,'ox, of Cincinnati, who kindly sent it to the Xatimial 
 Museum to be drawn.* 
 
 * Tlio rosuU^ of im oxploration of this cfmetcry, nirricd on under tho auspioos of llio Madisonvillli* Litcriiry 
 iind Scientific Society, lire presented in tlirec illustnited reports liy Mr. Cliarles F. Low, piildislied in tlie " .Jour- 
 nal of tlie Cinciniuiti .Sociily of Natural History " (Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 40-G8; p 128-139; p. 203-'J2ll)i and Dr. 
 l'\ W. I.ani^don has given in tho .same j.mrnal (Vol, IV, 1881, ji. '2!)'-2!'>T) an nreoiint of the ostoologieal c'larac- 
 teristies of the skeletons there exhumed. In addition, the siiliji'ct liu-s been treated in several articles. I siihjoin a 
 
FISH-HOOKS. 
 
 IL'5 
 
 Fig. 185. — A bono lisli-huok preserved in tho collection of the Daveuiujvt 
 Aciuloinv of Natural Sciences. Mr. W. 11. Pratt, Corresponding Secretary 
 and Curator of that association, had the kindness to send it to nie for examina- 
 tion. Tiie specimen is polished on both sides; that not seiMi in tlx- illustration 
 exhibits a portion of the marrow-cavity of the bone. The point is not very shiirp, 
 and, owing to the curvature of tho bone, not in the .same plane with the shank, tho 
 upper jiart of which shows some slight indentations for the attachment of the 
 line. I am informed by Mr. Pratt that this specimen was taken, together with 
 a bono awl, from a small clay mound on the Craighead farm, Mississippi County, 
 Arkansas, opposite the mouth of the Big Ilatchie lliver. The mound was altuut 
 two feet high, and three feet l)clow its surface the skeleton of a l)oy, aliout twelve 
 years old, the bone hook and awl, some shell'beads, and a ipiantity of lish-bones 
 and turtle-shells were found. Mr. Pratt learned these details from Captain W. 
 P. Hall, a resident of Davenport, who presented the lish-hook to the Academy. 
 
 Fig. 18(j (.in jiage 12()).— The original was found by Mr. F. II. Ciishiiig, of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology. It is made of deer-bone, and beautifully polished, 
 especially at the point. Tiie shank ex|)ands a little at the upper end where 
 
 Viewed hori/ontallv from the lower end, this 
 
 ther 
 
 e are 
 
 ime sliirht grooves. 
 
 hook shows in a slight degree the cavity of tins bone. It was discovered 
 in an accumulation of debris, eighteen inches below the surface, ne;ir the centre of 
 ;ui old circulir earthwork in the township of Shelby, Orleans County, New York. 
 W^ilh it, Mr. Cushing informs me, occurred \arioiis other reiii.iiiis. such as broken 
 bones of animals, rudely-ornameided pot-sherds. Hint implements, awls, spatida*, 
 jiortions of weapons and ornaments of bone and deer-horn, shell and stone 
 beads, etc. 
 
 Fi-. V 
 
 'ig. IS/ (on |)age 12()). — A hook of larger size, remarkable for its straight b;isi'. 
 Itshows the marrow-cavity of the boneon the side iiotexposeil to \iew in the ligun-. 
 A slight coiitniction itelow the end of thosluink allowed the line to be tirnily tied 
 on. This Jippareiitly old specimen, of ;i yellowish-iirown color, belong.- to Dr. 
 •lohn Sloan, Secretary of the Society of Natural History at New Albany. Indian.i, 
 
 (•liiirt ncili™ riiim u loiter by Mr. dix: — 
 
 "TIiu iTiiiului-y i.i lucati'tl in a ilrn.-t: wti.t'l ,'t' ['(.'I'liapa M'\'cnly-tivo nr ii liuii(lr(.-(l arri'S, wliiih lias Ipouii UTL 
 intact f^inr,; wliitu nn-n l,u)k p"is.si>sinii of llie Miami i-inintry. Tlu' trees arc very tliiek, iVi'tu three ti> the I'eet in 
 tliaineter. So far as wo Inive sminileil, tliero are lil'teen aeres I'civercJ liy these i;rave8. We have exhuniej aliuul 
 seven liunilrtd skeletnns, anil apparently tin! wlnilc! lil'teen aeres are eovereil with the same av '_,. niinilier uf 
 grave.s as the spare we have openetl. Thus the interments wmiUl reach the niiinlier iil' ten tluie j, 1 The jjravi'S 
 are ahi>nt twe ami a half I'eet deep, anil iiniler them, ninnini,' duwn Ihroiiyli lianl elay, are eirenlar ash-pits, as we 
 call them, three feet in diameter, and I'rum twn tu six I'eet in depth. These Iniles are lllled wiih ashes and earth, 
 inelnsing ilill'erent kinds of stnne and hei'e articles : pipes, axi's, arri)\v-heads, deer and eik-liiims, wt-»rked and 
 tinwnrked, hone awls and needles, and llsh-hueks and harpu'in-heads of the same material. We have openi'd iiver 
 feur hundred (if these in the cemetery. From erdinary ealeulation of the growth of trees on the graves, wo esti- 
 mate tho trees to be from two to three hundred years old. How old tlie graves are, or tlic ash-pits, or for what 
 purpose the latter were made, we have no eonjecture." 
 
 ^S 
 
 < 
 
 i 
 
m 
 
 wmm^ffmrnrnfimmmfi 
 
 t i iwi m ii<iii > i . i «M « .in i .w i iii 
 
 , 'i 
 
 n 
 
 ir 
 
 ' 'I' 
 
 It - 
 
 If^f 
 
 y= 
 
 >' 1 
 
 i 
 i ' 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 ii 
 
 
 ; ,1 
 
 1 
 
 I ill 
 
 120 
 
 ritKIIISTOKIC KISIIINO. 
 
 .vjio oltligin;,!}' loaiiod it to mo for tlu' piu'itosc ul" liavinj,' it (Iriiwii. Tho Imok, 
 I am i'lloriiuMl !»' tliat j,'('iit Ionian, occurred in tlic "Indian ^'rave-yanl " nt 
 t'larksvillo on tlic (Miio River, two miles and a iialf ahove New AHiany, nearly 
 ojiposito Louisvillo. Tlio graves, being situatcil at a bond oi' tlio river, bocomo 
 
 Km. ls6.-N«w Yurk. 
 
 Km. IH7, — Iiniiuim. r'lu. IwM.— itliiu 
 
 Fklh. 18G-188.— Bone tisli-hooks. 
 
 exposed after tlio spring-freshets by the cnuiibling away of the bank, and have 
 yielded many relics, the commercial value of which is well ajipreciated by tlio 
 residents. Of late years, however, comparatively little has been found. 
 
 Fig. ISS. — This illustration shows the form of a rather uncouth bone fish- 
 hook, which, nevertlieless, bears a general resemblance to some of the lacustrine 
 hooks represented on pages 48 and 49 of this work. It has been tigurcd by 
 Schoolcraft, who states that it was found within an earthen indosureon Cunning- 
 ham's I.sland, in Lake Eric; (Ohio). "Within these indosures have been found 
 stone axes, jiipcs, ijerforatnr.-,, bo.H> tish-liooks, fragments of i)ottery, arrow-heads, 
 net-sinkers, and fragments of huiuan bones.'"'' 
 
 Fig. 189. — This figure, representing a large bone hook, is taken from Dr. C. 
 C Abbott's •• I'rimitive Industry," before (luoted.f The specimen is in possession 
 of Mr. W. Wallace TooUer. of Sag Ilarlxir, Long Island, New York, and was 
 found by him in a shell-heap in the neighborhood of Sag Harbor. It is the only 
 object of this kind iliscoverod by that gentleman in the course of his exiilorations 
 of shell-heaps in Long Island. 
 
 Fig. 190. — Tlie original, a tine bono hook with deeply-notched shank, belongs 
 to Dr. J. F. Snyder, of Virginia, Cass County, Illinois. I am indebted to him 
 
 * Schoolcrttft : Ilistorical and Stiitistiral Inforinntion, rospectin;; tho Ilisti.ry, Condition and Prospects of the 
 Indian Tribes of Ui<! United Stall's ; Vol. II, Pliiladelpliiii, 18.5- ; p. 87 ; Pig. 4 on Pluto 38. 
 
 i Fii;. HID on |,. iOH. 
 
 il 
 
 , I 
 
FIHII-IIOOKH. 
 
 127 
 
 fnv n .IrawniK of U.o «,,odmo„. " It was 1o,„h|," l.o sta.,., "son.c yoar.s a... al 
 '•• l'.'s.« ..I a lnn,,r M.o.HMl ..n Ih,- o.lf^o of Mou.ul Lako, i„ Cass ('.„„;, y. in :,„' nf 
 tl.o .Mnm.nH.s lu.a,,s ..f ..a.np-rul.l.isl. ||k.,v s.n,. n.nsistin,' of ..n;ss..l.sln.|ls 
 a^ u's, ..|,a,v..al, an.l .aril.. i„t..rs,H.rs...l wi.l. ...anv .Va,.no„.s of pottn-v. flint' 
 
 1'"''^' ■■;"•',' '^ '" •'-•' '•""•"'"'. -i'-' t..rk..y, ra..,u,, ..poss.nn, el „ .1.; whole 
 
 covoml w.th sa.ul and silt aoposited by the imnulatiuns of ages 
 
 Flu. 190.-III|iioia. 
 
 Kid. M9.-I,otm l»l«n.|. 
 
 Fios. 189-11)1. —IJono fisli-hooka. 
 
 Kia. lui.-oiilu (M»ai«<)iivillo). 
 
 Mound Lako-hko all th- od.or lakes and slon^bs of the San.an.on 
 I3o torn-,, n.oroly a sOvh-l, of u,.,. of the an.-i<.nt hods of the S,u„an.on Uivor 
 |... .o.nnu.n.cates with it l>y a shoH outlet; and is now, as it pn-l^hlv was ..n. 
 _u 0. ,,.,, to alutat o .nnun.erahle pike, hum.lo, ..t, and othe.- .p.;,,« .,r ,,,0 
 . 1 . J .au had no ev.denee to sustain the idea that the ancient t Vihes „f ,i,is 
 ogu J underst.,odtl.e art of eatehin, tish with nets;* hut this hone hook proves 
 that they practised at least one method of ilshing." 
 
 -h.te, and _,s ot exeellent worku.anship and well polished. The uppe p." 
 Uiesha^dc^hul.^^,^,^^ the well-cut groove, is four-sided. The tigure 
 
 » Dr. Snydor found n„ not-sinkort m tl,nt neighborhood. 
 
 I 
 
 '.V 
 
 f t 
 H''5 
 
 il 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 it ■ M 
 
 K/ ' ii 
 
>M.ssa 
 
 .'It ' 
 
 lit ; 
 
 +i ' 
 
 
 m 
 
 'i 
 
 . f 
 
 1! 
 
 i! 
 
 J' 
 
 128 
 
 I'UEUISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 shows !i portion of tlio inarrow-civity of tlio bono. Tlii;, specimen, fcunil in one 
 of the Mailisonvillo ash-pits or gnives, was sent to the National Mnseuni, with u 
 view to furtlier inv work, hv the Hon. Joseph Cox. its posse^or is tlie II..11. 
 
 tianuiel F. Covinurton, of Cincinnati. 
 
 Ki.j. l'.L'.-i)liii. (Mii.li...nvilli.). Kin. l'j:l.-Now Ytirk. 
 
 Fliis. 11)2 iiiid ll).">. — Fi.-li-liiMiks (it' 1)11111! mill ilicr-linni. 
 
 /lu;. 102. — Another line speeinien tVnni thi' M.'ulisonvillo conictory, and, like 
 tiM riojiial .f l''i,i;-. 15M. owned liy Mr. S. V. Covington. This earefnlly-worked 
 and polished hook is somewhat ilattish at liie npper end of the shaidv, while 
 the remaining portion, excepting the curve where the marrow-cavity apiiears, 
 presi-'it.T ;i roundish form. 1 h.ive not st'en any other Ixme tish-hook found in 
 the United St.ates which is jjierced for suspensjnn. 'riie hole is pl.iced near 
 the extremity of iIik shank, .and carefully drilled from hotii sides. This 
 specimen shows .-i ■, cllnwidi colnr. 
 
 Fig. !!>.'{. — Till llgnre, ri present i''.^;' a d 'cr-horn lish-liook, is copied from a 
 drawing kindly sent liy the I\r\ . W. M. IJe.-inrli.iHip. of l>;ddwins\ illo, Onondaga 
 County, New York Tliis spcrine'ii w.is luund, in ISSd, liy ,1 l.iborer on wli.at is 
 calli'd tlie .\iwrll Site, in I'ompey Tnwnsliip, (),iniid;ig,i (or .Madisnii) Cuui ty, 
 Xew ^'ork.- ami is ,n posscssiun of Mi L. W. Lcdyard, i>\' Cazi no\ ia, in .Mad- 
 ison Connty of that state. Tin- limik being pro\ ided with a barb. Mr. Heau- 
 cliamp I'liinks lli.it it w.is made, in imitation of the I'airope.an ll>h-linok, by an 
 Oniimlag.i Indian in tbe scsiMiteenth century. There w;is aiM'arlliwork .and ditch 
 on the site, wliirh has yielded di'er-horn forks nr cnndis, bone punrhe.^. awls of 
 deer-horn, day pipes, some of them i-xhibiting curiously intertwiiu'ii luinian 
 
 * "Till' ."ill'," »»yf Mr. Il('iiiii'liaiii|>, " i« ciimiuinly (li'.«('rllii'il iis l»ini' "ii Lnt 44, riiiii|ii'y. Oti>iiiJiii;H t'lmiily, 
 bill i." iiiuru 8lrictly in Mudisuii C'uiiiity. " Tliusu cuuiilius, iil' cimrao, uru euiilljjiiutis. 
 
 
 I 
 
I'ISII-IKIOKS. 
 
 129 
 
 foc-es, pottery with luunan fiurs .-.t ll,. a^nl.-s uf tl.o ri.ns. :n..l ,n,,„v otla-r oLjccts. 
 llio specimen l.ere figuro.l is the only v.^nhvU harl.ed lish-iu-ok uf aburi'.ni.al 
 '"'uuitadure known to n>e, .-nul Mr. iJe,-uieh,m>p-s view as to i,s recent on.nn 
 appears very plausil)h>. 
 
 In California, as stated, lish-hooks have have been luund in greater number 
 than 111 tlie eastern jtart of JVortli America. 
 
 Kl.l. IM. 
 
 l''ici. 19,5. 
 
 Fi.is. 194 1.11,1 19o.~J{oMc fy.-houks. >Saiu:i Cruz IslaiKl. (262-10). 
 
 Fi.?-.s. li)4 ami li)r,.-They represent bone hooks from Santa frn. Island 
 whu-h wiMV obtained by .Mr. Stephen I'.owers. In the..e spe-i.nens the ■ ntor 
 ••m-ve IS nm.Kled, the inner rather Miunla. mitii it reaches the .shank, whi. .i pre- 
 sents a ronical .shape, an.l is dcslii „,, of any di'vice for liohlim, a line The end 
 "t the In,,, was tightly wonn.l ar.m.d tli. shank an-l fasten,.,! ,„, with asphaltum 
 l-Hions of whi,.h can still be seen in . th sp....i„H.ns. Even the impre.s.sionJ 
 produ..,.,! by the line are visible. The y cnliar featnre of tli,..s,. lish-ho„ks an,l 
 ■'"l.HMl. ol n,.arly all other CaHforiiian sp,.,.in„.ns in th,. National Mn.rmu ,s the 
 ei.ise approach of the ,.nrv,.,l point to Ih,. shank-a f,.atnr,. whi,.|, a,-taallv has 
 ;.'<l..c..,I son,,, to .ioalit (h,ir u.se a.s lishi„.-i,„p|,„„.„,... | i,.,,„, , ,,,,„ ,„;.,.^,,,,, 
 'n r,.|,io\ ;i;- ihes,. ibmbts. 
 
 I''ip<. !!•-! :o l!,!l („„ p,^. i;{())._Th,.s.. ti^,M.,.s show ,1,,., ,..,..,„.,. „f ii, 
 
 7''-' ^' "' """•'• '•••vl"l"''l t-nns. Tl„.y w,.re ,.,dl,.cte,l bv .Mr. l',„,| Schnm., 
 
 eher on the Islan-I of Santa Crn/. In tl„. original of Fi,- !!•(! H ,„l of th,. 
 
 '''•"!'' "-' ^■'■'' ••' ^'""■t •'"-''■i'"''' •'" ' .-ide.s. ami fartiM.r ,low„ .,„,,.h,.,i .„, ,|„. 
 
 nnls„l,.. ihns otn.riao- a firm h,d,l to ll„. lin... Wh,.iv the .hank „is, ..li,,.;,, ,,.,,,,, 
 
 ;:' •■'^•'''■•''f'"" ••'"•'• I"-rc,ivab|,.. i„ (ho ,i„, „u.r sp,.ci„„.ns .1... f.stcni'; f' ihi. 
 
 Imewas pc^vtun,,,.,! i„ ,., similar n.ann,.r ; but (h,. ,.•, v,. on b„||, .si,l,C,.t ,|,, 
 
 s ank ,s ,.a,Ti..I aro.nnl it. Th.. lo,„. hooks in this .,..,up hav,. a n,m.|, fresher 
 •'I'l"''"'""''' »1'.". til" pr,-,.,.,li„u on,.s. an,l in th.. last fluv,. th.. shanks ,„•.. |hi,.Uv 
 -ve,v,I with a>pl,altu„,. Tho b,,rb-iik.. pn,i,„,i „ ,|,., .„.,,, ,,.,,,^ „,,,.,. 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
^iaWJiiiaa&A^>fclffi>miV»WHfiirimw»r 
 
 ■.r^ ■?» ,;■ J Wt y; ^^r- n 
 
 ! . 
 
 130 
 
 PREIIISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 Characterizes these specimens, probably was only intended to hold the bait in 
 place. 
 
 Fiu. 1J7. 
 
 
 ir 
 
 Fiu. IJS. 
 
 All 
 
 Fius. 190-1 i)9.— Hone fish-liDoks Saimi Cm/, I.slaiid. (,1«1»«J. 
 
 L*' I 
 
 The same iVatinv rliaractt>rizos Nrw Zealand lisli-lidoks,"' and it is obsorviible 
 in two liiKiks tVnin An-tii- Anicrica. preserved in tlu> United States Natinmd 
 iMuseum, and rcpre^ 'd by llu' lullDwini;- liuinvs. 
 
 The i)ri,L.'inal n[' Fig. 2110 is a larLrc Ijonc liuoU iVnni (ireenlaiid, itpcsentcd by 
 the t'opeidiMixen Musenni. This imnk is iinbafbiMl. and cxbibils the nuter pro- 
 jection, thoiiirh not very prHniinfiitiy. 'i'lic np|H'r end nt tlic sliiink is |iii"rc(>d 
 with two Inilcs. Tiie a',)|)caran(i' nj' lin' bone indicates tliat Ibis bonk is r.atbcr old. 
 
 The (itlier siiccinien, rcprescnlcd by l''ii:'. 2(tl. is liarbcd and pro\ idcd wilb 
 a i»arl>-li've point nil till' iMit-idc. It was presented tn tin Xatiniial Alnseiini by 
 Dr. E'wii Hessels, til wlniiii it bail been iiiveii by Captain II. ('. Cliesler, of the 
 United States Conunission of Fi.sh anil Fisheries. Tiie laiur iiil'iiriMed nie ho 
 
 » Sw I'ii; m.") oil |i. n" 
 
 .-..T--— -;=-•-:- -j:^ 
 
FISH-HOOKS. 
 
 131 
 
 liacl obtained it from Eskimo.s near Chesterfield Inlet, in the northern part of 
 Hudson's Bay. Tiiis hook, which shows a iwculiar contrivance for fastening the 
 line, namely, a cavity sunic from the top of the shank met by a lateral one, seoins 
 to consist of reindeer-horn. 
 
 Fw. am.-liskimo,, i)ro,.iil»„,l. (iVKU). Fio. aii._Esklm(,.. (■|u,.t..rliol.l ImIb!, iTMrj). 
 
 Flus. 200 and 201.— Fish-lmoks oi' lionu uiul riiiKloer-lu.rn. 
 
 There are mo.h'n. bone fish-hooks from tril)e.s of the Northwest Cnast and 
 
 otiier nurthern re-ions of America in the Eli l.,-ical JJ.^p.irtmriit of the United 
 
 States Xational Museum. These. Imwever. mv .ompuse.l <( diH'crent parts, .-uid 
 tlie originals of Fig.s. i'()(» ;nul 201 are the only specin.e. -vmsisting of ,-, single 
 piece. 
 
 I now pas8 ..ver to (.alifornian lish-hooks made of she U. 
 
 I'ld. lilW. 
 
 Fkis. 202 :uu\ 20:;. -SIkII fi«l,.lio.,ks. .Siiiita Cm/ MiuM. > 2(!252) 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 "I 
 ii-i 
 
f 
 
 moB 
 
 wmmmmmmmsBmrn 
 
 :\ 
 
 132 
 
 rUEUISTOlUC FISHING. 
 
 Figs. 202 ,111(1 203 (on the procoding page). — Two Iiooks cut from the slioll 
 of Mytilus CnliforniftHiiK, and exliiliiting on Ixilli sides the natural surfaces of 
 tlic valve, wliicli is j'rnni one-eiglitli to one-fourth of an inch in thickness. They 
 resonible so much the originals nf Figs. 104 and lil') that a further description 
 is unnecessary. Traces of asphaltum are seen on the shanks of these hooks. 
 They were found by Mr. Stephen Bowers on Santa Cruz Island. 
 
 1 
 
 f1 
 
 If 
 
 IN 
 
 \ 1 
 
 Fio. an. Fio. 2ori, 
 
 FioH. 204 1111(1 2().').— Shell li.sli-li..oks. Santa Cruz Island. (2(V_'.y2). 
 
 Figs. 204 and 20u. — Of the same material, and also obtained at Santa Cruz 
 Island by ^Ir. Uowers, arc the hduks represented by the.se two tigures, which 
 show with suTlicient distinctness in what manner the line was fastened. 
 
 Fid. 200. -Shell (ir-h-iuMik. San Nicolas Ishiiid. (^20IO(i). 
 
 Fig. 200. — This specimen, cut tVum a |>iece uf the Jlaliofin, is apparently 
 very old, yet still retains tiie lieaiitifui iridesc*. nee of that shell. F)'itli curves are 
 cut angularly. 'I'lie [loiiil is binKm nlV. .iml tlii' upper portiim nl' the shank 
 damaged. The tliickness is about tlin'e-sixleentlis of an inch. Tiiis specimen 
 was obtained by Mr. Sclaimaclier on San Nicolas Islaml. 
 
mk^ 
 
 FISH-HOOKS. 
 
 133 
 
 Figs. 207 to 209.— In this gr..iip arc roprcseiitcd three fish-hooks of Jlalioti^. 
 shell, obtained on Santa Cruz Island by Mr. Schumacher. 
 
 Kiu. '.'in. 
 
 Fins. 207-20f).-,Slioll fish-hooks. SmiU Cniz Islmi.l. (20407). 
 
 Fig. 210.— A toloi-al)ly well preserved hook of iraliotis-HhoW from Santa 
 Cruz Island, found by Mr. Sduimaeher. 
 
 F... 2I0.-Ran.,.TuzlHl,.n,l. ,IR1S9). F,o. 2U.-.««„ Mlgncl l,l«nd. (fflC2t). 
 
 Fids. 210 .11.(1 211.— Shell fish-hooks. 
 
 Fig. 211.— This ligtiro represents a small specimen cut from the M,/fih,s 
 Ctilijoniiaiius in such a manner that the original surfaces of the slicll have (ot-illv 
 disappear."-!. T;. - specimen, obtained by .Mr. Mowers on San .Aliuuel Island 
 hardly has suffered from the eflects of tini.>. and shows the purple coh.r of the 
 inner ma.ss of the shcll.-Thc barb-like pn.jcctinn un tl,e outer curve, character- 
 istic of somc.f theCalilorMian iu.ne fisli-hook.s, is abs.Mit in the shell hooks from 
 the same region, at least in the specimens in the National IMuscum. 
 
 Mr. Schumacher discovered on Santa Cruz Island a -rave which probably 
 was that of a maker ..f shell fish-hocks, for it ••..ntained th.. tools used in tlieiV 
 manufacture as well as the material in all sta!.a-s of fabrication. 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
.... . . 'i.i9mmmmmmm^-.,:r^..z 
 
 f^fm^m^mv^wm 
 
 ^iPilii 
 
 \i 
 
 
 fH 
 
 I! ; I- 
 1^ ll 
 
 If I! 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 IMtKPIISTOKIC FISIIINQ. 
 
 rn Fig. 212 n.pre«cM.tations of a series of objeots illustrating the process of 
 manutaoturo are grouped together. A piece of //«/,W/.s-shelI ^u. tir.st rec cc" 
 to a rude chsc-tonn (a), and tl.en pierced with a hole in the centre (b) by means 
 
 
 -.Fw'rrSjTaii 
 
 d 
 
 g 
 
 r?\-':v^^.^S'^^Kv 
 
 h i 
 
 Fr... 21'2,-.S.nos of .Ic.sijrns illustrative of the method of making H8h-hook« of shell. 
 
 Of a f.,ur-side.l pointed flint in.plentent (c). The enlarging and rounding of the 
 li'.lo (as shown i„ ,1) u-..,s perforn.ed with a donl>le.pointed borer of hard, coarse 
 sandstone (e), and an ordinary flat piece .,f sandston,« ..erved to grind the per- 
 forated d.sc mto a ring.]il<e fnr.n (f). IJy the ren.oval of .-ertain portions of this 
 nng (hatched ,n g) with a s..rt ,.f double-edged stone knife (h) and some further 
 
 ill 
 
FISII-ICOOKS. 
 
 136 
 
 touches a fisli-Iiook (i) was produced. Tliis l.rief aceniuit is an abstract from 
 one of tlie interesting arti<;les pulilislied liy .Mr. ]*aul Seliiuiiaclier.* 
 
 Allusion was made to tlie .•^lioit distanee between tlie point and sliank in 
 nearly all Calil^jrnian hooks, and it was added that on this aceonnt their suitable- 
 ness for fishing.purposes had been doubted. It is difficult, if not impossible, 
 to perceive how iish could have I)een caught with hooks of this form, unless it 
 is assumed that they swallowed both bait and hook. The latter, however, may 
 have served the double purpose of hook and bait. Yet there can hardly be 
 any doubt as to their use, considering that similar tish-hooks (or, perhaps 
 more properly, baits or bait-holders) are still employed by islanders of the 
 Pacific Ocean. In the following figures 1 represent two fish-hooks obtained 
 during Lieutenant Wilkes's circumnavigation of the globe, and preserved in the 
 National Museum, with the other objects of ethnological interest collected in the 
 course of that voyage. The illustrations can be relied on as perfectly accurate. 
 
 Fu). 2i;i.— Siuiioiiii li.'-li-liouk of .shfll witli stono siiikiT. to399). 
 
 * Si-liMriiMi'licr: I)i( 
 
 *'" '\""''-"^""^' ''"■'■ A-U-l -.11 ans M,,:, l,,.ls..l,„i,.. l„.i J,.„ fruhmM, nowohnorn (I.t In.s,.!.. 
 
 imSan.,. Harl,,,™ CannI ; Anhiv lur Antl,r,.|,„l„,i,. ; V.,1. VM, ,s- ,,. .J,,^. „io. (a|s,.: linllwin of ,1„. V,uU-d 
 hUUs Oooloy.oul and U.. |.hkal Survey .,r tl,. IVnit,.,],.. ; \ „. lll.N,, 1, Wusluui;!,,,,, Wl ; ,.. -IL-, ,.u..^ 
 
 %>* 
 
 ,1 
 'i 
 
 
 m 
 
s^qb: 
 
 mm 
 
 136 
 
 I'HKHISTdlMC 1 ISIIINO. 
 
 Tho orii';iniil of Fig. 21;}, on tlic pivtftliiig \M\iH', wms procured on one of tlio 
 Samoan I^<lall(ls. It shows the hook, which is umdo of nacreous slicll, connected 
 with the sinker by means of vegetal)h> ril)re, botii plaited .and twisted with great 
 care. Tlie sinker is an entirely unaltered, somewhat porous pebble, apparently of 
 
 volcanic origin. 
 
 i'i'i 
 
 '^ 
 
 • ! 
 
 
 1. 
 
 llSv 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 Fid. 214.— Fish-hook of tiirtloslioll(?>. ScHe Island. (aOTG). 
 
 Fig. 214 e.vhibits the form of n liouk derived from natives of Werle Island, 
 one of the coral isles of the liow Arcliipelago. imt far from the Society Islands. 
 This identical hook is mentioned by hr. Charles I'ickering. who lielonged to the 
 seientitic statl" attached to the United States Exploring Ivvpedition. Ann)ng 
 the articles (d)taincd from the islanders, he says, was "a large tish-hook (perhaps 
 
 ! 
 
 
I'ISII-IIOOKS. 
 
 187 
 
 <.r turtlo-bono), in form and tic .sin.ilar to tl.oso wo aftorward.s saw at tl.o Dis- 
 appDinfniciit Islands."* 
 
 In tl.o ori.irin.ds „r Figs. 2i;{ and L'14 tl.o point ai)p.-oacl.os tl.o sl.ank so 
 clcso that tl.o idoa of Imdhnj n fish with thon, .n.ist bo al.a..donod; and vol tl.ov 
 aro actual lish-hooks, acquirod, many yoars ago, by bartor Iron, isla.ido.; of tho 
 South Soa. 
 
 
 Pro. 215.— Bone fl.ili-Ii.H.k. Now Zealand. 
 
 Fig. 2ir), rcprcsonting a llsh-hook f.-om Xow /oaland. 
 c.xcolloiit lilllo work, ontillod " Tho Now /o.-daiid 
 
 V(dnn.oof "Tho Lil).-,irv of Fntoi-t 
 
 lining KnowI(>(U 
 
 is oopiod f.-om an 
 <'i's,"' which was pnblishod as a 
 . - '"•'.^■••■' (l^ni.don. 1,S,'{0). I liMVc 
 
 sclodod th,- hgu.r tnm. a gn.up of Ilshi„g-i,„ph>,„..,.ts on pauo ],Sf) Tho hook 
 It w.ll bo soo... oxhibifs ..ot only tl.o Ho.so p..oxi,Mi.y of point in.d sha.d., b„l also 
 tho outs.do barb lor fasto..ing a bait. Nothing is said oonoon.ing its sixo 
 
 For tl.o purpo.so of fnrthor oin.-idation. I oxti-aot tVom Ellis's " Polynosi-in 
 Ko.soaro .OS" a fow passagos boaring on tishi.ig with hook and li,.o a..,on.. tl 
 Sociotv Islandoi'.s : — " 
 
 .0 
 
 " I hoy ..so th.< iM.ok a..d lino both in tl.o s,.,ootl. walor witld.. (ho ivof ..nd 
 •■' tl- npon son ; and i,. .litlon.nt ...odos display g.rat skill. In ,i:is dopa,-ti.,o..t 
 h,-y sridon, iK.vo a.iy bait, ox.vpting a sn.all kind of ,.ob,.. a blaok iVosh-wator 
 hsh, wlM.h ,ho,v ...nploy who., oalohing albioo.vs a..d bo.d.os. Thrir InMs u.nalh, 
 '^»s,rn- fh, MIe ,m-po.r of hook- nn,} half.]- Thoir IL.os aro ...ado will, tl.o lou^d 
 c -slio .•oiiiaha. .>r flax, twistod by tl.o hai.d. " 
 
 , "•" "<• l'-'"-t of Iho wo,.hl,po,-haps.a.-o tl.o {..habitants boltor lisl.o.-mon • 
 an.l oons.dor...g Iho.r forn.or o..li.-o dostitnlio,. of i.-on, thoir variotv of lishin-.: 
 .ppa.-al..s .s as,o,usl,ing. Thoir hooks wo.v of ovo.-y lorn, and si.;. a,.d ...ad^ 
 ot wood, sl.oll, or bone— frequently human bone. 
 
 ♦ Pickorini;: Tlio liiiei's of Man; London, 1872; p. 48. 
 t Tlie itnliiiziiij; in tlieao e.\lniit>^ ia niy own 
 Kl8 
 
 ts 
 
 
 i\ 
 
! t 
 
 138 
 
 I'ltI'MIISTOKIO I'ISIilNn. 
 
 '■ Tlic hunks niadi' with wood woiv curious: sninc wcrtM'xccrdiiiirlv siiuill, 
 not iiioiv tliaii lu'o ortlirci' iiidics in Iciiuth. hut n-iniirk-Jily slroiiu'; otiicrs wctl* 
 larif(>. Tlu' woixU'ii hooks inri' iirrcr /nir/inl, Inil Hinqth/ finiiifal, iisital/i/ curved 
 iinvards tit the point, hut st)iiK'tiuit's staiuliiijx out vi-rv wide, oirasionally aruu'd 
 at tho point witii a ])ioeo of hone. 
 
 "Tht" sholl, or slicll and hiiu- liooks. were curious and useful, and always 
 answcn-d the juirposo of hook and liail ; f/ir siiiall imcs nrr niailr </liiiusf circular, 
 and bent so an to resenili/e a worm. "'■'■' 
 
 Of this s|HH'ial form aro the Californian hooks n'presonlod hv Fiurs. 10-t, 
 19r», 2iy.\. L*04. and others. They prohahly wero intended to imitate worms, and 
 to he swallowed entire hy the tish. 
 
 It appears to uie that those ethnidoixists who claim an atlinity hetween 
 the Californians and Malays ndnht use the similarity in iIh' lisli-liooks anioiiii' 
 these peoph s as an aruument in favor of their theory. 
 
 The foimer inhaliitants of this country, it is wi'll known, made to .some 
 extent implenu'nts ;ind ornaments of native copper, which they lirouu'ht into 
 shape hy hammeriiiu-. their supplies of the virgin m<'tal l)eini;' in all ])rol),aliility 
 chiefly derixed from the district of Lake Su|ierior, where the traces of ]»rimitive 
 mininix-o[)erations are aluindant. Among the copper articles hitherto discovered 
 are a tew tish-hooks, harpoon-heads, and sinkers. Though 1 knew of the exis- 
 tence of several copper fish-hooks iu the United States, I could ohtain only ouo 
 specimen for inspection and representation. It helongs to Mr. Charles li. Alann, 
 of .Milwaukee, and was for a short time ohli<;ingIy placed at my disposition hy 
 that ueiitleman. Fiur. 21() shows it in full size. 
 
 Fni. 21(1. — Copper fl^li-liook. WisooiiHin (Oconto Uivcr). 
 
 Mr. .Mann descriiies its mode of manufacture so well that I will quote his 
 own words: — " It is made of coi)per, hammered thin, and rolled u|» just as one 
 
 *K11U; I'cilyiiojiuii Ucspiiruhcf ; VmI. 1, I.i.ruloii, IH.V!; |i. 14.'), etc. — Tlio nutlinr s|u'!ik» rnun porsoiml ulistr- 
 vutiiin, )iuviiii; lioon eiiijugi'd in iiii«si.prmry laliors in Polyni^^iii fniiii 181(;-"24. Tim llrst cililion nf " IVlyncsian 
 Ucscnrclii's " ii|iii('nrc(l in 1S28. 
 
 i 
 
risii-MooKs. 
 
 139 
 
 wiiulfi roll 11 
 
 |> a |.ic'<'0 of i.iipcr l.v circfiilly l).';,'inniiinf at tli<> cdov. || is ,„,( onh 
 
 un ciitirclv iiiii(|iii< and liorotolin-c u 
 
 l)iil 
 
 Ills.. Ill til.' iiatiiiv of .•orrol)orativ.> .■si.l..|ict> that 
 
 riiioti.'c.l iiK'tliod of ab.iriLrinal workmaiisl 
 
 III) 
 
 were produce. I liy liaiiiiiicriiii 
 
 P 
 all our copper iiiipleiiieiitH 
 
 duccd iiileiiti.iiiallv, f.>r tl 
 
 Tlie swelJin.L,' .(f tlio slianU was ner 
 
 lias a opper awl fasliioiie.l |jv 
 
 I" purpose ..f alVonliiiM; , I ii, ,1.1 i,, tli.- 1 
 
 perliaps pro 
 iiK". -Mr. .Mai 
 
 111 
 
 says, "aloii-- witli otliers in.f made in tl 
 
 !i siiiiilar pro.-esH. 
 
 Iiese tw.» iiiipleiueiits," lie 
 
 bits of .'opper, weiv foiiii.l in l.).).se wl 
 
 saino way, and many iinw.n-ked si 
 
 n.'il 
 
 III 
 
 vor, (Jreen Hav, W'is.-.nisin. Ti 
 
 lili' sand, near tlie nioiiMi ..f tlie O.-.mt. 
 
 iiuusualiy ••■o.hI preservation 
 
 lie consistency of the soil accounts tor tl 
 
 10 
 
 Nort 
 
 roiisi.leriiiu- that tisliin.i,' with hook and 1 
 
 no was commonly ])ractiscd by tlio 
 
 1 American tribes at the time ..f lli.>ir lirst .•..ntact with I 
 
 com|)arative scarcity ..f fisIi-li.M.ks in th.- territory tormerl 
 remarkable. May ii..t th.^ natives also have ma.le tish-li.'.oks ..iit 
 
 liiropeans, the 
 
 y occupied iiy th.'iii is 
 
 of substances 
 
 ch was lint 
 
 'i'"i'" liabl,. t.. .lecay than b.,ne. Irnrn or shell, not to speak of c..ppcr, whi 
 i-aroly us.mI? The people ..f th.' N-..rthwest C.ast, for i 
 pivseiiL ho.)ks tor eatchin- halibut and ..ther tish entirol 
 
 or instance, make ev.'ii at 
 
 the Mol 
 
 A number of tl 
 
 three of which are i 
 
 y of spruce- Woo. 
 
 anil 
 
 lav's III Arizona, until lately, utilize.l bent cactus-spines as lisli-ho.-l, 
 ■ 'u'se were sent t.> the Xational Museum by Dr. Edwar.l I'almer. 
 .^presented in Figs. 1>17, 218, ami 21U. 
 
 I 
 
 ■■!■■ 
 
 Kms. '-'17-'2!!1.— Fi.s|,.li„„ks made .if iacliis-.s|.iiio.s. Molmv.s, Ariz. 
 lie thus .l.'scribes their m.-imifactiire :— 
 
 'iiii. (2-li;W). 
 
 "Qiiostioniiin- s..iiie ..1.1 In.iiaiis about their native tl.s|,-li.,.,ks, F f..und that 
 they us.'.l tl... spin,' ,.f a (-a.^tus f..r this p,irp..se. Ilaviiin- ma.le a bai-ain with 
 <»n.. t.. alL.w me t.. see him make the li.-oks, he roturne.l in a few Imurs with a 
 plant an.l a number of the spines ..f Echhwrcrtn. Wislhcm. He c..mm,.n,.ed by 
 placm- the spines in water f..r a short tim.-, in ..rder to render them pliable, at 
 
 
 'ill 
 
 ■r,^, -' 
 
jiiBrr'' iimgini.: 
 
 JjiL.^ r.ij; 
 
 -i 
 
 ^ 
 
 !'■ 
 
 110 
 
 I'UKlllsTOHlf I'ISIIINd. 
 
 till' siiiiit' time wrappiiiu; tlu< tliuinli ;iiiil lir.'^t tiiii^or of liis ri^lit liniid with riii.M. 
 Ho tlu'ii mink' ii small tnrdi about linlf the size of (Hu's little lliiyiT \)\ twistint,' 
 t*i)iiu' picfi's 'if rai;.s toirotlicr ratlici" t;j,'litl_v. St'lrctiiiu; ii s|iiiii> tVom tlic water 
 and iilaciiii;' it lietweeii tl'C ends ut' tlie wrapped tliiimli and limber, the tdreh was 
 lit and held in the let't hand elose to the spine, the workman dexterously ehani,'in,i,' 
 th<' position so as to impart the same amount of heat to all portions at once. 
 Oeeasionally he moistened the spine in his mouth. Hy this application of heat 
 and moisture he tempered the s]iine. and at the same time applyini,' a ueiille 
 pressure liy the end of the wrapped tini,'er. he was soon aide to produee a very 
 fair and stroni; hook. As soon as a suflieieiit curvature is olitained, it is secured 
 liy fasteiiiiiir a strinj; from the point to the shaft. 
 
 '• The lish of the Colorado River, e.iteii liy the Mohaves, do not nildde the 
 li.iit. hut linlt it, hook and all, and are killed liy the wounds which are made in 
 their iiills. This cactus-spine hook wtudd he of no use in catchiiiLi; lish that 
 nililile, as there is no li.-irli. The I ndi.ins fasten the 'lail liehnv the hook liefore 
 throwiu'j; it into the w.iter. The iron hooks iditained from the white> now t.ike 
 the place of their old-fashioned ones."''- 
 
 This '■ lioltiiii:-," as Dr. Palmer calls it, throws some liijht on the ;ii>plicaliility 
 of the Caliroriiian lish-houks. 
 
 The eastern Indians, of <'ouvse, could not eni]>loy cactus-spine.s, liul they 
 h.id thorny liriishes and trees, which miyht have furnished them the m.aterial 
 for lish-hooks. 
 
 Fid. 220. — lloncy-lorusi Iwii; willi spine, cut to rcsi'mlilo a (ish-lKmlc. 
 
 By way of illustration, I present in l''iLr. 2J(Mhe delineation of a hook which 
 I cut from the thorn-bearinj,' portion of u stem of the honey-locust ((llcdiischia 
 
 * PiiliiHr: Fi«li-IIo.ilis if till! .M.ilmvo Imliuns ; Aincriciin Niituriili.«t ; Vol. XII, 187S; p. 403. 
 
 
IIAIU'OON-IIEADS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 triacmithoit, Liii.), ^jrowin;; in tlic District i»f Culiitiihia. Tliis lionk. (■(•nsistiiij; 
 of U>u<ih \V(M)(I, |ir<>lt.ilj|_v wniilil iiiaUi- jii.Ht us ctliciciit a tisliiiiL,'-iiiii>l<'iiiciit as tin- 
 Kutcliin liiMili ti.;,'iiri'(l mi pa^'i' ISA, «v as('a|»laiii Siiiitli's " splintt-r of iioiii- (vimI 
 to tiieclifl of a littK- stirkc" 
 
 The siiiiicrs used in connoftioii with iinc-tishinLT will lie ('(insiilcivil undrr 
 the jjcncral licad i>( ••Sinkers." 
 
 I am nol (•oi,'nizant of the cxistcnco "i jiny prcliistoric Nortii American 
 objei^s to which tlic character of lloats can lie attriliiited. 
 
 Ilnrpoon ami Arrow-hemh. — As in tiie first jiart of this work, the description 
 of harjioondieads joljows tliat of tlie implcnieiits nsed in an;;linL.' — a succession 
 bv no means intench'd to convey tlie idea tliat iiarpooniiiij was a later practice 
 than line-lishini,'. Man, in tin- opinion of many, hunted lish l)efore he caiiiiht 
 them. Yet, a harpoon, more especially one with a detachMl)le head, is a rather 
 complicated contrivanci-, .and its later developments may. ^-enendly spcikiiiir, 
 po.st-date the invention of a primitive amrlin^'-appanitns. A donlde-pointed 
 hoin' rod ;itlaclied to ,i line, thounh reipiirin,-; a bait, is certainly a very simple 
 device, tli.'it m.iy have lieen resorted to in the earliest limes. Thi- ipiestion of 
 priority, therefore, cannot he decided with aiiscdnte |)ositiveness. and thus it 
 matters little whether I tre.d luirpoon-houds ,d"ter lish-liooks, or rice rcrsn. 
 
 There can be little doubt that amonu; the immense number of dartdieads of 
 ('hipped silicious material, which ;tre found everywhere in this country, many 
 served ;is the arm;itures of spears ;ind iirrows used in the captni'e of lish. In- 
 deed, there is hardly a collection of such articles from which ii.irbed specimen.s 
 suital)le tor such ■•ipplications could not be selected; e\cu uuliarbed ones ai'e 
 thouu;ht liy some to have served as the heads of darts employed in the lish-liunt. 
 1 couhl tiiiure a series of such specimens; but in view of their welbknown char- 
 acter. ;ind of the circumst;ince th;d the use of any iriven object of this class in 
 connection with lishiiiL;- is absolutely problematical, 1 ret'r.iin from presentiuL,' 
 illustrations.^^' 
 
 The (ireeidand K-kimos sometimes used, .'i.s discoveries in ancient sepulchres 
 li.'ive shown, bl.ades of chipped tliid or ground .--l;ite for poinlinir the delacli.able 
 harpoondieads. somewhat in the manner shown by h'i::'. IK* on |ia;j:(' S.'{. 'riie 
 Eskimos of the more eastern ]i;irts of Xortli America likewise pro\ ided their 
 detachable h;irpoon-lieads with iii'ound sl.ite points; luit ;d present tin y insert, 
 like the (Ireenlanders, blades of iron, in consei|Uence of the increased facilities 
 of obtainiiiii th.it met.il.l- In uenend, however, tlu-ir h.-irpoon-he.-ids ,ire entirely 
 made of bone or walrus-ivorv. 
 
 * I iini uwiiri- of tlu' fxi-ili'iico of ii ffw >lt'mmi'(l Dint iHiint.-i wliirli itri' bariu'd only on on<* >iilt'. Il a)<[i*>tirs 
 |irnl>iibliJ tlmt tlioy witi^ tin' iinniiturc- of iirr.nvs used in »liootini; llsli. 
 
 t I liiivi! «(!i'ii sDiuo liiiri ns from tliu Norlliwusl Const, in wliicli tin' lioiul t'Tininiitid in :i lihxli' of slicot 
 
 I 
 
 ''1 
 
 ■-^i 
 # 
 
142 
 
 I'KKHISTOmo FISHINO. 
 
 ■;! 
 
 
 
 Wc loarn from (lio early accounts of Xortli America that lione-lioaded liar- 
 pooiis were in use amont,' the Indians inhal)itin!.' the Atlantic region. Captain 
 Smith, in treating tA' the Virginians (l()2i»). speaks of "staues like vnto lauelins 
 headed with hone." .Ios.-<el_vn (1<)74) describes the harpoon of the Xew England 
 Indians as " a kind of dart or staff, to t!.e lower end whereof tliey fasten a sharp 
 jagged hone;" yet he states at the sa'ue time that iron ])oints were superseding 
 those of lione. Uoger Williams, in referring to the same Indians (l(i4.'J), men- 
 tions "an harping Iron or Mich like Instrninenl." The Southern Indian.s 
 employed harpoons made of cane until the middle of the last century, and, 
 perliaps, in more recent times.* 
 
 Considering ihat hone, on account of its toughness, was an excellent material 
 f(U' pointing tishiiig-darts, the comparatively small numlier of old hoiu' heatls 
 thus far discuvereil in the United States would be somewhat surpriaing, if their 
 
 ml 
 
 I 
 
 h 
 
 Km. SJI.-Miiliio (CsHi'.i liay). Km '.'.'•J.-Siin Ni...l«.- Ihiii.l. (J'i:.J7V KIk. jj:i. -.-"iiii Ni."liiH l-liin.l (La'.L7). 
 FliiH. 'J'21-22.!. — lloui' liiir|Miiiii l.iiiil.t. 
 
 * 1^) " KxlrurU : " Cu|>tiiiii Siiiilh, .li>»-i'lyii, Itn^rr Williiiin.'., Itrirliill, Ailaii, lliiiHuiii, > to. 
 
 ^ 
 
IIAlU'dON-llKADS. 
 
 ii;} 
 
 scarcity could not bo h= counted for by tb')ir undoubtedly frequent loss in ti.e 
 water of the sea, of l.iUes, and rivers. 
 
 Anioii^^ the tweiity-eigiit heads of bone and horn, presently to bo ti-ured 
 and described, twenty are i)rovided with unihiteral, an.l unlv ei-ht witii l^iliitiTal 
 barbs. I believe t'«ut nio.st of them were arn.atmvs fur lishin--d,irts, ih.-u-li I 
 would n..t ailempt to decide in each case whether th.- siKrinnn IWrn.ed the I'.ninl 
 »>t a siie,-,r-liKe inipleineiil or of an arn.iv used in shoofin- lish. Tii.- ..bjecis 
 under n. tic,-, being nmstly cut from h..||ow bones, an- -enerallv tiallish. and often 
 cxinbit, lilio the bono li.sji-hooks. on one side a jmrfion ..f the n.arn.w-cavity. 
 
 Fi.i,'. I'Jl.—Tliis llunn' is reduced fy„u\ <>ur -iveii by PiMt'.wsnr .lelVrirs 
 Wyniaii.^:^ The nrj-ju;,! oc-nn-ed in a siiell-depdsit nri iion^r l-.|,iiid. ('as<-u ll.iy 
 Maine, and is described as a flattened |,iec,« cut fmn. a Ion- bon... imd shuwin- 
 (he cancellated structure on one side. Th.- puint and barb appear to be rou.uled 
 by trictiun. This si)ecinien i< in the Peabody ^fuseum. 
 
 Fi!,'. 2.12.— A harp-Mni-head witls ;, rather sharp pi.int and ;i sin£?le barb Its 
 h.wor end is taperin- and litte.l for in.sertion into a shaft. This sp,.c'inien appears 
 b' 1h> very old, its surface bein- much corroded and ble.-.ched bv exposure lis 
 loM-itudmal .-urv." (not per.rivable in the illustration) n-nders 'it pmbable that 
 It was <.ut from a rib. perhaps that of a cetacean. Obtained by Mr. Schumacher 
 on San .Xicelas Island. 
 
 Iig. 2i>'{.— A smalh r specimen of the same character, found liv Mr. Schu- 
 macher with the origi?iai of Fin-. 'J22. 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 'U 
 
 M 
 
 'A 
 
 Flu. iJI.-l'imln,-.hU,i l.hiii,!. ( ,,,,) |.-,„. ■.•.■■..-! ■,„.h..|,l.,, r.|u„,|. (I ,). l--,-, jj,,. ...M;,!,,.' (iMinari , „tui). 
 
 Fkih. 22l-2li().— IJiPin' liiir|iiMiii-luiul«. 
 
 « Wynmn: Am .\'<.....nt nf »„mo Kjn.U.iM.M.d.linu-s, ,„ SI„ ll-Mo:ii«, in Mttii.o ui.d MiiMmliiuoUn j AiUL-rua 
 
 N:iUir:.llM; V.,1. I, |Si;H; 1M;,I,. 1,',. I'i^r. |:1. ,1„„.,|| „„ ,, ,-,h:i. 
 
 
>!' 
 
 liv 
 
 If; 
 
 144 
 
 I'RKICISTOUIC FI8HINO. 
 
 Fif». 224 (t»n pjicr<' 143). — Tliis tiuuro represents one of a series of bone dart- 
 heads collected In- Mr. W. II. l);dl in sliell-lieaps on the Alentian Islands. Ho 
 has puhlislied an account of his examination of these artificial shell-deiKisits, 
 accompanied h\ illustrations of the relics found in them.* Mr. Dall comes to the 
 conclusion "that the people wiio tirst populated tlie islands were more similar to 
 the lowest <j;rades of Innuit (so-called Eskimo) than to the Aleuts of the historic 
 period; and tiiat while th;' development of the other Innuit went on in the direc- 
 tion in which they tirst started, that of the Aleuts was dilVerejitiated ami chaii^'ed 
 by the limitations of their envintnment ; that a ijradual progression from the low 
 Innuit staireto the present Aleut condition, without serious interruption, is plaiidy 
 indicated l»y the succession of tiie materials of, Jind utensils in, the shell-heaps of 
 the islands; that the stratilication of the shell-heaps shows a tolerably uniform 
 division into three staires, characterizeil by the food which formed the .staple of 
 sultsistcnce and by the weapons for oiitiiininu;. and utensils for prepariuL'. this 
 food, as found in the .separate strata; tlie.se sl.iijes lieiui,' — I. the littoral period, 
 repre.-iented by the ecliinus-l.iyer ; II. the lishing-period, repre.<eiited l>y the 
 fish-bone layer ; III. the huntinui-period, represented by the mammalian layir.'j- 
 
 This extract will suffice tor my purpo.ses. 
 
 The oriirin.il of V'lix. '22-1 was found in tli(> lower mammalian layer, on 
 Uliikhti 8pit, IJn.ilashlva Island. This siu'^dc-barlu'd specimen has sidlered 
 much from the efVects of time, and h.st its |ioint. The lower |i.irt is comp.iratively 
 tliiii. ai' ' presents on one side a shoulder lor fasteninjj; the line. It prolialily was 
 a detacli.nble lie.'ld. 
 
 Fii;. 22-'i (on pa^'e ll.'t). — A somewhat similar lioue liarpoiui-ln-ad of much 
 fresher appearance th.in tin- one just de.scri lied. It was t.dvcn by .Mr. D.ill fnun 
 the upper tish-bone l.iyer of ,i shell-heap in rn.il,i-hl\,i Isl.nid. Its jioint h;is iieeii 
 .•irtiiiei;dly roiindeil. evidently for ser\ inu' ii secondary pur|)ose. The lower part, 
 from the indent.itioMs downward, h;is ,i chi.-^el-lik. shape, .and it terminates in a 
 blunt edu'e. There is some reason for conjecturing tli.it the specimen formed a 
 detach;ible point. 
 
 I''ig. I'J'i (on p;iL'e \ i'.V). — .V bone h.irpoon-point with two biirlis, from ;i -liell- 
 he.ipat ( Jreeid.ind Cove, near l>.imari>eotta. M;iine. Found by .Mr. A. 1. Piielps, 
 in ISSJ. and given by him to the I'e.ibodv Museum (No. JlL'.'Ui. It is m.ide from 
 a |iiece prob.iiily eul from llie le!;-l>oiie of a dor or moose, slii^ditly tlalteiied on 
 oMi' siile. am! has the n.ilur.il rounded surface on tin- other. The iiase shows 
 sliuht siyus of we.ir, :>- d' iVom insertion into a sh.ifl. Thickness of the liase 
 
 • Dull: Oi. Siui'.'>>i.in in \]i,' .s|i,.||.l|i':i|is ol'tln' AI>Miiiiiii I.^liirxls , C"iilril'Uth>iH lo Nurlh Aiiii'ri>.'aii Ktliiiu- 
 li-cy ; V..I. I, \V;i>liii.i,'l.in, l(*77, |.. 11 IM. 
 
 I llii.l. ; ]>. 40. 
 
 -i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 IIARPOON-HKADS. 
 
 146 
 
 two-eighths of an inch. The ilgure is made after a drawing sent by Professor F. 
 W. Putnam. 
 
 Fia. 227.-NIIV Y.>rk. Flri. IJK.-Piigot So..,.d. (13111) Fl.l. 2iO -Now York, 
 
 Fum. 'I'll-'l'Ii). — Harpooii-liciKis nf \mw iind dpcr-liorn. 
 
 Fiir. 227.— Tills h.irponii-liciil, lltrimMl I>y Mr. K. ii. Sijuier, shows two well- 
 deliiiod uiiilatiT.'iI liiirlis. mid fartlicr liolnw two ujipositt' notclics for altachini,' (he 
 line whii'h .•(.miccti-d it with tho shaft. It is said to have hcen made of the ulna 
 of a deer. Found in l.i\ iniistune ('..unty. Xew York.''' I am unable to state 
 where this specimen is iircscrved. 
 
 ri.u'. 22S. — A well-worked, llatlcncd hone point with tiiree l)arl)S :m one side. 
 The low. r cud is (laniMui'd. Olitaiucd hy Mr. .1. (i. Swan, with another specimen 
 of nearly the sanu- form, and likewise hmkcn al the lower extremity, from a 
 shell-heap on I'liiret Sound. W.-ishiuLiton Territorv. 
 
 Im!.'. -'2!».— The liiziiro is made after a drawin,-- liy ilie Rev. VV. M. TJeau- 
 champ. It represents .a deer-Iioni harpoon wiJli a t^Mod point and .i number of 
 partly daniajied h.arlis on one side. The lower extremity terminates in a blunt 
 point. The ori.uinal, in jjos.-^ession of Mr. Otis M. I}ii,'elow, of IJaldwinsville, 
 (Miondaira County, New York, was found in an Indian ,-:ravi>, excavated in gravel, 
 at Lock's Ilei'fs. n(>ar Fdbrid-e, Onondaga Comity. This grave contained two 
 other harpoon-heads, to which refeiviu'e \. ill be made. 
 
 • S,|iiicr : Aboriginal .M..miiiifnt8 of tlio Stiite of Now Vork ; SiniUi^oiiian UoiUributiom to Knowlcdgo- Vol 
 
 II, Wiisliinylciii, 184;i; ,, "U, Kig, 1!6. 
 
 UlU 
 
 
 U 
 
 si 
 
■! I' 
 
 1 
 
 I I. 
 
 I'lti 
 
 I'KliHlSTOKU; FISIIIMJ. 
 
 Fig. 230. — A line single-lmrbod imriKHiii-lioad of olk-liDvii, in an o.voollont 
 state of pivsorvation. It niea:<iire.s m-arly ton inclii-s anil a half in length, and 
 has a tliicliiioss of ahoiit half an inch in the niiddle. The broad lower part shown 
 two .shoulder.-^, hut its base, instead of lieing worked thin, is more than one- 
 fourth of an inch thick. The ht >1 nevertheless, may have been detachable. 
 This specimen was presented to the National Museum, with other valuable relics, 
 
 It 
 
 ^■! 
 
 if 
 
 I? 
 
 r '«! 
 
 pm 
 
 t : 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Fio S»i.-N. w Vnrli (IIMJ) 
 
 Ki.i. l;.ll -Mlrhlnmi. (rj.T..) 
 
 I''iii, i::r.'.-iHiio (M«ll-..iivilli'). 
 
 Fnifl. 2lt()-'_';!'_'. — ll!ii|ii)iiii-li('iul.s of elk 'iinni and '.loiii'. 
 
IIAUl'lJON-llKADS. 
 
 147 
 
 W: 
 
 by the lato \V. M. Li.cko, of iroiioovc Falls, Monrno roiinty, Now York. His 
 son, Mr. F. M. Locke, of llocliostor, Xow York, inforiiiod mo hy letter tluvt lio 
 had found it liiniself about two milcH soutli of Iloneoye, on tlie old Indian re.sor- 
 vation called the IS.iil F;irni. " It lay on the surface where there had been a 
 {iTcat many canip-lires. and the ciayish irmnnd was covered with ashes, preserv- 
 ing the spear and oilier relics that might have decayed, had it not been for the 
 ashes and clay." 
 
 Fig. 2.'U.— .Vnotlier reinarUalde hari>oondn'ad, al»out a foot in length, not 
 quite half an inch thick in the middle, and exhibiting si.v well-cut unilateral 
 bariis, partly dam.iged. it is made of a long bmie of some large animal. The 
 perfect lower part is coiiipar; lively tiiin, and litied for insertion into a shaft or 
 socket. Tiiis spei-imen, wliii-r. appears to in" very old (the l)one having lost its 
 anini.il matter) was found, according to the Smithsonian record, near Detroit, 
 .Michigan, and presented i)y .Mr. J. W. I'axton. 
 
 Fig. 2.'L'. — \ single-liarl)ed harponn-head of peculiar form, being broadest 
 ;it the base, and tapering gradually to the point. .Vbout tiie middle it is three- 
 eigliths of an inch tiiick. The side e.\[tosed to vi.-w shows thestri;e produced by 
 th(^ instrument with which the dart was linished ; on the opposite side a small 
 l)ortion of the marmw-cavity can lie seen. In forming the ba.se, a cut was made 
 all around to a ceilain deptli. and the remaining [larl of the bone l)rokeii oil". 
 At a distaiKte of two inches and tiiree-eighths tVom the lower end is an o\al hole 
 desiuiied to connect the dart, perhaps a detadialile one, with the shall. This 
 speciuK'n, which is of a yellowish color .md well i)reserved, was found in the 
 Madisonville cemetery, and belongs to ilie lion. Jo.seph C'o.x, to whom 1 am 
 indebted for its loan. 
 
 ft 
 
 
 ;?'] 
 
 Fiu. Wl. (l.iiHil). 
 Flos 
 
 2;i.;-2;!r).— II, 
 
 Vir,. ■■;{ (IU171I. 
 
 Olio iiiirpoiinliciicls. 
 
 Ki.i. i'lr.. (IL'W). 
 
 
:iMm 
 
 I 
 
 1 : ■ ■ 
 
 148 
 
 I'HKHISTOKIC KISIIING. 
 
 Fig. 233 (on page 147). — This liarpoim-lioad, of very old apponranco, has 
 lost its point and is broken at the lower part, which shows a ronghly executed 
 perforation. It was probably detachal)]e. Obtained by Mr. Dall from the lower 
 mammalian layer of an ancient rock-shelter in Atka I.slnnd, Alaska. 
 
 Fig. 234 (on page 147). — A larger specimen, in a better state of preservation, 
 but likewise lacking its point. The base forms an edge like that of a blunt chisel, 
 and tiie hole is carefully drilled. On both sides a cavity of elongated oval form 
 is worked out between the hole and the barb. This dart, it appears, separated 
 from the shaft, when used. It was found by Mr. DjUI in the lower mammalian 
 layer at Port Moller, Peninsula of Aliaska. 
 
 Fig. '2'i't (on page 147). — This diminutive dart-head, of excellent workman- 
 ship and tVo<»h appc.".i*ance, prol)ably was not designed for practical use, but may 
 have ierved as ihe armature of a toy-harpoon, by means of which a juvrnile 
 hunte* qualified himself for the more serious work of later years. Tiie point is 
 roundi.'d and polished like the whole object. The base of the l)arb siiows a 
 straight ornamental incision, and below the blunt point a small nick has been cut 
 out. It is one of the specimens cidlected by Mr. Dall. He discovered it in the 
 upper lish-bone layer in a cave of Amaknak Island, Captain's IJay, Unalashka. 
 
 E !!■ 1 ' 
 
 Fio. Ml).— M»ino (lliiclpl..n's Ishinii). Flo. 2:l7.-.Mi>in.' {Mil neii> .-oiiiiil), 
 
 Fios. 'I'M iuid 237.— IJone iiHrpouii-bcads, 
 
 Fig. 236. — A bone harpoon-head re.-<embling in general character the speci- 
 mens Just doscr'bed. bui lerivcil from the Atlantii- co;i:«t-regioii. It is prol»ably 
 made from the leg-boni' of a dee,'. Ont^ side sliow.s the natural rounded surface 
 of the bone, the other its internal i-avity. Tiiickness about three-eighths of an 
 inch. Tiiis dart was found in 1SS> l)y Mr. A. T. (Jamage in a sliell-lieap on 
 Ilodgdon's Island, Dam.iriscotta Uiver. .M.iine. and presented i)y him to the 
 Pcabody Museum (No. 29270)- 
 
 Fig. 237.— This harpoon-head has lost its upper part, but probably ternii- 
 
I 
 
 HAKPOON-HKAna. 
 
 149 
 
 nat...I ,,s in.li,.atc'.l in tlK> .luttod r.vstorntion, wliid, is juHtifiod bv the fmrt ti.nt 
 theiv IS a si.i,M.tli .Mit at th« place ii.arktMl a. It was luinul in 18Hi'"in a slR.|l-l,oap 
 at Ivcnies lV,i„t, ^[^s,..,„^n,s S..nn.l, Main.-, l.y Mr. A. I. I'lidps. an.l is now in 
 the l\.al.o.ly .Nfusoun, (Xn. i'!»i>:U). Tl.is fi.-.uv an.l tl.o precnlini,^ one were 
 mn.le att.-r .iraw.ii-s sent hy I'n.fessur F. W . Putnam, f. wh,.ni I am also 
 in.lol.te.1 f..r .lesn-iptiuns of the specimens. This .lart-head, like that represented 
 in the preceding llgure, appears to have been tletachable. 
 
 m 
 
 , Kl.l. J:W.-,\l».sk,.. {■Mti). K,,,. ilii.-Mi,-hlg»n. (l(«r,(l, l.-,o. 24n._N,.vv V,.rk. CHWl). 
 
 Fk.s. 238-240.— Hurpoon-heiuls of buiie uiul tlitr-horn. 
 
 Fig. 2.18.— A spe<-imen of ancient appearance, with damaged point and 
 base, and one hliint l.;.rl.. It is rath,.r thi<'k in pr<.porlion to its size, 
 measuring half an inch above the .'longated t.ye. Koun.l near Stikine Kiver.' 
 Alaska, liy I.ieutenaiit F. W. King, U. S. A. 
 
 Fig. L';«».— This specimen, a b.,ne harpo,.n-liead wiili three unilateral barbs, 
 i.s lik(>wise broken at b.,th extremifi,.s. The Iwn luwer JKirbs ,nv of pecnliar 
 shape, being provided with a kind of .shoulder. The side seen in Ihe illustration 
 exhibits the natural roundness of the bon.' : the lower one i.s neariv flat. Thick- 
 ness in the mi.hlle nearly half an in.-h. This dart-head was f.uind in an Indian 
 grave at Fort Wayne, near Detroit, Michigan, and i.resented l)v Dr. J D Irwin 
 U. S. A. * ' 
 
 
 
 
 
r 
 
 ^i^isiV!aiiiiii4i,f(fp 
 
 h 
 
 IGO 
 
 I'HKIIISTOUIO FISHINO. 
 
 F\(f. 240 (on page 14{»). — A Iifirpoon-lioiKl of «U'cr-liorn, toloriibly \V(>11 pro- 
 siTved, but iinfi)rtiiiuitoly IjimIvcd at tlic lower oxtroinity. The poinl niul tlic two 
 barbs nro carefully linislu'd ; tlie perforation, sunk in from both siilen, is of irrei;- 
 ular form. A eross-scetion Jiliove it would form an elonjjjated ellipse with a 
 shorter axis of nearly half an inch. Fonnd by ^Ir. V. 11. Cushing in a shell-heap 
 in Onondaga County, New York. 
 
 This darl is th(> last in my avail.ible series of perforated specimens made of 
 bone or horn, whieh, I believe, wen* mostly intended to separate from the shaft 
 wIkmi launehed. It prob.ibly has been noticed that these |iierced dart-heads have 
 all unilateral barbs; tho.se with b.arbs on both sides, it will be seen, are not 
 perforated, but may also, in part iit least, have been detachable. I'erhaps it is 
 only owing to .accident th.it imne of the bilaterally barbed heads at my disposition 
 is perforated. The Eskimos of the Xorthwest ("oast, it will be remembered, use 
 to this (lay walrus-ivory harpnun-heads with barbs on both sides and an eye for 
 receiving the line which connects the head with the shaft.* Some of the bono 
 ])()ints presently to be described may have been armatures for arrows used in 
 shooting lish. 
 
 Pio. Jll.— Now York. (C22:.). Fi<i. '-'IJ— Miiino (('asc-n liny). 
 
 Flos. '241 and 242.— Boiiu ilart-liciuls. 
 
 Fig. 241. — \ flart-head with three small barbs on e.ach side, .so placed that 
 they altern.'ite. The ujiper side is rnimded : on lht> lower (Hie the cavity of the 
 bone reaches from the broken Inwercnd to the lowest i»;irli. I would not venture 
 to say more concerning the use of Ihis darl -head, than that it prob.ibly was 
 employed in the tish-hunt. Obtained in Ontario County, Ne\ York, and pre- 
 sontcil by Colonel E. Jewctt. 
 
 • .Sflo Kiiis. I'.i, ^'0, Mild '1\ nil p. 21. 
 
 'J tt 
 
riAUl'OON-IIKADS. 
 
 151 
 
 ri- -'42.— This n-iiiv rcprcscnls a Im.iic (li.rt-li.vid nn . „ l.ilatonil l.arbs hvo 
 on one s„l,. Mini tl.m- .,„ tl,,. otl,,-,-. it is n,a<lo uf a l.m- 1.,.,,.., sl.nwin.. the- 
 inton.al t-avily on nn<. si.Io. Tl... |,ni„l.Ml ami l.arl.,.,1 part is ivinarkaMv iKm-ow 
 
 !" I" •'■^'"" '" ^'''' ^^''"l' ••'' < •■•'••I. iiisn„ni.-l. tl.al 11... „„'tl,n,l of its application 
 
 IS n..t.iuit.' ..I.vious. Tliis s| inirn, lilu> the uri-inal nf Fi- I'-Jl, was „l,tain.>.l 
 
 nn (iuos,. Islan.l, ,l„rin- |'n.i;.ssoi- Wyman's ...xpluratiun ..I' sln>II-l.,>aps in that 
 hicalily. It. is in tho IValiodv iMusc-iini.* 
 
 m 
 
 I'm. 2l:i. (i:iiv2in). f,^. oh (1^02.1). 
 
 Vu:k ■M:\--2\r,.— l',uur clMi-l-liciul.-'. Ahiskii 
 
 Fia. 21,',. (i.inooi. 
 
 i 
 
 )S 
 
 V'vj;. 243. — A very line and wclI-prcscrvcd Imnc puint with two sharj) l)arl 
 on oai'h sido and a hmad ll.it lower tciauinatioii lor inscM-fion. This spccinuMi is 
 alto,u;oth('r the neatest North American l.on,. dart-ln'ad that lias fallen nnd.T mv 
 iiotiee, hein- eipially well worked on i.oth sides, wliieh show a re-niar sli-lit 
 <-onve.\ity. Its len-th. Ih.wever. is not nnnv than {\\„ inches .nnl seveii-eiuhths. 
 Found l.y .Mr. Dall in the upper nianiinaliaii layer (.11 Ad.ikh isl.in.i. Alaska. 
 
 Im,--. 2H.— A lar-vr sp.rinien of corresponding form. I.nl less perfect work- 
 manship, and .-^..mewhat dam;i-ed in various places, 'j'he ohject is a litile curved, 
 npparenlly on accnmt of licing cut from a rilL it w,-is t.ik'en i,y .Mr. Dall from' 
 the middle m; nalian layer on Adakh island. 
 
 Fi-. 2i.")._'|'|iis .l.irtdi.'.id h.K fonrsharjp l,,irl.son on,, side ,-ind llir .11 the 
 
 other, the hitler haN in- all lost their points. i!,,||i extrendties of tins sp.vimen 
 an- likewi.se d.-feclive. .\ deep -ro,,ve is cutout lon-itudimdlv, and sli-liter 
 g:-<)oves mark the places from winch the l,.-,rl.s proj..et. -I'ln-.^.- -r'ooves are Fn ali 
 prol)al)ility purely ornamental. The opp,>site side is worked smooth, hut .siiows 
 
 •'A 
 
 » KiguriM un.l .I.^.tIIu.! in l'i„r,...M)r Wyniiiri'Mirlic'l,. ,|,i,.t,.,l ,.i, i,. \.\ 
 
 V. W.i. 
 
 i 
 
I ' 
 
 
 r: i! 
 
 ssszacaBKBD 
 
 182 
 
 rKKIIISTOHIC KISIIINO, 
 
 the cellular structun' of tlio bone. Tlii' (ilijoct was taUrii In- Mr. Dull from tlio 
 lowest mainniulinn layer in a cavu on Aiiiaknak Inland, Aiuska. 
 
 Il- 
 
 
 Flos. 246-248. — Hiir|)oi)n-lienilH of docr-liorii. New York. 
 
 Figs. 240 to 248. — These ligiiroa were nintle after drawings sent hy the Rev. 
 W. M. Boauchaiiip. Tiie s|H'('inicns, all consisting of dfcr-liorn, belong to Mr. 
 Otis M. Bigdow, already mentioned. The original of Fig. 24(), broken .it llie 
 ba.se, was found, witli other relics, in a gnivel-bed on Ciiarles IJidvvcH's jot. 
 Ell)ridge, Onondaga County, Xew York. The originals of Figs. 247 and 248 
 occurred in the same grave which contained the specimen represented in Fig. 
 229 (on page 145). 
 
 In conclusion, I have to describe the few ancient harpoon-heads of cop|H'r 
 known to me. They all belong to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 
 (at Madison), which is p.-irticularly rich in prehistoric oiijects of copper, the State 
 of Wisconsin, on account of its pro.\imity to the source of the virgin metal, h;iving 
 furnished a large number of relics of this material. 
 
 Fig. 249. — A sniidl dart-head, perhaps the head of an iirrow for shooting 
 fish. Professor James 1). IJntler, in his jocose mode of expression, refers to it 
 as follows: — "We hope for special aid from Gmnniis, for we lunc had it. .Most 
 of our s|)ecimens bear the mimes of (ierman linders. History will repeat ilselt". 
 Three great German inventions begin with the letter 1'., Printing. Powder, and 
 Protestantism. Let us have one more, namely, Prehistorics. Hul all nationalities 
 will aid us. They hav(>. Our French inhabitants are tew. init one of them, M. 
 de Neveu, of Fond du Lac, has just presentecl . a copper (piite unlike any other 
 in our cabinet. We call it a spe.ir with a iinil.atinMl barb. Those like it have 
 been found in France ami on the Isl.md of Santa 15;irl)ara. and are now nsi'd in 
 Tierra del Fuego. Meeting with unequal resistance in water, it will not go 
 
 I • 
 
HARPOON-IIEADS. 
 
 108 
 
 Mtriiiiilit. S(i it sooiiis uf an ahsurd pattern, but it is found tluit if aimed at a lish 
 il will hit iiini, for, uwtwjr to the refraelion of lij,'ht. lie is not wiiore he hmlia as 
 if ho were. Oiio barb is Idea better than two, and wo are the fools after all."* 
 
 : 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
 } 
 
 ■•''"• -'■' I'm '.1*1 Pio. 251. 
 
 Fkw. 2H»-i')l.— Copper (liirt-h.inls. Wisconsin. 
 
 Afterward the Society was enriclied uKJi two additional eopper harpoon- 
 lieads i,{ similar tnrm, but mix-h larufcr si/e. The illustrations repre.sentinjj; tliein 
 were made after iiliotojj:raphs kindly procured for me Ity Professor IJutler.- 
 
 Fii.'. -'•")<>. — A sinu-I(>-Iiari>ed copper liarpooii-liead, measuring nine inches ami 
 fhree-t'oiirtlis ill lenutii. It was I'oun.l in \VauUe>li.i County, Wisconsin, in 1877. 
 and [(resented to the Society by Dr. John A. Rice, of Morton, in tiuisaino county. 
 
 • RutliT : Pri'liMlorie Wi»oi.n»in ; Anmml AiUress bofopA tlm Stiito Hislorioiil Sooioty ..f Wiwonsin, In tli« 
 As^.n.l.ly Clminlior, K..|.ruury \H, 187ii ; p. IK -Fig, •Jli) is a.|.i«l Iron, one ..f tho plates accompanying thi. 
 pampliU't. 
 
 u2() 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 H'l 
 
 '4' 
 
'yWtilHl 
 
 iteia 
 
 lot 
 
 I'ltKIIIHTDKIC KrSlil.NO. 
 
 Fii,'. -J-'tl ((II) pap' l.V}) — Aiictdicr siii!xlt>.|»arlic(| s|icciiiii'ii. ci^lit iiiclicH and 
 ono-hair ill l('iii,'lli. roiiihl in tin' ii(iu;lil)..rlin.Hl n( F.tiul tlu liUc, ami jiroai'iitiul 
 to tlu- Sofii'ty ill IM7(; l.y M. ,lo Novou. 
 
 Fill. 2.'>'_'.--('iili|i.r ll!ir|i(i(iii Ik :l<l. .\l;i-kil. 
 
 Until comparatively rocciil times liarpniiii-liead.-i were liaiiimei-eil out nt' 
 native cupper by ('('rtaiii Indians <>{' Alaska. There are several speciniens in tlic 
 United States National Mn-'eiiiii. cnntriiinled l.y Mr. Dall .nul Dr. T. T. Minor, 
 and one of tlieiii. oldained liy llie l.ist-nanied ueiitleman I'rom tlie Tlilinkets <>ii 
 IJaraiiofT Island (Silk.i), is represented in Kiv'. -•'>-• It is a well-worked tlattisli 
 liarpooii-liead, tliroe-.si.vteenllis of" an ineli tliiek, with live sharp unilateral liarlis 
 and an eye in the e.xpandiiiLr lower part, .ainl strikiiiifly similar in shape to .sume 
 of the spe<'imeiis uf lione lieretufnre deserihed. 
 
 I am indi'lited \n .Mr. D.ill for lite folJnwiiiL,' details coiieeriiinij the use of 
 native copper in Alaska ; — 
 
 "The earliest ethiinln-ieal fact recurded liy Steller, the llrst white man «ho 
 set foot *>ii thise eiiaits. at Kay.ik Isj.-md, in-ar the nioiiih of the Atiia m' Copper 
 Kiver, .liily 1'". I7H. w.is tie' discovery (amniij; uther ihiiiLts) of a whetstoiio 
 on whicii eiipper kni\<-shad iieeii sharpened. The Atna Kiver contains in the 
 gra\i'l.s of its li.'d walerworn masses uf native copper, of which I purchased one 
 (now in the National Museum) tVom the natives livinj,' near this river duriiii,' 
 their .innual vi-it tu I'ort Ktches, in |.s74. They have heeii from time imme- 
 mori.al in the haliit k( lirinuiiiL:' duwii tin- pieces uf cupper tu trade lu the cuast- 
 nati\es, whu made uf ihem kiii\i's, arrow and harpuuii-puints, shields, aiid 
 amulets, specimens >•( which are in the cullectiun uf the X.atiunal Museum, ur 
 have lieen sc'ii hy me in ii-e. The Indians ahuut Sitka, after the Ilii>sians 
 lu'ciime estalilished there, iliscarded cupper fur iron, whicli they l)oiii;hl from 
 the Russians and frum Hri<.dish ;ind American traders. Occasiumdly they 
 ohtained pieces i>( ytdlow shealliiim-metal, which is harder than copper. I'.ut 
 till' uld implements were ]ireser\ ed with veiieratiuii ur hecaiise they were • liickv ' ; 
 yet tlu'y ha\e iiuw iiiustly passed inlu the hands of cullect(H"s. 
 
 " It wuuld he alisurd for people who can Imy iron to continue thf manufac- 
 ture i>{ implements of sot't cupper. .\s ;i matter uf fact, its use was iriven up 
 very suuii, when-ver intercourse with the whites liecame hahitiial. In unfrc- 
 (pu'tited localities near the source of the copper its use continued until l.itel\. 
 It is now nearly or (piite obsolete." 
 
M'.TS. 
 
 Ififi 
 
 Nefn. — I .1111 lint aware fliat ri'iiiaiiis i>( net-*. {<> wliirh ihr icriii " |in'liis|nric" 
 ri II lie !i|i|(lirc|, arc in any nl' tlic CKllt'ctions in tlir I'liilril State.'", I'nr eaiises 
 tending,' to tln'ir presei'vatinn, as in llieciisc of tlieS\vi.-s laeiistrine woven lalirics, 
 (1<) nut seem to liave iiperaled in lliis ennnlrv. A few nieslies of net. liowe\ep, 
 nre s.iiil to Iiii\ e lieeii foiinil. with otlier .irticles, in the .NLunniotli < 'ave. Ki-nliickv. 
 Tlie reference rH-ciirs in ;i note aeconipiuiyiiitr .1 nnnilier of tiiese oltjects liiiehnl- 
 ini; the net-fiMLrineni ) >i'nt \>\ Mr. (iratz, t'oriiierly the owner of llie Maniinolh 
 Cive. to Dr. .Saiiiiiej L. Mitehill, of New Voik. The note is tliiis wonh'il: — 
 
 "There will Ite toiiinl in tiiis liiiinMe two inoe;isoiis. in the s.niie state thov 
 were wlien diiu: ont of tlie .M.iniiiiotli C'lve, filiont two hnmlred yanis from its 
 month, rpon ex.imination, it will he |iereei\e(l tli.it tiiey ar<> faln'ieateil out of 
 tlill'erelll mateiM.ils ; one is sil|i|ioscil to lie m.-ide of a speeies of /A///, or /////, U liieh 
 
 •rrows in 
 
 the soiitiierii parl^ of Kenlne!\y ; (lie other, of the li.iilx o|' -.ime iri 
 
 proh.'ilily t lie iKljijifKl'. 
 
 ••There .ire. also, in this p.aciiet, a jiarl of what is .-iipposed to he a l.liuil- 
 
 roiiii/,f poiirli, two nie-hes of ,1 lisliinn'-net, ;inci .-i pii of what we siip]iose to 
 
 he the raw m.aterial, and of whieli the tlshiiii^-iiet, the poiieh. and one ,,( the 
 All of which were dii^' on! of the .Maiiiniolh ('a\e. niiii' 
 
 tiioc.usons are maile 
 
 ur 
 
 ten feet under ■'round: tluil is, lielow tli<' snrl'ace or lloor of llie ea\eri 
 
 "This," says i'rofcssor F. W. I'ntii;iiii, "is the only st.ateiiienl we li;i\e of 
 articles of this eh.iracti'r heinu' found in the .Maiiiiiiolli (',i\e, .and it i^ \erv 
 proli.ilde that lliey ;ire soiiie of the luissiiiLr iirlicles lieloiiniiii; |o tiie liody found 
 in Short ('iive.'"i- lie refers to llie so-called '• .Maiiiiiioth Cave .M iiniiiiy," uhich 
 lias jiltracted so niiich attention in pJist years. This di-siccated liiiiiiaii hody w.is 
 found in isl 1, if not earlier, in .short Cave, si'ii.ited .ahont eiulit miles from 
 .M 
 
 e.\hil)itioii. i'rofessipr i*iitii;ini has estaiilished these facts in the course of inves- 
 tiu'.itioiis 111,'ide ill locii.l The lioily lii'lom.;ed formerly to iln- .\iiiericaii Anti- 
 (pi.iri.in .S.ici.'lv, liiit is imw in the N ion.il .Mn^eiim. .\l'li'r the I'orei^oim;- state- 
 ment, it is hiirdly iiece~-,ir\ t.i .add that tin- net -fr,iL:ii lent is imt a iiioni.' the articles 
 ■•U'conip.'iliyiiii,' the liody. 
 
 In the e.irliest work< on North .\meric,i the ti--liiiii;-nets of the Indians are 
 
 imnioth Case, .ind had lieeii t.-iken to the l.itter place for the pnrposc of 
 
 mentioned, lail not dc-i-rilied. t'ahez.i de \ ,ic.i, the tir-t l'airii|ie.iii wiio L;'a\e an 
 airoiinl of the interi.ir of the country, ret'ers in wirimi- place, ihoii-h in a 
 transient ni.iniier, to the nets of the ii,iti\cs w Imiii he met diiriiiL;' his loni; w.m- 
 Ueriiiyn. The (Spaniards under l'am[>liilo ile Narvaez, after their lamling in 
 
 » Arrliioi)liii;lii Ami'riciitm ; Vul. I; AVurii-sliT, Mus.-iieliUH'ttK, IS'JO; p. S2.3. 
 
 f I'liliKiin: ArrliU'..l.';;i(iil llcicftn tics in Kontiicky iiml iniliiiiiii, I.s74 | I'mci'iiling^ of tlii) Bost.Ki S.H'li'ly nf 
 Nnturiil Uisti.ry; Vol. XVII, is:.-,; |, :l;ll. 
 ■ ll.i.l,;|..:):!l. 
 
 
 '\t\ 
 
 J] 
 
pm 
 
 n 
 
 Ififi 
 
 I'KKirisroHic iisiMNd. 
 
 Florida (ir)2H), lu' suys, found in »in' of :\iv la;'i,'i« lioiist's, or hiifilos, a fjfoldon lu-ll 
 aiuoiiu; iK'is (kiil/iinioH ttlli una tSoimjn ilr <'ri>,riifrr las h'tilts); ami in s|n'akiiit; o|' 
 tlio Mafi'amcs. lie states tliat if iIh-v waiitrd to iiiarrv. lliov lioiiirlit wives from 
 tlieir I'lHMiiii's, paving for eacdi wife the best liow tliev eoiild |>roenre and t\vo 
 arrowa; hut tliat in default of tlieso weapons (hey pive a stpiare net nieasu- 
 rinj; a fatlioni either way (/ si (icasD no fitiir Arci), una Jin', fmxfn iniu hra^-a en 
 aiir/io. > utnt <n Idnjo)* His other references to nets are of little moment. The 
 two principal authors who have left accounts of |)e Soto's expedition for the con- 
 quest of l-'lorida ( l').'{t>-'4.'{), ( iarciiasso de la Vega and the aiKCiymous l*ortuu;uese 
 gonllemaii, called the Ivnij,'ht of Khas. liki'wise say little oncerning the nets of 
 the Indians. The latt<'r relates, hoWi\er- that the Snaniards, while at a plai-e 
 
 near the .Mississippi called I'acaha (('apaha, a( rdini."; to (iarcilasso) caught 
 
 lish in a la'vc uitn nets lurnished hy llie !ndians.|- iiater authors are morn 
 o.vplicit in tlieii' -taten>ents concerning Indian net-tishing, as ;',:; e.vaniinalion of 
 the " Kxtracts" given ater on will slmw, 
 
 iSiidirs. — It sea ret ly need he specially aflirmed that the natives of North 
 America, like the prini.'ive lishermen in all |>arts of the wdrld. weii:litcd their 
 nets liy ni'-ans uf stiuies. In "iir time the Indian and Innuil triiies df llie NciDh- 
 west ('oast ami nf ollu-r northern re;;ii);is of .\merica use pehhics. either nnallered, 
 if of >uitaiile form, < ;• •lotclieil >>v giMnved, Ji- >iiikcrs for their dill'ireiit kimls of 
 nets, ;ind the -.■ime is done liv whiles in many districts of this coimlry. Those, 
 for instancr, who pursue the t.r;ide of lishing aimig the Sus(|ii(li.nina ,ind it.s 
 .\orlii IhMni h, use ~lone >ink<i's for their set-lines ;ii, ' net.;, the sSones eniplo\ cd 
 hy them lirii,';- ii, ually not noiclni! or grooved, hut h.n nig natur.ally two oppo>itt> 
 sides curved in ..irdiy. ;ironnd whi.-h a string can l)e lirndy lied. They carel'iilly 
 select the .--tones whic-li pi'i'sent this form. 
 
 The origin.d of Kig. •jrt[\ was given to Mr. !•'. ii. ('ashing liy a white li.-'ier- 
 man at Diinkiik. on i.ake j'lrie (Neu ^■orkl. 1 1 i> .1 nearly circid.ir pehhie, not 
 ipiite ;in inch ihii'k in liio middle, .'ind iiolcln d on cCjijiosile sides. 'I'he slrini; 
 which connected it with the net is still in pl.ace, .Sindi stones, .Mr. Ciiihing 
 inlormed me, .are prepared and . .\iensively used for weighting gill-m Is hy lishi'r- 
 
 mi l> ;dong the sheccs o|' llic grral lakes. 
 
 Sinki'rs of this simple .■iiaracli r were ,ii..-t coninioniy emploscd li\ ihe 
 indigenoiw inli.il 'ants of .Norlli Annrica, aiid ihcy .in' re|ires('ntei| in the 
 Xalional Mu->iim hy -prcimi'Us from l{hodc l-land, .Ni'w N'oi-k, i'mnsyh ania, 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 " NHi.*>ir:i>)M (I*- .Vlvitr NdAe/. I'ltlxuii dv Vui'u, t'tt'. ; Uuri-i'. " HiHtoriiiJort a rriiiuuv<>« il<' l.-is liuUitfi 
 o,ii.|.niiili«i " V.i 1, Vhiilriil. 174''; y\' .'liiinl JO Tlii> ..rininal i.urk •tppiiinil ill Vulliululiil in l-Vifi 
 
 t .NuruiliM « •.! till' t'liriMT of lli>riinii<lii ili- Snln in Ihv t'iini| .ful nl' Kluriilu, m tiiM hy ii Kiiif;lil "f Klvin, 
 Hiiil I ' :. iii lulh'i liy l.iiyii IIi>rnnii<lu7, Uu liiiHlinn, Kmlnr nf tliii K.. in'OitiiMi; trttniiliiUnI by lliukinKlmni Hniitli ; 
 Nrw Y.ih, '-^W; |.. lej. Til 
 
 IllTl' Will l>l' HIT 
 
 union t" ri'liT it'^'uin t '>lii- |>hsmI);>' in hiihUiit iiinnictiiiii 
 
SINKKK3. 
 
 Uu 
 
 Olio. rnu>.ssc.o n,mn,., U,,.!,. ('alilon.ia, Oregon, and the Aleutian Isl,.,uls 
 
 A o dm, to Dr. C, A Uu. ...y o.-our i„ Now Jer^oy .,y the i.undmls in the 
 
 ..ll.n o, every n-eek mnl ,.1.,,,,.. the river-shores. "I„ the .snn.n.er of 1878 " 
 
 h.- s,-,ys -a series of these nofhe.l pel.Mes was tnnnd in the wastin- northern 
 
 •V u I, ,sey. I h-y were ,n an irre.^nlar h.^ap. in son.e instanees on., jnst above 
 •"■ '•"•••• ';-^' '".-""ae,. They were l..en,y-two inches l.eh.w the snHaee of ^ho 
 "•;"'-. - ",.n ,s ,.on,,.ose.l of a line, sandy nuul, that has heen slowlv aeennu- 
 la.ni, at , ,s ,>o,nt .or eent.ries. Th.-re were seventy-three in the Series , 
 suppos.n, then, to have l.een plaeed at a distaneo of a foot apart, they wo 
 Lave suppl.ed a net just long enough to stretch acr .s the creek at this ,oi„ ' 
 
 Fm. 2.'.t.— .MiMltrii (iioiH> Miiikpi-. Dunkirk. 
 Al.,,,.^ ,..„ V.,,, a larg,. series of sneh sinkers was s-nt ,o „... I.y M,. 
 Uinr .;"r , ^^■'""^"' ■"'"•""'<•— I l.anks..f,h,.Sns,nohaMna 
 
 ''';^; -;»';- ^^. •" tlH.f,|l,.win^ l'M.e. ill,,.,,,.,,. , ,,„ , ,„„,, ^,, 
 
 wM.::;:;,:,,-,:: ■-i'-H^ap. were ..,.,., as .„... ,„„. 
 
 My laru,..( .p,vi„„,,. rep„.senled in Fig. J^S „.n pa^,. 1^!.,. i> a ,!:„ .,„„.. 
 
 Ihr 
 
 '::■':;";,;, "';;";■■■ r'-;' ■' ■ '■•■ '■■-' ,;.,i-,. „„:i .„;,. ,;„,, ; , 
 
 ml 
 
 hlri-.t, 
 
 • Abbi.il: I'rliiiilivi. Iiiiiu.lrji J' ^'38. 
 
 ■Iji 
 
 1. ; 
 ■) 
 
 
 
 f'i 
 

 H 
 
 \i' 
 
 168 
 
 I'RKIHSTiililC KtSIUNO. 
 
 \ 
 
 Tills siiccinicii is iiiiiisiiallv InrLr''. .md hc.-n y (■iioiiLth to hiivi- scrvt'd Tor \vfi!_'lit.- 
 iiiu^ ;i scl-iicl.-' Tlir iiniiiiarv size nf tlicsc siiiki>r-< Is tVoiii tiircc {<> livt' inclics, 
 wltii 11 curri'siHimlliiLr wciLrlit of fnim six to ten uuikth. 
 
 f 
 
 s 
 
 All \. 
 
 Kins. J'll-'iJ'iT. -Si. 111. -iiikir". Sii-.|iii!iiiiiiia ViilUy ' Muiicy"). 
 
 » .Siii'ti li'iivy I1..1. Iwil |.ililil.> Imvi' li.Hii ii..ti..il li_v Dr. Alilmit "In .Inn.', IHT'.i," lii' •uy«, " whiln rulic- 
 liiiiiiiiii{ .11 llii' l>.'li>wiin< Vnll.'V, Willi l'i.i|'.'«'...r K. W I'litiiiiiii, ..I' tli« Miihiiiiii iit <'uiiil>ri.|i;r >iii "in liii.-i'llii, 
 till' mitliiir fiiiiiiil It V. rv larit>. imli'liwl pi'lililii .m (liii nlh.n' ..I tin. riviT, h kIkitI ili^titiicc iili..vi' tin. \\ .<if>r lin|i. in 
 lliinri"' t'liuiity, f.-iiii'vlvuniii, »l>l. Ii, Jii(l);iii|; frnm tin- »(/..' mi. I lln. I'a.t ..f iu liuviiii; I'mir in. til. in, win. umiI m 
 •n an. >! r ..r M't-wciKliI Tlit" <'«iiin|.l.' iin'in.>irr.i I'lixlil iinli.'* r.|inir<'. iiinl u.'i);liii in'iirly llvi. |'..iiinU. T.. mviire 
 ■ ii.'l. u'l. It'll wiM |.Ih..'<I in till* Ftrriini, ii« 4!illini;-ni>lK luul I'yk.'* Hri. ii..w m'I, mkIi ii w.iijlil wiiM hiiv.' Iivi'ii (n^- 
 <|ii<'ntlv II ni>rt>»ity, i'»|>i*i'inUy wliiT" lln.r.' wun ii swil't iiirrrnt, ha tliiTii Ih in lln. ritcr iit III.' |...iiit wliiri' tliia 
 
 •|»'rliiii.n wi>< r..iitnl: I. Ill il i- .'vi.|.'iiil> iiii|i"»i>il '.' Unit kinli ii «t..ni' ."iilit li.ivu I n iisiil, ii" ..lit' ..f ti liiiii.liiil ..r 
 
 iii'Ti', in ilriii.'i;in); n i-wi'i'ii-iu-t II r..iiixli tin- wiili'i. A»i.l.' I'r.nn lli.'ir w.inlil, m.ni'i ..f Mirli •i/." w.iiM i''.|i>tiintly 
 Ix' .'uiikIiI I.,\ ..l.'lrinti'.ii- in tliu liuij ut' tliv alruuiii, iiiiU tliii> rLiiiJir tlnj Irvi: in.ivuliK.lit ..I' H lii.t ini|.rn<'li<'Nliio."— 
 h'tmilnr In'lnnlifi j |.. 'H\. 
 
SlNKKIiS. 
 
 l.TO 
 
 I 
 
 Siiikors with fom' noffhos (Fii;. 2-V,> oii tlio tolln\viiii» page) al.so Iiavo boon 
 f'>iiiitl. tlinui;li not tVt'iUKMitly. iicir .MmicV, and in tlicsi' cases lln' ii(ilclii>s arc so 
 placoil that the stoiic was cncuiiipassccl ciMsswisi' hv tlic striiijj;s iH' tlitmii.-i whicii 
 i-iiiiiK'cti'il it witli the net. Oiii' i>l" the sjx'i'inii'ns in ixtusossioii "f Ml", (ieniertl 
 is e\fn |>iMv iiled with s(,'\en notrlie.s. 
 
 
 ■■■J;:::*:-' 
 
 ■'■■^/■':;^':iis;t 
 
 ^P-^- 
 
 
 Fill. ■i')8.-Sto!H! i^iiikor. Sii^iiui'liiiiiiiii V^illcy (.Mutuy). 
 
 The niatrrial >>{' tlies(> sinkers is almost evelnsiveiy i:ray\va(Ue, a kind of 
 roek hi'Iiinuin-- |m ilic ;^ci)lo;.qi'al InrniiiioM of Miincy, ami also occiiri'ini;' in 
 ntinieiMu- |iclilile~ III llie iieiuiiliorin^' f I'i'ks which empty into tiie Sn-i|ii('iianna. 
 The iVciineiiry of -inkers in thi^ \ieinily indii-.ites ijial tiie Indi.ins were minh 
 eimai;'e(| in fisliiiiL; .il litis point. 'I'in' Sn<ipieli,inna is liere alioni nine jiiindi'cd 
 and lifly fcrl \\;c|r, MTV deep in .Miilif piaecs. :ind Wi'lj -to, kid uilil fisli. sneli as 
 prr.li, pik.'. >iiii-li-ii, e.il-tisli, .and ei Is. TinTi' existed fonmrlN a sliad-li>lii ry 
 iie.ir .Miiney. Ipi'foi'.' ilic ri\er w.i- oli^lnnled liy d.inis. i-'onniiiy, howevi r, li>h 
 were slill morr alHindanl. and the |oi-,ilil\, ihiTd'ore, .iH'ordod thr alioriM'inr.s 
 ;,'real ad\antaues as a fi.-iiinu'-sl.ilion. Tlio lir-l uliilo -ctih i> lonml on or iie.ir 
 llii' silt> of .Mmiry ,1 \illa.:'oo|' tjio Mi'i-i or Miin-cv Indi.ins, the Wolf flan o| 
 llie Leiiiii- lienapi' or Ui'law.ire ii.ilion, ,ind lionci' the name ••Mniicy." Tliese 
 Indians proliahly made and used lie- --inkers found in the vii'inity. 
 
 The iiolclied llat pelililes hi're de-iril(eil fonsi-<t of ur.iyw.icki'. as stat<'i|, 
 lieill:.' d"ri\ed iVoIll olii' joi'alilN. Ill .Noflll .\merie.| i;-enerallv, ho\\e\er, aiiv 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 '•,^1 
 
r 
 
 
 ■lammmai-Mi, 
 
 'i 
 
 
 IfiO 
 
 I'Kkiiistouk; kisiiinu. 
 
 kind tif |u>l>lil(> o( ('Kiivcnicnt tnrm vv.ns iintclH'il nntl utilized ns a sinker, tlio 
 n.t'ivf ('is';oniioii iivailing tliomi^elvos of tin- siiitahio inatorial nearest at liand. 
 
 ?i ■ 
 'if' ' 
 
 ■1 . 
 
 FlO. 2!S'X — Stoiip fiiikcr. ■Siisi|ii('liRl)nii Viiilry i Miiiioy). 
 
 TliiTo arc otluT sinkciv cxliihitiii;,' nnlchcs mil prndiii-cd Iiy Mnws, luit hy 
 nittiicj or griiidini;. 
 
 Km. ■Jul— TimnfMBo. (V.i.'.w). I'-.] ih.i -MuLv. (r.KW). 
 
 KiiiM. '_'110 and '^(11. — Stoiii! sinkers. 
 
 l''it;. 2()() diiiws siicli a s|ii'ciiii.-ii tVoni 'rcnnosci-, ni.-idc of a ]>i('i'(' of |>ot- 
 stonr anvl j)rnvidi'd w iih tv\.. (li'('|ily-ciii notrhc-:, || was sciil liy Mr. < '. I.. Strat- 
 l'iii. I I'l |>i'i'.-ii'iit in V\:'. Jiil :i ni'.'ii'h o\.;| |mIiIiIi'. tt\ i'-('it;litlis of ;m incli (liifk in 
 till' MiiiMlf, .iiiil appaiNiilly c-m-i-iiii;;- o|' tint'-irraint-d ;;ray waiiv. Tin' iioirli •- aio 
 rariM'iiilv i:roii!id. .nul fonii >ii.ir|i .iiiulo-. Tiiis sinker. |in>('n(('il to \\iv N.ilion.il 
 .Museum liy .Mr. Aiiu'ii-I Sh.nediii-. <<{ \\'asliihi,'t:ei, |). r., w.i.s found, ".n it li other 
 reiic:*, ill a cave iiriir f>.iiilo hoiiiiiiLro. a |ii.iee not tar distant from ,>,iiil.i M:irMi 
 
 I'l-tajia, oU tile Islllliill-- ot' TeiMl.llll'|iei'. Me\ir.. Tile e.lM- \\;\i lA.MIIlincd duilll}^ 
 tlie siiVVev of the i-itlllllll- in IS." | . ;i|| ] li.i-: Im'cII ih'-erii'ed li\ Mr. .1. .1. Willi. mis.'" 
 
 * '■ S«i,|i> iJiiiih iji', u null' iiikI n Imll' wi'-tirly fr nv l'i'lu|iit. uriiii r.iiiiiitutiil n piirt nf iIh' ■ill lily ; «l |Ti-i'ril 
 It I'lrituiiis IMK) iiiliuliitiuiU, wlm uiiiiuiilly |ir<i<l(i<'a ii r'ii;«iJiTalil<i ■|ii!iiiiiiy uf viinillu, iii'liij.i, uixl «iir-ii|"irill«. 
 Till' rliicf itttriivtivu ruultir«« ol* tliU vuiiiity urn tlio rnuuntiitn.'UV.'-, win. Ii niuril aiiini< iitlonlinii froni llirir I'on- 
 ni'tiion witli tlio i)u»t liijlory of tin.' iinliguii'itia |iim|i1l" TIm' • ntriimi' l.i iliu i<!iiii'i|ii(l ciivi', • jlli'j llmt uf Sitnto 
 
SINKKRS. 
 
 161 
 
 Aiii(?rii'an pivliistoric ri'li<-s. Tlu'v nrc vcrv oftcti n-imilod n.'!tl>Ii<s. sliowini; iii» 
 otlior iirtiCuM.'iI mndiruMtimi lull llu- '_'r"i'M'. «'ii<'lt i^ iu«;-ilv jiimliji'il \>\ ptcUinij, 
 bill in sumo i-ascs liy [ictliiiiL,' ami ail.lilioiial ^fi'i'li"'- ''> -^''tt iiiatt'iMal (lie 
 pnimo is cut out. Xow ami ili-n tlif rnrni of the stone, it" nut siiilalilc in its 
 nutui'al state, lias Ihnmi ^i iin"\liat niuililiiil li_v art ; ainl tlii-n* arc s)>('ciiiu"ii:<, 
 Chipi'i-ially Miiall lUics. in w'lirli tin' nvi^iiiil surffU.'O <il' llh- slmie iias lotallv dis- 
 np|)oa>-i'(l it! 'lie |>rnc('>^^ <<\' lasiiinninij: it. 
 
 I 
 
 Ki'. ;;nj, -llli.i.l.i liaii.l (I78I11 Kia. i'>-l.— CiUlftiruin. (l*iirt) 
 
 Fi.iH. -M-l mid 2(J3.-S'.3uc jiukuw. 
 
 Dninini;'!, 1,1 oli'viitril uluxit -i<vi n liiiiiili'i"J r<'i'l iili ivii lli>' IiD'-k .if n liiihitniMi moiinlniti, n niilo ixirth (T"in tliu 
 viilui;"', mill H 11' 1 1 ..ilili' .'nily '.ly u nl"' |. |mlli. Tli- w.>iUh ti llii* I'lii'ii I1111 mi .ir.li »|«i'inin^; I'h^lity l'''"l l.y iwp.'iLy 
 ill liini;!ii, nii.l 111.. |ilan,> of iu il.i.ir 1 iii ili» liorii.m i.i hii ;iiii:U' ff tliirly il'i-rw", iiiilil nwliiiii; 11 ili'pth of 
 iihii iiiiiitlivil l.-.t Iji'l.iw lilt I'Mriiiiiv \<. llin i.^ii ,f( till I >l.i|iii i> M iiiin;niUv'niil ii|i;irliiii'iil, mhiiu llino luitiilri'd 
 fi"'l 111 illiiiiiitli'r niiit (Ifiy iii liuii;lit, vvidi it- •iiK ■ oriiiiiuiinK'J Willi ^titlititili's itiid t<lulni;iiiil<'i I'l' every loiire'.viililu 
 
 t'onii Hiiil viirloly. Tlio ||. ..r h i|iiil.- Ii>v. I ; m.l ;.l ..ii" nxlri'iiiily i< n ■^piirkliiii; ] I .if >-lc;ir, • .'M wuI.t. Ilu- 
 
 yoii.l (lii« »iili'-.'limiil...i-. !'.■ -nvo i'\ti ajn in;,, ih.. iiiHiiitniii f.r 11 .li-.liiri. i. ..f mi.ni lliiin iwm Ilini-'inJ I..',, s.iiiiu. 
 Iiiii.'» i'V|.iiri.l ,|U, ..p r..riiiiii-.{ r.'.;iiliir :ir. Ii.«l p:i.<.i.;.'.w.iyH, s.'V.inil liiiiilri'.! fo.'t in li.ii(;l!i, iilt«r- 
 
 imti'ly lu. .• . tiiii; iiu.i riji;..« im.) viill.'y- On ili.' wiill», »l tlni ..Ktr.-iM.' I'liil ■>( tli.i .'uv '. iini mivi.. 
 
 nil riniilur |i.i.«<.ini;~. niiL.ly ..\.'.i|!,' | «riili r.. I .1. li.-.>. iiii-l p -ilMliIy iiili'inl .1 I . r.'|.i-i><i.iil lli.. Miii :inii 1110..11. 
 TIiiTO nr.iulMiii'i. r^il r'i>ri'-..|iliiti.i(»-. .>| \hu liiiiiiriii liitiul, (..mt in hU.k. Iiiiiiiodiul'ly fniiilin.; llii'«> ilniwiiiifi, 
 ill tli.i t\'-ir ..r till, niv.', i« 11 »ii)itll i«(.-ftiiru tliMiii^ti wliu'li, iiy iiiluiu .>f rupon, iiwi-jis it <.)>|juiii..| in im ii|.iirtiiii!iit 
 biim:tttli. la tlit« urn tVitifiiii'iiU .ir Hrr iw-l.i'U.U, liiiiiiiiii |iiiiii'4, iiifl iiiiti.iiH! |i.ilt..ry -f*e la«hmu% i.f TfhiMH- 
 l^ee ; hciinj llif Hi^mlh nf ,1 *«•«.,.« fV.c a /<.ij/f»i.< ^i e.mneel Ih,- All.inh,- ,i„d I'o^iH.- ttfrnmi. mmli- In/ llif Sienli/ie 
 tihrnuhi'iu,) ini.ltr Ihr Oiha-Hi,,, „/ Mnjiir J. U. Uiliwnl, C «i fc'.ij/i/iff, ^ ,■ N<-« Y..|U, IH.W; p. UC;, I't.'. 
 
rm; 
 
 .»IHMmiW.W». 
 
 satHaEEffi] 
 
 am 
 
 2.ni 
 
 -?m>a ■.-.-. ...-^ , 
 
 102 
 
 I'KKlllsTdltIf i'lSlllNii. 
 
 l: 
 
 I 
 
 tS: 
 
 :,s , 
 
 Tlic polihloH out t)f wliicli. as «tat(>tl, sui-li siiiUiTu an' niatU'. ijrciicrally itrcsciit 
 a more t>r li'ss i-oiiipro.xsi'd i»val lonii, and varv in si/»' fniiii less than uu im-li to 
 «ix indies and nion* in tlic Lrrcali-r diainolcr. Most of these speciuioiirt in the 
 National Mummuu, |>arliciilarlv the larger ones, have lieeii oMained iVoni tlie Nt<\v 
 Kni,dand States; Oregon has liirnisiied (|iiit.e a niinilier of small ones, ami the 
 others came tVom Pennsylvania, 'rennessee, Ohio, Kentiieky, the District of Co- 
 liimltia, and t'alit'ornia. 
 
 Kij;. 2(L* (<"' |'"K»' I'ilK — A larij;e pelilile of ov.il outline, mi-asurinu two 
 iiu'hes and three-fourths iit its tiiickest part, and surrounded liy a pecked itroove. 
 The matiM'ial is a irranitic r.ick, in which feldspjir prevails. This spccinu'n was 
 found at Tiverton, .\ewport <'(innty, Kluule islauil. and helongs (o ,i collection of 
 New iMi^dand relics oldaiiii'd iVnni Mr. .1. II. Clark. 
 
 I'iir. -'>•'{ (on |ta,m' UM). — .\ specimen of similar fnrni. lnit of i^realer thick- 
 ness. I leinu' m-arly circular in the section crossinL' the irrooM-. which is rather 
 rudely pecked. ;ind forms the nidy alteration of the santlsli>iio pehble. Found 
 at Dos I'uohlos, California, l»v Mr. Scliuinacher. 
 
 I'm. Jill —Mii«~uuliii-.ii- (ITKl'.l Ki.i. Jik'. — Uh'xli' l-liin.l. (17*11) 
 
 Flii>. 2<il illlil 'Hilt. — Shilii' -iiiLclff. 
 
 l*'ii;. l'<»4. — This specimen shows a carefully pecked ;rror.\e, .iihI its loniritii- 
 iliiial sidi's ,i|su have lieeii siiapeij livpeckiii-. il lias ill ih.' midille Mie.ir the 
 jrroove) a tliickiie-s of tw.i .unl a half iiiclii'>. The mili'ri d is like that <>( the 
 oriirinal of l''itr. J'L'. From Cliilm irk. Island "i Marllia'-- \ ineyard. .M.i-s.ichu- 
 setts. ( 'lark ccdicction. 
 
 FiL'. 'Jtio. — .\ siii,i|li>i' iil(jec| of the - line slia|ie and malerial. The i^rouve 
 appear^ to he tlie ,p|dy ni'Mlilie.itiMn ..f ih,' pehhle. Frniii .N(W|iorl, Uhode 
 island. ( 'lark < '•Uectjon. 
 
SINKKKS. 
 
 k;.*} 
 
 V'\iX. 2iV). — A SlUiiutli mi issditl |»flili|c. Lrrniivrd ;inil sliapnl ;ii IllC sllorttM" 
 
 sidi's liy pi'ckiii'j;. Thickness jiii iiicli .iinl livc-ciixlitlis. From WifUlonl, Wa.sli- 
 iii'irttiii Ctiiiiilv, KIumIc Island. Clark tidlfctiuii. 
 
 Kin. .V. (ITMlil 
 
 l"w, Jf.T. 11 Kill 
 
 Kitis. 2<i(i mill '2(>7. — St.iiM' sillk(■r^. Klimlr l-hiiiil. 
 
 V\iX. J*>7. — Tliis siidiiT i> dcrivc'l iVntn tlic -iiwir liic;iliiy. Il cxliiliils Iwci 
 nfiMiivcs cnissiii'^- cicli iillicr, aiiil a)'i>r;irs (u li-ivc licrii sli,i|n'(I ,illiiu:<'lli('r liv 
 .•(rlilicial iii'-ahs, 'riiicktnss an iiicli and iwic-liall'. Tiic niati'i'ial is a ^arnctilV'nnis 
 i!iica--rl;i>t. Clark cullfctiipn. 
 
 / 
 
 }i 
 
 Kh; Jlw rli-'lt' III'.. I 1741 1) 
 
 Km •.tiin— (Si'.irKia (liiri) 
 
 Knis. 'iliX .'iliil 'J(i!l. — .'^lolii' >illk('rs. 
 
 Fiir. -<)H. — .\ ralihcr sniiintli iidililr. syciiilic in cliaractfr. Init innlninini; vory 
 liiil; 'iLinililc'iidr. lis hirm i- lliat nf a ^liulilly ll.itti'iu-d i:lc.lM' 'I'lic' irrni.vf 
 .hIhim-* traci'- >-\' ui'ii iinx. i'cniii'l liy Mr. t'larK at Ti\rrliMi, llihid'- l-iai'.d. 
 
 I'lij. -•»!>. — A i>i( i' (KiHiMi'l |i.i!s|oni', wiirki d into an i|i|a'n\iiiiati'Iy 
 
 irlnliiilar C'rin. and ihon jdrd w nil .1 iiarruw . drrp l'i \«\ |>ri"lu««'d 1>\ ciillinir. 
 
?' 
 
 .MMMyimim.i»m,iH.M ii.iliiiihi 
 
 "^^"'•"^ ^.»^»^■ 
 
 11 
 
 ^ ! 
 
 hi 
 
 I 
 
 .- 
 
 i f! 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 U54 
 
 I'KKllISTnUlc I'ISIIINO. 
 
 Foiiiid ill tlu' iii'iu;lil)(irh(KKl of Milli'ilgovilK', (iuDrgin, ami sent by Mr. W. 
 MeKiiiluy. 
 
 I-'lu .'TD-droifiia. (IlilJ) Kio. .Tl.-<)ri>Kiii. (IJ«t). Ii.i .'7-'.— Oullforilla. (Uii.'i) Ki.l .'7.1 -OoiHisiii. (Jl.'ll). 
 
 All .1. 
 Fifjs. '270-27;{. — Sidiic MiiikcrH. 
 
 Fij^. 270, — 'I'liis is it siiiJill o\;il .<;iii(|s|inic pclililc. willi ;\ jiniovc prniliu'cd by 
 trriiiiliiiif. 'I'lic s|n'cim('ii was t'tniiKl in ( Mh'uhii, .iikI iircsi'iitrd iiy Mr. A. \\ . < 'lia-^c 
 
 l''i,i::. 1'7 1 . — .Viiiitiier s|n'ciiii('ti iVniii ()r('i;iiii, nl' mni'c rlniii.'atr(l sliapc, ami 
 iifiiaiMciilcil with incised lines. Tlie nialeiial is line-urained sandstone. Il was 
 sent by Mr. .Seininiai'ln'r. 'I'liere are >e\eral small nnnrnamented specimens of 
 tbesame turm. Iikewi.se tniind in ()re^"n. in the .Nalinnal Mnsenm. 
 
 l'"\ii. -~'J. — This nbjccl, ulitaim'd by l)r. !!.<'. Vari'nw at liii I'atera. Sant.i 
 IJarbar.i Cnnnty, Calit'iirnia. censisls nt' i:reen-t(iiie :ind is carel'idly worked into 
 a bi-ronuid sliapc, ami pnjished. The narmw uriMi\e is r.iliier shallnw. A sim- 
 ilar specimen tVcim Ohio, of mure eliin^ateil liirm, and prn\ ided with .-i somewhat 
 deeper L'rooNC. has been liirun'd by .Me<si's. Sipiier and l>avis.'^- It consists oj' 
 hematite. .\ -pi-cimen ol' specidar ir^'n oi'e. almo>t identical in I'orm with that, 
 just mentioned. Im;I a trifle iar-er, .and likew i,-e iVoni Ohio, i- in the N.alional 
 Mn.-^iMim. lii'iiin very heavy, it wonid make an excellent sinker I'or a lishinu line. 
 
 l''ii!;. J7.'{.— The oriuin.il, cari't"idl_\ ni.ide ot' chlorite, has Ihi- form of ;i 
 sinker, i)nt is almost to(< sni.ill and IIliIiI for tli.il .ipplic-ition. I'l'rh.ips it served 
 as an ornanu'nt. Sent frmn (ieorL:ia liy .Mr. M. I''. iSlcphensoii. 
 
 l''i') -'71 |.|,i. \r,a. 
 
 l'"Hi.S. 27 I ;M1iI 'JT.'l. .'■'lillli' .-illkrIH, < inir;,rl;i. 
 
 Fi^^ L'7l.— This specimen liehmL:- to a class of siidier^ ipiile fi'cijnent in 
 
 * Sipii'T Mini Diivi- : .\iicirri( MoiiuiiK'iitt ..r til" Ml>»i--.»i|i|ii Vulli'.\ : \'"l I "f SiiiilliJi'<riiuii ('I'lilrilimiiMis In 
 
 KhuwIihIl"- ; Wii-liiriul.iii, IHlHi p. •J.l.'i, t'ii;. .'1 i'ii..!i -Iv iinirkcil u- l''ii.' -'i; Alio lli^iiml In SlnVi'in's ' Kliiil 
 
 I'lii|i4"l l.iiiiiluii, IHTO; |>. .'lOl. Til" •|i"i'iiiii'ii i< ii.'W in llio ll!ui I.iikiH' .Micniiri, iit Sali-liiiry, l''.lii{lithil. 
 
HIXKKHH. 
 
 \a 
 
 (J('i)ri,'i;i. Tlicv (ire injidt' of iiicccs of iinlstniic iiinl liavc no (It'Cmilc forins, Itcint.' 
 rccnuiii/jililc iis sinUtTs Miily l>,v tin- iirnciM- t!i;it siirrniinds tliciii. ( 'ulniiL'l Cliitrli-s 
 < '. .luiM's has drawn [tartifiilar attcnlinn in tlirsc relics.'' Indeed, llie tirij^iiial n( 
 Fi,!.'. 1'" I was in'csented tunie l)y tlial ^'cntleiuan, \vln> I'nund if. with niaiiv oljjects 
 
 of a siniil.'ir eh.iraeti'r, in n relic-lied :d the jiim-tion of the (ire.it Kiokee ("i k 
 
 and the .Savahiiah IJiver, in Cnlnnihia County of the .aliove-nained stiifc. 
 
 I'"ii,'. '27*'). — A smaller s|)ecinien. perhaps nsed as a siidier I'oi- ii lishinii-line. 
 If was found Ity Colonel .lones on theriirht hank of Kej; Creek, near its coiitlui'nce 
 with the Savanii.ah. in Cohmiliia Coiinly. and helonixs to his collection. 
 
 lie also tound in (Jeoriria notched ]iotstone sinkers (like the origiii.al of I'^ii.'. 
 1'<!(M, .anil (piite a nund)er of perl'or.ited ones, made of the same casilyworkeil 
 material. These latter generally consist of Mat, smooth pieces of indetinite, Imt 
 mostly ronndisli. outline, which ai'e .an imh or less in thickness, .and measure 
 from three to six inches in diameter. M.ich has a sini.de perforation, either in 
 the centre or near the edi;e of the stone. 'i"he holes .are usually drilled tVom two 
 sides, anil narrow iuL; in tlie middle, wlid'e they measure .alioiit h.alf an inch in 
 di.an\eter. Specimens of this kind have lieeii found .almost in all parts of the 
 I' iiited .Stales where pot.stone occurs ; luit they were also made of other materials. 
 
 i'u:. -JTii. -;-'iiiiu' siiilxir. Ndi-ili (' 
 
 1 :,i 
 
 I'Mj^. 27'>. — A specimen of the d.ass of relics u>ually considered as sinkers. 
 It is ,-1 w.iler-woiMi. till pic c oT pnlslone. appi'o.ichiie.' ;ni o\,il in ouliinc.ind not 
 ipiile .an inch illicit ncir tiie \\<A<-. uliii'h i- pl.icrd .•lu iiirji ;ind llirer-f Mirths from 
 
 the liroader cmiI. .and drilled I'roiii holli >iiies. It 
 
 w.as oiit.aiiied in Milchill 
 
 County, .North Carolin.i, .ind presented liy (iener.d .1. 'I". W'ildi 
 
 Aiiliiiiiitii'" "f till' .s.niihcih III li;iii<, piii'iH iil.'irlv nl III'' (J 
 
 il"'H; .N.nv V..rl.. MT:!; 
 
 I il 
 
 :l 
 
 I- 
 
■a 
 
 
 : 
 
 Mr 
 
 1 ■^' ' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 wr, 
 
 I'llKIIISTiUMC I'ISIIIN'd. 
 
 Kiif. -77. — III tliis nillicr irrfi.'(il.ir piece .ii" |M>i-^|niie ihe circlcsslv (Irilli'd 
 
 lii>li« is pliU'cil iiejirlv ill Hie ecritiv. It WHS ruiiiid ill Hie lii.ttn r the Ocoiu'c 
 
 Rivt-r, ill I'uliiiiiii ('t>iiiit,v, (Jcorj;!!!, aint iircM;iited \i\ Mr. McKiiiloy. 
 
 Kill. ■-T? -Ui'nrKhi. |.'«»,l). Klu. J'H-.Mcl""' liii" ll> (ITM'J). 
 
 I'')!.-*. -77 anil 'J7X. -Slnni' niiikrrH. 
 
 I''il.'- -7H. — A \er\ (l.il. slIliHilli pelilije i>\' ii\;il sji.ipe, piereeil willl !l rnllllil 
 
 Imle iicir Hie eili^e. 'I'lie peirnrjil imi WHS siiiiK iViiiii ImiHi sides. Mild llie slaiitiiii^ 
 i',l\ ities slmw Ir.iees ipf .'idililiiill.'il e:rilldill^'. This -peeiineli. I'lPli^isHll'j: 111' 11 kind 
 111' pntstuiie III' \erv cMiiipiiel slnieliire, pi'iili.iipiv sersed as a sinker. I''riiiii 
 MiiidlelMiruiiirli. I'lviiiuiiHi ('miiily, Massaiiiiiseils. It was ohtaiiicd I'miu Mr. 
 Clark. 
 
 Fill. •J7!t. Si(iiir,-iiiki'r(?i. Culifoniin. (IHliOO). 
 I''iir. -7i>. — One 111' Hie maiiv piireed stmie dises rrmii Hie Santa IJarliara 
 
 irr'HIp 111' i-lailds, enllerleil fiil' l||e N ;il ii ilia I Mllselllli liV MeSSIS. Sejllllliai'lier, 
 
 IJuwiTs. ami llarriinl. Il i> a llal pililile nl' niieaeenii-- seliisi, lia\iii;,' in Hie 
 
siNKi:iis. 
 
 Ui7 
 
 (•••ii(rc :i |irrrnratiiin. tljiriiiu mi li.iili .siilr-, tiinl ciiiil'iillv liiii.-'liiil liv L'rimliiiir. 
 Tliickiii'ss ill tlir iiiiilillf scvi'11-rii.'lilli.^ ">!' nil iiuli. Si'iil Itv Mr, SfliuiiiaclH r 
 rrmii Simla Crux, l.-laiul. Tlii.'^ ulijicl nmhiM Ii.im' iI'Mii' '^imhI >ri\ ice as a siiiki-r, 
 ami iiiayliaxc lircii i'iii|il<iy(>il an siirli. Il i- kiiciwii llial llir Imliaiis nf lliat 
 ri'Lcidii used sciiic-iiclx. 
 
 AiiiitliiT class (if >iiiki'i'.s (Mjisists df ctrt^-sliMiird ni' rinimlisli iiclililrs, per- 
 fol'tilt'il near tlir fi\i:i' willi ;in nli|ii|iif liolc, wliicli is (irillcil iVi'iii Iwn siilrs. aiiil 
 LrciiiTallv t'liriiis an nlitn^c niiulf vvlnTr IIm" iirrrnrations iiici't. Siidi siicriiiicns 
 
 arc rarr; Iml iIu'V (irriir in siitlicicnt iiiiimImt {< nsliliilc a ly|'<'. TlinHi- wiiicli 
 
 liavc tallrii uiiili-i' iiiv lint ice wcri' ratlifi- .small, iind mitlciilly ilfsigiicd fni' .sinkiiiur 
 lisliinu-liiu's. 
 
 Km. '.'Hii.- 'ihi'i il'l") 
 
 Km. ."<i -!•• Kim..., .\t,H.- Aiii.rlrn, il.iin) 
 
 Kms. L'so ai.il 2.S1. Si. -inkrrs. 
 
 I'^ii.'- -'^'*- — A s|)n'iiii('ii 111' tliis kind rrinii (diin. It is m.'idf nf a s.inilstonc 
 pclildf. l*iTsciiird li\ Mr. T. IJIindcs. In iliis -|ii'iinii'n tjir |iirrciraliiiii> .ut 
 l.-ii'u'iT llian ill ntlicrs wliiili I iia\t' seen. 
 
 l''iii'. -■SI. — All Mskiiim sinki-r, made nf a siii.ilj. i'ciiindi;>li i|ii.irt/,ili' |iilililc, 
 ainl siniw iiiiT a -iiiiil.ir iici'lnralinn. 'I'licrc ;iri' sliulil i^ruiar- lAtciidiiiL:' fr'nii llic 
 nrilici'.* iicrn.s.s (lie corri'.siiniidiii^' sidt's (if till' slniii'. ( Hii.iiiicd li\ ( ';i|il.iin ( '. I''. 
 Hall. Il' tlirri' were any dmilits as to llic appliratinii uj' ihc .piiuinal <<{' I",:'. 
 L'Sd, ;iiid nf similar spirimciis, tin- cliaractfr uf tliis Mskiino >inki'i' wmilil m'I 
 lIlclM ,il rest. 
 
 I now p.ass uMT 111 l|ii< di'sci'iption nf ;i inmici'inis .nid wrll-kiinun rl.iss of 
 N'lirlli .\mrrir.in r>li> - inwliicli scM-ral n.imi-. Ii.im' ln'cii L;i\ m. ,iiid dillirint 
 piirpd'i's ;is.sii.'ni'.|. In \ ii'W i.j' llicir x.-iricd >liapi":, it i-^ r.ilhi'r clilliciill li> t\- line 
 till' I'li.iracirr ul' thr-r olijci'N. wlijc'li ,ii'c- kiiuwii .IS piihl.iiil-, phinili-. ipIiiiiiiiicIs, 
 siiiki'i-s. I'll'. .Mn-t III' ijii'iii m.iy lir i|isi._;ii.ii,.|| .1^ pi'.ir--li,ipid. tliMiii;li ili.ii 
 cxpri'ssiiiii mii-t lint 111' taki'ii in il^ slririist sriisr. TIh's i-nii.'^isl uj' ml ur lirnwn 
 licmalili'. ■ |ii'ciil,ir im!!. i|n.irl/.ili', siTpcnliiir. liTi riistuni'. and nllin' lir.ivy 
 m.ili'i'i.ils I'.ipalili' i<\' ;i 'juiiil piili^ii. Siispmsiiiii \\a- in ni.iny i'.im's fai'ilit.iti'd 
 
 liy ,1 1:1 vr, ;i kniili. Ill' .1 pfi'l'ui'Mtinn al niii' riid, uiim'I.iIIv lln' iimrr l.-ipiiiin^- 
 
 one ; SMiiii' 111' till '111. Iiii\\r\ I r, r\!iiliil turni- rrijiiiriiiu I'llnr nirtlinds ul' r.islriiini.'. 
 
 I. ^, 
 
 J 
 
 £?if 7 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 "^ IIIIIM IIIIM 
 
 :: '^ IIIIM 
 
 "^ 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1-25 1.4 1.6 
 
 
 4 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 V] 
 
 <? 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 e). 
 
 S 
 
 
 .rj- 
 
 o 
 
 /a 
 
 /A 
 
 'w 
 
 / 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBS ER.N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 S: 
 
 4? 
 
 V 
 
 :\ 
 
 (v 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 .V 
 
 
 O 
 
 %^ ,.A i^ 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 

 L^< 
 
 '.0 
 
 &?/ 
 
 tA 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
"fm 
 
 1> • 
 
 i I 
 
 !1:| 
 J 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 PKEHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 Many of these objeots show really elegant foi'ms, are fashioned with the utmost 
 pvecision, and beautifully polished ; and hence they were loi'morly, when com- 
 paratively few had been collected, and their wide distribution was not yet known, 
 regarded as articles of ornamental character, as, for instance, by Messrs. Squicr 
 and Davis.* Mr. J. W. Foster is incliiied to consider them as weights used in 
 weaving, "to keep the thread taut," and tries also other explanations, none of 
 which carries conviction with it.f The o])inion that they were used by the mound- 
 builders as plumbs to aid in the construction of earthworks is hardly tenable, 
 for they arc found as well in districts where these monuments abound, as in such 
 where they ai'c entirely absent. A close examination of the large series of such 
 objects in the United States National Museum has led me to consider them as 
 sinkers for lishing-lines, a view which does not exclude the possibility that some 
 of tliem may have been differently used. Such relics occur throughout the whole 
 breadth of the United States, from New I'higland to California, and the specimens 
 obtained from this extensive territory show, notwithstanding the variety of their 
 forms, a conformity in general character, which, according to my judgment, points 
 to the same mode of application. 
 
 The theory of their usi> as sinkers is met by the objection that too much care 
 has been bestowed on the manufacture of many of them to risk their loss while 
 employed. But this argunuMit can easily be overcome by an examination of the 
 angling-im])lenients still in use among uucivili/cd. yet sonunvliat advanced, tribes. 
 These people take great pains in the production of their weapons and other 
 accoutrements, as any one can perceiv(> who devotes his attention to a collection 
 of such articles. The western Eskimos, for instaiic(\ excel in the ]iroductioii of 
 tisliing-lackle of every kind, and I will mention, with special reference to tlio 
 question hero treated, that they employ at the present time carefully-made ])ear- 
 sliaped lin(>-sinkers of stone and ivory, and risk to lose tliem while aiii.'iing; 
 and if. by accident, they are d(>prived of them, they make new ones. 
 
 An elangated pear-shape, it must be admitted, is the form best iula])ted for a 
 liue-siidver. and, indeed, is commonly given to the leaden sinkers found in every 
 hardware-store, where ajjparatus for angling is sold. 
 
 Tile sinkers which 1 am now about to describe mostly would present .a 
 circular horizontal section, and any deviation from this fm'in will be menliouetl. 
 
 Fig. L'82. — A speciuKMi made of dark-greenish argillite, regidar in outline, 
 and well ])olisiied. {''ound in a mound in liiekiug County, Ohio, ;ind presented 
 by Mr. W. An<lerson. 
 
 l''ig. 'JSli. — .\ larger specinu'u of similar form, made of sjtecular iron, and 
 carefully polished. From Hancock County, Illinois. I'resented by Mr. M. 
 Tandy. 
 
 * SqniiT nnd Diivis: Anciiait Montimnnts ; p. 2:15. 
 
 \ Kostor : Proliiatoric Rik'i's of tlin Utiilpd Rlntos of Amorion ; Cliii'Mi;n, 1873 ; p. 230, <^t<'. 
 
 I 
 
SINKERS. 
 
 169 
 
 As tliose twu spocimons arc not specially prepaiv,! f„r tlio attacliment, cf (lie 
 hno, ,t nm.st bo assumed that it passed anuind llie taperi.i- ends and ah.n- 
 the Skies of the objects. This operation was easily performed, as I have found 
 out by experiment. 
 
 «f!f3 
 
 Via. 282— Ohio. (11480). !■ 
 
 •a. 28;i.-Illinui.s. (M,-isa). r,a. 284.-Culiforuia. (2:icC2). Fia. 2S5.-Loul»mim. (Kjc.n). 
 
 All J. ■ 
 
 Fuis. 282-285.— StDiio .•^iiilu-ra. 
 
 'm 
 
 Fig. 284— A specimen of very slender form, made of fine-grained mica- 
 schist. The surface is tolerably smooth, but not polished. IJoth ends are covered 
 with asphaltum, which shows the impression nf strings. Obtained by Mr. Bowers 
 on Santa ]{o.sa Island, California. There an- otiier Californian specimens of the 
 same kind in (he National Museum, s,ime of them likewise encrusted with 
 asphaltum at (he extrem!(ies, and one of them, moreover, lias a distinct groove 
 passing around the more pointed end. It measures more than ei-ht inches in 
 length. 
 
 Fig. 285.— A cast of an apparently well-polisjied stone objei^t, which was in 
 1871 in the Louisiana State Seminary, at r.ad.ii Rouge. It" docs not strictly 
 belong to the kind of n-lics just described, lieing provided with a snio(4li, nearly 
 semi-circular indentation at the lower part; but 1 notice it iu connection witii 
 these s]>eciui(>!is, because it comes m-arest to them in other respects. The inden- 
 tation would have presented a lirm hold for the line. However, I am not at all 
 convinced that it really was a sinker, as it may have been a tool for rounding 
 and smoothing articles of yielding material, such as wooti, etc. 
 b22 
 
 j^! 
 
 
 lil 
 
 If 
 
"wr 
 
 Typ^ 
 
 ^mmmmmmm. 
 
 :■•! 
 
 r 1 '< 
 
 170 
 
 I'REHISTOIUC I'ISIIINO. 
 
 The next group shows four sinkers encircled by a groove near the narrower 
 extremity. 
 
 Fiti. 280.— TprinoHseo. 
 (10733). 
 
 Fio. 287.— Lo^li•^illlm. 
 (00040) 
 
 Km. ■J.'iS.— TtMiiiosscp, 
 (;H02I). 
 
 Kid. 289.— MiHsouri. 
 (3M74). 
 
 All .\. 
 
 Fios. 286-289.— Stone f-iiikers. 
 
 Fig. 280. — This specimen is made nf a brown ferruginous stono, neillicr 
 hematite nor clay-iron stone, and softer than ferruginous (|uartz. It exhihits a 
 tolerably regular pear-shape, is slightly truncated at the upper end, aiul polished. 
 From Tcnne,-<see. Pi'csented by the Rev. E. II. Uaiulle. 
 
 Fig. 287. — A pear-shaped sinker with somewhat rounded apex, fnun which 
 the groove is farther distant than in the other s])eciineus of similar form. It 
 consists of yellowi.sh-brown (piartzite. The object is regularly shaped, and its 
 surface smoothed. It was found in Morehouse Parish. Louisiana, ■•iiid Iielonsrs 
 to a series of sinkers and other relics presented to the National Museum i)y Mr. 
 B. IT. Brodnax, of I'lantersville, in Morehouse Parish. 
 
 Fig. 288. — This specimen, obtusely jwinted at both eiuls, is made of specidar 
 iron, and highly polished. Like other sinkers of this kind, yet to lie described, 
 it is as symmetrical in form as though it had been turned in a lathe. Obtained 
 in Carroll County, Tennessee, and presented liy ^Ir. Handle. 
 
 Fig. 289. — This object, made of red hematite, re.send)les in shape the original 
 of Fig. 288, but is nmre slender, and not so well pidislied. It wos found in 
 Saint Charles County, Missouri, and sent by Mr. G. A. Slatery. 
 
 The following series comprises live sinkers truucatcnl at the up|ier end. 
 
 Fig. 21X), — A (piart/ite sinker found near Tampa Bay, Florida. It is of a 
 flattened i)ear-sliape, and though t(derably well worked, ap|>ears souunvhat riule, 
 when compared with the other specimens of this group. Sent by Mr. S. T. 
 Walker. 
 
 Fig. 291. — This specimen, of elegant form and good workmanship, consists 
 of brown clay-iron stone, composed of concentric layers, the outer of which has 
 
 
SINKERS. 
 
 171 
 
 bocuinc .l,-ta.'lic-(l in somo places. From >i slioU-dc'iK.sit a fow miles north ol" 
 Mobile, Alab.'ima, between the Mobile and Tensas lliver.s. Presented bv Mr. 
 
 K. M. Cunningham. 
 
 Fill. ;!0U.— Fluriii*. (3J858), 
 
 Kiu. aiL-AlBbama. (30893). Kio. ffl-.f.— Wo»t Virginia. (t»745). 
 
 FiQ. ma.— I.ouisinna. (2917S). 
 
 All }. 
 Flos. 290-2it4.— Stoiio .^inkers 
 
 Fia. iJ'j4.— IlliniiiH. (iiO.T2-2). 
 
 >{ 
 
 1« 
 
 Fig. 292.— The material ol" this most carefully fashion.Hl and polished sinker 
 is .specular iron. Found (hirty feet below the surface, at Iluntin-ton. in Cabell 
 County, ^\'est Virginia. Presented by jNlr. W. J. Ilaller. 
 
 Fig. 2!);].--A larger specimen of similar form and excellent finish, and like- 
 wise composed of specular iron. It belongs to the series of sinkers from More- 
 house Parish, Louisiana, sent by ;Mr. Hrodna.x. 
 
 Fig. 294.— Another specimen of absolutely symmetrical and tasteful shape. 
 It is made of whitish limestone. About an inch and a half below the flattened 
 upi)er extremity is a small hole tilled with oxidized copper, probably the < ' of 
 the drill, which broke during the operation. On the opposit<; side, but only one 
 inch below the narrow end, is another hole of the .same diameter, shallow and 
 without any truces of copper. It is not quite evident f(U- what purpose these 
 
 41 
 
 ' If 
 
 - 1' 
 
 > ' 14. 
 
 m 
 
mm 
 
 MM 
 
 ', : 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 » *■ 
 
 172 
 
 PKEHISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 lioles wore drilled, unless it was with a view to ornainentatidn. From a mound 
 in Henderson County, Illinois. I're.sented by Mr. M. Tandy.* 
 
 The specimens figured next are of rather h(>terogeneous shapes, but have 
 the groove in oonuuon. 
 
 Fio. 205.— Florldn. (aOISO). Flo. 29r..— Florida, (:i(]11!l). Fl.i. iiV.-Oliio. (7it7). Fin. ll'.F.S.— (ihir>. (77nn). 
 
 All i 
 Figs. 295-298.— Stoue sinkers. 
 
 if! i I 
 
 Fig. 295. — This object, consisting of a dark-colorod serpentine-like material, 
 is of regular outline, and polished. The part alxive the groove has a conoid form. 
 It \va ■ found in Manatee County, Florida, and ,'<ent by Mr. J. I'. Wall. 
 
 Fig. 2n(). — A specimen derived from the same locality, also presented by jNIr. 
 Wall. It is of a very gi'aeeful, slender form, contracting below the groove, and 
 terminating in a conoid above it. The surface is beautifully polislied, and 
 entirely free of scratches and other marks indicative of use. The material is 
 like that of the original of Fig. 295. 
 
 * This inuund, located a mile aiiJ a liiilf from Dallas City, in Hancock County, Illinois, is rnmarkaMo for 
 the alitindanoc of human remains and artt.'facts it contained ; hut havinj:; been duu: into hy dilVerent jiarties, a 
 minute record of the uuinner of their disposition is not e.xtant. More tluui a hundred skeletons are said to have 
 heen inclosed in this mound ; a tree, twenty inches in diameter, had spread its roots among the bones, and impeded 
 the operations, until removed. The bodies, all belonging to adults, had been placed closely together, aa it 
 se((med, in a douhled-up position. Curiously enough, many itf the skulls exhibit a small round perforation in 
 one of the temporal hones, generally the left; and several skulls were found with a flint p(!rforator sticking in 
 (he ajperture, ami evidently driven into the head after death, jierhaps in pursuance of some superstitiou.s niolive. 
 Acro.'s the mound, from east to west, a streak of ashes and charcoal was noticed. The east side of the mound 
 inclosed a grave made of stone .slabs, and containing a skeleton stretched out at full length, with the head to the 
 f nith. In this grave were found two sinkers and a shell. The relics taken from this mound consist of sinkers of 
 stone and iron ore (sixteen in number), arrow and spear-heads, pipes, beads, and other ornaments of shell, perfor- 
 ated teeth of aninuils, bone awls, and fragments of henuitito, lead ore, copper, deer and elk-horn. It is probable 
 that the burials in this mound belong to different periods. Many of the relics here found were presented to the 
 National Museum by Mr. M. Tandy, of Dallas City, and others who had exhumed them. 
 
SINKERS. 273 
 
 Fig. 297.— Cast of a specimen formerly belonging to Dr. E. IT Davis and 
 now in the Blackmorc ^Museum, at Salisbury, England. It is ilgurcd bv Mr 
 Stevens and described by him as "a pluunuet-likc object of talc, gn-oved at one 
 end, and with the other end worked to a corresponding point."* Squier and 
 Davis represent a similar specimen of more graceful form. They call these 
 relics " pendants," and state that they " arc of frequent occurrence in" the vicinity 
 ot the ancient works, th.mgh seldom found, if indeed found at all, in the ancient 
 mounds them«ehes."t The original of Fig. 297 was found in Ohio. 
 
 Fig. 298.— This specimen bears some resemblance to the original of Fie 
 l.n, but It bulges less in the middle, and its lower end expands and terminates 
 in a conoid. The material of this well.p„li.hed object is a dark-green, compact 
 kind ..t greenstone, somewhat porphyritic in structure. It belongs to a collec- 
 tion ot relics from Madison Township, in Franklin County, Ohio, which w.n-o 
 presented to the National Museum by Mr. W. R. Limport, of Grovoport in the 
 same township. They were not taken from mounds, but were found by farmers 
 Willie ploughing. • " ' 
 
 ,1 
 
 h 
 
 Fig. 299.— Stoiio siuker. Ohio. (160.S4). 
 
 Fig. 299.— A well-polished sinker of specular iron, provided v itli two 
 grooves, the lower one of which runs in an oblique direction. It was tak-ii from 
 a mound in Licking County, Oliio, and i^resented by Mr. W. Anderson. 
 
 The following cl.i.ss comprises sinkers in which the upper part is worked 
 into the shape of a knob. 
 
 Kig. .'{(M) (on [.age 174).— This siidvor is of a Hattened [.eiir-sliape, being one 
 inch and three-eighths thick in the mijdle, and a])parently made of iino-grained 
 grnnite. The surface is entirely deconipose.l and rough. From IJeverlv, lilssex 
 County, Ala.ssachusetts. Presented by Mr. Levi Cole. 
 
 Fig. .'iOl (on page 174).— A specimen of more regular turm, consisting of 
 feldspathic rock. The surface is rough, in conse(nience of weathering. Found at 
 Eastport, Washington County, Maine, and presented by the Rev. E. Vetromilc. 
 
 * Slovens: Flint Chips ; ji. 500. 
 
 t 
 
 ''1 
 <i 
 
 t S<l'i 
 
 nd Di 
 
 iivis: Ancient JI 
 
 oniiiiiunts; p. 235 
 
 nn 
 
1-: 
 
 tkmmm 
 
 jfi>p mp 
 
 MWUMMH 
 
 
 III-! 
 
 . I 
 
 174 
 
 I'KKHISTORIC I'lSHINO. 
 
 Fig. 302. — This objoct, of a sdinowliat flattened shape, consists of a dark 
 metaniorphio slate. It expands (lonsiderably in the middle, and the lower part 
 shows four ffround facets terniinnting in a point, like the apex of a four-sided 
 pyramid. From South Kingston, Washington County, Rhode Island. It 
 belongs to the Clark collection. 
 
 Fill. 3i«.— MiH*>i:hil.S"tls. (ii.'iM,<). |.'|,|. .101.— Miiiiw. (IK.lil). Fro. 3(]2.— Rliodo '.iland. (ITST.'i). 
 
 Ficis. .300-302.— Stone sinkers. 
 
 Fig 303. — In this specimen, which has a tolerably regular form, the knob 
 is not sufficiently ex[»an(ling for permitting a line to be tied firmly below it. 
 But the sinker, composed of sandstone, is much weathered, and the knob may 
 have gr.-idu.illy dwindled away. If, however, the object ])re.-<eiits its original 
 form, we must assume that the line also passe<l around its lower part. From 
 Guadaloupe, Santa Barbara County, California. Sent by Mr. Bowers. 
 
 Fig. 304. — A very hirge sinker of granite, probably suspended in the man- 
 ner suggested in the pr(>ceding case. The side not exposed to view in the iigure 
 is partly flat. This sinker may have been used in connection with a large hook 
 for catching cod or halibut. From Massachusetts. Presented by General J. II. 
 Devcreux. 
 
 Fig. 30o. — A specimen of unusual form, made of a pebble of elongated 
 shape, sonu'what resembling a four-sided prism. The neck is ])roduced by 
 pecking, and tiiere are also traces of work noticealile on the left side and at the 
 lower end. The m;ileri;d is a greenish-gray metamorjdiic slate. Obtained at 
 Marl)lehead, Essex County, Massachusetts, and presented by Mr. J. J. II. 
 Gregory. 
 
 Fig. 30G. — A well-shaped sinker with flattened knob. The surface is much 
 corroded, and has a slightly porous ai)pearance. The stone out of which this 
 sinker is made etlervesces when treated with an acid, and consequently consists 
 of, or contains much, carbonate of lime. Obtnined at Sarasota Bay, Manatee 
 County, Fhn-ida, and presented by Mr. J. G, Webb. 
 
 If I 
 
 fill 
 
 1' ! 
 
SINKKUH, 
 
 17/ 
 
 /•) 
 
 rig. mu A quartz.to sinker of co,>oi,l,vl funn, with ,, knob Iravcrsc.l by a 
 groove wind, doubt OSS was intculo.l to lacilitate tl.o a.li„st„u-nt of tbo lino 
 Ironi MKldloborough, Massachusetts. Presented by Professor J. W P Jenks" 
 
 Ki.i. 3il.l.-Calif„riiia. poli,9). 
 
 Fin. 3(H.— iMassaohusoUit. (07111 p,,, .,,.- ., , ., , 
 
 (CMI.-,). 
 
 I'm. 3i«;.— l.-|iiriil,i, (liw.ia). 
 
 
 5 
 
 l''i.i. 3ii7.-.M»s..-auhiisott!). (r,,',li',) Kiu. .1ii8,-C»lif, 
 
 niia (JLHT.-i). 
 
 Fi(is. .■)();> -;i()8.— Stone siukers. 
 
 Fio;. 308._This si)cein.en, whieli consists of serpentine, exi,il,its an almost 
 
 g obular bulge Tn tins su.ker, as in others already described, the ne.-k norti. 
 ot the knob IS hardly narrow enough to allow a lirni attachment of the line, f, 
 
 for 
 
 
 ''1-' 
 . "I 
 
 t I 
 
1 TTi - r n 1, 1 1 111 I -rriiiiu>i ! w ii Hw i iii Wi 
 
 mSSbsb 
 
 il 
 
 h 
 
 )■ 
 
 il 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 I! 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 ,li 
 
 't 
 
 I 
 
 17(5 
 
 niKJiisTouic lasiiiNO. 
 
 which reason it may bo suppd.scd tli.it tlio latter passed around botli the knob 
 and tlie opposite extremity. Found l)y Mr. Hcliuniadicr on Santa Cruz Island.* 
 In the four specimens tbrniinu; the next ,u;roup there are no knobs, properly 
 speaking, .•muI other forms appear in their stead. 
 
 
 Fio. OTJ.-Ciilifuniia. ilJI.i!!). Via. :iin.— Miiinc. ((iM'J). Kio. ail-rnllforiiln. (Jl»7a). Fio. 312— CHlifcirnlii. (7117). 
 
 All J. 
 Fios. 309-;U2.— Stone siukew. 
 
 Fig. 309. — An object of limestone, rather rudely worked, and .slightly com- 
 pre.ssed in the longitudinal direction. Jjoth extremities contract and show traces 
 of asphaltuin. The line evidently encompassed both ends. From Santa Rosa 
 Island. Sent by Mr. G. W. Harford. 
 
 Fig. 310. — This sinker is made of a chloritic pebble, of which the pecking 
 has not entirely removed the original surface. A cross-section through the 
 Middle, therefore, would not present a circular but an irregular form. The upper 
 end shows a slight expansion, barely sufRcient to atford a hold to the lino when 
 tied around it. .Obtained near the Saint Croix River, Maine, and presented by 
 ^Ir. G. A. lioardnuin. 
 
 Fig. 311. — A specimen of kindred form, but larger, and perfectly .symmet- 
 rical in shape. The surface of this object, which consists of serpentine, shows 
 distinct sti'iie, produced by the tool with which it was finished. Found on Santa 
 Cruz Island by Mr. Scliunia(;lier. 
 
 Fig. 31:i. — Another Californian specimen with a more considerable bulge 
 and a very slender neck, terminating in a hardly perceptible enlargement. Tho 
 material of this well-woi'ked, but not polished, sinker is hornblende-schist. Sent 
 by Dr. L. G. Yates. 
 
 * Slifsrs. Sqi.iioi' and Davis flguro on p. 235 of "Ancient Moniimonts of tlio Mississippi Valloy " a specimen 
 cxhibitin;; a Kri'i'tc Inilgc and moro olabornto workmanship. Tlio comparatively small upper end is grooved j tho 
 lower end terminates in a conoid. No lipecial mention of tliie olijcet is made in tlie text of tlieir wnrix. 
 
 
 I. » 
 
SINKKliS. 
 
 / t 
 
 The siiiker.s wliicli la-xt oluiiii our atti.'iit.ioi\ arc iierforalod at tlie upper 
 oxtrciuit^-. 
 
 i J J 
 
 Fm. nll.-!,oul.-l,ma. (31408). Fio. 313,-Ciillf .riila. (2(ii":i). K.o. 3ir,.-Ark«nsas. (1)042). 
 
 Fi(i9. nin-SlS.— Stone ginkcr.s. 
 
 Fi,!^. 313.— A well-worked, but not polished, small .speeiuieii of potstouo, 
 with a hole drilled from both sides, and therefore bi-coiiical in shape. Thuu!j;h 
 of the sinker form, the object is rather small, and po.ssibly may have served as 
 an nniamcnt. Perhaps it belonged to the fishing-tackle of a juvenile angler. 
 Obtained on San Miguel Island by Mr. TJowers. 
 
 Fig. 314.'— One of the scries of tine ix.lished sinkers from Morehouse Parish, 
 in Louisiana, presented by Mr. Brudnax. It consists of specular iron. The 
 hole is bi-conical, and drilled with great precision. 
 
 Fig. 315. — This sinker, of very regular sli.ipu and well polisiied, is made of 
 amygdaloid. The perforation has n cylindrical form, ami below it are seen two 
 incised ornamental lines. Found in Arkansas, and prcsentetl l)y Mrs. R. L. 
 Stuart. 
 
 •^ 
 
 k^ 
 
 'w-» 
 
 u->3 
 
 Flo. 316.— Cttlifornln, 
 
 Fii. 317.-Illiiiol9. 
 
 Fiv.:i. .310 and 317.— Stoiu; siiikciv. 
 
 
17H 
 
 l'Ki:illsT(tUI(i I'ISIIINfl. 
 
 N^carly of this slinpo, Itiil, moro Hloiidor in tlio iioi'k, are tlio (Irilli'd stoiio 
 and ivory sinkers still niadis by the wostorn Mskinios. Sonii' of tlicir sinkers 
 are provided with ii liol(> id each end, as an example will hIiow hereaCter. 
 
 Fig. HI () (on paji;e 177). — A very good .specimen from San Mignel Island, 
 made of green i.sh-gray, slightly poroiw stone, apparently of voleanie origin. The 
 perforation, near the lilinit c\){\, is hi-eonical. This sinker and that represented 
 in I'^ig. .'M7 Itelong to the e.xtensivo C(dlcction of the late Mr. W. 8. Viui.x, of 
 I'hiladelphia, and were kindly loaned to mc hy his brother, Mr. George Vaux, of 
 that city. 
 
 Fig. 317 (on page 177). — A well-polished sinker of ('oari^o-grained .syenite. 
 The portion al)ove the bi-conical hole is somewhat damaged iiy tVaetiire. It 
 formed the losa pointed end of tho object. From Chester, Randolph County, 
 Illinois.* 
 
 m 
 
 \f'''i 
 
 l''i.i. .;h. -Voitiiwivi c.ii.t. (j'.wi. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Km. ll;l.-l'jilif.M-iu:i. I M*i.ll. 
 
 Kliis. .'>1S-;!'J(I. -Slmn' sirikiTS. 
 
 Km. Ml- I Phi,,. (:i|i««i). 
 
 Fig. HIM. — A speeimen maile of gneiss, presenting a ndlier rough ;ippear- 
 anee. iiut nevertheless .symmetrical in form. The bidging part is slightly tlat- 
 (isli. and both ends exliii)it a still more compressed shape. The l)i-oonic;d ])ei-- 
 fnnilioii is one inch distant from the upper end, wliich shows ;in insignilicjint 
 depression in the miiMle. Obtained on the Northwest Coast during Lieutenant 
 Wilkes's e\|doring expedition. 
 
 Fig. HU). — Marked as a cast of a .specimen in the collection of the ('ali- 
 
 * I Imvf the ujijiiT liiilf cif a woU-iimdo drilled i-tunc. sinkur, which, significantly oniiiigh, wus f,)iiiid in tho 
 Ilithlund Creolt, ncir BoUovillo, Siiint Cliiir County-, Illinois, 
 
furnia AomlcMny ..f S.-i.-n.TM. at S,..i rVa„.is,.„. Th.. (.l.joct, to judgo from its 
 umtati..,,. ,s well wurkr.l. Tl„. „,.,„.,• nu\ sIm.ws m dcop -n.ovo," n.nninK verti- 
 cally fn.ni ..no aportuiv ..f tJM. l.i.n.niral hnjo f. tlio ..(licr. I ninn-.t state .,f 
 wliat material the f-poeinieii is made, and iVun, Nvli,,t special lecnlitv in Cali- 
 Wnia it is derived. My iiKjuirieH led to n.. .leliiiite result. A east .'.f ai.utlier 
 Califonii.'iii sinker of the smmic sluipe was .^enl l.v .Mr. R. K (' Stearns to tlie 
 Xatiun.-d Mnsenn, (No. ;}(.ll()). The oriyin.l, 'com\.i\ug of dark .late, was 
 loiind m Sol.ino (.'ounty. 
 
 Fi-. ;3-'().— This si.eeimen is made of a flnttish pehhle of finc-graincd .sand- 
 «tone, to some extent m.ulilh.d l.y -rindin- A well-oTonnd horizontal -n-oove 
 pas.Hes throuj.-h the apertures of the cylindrienl perfonition. The ..l.jeel hi.s the 
 appearance of a sinker; b„t, nev,.rtlu.|ess, mny have boon .lesigncdfor another 
 ii.se. iM'om Cleveland, Ohio. Trcson fed by GeneralJ. T. Wilder 
 
 in 
 
 n 
 
 >:, 
 
 Fid. :iL'l.— Eskimo .«ti)iiL' .-iiiikir. Aliislui. (21702). 
 
 Fig. 321.-A well-made Kskimo si.d<er of greenish porphvrv, havin- at 
 both end,s perfon.tions whieh still hold eords of thong and sinew-remnants of 
 the line and of a strip to which the hook was attached. The j.erf..ralions run in 
 oi.posite directions. Obtained on Ukivok or King Island, Ala.ska, by Mr. L M 
 Turner. 
 
 In concluding my account of North American stone sinkers, I pre.sent on 
 l>age 180 two illustrations of such articles, which should have been noticed in 
 their proper connection with others of similar ch,'.raeter. T1h> fiirure-s, however 
 show the objects exceptionally in natural si/e. l)eing printed from bhx-ks not 
 siwcially prepared for this work, but already use.l in an official report.^== The 
 
 *N.,rri,: Fifth Annual H,.,,,,. , >'HheSu,,eri„t„„dent of the VoMowstone Nationa7^iii^W»sin,^,~i88r 
 Fig. I on p. ,33, una Fig. 8 on p. 34. ' h < , 
 
 \A 
 
 ''if 
 
j! 
 
 ij 
 
 
 • 
 
 ABBaOBH 
 
 
 BiBBB 
 
 
 n 
 
 ii. 
 V, 
 
 !■■ ; 1 
 
 f: I i 
 
 1 { ? 
 
 i-l:M 
 
 ir^'' 
 
 H" 
 
 v I t 
 
 
 
 
 1,, ' -; 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 f 
 
 ■i 
 
 1 
 
 * , 
 
 
 ■V; ^ 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 
 t ; 
 
 
 
 
 1' :; 
 
 
 "i'' c 
 
 
 V ;' 
 
 
 i 
 
 '*' 
 
 180 
 
 I'HEHISTUHIO FlSIilNO. 
 
 originals, moroovor, wore both fouiul uonr tiu" Yollowstonc Lake, in the Yellow- 
 stone Park, WyoMiiui;-, ami ..-nt to the National Museum by ^ir. 1'. W. Norris. 
 Fig. 322. — A grooved sinker, made of a syenite pebble of somewhat eom- 
 pressed shape. The peeked groo\o seems to be its only artilicial modilloation. 
 
 Flcs. '.Vl'l mill ;!'_'.'{. — Stdiu: siiikcis. Wy'Hiiiii^. 
 
 Fig. ',i2'). — This very line and earefnlly polished siidcer consists of whitish 
 quart/., variegated with blaek spots. The hole is regularly drilled from both 
 sides. - 
 
 On a preceding page allusion was made to sinkers of native eopper. As 
 tlii' metal would have furnished an excellent material for sinkers, the small 
 number i>f coppm" articles of this kind liitlierlo discoxcri'il must excite soiue 
 surprise. Indeed. 1 know only of two specimens, rei)resentations ami descrip- 
 tions of whicli are her(> givt'U. 
 
 Fig. ,'L*4. — .\ sinker of lieaten native eoj)per, approximately round in the 
 eross-sectimi. ami jirovidcd with a groove for the attachment of the liiu'. The 
 object is not (piite regularly shaped, and shows several cracks, i?ito one of which, 
 at the lower end, a thin piece of lii-atcn native silver is inserted. The original 
 was found, in June, ISlit, with a numlicr of other relics, in a mound at Marietta, 
 
 I 
 
 
SINMMiS. 
 
 181 
 
 01 
 
 110. Tliis nu.iiiiil ;iiul its coiitoiits li.iv 
 
 Ilildrctii ill ;i Ii'ltcT .•i(l(ln>ssc>(l io .Mr. C-ili'l) A 
 
 o lieiMi iiiinuU'ly do.scriliod by Dr. 8. R 
 
 iiadc after tluM.riiriiial. wliicli boloii--.-* to tl 
 
 (walor.- Till" t'ldl-.sizc lu 
 
 iirt' IS 
 
 quariaii Society, at W'oivcsler, .Massacl 
 
 le collection of tlie Ainericaii Aiiti- 
 
 tlir 
 
 lusetts, hut was kindly loaned to mo 
 
 .)up:li th.> nie<liation of Mv. Stephen Salisburv, Jr.. of the same j)l 
 
 placet 
 
 Fiu. ri'.'l. 
 
 Fii:s. iVM iiiul ;>2r).— c 
 
 I'm. :i:.-.. (r.S'jT). 
 ippor sinkers. Rfouiiil.s in Oli: 
 
 Fi.n:. ;ii>r).— This siid<er. presented I.y CieiuM-al J. U. D 
 lianiniered from a solid ])iece of nat 
 symmetrical, shape, and smooth on thu surfa.v. which si 
 
 evereux, is carefully 
 ive co|)pt<r, of u;ood, thouuli not ontirolv 
 
 T 
 
 le upper ]),irt lerminales in ;i co 
 
 mpressei 
 
 n firm hold to tin- 1 
 
 what simil.'ir 
 
 ine, and the I 
 
 lows some sli^'ht cavities. 
 1 knoll, snlliciently projecting- to alVord 
 
 owerend, willhuit forming- a knot), shows a soi 
 
 inu' about h.alf an inch in Ihicl 
 
 '■■'1"'- 'I'll'' '>l'.i''e( is not round, but tlalleiied throu-1 
 
 iie- 
 lont, me.'isnr- 
 
 almost 1' 
 
 kiiess. A cross-section flirouuh tlu- middle would 
 
 esemlile a recfan-le with stron-lv roiinde.l and 
 
 es. 
 
 *■ ArclircoIoixiM A 
 rcii'iiililiuici' (ii till' oil 
 
 niiTii'iiiiii; Vol. I, ISL'O; 
 
 jiTt. 
 
 p. HIS, etc. Till 
 
 oll.(Mlt • 
 
 '" I'- !"■' ('''i^'- •'"1 l»'iirs only ii iIIhIuiiI 
 
 t Siiici! Uiii iilp.ivi> wii'! wrillcn, Prof.ssor F. \V. 1' 
 
 VM'.iqimriim Socu'ty " (NowS, 
 
 I'iis, Vol. II ■ 
 
 iiliumi liiis |,iil>lishc(l in llic " I' 
 
 lit .Miirictla. Ui' llii 
 
 ^ 111,. 
 
 iif mil 
 
 <|ii'cinuMi, wliii'li I cull 
 
 ]<. :M'.i .-111:!) an iirli,'!,. i-rlalinir Io Ih,. olij,.,.|s ,Iis 
 
 rooooilin^.s of the Amprii 
 
 'il in do 
 
 ivo copper coiilainni!; imliv,' silver. The poi-iiliar 
 
 iisinli.M-, lia^ li,.,Mi ina.le I.y poinelin:,' lo:,'''ll 
 
 iiioiniil 
 
 .'Superior (Hslrii't is well k 
 exprc.sseil liy Professor I'l 
 
 noun, iind 
 
 \ lief, 
 
 oi'iairrenee ol 'lies,- tw. 
 
 re Imvi 
 
 .MiikiM- slio\v,-,l traces of lioaliiiL;, ari.l liei 
 
 Inani, linl npoti close inspection it 
 
 cxiiniiinMl the specimen in i|nesliori, I 
 
 ler an arhorc.si'ent 
 vir^rin inclals In tlu' I,ake 
 
 entertiiincil the vii 
 
 iilipoaml to nip as thouijli the pi 
 
 ice my ^lalemcnl. .Vficr all, the matter is imt of 
 
 )iii'<M' ol Silver in 
 UriMt imporlaiico. 
 
 the 
 
 IM 
 
 .'I 
 
n 
 
 i. 
 
 ■( 
 
 Vi 
 
 » ' i 
 
 !i 
 
 1-^ 
 
 i ■■ ! 
 
 
 ■ Av«»/<!<*iii4j.jsii:t.«t?,»«»*i;- 
 
 TSSTT'i-Hjy."' 
 
 "7^ 
 
 182 
 
 I'REllISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 General Deveroux informed nie tlint lie obtained tliis sppcinien, in the 
 snninior of 1852, from the family of the iinder. It liad heen exhumed, some 
 years ]n'evioii.sl_v, from a tumulus in Painesvilie Tnwnship, Lake County, Ohio. 
 lie had not the opportunity of personally visit inu' the site and remains of this 
 mound, which, from the description jjiven of it, was of no unusual size or shape. 
 It had been gradually leveled by the plough, during which process large quan- 
 tities of detached human bones as well as many distinct skeletons had come to 
 light; and also implements and ornaments of stone, togetlicr witii the copper 
 article — the only one made of that metal. The iamily nf the discoverer had 
 displaced or lost everything of the tind, excepting the copper relic, which hap- 
 pily had been carefully preserved as possessing unusual value. 
 
 In a valuable treatise on North American prehistoric copper articles, Dr. 
 Emil Schmidt has described this object as an ornament.* Its weight and form 
 militate against this view, whereas it has all the characteristics (>f a sinker, and 
 ])robably was employed as such. It is a reproduction in copper of a certain 
 type of stone sinkers, of which the s])ecimen represented in Fig. 2t>8 may sei'vu 
 as an examide. 
 
 In the next group I iinally present designs of four specimens made of shell, 
 three of wjiich coi-respond "in shajie nioi'e or less to certain olijects of stone 
 brought to the reader's notice, which I consider ;is sinkers. 
 
 : fi 
 
 Fid. .■I'jr..— Klori.lii. 
 (.■USillJ). 
 
 Fm. :ij7.— Floil.l;i. 
 (ISlHiD). 
 
 (:li-.r.7). 
 
 All h 
 Fias. 326-329.— .Si)L'li /mkera. 
 
 Fia. :ij!<.— Floii.lii. I''i.i. :i.".i.— WcMt Virginia. 
 
 (MV7:i). 
 
 Hi 
 
 m 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 Fig. 32(5. — Cast of a nn)ditied shell of Sfromhns pugilh, ft)und in Florid;i, and 
 sent to the National Museum for T'eju-oduction in plaster, by Mr. .1. W. Velio, of 
 Chicago. The edge-portion of the wall of this .shell has been nnnoved until its 
 more solid part was reached ; the end of the beak is ground oft", and below the 
 
 ♦Si'hmiiU: Die |iriiliistiirisolioii Kupfcrgoriilhi! Niirdumeriliiis; Arrliiv I'lir .\iitlirci|iiil(igiu ; Vol. XI, 1H7H; 
 
 p 88. 
 
 <1 
 
l-'ISH-CUTTEHS. 
 
 183 
 
 small plane thus f.,rniod it is on.-irclod hy a groove It appears probable that 
 this ])rei)aro(l shell served as a sinker. 
 
 Fig. 327.— All ()l)iect made of the columella of F^nila perversa. Its great 
 resemblance to a class of stone sinkers justities the opinion that it also was a 
 sinker. From Sarasota 13ay, Florida. Presented by Mr. J. (1. Webb. 
 
 Fig-. 328.— Cast of another specimen of shell, worked into the form of .-i 
 sinker. Original likewise Ibund in Florida, and loaned to the National Museum 
 by Mr. Velic. 
 
 Fig. 329.— Columella of F>,rula perversa, carefully brought into shape, and 
 perforated at one end. This specimen was found in a shell-heaj. on Blenner- 
 hassett's Island in the Ohio lliver, two miles below Farkersburg, A\'est Virginia, 
 and belongs to a c.dlection of relics from that island sent to the National Mu'seuni 
 by Mr. J. F. MacLcan.- It would have done excellent service as a sinker for a 
 fishing-line; but as the shell out of which it is made occurs only on the southern 
 coasts of the United .States, it doubtless was .leemed valuable bv the inhabitants 
 of the interior country, and hence it may have been designed Ibr an ornamental 
 rather than a practical i)urpose. 
 
 Fish-cutters.— Any one acquainted with the types of North American stone 
 implements is aware of the existence of smoothed or polished cutting-tools of 
 slate, which generally exhibit a semi-lunar shape, having a curved cutting-edc^c 
 and a straight or nearly straight back, thick and projecting for ureater con- 
 venience in handling. One of these cutters is figured by Squier and IJavis, and 
 they are thus alluded to :— "Another variety is oecasi.Mially found in the Eastern 
 States. They arc sometimes composed of slate, and are "of various sizes, often 
 measuring five or six inches in length. They are very well adapted for tlayin- 
 animals, and otlier analogous purposes."-|- They were afterward noticed by 
 myself,:!: and more minutely described by Professor Putnam § and Dr. Abbott.] 
 The above-quoted statements are correct, e.xcepting the remark thai these cutters 
 occur occa.vonalb, in the Eastern States. Th(>y are. in tact, rather froqu.-nt in 
 the Northern Allanlic Slates, but apparently coulined I,, thui n-gion. Tiie spe.-i- 
 mens in liie Natimi.-il .Museum were obtained in New Hamp.shire, -Massachusetls, 
 Connecticut, New Y,.rk, and Pennsylvania. According t.. Dr. AI)bott. liiev are 
 common in New .lersev. 
 
 Fig. 330, on the following page, shows the form of one of the smaller speci- 
 mens of this class, composed of a greenish-gray slate. The back is in the middle 
 
 • His .Icseription of llio slicll-iloposits on timt isliiiid will bo fouiul \n niiotliir s.vlion „r il.is worlc. 
 t Squier and P'lvis : Ancii'iit MomiiiK'nls ; p. lil,"), oti-. 
 
 X Tho AivlKool„-i™l Collection of Uio United States National .Museiun ; No, 287 of Sn.ithsonian Contrilmii,,,,, 
 to Knowledge; Washington, 18711; p. '>\. nirihiitions 
 
 § Putnam : liMlletin. of tlie Ks.ev Institute, V,.l. V, April and Mav, and d.ilv IM7:; • „ wi ,.|r ■ , lo- 
 ll Aljliult : I'liniitivr IriduMiy ; p. i;;i, ele. ' ' • I- ' ■,i.i->. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 .4 
 
 it- 
 
 
 
 4 
 
if 
 
 I 
 
 'pi 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 PREHlSTOIilC FISHING. 
 
 tlirec-eightlis of an inch thick, but, as in other specimens of the same kind, be- 
 comes gradually thinner toward the ends. It has a tolerably sharp cutting-edge. 
 The specimen was found at IJlackstono, Worcester County, Massachusetts, and 
 belongs to the series of New England relics acquired from Mr. J. H. Clark. 
 
 Pio. 330.— Stone fish-cutter. Miissacluisotts. (17938). 
 
 The original of Fig. 331 is in possession of Mr. F. lioulot, of Newark 
 Valley, Tioga County, New York, and the illustration was made after an exact 
 cast taken by one of the niixlelers of the National Museum. This specimen, 
 which consists of ; reddish-brown, mottled, ferruginous slate, was found on the 
 flats of Owogu Cr(X'k. near Newark Valley. It probalily had originally a greater 
 depth, which gradually became less Ity grinding. The cutting-edge is beveled 
 from both sides. Tlie l)ack is in the middle half an inch thick, and afforded, 
 like that »f the first-described specimen, a convenient handle. 
 
 i ■ ^ 
 
 Fill. ;i31.— Stoue fi.-hoiitti"r Now York. (-Is^'iO). 
 
 Fig. 332 represents a large, unfortunately defective, cutter of gray slate, 
 found on the bank of the Scliuylkill, near Norrisfowii, Montgomery County, 
 Pennsylvania, and presented to the National ^ruseiim liy Mr. J. II. McUvaine. 
 In this specimen the back is only live-sixteenths of an inch thirk in the middle, 
 and, considering the size of the implement, which measured more than nine 
 inches in length when complete, is too insigniticant to afford a firm grasp. It is 
 therefore obviou;5 that the blade was originally inserted, or intended to be 
 
J 
 
 FISIt-C'UTTKUS. 
 
 185 
 
 inserted, into n separate haiullo, probaWy of wood. A slit cut in longitudinally 
 below the proji'cting upper part, and not placed in the middle, but nearer one 
 end of the blade (for a reason to l)C explained very soon) facilitated the connection 
 of the two jiarts by means of a ligature. Professor Putnam and Dr. Abbott 
 iigurc in their before-cited publicvations a specimen from Massachusetts, showing 
 three longitudinal holes below the back, which in that instance forms a thin edge. 
 
 m 
 
 P 
 
 11 
 
 
 Fio. 332.— Stono fisli-ciittcr. Pennsylvania. (8025). 
 
 I have called these implements "fish-cutters," not for conveying the idea 
 that they were e.xclusively used for the purpose indicated by that name, but 
 because I believe that the cutting of lish was one tif their chief applications. 
 There are in the National Museum handled cutting-imi)lements of the same 
 sliajie, and partly of the same material, obtained fnun Tniiuits and Indians of 
 the Northwest ( jast, and these tools are generally designated by those who sont 
 them from that region as " fish-knives," " knives for splitting fish," "halibut- 
 knives," etc., and it is sometimes stated that they are chietly u.sed by women. 
 I will give a few examjiles. 
 
 Fig. 333, on the ne.xt page, shows a large, well-]io1ished, and sharp-edged 
 slate knire, designed to be inserted into a handle. It was obtained by Mr. V,. W. 
 N'.dson from Eskimos of Nin-ton Wound, Alaska. lie calls if "a woman's fish- 
 knife," and draws special attention to the absence of the handle. 
 
 In Fig. 334, also on the following pagt>, I rejiresent aiiothei' slate knife, sent 
 from the same locality l)y .Mr. Ij. M. Turner. It is set in a massive semi-lunar 
 handle of pine-wood. A ligature of M'halebone passing thnuigh a hole in the 
 blade and fitting into a groove in the handle keeps both parts firmly united. 
 The cutting-edge of this tool is rpiite sharp. It will be noticed that the hole in 
 b24 
 
 ■ t 
 
 
negB3 
 
 fa^^'*it«*^'.iijJ,^w*rv;j^.^-.>,.^v-w>.%^tfSaw*-^.i% 
 
 ynn 
 
 186 
 
 PREHISTOKIC KISHINO. 
 
 the blatlo is not in the middle, but noarer one of its corners, just as in the origi 
 nal of Fig. 332. It wus probably intended to e.\ert a greater pressure on one side. 
 
 Fid. aai. (33700) 
 
 r.:' 
 
 ( . 
 
 Pill. :'.:il. (.'Mi;i). 
 
 Figs. 333 nnd 334. —Stone fisli-ciitters. Eskimn.s, Norton Soiiml, Ala.ska. 
 
 ' 1 ■« i 
 
 Fig. 33o presents tlie form of a "halibut-knife" used by tlie Makah Indians 
 of Noah Bay, Wasliingtun Territory, and sent by Mr. Jaiues G. Swan. Tlie 
 blade consists of a thin pi(>ce of iron, and i.s inserted iiilo a slightly-eurved, 
 rather thick handle of pine-wood. The two holes in the blade iiave no signili- 
 cance ; they were origintdly in the piece of sheet-iron obtained from the whites, 
 which was afterward utilized in the manufacture of a knife. 
 
 Another Makah knife from Xeah Day sent by him (tonsists entirely of slaty 
 stone. It has, as Fig. 330 shows, a semi-circular (Uitting-edge and a ma.ssive, 
 
Fisii-c;irnHU,s. 
 
 187 
 
 riKlcly-sliapcd back witlioiit slioiiUlerrt. In tlis uueoiitli, l)iit vory charactcrisiic, 
 iinplcinont only the cntting-oilgo is ground Air. ywan calls it au ^'ancient 
 knife for splitting lish." 
 
 
 
 '■im 
 
 c 
 
 KlU. 3:15. (33372). 
 
 Fill. ;i;!i'.. (18521). 
 Fiiia. 335 iiud 336. — Fii li-cutlei-s of iron and stoiio. Mukali Iiiiliijus, Neali Bay. 
 
 
 ^■iM 
 
 The Groonlard Eskimos, niovo cspocially tlio woincn, use at present a senii- 
 circnlar iron futtiuLL-tool (called oo/oo). which is hal'ted like a saddler's knife; 
 but formerly, l.tefoiv tliey obtained iron fi'om Europeans, they employed knives 
 with blades of slale.-'' as di<l ,al.so the eastern Innuits south of (irecniand. 
 
 The resemblance between tlie modern (uitters denominated " ti. slide nives" 
 
 and the older slate kn 
 
 ive; 
 
 ik M-ribetl bv me is reallv slrikiny. and hence it will 
 
 be 
 
 avc 
 
 deemed justitiablc that I have claimed an analogous use for the latter, and 
 mentioned them in connection with iirehistorie tishing. 
 
 *Somotinie9 of iiK'tciiriu irnn. 
 
 '4 
 
 m 
 
i I 
 
 
 188 
 
 I'UKIIISTomC I'ISHINC} 
 
 In commenting on these tools, Dr. Abbott observes: — "As these semi-liinar 
 knives arc more abundant in New England than in the Middle States, and do 
 not appear to have been in use among the southern coast-tribes, it is prol)ablo 
 thi't tlie pattern is derived from tlie Eskimos, with whom the northern Algonkins 
 were frequently in contact."* This ajipcars to me entirely probable. 
 
 BOATS AND APPURTENANCES. 
 
 } 
 
 Boats. — The simple craft of the Indians arc alluded to in the cai'liest woi'ka 
 on North America, but very little of a descriptive character is given, excepting 
 in the first volume of De 13ry, which contains an account of the manufacture of 
 boats hollowed out of stems of troes.-|- It docs not seem that in this country 
 circumstances have favored the preservation of boats for a considerable time, 
 the only case known to me being that recorded by Colonoi Charles C. Jones. 
 lie says : — 
 
 m 
 
 U i V 
 
 rnuii 
 
 
 Fiu. 'Vil. — Boat, exhumed near Savannah. 
 
 " In 1845, while digging a canal on one of the rice-plantations on the 
 Savannali River, located only a few miles distant from the city of Savannah, at 
 a depth of three feet and a half below the surface of the swanio, the workmen 
 came upon a canoe embedded in the soil. It answered to the description of what 
 is familiarly known as a diifj-oiif, and had been fashioned from the trunk of a 
 cypress-tree. About eleven feet long and thirty inches wide, its depth was 
 scarcely more than ten inches. Both bow and stern were strengthened, each by 
 a wooden brace kept in position by wooden pins passing through the sides of the 
 canoe and entering the bi'aces at either end. This boat curved upward at either 
 end, so that tlic bow and stern rose above the middle portion. Located about 
 three feet from the stern was a seat nine inches wide, consisting of a rude cypi-ess- 
 plank. For its reception the sides of the canoe had been notched three inches 
 below tlie gunwales, and it was further kept in position by four wooden pins — 
 two on each side — driven through the boat and entering the seat at either end, 
 as in the case of the bow and stern braces. 
 
 " The bottom was flat, the sides rounding. No etTort had been made to form 
 
 •Abbott; Pritnitivo Industry ; p. 14. 
 t See " Extniets." 
 
HO ATS. 
 
 181) 
 
 a keel. Tho bow and stern were botii pointed, and not unlike in tlieir ^'oneral 
 outlines, the latter being more blunt than the former. At the top the sides were 
 rather more than half an inch in thickness, increa.sing, however, as they 
 descended and curved below the water-line. 
 
 " When cleaned and dried, this canoe weighed sixty pounds, and could be 
 transported with the greatest facility by a .single individual. The agency of firo 
 had obviously been invoked in the construction of this little boat. \\'hile there 
 were no mavks of sharp cutting-tools, the evidence appeared conelusivo that tho 
 charred portions of the wood, both within and without, had been carefully 
 removed by rude incisive implements, probably of shell or stone. Tho plan of 
 felling the tree and of hollowing out the log, as perpetuated in one of Do Hry's 
 illustrations, seems to have been observed in this instance. Regarding the 
 regularity with which the outlines and the relative thicknesses f)f the sides of 
 this l)oat had been preserved, one could but admire the care and skill with which 
 that dangerous element, tire, had been made subservient to the uses of tlie 
 primitive boat-builder. It is entirely probable that the ordinary stone celts, 
 chisels, gouges, scrapers, or simple shells, were the only implements at command 
 for the removal of the cliarred surface, as the cypress-tree was by degrees con- 
 verted into the convenient (Jiir/-oitt. 
 
 " Tills canoe had evidently lain for a vei*y long time in its present position, 
 and seemed to have si'ttled gradually. There was an accumulation of forty 
 inches of mud and soil above it, and around lay tho rotting trunks, arms, and 
 roots of forest-trees, v/hich, during the lapse of years, had died and become 
 intermingled with the debris of the swamp. Above the spot were growing 
 cypress-trees as largo and seemingly as old as any in the surr(ninding forest. 
 
 " It is difficult to form a satisfactory estimate of the age of this relic. That 
 embedded cypress is, for an almost indefinite period, well-nigh indestructible by 
 ordinary agencies, is capable oi' proof. Wo have but to instance the sdlt-marshcs 
 along the line of the (Jeorgia coast, in not a few of which, at the depth of several 
 feet below the surface, may still be found the clcarly-detined and well-preserved 
 traces of cypress-forests, consisting of limbs, truidvs, knees, and roots. In 
 former years, at least some of these .salt-marshes must have been fresli-watcr 
 swamps; and, without the violent intervention of some mai'keil convulsion of 
 nature, of which we have no record, and for which no plausible reason can be 
 assigned, centuries must have elapsed before a gradual settling of the c^ast 
 could have occurred to such an extent as to have admitted the influx of tidal 
 waves converting cypress-swamps into extensive, uniform salt-marshes, destroy- 
 ing the original growth, and finally covering the fallen forests with mud to the 
 depth of several feet. 
 
 " Wo are not aware that a sufficiently accurate record has been kept of tho 
 annual deposit of mud from the overflowing waters of the Savannah River, to 
 
 
 C-:iH 
 
 
 ■fe' 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
h-t't.-.'»« •('. J*ilV',ilfcA,.<:«jjlj(i. 
 
 ;■*! 
 
 100 
 
 I'RRIIISTOUIC; nsiiiNo. 
 
 f ' 
 
 >i ( 
 
 enable us to derive from this source a pljiusiblc conjecture as to the aj^e of this 
 canoe. So many uncortaintios outer into calculations of this character, that in 
 most instances all attempts to arrive at ilelinite results fall far short of satis- 
 factory conclusions. All wo know is, that this Indian canoe is old — older than 
 the barge which conveyed Oglethorpe up the Savaniuih, when he tirst selected 
 the home of the Yauuicraws as a site for the future coniniercial metropolis of tlie 
 colony of Ucorgia — more ancicMit, probably, than the statelier craft which carrieil 
 the fortunes of the discoverer of this Western Continent. 
 
 "So far as our information extends, this is the first and only well-authenti- 
 cated instance of the exhumation of an ancient canoe in this country. It is in 
 just such a locality tliaL we might have anticipated with greatest confidence tlie 
 existence of such a relic. The general employment of bark and skin in the 
 manufacture of their canoes by Northern Indians precludes all reasonable hojjo 
 of finding ancient specimens made of such perishable materials."* 
 
 This canoe. Colonel Jones informs me, gradually yielded to decay after its 
 exhumation. 
 
 
 h 
 Fio. .S38.— W(n)<Kii l(.yl)(iat. 8aiilii Cruz Island. (18178). 
 
 During his exploration of graves in California, Atr. Paul Schumacher dis- 
 covered .some wooden objects wliicli I consider as toy-boats. Fig. 338 represents 
 the best-preserved and smallest of them, which was found on Santa Cruz Island. 
 It is a miniature flat-bottomed dug-out, measuring nearly seven inches in length, 
 and showing at one end a perforation, evidently designed to receive the line by 
 which the little canoe was guided. This specimen is a very creditable sam))le of 
 Indian wood-carving. 
 
 Jlailiiif/scnops. — In a former publication I have designated another wooden 
 object, likewi.se obtained by Mr. Sclininacher on Santa (.'ruz Island, as a bailing- 
 vessel, because its form and material suggested that use. 
 
 Fig. 330 represents the specimen in question. It is skillfully cut out of one 
 piece of wood, incliuling the handle, and has a capacity of about one pint. 
 The outline of this vessel, which is eight inches long with the handle, resembles 
 that of an irregular rectangle with strongly-rounded angles. The upi)er edge 
 oftposite the handle is curved downward, as if by wear — a feature which led me 
 
 * Jones ; Aiitiquitioa of the Southern Indians; p. 63, etc.; figure of ciuioo on p. 53. Colonel Jones kindly 
 loaned mo tbo cut, 
 
 H 
 
IlAILINa-St'Oui's AM) J'.AliDKKS 
 
 101 
 
 bolu. o tl.H tI.o utcM.,1 s,.rvnl fur l.uilin,. Whilo tl.o botto.n is suffldn.tiy 
 
 ( o -av,.) iov,n. J .ko tl.o toy-.-a, .(..st .lc....ribo.l, this voss.! .-onsisl. a,,, - 
 
 - tly of cc..lar.w.,o, , tl,. .Material Laving beco.ne very ligl.t in I.otl. i„.stanc .s_ 
 .-.1 no.t as l,g ht as tl>e woo.l of tl,e utensils extnu-te,! tVon. the sites of laeustrine 
 settlements .„ Swit^.-lan... Unt^.tunately I an. unable to state ,vt^^: 
 two rehcs we.-c toun.l associated with ...anufacturos of Caucasia., origi, ". t 
 
 Fig. 339.-Wou.lon l,ailii.g.,seooi. (?;. HmUa C'ru/, Isltt.ul. (18326). 
 
 Though I have called the o.^iginal of Fig. 339 a bailing-scoop, I wouhl by 
 "o -ueans assert thai it was used as s..ch. It n.ay have bee:a lai or di;!;.,'' 
 
 l^..go IJ, ot th.s p,.bl,eat,on, I an. enabled to record the discoverv of a IVa-^- 
 "'••ntai-y Ind.a.. pad.lle. It was cxtracte.I in the winter of 1880 IVo.u ,ho ,n,'ul 
 ot .•. creek at Canoe I'lace, Long Island, by a n.an c.gaged in eel.fishi,.g. 
 
 (unoe ilace (Xia.m.ck in the Indian language) is a low, narrow islhn.ns 
 
 t^een econ.ca,.d bh.nnecock ]}ays, and so called because the Indians wc-e 
 
 in the habit ot haul,.,g tl.e.r ca..oes ac-oss it tVo.n bay to bav. Wuch operations 
 
 a.-c a so pe,-tor.ned by whites. M.-. Tooker has seen quite la.-gc sail-boats and 
 
 M!S3»K, 
 
 I'ro. 340.— Puddle. Long Islau.l. 
 As Fig. 340 shows, this paddle, which is thirty-four inches and one-fou.^th 
 
 !,^ 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 \i: 
 
 f- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ( 
 
 f. 
 
 J 
 
 I < 
 
 V 
 
 • 
 
 
 '< '(I 
 
■mm iim-rvry'^j 
 
 !i 
 
 !'l 
 
 ) \ : 
 
 i'i 
 
 '■!';' 
 
 \P 
 
 
 lO'J 
 
 I'HKdlMTOlUC IISIIINtl. 
 
 loiifi;, niul iiwiilo 1)1" Olio itiocc of oak, Iwis lost oiic-lmU' of its blade; luit n rcslorn- 
 tioii ill (lottcil linos lias been atteiniitid. Tlio relic belongs to Mr. Tooker, to 
 whom I am indebted for tlie description and ii pliotograpli, after wiiicli the illus- 
 tration was made. 
 
 I am not aware that other paddlos liavo been found under similar circnni- 
 stances in this coiiiitrv. 
 
 Aiichoi'-nfoties. — ^faiiy years ayo, while spending; somi' day.i at Xaniiet, a 
 post-villat,'e in Uocklaiid County, New York, 1 saw in a store, k.'pt by a man 
 who was in a small way a c(dlector of aborij^iiial relics, two boiihh'is of j;ood 
 size, each encirdeil iiy a groove around the middle. I had not seen such stones 
 before, but concluded at once that thoy had served as anchors, not knowing 
 any other use to which they could have been applied. These objects, 1 believe, 
 are now generally considered as weights wliicli were attached to strong lines 
 (probably thongs) of the proper length, and used as |>rimitive anchors to moor 
 canoes to the siiores, or to arrest, if need required, their drifting in mid-water. 
 Yet smaller stones of this kind, too heavy for net-sinkers, may have boen 
 cmi>loycd as weights to keep set-nets in place. 
 
 "Large aiigiihir pebbles or boulders, with deej) encircling grooves." .says 
 Dr. AI)bott, " have been fiv<iueiitly found in the Delaware River as w as in 
 many of the larger creeks th)wing into it. These grooved boulders, 1 'lieve, 
 were used as anchoring-stones. 
 
 " One of these so-called anchors, found in the l)ed of Crosswick's Creek, near 
 Bordentowii, \ew Jersey, is a com]>act sandstone boulder, nearly a cube in shajie, 
 and weighs forty pounds. Tiie groove divides the stone into equal parts, is 
 evenly worked, and measures uniformly one inch in width and three-fourths of 
 an inch in depth. 
 
 " This specimen was found embedded in mud, at a de[ith of nearly three 
 feet from the present surface. Near it were found a dozen notched jiebbles, a 
 gi'oovcd stone axe, and several fragments of pottery. 
 
 "The circumstances iiiuhn' which this grooved boulder was found clearly 
 indicate that it was used as an anchor; and its being associated with a small 
 series of notched pebbles is as interesting as it is suggestive. Unlike the large 
 notched pebljles referred to from the Water (lap,* this specimen could not have 
 lu'eii used as an attachment to a net, but at once suggests the use of u boat; and 
 ■IS we know that these boats were in almost daily use, it is not probable that 
 they were always drawn from the water when not in use."f 
 
 Two remarkable anchor-stones were sent, in 1882, to the National Museum 
 
 * Soo nolo on p. 158 of this pulilication. 
 t Abbott: I'riiiiitivo Industry; p. lil'J, etc. 
 
ANcinm-STo.Nh; 
 
 103 
 
 by Mr. John H. "\Vi;,'<,'in.H, of W'avcrly, 'l'iM;r,i ('.Miiity, New Ynrk. Fig. 341 
 shows tho form of one of thom. It i.s ui.-uli' of a fhittish boulder of rmc-graiiiL'd 
 
 Baiidstoiif, iiioiv tliaii Ihirc inches in tiiickii 
 
 ess, 
 
 Tl 
 
 It' fj;i'oo\i', 
 
 diicli 
 
 runs nara 
 
 1U>I 
 
 with tho h>nf,'c'r «i(h'.s of tJK' l)oii.ldi'r, i.- o.cr an inch tUM'|) on tlio faco shown in 
 the illnstnition, and <;roun(l out its whole length, but niueh shallower on tlu! 
 opposite one, and there it seems t(» be a natiu'al, yet artilieially nioditled, depres- 
 sion in the boulder. This specimen, which weighs eightirn pounds and three- 
 quarters, was di.scoverod in August, 1881, near the middle of the Snstpiehanna 
 Kiver, in the lu'ighborhood of Say re, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, by Mr. 
 IJenJamiu F. Coolipiiugh, while engaged with a party in spearing tisli. Seeing 
 tlie object by the light of the torch, in passing over the placo where it lay, he 
 returned and secured it. 
 
 Fio. li-tl. — Anclior-stoiic. Fmiml in (lie Snsqtifliniiim Kivor, IViinsylvaniii. (59108). 
 
 The other specimen, somewhat smaller, and weighing not more than sixteen 
 pounds and a half, is alnntsl identical in sha]ie with the one just described, and 
 consists of the same kind of line-grained .sandstone. It was also obtained in 
 1881 by Mr. Coolbaugli, at Sayre, where it came to light while laborers, eiii- 
 ph-yed by a railroad-company, were clearing aw;ty the ground with a steam- 
 shovel, to prepare a place for erecting machine-shops. The stone lay imbedded 
 in gravel and sand ten feet below the surface. 
 
 Fig. 3-42 on the following page, representing an anchor-stone of another 
 form, is made after a drawing sent to me by its owner. Dr. J. F. Snyder, men- 
 tioned on page 12G of this work. It was found, some years ago, in the bed of tho 
 K 25 
 
 ■I 
 
 m 
 
 
 '•■^^ 
 
 
 t »-i 
 
 
 
U: 
 
 ■I 
 
 -1 ' ■• . 
 
 i-- ■ P : 
 
 '■■;: ■ .1 . ' 
 
 
 li , ^ I 
 
 ' If 
 
 : I 
 
 ■j 
 
 ; 1 i 
 
 ■I 1 1 
 
 194 
 
 I'KEHISTOKIC FISHING. 
 
 Illinois River, near the mouth of tlie Sangamon (Illinois), while United States 
 engineers were engaged in dredging-ojierations. Tills stone consists of compact 
 carboniferous sandstone of yellow color, and weighs thirty-four pounds and a 
 half. Its dimensions, as given by Dr. Snyder, are as follows : — 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Thickness in the middle 
 Width of groove - 
 Depth of groove 
 
 12 inches. 
 Gi " 
 1-1 inch. 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 342. — Auuhor-stoue. Found in the Illinois Rivnr, Illiuoid. 
 
 I '{1 
 Ifl 
 
 i: 
 
 P'-' 
 
 l»5 
 
 "The anchor-stone of which y<ni have a drawing," observes Dr. Snyder, "is 
 altogether :» work of art. It is not smooth, but ' pecked ' all nver, probably with 
 a sharp-pointed tlint. It evidently lias liecn worked to its prest'nt dimensions 
 and shape from a rough block of sandstnnc l)y long-continued, patient labor. 
 The groove in it is neatly cut. and also shows the traces of pecking. 
 
 "I have secured two otlicr anchor-stones from the banks of the Illinois 
 River, since I sent you the drawing of tliis one; but neither of them is as sym- 
 metrically shaped. The largest of the two is unfinished, and consists of tho 
 same kind of sandstone. The angk-s uf the rough block have been only partially 
 pecked down, and the groove is not deep. I did not weigh it ; but I think it will 
 bear down fortv-tive or tiftv pounds. 
 
 "The other one is apparently natural in its form: a smooth, water-worn 
 
ANCIIOH-STONES. 
 
 itcs 
 »act 
 I a 
 
 195 
 
 rivor-rock, two inches and a half in tliic-kncss, twelve in diameter, and slightly 
 concavo-convex; it is nearly circular, with rounded edges. Across one of its 
 faces runs a groove, an inch or more wide, but not deep; sufficient, however, to 
 indicate its use. It is a white stone, of silicious character, I think, and harder 
 than the sandroclv. This object v.as exhumed from an old Indian grave, or 
 nither from a low, flat sand-mound, on the bank of the Illinois River, near 
 Beardstown, n, this county (Ca..). The enclosed skeleton was vcrv much 
 decayed, extended at full length, with the liead to the east, and the back of the 
 skull lying ui the concave surface of the stone, which seemed to have been 
 placed as a pillow under the occij)ut of the corpse. Under each shoulder and 
 ^^a.-h hip, and under each heel of the skeleton was ibuiid a common, smooth 
 water-wurn pebble as large as a hen's egg. A few flint arrow-points and three 
 scales ot the alligator-gar completed the sepulchral deposit. I have not wei-hed 
 this stone, but judge that it will aot exceed twenty-five pounds." ° 
 
 In another communication Dr. Snyder speaks of an anchor-stone, now 
 destroyed, which was also found in the same neighborhood in the bed of the 
 Illinois River, and was similar to that here llgured. " It Avas," he says, " almost 
 an exact copy of mine, in material, dimensions, and weight." 
 
 Wry large notched pebbles and perforated stone slabs might have been used 
 as anchor-stones; but specimens thus modified, to which I could assi-n that 
 ajTliration with any degree of positiveness, have not fallen under mv notice 
 
 btones are still employed instead of anchors for small craft in" Europe as 
 we 1 as 11. .\orth America, and probably all over the world. ^A'ith re-ard to 
 i\o;th American anchor-stones, therefore, some discrimination is required to 
 d.sc,.v,.r wl„.!l.er an ol.iect of this class is a relic of the fi.rmer inhabitants or of 
 
 ]:U.. 
 
 wli; 
 
 SIICCCSSI) 
 
 'i-s. and there may bo cases in which a proper distinction 
 
 tliei; 
 
 becomes well-nigh impossible. Our fishermen on the great; lakes and rivers 
 aluio.st universally use stones in lieu of anchors. On the Su,s<p,elianna, 1 am 
 informed, they employ ,,„ unaltered stone slab of an elomvate.l, approvimatelv 
 rectangular torm, j^referring one whi.-h is naturallv indented or inwardlv curved 
 
 on one ot its longer sides. rder to give a firm i:ol,l to the line. >SuJh stones 
 
 weigh accnnlmg to the cunvnt in which they are used, from twenty-five to fiftv 
 pounds. "^ 
 
 Vov the following information, bearing on the employment of anchor-stones 
 111 \ iiginia, I am indebted to Trofessor Otis T. Mason:— 
 
 "In response to your in.p.iry concerning the use of anchor-.stoncs by the 
 negroes ol \ irginia, 1 would slate that I have many a time gone out in a du-- 
 out canoe w.lh negroes or ■ poor whites ' to catch the white cat-fish found onlv h. 
 the running water of the middle bed, or chaniu-l, of the streams. The fisher- 
 
 .'I 
 1'!: 
 
 ■h 
 
 mi 
 
 'i 
 
 i 
 
mfft^m/SSBP^SSf^^'SIIS^S!: 
 
 i|ii«s»IJfiMa«&i.SiWfea».*Sia.ii.<^i^^ 
 
 I ■ 
 5 ri 
 
 fi. 
 
 
 
 19(5 
 
 PKEHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 man was provided witli two strong cedar-polos, a olotlies-line, a number of 
 hooks on sliort lines, and a square slab of stone attached to about twenty feet 
 of rope for an anchor. Tiiits stone weighed lifteen pounds or more, and its 
 form was moditied oidy sufficiently to secure the crosswise attachment of the 
 rope. The poles were stuck in the mud on either side of the channel, and the 
 clothes-line stretched between. The baited hooks were distributed along the line 
 at convenient distances, and the dug-out anchored to await results. Shortly a 
 tugging at the line would indicate business, and the stern of the canoe would be 
 ])oled to the vicinity of the excited hook. The fish secured and the liook re- 
 baited, the sportsman lay by for a new conquest. I am (juite sure anchor-stones 
 were employed also in the little boats used on plantations near salt water, to 
 catch oysters for homo consumption." 
 
 The New England fishermen, also, in order to avoid expenses, replace 
 anchors by stones, as shown in the following examples. 
 
 li 
 
 Fid. .'>1.">. — " Uiuliriiiiuiiiit; rock." Massiiclius-'tU (54IM6). 
 
 1 represent in Fig. 84.'J one of the .so-called " underrunning rocks," which 
 are attiiched to the end of trawl-lines, to sink them to the bottom. The object 
 here figured is a gninite boulder of an ovoid form, showing no other alteration 
 by art tlnm a drilled hole for receiving a grooved wooden pin to whicii the rope 
 is attached. Obtained at Gloucester, Massaciiusetts. 
 
 Fig. 344 presents the form of a New England " killick," used as an anchor 
 
PKKIIISTOHIC STKUCTITRKS CONNIXTHl) WITJC KISlIINf!. jc,; 
 
 for a fishing-boat, and also for mooring gill-nets, fish-traps, and trawl-lincs. It 
 IS an artificially-proparod, grooved granite slab of square outline, firmly set into 
 a somewhat anchor-like wo..dcn struetuie, terminating in tlukes at the base-a 
 curious combination of the anchor-stone and the anchor. From Rockport 
 Massachusetts. ' 
 
 >^ 
 
 *- 
 
 ft' 
 
 
 Fro. 344.— "Killick." Massachusetts. (54417;. 
 
 PREIIISTORIO STRUCTURES CONNrX'TED WITH FISHING. 
 
 Fish.preser,es.-Co]ono\ Charles ('. Jones, in his account of the mon.uls in 
 the State of Georgia, draws attention to artiiicial excavations occurrin- in the 
 immediate vicinity of some of the e;.rthworks, ..uid assinns to these excavations 
 the chnn.cter of fis],.preservcs. lie first notices the .v.rth works located upon 
 the right bank of (l,e Etownh River, on the i^lantation of (-.don,.! Lowis Tumlin 
 a tew miles from Cartersville. in Rartow County. 1 reproduce on pan-e 198 his 
 plan of th.> works as Fig. 345, and (,uote his statements relativ(> to them:— 
 
 "Viewed as a whole," he says, "this group is the most remarkable within 
 the confines of the rttate. These mounds are situated in the midst of a beautiful 
 and fertile valley. They occupy a central position in an area of .some fifty acres 
 bounded on the south and east by the Etowah River, and on the north and wes^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
"^l^'^"^^?WlilW" 
 
 
 ■i: 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 198 
 
 I'HEHI.STOUIC I'lSIllNG. 
 
 by a large ditch or .irlilicial canal, which at its lower end coinLnunicatos directly 
 with the river. This moat [G 0) at present varies in depth from iive to twenty- 
 five feet, and in width from twenty to sevcnty-iive feet. No parapets or earth- 
 walls appear upon its edges. Along its lino are two reservoirs {D Z>), of about 
 an acre each, possessing an a erage depth of not less than twenty feet, and its 
 upper end e.xpands into an artiticial pond (P), elliptical in form, and somewhat 
 deeper than the excavations mentioned. 
 
 Fig. SI"). — Earthworks in the Etowah Valley. 
 
 "Witliiii the (Micltisur^' forini'il by tliis moat and the river are seven moiiiuls. 
 'i'Iir(>e of tliein art> pre-eminent in size, the one designated in the accompanying 
 l^lan by the letter A far surpassing the others both in its proportions and in the 
 degree of interest wliieli attaches to it. 
 
 "The t-entral tumulus rises about sixty-iive feet above the level of the val- 
 ley. It is entirely artiticial, consisting wholly of the earth taken from the moat 
 aii<l the excavations, in connection with the soil collected arouiul its base. It 
 lias received no assistance whatever iVom any natural hill or elevation. 
 
 " In general outline it may l)e regarded as (piadrangular. if we disregard a 
 slight angle to tlie south. That taken into account, its form is ]>entagonal. 
 On its summit this tumulus is nearly level. Shorn of the luxuriant 
 
 
 A 
 
 
I'ltKIIISTOJilC STI!i;(TrHKS ( ONNIXTKI) WITH I'ISllINd 
 
 109 
 
 vegetation !vtnl tall forcst-ti'ces wliieli nt one time crowned it on every side, the 
 outlines of this mound stand in bold relief. Its angles are still sharply detined. 
 The cstal)lishod approach to the top is from the east. Tts ascent was accomplished 
 through tlic intervention of terraces, rising one above the other — inclined planes 
 leading from tlie one to the otlun*. Tiiese terraces are sixty-live feet in width, 
 and extend from the mound toward the southeast. Xear the eastern angle a 
 pathway leads to the top ; but it docs not appear to have been intended for veiy 
 general use. ^lay it not have been designed for the ])riestho(Kl alone, while, 
 assembled upon the broad terraces, the worshipers gave s(demn hoed to the 
 religious ceremonies performed upon the eastern summit of this ancient temple? 
 
 " East of this large centi'al mound — and so near that their tlnidis meet and 
 mingle — staiuls a smfiUer mound al)ont thirty-tive feet high, originally (piadran- 
 gular, now nearly circular in form, and with a summit diameter of one hundred 
 feet. From its western slope is an easy and immediate communication with the 
 terraces of the central tumulus. This mound is designated in the plan by the 
 letter //. Two hundred and tifty feet in a westerly direction from this mound, 
 aiul distant some sixty feet in a southerly direction from the central mound, is 
 the third (C) and last of this immediate group. Pentagonal in form, it ])o.sse.sses 
 an altitude of (wenty-tliree feet. It is uniformly level at the to]t. 
 
 •• Ea~<t of this group, and within the enclosure, is a chain of four s(>pulchral 
 mounds (/<'/' 2''/*'). ovoidal in shape. Little individual interest attaches to them. 
 Nothing, aside from their location in the vicinity of those larger tumuli and 
 their being within the area formed by the canal and the river, distinguishes them 
 from nuuKM'ous earth-mounds scatt(>red here and there thnmghout the length 
 and breadth of the Etowah and Oostenaula Valleys. 
 
 "The artificial elevation E, lying northwest of the central group, is remark- 
 able for its superticial area, and is completely surrounded by the moat which, at 
 that point, divides with a view to its enclosure. The slope of the sides of these 
 tumuli is just such ;is would l>e assumed by gnidii.il accretions of earth succes- 
 sively deposited in small i|uanlities from above."' 
 
 Having expr(>ssed, in tlu' next par;igra])h, liis opinion that the central mound 
 ser\ed as a temph' of tlie sun, Colonel Jones continues: — 
 
 " In the true relation of the vicissitudes wliicli attended the Ciovernor Don 
 Hernando dc ^-"ni,*. an some no '".-s of Portugal in th(> discovery of the Province 
 of FIorid;i. we ,.■.' inforuu'd liy llic (ientleman of l']lv;is that ' on Wednesday, 
 the nineteenth day of .lune, tlie (iovernor entered Pacaha, and took quarters in 
 the town where the Cacique* w.is Mccustomed to reside. It was enclosed, and very 
 Ifirge. In the lowers and tii(> p;ilis:iile were numy loopholes. There was much 
 dry maize, and the new was in great quantity throughout the tields. At the 
 distance of half a leanin* to a league otV were luru'e tov>ns, all of them surrounded 
 
 i^P 
 
 m 
 *'.''.'i 
 
 ::f' 
 
 ;-t 
 
 ■.(>. 
 
 1:! 
 '51 
 
 ■' ill 
 
 'm 
 
 i 
 
iii i 
 
 'I- ' ■ 
 
 I '. 
 
 /; 
 
 
 mh 
 
 200 
 
 i'hmiiistohk; kisiiing. 
 
 with stockades. Whore tlie (lovornor staved was a yreat lake near to the cndos- 
 ure; and the water entered a ditch (hat well-nij>Ii went nmiid the town. From 
 the River Grande to tlie hdve was a canal, through which the tish came into it, 
 and where the Chief kept thorn for his eating an- pastime. With nets that were 
 found in the place, as many were taken as need required ; and liowover much 
 
 might be the easting, there was never any lack of them. The Caciquo 
 
 of Casqui many times sent largo presents of lisli, shawls, and skins.'* 
 
 " Wiiile the earth removed in the construction of the ditch and excavations 
 was primarily employed in the erection of the tumuli within tho enclosure, while 
 they may in one sense bo regarded as the sources of tho mounds, and while their 
 sizes and d(>pths wore, to a certain extent, regulated by the supply of mate- 
 rial requisite for the com[)]etion of the projected truncated jiyramid and its 
 dependent mounds, we are of opinion that, during the progress of the entire 
 work, direct reference was had to the iinal use of those excavations, and of this 
 canal as tish-preservos, whence the priests, cacit|ues, and noted personages of the 
 nation, who jtrobably dwelt within the enclosure formed by the moat and the 
 river, could at all seasons derive an abundant sup|)ly of lish. The canal leading 
 from Lho artiiicial pond in widcli it takes its rise communicates directly with both 
 reservoirs, and, after passing them, empties into the Ktuwah. Through this canal 
 lishes could have been readily introduced from the river into all three of these 
 artiiicial lakes, and there propagated. Cane or wooden wears — in such common 
 use among tho Southern Jiidians during the sixteenth century — would have pre- 
 vented all escape, and thus those reservoirs would have answered the purposes 
 oi Jinh-prcserves. Such wo believe them to have boen."f 
 
 Somewhat similar excavations accompanying tumular erections wore seen 
 by Colonel Jones in other parts of (ieorgia, namely, in the neighborhood of two 
 mounds lying close to the left bank of tlie Savannah River, on the Mason plan- 
 tation, twelve or tifteon miles below the city of Augusta ; and on tho site of the 
 •' Messier .Mound,'' locato<l on Messier's jdantation in Early County, about twelve 
 miles east of the Cliattahoo(;hee River.J Yet in those instances they present less 
 marked features than in the case of the mound-group in the Etowah Valley. 
 
 I am not awai'e that excavations bearing the distinct charactt^r of lish-prc- 
 sorves have been noticed in connection with the numerous mounds and mural 
 earthworks in Ohio. 
 
 
 fili 
 
 Fish-pens. — I am indebted to my esteemed correspondent, ^[v. William L. 
 
 * Niirnitivcs of the Ciirccr of Humnndo do Soto, etc ; p. 112, etc. 
 •f JoiH's: Anticiiiitii's of tho Soiitliorii fiidiun-'; p. 130, etc. 
 J Ibid.; p. 152, etc.; p. ICO, etc. 
 
 In 
 
I'HinilSTOKIC STKUCTUKKS CUNNWTi;!* WITH 1IS1IIN(J. 
 
 201 
 
 Stoiu' — till" wcll-luuiwii iiutlmr — ior tlio following iiccouiit of a .stone .structure, 
 evidently a lisli-pen, in the State of New York : — 
 
 ntBH IIXNK 
 
 n 
 
 VICLE'^ HOUfte 
 
 f/fa» /r^/v/r ' ■ -* , „ „■— ■ - 
 
 ^ ^fr^^y Xsg^^:^!;^ ^)^. 
 
 F/SH CREEK 
 
 
 
 ^■i^^ 
 
 sr^i 
 
 
 ii'^S 
 
 
 ?'S??&.s£.;;r«^Jm-=^'Si ■ 
 
 Farm uTTkisl nfundi'ni/ 
 at a ^fuuji utifflc to tJiO 
 
 
 fiB 
 
 
 fOAO TO y/CrO/TY MILLS 
 
 ly T stAKK'^tM rz; ' 
 
 
 
 ■(^l 
 
 ;i'i 
 
 Fi(i. o4fi. — .Stone fi-fii-iiPii. Saratoga County, Now York. 
 
 "^Vlle^ at Saratooa Sprinus, in tlio sumnuM- of 1870, Mr. I'lMijamin U. 
 Viole, who resides on the left or north hank of l''ish ("reek (the outlet of Saratot:;i 
 Lake, runiiinii' into (lie ][iidson). ealled niy attention to what hi> considered an 
 ancient Indian work; and accordingly, the toUowino- day, in company with Mr. 
 James M. Andrews. Jr., f drove over to his house. Mr. Viel(< took us in a l)oat 
 acroiis Fish Creek to the spot he had descrilied ; and the afternoon was s]ient in 
 a cai'eful inve.stigalion of the work. At a jioint directly op|iositi' tli(> A'iele farm- 
 house, between the creek and the hioh slate haidc on the top of which runs the 
 road to Victory Mills, there is a larue. open swani]). In this swamj), extending 
 in an irregular .«emi-circular form fnuii the high hank, is a solid wall liuilt of 
 eobble-stones, regularly laid up and ranging in width from six to eight feet, and 
 enclosing ar. area of about half an acre. On e.ich side of the wall a pole can bo 
 run down in the marshy muck from sixteen to twenty feet. In shape it is, as 
 h2G 
 
 
 '■■\i: 
 
 %. 
 
 Vi,. 
 
fir 
 
 !■ 1 
 
 ji 
 
 ! 
 
 ., f 
 I' '■ 
 
 B ' > 
 
 JI fl[JIW.-"-'.lL..lt,WH^ 
 
 II II I ■ I ., I HI] u ■■ ■ mmm>m~ M uv..i„..»»..^.. 
 
 '■^^.•"■C^v'^.f^;,1^ 
 
 
 iif 
 
 l?i^ 
 
 1 
 
 1'' 
 1 ''' 
 
 i'*^ 
 
 p ' 
 
 1. 
 
 ■1 .' 
 
 1!02 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 before stated, nearly a semi-circle, both ends resting on, or rather terminating 
 at, tjjo bank, the latter forming the base of a segment, or a chord of a circle. It 
 is continuous save toward its eastern extremity, where there is a break or gap 
 of twenty-four feet. Connecting the ends of the semi-cinde is a straiglit wall 
 built close to tlie shore, and at the foot of the slate bank or blufT already men- 
 tioned, which latter has a height of twenty-five feet. 13eyond the curve to the 
 west, and connected with this straight stone work, extends another wall, the 
 object of which is not apparent, unless it served as a wharf. Near the centre f)f 
 this shore wall, or chord of the arc, within the weir, and standing on the edge 
 of the embankment, is a stone post of curious form, deeply embedded in the 
 wall, the apex being abet three feet above the ground ; while near the middle 
 and on top of the wharf there is another stone, bearing evidence of having Ion" 
 withstood the ravages of time. It is two feet long, with a .small round knob as 
 a head, worn smooth by friction. Its broad pedestal is suiTOunded by largo 
 stones, deeply planted, which hold it tirmly at a sharp angle to the land. A 
 glance at the accompanying map, drawn by my friend, Mr. W. T. Markham, 
 will make this description plain to the reader. The day following my visit, 
 Hon. J. P. Butler and Professor Henry iSIcGuicr, of Saratoga Springs, drove 
 over to the spot, and took the following measurements, which may prove valu- 
 able to the scientific delvor after archaiological data : — 
 
 Descriptive. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Ax'c to opening - - - - 
 
 
 384 
 
 Weir opening ... - 
 
 
 24 
 
 Remaining arc ... - 
 
 
 40 
 
 Chord of arc (stone or shore wall) 
 
 
 390 
 
 Axis of arc .... 
 
 
 84 
 
 Wharf 
 
 
 !'50 
 
 " The cobble-stones have all been brouglit from a tield three-fourths of n 
 mile distant. 
 
 " This structure is evidently not the work of whites, as may be conjectured 
 from the tacts that the oldest settler has no record or tradition regarding it, and 
 that there are directly upon the top of the wall, in different places, stumps of 
 white oak betokening a growth of several centuries. The wall has so much 
 sunk that it is at present but two feet above the water of the swamp. It docs 
 not appear to have been the work of the al)origines inhabiting the country when 
 discovered ; for had it been, those Indians would have had a tradition regarding 
 its origin, and would not have failed to communicate it to the early settlers, by 
 whom, in turn, it would have been transmitted to their children and grand- 
 children, many of the latter of whom arc yet living. Yet that it was meant to 
 
 3( ! 
 
 9 a 
 
PREHISTORIC STRUCTURES CONNECTED WITH FISHING. 
 
 208 
 
 servo sumo importniit purpose is evident from the groat labor involved in its 
 coiistructiun. To u nomadic people, acoustonicd to depend almost entirely on the 
 unc'crtaintio.s of the chase for support, the question of food for use in their war- 
 like oxpotlitions was of the first cnnsoquonce. 
 
 "Xi.w, the plan pursued by the Iroquois in hunting doer and other wild 
 animals, as dcs-cribod by a Jesuit missionary. Father Brule, who lived among 
 them in the seventeenth century, was as follows : — 
 
 'On the borders of a neighboring river twenty-five of the Indians had been 
 busied ten days in preparing for their annual deer-hunt. They planted posts 
 interlaced with boughs in two straight, converging lines, each extending more 
 than half a mile through forests and swamps. At the angle where they nu>t 
 was made a strong enclosure, like a pound. At dawn of day the hunters spread 
 themselves through the woods, and advanced with shouts and clattering of 
 sticks, driving the deer before them into the enclosure, where others lay in wait 
 to dispatch them with arrows and spears.' 
 
 " Our belief, therefore, is that the same plan was followed by the builders 
 of the work in the taking of li>h, and that this enclosure was designed simply 
 as an immense trap in which to catch large quantities of that game, to bo after- 
 ward suKjked and laid aside for the year's food. It is a well-known fact that in 
 colonial times, before the mills and dams wore erected at Schuylervillc by Gen- 
 eral Philip Schuyler in 1700, herring and shad in enormous shoals were in the 
 lialiit of running in the spring up the Hudson into Fish Creek (hence the name), 
 and thence through Saratoga Lake and the Kayaderosseras Creek even to Rock 
 City Falls."'' At this season of the year the swamp along the sides of the creek 
 is overflowed to the depth of several feet. Is it then not possible, probable 
 even, that the Indians at this time of the year, in their canoes, beat the ci'oek, 
 until, approaching nearer and nearer, large quantities of herring and shad would 
 be driven through the gap in the wall into the cuclosui'o? And this appears the 
 more reasonable when it is remembered that fish, season after season, have their 
 ' run-ways ' as well as deer. Observation had shown the Indians that th.i fish, 
 at this part of the creek, came across fn^n the north to the south bank ; and 
 hence the opening left directly opposite Ihis angle of the stream — thus affording 
 the moi'e easy driving of the fish into the enclosure. Then having driven the 
 fish into this immense 'eel-pot 'and closed the gap with brush, they could at 
 their convenience either scoop them up, or, awaiting the subsidence of the water, 
 capture the fish, thus left high and dry, an easy prize. 
 
 » Mr. Henry Wasmnn, of Old Siinitogii, informs ino tlint when liis grandmotlicr (one of the vory earliest 
 settlers) first came into tlio country, she and hor neighbors wore In the hahit of scooping up In their aprons out of 
 Fish Creel; qunntlticH of tho?e fish. 
 
 i. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 a?; 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 ■I 
 
 'A 
 
asm 
 
 iBimnnTaJMui 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 11; 
 
 iiM:•^ 
 
 ft:: 
 
 i-;^ 
 
 III;! 
 
 
 2^n 
 
 I'UEIiistouil; i'isiiino. 
 
 " Nor is it necessary to assume that liigli water, then ns now, covered tlio 
 swamp in the spring. The lay of the hind and the observations ot" the settk'rs 
 for the last seventy-live years clearly show that the creek formerly washed the 
 high bank seen in the accompanying sketch, and that it gradually has been tilling 
 in. Indeed, every few years the Victory Mills Company are obliged to dredge 
 out the creek to keep the supply of water from failing. This tallies also with 
 my own observation; for a spot in the middle of the creek over which, til'teen 
 years since, my (dd schoolmate, W. S. Mer.><erean, and myself anchored our lioat 
 in i.en feet of water, has now become a bank of mud rising a foot above the 
 water. The rapidity of this lilling-in process would seem to show that when the 
 wall was erected, it was built in the shallow water of the stream — a suppositinu 
 which makes the use to which the enclosure was put, as above hinted, still more 
 jirobable. 
 
 "The singular stones briefly described suggest by their positions the jnir- 
 poses they served. The one last mentioned was probably the post to which the 
 Indians made fast their chain of canoes stretching diagonally across the stream, 
 when engaged in beating back and preventing the lish from running up and past 
 the opening in the weir (see map). The oth(>r larger stone (within the weir) 
 may have li(>en used by the Indians in time of war or alarm, to secure and pro- 
 tect their fleet of war-canoes, by attaching them with thongs to this tirmly-im- 
 l>edded rock. Thus these works would secure their ileet from sudden attack or 
 surprise, until their forces could rally from the hill and prevent their cai»tiire — 
 the high blutVs, covered with large oaks, securing protection to the defenders of 
 the weir. This work, therefore, may have served a double jmrpose, viz., to catch 
 lish during peace, and as a harbor and place of protection for their canoes in 
 time of war. When, however, the slate reefs were worn away below in the bed 
 of the creek, and the water gradually subsided to its present limits, these works 
 becanu' useless and were consequently abandoned. There are abundant evidences 
 ti> show that at tine time Saratoga Lake (the source of Fish Creek) was twenty 
 to thirty feet higher. 
 
 " I otter these suggestions because, in the [tresent stage of arclueological 
 investigation, any fact that throws light upon the customs and habits of the for- 
 mer iidiabitants of this country must be of value." 
 
 Thei'e are probably similar structures in this country, which have not yet 
 attracted the attention of observers. 
 
 Vn\'-\ 
 
 m 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FISHES, AQUATIC MAMMALS, ETC. 
 
 In the first part of this work I have reproduced a series of designs of lishes 
 and aquatic mammals, executed by the cave-men of Europe, and bearing witness 
 
 
Ui;i'l{i:sKNTATI(»N,S Ol'' I'ISIIKs, A<ilIATIC MAMMALS, ETC. 
 
 2or, 
 
 to tlieir iirtintic bent as well as to tlicir appreciation of the advantafj;es tliey 
 derived from tliesc denizens of tlie water. It may not l)e out of plaee if I ^'ivo 
 .soiui^ aceount of corresponding productions of the former inlialtitants of tliia 
 country, who seem, liowovcr, to have preferred in similar imitations tlie plastic 
 to the jxraphic mode of execution, all specimens to which I cm refer heinj;' either 
 l»ipes, or simply representations in stone or shell, or clay vessels of .1 tish-form. 
 
 I'ipf'H. — I am not aware that there is aiiumf? the many .so-called "platform- 
 l>ipes," exhumed from tumuli in Ohio and other western states, a single one 
 
 which exiiioits a tisli as principal ohject, wliilo sucli imitations ot birds, (piauru- 
 pcds, and even amphibians, arc by no means rare. Many i)i[)es of this descrip- 
 tion, all made of stone, were obtained by Messrs. Squier and Davis, in the course 
 of their exploration of earthworks in Ohio, from mounds within an embankment 
 of earth close to the Scioto River, four miles north of Chillicothe. This enclosure, 
 .somewhat in the shape of 11 .square with strongly-rounded angles, comprises an 
 area of thirteen acres, over which twenty-three mounds are (or were) scattered 
 without much regularity. It has been called " Mound City," from the great 
 number of mounds within its precinct. In digging into the mounds, the exfdor- 
 crs discovered in many of them heai*ths, which furnished a great number of 
 relics; and from one of the hearths nearly two hundred of the above-mentioned 
 pipes were taken, not all entire, but partly cracked by the action of lire, or other- 
 wise damaged. In two of these pipes tishes are represented, but merely as 
 accessories to the principal ligures, which form the receptacles of the smoking- 
 material. 
 
 m 
 
 '; I"' 
 
 S 
 
 Km. :HN. 
 
 Fuls. 347 aud ;i48. — Stono pipes reprcseiitiii{; 11 lioiim fpetliii;; on 11 fi;ili, and an ottiT with a (isli in iU 
 
 niuutli. Mound near Cliiliiootlie. 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 347 shows the imitation of ;i tufted heron in the act of striking a fish. 
 It is a very good carving, comiiosed of a brownish, speckled stone of no great 
 hardness.''' The other pipe, Fig. 348, is carved in the shape of the fore-part of 
 
 * Siiiiicr und Uuvis: Ancient Miinunioiils ; p. "JSU. 
 
....I. It 41 nil ,11111, |ll|ll||H||H|Wi,fp^^-^^^^.. 
 
 2(M} 
 
 i'ui;iiisT(iui(! I'lsiiiNd. 
 
 nil iiiiiinal with atlsh in itM iiioutli. Hi|iiiiT iind Davis ciill tliis niiiiiial an otter;'" 
 Mr. Stcvoiis, lidw'ovcr, snpiioHcs it tit 1)0 tlio laiiiaiitiii, inaiiati'c, or sua -cow ( 7V/- 
 chci'hiix iiifiiirifiis, liiii.), ii iiiaiiiiiial not iiict in tlic ]iii,'ii(>r latitiitlfs of Norlii 
 Aiiii'rii';!, liiit niily on tli(> cdMst of ridriiia.f Tlio latter is a licrltivoroiis animal, 
 anil liciiiT the artist [(roltulilv wmild nut have earveil ils likeness with ii prey 
 lietiltinjj; a earnivore. The first suj,'L,'estinii, tiierefure, may he tlie correet oiie.J 
 This speeiineii eoiisists of a matiM'ial anahtgous to that composing the licron-i)ipe, 
 and boih aro now in tlio Blackmore Museum, at Salisbury, England. 
 
 If' 
 
 Fig. 349. — Cliiy pipe in tho shape of a fiah (?). Chuttauooga. 
 
 Tlio original of Fig. 349 is a pipe of burned cl.ay, found at a considerable 
 depth below the surface, near Chattanooga, Tennessee, and belonging to Dr. J. 
 B. Xicklin, of that place. It is moulded in tho form (jf wliat app:>ars to be a 
 iish with widely-oponeil mouth, feebly-expressed tins, !ind unforktd tail. Tho 
 eyes are indicated by roundisii incisiu . -ud tho body is marked on both sides 
 with two rows of rudely-engraved lines, m-j^. •■ a median lino. The iVtrm of 
 the Iish appears to be altogether conventional, as none .t tho experts in ichthy- 
 ology whom I consulted was able to determine its charactor.§ 
 
 Tmifatioiis in Stone ninl Shell. — I'rehistoric carvings in stone or other ma- 
 terial, exliil)itiiig the forms of fishes and acpmtic mammals, it appears, have not 
 freipieiitly been discovered in this country, Sieli as have fallen under my 
 notice, directly or indirectly, are liere described. 
 
 I'^ig. lioi) represents a rude imitation I'f •. tish, preserved in tho National 
 Museum. It consists of a rough, flat piece of greenisli-gray slate, not quite half 
 ail inch in thickness, and ground (even polished) around the edge ; the indenta- 
 
 * Squiur ami Dhvh : Am'icnt Jlonumcnts ; p. 257. 
 
 t Stevens: Flint Cliips ; p. 429. 
 
 I Tliere iiro iimong tlio pipes of "Mound City" soveral thuugliltn liu imitutions of tho liiinimlin. 
 
 § The ]iipe has even been thoiiijht to roprcsont tho hcud of u snake. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 jl '. 
 
HKI'UKSRNTATIoNS OK I'lSUKS, ACitJATIC MAMMALS, ETC. 
 
 2fl7 
 
 tii)ii of Hio tiiil, lujwovcr, is prodiua'd by tlio process of pcckiiip. Mouth ami 
 cyos ftro iiidinitcd on Ixttli sides liy incised lines. Tliis specimen was obtained l)y 
 liieutennnt V. W. King from sliell-liefips on tiio StiUine River, Alaska, which 
 Mr. Diill ascribes to a pre-lndian Innuit population. It remains uncertain 
 whether this vudo relic waa a more trinket, or had sonic significance as an amulet 
 or a chariii. 
 
 r^ 
 
 Fio. .'550.— Piece (if sliitc worked into the liltencss of a fish. Aluskii. (0790). 
 
 Similar doubts exist with regard to the object represented in Fig. 351. It 
 is a rather thin piece of iridescent //a^/oi'/.s-shell, cut with some skill into the 
 shape of a llsh. Tl' > specimen, found by Mr. Schiiinaclier on San Xicolas Islaml, 
 may have been a cii;iim, i>r simply an ornament, if, indeed, it was not designed 
 for a more practical use, namely, that of an artiticial bait employed in fishing 
 with a line. However, in view of its uncertain character, 1 have deemed it 
 preferable to refer to it merely as a iish-reprcseiitation. 
 
 Fro. ;!51.— Fisli-sliiipi'il uliji'cl of Udlidtk-^hoW. San Nicolas Island. '2012!)). 
 
 The original of Fig. .T)!' on page :2()8, lirst brought to notice iiy I'mfessor 
 I'utnani, was dug out of the ground in a garden at Ipswich, Essex County, Mas- 
 sachusetts. The neighborhoi)d of this place is mentioned as one particulary rich 
 in .stone relics. I give Professor Putnam's description of the object in full : — 
 
 "This stone was evidently carved with care for the purpose of being worn 
 as an ornament, and was ])robably suspended from the neck. It is of a .soft 
 slate, easily cut with a sharp, hard stone. The markings left in various places 
 by the carver, showing where his tool had slipped, indicate that no very delicate 
 
 I 
 
 .iii."' 
 
 n 
 
 -■.5; 
 
 ■'■ \\\ 
 
 
 •ii-'KiJ 
 
f 
 
 wm 
 
 T^^m^^^mm^mtmm 
 
 \ i!! I 
 
 
 :,aii,:l: 
 
 Eii- 
 
 ill 
 
 ii 
 
 ji. I'M \ \ 
 
 I; ■:, \ 
 
 H 
 
 
 208 
 
 IMtKlllSToinc l'lSIIIN(i. 
 
 iiistruMH'iit li;i(l lii'iMi used, wliili' tlic several gi'Dovos, made to carry out tlic idea 
 of tlie sculptor, iiidieate as plainly tlial the instruuieut hy wliieli tliey were made 
 liad wliat we should call a rounded edue. like that of a dull hatchet, as the 
 grooves are wider at tli(> top than at liu; bottom, and the stri;o show that Ihoy 
 were mule hy a sort of sawiui:' motion, or a rubhinj:- of the instrtimeni backwards 
 .and forwards, lii fact, the carver's tool might have been almost any stone 
 implement, from ;in arrow-head to a skin-scr.iper, or any piece of hard, roughly- 
 chipped stone. 
 
 
 Fi(i. '.V)'!. — SloiK'-ciirviii;^ rcprcscntiii}^ ii lisli. rpswicli. 
 
 ''The ligure represents the stone of u.atural size, its total length being two 
 and a half inches. It is of gener.al uniform thickness, about one-jifth of an inch, 
 except wliere the angles are sligjitly rounded otl" on the front of the head an<l on 
 the abdominal outline, and the |)ortion representing the forked tail, or ciutlal 
 tin, whicii is rapidly and symnu'trically thinned to its edges, as is the a..!ched 
 portiiMi representing the dorsal tin. 
 
 " The carviiig was evidently intended to represent a tish, with some peculiar 
 ideas of the artist added and .several imp(jrtant characters left <)ut. The three 
 longitiulinal grooves in front represent the mouth jind jaws, while the transverse 
 groove at their termination gives a limit to the length of the j.-ivv, and a vi'ry 
 decided groove on the under sitle divides the under jaw into its right and left 
 portions. The eyes are repr':sented as .slight depressions at the top of the head. 
 The head is separated from the altdoniin.d ])ortion by a decided groove, and the 
 caudal tin is *vell represented by the forked portion, from the centre of wnich the 
 rouiuled termination of liie whole projects. In this p.-irt there is ai! iri-egidaidy 
 made hnle of a si/.e large enough to .allow a strong cord to jiass th.rough for the 
 purpose of susp(>n'<ion. Th(> portion of the scidpture rising in the pl.ace of ;i 
 dorsal tin is in sever.il w.iys a singular conception of the ancient carver, ^^'hile 
 holding the , isition of ;i dors;d tin, it jioints the wrong way, if wi' reg.inl the 
 portion looking so much like i sh;irk"s tooth as intended to represent the tin .as 
 a whole. It is very likely that the designer wished to show that the !in was not 
 connected witii the he.ad, ;ind, as he was coiilined by the length of the piece of 
 stone, after making the head so much out of projxu'tioii, he was foi'ced to cut 
 
 m 
 
KKPIiKSKNTATIONS OF FISHES, A(afATlC MAMMALS, ETC. 
 
 209 
 
 mulcr the anterior i)or(i.)ii of the lin, in ovdvi- to express tlio fact. If we regard 
 it ill this light, the notches on the upi)er edge may he considered as indicating 
 the tin-rays; hut tiie ligure liest sliows the cliaracter of tiie .sculpture, and 
 pcr.sons interested can draw their own conclusions. 
 
 "The syiniiietry of the whole carving is well carried out, hoth sides l)eing 
 alike, with the exception that the raised portion at the posterior part of what I 
 have called the dorsal llii is a litth; more marked on the loft side than on the 
 right, and the edge on the same side is surroiiiuled hy a faint, irregularlv-drawn 
 line. 
 
 '■The carving w.-is, I think, iiii'piestionalily made by an Indian of the tribe 
 once iiiimerons in this vicinity, and, iis it was almost beyond a doubt cut ])y a 
 stone tool of some kind, it must lie considered as quite an ancient work of art, 
 probably worn as a 'medicine,' and jmssibly imlicated either the name of the 
 wearer or that he was a noted lisheriiian.''^-^ 
 
 This specimen is proluibly still in possession of the tinder. 
 
 Professor rutii.-im lias also given ;in account of a stone-carving re])resentiiig 
 a cetacean animal, preserved in the collection of the Amesbury jN'atural Ilistorv 
 Club. It is here represented in two \ lews as Fig. IV,:]. I describe it in his owli 
 wolds, merely changing the past into the present tense: — 
 
 1 , 
 
 -j<o-~ "s*"^!:* 't:»ii» 
 
 Fig. ;!."(:!.- .'■;i,,n,-c;ii'viii'; ill (Ir. llin:, cil' ;i (.-utaLriiii. Swihiook. 
 
 "It rudely represents .n imrpoise, ur. still licfl.T, a white wh.ile vv llrlnija, 
 as it has no protuberance reprcsiMiting the dorsal lin of the [mriioise, and tiie 
 
 * I'litmm.: Ucsiripliui. of an Aialcnl Iiidiiin Carving, Iu.hkI in I|,,,wi,l,, Muss.; Bulli.tin uf il,u li-n.^ 
 IiistiuiU', Vi.l. IV, N... 11, 
 
 u27 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 5".. 
 
1 
 
 w- 
 
 ■'■"r^nmrn^i^mm 
 
 ft.: 
 
 a :■ 
 
 :i 
 
 m'l 
 
 t 
 
 i: 
 i 
 
 } 
 
 210 
 
 PREHISTORK' KISH INC.. 
 
 Boliigii is witliout the fin. Tlio fli])|)(>rs or jjcclonilfiiis nro ivprcyentcd bv tlic 
 ]ir<)tiilK'raiu'os on <!io sides, nntl tlio iiKnitli is cut in juul well indicated. Tiio 
 broad liurizontnl 'ail is tlccidcdly cetacoan in fiiaracter, and tlic wliolo carving, 
 tliougli riidclv done by piclving tlic syciiitic rock, from wliicli it is made, witli 
 stone imi)lenients, is yet so cliaracteristic as to indicate at once that a porpoise 
 or Beluga was intended. A liole tlirougli tlio portion rejiresentiiig llie tail shows 
 tli;it the object was suspended, but the stone is so large and lieavy that it can 
 hardly be classed as a personal ornament, though it is jirobably to be regarded 
 as a totem. Jt measures ten inches in length by about t'-o in depth at tlic 
 pectoral tins, and is about (wo and a quarter inches wide acro.ss the ])ectorals as 
 measured on the under side. This interesting specimen was Ibund at Seabrook, 
 A'ew Hampshire, and it is said that two other similarly worked stones have been 
 found at the same ]>lace. The figures here given represent the ' totem ' in ])rofilc 
 and from the under side."* 
 
 i 
 
 Among the relics collected l\v Mr. Schumacher on the Santa Barbara 
 Islands is a series of curious stone-sculptures, in some of which certain animals 
 can l)e recogni/.i-d. while otliers are so conventional in execution that it requires 
 much fancy to ascribe to them any definite character, it is ])robable, at any 
 rate, that they represent charms, perhaps designed to insure the capture of tlie 
 animals they are intended to imitate. M.J. eon de Cessac likewise obtained a 
 number of such objects on San Nicolas Islano. and he has described them with 
 great precision.f lie calls them fetiches ; but I hardly think this term here 
 applicable in its English acceptation. 
 
 I give repi"e,sentations of two specimens found by Mr. Schumacher on San 
 Xicolas Island, and both carved from a greenish-gray steatitic material. 
 
 The original of Fig. 3r)4 seems to be a conventional re])resentation of some 
 cetacean animal, the identification of which would be a difficult task. The 
 maker. piM'hajis. Miought of the fin-back (lidlniHijitcrd) or kilii>r [Orra). The 
 base of the figure measures one inch from fin to fin. insomuch that it will stand 
 when placed on a level surface. 
 
 The other sjiccimeu, sliow n in V'ig. .'{•"»•"), is an imitation of a seal, the general 
 contmir of the figure and the distinct flippers leaving no doubt as to its cliaracter. 
 This object is much weathered all over by (vxposure, and the original of Fig. l\'A 
 on the side not seen in the illustration. Both ai'e evidently old. 
 
 * I'litnuni : DescriptiDn of ii Carvcil Simi'' ir|.ri<i'iitin,n :i Cotm'fun, f.niiul iil Soiilimnli, N. II.; niillcliii ..f di.' 
 Kf^cx Institute; Vol. V, June, 1H7.1 
 
 f De Ci'ssiu' : ObsorvHtions sur i\v9, Ki'tiilii's ili' I'iiTrc sculptc's ,n roriiii' il'Aiiitimii\, (Ii'imiivitIs A I'lli' >\f 
 Sun Niroliis (C'lilifornio); Ucvno J'Etliniii,'ra|iliii', pnlilit'c! fmus In Diroclinn (!(.' M. I' Or. Hiiniy ; Vol I, I'liris, 
 1882; p. ;iO, oto 
 
UEPHKSKNTATIOXS OI'' I'lSllIvS, AQUATIC MAMMALS, KT(,'. 
 
 211 
 
 Many carvings of ivory, bono, aiul sloiio, in (1,,. ~<],;,po uf lislics, wliales, 
 seals, etc., dorivod from Indians and Inniiits of liir Xortliwest Coast, are oxhih- 
 ited in tlic Xational .Ahiseiini. Sonic of these specimens probably represent 
 
 Fio. 354.— Slono-carviiig roinTseiiling ii (vl.iccaii. Siiii Nicolas Island. (20420). 
 
 Hiai-ms, while ..tliers, perhaps, have a toteniic or mylhological si-iiiricance; not a 
 few iiiay be n.^thin- b„| trinkets. 1 have not at present sufficient data for a 
 ]>ri)|ter cjiaracterization. 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Fig. 35").— Sl.iiu'-i'ai-viiif,' in \\u- siiiipi' nl' a seal. San Niculas Islaml. (2()42S\ 
 
 Cla>/ Fraw/.s'.— There are in thr .ValionaJ .Mnsemn a few of the lish-sliaped 
 vessels to which alliishni was niaih'. The Uh.sl charartorislic am. mo- these 
 oitjects, wliich wore obtained from nminidsand bnrial--Teiinds in the .Mississijipi 
 Valley, is reprcs-iited in Fig. lioC) on the followins pauv. 
 
 It was presented by (ieneral J. II. Deverenx. with several elher specimens 
 of pottery, which had iiecn t'xluimed from a bnrial-.-ile adjact'nt tuthcMissis- 
 .sippi, nearly nineteen miles (measnred wiih tin' stream) below Helena, in 
 Phillips County, Arkansas.- The object seen from above, as in the illustration, 
 
 * F..r the followiiiB cmnmnniciiti.m rrlnlivo to the Ji.-eovrry „f tlii, liuriul-plii™ ami its .■linn.clor, I am 
 IniliOiliii to Ooncriil Dcvpreu.v ; — 
 
 " Tlio ."p.vinu.ns worn |.n.,iiml .Uirini,' llic yciir 1850, mul iind. r lli.. f(,ll,.wi„u cirvmiisl.mcTs ,is .-..lato,! |., ni.. 
 li.v Mr. .Ii'nmio IS. Pillow, ,, l,n,ili,T ..l' Ceiionil (iulonn .T. i'ill.,w. Mr. l'ill..w's ph,iiluti..n was |„ 1„. ,„-,,iccto.l 
 hy a l''vc', aiij lie hud iiikliTtakrii to ImiM it. 
 
 " In ii.rislnictiii); the levee ueru^s the Iw" lai,e-, ealleU I...111C r.ake iirnl Uhl Town Lake, a lar^e quantity i.f 
 
 f.* 
 
 t 
 
 K 
 ■H 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ■•,5 
 
 ■■*;.■ 
 i-ii 
 
 
 c-:- 
 
 i.m 
 
ai^ 
 
 8 . 
 
 If iH 
 
 8>' 
 
 
 IHi 
 
 
 II 
 
 •ife 
 
 212 PHEHISTOIUC FISHING. 
 
 presents the form of a fisli, in wliiuli ichtliyologists have recognized the sun-fish 
 {Fo)iiotis), an inhabitant of the Mississipjji River. Its distinctive features arc 
 saiil to be rendered with sufficient fiiitlifulness to i:)erniit identification. Tlic 
 nedv 01 this interesting piece of pottery, wiiidi consists of grayisli clay with a 
 slight admixture of pounded shells, measures a little more than an inch in 
 height; its lower part is rounded like that of a Ixiwl. and terminates in a flat 
 base on which the vessel can stan<l. The li'-ight from the hoitom to the rim of 
 the neck is exactly tour indies. The other day vessels of this form on exhibition 
 in the Xational Museum likewise seem to l)e intended to represent the sun-fish ; 
 but they are less expressive in characler than the object here figured. 
 
 Fig. 356. — Chiy vessel iiiiule in iiiiiUitiim of tlie siiii-lisii. Aikaii.-'iis. (7"J93). 
 
 Piirtli WHS ni'i'Ji'il, tc |>n)ciiro wliicli Mr. I'illnw CiiiiiiiKiicid icniiiviiii; lln' iniitcrial frnm what liirnwl nut to Imvo 
 biM'ii llio sil(! nl' MM aiiriciit ii'iiii'tiTy nf uTi'al ixli'iil. IIiiri>lr<'il.s III' liiiriian sKi'lcUiiis nt' all afjcs ami biitli scxos 
 were exhumed, ami j,'i'iii'rally >niiii' ai-lirlc I'l' imlli rv wii> r.iiunl mar i in li sliilrlnii. Tin' Imilii's hail lii'cii hiirloil 
 ill a sittiiij; posture', a?nl wrrr C'liiml iVniii ihri i- tn ti'ii I'ri't hflnw tin- -iirlaii-. iIm' hour.- Iii-in^ in all cases in u 
 perfect .state of prescrvali"n. 'I'reis fmni Ihri'i' In live I'cit in ilianicti r wire firnwiii^- mar tlm hninan remains, 
 luul, li.s inilieativi' of the anlii|nity of the tMirial-|ilai c, niic nl' the trees |iarli<'iilarly nuhil ainl ileserilieil by Mr. 
 I'illuw was a sassafras- tree, whicli, liavinu' allainiil tlie ilianieler of live feel, hail passed frniii maturity into initu- 
 ml ami uradiil d'Tay, until w ilhered and wasted away : only its roots were then suunil. 
 
 ■' TImre had lieen no pre.ious kiiiiwlidi,'e or reenril of this ancient eenietery ; Imt a li'i;eiiil of the early set- 
 tlers had lueali'd at or near this spot the laiiip in which I)e Snto wiiilercd in a.-remlim,' the. Mississippi. Jt is tliu 
 hinhesl elevation of land for nniny miles aloin; the river. 
 
 " .Mr. Pillow secured at least llfty perfect speeimeu.^ of pottery, of wliii li ! procured several which arc now in 
 the Sniilhsiinian Institution. Some of the llnesl of the vessels I eoulil not dituin. One of them, in the shujie of 
 II ipuidruped, and of a capacity of several quarts, was of great interest to mo, because I had seen a similar ve.sfcl 
 taken from a grave in Kgyjit." 
 
 I 
 
HEl'UESKNTATKJNS OK J'lSlIKS, AQITATIC MAMMALS. ETC. 
 
 213 
 
 Fig. IVu rcprc-sonts a lisli-sli.-iiu.,! vessel (uiiii.l diirino- tlu, oxpluviitions ..f 
 ai.-.n-in.-.l l)uri,-il-i.la.vs in S,M,tli,.,-,s(,>ni :Miss,.iiri, in tlio iv-ieii wlioro iXcw 
 Mmhul is sitii.-itocl. Tiicsc .'xplm-Mtioiis. ;.s Unowii, l.i-ounjit i„ li„li( ;i I,,,..-,. 
 miiMlR..-..rda.vv(>ss,.ls. Tl..- Iin,,n- is .■npie.l lV..iu a qnart.. v.,iu.m> pivimml 
 under tlio auspiees of the Areii.TnlnoJeal Sedi.m ..f the Haint Louis Aca.h'n.y 
 of Seionce.^:^ The v.-ssel is thus .leseril.ed :- -V very noat specimen of haked 
 ware; the eoh.r is a pale y.'llnw. and tlie curves .lenotin- the scales are painted 
 in white." Uy oin]eav..rs In learn un.ler what special eirciinistances it was 
 Jound, and whore it is preserved, i)roved fruitless. 
 
 ■:i 
 
 ■ n 
 .1 
 
 Fid. o.")?.— Fish-shaped chiy vessel. Missouri. 
 
 This specimen u( pottery hears much resemhlancc to a certain cla^s of jLh- 
 shape.l Peruvian v.>ssels. „f wide], menli.m will he made in ti,e appendix t.. tlds 
 wiirk. 
 
 y>////rr,/;r,y^s.._Tii(> notched sfone sinker represented in Fi- i>(;i ,,„ ,,.,„,. ,,;,, j, 
 the only nhject in tlie Xalinnal Mnseum. which has a I.earinn„n preiii.t,.ric li.h- 
 ii.g m the present (erWiory „f Mexico. rp„n inqnirv. 1 h.arned from Sr Don 
 <}umesind,. .Arendu/a. Director of H,,. M»..n> .A^W,,/ of .Mexico, tji.at relics ilhis. 
 trativeof f,sl,in-as pradiscd hy t!,. iidial.ifanis of lhe .\.lec empire are wanlin.- 
 1" fl>at instilutio,,. V„t. lhe Mexicans undouhiedly acp.ired a -reat part nf 
 tlieir subsistence l.y lishin- an.l this is confirmed l>y the earlv authors treatin- 
 ot their atlairs. Fish-pon.ls in .Mexico ami other plac-es of tlie countrv are 
 
 l.'iK,^^rn!l"t"' " "'" '^'''"'"'"''^' "^ ^"""""' ^''"■' ^- !'""■"•>■ (''yD--- KJ- Kv«n,)i S„li.„, M,..s7l88(^ 
 
 'II 
 
 
p 
 
 assz 
 
 ■•f^^?^.,nmt^,,„^^r.^,:„„, 
 
 i' 
 
 214 
 
 I'RKlllSTOHK.' FISHING. 
 
 H 
 
 i' 
 
 <•' i '" 
 
 
 In 
 
 1^ 
 
 ropoalodly mentioned by lliem ; Cortes liiniself, in one of liis letters to the em- 
 j)eror Charles the Fifth, s[)eaks of these tanks. He also states there that great 
 ([uantities of fish — fresh, salt, nneooked, and cooked — were sold in the market of 
 Tenochtitlan.* MoTiteznma's table, it is ew^n said, was frequently provided with 
 lisli from the Gulf of ^[exico, brought to the capital by runners, twenty-four 
 hours after their eai)ture. The name of Miehoacan, one of the Mexican pro- 
 vinces, means "the place where possessors of fish live." Opochtli received 
 homage as the patron of ^lexican fishermen. "The god Opochtli," says Saha- 
 gun, "' was placed among the number of the Tlaloques, which signifies inhabi- 
 tants of the terrestrial i)aradis(>; yet people generally were convinced that he 
 was only a man. They ascribed to him the invention of lishing-nets and of an 
 imjdement called vibiacachuUi, used in killing tisli. and r(>sembling a fork armed 
 with three prongs, like a trident. It w'as also used in hunting birds. He had 
 likewise invented bird-snares and paddles.-|- According to the Abbe Clavigero, 
 it appears that he was known under dilVerent names. '• In Cuitlahuac, a city 
 upon a little island in the lake of Clialco," says tiiat author, '• there was a god 
 of fishing highly honored, named Amii)i'dl, who probably dift'ered from Opochtli 
 no otherwise than in name."| 
 
 Notwitlislanding these ditferent data evidencing the importance of iishing 
 amnng the Mexicans. I have in the course of my reading found but little that 
 would ser\(' In elncidati' the methods em]iloyed by them in that ])nrsnit. Clavi- 
 gero. a coni])aratively recent, but acknowledged, authority, conhnes himself to 
 the ol>servati<in that they conummly made use of nets in tishing, but that they 
 also employed hooks, h.arjioons. and weirs. § 
 
 Some designs in the cnllection nf Mexiean ]iictographs, called the ^fendoza 
 Codex, show that the m.-ile youth in Mexico received at an early age instruction 
 in tishing. These juctures were executed I.y native artists shortly after the con- 
 quest, daring the administration of the viceroy, Antonio de Mendo/.a, and sent 
 i)y him. with interpretations in Aztec and Spanish, as a ])reseiit to the emperor 
 Charles the Fifth. A copy of this eculcx in the nodleian Library at Oxford has 
 been reproduced in the lirst xnlume nf Lnrd i\ingsi)urongii's "Mexican Anti(|ni- 
 ties " (London, 1831 ). The codex consists of three parts, treating, respectively, 
 
 * " Vondi'ii niU'-ho pcj^catU* tVfSc-o, y .^iiltuio, cnido, y jrnisiulo. " — Ijnrfn.:<i/nt : lli.storln ilf M^ico, escrita pnr nu 
 Enrhirri'ii/(i Ca}irjulsftht\,r, llfrniin Cxrfrs : Now Ynrk, 1H2H; ji. l.',(). 
 
 t Siiliiif,'Uti : Ilistiiiri! (ii'Mii'-riilo lies Cliosi'S ill' 111 Xuuvi'lL'-K-piii^iic ; Irii.liiit" ct aiUKil.'i' piir I). .Idiinlunot ot 
 Ui'iiii Sinu'on ; Varis, 1H80; ji. :!(!, — licriiardinip ilc SaliMjrnn, a Kriiiiii-aii, caiiii' 1" Mrxi.o in l.VJ'l ami ilii'd llicro 
 in li'iOO. Ho is tin! idiict' antlmrity nn .Mexican inyllniliity. 
 
 t Claviucro: Tin' Ili.-li.ry of Mcxii'.i; tran.-lati'.l I.y Cliarl.'s Cnllcn ; I'hiladi'lpliia, 1817; Vol. II, p. 22.— 
 Till" Italian in-ii;irnil t)t' Clavini't-o's work was pnhli.-ln'd at Cfscna, in 1780. 
 
 §lliid.; Vol. II; |,, 187. 
 
 1 
 
lUCl'RKSKNTATloNS oK I'lSIIlN, Acn'ATIC MAMMALS, j:tC. 
 
 215 
 
 of tho history of Mexico, of tlie tributes paid to its rulers, aiul of the social 
 state, including education, among the Mexicans. 
 
 ooo 
 
 OOOOO f""^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Fm. 358. 
 
 QOQO 
 OOOOO 
 OOO OO 
 
 'a ;? 
 
 Via. .■l.lll. 
 
 Flds. ;;:)H inul ;;,')!).- -Fn.-simil,. ilcliiu'iitions illiisli-iiliiiir A/.t.r iiiiviijiitioii :iii.l llsliirig, Fn.iu 
 
 tlic Mi'LuIozii C'odi'X. 
 
 ■i 
 Si 
 
 1 2» 
 
 /r 
 
 ' ' 'if 
 
 On the si\ly-first plate, wiiich is tlie tliird of the last part, several groups 
 
 illustrating the (raining of hoys and gii-js are drawn. () f tlie i^-roups (Fjo-. 
 
 3')8) shows a father, seated and speaking (as indicated l,y a synil.(d before ins 
 month), and two hoys (4 thirteen years. One of them carries reetls or sticks to 
 a canoe already partly loaded, and the other stands in it. handling a paddle. 
 The age of the hoys is denoted by tliirteen circles or dots, and two eonnecied 
 ovals marked with small dashes indicate that they were allowed two cakes or 
 
 
 
 
 <-H' 
 
 :'(! 
 
 t 
 
I .(^i.iii t.m* 
 
 mmmm 
 
 " *''^""""i ..■,...,.. II -' j ^ ^ 
 
 216 
 
 I'HKItlSTORIC FISHING. 
 
 Ij 
 
 I 
 
 x 
 
 tortillas for a moal. In tho other irroup (Fi<r. 3ol) on tlio pri^cotUnc; pag(>) a 
 fatlior su]HM'iMton(ls tlio tisliiiiii- of his son of fonrtcon years, who stands in the 
 canoo. (Iroppinjj; into it a lish, or tishos, cauij;ht with a scodp-nct. Tho meal of tho 
 boy still consists of two tortillas. 
 
 Though the boats here figured are nnproportionally small, we learn at lca.st 
 how they were shaped. "NVc also become cognizant of the fnct thnt the Aztecs 
 used scoop-nets. 
 
 Some other designs relating to fishing, in the Codex TJorgianus (College of 
 the Propaganda at Rome) and the Codex Vaticaniis. buth reproduced in the 
 third volume of Kingsborough's work, arc not sutficiontly illustrative to warrant 
 reproduction in this place. 
 
 r 
 
 1 ! ; 
 
 I"'"'. 
 
 li'' 
 
 ARTIFICIAL SHELL-DEPOSITS. 
 
 Introductory Notices. — The accummulations of shells owing their origin to 
 human agency, which, as formerly stated, occur in various i)laccs on the North 
 American sea-coasts, correspond in many respects to the Danish kjokkennK'id- 
 dings described in tlie lirst part of tliis work; Imt. wliile the period of abandon- 
 UHMit of the latter is lost in the dawn of hi lory, sume of tlmse found in this 
 country were doul)tless still in tiie }inicess .n formation in recent times; for 
 motles of life, which had long ago ceased to exist in I'luropc. contiiun d to prevail 
 among certain triljes of Noitli .\merica. 
 
 Cabeza de Vac;i was th(> lirst to allude to Xorth Aviierican shidl-deposifs. 
 He sojourned as a ]n'isoner on an island [hht ilcl Mdllirnhi) in tli(> (lulf of Mex- 
 ico, watched by a number of Indi.ans, who, on account ol' a famine on tli.at island, 
 were compelled to leaxe it. They proceeded to terra Jirmir, \ isiting the neigh- 
 boring bays, wi -h .abounded in oysters. " For three months," the Sj)anish iiuthor 
 says, " they subsist on these shell-fish, and drink very l)ad water. AN'ood is tliere 
 very rare, and the country full of mos(]uitoes. They construct their (;abins of 
 mats, and erect tiiem on heaps of oyster-shells, n|)on whicii lliey sleej) naked."* 
 
 The Jesuit missionary, Father Isaac .logues, refers incidentally to shell- 
 heaps which he noticed in 1()4.'{ on Maidiattan Island: — "There are .some 
 houses built of stone. F.iime tliey make of oyster-shells, great heajis of wliich 
 are foiied here, made formerly by the savages, who subsist in part by that 
 fi.shery."t 
 
 * Ciilieza de Vuca : Niuifriigii>s ; p. ID. — " Sus Cftsas son cdiflradiis do Kstoraa, sobro imiclins Cascaras dc Hos- 
 tinncp, i sobre olios ducrfnon fnomTct.-;." 
 
 f ■Ioj;iii's : Narrativi' of n ('ii|itivity iiinoii!; t!ii' Moliiiwk Indians, n Description of Now Ni'tliorland in lfit'J-3, 
 and olber I'apors. Witb a .Monioir of tlio Autlior, by .Jobn flilniary Shea; Now York, 1857; p. T)". — In tlio 
 nricinal : — " II y a i|uoli|uos Ki.nis bastys do piorro ; ils font la iliuii.v avoc dos roqniUos d'biiislres dont il y a de 
 grans nionceaux fails uutrofois par los sauvages, qui vivenl en partio dc cotte pcjobo." 
 
AKTIIICIAL SIMOLL- UK POSITS. 
 
 217 
 
 Tlio artiiicial deposits ofsliclls nttrnctod tlic Mtteiitinn nt'tlic Swedish travel- 
 or, Proi'cssdr IVter Kiilm, \vlii> iirrived in Nnrlli Anierici in I74H. niid lie makes 
 repeated mention ot" tiiem.'" ".Some J'jiii/lisfniirii." Ik; states, "assorted that n(>ar 
 tlie river l'ijtomach\ in Vin/iiiia. a great (piantity nf ovster-sliells were to \n) met 
 witli, and tliat they tliemselves liad seen wiiole muiintains of tliem. The jilaco 
 wliere they ar(> ionnd is said to be about two J'jit//is/i miles distant from the sea- 
 .slioro. The proprietor of that ground burns lime out of them. Tliis stratum of 
 oyster-sliells is two fatliom and more deep. 8ueli quantities of siiells liavc 
 likewise been found in other plaees, especially in Acw I'vr/i', on digging in the 
 ground ; and in one place, at the distance of some KikjUsU miles from tlie sea, a 
 Vast quaidity of oyster-shells and of other shells was found. Some people con- 
 jectured that the natives had formerly lived in that place, and had left the shells 
 of the oysters which they had consumed in such great heai)s. ]>ut others could 
 not conceive how it happened that they were thrown in such immense (luantitics 
 all into one ])lace."f This shows at least that the origin of Xorth American 
 shelMieaps was a matter of speculation more than a century ago. 
 
 Professor Kalm also draws attention to the existence of deposits of iluviatilo 
 shells, which indicate the places where the aliorigines feasted on fresh-water 
 
 mo 
 
 s.-iy; 
 
 lilll 
 
 Husk 
 
 In 
 
 one 
 
 of 
 
 Ills notes, dated l^iccooii. Xew Jersey, March 2, 1749, ho 
 
 — " Mi)lUu!< miafiiniK, a kind of muscl(>-shells. was found abundantly in 
 furrows, which crossed the meadows. The shells were fre(|nently covered 
 on the outside with a thin crust of particles of iron, when the water in the fur- 
 rows came from an iron nun(>. The Evf/lia/iwcii and Swcdrs settled here seldom 
 make any use of these .shells; but the Indians who formerly lived Ikmv broiled 
 thei'i and eat the tlesh. Some of the Europeans eat them sometimes. ":j; 
 
 According to Dr. D. G. Brinton, the artificial character of many of these 
 deposits was lirst brought i)rominentIy before the scientific public by Mr. Lard- 
 
 ner 
 
 anuxem, in 
 
 th 
 
 1' 
 
 r( ici 
 
 ■ediiu 
 
 .f tl 
 
 10 America 
 
 n A^ 
 
 •iatiou of (leoloii'ists 
 
 and Xatiiralists "' for 184U-"42 (page 21, etc ). I have nut seen his article, which, 
 as Dr. nrintou states, refers to shell-heaps on the shores of the Chesapeake and 
 
 its afHiient stn^ams, <in the .) 
 
 ersev sliore. am 
 
 I L 
 
 Island.^ 
 
 S 
 
 During his second visit to the irnited States Sir Charles Lyell observed 
 shell-accumulations on the coasts of Massachusetts and (Jeorgia. iiotalily on Saint 
 Simon's Island, near the mouth of the Altamaha River, llis account of what 
 lu' saw on that island is so concise and characteristic that I cannot refrain from 
 quoting it in this place: — 
 
 * Ui.s nnticd of slipjl-dcposits in tlio neighborhood of New York is given in the " Kxtrncts." 
 
 f Kiilm : Travels into Nortli Aincrivn ; trnnslated by Jolin ItuinlniUl lAirstcr ; Lonilnii, 177^ ; Vol. I, p. 7fi. 
 X Ibid.; Vol. I, p. 37'I.^Thc piiiuo formerly called Raccoon is now Swedesborongh in (iloucester County. 
 § Brint'in: Artiliiiiil Shell-Deposits of the United States; Smiths.mian Report r..r ISCii; p. .1-,ii. 
 
 u28 
 
 i 
 
 ■■■ 'i. 
 
 wt 
 
 ■.tt 
 
 ■41 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 ■A 
 
■■■-**HJ-*-.V.:4i*k?>i**.tt. : 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 
 '^1 
 
 
 ii 
 
 Brwuir'ttr'immnfnT' 
 
 H 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 1 '. 
 
 I 
 
 ■ii" 
 
 K1 '" 
 
 P- 1 ^:^ 
 
 BP:: '-^i 
 
 iiil ." 
 
 L'l8 
 
 ri<KIIISTOKI(; I'lSIIING. 
 
 "We landed on the northeast end of Haint Simon's Island, at Cannon's 
 Point, where wo were gratified hy the sifjlit oC a curious monument of tlu) 
 Indians, the largest mound of shells left hy the ahorigines in any one of the sea- 
 islands. Here are no less than ten acres of ground, elevated in some places ten 
 feet, and on an average over the wholi' area ilvo feet, above the general level, 
 composed throughout that depth of myriads of cast oyster-shells, with sonio 
 mussels, and hero and there a modiola and helix. They who have seen tho 
 Monte Tostaceo, near Rome, know what great results may pi'occed from insig- 
 niticant causes where the cumulative power of time has been at work, so that a 
 hill may be formed out of the broken jxittery rejected by the population of a 
 large city. To them it will appear unnecessary to infer, as son»c antiquaries 
 have done, from the magnitude of these Indian mounds, that they must have 
 been thrown up by the sea. In refutation of such an hypothesis, we have the 
 fact that flint arrow-heads, stone axes, and fragments of Indian lottery have been 
 detected throughout the mass.""' 
 
 Shortly after Sir Charles Lyell's visit to this country, the reports on Danish 
 kjokkonmoddings by Messrs. Forchhammer, Steen.strup, and Worsaae (published 
 in lS.")()-'r)()) became known on this side of the Atlantic, and, of course, stimu- 
 lated naturalists and anti(|uarii's to a cioser examination of similar refuse-heaps 
 along our sea-boards. Indeed, since thiMi such investigations and printed accounts 
 of them iiave become so numerous that I can liarciy refer in this jinblication to 
 a number of examjtles sufficient to illustrate the character of deposits of shells, 
 both of marine and fluvial origin, in different parts of North America. I avail 
 myself of the copious literature on the subject as well as of several written 
 communications setting forth the results of personal observation. 
 
 GreenJand. — Having found no references to shell-heaps in Cireenland, either 
 in Egede's or in Cranz's descriptiims of that country — tho subject, as stated, 
 being one which has only in later years attracted the attention of investigator.s — 
 I will record here some of the observations made by the distinguished scientist, 
 Uaron A. E. Xordenskiold : — 
 
 "As a (Jroenlander now seldom resides at any distance from the Danish 
 trading-stations, one finds in numberless ])laces along the coast (dd deserted 
 dwelling-places. They are recognizal)le at a distance by the lively verdure 
 arising from the rich vegetation, which the remn.inis of fishing and hunting-prey 
 scattered round the cottages or tents have produced. On taking a few spadefuls 
 of earth, or on examining the walls of the new houses. — generally l)uilt with 
 turf taken from these spots, — one everywhere tinds the earth and grass-roots 
 mixed with the bones of tho animals which the Greenlanders hunt. . The animals 
 
 * Sir Charlos Lyi'll ; A Second Visit to tho United Stiiti'S of America | New Yorl<, 184'J ; Vol. I, p. 25iJ. 
 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 1 !-1 . ■ 
 
 
AnTlFICIAIi HIIKLL-DKI'OSITS. 
 
 iilSt 
 
 killed l)y till! men are in taut cleansed by tlie women besid(> or in the cottage 
 itself, and the refuse after the cleansing or the meal is thrown away — seldom 
 far from the cottage-door. Even now, in the course of years, a heap is fre- 
 (juently collected as truly circular as if it had been drawn with a pair of com- 
 passes round the door as a centre. On examining its contents, it is found to 
 consist of a black, fat earth, formed of decayed refusi.' — frequently bits <jf l»one 
 gnawed asunder and broken, shells, especially those of Mi/tiliis, lost or broken 
 houselndd-goods, etc. This bone-mi.\ed earth most likely contains, like guano, 
 not only considerable quantities of phosphoric acid, but also ammoniac salts, 
 and it may happen that the trade of Greenland may find in this a valuable 
 artiiOe of export. 
 
 " As the kit(!hen-middcn dates from the stone ngc in Greenland, — which 
 undoubtedly extended beyond the epoch at which the whalers lirst began to visit 
 these coasts, — we lind in it arrow-heads, skin-scrapers, and other instruments of 
 various kinds in stone, and especially a quantity of stone flak(>s knocked oft' in 
 forming the instruments, easilv rccognizalile, not only bv their form, but l)y theii' 
 
 cons 
 the C 
 
 isting of stones — chalcedony, agate, and especially green jasper (called by 
 
 rreen 
 
 land 
 
 ers • angmal' 
 
 -no 
 
 t met with in the "iieiss-formation, but 
 
 on I 
 
 at certain spots in the basalt-region of Disko or the peninsula of Nour.soak. 
 One sometimes iinds smaller instruments of cle.ir quartz, also half-wrought 
 
 refully 
 f 
 
 crystals of the same mineral. Kvervtliinn' shows that the material was ca 
 
 -"d tin 
 
 ith ab: 
 
 chosen among such minerals as united tlie necessary hardness with absence o 
 cle,i\age and a fiat coiichoidal fracture. Among minerals, in general, the difVer- 
 eiit varieties of quartz (rock-crystal, agate, chalcedony. Hint, and Jasper) are the 
 only ones which fully satisfy these conditions ; and it is therefon' almost exclu- 
 sively these minerals that the various races of man have chosen for making their 
 chipped (not ground) stone instruments. 
 
 "The two largest of the old house-sites, among which we were now resting 
 (near the ice-fjord of Jakobshavn, West Greenland), lay so near the sea that 
 their bases were washed l)y the water. A small stream had found its way 
 through one of them, and had thus not only exposed a .section of the kitchen- 
 midden, but also subjected a part of it to a washing-proce.ss. in con.sequence of 
 which bits of lione and other heavier objects lay dean-washed at the bottom of 
 the channel and in the hulk)ws of the gneiss-slabs of the shore. These were 
 carefully examined, and a number of stone instruments and stone chips were 
 collected. There were no traces of iron; but .* ;- lumd a small oval perforated 
 piece of copper, which had evidently once served as an ornament. At the largest 
 site a tolerably thick circular stone wall, eight or ten feet high, and twenty-six 
 in section, was still distinguishable, divided into two niie(|ual portions by a 
 party-wall. The entrance seems to have led into the larger of those areas, judg- 
 ing from the extensive kitchen-midden just outside it. In one of the other heaps 
 
 Ml 
 
 ml 
 
 f hi\ 
 
 
 i-'i? 
 
 n 
 
 ■ • •* 
 
 ■•■a B 
 
 m 
 

 ' i' 
 
 |!H 
 
 H> 
 
 m 
 
 ■m 
 
 220 
 
 PREHISTORIC FIHIIINO. 
 
 of Imiiios a Hat Htoiio was found, so Inri^n as to r(M|iiiri' tin' iiiiilcd ctVorts of scvonil 
 Orocnlandors to turn it. 'I'licy doclarcd tliat tlu- workslinp for tlie faliricilion of 
 atono ins^truiiu'iits must havo boon situated on that spot, and t'xpcoted accordin;,dy 
 in find a groat (piaiility of chips in its vicinity, which, liow<'vcr, the result ot 
 tiicir searches did not conlirni. 
 
 "The kitclien-niidden outside the large cot rested on a low slab of gneiss, 
 separated from it by u thin layer of turf, in which was no trace of any piece 
 of bone, and which had therefore been formed before the place was iidiabited. 
 In other respects this turf, of which specimens were taken away, was perfectly 
 like the earth which was mixed with bones and stone chips. Here there were 
 no ilfy///«s-shells, though these are everywhere else found around fireenlan<l 
 dwellings:* an indication that formerly the inlmbitants were not obliged to have 
 recourse to this species of famine-food. 
 
 "To discover the various anim.d forms that had here been the prey of the 
 hunter. Dr. (Jberg collected a quantity of bones, in which work the Ureen landers 
 took a lively interest usually determining with great certainty the species to 
 which the pieces of bone had belonged. 
 
 " The following species could be ascertained: Cerrii.'^ farandiis, Ursiis niari- 
 fimun, Tricficc/iiis ro.vnan(s, Cijstophora risfafa, P/ioca harbatu, I'/ioca grcenlaitdica, 
 Fliuca hisjiifld, Phoca vitulina, Iklpliiiiapteriix leucas. 
 
 "Even if we suppose that tiiis spot was first inhabited shortly after the 
 Eskimos entered (Irecnland by Smith's Sound, its age will be scarcely more than 
 live hundred years, a period generally too short to siiow marks of the slow but 
 continuous chnngcs to which the organic world is sulyected. Neither do the 
 kitchen-middens of Kaja* contain any other forms of animals than those 'till 
 living on the coast (.i Greenland. Nevertheless we obtain here an interesting 
 confirmation of the changes that the ice-tjord has undergone. The walrus, Phoca 
 harha'n. and Ci/slophora cristata no longer venture into this long ice-blockaded 
 (]jord ■. ;ni(l even the bear has now become so scarce in the colonies of North 
 (ireenland .^-outh of the Waigat that most of the l);ines resident in those ])arts 
 have never S( en it. The remnants of bones in the kitchen-nuddens, on the other 
 hand, prove that these animals were abundant there formerly, ami are conse- 
 quently an evidence that the fjord at Jakobshavn was less tilled with ice thiin 
 
 now. 
 
 Dr. Emil Bcsscls makes the following statements coneeruing the form.ntion 
 of refuse-heaps in Greeidand ; — 
 
 * Niiiiii' "f tlie jiluco. 
 
 f Noritenskidld: Account of iin Expi'dition t(i Orponluiul in tlio ycnr 1870; Srunniil of Itip NnUiral History, 
 Geology, and Physics of Orunland iii'.d tlio i,'cii,-t)boring Ucyions, etc.; edited by Profespor T. Kupert .lonos; 
 London, 1873; p. 412, etc. 
 
 |( 
 
AKTIFICIAL SlIKMi-DEI'OSlTS. 
 
 221 
 
 "Till' Eskimo throws Immios, sholls, fishes, skins which liiivc hcooiiit' useh'ss, 
 in short t'vi'rythinj,' thiit is of no valiu! to him for the iiioinciit, before his hut, 
 in (ionsoquonce of whicli a rich vegetation spring's up, noticeable from afar liy its 
 fresh verdure. A short timi' sutlices to discover in tiiese kjokkenmdchlinys traces 
 of nearly all usaith? vertebrate animals of the (Jreenlandic coast, and in many 
 cases it would not be ditHcult to determine the se.'ison of the year in which these 
 layers were formed; for sometimes the remains of birds predominate; sometimes 
 those of fishes; or there arc strata almost exclusively composed of Mytilus' 
 shells."* 
 
 Nom Scoiiii. — Mr. J. M. Jones, President of the Nova Scotian Institute of 
 Natural History, at llalifa.x, communicated in 1803 to the '• I^ondon Atheiueum" 
 a brief report of the examination of a shell-heap on theshore of Waint Ttlargaret's 
 15ay, distant about twenty-two miles from Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia. 
 This account was reprinted in the Smithsonian Report for 1H()3. The shell- 
 deposit chiefly noticed lies, some twenty feet above high-water mark, on the 
 shore of one of the smaller bays or coves, that has a sandy beach, where canoes 
 could be hauled up without diHicuIty. The deposit, about fifty yards or more in 
 length, by eight yards in breadth, but only eighteen inches dee[), forms part of a 
 farm, and is covered with two or Ihrec? inches ,)f soil, producing grass and com- 
 mon field-plants. The shells themselvos, [)erfect and broken, form a com|)act 
 layer, which was found to inclo.so bones of quadrupeds, birds, and lishes, largo 
 and small teeth, flint and (piartz arrow and spcar-hcads, bono uwls, and nniny 
 fragments of rudely-made ])ottery, diirk-colored, and containing grains of grani- 
 tic .saml, and mica in quantity. Pebbles, about the size of a man's fist, and bear- 
 ing tra(;es f)f having undergone the action of lire, occurred in the deposit, and also 
 charcoal. Rounded granitic boulders lying scattered on the heap are supposed 
 to have .served as seats, and on digging around them, greater masses of sle'lls 
 and more evident traces of fire were discovered. The deposit consisted chiefly 
 of shells of fli(> (piahaug or hard-.shell clam {Venit» inercvnaria) and soft-shell 
 clam {.\ff/a iirciKiri'i). There were also found the shells of the .scallop {Pectcn 
 is/fiiidiriis), boat-shell {('rciiiiliila Jhrnicafir), and mussel {^f>/fill(s C(liillf<), those of 
 the lalti'r in a very friable st;ite. W'rteltra' of two or three species of fishes 
 c;ime to light, and some well-|ireserved <q)ercular spines of the Norway hadiloek 
 (Sclntsfes nonr;/icns), which |»rolialily were used as ])icrcing-tools. The moose, 
 liear, beaver, and porcupine, represented liy broken bones and teeth, constituted 
 the mammalian fauna; ;ind the pres(Mice of birds, I)elonging to several sjjecies, 
 could likewise be traced by their Ixjiies, which were partly lirokeii, one in par- 
 ticular having been ojiened down the side by means uf a (Mitting-inslrument. 
 
 No object betokening a connection witji the whites occurred in this <leposit.-|' 
 
 * l!i'S:*els: l)ii' Aincrikiinisolio Ni>r(l|i<il-Kxpr(litii<ii ; Fji'iiizijj;, IRT'.t ; p. 47. 
 f Smitliiuiiiuii Kupui't I'ur 18U3, p. 370, etc. 
 
 
 fM 
 
 •^ 
 
 i 
 
 
•f :f 
 
 22'2 
 
 I'UKHISTOBIC P'lSUING. 
 
 New fi •iinnwick and New Enijland. — Betweoii tli(> yor.vs ISOO ■•iii<l '73, Pro- 
 fossov S. I'. Uiiird made i^t'vcnil visits tn New Hniiisw ick aiid Xow Eiijjflaiul, 
 (Iiiriiitr wlucli li(> cxaiiiin'Ml a imiiiiicr d*' slu'll-(lo|)osits in tlii)«e districts; but 
 tlic ni>lt"s in wliicli lie ilctails liis olisorvalioiis liavo \mi lately been puldislicd. 
 I will siiiirli' "Ml siHiu' i)f till' more important localities visited by him. 
 
 The larijfest sliell-niniind .vas seen at Oak Hay. a narrow fjord extending; 
 northward ironi Passaniaqiinddy Hay. New nrnnswick. The total thickness of 
 the l)ed. wiiicli consisted ot" ;i lumiber of distii'ct layers, anioiinted to tixc feet. 
 "A strikinu' feature in tiiis mound is tiii> abundance of sj)ikes and shells of 
 Echini, which evidently constituted .a lar^e portion of the food of the alioriiriiies. 
 A careful examination ot' the ashes iiuli-ated th.it they were derived, for the 
 most part, from eel-grass [Zostcra nifiriiifi). and it is suniicsted that the cooking 
 of the shells was done by wrapping them up in dry eel-grass and setting fire to 
 it. Tiiis Would probably cook th'> .animals sufKciently to enable them to be 
 readily witiidniwn tVom the sliell.""' TIk^ principal shells here found were 
 Bucchuiin /ilicosiuii. Xnfh'a hiroa, Pctcii tciitiicotifdfiix, I'ccfcn cardiinii, Mi/d <irr- 
 narin, Mi/filus, and I/e/i,v aUeniatn. 
 
 Another interesting bed w.is sei-n on Trye's or ("ailifV's Tsl.ind, X"w liruns- 
 wick. •' TIere the shell-bed was a very larg(> one, about lifteeu feet aliove the 
 present high tide. ;ind seemed to have lieen torn uj* liy the tide and restratilied 
 l)v the water, so that articles of the same kind and .specitic gravity were usually 
 found in .-issociation." 
 
 ( )ther jioints in Xew Hruuswick and several localities in Eastern Elaine 
 were examined. Uesuming his observations, Professor IJaird .says: — "They 
 are char,u-,eri/ed in some cases by large beds of shells of tlu' sot't clam (.'///« 
 (ircii'iri't) — never of the (|uah;iu'_' or I'niiia mcreoyirin — with a little admixture 
 (^^ earth : in others the shells ar(> in a much decomposed condition, with black 
 eiu'tii sc;ittered among •hem; a::;iin. by the association of large bones, es])eci;dly 
 of the ;>ioose and caribou, with but little mivture of anything else. Occasion.ally 
 these beds altei'ii.ited with piire shell or pui'e bone, jiossibly tiM' shells lieing 
 jiL'gregated in summer .ind the boiu-s of mammals in winter. Kxerywhere the 
 i)ones of the L;-re,it auk wer;- fouml. as also those of the beiiver."j' 
 
 At l);ini.ir'sc.;it;', Lincoln County. .Main(>, the ext 'Usive binb: »onsist almost 
 entirely of oysters. They cover many acres to a depth of from five to lift(>en 
 or twenty feet. The oysters ;ire large, and gen(>r,illy narrow or .slipper-sluiped. 
 Very few ;ire nov. t'ound living in the vicinity. 
 
 t. 
 
 * H.iird : X'lti's mi rorlain Slii'!! >(iiiini1.'< im ttic Cmist of N'i'w Brunswii'K' miil "f N'W Kri'^liiinl ; I'rHiciiliiins 
 nf tlif t'tiili'd Stiiti" Xatiiiiml Miisiiim; Vol. IV, Wn.-liiiitlMii, lo,''!; |i. L'fll.'. 
 
 I{oinuinfl of tt»'' /•'strrn tnnritifi, it w',11 hi} rcmoinlicri'd. also orclir''C(I in llic I)jiiiisli KjoklvrninctKiint^!^. wImto 
 this sr>«-|ilimt i» siippnsod tn Imvi' bi'iti used in tlio prndiiotiori iif i.ill. Sop p. 3.1 of this wurk. 
 
 i lipid I p. L'!tii. 
 
 'r 
 
AHTII'IC'IAL SIlKLL-UEPOSiTS. 
 
 223 
 
 Tlio slicll-beds at Eagle llill, Ipswich, Masnicimsctts, are of considerable 
 extent, i.nd eonsist largely of the Mtja arcnaria, a species still abounding in the 
 neighbdrhdod. It forms ati important article of commerce, being used as bait 
 for codlish. B'iries of the great auk'-^ were frequent at tliis place. 
 
 On the wliole, stone imi>lements w '.v found to be comparatively rare in the 
 shell-deposits of Southern ^fassachu.sctts. 
 
 The collections made on these occasions (shells, bones, chipped and grov.nd 
 slone ir.iplements, and fragments of pottery) arc on exhibition in the National 
 Museum. 
 
 l!i cnnipany with a number of associates. Professor JefVries Wynum exam- 
 ined in 18(17 some shell-heaps on the coasts of >[aine and Massachusetts, and 
 published in (h(> following year an accou./ of his explorations in the '•American 
 N.ituralist" for 18GS. it has alre;uly been rpioted in this work. 
 
 He examined deposits on rrenchman's Bay. between the main-land and 
 Mnunt D.vcil Isl.Mii.l. and on Croncirs Cove, situated on Goose Island, Casco ]5ay, 
 in Maine. His cxpliuMtii.ns in M.asoachusetts were confined to deposits at Ipswich 
 (Eagle Hill). Salisbury, and Cotiiit I'ort in the township of Harnstable (( 'ape 
 Cod). Tlie mamm.ilian fauna of these .shell-accumulations represents seventeen 
 species, iill still living, and inclinling n.an, whose presence was only indicated 
 by (h.< discovery of a bone of the foot at Cotuit Tort. The bird-remains were 
 referable to the great auk. razor-bill, duck (three species), wild turkev, ;ind 
 heron. Two kinds of tortoise have been met witli. The fish-renuiius are tho.se 
 of the shark, cod {.Iforr/iiia mitrricana), and goose-<isl, ,Lophiii.-< (imcricaiiiiti) ; and 
 of shell-tish. tlie wlielk {Jiiicciiiiim vtidatiim), two species of conch [I'l/nihi rarica 
 and Piii-iilit ofiKt/inilafd), oyster {(hfrca hoyeulis), cl'<ni (MfKt inrnaria). (juajiang 
 ( Vrnuxniercrmirui). mussel (Mf/fl/n.^ ('(Ik/Is), scallop (rccfcii inniicostaiits and iVr- 
 trn i^hiiK/iciis), -.mil hen-clam (Jfarfra) are mentioned. The.se mollusks ])rolialily 
 W( re .ill used ,is food : sever.il other species, likewise found in tlie shell-deposits, 
 are sujiposed to h.ive lieen ;tceidently introdiu-ed Tin- bones of ileer and of 
 birds were the nio>t numerous, ;ind of (he former " nc^t one w.as whole, .all having 
 been lirokeii up \\,r the doulile purjiose of extracting thi< marrow, a custom .almost 
 world-wide anion-s.-iv.iges, ;ind often pnietised by hunters. ;in(l of ;ii-conin:o,|,iiii|n- 
 them to the si/e of tiu' vessel in which they were cooked.";- In the bird-bones 
 the ends had mostly disappeared, .niid ni.iny bore traces of hiiving bei'u -niwed 
 by .inim.ds The discoNcry of tin -pl.n'C'^ ' repeatedly mentioned. 
 
 Kciuineiils of pottery and sti ne inipl menls were rare, but articles of bono 
 (piercers. Ii;irpoon-heads) of more IVcmji; .iI tiecurrence..j; 
 
 
 
 
 
 • New consii^'ml us iniinlv ixtitut. S,v p. .1(1 i.l' Uiis (.iililinainn. 
 
 I Wviniin: All .Arc niiit, .'Ir.; p. uT.'). 
 
 J l''n; 'J-_'l 1.11 |i. Ml' ;iiiiI l''i;;. L'fJ ..11 |.. I fiO rrprcscnt li..iic' d.'iil lici.l- r..iiiiil :il I'l.m, li's Covu. 
 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
^ 
 
 224 
 
 PKiailSTOIUC FISHING. 
 
 -i i :t 
 
 Uv 
 
 Concurning the ago of these shell-deposits, Professor Wyinaii reiiKirks : — 
 
 "The shell-heaps we have here described yield nothing which indicates as 
 high an antiijiiity as those of the old world. The materials of them present 
 some variety in the degree of decomposition which has resulted from time and 
 e.vposure, the lower layers being much more disintegrated and frial)le, the shells, 
 in fact, falling to pieces, while those of the upper ones generally })reservo their 
 original lirmness. That there was a dillerenee in time in which these layers 
 were deposited is further indicated by the fact that, in two of the heaps, a stratum 
 of earth is interposed betweei. the earlier and later deposits, as if the locality 
 had been abandoned as a camping-place, and tiicn after a prolonged absence of 
 *';o natives had been reoccupied. Each heap, too, is covered with a deposit nf 
 earth and vegetable mould, of variable thickness, and in some cases, as at 
 Frenchman's 15ay, supporting a growth of forest -tree?, though these were liuwhere 
 of such size as to indicate that they had lived a century. 
 
 "On the other hand, it may be safely said that there is nothing in the con- 
 tlitiou of tiiese lieai)s which is inconsistent with the hypothesis that they wer(> 
 begun many centuries ago. The examinations at Crouch's Cove, Eagle Hill, and 
 Cotuit Port were sufficiently extended to enable us to obtain a fair representation 
 iif the objects they contain: but in no case was there found, nor have we been 
 ald(! to learn that there had lieen previously found, a single article which could 
 !)(• regarded as having l)een made by, or derived from, the white man, nnr diil 
 we ol)tain any evidence that these particular heaps had been materially adtled to 
 
 -nice 
 
 the I 
 
 'iUro])e;iii iia 
 
 s oicu 
 
 l)ied t 
 
 lese snore,- 
 
 Had intercourse with European 
 
 l)een once t'airly estal)lislied. it were a reasonable presumption that we slmuld 
 have found at least a gla-s liead, a fragment of earthenware, or an instrument 
 of some sort indicative i>f the fact, especially when we bear in mind that it would 
 be in Just such places, where the savages collected arouiio iiieir tii'es and seeth 
 
 pots to CI 
 
 aiK 
 
 I eat, that 
 
 SU( 
 
 in^ 
 h obiect.- miulit be expected to be iM'nken or lost. 
 
 :J«1 
 
 In additimi. there seems to bi' iiistnrical evidcnrf tli.il ;i hea\y LiTnwlh of 
 ti\'es was f'lund mi the deposits of clam-shells neai' .Minuif Desert island liy the 
 tirst settlers/-^ 
 
 (^uite recently Prnlessur I'litnani li; 
 
 i'.\p|(ire( 
 
 Sound and the nei'.:lilHirinu' l>ainarisciitl,i l{i\ 
 
 I slicll- 
 
 licaps on 
 
 M 
 
 usconiriis 
 
 lM>tl 
 
 I mli'ts o 
 
 tl 
 
 le sea eXii'Hi 
 
 ling 
 
 into Linciiln Ciiunly. Maim'. Thi-se lncililics lia\e iieeii previously mentioned 
 in this pulilic.ilidii. ami llie latter was nuticed just imw in connection with Pro- 
 
 fessor ii.iil'il's exauiilial inh 111 sin 
 
 -ilepiisit 
 
 Till' slll)^tallce iif a led lire nil these 
 
 .h.-U- 
 
 I'ri.f. 
 
 sor 
 
 Put 
 
 nam was pii 
 
 ibli<; 
 
 III till 
 
 IJostnii l']\i'niiiu' 'l"r. ill- 
 
 script" of Novend)er I'A, IHH:. 
 
 * Wvmmi : An Ai'riuiiil, etc- 
 
 "1, etc. 
 
ARTIFICIAL SIIELL-UEPOSITS. 
 
 226 
 
 A shell-deposit ivt Kecnc's Point, on Museongus Sound, is four or five feet 
 tliic'k on tlic water's edge, and extends several iiiindred feet along the shore and 
 a hundred feet inland. The shells here found are those of the soft-shell clam, 
 which enters most largely into the formation of the heap, the quahaug (hard- 
 shell clam), scalloj), whellv {liiiccintim), and cockle {Nutica). "Although the 
 bones of mammals were most often those of the moose, deer, bear, wolf, fox, and 
 beaver, yet there were alsti found bones of tlie otter, skunk, raccoon, woodchuck, 
 seal and porpoise. l>ones of several sjiccies uf birds occurred, also some bones 
 tif the turtle, while fishes were represented by the coil, flounder, and great goose- 
 fish, giving with tin' mollusks (juite an extended bill of fare. The bones and 
 shells were broken with iianuuer-stoues, wliich are found scattered through the 
 heap.'' Stone imi)lenients occurred rather frefpicntly, and from the presence of 
 numemus chips it has been inferred that the former were made on the spot. 
 Bone implements were also met with.'" 
 
 '■The discovery of the art of pottery," the lecturer stated, "seems to have 
 been made during the immense time these heaps were being formed, as 1 have 
 not found fragments of pottery in the lower portions of the older and larger 
 heaps, while such fragments are common in the upper beds and in the more 
 recent heaps." 
 
 m 
 
 ' 
 
 -* 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 
 
 , % 
 
 !■' 
 
 
 4 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 :. 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 i\ 
 
 The extensive ileposits at Damariscotta and X<>W(;astle, situated oi)))ositc each 
 otlier on either siile of the l),ini;irisc(,t(,i River, ci>nsi.'<t almost wholly of oyster- 
 shells. Tliese (ty.-<ters are slender .iiid Ion:;- (" sli|>per-s]iaped," as i'rofossor 
 IJaird calls them), in.iny measuring t'oiirteen inches la length, and now liardiv 
 ever found of this ^luipe .-nid si/e en the co.ist of New i'^nglanil. "Old men at 
 ])aiii,n'i>(o(t.i s.iy tli.it tlnir fniiiers li.i\c soinelimes seen oii(>. but it has ])robablv 
 ne\er been almndant >\\\<r (iic iii,|. tin' e.irliesi .-cttleuienl. so tlial we must 
 belie\i' that these gre.it heaps were lo, ! hd loi,j,r bet'or. lli.il tinu-." 
 
 In till' shell-he.ip ;it Newc.-istle ;> lnnn;in ^kelrton was found a few years 
 iv.'.'K ami Messrs. A. T. fJ.iiu.ige and .\. f. IMielps discoxered ii'i'lions of five 
 .'■■1 eletous in a shell-lic'ip mi {''orl Island, in the l);im;iriscotta Ri\er. 
 
 New )'orJ>\ — .\lIiisjoi) li;is Ikh'Ii m.ide on !i preeeiling p,i-e to diell heaps on 
 the co.ists of New ^'ork. Tiiey .'n'e p;irtii'nl;n'ly numerous oi, l.oiig Isl;ind, and 
 those in the m-ighborliooi! of Sag lliirbor, du (iardiner's li.iv, in the eiistern part 
 of the island, have been speci.iiiy I'x.-imined by ^Ir. W. Wallace Tooker, a 
 resident of that place. lie has kindly communicated to me tin- following 
 descrij)tion : — 
 
 • TliB b(ini> dnrt-hi'iidK roprcsontnil in Fij;. 22ll mi p. H3 iind Fiijs. 230 iind U.'iT mi \<. \^>^, il will bo ronicm- 
 IxTid, wiTo found !'}• .Mo--rs. (liiTimyo lui'l I'lu'ljis in tlio r,inr.-c u( \\i,\T i-.\HMiinnli>ii uf iilii'l|.lirii|is mi Diiniaria- 
 Cdlta lilvcr mid Musconmis Snuiid. 
 
 :• «. 
 
 Mi 
 
 III 
 
 m 
 
 
',<■ ■« 
 
 22G 
 
 rKKiiisTonic KisniNo. 
 
 !.: 
 
 r- 
 
 i\ 
 
 
 mm 
 
 ',« 
 
 V ' ' ' 
 
 •'Careful oxamination has (Usi-IoscmI tlio fact tliat slioll-lioaps, or kitchen- 
 iniddoiis, of uivaU-r nr loss oxtoiit abniiiul iiitoii tlic l)aiiks or slmrcs of nearly 
 ovorv body of water or swamp indenting or dotting Long Island. 
 
 '• DitVerent autiiors have at various times mentioned tln^se sh(dl-hea|)s. yet 
 without attempting any deseriplion. probably for tlie reason tliat no tliorough 
 examination of these deposits had b(>en made at (he lime tliey wrote. I'rimc 
 sjieaUs of ' the immense shell-l)anks on the shores of Long Island';* (Jardiner 
 <if tlie 'many ])laces whitened with the shells of elams around (Jardiner's IJay 
 and Tliree Mile Harbor. 'j- 
 
 "The shell-heaps found on that part of Long Island which lies between 
 ^lonlauk Point and Canoe PIai'(> are nmre ( xtensive and numerous, and have 
 l)een more earefidly (>xamined than others; but as tliey do no dill'er materially, 
 ;i description of a few of these will sutfice I'nr the rest. To show how nunuM'ous 
 these deposits ar(>, the writer would state that he has located more than twenty- 
 tive separate shell-heaps wiiiiin a radius of two miles from Sag llarixu'. 
 
 '•These heaps consist of the shells of oysters, sol't and hard-shell clams, 
 scallops, jiei'iwinkles. and mussels, mingh'd with ashes, charcoal, bones of mam- 
 mals, liirds, .ind tisln-s, stone ,ind bone implements, fragments of jiottery, and 
 other refuse th.-it would n.itur.illy accumulate in and ai'ound the dwelling of a 
 savage. \\'est of the Otler IVmd at .Sag Ilarlior is a large heap. I'overing nearly 
 tliree acres. On its surface have been found hundreds of stone arrow-jKiints and 
 other implements, A ])art of the depiwit is >(ill hidden under the leaves and soil 
 of till' woocls. and has nexcr been disturbed. Along the cove beyond, for a 
 distance of about a nnle and a half, is one ahuost continuous shell-heap. IJack 
 on the southern slopes of the hills, near swamps and springs, are others, some 
 beinu' ail acre in .irea. At I'ayne's Creek is oni'of tlu' l.-irgest and most compact 
 shell-heaps on this jiart of Long Islaml. At (he time lh(> shells were accumu- 
 lating, the ci'eek evidently (lowed in front of the de|iosi(, but (iw it is tilled up, 
 and a sandy country-rojid extends along it- ft'ont. This deposit covers alioiit 
 three .acres, and is I'ully four feet in depth. There liaxc been Ibiind in it iiones 
 of tiie r.iecooii. ipe.ir. otter, fox. deer, ami r.ililiit. ;i ureat variety of .^tone imple- 
 ments, bone awls, ;nid a l.irge lisli-hooU of bnnc.i; This shell-heap is being 
 rapidly destroyed by the march of iniprov emeiil, ;iiid will s'on dis.ippear.ij 
 
 "Aiiout a mile from this >hell-heap. on Little I l"Li-XecK. facing the narrow.-, 
 and cove, is , I good-sized shell-he.ap, covered by .dliiv iiiiii. It li.is been ploughed 
 over many yeai'.- ; iait tlie deposit iinderne.'itli has not l)een disturbed to ;iiiy 
 
 " Hist. TV ..r i.Mii- i-iiiiiii. 
 
 t ('lir,.iii, 1,- ..r K;i-I IImiii|.Ii.ii, r,.ini; l>liihcl. 
 
 J h'inur.'.i ..II |.. ii;:. 
 
 § Aim. .-I ll.i. >iiiiii' ili.M'ri|.ti..ii ..!' Ilir .-lii'll lii':i{.' in'nr OHit I'.iii.I iiii.I l'nvn..'s ('rti'I; was ^u^lli^lll(l l.y Mr. 
 To'iki'i" '" I'r. Alibt.tl, who lias imlili-lii'il it mi |.. M'.l-40 nl' " I'riiiiilivi! Imliiatry." 
 
 I't 
 
 r ^ 
 
 .i '>■ 
 
AUTIFICIAL SHKLL-DEl'OSITS. 
 
 227 
 
 ■of, 
 ill 
 
 lie 
 
 ly 
 
 n 
 
 great extent. It is from one to four feet deep, two hundred and fifty feet in 
 length, and extends back the same distance. In this deposit ashes seem to pre- 
 dominate, although ill some pjiiccs tlie shells are packed so closely that excavating 
 becomes difficult. The sand below the sliells and ashes shows the effect of lire 
 very jilaiidy. In a space ten feet square the writer found five bone jierforators, 
 many notched siiikin's, hammer-stones, sliarpening-stones, broken celts, a few 
 arrow-points, (|ii,irlz-cliippings, nearly a peck of pottery fragments, a perforated 
 ])iece of a potstono ves.sel, and various other objects. Bones of birds and mam- 
 mals—those of deer and liear iiredtiniinatiiig— niid fin-bones of fi.shes, were 
 scattered through the wliole mass. Under .-ill appeared a hearth of stones, show- 
 ing the effects of fire. 
 
 " Tri.ingular iirrnw-points of (pinrtz are fiir more numerous in the various 
 siiell-heaps than tliose of other forms or material. No human bones su"irci<tiii"' 
 cannibalism or sacrilices liave Iieeii found. Many of these shell-heaps were 
 cami)iiig-i)laces after the settlement of the island, as shown by tlii> presence of 
 gmi-fiiiit«, leaden bullets, brass buttons, brass arrow-jwints, glass Ijcads, and 
 bottles, wliich are found from time to time in the u])per layers." 
 
 I Wiis iiifnniied by Mr. J. r.'irsoii Ib'evoort, of Brooklyn, that shell-heaps 
 are muiierous along Hockaway IJeach, in the southeastern part of tlie island. 
 It docs not seem tliat they have thus far been examined. 
 
 y\v. Vj. Lewis, Jr., in an article on the Long Island coasts, speaks of " many 
 Indian shell-heaps, .-ill of them now surrounded by meadows. Some of them, 
 six or more feet deep, near the margin of the oce.in, are covered l)y everv tide. 
 These are probably very old, and were formed originally at the npl.inds."* 
 As will prest'iitly appear, similar indications of a littoral subsidence have been 
 observed in New Jersey. 
 
 yrw .Terse//.— 'I'hi' shell-heaps of New Jersey h;ive becMi noticed bv Drs. (). 
 II. ("ook and ('. ( '. Abbutl, .Mr. ('. V. Wolley, ;iiid by myselC. According to 
 Dr. .\bbntl, they occur along (he greater part of the New Jer.sev coast, from 
 tape May to Keyport.f My own investigations, made in the summers of Wili 
 and '<)!, relate to shell-deposils in tlie neighborhood of the last-named plare. a 
 post-town situated in Monuioiilh County, on R.aritaii I5ay. and noted I'or its trade 
 in oysters and other edible niollusKs. In the following resume I avail myself 
 of an article contributed by me to the Smithsonian Report for \Hiyl. 
 
 There are se\er ;i places in the vicinity ,if Keyport, and one even within the 
 precincts of" the town, where tlie soil is co\ered with shells, .among which Indi.'in 
 relics occur; but the jtrincijial shell-heap lies on Toole's farm, a mile and a half 
 
 * l'>.|.iil.ir SciiMi.e .Munthly ; V..1 X, 1S77 ; \k iW. n,.U.. 
 t AM".tl : rriniitivp liicUiMry; |.. -I:!!) 
 
 
 
 
 "He 
 
f 
 
 w- 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f ■■■ 
 
 
 ■;■? 
 
 f! ! 
 
 ^H 
 
 il 
 
 p. 
 
 lii 
 
 m 
 
 228 
 
 PREHISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 northeast of Keyport, and about thrcc-qiiartrr.s of a mile south of a small pro- 
 jection of the coast, known as Conascoiick Point. 
 
 Fmi. .".(!().— riiiii showing the lo' jtioii of the |)riuci|iu! shcll-di'posit at Kcyport. 
 
 The rojiil Icailiii^' from Kovport to tlic villaur of Union passes through the 
 farni-laiul and liordcrs tlic shclMicil. iiidicatt'd liy a dotted spaco on Ihc accuni- 
 panying ])l;iii. It sprrails over an area i>( six or st'vcn acros. and forms several 
 e.xtcnsivr heaps or ridizcs. on an axcrai;!' ti\e I'eet higii. Tlie accininilatioiis coii- 
 sisl of shells, mostly imliedded in sand, and intermingled with innunuTahle 
 peltliles. represeiitiiii;' a irreat variety of mineral snli>tanees. Tiie oyster and 
 hard-shell clam are here, as elsewhere in the lu'luldiorhood, the prevailinj;' 
 species; liiit 1 I'onnd also, tlionuh not very t'rei|neiit]y. shells tyf 7^y/7/^/. hoth 
 caini/ifiilitfii and caricft. which doiilitless were I'.-iten hy the ahorigines. I col- 
 lected only a few valv(>s of lli(> sot't-shell clam, and inme of the mussel, the last- 
 named hivalve occnrrini.' hut sparingly in the neiohhorhood. In addition, there 
 were a few hroken \alves of the scallop, and somc^ specimens of jS'as.irt olisolrfi/, 
 the latter doulitless accidentally lirouj:lit to tin' place. The few hones ni>ticed by 
 me were so much decayed that they .almost crumbled to jtieces when handled, 
 ami their condition rendered identiticalion impossiliie. The noii-coiiservativo 
 (|U.ality of the siirroimdim,' sand accounts for ti'eir destruction. 
 
 i'^- 
 
 \ ■' : 
 J, 
 
ARTIFICIAL SIIKLL-DEP0SIT3. 
 
 229 
 
 " That considerable time was required to heap up these sliells, is evident, 
 anl, moreover, indicated by tlie chalky, porous appearance and fragility of many 
 of the valves; but those that were cast away at hiter periods exhibit these signs 
 of decay in a far less degree, and are even sometimes as sound as thougii tliey 
 had but lately been left on the shore by high water. A great number of the 
 shells arc broken, especially those of clams, wliich seem to be more brittle than 
 oyster-shells. This breaking into fragments is caused by the suilden changes of 
 temperature, in consecpience of which the valves crack and ultimately fall to 
 l)ieces. Concerning the dei)th of this deposit, I learned that about twelve years 
 ago several hundred loads of shells were taken away from a certain spot for 
 making a road. The excavation thus produced reached about eight feet down- 
 ward, and the mass was found to consist throughout that depth of shells, sand, 
 and pebbles. My own diggings, which were, however, of a more superticial 
 character, led to the same result. This shell-bed is about half a mile distant 
 from the shore at low tide, and the intervening area consists chiefly of so-called 
 salt-meadow. In transporting the shell-tish to the camping-place it is jirobable 
 that the aborigines availed themselves of a small nameless creek (niarki d a on 
 the plan) running toward the sea, west of the shell-bed, and not very distant 
 from it. Tiiis creek, though rather narrow, is sufhciently deei) for canoe-navi- 
 gation during high water, and joins the more considerable Conaskoiick ("reck, 
 wliich flnws into the beach. There was, con.'^cquently, a water-connection between 
 the sea and the camp. The space enclosed by a dotted line on the accompanying 
 plan indicates the continuation, or rather the running out, of the shell-bed just 
 described; for here the shells arc by far less numerous, and form no longer 
 hea|)s, but lie thinly scattered over the ground, which is ])artly under cultivatiun, 
 and swampy in some places, as marked in the sketch, by which it is only intended 
 to show approximately the location and extent of the deposit.'"" 
 
 ^ly .search for aboriginal artefacts among these shell-heaps and in the 
 adjacent fields was very suc<'essfiil ; for I obtained a considerable? niiniber of 
 arrow-heads, cutters, etc.. of Hint, quartz, ami other materials, grooved axes of 
 sandstone and greenstone, .-iiid many fragments of a rude, dark pottery, fre- 
 ([ueiitly mixed with eoMrs(> sand, yet sometimes bearing ornanuMital lines and 
 notches. I also found a piece of a large potsloiie vessel. Xo iionc implements 
 were met with. 
 
 The great number of flint articles, especi.ally arrow-h(>ads, and of remnants 
 of clav vi'ssels. found at t!iis place — not to spenk of the (|uaiiti(y .-iid a])pe;ir- 
 aiice if the shells — indicates its long-continued use as a campiiig-ui'nuiul. 
 Arrow-heads, etc., wre m.-al on the spot. This liecame evident not only from 
 the abundance of flint c' \,s which lie scattered among the shells, but also from 
 
 « Artillciiil Slic!!-I)c]i.isit.s ill Nrw .I.Ts.'y ; Siiiiili>.Miiiin Koport lor lHi;i; p. ;t7L', 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 rl 
 
 ''i 
 
 ■'rl 
 
 m 
 

 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Hi: ;■ 
 
 5l 
 
 •J , 
 
 H.' 
 
 Il 
 
 m 
 
 til- ■'■ 
 
 
 230 
 
 PKIOiriSTOHlC I'lSIIINO. 
 
 tlio not iiiifrequontoi'curroticoof iiuliiiisliod iirrow-heiuls, wliicli liad been tlirown 
 ;isi(le as usoletis, on atrouiit of a wroni; crack or some other tletect in tlie .stone. 
 There can bo no doubt that the material was here furnished, to a great extent nt 
 least, in the shape of uncountable ]»ebbles of silicious character; for nearly all 
 the unfinished arrow-heads iiicked up l)_v me still exhibit portions of tlie smooth, 
 w;iter-W(U'n surface of the pebliles from which they were made. Among the 
 collected objects I specially mention two scrapers of Itrown Jiisp(>r, worked into 
 a spoon-like form, which lay on the shell-covered ground, a short distance from 
 each other, and were perhaps in.-ide by the same hand ''' 
 
 At the time of my sojourn at Keyport old jieople still remembered th.-it 
 Iiuli;ins annually visited the neighborhood for catching shell-lish, which they 
 dried for consumption during winter. These Indians .-ire said to have belonged 
 to the Xarragansett tribe, which may be true, but seems somewhat improbable, 
 as they might have been able to obtain their supplies of nudlusks in the nnu-e 
 northern, sea-bordered district inhabited by them. 
 
 [Some interesting data coiu-erning shell-heaps in New .fersey liave been 
 furni.shed by Dr. Cook. "There are," he says, •'immense deposits of shells 
 found ;>t diijerent places idong the sea-shore. They are the m;irks of the abor- 
 igines who c.ime down here to gather their supplies of dams and oysters, .and 
 left the shells in piles .as we now see them. .Some of them are the remains of 
 shells which have been broken up to m.ike wampum. Large piles tif these 
 bntken shells have been met with at M;uiii!iawkin. at Tuckerton. .-it Lfvd's Point, 
 at I>eesley"s I'oint, and they have been he.ird of at sever.-d other places. 
 
 '• They are .ipplietl directly on the soil, and soon begin to show their good 
 eflects. They m.iy lie used with safely in ahnost any ipiantity, ami will be found 
 a lasting fertilizer."-]- 
 
 Dr. Cook noticed that in sever.il places of the Now Jersey coast tin; s.ilt- 
 marsh had encroached upon the shell-he.aps and grown sever;d feet .-iround them. 
 According to his opinion, the Atlantic coast <)f Xt)rlli Americ.-i h.is been for 
 sever.al hundred ye.-irs jiast, and still is, in a state of slow subsidence.:!: The 
 (U'igin of these shell-heaps evidently dates back to a time when their sites lay 
 higher, and were free from salt-meadow. 
 
 Hi 
 
 '■n 
 
 Delaware. — Mr. Francis Jordan, .Ir.. of I'hiladelphia, has published through 
 the Numismatic and Antiipi.arian .Society of I'hiladelphi.a an account of , an .abor- 
 iginal encampment ;il Uehoboth. ;i \\;ilcrinir-i>l; 
 
 in the coast of Delaw.are, 
 
 live 
 
 m 
 
 iles south of the town of Lewes, and nineteen miles from Ca)ie M.iy, which 
 
 • One (if tlii.'iii is ll^'uri'il mi p. -Ilir, ,if ih,. Sniilli>.pniiin Iti'iKirl fur 1H7:.'. 
 \ CcKik; 0"'iliii;y of Nmv .Jersey; Newiirk, Xew .Jersey, 18(18; p. iiOl. 
 X Il)i('.; i>. M-2. 
 
AHTIKICIAr. SU10LL-])i;POSITS. 
 
 231 
 
 lies (liagoiially (>i>i)()aitc. Tlio cainping-f^rouiul is situated dircftly in tlio rear ol' 
 wliat i« now fallcil Hehubotii IJcaeli, and nut more tlian live liiindred fci't distant 
 iVoni tilt' sea. 
 
 "Tlic jircsont dimensions of the oneainpnicnt," says Mr. Jordan, "are. in 
 lenutli. tliree-(|iiartors of a mile, running- in a direct line nortii and soutli, parallel 
 witli and, as I have said, distant from the ocean souk; four or live Innidp'd feet, 
 and protected from it liy a sand-lihiff risini^- six or ei^ht feet aiiove hij;li-\vater 
 mark, and extending from Rehuhoth J]eaeli to Cape Ilenlopen. The width of 
 the encampment varies from one hundred to live hundred feet. A ridge of sand- 
 hills intersects its length, dividing it into nearly eipial j)arts, and as llio southern 
 section is on a higher plane, the two form what might l)(> called an upper and a 
 lower encampment. 
 
 " l-iving a (|uarter of a mile soutli, stretches out the famous Jtehoholh ]5ay, 
 once the habitation of clams and oysters, and whose shallow waters still teem 
 with a great v.ariety of tish and myriads of hard and shedder oralis. Skirting a 
 portion of the western boundary, we iiehold one of those phenomenal iVeaks of 
 nature r;irely met with on our coast, namely, three lakes whose waters are per- 
 
 ilthouyh within .-i few 
 
 fectlv fresh and clear as anv in our northern latituili 
 
 hundred feet of the salt sr 
 
 The laruest covers some lift v acres of land iiml h 
 
 a mean dejith of live feet. The (juanlity of Wiiter in each remains nearly ll 
 
 .'ime m a 
 
 11 
 
 sons, the constant exhaustion from eva]ioratinn iieing supiilied 
 l)v hidden springs. 
 
 " In selecting tliis spot as th(> site for an encampment, the Indians displ.-iyed 
 a keen appreciation of its unsurjiassed n;itural :idv;intages. Here they had 
 every comfort thi>ir savage natures could wish for. (iame, llsh. .-md oysters in 
 ■abundance and easily obtained : an inexlianstible sujiply of fresh water at their 
 very threshold ; and the adjacent torest of wliiteo.ak harliored the deer and bear, 
 
 and furnished them with fuel, and lumi)er \i 
 
 instruct their sea- 
 
 canoe. 
 
 Hitherto for manv centuries thev 
 
 in lUidly c;nne to escape the enervati 
 
 nu' 
 
 heat of the inland vill.-iges. ;ind iirobably remained far into the autumn, or until 
 eese and ducks, with which the b-y ami hikes are stocked at this period. 
 
 tl 
 
 le !>• 
 
 deserted those placid w.aters for a warnu-r 
 
 limati 
 
 ll.'nco it is that J call tlii.- 
 
 an encampment, in contradistinction to their permanent abiding-places. Tli 
 evidences of their sojourn — their domestic habits — are manv, and even to th 
 
 unscientitic observer .are iinmist.akable in th 
 
 conclusions they point t< 
 
 Th 
 
 character of the ground is in itself ii revelation, and contriimtes to the lielief 
 that its level and compact surface — almost as solid as a macadamized .•oad. 
 whereon no vegetable growth is visible — is not entirely tiie result of r.iiture's 
 luuuliwork, but that the foot of man assisted in producing it. It seems to have 
 been so pounded down by the treatl of the successive generations of its periodical 
 
 ■n 
 
 1 1 
 
 vri 
 
 M 
 
 
) 
 
 ji: 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 > ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 J ■ \ 
 
 232 
 
 I'UKHISTOUIC KISHINQ. 
 
 visitors that vogotution is ivndcvd iinpossililo, whereas one stej) aeross its limits 
 brings you to a luxuriant growth of heather ami sueh other grasses as usually 
 flourish contiguous to the sea in this latitude, and springing from a soil into 
 whieh the feet sink several inehes. 
 
 "S-attered throughout its preciiicts at irregular intervals are the remains 
 of several huiulreds of what I shall eall caniii-lires — small conieal elevations 
 composed of elam, oyster, and nuissel-shells. mingled with ehareoal. These 
 mounds vary in size and in seeming entirety. Some appear to have sueeessfully 
 resisted the force of the (>IeiiM'iits, and retained their original form almost intact, 
 whilst others have jiartially succumbed to the wash of the winter-tides that have 
 occasionally gained access thruugh aiiertures in the sand-liluIVs and suhnierged a 
 part of the surface. There are still others that have iteeii entirely eiVaced from 
 the same cause, and their positions are only distinguishal)le l)y the chalky ajtpear- 
 ance of the ground, aiul the presence of myriads of broken shells that have 
 bleached h\ centuries of exposure. 
 
 "At tlic Kelioboth encampment there are no large mounds, and presumably 
 never have been, as the number and positions of those extant preclude such a 
 supposition. 
 
 '• The positive evidence of their tirigin is found in the fact that in the im- 
 mcili.'ite vicinity as well as mingled with tlu> molhisks are i' •iu:nients of ]»otterv 
 ill largi' (|uantiti(>s, celts, ;in'o\v-heails. and a variety of other stone inipleiiienis 
 and oriiiiments ; {\w bones of animals, iind many piece's of c;ilcincd stone th;it 
 once played an important part in the construction of their long since exliiut 
 iire-places. Indeed, in almost every stone picked up within the contines of tlie 
 eamp-ground can lie traced tlie fragment of .•m implement of domestic use. the 
 
 chase, or war. It should be borne in mind that stone.- 
 of Delaware." 
 
 are not found in this p.'irt 
 
 The remainder of the account tri'ats more specially of the artefacts discov- 
 ered ;it this place of encampment, such as the fragments of d.-iy vessels, celts, 
 hamiiH'r-stoiies, etc. " L;irg(> i|iiantities of Hint chips." the juithor says, "and 
 
 unlinishe<l and broken ariow 
 
 lieadr^ 
 
 .as W( 
 
 11 
 
 ;is numermis lu 
 
 rfect 
 
 )ecimens are 
 
 to b 
 
 oiind wherever a mound is to 1 
 
 le seen. ;ii 
 
 id l(>ad to the opinion tliat the 
 
 iiKinufactiire of these implements was largely engaged in liy the camp-tiwellers. 
 The jircvaiiing form is the lriangul;ir variety without the notche(l bjise. which 
 
 distini;uishes those usuallv olitained from I' 
 
 ennsvlvaiiia aiK 
 
 1 N( 
 
 ew .lersev, 
 
 It must lie considereil as i'urtunati' tliat .Mr. .iordan has recordi'd the exist- 
 ence of this c;uni)ing-])lace, as its vestiges will soon lie ol)literated. "Even as I 
 write." he says, "embryo streets traverse its domain in every direction, and in 
 the space of perhaps only a few months lofty hotels and comfortable cottages 
 
AUTII'ICIAL siii;m,-i>i;i'()sits. 
 
 233 
 
 will rise ii|><>n llio sito of flu- Indian \vii;\v;iin, uiid cvcrv trace d' tlic (ilioritriiial 
 cliiiractor of tliL- spot will liavf disjippoarcd licforc tlio niarcli of iinprovtMiicnt.''-'' 
 y\\'. Jorilaii lias kindly coninuinicatod to iiic in wrilini;' the irsnlts of fnrtlier 
 i'.\ploratit)ns of shell-deposits in ])elawave, and I lierewitli jjivo liis account in 
 liis own words : — 
 
 Tlio litllo l)avs and inlets of tlio Lower Delaware, famous for the al 
 
 lun- 
 
 dance and line (|nalily of oysters and other inolhisks, were es])ecially attractive 
 to tlie Indians. Tiie arlilicial shell -deposits — some of them of considerahio 
 magnitude — that occni- in the vicinity of Cajie ]lenlo])en and elsewhere alonii; 
 the coast of Delaware, and which furnish in tiieir construction the evidcMice of 
 liieir alioriuinal character, testify to their ap])rcciation of a locality possessing 
 numerous eligilile encamping-sites as well as a remarkably eipiahle climate and 
 inexhaustible tisheries. It is dillicult to arrive at an accurate computation of the 
 a;;(' of these deposits; but from their extent and the nature of their formatitin, 
 it i ! fair to .assume that they rejiresent the accumulations of centuries. It is a 
 well-ascertained fact that the aboriiiines visited the coast periodically, and hence 
 these remains ar(^ the debris of their tiMuporary en<'am|inn'nls. and are generally 
 
 to be found on the banks of an estuarv which yave tin 
 
 ir occiipaids safe connection 
 
 with til 
 
 e open sea. 
 
 ••Three miles north of Uehoboth, and a mile and a half west of C.ipe II( n 
 ln|i.ii, i-; Long Neck Jiraiich, a narrow strip of land, as its name impiie.-, whic' 
 wlliiin tile memory of li\ ing inhabitants, projected into a shallow inlet of th 
 
 se.a, when 
 
 now onlv an imni 
 
 ense s;i 
 
 It-meadow exists, that mav be safelv crossed 
 
 on foot. On this ]ieniiisula. which is triangul;ir in shajx', h;df a mile long and 
 ;d)out a <|uarler of ;i mile wide ;it its base, and on an elevation tar removed from 
 inundating tides, are shell-heaps which occupy the entire length of the net'k, 
 and form, with one or two trivial breaks, acontinuous mound. In the narrowest 
 parts of the peninsula the shell-deposits completely cover the surface, but else- 
 
 iru'e portion of tin' deposit is 
 
 where their aNcra: 
 
 width is thirty feet. A 
 
 covered with a gro\c of pine-ti'ces. which must have s|irung u]> since the place 
 was deserted, as in many instances they have takt'ii root directly upon the 
 
 summits of the h 
 
 md among them nvv a number whose cortical rings 
 
 denote .an au'e of two centui'ii's. 
 
 T\ 
 
 le tri'c 
 
 and underL;rowil 
 
 ive lartrelv 
 
 contributed to the prescrv.ition of the depo>il. ;ind whei'ethe roots have .arrested 
 disintegration and kept the mass compact, the composition of i lie accumulati(Uis 
 c.-m be studieil as accurately as if llii'ir abamlonmeiit had been a recent event. 
 Numerous excavations established tlu'ir depth to be from two to six feel, but 
 did not nncal characteristics dillering m.derially from those (djserved in the 
 deposits at Uehoboth. They ('onsi.st of hard-shell elam. oyster, and conch- 
 
 • Ji'rdiin ; Tlio Ui'iiu 
 
 Al>iirii;iniil Kiii'iiin|ii]K>iit iit l!i'li>ili<>tli, Dchiwiiry ; Plillii<l<'l|iliin, isyi); p. 2, etc. 
 
 u 30 
 
 I 
 
 a. 
 
 ,1 i !■ 
 
 in 
 ■•i 
 
 '■■A 
 
 'o 
 
 f 1 1<( 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ■1 
 
 h' 
 
 I 
 
 *: 
 
 I r 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 tie i 
 
 if 
 
 ii 
 
m 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 1 J 
 
 t? 
 
 If ■! * 
 
 I. 1 1 
 
 ^1 !•! r 
 
 \i 
 
 '.V 
 
 I- , 
 
 )i:u 
 
 riiKiiisTouu; iisiiiNd. 
 
 sliclls. llu' Imhics (if animals fliat liavc liocii split fur tlic jdirpnsi" nl' i-xtractiii;; 
 till iii.irrnw, t'niyiiu'iits of iinttiTV, ami clinrcoal. Tlif latter furmcd a pnimiiiciit 
 (•(iiistiliiciit (if till' mass, aim is sd free fioiii cxtram'iuis sulislaiiccs. that it was 
 (I lliciilt til realize tlie fact that lliese almrii^iiial lire-places liad remained niidis- 
 tiii'lied f(ir at least two eeiiliiries. I'lider llie I'lMits nf a lotl V pine tree, wliero 
 tlie cinders were espe«MaIly almndant, I diii; up ])ieces (if eaitlienwaro of cxtra- 
 (U'dinarv si/.o ami (piite Mack, eitlier fmm nsai^e (ir ciintaminatiim with the char- 
 iMial in which they were lairied. Wherever excavations were made at l.ow^ 
 >»ecli Jiranch. the (pianfitv nf hrdken pottery was yreater ami the sherds in a 
 more perfect condition than on the unprotected sands of Uehohoth and licwes. 
 In ornamentation, however, and in the composition of the clay, which has an 
 admixliire of sand and ponnded shells, the specimens .-ire identical. From !i 
 caret'ul me;isurenient of the curved lines of these fr.iuinents. the vessels of which 
 they were once tx jiart could not have contained more tluin two or three ([uarta of 
 li<inid. .and both in desiirn .•mu dimen»i(»n.s show very little variation. 
 
 "The results of my in vest ii,'at ions ;it lioni;' IJraiich Neck were not as satis- 
 factory as I had nvison to expect. I was led to anticipate a valnalile .-iddilion to 
 my collection, on .account of the situation of the deposit in an nnfi'e(|uente(l 
 section of country where its existence jind prehistoric chtiracter lieiii;;- .almost 
 unknown, it had heeu left undespoiled by the relic-hunter; Imt. iiesides the 
 pottery. 1 only ohtainod ;i nnndier of roULrh h.-immer-stones and flint knives, 
 some tinished .ind unlinishrd arrow -he.-ids. and .an .aliuiidance of calcineil lieach- 
 stones. .My rese.irches did not yield ;i simple specinu'n of the lariicr and liner 
 cl.iss of stone tools, or an ornament of any description. Willi .a \ iew of ascer- 
 taiiiiiiu' .-I cause for so unlooked for a disiippoiiilnieiit. 1 made a close sur\ey of 
 tiie snrroiindiiius. ami timilly reached the conclusion that the remains were simply 
 those of Ji tishiiiL'-post lying midw.ay lielween the two ureat i'iic;im|)ments of 
 Reholiotli and Fa'Wcs. There was insntlicieiit space for the coiiifortablo iwcom- 
 modation of ;i l.-iru-e community, which in a me.asure may explain the reimirkalile 
 absence of the ordinary stone implements. 
 
 "An interestinu; discovery here w.is th.at of ;i well-detiiieil trjiil through the 
 glades connecting the shell-heaj s with two miniature Lakes of fresh w.iter. where 
 the Indians douiitless olitained their supply. 
 
 "There w.is no evidence that .any jiart of the dejiosit had lii'eii converted 
 into ;i place of M'piiiture. 
 
 ".\ far more extensive seri(>s of irregul.ar heaps can be tr.iced for over a mile 
 on the downs in front of the town of Lewes. wluM'e they lirst iiecoine visiiile 
 about h.alf ;i mile from the bay-shore. After running par.illel with the Litter 
 for some distjince. in the direction of ('ai»e Ilenlopen. they imike ;i rather exceii- 
 tric curve to the southeast, from which, and other indications, it w.-is supposed 
 they followed the bed of a driod-up water-course. 1 consulted the old niiip of 
 
 1 
 
 b 
 
 i.-.i. 
 
AUTU'iciAi. siii;hi,-iti;i'(isiT,> 
 
 2;].' 
 
 Di'liwiiri' \\i\\ iiiiil l{i\cr. prcimrctl in l(i.'l-'.".' Iiy I'llcr liimlstri'iii, I{m\.iI 
 Swcdisli ciiiiiiu'ri' all.'iclicil Im MciicWf's (.'Xpcdilinii, 'I'liis im.'i|), imw in tin' 
 .Swi'di'-li iircliixt's, slniw.s ;i .-Inrl nf w.itrr m' cun-iilrrnlpji' si/c, cdllcd I'luwcr 
 
 IJiviT. tli.'it ('(in'('s|inn(l.s pi isciv willi tin' present lii I' the nmmnls, (iml fim- 
 
 liriMs till' theory tl at tlic ur'niml tln'V iiccn|i_v wns silrcti'd I'ni jiii cnriiniinncnt mi 
 m-i'diiid 111' tin' I'.uiiliiirs olVcrcd liy tins jnli'l ,is nn <'.\il iidn tin' Imy. Tin' 
 nm'tln'i'n end nf tin- urcfit siind-diiMc, s|i(ik('ii id' ;,s lyinu' lirlwci'M tin' f.i|H' ;ind 
 Iji'wcs. Ii.is in its |)rn';ii'ss inl.ind Inirit'd tVnin view scxi'ml liiindrrd Irct n|' tin' 
 d('li(isii nciir its Miulln'ustcni trrniiinis. I'liinTjiiiiu' thence, they ctintinuf, and 
 entt'i' the |mn'-l'nre>t niTthuest nf the cipe, \here they tenninnte. 
 
 " Unit' a ceidiii'y a^o sunn' |i(irtiniiH uf these aeciinnilatioiis were iVuni lil'leen 
 til twenty feet iii'^h, and the da/.zlinLr whiteness i>\' tin' WIeaelied shell.s made them 
 a nnis|iicuiins ulijeel far at sea. Xnw, they have an altitude that in places will 
 scarcely nn'asure as many iin'hcs, except where sheltered liy the tiniher. Atinos. 
 |>ln'ric actiiin has dune much to i>roduc(' this chanue; liut the Lrnat factor in the 
 wiii'k of dennditioM has heeii utilitarian man, liy whom tons ,<[' the decnmpused 
 valves Inive lieen carted jiwiiy for fcrtilizine; purposes, and the elements .iri; 
 uradnally oiilijeratini:' the remainder. 
 
 "I made many excavations amuUL:' the shelMiiils at Lewos ; liut in resjx'ct 
 to the uumlier of implements iound therein, they were as unprodiu'tive as the 
 linminls at liOULJ Neck Hrain-h. I duu' mit in one place, two t'eet lielow the sur- 
 face, three liiiuhlers of samlstmn'. which, t'nim their reljitive position and c;d- 
 cineil appearand', I infer were once hearth-stones. Xi'ar these stones I fonnd 
 a chisel of exipiisite worUmanship and two tulie.s of handed slate; nlsn a portal-le 
 corn-mill of conelunn'rate rock, weiuhiiiLr thirty-six pounds. On the surface of 
 the s;ind. however, in'ar the .Mccumulatinns. I picked up a lar^e niindier of speci- 
 mens, com|)risinjj; .several a.xes, a well-iiolislied uouu'c of serpentiin', armw and 
 spear-he.nls, .scrapers, many hammer-stones, and a tl.it jiieci' of er.uiite, on which 
 there are three jieii'ect ly-executed eruoves cmn crj^iiiL;' to ;i point, three inches 
 joni;'. ;iii ei^hlli of an inch deep, and the .s.inie in width. 
 
 " In eiiiiclnsiiiii. I desire to say to future explorers that if. in makini:' exca- 
 vations dii'ectly ;imoiiu' tin' shells, their oiiject is the discoNcry of stoui' tools. 
 their search will liy tin iini'eipiited one. .My experience has taimht me that 
 artich's of real iindneoloLiical \aliie are only t'l lie found ;it some distance t'roni 
 the mounds, where one woidd suppose the haliitatioiis of the Indians were placed.'' 
 
 Miin/hiiiil. — Dr. Klmer 1{. lleyiiold.s, of W'ashiimton, D. <".. kindly placed ;it 
 my disposition a larj.'e m.iniiscript, descripti\e of extensive explorations of sliell- 
 lieups, carried on liy him alonj;' the Marylaiul side of the estuary of the Potomac 
 River. 15ut feelinu- nductant to avail myself of this ample m.iterial, which Dr. 
 Ueyiiolds intends to utilize liiiiiself in an elaborate account of tlicie whell-depusits, 
 
 f'.lii'l 
 
 '■■■> 
 ;'■•/ 
 
 ■-"'1, * 
 
 i'- '■■ 
 
 .. I'' 
 «■:■',. 
 
 i 
 
 ^■■'•i 
 
 
J' ! 
 
 r I 
 !'. . 
 
 il' 
 
 : 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 r 
 
 h 
 
 n 
 
 236 
 
 I'Rkiii.stohk; kisuing. 
 
 I irtiiriird tli(> iii.iiiiiscript. ex press! iiir (lie desire to lie t'liriiislicd liy liiiii willi .'in 
 nlpstnii't of it. Ill' very oliliyiniily foiM|ili»Ml with my ri'(|iii'st, mikI (•(iiimiiiiiciiti'd 
 to iiif till' followiiii;- data: — 
 
 '■ Tiic rcirioii alioiit to lie considered was (icciipicd l.y tlie IMcoiiiii'd nv Yiid- 
 riiiiiiro Indians prior to l(i."'l. At tliis time tliey s(dd tlieir lands to Lord iJalti- 
 niori'. and, diil'lint;- norlliwanl, tliereat'ter lost tlieir trilial identity. 'riie.-<(> 
 Indians are saiil ti> have Iteen of a paeille disposition, and were cliielly (h'voted 
 to aiiTieidtiire, lunifinir. and lishinu-. All that is known aliont them i.s found in 
 Father Andrew White's ' Kelatio Itinineris in Marylainiiani.' 
 
 " The shell-nioinuls and shell-lields of the I'otomae rei.don are lioth numerous 
 and of large extent. They were lirst observed on Nanjenioy Creek, uliere the 
 waler is of a liraekish eharaeter. Theiiee they are found at fretpu'iit interval.- on 
 liotli sides of the I'otomae. The most interesting. Idwc er. are located at I'ope's 
 Creek, tifty-eight miles south of ^^'ashin^ton. The deposits at this place are 
 two in nundier. the larger lieing situated on the northern side of the creek, near 
 its Juni-tioii with the Totomac. This mound rests on a high bank which faces 
 the creek on the south and also extends northward paraili'l with the Poti-niac. 
 
 I I spreads oxer several aci'es of ground, and is ]);ii'tially <-oiicealed I'y an oxcr- 
 lyiiiu' >tr,ittini ol' I'.-irth. The shells vai'y in depth from one to seven and a half 
 feet. They are mostly those of the common oyster (^/f/zvy/ riiyiiiiano). still t'uiind 
 ill this vicinity. .\iiiong tliciii are also occasionally found sin I!s of the ipi.i- 
 liaug or hard-shell clam ( Vcinis nurrcnnrid), and cara;';ices of the tortoise. 
 The shells themselves, while showing tniees of approaching disiiitegra'ion, arc 
 .still ill a sound, condition, excepting. huvvi'\er, those near the snlisiijitiim. where 
 time and enormous pressure have conduced to their decomposition. 
 
 "Only a few fragments of liones ha\e thus far liceii oliser\t'il. 
 
 " Pits containing ;ish<'.>; jind charco.al are occjisionally met with in the southern 
 margin of die mound, where the shells have heeii removed for lime-niaking. 
 The shells i|ii not .appear to have been much lu'idieii during the ]irocess of open- 
 iii'.:', proii.dily I 'cause the niollnsks .vere cooked in the lire prior to opening. 
 
 "Stone im|ileiiieiits of a rude character are (piite froin nl. They consist 
 mostly of hammer-stone , axes, celts, liroki'ii .'irrow an<l spe.ir-poinls. and net- 
 sinkers. I''raLrniei.is of pi.ain and tU'naineiited pottery an' also I'ound in all parts 
 of tlie deposit. 
 
 " The southern nioiind is niiicli sniallei' than the om' just nientioned. It is 
 eleven jeet ill height . iait its supei'ticial extent c.iiiiiol he determined with accur.'icy, 
 inasiiiiii'li ;is the shells are mostly coneciled l^y earth and vegetation. These 
 shells .■ire also of the common oyster. The inipleineiils. iilthough simil.ir in 
 character, are not so numerous as in the other mound. 
 
 "The shell-lields which exist south of this place, are i>f gre.it extent, and 
 
 J 
 
AKTIFICIAL SIIKLL-DEVOSITS. 
 
 237 
 
 in many places of siu-li a iloptli as to prevent the cnltivatioii of the soil. The 
 first licUl is situated ni'ir IJieiilieiiii Manor; tlie next is at tlu; Ferry House; tli<3 
 tliird at I.ower Cedar I'liiiit. A mile further south is a very larire shell-field on 
 the Ilungerfonil estate, at Waverly. The estate called IJanks uf tin- Dee 
 contains a shell-^ield nearly tun miles in extent. It follows the J'otomac from 
 !*i(co\vaxton to Cuekhold's Creek. A larjjre shell-pile is situated in tin; I'otoiiiac 
 southwest of the IJanks of the Dee. Simm's Island in the month of Cui'k- 
 hoid's Creek is covered with a deposit of slndls ninn- lh;in a foot in depth. Other 
 hirii-e fields lire found !it IJachelor's Hope and Swan Point. A shell-mound 
 is found at L.incaster's Landing, on the Wicomico River, two miles e;isl of its 
 junction w-th the I'otomac, S!;ell-fields linve heen exMinined at Charleston Civek 
 and .Stoddard's \\'h;irf All the localities thus far mentioned in (his para.trr;i|)li 
 are situated, in Charles County. They also occur at I'lowden Manor and 
 Cliickahoiiiiny in Saint Mary's County. 
 
 "Oysters were fcn'inerly common in th(< vicinity of Nanjemoy Creei,, Imt 
 they are now randy found ahovo Port ToIjiu-co ]?iver. They are said to h.ive 
 <lis;i]ipeareii jdinost ontirely ;ilinut 177i'. and agiun during the tirst (piai'ter i'( 
 the i>ri'seiit century. I''isliermen s.iy that tlu> oyster-lieds in sli i.il water are 
 freiiiu'iitly destroyed during hmg-cont inning stnrms. when the wind lilows from 
 th(> shore, and the small streams carry down sand and detritu-, which cove; tlie 
 oysters. 
 
 '■ Shells (f tlic hard-shell clam, as staled, have I'cen nnt witli in tlic nuillicrn 
 mound ;it Pnpc'.-< Creek ; l.ul these nioUusks ;ire nut fuund .at presi-nt in the s;im(< 
 hicality. 
 
 " Shcll-tields occur on tlic N'irLiiiiia slmre as I'ar nni-|h .as Matliia.s Puint. in 
 King ( i!'org(> <'nnnty. They ,iri' .il.o said to exist (>n the ,-,iuie side thence to 
 Clies.ipcdvc I'lay, lait in sinalha- miMilier than <'ii tlie Maryl.iml >liiire. 
 
 ".\s to llie age of the shell-deposits at Pope's ( 'reek, it seems e\ idetil te the 
 write)' ih.'it they .■inledale the ( 'ulunilii.iii er.a This lielief is hased upon die 
 fii-l thai when |,..i-,l r.,dliiii. . re's c(d. mists arrived in Ki.'i.'!- I. tins.' nnMinds were 
 ciiKce.ili'd I'reiii \ ii'-,\ liy ;i thick stratum e|' earlli wlijcli sllsl.iined ;i lal'L;e I'erest. 
 This I'.irest rem.aiiied st.anding until .ahoul ITK', when the soil was |U'e|iai-e(l for 
 cnltiv.atinn. At tliis date miner shell-lu'.aps were found .aliove the sir.itum of 
 earth which ciuiccaled the .ancient shell-ileposil." 
 
 I\i 
 
 in 
 
 
 Ij-..' 
 
 ^ % 
 
 'f. 
 
 ,...!?' 
 *■"■;,» 
 
 Tn another pari of ^faryland shell-heaps were explored hy "Mr. .Tuseph T). 
 McCiiire, lit l']|lici)tl City, in IJow.ird C.iunty, of tli.at state. I .mi indelited to 
 him for the followiim cmnmuiiicitioii : — 
 
 "Tn several visits, extending t'Mough a period of ten yenrs or more. T have 
 examined ijuiu' a niimirer nf shell-he.ips at .and nejir the mouth of South |{i\er, 
 
 •'I 
 t 
 
 ^y\- 
 
■! 
 
 
 It 
 
 >!■■ 
 
 iii 
 
 IV. 
 
 '.:i' 
 
 H- ' 
 
 •f. ' 
 
 V ■ 
 
 
 
 illti 
 
 L'-'W 
 
 I'UKiiisniiiic i'isiiiN(!. 
 
 in Anne Arniidol Coniity, Marvlniul. Oysters of a trood (|ii!ility aro f<niii»l in 
 till' ii(Mirlil>nrIio(i<l Jit the present day. and a larnc nundier nt' persons jrain 
 tlieir livelilmod as oystcM'nnMi in tli(> waters adjacent ti» the sliell-lieaps. Tlie 
 latter are invarial)ly eoinpused of sliells of tlie ceniinitn oyster. \o one can 
 doid>t that tliese iieaps are al)orii.'inaI deposits. Witliin a radius of tliree miles 
 from Mayo's Island, wliieli is at the month of Sontli Kiver near its sniithern 
 bank, there .are .as many as twenty-tive distinct siieil-lie.aps. possiidy four times 
 t'lial iiumlier; tor I li.-ne ne\er yet p.-issed a d.ay in tluit vicinity without (imlinir 
 ;it le.ist one new camping-place. 'riit< l.aru'cst deposit, however, is on a propi-rly. 
 .aiiiput two miles up the river, iielonuin;:' to a Mr. Hri-wer. At this place there is 
 a |)oint of land projectini:' into the ri\er. with a wcll-sht'ltered little h.-iy on its 
 southern side, forming; ;in excellent location for n camp. The shells cover. I 
 shniild jtidiie. from ten to twenty acres, .-unl in pl.ices are as much ;is li\c teet in 
 thickness. thinniiiLr <'ut hy deurecs. I'ldess a slieil-de|)osit is c.irefully examined, 
 especially on ,i hill-side, one is very .apt to lie misled. ;iiid to imagine it to he 
 deeper than it re.illy is. 
 
 "On the Urewer prnperly I found the depressions cumniiui to shell-heaps, 
 not only in .North Anu'ric.a. hut .also in henmark. to lie nmre distinct th.in else- 
 where in this \ icinity. 'rhes(> depressions are elliplic.al in shape, iiul occ.asioii.allv 
 round, and from eighteen iiudies to two I'ect deep in tiie centre. As a rule, they 
 me.-isure from four to six feet in the sm.dler, .and from ciiiht to ten in tlie larucr 
 diameter. '\'\\r\ ,ire evideidly the sites of h.-ihilatioiis. partly tilled hy the 
 IVeeziiii;' and th.iwini: o|' centuries, which c,au~r.- the shells to lire.ak down as we 
 see stone walls lailinu' .and foi-mimr accumulations toi.illy iiuliki' w.ills. On the 
 lirewer properly the hollows .are certainly twice .a-^ Liru'e .as I li.i\e noticoii them 
 e|>e\\ here, proliid'ly liec.ansc they were the sites of larui'er h.aliit.ations. 
 
 ••One of tlh' hi';ip-^ on Mayo's Isl.ind is .alioul oiu'-fourth o. lil" in length. 
 
 .nnl I'Xtemls li.ai'k not nmre th.in lliirtv feet : Imt as it reaches to tin- w.ater' 
 
 fol'Iimm' there ,l pl-cclpnoil-, li.mk ;it le 
 
 ■ix feel lii-li. it evidentK ll.ls 
 
 l;is lieen 
 
 1' 
 
 irllv Worn ,aua 
 
 \. ( tne leap. I'onr or ti\c hundrod I'rrt 
 
 'IIU'. w 
 
 hicn ii'ops oiil 
 
 .•doiiL;- the IdulV on the south <idi- of the ri\er. ami rises tVom six to tifteeii or luofi 
 
 fet t ;ilio\e tid 
 
 1'. Ii;is w 
 
 illiin ten \e.irs liei-n redncd to half its size, ,and in .-i t 
 
 ew 
 
 years nmrewill li,i\e lailirely di>,ippe,iri'd. .Xnoiher lie.ap on the wr-t -ide o|' 
 tic rivor is liltie. if ,it ,dl. ahovo tin' pre-^ml hiL^h-waler line, .and I think it 
 posrililc th;d the .-urface h;is siihsided. 
 
 ■•.\- to I ho a'ii' of these heaps, it Would iio most dillii'uit to ojlor e\ en a coii- 
 H' inre other lli.m ih.il. ;i^ ji rule, they .tie pri'-( olnnilii.m. 'I'heorio w ith the 
 slron^esl ;ii'::unic'iils (.ipp.ireiitly I in their f.i\ or ,ii'e often in ;i niomer.l destrovcd. 
 1 iiisl'inee the heap on tin' south ^iije of the river, which I have -,aiil was di.>ap- 
 peariu'.'. In one pl.ace this heap is covered iiy at lejist live feet of >uperimposed 
 earth, whiiii I con.-idered a fair indication of great age, until on oneof niv visit:i 
 
 >s ' ry 
 
Am'ii'iciAi- siii:M--i>KritsiTs. 
 
 230 
 
 I removed fnini till' l);iiik ;i ])!('(•(' uf ;iii iron pot. Aftorwjird I (li^<(•(>V('l•(•(l tluil 
 tliis tliick layer of earth had lioeii <rradiia!lv wasliod lUiwii from tlie iieigliborin;' 
 hill. 
 
 "Trc(>sof three or four feet in diameter have trrown on the toi>s of (lie 
 heaps. The contents of the.<c aeenniu!;itions. ;is may lie imatiincd. ;ire varinus; 
 hut one ein-nmstance is pei'niiar, namely, that stone implfmnils are cxi-ecdinuly 
 rare. I have found on several eccjisidns hearths composed of mnnded pelihles; 
 also, in one instance, wodd-ashes amoniitinii- to ;i cartdoad. Charcoal is rpiite 
 comninn. I'ieees of ])ottery occur in all the heaps. mikI jire often perlnrated with 
 holes. ,i|)p.irently tor the purpose of niendinL;- \\\o hroken vessels. Sumelinies. 
 i)ut not comnioidy. this pottery e\hil)it< rude ilecorations ; in cnhir it \,iri(;s from 
 white to l)l;iclv and red in all sliades. It is invariiddy mi.\<'d with pounded 
 shells, and ditVers in this res|'ei>t from that found a tew miles inland, which 
 nearly always contains triturated (|uartz instead of shell. JCniilish clav pipes of 
 early dati' an- often t'oumi in ;nid near these heaps. 
 
 •• l'"ish-liones. so comnuui in I lie Xew I-hiulaiid shelldieaps. 1 never discov ered 
 in those of Mai'yiand: iuil liones of l.irds .and m;in;mals and lurlle-shells ar(> 
 numerous, and ^udi r( ni.-dns ;is I had identitied ai'e those of llir duck, uoose, 
 swan, wild turkey, scjuirnl. rahiiil, deer, Itlack hear, and ternipiii (diamond- 
 hack)." 
 
 ]]'tsf Vii-'jiiiiii. — Deposits of tVesli-wat<'r shells on I'dennel'll.issett's l>!ailil. 
 
 a locality fimiliar to the student of North .American historv. Iia\e latelv I n 
 
 examined l>y Mr. .1. I'. .Mac[,ean. of llamiltmi. Ohio, and a <-oll 
 
 him durini.' his e.\p|uiati,,n i-^ in the I'liiled Slate- .National .\lu>(uni. Il 
 
 ecllon made liv 
 
 coll 
 
 dsts of I 
 
 iiiii-A\A\>. human ainl .niimal Imnes. ariMwdiea 
 
 It.--. pr>tlrs, imp 
 
 meiits of .-hidl and lioiic and fr;iunients of potters, I am iiideliled lo Mi 
 .MacLe.aii lor the lollouin- account of the localilv .and of || 
 
 le cll.iracler o| till 
 
 % 
 
 deposits : — 
 
 r»|e||li(Tlia--e||'s Maud i- situated in liie Ohio I 
 
 \\\r\\ Iwo I 
 
 lliles Im'Ii 
 
 r.-irker.-hurj, WC-l \irL:iiiia. and le--. ihaii two i 
 
 nil.'- \\e-t of the liioiilh of ll 
 
 liiltle Kaiiauha. ll extend- ea-l and w e-t, and i- of pi'cniiar form. 1 
 
 eiiiL:' narrow 
 
 in the midille. hroad near t'le centre of eitli- 
 
 r h.ill. .'ind coming to ;i point al ll 
 
 low.-r extremity. The h-niiih of the i-laiid i- omi- three mih-. .and il laiiiiraces 
 two liiindred and iiinely--even acre-. ll I'oiiijiin- ii\r rcfu.-ie-lieap- — princi- 
 pally coinpo-cd of -Ih'lls of ihe /■((/■((--which all'ord ,i lin,' iii'|,| f,,r the -ludx ot 
 the donie-lji- life of Hie pi'i'li i>toric alioi'iuines. 
 
 "Theiir-i impri'— ion th.al strike ll hserxei- !• the fi\ orahle silu.ilioii 
 
 whicli llie i-laiid ol'i aed for .1 -.ife and con\enieiit le.nie -iiited to the reiniire- 
 nieiil- of the -.ivaue, ll- natural surrouiidiiiL:- .ilVord.'d him -utlicicail shelter 
 au.iiiist the -iidden iiicjir-ioiis of einaiiies — hesides uraiiliim him the .nUaiit.i'ri' 
 
 
 
 3 
 
t ! 
 
 it- • : 
 
 i 
 
 .1 !' 
 
 'f 
 
 i ■: 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 ''l'\ 
 
 240 
 
 PREHISTOKIC KISHING. 
 
 of a fertile soi! for producing niiiize, wliile tlio broail Ohio, aiirroiindiiiir him on 
 iill silica, would furnish an abundance of food. On the Virginia side of the 
 river the banks arc almost perpendicular, being elevated to a height of more than 
 live hundred feet, thus presenting a natural barrier against tho inroads of foes 
 fniiii that 'Mvoction. On tlie opposite side the plain of IJelpre ranges from tiftoen 
 to seventy feet higher tlian the island, thus giving protection on the north, 
 although less than that on the south. An ad lit ional security consi.sted in tiie 
 distance between the shores of tlie island and those of the main-land, because it 
 is so great as to be practically beyond the range of any primitive weapon of otl'ense. 
 " T' : largest shell-hefip is located on th" c-istern jioint of the lower half of 
 the island. Its present shape is that of a triangle, conforming to tlie natural 
 contour of the ground, and being eleven hundred and twenty-tive feet long by 
 two hundred feet at its western and three feet at its eastern extremity. Originally 
 it was much larger, for within the last forty years a • ( "ip seventy feet in width, 
 and extending the whole length of the deposit, has been carrii-d aw;iy on the 
 north side by the constant erosion of the river. How much more than this has 
 been torn olf cannot now be determined. At the present time the slidl-licap is 
 under cultivation, excepting ii very narrow rimil-w:iy along its noi'tlieni I'l-iidc. 
 The plough has turned <>nt the shells of (|r> i'nio iind the l)ones of the (K-cr 
 (Ceri'Ks rirffinianita), .-ind tiie surface is almost covered with these remains. 
 Among the bones the lov/cr jaw of the deer predominates. Hones of other ni.ini- 
 mals 'icc'iir; .mIsk nf bir is, but "lot in .iltiind.-mce. Tiiese osseous reni;iins ;ire 
 generally in a very good state of prescrvtition. Chips of chert arc scattered 
 over the ground, and niiiy lie picked u]) almost everywhere. 
 
 "Under the road-w;iy (whore the shells Iiave not becM! dislurlied by the plough) 
 the vegetable mouh' covering the ileposit v.iries from six to thirty inches in 
 depth. The deposit averages six inches in thirkness, and is cumpnsed of a com- 
 pact layer of r''«/o-sliells. cemented, ;is it wen>, with a sediment of sand and 
 vegetal)le niKiild. On ex|tnsure Ihe sh.ir|i edges nf liie sIk-IIs rapidly crumble. 
 Some of thi'in are slightly (■.-ijeineo'. jtmv ing tiiat they had been pla-'cd on coals, 
 either for being eooki-d. or fur tV.cilitating tlie extnietion of the nu'at. Oth»>rs 
 are liroken. in conseipienee of a foreibh* sepiinition of th(! v.-ilves. and many 
 again, which lie.ir an such in.uks. |iripli;ilily wen> opened by piacini; them in li"t 
 water. Intermingled witii these shells are found the Imnes of various animals, 
 
 I there also ueeur anicnig them vestiL'es of ilre-pl.ices. The aburiginid relics 
 
 am 
 
 here found consist of armw ;itid spear-li< 
 
 •f chert ■ind henistoiie. stoni* axe; 
 
 pci 
 
 sties, tubes. 
 
 pipi 
 
 circular stones, l)e;ie ne(>dles. bodkins, , and beads, nrn;iments 
 
 of shell and c.innel-coal, and fragroents of potte'vv. There is an abundant yield 
 of such arti<:les. 
 
 "The shell-heap next in si/.i is located on the upper li.ilf of Ihe ishiiid, and 
 faces the Virginia sh«fe. It covers an area of about half an acre. When first 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
AUTIl'ICIAL SUKLL-DKPOSITS. 
 
 241 
 
 noticed, it was enclosed by a nearly s(|uarc wall composed of surface-material. 
 This deposit does not afford as fine an exposure as the one first described, because 
 it has been l(>nij;or under cultivation, and the shelis have mostly crumbled into 
 dust. The yield of this deposit is in variety the same as that of the other, but 
 less abundant. 
 
 " The three remaining refuse-heaps are very small, but jtresent the same 
 general features as (lie last t»no. 
 
 "Witliin lliose deposits and in close jiroxiniify to them have been found 
 many human skeletons. .Some of the skulls do not show the flattening of the 
 occiput so characteristic of the red race. 
 
 "The island, at the time of its discovery, was overgrown with forest-trees, 
 hiding . -liell-Iieaps as well as the rest of the land. When JJlennerhassett 
 first beg.ui to cut down the wood, he found anti(piities in the form of pottery, but 
 probably was not aware of the e.Kistetice of shell -deposits." 
 
 Ohio. — .\s early as 18l*i*, Mr. C.-deb Atwater noticed the existence of heai)s 
 of cast-away fluxiatile shells, intermingled with Ixmes, and inclo.sing iire-places, 
 near the mouth of the Muskingum River, opposite Marietta. He regards them 
 as very old.* 
 
 TeuncHsrc. — Dr. I), ft. Briufoii, while attached to the Army of the Cumber- 
 land during the late civil war, noticed the prevalence of shell-heaps ;dong the 
 Tennessee Ki\er ;intl its atlliicnts. " They , -ire very fre(|uent at and aljo^ctlie 
 ^Muscle Slioals, and are eomposed .ilniost e.\cliisively of the shells of the fresh- 
 water muscle. Clo.-'e lo the famous Xick-a-j.-ick Cave is the railway-station of 
 Shell-Mound, so called from an uncommonly large deposit of slu'lls, pi'obal)ly 
 left i)y tin. Chcroki'fs. who so long used this spot as one of their lie!i(l(|uarters. It 
 was taken by our troops as a military post, and i-mb.-mknnMits were thrown up 
 around the sunniiit of the niound. The excavations niaiii' for this purpose ;iiiun- 
 dantly proved its wholly artitirial origin. In .-dl instances I found the shell- 
 heaps i-lose to the water-courses, on the rich alluvial linltom-lands. The nioHusks 
 had evidently been opened by placing them on lire, 'i'he Tennessee muscle is 
 margaritit'erous. .iinl there is no doubt but that it was iVoni this species that the 
 early trilies olitaineil the liuards of pt'arls which the historians of l)e Soto's 
 cxiiedilion estim.ited by Imshels, ;ind wliich were so much prized as ornaments. "f 
 
 I learned from Dr. Drinton that the mussels i '" the Tennessee River were 
 occasionally eatiMi " as a change " by the soldiers of the .above-named army-corps, 
 and pfononnceil no i)ad article of diet. 
 
 lowd. — .\cciimulations of t'resh-water sholi-s were observed during five vears 
 
 M 
 
 Pi- 
 
 fell 
 
 • ArcliiriiliiHiii AiiiprKiiiia ; Vol I, Wori'citpr, MaMin'hiii-ottii, IK2'2; \>. 'i'i'i. 
 
 f Itrinliiii : .\rlili. i:il Slii'll-lK'|»isil.. in tliii Uiiiled Sliili'S ; Sniitli^iiiiiiiii l!i'i."il Inr iKiiii j y. H57. 
 1! .'U 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 
w 
 
 i 
 
 \\, 
 
 
 y, 
 
 1 
 
 t ' 
 
 n 
 
 ■ 
 
 h 
 
 I 'I 
 
 I t 
 
 n . i 
 
 .'I : . . 
 
 m 
 
 242 
 
 rKEiirsTOKir kisimno. 
 
 (I)cgiiiiiiiig in ISCiS) by Dr. C. A. Wliito, now of llio Unitoil States Natioiiiil 
 Miisouin, aloiit,' tin- Mississippi !Ui(l its tributaries in Minnesota. Iowa, Illinois, 
 MiJ*souri, antl Indiana. '"In general cliaraeter." lie states, " tliese fresh-w.iter 
 shell-heaps resemble those of ni.irine eoasts. but they are usually not so exteiisi\ c. 
 They vary in extent from a f(>\v bushels of shells to nceumulations from fifty to 
 a humired yards long, four or five yards broad, and from a few iiiehes to a yard 
 or two in thiekness. They are usually located upon the immediate bank of the 
 river, sometimes a litth; i)elow, and sometimes above the reaeh of the highest 
 floods." 
 
 The throe nmst interesting shell-heaps were found by him n(>ar the villages 
 of Ki>osau(|ua. Sabnla, and IJrllevue, in low.i ; the first upon the bank of the 
 Des Moines Kiver, and the other two upon that of the Mississippi. The shells 
 constituting these In-aps represented fourteen species of Uiiio ami one of I'aliiiUnn, 
 all still inhaltiting the neighboring water. Annmg them occurred rrni.iins of 
 the c;it-fish and sheep's-he.'id, snapping and soft-shelleil turtle, wild goos(', l>uf- 
 
 fal 
 
 leer. The Jirtefacts consisted of flint fltikes ;nid .arrow 
 
 (•. and common deer. Ihe ;irtel;icts consisied oi nini lltiKes ;nid arrow-heads, 
 one green.stone a.\e (found at Keosau<|ua), and fragim'ids of a co.-nx' kind of 
 pottery. 
 
 Hoth at Sabula and r»ellevut> Dr. White noticed in the ground small pits. 
 
 ■<howinir the action of tire, and now filled with shells and 1 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ill 
 
 le e;irtli iiiK 
 
 evidently been lieateil by building a tire in Ihe pits; the nmlhisks ,Mnd other food 
 were tlien placed in them, then c> cred, .and the contents .allowed to cook by the 
 ret.iined heat." 
 
 Concerning the age of ihesi- he.iiis. Dr. White thinks "tli.at the entire 
 
 ab.se nee of all articles of civili/eil m.anufact ire, even those 
 
 hat sa>a"t>s most 
 
 eayrerlv .secure, seems to be verv irood eviden-e that thev are (d<ler th.'in the il.iti 
 
 .f tl 
 
 u- dlsco\-erv, 
 
 lie also found oak an<l elm-trees from two to two and a half 
 
 feet ill di.ameti'r growing in the si>il that li.id ;iccumul!ited upon the shell-hc.ap 
 
 DM 
 
 d he ascril)es to IIk' hitter ;in a-'e of not less than two huinlred ve.ir- 
 
 «f . V 
 
 I s w ■ 
 
 'In' 
 
 m ' 
 
 'r 5" 
 
 
 (rriiri/ifi. — Tlie slicll-depiisil oil S;iiiit Simon's Isliitid. liriefly but gr.'iphicilly 
 di'scribcd by Sir Cli.irlc.^ I.yell.f m.iy serve as a lyp<' of .artiticial .acciiimilatiniis 
 of iii.iriiie shells in (Jeoi'gia. ( 'oiiceniiiig di'posits uf flm 'atile shells, ( 'olomd 
 ('liarles ( '. .Idiies reniiirks that they .are found upon the banks of most of the 
 rivers in 'ieorgia. lie further .says: — 
 
 • Wtntii: Artilli'iiil StiollUtmiiiinf Kri'.»li-\Vulrr MolliiskK ; I'mcccditi);* cpf tlip Aiiii'ricHii Asa.n'iiiliiifi for tlio 
 Ailvarin.nii'iii »{ Sii'in.' j Twciily-Midnd S.s>i..ii, lifl.l iil I'.irtlHii.l. Miiiin', Aiiiju't, l»7;i ; Sidctii, 1H7I; \i. l:t:t, 
 I'tc. — A sliiirt nnlifo rrltitin^ to tin' miin* snl'j.'i't luitl prcvion-Iy ii]i|H'nrr(i in tlu! "Aiiii-ricim NutunilUt '' (Vol. 
 Ill, 1S7(I, |i. '■'D. iinil iilmi iin iirticli' "f wiiliT rnn.,-.', " KJn.kkininu.iMirii;* di- rAim'riiiiic ilii .N'cnl," in llii' 
 ('iiin|ili'-ri'iiiln i'( I'n' l''irtli .Scs.i.iti nf llio InliTnall.'n ' CniKrini. .1' I'nlii.-t.irii: A«tlii.i|iMl",iy iinil Ari !ijui<l<i^y, 
 lluUI at liolo)riiii in 1H7I l UoloKrnt, IH7:i, |> .17'.), dr. i. 
 
 f .Sco |i. '2\H of tills volume. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
AUTII'ICIAL SIIKLL-DKrOSITS. 
 
 24a 
 
 "Ah an illiiHtration of their fivqucnry and extent we may instance 
 
 those on (ho rif^ht l)ank of the Savannah River, above the city of Augusta. Only 
 one need be speciHeally mentioned, and tiiis will !«> found in Columbia County, 
 near the confluenec uf the (Jreat Kiokee Creek and the Savannah River. Here, 
 opposite a suceessidn of rapid.s in the river — a locality which would havealVordod 
 marked facilitie.s for .successful iishiiig in the manner adopted by the Indian.s of 
 this region — upon a bold biulV is an iiccumulation of fresh-water shells covering 
 the surface of lln' ground t<> .1 d(>pth v.iryiiig from two to four feet, and extending 
 ne.irly one JMUidred yards in length, and more than a t|uartoi of that distance in 
 width. Intermingled with them may still b(> found the bones of large fishes, 
 deer, turkeys, raccoons, bears, bison, turtles, srpiirrels, rabliits, and other aninuils 
 and l)irds, jind ;dso fragments of pottery, arrow and spear-jioints, soapstone net- 
 sinkers,''- crushing-stones, .axes, chisels, rude mortars and other implements, and 
 viirious ornaments of day .and so.ipstone. Here, then, was one of the favorite 
 c.imping-grounds of tlie Indi:ins. Hither they resorted for centuries, feeding 
 upon lish, muss(>Is, and game. This is but one of m.iny extensive refuse-heaps 
 of a similar charficter which have attracted the notice of the writer along tlie 
 biinks of fresh-water rivers not oidy in (ieorgia, but also in Florida, Carolina, 
 Alabama, and Tennessee. In these relic-beds no two parts of the same shell 
 are, as a general rule, found in juxtaposition. Tiie hinge is broken, and the 
 Vidves of tlie shell, after having lurn artitici.ally torn asunder, seem to have been 
 carelessly cast aside and allowed to accumulate ;(' the very doors vf the lodges, 
 where, mixed with the dcltria of the encampment, in the course of time they 
 became heaped up to such .an extent as to form the.M' large shell-banks.-)- 
 
 Cast .shells, both m;irine and tluviatile, were also used in the construction of 
 burial-mounds by the aborigines of (ieorgia. "Shrji-niounds,'' says Colonel 
 Jones, " formed the common graves of the Indi.-ins occupying the coast. They 
 abound upon idl the si'a-isl.inds, and are thickly congreg.-ited upon tlii' outer 
 bluIVs and :iIoiiu- the Imnks of s;ilt-water strcuiis. The admixture of shells im- 
 p.irtcil a |ierm,inency to many sni.-dl mounds wliicli, otherwise, would long since 
 have l)een entirely oliliter.ited. Most of them contain more than one skeleton, 
 tile bones being genenilly ili>|-osed in .1 horizonl.il position. In a few instances 
 the de.ad were inlnimcd in .-i sitting posture. Only occasionally do the human 
 bones found in these tumuli indicate the action of Itiv. The drift- 
 shells — collected by the iK'lion of the tides into ridges so common along the coast-* 
 were .also employed in the construction of these tumuli. "j. 
 
 Floriihi. — The fresh -w.iter shell-heaps abounding along th(> b.anks of tho 
 Saint John's River have been specially studied since 1800 by the late Professor 
 
 • .Noliriil i.n ].. li:."). 
 
 f .Intic-: Aiili'|iiiii(>a uf tbo Southern liidiam) \>. 4H:|,oto, 
 
 I Ibid.; |>. IDS, otc. 
 
 i- 
 
 ''M 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 :3 
 
 • .'-41 
 
1 ^'\ 
 
 u 
 
 '1 
 
 t 
 
 ■'i i 
 
 I' 
 
 ?i 1'* 
 
 
 244 
 
 ritKlllSTOKir KISIIIN(i. 
 
 Jiffrios Wyiimn, and the results of Iuh iiivestiurations arc eontaiiied in a liaiul- 
 suiue meiimir imlilislicd hy tlie I'eabody Aeademy of Sfieiice. at Saloiii. Massa- 
 flmsctts. It is lliiis far tlic must eoiis|iiciioiis treatise uii sliell-lieaps issued in 
 this c'oiiiilry. I'nifessnr WyniaiTs tield of inveslii;atioii cxteiuled a eonsideral)l(! 
 distance along liie river, from Forrester's I'oinl. some miles al»ove I'alatiia, lo 
 the Salt liakes; hut In.' f(tnnd the deposits most abundant l)et\veen Lakes (ieorife 
 and lianiey. He is of opinion that tiiese heaps were the dwellinix-plaees of tiio 
 first iniialiitants of the rei,'ion thronu'h which tlie Saint John's [{iver tlows.'^' 
 
 ••'I'lie shell-dep(»sits on tie- river," he says, "■•ire entirely ditt'erent .as to their 
 t'liaraeteristics from the mounds of tlie sea-coasl. The last extend around the 
 shores of tin- wlmle peninsula of Floritla, and in certain places, as io Turtle 
 Mound, Cliarlotte llarijor, and Cedar Keys, are of j,'iu;intic proportions, 'j'liey 
 ,ire composed exelusively of marine species, mostly of oysters on the Atlantic, 
 hut on the (fulf cojist of sovera! species heloufxinj^ to dilVerent yenera, as Ostrea, 
 lif/xicdii, Sfroiiilnis, Fdnciohirirt, f'trdiiiiii, etc. 
 
 •■ The mounds of the river, on the contrary, consist exclusi\ e|y of fresh-wtder 
 species, viz.: Atiijiitlliirin ilrprcKsa^ Say, J'ulitiliii'i niiilfiliiioifu. Say, and Initio 
 Hiic/i/ii/i. \a'!i. The i'.-duilina forms hy far the l.arp'st portion of every mound, 
 and with .a tew Ifnios tiie wlnde of some. I'lither of the .-diovc-mcntioned 
 species, however, inste;id of hcimj; piomiscuously mingled with the rest, as is 
 jjener.ally the case, may he t'ound forniimi considerahle deposits \t\ themselves, 
 without tiie ailmixturr of tlic ilher.-, a.> if at certain limes they h.id heen exclu- 
 sivtdy used for food. At Ohl Town we li.ive seen hiru'e deposits of Ainpuil.iria' 
 
 aloni* in one part, am 
 
 I of I 
 
 nios 111 am 
 
 >tl 
 
 ler. Other sh. 
 
 ■Ih 
 
 ;ts 
 
 .M 
 
 elan la- and 
 
 Mel 
 
 1C( 
 
 are occ.isioiially found, Init are too sm.-ill and too fewtojuatify the supposition 
 
 that tl 
 
 leir iireseiice w; 
 
 other than accidental 
 
 ••As far as known to the writer, the fresh-water shell-mounds on other rivers 
 of the Uniteil States, understandiiiL,' liy ihe word shell-mound a dwellimr-pliice, 
 
 consist .almost exclusively of l' 
 
 il' 
 
 nios 
 
 Thosi' of th<' Saint John's an- therefore 
 
 th 
 
 peculiar, and are tiie only, or ci'rtainly the chiel. instances in which tlie Ampul- 
 liiria' ami I'aludiiue Just mentioned have iiecome to so larf^e an extent .articles of 
 food. There is not a siiiufle mound on the Saint John's ciuiiposed exclusively of 
 
 Unios. 
 
 "The most of the mounds .'ire in the form of lom; ridLfcs p.arallel to the 
 shore, thom;h a t'ew ;ire nearly circular. The limits of ;ill are sh.arply <lelined, 
 and at .a few t'eel from the h.ise shells i-e;ise to he t'oiiiid. Risini; somewh;it 
 iibruplly from their foiindatious, they are mostly surmounted with a nearly levid 
 area.""!' '""' lar;.?erones sometimes cow r se\cral acres, and rise to the heij^ht of 
 fifteen, twi'iilv. or twenly-tive leet. 
 
 Wvnmii: Kr.'.-li Wiil.r Sli.'ll M..nihl- 
 
 lli" Si«im .l.iliii'n Itivir, Kl.iridii : K.iiiilli Mcim.ir .1' llii- I'.abfJv 
 
 Acuilu 
 
 r.| S.i..ri.' 
 
 Sail' 
 
 Mil 
 
 1H7 
 
 ). ;i. 
 
 \ Il'i.l i p|i '.IiiimI 10. 
 
 ♦'Sff' 
 
AUTIKICIAL 8IIKLI.-DKIH)S1TS. 
 
 846 
 
 Professor Wyman oxainiiiod in ;i fnrty-eiiilit sliclllioaps, wliicli. of cuiirsc, 
 cannot In- sini^ly n't'crrcd to in tliis place. 'I'lic slidU coinposinL:' tiii'ni iiM\(» 
 already liern mentioned; tlie list of nianinials, hirds. anipliil>ians. ancl llslies. 
 represented in the iieaps liy liroUen bones, teeth, shells, etc., comprises (he lu-ar, 
 raccoon, hare, deer, otter, opossum, turkey, several undetermined species of 
 birds, the alliiiator, four species of turtles, the cat-tish, <;iir-pike, whitintr, and 
 another species of lish not determined. Professor Wyman also met with Ixmes 
 and teeth of e.xtinct mamm.als (mastodon, elephant, etc.); hut their remains had 
 undergone chan<j;es, from which he concluded that these ■•inimals h.id not lieen 
 coidemporaueous with the people who left the mounds. These accumulations 
 also contain '•human hones, broken up in the same manner as the hones of edible 
 animals, .and believed to lie the remains of cannibal feasts." As may be 
 imai;ined, tire-]>l.iccs were noticed. 
 
 Stone implements occurred rarely in the mounds themselves, ami they are 
 classed l)y the !iuthor of the memoir as fl.ikes or chi|>s, hammer-stones, arrow- 
 heads, jind worked pieces resemblinir somewhat the implements of the Saint- 
 Acheul type. These artefacts gener.ally present ;i very rinle appear.ince. Better 
 implemeids. however, occur in some abund.ince on the surface and in the luMgh- 
 borhood of the heaps, and are thought to h.ive originated with the Creeks .and 
 other Indian trilx's, whii-li. <'oniinu from South <";irolina and Oi-orgiii, overriin 
 K.ast Florida more than a ciMitury .ago, and, having conipicred the natives of the 
 country, formed .alierward the .Seminole nation. Implements of bone, mostly 
 piercers, were of more tVe(|uent occurrence in the heaps th.an stone artefacts, and 
 there were likewise found boiies ;ind |>;irts of anthrs, to be made into implements, 
 as shown i)y the marks of s.awing on them. Aol nnfreipie?it were chisels and 
 gouges made of the shell of iSfroiii/tim i/i;/fis, I'lft'iila itcrrcrsa, .and I'l/nild rttrhu. 
 
 Drink 
 
 de of till" tirst- 
 
 \\:\. which 
 
 lilth 
 
 .rinking-vessels made ol , 
 
 below the surfice of the shell-heaps, .are not considered as coeval with them, but 
 of later origin. The author .also mentions .among the obje(;ts obt.ained by him 
 (luring his explor.ition shells of the Pi/nilu airiffi. wrought in a cerlain m.inner 
 for a jiurpose not known |<> hini. They are .apparently the cluli-he.ads described 
 l»y me a ye.ir .after the .ip]ie.ai"ance of his nu'iiioir.'^' and m,iy have replaced to a 
 certain extent the greovi'd stone .axes, none of which were found by Professor 
 Wyman in or upon the shell-he.aps. Ornaments were .almost entirely wanting, 
 anil not ;i single ]iipe came to light. No objects of copper, gold, silver, or other 
 met.al were discovered by him. Knigments of a rude kind of pt^ttery occurred 
 in the later l>ut not in the old(<st shell-he.aps. 
 
 Th(! author concludes his interesting memoir with .a resume, emliodied in 
 
 * Till! Art'liipiiliigii'iil Culli'i'lion of tln> I7iiitcil Slnti-n Nutinniil MiistMiin ; No. 287 of Sniitlifoninii Contriliii- 
 lion» to Kli"Wl«ili4o; Wii^liiiiutcui, 1870; p. tUl.— Tln' iniidilli'd slii'lN, I 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 ■1:1 
 
 I- 
 
 SV-:| 
 
 '■4 
 
 1 
 
 i'4 
 
 ■^4 
 
 
 
 iiiwt*vt?r, iin* iiins 
 
 ,tiv 111. 
 
 nT I't/ritlii ftf 
 
 
M6 
 
 rui:irisr(»uic I'isiiinu. 
 
 tlio present nbstrnct, excepting the liiHt tlireo parngrnpliH, wliieli I give in hia 
 own words : — 
 
 " Tiiough tlie iilisnliite ngeof the mounds ennnot be (h'tennined, n niiniminn 
 iige of .sev(>ral hundred years lias licen approximately aseert.iined. jnslifyiiig llie 
 eunclusiun that some i it' them were essentially linishi'd two or three conturies 
 before the arrival of the white man, as shown by the nge of the trees growing 
 upon them. ()th(>r, but not exaet. signs of age are to be found in the ehanges of 
 tiie channel sinci' the mounds were l)uilt, the greater or less destruction of the 
 mounds by the river, the growth of swiiui|is and the consolidation of the shells 
 th""Ugh the agency of ])ercolated w.ifer charged with lime. 
 
 "Only a single skull of tin- iuiilders has been found; this difters from the 
 skulls of the burial mounds in being huiger, with the ridges ,-ind processes more 
 pronounced. There are bones from other parts of the body from two individuals, 
 in both of which there wna the flattening of the tibia. A second collection of 
 human bones was fmind embedded in saiulstone, under a slielldicip at Hock 
 Island, liake Monroe. Only a part of the skull was fouiul ; the liliia- witc llat- 
 tened, but no other i)eculiarilies were oliservcd. 
 
 "Whether the builders of lli(> mounds were the same peopl(> as Iho-e found 
 there liy the Spaniards and the rreiuli is uncertain. The .ilisence of pipes in all 
 and of ]iotfery in some of the mounds, and the extri'Uie I'.irity of orn.-imeiils. are 
 consistent with the conclusion tli;it they were ii different people. Tn tlio.<e nmy 
 be a(Med the negative fact that no iiulications have been Ibuml that they pr.ictised 
 
 n'MMCU 
 
 Itun 
 
 :> ' 'a 
 
 Iti 
 
 
 !- ■ 3 • ■ 
 
 The coasts of Florida, as has lieeii stated, ;ire lined with \ast acciininlalions 
 of marine! shells c.ist away by tin- former population of th.' peninsula. I will 
 make special mention of those locited on and ne;ir T.imp.i i>fiy. on the (iidf 
 Coast, which have ln-en ex;imined and descriiied by .Mr. S. T. W.alker. connected 
 with the United States Commission of Fish iind Fisheries. 
 
 "The materials of which the sliell-he.-ips .-ire composed." he remarks, "Mre 
 indicated by the name api)lied to them, shells constituting by Inr the lar-cr 
 portion of tin; mass, differing only in the species composing lliein ; and here I 
 will st;ite that, iifter diligent search, I have never discovered a shell in these 
 heaps belonging to a specie's that is not common in Tampa l>ay to-day. The 
 kinds of .shell that predominate jire those which .'ire most .abundant in the im- 
 mediate vicinity. Thus, if the mound lie located near oyster-li;irs. ;is on b.iyous. 
 or near the mouths of creeks or rivers, we Iind tluil shell constitnling the mass 
 of the structure. If on or ne.ar saiid-fbils, we tind conelis, cl.ims. scidlo]is. etc., 
 predominating. Intermingled with the shell, but forming only a small part of 
 
 * W>'imiii : Krcsli-Wtttor Sholl MouiiJa; pp. 80, 87. 
 
AKTIKiriAI, SHKI,r,-l>RPOStT3. 
 
 247 
 
 tlio iniiHM, nro cra1)s' daws, and tlio ])onos of tin' fiirtlc, sliark, driiin-ri.-'li, (Iimt, 
 ami S('a-I)ir(l.>*, ncriirriiij,' as iiaiiicil. tlic Ihhh-s of tin- turtle luiiiL: iii"st pit iilifiil. 
 Uniki'ii |inttcry <'f a vt-rv tliick, licavy pattern, willmut (irnanu'iit, is scattered 
 nlioiit tlie sites of former lirt-s. Stone ornaments and ai'row-lieads are sometimes 
 found on the surface, l)Ut never, to my itnowiedye. in tlie interior of tliese 
 mounds."'"' 
 
 Very large slioll-licapa were seen 1»y Mr. Walker at Shaw's Point, on tlie 
 month of ^fanatee River. Tiiey extend five hundred and sixty-four feet ajonj.' 
 the shore, and are from tiftoen to twenty feet in altitude at the hiv:hest points. 
 The sea having encroached on one side of a heap, a perpendicular section was 
 presented, onahling ^fr. W.-dker to distinLiuish the old jin-places, which were 
 gradindly brought to a higher level, proportionate to the increase of the hciip. 
 A representation of this section, accompanying his report, shows this very 
 plainly.!- 
 
 Not the least interesting c'lservntions made l>y Mr. Walker are those rela- 
 ting to the gradual progress in the manufacture of pottery found in the shell- 
 hoajts of Florida. He ))resents a diagnim (reproduced on the following ])age), 
 showing !i section of a shell-iieap .'it ('cd.ir Keys, which he thinks ii lair repre- 
 sentation of the interior of Kloridiiin shell-deposits in gcnend, if the unusually 
 thick hivi'rof soil near the nnddle of the mass is excepted. This .'section w;is 
 jii'odnced hy cutting tlirough the mound in opening .1 street. I''ragments of 
 pottery ;ire pretty uniformly distrilmted throughout the heap from the bottom to 
 the top; liut ,111 entire ves.xel. to Mr. Walker's knowledge, h.is never been found 
 in any of the shell-heaps of Florid.i. Tin three .stages marking the progre.xs 
 in the ceramic art .are thus characterized i)y Mr. Walker: — 
 
 "In all the large shell-heaps examined hitherto I l.ive invariably fouml 
 pottery in the lowest stnitum of shell, and. in many inst.-inces, in the soil bene.ath 
 the foundations, which I regard .as coiK-hisivc e\ ideiice thtit the .aborigines were 
 nccpiainted with the ;irt of t'aliric.iting e.-irthenware pots long before they begun 
 the.se vast accumid.ations of siiell. The ;irt. Iiowcmt, w.is in its rudest st.nte. 
 
 The fr.-iLrments are thick, heavy, .and co.irse. tin niposing cl.ay often contiiining 
 
 a mixtiiri- of co.-irse sand or sm.all pelibles. The utensils were of l.-irge size, ;is 
 shown by tin- curves of the t'r.ignn'iits, and rinlely faslijoned. ami lhe\ were 
 destitute of ;dl iittempt .'it orn;nin'nt. The rims were plain, ,nnl were iml thick- 
 ened or re-ent'orced to increase their strength, 'i'liis styh' is t'ounil generally for 
 alxuit three or four feet in in'ii;ht, ami m.ay be said to represent the first st.age. 
 Above this a gratlunl change is perceptiiile, the two styles overlap|iing, so that 
 it is ditlicult to .sav where one begins and the other ends. 
 
 » WalKi'r: l!i'|)iivl on tlii- Slirtl-II™|H .if 'riiiii|itt Hiiv, Klciriilii; SrnitlKi.niiiii Ki'|Mirl fur \>*''.' ; |i. IIS. 
 t Ibiil.; |i. 410, etc. 
 
 i 
 
 
 m,W' ' 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 i'. ''M 
 
 t» . '■ 
 
 tv' I I 
 
 1^ . I 
 
 
 it 
 k 
 
[I« 
 
 t : 
 
 (I ■ 
 
 (1 
 
 t! .; 
 
 In ! V- • . 
 
 848 
 
 I'HKIIISTOUIC KISIIINO. 
 
 •KflTinN or Bnrtl.'iiKAi' at 
 tkhaii KieV" 
 
 Six inch r niixl. ni liiiil. 
 
 (LntiT »tii)(>'i. 
 
 Klnotliin ["itlrTy, bi'iitilil'iilly »t 
 imiiK'iili'il. Nciiily itiiiili' iiuii!' • 
 incMli III' liiinc, hIicII, •■tc. Axi'i", 
 iirrcnv iiiiil !i|ii'iir licii l» nf Btmii"; 
 ul>ii -loiiK lii-iiil" mill iiliji.'eta nr 
 iloiic itHi-il ill CHiiii"'- 
 
 TlllVO ll'l't. 
 
 Twi> I'l'Ot of coil cotitiiiiiiiiK II 
 few rriii(iniiat> of |iottury. 
 
 (MicMli' Kiiii^o). 
 
 Bi'ttor imtliTV, riiili'iy iirim- 
 iiii>ntc<cl, I'riiiiilivn ini|ili>in<'iii- 
 of liotii^ mill hIii'II, 
 
 Four fi'et. 
 
 "Till' sccniid Mlaiic li(i\vi'\cr, as we iiscond, soim 
 bocoim-M pliiiiilv ni'irkcil. The m.iIIm i>\' I Ik- iilcMisilH 
 bccitinc IliiiiiKT. The rims nrc tiininl niilwnnl ami 
 Hliirlitly lliicki'iicd. Dots ami s(rai<jflit lines arc cut 
 iiitii llic sides (if till' vessel l»y way >>( nriiameiit, aiul 
 till' tliicKeiK'd rims are snmetiiiu's ' |)iiielied ' like |iie- 
 crust with the liiiu:ers. Diiriiii:' this stn;re the savaj,'(> 
 nrtist tirst Ix'uraii to mould his wares in rush-liaskets, 
 wliieli were sulise(|Ui'ntl_v lnirni'd away, leaving; the 
 vessel curiously <'heeked as thouLrh it had been j)r<'sse(l, 
 wliile wet. with coarse clolh. The use ol' sand or 
 gravel is totally aliaiidttiied diiriiii.' this staire, and the 
 quality of the jxittery is in every way improM'd. Im- 
 plements of shell iind bone are sometimes found ; but 
 tlioy are generally few in number and rude in man- 
 ufacture. 
 
 "This briiii^s us to a portioji of the shell-heap 
 correspoiidini;- in position with the two-feet strjitnm 
 of soil shown in the diagram, and th.-il str:iluiii marks 
 the tr;iiisitioii-perio(l between tlie middle .•iiid modern 
 styles of Indian pottery. Immediately below this 
 layer of soil we tiiid the curved line introduced ill 
 oriiiiiueiital designs on the utensils, and a few irag- 
 monts of the riin.s of pots show that ears begiin to b(( 
 attached to tlieiii for the convenience of sus|ieiision, 
 und that the thickness of tlu^ ware was reduced by 
 the emi>loyment of better in;u. 'rials. Immediiitely 
 over the stratum of soil all the frjmiiienis show im- 
 provement on those lielow. New patterns .ire intro- 
 duced. ;iiiil we licL-'iii to Iind fr.iLrmciits of dishes, 
 bowls, cups, ns well as those of jars and pots, many of them of ele^jMiit design 
 and of a superior <|uality of w.ire. Stmie axes, arrow-hcids. Imne and shell im- 
 plements are of fri'ipient occurrence. 
 
 "As we ;ippro;icli the top, mark- of iiiiprov emeiit tire numerous. .Ml liie 
 larger pots are iiiriiishcd with numerous ears, through which string.* might lie 
 run for suspension. Vessels , 'ire sometimes furnished with h.indles, and .•ill Ihe 
 timr w.'ires iire rlabor.itely orn;imoiiliil with zig/.ag-lines. ciii-vr>. dots. aini. in 
 rare cases, with tigiires of men .•iiid animals. The finest w.ares are inv.irialiiv 
 
 (GiirliiT iitu);i'). 
 
 Kuili', liiiivy |iotti:ry, di'»liliili> i 
 of oriiiuiii'iit. 
 
 ThriM! fort. 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 ,f i • 
 
 ^^r- 
 
AIlTrFICrAL flllKLL-DEPOSITS 
 
 MO 
 
 fniiiid oil nr jK'jir llic siirl'acc, mid aiimnt,' thoni we llnd llio first iiftiMiipt of the 
 ab()ri;,'in(>M a( coloriiij^ tlii'ir wni-U." 
 
 Mr. Wnlkf-r tries to dotpnnino tlio tiino noodod for tlic ncciumilatioii of tlio 
 difTcrcnt strata, and (ittiiltiitcs. as [he result of Iiis (•.■ilciilatioiis. an au'e of oiio 
 fluui.sand years to tlieolde.st sliell-lieai»s. Vi-t. lie is far fr<iiii iiiakiiif; any positive 
 ns.sertioii. "There are so many i)ossiliilitits to l»e eiieouiitered, " lie says, "that 
 the f|uostion of a;;e is lost aiiionf,' them. The j^rowth of a sliell-liea|) de|)en<le(l, 
 of I'our.se, ii|)(iii the number of peophf livintr in the \ ieinity, th{> eirciiiiistanec 
 whether their residence was coiitiiiiioiis or occasional, the ahmuhmco or scarcity 
 of shell-lish, and many other accidents too niiiiK'roMs to mention. Layers of soil 
 in difVereiit parts of the same heap show that portions of the inn.*<s eenscd to 
 prow for loni,' periods of time, while tliii'k strata of clean shell indicate the rapid 
 and continuous growth of other portions. Future investigations may throw 
 more light on this sul)jeet, at pro.sent involved in doulit and mystery.""- 
 
 Alabaiiin. — Among other shell-heaps on the co.asts of theCJiilf of Mexico, 
 1 will only refer to tlio.su on the Moliile River, Alabama, ile.scriiied iiy Messrs. 
 A. S, (Jiiiiies and K. M. <'iiniiiiighani. 
 
 They alludi! to the great number of such (h'posits on the banks of that 
 river, especi.'illy upon Simpson l.-^land, wliich forms the delta between the nioutlis 
 of the Mobile and Teiis.is Rivers. "Many of them are the sites of market- 
 gardens, and the shells from those most accessible to the water have been utilized 
 ill paving the stock-yards of the railroads, and llie groniids around the cotlou 
 warehouses in Mobile, 'i'lie one chiefly examined is about nineteen miles jibovo 
 Mobile, on tli(> laiul of the Mobile jind Ohio Railroad, and two hundred feet 
 from the water's edge. Tlie heaps are composed almost enlirely of cl.'im-shells, 
 although a few specimens of Area incoiiffrxii, Ncritiun, Melanin, and Fnsus rin- 
 ercuH are met witli."t 
 
 There w(>re iii. " found portions of fourteen lium.in skeletons, pointed bono 
 implements, tlioiisiiids of fragments of pottery, ami even live entire vessels, 
 now ill the JN'iitioii.il Museum. 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 ;t,'; ■ 
 
 ■ i 
 
 4 
 
 ■if 
 
 . I- 
 
 '■'I?' 
 
 California and Orr/jon. — .Mr. Paul .Schumacher's rejiorts on explor.itioiis of 
 shell-heaps iind village-sites on the coasts of ('alifornia and Oregon, and on the 
 Santa 13arb;u',i lsl,inds;j: ,ire known to all wliotaJM' an interest in Xortli American 
 arcliieology. In view of the many fn-ts presented by the exphu'er, it would bo 
 a rather l;il)orious task to give ii resume of his results. Fortunately, however, 
 Mr. Schumacher himself has publisiied in (lerinan a short article — " OUserva- 
 
 » Wiilkcr: Till' .\l...riniiics ..f KLuidii ; Smitlisi.iiiuii H<'|i.irt r..r 1881 ; p. 077, «tc. 
 
 f (iiiiiii's mill ('iiiiiiiiigliHin : Shi'll-lii'ii|is i>n .Muliili) Itivir ; ,Sinitli«>iiiiin Ut'port f(ir 1877 ; |i. ^90. 
 
 X Hp(! p. 110, nolo. 
 
 l{82 
 
 '!4 
 
 . i 
 
■-■ • ■'■^™^n.r^»i'3i»!.jiraBKia?' 
 
 simautLitU 
 
 2.'(» 
 
 I'Ki.iiisronic I'lsiiiNo. 
 
 
 If 1 
 
 '¥ 
 
 lions on the IJiiiiud Alxn-iiiiiial Villii;j;(>s oii the V.-icilic Cn.-ist i>f Xor'.li Aiiicr- 
 u-a"'-'- — wliit'li I'liUy iiiiswcrs tliat |>ur|>(isc, and is liciv rcpnidiici'd ii> an una- 
 l)riil,i,'('d, tlioutrli sdint'wiiat I'lw, translation : — 
 
 " Tlu" sli('ll-li('a|)s (in tliis coast nia''k flio sitos of lornicr villaj^cs of tlio 
 alioriuincs. In sonu' cases, lni\V(>vcr, tlic acciiniidations of sliclls were caused 
 liy occasional visits to places wliere cdilije niollnslis arc found in lari:(' (piantities. 
 in sncli feiniiorarv cani|iin!.'-irronnd~, wliicli. as a rnle, an- nnfa\oral>lv situated 
 tor pernianenl settlenicnts. tlie inollnsks were extracted from tlie sliclls in order 
 to lie trans]iorte(l witii greater 'acility to tlie distant villaL'e. IJy this proce-s, 
 ami liv the iniiiMiii'rahle me;. is taken, for centni'ies. on the sjiot dnrinir such 
 visits, shell-heels, often of ,ast extent, were formed. W'e notice in these tem- 
 porary cam|iinLr-pIaccs no indications of the former existence of huts ; there are 
 no tlini Hakes — iiothiiii.' tli;it hetokeiis the maiiufact.ire of wea)ioiis and domestic 
 utensil,-.; ,nid ura\cs, likewise. , are waiitini.'. All we timl .ne small licajis of 
 colihle-.-tones. almut the size of ;i hand, and heariiii: <li' tinci marks of the action 
 of lire; ami. .•icconi|iaiiyinir these, charcoal and ;is!is — addilional proofs tli;it 
 tiiey represent old tiri'-places. 'I'lie .-hells in thoe teiiipor.'iry i;impinL;-i;rounil« 
 
 ai"alw;i\S tllo-e nf nii'llusks occilii'illLr in Ihe ncii;hliorllo<'d. W'e see. fur in- 
 stiinco. U| .11 the downs which extend tor ;i disl.-inie of twii\e mile- hclwcen 
 I'oint S.in laiis and I'oint Sal (Soijtliern raliforiiia I >e\eral of suih shcll-jpids 
 coMipo-ed .alnio-t exi'lusiv ely of ,M species of /./'c//(«. w hile lhi\ contain hut a 
 sm.ill nunilM r it' till' !'( //v.s //((/vv //'//•/</. and 'illifr edil'ie kind>; Ikchs ,,f sni.all 
 l.iiid-.inim.iN and tl-lies ;, proporlion.ally \ery r;ire At I'oint Sal. on the othrr 
 h.'ind. where Wi' oli.-er\cd I lie remains of ;i perm;inel,i seldcnMiit there ••lie foil I 111 
 not only the shells of ;ill lllollusks wilidi prosper oil the K'cks of the ncii;lilior- 
 iiiL.' sea, .Mi//ilii.'< ciilifoniiaiiiis ]ired..minant aiiioirj tlieiu, Imt alsu iho-c of mmIi 
 as occur oil the s.Miid-hanks ne.ar the teiiipni'.iry c;impinjjr-j.'rountls. toirethcr with 
 all .alii.i.d.ince of the lioiics of various liin<l and se;i-aiiinials. It w.iiiM he ditli- 
 ciill to determine whether Mich ]il.ices were considered as neiitr.'il. or whcthir the 
 niollusks tin-re caiit^hl riacln d the inhaliil.ant- oj' the inlerinr in the w.ay of 
 e\i'ii;int:o I'or ot hn- products ; imt ihirecni he iioddulit th.it tiny ulpt.ained theiii. 
 fur we di-co\ered llieir reimiiiis t'arlher nurth mi the S.ml.i .Miria l{i\er.t 
 
 •' The \ i.w, .'eliielillles expressed, lll.ll I he ,shell-h.;ip> were luiill lip h\ the 
 
 al"'i'i;:ines for liiri.il-purposi s. ;ind wcrc> tjradii.'illy incre;i~rd l.\ m..|iii;ir\ feasts, 
 
 etc.. i- W liili-. ( n the ciiiilr.irv . it i- p|n\ nl Im \ end di'lllil that tlii\ ilidic;ile the 
 place- of alicicn; sel lellielits, and ale the k ilclieli-refll-e he.iped lip dlirilje Iniiu' 
 period-, and. In 'tin i. that tlie\ inclose era\e- unly in ca>e> wln-n the ^jioiind is 
 
 ■ 
 
 • Si hiiiniK li- r III "Imi lit'iii|;i>ii III ili'ii M rriilli'iii'ii ImrliTii iliT I' n iiiwiiliiHT iiii ili r | iuIIIm In n Ku-li- in 
 NiTilnMi.'ril.ii ; Miltliiilui i,'iii il.T Aiillirn|.Hl..i'iMlMin Oconllri'liiin in Wlfiii V"i. VI, IHJii, ]•. '.(H? tfW, 
 I Niirllic'tii I'li'iiiilui". Ill' Siiiiiu lliirliiiin < ' 'iinty. 
 
AKTIIICIAI, SIIKLL- DEPOSITS. 
 
 251 
 
 rocky, and roistcd tlir iniiiiilivc iin|il('iiiriils of tin' nntivos. W'c fiiid imt only 
 llic wliolc mass of (lie kiokUr"iiinii(liliiii;s intfrmiiiLrltMl w illi fraLniicnts of ilnmcslic 
 iilciisils. iiii|il('mciits, ami \voa|ioiis, Imt also discover on tlic snifacc. as ex idciicrs 
 of iicrniaiR'iit scllK'iiicnt.s. round depressions, j:enerally still surrounded liy a 
 circular onil)niiki!ient. wliieli mark tlie sputs wliere tlu' Iiuls formerly -tiMMl. .\s 
 fiirtlier evidences we may lueutiou tlie \viiikiiiLr-|iIaees. uliere ai'i'nw dieads, 
 kiiixi'S. etc.. were made, as is slinwn liy tlie iiresi-nce of flakes of clialcodony. 
 Jasper, Hint, (p'aiiz. -.'lisidian, and similar kinds of stone, as well as i)y tlie tVe- 
 ipunl occurrence of liroken and lialf-liiiislied arrow-jieads, and of rouL'Iidiew n 
 discs, alioiit as lar,L:c as a liand. in wliii-li shape tlmse niini'ral-siilislaiices. wliicli 
 <l(» not oceur on tlie islands, and are .also mostly wantini:- alonj; tlie coast, were 
 importi'd l>y way of liarter. Finally, tliere are round stones, upon wliicli. hy 
 means of hammer-stones of liTdor suhstance, wcajions and ])iercinir-tiHils were 
 liroujjfht into n rudimentary shape, to he linished afterward with a Imiie imide- 
 meiit. 
 
 'I'iie tr.-ices of a \illai;-e of the iilHiriiriiies. especially wl 
 
 leii (leciirrin'j in 
 
 .:'!'assy or sidiil ui'ound, remind the ohser\er <>( -a prnup nf cnhirLied niole-li 
 -iiiii< ill. lull lia\iiii: a raised i-ireuiiil'ereiice or emliaiikiiMiii . 
 
 ho diLiui'iL:' nili 
 
 one III Ihe-e ca\ Itles I'l'M 
 
 als the sulplerraiiean pail of:, hiil. wliich naclieil .iliwiit 
 four fei'l hi'liiw the siirl'ace. The IliHir is i-i((i'_'iii/aMe hy ;i h.-ii'iler Layer, in the 
 mid-t iif wliieli we find llie lli'e-plaee ami charcii.il ,111(1 jishi's. The sides nf till' 
 iilll r-.ilili'lillles eail sliil lie lr,ir"il liy ihr |ircse|ice i>[' s|i|it luiards nillliiliu:' Ili'Vi- 
 /■iiii.illy, .'Hid liy \c'rlie;il pi'.-ls. Thiiii-li till' iiiider-i:riiiiii 
 
 i.'irl I- iii.idiil.'iti'i'.il 
 
 most eases — almiit tell feet sipiare — we find, nevertheless, tli,il the pit .as imw 
 I'll (r.-irely deeper th.lll twnor three feet, though ofli'n very sleepi pre>i|ils a 
 
 roiiii 
 
 !is|i c.i\ \\\ . ow iiiLi lo ll 
 
 le rirciila 
 
 I' form n|' the elilii.lliiuilelil :inil the ,'ietii 
 
 if ihe elrm(iil> in the |ir<>"e>s (if lilliii'j; ,i deiiri'.--ii.ii 
 
 111 JHii-e -roiiin 
 
 I. I II Ore-. Ill 
 
 we fiiiiiid eNc.'plicui.illy se\ ei';il sites of hill,-. in(dos"d hy ;i (pi.'idiiiater.il |iroJect inn 
 of ,',irtli : sinh, liowe\ei'. dn'ilitless date from the period df white iiiimiur.ilioii. 
 ,'iiii| I"' !■'",, a- it were, llh' t I'.ni-it ion iV.iiii Indian to tr.ippers' lulls, such , as we 
 ha,- ;'i.i, ed ,1111. MIL, Ihe pT'-iiii Kl.iiii.illi In.li.ins. .\s a pr<iiif iherenf «.■ lind 
 in tlie.se cjises the w.M.d shaped w il'i the axe, while in ihe old sites of huts il is 
 ■ plil* .'ind ch.-irrid at the ends. The siihterr^'.nean p.iil of ,i hut is pretty iiiiieh 
 the s.ime .'doim- the V inde cn.i^l. ,ind i.'- only excpti.inally of .i loiiml form ; luil 
 in till' iniirr .irr.niLienieiil dillrrcii.-es ;ire nli-rr\ .ihie. 
 
 '• III e\r,i\ .-itil,;:. fi.r illslaljie, -e\el;il silis ..f hnts in the deserfi'd chief set- 
 
 tli'iiieiit nf Ihe Tii-iii-lo-ni. (Ill th>' rii^lit hank <>( Un-iie Kiver, alimil the miles 
 (li-l,inl from its mouth lOreumil, wc fmind the licarth-caxity placed nii one <>( 
 the sides, and ah(i\e it a draft-pass.'mc wdrkii! iVnm liehiw ihc i iidi.inkiiient. 
 
 * Willi wi'ilgcK 111' elk liiirii, wliuli m'liir iinitf rrcniiciilly him. mi; tin' ili'bril. 
 
[irTTf 
 
 «;, 
 
 U' 
 
 ¥ 
 
 I" 
 
 I i 
 
 W:\ 
 
 it» 
 
 PRKHISTOHIC riSIIINd. 
 
 upw.-inl In til.' surfiKv (Tij.-. ;j(5I). At Clirtl-c-sliin. near tlir i tli nf I'ist..! 
 
 Kivcr (lilv.'wis.' ill ()rct;.iii). we alsti IhuihI tin- li<'arlli nii mi.- .-i.jr. Init witlicnil a 
 tlfal't-iiassau'i'. At .itluT places in Orc-uii tin- (ir,. wns Kr|i( in ih,- ccntr'' ..i' the 
 ••artli-liiif. ami we iiwulc tlu- siiiiu' oltsiTvalioii on llic ('aliliirniHii niast, .souih nf 
 San FranciHco. 
 
 Hlirfkrii 
 
 Fin. Ufll. — Huctioii of the uiulor-yroiiiiil |i:irt (if II lull, <)r((joil. 
 
 "Thp Miiporstnictuiv of the Imt <lt)iil>tless cnrri'xpMmlcd to tho form of tlio 
 ciiiliankiih-iit : lioiim' rircular, ami prnlialijy tiM-iiiinatiiiu niiiirally. On tin- 
 Islaiiil of Han Nidiolas. in tin- Santa l»arl>ara Clianin'l."' \vi' foiiml in tlir iniii-r 
 ol' niir r\p|(iratiiiM'~ in llif interest ft' tlir SiiiitliMiiii.in in-titntii'ii lli.il tlic iVanic- 
 
 wni'K 111' tlio linl> rnnsi>le(l of eolossal u lialf-rilis, wliieli wiit -n pin i tliat. 
 
 ovviiiL' to llieir iiirvatiire. tin- siiperstrintiiio assiiineil a <i.iiiiiLil I'orni. ami llins 
 bore some reseiiililaiii'i' to a liee-lii\r It wa* only (iii tlie i-^lam|s lliat wf soiiio- 
 tiiiies saw \vliali'-l)ir||('s uscil in-ti'ail ot' wood in lln' eoiistrin liMii o|' the jmls. 
 
 " Tlierc arc iiiiiiiei-Miis imiiealion- tlial iiiiu'Ii ot' tin' \\<>yU >>{' llic tinner 
 inlialiitaiit-' w.i- perlnmied in tin- open air 'rim- we liml all plaei- « In re a.Tow- 
 
 lieail>. Ix'ad-^. ll~li-l k-, mortars, el e., were made, loe;iteii liet Willi tlie -iile- .it' the 
 
 lints. .\riiis. kiii\i-, drills, ,iiid utlier olijeets of the flinty iiiateri.d, wliieli. as 
 .>l.iled. Ii.'id til lie ai'i|iiired liv iiii | "I'tat ii II, were iiiHiiiifaetniei! ill all periiiain lit 
 seltleinelits ; and so were tlie lilinieroiis lilortafs ami pestles, wliiell emisist either 
 ol' saiidsldiie iif Itasalt. In these latter arlet'aels not only ilie nnilerial varien 
 aeeordillir to loe.alities. lint \\e ,i|so liudre dill'erelit deiri'ees i if skill III t heir lll.lkc ; 
 while tliiit point' t'rojii dill'erent pl.aees v.iry Inil little, if maih' uf ei|nally _'ood 
 ni;iliri,il. In some distriets the mortars are i.|' masterly wnrkin.inship, lie,iiiti- 
 I'nlly I'ormed, and ot'leii richly deeorated with inlaid [liere- of -hell, or even with 
 well-e.xeeuteil r.iiseil seiilptiiri' ; Init in ollnr localities, uliere llii' .-tone-enlter was 
 
 * ,'^1111 Nil <>lu« I'luiiit IS u ilmvrl, liki' .'^iiii .Mi^iii'l mill .Sun Cli'iiii'iiti' l>liiliil<, T'l iiniliini.; l!irivi< tin ri' liut it 
 llltln Knio mill u I'i'U' li>w |iliiril« |ivrliliiir In llii' ciiiiiil ; llii> ><iil >'<»mUU nf mitiilttiini' nliil liiitil(i> uf •mul, Nn nllinr 
 liiU ilr;ri.wii..il, lliirir..ri-. I> iilitiiiiiiitili'. Wiilir i- I'.iiiiul m, „n ''•,■ i-rri'ii inliiiiil*, lli"iiitli -liMrliii;!)- .ill «iMiii- "f 
 llii'iii ,ShiiIii I|ii-ii Ir Krti>>\ , lull liiia lui lri'i><. iiii Siiiilii I'riix I'lniiil iiii'iiiilnlii'Vvillnw* mul ■rriil> "uk- timu in 
 minii' -I'ni^, mill ilicri' i* rinii tin laiidiiii; ii >niull llr um'il | itIuij i llii' ••iiillii>riinii'> I iiiiiiiinl i.toWIIi "I lliiil kiml 
 nn till' ri.n-i S.iiiiit ('nlnlinii anil Hiinlii Cruz iirr tli.' llm •! i-liinil< in lln' i tmnni'l ; lln I'Tiiiit i« likiwiT l"li rnlily 
 will tfr"wii .lilli >i ruli-.'iik iiml iniiiiiiluiii'Uilluw IHiill tin iIkIiI laliinil' Ahmiii'ii iiinl Snnln lliirluirn iiri riH'k* 
 mill williMiii wiitiT- •Snnln Triii'. nl'ini' liu« II It' <'k uIiiIiimi iIh' ,>tlii'r'> mitir in r,'iiiiil in K|,riii|{> Tli" i iiniuli- la 
 iliiliKlilful, . "ro ei|ir<'iiill\ llmt '>r Siinlu I'liliilinu. Tlii' i-lmnl- nri' iint inlinlm il, mul niiri'i^' iitilixiHl ibT 
 iuttii'Tiii>iii,4 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
Altril'ICIAI, SllKM.-liKl'oslTS, 
 
 2r,'i 
 
 less pracfisi'd in liis trade, llicsc cilijccts arc cliimHV, (if uiwlpj^'aiit j-Iiaiii-, ami 
 fxliiltit a siialliiw cavity. Shell iieads and (itlier oriiainents ut' slioll were .ilniii- 
 lianlly made on the islands, ;iiul |irnl»,ildy served as articles uf Ir.ide. The fmr 
 I'ookiny-ves.sels df potstnnc, u.-ually ;,'inluilar, ;uid wniiiL'liI with irreat >kill, 
 a|i|>ear tn have heen ini[)cirtarit ulijects ut' iitirter. The iii,iti';-ial »\' which they 
 are (•(niiju'sed li.is thus tar nut heen discovered in sifu on this coast, thouirii there 
 are indications that it occurs in Southern < alilornia. The pots, i-ut out of a solid 
 piece, Miiisl have passed into coninieri'e in a tinished .-late; for, heiiiu- nsu.illy 
 \ery c.ipacious, the raw nial'Ti.il of the larger ones cannot, have weii,'iied less 
 than several hundn-d pound.>; an>t they present, nioi'eo\<'r, so much .siniilarily 
 in slmpe and e.vecntioii, that their distriiiution \'v<>\n our cetnreof nuinuf.icture 
 .-ippe.'irs IiiLrlily prol.,ili|e. TIhtc is hope that the ipiarry of ihe alMiriL;ini's will 
 he discovereil : ,ii|(l il' tiiat happens, and in coMllriiialion of our snppoiition. a 
 iii.inufacturinir-pl.ice has theri- exi>ted, we sh.all i,Min an interestiUL.' insiLriit into 
 the nielhods employed i>y the natives of this coast in one of iiicir mecliani<al 
 iirtH.* 
 
 ".\s (he implements used in diu'irili.u' the ureMml eoii-i>le( at lie-i milv of 
 stone, il foiJi'W- llial ,1 rocky cotidilion of the Lrroiind iiindered ihe hiyinu' oiii of 
 a V illiiL'e, and lliiMvfore r'e(piirei| Hh' deposition uf ,i sir.itnm o|' ,i more viehliuM 
 sn!isi,ii(ce. whii'JMva-- presmiid in tlie s.md, e\ei'\ \\ here ph ntifiM on tiie co,i-t. 
 If. ihi'i'el'ore, ,1 n.-ilnrai, e.isilx -wurK, ,] -round was w.anlin-- in .1 lociljly otheru ise 
 f,i\oralil\ -itnated f'-r a ^;etl|emenl, il liec.ime neeess.ary 'o coxorlic' surl'Mco wiih 
 a layer of s.and. corie- ponding- to tin- exteiil of ih,. \ill,iueand the depiji nf the 
 lints, rpiiu this the l.ilter wen' Imilt. and lh<' kitehi'n-i'efu'^i' lie.'.ni to areumu- 
 l.iti', ;rradn.Mlly formim.' wli.il ai'e now shelMie.ip-. In tlin- pri'p.ired \ ill i-v-sites 
 we find till- ur.ixes .ilways in ihe .irlilicia! s.aiid-ii.ink, or — what is the )*;[u\v — ihe 
 slndl-hi'aps. If, Iiowcmt, the soil is sandy, or oiherwisi. nf a yieldinu' eh .,ii-|e|-. 
 We lia\e |o loipj, [,,!• Iho Mr.l\es outside of the ;ire,i of lln' \ iljaue. Tliey consi-l 
 in the .-oiiili.Tii pari "f < '.ilifi.rni.i ol' a lonnnunal e\ca\ .iliipii, .iImuii ii\o fret 
 
 • leep, ill wllleh I he skeletons .He phired in ll.irrow folnparl nielil '. jonil'd eilhor 
 
 of -l;il»s of limestone (common on ihi- co.i-t ) or of w hale-lMnies. They nciier.illy 
 are deposited in layer-, one almxi' ilic other, lyiiiu on the ii.ick, .and lia\iiiL'' ihe 
 knees dr.i« II lip Hill llii- po-iti,.ii is ,,tt,.|i ili-liirl"'d liy the repc iinl opcnin.^' 
 of the ^ra\es. In order t'l eo|He\ .III idea of ihc jimiled sp.ice allowed |m the 
 defuiii't C.iliforni.in, we will sl.ale lli.il a lenielery e\lendiiiL:' o\ er .m are.i of -i\ 
 hiiiidreil .-(|uare t'eei inclosed m.-irly four hundi'ed -keleions. In (ireucn the Inil 
 of ,1 dciil iiatixew.is ii-ei! ,1- his trrave. jit'ler it li.nl Imiii lairiied down; luii 
 internieiit in -in::!!' i.'r,i\es ,also took pl.iee." 
 
 i 
 
 'I 
 
 • Mr. S.JiiiiimiliiT diM'Hvcriil iiricrwriicj |i<il<l<iiii'-<|ii!irri<'4 iiikI |''>t !'ai tiriii .ni Sniila ('iituliiiii l-l:iiii| lli 
 iiri'iiUlil o r'<iiliiiiiril ill III" " Kli'Vinlli Aiiiiiiul lli'|Hir( of IIim Tni-tri « nl' Ihii t'l'iiliocly Mii-i'iiiii uf Aiiiirjrai 
 Ar.liaitiliicy nii.l Klliii..li'«y, ' 1H7H ; |. '^M, .1.. 
 
! ! 
 
 y-^TTCiijjim 
 
 364 
 
 I'llKIIISTOHU; hMSHINO. 
 
 .1! ' 
 
 ' t 
 I* 
 
 V -■■ 
 
 I am iiiidcr ohIiL'alii'iis In Majur .1. W. I'liwcll for tli(> fullowing iiDticoof 
 sli('ll-lii'a|».s ill tlu' vicinity ul' San Krani-isco. wliicli were cxaiiiimMl iiy liiiii : — 
 
 "Tin- slidiTs iif San I'rancisco. San I'aliin, ami Suisun llay.-^, in ralilnrnia 
 wort' I'oi'nii'rly ncciiiiicd l)y a (rilx' i<v a ininilit-r n!' (rilics of Imlians, wlin, ti» a 
 lai'!.'"' <'\l(iit, siili>istc(i upnn .•<Ii(H-li>li. wliifh alound in tin' adjacrni wators. 
 'I'lif >ii(>n'-lini* fnlliiwinu' all nt" tlicir indrnlations iiin>t itc s'-xcral hundred miles 
 in IcHLrlli. Ill till' ni'ii.;ldp.iiini,' liills ar.' many licaiitilul .•^jirim.'s. and »vIu"it\<t 
 siicli a sprini,' or any small |Mind ol' iVcsli water is toiind, a mammntli sliell-hea|>, 
 <ir sometimes a uroup of tliem. ean now he seen, so (Imt altoMctlier many tlmn- 
 xamls of tliem still exist, iind are iiow lield to lie \aliialde sources of fertiliziii!:- 
 m.iteri.il. < tiie ot' tlie mounds examined l>y myself— not llie j.iru'e'.t tlial 1 lia\e 
 si'i II liy ;iny nie.ins — w.i- three hundred yards in lenu'tli and eiirhly yards in 
 width, ami a shaft sunk (IiroiiLdi the shells (o the \irL,'in earth helow was sixty- 
 two feet in depth. In the heap were found, hesides the shell-;, many hones of 
 iii;iinm;ils. iiird>. I'rpt ile>. ;i(id lishes. showing' that the peojde had .1 '.'ri'at \;irietv 
 (if .'iniiii.'il food. .ViiinM.; the iiiaiiv iiiijd^'ments fi.iiihi wiM'e -;!oni> inori;ii'- and 
 pestles, doiihtless Used, .as the Indians of that country iiow use tlhin, ciiietly l'..r 
 ^.'lindiiiL' ,iei-riis. and perhaps .iNo oth'-r -^eed- to Miine i xteiil. Tin' .ailjaceiit hills 
 lire coNcnd with the oaks of ilie I'.icitic Co.i-^t. which furnish a ^irejil aiiundance 
 
 ol' .icol'IIS." 
 
 Mr. I'll! iiiiui'ii. m< that llie most coiimioii mo|lii-|>.-; in tim-i' w, iters , ire 
 Sr/ii:(it/itl riis .\ii//allii, i'i<\\¥.. T<'jiis .ifuDiinrtl. i'<<\lV.. Mt/roiiu/ misiitii. {'u\ty.. ;ind 
 Silj-iiliiuillK urit/lis. ^in\l\l\. As less iVe'lUi'llI lie llli'iit ji 'lied I'hUiiii fiiniiilfii:'.. Wtiod, 
 ( /tifit/i lliiiit/11.1. Wood. l'iiri>iirii s'fr'n'olii. \,il., Crjifiliirhihiii Slilhri, .Midd.. .nid 
 I'l'i/t/iiiloii iiniriflttfii.'i, ('n\\y. All liie specio here named, he thiidis, wero I'ulen 
 I'V tin ;il"'rii.;iiies. 
 
 Sliell-liejips near Cape Meiidoeino, TTiimholdt ("onnly, <' diiVrnia. were 
 explored, in the inlere^t of the National Mu.-enm. hy .Mr .ioini .1. .McLean, of 
 Ihe I'lliled States .'^i'.^nal ( Mlice. ,iiid until l.ili I', -taliojud i( C'ljie .Mendocino. 
 lie loiiiiiniiiiiati d. in ( d ImImt, I^S.'J, ihe follow \\i:.-: i|i-ciiptioii .•' these depu-iis : — 
 
 ■'.Viii'iil ,1 iiiilc ~iiiilh of ;i ^iii.ill ciicl^ which .iiipii'r into ihe IViciilc .and 
 
 IVmIii w hi.h ih'' ( '.Ipe Melidocili.i li-hl -holi .1 c.iii he pl.lilliy -ei-n. their ;il'e ,1 l.-ii'iri' 
 
 nuiiilM'r ..f .ilioi-iM^inal -helllicip-. Their -it" cover- an .area exlendinu .ihoul 
 one-4piai'lei' of ;i mile norih and south helween sand Iiiimv p.irallel to the ocean 
 hoach. and .ahoiit lil'ly \ .irds in avei-.-i'.'e width. l'"oii\ -Iwo di~tiiicl h ap". ;jreal 
 and -mall, .ire s.allered alroal vNilliin this limiled -p.ice. 'I'liei-e is no ii mil.irity 
 
 ill iheii di-lrihlltion, .'is they SMVi' foriiivd ;i" il happened to suit li ; lUeinelice 
 
 of the -hell-lish e;itin'_' Illdiilll-' 
 
 "Nine of these hiiips lm\e heeii Itiiill up in a conical form h\ suci-cHsive 
 
Mil II KIM, >iii:i,!.-i>i;i'(>sn'.-4. 
 
 255 
 
 layrs nf -ln'll-, Ixnics. ,\\u\ cli.'irci'il (imiIicM'. N'mn* vm-i •*i.\\ti\\or la'aps arc scat- 
 tcrcil aruiuitl L'ciicrally, jirMl<iii;,'c.! nr rtalti'iicl niit iindcr llic Ice of tli iiti:;iiniir( 
 
 »H 
 
 lul-duiics. 
 
 N'lt more tliaii a ilozcti vavictifM of *<!icli-< appear in tlic remains. Very 
 
 ItH'cjo Hpccinicns of mussel-sliell-' seem to preilominalc N' \t in pnim 
 
 (|iU'ncy arc the ccnnn 
 
 loll c!|lll .ill'l CIM-K|C.>|lC 
 
 Til 
 
 iiiuiicii >ca-.-ii.iil Ireipioiitly 
 
 occu 
 
 IS. A conical slicil is ,t|so(|uiie numerously reprcseiitcl. .\ iinivahc willi 
 .spiral ciirt'c, \rr\ ihicU iihl si'iiii-transpareiil, comes next in aliuinline.'. The 
 lattiT is ;.feiu'rally lin-kcn at tlie si'l", the aperture t' ifiiiiiii.' a liole tliroiiLrh the 
 centre at ri^lit aiii,'lc.> wiih it- iiioiith. This mntilation is noticed in nearly .ill 
 of the spir.d-ciirved -Iitjls. ami was prolwddy made (,;y the pnrp'i-i' of ■.•vtiMciinu' 
 the iiiolhisk ; l»iit the siiells may liave hail a sidiscpieiit ii-e for ornamental pm- 
 poscs liy slri'iiii/iij ihem torrcther. A '.'j'v.A many fraLjments of the ahalone-shell 
 {llnlfofi.t) are also found. Tlie mussel and snail-shell>, e>pe, j dly the former, 
 are vir\ iiia< h hroken ii;'. and e\eeediii;.dv iVia'de ulien foiiinl \'. iioh-. 
 
 Nameroiis portion- of w'laie-sktdetons an- met willi, the jau-lioin's of 
 
 one 
 
 fully (iftccM feet iiiuh, foruiinu: »ii arc'n lo the entrance of the Ocean llou^i' llnt.l. 
 It wa.s carried from the shcll-ln'ips to its present position There are no speci- 
 ni'ciis ,.f pottery fonai! in or in the vicinitv t'\' the sliclMn'aps. 
 
 ';Thi.s locality was not only resorti'd to for captiiriiiLr and con>iimiii'_' the d.dly 
 fodil, liiit wa-i also a workshop of (he ahoriuines. where their implement-^ of u.ir 
 mid the cha-e witc iiiaiiiifai tnreil as n,imer(>ii> tlinf chips and impi rfect a'-vkw 
 and spe.ir heads pinvi'. \\ i'liin lie- rnl'iis of a iiiih tlie-e -pi'cimeii-. ;iri' in lie 
 found, more lii,",ii a llioiisaiid of tiiem h:i\iiiir liecii pi. 'kid up li» the writer. 
 Iiiisiness and pleasure must lia\c Iieeii coiidiiiied in no >mail de;.'ici- !>y tliesc 
 ancient coa-liwcjlci-. 'I'hon^.ind- of indiaas niu-t have helpid to add to the 
 lieiudit of till- imin. use m,i>^ ol' di'liris throiiuii iii.inv .seller ii ions. 
 
 •Sc\.r.p| of the moine!- were carefullv I'V.amiii'd. ,\ '.nncji w.i. 
 
 (.iiu' across 
 
 the ap.iA and then aiiil h' r at ri'.dit aiii:les w ith the tir-l ctiltii".'. The l.-ii'iri'st 
 lie i|i till:- csptiueii show I'd ,, . on.liin ition of diells, lioiics of anini.d--, .and eh.iri'ed 
 
 (inilief |o llic dep'll of four fr.l. The -he|K allil lioli.- |'.!| in pieci ., llpMll iiei|l'_' 
 
 exposed to till' air. Otl;er ui'iuiid^ -liowed a .-imilac c'liuliinal ioii of material, 
 <lilVeriie_ ii.htly in ihe depth i<f the l.iver>. 
 
 '• There ire 11" shelK ot' ,1 liy de»criplion found .don:; Ihe iie.ii h jof llxe mill'- 
 
 s ailhw.ii'il .i\\<'. ihrec mih' norths .irl. e\ci-piinu:' tli i-e on and in (he m.iuiuN. 
 
 ( '.iri't'iil exHainilioii o|" t h 
 
 I' I'l M'IsS I ' I I' I 
 
 -!i' Ihe hci'.- a! 
 
 ]n\\ tide oll'y ~ho\\ - "lie 
 
 kii'.d ol' <ii il-lish, n,imel\ . till' co'iie.d -h.iped iiniv.ihe. 
 
 I'lie tliiil chippiin,'^ and .11 1'w and -peirdieid-* ,ire net e.eiiii.ed lo the 
 iiiiiaediale \ iciidly of the hcips, l«ul iaa\ lie t'oiiiel at loiiiieroiis places (or (i\ e 
 liiil.'s alo>i- the Ipc.icli ill a soiillierly ilirictioii, e-pe.i,i||\ nii ihi' slelterr ,| -iil,' ,,f 
 a ".aiid-dmu' or liJiitV li would •^•■•\\\ ihal tic I iidi.in ^.it down lo iii.iiiiii'.ietnre 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
\:-' \ 
 
 266 
 
 1M(KIII8TUI(1(; I'lSIIINO. 
 
 Hi 
 
 J^i* 
 
 I I 
 
 liis iiiiplcim-iits wlicrcvcr tlu in.itorial wiis most convciiiciit aixl abmidaiit. 
 Nimi- 111" tin* lar;;;«i' im|ilciMrnlM, such as axes, li'iimiiors, pestlos, or mortars liiivo 
 bcfii t'tniiid. cxccpliiiu one, a wcallicr-woni axe nt" soft stone. Tlio latter was 
 fniiml near the numth ol' the en ek." 
 
 'I'h" colieetion of stone olijeets sent to tlie National Museum liy Mr. .MeLean 
 eom|irises chips, tlakes. rmle inipleiuents, liroUen leal'-shapeil implements, 
 scrapi'rs, ami arrow-lieads, of j.'reen, lirown and vellow isli jasper, and otlior hII- 
 ieious material. Tiie shells taken from llie.se heaps were identitied liy .Mr. Dall 
 as thosi- of Mt/fihts ci/lifuniiinii's, I'lii'inint iTi^/mfa, I'lirjuirn sn.rinilti. Acniitu 
 fulfil. .Iciiiiin sjitrffi'iii, Arniiiii iiiitra. Tapnt sfiiiniiird. I'lii)liix (■ii/i/'onilcd, Fissii- 
 vi'lln ii!<ii<fi(i. f'/iri/soilminm ilinis. Iliilioti^ riijii<<i iia, ClilorosfoDnt f'litu'hruh', C/tlorvn- 
 foiini /■rniniiiiiii. .in 1 /li/i.r TowiiKniilitiii'i. 'I'heri' wei'e further found plati's of 
 Crijitliiihitiiii Stcllfvi and of ;in undetermined specjcr, x>^ Cliilmt. a lVa;.:nieiit of an 
 £chhiiis-A\\'\\. and -onu' teeth of canine animals. 
 
 Aliishii. — In descriliinu' a nundiei' of hone dastdieads, ohtained li\ .Mr. W . 
 II. Dall from shelMicaps on the .Aleutian islands, I hrielly indic;ii(.' in . .(ird- 
 ance uiili liis staleniii.t.-. the i:enci-,il clL-iractci' nf ihn-r deposits, ami pn-cuiod 
 also some of ihe eonelusinn> therefrom derived l)_v him." 
 
 It will lie renn-mhered that he found the shelMieaps on I he islauil- lo consist 
 
 of ilii successive di'po-iits. which, he thinks, ni;irk dilVcreiit st;ii,'es in the devei- 
 
 o|)iu<'iil of the pnpulation lliat li.ni f'li'nifd ihiiii 'i'l ,ii'!ic'st i>v /iffuni/ jh liml 
 
 is eharaeleri/.ed liy tin- icliinus-l;iyrr. wi.icli, r(--tinu on ihe n,;tur;d .-nil, consi>ir- 
 almost exidnsivi'ly nf the l>rc«ken. or mllicr pul\i'ri/ed, t<-;.- ..•■ ! spines .if 
 
 Fxliiiiim /Jroliiir/iitiisis, .\ir.i>-^ . tlic only ^| ie^ of its kind found in th.il reirnm, 
 
 and oaten raw liy the present Ahiiis This layer i- ^pariiejly iMleniii\eil w jtli 
 shells of still li\ inu nmllusk-. anionu whicli the-e of Mmliit/n ruh/i/ri". i'Memini;, 
 Mi/fihis riliilis, liin.. /'(/»•;""''' fini't. M.-irlyn. unl I'lir/iiirit ihrriiintHtm^ii. Midd.. 
 nniy he meniinned ;i> I'lini.' nie-t tVi'<pieiii. This lied. \.ir\inLr Irniii i«ii tn three 
 feet in ihickne-i-, i-untained n'nther Imhics of \erlelir;ile>, hut ^uine ti-h-linues, 
 ami ihe-ie ill \ ery rare in»l,iiice« Tliere were mi trac^ ,i|' ih.. i|,>c ,,|' I'n-c i.i.sei-x - 
 aide, ;ind le- implement- "f we.ap^in-^ el' Imiie m- -inne occurred, eveepiini; rude 
 liammer--l'ine> w iili indeni.itinii- .ui the iiroad side-. The.»e -iin^M - -er\ ed tor 
 
 er.'M'kiiej th iiim and -helK. .No I'em lin-- lie.-ii'iiiL; un iLaviiruirniii •iirred. 
 
 ihoiii^h Mr. I>,dl thiiii*- that r.il'i> m' rude iimie- ..| -ime kiiid ttm>\ have iieeii 
 in ll-^e. The people wh' |e|l this l.iyel. ihe explnrer ei ill jectMisyt-*, li\ed in an 
 evtreliiejy I'lW -ta-je ot' liUllilll i|e\ clopuielil , and he thillk> thex Wefi .eldieted (ii 
 
 eaiinilialisiii, thon<,di he h.is l>iiiiid im coulinnatory i-\ idence nf this pradiie in 
 
 (he dep"-it lie is iiielineil t.i .issiull ll'i ler s thill a th and \ear> l-i the 
 
 acriimul iti'1,1 of the stratum. 
 
 • .Si«. |.. Ill nf lliis w.irlt. 
 
AIMI! |( lAIi SlIDM.-lilWOSirS. 
 
 UptKi tlii.s fcliiinis-laycr i">.II.,ws unc cKiniiuscil of lisli-ljiiiif.«i, iiitcriniNod with 
 hIicIIn of iiinlliisks, few liinMioiics, iiinl traces n)' ccliiiuis-slirlls and s|iiiic?<. Tlit' 
 «'liii-f mass nf lliis \t,'d, liuwcvcr, consisls of tisli-lMincs. ci.iiiparti'il to siifli a 
 dcuTfi' lliat Itar and |>ii-k-axi' were rcciiiircd in niakintr cxt'aAalitins. It rliarac- 
 tci'izi's what .Mr. Uall calls llic /;',sA/«//-y»y/o(/. Tlic lliickncss nf (liis >tratiini 
 
 varies iVoni inic to three feet in dill'crenl linalities. Tiic fi- 
 
 ii-reniain 
 
 t'nund in it 
 
 (nmslly heads and \ criclir.e) represent tun kinds uf .-alnnin, ijic end. liaiiliut, 
 and M'veral species el' JtcrriiijLrs. seiilpiiis, and llinindi'rs. .\nn'MM t||,. .1 it < tacts 
 niav lie nnMilioniMJ smne mt-sinkers in tin' shapi' nf pililihs nniclu'd on nppd.-ite 
 sides. 'Cliesc. however, appi'ar. accordinu' |o Mr. I>all, " on thi' nppernmst ^iir- 
 t'ai-r oj' the erhinii-davrr. imlicatini; that to the priinitix c hand -nets or .-coop-nets, 
 uitii wim li the rchinns-caters niiurht haNcseenred their t'ooil. hail hicn added the 
 laru'cr, more i'l;ilioral<', and more eH'cctivc seini'."'^' Then- are ne'iitioned. as 
 ocrnrrinu' t" the llsli-lionc layer, sonn-what rude knives of the kinil denominated 
 " lish-kni\es." >toiie dart-hejids. ami. in the upper portion of the .siralnm. har- 
 pooit-lh'ad- o! lii>Me. Ii is ihoii^ht proluMe that >kin-lio.its came into use dnrinu 
 this pi-riod. Mr. I»all is c.iret'nl to note lln' proirress whieli the pi'esence of the 
 alio\e-named oiijects implies; yet he lay- .-ome stress on the .ili>en<'e of charcoal 
 in ihe de|posit. anil of those pecniiar sidin. |,iiiip> in which lish-oil could have 
 
 heeM Inirmd .1- t'ml. The fi-h, he t'liidi 
 
 were eateli |';|\\. wlllell. to -oMle e\|(|it. 
 
 still is the eustiim of the .Mints. 'I'l e people o|' lid.- pi'iiod are >nppo>ed to have 
 li\ed in iiiils of mats or skins, leav in.r im traces lichind them. 
 
 The /iDiifiiiif-fiiriin/. liiially. is repi'cseitled l.y (he uppermost or mamniaiiaii 
 layer. " 'I'ln- sii.irp line of deiiniti"n l"'t\\e, n the eihiiin--layer .-md the li-li-l»ini' 
 layer. whi<'h siiuye-lcd an iiih-iirsioii of tisheriuen upon the . ehinophimi, is not. 
 p.iralleleil in the line liciween ihi- ami the mamm.diaii -traltiui lln' distinction 
 i- I'eailiK iHjirki'd in -in .aciiial -eeiioii o|' ,1 -hell-licap Inil the npjieriiiost portion 
 of the lt-li-lioiii' lii'il c.ailain- -mhic mamn ilian iinin .. .nel liie ni.iiiini.di.an ImiI 
 throiiirhonl. Iml particularly at it^ l»a-e, contains .1 I'.iir prop-Hiioii of lish-hoin-. 
 In fact, the chaiiL'e is what we miuht e.\pci-t in the prov^re^- ■•( a race stimulated 
 liy new 1 mention or .•ipplieation ■•!' means w hich pl.iceil new , \ :iliial>le, and eai^eiiy- 
 
 h."t .Mr. Dall tound tl 
 
 Cll. ) 
 
 K' iii.'immalian 1. er 
 
 aecepteil power- w il hill their na 
 witryiw^ li-oiu two oi- ihne to ciiiht or ten feet in thickness, ami the 1 xlent mi 
 liie depo.-its of Ihi- pi nod denotes a considerahle increase of the popuhition. 
 •• If we allow ,1 Ihoiisaml ye.irs for (he duration of the littoral period, or depo- 
 sition of tl ehiiiiis-layer (and i am di-posed I" do soi. then I think ili.ii 
 
 lifteeii hundred or two thoii-:ind years is not an excessive e-tim:ite jiir die dura- 
 tion 111' the ti>^hinu- ind hiiiitine-|ierioii«."i; 
 
 • tliill ■ Oil r-ii. .•, ■-i.ii in till- Sh. II ll.-«|i« of thr .%lfUtiim Inlinil- ; ]i. fill. 
 t lliid.; y. «•.'. 
 
 ♦ ll.iil ; p. 7;;. 
 
 Hi;: 
 
 ■.•:il 
 
 II :i:i 
 

 H 
 
 ■Jt 
 
 !. 
 
 ■i ■ 
 
 , T ■ '.1 
 
 1>G8 
 
 ntr.iiisToitic risiiiNo. 
 
 Mr. Diill ufivcs a loiii^ lint (if tlic iiiMiiniinls itnd hinis repr«'r<nilc(l l»y (lirir 
 ivinaiiis ill llic iImti' f*lrata into wliicli lie diviilcs tlic il('|iii.si( nt' tlic hiiiiliiiLi;- 
 prrinil. AinniiH; tiinii an- various |iliociii(- ami ri'lat'caii animals, and nianv kinds 
 of liii(i>, >iic!i as |)utrnis, ijiills, auks, several speries of ciders and oilier ducks, 
 etc. •• |{e;iiaiii>i of liouses o|' llie lialt'-iiiidcrtrrouiid Ivj"". at"(ci'\vard so universal, 
 a|i|)car only in tlie middle stratum, sliowin;; tliat not until tlieii liad tlie jiopula- 
 tion so multiplied and mutual contideiice sullieienlly matured, lor tlie nio|-(; 
 ;ineient, leiiip'Tarv. alMiM'-L:rounil houses to \h"/\\\ to lie .supplanted liy more siili- 
 slantial and eomlortalile .-tnietiires."' 
 
 Durin;: this period some eookiim ^va-< ilone in the open air, as e\ ideiieed liy 
 tli<' di-eo\er\' of stone hearths still lieariiiu the mark- of lire. A [xvt's\\ improve- 
 ment is pereei\alile in the .ii'lieles la^liioiK'd liy till' h.'iiid o|' m.'in, .ami even 
 allempis at ornamentation ,ire not vv.intinu'. There wen' I'ound in this depo>il 
 
 lalieediead'- ol' stone and lioiie. or iiolh eiiliiliini'd. Iiolie har| lldieail>Y o|' hetter 
 
 make tlinii those diseovenil in the li-h-lioiie Layer, wedu't's, skili-drei^.sers, , '11111 
 awls. ,'ill of lioiie, stone li-^h-kiiiN cs, dish-sh.iped l.imps of sloiie. and pt'rfor.ateil 
 artiele- of lioiie or ivory liehiiiiriiii.' to k.'iyaks. .ind doiirned to ni.d\e paddles and 
 d.irl-i li-l to liieiii. Tlie»e la^t-n.'inii'd accessories to lio:it> oci'urred in the upper 
 pari of tlie m.niim.'ili.'in l.iyer. in whieh uci-e al>o |'oiiii>l lione li.iiidh'> for dishes 
 
 or lia>ke|s, lioiie s| IIS. ,'ind other article- -imil.ir to those ii>ed liy the present 
 
 Aleuts. 
 
 .Mr. |).iir> meiiic.ir i- iindouliicdly of ;ri'e.it interest; vet >oiiie of his coii- 
 cln-ioii- iia\e ijol pa-- d nil lialleiiued I uoidd lie t;uilty of .m oiiiis.-ioii if I 
 failed lo :illiii|e lo ilic di\ el uiuii' views e.\pivs.-ed liy .Mr. I\.in I'elrolV. him-rlf 
 for -•■\eral ye.ir- .111 explorer in those rcLrioiis. 
 
 .Mr. I'etrolV .'iLrn'c.s will, .Mr. D.ill that the theory of an .\siatie inHn\ of 
 popiil.iiiMii (i\ er I he .Mniti.iii ch.iin of i-l.'inds i- eiitin'ly nnleiialile. and ih.il they 
 
 Uel'i' I pled from thee.l-t, htll he do.'-; Hot ihlllk that tlli" lllilfratioli look pl.icc 
 
 liefol'i' llie iliM'li|i..|| nf till' k .1 \ .1 k . I'oll-idi'ri ll'.; ih.lt there i.s l|o tillllier oil the 
 
 inlands, exceptiii'j- drill-uoi„|, whirli he coiisiiler- entirely until for the maiiiif.ic- 
 
 tlire of calloi's. Ill' e\ ell f"!' llie e.in-lrilcl ion iif |'afl>. "Tile .l-.-IIln pt ioll," he 
 
 says, "thai ll iiiic-l iiih.iliil.int - of I hr .\li iiliaii i>l.'iiiils \xere w ii hoiil ,i k.ivak 
 
 or lioal of -oiiie kind is liased upon ri'^''arehe.'« in the -helMieap-* of ,'iliaiidoni d 
 \ ill.i'je--ile'< oil tlio-e is|.'iiid.->: liiit a k.iy.ik with a \\ h.de-lione nr e\ en ;i uooileii 
 fr.'ime v\ iili'Mii it- modern oriiaMienis nf ixory .md lione. eonl, lined no m.-iterial 
 
 th.lt W I Ml hi « ilh-t.-llld dee,i\ ,ilid lillal ,il i-ofpt ion . 'riie -k ill-co\ elile^. when worn 
 out .'Mid unlit tor ii.-e a- siieh. w.is, iio iImmIiI. ihiii ;is now, cut up into -traps ;ind 
 p.'itelie.-. or .ser\cd as I'ood ill time of famine, w liile the Irani iild Ik' iilili/ed 
 
 ■ lliill On Siii'i'i'«»iiiii, I'll'.; y.'.t. 
 
 ; I r. !. r l'> Kt^-«. -i'.'l, •iir>. •2H:\. ■.'HI, -.':!.'>, V:|M, ^i'la, -Jll, uu'l l.'r>, m |in ■iiillhij Ih.nr iliirt In .i<|. H"iii \U- ll-li- 
 III IM.' mill hiiiiiiniiilinti ItiviTi, 
 
AllTIKK lAI. Slli;i,I,-I)KI>OSn'S. 
 
 259 
 
 ill iii.iiiv ways that woiilil Icavo no trace Ixliiml. 'I'lic iiim' alisciitt' iVmii llio 
 liiwcr strata lit" slii'll-lit'ai)s of aiiytliiiiu' pointiiiLj i'< tin' cxistfiic*' <if' tlio knynk 
 I'aii scarcely lu' cmisiilereil as proof CDiiclusiNe of' its iinn-i'.xisteiice. My personal 
 oliservatioiiH liave led me to lielie\e tliat llie remains of former villn;;es ami 
 «|\velliiij,'s foiiml on tiie Aleutian Island.^ and tlie continental coast of Alaska are 
 not of the anti(|iiily ascrilied to them, ^^'llel•e\l■r I had llie opportunity to 
 olisi'i've sui'li localities at Ion;,' intei\als of tinu', I \vas astonislied at the rapidity 
 with which nature e\tin;.'uished the traces of man liy a u'rowth of spha^rniiiii and 
 olhi'r \eLretalioii, Lrivin:; to llie >ite of the villa^'e aliamloiied lnit a few years 
 every appearaii f '_M'eat antiipiily. 
 
 The ali>eiice of >|one ami Imiiic imiilfmiMiI- of more delicate constrncti 
 
 on 
 
 from llie lower strata of the shell-iu'aps can easily he attrilmtrd to the same 
 cause thai explains the ahseiice of iron implements from the Upper layers that, 
 mn.^t lia\e ai'ciiiiiulalcd wilhin lii>toric limes. Such articles were the product of 
 much l.ilior. and cnii--ci|Uciitly too precious to he lo>t. At e\ery -uccessixo 
 rcmo\al from one dwelling-place P. another all >uch prodi,cts of their ini^eiiuity 
 were carefully collected and removed liy the ancient Aleuts, just as it is doiio 
 now with reuiard to ii'oii h\ the nati\e> of liie present day. 
 
 "III the setlleme|ll> reliicil.' from the Iradimr-celltres the people of Innilit 
 stock live to-day as they did proliaMy cenluric's at;o, iu a manner not at all 
 inconsi,>|eiit with tlu' I'eiiiains fouml in the lower slral;i of shell-lie;ip<. I'Incii tho 
 preseiici- of stoiie and hoiie ari'ow and ^pear-lleads is no true iudii'ation of au'e, a3 
 they are manul'actiircd at ihe proeiil day, a- I had an opportunity to witness 
 frecpiiiill\ diiriu'.' m\ Iraxels in remote rcLiious. 
 
 ••The time reipiireil for the lormatiiui of a so-called layer of ' kitchen-refiis(> * 
 found miller the .-iles of Aleutian or liinuit ilwi'llinus I am also inclined to think 
 h'-^s ih.iii iiiclic.ileil liy .Mr. |),iir< calculation-. .Xnyliodv who ha- watched ji 
 heal I liy 1 II II nil t'aiiiily in the process of ma kin ir a iikmI on the lu>cioiis echinus or 
 .«e,i-urc|iiii, uoiild iialiirally ima^'ine that iu the cour-e of a month they mi'j;lit 
 pile up a u'i'e.ii cpi.inlily of "piiioii- (h'liri-. 1 loth ha mh are Kepi lui-y coii\c\ iim 
 tlie -e.i rriiil to (he cip.icioii- nnuilli: uilli .i -Killful idiiiliined actien of li'eth 
 ,'iiid loiiuiie llie -hell is cr.icked. llie rich cuitenl- i'\t r.icleil, and the lornier falls 
 ralllii'.;' lo the ■ground in .i c. iiitiiiii>iu> .-hower of fra'jmenls iinlil the meal is con- 
 cluded. A f.imily of tliree or four .idiill-, and pi'rliaps an eipial numlier of chil- 
 dren, will leave lieliind them .1 sliell-monuiiieiit of their voracity .i fool or eiLrhteeii 
 inches in hei-hi after a -in.de me.il. In I.MMliiie- in I'rince W'ilJi.im .•>oniid I 
 h hi .III o|iporiiiirHy 1" examine ihe cimp-siles of sea-o||er hiinlers i>ii the coast 
 coiiii-iious to their liiiiilinu:'-:roiinds. Here ihev live .ilmosi excln~.i\ely upon 
 echinii-i, cl.inis, and mu--eN, w liich are consumed raw. in order to ;i\oid huildiiiL,' 
 
 lire- ind makiiiL' 
 
 \ lelni 
 
 'Uloke. .iliil ihereliv dri\ ill- llie -eli-ili\e >e;i-o|ter iVoliI llie 
 
 er -M'h cireiim-taiices diirimr a sin|L,do 
 
 l\. The hiMp- of refu>e cre.lteil mid 
 
 ■■i'i 
 
 
 '>.: 
 
 ■11 
 
 •1 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 ■4 
 
 • Ml 
 
 •..4 
 
 i. 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 '«",. 
 =!■■■ 
 
 
a: 
 
 I' 
 
 ■* 
 
 2(K) 
 
 rmiiisToitK I isiiiNn. 
 
 soasoii wcri- truly a»foiii««liiii),' in .si/t'. Tlirv will siiri'ly inislcjul tlir iiigoiiiouH 
 calculator »\' liir antitiuitics nf sliclMicapH a lli(»ur<ainl years Iii-iht."'" 
 
 *Potri>fl°: Till' l.itiiii nf iliK ImiiiiiI Tnl'"* "II th" Aliiakit Cciiiat; AiiK'riiiiti Nitlnriili-I. IH83i p. ATI, eic. 
 
 Mr Dull, KltiT Imvini; rcml nt my niiiicil lln' iirociiliiii; otirnrix fnnii lii» vvMik imil fi.im Mr I'llr.'irn iirlirl", 
 cniiiinunicnli'il ti> iii» Ui" r<<ll<<win),' uliiti'iin'iit', wlilili I tiil>i> |ili>u<uri' In niiiKint; kii>>wii : 
 
 >< KtidwinK lit (ho tiiiK' Mr IViri'lTi nrtiiln wiia |iiililiilip>l thul lii' hiul ii>> |>riiriiriil lini<wl('il)(o i>r ulii'll lii-n|><, 
 Mini tlinl hi> liilil lii'ViT ri'4iil>'il or ruiiiniiiiMl for uiiv li'iii;tli <>r lilii" in tin' AliMiliun IkIuikI-, iiikI, t'iirtli<'rini<r(<, lliiil- 
 iiii; llir r.'iitcnt* '•( 111!' iirliili' In I'.ni-i.t ihiiny "I' "pini'iH rntlicr lliiiii riiil», I iIkI imt iliiin ii wurili iIp' ixli'iiilrd 
 
 <Mn'<iil''riili'>ii ni'iii-iiry In ccirri'it it« nii"i I'litinin iiml iTn'rt llnwiviT, n* tin' liilliT ii|i|"'iir likvly tn |m«« iiit" 
 
 scri'iiu lltiTiiliir", 1 liiivi' iiviiilcil iiiyiiir, liy iIim kiml |H'riiii««i'Mi mI' |)i Itiiii, "i" llii' iinvcnt ii|i|iMrlii"ily i.l' ri'rii- 
 fyln); i>n<' nr two nf tlii'iii. KuriTrlni; to my wnrk nii tli" Ali'Utiiui iiIii<IMii'm|i<, Mr. IVlri'lV iikitIIh'* l» iiik llin 
 ni»iim|>l it'll ' Ihiit lliu ciirlii'i't inhiiliilnnt* W'-ni wltliniit ii kynk nr In'iit nf ii"nii! kind,' I'lc. On |>iii;ii M •<( my 
 I'lipir I '•tiiti' 'tlicy mil«t liiivii liinl riiflii nr r>iil» ciinopn nf khiiio kind, lilit u<> Irnri' nf tlii'lii i* li'fl ' IIk I'lnnidi'ri 
 drift W""d iinlll fur niiikinui'iinnrn nr rvi'ii nil'n ; Iml I liiivi' iiiyiic'ir»i'uii tin' |iri'«inl Ali'iil* r.in»iriiilini{ llin iViiiin'i 
 "i lliiir iHiHM'H I'f it. Ill fm'l, nriirly nil tin' Ii.ihI> und iiinm"' innl iiimli' I'l' I'lirk) "f Nnrllii'm Alii'kii iir" ihihIh 
 "T drill-wnnd, Imtli oil (lin Yukon iind tlii' I'liHt Tlii" liiipi'i'iK Im'i'iiii-i' III" drift-woiiil ronn s from iIk' ^hiIIi 
 iii-lirn roiii>t or llii' lii'itds iif rivi'rn In tin' •ciiitliwnnl, iiiid n of liir^ir »i/.i' lliiin tlii' ivonil t;r..»iiii; innnr llin 
 iinrtlii'rn miui. 
 
 " Mr. I'l'lrolf lii'lii'Vi'- lliiit till' ri'iiiuiin nf villnni* nii tin' Aliiitiiiii liil.iiid- und tin loniiii'iiliil i"iiil iin' imt 
 I'f llii' iitilii|iiity 1 1 liiivi') iiM'rllx'd to tlinm. Ili> i>|>oiikH of lim ii«tnni«limvnt nt llii' rHpidily u illi wliii li i<|diiii;n<im 
 'mill olli.'r vi'iji'tiitinn ' i'XtinKUi»lii'd tin' Iriu'i'* of mini. Thin nmy liu true for tlio I'oiiliiii'iliil rmul, wlicro lif Inn 
 ri"'idi'<l. iind III wliii'li I did not ri'lVr ; il in irrtiiiiily iiiitriin I'nr tliii Ali'iitiuii ■"land*, wlii'm il i« ii iiiiillir of no- 
 tnrii'ly lliiil llii' ri'iimin" of villiit,'(« iiliiitnloni'd lu'fnri' tin' llii-<i«M iidvi'iit iiri' dintin^iiiidiiiliiii iil llif [.riji'iil diiy ii» 
 
 fill 
 
 r 114 tl ye I'Hii ri'in II ; rvrn iln' [luth;! forincrly ii^i'd l>y tin' iiilitil'iliiiiN ri'timii) liriirly fir 
 
 I'll! vi>){i'liiti"n, 
 
 und ovir ilin villii(;r-''it< » -|i|iiiuiiiiiii i« iiliiinat iinklmnii, u* lln'y iir" iniirly nil i'otii|iiiriilivi'ly lii'^'li iiiid Inliiiil'ly 
 \v> II ilniiiii'd. A« to llii'ir iitilii|>iily, I aliiti' (I. i'., )>. I'i'.'l lliiit ' I'Vi'ii llm inosl Inx liy|inllii'«ii> will imt inrniil ii> |o 
 iilti'iii|il liny rniii|>iiliitinn I f till' li'iii;lli of tiini' ' wliiili It Iiiim tiikcn to form lliii liiyir* IndirHtiiii; villiii;i< Kilm 
 (llnli-lionr und mumiiiiiliiiti liiyrrn), llnm^li I liuvr >linwn tlnil, Kivi'ii nrtniii ktuli'd mid not Inlii'iintly im|iridiuldii 
 (■••nditionn, llin ciirlliot (u('lilnui>) lityiT niiijlit Imvu liccii fnriin>d within I'ortiiin i'nm|iuliilili' liinitii. All iH-ymnl 
 i> nnly iiti u>ium|>ti III.' Mr. I'l'tMirn o|>iiiiiiii tliiit shnll mid liom'-lniiix I'l^lit or ti'ii fint 
 
 llila t di'-lillrtlv ■'tlltc 
 
 tllirk 
 
 III'. ' Il 
 
 lii'x ' mil 
 
 't III 
 
 niiniiiliilrd Within hi-torii' tiiin" ' It i» ii"t n ««iirv to i-lmniiliri/o, if hv 
 
 if liy ' hi-l. 
 
 n mi'iiiiK >inri' till' Kii'-iiiii iidvinl in 171'.' If hi' iiii'mi« tlin limit* nf writliii lii-lorv of iln 
 
 ili/i'd 
 
 nrld, I li'ivo lintvln'ri' rhiiiiM'il iinytlniii; i'i|uiil In li>iii,'Ili tn thul piriod. 1 1 mili't hn riiin'iiihi'n d thul within llfly 
 
 flir Ihi'ir llr'l i'k|'|nrutioii ihi' Alnil- 
 
 ndurrd I'V di-i 
 
 ti»t', iim*'«in'ri' 
 
 i'l 'Inrviilioii to iihiiiit llii'ir 
 
 l>ri>>i>nl I'l'i'iilulion, not niori' lliuii Ilini' ihoiirHnd >oiiU, ulm , ii|,y ulli".;i'lln'r li'«< llinn u d'> 
 
 latl, thuii I'xi'lrd on u »lii^'li' Imy of I'nnliinlika lolund |<ri'v|oiiiily. 
 
 ill 
 
 »(!'• 
 
 I" 
 
 Il uoiild hardly Ix' worth whili> In i-oiiiiniin ti'ilioii« i'»|ilunnlion» for tin' hi'iii'lll of riiiih'r' wlin nri' »ii|i|>n«i'd 
 
 iirh, aftnr rtiidyiiiu with lari! tin' fHrIa rnlli'i'iid in iiiv artii'ln on lhi> 
 
 to l,ii,,\v ^,•hn'lllin'' 
 
 anilii 
 
 «>■ 
 
 If 
 
 Ali-iilitin rlii'll ln'it)ih, ^liitll llijil a morn iiatiiifn 
 
 III K'lnn lit i'\|'liiiiulion for tlniii, I «liull imt rri;ri't il. 
 
 
 .«1 
 
EXTUACTS |-M{(»M VAKKU'S NVUITINCJS 
 
 SIXTI'IKNTII. SKVKNTKKNTII. KKIIITKKNTII, AND MNKTKKNTII CKNTIJUIKS, 
 
 IN Wlllill IlKrKIIKM'K !'• MAI'K T<l 
 
 AlKHlKilNAL l'ISlllN(i IN NOillll AM Kill (A.* 
 
 Kifi'th {//(Ills): /{rsr/iiYlliiiilif ilinl \i/fiir-(ii:ir/iir/ifr rail (li'mihiiiil ; iilnrnctzt Viih 
 Itr.J. (I Kniiiilz : llfrlin, 1763. — 'rr.iiislatinn : "In 1i>liiiii.' tin' (in'rnliiiiilrr.- 
 
 iisi 
 
 ii'ciii liiinks, Mini in tin'ir .ilisi-nci' Inmks in.nlr nf Ihr Iiit,i-I-Ii 
 
 MIC 111' till' III 
 
 III 
 
 ('iilicil iiiii'. 'I'lirir li>i|iiii'_'-liiii-« nrr thin iiinl iiarrnw slrijis nt' \vIi,iIi'Impih> laiknl 
 tiiu'i'tlnT at llif rinls. W'itli sm'li lini'^ lln-v will ilraw n|i a liiiinlnil li^li In uin- 
 wliirli niir |ii'o|iIi' laki' w illi llirir liriii|Mn liiirs. IJnt fur ratdiiiiL;' lialilnil llirv 
 
 ii-i' liiirs niai 
 
 I.' nf 
 
 ''cal-.-'kin. ami also mii' lii'in|ii>ii lii 
 
 I I'auv 
 
 I .-III I 
 
 f'riiilf: { /)inl'l): T/lr //istari/ nfd riinlnnil : iiirlinliiii/ nil Aciiiniil iif tlir Mis^iinil 
 rnrrird III! In/ f/ir Iniful lln f/irni in f/inf ('iniii/n/ : /.dihIihi. IS20:\' — "A t'rw uriin' 
 cniimiiiii salnmn iiaxr linn .-I'di in rfitaiii plafcs (uf ( irccnlainh, Init tlnx I'ali 
 
 LTcallv slimt iif 1 1 
 
 •r N 
 
 nr\\a\ am 
 
 I nil 
 
 iiT ftiiintrii's in -i/r 
 
 Till' ( ircciilainli i'; 
 
 fali'li llicsc tislii's iimliT till' slmirs willi tlicir hainl-. m .-liiki- lln ni willi a ihmiii, 
 
 III llillli' iif ll'nll. 
 
 At I 
 
 II' ,<('a>iin wlii'ii till' -aliiiiiii .i-i'i'IhI iVniii lin'M'a iiitn lln' 
 
 rivi'i's. till' iiali\i's liiiilil a wi'ar nf >lnnr.- ai-ms- tin' iimnll: nt' tin' r-trram al lii\ 
 watrr; hVit IIu'sc ||i.' Il-h |ia-*> willi llic lidi'. ami an' Irll in llir -liallnw- ii\ lli 
 t'!ISIlili'4 clili. — 
 
 Th 
 
 ilinarv Incitl ni tin' ( ii'i'i'iilamliT^ i- tin' Aininidrsi I. m- (o'ri'iilaml 
 
 >^»\\\i>i\\. Siihiiii (Iniii/diiillciis. Till' N'l'w I'liiimll.iml iinii 'ill lln'^i' ti^ln"^ ('a| 
 
 I'llllS. 
 
 Till 
 
 '■ti'in i- I'lir Ir.'in riiili.i>|\ iii|; nil curlj iiikI Lil.'t imUi-.'< ..T ll-liint;, n^. praili •■■1 I'V tln' Nc.rlli Aim.ti. uii 
 
 Indiiiii'' uml liiiiiiit«. Th |'l<'iii lili'ruliin' ln'itriiii; "ii llic imlivi'i nl' lln' ii'rtlii'rii hall' "I' Aimri' ii Miii{ht liiivn 
 
 I'imlilicl nil- 1. 1 III, i-i'ii.u III" Kivi'ii iimliTiul t'l iir.iii»i'li'riililii i'«li'iil ; hill il ii il'iihu'iil wIh'IIht iii.ti' i'\lniil< wmihl 
 liaV" luhli'il iiiiicli I'l till' riiail'T'K inf.. riiiiiil 111, Kv''ii in lli.i-o h'Ti' im'siiit'il il.'riilicii i« nil wiinlini;. 1 liiivn 
 iirraimi'il lliii I'xiriii'lt ;;i'.i.;rii|ilil''allv, li" jiniiiii,; Willi (Iri'uiiliiiiil itii'l imiliiig with AliKkii, T'lllnwiii); ilm |i||iii 
 
 1'|m{,|,',| 
 
 III IIIV lll'i'illltl 
 
 I .'I' N.irlh Al 
 
 ^hi'll-hi'lllis 
 
 t Till' llrnl I'lliil'iii 111' iliK (Il riiiiiii iTiijiiial "f tliii wnrk wn» iiuhliihiil iit Hiirhy ( PniMiuii Siixniiy^ in IT'l'i, 
 
 Hiiil it will I'lT till' llriil tiiiii' traii'-hili'il iiiln Kn^^li.h in tin' lulli 
 hul Cnini. 
 
 niiiK'.Mai' Till' aiitliiir'n iiaiiii' wnn nut Criintz, 
 
 (2(11) 
 
 h"! 
 
 •; 
 

 %, 
 
 
 ^{^> 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 IIM mil 2.5 
 
 IM 11112,2 
 
 illllM 
 
 ill 4 
 
 2.C 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 1 6 
 
 
 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 
 c^l 
 
 % 
 
 e- 
 
 <s> 
 
 % 
 
 /A 
 
 / 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 1 
 
I 
 
 
 w.- 
 
 W.r 
 
 i/i 
 
 f/> 
 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 \ 
 
 6^ 
 
 
 liH 
 
262 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 
 ^i. ■'!-,; 
 
 Uu 
 
 Thoy are about 'half a foot long. They flo not spawn till May and June, 
 
 at which time the Greciilander.s lade out whole boat-loads of them with hoop 
 sieves strung with sinoAvs : they dry tlicin on the rocks in the open air, and store 
 them up in leathern sacks, or cast-off clothes, for their winter provision. 
 
 "The most common food of the Greeiilanders, next to the Capclin, is the 
 Lasher Bullhead, or Ulke, Scorjihis Cottns, Lin. This fish may be found at any 
 season of the year in all the inlets of the coast in deep water, and is caught most 
 plentifully in winter, by poor women and children, with a line of whalebone or 
 feathers thirty or forty fathoms long. A blue stone is fastened to the end of this 
 line to sink it, and a white bone, or a glass bead, or a bit of red cloth serves as 
 a bait for the hook. 
 
 " The common flouiuler is seen on these coasts, but seldom taken. But at 
 certain seasons the CJreenlanders catch groat numbers of the Holibut, Flcuro- 
 necfes Ht/pof/Iossits, with large fish-hooks fastened to whale-bone or seal-gut thongs, 
 from a hundred to a hundred and twenty fathoms in length; the largest are a 
 yard and an half or two yards in length, about half as broad, and a full span 
 thick ; they weigh from a hundred to two hundred pounds and upwards." 
 (Vol. I, page 88, etc.). 
 
 "Of the whale-fishery of the CJreenlauders, it is to be observed that the 
 proper whale and Narwhal are only caught in the north ; the Cachalot and smaller 
 s])ecies in the south also. Their method of taking the Greenland whale is as 
 foUows : all the natives who engage in the pursuit i)ut on their best clothes ; for, 
 according to a saying of their sorcerers, if any one of the company wore a dirty 
 dress, especially one contaminated by a ciead body, the whale would fly their 
 approach, and even though killed would sink to the bottom. The woinen are 
 forced to accompany the expedition, partly in order to row, partly to mend the 
 n\en's clothes and boats, should they get torn or damaged. Tiiey assail the whale 
 courageously in their boats and kajaks, darting numerous harpoons into his 
 body. The large seal-skin bladdcM's lied to these weapons ])revent him from 
 sinking deep in the water. As soon as ho is tired out they despatcji him with 
 short lances. The men then creep into their fishing dress, which is composed of 
 seal-skin, and has shoes, stockings, gloves and cap, all in one piece. Thus 
 equipped they jump upon the whale, or even stand in the water by his side, 
 buoyed up by their swollen dress. They cut off the blubl)er with their uncouth 
 knives, and though provided with such ])oor instruments, are very expert in 
 exti'acting the whalelione from the Jaws. The former operation is a scene of the 
 utmost confusion. Men, women, and children, armed with pointed knives, tum- 
 ble over each other's backs, every one striving to be present at the s])ort, and to 
 have a share in the spoil. It is a matter of wonder to a spectator liuw they 
 avoid wounding each other more frequently. However, the scullle seldom ends 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 263 
 
 without bloodshed. The smaller species of whales they catch like seals, or drive 
 them into bays, till they run aground." (Vol. I, page 120). 
 
 "They (the boats) are of two kinds, the greater i nd smaller. The great or 
 women's boat. Umiak, is commonly from si.K to eight or nine fathoms long, from 
 four to iivc feet broad, and three deep. It is narrowed to a point at each oxtrom- 
 ity, with a flat bottom. It is made of slender laths, about three fingers broad, 
 fastened down by whalebone, and covered with tanned seal-skin. Two ribs run 
 along the sides parallel to the keel, meeting together at the head and stern. 
 Across these three beams, thin spars are mortised in. Short posts are then fitted 
 to the ribs to support the gunwale ; and as they ai'e liable to be forced outwards 
 by the pressure of the transverse bonclie.s for the rowers, of which there arc ten 
 or twelve, they are hooped in on the outside by two gunwale ribs. The timbers 
 are not fastened by iron nails, which would soon rust and fret holes in the skin 
 coating, but by wooden pins or whalebone. The Grcenlander performs his work 
 without line or square, taking the ]u'oporti()ns by his eye, which he does with 
 great accuracy. The only tools which he em]>loys for this and every other kind 
 of work, are a small saw, a chisel, which when fastened on a wooden handle 
 serves for a hatchet, a small gimlet, and a sharp-pointed pocket-knife.''- As soon 
 as the skeleton of the boat is completed, the woman covers it with thick seals' 
 leather, still soft from the dressing, and calks the interstices with old fat, so that 
 these boats are much less leaky than wooden ones, the seams swelling in the 
 water. They require however a new coating almost every year. 
 
 " They are rowed by the women, commonly by four at a time, wiiile one man- 
 ages the helm. It would be scandalous for a man to interfere, except he were 
 warranted to snatch the oars by a case of e.\ti'eme danger. 
 
 "The oars are short with a broad palm like a shovel, and they are confined 
 to their places on the gunwale by leathern groo\es. At the head of the boat, 
 they spread a sail of gutskins sewed together, two yards high and three broad. 
 Rich Greenlanders make their sails of fine white linen striped with red. But 
 they can only sail with the wind, and even then cannot kee}) u]) with an European 
 boat. They have however this advantage, that they can make way with their 
 oars much faster in contrary winds or a calm. In these boats they undertake 
 voyages of from four to eiglit hundred miles nortli and south along the coast, 
 with their tents and all their goods, besides a comjdement of ten or twenty per- 
 sons. T'he men however keep them company in kajaks. breaking the force of 
 the waves when they run high, and, in case of necessity, holding the sides of the 
 
 * Thosn, of course, iiro not tli« orii;iiml Eskimo tools, wliieli worn llmso of a stono-iige peoplo. Yet tlioy 
 worked nioleoric iron into instnimonts. Tliu " Corniite-renUii dii Con^Tos IntorniUioniil d'Anthropologio ot 
 d'Arcliuologio Pr(^''istoriqiies, 0'°" Session, Uruxellos, 1872," "oonliiins iin intcrestinf; artiolo by Professor -I. S. 
 Bteonstrup on the subject. It is entitleU " Siir l'Eni[iloi ilii For Moteorique piir les Esuuimaux Uu Grtenliind." 
 
 t'i 
 
 'l^^ 
 
 '''I 
 
 I 
 
 t' 
 
 
 
 " 
 fi' 
 
 tj 
 
Ill 
 
 i' .1i 
 
 I pi 
 
 ■It 
 
 i i I 
 
 I r.i , 
 
 ■ i\ ' 
 
 i ■ 1 
 ^1 
 
 ' hi 
 'ill . 
 
 .!»! 
 
 ■il*^ 
 
 Ml: 
 
 *!^ 'i r 
 
 s '' 1 i 
 
 264 
 
 PUEHISTOIUC FISHING. 
 
 boat in equilibrium witli tlioir liniuls. Tlioy commonly sail thirty miles a 
 
 day. 
 
 "The small man'.s boat, or Knjal\ is six yards long, and shaped like a 
 weaver's shuttle. The middle is not a loot and a halt broad, ind scarcely a foot 
 in depth. It is constructed of lon.^- laths with cross hoops, secured by whalebone, 
 and is cased in seal-skin leather. Both the ends of the boat are capped with 
 bone, on account i ; the friction to which they are exposed amongst the rocks. 
 In the middle of the leathern covering of the kajak is a rouiul hole with a ring 
 of ^ jod or bono. In this the Greenlander squats down upon a soft fur, the hoop 
 or margin reaching up to his hips, and tucks his water-pelt or great coat so tightly 
 round him, that no water can penetrate into the boat. This water-coat is also 
 fastened close round his neck and arms, by bone buttons. The harpoon-dart is 
 strapped to the kajak at his side. Before him lies the line rolled up, and behind 
 him the bladder. He grasps with both hands the middle of his Paiifi/c, or oar, 
 which is made of solid deal plated with metal at the ends, and with bone along 
 jhe sides, and strikes the water quickly and evenly, beating time. Thus equipped, 
 he sets out to hunt seals or sea-fowl, with spirits as elate as the commander of 
 the largest man-of-war." (Vol. I, page 137, etc.). 
 
 " There are three mct]u)ds of taking the seal ; either singly with the bladder, 
 or in company by the clapper hunt, or in the winter on the ice. 
 
 '•The custoniary method is that in whicli the harpoon and bladder are em- 
 ployed. Tlie Greenlander seated in his kajak with all his accoutrements, no 
 sooner perceives a seal than he approaches, if possible, to leeward of him, with 
 the sun on his back, lest ho should be seen or scented by tlie animal. Concealing 
 himself behind a wave, he darts swiftly but softly forward, till he arrives within 
 the distance of live or six fathoms, taking care meanwhile, that the harpoon, 
 string, and bladder, lie in proper order, lie then tnkes the i)addle in his left 
 hand, and seizing the harpoon in his right, lances it by the casting board at the 
 seal. If the harpoon sinks deeper than tlie barbs, it immediately disengages 
 itself from the bone joint, and that again i'rom the shaft, while the siring is wound 
 from its roller in the kajak. The (u'eenlander, the moment he has struck the 
 seal, which dives down with the velocity of an arrow, throws the bladder after 
 him into the water. lie then picks up the floating shaft, and restores it to its 
 groove in the kajak. The liladder, whicli displaces ji body of water of more than 
 a hundred pounds weight, is frecjuently dragged down by the seal ; but the 
 animal is so wearied liy this encumbrance, that he is obliged to reappear on the 
 surface in about a quarter of an hour to draw breatli. The Greenlander, on per- 
 ceiving the bladder, rows up to it, and as soon as the seal makes his ajipearance, 
 wounds him with the great barliless lance; and this he repeats as often the ani- 
 mal emerges above water, till it is quite exhausted. He then despatches it with 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 265 
 
 tlic small laiico, and tics it to tlio left side of the kajak, after inflating the cavity 
 
 under the skin, that the body may lloat more lightly after him. This 
 
 solitary method of seal-catching only succeeds with the stupid attarsoak. 
 
 " Several in company pursue the cautious kassigiak and the attarsoit, in what 
 is called the Clapper-hunt, surrounding and killing them in great numlters at 
 certain seasons. In autumn these animals generally shoal together in the creeks, 
 particularly into NepiHet Sound in Baal's River, a narrow firth upwards of four 
 miles in length. Tliere the Grcenlanders cut off their retreat, and drive them 
 under water by shouting, clapping, and throwing stones. The seals not being 
 able to remain long without respiration, are soon exhausted, and at last continue 
 so long on the surface that they may be conveniently surrounded and killed by the 
 A(iUk(ih\ or missile dart. This hunt also aifords the Grcenlanders ample scope 
 for dis[>laying their address. Their numceuvres are not unlike those of a body 
 of hussars. AVhen the seal emerges, they all rush upon him like falcons with 
 deafening cries, and on the animal's diving, which he is (piickly compelled to do, 
 the whole ])arty retire in an instant to their posts, watching to see at what spot 
 he will rise ne.xt. This is generally half a mile from the former place. If the 
 seal has the range of a sheet of water four or live miles s(|uarc, he will keep the 
 huntsmen in play for two hours before he is totally exlnuisted. Should he retire 
 to the land in his distress, he is assailed with sticks and stones by the women 
 and cliildren. while the men strike him in the rear. This is a very lucrative as 
 well as lively diversion to the (ireenlanders. A single man sometimes receives 
 nine or ten seals for his share in a day. 
 
 " The third method of seal-catching, on the ice, is principally practised in 
 Disko, where the iirths are frozen over in winter. They are taken in several 
 ways. The Greenlander posts himself near a breathing hole which the seal has 
 made, sitting upon a stool, with his feet resting on another lower one, to prevent 
 the effects of the cold. When a seal comes and |)uts its nose to the hide, he im- 
 mediately strikes it with his harpoon ; then enlarging the opening, he draws out 
 his ])ri/.e ;ind kills it outright. At other times he lies upon his belly on a kind 
 of sledge, near one of the holes at whicli the seals come fortii t" bask in the sun. 
 A smaller aperture is nnule not far from the large one, into which another Green- 
 lander puts a harpoon with a very long shaft. Tie that lies on th(> ice, watches 
 at the great hole till he jierceives a seal coming towards tlie harpoon. He then 
 makes a signal to his companiiin, who forcible drives down his har[)oon into the 
 seal . 
 
 " When the hunter descries a seal basking nenr his hole on the ice, he crawls 
 towards it on his belly, waguing his head and imitating its peculiar grunt. The 
 incautious animal, mistaking him for one of its companions, suffers him to 
 approach near enough to throw his lance. 
 
 "Again, when the current has made a large opening in the ice in spring, the 
 r34 
 
 ' ii 
 
 m 
 
 f u 
 
 I 
 
 i"[> 
 
 If 
 
 if 
 
 
 
^1 
 
 ill 
 ■'i 
 
 V 
 J 
 
 266 
 
 PBEIIISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 hi 
 
 1 
 
 ■1) 
 
 
 (t 
 
 'V.i Ji 
 
 I'll- ^- 
 
 ^:( ; ■■ 
 
 ■A' ■[ 
 
 Grcenlandcrs, planting tliomsclves round it. wait till the seals approach in droves 
 to the brink for air, and kill them with their harpoons. Many of these creatures 
 likewise meet with their death while sleeping and snoring in the sun." (Vol. 
 I, page 142, etc.).''- 
 
 LIoi/(l {T. G. li.): On the Beothucs, a Tribe of Hed Indians, supposed fo be 
 cxfincf, iv/iick fonncrli/ inhabited NnvfonndJand ; Journal of the Anthropolotfical 
 Institute of Great Britain and Ireland ; Vol. IV, 187 5. ■]•—'' The Canoe (IMate II I ; 
 here Fig. 362) peculiar to these Indians comes next to be considered. The prin- 
 ciple on which the Red Indian's canoe is constructed is perhaps nowhere else to 
 be met with. It has in a way no bottom at all, the side beginning at the very 
 keel, and from thence running up in a straight line to the edge or guuwi'.le. A 
 transverse section of it at any part whatever makes an acute angle, only tl>at it 
 is not sharpened to a perfect angular point, but is somewhat rounded to take in 
 the slight rod which serves by way of a keel. This rod is thickest in the middle 
 (being in that part about the size of the handle of a common hatchet), tapering 
 each way, and terminating with the slender curved extremities of the canoe. 
 The form of the keel will, then, it is evident, bo the same with the outline of the 
 longitudinal section, which, when represented on paper, is nearly, if not exactly, 
 tlie half of an ellipse, longitudinally divided. Having thus drawn the keel, 
 whose two ends become also similar stems to the canoe, the side may easily bo 
 cdniplcted after this manner: perpendicular to the middle of the keel, and at 
 l\\(i-thirds the height of its extremities, make a point; between this central and 
 the extreme points, describe e.<oh way a catenarian arch, with a free curve, and 
 you will have the form of the side, as well as a section of the canoe, for their 
 
 i','; 
 
 
 
 „ St 
 
 is- S : 
 
 m 
 
 Fia. 3G2. — Cauoo of tho Beotliucs, Newlbiiiullaiid. 
 
 * Many ol'llio di'liiils lioro givon liy Crnn/. nro <'iiritaiiic(] in Hnns Ej;e(l(''s I'lirlici' wcrl; on Grccnlnnil. I Imvo 
 lirilVrri'tl qiiolin;; I'riini Cnmz, liwuiiso liis ilesi'ripliniis aio mure (elaborate 
 
 f The substam e nf this nrtiolc is taken from a writlon narrative of iiii cxjicditiiMi to the ilistrii't inliabitcd liy 
 tbo Ik'otbui's, un(l<'rlaken in the vciir I'dS- by ('u|jtain .lolm Carlwri;;lit. His orii;inal niantisi'ri|it was in 18"r> in 
 the ]iossossion of llie Protestant Uishop of Nnwfounilhind. Mr. Lloyd obtained iicrniission to transeribo as nuieh 
 of the document as served his purpose. He gives no aeeoiint of fishing as practised by the Beotliucs, probably 
 because Captain Cartwright's manuscript contains none ; but, as I have inchuled in this work descriptions of 
 boats, I thought it proper to insert here that of the rcmnrkuble canoes in use among tho natives of Newfound- 
 land. — The extract from De Lad folli>winc next refers to the same subject. 
 
 %m 
 
II 
 
 KXTRACTS. 
 
 267 
 
 cliiVorciicc is so very slight as not be discernible by tlie eye, wliieli will bo clearly 
 comprehended on recollecting that the side, as I before said, begins at the keel. 
 The coat, or shell, of the canoe is made of the largest and fairest sheets of birch 
 bark that can be procured, itt, f(/rni being nothing more than two sides joined 
 together, where the keel is to be introduced. It is very easily sewn together 
 entire. The sewing is perfectly neat, and jjerformed with spruce roots, split to 
 the jiroper size. The portion along the gunwale is like our neatest basket-work. 
 The seams are jiayed over with a sort of gum, which api)ears to be a ]n'eparation 
 of turpentine, oil, and red ochre, which efl'ectually resists all the ell'ects of the 
 water. The sides are kept apart, and their proper distance preserved, by means 
 of a thwart of about the thickness of two tingers, whose ends are looped on the 
 rising i)oints above mentioned in the middle of the gunwale. The extension 
 cau:^ed when this thwart is introduced lessens in some desrec the length of the 
 canoe by drawing in still more its curling ends ; it also fixes the extreme breadth 
 in the middle, which is requisite in a vessel having similar stems, and intended 
 i-or advancing with either of them foremost, as occasion may require, and by 
 bulging out their sides gives them a i)erceptible convexity, much more beautiful 
 than their lirst form. The gunwales are made with tapering sticks, two on each 
 side, the thick ends of which meet on the rising points of the main thwart, and, 
 being moulded to the shape of the canoe, their smaller ends terminate with those 
 of the keel rod in the extremities of each stem. On the outside of the proper 
 gunwales, with which they exactly correspond, and coTinected with them by a few 
 thongs, are also false gunwales, iixed there for the ]iur[)ose of fenders. The 
 inside is lined entirely with sticks, or ribs, two or lliree inches In'oad, cut Hat 
 and thin, and ])laced lengthwise, over which again others are crossed, which, 
 being bent in the middle, extend up each side to the gunwale, where they are 
 secured, serving as timbers. A shut thwart near each end, to prevent the canoe 
 fi'om twisting or being bulged more open than proper, makes it complete. It 
 may readily be conceived, from its form and light fabric, that, being ])Ut into the 
 water, it would lie flat on one side, with the keel and gunwale both at the surface, 
 but, being ballasted with stones, it settles down to a proper depth in the water, 
 and then swims upright, when a covering of sods and moss being laid on the 
 stones, the Indians kneel on them, and manage the canoe with paddles. In fine 
 weather they sometimes set a sail on a very slight mast, fastened ti> the middle 
 thwart, but this is a practice for which their delicate and unsteady barks are liy 
 no means calculated. A canoe about fourteen feet long is about four feet wide 
 in the middle." (Page i'(), etc.). 
 
 De Lnet {Joannes): jVovvs Orbis scu Dcscripfionis Ind'nv Orcideiifalia Lihri 
 XVIII; Lvfiil Bat., 7^55.— Translation : [The inhabitants of Xewf(Uindlaud, 
 their condition and manners]. "Their boats are made of the bark of trees, at 
 
 If. 
 
 
 I' 
 
 • I 
 
 \ i 
 
 ''I 
 
 h 
 
 'n 
 
 ;/l 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
 1 ;'i 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 I 
 
 !■?! 
 
 t i ! 5 
 
 1 1 
 
 'I ! 
 
 II i 1 i 
 
 
 M'^ 
 
 IK:.:' 
 
 
 r. 
 
 ^i:\'' '■^' 
 
 pi|,; 
 
 F ^■■■" 
 
 
 lHv). . 
 
 ii 
 
 li^i:' 
 
 
 } A ■ 
 
 
 !'--l J; 
 
 
 u,>? 
 
 i^ 
 
 : i'i '. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 I|' 
 
 
 m 
 
 sji' 1 '*' '• 
 
 if i'^l^ii 
 
 268 
 
 PKEHISTOUIC KISIIING. 
 
 most twenty feet long, about five feet wide, and in the form of a lialf-moon, being 
 raised and curved at botli ends ; tliej' carry live persons at tiie most. By means 
 of tliese very light vessels they -jut the waves with great velocity, and they carry 
 them on their shoulders in case of need; for, having no fixed dwelling-places, 
 they roam about lilvc nomads, ami very often change their abodes, either on the 
 spur of necessity, or when it appears convenient to them." (Page 34).''' 
 
 Do (Jhamplahi {Le Sietir): Voyages et Dcscovveriercs faifen en In NovveUe 
 France, dejiiiis Vamu'e 1615. iiisqiics d la fin de Vannce 1618 ; Paris, 1619; (Eitvrcs 
 do C7iamj>lain p ibliics par VAhbe C.-IL Lavcrdicre ; Vol. IV, Qiirbec, 1870. — 
 Translation: [Ilurons]. " Tlie men make the nets to capture fish in summer 
 as well as in winter, when they generally fish, reaching their prey even below 
 the ice, either with the line or the seine. 
 
 " They perform this kind of fishing by making several holes in a round 
 through the ice, that by which they have to draw up the seine being some five 
 feet long and three feet wide. At this opening they begin to let down their net, 
 which is attached to a wooden pole from six to seven feet long, and having 
 brought it under the ice, they move this pole witli the net from hole to hole, 
 where it is seized by a man or two through the holes ; and this they continue 
 until the opening of five or six feet is reached. This done, they let go the net, 
 which sinks to the bottom of the water by means of certain small stones attached 
 to the end; and afterward they draw it up by its two ends, and thus secure the 
 fish caught in it. This is in short the method they employ in fishing during 
 winter." (Page 101). f 
 
 Sagard Thcodat {Le F. Gabriel): Ilistoire du Canada et Voyages que les Frercs 
 Mineurs Itccollects y on faicts pour la Conucrsion des Injidclles, etc.; Paris, 1636 ; 
 Paris reprint of 1866. — Translation : [Ilurons]. " From the (H)rdago which tlic 
 women and girls have prepared, the men, during winter, make nets and seines 
 for catching fish even under the ice, by means of holes cut in different places, 
 
 * [Incola) Terra) Novaj, corum hiibitus & mures]. " Uymbns ipsis ex corticibus arbortini cciriipositcc, viyinti 
 ut pluriinum pedes longEC, quinque luit circiter Iiitin & sciiiilunio in inmluin, uA proram ntquc puppim crectic iitqiio 
 incurvic, quinqiio lid suinmum vectorum capnccs; illis ulpoto lovissimis undiis siimmii volocitiito secKiit, <'H«dem 
 qmiiii opus fiierit huineris j^cstunt; niim iiu stiitis quidcm scdibus so continent, scd vagi Noniiidiim instiir siopius 
 httbitiitionc'S mutant, prout illos aul necessiliis eogit, aut commoditns invitat. " 
 
 f " Les bonimcs font les rets pour pesclier, & prondre le poisson en esto coinme en byucr, ipi'iU jiesehent ordi- 
 nnirement, & prcnnent le poisson iusqucs soubs la glace iV la ligne, ou i\ la seine. 
 
 " Kl la fa<,'on de ocsto pcsclie est telle, qu'ils font plusieurs trous en rond sur la i;laie, & ocluy par oi\ \h doib- 
 uont tirer la suino a quelqiie cinq pi'cds do long, & trois [lii'ds do large, puis eoinni>>n';ent (.lic) par cesto ouuerture 
 a mettre leur Ulet, lesquels ils attaciicnt i\ vne porclie do buis, de six A sept pieds do long, & la nu'ttent dessoiibs la 
 glare, & font courir ecsto poreho do trou en trou, oi"i vn bonunc, ou deux, mottent les mains par les trous, proniint 
 la pi'rclie ou est altaelio vn bout du lllet, iusques a oe qu'ils viennont ioindre I'ouuorturo de cinq i\ six pieds. Co 
 faict, ils hiissent couller le rets au funds de I'eau, qui va bas, par le moyen do cerlaines potites pierrcs qu'ils atta- 
 ebent au bout, & estans nu fonds do I'eau, ils le retirent i\ force do bras par ces deux bouts, & ainsi amcnent le 
 poisson qui se trouuo prins dedans. Voila la fa9on en brof comme ils en vsont pour leur pescho en byuer." 
 
KXTKACTS. 
 
 269 
 
 ]l\ 
 
 proceeding in tlie following way: by heavy blows with an axo tlipy make a hole 
 of sufficient size in the ice of a lake or rivor ; they make smaller ones at a cer- 
 tain distance from oach other, and by means of a pole they pass a string from 
 hole to hole below the ice; this string, as lung as tlic not to bo extended, rc-u'lies 
 to the last hole, and by drawing it forward tlie whole net attached to it is stretched 
 out in the water. To examine the net, it is drawn through tlie largest opening, 
 and the fish taken out. Afterwanl it is only necessary to draw back the string 
 for stretching the net again, the iiolc simply serving for passing the string the 
 first time." (Vol. I, page 245).* 
 
 "We found in the bellies of several large fishes hooks made of a piece of 
 wood and a bone, so i>laced ax to form a hook, and very neatly l)ound togetlier 
 with hemp ; but the line being too weak for drawing on board su(!h large tishes, 
 the result was the loss of the labor of the fishermen, and of the hooks thrown 
 into the sea by them ; for, in verity, there are in this freali-water sea sturgeon, 
 assihendos, trout, and i)ike of such monstrous size, that larger ones cainiut be 
 seen anywhere else, not to sp ak of several other kinds of lisli tliere caught, 
 which are here (in Europe) unknown." (Vol. Ill, page 588).-|- 
 
 "As for the fishes found in the rivers and lakes in the country of our Ilurons, 
 and particularly in the fresh-water sea, the principal arc the Assiiu^ndo, of whicli 
 we have spoken elsewhere, and trout, called Ahouyoche by them, wliich are 
 mostly of extraordinary size, insomuch that I have not seen there any that were 
 not bigger than tlie largest we have on this side; tlieir flesh is ordinarily red, 
 though in some of a yellow or orange color, yet of excellent taste. 
 
 "The pike, called Soruissan, which they catch here also with the sturgeon, 
 called Ilixrahon, astonish people, for some are of iiiarvehuis size, and inure ])al- 
 
 atable tlij;n any of our species of fish. Some weeks after the season for 
 
 catching large fish, they imrsue the capture of the Einchataun, a kind sumewliat 
 
 * " Pendant I'llyncr, (111 fiU't i|iie li's tVninuw & lllU'S "lit ilispdse, Ics 1iciinini.'.s on fiiiit ili'S rots & soinos pour 
 |icsclicr & jiromlrc lo puissnn iiisrjnos smis la i^laoo, par lo nioyc^n dos trolls (jirils y fiint on pUi.^iours on'lri>its, dmit 
 on voioy la niotliodo, 
 
 " lis font a ;;iiinils ooiips do liaolio iin Iron assoz grandiOot dans la glaoo d'liii lao on dc^ la riniino; ils on font 
 d'autros plus potits d'ospauos on ospiioos, & auoc dos pcrclios ils ]iassoiil iino lisooUi,' do Irons on Irons par dis.-ons la 
 i;Iace : costo (isooUo anssi Irtngiio quo los rots qn'on vi'iit tondro, so va arrostor an dornior Iron, jmr lotjio-l on tiro, 
 Aon ostond dodaiis i'oan toiito la rots ([iii liiy est attaolio. (^iiand on los vonL visiti^r, on los rotiri' jiar la ]ilns 
 graiido onnortiiro, ponr on rooiioillir lo poissori, puis il no I'ant (juc rotiror la fisoollo pcair li's rotondro, los porolios 
 no soriians ijira passi^r la proinioro fois la lisoollo." 
 
 f " Nous troiinasnios dans li) vontro do plusiuiirs grands pois-ons, dos ains faiots d'lin nioroi'an d(^ bens aooomn- 
 inodo aiioo iiu os, qui soriioil do oroolict & lio fort proproinont aui'o do lour oliannri', -mis la ronlo trop foiblo ponr 
 tiror a liord do si ijros poissons, uuoit faiot pcrdro & la pcino & li'S uins do ooiix ipii lo. auoiont iottoz on inor, oar 
 voritaldomont il y a dans octto inor douoo do3 osturgoons, assihondos, truittos & l)rooliots, si inonstruonsoinont 
 i;rands qii'il no s'on voit point aillours do j)lu3 gro3, nou plus quo do plusiuurs uutres ospeces do poissons qu'on y 
 po-i'!io ,S; qui nous snnt ioy inotignus." 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 I. 
 
 S 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 
 ;.;a 
 
' )■ 
 
 i? 
 
 I"' 
 
 if V 
 
 I*,'. 1 , 
 
 \Vi\- 
 
 
 >: 
 
 270 
 
 rMEUISTOKIC I'lSlllNd. 
 
 rcsombling our barbel, and about a foot ami a half or a little loss in length : this 
 llsl) serves to give taste to their sagauiite'" during winter. 
 
 "Jn another scast)n they catch with the seine a certain kind of iish, whi(!h 
 seem to correspond to our smallest herrings, and which thev eat fresh or buc- 
 
 cancd. They also catch several other species of fish ; but as they are 
 
 unknown to us, ami as similar ones are not found in our rivers, I make no men- 
 tion of tiiem. 
 
 " Eel in the proper season is an invaluable article to our Montagnais. I 
 have admired the extreme abundance of this fish in some of the rivers of our 
 Canada, where every year uncountable hundreds are caught. They come just in 
 time, for, were it not for this succor, one would be greatly embarrassed, more 
 especially in some months of the year; the savages and the members of our 
 orders use them as meat sent by Heaven for their relief and solacre. They catch 
 them in two ways : with a wicker basket, or with a harpoon during night by the 
 liglit of fire. They construct with some ingenuity wicker baskets, long and wide, 
 and large enough to hold five or si.\ eels. When the sea is low, they deposit 
 them on the sand in a suitable remote place, securing them in a mariner that the 
 tide cannot carry them olf. At both sides they heap up stones, which extend 
 like a chain or small wall on both sides, in order that the fish, which always 
 seeks the bottom, in encountering this obstacle, may glide slowly toward the 
 aperture of the basket to which the stones lead. When the sea has risen, it 
 covers the baskets; and after it has subsided again, they are examined. Some- 
 times hundred or two hundred eels are found at one tide; sometimes more, and 
 occasionally none at all, according to wind and weather. \\'hen the sea is 
 agitated, many arc caught ; when it is calm, few or none; but then they have 
 recourse to their harpoons.f 
 
 " The savages cure fish in the following mai.ncr : they let them drip a little, 
 and tlien cut off the heads and tails; they open them at the back, and having 
 emptied them, they make incisions, to allow the smoke to penetrate them thor- 
 oughly ; the perches in their huts are all loaded with them. When they are well 
 buccaiied, they liring them together, and make them into packages, each contain- 
 ing about a hundred." (Vol HI, page 693, ctc.).| 
 
 * Previously mcnliniiod in Siisurd's wi>rl<. It wii3 miiize iiiircliod in tlio iislios iind pinindod, fur mukini; pulse. 
 
 f This iicodunt 111' ct'l-llslilii!,' mid tlip sucd'cdiuE; di'siTi|ilion of tisli-dryin;^ oi>rrcs|iiin(l alinnst lilpriilly with 
 lliii.-c t;i\L'n liy l':illiiT I.i' .Iium? in liis " Ki'liition " (puWisliwl in ItiSo), from wliicli tlio exlrai't I'ullowini; noxl 
 is made. Ci'mfrnini; lluM'cl-tnips, liowi'vcr, KatliiT Lc Jtune .states llwy were largo (mkmihIi to hold live or six 
 Inindrcd peU (rajxihlcn dr fftiir r'ntq el six ci^nn fniijui/ten), while Saj^ard spoaka only of live or six i^ciijmhlfn tie cini- 
 leiiif r.iitq J' nix angulUrH). 
 
 I " Pour CO qui est des poissons qui .se retrnuucnt dans Ics riuiercs & laes au pais do nos Ilurons, & particu- 
 lioroniont n la mer dome, Ics prineipaux sont I'Assilo'ndo, diiqiiel nous nuons ]iarlc aillcurs, & des Trui<'los, qu'ils 
 appellent Ahouyoche, Icsquellcs sont do de^inosnree i;randour ]ionr la phispart, & n'y en ay veu aucuiio qui no soit 
 plus i^rosso quo los plus j^randcs quo ni)us ayons jiar *.ii'(;a : lour ehair est eotnniunenient rouge, sinou a quelipi'une8 
 qu'oUe so voit iaune ou orangoo, niaia cxeolloninicnl lionne. 
 
KXTUACTH. 
 
 271 
 
 Lc Tenie {Le P. I'avl): Uclation de cc qvi s\'st pnsHr en la Nomelle France nvr 
 le gratnl F/ci've de S. Lavrens rn raniire 1634;* lieladoiis dcs Jesuites, etc.; Vol. 
 I, Qiuihec, 1858. — TranHlfition : " Tliis liarpoon (for spoixring col) is an iiistriiinont 
 coiisiHliiiix of !i long .stick, of tlio thickness of tluvo lingers, to the end of which 
 they fasten an iron spike,!" which Miey arm on each sitle with a curved prong, 
 both coming nearly together at the eiul of the iron point. In striking an eel with 
 this harpoon, they drive the iron into it, and the two prongs, yielding to tho 
 force of the thrust, let in the eel, after which they contract again by themselves 
 (having opened merely by the shock of tho stroke), and prevent the speared eel 
 from escaping. 
 
 "This fishing with the liarpoon is m"<linarily done only during the night: 
 two savages sit in a canoe, one behiinl who steers and paddles, and the otiii-r 
 ahead, seeking by the light of a bark torch, attached to the prow of the craft, 
 his prey with the eyes, while gently moving along the bank of this great river. 
 ]'erceiving an eel, ho darts his harjjoon without losing hold of it, pierces the ed 
 as stated, and then throws it into his canoe. Some will catch three hundred, and 
 many more, in a single night, but vci'y few at other times." (l*age -i4).J 
 
 " Lcs lirnehot!', ii)iiirllc/. Soruis^an, qu'ils y pesclicnt missi mice los KsturKcons nomtncz Ilixrnhiui, CBtoniiciit 
 let pprscinnc^, lant il s'y en vnit do incnicilleusi'inont griiiuls, & friiimls an il(?iri ilo tcmtcs iins os|io<'('9 <li' iinis-oin. 
 
 (Juolijucs si.'iiiiiaiiu's apri'H la piwlid dcs grands poissiins, ils vimt a cello do rKinc'....ta()n, riui c.-t nii 
 
 poissiin III! jiiMi a| ipi'iicliant nux barljcaiu par dei;a, loni; d'eiiuiron uii ]ilid & domy, on p"ii iiioins : co p(iis.-i.n liiir 
 sort pniir duiuior unust A lour wifjamilo pendant rilyuor. 
 
 " Kn autre saison ils y pestilent a la ceino lino ocrlaino cspece do pnl^.Sllns, qui seinblcnt estro do niK liaraiiu^i 
 
 nulls di'3 plus putita, losfiuels ils niangent frais & lunicanez. — lis peselient aussi do plusiours mitres cspcccs 
 
 do pdi.'soiis, inais coinnio Ils nous sunt inoogniis, & qu'il no s'en trouue point de parclls en nos rluierc s, ie n'en I'als 
 piiint ftussi do montiun. 
 
 " L'anijiillle en sa sulson est uno manno qui n'u point de priic cluv, mis Mnntagnais. I'liy admire rextronie 
 iibondanei^ de ee puisfnn, en quolqii'unes des riuieres do nostre Canada, oCi il s'en pcselio terns les iins vers rAuti'inuo 
 line iullnilo do eeutaines, qui vienuent furt a prupus, ear n'estciil eeseemirs on so trouiirriilt bien snmient <'inpe.-elie 
 en qiielrpus nulls de rannee prinilpali'iiient; les Sauiiuyes & niis Uelii;leiix en ii^ent eniiinu! viaiide entuiyeo dil 
 t'iel piiur leur siiulaijeiiuMit & ednsiilatliui. Ils la peselient on deux faivuis, auee line iiasse, oil auec^ un liarpon, CO 
 qui se faiet la nuiet a la elarte dii fell, lis font des nnsses auec asse/. d'induslrle, lonnues & ijrnsses, eapables do 
 e.iiil'iilr eiiiq it six aiii;uilles : la uior cslant biisso, ils les placeiit siir lo sable i^n quelcpii! lli'U pnqiro & rccule, les 
 asseiirenl en MUlr ijiii' li-s niareos no les peiiuent eiuporter : aiix deux eosle/. Ils aiiias-ent des pierres, qu'ils esteiident 
 runiiiie uni- cliai'iie oil petite inuraille de part A d'autre, afin que ee jmisson qui va tousiours an fond roneontrant 
 eit olislaele, se j;llsso doiuenient vers I'onibiuii'lieiire do la nasse oi'i l- eondtlisent ees jiierres : la nier veiiant a so 
 {jrossir, eouiire la nasse, puis si! rabaissaiit, on la va visiter: par fois on y troiiiin cent on deux cons ani-uilles d'linu 
 niarei', queI'|Uel'ois plus, it d'antres fois point du tout, selon les vents & l(;s temps, t^uaiid la iiier e^t le^itee, on eii 
 pri'iid beaiiroiip, ipiand lOle est calnie, pen on point, nials alors ils out rei'ours a leur loirpiui. — • 
 
 " Voiey eoniment les Sauiinnes font seiebor do ees poissfin-i. lis les laisscnt uii p.ii esgouttor, puis leur ecuip- 
 pi'iil la teste A In <iiieiie, ils les ouiinmt par le dos, puis les avaiit vciides ils les tailladeiit, aliu qui; la fiiuiee ontro 
 |iar loiil : les pereiios do lours cabunes-cn sunt loutos cliargees. K.^tuns bion boueaiie/., ils les aeeouplent & en font 
 de gros paqiiets euiiiriui d'line containo .a la fois." 
 
 * I'libllslied at Paris in 103"). 
 
 f Tbii iron mentioned by Father Lo .leuno, of course, was furnislied by wliites. The armature of this glu; in 
 its original stato consisted of bone or horn. 
 
 I " Co barpon est vn instrument compose d'vn long bnston, gros de trois doigts, an bout diupiel ils attaehent 
 vn for pointu, lequcl ils nrment de part et d'autre do deux [letits bastoiis reoourbes, qui so viennenl quasi ioindro 
 
 k 
 
 M 
 
 <A' 
 
 ■■■I' 
 
 
 ' ':m 
 
 
 ■'M\ 
 
 ■ ;'.yl 
 
 •'m 
 
 
 :im 
 
 
070 
 
 l'Ki:ill!STOUlC FISlllNO. 
 
 V, : ;■ 
 
 C'harlfvoix [Father): Lctterx to the Diitchrns (ik) of LemJif/iiirrrfi, etc.; LoU' 
 don, 1763. — [Iiidiiuis of Ciiniula]. "Tlioso I'coj)!!' liiivc ii wiukIitI'iiI Skill in 
 strikiii!; Fish in tlio Water, csiH'ciiilly in tlio Torrents. They iish also with the 
 Wein, and they have an odd Ceremony het'ore they nse this Net. 'I'hey marry it 
 to two youn^r Mnids, and dnring the Wcddiiij!' Feast they jtlaeo it lietween tho 
 two Brides. Tlioy exhort it very nerionsly to take a great nniny Fish, and they 
 think to engage it to do so hy making great Presents to its ])retended Fathers-in 
 
 Law. The Stnrgeon here is a Sea and a I'resh Water Fish ; lor they 
 
 take it upon the Coasts of Omarla, and in the great Lakes which eross the Hiver 
 
 St. Laiurnrv. 'I'he Savages take them in the Lakes in this ^Manner: 
 
 Two Men are at the two Ends of a Canoe ; he hehind steers, and tlie other stands 
 uj), liolding a Dart in one Hand, to which a long Cord is fastened, the other Fnd 
 i.s tied to one of the H.'irs of the Canoe. As soon as he sees the Stnrgeon in hi.s 
 Reach, he throws his Dart, and endeavours to strike whore there jire no Sctdes; 
 if the Fish is wounded it flies, and draws the Canoe also pretty swiftly. Itnt after 
 having .^wani aliout I'jO J'aces it dies, then they draw \\\) the Cord and take it." 
 (Page 8(i, etc.). 
 
 ''The MivhiUmakhiac^ lived almo.st only hy Fishing, and tliere is perha]ia 
 no Place in the ^^'orld where there is such i'lenty of Fish. The most cumniou 
 Fish in the three I^akes. ;ind in the Hivers thiit tlow into them, are ill" Herring, 
 the Carp, the (iilt Fish, the Pike, the Sturgeon, the At^tilcawf^itir. or white l''ish, 
 and al'ove all, the Trout. They take three Sorts of the last, anumg which some 
 !ire of a monstrous Size, and in such Kumhers. that a Savage with hisSpcji,- will 
 sometimes strik(> tifty in three Hours Time. ]Jut the most famous of iill i^ the 
 White Fish : It is about the IJigncss and Shape of a Mackerel ; 1 know (f no 
 Kind of Fish that is lietter eating. The S;ivjiges say, that it was Mivhtilniu who 
 taught their Ancestors (o tish, that he invented Nets, .-iml Ihid he took the Notion 
 of them from the Sj)i(ler's M'eli. These I'eojile. as yiai see. Madam, do not give 
 greater Honour to their (Jod than he deserves, since they are not afraid of send- 
 ing him to School to a vile Insect." (Pago l!»-I). 
 
 [Dark canoes]. " I helieve that I have .already told you that there arc two 
 Scu'ts of them, the one of Flm Dark, which are wider and more clumsily hnilt, 
 but commonly bigger. I know none but the Jroijiiuls who have any of this Sort. 
 
 nil I'out do hi |iiiiiil(' clii fiT : (iimiul ils viciini'iit a frii|i|ii'r viii^ iiimuilln di' en liiirpciii, il.s roniliniclicnt diins ce fcr, 
 lis diMix biistcms iidjoini'ts, ct'daiis piir In I'lircc dii cciup, (i liiissiiiis I'lilrnr I'liiiijiiilli' ; puis sc rrscrniiis d'cux 
 mc'Sinos, car ils ni' s'lumrent qiiu pur In sccunsst' dn inup, ils oiiipi'iliciil ipii^ rnii^juiUi' cinliroclii'i' lie r('->(irl('. 
 
 " Ci'llc pi'sclie nil Imrpdii ne fo I'nit urdinnirciiH'iil quo In miict : ils sc iiii'lleiit deux Snuunycs dniis vn cnrmt, 
 I'vn dcrricii' ([iii Ic i;(iuucrne et qui rnme, ot I'nutre c.-t deuniit, Icqucl n In Iniicnr d'vn llninlienu d'lViircc, ntlndio 
 n In priiue de son vnissi'uu, s'en vn clicrclinnt In pmye do scs yeux, rodniis douccni(;nt sur le Ijurd dc cc ijrnnd flcuuu ; 
 nppciccuiint vno Anguillc, il lanco son liarpon snns lo quitter, la pcreo eomme i'ay dil, puis In idle duns son eannt; 
 il )• en a tel qui en prendra trois cena en vno nuict, et bicn dauantaije, qiielquefois fort pew." 
 
 ililiiC 
 
KXTRACTS. 
 
 273 
 
 ■ t i 
 
 Tho others arc of the Biirk of Birch Trees, of a Width loss in Proportion tlian 
 their Leiif^th, and mudi better made : It is these that I am jj;oing to describe, 
 because all tho Fvench, and almost all the Savages use them. 
 
 "They lay tho 13iirk, which is very thick, on Hat and very thin Ribs made 
 of Cedar: These Ribs arc confined their whole Lenj^th by small Cross-Bars, 
 which separate the Seats of tho Canoe ; two main Pieces of the same Wood, to 
 which these little Biirs ar(> scw'd, strenjjjthen the whole Machine. Between the 
 Ribs and the Bark they thrust little Pieces of Cedar, which are thinner still than 
 the Ribs, and which help to strenj^then the Canoe, the two Ends of which rise 
 by Degrees, nnd insensibly (Mid in sharp I'oints that turn inwards. These two 
 Ends iire exactly !iliKe; so that to change their Course, and turn back, the 
 Canoe-Men need only change Hands. lie who is behind steers with his Oar, 
 working continudlly ; and the greatest Occupation of him who is forward, is to 
 take Care that the Canoe touches nothing to burst it. They sit or ivi" "1 on the 
 Bottom, and their Oars arc Paddles of live or six Feet long, commonly o! 'l.iple ; 
 but when they go against a Current that is pretty strong, they must use a Pole, 
 and stand upright. One must have a good deal of Prac^tice to presc! "e a Bftllance 
 in this E.vercise, for nothing is lighter, and of Consequence oiisier ■ overset, than 
 these Canoes; the grent'-tof which, with their Loading, does not draw uiore 
 than half a Fmit Water. 
 
 "The B,,il, of which these Canoes are made, as well as the Ribs and the 
 Bars, are sew'd with the Roots of Fir, which ;ire more pliable, and ilrv i.iuch 
 less than the Ozier. All the Seams are gum'd within and without, but they must 
 be viewed every Dmv, to sec that the Gum is not pooled ot^'. Tlw largest Canoes 
 carry twelve ^len, two upon a Seat; and 4000 I. \^'eight. Of nil the Sav.iges, 
 the most skilful Builders of Canoes are the Onidoiiaia ; and in genei'al the Ah/on- 
 quill Naiions succeed herein better than the I/in-oiiK. Vew French as yet can 
 make them even t(derably; but to guide them, they are at leiist as sjife as the 
 Savages of the Country." (Pnge 117).* 
 
 llrnri/ (A Icr antler): Traveh (/ml Adrenfiirea in Canada and the Indian Terri- 
 torii't^, between the i/ears 1760 and 1776 ; New York, 1S09. — "The white-lish is 
 taken (at Michilimakinac) in nets whicli are set under the ice. To do this, 
 
 * Fiitlier LiiUliiu giviis n similar nceount of tlio buildiiii; of barlj cuiiocs, bcstowini; mucii priiiso on thoso miiclo 
 by tho AlgcinUin niitlcns, which ho culls the miislcr-pioccs of savii!,'o iirt, but spciikiti!,' dl-iiiiprovingly of tho Iro- 
 quois oniorg. 
 
 "Tho Iro<iuois," lie snys, " niiiko no cunocs of birch hiirl<, but buy them from otbor niitions, or nuiko in their 
 steiid cunocs of elm bark. These latter scnrcoly serve for more lliun one voyage, as they are less solid than tho 
 others, and can easily ho replaced in case of b'ss. They consist of one piece, uud are made with all possible iiuic- 
 curuey und clumsiness." — Mamrs ihs Samai/cn Amiriquiuns ; I'aris, ITli-l; Vol, II, p. 'IK, etc. 
 
 liy far Iho best description of modern nianufactiiro of bark canoes among tho Ojibwiiys is that by J. O. K"hl, 
 who devotes to the subject a whole chapter (or letter) in his work entitled " Jvitschi-Gami odcr Krziihlungen voi.i 
 Obern See," published at liremen in 1H,V,) (Vol. I, p. i\, etc.).— This W"rk has been translated into English by 
 L. WruxuU, under tho title " Kitchi Guiui. Wanderings round Lake Super: ■ " (London, 18(iO). 
 
 H 35 
 
 ■A 
 
 't.t 
 
 :'.)i 
 
 i. 
 
 yyc 
 
 '^:X 
 
 ■■■• :fi 
 
 
 w 
 
 tJr' 
 
 
 i:i 
 
 li 
 
 It 
 
 
274 
 
 PRiOHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 « >■ <i 
 
 
 several holes are made in the ice, each at such distunce from that behind it, as 
 that it may be reached, under the ice, by the end of a pole. A line, of si.xty 
 fathoms in length, is thus conveyed from hole to hole, till it is extended to the 
 length desired. This done, the pole is taken out, and with it one end of the line, 
 to which the end is then fastened. The line being now drawn back by an assist- 
 ant, who holds the opposite extremity, the net is brought under, and a large stone 
 is made fast to the sinking-line at each end, and let down to the bottom ; and 
 tlie not is spread in the water, by lighters on its upper edge, sinkers on its lower, 
 in the usual manner. The fish, running against the net, entangle their gills in 
 the meshes, and are thus detained till taken up." (Page oo). 
 
 " These rapids (of Sault de Sainte-Marie) are beset with rocks of the most 
 dangerous description ; and yet they are the scene of a tishery in which all their 
 dangers are braved and mastered with singular expcrtiioss. They are full of 
 whito-flsh, much larger and more excellent than those of Michiliiuakinac, and 
 whicli are fonnd here during the greater part of the season, weighing, in general, 
 from six pounds to fifteen. 
 
 "The mctliod of taking liem is this: each canoe carries two men, one of 
 whom steers with a paddle, and the other is provirhnl with a pole, ten feet in 
 length, and at the end of which is affixed a scoop-net. The steersman sots the 
 canoe from the eddy of one rock to that of another; wjiile the fisherman in the 
 prow, who sees through the pellucid element the prey of which he is in pursuit, 
 dips his net, and sometimes brings up, at every succeeding dip. ns many as it 
 can contain. The fish are often crowded together in the water in great numbers ; 
 and a skilful fisherman, in autumn, will take five hundred in two hours. 
 
 " This fishery is of great moment to the surrounding Indians, whom it sup- 
 plies with a l.-irge proportion t»f tlieir winter's provision ; for, having taken the 
 fish in the manner described, they cure them by drying in the smoke, and lay 
 them up in large quantities." (Page 08, etc.). 
 
 Ilcarne {Samuel): A Jour nr// from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay, 
 to the Northern Ocean. Undertaken hij Order of the Thidson's liai/ Conipan//, for 
 the Discover// of Co/i/ier ^f'nes, a North West Fassat/e, d-c. In the i/ears 1769, 
 1770, 1771, cf- 1772; London, 7795.— " The track of land inlialiit(<d l)y tlie 
 Xortlieni I ndiiins is very extensive, reaching from the fifty-nint'i to tlie sixty- 
 eightli degree' of N^orth latitude; and from East to West is upw.ird of live hun- 
 dred miles wide. It is bounded by Churchill River on the South, tlie Athajtus- 
 cow Indians' Country on the West; the Dog-riblx^d and Copper Indians' Country 
 on the Xortli , and l)y Hudson's ]5ay on the East. 
 
 " TIic many lak(vs and rivers with wlilch this ]tarl of the country abounds, 
 thougli th(\y do not furnish tlie nntives with water-carriage, are yet of infinite 
 adv!int;ige to them; as they afford great numbers of fish, both in Summer and 
 
 m 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 275 
 
 Winter. The only species caught in those parts are trout, tittameg. (or tickomeg,) 
 tench, two sorts of barbie, (called by tlie Southern Indians Na-may-pith,) burbot, 
 pike, and a few perch. The four former are caught in all parts of this country, 
 as well the woody as the barren ; but tlie three latter are only caught to the 
 Westward, in such lakes and rivers as are situated among the woods ; and though 
 some of those rivers lead to the barren ground, yet the three last mentioned 
 species of fish are seldom caught beyond the edge of the woods, not even in the 
 Summer season. 
 
 " The only method practised by those people to catch fish cither in Winter 
 or Summer, is by angling and setting nets ; both of which methods is attended 
 with much superstition, ceremony, and unnecessary trouble ; but I will endeavour 
 to describe them in as plain and brief a manner as possible. 
 
 " When they make a new fishing-net, which is always composed of small 
 thongs cut from raw deer-skins, they take a number of birds' bills and feet, and 
 tie them, a little apart from each other, to the head and foot rope of the net, and 
 at the four corners generally fasten some of the toes and jaws of the otters and 
 jackashes. The birds' feet and bills made choice of on sucli occasions are gen- 
 erally those of the laughing goose, wavey, (or white goose,) gulls, loons, and 
 black-heads ; and unless some or all of these be fastened to the net, they will not 
 attempt to put it into the water, as they firmly believe it would not catch a single 
 fish. 
 
 "A net thus accoutred is fit for setting whenever occasion requires, and 
 opportunity oflers ; but the first fish of whatever species caught in it, are not to 
 be sodden in tlie water, but broiled whole on the fire, and the flesli carefully taken 
 from the bones without dislocating one joint; after which the bones are laid on 
 the fire at full length and burnt. A strict observance of Ihese rules is supposed 
 to be of the utmost importance in promoting the future success of the new net; 
 and a neglect of them would render it not worth a farthing. 
 
 "When they fish in rivers, or narrow channel tlwit join two lakes together, 
 they could frcipientiy, by tying two, three, or more nets together, spread over the 
 whole breadth of the channel, and intercept ev(>ry sizable iish that passed; but 
 instead of tlnit, they scatter the nets at a considerable distance from each other, 
 from a superstitious notion, that were they kept close together, one net would be 
 jealous of its neighbor, and by that means not one of them would catch a single 
 fish. 
 
 " The methods used, and strictly observed, when angling, are equally absurd 
 as those I have mentioned ; for when they bait a hook, a composition of four, 
 five, or six articles (all animal substances) by way of charm, is concealed under 
 the b.iit, which is always sewed round the hook. In fact, the only bait used by 
 those people is in their opinion a composition of charms, inclosed within a bit of 
 fish-skin, so as in some measure to resemble a small fish. 
 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 t 
 
 'M 
 
276 
 
 rREIIISTOKIC FISHING. 
 
 m M 
 
 klr 
 
 |!|1 ; r t ■■'. 
 
 itfh: 
 
 " They have also a notion that fish of the same species inhabiting diflferent 
 parts of the country, are fond of different things ; so that almost every lake and 
 river they arrive at, obliges them to alter the composition of the charm. The 
 same rule is observed on broiling the first fruits of a new hook that is used for a 
 new net ; an old hook that has already been successful in catching large fish is 
 esteemed of more value than a handful of new ones which have never been tried." 
 (Page 326, etc.). 
 
 Mackenzie {Alexander): Voyages from llonfreal, etc., to the Frozen and 
 Pacific Oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793; London, 1801. — [Slave and Dogrib 
 Indians]. " Tiiey always keep a large quantity of the fibres of willow bark, 
 which they work into thread on their thighs. Their nets arc from three to forty 
 fathoms in length, and from thirteen to thirty-si.\ meshes in depth. The short 
 deep ones they set in the eddy current of I'ivers, and the long ones in the lakes. 
 They likewise make lines of the sinews of the rein-doer, and manufacture their 
 
 hooks from wood, horn, or bone. Their canoes are small, pointed at 
 
 both ends, flat-bottomed and covered in the fore part. They arc made of the 
 bark of the birch-tree and fir-wood, but of so slight a construction, that the man 
 whom one of these light vessels bears on the water, can, in return, carry it over 
 land without any difficulty. It is very seldom that more than one person em- 
 barks in them, nor are they capable of receiving more than two. The paddles 
 are six feet long, one half of which is occupied by a blade, of about eight inches 
 wide." (Pages 37, 39). 
 
 [Indians of Peace River District]. "Their nets and fishing-lines are made 
 of willow-b.'U'k and nettles ; those made of the latter are finer and smoother than 
 if made witli luMnpen thread. Their hooks are small bones, fixed in pieces of 
 
 wood split for tliat purpose, and tied round witli fine wntape.* They 
 
 have spruce bnrk in grent plenty, with which they make their canoes, an opera- 
 tion that does not require any great portion of skill or ingenuity, and is managed 
 in the following manner: — The bark is taken off" the tree the whole length of 
 the intended canoe, which is commonly fiViout eighteen feet, and is sewed with 
 watape at bdtli ends ; two latlis are then laid, and fixed along the edge of the 
 bark which forms the gunwale; in tliese are fi.xed the bars, and against them 
 bear the ribs or timbers, that are cut to the length to which the bark can bo 
 stretched ; and. to give additiunnl strength, strips of wood are laid between them ; 
 to make the whole water-tight, gum is abundantly employed. Tiiese vessels 
 carry from two to five people." (Page 206, etc.).f 
 
 * Wiitliip : 11 kind of tliroiul rniidc of tlii^ sinnll ronls of tliu siinue-trcc. 
 
 f III tlio course of his nnrriitivc, .MHclvenzii! detfribes other u|i|>liiuiccfl for fishiiij; (woirs, tlBh-traps); but he 
 fails to Btuto by wbut tribes they were cmistrueted. 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 277 
 
 Williaius (Bofjer): A Key into the Language of America^ or an Help to the 
 Language of the Natives in that Part of America called New-England ; London, 
 1643. Reprinted as Vol. I of the " Collections of the Rhode Island Historical 
 Societf/;" Providence, 1827. — " ^lissuckeke-kequock, Basse. The Indians (and 
 the English too) make a daintie dish of tlie Uppaquontup, or head of this Fish ; 
 and well they may, the braines and fat of it being very much, and sweet as 
 marrow. 
 
 " Kai'iposh-shaiioog, Sturgeon. Obs : Divers part of the Countrey abound 
 with this Fish; yet the Natives for the goodnesse and grcatnesse of it, much 
 prize it, and will neither furnish the English with so many, nor so cheape, that 
 any great trade is like to be made of it, untill the English themselves are fit to 
 follow the fishing. 
 
 " The Natives venture one or two in a Canow, and with an harping Iron, or 
 such like Instrument sticke this fish, and so hale it into their Canow ; sometimes 
 they take them by their nets, which they make strong of Hemp. 
 
 "Ashop, their nets. Which they will set thwart some little River or Cove 
 wherein they kill Basse (at the fall of the water) with their arrows, or sharp 
 sticks, especially if headed with Iron, gotten from the English, &c. 
 
 " Mishcup-paiiog, Sequanamauquock, Breame. Obs : Of this Fish there is 
 abundance, which the Natives drie in the Sunne and smoako; and some English 
 begin to salt, both waves they keepe all the yeero ; and it is hoped it may be as 
 well accepted as Cod at a Market, and bettor, if once knowne 
 
 " Potop-pauog, Whales. Which in some places are often cast up ; I have 
 scene some of them, but not above si.xtie foot long: The Natives cut them out in 
 severall parcells, and give and send farre and neere for an acceptable present, or 
 dish. 
 
 "Sickissuog, Clams. Obs: This is a sweet kind of shellfish, which all In- 
 dians genei'ally over the Countrey, Winter and Summer delight in ; and at low 
 water the women dig for them : this fish and the natural! liquors of it, they boile, 
 and it makes their broth and their Nasaump (which is a kind of thickened 
 broth) and their bread seasonable and savoury, in stead of Salt : and for tiiat 
 the English Swine dig and root these Clams wheresoever they come, and watch 
 the low watcn* (as the Indian women do) therefore of all the English Cattell. the 
 Swine (as also because of their filthy disposition) are most hatefull to all Natives, 
 and they call them filthy cut throats, &c. 
 
 " Soqunnock, Po(piauhock, A Horse fish.* Obs : This the English call 
 Hens, a little thick shell fish which the Indians wade deei)e and dive for, and 
 after they have eaten the meat there (in those which are good) tliev l)rcake out 
 the shell, about lialfe an inch of a l)lackc part of it, of which they make their 
 Suckauhock, or blackmoney, which is to them pretious. 
 
 *Tholmrd-sholl cliim (KtMMs mcrc«Harin, I. in.). 
 
 
 ■',1c 
 
 trim 
 I 
 
 
 ■ i'Uiv- IS 
 
 m- 
 
 m 
 
 it- 
 
 .'■-I ■ 
 
 ■■■if, 
 
 'm 
 
 ■•■;.'> ^ii 
 
 -■f>:l 
 
 
_P^%^Mm&!&i:ii&.,^mM4iA^&m'i 
 
 278 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 1 ::li 
 
 i U' ■ 
 
 " Mctcafthock, The Periwinkle. Of which they make their Wompan or 
 white money, of halfc the value of their Siickawhock, or blacke money. 
 
 "The Natives take exceeding great paines in their fishing, especially in 
 watching their seasons by night ; so that frequently they lay their naked bodies 
 manv a cold night on the cold shoare about a fire of two or three sticks, and oft 
 in the night search their Nets ; and sometimes goe in and stay longer in frozen 
 water." (Page 102, etc.).* 
 
 "Obs: Mishoon, an Indian Boat, or Canow made of a Pine or Oake, or 
 Chesnut-tree : I have scene a Native goe into the woods with his hatchet carrying 
 onely a Basket of Corne with him, and stones to strike fire when ho had felled his 
 tree (being a Chcsnut) he made him a little House or shed of the bark of it, he 
 puts fire and followes the burning of it with fire, in the midst in many i)laccs: 
 his corne he boyles and hath the Brook by him, and sometinies angles for a little 
 fish : but so hee continues burning and hewing untill he hath within ten or twelve 
 dayes (lying there at his worke alone) finished, and (getting hands.) laiiclicd his 
 Boate ; with which afterward hee ventures out to fish in the Ocean. 
 
 " Mishoonemese, A little Canow. Some of them will not well carry above 
 three or fourc : but some of them twenty, thirty, forty men. 
 
 "Obs: It is wondcrfuU to see how they will venture in those Canoes, and 
 how (being oft over.set as I have myselfe been with them) they will swim a mile, 
 yea two or more safe to Land : I having been necessitated to i)asso Waters diverse 
 times with them, it hath pleased God to make them many times the instruments 
 of my preservation ; and when sometimes in great danger I have (luestioiied 
 safety, they have said to me : Feare not, if we be overset I will carry you safe 
 to Land." (Page 98, etc.) . 
 
 {Johnson ^Captain Edward]): A Ilistor;/ of New-Eiu/hind. From the EngHah 
 planting in the Yeere 1628. untill the Yeere 1652 ; London, 1654. — "They are 
 very good marks-men with their Bowe and Arrows. Their IJoyes will ordi- 
 narily shoot fish with their Arrowes as they swim in the shallow Rivers, they 
 draw th(' Arrow halfe way putting the point of it into the water, they let five and 
 strike the fish through." (Page 227). 
 
 Otiilby {John): America: being the Latest and most Accurat". Description of 
 New-England, etc.; London, 1671. — " In the Trade of Fishing they are very 
 expert, being e.\perienc'd in the knowledge of all Baits for several Fishes, and 
 divers Seasons ; being not ignoi'ant likewise of the removal of Fishes, knowing 
 when to Fish in Rivers, and when at Rocks, when in Bays, and when at Seas: 
 Since the English came they are furnishVl with English Hooks and Lines, for before 
 
 • In tilt' samp <lia|iti'r Uogor Williaiiia gives tlip Niirrugansett words for llsliiiii;-lino, liooks in gi'niTal, small 
 books, lurgo liooks, buit, net, two kinds of ecl-jiots, etc. 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 279 
 
 they iiiado tliciii of Hemp, being more curiously \vrou2;lit, of stronger Materials 
 tlian ours, and liook'd with Bone-Hooks; but laziness ilrives them to buy, more 
 than prolit or commendations wins them to make of their own. Th.'y make like- 
 wise very strong Sturgeon-nets, with which they catch Sturgeons of twelve, four- 
 teen, and sixteen, and .some eighteen Foot long in the daytime, and in the night- 
 time they betake themselves to their Birchen Caiioos, in which they carry a forty- 
 fathom Ijine, with a sharp-boarded Dart fastened at the end thereof; then lighting 
 a Torch made of Birchen Rinds, they wave it to and again by tlieir Ceaioo side, 
 which the Sturgeon much delighted with, comes to them tumbling and playing, 
 turning up his white Belly, into which they thrust their Lance, his Back being 
 impenetrable ; which done, they hale to the Shore their strugling Price. They 
 have often recourse into the Rocks whereupon the Sea beats, in warm Weather, 
 to look out for sleepy Seals, whose Oyl they much esteem, using it for divers 
 tilings. In Summer they Fish any where, but in Winter in the fresh Water 
 onely, and Ponds ; in frosty Weather they cut round Holes in the Ice, about 
 wiiich they will sit like so many Apes with their naked Breeches upon the cold 
 Ice, catching of Pikes, Pearches, Breams, and other sorts of fresh-Water Fish. 
 
 Their Coi'dage is so even, soft, and smooth, that it looks more like 
 
 Silk than Hemp. Their Sturgeon Nets are not deep, nor above tliirty or forty 
 Foot long, which in ebbing low Waters they stake fast to the Ground where they 
 are sui'e tlie Sturgeon will come, never looking more at it till the next low Water. 
 Their Canooa are made cither of Pine-trees, which before they were acquainted 
 with English Tools, they burn'd hollow, scraping them smooth with Clam-shells 
 and Oyster-shells, cutting their out-sides with Stone Hatchets. These Boats ai'o 
 not above a Foot and a half, or two Foot wide, and twenty Foot long. Tiieir 
 other Cauoos be made of thin Bii'ch Rinds, close Ribb'd, and on the in- side with 
 broad, thin Hoops, like the Hoops of a Tub; these are made very light, a ^lan 
 may carry one of them a Mile, being made purposely to cany from River to 
 River, and from Bay to Bay, to shorten L: :id-passages. In these coclcling Fly- 
 boats, wherein an Eiu/lii^k-mnu can scarce sit without a fearful tottering, they will 
 venture to Sea, when an Eiujlhh Shallop dare not bear a Knot of Sail, scudding 
 over the over-grown Waves as fast as a wind-driven Ship, being driven by their 
 Paddles, being much like Battle-doors; if a cross Wave (whicli is seldom) turn 
 her Keel up-side down, they by swiiuining free her, and scramble into her again." 
 (Page ir)7, ....).* 
 
 ,'*» 
 
 
 ft 
 
 'W4 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 'J 
 
 .i? 
 
 k 
 b 
 
 It 
 
 1 
 
 
 Josselyii {Jolin): An Account of Two Voi/aciex fo New-England ; London, 1674, 
 — "Their lishing followes in the spring, summer and fall of the leaf. I'irst for 
 
 * Aftnr Imving nuido llio prpccdinj; cxti'Hi't from 0(j;ill>y's (luiirto work, 1 disoovc^rod that lio had tiiUcn ttio 
 whole or it iilinost literally from CliaiJtcrs XVI and XVII of William AVood's "New England's Prospect" 
 (London, 1036). I jirefor, however, retaining Ogilby's text, the latter being less barbarous in the spelling than 
 the original one, wliieh appeurod thirty-six years earlier. 
 
 
280 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 :,''/ ■! 
 
 Lobsters, Clams, Flouke, Lumps or Podles, and Alewives; afterwards for Buss, Cod, 
 Sock, Blew-Jtsh, Salmon, and Lampres, &c. 
 
 " The Lobsters tlicy take in largo Baycs when it is low water, the wind still, 
 going out in their Birchen-Canoivs with a staff two or three yards long, made 
 small and sharpen'd at one end, and nick'd wlih deep nicks to take hold. When 
 they spyc the Lobster crawling upon the Sand in two Fathom water, more or less, 
 they stick him towards the head and bring him ap. I have known thirty Lob- 
 sters taken by an Indian lad in an hour and a half, thus they take Flouke and 
 Lumps ; Clams they dig out of the Clamhanks upon the flats and in creeks when 
 it is low water, where they are bedded sometimes a yard deep one upon another, 
 the beds a quarter of a mile in length, and less, the Alewhes they take with Nets 
 like a pursenet put upon a round hoop'd stick with a handle in fresh ponds whore 
 they come to spawn. The Bass and Blew-Jish they take in harbours, and at the 
 mouth of barr'd Rivers being in their Canoius, striking them with a fisgig, 
 a kind of dart or statf, to the lower end whereof they fasten a sharp jagged bone 
 (since they make them of Iron) with a string fastened to it, as soon as the fish is 
 struck they pull away the staff, leaving the bony head in the fishes body and 
 fasten the other end of the string to the Canow : Thus thoy will hale after them 
 to shore half a dozen or half a score great fishes : this way they take Sturgeon ; 
 and in dark evenings when they are upon the fishing ground near a liar of Sand 
 (where the Sturgeon feeds upon small fishes [like Eals] that are called Lances 
 sucking them out of the Sands where they lye hid, with their hollow Trunks, 
 for other mouth they have none) the Lnlian lights a piece of dry Birch- Hark 
 which breaks out into a flame & holds it over the side of his Canow, the Sturgeon 
 seeing this glaring light mounts to the Surface of the water where he is slain and 
 taken with a fisgig. Salmons and Lampres are catch'd at the falls of Rivers." 
 (Page 140, etc.). 
 
 " Ships they have none, but do prettily imitate ours in their Birchen-pinnaces, 
 their Canows are made of Birch, they shape them with flat Ril)bs of white Cedar, 
 and cover them with large sheets of Birch-bark, sowing them through with strong 
 threds of Sjtruse-Boots ov whito Cedar, inid pitch them with a mixture of Turpen- 
 tine and the hard rosen that is dryed with the Air on the outside of the IJark of 
 Firr- Trees. These will carry half a dozen or three or four men and a consideraltle 
 fraight, in these they swim to Sea, twenty, nay forty miles, keeping from the 
 shore a league or two, sometimes to shorten their voyage when they are to d()ul)le 
 a Cape they will put to shore, and two of tliem taking up the Canow carry it 
 cross the Cape or neck of land to the other side, and to Sea again ; they will 
 indure an incredible great Sea, mounting upon the working billowes like a piece 
 of Corke; but they require skilful hands to guide them in rough weather, none 
 but the Lidians scarce dare to undertake it." (Page 144, etc.). 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 281 
 
 Van der Donck {Adriacn): A Description of the New Netherlands, etc.; 
 {original printed at Amsterdam, 1656); Collections of the New-York Historical 
 Society, Second Series, Vol. I, New- York, 1841. — "To hunting and fishing the 
 Indians arc all extravagantly inclined, and they have their particular seasons 
 for these engagements. In the spring and part of the summer, they practise lish- 
 ing. When the wild herbage begins to grow up in the woods, the first hunting 
 season begins, and then many of their young men leave the fisheries for the pur- 
 pose of hunting • but the old and thoughtful men remain at the fisheries until 
 tiie second and principal hunting season, which they also attend, but with snares 
 only. Their fishing is carried on in the inland waters, and by those who dwell 
 near the sea, or the sea-islands. The latter have particular advantages. Their 
 fishing is done with seines, set-nets, small fikes, wears, and laying hooks. They 
 do not know how to salt fish, or how to cure fish properly. They sometiuies dry 
 fish to preserve the same, but those are half tainted, which they pound to meal 
 to be used in chowder in winter." (Page 209).* 
 
 Kalm {Peter): Travels into North America, etc.; translated hy John Beinhold 
 Forster ; London, 1772.— {Now York, October, 1748]. " The Indians, who inhab- 
 ited the coast before the arrival of the Europeans, have made oysters and other 
 shell fish their chief food; and at present, whenever they come to a salt water, 
 where oysters are to be got, they are very active in catching them, and sell them 
 in great quantities to other Indians, who live higher up the country : for this 
 reason you see immense numbers of oyster and muscle sliells piled up near such 
 plat 's, where you are certain that the Indians tormerly built their huts. This 
 circumstance ought to make us cautious in maintaining, that in all places on the 
 sea shore, or higher up in the country, where such heaps of shells are to be met, 
 the latter have lain the''e ever since the time that those places were overflowed 
 by the sea. Among the nui ous sliells which are found on the sea- 
 shore, there are some, which by the English here ai'e called Clams, and which 
 bear some resemblance to the human ear. They have a considerable thickness, 
 and are chiefly white, excepting the pointed end, which both without and within 
 has a blue colour, between purple and violet. They are met with in vast num- 
 bers on the sea shore of New York, Long Island, and other places. The shells 
 contain a large animal, which is eaten both by the Indians and Europeans settled 
 here. A considerable commerce is carried on in this article, with such Indians 
 as live further up the country. When these people inhabited the coast, they 
 were able to catch their own clams, which at that time made a great part of their 
 
 *Tho same volumo contains tnmsliited oxtnicls from Joliii de Luet's " I\ .ciiwe AVorcliU " (Leyden, 1025). 
 In Book III, Chnpter X, this iiutlior, in giving Henry Hudson's account of the grcit river named after liim, 
 states that tho navigator had seen the Indians "catching in the river all kinds of fresh-water fish with seines, 
 nnd young salmon and sturgeon " (p. 300). This was in 1C09. De Laet unquestionably had Hudson's journal 
 before him. It is now lost, or, perhaps, buried in some Dutch archive. 
 
 r36 
 
 :'? 
 
 *i. E 
 
 I i 
 
 \ 
 i: 
 
 
 X] 
 
 
 } 
 t|.i 
 
 
^^''■^^^'"'■^^^Bm^'mim^^mmfm'- 
 
 282 
 
 PREHISTORIC FISHING. 
 
 food ; but at present this is the business of the Dutch and English, who live in 
 IjOUij hiand and other niaritinio provinces. As soon as the shells are oaught, 
 the tish is taken out of them, drawn upon a wire, and huii<i- up in the open air, 
 in order to dry by the lieat of tlie sun. Wlion this is done, tiie ilesh is put into 
 proper vessels, and carried to Albani/ upon the river Ilmhon ; there the Imlhiiis 
 buy them, and reckon them one of their best dishes. Besides the Fitrojx'rnis, 
 many of the native Iiiilians come annually down to the sea shore, in order to 
 catch chuns, proceeding with them afterwards in the manner I have just de- 
 scribed." (Vol. I, pages 187, 189, etc.). 
 
 [Raccoon, New Jersey, January, 1749]. "When the Indinux intended to 
 fell a thick strong tree, they could not make use of their hatchets, but for want 
 of proper instruments, employed fire. They set fire to a threat quantity of wood 
 at the roots of the tree, and made it fall by that means, lint that the tire might 
 not reach higher than they would have it, they fastened some rags to a pole, 
 dipped them into water, and kept continually washing tiic tree, a little above the 
 fire. Whenever they intended to hollow out a tiiick tree for n canoe, they laid 
 dry branches all along the stem of the tree, as far as it must be Iiollowod out. 
 They then put lire to those dry branches, and, as soon as thoy wei'c burnt, they 
 were replaced by others. Whilst these branches were burning, the Indians were 
 very busy with wet rags, and pouring water upon the tree, to prevent the tire 
 from spreading too far on the sides, and at the ends. Tiie tree being burnt 
 hollow as far as they found it sufficient, or as far as it could, without damaging 
 the canoe, they took the above described stone-hatchets, or sharp flints, and 
 quartzes, or sharp shells, and scraped off the burnt part of the wood, and 
 sinoothened the boats within. By this means they likewise gave it what shai)e 
 
 they pleased. A canoe was commonly between thirty and forty feet 
 
 long." (Vol. I, page 340, etc.).* 
 
 " The Indians employ hooks made of bone, or bird's inlaws, instead of Jishinr/- 
 hooks. Some of the oldest Swedes here told me, that when they were young, a 
 great number of Indians had been in this part of the country, which was then 
 called iVciv Sweden, and had caught fishes in the river Delaware with those hooks." 
 (Vol. I, page 345). 
 
 Morgan {Lewis II.): League of fhe Ilo-de-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois ; ffochcsfer, 
 1861. — " In the construction of the bark canoe, the Iroquois exercised consider- 
 able taste and skill. The art appears to have been common to all the Indian 
 I'aces within the limits of the republic, and the mode of construction much the 
 
 • I'rofi'ssor Kiilni describes very minutely (Vcl. II, |>. I'J'.l— !3) the niiinufiicture (if i\ wliite-oliii Imrk ciiiiiie, 
 witnusscil by liiiii at Fort Ann, New York. The taiioe wi.j niiule according to Indiiiii rules, tboui^li by whites. 
 I insert the shorter aneount of Iroquois ciinoe-muking i;ivcn by Mr. Lewis II. Mori;nn, nnd ri'liiting to h ppceiiil 
 one which he llcures. 
 
EXTIIACTS. 
 
 283 
 
 same. Bircih bark was the best material ; but as the cnnoe birch did not grow 
 witliin the home territories of tl>e Jroquois, tliey j^enorally used the red-elm and 
 bitter-nut-hickory. The canoo figured in the plate U made of the bark of the 
 red-elm, and consists of but one piece. Having taken oil' a bark of the reiiuisito 
 length and width, and removed the rough outside, it was shaped in the canoo 
 form. Rim pieces of white-ash, or other elastic wood, of the width of the hand, 
 were then run around the edge, outside and in, ami stitched through and through 
 with the bark itself In stitching, tlicy used bark thread or twine, and splints. 
 The ribs consisted of narrow strips of asli, whicli were set about a foot apart 
 along the l)ottom of the canoe, and having been turned up the sides, were secured 
 under the rim. Each end of the canoe was fashioned alike, the two side pieces 
 inclining towards each other until they united, and formed a sharp and vertical 
 prow. In size, these canoes varied from twelve feet, with sufficient capacity to 
 cirrv two men, to forty feet with sufficient capacity for thirty. The one figured 
 in the plate is about twenty-five feet in length, and its tonnage estimated at two 
 tuns. al)out half that of the ordinary bateau. Birch bark retained its place 
 witlinut warping, but the elm and hickory bark canoes were exposed to this ob- 
 
 jecitioii. After being used, they were drawn out of the water to dry. 
 
 For short excursions one person usually paddled the canoe, standing up in the 
 stern ; if more than two, and on along expedition, they were seated at equal dis- 
 tanci's upon each side alternately. In the fur trade these canoes were extensively 
 used. Tiiey coasted lakes Erie and Ontario, and turning up the Oswego river into 
 tlie Oneida lake, they went from thence over the carrying place into the Mohawk, 
 whieli they descended to Schenectady. They would usually carry about twelve 
 hundred i)ounds of fur. At the period of the invasions of the Iro([uois terri- 
 tories by the French, large fleets of these canoes were formed for the conveyance 
 of troops and provisions. With careful usage they would last several years." 
 (Page 307, etc.). 
 
 Los/i-icl {George Henri/): Ilistorif of the Miasion of the United Brethren among 
 the LkUiiiis in North America; translated from the German hi/ Christian Ignatius 
 La Trobe ; London, 1794. — [Delawares and Inxiunis]. "Little boys are even 
 frequently seen wading in shallow brooks, shooting small tislies with their bows 
 and arrows. The Indians always carry hooks and sniidl harpoons with them, 
 whenever tiicy are on a hunting party; but at certain seasons of the year they 
 go out i)urpo.sely to fish, eitiier alone, or in i>arties. They make use of the neat 
 and light canoes made of birch-bark, as described above, for this ])urpose, and 
 not only venture with them into spacious rivers, but even info th(> large lakes, 
 and being very light, the waves do not break into them as easily as into European 
 boats. They caulk them with the resinous bark of a species of elm, which they 
 first pound, to prepare it for use. Another kind of canoes are made of the stems 
 
 :m 
 
 
 
 ■:.it 
 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 •'■■•■il 
 
 : .''l.r.' 
 
 : ' ■'. 4 
 
 a 
 
 Ki 
 
 m 
 
 -'?•' 
 
 Ij 
 
^1 h 
 
 If ' 
 
 
 fei?;- 
 
 
 284 
 
 PRKHISTOniC riSIIINO. 
 
 of livrgo trees of light wood, chiefly cypress. These stems nrc excavated chiefly 
 l)y lire, mikI finished with an hatchet. They look like long troughs, and arc of 
 various sizes. 
 
 "Tiiero is a particular manner of fishing,'" which is undertaken in parties, 
 as many hands are wanted, in the following manner: When the Shatl-ftnh (chipca 
 alosa) come up the rivers, the Indians run a dam of stones across the stream, 
 where its deptli will admit of it, not in a strait line, but in two ])arts, verging 
 towards each other in an angle. An opening is left in the middle for the water 
 to run olf. At this opening they place a large box, the bottom of which is full 
 of holes. They then make a rope of the twigs of the wild vine, reaching across 
 the stream, upon which boughs of about six feet in length are fastened at the 
 distance of about two fathoms froin each other. A party is detached about a 
 mile above the dam with this rope and its appendages, who begin to move gently 
 down the current, some guiding one, some the opposite end, whilst others kee]) 
 the branches from sinking by supporting the rope in the middle with wooden 
 forks. Thus tliey proceed, frightening the fishes into the opening left in the 
 middle of the dam, wliere a number of Indians are placed on each side, who 
 standing upon the two legs of the angles, drive the fishes with poles, and an 
 hideous noise, througli the opening into the above-mentioned box or chest. 
 Here tliev lie, the water running oiV through the holes in the bottom, and 
 t)ther Indians stationed on each side of the chesi, take them out, kill them 
 and fill their (!anoes. IJy tins contrivance they sometimes catch above a thou- 
 sand shad and otiier fish in half a day. 
 
 " In Carolina the Indians frequently use fire in fishing. A certain kind of 
 fish will even leap into the boats, which have fire in them." (Part I, page 94, etc.). 
 
 De Jin/ {Theoilorus): Admiranda Nnnatio fida tamoi, de Commodis et Inco- 
 larum Ritlbus VirginicB, etc., Francoforii ad Moeniim, 1590, — Translation : [XIII. 
 The mode of fishing among the inhabitants of Virginia]. "They have also a 
 remarkable method of fishing in the rivers: for, since they lack iron and steel, 
 they fasten as a point on canes or long staffs the liollow tail of a certain fish 
 resembling the sea-crab ;f with these they transfix fi.shes in the night or during 
 day-time, and bring them together in their boats: yet they also know how to 
 use the spines and stings of other fishes. They likewise, by iixing sticks or rods 
 in the water, construct wicker-work, which they entwine in such a nianner as to 
 make it gradually narrower, as the figure shows. Tiiere is never beheld among 
 us such an excellent mode of catching fish, of which various kinds, differing from 
 ours, yet of very good taste, are here found in the rivers. "J 
 
 * Haschnelzjixchercy (busli-net llshing) in llie (jeriimii uriginiil, which was published lit Bnrby in 1789. 
 f Tho king-crab or liorso-slioe (Limuhis I'uli/p/iemit.i, Liilr. ). 
 
 I [XIII. Ineolariim Virginias pisciindi ratio]. " Egrogium ctinni hiibont piscundi in fluminibiis rationem : 
 cum cnim forro & chalybe carcant, arundinibus aut oblongis virgis piscis cuiusdnm cancro marine similia caiidatn 
 
KXTIIACTS. 
 
 285 
 
 ,^^*(V«» 
 
 pTrn-TT^B-TTgH'-nii 
 
 Fig. 363.— Methods of fisbiog practised by the Virginia ludiaus. 
 After Do Bry.* 
 
 
 I 
 
 if I 
 
 .'7 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 [XIV. Wooden hiu'dle on which they roast fishes]. "After a capture of 
 plenty of fish, they proceed to the chosen place suitable for the preparation of 
 victuals: having hei'e fixed in the ground four i'orks marking a quadrangular 
 space, they put on them four sticks, and across these others, thus forming a 
 hurdle of sufficient height. When the fish have been placed upon the hurdle, 
 they build a fire underneath it, in order to roast them; yet not according to the 
 manner of the inhabitants of the Province of Florida, who only parch and harden 
 them in the smoke that they may be kept during the whole winter ; while these, 
 laying V)y no store, roast and consume the whole; afterward, when needed, they 
 roast or seethe fresh ones, as we shall see hereafter. In the meantime, when the 
 hurdle cannot hold all the fishes, they suspend the remaining ones by the gills 
 on little rods wliicli they have stuck in the ground near the fire, and thus cook 
 them : they also pay close attention that they are not burned. When the first 
 
 CDiienuiini pro cusiiidoim|ii)miiit,qni1)iis nnutii vtl iiitordiii pisocs finuiit, & in aims cy tubas cnns;oriint : scd nliorum 
 pifcium Bpinia & spiculis vti norunt. Biiculis otiani sou virgiiltia (xlc) in iiqimiri deflxia tci,'i'to.-( ocinllciunt, iiuiis 
 inlortoxGntos in iingtistuni senipcr contnihunt, vt ex figura iippiiret, minqimni n]uid nos cimspci'ta est turn subtilia 
 pisccs eiipicndi ratio, quorum varia genera isliu in fhiminibiis rc|iorinntur, nostris diaainiilia, & boni iidmnduin 
 eucei." 
 
 * This design and tlie two following next are not taken directly from Do Bry'a volume, but from Beverly's 
 " Hiatory of Virginia," which is illualruted with inverted, reduced, and heroind there niodilied copies of Do Bry 'a 
 )ilMtos. I had some of Beverly's deviations curreeled in uccordiinco with the original engravings. 
 
 f 
 
 If 
 
 1 'W 
 
 hi 
 
 • f! 
 
 :• 
 
^ 
 
 
 , «i 
 
 1!! 
 
 <!l.;i : 
 
 m. 
 
 ■111''.; 
 
 Ite I ■<;!'■ 
 
 liiifj 
 
 fill::?' 
 
 « J. II 
 
 tiiilLl 
 
 1 
 
 286 
 
 I'lMJIIlSToUlU KISIIINU. 
 
 aro nmsti'd, tlioy itlaco iVcsh supplirH nii tin- liiirdlt', iiiul repent tlio ciMiking until 
 tlicy think they havo u sufficiency ttl' eatables."'" 
 
 
 Flu. 364. — Virginia Iiullniis siuukiug fiah. 
 AOer Do Bry. 
 
 [XII. The mode of making boats]. "The mode of manufacturing boats 
 in Virginia is wonderful; for thougli they liave neither iron inii)lenients nor 
 otiicrs resenililing ours, they nevertlieless know how to make tlieni not less con- 
 venient than our own, either for navigating rivers or fen* fishing. Having iir.st 
 selected a thiitk and high tree, corresponding to the size of the boat they intend 
 to make, tliey light on the surface of the ground close ti> its roots, and all around 
 it, u fire, using well-dried tree-moss, and rousing the fire gradually by means 
 of chips of wood, lest the ilamc might ascend too high and diminish the length 
 of the tree. When tlie tree is nearly burned and threatens to fall, they light a 
 new fire, which they allow to burn until the tree comes down by itself. Having 
 then burned away the top and the branches of the tree, in order to give the 
 trunk tlie ])roper length, they deposit it on stems laid across forks, at a height 
 
 * [XIV. Crutcs ligiica in quupiscos vatiiliint], " Captii pi=ciiim iibiinilantiii, iid locum dcstiniitum concodunt 
 c'iljis |iiiriiiKlis idiiiioum : illic dcUxis in tfrriiiii ijiuiUinr furi'is qiiudninunlii iircii, qimliior ligiiii iiiipunnnt, iilquo 
 his iiliii trunjucrsa, oralis satis allic instar. t'rali piseibus iinpositis lunoiii pulistruuiit, vt assc^iitiir, mm ino'ilariiin 
 Floridio pnminc'iio muru, qui diimtaxat vstulant & fimio indurant, vt totu hicmo adsuruaro possint; nam lii nihil 
 seponcntcs iininia assant & absumiint, deinde cum opus liahcnt, icccntcs assant nut clisant, vt postca vidcbinius. 
 Cum voro cratis intcrdum omnos pisccs caporc ncqueat, reliquos baoillis In lorram apud igncni dciWis jmr hiancliias 
 appcndunt. hac rationo oocturam nbsoluontcs : diligcntcr autcm ubsorunnt no adurantur. Primis assatis, alios 
 recona allatos cruti imponunt, subindo cocturam repotcntes donee satis cduliorum so habere cicistimcnt." 
 
EXTIIACTS. 
 
 287 
 
 convoiiii'iit for tlioir wurk ; tlu-y now ivinovc tho bark witli a certiiiii kiiul of 
 sliell.s, and. using the Iomm injured part of tho trunk for its lower side, they liuht 
 on tlie otlier side a tiro all along the trunk, excepting its ends, and when tlipy 
 think that there has been enough liurning, they extinguish the tiro and eoniniencc 
 scniping with shells; having niaik- ii new lire, they burn again, and tj.js eon- 
 tinue in sueeession, alterinitoly burning and scraping, until the boat is sufticiently 
 hollowed out."* 
 
 ;t| 
 
 V 
 
 L.ll'l 
 
 A/ 
 
 
 
 'ivjmnstmimi 
 
 Fig. tS i5. — Virginia Iiidimis engaged in boat-making. 
 After De Biy. 
 
 Siniffi (Piiptnin John): Thf Goicral Ilhlnrir of Virt/iiiin, Xcw-Fiii/hiiil, mid 
 ihe Siiniinci' /sirs. etc. ; fMiiiIon, 1G24. — [Indians of Virginia]. "Their fishing is 
 much in IJoats. These (liey make of one tri'e by burning and .scratching away 
 tli(> coales with stones ;nid shels, (ill they haue made it in forme of a Trnngh. 
 iSome of them are an cine deepe, and fortie or liftie loote in length, and some 
 
 * [XII. Iiinlriimi cmillcii'nddruiii nilin], " Mini est in Virijlniii c'yiiil>iis fiibrioiiiKli nilin: imm oiim fcrreis 
 in.'-lriiini'ntis mil nliis iiostris siiiillilui.^ ciirount, oils tiiinrn |iiiriiri' nuniiit imslris nun niiiiiis eoinnni'liis iid iiniiinan- 
 limn (|ii(i liilu't ppr niimiiiH & nil pisnindiiiii. I'rimiini nrhciro iiliciim iTussa & nllii ilclouln, pni cyiiiliio qimin piiniro 
 volunt iiiiignitiidine, igncm circa oius riidicos siiinmii tcUiiro in iinibitu Btriinnt ox iirlxinini iniiscu bono rcsicciito, 
 & ligni iissiilis piiiilutim igncm cxcitiinlcs, no ."..nini« altiiis asccndiit, & aibnris longitiKlinnm niinnat. Pcnc ndiista 
 A: niinain niiiiiinto arbnrc, n.iuiiin snsoilant igiicni, ipiom flagrarc siniiiil dmico nrbnr sponio eadat. Adiistis licinilo 
 nrbipi'is In^stigin it ramifl, vt tninciLs iiistani bingitiidiiicm rotincat, tigni.s transiifr.-is piipra fiircas jxisitis ini{)oiiiint, 
 I'll altitiidinc vt commode biborarc possint, tunc cortico concbis qtiitiiisilam ndcmjHo, iiitcgriorem trunci partem 
 pro cymliip inforiorc parte scriiant, in altera parte ignom secundum trunci longitudincm ttruunt, prioterquani 
 extremis, quod satis adustiim illis videlur, restincto ignu concliis scubunt, & nouo suscitiito igno denuo adurunt, 
 alqiie itii duiiiceps porgunt, subiiidc urentes & scubontcs, donee cymba ncccssurium alueum nacta sit." 
 
 :'l 
 
 'ii 
 
 I- 
 
 
 il 
 
 i 
 
 ;♦,■• 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 r,; 
 
 :>> 
 
 ;■.. 
 
 
 i ■ 
 
 
 y- 
 
 , 1 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 .-'■: ' 
 
 •■' 
 
 -0 
 
^'>-- iM^ffi. ■#^'*S»%3i!'?fS 
 
 
 5li 
 
 r n 
 
 ^ J 
 
 It * 
 
 iiH: 
 
 
 .11 ii 
 
 288 
 
 I'KKHISTOUIC FISHING, 
 
 will boare 40 men, but tlio most ordinary are smaller, and will beare 10, 20. or 
 30, according to their bigncsse. In stead of Oares, they vse Paddles and stickes, 
 with which thoy will row faster than our Barges. Betwixt their hands and 
 thighcs, their women vse to spin, the barkes of trees, Deere sinews, or a kinde of 
 grasso thoy call Pemnienaw, of these they make a thread very even and readily. 
 This thread serveth for many vsos. As about their housi'<g, apparoll, as also 
 thoy make nets for fishing, for the qnanlitic as formally bvaded as ours. They 
 make also with it lines for angles. Their hookes are either a bone grated as 
 they noch their arrowcs in the forme of a crooked jiinne or flsh-hooke, or of the 
 splinter of a bone tyed to the clift of a little sticke, ;ind with the end of the line, 
 they tie on the bait. They vse also long arrowes tyed in a line, wherewith they 
 sh(K)to at fish in the rivers. But they of Accaivmack vse staues like vnto Taue- 
 liiis headed with bone. With these they dart fish swimming in the water. They 
 haue also many artificiall wires, in which they get abundance of fish." (Pago 
 81. etc.). 
 
 {Beverly \^Boherf]): The History of Virginia, in Four Parts; London, 1722. — 
 " Before the Arrival of the English there, the Indians had Fish in such vast 
 Plenty, that the Boys and Girls would take a pointed Stick, and strike the lesser 
 sort, as they swam upon the Flats. The larger Fish, that kept in deeper VVjiter, 
 they were put to a little more Difficulty to take ; But for these they made Weirs ; 
 that is, a Hedge of small riv'd Sticks, or Reeds, of tlie Thickness of a Man's 
 Finger, these they wove together in a Row, with Strajts of Green Oak, or other 
 tough \\'ood, so close that the small Fish cou'd not pass through. Upon High- 
 Water Mark, they pitched one End of this Hedge, ami the other they extended 
 intti the River, to the Depth of eight or ten Foot; fastening it with Stakes, 
 making Cods out from the Hedge on one side, almost at the End, and leaving a 
 (Ja]) for the Fish to go into them, which were contrived so, that the Fish could 
 easily find ''leir Passage into those <Jo(ls, when they were at the Gaj), but not 
 see their Waj' out again, when they were in : Thus if they ottered to pass through, 
 they were taken. 
 
 ''Sometimes they made such a Hedge as this, quite across a Creek at High- 
 Wiiter, and at Low wouhl go into tlie Run, tlien contracted into a narrow Stream, 
 and take out what Fi.sh they pleased. 
 
 "At the Falls of tlie Rivers, where the Water is shallow, and the Current 
 strong, the Indians use another kind of Weir, thus made: Tiiey make a Dam of 
 loose Stone, whereof there is Plenty at hand, (juite a-cross the River, leaving 
 one, two, or more Spaces or Trunnels, for the Water to pass thro'; at the .Mouth 
 of which they set a Pot of Reeds, wove in Form of a Cone, whose Ba.sc is about 
 three Foot, and ijerpendicular ten, into which the Swiftness of the Current 
 carries the Fish, and there lodges them. 
 
 iJ 
 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 Ii8i) 
 
 "The Indian Way of catching Sturgeon, when they caino into the narrow 
 part of tlic Rivovs, was by a Alan's clapping a Noose over their Tail, and by 
 keeping fast his l[(ild. Thus a fish finding itself entangled, would flounce, and 
 often pull the Man under Water, and then that Man was counted a Cockarome, 
 or brave Fellow, tliat would not let go ; till with Swimming, Wading and Div- 
 i'vr, ho had tired the Sturgeon, and brought it ashore. These Stuij,\;:)ns would 
 jii.so often leap into their Canoes, in crossing the River, as m. ly of them do still 
 every year, into the Boats of the English. 
 
 "They luive also another Way of Fishing like those on the Eiainc Sea, by 
 the Help of a blazing Fire by Night. They mfike a Hearth in tlie Middle of 
 their Canoe, niising it within two Inches of the Edge; upon this they lay their 
 burning Light-Wood, split into small Shivers, each Sj Inter whereof will Idaze 
 and burn Had for End, like a Candle: 'Tis one Man's Work to attend this Fire 
 and keep it flaming. At eacli end of the Canoe stands an jiulimu with a Gig, or 
 pointed Spear, setting the Canoe forward with the Unit-end of tlit Spear, as 
 gently as he c.-tn, l»y that Afeaiis stealing u])on the Fi-^h, without iiny Noise, or 
 distiirliing of the wat(>r. Then they witli great Dexterity dart (licsc Spears into 
 the Fish, and so take them. Now there is a double Convenience! in tiie IJIaze of 
 this Fir(>; for it not only dazzles the Eyes of the Fish, wliicli will lie still, glar- 
 ing upon it, l)ut likewise discovers the Bottom of the River clearly to the Fisher- 
 man, which the Day-light does not." (Page 130, etc.), 
 
 Lnmson {John): The Ilisfory of Carolina , London, 1714. — [Indians of North 
 Carolina]. "They are not oiiy good Hunters of the wild Beasts and (Janie of 
 the Forest, but very expert in taking the Fish of the Rivers and Waters near 
 whi(!li they inhabit, and are icipiainted withal. Thus they that live a great way 
 up the Hivers |)ractise Striking Sturgeon and Rock-fish, or Bass, when they 
 come up the Kivers to si)awii ; besides the vast Shoals of Sturgeon which they 
 kill and take with Snares, as we do Bike in Europe. The Herrings in March 
 and Aiiril run a great way ai>tlie Rivers and fresh Streams to spawn, where the 
 Siivages make great Wares, witii Hedges that hinder their l'.iss;ige only in fli(; 
 Middle, where ;in artificial Pound is made to take them in ; so that they cmnot 
 return. This Method is in use all over the fresh Streams, to catch Trout and 
 the other S[)ecies of Fisli whicii those Parts afl'ord. Their taking of Craw-fish 
 is so pleasant, that I cannot pass it by without mention. When they have a 
 mind to get these Shell-fish, tiiey take a Piece of Venison, and half-barliakne or 
 roast it; then they cut it intu thin Slices, which Slices they stick through with 
 Reeds about six Inches asunder, betwixt Piece and Piece; then the Reeds are 
 made .sharp at one end ; and so they stick a great many of them down in the 
 bottoui of the Water (thus l)aited) in the small Brooks and Runs, which the 
 Craw-fish frequent. Thus the Indians sit by, and tend those baited slicks, every 
 u37 
 
 
 \V\ 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 'M 
 
 |i 
 
 'If 
 
 . 1*1 
 
m:«^;^e^m 
 
 W"W: 
 
 ^^mmmmm:^^mm^m^ 
 
 
 290 
 
 rRKHISTORIC FISHINO. 
 
 now and then taking them up, to see how many nro at the Bait ; where they 
 generally find abundance; so take them off, and put tliem in a Un^^kct for tlui 
 purpose, and stick the Reeds down ngnin. ]?y this ^Icthod, tliey will, in a little 
 time, catch several Bushels, which are as good, as any I ever eat. Those Lidifnis 
 that frequent the Salt-Waters, take abundance of Fish, some very large, and of 
 several sorts, which to preserve, they first barbakue, then pull the Fish to Pieces, 
 so dry it in the Sun, whereby it keeps for Transportation ; as for Scate, Oysters, 
 Cockles, and several s^rts of SlicU-fisli, they open and dry them upon Hurdles. 
 having a constant Fire under them. The Hurdles are made of Heeds or Canes 
 in the .shape of a firridiron. Thus they dry several Bushels of these Fish, and 
 keep them for their Xecessities. At the time when they are on the Salts, and 
 Sea Coa.sts, they have aiu)ther Fishery, that is tor a little Shell-fish, which those 
 in England call Blackmoors Teeth. These they catch by tying bits of Oystt rs 
 to a long String, which they lay in such places, as. they know, those Shell-fish 
 haunt. These Fish get hold of the Oyst<M's. and suck them in, s(t that they ])ull 
 up those long Strings, and take great Quantities of them, which they carry a 
 great wav into the main Land, to trade with the remote? Iiidinnn. where thev are 
 of great Value; but never near the Sea. by reason they are common, therefore 
 not esteem'd. Besides, the Youth and IixJian Boys go in the Night, and one 
 holding a Lightwood Torch, the otiier has a Bow and Arrows, and the Fire 
 directing him to see the Fish, he .shoots them with the Arrows; and thus they 
 kill a great many of tlie smaller I'^-y and cornet inu>s pretty large ones. It is an 
 establish'd Custom amongst all these Natives, that the young Hunter never eats 
 of th.it Buck, Bear, Fish, or any other (lame, which ha]ipens to lie the first they 
 kill of that S(n"t; because they believe, if h(> should eat thereof, he would never 
 after be fortunate in Hunting. The like foolish Ceremony they hold, wIhmi they 
 have made a Ware to take Fish withal ; if a big-lnlly'd M'oman eat of the first 
 Dish that is caught in it, they say that Ware will never fake much Fish ; a'ld 
 as for killing of Snakes, they avoid it, if tiny li(> in tlicir way, because llieir 
 Opinion is, that some of the Serpents Kindred would kill some of the Savages 
 Relations, that should ilestmv him." (T.-iue I'Oil. •■tc.). 
 
 Hrif/i'cll (Jo/ni): T/ir Xnfiirn/ Hhfuri/ of Surth CnrdUiid ; Ihihliu, 1737. — 
 Indians of North Carolina]. "They h.ave lus//-i/i//s Ih.it .-ire made of Ixeeds ov 
 fii/hir f'tiirs. these tiicy cut .and make vei'y sliarp, with twd Beards. ;ind tajier 
 t the I'oint like ;> /ffir/KKui : lieing thus provided, tlioy either wade into the 
 Vater, or go into their C^n»/r.s', and paddle jdiout the i'ldges of the Rivers (U' 
 > 'reeks, striking all tin; Fish they meet with in the depth of five or six Feet 
 Water, or as far as tliey can se(> them; this they eouinionly do in dark calm 
 Nights, and wiiilst one attends with a Light made of the Pitch-pine, the other 
 with his Fisfi-f/i(/ strikes and kills the Fish : It is diverting to see them fish after 
 
 [« 
 
 /f> 
 
 at 
 
 \Vi 
 
 ( 
 
KXTRACTS. 
 
 201 
 
 tliis manner, vvliicli they sometimes do in tlie Day ; how dexterous they are in 
 striiiing, is admirable, and the great quantities lliey kill by this Method." 
 (Page 365).* 
 
 M 
 
 Adair (James): The Ilisfon/ of the American Indians; particularly those 
 Nations adjoininfj the Mississippi, East and West Florida, Georgia, South and 
 North Carolina, and Virr/inia, etc.; London, 1775. — " Tlieir method of fishing may 
 be placed among tlieir diversions, but this is of the prutitable kind. When they 
 see large fisli near the surfaee of tlie water, they tire directly upon them, some- 
 times only with powder, which noise and surprize however so stupiiies them, 
 that they instanfly turn up tlieir bellies and float a top, when the fisherman 
 secures them. If they shoot at fish not deep in the water, either with an arrow 
 or bullet, they aim at the lower ]i!irt of the belly, if they are near; and lower, 
 in like manner, according to the distance, which seldom fails of killing. Tn a 
 dry summer season, they gather horse chcsnuts, and different sorts of roots, 
 which having pounded jmity fine, and steeped a while in a trough, lliey scatter 
 tliis mixture over the surface of a middle-sized pond, and stir it about with poles, 
 till the water is sufficiently impregnated with the intoxicating bittern. Tlie tish 
 are soon inebriated, and make to the surface of the water, with their bellies 
 uppermost. The fishers gather them in baskets, and barbicue the l;irgest. cover- 
 ing them carefully over at night to preserve them from the sup])osed pntrifying 
 influence of the moon. It seems, that fish catched in this manner, are not 
 poisoned, but only stupified; for they prove very wliole.some food to us, who fre- 
 quently use them. By experiments, when they .are speedily moved into good 
 water, they revive in a few minutes. 
 
 "The Indians have the art of catching fish in long crails, made with canes 
 and hiccory splinters, tapering to a point. They lay these at a fall of water, 
 where stones are jdaced in two slojung lines from each bank, till they meet 
 together in the middle of the rapid stream, where the entangled fish are soon 
 drowniMl. Above such a jdace, I have known them to fasten a wreath of long 
 grape vines togellier, to roarh across tiie rivi'i", witli stoiH>s fastiMied at pi'o])(M' 
 distances to rake tbo boltom: (hey will swim ;i mili' witli it whooping, and 
 plunging all the w;iy, driving the fish b(>fore them into tlieir large cam' jpots. 
 ^\'itll this drauglit, wliii'li is a very heavy one, tliey make a town feast, or feast 
 of lov(>, of which evcny one |»artakes in tlie most siici;il iii;iiiiu'r, and .-ifterward 
 tli(>y dance together, singing llalelu-yah, .and the rest of tlieir nsii;il praisc^s to 
 the divine essence, for his bountiful gifts to the beloved people. Tliose Indians 
 who are unacquainted with the use of barbed irons, are very expert in striking 
 large fish out of their canoes, with long sharp pointed green canes, which are 
 
 * The remnindpr (if Briekoll's account of Iiidiun fishing in North Ciiri>Hiia ie iilmost litorBlly taken Irimi 
 Liiwsiin's " Mistiirv of Ci\nilinii." . 
 
 ■■■.' < 
 
 
 %. 
 
 '■■!• ■ * 
 
 
 w 
 
 I- 
 
 ,.: .11 
 
 , 111 
 ;>if: 
 
 
 > 
 
 M 
 
 
 7 
 
 !.■■ ■' 
 
 I 
 
 , r- 
 
 
 ," I 
 
 ,.fff 
 
 [;^ 
 
^s&m^^im^^&^mms^mmm^^c 
 
 1 1 
 
 ^^i 
 
 m 
 
 If t' 
 
 m'-. 
 
 i'M'*, 
 
 I.V;' , ;, ' 
 
 U\ 
 
 m 
 
 292 
 
 rKEUisTonic i-isuing. 
 
 well bearded, and hardened in the fire. In Savanali river, I have often accom- 
 panied them in killing sturgeons vith those green swamp harpoons, ami which 
 they did with much pleasure and ease ; for, when we discovered the iish, wo s(x>n 
 thrust into tlioir bodies one of the harpoons. As t le iish would immediately 
 strike dooj), and rush away to tiie bottom very rapidly, their strength was soon 
 expended, by their violent struggles against the buoyant force of the green darts : 
 us soon as the top end of them appeared again on the surface of the water, wo 
 made up to them, renewed the attack, and in like manner jontinucd it till we 
 secured our game.* 
 
 "They have a surprising method of fishing under the edges of rocks, that 
 stand over deep places of a river. There, they pull oft' their red breeches, or 
 their long slip of Stroud cloth, and wrapping it round their arm, so as to reach 
 to the lower part of the palm of their right hand, they dive uiuler the rock 
 where the largo cat-fish lie to shelter themselves from the scorching beams of 
 the sun, and to watch for prey : as soon as tlio^e fierce aquatic animals sec that 
 tempting bait, they iuunediately seize it with Uie greatest violem,'e, in order to 
 swallow it. Then is the time for the diver to improve the favourable oppor- 
 tunity: he accordingly opens his hand, .seizes the voracious fish by his tender 
 parts, hath a sharp struggle with it against the crevices of the rock, and at last 
 brings it safe ashore. Except the Choktah, all our Indians, both male and 
 female, above the state of infancy, are in the watery element nearly equal to 
 amphibious animals, by |)ractice: and from the cxperiuuMits necessity has forced 
 them to, it seems as if few were endued with such strong natural abilities, — very 
 few can equal them in their wild situation of life. 
 
 " There is a favourite method among them of fishing with hand-nets. The 
 nets are about three feet deep, and of the same diameter at the opening, made 
 of hemp, and knotted after the usual manner of our nets. On each side of the 
 mouth, they tie verv securelv a strong elastic yrecn cane, to which the ends arc 
 fastened. Prepared with these, the warriors ii-breast, jump in at the end of a 
 long ])on(l, swimming under water, with their net stretched optMi with both hands, 
 ;iiid tlie canes in a horizontal ])ositioM. in this manner, they will continue, either 
 till their brealli is expeiuled by tlie want of respiration, or till the net is so pon- 
 denuis as to force them to exonerate it ashore, or in a basket, fixt in a proper 
 [ilace for that purjiose — by removing one lumd, the canes instantly spring 
 together. 1 have l)een engaged half a day at a time, with the old-friendly Ciiik- 
 kasah, and half drowned in the diversion — when any of us was so unfortunate 
 
 • Uiirtruin descriln^s tliu lupuiii' n( a wiliniui tmulipf tifli'i'ii poiiiuls' weight in ii lirariili ti( Itnmd UivLT, 
 Gporgiii, liy incuiia of mio of Uicac liurjuinii!': — 
 
 "Tholiidiun struck this lisli, with ft rci'il liar|Mii>ti, iniindd vii y flnirp, burlied, mid Imrdt'iic d liy tliu fire. 
 Tlio Iish hiy cliisp under the .steep liiiuk, whi 'li the Indiiiu disccivcred mid striieU witli his reed; iiistmitly the Iish 
 darted oil' with it, wliiNt the Tndian pursued, wilhdiit extractiiii; the Imrpooii, and with repeated tlirusls drowned 
 it, and tlieii draggt^d it to siiurc." — Travels thrvugh Suuik Curulinn, Ocnrtjiti, etc.; Dublin, WS^ ; p. 44. 
 
 iii" 
 
 I 
 
 ...ill. 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 293 
 
 as to catiili w.itor-snakos in our sweep, and emptied tlioin ashore, we had the 
 ranting voice of our friendly posse comitatus, wliooi)ing against us, till another 
 pai.'y was so unlucky as to meet with the like misfortune. During this exercise, 
 the women are iishing ashore with coarse baskets, to catch the fish that escape 
 our nets. At the end of our frieiully diversion, we cheerfully return home, and 
 in an innocent and friendly manner, eat together, studiously diverting each other, 
 on the incidenls of the day, and make a cheerful night." (Page 402, etc.). 
 
 Da Pratz {M. Le Far/e): Hisfoire de la Lomdane ; Paris. 1758. — Transla- 
 tion : " Those who lived near rivers doubtless became desirous of eating fish, 
 ami tried to avail themselves of the victuals which the country olfered. For the 
 I'est, it was only needed that a pregnant woman, having seen fine fishes, hankered 
 after them : the complaisance of the husband on one hand, and his own inclina- 
 tion to eat them on the other, gave occasion for the manufacture of nets for 
 catching fish.* These nets have meshes {.soiit maiUes) like ours, and are made of 
 the bark of the linden-tree. Large fish ai-e shot with arrows. 
 
 " The nets usually serve for catching small fish ; the natives also make use 
 of them as bags for transporting fish. However, when they have many fishes, 
 or have caught largo ones with the line, they construct on the spot a make-shift 
 for carrying them one or two leagues, or even farther, if required. For this 
 purpose they take a green branch of pliable wood, an inch and a half in tiiick- 
 ness, and bend it until both ends meet and it assumes the form of a racket 
 on a large scale. Across this wood they stretch sevei'al strips of bark cross- 
 wise, and cover them with i)lenty of leaves, upon which they place the fish, 
 covering them in the same manner. When the loaves and fishes are firmly tied 
 to the frame, they attach their burden-strap to it, and carry it on the buck like 
 a basket." (Vol. II, page 179, etc.). 
 
 " They sometimes make arrows of thin, hard canes ; but these only serve 
 for shooting birds and fishes. 
 
 "Their war-arrows are usually armed with a scale of the bony gar-fish 
 {Pohson-nnnr); but if their arrows are designed for shooting carp or cat-fish 
 [Barhiic). which are large fishes, they attach to the shaft a bone pointed at both 
 ends, in such a manner that one end forms the point of the arrow, while the 
 other is a little distant from the .shaft, and prevents the arrow i'rom coming 
 out of tht> body of the fish.f The arro v. r ore , er, is com ected l)y a string with 
 a piece of wood, which floats and does not allow the fish to go to th(> bottom (U* 
 to escape." (Vol. 11, page 108). 
 
 * Polito utlention to women probably liiiil littlo to do witb the invention of flsliing-nets, wbcrevor it wns 
 mudc. Nets camo into use, when popnlalions increased, and the mntliods of spearint; ami anylinij; proved in- 
 (ufflcient for furnishing the neeesssry supplies of llsh-food. Hunger, not gallantry, invented nets, 
 
 f Compare Fig. 43 on p. 47 in this volume. 
 
 f ««?i 
 
 
 *'■%! 
 
 
 ■ ' * wj 
 
 
 ' i" 
 
 
 ■ f 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 U\ 
 
 
 tt 
 
 ", "It 
 
 rjj 
 
 
 El 
 
 !' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ft 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Ci . 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 
 
^^m^!m^mmmm^^mm& 
 
 
 HI 
 
 4\ 
 
 II 
 
 VHi^ 
 
 If : 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 11 '; I '■ 
 
 m^' 
 
 294 
 
 rUKIIISTOUlC FISHING. 
 
 "A pirogue is ii trunk of a troo, more or less large, and hollowed out like a 
 boat. Those of the natives will hold from two to ten persons. Before they knew 
 the use of axes, which they have received from the French, th(\v excavated them 
 by means of tire, taking care to co\'er with mortar such portions as the; wished 
 to leave intact." (Vol. I, page 107, note). 
 
 Wi/eth {Nathaniel J.): Letters addressed in 1848 to II. It. Schoolcraft, and 
 imblished in Iiis lanje work on " the Ilistor//, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian 
 Tribes of the United States;'' Vol. I, Philadelphia. 1851.— [ShonhonccH}. "The 
 utensils originally used by the Indians of the valley of the y;iai)tin or Snake 
 River, were wholly of stone, clay, bone or wood. So far as I observed, thi-y 
 j-ossessod no metals. Their implements wore the pot, bow and arrow, knives, 
 graining tools, awls, root-diggers, lish-spears, nets, a kind of boat or raft, the 
 pipe, mats for shelter, and implements to produce fire. 
 
 " The iish-spear is a beautiful adaptation of an idea to a purpose. The head 
 of it is of bune, to which a small strong line is attached near the middle, con- 
 necting it willi the shaft, about two feet from the point. Somewhat toward the 
 forward end of tliis head there is a small hole, which enters it ranging acutely 
 toward tlie [mint nf the head; it is (piite shaUow. In this hole the front end of 
 the .'ihaft is placed. This licail is aliout two and a half inches long, the shaft 
 abo'-.l ion i'vi'i, and of liglit willnw. V 'hen a salmon (u- sturgeon is struck, the 
 lioad is al mn-i' doliichod liy tiio withdrawal of the shaft, and being constrained 
 by tho .-trii'g, wliioli still cunnocls it with the operator, turns its position to one 
 crosswise ol' its direction while entering. If the lish is strong, the stall" is relin- 
 quished, and oi)erates as a buoy to obtain the lish when he has tired down Ijy 
 .struggling. These Indians are very expert in the use of this instrument, and 
 tak' ii'i.ny fish at all the falls and rapid waters, and construct, on small streams, 
 barriers of stones or brush, to force the fish into certain places, where they watch 
 for tliiMu, often at night with a light. 
 
 " Fish-nets are made with the outer bark of some weed which grows in tho 
 country, but I took lui particular note of what it was, or how separated from the 
 stalk. It makes a lint; stronger than any of those I had among my outtit, 
 althouiih thev were selected from the best materials of an angling warehouse by 
 myself, who profess to be a judge of such articles. The twine is formed by lay- 
 ing the tibre doulded across the knee, the bight towards to left, and held between 
 the thumb and linger of that hand, willi the twi» parts which are to form the twine 
 towanl the right and a little separated ; rolling these two parts between the knee 
 and right hand, outwardly from tlie oi)erator, and twisting the bight between the 
 tliuuil> and ti'ver of the left hand, forms the thread. More tibre is added as 
 that tirst cor need on diminishes in size, so as to make a continuous and eipial 
 line. In th ay, excellent twine is made much more rapidly than could be 
 
 1: 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 295 
 
 expoctod. 'I'lio nets are of two kinds: tlio .scdop, wliicli is precisely tlic sniiic as 
 is used in tlio United States; and tlie seine, wliieli is also in principle exactly tlie 
 same; and tlie knot used in nettini^ alsn appears to me exactly the same: Imt in 
 tliis I may bo mislalveii, as I liave never seen the operation pert'ormed. The 
 leaded line is formed hy at(achini>- oblong rounded stones, with a sunken groove 
 near the middle in which to wind the attaching ligature. Reeds are used for floats. 
 "The navigation of this region appears to have been confined to crossing the 
 streams when the water was too cold for comfortable swimming. The only 
 apparatus used was little inoro than a good raft, made of r(>eds which abound 
 on many of the streams. They are about eigiit feet long, and formed by placing 
 small bundles of reeds, with the butt-ends introduced and lashed together, with 
 their small ends outwards. Sevi-ral of these Ijundles are lashed together lieside 
 each other, and in su<'h a manner as to form a cavity on tup. There is no attempt 
 to make it tiglit ; the only dependence is on the great buoyancy of tlie materials 
 used. It is navigated with a stick, and almost entirely by pusliing. Tliis rude 
 form of navigation, apparently, is the only one ever used in the country, in which, 
 in fact, there is hardly timber enough for a more improved form." (Pages :ill, 
 21o'; etc.). 
 
 Catlin {George): Leffcrs and Nofen on ihc Mannert^, Cnafomt^, (niiJ ConiUtion of 
 the North American Inditnis ; Xcw York, IS44. — "The skin <'anoes of the ^lan- 
 
 Fiii. :iC7. 
 
 Flos. 366 and 367. — Biill-liiilo l)uiU iiiul pailillf ol' juiplar wtmil, iiiiiiK' hy Miiiiiutarocs at Fort BiTtli- 
 
 oM, DiiUotii. (!)78.")).-i= 
 
 * This boat, meiisuring in Its pri'scnt shniiilii'H Ftiito Hvo feet luid fmir inilics in diiinicter nnd two fiipt in 
 (liiptli, WHS sent (i) tliO Niitinniil Miisciini in 1870 hy I'r. 'Wiisliinutdii Miitllii-ws, U. S. A. It is nimlc "T tiuH'iild- 
 sl%in ; but lii' infunnn inr timt tlu^ [niliuiis an* nnw lu'.;innini^ to oinploy ox-iiidL', owiny ti» tlie iticreusing soiiroity 
 
 ul l.llfl'llli). 
 
 ^1 
 
 f 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 ■*• 
 
 ''l' 
 
 i 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 h 
 
 m 
 
 ■' ■ '^:^ 
 
 ^ a: 
 
 Am 
 
 iA 
 
 .a;;- 
 
 ■m 
 
 "1 ■ '• t f 
 ■^ J. t| 
 
 ,1: 
 
 m 
 
 'i 
 j 
 
 it" 
 
 ^!>llf 
 
'^'if-mmimmmmmmi^sm*^ 
 
 296 
 
 I'HKinSTOUIC FrSHINO. 
 
 al .' 
 
 V I 
 
 h' 
 
 \r 
 
 
 (Inns (of tlio Uppor Missouri) aro mado almost round liko a tub, by straining; a 
 hutValo's skin over a frame of wiiikor work, mado of willow or otlior boui,'lis. 
 'riu' woman in paddliui;; tlioso awkward tubs, stands in tlic bow, and makes the 
 strokt^ witli the |)addle bv reacliiii"' it forward in tlie water and drawinir it to lier, 
 liy wliicli moans slie pulls the canoe alony- with some considerable speed. Those 
 very curious and rudely constructed canoes arc mado in tho form of the Wehh 
 rorttclc ; and, if I mistake not, propelled in tho same manner, which is a very 
 curious circumstance; inasmuch as they are found in the heart of the jireat wil- 
 derness of America, when all other suri'oundinn' triltes construct their canoes in 
 decidedly dill'eront forms, ami of ditl'eront materials," (Vol. II, jjago 1.'38).* 
 
 Powem {Sfcphcn): TrihcK of CaJifornia; Confrihiifions to Xorfh Awerican 
 Effiiwhf/i/ ; Vol. Ill, irrt,s/;/«//)'o«, 7577.— [The Yurok; Klamath River]. "As 
 tho redwood i^rows oidy along tho Lower Klamath, the Yurok have a monopoly 
 of making canoes, and they sell many to the Karok. A canoe on the Klamath 
 is not i»ointed like the Chippewji canoe, but the width iit either end is equal to 
 tho tree's diameter. On tho great bar across the mouth of the river, and all 
 al()ng the coast fo" eighty miles, there are tens of thousands of mighty redwoods 
 cast upon the strand, having been either floated down by the rivers or grubbed 
 down by the surf. Hence the Indians are not obliged to fell any trees, and have 
 only to burn them into suitable lengths. In making the canoe they spread ])itcli 
 on whatever place they wish to rechice, and when it has burned deep enough they 
 clap on a ])ie('e of raw bark and extinguish the tire. liy this means tli(>y round 
 them out with wonderful .symmetry and elegance, leaving the sides and ends 
 vi-ry thin and as smooth as if they had boon sandpapered. At the stern they 
 burn and polish out a neat little bracket which servos as a seat for tho boatman. 
 They spent an infinity of puddering on those canoes (nowadays they use iroTi 
 tools and dispatch the work in a few days), two Indians sometimes working on 
 one the or si.x months, burning, scraping, polishing with stones. When com- 
 pleted, they are sold for various sums, ranging from ten to thirty dollars, or even 
 more. They are not as handsome as the Smith River or tho T'sin-fdv canoes, but 
 quite as serviceable. A large one will carry five tons of merchandise, and in 
 early days thoy used to take many cargoes of fish from tho Klamath, shooting 
 tho dangerous rapids and surf at the mouth with consummate skill, going boldly 
 to sea in heavy weather, and reaching Crescent City, twenty-two miles distant, 
 whence they returned with merchandise. 
 
 " In catching salmon they em[)loy princii)ally nets woven of fine roots or 
 grass, which are stretched across eddies in the Klamath, always with the mouth 
 
 * Tliisc tuWlmpnd bouts nro iilso used to some I'Xtorit by the Aricuriis and Miiinnliiri'cs. Mr. Catlin, it is wt'll 
 known, inclines to the viow Ibat tlio Mnndans aro partly descendants of the Welsh of I'rince Mudoc's o.\|)i'dition. 
 The Welsh corttclcs and Mandan boats, at any rate, remind one of llio curious circular skin-covered boats in use 
 on the river Kuphrates in the time of Herodotus (I, 194). Some of these latter, however, were of largo size. 
 
 
EXTHACTS. 
 
 297 
 
 (lown-strc'iiii. \\'li('ii tliore is not a riiitiinil eddy they soinctiinos create one by 
 tlirowiiii;- out a rude witm-dam. Tlioy select eddies because it is (here tlie salnioii 
 congregate to rest tliciiiselves. At tlic liead of the eddy tliey erect fisliiiig-liooths 
 over llie water, by jdaMfiiig slender i)oles in tlie bottom of the river, and hisiiing 
 otliers over tlieni in a light and artistic i'raineworiv, witli a ihxir a few feet above 
 tlio water, and regular ralters overhead, on v.diicii brusiiwood is spread for a 
 screen against the sun. In one of these really j)ictures(iue booths an Indian 
 slee})s at night, witii a string leading up from the net to his fingers, so that when 
 a salmon begins lo flounce in it he is awakened. Sometimes the string is attached 
 to an ingenious rattle-trap of sticks or bones (or a bell nowadays), which will 
 ring or clatter, and answer the same purpose. 
 
 " They also spear salmon from these booths with a fish-gig furnished with 
 movable barbs, which after entering the fish spread open, and prevent the with- 
 drawal of the instrument. Another mode they sometimes employ is to stand on 
 a large bowlder in the main current where the salmon and the little skeggers 
 shoot in to rest in the eddy when ascending the stream, whereupon they scoop 
 them up in diji-ncts. Again they construct a weir of willow-stakes nearly across 
 the stream at the shallows, leaving only a narrow chute wherein is set a funnel- 
 .shaped trap of splints, with a funnel-shaped entrance at the large end. Ascend- 
 ing the stream the bold, resolute sahnon shoots into this, and cannot get out. 
 Sometimes the weir reaches clear across, the stakes being fastened to a long 
 string-piece stretching from bank to bank. The liuihling of one of these dams 
 is usually i>receded by a grand dance, and followed by a fea.st of sahnon. The 
 greater portion of the catch is dried and smoked for winter consum])tion. 
 
 "Along the coast they engage largely in smelt-fishing. The fisherman takes 
 two long slender poles which he frames together with a cross-])iece in the shape 
 of the letter A, and across this he stretches a net with small meshes, bagging 
 down considerably. This net he connects Viy a throat-with a h^ig bag-net floating 
 in the w.ater behind him, and then, provitled with a strong staff, he wades out 
 up to his middle. When an unusually heavy billow surges in he plants his staff 
 firmly on the bottom, ducks his head forward, and allows it to boom over him. 
 After each wave he dii)s with his net and hoists it up, whereupon the sn ^It slide 
 down to the point and through the thi'oat into the bag-net. When the latter 
 contains a bushel or so he wades ashore and empties it into his s(|uaw's basket. 
 
 "About sunset appears to be the nmst favorable time for smelt-fi.shing, and 
 at this time the great bar across the mouth of the Kl.-imath presents a lively and 
 interesting spectacle. Sometimes many scores of swarthy heads may be seen 
 bobbing amid the sui'f like .so many sea-lions. The .squaws hurry to and fro 
 across the bar, bowing themselves under their great conical hampers, carrying 
 the smelt back to the canoes in the river, while the pappooscs caper around 
 stark naked, whoop, throw up their heels, and playfully insinuate pebbles into 
 K 38 
 
 : J5 
 
 r ti 
 
 ! I 
 
 ~ l\ 
 
•mmmmm 
 
 
 .-ft tj V 'i - 
 
 i»i 
 
 
 208 
 
 I'ltKlllSTOmc I'lSIIINQ. 
 
 each other's ears. After the jjreat copper gh)be of tlio sun Imriis into the ocean, 
 bivouac fires spring up ah)ng the sand among tiie enormous redwood drift-logs, 
 and families hover around them tn roast the evening repast. The .scpiaws Imstlc 
 about the fires while the weary smelt-lisjiermen, in their nude and savage 
 strength, are grouped together s(piatting or leaning about, with their smoDth, 
 dark, dean-moulded limljs in statuesque attitudes of repose. Dozens of canoes 
 laden with bushels on bushels of the little silver fishes, .shove off and movo 
 silently away up the darkling river." (Page 47, etc.). 
 
 [The Ilenaggi ; Smith River]. "The Ilenaggi deserve special mention on 
 account of the handsome canoes which they fashion out of redwood. I saw one 
 on Humboldt 13ay, which had been launched by them on Smith River, and which 
 had therefore demonstrated its sea-worthiness by a voyage of over a hundred 
 miles. It was forty-two feet long and eight feet four inches wide, and capable 
 of carrying twenty-four men or five tons of freight. It was ' a thing of beauty,' 
 sitting plumb and lightly on the sea, smoothly polished, and so symmetrical that 
 a pound's weight on either side would throw it .slightly out of trim. Twenty-four 
 tall, swtirthy boatmen, naked except around the loins, standing erect in i<:, as 
 their li.ibit is. and with their narrow paddles measuring otFthe blue waters with 
 long, even sweeps, must have been a fine spectacle." (Page 69). 
 
 [The Viard or Wiyot; Humboldt Ray, lOel River]. "Like all coast tribes 
 the A'iard depended largely on fishing for a subsistence, and the lower waters of 
 Eel River yielded them a wonderful amount of rich and ole.-iginous eels. To 
 capture the.-;e they constructed a funnel-shaped trap of si>lints, with ii funnel- 
 shaped entrance at the large end, through which the creature could wriggle, but 
 wliieh closed on him and detained him inside. Traps of this kind they weighted 
 down so that they floated mostly below the surface of the water, and then tied 
 them to stakes planted in the river bottom. Thus they turned about with the 
 swash of the tide, keeping the large ends always against the current, that the 
 eels might slip in readily." (Page 103). 
 
 [The Wailakki ; western slope of the Shasta Mountains]. " In the hot iind 
 sweltering interior of the State the [mlians generally leave their warm winter 
 lodges as soon as the dry season is well established, and camp fur the sumnier 
 in lighi. open wickiups of brushwood, which they sometimes aitandon two or 
 three times during the summer for convenience in lishing, etc. Iinme(li;itely on 
 tlie co;ist this is scarcely done at all, lu'cause not necessai'y ; but the W'ailnkki 
 generally go higher up the little streams in the heated term, roaming and camp- 
 ing along where the salmon trout [ISulnio Jlitsoni) and the Coast Range trout 
 (Salmo iridetts) most abound. They capture those and other minnows in a ratlu-r 
 ignominious and un-Waltonian fashion. \N'hen the summer heat dries up the 
 streams to stagnant pools, they rub the poisonous .soap-root in the water until 
 
 
EXTUACTS. 
 
 200 
 
 tlio Tisli jirc stii|K'(lc(l, wlicn tliov oim\y scoop tliom up, ami llic poiwon will not 
 adoct tli(> tough stoiiiacli of tlio nbori<,'iii»>8." (J'ngc 110, c>tc.). 
 
 [Tliu Malvlielclicl ; C'loar Lake]. " They construct boats of tulo,^^' witli in*lif- 
 fcrcnt skill. First, two or throo long tulo-stalks arc sowed touuthor for a kot-l, 
 and hanmu.'rod hard. Tlu-n others are laid alongside of them, eaeh one over- 
 lapping the last a little in length, sewed on and Ix'aten. When linished the 
 bottom is twenty or thirty feet long, elliptical in shape, sharp at the ends, three 
 or four layers of tule thick, and all hammered hard and water-tiuht. The sides 
 are then built up perpendicular, but only one or two tules thick, and not riltbed. 
 After being in the water awhile the thick bottom l)ecomes water-logged, and if 
 the boat is capsized it rights itself in an instant, like a loaded cork. One of these 
 boats will last five years, and carry several men or a ton of merchandise in a 
 heavy se.a. The Makhelchel are bold watermen and skillful lishers. Yet they 
 take most of their fish in the creeks in s))ring, which they frefpiently do by 
 treading on them with their naked feet in the crevices of the rocks." (Pago 
 21o, etc.). , 
 
 [The Wintun ; Upper Sacramento and Upper Trinity Rivers]. " They 
 are as remarkable as all Califoriu.-ms for their fondness for being in, and their 
 daily lavatory use (»f. cnld water. They are almost aniphiltious, or were before 
 tliey were j)estered with clothing. Merely to get a drink they would wade in 
 and dip or toss the water up with their hands. They would dive many feet for 
 clams, remain down twice as long as an American could, and rise to the surface 
 with one or more in each hand and one in the mouth. Though I have never 
 given speeial attention to the singular shell-mounds which occur in this State, I 
 have often thought they might have been originated by an ancient race of divers 
 like these Wintun. I am not aware that the latter accumulate the shells in 
 mounds, but they are seen .scattered in small piles about their riparian camps. 
 In ancient times, two rival rancherias might have striven to collect each the 
 larger heap of shells, .-is to-day two hunting or fishing parties will carry their 
 friendly contention to the verge of fool-hardiness to secure the greater amount of 
 game or tish. 
 
 " For a ti.shing-station the Wintun ties together two stout i)oles in a (tross, 
 plants it in dee[i water, then lays a log out to it from the shore. Standing here, 
 silent .-nid motionless as a statue, with spear poised in the ;iir, he sometimes looks 
 down upon so great a multitude of black-liacked salmon slowly warjiing to and 
 fro in the gentle current, that he could scarcely thrust his spear dnwn without 
 transtixing one or more. At times, he constructs a booth out over the w.der, 
 but it is not nearly so ingenious and pretty a structure as those on the Klamath. 
 Ilis spear is very long and slender, often iifteen feet in length, with a joint of 
 
 * Derived rrmii llie A/.lee wnnl tiillin, siuiiit'vini; ii l)iili'iifli. 
 
 
■mH 
 
 
 
 w- 
 
 >y:' ') 
 
 it' M t'-'i V 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 
 .5' 
 
 
 
 i"l 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 3(M) 
 
 IMIKHISTOUIC KtsniNO. 
 
 dccr'a bono at tlic end, ivbout throe inchea lon^', faaliit)nod witli ti socket to ilt on 
 to lli(« iiiiiin s|u'ar-sli!it't, to wliidi it ia also fastened by a strin]u- tied ni'oiind its 
 niiildlc. 'riif Indian aims to drive litis inoval)le joint <|uite tliroiiu;li tlie lisli, 
 wiicreiiixiM it coMii's loose, turns crossways, and llius holds the lish seeurt'ly, 
 flonncinji; at the end of the strinj,'. Tiie eonstruetioii of this spear sliows a good 
 knowledge of the gamy, resolute salmon ; the string at the end allows him to 
 play and exhaust himself, while a still' sp(>ar would be broken or wrenehed out 
 of him. A party of six Indians on Mct'loud's Fork speared over live hundred 
 in one night, whieh would at a moderate eahndation give live hundred pounds to 
 eaeh spearman. In view of this, although an exceptional case, who can doubt 
 that the ancient population of California may have l)een very great?" (Pago 
 iJ33, etc.). 
 
 [The Modok ; formerly soutliorn shore of Lower Klamath Lake, Hot f'reek, 
 Clear Lake, and Lost River]. "They formerly had 'dug-outs,' generally made 
 from the tir, qiute rude and unshai)ely allairs compared with those found on the 
 Lower Klamath, but subst-Uilial, and sometimes capable of carrying a burden of 
 1,S(M) pounds. Across the bow of one of these canoes a lish-stMiie was stret(du'd, 
 bellying back as the craft was propelled through the water, until the catch was 
 suHiciently large, when it was lifted up and emptied." (Page 255). 
 
 [TheVokuts; region of Tulare Lak(>]. "In the mountain streams which 
 empty into Tulare Lake they catch lake trout, chubs, an<l suckers. Sometimes 
 tli(>y construct a weir across the river with a narrow chute and a trap set in it ; 
 then go al)ove and stretch a line of itrushwood from one bank to the other, which 
 they drag down stream, driving the fish into the trap. Another way is to erect 
 
 a lirushwood booth over the water, so thickly covered as to 
 
 >erfectlv dark 
 
 inside; then an Indian lies flat on his belly, peering down throu.. 1>'>1<'. and 
 when a lish passes under him ho spears it. The spear is ])ointed witti Inn., , '1 
 is two-pronged. Still another methoil is employed on Tule River and King's 
 River. An Indian takes a funnel-shaped trap in his teeth and hands, buoys 
 himself on .i little log, and then tioats silently down th(> rapids, holding the net 
 open to receive the tisli that may be shooting up. On Tulare Lake they ( <>nstruct 
 very rude, frail punts or mere troughs of tule. about ten feet long, in whic'h they 
 
 cruise timidiv about near the shore 
 
 (Page;37«). 
 
 [The Palligawonap; Kern River]. "Tule is also the material iVom which 
 truct a rude water-craft. This is onlv about six feet in leiiiith, with the 
 
 lev cons 
 
 tl 
 
 bow very long and sharp-rounded, and the stern cut nearly s(|iiare across; sides 
 ])eri)eiidiciilar ; a small tule keel running along the middle, dividing the liottom 
 into two sides. It will carry only one man, and he has to be very careful when 
 standing up to keep his feet one on each side of the keel, or the bobbing thing 
 
 iill'i^ \ 
 
KXTIIACT8. 
 
 ai»i 
 
 will capsizp. It is used priiitiimlly in liHliiii^, tor wliicli purpose tlu-y I'lnploy 
 a tliro(!-proii>j;t'(l j^ii^ pointi'd witii Imhic. Tlicy show imicli iiioro sJiiU ia balancing 
 tliomsflvi's in tlio boat than they do in inakini:^ it." (l'a,ij;o 3{)4). 
 
 Puivcrs (Sffp/if'ii): Tin' liiilitiiis of Wi'ufcni Nrvada ; Mniiuncript in posKvmon 
 of tlir HiintiK of Hffinoloi/)/:'' — [I'ai-ulc], "A kind of bals.i or raft is made of 
 tnli" for lisIiini,'-pnrpost's on Pyramid liaK; . 'I'lii-y select stalks which are ti-n 
 or twelve t'oet lonj,', and liiiid them lirnily with willow-twij,'s into I'nsil'onn 
 sheaves or Itiimlles; two of these bundles make the outside of the raft, and be- 
 tween them is another one, snniller and of miiforin thickness throiiyhout. The 
 ends of the raft are a little turned up, and slicks are thrust horizuntally throiii;h 
 tlie three t)undles, to keep them still' and level on the waves. This raff is pro- 
 ]ielh>d with a polo, which, when . t in use, is retained on the raft by bein^^ thrust 
 throuith loops in the willow-twigs. It will carry one or two men." 
 
 " The I'ai-Ute at Pyramid liake are triiially named from the fish they chietly 
 eat — the /,i'i-f/it-ii<i\ probably a species (jf carp, but commonly called by the Amer- 
 
 icjins 
 
 a sucker. It is caught in great (|uaiitities in the winter season, wl 
 
 UMl 
 
 ascending the Truckec lliverj- to spawn. I have seen two Indians bring in. e.irly 
 in October, two Large hor.se-load.s--pr(d)ably two huiidrcd iMiund.-* — as the i)ro(luct 
 of twenty-four hours' labor with a throw-line. A single Indi.an h.as been known 
 to make twenty-live doll.irs a day, for a short n< viod, catching these tish and 
 selling them in Wadsworth. The night is a favor. i; (inie for lishing ; the Imlian 
 sometimt>s lies on his face in ■•> booth or on his tule raft, peering down into the 
 w.ater, and whenever he sees a fish glide over a white stone at the bottom, reveal- 
 ing itself plainly, he thrusts it through with a spear. IJut the spear is le.ss em- 
 ployed than the hook, the not, ami the throw-line. The hook, whether large or 
 small, is made by lashing a sharp piece of bone to a shaft of grease-wood at a 
 nearly right iingle ; this is baited with a minnow or a ])iece of flesh, and sonie- 
 tinu's rubbed over with the aromatic seeds of a certain plant, powdered; and 
 
 when the lisli sw.iUows it, the hook turns cri 
 
 avs in the throat. A number of 
 
 these are fastened by snoods, at regul.-ir intervals, to a liiu; with a sinker at the 
 end, which is thrown out into the w.iter, while the otlu>r end is tied to somi" object 
 ashore, constituting what is known in the \\'estern States as a throw-line or a 
 'trot-liiu>.';{: 
 
 "Various kinds of nets are made of the fibre of tlu> commou milkweed 
 (Axclr/ti'is), very ingeniously twisted on tiu> thigh, and woven witli si bdiibin. 
 Men and women both work in cutting ii[) and drying the tish when .i heavy catch 
 has lu'en matle. The lish is cut open ahuig the b;ick. on lK)th sides of the bm'k- 
 bone, which is lifted out, but left attached at the head ; the latter is not rouiovcd." 
 
 'Ills iimmiscript wiis kindly |iliiced iit my di»|ii>sul by Miijur J. \V. Towi'll. 
 
 t mill 
 
 lit.) 1' 
 
 id liiilin. 
 
 J Priilmlily a iMrru|itiiiii iif " triiwl-lino.' 
 
 m 
 
 ■■1,1 
 
 ■ .I) ; 
 
 
 •'! I 
 
 i 
 
 ^:n 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 !■■ "' ■ 
 
 
 Ik ■ 
 
 k' ■ ■ 
 
 k 
 
 . 
 
 [! 
 
 i ;'■ "' ' 
 
 . 
 
 • ^■:|« 
 
 
 rr. 
 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 •I. J 
 
 v.; 
 
' i^I 
 
 tir 
 
 ■* 
 
 .: 
 
 
 «!; 
 
 ■■*» 
 
 ; 
 
 tf / 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 :1::i}! 
 
 j ;■ 
 
 i; 
 
 I'll 
 
 i; 
 
 
 ^■^!c:i' 
 
 i 
 
 302 
 
 I'KEHISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 Sfonc {Liviiif/sfoi}): Sah»oi}-fi!<hij)(j mnang the McClomJ Jiiver Jxdlann in Cali- 
 fornia. Communicdtcil in vrifing to the Author in Jnnr, 1SS2. — "Tlio usual niotlidd 
 pnu'litfcd by tlio McCloud Rivor Indians for t'aj)turing salmon is spearing. 
 Their spear Is a very long and •oniparativoly slender pole, tliiekest in the niiddle, 
 and ta]M'ring toward both ends. I should say that twenty-tive i'eet may bo eon- 
 sidered a fair average length of a ^leCloud River Indian's salmon-^pear, and in 
 the middle it is not far from an inch and a half or two inches in diameter. It is 
 always jjainled black with a ]ireparation of jiitcli. 
 
 "The anterior end of the spear tenninates in a fork with two prongs, about 
 fifteen inehes in length, and likewise of wood. On the end of each of these 
 prongs is loosely stuck a sharp-pointed piece of bone, made from the ankle of a 
 deer. These bones arc also tirmly tied by a rope to the shaft of the spear. 
 ^^'llen |)reparing to strike the tish, the Indian poises the spear over his head, and 
 throws it with great velocity at the victim. The moment the pointed bones pierce 
 the salmon, he sjirings to get away, and pulls the bones oft' the ends of the 
 prongs; but the jtointed bones being ingeniously fastened to the rojie near their 
 middle, as soon as i1h\v are ludd only by the rope, change their direction ncirly 
 at a riulit angle, iuid now become Laterally imbedded in the salmon's body. Thus 
 the tisli is firmly held and is soon pulled ashore. 
 
 "The Indians throw their spear with great dexterity, .and are usually suc- 
 C(vsf'.il in getting salmon with it. They go spearing in the nn)rning and evening, 
 but usually in tli(> UKUMiing, from daylight to sunris(>. They cai)ture with fiie 
 spear ih'.irly all the salmon that they eat fresh ; but in the fall, when tiiey ai'e 
 preparing to dry llieir winter's stock of tish, they catch them in .-inotluM- way- 
 At this tin\e they l)uild an angiU.-.r brush dam across or partly across the river, 
 with the angle down stream, .and at this angle they place a large coarse wicker 
 basket. Tliis is ;he season wiien hundreds and thous;inds of salmon are flo;iting 
 down the river in ;i dying coinlitioii ;d the close of tli(> sp.-iwning season. These 
 e.\haii-ted lisli ,ire trapped in great numbers in toe wicker baskets, IV(Hh which 
 tliey i re taken, split, and drii'd for winter use. Nearly all their supply for dry- 
 ing is ol'taineil in this manner. 
 
 "'i'lie .McCloud l\i\i'r Indians lia\'eatnii(l nu'iliod of lishing for salnnm, 
 Iiy di\ing into Hie river themselves wilii nets; Imt this mode i< only re.sorteil to 
 once or twice ji year, and is made an occasion of festivities rather than a means 
 of ;ici|uii'ing food. Tlu' whole ye.ir's snpjily of s.almon is praclieally obtained by 
 the lirst-Mientioned two methods, vi/.., liy flie spear and tlie wicker liasket. I 
 should say, however, that siiici' the T'liited Slates l''isii ( 'ommission lias estab- 
 lished a station on the river, the Indians derive a very large pro|iortion of their 
 daily and winter's supjdy of tish from the nets of the Commission."'" 
 
 * Mr. Rtcini' is Pi'imly IT, S. Visli r..iiimissi,,iiiT for llii> Vnnttr roust. 
 
KXTU/VCTS. 
 
 303 
 
 Ditiiii {Jolt))): The Oregon Tori for//, and the lirifish North American Fnr 
 Trade; New For/,; IS45. —[Chmooks, ok-.]. " Tlio salmon season of those tribes 
 towards tlie nioiitli of the Coliiinhia eonimeiices in .\iuw. ami its openinj,' is 
 an epocli loolied forward to with miicli anxiety, and is attended with ^reat formal- 
 ity. They have a ])ublie festival, and oiler sacrifiees. The first salmon ean,oh( is 
 a consecrated thing; and is oflered to the munineent Spirit who is the giver of 
 plenty. They have a superstitious scruple about the mode of cutting salmon ; 
 especially at the comniencemeid of the season, before they have an -issurance of 
 a plentiful supply. To cut it crosswise, and to cast the iieart into the water, they 
 consider most unlucky, and likely to bring on a scarce season. Hence they are 
 very reluctant to supply the traders at the stations with any, until tlie season is 
 advanced, and they can calculate on their jjrobable stock; lest an unlucky cross 
 cut by the white men may mar all tlieir prospects. Their mode is to cut it along 
 the back ; they take out the back bone, and most .studiously avoid throwiiii;- (he 
 heart into the water. The heart they broil and eat; but will not eat il .ifter 
 sunset. tSo plentiful is the fish, that they supjtly the white men witli it in abmi- 
 
 dance." "Their canoes vary in size and form. Some are liiii'ly feet 
 
 long, and al)out three feet deep, cut out of a single tree— eitiier tir or whiU' 
 cedar— and cap;il)le of cjirryii'g twenty persons. They have round thwart pieces 
 fr- ni side to side, forming a sor; of liinders, about three inches in circumferenre; 
 and their gunwales incliiu' oiitwauls. so as to cast oil" (li(> surge : the bow ;nid 
 stern being decorated, somdinics. with grotes(pu> figures of nu'U and animals. 
 In managing their canoes, they kneel /wo and /(t'o along the bottom, sitting on 
 their heels, and wielding paddles jdiout five feet long; while one sits on the stern 
 ami steers, with a paddle of the same kind. The women are e(piallv expert in 
 tlie managenu'nt of the canoe, iind generally take the helm, it is surprisinu- to 
 s(>e with wlijit fearless unconcern these savages venture in their slight b.irks on 
 the most tempestuous se;is. Tlun' seem to ride upon the waves like se.i-fowl. 
 Should ;i surge tlirow the canoe u])on one si(l(> ami ;'Mil,niger its ovciliirn. those 
 to windw.inl l.-.m over tic- upper gunw;ile— (lirnst tlieir paddles .jeep into the 
 
 wave— app.irently catch the water, .irnl force il umler tl anoe; and by this 
 
 .'letion. not nii'rely regain ;in e(|iiilibriiiiii, but give tln' \e.~sel ,i vi:4-oi-,.!is impulse 
 forward." (i'age S7, etc.). 
 
 "Sturgeon are ctinght by tlie Chii ks in (lie following m.-niiier, To the 
 
 line— which is made from the twisted roots of trees— is attadieil ;i I ir-v i k. 
 
 m.ide of h.inl wood. This is lowered some twenty feet below the siir|;iee of the 
 w.iter. The canoes are not nmn> than ten feet long: manned by nevermore 
 tli.in two. sometimes only l)y (.lie; and slowly drift down the liver with the 
 •nrreiit. Y (h,« sturgeon bites, and they ha,(> him f.ist, (h.- line is haiih'd 
 
 up ::-ently until they gvt his head (o the water';, edge. He then receives n l,h ^ 
 from a iieavy wooden malh't. which kills him. The gninv;.le of the canoe is 
 
 I 
 
 J' 
 
 ?ll 
 
 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ' If- 
 IF 
 
 ;, 
 
 -tt 
 
 11 
 
 ' "si 
 
 ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 
 
I! 
 
 II 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 l.< 
 
 i5: : "■:. ■ ,. 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 |^■ : 
 
 IS! 
 
 304 
 
 I'KEHISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 lowered to the verge of the water ; aiul tb.o sturgeon, though weighing upwards 
 of tiiree hundred pounds is, by the single effort of one Indian, jerked into the 
 
 boat." (Page 90). 
 
 " They an; very ingenious in the construction of their nets, which arc mado 
 of a sort of wild hemp, sonietinies called silk-grass, found on the upper borders 
 of the ('olunil)ia; or of the fibres of the roots of trees; or the inner ligaments of 
 the bark of the white cedar. Those nets are of ditl'erent kinds, for the different 
 kinds of tishery — the straight net for the larger lish in deep water; and the 
 scooping or dipping-net for the smaller fish in the shallower waters. They also 
 use a curious sort of many-pronged sj)oar, for drawing up small tish. This is a 
 pole set all round with numerous short wooden little spikes. This they work 
 along against the current from the canoe, and against the small tish, that swim 
 onwanls in dense masses. At every take-up of this spear, which is done in (juick 
 succession, it is found tilled with fishes impaled on those sharp sjjikes. In their 
 nets i'«ey use stones in j)lace of lead; and flieir superior usefulness and adapta- 
 tion to th ■ lisliery of the ('olunil)ia, over the nets of the civilized white, may i)e 
 .shown from the following fact : — A ^Ir. Wyeth, of IJo.ston, having heard much 
 of tli(> salmon tishery in the ('olunii)ia, and tliiidung it would atVord a profifabje 
 trading speculation, chartered a vessel, in 183;") ; and on his way took a number of 
 Handwich Islanders as tishernu'u ; supplying himself also with a car;-o of fishing 
 nets. ;ind a great variety of otiier fishing a|)paratns, on the most approved prin- 
 ciples. On arriving at the Columbia, he set vigorously to work, d(>ad sure of 
 m.aking a fortune. JJut his nets were totally unfit for the occupation ; and iiis 
 exotic fishermen, notoriously familiar as they are with the watery element, were 
 no match for the natives, pursuing their natural occnpaticni in almost their in- 
 digenous element, and so familiar with the seasons, the currents, the localities, 
 and all the many otiier circumstances that insure success." (^Page 98, etc.). 
 
 Suvni i '.lilies (I.): The yvrffiweaf ('oasf : or, Thnc Years Jiesideiiec in 
 ]\'(is/iiiiijfoii Territurji ; Mew Yorh\ 1S57 ■ — " The C'henook salmon comnuMices to 
 enter the river (Colnniliia) the last of May, and is most plentiful about the I'Oth 
 of .Iiini'. It is, without doubt, the finest salmon in the world, and, lieing taken 
 so near the ocean, lias its fine flavor in i)erfection. The sahnon, when entering 
 i\ river to spawn, do not at once proceed to the head-w.-iters, Init linger round 
 the mouth for sever.-il weeks before they are prepared to go farther up. It has 
 lieen su|)poscd that they cannot go immediately from the ocean to the cold t'resh 
 water, Ijut reniiiin for a time where tlie water is brackish l)efore they venture on 
 so great ;i cli.inge. Be that as it may, one thing is certain, that the early salmon 
 taken at t'lieiiook are far sn|)erior in flavor to any that are sniiseiiuently taken 
 farther up the river, and this excellence is so geiHU'ally acknowledged that Chc- 
 nook salmon command a Iiiglii'r i)rice than any other. 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 305 
 
 "The Chcnook fishery is carried on by means of nets. These are made by 
 tlie whites of tho twine prepared for the purpose, and sold as salmon-twine, and 
 rigged with tloats and siidvers in the usual style. The nets of the Indians are 
 made of a twine spun by themselves from the fibres of si)ruce roots prepared for 
 the purpose, or from a species of grass brought from the north by the Indians. 
 It is very strong, and answei's the purpose admirably. Peculiar-shaped sticks 
 of dry cedar are used for floats, and the weights at the bottom are rouinl beach 
 pebbles, about a pound each, notched to keep them from slipping from their 
 fastenings, and securely held by withes of cedar lirmly twisted and woven into 
 the foot-rope of the net. 
 
 " The nets vary in size from a hundred feet long to a hundred fathoms, or 
 six hundred feet, and from seven to si.xteen feet deep. 
 
 " Three persons are required to work a net, except the very large ones, which 
 require more help to land them. The time the lishing is commenced is at the 
 top of high-watei', just as the tide begins to ebb. A short distance from the shore 
 :*••■ curi-'Mit is very swift, and with its aid these nets are hauled. Two persons 
 g('! ; I the canoe, on the stern of which is coiled the net on a frame made for 
 ti'o purpose, I'esiing on the canoe's gunwale. She is then paddled up the stream, 
 close in to the beach, where the current is not so strong. A tow line, with a 
 wooden float attached to it, is then thrown to the third pei'son, w-ho remains on 
 th<> beach, and immediately the two in the ("anoe paddle lier info the rapid s'l.'am 
 as quickly as th(>y can, throwing out tlie net all the time. When this is all out, 
 they paddle ashore, having the end of the other tow-line made fast to the canoe. 
 Before all this is accomplished, the net is carried down the stream, by the force 
 of the ebb, about the eighth of a mile, the man on the shore walking along 
 slowly, holding on to the line till the others are ready, wiien all haul in together. 
 As it gradually closes on the lish, great caution must be used to prevent them 
 from jumping over; ami as every salmon has to l)e knocked on the head with a 
 club for the ><u'p"hO, which every canoe carries, it reipiires some skill and practice 
 to perform • li ieal so as not to bruise or disfigure the fish." 
 
 " It \' t: IV- .erly the custom among the Chenook Indians, on tlie appearance 
 ot ihe I -si : .!■!- n, to have ;i grand feast, with tlaiicing and other pertonnaiutes 
 suited to the v'asM'n ; but the tribe has now dwindled down to a mere handful, 
 and they coiitei. ^ .emselves simply witii taking out tlu> salmon's heart as soon 
 as caught— a ceremony they religiously observe, fearful h-st l)y any means a dog 
 should eat one, in which case they think t'ley can catch no' more tish that season." 
 (Page 103, etc.). 
 
 Swan {James G.): The Indians of Cape F/affen/, at Hie Entrance to the Strait 
 of I'll ca. Wa.sliiih/toii Territori/; Wa!<fiin;/t<iii, ISd!): Xo. 220 <f Smitlminiaii Can- 
 triliv''-j- fo Ktiowli'ihjr. — "The principal suli -i>tence of the Maliahs is drawn 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 * 
 
 ^•1 
 
 
 I; 
 
 it 
 
 M' 
 
 
 I > 
 
 ! 
 
 
 \-' 
 
 1 
 
. 
 
 t|| I! 
 
 ^ 
 
 Mi ^ 
 
 \m 
 
 1' ^ ' 
 
 306 
 
 I'MKII ISTOKIf I'lSH INC. 
 
 from the ocean, and is formed of nearly all its products, the most important of 
 which are the whale and halibut. Of tiio former there are several varieties which 
 
 are taken at diiVerent seasons of the year. The California gray is the 
 
 kind usually taken hy the Indians, the others being but rarely attacked. 
 
 " Their mode of whaling, being both novel and interesting, will re(|uire a 
 minute description — not only the implements used, but the mode of attack, and 
 the linal disposition of the whale, being entirely dillerenl from the practice of 
 our own whalemen. The harpoon consists of a barbed head, to which is attached 
 a rope or lanyard, always of the same length, about live fathoms or thirty feet. 
 This lanyard is made of whale's sinews twisted into a rope about an inch and a 
 half in circumference, and covered with twine wound around it very tightly, 
 called by sailors 'serving.' The rope is exceedingly strong and very pliable. 
 
 Fi(!. ;)()8. — Miikali Imrpodii-liciiil and line 
 
 i 1 A 
 
 ir-\ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1* 
 
 " Tlie harpoon-head is a tlat piero df inm -n' cupper, usually ji. saw-l)Iadi' or 
 a piiM'c (if sheet coppei', to which a couple of liarlis made of elk's or (Ic(>r's horn 
 arc secured, and tlic whole cuxcrcd with a cuatinL;' »( sjinicc gum. The stall" is 
 itiade of yew in two pieces, which lui' Joined in tiie niidiUe by .i \ery neat scarf, 
 lirnily .^^ecured by a narrow sli'ip of b.irU wound around it very tightly. I do 
 not know why these sta\es or handles .ire not made of (Uie piece; it may be that 
 the yew does not grow sulHciently siraiglit to alVord the recpiircd length ; but 1 
 have never seen a stall' tli;it was not constructed as here described. The length 
 is eighteiMi feet; thickest in tlie centre, wh(>re it is joined togethei", and tapering 
 thence to botli ends. To lie usimI, the stalV is inserted into the Itarbed liead, and 
 the end of the lanyard maile fast to ;i buoy, wliicii is simply ;i seal-skin taken 
 from the !inimal whole, the hair being left inw.irds. The apertures of the head, 
 feet, and tail are tied up air-tight, Jind the skin is inllated like a bladder. 
 
KXTKACTS. 
 
 307 
 
 " When the harpoon is driven into a whale, the barb and buoy remain fast- 
 ened to liirn, but the staff comes out, and is taken into tlie canoe. Tlie harpoon 
 whicli is thrown into the head of the wlialc lias but one buoy attached ; but those 
 thrown into the body have as many as can be conveniently tied on ; and, when a 
 number of canoes join in the attack, it is not unusual for from thirty to forty of 
 these buoys to be made fast to the whale, which, of course, cannot sink, and is 
 easily despatched by their spears and lances. The buoys arc fastened together 
 by means of a stout line made of spruce roots, llrst slightly roasted in hot ashes, 
 then split with knives intu line iibres, and finally twisted into ropes, v.'liich are 
 very strong and durable. These ropes are also used for towing the dead whale 
 to the shore. 
 
 I) 
 
 I 
 
 Flu. 3l'.8. 
 
 I'll 
 
 FlQ. 3G9. 
 
 Figs. 369 imd 370. — 5I;iktil> whaliug-cauoe and paddle. 
 
 "A whaling canoe invariably carries eight men : one in the bow, who is the 
 harpooner, one in the stern to steer, and six to i)addlo. The canoe is divided 
 
 by sticks, v'l'ich serve as stretchers or thwarts, into six spaces. When 
 
 whales are in sight, and one or more camies have put off in }>ursuit, it is usual 
 for .some one to be on the look-out from a high position, so that in case a whale 
 is struck, a signal can be given and other canoes go to assist. AVlien the whale 
 is dead, it is towed asliore to the most convenient spot, if possible to one of the 
 villages, and hauled as Jiigli on the beach as it can be iloated. As soon as the 
 tide recedes, all iiauds swan.i around the carcass with their knives, and in a very 
 short time the blubber is stripped olf in blocks about two feet square. The por- 
 tion of blubber forming a satldle, taken from betwcn-n the liead and dorsal tin, is 
 esteemed the most choice, and is always the property of the jierson who first 
 strikes the whale. The other portions are distril)uted according to rule, each 
 
 man knowing what he is to receive. Tlie blubber, after being skinned, 
 
 is cat into .strips and boiled, to get out the oil that can be extracted b_, that pro- 
 cess ; this oil is carefully skimmed from the pots with clam shells. The blubber 
 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 it 
 
•3' .-^i i 
 
 l! I " 
 
 ■' ♦ 
 
 
 Wrt 
 
 i' ' " ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 308 
 
 rUKlIISTOIUC I'ISHING. 
 
 is then hung in the smoke to dry, and when cured, Uioks very much like citron. 
 It is somewhat tougher than pork, but sweet (if the whale has been recently 
 killed), and has none of that nauseous taste which (lie whites attribute to it. 
 When cooked, it is common to boil the strips about twenty minutes; but it is 
 often eaten cold and as an accompaniment to dried lialibut." (Page 19, etc.). 
 
 " The principal articles manufactured by the ilakahs arc canoes and whaling 
 implements, conical hats, bark mats, fishing-lines, fish-hooks, knives and daggers, 
 l)ows and arrows, dog's hair bhinkets, feather capes, and various other articles. 
 The largest and best canoes are made by the Clyoqnols and Nittinats on Van- 
 couver Island ; the cedar tliere being of a (piality greatly superior to tliat found 
 on or near Cape Flattery. Canoes of tlie medium and small sizes are made l»y 
 the Makahs from cedar procured a short distance up the Strait or on the Tsuess 
 River. Alter tlie tree is cut down and the bark stripped, tlie log is cut at the 
 lengtii re((uired for the canoes, and the upper portion removed by splitting it olf 
 with wedges, until the greatest width is attained. The two ends are then rough- 
 hewed to a tapering form and a portion of tlie inside dug out. The log is next 
 turned over and proi)erly shaped for a l)ottom, tlien turned l)ack and more 
 chopped from tiie inside, until enough lias l)een removed from botii inside and 
 out to j)eriiiit it to lie easily jiandled, wlieii it is slid into the water and taken to 
 the lodge of the maker, where he finishes it at his leisure. In some cases they 
 finish a canoe in the woods, but generally it is brought home as soon as they can 
 liaul it to tli(' stream. Hel'ore tiie introduction of iron tools, the making of a 
 canoe was a work of mueli ditliculty. Their h;itcliets were made of stone, and 
 their chisels of mussel shells ground to a sharj) edge by rubbing them on a piece 
 of sandstone. It required much time and extreme labor to cut down a large 
 cedar, and it was only the chiefs who had a number of slaves at their disjjosal 
 wlio att('ni])ted such large operations. Their method was to gather round a tree 
 as many ■'■■ uld work, and tliesc chipped away with their stone hatchets till the 
 tree was literrdly gnaw(>(l down, .after the fashion of b(>a\ers. Then to sh.-ipe it 
 and hollow it out was also a tedious job, and many a month W(Uild intervene 
 between the times of commencing to fell the tree, and finishing the canoe. The 
 imiilemeiits they use at present are axes to do the rough-hewing, and chi.sels 
 tittetl to handles; thes(> last are used like a cooper's adze, and remove the wood 
 in small <'hips. i'lie process of linisliing is very slow. A white carpenter could 
 smooth otV the hull of a canoe witli a plane, and do more in two hours than the 
 Indian with his chisel can do in a week. The outside, when it is completi^d, 
 .serves ,is a guide for iinisliing the inside, the workman gauging tlie requisito 
 thickness by placing one hand on the outside and the other on the inside, and 
 passing them over the work, lie is guided in niodelliiig i)y the eye. seldom, if 
 ever, using a measure of any kind; ami some are so ex])ert in this tliat they 
 make lines as true as the most skilful mechaiiiu can. If the tree is not suf- 
 
n 
 
 EXTRACTS. 
 
 309 
 
 U: 
 
 ficioiitly tliick to give tlie required width, tlioy spring tlio toj) of the sides apart, 
 in the middle of the eanoe, by steaming the wood. The inside is tilled with water 
 wliieli is heated by ni"ans of red-hot stones, and a slow (ire is made on the out- 
 side by rows of l)ark laid on the ground, a short distances otT, but near enough 
 to warm the cedar without l)urning it. This renders the wood very tle.\ible in a 
 short time, so that the sides can be opened from six to twelve inches. The canoe 
 is now strengthened, and kept in form by sticks or stretchers, sinular to a boat's 
 thwarts. The ends of these stretchers are fastened with withes made from taper- 
 ing cedar limbs, twisted, and used instead of cords, and the water is then emptied 
 out ; this pi'ocess is not often employed, however, the log being usually sufficiently 
 wide in the first instance. As the projections for the head and stern pieces can- 
 not be cut from the log, they are carved from sei)arate pieces and fastened on by 
 means (, withes and wooden pegs. A very neat and ])eculiar .scarf is u.sed in 
 joining these pieces to the body of the canoe, and the parts are fitted together in 
 a simple and effectual manner. Fir.st the scarf is made on the canoe; this is 
 rubbed over with grease and charcoal ; next the piece to be fitted is hewn as 
 nearly like the .scarf as the eye can guide, and applied to the part which has the 
 grease on it. It is then removed, and the inequalities being at once discovered 
 and chipped off with the chisel, the process is repeated until the whole of the 
 scarf or the piece to be fitted is uniformly marked with the blackened grease. 
 The joijits are l)y this method perfectly matched, and so neat as to be water-tight 
 without any calking. The head and stern jtieces being fastened on, the whole of 
 the inside is then chipped over again, and the smaller and more indistinct the 
 chisel marks are, the better the workmanship is considered. 
 
 t m\ 
 
 f) 
 i''l 
 i'"'^ 
 
 
 '' i 
 
 f\i' 
 
 Fui. I>71. — Mulinli canoe sliowiug inetiiod of scarfing. 
 
 "Until very recently it was the custom to ornament all canoes, except the 
 small ones, with rows of the i>early valve of a species of sea-snail. These shells 
 are procured in large quantities at Xittinat and Ciytxpint. and formerly were in 
 great demand as an article of tratfic. Tliey are inserted in the inside of the 
 edge of the canoe l»y driving them into IkiIcs Ikh'ciI to receive^ them. l>ut at 
 ])res('nt they an> not niuc'.i used by the Makalis, for the reason, 1 presum(>, that 
 they are continually trading idV their canoes, and find they bring (|uite as good 
 a price without these ornaments as with them. 1 have noticed, however, among 
 some of the Clallams, who are a])t to keep a canoe much longer than the Makahs, 
 that the .shell ornaments are still used. When the canoe is finished, it is 
 
 ''•I 
 
 1". 
 
 I--' 
 
 }': 
 
 ::s 
 
 I 
 
:iii ., 
 
 I! I 
 
 H 
 
 : , 
 
 hi. ■■ .' 
 
 I ■■'' ' ' 
 
 310 
 
 I'liKirisToiac Kisiiixo. 
 
 pninted insido witli a inixtiir(> of oil and red ocliro. Somotimcs cliarcoal and oil 
 arc ruhlKMl on tlic outside, Imt nmn roninionly it is simply cliarrod by nuvms of 
 long- fagots of cedar splints, set on lire on one end like a torch, and held against 
 the side of the canoe. The surface is then rubbed smooth with a wisp of grass 
 or !i branch of cedar twigs." (Page 3o, etc.). 
 
 Swa)i {.TamcH G.): Tint Huhhth Tinlitai.'t nf Queen Charlotte's hJainh, British 
 Cohmiliia ; Washington, 1874; No. 267 <>/' Sniithsoiiian Contributions to Kuowl- 
 eihje. — "Thellaidah Indians, living on an island separated from the mainland 
 by a wide and stormy strait, are necessarily obliged to resort to canoes as .a means 
 of travel, and are exceedingly expert in their construction and management. 
 
 "Some of tlu'ir canoes are very large and capalile of carrying oiu; hundred 
 persons with all their equipments for a long voyage. J5ut those generally used 
 will carry from twenty to thirty persons ; and in these conveyances they make 
 voyages of several hundred miles to Victoria on Vancouver's Island, and from 
 thence to the various towns on I'uget Sound. 
 
 " These canoes arc made from single logs of cedar, which attains an immense 
 size on (Juecn Charlotte's Islands. Alliiough not so gracefid in model as the 
 canoes of the west coast of A'ancouver's Island and Washington Territory, which 
 are comnuinly called Clienook canoes, yet they are most excellent sea :its, and 
 capable of being navigated with jierfect safety through the storms and turbulent 
 waters of the Northwest Coast." (Tagc 2).* 
 
 ^feares {John): Yoijages made in the //ears I7S8 and 1789, from China to the 
 y. 11'. Coast of America, etr.; Loudon. 1791. — [Inhabitants of Nootka Sound, 
 N'ancouver's Island]. " Vast (piantities of lish are to be found, both on the coast 
 and in the sounds or harbours. — Anmii ihese are the halibut, herring, sardine, 
 silver-bream, salmon, trout, cod, elephani-lish, shark, dog-tish, cuttle-lish, a great 
 variety of rock-lisli. &('. — all of which we have seen in the possession of the 
 natives, or have been caught l>y ourselves. There are, prob;dily, a great abun- 
 dance of other kinds, whicii are not to be taken by the hook, the only method of 
 taking lish with which the natives are ac([uainted, and we had neither trawls or 
 nets. 
 
 '• In the spring, the herrings as well as the sardines, frequent the coast in 
 vast shoals. Tiie lierring is from seven to eight inches long, and, in general, 
 smaller than those taken in the British seas. The sardine resembles that of 
 Portugal, and is very delicious: they are here t;dven l)y the peoi)le in prodigious 
 quantities. They tirst drive the shoals into the small coves, or shallow waters, 
 
 * A niiino of this kind, |iioc'iire(l tlir<»ii;li tlio iigcncy of Mr. Swan, is in tlic Niitioniil MiLscum. It nttracUKl 
 muc'li iiUcnticm diirini; tlii^ CViilcnniul Kxluliilion ut I*l]il:idcliilii;i, un acccimit of its liiryc sizp, l>i'iii!; lifty-nino 
 fppl Ion;;, iind cif^lit fi'i't wide l)y llirou i'vvl and seven inclica in dcpUi umidaliiiis. It is nuide uf a loi; of tlio 
 yellow cedar [Thttyii ijiijuniea). 
 
 mm. 
 
 IM 
 
EXTHAcrra. 
 
 311 
 
 wlion a certain luunbor of men in oanoos iioop plasliini; tlio water, while otiiers 
 .sinlt branclios of tlio pine with stones; tlie tisli are then easily taken out with 
 wooden troniihs or widicr l)askets. We have sonietimca seen such numbers of 
 them, tliat a wiiole village has not been able to cleanse them before they began 
 to grow putrid. — After being cleaned, they are ])Iaced on rods, and hung in rows, 
 at a certain distance, over their fires, that thay may be smoked ; and when they 
 are sufficiently dried, they are c.irefully packed up in mats, and laid by as a part, 
 and a very considerable part, of their winter's provision. The season for taking 
 these lisli is in the m )nt]is of July ami August. Certain p(>o])le, at this time, 
 are stationed on particni iv eminences, to look for the arrival of the shoals, which 
 can bo very readily distinguished l)y the particular motion of the sea. The 
 natives then embark in their canoes to i)roceed in tlieir tishery. The sardine is 
 pr(>ferred by them to every other kind of tish. except the salmon. 
 
 " [n the months of July, August, and September, salmon are taken, though 
 not in so great abundance^ as the other fish, but arc of a very delicate flavour. 
 They ai'e split, dried, and packed up, as has already been described, and are con- 
 sidered as a great delicacy. The salmon of the district of Nootka are very dif- 
 ferent from those found to the Nortliward, which ar(> of an inferior kind, and of 
 t.he sanu> species with those taken at Kamtschatka. 
 
 " During our stay in King George's Sound, we s;iw very few sharks or hali- 
 but; l)ut till' cod taken by the natives were of the i)est (piality : — they are al.so 
 prepared, like the rest, for the j)iirpose of winter stores." (^'ol. III, page 29, etc.). 
 
 " The occupations of the men of this coast wer(> such as arose from their 
 particular situation. Fishing, and hunting the land or larger marine animals, 
 either for food or furs, Wtvrn their principal employments. — The common business 
 of fishing for ordinary sustenance is carried on In' slaves, or the lower class of 
 people: — While the more noble occupation of killing the whale and hunting the 
 sea-otter, is followed \>y none but the chiefs and warriors. 
 
 " Their dexterity in killing the whale is not easily described, and the facility 
 with which they convey so huge a creature to their habitations is no less remark- 
 able. When it is detern>ined to engage in whale-hunting, which the most .stormy 
 weather docs not prevent, the chief prei)ares himself, with no common ceremony, 
 lor this noble diversion. — He is cloathed on the occasion in the sea-otter's skin ; 
 his body is besmeared with oil, and daubed with red ochre; and he is accompa- 
 nied l)y the most brave, active, and vigorous people in his service. 
 
 '•The canoes employcvl on this occasion aie of a size between their war 
 canoes and those they use on ordinary iiccasions ; they are admirably well adai)teil 
 to the purpose, and are capable of holding, conveniently, eighteen or twenty men. 
 
 "The harpoons which they u.se to strike the whale or any other sea-animal, 
 except the otter, are contrived with no common skill. The shaft is from eighteen 
 
 '3 
 
 ! It' 
 
 1 
 if 
 
 1 1 
 
 i; 
 
 vr 
 
 1. 
 
 •h 
 
 1 ' ■« 
 
T ^ 
 
 il 
 
 ]■:■: ■■ 
 
 :■:!■ 
 
 ■ ; ,t . 
 
 ir ■ ■ i 
 
 !!!■■?* 
 
 312 
 
 PUliHISTOKIC FISHING. 
 
 to twonty-ciglit foot in length ; at flic end wlioroof ia fixed a large pieee of bono 
 eiil in notches, wliich hein;.' spliced to the shaft, serves as a secure hold tor tho 
 harpoon, whicli is fastened to it with thongs. — The harpoon is of an oval form, 
 and rendered extremely sharp at the sides as well as the point; it is made of a 
 large muscle-shell, and is fixed into another piece of bone, about three inches 
 long, and to which a lino is fastened, made of tho sinews of certain beasts, of 
 several fathoms in length ; this is again attached to the shaft ; so that when tho 
 llsh is i)ierced, the shaft lloats on the water by means of seal-skins filled with 
 wind, or the ventilated bladders of fish, which are securely attached to it. 
 
 "Tho chief himself is the principal harpooner, and is the first that strikes 
 the whale. — lie is attended by several canoes of the same size as his own, tilled 
 with people armed with harpoons, ^to bo employed as occasion m.ny require. 
 When the huge fish feels the smart of tho first weapon, he instantly dives, and 
 carries the shaft with all its bladders along with him. The boats immediately 
 follow his wake, and as he rises, continue to fix their weapons in him. till ho 
 finds it impossible for him to sink, from the number of floating buoys which are 
 now attached to his body. The whale then drowns, and is towed on sjioro with 
 groat noise and rejoicings. It is then immediately cut up, when part is dedi- 
 cated to the feast which ((includes the day, and the remainder divided among 
 those who have shared in the dangers and glory of it. 
 
 "The taking of the sea-o(U'r is attend(xl with far greater hazard as well as 
 trouble. For this purpose two very small cano(\s are prepared, in each of which 
 are two expert hunters. The instruments lliey employ on this occasion are bows 
 and arrows, and a small harpoon. Tiie latter difiers, in some degHT. from that 
 which they use in hunting the whale; the shaft is much the same, and is pointe(l 
 with bone; but the harpoon itself is of a greater length, and so notched and 
 barbed, that when it has once entered th(> fl(>sh, it is ;ilmosl impossib!(< to extri- 
 cate it. This is attached to tli(> shaft by several fathoms of line of sutficient 
 strength to drag the otter to the boat. The arrows are small, and pointed with 
 hone, formed into a single i)arb. Thus equipped, the hunters proceed among tlu; 
 rocks in s(>arch of their ])rey. — Sonn^times they surprise him sleeping on his 
 back, on the surface of the water; and, if they can get near the animal without 
 awakening him, which requires infinite precaution, he is easily harpooned and 
 draggeil to the l)oat, when a fierce battle very often ensues between the otter and 
 the hunters, who are frequently wounded by the claws and teeth of the animal. 
 The more common mode, however, of taking him is i)y pursuit, which is some- 
 tiuH's continued for several hours. — As he cannot remain under water but for a 
 very short time, the skill in this cliacc consists in directing the canoes in tho 
 same line that the otter takes when under the water, at which time ho swims 
 witli a degree of c(^lerity that greatly exceeds that of his pursuers. They there- 
 fore separate, in order to have the better chance of wounding him with their 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 313 
 
 arrows at the moment ho rises ; tliougli it often happens that tliis wary and cun- 
 ning animal escapes from the danger whicli surrounds liim. 
 
 " It lias been observed, in the account already given of the otter, that when 
 they arc overtaken with their young ernes, the parental affection supersedes all 
 sense of danger; and both the male and female defend their offspring with tho 
 most furious courage, tearing out the arrows and harpoons tixed in them with 
 their teeth, and oftentimes even attacking the canoes. On these occasions, huw- 
 cver, they and their litter never fail of yielding to the power of the hunters. 
 The difficulty of taking the otter might indeed occasion some degree of surprise 
 at the number of the skins which the natives appear to have in use, and for tho 
 purposes of trade. ]5ut the circumstance may be easily accounted for, by the 
 constant exercise of this advantageous occupation : scarce a day passes, but num- 
 bers arc eagerly employed in the pursuit of it. 
 
 "The seal is also an animal very difficult to take, on account of its being 
 able to remain under water. Artifices are therefore made use of to decoy him 
 within reach of the boats ; and this is done in general by the means of masks of 
 wood made in so exact a resemblance of nature, that the animal takes it for one 
 of his own species, and falls .-i prey to the deception. On such oc(!asions, some 
 of the natives put on these masks, and hiding their bodies with branches of trees 
 as they lie iiniong the rocks, the seals are tempted to approach so near the spot, 
 as to |)iit it in the power of the natives to pierce them with tlieir arrows. Simi- 
 lar artitices are emi)loyed against the sea-cow, &c. The otters, as well as some 
 of th(> land animals, are. we believe, occasionally taken in the ';;iiiie manner. 
 
 "The very preparation for the business of hunting and iisliiiig, rerpiires no 
 small portion of domestic employment. Their harpoons, lines, lish-hooks. l)ows 
 and arrows, and other implements neces.sary in the ditferent |)ursuits of peace 
 and war. must make a very great demand niioii their time. The inge- 
 nuity of these people in all the dill'erent arts that is necessary to their sui)port 
 and their pleasure, is matter of just admiration to the more cultivated parts of 
 the globe. Nature, that foml and bounteous ]iarent to licr children of every kind, 
 has left none of them without those me;nis which are capable of producing tho 
 relative happiness of ■•ill. But the most lab(U'ious, as well as most curious em- 
 ployment in which we saw the natives of Nootka engaged, (for we had no opjxir- 
 tunity of seeing them construct one of their enormous liouses.) was the making 
 of their canoes; which was a work of no coimnon skill and ability. These boats 
 are, many of them, capable of eontaining tVoin liftecn to tiiirty men, with ea ;• 
 and convenience ; and at the same time are elegantly moulded and highly tin- 
 ished ; and this curious work is accomplished with utensils of stone, made by 
 themselves. 
 
 "They even manufactured tools from the iron which they obtained from 
 us ; and it was very seldom that we could pursuadc theni to make use of 
 u 40 
 
 I • 
 
 }• 
 
 
 I 
 
 ! i 
 
 1 
 
 1 f 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
mn 
 
 warn 
 
 i 31 
 
 SI J 
 
 '?' ^ 
 
 i V. 
 
 fl- 
 
 |i-^ 
 
 ' ' -1 • 
 
 III 
 
 pi 
 
 
 ;;i4 
 
 i'Hi;iiisToiur I'isiiiNd. 
 
 niiy i>t' < Ml' utcv.sils ir. prolercncc to t'loir own, oxcopt tlic naw, wliosp ol)vioiis 
 powpr ill (liiiiiiiisliinji thfir laliour, led (liciii to n(lo|)t it witliout liositiitioii. In 
 ])arti('iilar, tlioy contrived to forgo tVoin tlio iron tlicy imiciirod of us, a kind of 
 tool, wliicli answcrod the p'lrixisc of lioHoNviiij^ out iariic trees iiiiieii liettei" tliaii 
 any utensil wo could i;ive tlioiii. This business they aeeoiiiplislied liy main 
 strenjj;tli, with a flat stone hy way of anvil, and a round one which served the 
 piirposo of an liamnier; and with those instruments they shaped the iron from 
 till' tire into a tool hearinjj; some resemblance to a cooper's ad/e, which they fast- 
 ened to an handle of wood with cords made of sinews; and l)eiiiji; sharpened at 
 the end, was extremely well adapted to the uses for which it wa« intended. 
 
 " Their largo war canoes were generally tinished on tV? spot wnore the trees 
 grew of which they are made, and then dragged to the water-side. M'o have 
 seiMi some of tliem which were lifty-threo feet in length, and eight feet in breadth. 
 The iiiiddlo part of these boats is the broadest, and gradually narrows to a jioiiit 
 at each end ; but their head or prow is generally 'nueh I'.Ighor than the stern. 
 
 "As their iMittoms are rounded, and the'r sides flam out, they have conse- 
 tpiently siiiricient bearings, and swim tirmly in the water. They have no seats, 
 but several pieces of wood, about three inches in >liamet(>r, are tixed across them, 
 to keep the sides linn, and preserve them from being warped. The rowers gen- 
 erally sit on tlieir hams, but sometimes they make use of a kind of small stool, 
 which is a groat relief to them. In the a(;t of emliarking they are extremely 
 cautious, each man regularly taking the station to which he has Iteeii .'iccustomed. 
 .Some of these c:iiioos are polished and painted, or curiou.sly studded with lium.iii 
 tootli, i)articularly on tho stern and tho prow. The sides were sometimes adorned 
 with the tigure of a dragon with a long tail, '!' much the same form as we see on 
 the porcelain of China, and in tho fanciful i)aintiiigs of our own country. We 
 were much struck with this circumstance, and took some pains to get at the his- 
 tory of it; but it was among nrianv other of our enquiries to which we could imt 
 obtain any satisfactory answer. 
 
 "After wo had been some time in King (Jeorge's Koiuid, the natives began 
 to make use of sails made of mats, in imitation of ours. Wo had, indeed, rigged 
 one of Ilanna's largo canoes for him, with a pendant, tS:c. &c. of which ht^ was 
 ]»roud beyond measure; and he never approached the sliij) l)iit hoisted his pen- 
 dant, to the very great diversion of our seamen. 
 
 "The paddles are nicely .shaped, and well polished with llsh-skin : they are 
 about five feet six inches in length ; and tho blade, which is about two feet long, 
 is pointed like a loaf, and the point itself is lengthened several inches, and is 
 about one broad. At the end of the handle there is a transverse piece of wood 
 like the top of a crutch. These paddles tho natives use in a most dextrous man- 
 ner, and urge on the canoes with inconceivabh^ swiftness. 
 
 " In no one circumstance of their dift'oront occupations do the natives of 
 
 
EXTHACTS. 
 
 .'ur, 
 
 NiMitkd discover iiKirc tlcxtt-rity llifiii in tlmt of tisliiiiij;. Tlirv liowcvcr iilwavs 
 l)rol'onT(I llicir own iiooi<s. wliirji were m.-Klc iVoin .hIicHs, or (lie bone of lisli, to 
 ours; nor indocd would tlicv ever iimkci use of tlic latter; Imt our lines tliey 
 considered iis very superior to tliose of their own nianufiiclme. These are ni.uh' 
 from the sinews of the whale, which furnishes them with tin; materials of all 
 their dillerent cordajrc, — or from sea-weed, which /^'rows on (he const in yreat 
 ahiindance. Thi.s in split, boiled, ami dried, when it forms a strong and very 
 (oiioh line. 
 
 '• I5ut. besides the common practice of an^linix. they have a very particular 
 method of talvini; herrinifs, sardines, &c. This is manaijed with a stick or polo 
 about eighteen feet long, with a blado of twelve or fourteen inches broad, and six 
 feet loriu', on both sides of which an^ tixed a number of sharp jiieces or |ioints of 
 bon(>. about three ini'hes in leuLjth. When the shoal of lisli appears, tlun' strike 
 this instrument into the wjiter, and seldom fail of brin^'injr up three or four lisli 
 at every stroke. — We have often seen i\ small canoe nearly lilled with herrim.'s, 
 cSl'c. in a very short time, i)y this easy method of tishing." (Vol. 1 1, page'il. etc.). 
 
 Cook (Cftpfain Jmncs) ami Kiiif/ (Cnptaiii Jamc»): A ]'o//(tf/r (it the Pacific 
 Ocean, etc. ; third edition ; London, 17S5, Vol. JI.'^ — [Inhabitants of Xootka Sound]. 
 "Their canoes are of a simi)le structure, but, to appear.ince, well calculated for 
 every usefid purpose. Even the largest, which carry twenty people or more, are 
 fiUMued of oiu' tree. Many of them are forty feet long, seveii i)road, and about 
 hroe deep. Knmi the middli>, toward each end, they Ijecome gradually narrower, 
 the after-part, or stern, ending .abruptly or ])erpendicularly. with a small knob 
 on the top; but the fore-part is lengthened out, stretching forward and upward, 
 cinling in a notched point or prow, considerably higher than the sides of tlio 
 canoe, which run nearly in a straight line. For the most part, they arc without 
 any ornament; but some have a little carving, and are decorated i)y setting .seal's 
 ticthf on the surface, like studs ; as is the ])ractico on their masks and weapons. 
 A few have, likewise, ;i kind of additional head or prow, like ;i large cut-water, 
 which is painted with the ligure of some iininsai. They iiav(> no seats, nor any 
 other supporters, on the inside, than several round sticks, little thicker than ii 
 cane, placed .across, at mi<l depth. They are very light, and their breadth and 
 flatness enable them to swim tirmly, without an out-rigger, which none of them 
 have; a reniiirkable distinction between the navigation of all the American 
 nations, and that of the Southern parts of the East Indies, ;uul the Isl.-mds in 
 th' I'acitic Ocean. Their paddles are small and light ; the shape, in some meas- 
 ure, resembling that of ,i large leaf, pointed at the bottom, broadest in the middle, 
 and grandually losing itself in the shaft, the whole being about tivc feet long. 
 
 * Vol. II ia written by Cii|)luiii Cook. Tho voyage wiis porfornied in the yoiiris l""0-'8O. 
 \ .Mistiikcn tor linnmn Ipclh l>y Xlciire.s. 
 
 •it 
 
 si 
 
 I'V; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 • IV'I 
 
 I: 
 
 ■.■■:' it: i 
 
 ■ I' 
 
310 
 
 PP.KHISTOUIC FISHING. 
 
 lit:;': 
 
 Tliev liavo acquired great dexterity in manacing those paddles, by eonsiant use; 
 fur sails are no part of their art of navigation. 
 
 "Their iniplenionta for tishiiig and hunting, wliich are both ingeniously 
 contrived, and well made, are net«i, hooks and lines, harpoons, gigs, ami jin in- 
 strument like ;in or.r. This last is about twenty feet long, four or the inches 
 broad, and .about h.-ilf an iueh thiek. Haeh edge, for about two-thirds of its 
 length (the other third being its handle), is set with .sharp bone-teeth, .ibout two 
 inches long. Herrings and sardines, and such other sni.-ill tis!; as come in shoals, 
 are !itt;u'keil with this instrument; which is struck into the sho.al, and the lish 
 are caught, either upon or between the teeth. Their hooks are made of bone and 
 wood, and rather inartiticially ; but the harpoon, with which they strike the 
 whales and lesser sea animals, shews a great reach of contrivance. It is com- 
 po.sed of a piece of bone, cut into two barl)s, in which is tixed the oval blade ■)f 
 a large muscle shell, in which is the point of the iTistrunient. To this is fastened 
 about two or three fathoms of rope; and to throw this harpoon, they use n siiaft 
 of about twelve or fifteen feet long, to which the line or rope is made fast ; and 
 to one end of which the harpoon is ii.ved. so as to separate from the shaft, ami 
 leave it Hoating i;pon the water as a buoy, when the .•mimal darts away with the 
 
 h.'.rpoon. As to the materi.als. of which th.ey make their various 
 
 : . ;icles. it is to be observed, that every thing of the rope kitid. is t'onued either 
 ''■>ui tho .gs of skins, and sincnvs of anim.als; or from the sanu' tlaxen st'l)staiii'i' 
 of which their mantles are manufactui'et'.. The sinews dt'ti-n appcired to be of 
 such ;i length, tli.at it might be presumed they could be n\' uu ntlier aniin.al than 
 the wh;de. And the same n.ay be said of th(> bones of wliicli they m.ike their 
 we;ipous already mentioned; such as their bark-beating instrniuents. the j, lints 
 of tiicir spears, and the barbs of their harpoons." (Page .'L'T, etc.). 
 
 [Inh.abifants of I'rince Willi.i'ii's onuml, present Tcrrili>ry of Alask.a]. 
 "Their Itoats m canoes av" '.;f t»o sorts; the i>tu' being large and open, and the 
 other small ;in 1 covered. I nuMitinnod ;il''e;;,iy. th.at in one of liio large boats 
 were twenty women, and one m;in, besides ehildren. I attentively ex.-imined and 
 compaied the construction of this, with ('ran z's deserijition of whai he calls ihe 
 gn^.at. or women's boat in (Jreeid.,.'-.i. .and t'ouml that tliey were built in tlie same 
 manner, p.irts like parts, with no other difVerenee than in the form of the ln-ad 
 iiml stei'n : particularly of the tu'st, which be.ars some reseinblaiiee |o the bead 
 of a wli.ile. The framing is of slemh>r pieces of wood. o\'er which the .-^kins of 
 se.ds, or of other larger ,se;v-anim,ils. .ire stretched, to compo.se the outside, it 
 .appeared .al.so, that the small canoes of iliese jieople are maile lu'.arly of the s;im<> 
 form, and of the .same materials with those used by tlu (ireeid!inde'"s and l']s(pii- 
 m.iiix; at least the dirterence is imt materi.il. Some of these, .-is I h.-ive before 
 observed, carry two men. They are broader in proportion to tln'ir lenglli than 
 
 «{'^-i 
 
EXTRACTS. 
 
 317 
 
 those of tlio I']sqiiimaii.\ ; and tlio hcml or foro-part curves somewhat like the 
 head of a violin. 
 
 "Tho woapons, and instruinpnt.'^ for fishini:^ nnd liuntinc;, arc the very same 
 that aro nindo use (if by tho Es(|nininnx niid OroiMilanchM's ; and it i.'< unnocc-^sjiry 
 to he particnlar in my account of thorn, as thoy aro all very accnriuoly doscribod 
 by Crantz. F did not poo a sint;lt> oiio with those poo])]o that ho has not men- 
 tioned ; nor has he montionod ono ihat thoy have not." (Pap;e .'{71, etc.). 
 
 [lnhal)itaids of Oonalashka. Aloutian Islands]. " Politictil reasons may 
 hav(> induced the Russians not to allow llioso islanders to have ary largo canoes; 
 for it is ditticnh to boliovo they had none such ori'.nnally. as vo fonnd thorn 
 amongst all tli(>ir neighliors. Tho canoes ni;ido nso of by tho n: Hvos an> the 
 smallest wo had any whore soon npon tho .\niorican co.ast ; thongh built ;iftor 
 tho same manner, with some little ditVoronco in tlio construction. 'i"ho stern of 
 those forniin,at(>s a little .abruptly; the head is forked; the upper point of tlie 
 fork projoi ting without tho under (mo, which is e\('n with tho surface of Hu> 
 waf(>r. Why they should thus construct them is ditlicult to concoiv(<; fortius 
 fork is apt to catch hold of every tiling that coniivs in {he way; >o provont which, 
 thoy fix .a piece of small stick from imint t(. ]ioint. In other rosp;ris their canoes 
 aro built after tho manner of tho.so used by th,> Orconlandors and Ks(piim.iux; 
 llie fr.iming being of slender baths, .and tlie covering of s(>,il-skins. Tliev are 
 ■aiuiut twelve foot long; a foot .and ,a half broad in tho middle; and twehcor 
 fourteen inches ihvp. Upon occasion, they can carry two jtorsons ; onoof wliori 
 is stretched at full length in tho canoe ; and the other sits in the scat, or roui.d 
 hole, wiiicli is nearly in tin- middle. Round this Indo is ,a rim nv hoop of wood, 
 about which i.- sowed gul-skiu. th.at can bi> drawn togotlier. or opened like a |)urse, 
 willi leathern tliongs lilted to ilic ontor edge. Tlio m.an seals liiui.-elf in liiis 
 pl.aco; (ir.aws Iho skin tight round iiis body over his gut frock, .and brings the 
 ends of the thongs, (U- pur.so-slring, over llio shoulder to keep it in its place. \\,a 
 sloovi's of bis iVoc!; an! lied light round his wrists; and it iieiiig close round his 
 neck. ,ind tlio bond dr.awn over bis head, where it is coulined liv bis cap, w.iter 
 can scarcely ponotr.ate eillier to his body, or into llie canoe. If any slioiild. Iiow- 
 e\ei. in.-inu.ito itsoif, the bo.atm.an carries ,a piece of spungt\ with wliicli be dries 
 it III). lie uses llic double-idaded paddle, wliicli is bold wilii lii>||i ii.iinjs in the 
 middle, striking the water willi ,i (piirk rignl.ar iiiolioii. lirsl on niic si 'e .nid liion 
 on llie other. IJy this me,iii> the cnioe is impelled ,al .1 gre.ii r.if , and in ;i 
 direction as siraiglil as , a lino can be drawn. In sailing !i'oiu i .■...nchsbak t(» 
 Sanigaiioodli.i, two or Hirer ciiioes kepi w.ay witii lliosbip, IliougL she was gi'lng 
 at tile rate of seven miles an hour. 
 
 '■ 'I'lieir lisliing .hkI hunting implonieiits lie ready upon the cano{<s, nmlor 
 straps 11x0(1 for the pcrpose. They are all made, in great perfeetioii, of wood 
 
 i: 
 
 ■1 
 
 i 
 
 -I 
 mi 
 
' 
 
 I-: 
 
 ■Hfl 
 
 318 
 
 I'KKIllSTOUIC FlSllINO. 
 
 aiui buno; ami differ vory little from those used by the Grccnlanders, as they 
 are described by Crantz. The only difference is in the point of the missile dart; 
 which, in some we saw here, is not above an inch long; whereas Crantz says, 
 that those of the Grccnlanders are a foot and a half in length." (Page 513, etc.). 
 
 M 
 
 if, , 
 
 
 
 I? 
 
 li 
 ]| 
 
 .1.1 
 
 iiil 
 
 "SLilii 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTICES OF FISIIING-IMl'LEMENTS AND FISH-REPRESENTATIONS 
 DISCOVERED SOUTH OF MEXICO. 
 
 Nicaragua. — Dr. J. F. Braii.sford, U. S. N., found during his explorations in 
 Central America, undertaken in the interest of the National Museum, on the 
 Island of Omctepec, in the Lake of Nicaragua, a number of sinkers made of lava 
 pebbles or of fragments of clay vessels. 
 
 FlO. 372. (28840). f ,„. :i7:,. ^■Mm). 
 
 Figs. 372 aud 373.— Stone sinkers. Omcteiiec Islaiirl. 
 
 Figs. 372 ami .S78 represent two of the lava sinkers, whi. h -xhibit, respec- 
 tively, the notched and the grooved type. Tiiey are made of darl, -cidorcd, mass- 
 ive pelibles. showing tiie cellules often characteristic of vojcanii; ejections. 
 
 The sinkers made of p-eccs nf clny vc.s.sels an* mostly notched on ii|i|.usite, 
 sides, like tiie originals (,i Kigs. 374 and 'Mr> on the next page. The slight, 
 curve observable in these sinkers and their thickness (sometimes surpassing 
 half an inch) indicate that they were made of fragments of large and strong 
 vessels. The notches as well as the circumferences .seem to have been groumi, 
 and the latter are not angular, lint rounded. Su,,-.' specimens si ill show the 
 paint of the vessel. .Similar sinkers, it will be remembered, have been found in 
 Germany.''' 
 
 Other objects from Ometcpec; Island, whii-h. in all probability, served as 
 sinkers, are made of parts of the thickened rims of vessels. TIk>si> specimens 
 generally i)resent an elongated form, and arc encircled with a groove near each 
 
 * Keo J). 02 of til in wcrU. 
 
 319 
 
 < J til 
 ', ,1 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 ■ ?:it 
 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 I k' 
 
 
 ■J 
 
 I 
 
 \ » 
 
 ■ 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
320 
 
 I'KliHlSTOUlC FISHING. 
 
 Olid, or simply provided in tlie same places with opposite notches. Fig. 376 
 shows the appearance of an object of the first kind, still covered with the reddish- 
 brown paint of the vessel. It is ground into shape on the ide formed by the 
 fracture. Mr. Charles C. Nutting likewise procured for the National INIuscuni a 
 number of these spe':;imciis on Umetopec Island. 
 
 Flii. 374. (28811). 
 
 Flo. W. (28811). 
 
 Via. ■.m. (28'.lll) 
 
 Km. 1177. (JSKII). 
 
 All h. 
 
 Fi08. 374-377.— iSinkci-8 made of friigiiiciil.s of clsiy vos.«ols. Onietepee Ittlaud. 
 
 In Fig. 377. finally, I represent a sherd of somewliat pear-sliapcd outline, 
 pierced fur siispensiun near tiie narrower e.vtreniity. There seems to be' little 
 risk in ela.'siiig it as a sinker. 
 
 (hst(f Jfiat —na^- Xational Museum is iiidel)ted to .Mr. M. ('. Keith, con- 
 iie.led with the Tosta Rica Railway, which has its ea.steru terminus at Tort 
 Limon, for a large iiumlier of valualde relics di.-<covered during the construction 
 (.f tliat road. They consist of clay vessels, stone implements, and stone sculiit- 
 ures of various kinds. 
 
Al'l'RNDIX. 
 
 321 
 
 Among the stone carving.s is a somcwliat riido and weatlicrcd .specimen, to 
 all appeai'ance intended to imitate a lish. A handle rises from its back, as Fig. 
 378 shows. The object is flatti.sli, about two inches thick in the middle, and 
 nearly fourteen inches long. It weighs eight pounds and a half. The material 
 is a rather compact, gray rock of volcanic (U-igin. It is the only specimen of 
 tiiis kind sent by Mr. Keith, and I am unable to make any suggestion as to its 
 use. It is probable, however, that it served a symbolic or ceremonial purpose. 
 There is no trace of wear observable in any place. 
 
 '"I 
 
 s 
 
 Flo. 378. — Stouc-carviiig in tliK I'onii ol' a lisli. Costa Rica. (^(i0895). 
 
 C/iiriqid, State of Panama, Unital States of (Joloiiihia. — It is now about 
 twenty-five years tliat great excitement vias caused liy the discovery of large 
 numlirrs of gold images in graves situated in tiie ('liiriijui distri<-t, now liehmg- 
 ing to the State of ranama. The cemetery, or /niairil, wincii has fiirnisiied most 
 vif these interesting specimens of alniriginal art, is located in tlie parish of IJugaba, 
 about twi'nty-ti\(' miles from David, tlie principal town in the district. It covers 
 an area of twelve acres. Tiie graves themselves were o\al or (piadrangular pits, 
 lined with stones. They contained, in addition to the gold articles, well-formed 
 clay vi'ssels of various tonus, animal-shaped clay whistles, stone celts and arrows, 
 aiul nictates of a highly ornamental character. The bodies, it ajipears, had alto- 
 gether yielded to decay. The gold images aloiu>, however, claim our attention in 
 the present instance. They were evidently cast ami afterward finished liy beating, 
 and their technical e.\e<uition reflects credit on the skill of the nianufacturers. 
 Their forms were those of wild beasts, birds, reptiles, and fishes peculiar to the 
 region; .some represented men or semi-human monsters of hideous shai)e. They 
 probably served as ornaments or charms, worn liy the living and buried with the 
 H 41 
 
 .>, -f 
 
 {| 
 
 i '' 
 
 ij H 
 
i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 'If' 
 
 m 
 
 if' ' 
 
 Si!) 
 
 Iff? 
 
 32 
 
 '>o 
 
 IMlKIIISTOItIC KISllINli. 
 
 dead. It should be stated, however, that in most cases the gold eumpnsing thoin 
 was not pure, but more or less alloyed witli copper. In speak iiii? of them, I have 
 used the past tense, as I iiave reason to believe tliat most of these valuable relics 
 were sh'pped to England, to be converted into bidlion. 
 
 ^ly attention was iirst directed to the Chiricpii discoveries by an article pub- 
 lished in "Harper's Weekly," of August ()th, 1859, by Dr. F. iM. Otis, then 
 surgeon of the steamship " Moses Taylor." He had just returned from Panama, 
 where he had Leathered his information. 
 
 Fiiif). WJ iuul ;W(t.— Fisli-ivprosfiitalioiiH of t;ol(l. C'liiriijiii. 
 
 I present in Figs. 371) and 880 copies of two of the illustrations accompany- 
 ing Ills article, which ri'|)resent, as it a])pears. respectively, a shark hnjdiiig a 
 snake or snakes (?) in his jaws, and a species of cat-tish. These illustrations 
 give a good idea of the character of the Ciiiricpii gold tigures.* 
 
 State of dduvd, United Stafcx of Colomhia. — In a small painjjhlet pnlilished 
 in 1870, and noticed in " Materiaux," Dr. \a. Marchant states that M. Laurent 
 
 * A viiry jjimkI hh'miiiiI nC tin. ('Iiii'ii|ui i;niv('<, Imscd nn |ii'r»oMul .plinorviition, is ijivi'ii bj ,iu! laiu Dr. .i. 
 Kiim MiTritt ill ciiio 111' tlic luilli'lins of tlic AiiLcriinn Etliii<il<igii'iil Sucii'ty, issued in 18(10. 
 
 I 
 „ ) ■ 
 
 I i 
 
AI'l'KNDIX, 
 
 323 
 
 Rabut saw, in possession of tlio Abbo Tripier, three gold lisli-liooks, obtained 
 from a grave in Now Granada.* No description of these hooks is given. 
 
 u 
 
 t 
 I 
 
 Fid. 881.— Gold (ish-liook. Csiuca. 
 
 Not long ago, Mr. Alexander 0. f'henoweth, a civil engineer, showed mo the 
 gold fi.sli-hook rt'pro.^^cnted in Fig. 381. Ho discovered it on the 15th of June, 
 1882, in a niiniiig-tmiiiol e.vcavated under his direction on the property known 
 as the Yacula gold-mine, situated in the State of Cauca, eighteen Icagnes distant 
 from IJaibacoas, on the Pacific Coa.st. Tho fish-hook was found in the ground, 
 composed of gravel and drift-wood, together with two gold beads and several gold 
 nuggets. These ol)jects occurreil at a dei)th of fifty feet from the surface, in the 
 side of the mountain, which covered, in all |)robability, the ancient bed of the 
 Yacula River, and it is Mr. Chenoweth's opinion tli.it they cannot have been 
 introduced, but must have lain in the place where they were discovered. I regret 
 that I neglected asking the finder, now again .abroad, concerning the elevation of 
 the mountain. Other gold fish-hooks, ho stated, had been found in the same 
 district. 
 
 The hook, made of round, well-poli.shed gold wire, is destitute of any con- 
 trivance for the attachment of a line.f 
 
 * Miilciiaii.x ; Vol. VI, lB70j p. iM8. — Nc^w (ininudii formorly onibnu'cd llii^ |irusi'iit Unitod Kliilcs of Co- 
 lombiii. 
 
 f I fouiiil in llin Wiisliin^lmi " Siincliiy l*i>:-t " of Ocl.ilior 11, \^H3, a ^li.irt nnlien licarini; "ii ijnM llslilicinka, 
 whii'li was lalii'ii IV. mi thn "Ari/.iMia Citizen," pulijislnd lit Tiicsdii. >I r. K. ,1. Sinilli, tlni Cuiiiily t'cinmiT, il is 
 tliiti'd in thai iiiitioi', lia.: in liis |io>si'-siun I'mir jjold llsh-lninks, ai-i|uiri'il liy liim witli dIIici-s — n.iw i;ivi'n away or 
 1<'»I — in IHOii, wliilc cnnai^i'd in iniiiin;,'-"|«Tations in the Stalo «( I'auca. 1 wruU- iinincillati'ly to Mr. Sniilli. fur 
 till' iiiirpoAO of oblainiiii; fnnn liiiii |>liiiln!;raph8 of liis piM tisli-liooks and inforntnlion us to tlu'ir discovery ; Imt 
 I recoivud no answi'i-. I tliun addressed a letter to the editor of the "Arizona Citizen," Mr. S. lloliort Hrown, 
 und ho favored me with a reply, slutiii',' that ho hud spoken to Mr. Smith, and tlial thi' hitler would send nie tlie 
 desired photoijruplis witliout di'luy. .My letter to Mr. Smith was a''lerwar<l piihli.:|ied as a part of an artieh", 'ii- 
 lith'd " I'rehislori,' Kisli Hooks," in tho "Arizona Daily Slur" (Tnesoni of .Mareli 7, 18HI, "The hiicdis, of 
 wliieh .Mr. Sniitli has four," it i.. said, " aro uhont ono iiu'h in lonuth und soini'wiiat thiekerthan a i;ood-si/,od pin, 
 and Would in lisliini; ho prohahly as ell'eetive u.s a harbloss bent pin, wliieh '.hey nineli reseinhle. The sliunk to 
 wlii.h tho lino was attaehed is bent in the sliapi^ l' a small rim; or eye, with ii diameter of probably ono-sixteenlh 
 of an ineh. Tho hook is enrved in u line parallel with tho shank, and has I eiMi 'round down to u point almost 
 Bs sharp us that of u necdl.>. The thirteen, wliieh Mr. Smith ut .'n-' time I ■• ', were, with one exception, of an 
 
 ulinosl iiniforni size and weii;hl ; ll no exeoptod boing iniieli la i; r ; oenvier, but otherwi.'O not dilferent 
 
 from the smaller ones. 
 
 " Ti.ov weru found in the S.ulc^ of Cuuea, Unitod States of Co .iinbia, on tlK rivor Ouuvu, about llfty loaijnes 
 
 • .Ivill 
 
 ^■II 
 
 1 
 
 •Mi: 
 
 ■ Si,: 
 
 :t 
 
 li'j 
 
 )>!,{. 
 
 !'-ii 
 
 ^ 
 
324 
 
 IMIKIIISTOHIC FISHING. 
 
 : ' 
 
 I ^u- 
 
 Peru. — During his ton days' exploration of the ruins at Pacliacamac, about 
 twenty miles south of Lima, Mr. E. G. Sciiiier examined a number of tombs, of 
 one of whieh he gives a detailed description, it contained live desiccated human 
 bodies, namely, those of a man of middle stature, of a full-grown woman, of a 
 girl about fourteen ye.irs old. of a boy some yt^f's younger, and of an infant. 
 Flaving mei\tioned the ditVerent wrappings shrouding the body of the man, Mr. 
 Squier continues: — '• Piissing around the neck, and carefully folded on the 
 knees, on which llie head rested, was a net of the twisted lii)re of the agave, a 
 plant not found on the coast. Tiie threads were as line as the linest used by our 
 tishermen, and the meshes wvvc neatly knotted, precisely after the fashion of 
 to-day. This seems to indicate that lie had been a tisherman — a conclusion 
 further sustained by linding, wrapped up in a doth, between his feet some lishing- 
 iines of various sizes, sonu^ copper hooks, barbed like ours, and some copper 
 sinkers.""' 
 
 I thought those articles were in the American Museum of Natural History 
 at New York, this institution having ac(|uired Mr. Squier's collection ; but upon 
 incpiiry, I was informed tliat they are not there, and 1 am tlius deprived of the 
 opportunity of giving any additional acttoiint of them. I was particularly anxious 
 to ascertain whether the hooks really were barbed, as stated by Mr. Sipiier; for 
 all Peruvian specimens of this class seen by me wen* unl)ariu'd, anil I cannot 
 remember having read any notice n^lating to barbed tish-hooks tVom I't'ru. 
 
 There are sever.-il single cupper lish-hooks in the National .Museum, and, 
 moreover, two sets of angling-apparatus, which would be complete, if the rods 
 were not wanting. These articles were but lately i)resented by Mr. (1. 11. Ilurl- 
 
 from tlio ithy of PiipHyan, jkl. wliiili plaeo Mr. Smilli wiis, in CDiijuiiulion wiUi Hoiiorul O. Iliindo, nihiini; for 
 plai'cr-ncilil in llic year ISi'iil. One uf llip liniiku was in t]\i' ]iii-si'-si.in "IMii'iii'i'iil liuiul I was t)y liiin I'xliiliilfd 
 
 ns n curiosity at liip lime of .Mr. Sinidi'-' ^"in^ llicro. A iioljii'r, tali^'ri (Voni llii^ licl .1 ;i river into wliicli Itiu 
 (iiiava onlori'il, was owned liy a ni':;ro, and was liy liirn also iiopl Tor llie same purpo-o, sliowini; tln'ri'Torc that itven 
 tlicri- Un> hooks won' not lotnnion, and could not lie olplaiiieij lait liy (jn at lalior iir wasliin;; eartli taken out many 
 foot liclow tlio surluce. 'I'lie lirsl hooks, three in nurnlier, I'oiind by .Mr. Smith, were taken out ten foot below thn 
 rivcr-bcil. Tlic river Inul, al i^reat cost, hecn turned I'roin its natural <'hannul. Nine others were taken from a 
 bBr uliout two mile- above Ihi' place when' the tir.-t Ihiee had been fouinl. The bar was th« accumulation of ecu- 
 turie>, and was covered by a thick growth of forest. The i;(dd was generally ilistribuled over the bar, and as Iho 
 };round promised to be rcimuiu'rative, it was adjudf;cil best to sluice it entirely away. On the bed rock, uiidur a, 
 linu'tree fully two feet in diameter, at a ileptli of aliout lifteen fei't, several ULore hooks \vi'r(^ seiured, and still 
 others, al a like depth, in a creviic: beneath an immense boulder that weiehid probably Iwiuity tons. The iicciun- 
 ubilpd dobris of the bar varied fri'm eiuht to twenty feel in thickne.-s. 
 
 " By the people id' the noii;hborbood they were generally believed to be the handiwork of an c.\tinct tribe of 
 Indians, the remains of whose villa'.;i! were thiMi to be .seen siv or seven lea;{ui!S higher up, and near the source of 
 the river. They had evidently been workers in K"U\, as several old arrastras and minim; shafts bore proof. Their 
 (jruves have since been opened, and nuuiy trinkets of ;;old taken Iherefnuu, lizards, lisli and froKs beini; the 
 most common devices." 
 
 Such is the accoui]t j^iven in the above. named newspaper. I'hotof^rapbs of tin' hocd,s were sent by .Mr. 
 Smith; but tliey arrived too hite for reproduction and utilization. This very imtc was already iji type, ami had 
 to bo niodilied to include thi^ referi'uci'. 
 
 • Squier ; I'eru ; Incidents o#Travel and h.xploralioii in the Li id of tho Incus ; New York, 1877 ; p. 74. 
 
 m 
 
ATPKNIUX. 
 
 325 
 
 but, soil nt' tlio lato minister of the Unitotl States in Peru. In 1881, tlieac j^'on- 
 tlomiMi .sciii itiit ill! inhabitant of Lima to proiuiro antiquities. As the Chilians 
 then invested the eajtital, it is prnhable tliat tlic relies ac([uireil on that occasion 
 were oittained in the vicinity of the city. More preeise information as to their 
 discovery has not been furnished. At any rate, tlicre can bo no doubt that they 
 formed a part of a grave-deposit. 
 
 'I > 
 
 ri 
 
 Pto. 382.— Wooden raiisk with appeudeil l)rtg8. Peru. (65376). 
 
 The most conspicuous, or central object, as it were — represented in Fig. 
 382 — is a human face or mask will the neck indicated liy a stem-like projection. 
 
32fi 
 
 I'UKirisTOHu; Ki.sniNo. 
 
 till' whole tolcralily well curved in wood, wliicli, tln>u<j;li rntli* r deeiiyod, still oenrs 
 traces of red paint. The eves of this mask, which is somewhat larfj;er than life- 
 size, are made of shell, and it is provided at the top and sides with perforations 
 servinj,' for the attachment of vari(!us accompanyini;: objects. The l)nck p.irt of 
 the ujask, in order to uive the carvinj,' the appearance of a head, is Ixilstered by 
 a netted bag tilled with leaves, and covered with tow in imitation of hair. 
 There arc further to be mentioned a sort of head-dress of feathers and a (doth 
 band around the top of the head. To this i)art of the head is attached a woven 
 bag, which containetl three stone sinkers, bits of copper, corn-husks inclosing 
 earth, and other articles. Fastened to the left side of the mask is a bag of net- 
 work in which were two reels of reed, with the lines wound around them, one 
 of the reels hiving a copper tish-hook adixed to either end ; also small nets tilled 
 with beans, goird-seeds, etc. On the right side of the mask is attnched a small, 
 closely-woven pouch with long fringes at the lower edge, which contains small 
 bundles of feathers, of wool, cotton, and various other substances.'" 
 
 Fia 383. (0,1384). Fia. 3IM. (nr.Mi). 
 
 Fioa. .383 and 384. — Reel with line and two copper fisii-huokx, niid stone sinker. IVrii, 
 
 * Suili miis-lcs lire n.'t uiifrwiufnlly fimmi in Puruvian graves. Son .Sqiiior's " Peru," p. 90. Otlior niitliort 
 on Peril likewise mention tliom. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 327 
 
 V'vj;. 383 slit»WH oiio of tlio piocos of rcod with the line womul up. Tlio lattor 
 consists (if voj^«'tiil)lt' tihi'f, luid is twisted witli pcrfcrt ivirul.irity. Tlio rod has 
 at oacrli I'lid a split throiiudi whirh one ol the ((ippcr lisli-iiooks is passed, as iiidien- 
 tcd in tlic illustration. 'I'lic hooks are inucli corroded, .ind covered with verdi<;;ri8. 
 Thoy are uiil)arl)ed, and the larger of them is provided with an eye for faslcfninj,' 
 the line, while the smaller one shows slight protid)erances to facilitate that pro- 
 cess. I hav(* called them ('o^tpci' hooks, though there is a possil)ilily that they 
 may consist of i)ronze. Tln'V are rather frail, Jtiid an attempt to discover 
 whether they consist of copper or an alloy might lead to their destruction. 
 
 Fig. 384 represents the largest and bost-linished of the three sinkers, found 
 sepiirately from the hooks and reels, as stated. It is carefully made of dark 
 argillite, well-smoothed, hut not polished, ami show.s the striie produced in fash- 
 ioning it. A section through the middle would re.semlde an oval with one of 
 the ends truncated. There are two grooves at one end, and only one id the other. 
 These grooves ar(> not entirely carried around, hut terminate where they reach 
 the flattened side of the sinker. The arr.ingement shown in the represented 
 group conveys an imi)ression of methodical order, perfectly in keeping with the 
 habits of the Peruvians. 
 
 
 
 ■;• \ , 
 
 ■'> i 
 
 
 FlO. 38f.. 
 
 Fio8. .18.5-387.— Copper fish-liooks. Aiicoii. 
 
 i 
 
 I:- 
 , 1 - 
 
 In addition, I copy designs of three copper tish-hooks from Plate 8] of the 
 yet unfinished spleiulid folio work by Messrs. W. Ueiss and A. Stiibel, entitled 
 "The Necropolis ot Ancon in Peru." which is published in (Jerman and English 
 (Berlin and London) under the auspices of the Directors of the IJerlin Roy.d 
 Museum.* The authors devoted several years to the exploration of the burial- 
 
 * Tlio iippcnrHnco of this work wiis thus nnnounood by thn " Loiulnn Tiiiu-s " :^ 
 
 " Wc! Imvu iiovcr .scon nnything liner in i'hromolitlii)grii|)liy, iinil llio illiistriitiona have all tlin apiioaninci' 
 of bi'ini; faithful reprdiliictions of tli>! iiri;;inuls. Wo have thn strani,'i'-liioking mnmiiiii's tlioinsclves wrnppwl in 
 their many partii'tilorcd clothe, tied round with mpo^, and tlio nunnToiH article:) that hivini^ liand< di'positcd bosido 
 
 ■ r 
 
 I* 
 
 "-1 '< 
 
 '11 
 
 % 
 
: '''■H'i) ' ■ itiL?'- .n' T^?^^^^^^'**"'^''''''**^^'!^ 
 
 :i! 
 
 MJ8 
 
 l>l(KlllsToi{f(; I'isiiiNO. 
 
 jiroiiiKl at Anciiii, a small place Hitiiatcil mi (lio »pft-eonst, a slmrt distaiict' north 
 nl" Ijiiia. Tlic oriiiiiials of Fi^s. MH.'), ;iS(), ai.d .'W7 on llu prcccdinj,' pa,<;o tlifVcr 
 in sliapf from the hooks shown in Fiu:-'H'l; tlu- ends of llic shanks nrc bent 
 inwardly to fmnlitato tho altachnicnt of tho lino. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 L 1 
 
 L. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 "1 11 1 I 1 I T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ., I I 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^""' 
 
 
 
 
 I ' 
 
 Via. S8g. 
 
 Flds. :>.S,S anil :!S0. — Portioiia of iirts. A neon. 
 
 Net-making was practised tu a ureal, cvtiMit in Peru before the conqiiost of 
 the country l»y the Spaniards, as (he many netted articles found among grave- 
 deposits testify. These nets, knotted exactly like ours, were not only made for 
 purposes of lishing. hut .served also, in the form of bags, as tho receptacles of 
 various articles. Such h.ags with their contents have frecjuently been taken from 
 l*eruvi;ui graves. The wrappings of the mummies, or rather desiccated bodies, 
 are often extern.ally enironipassed iiy a net-work of b.ast or twisted straw. 
 
 Fii:s, ;WS ,ind .'WO represent portion.s of nets found in •.raves at Aiufon, and 
 preserved in the IV'aliody .Museum (Nos. 878!> and 7."J-<i) These nets diller in 
 no way from those m.aile ;it the present d,iy. They are er' a l)rownish color and 
 the material is vegetable tii)re, the character of which I am unable to determine. 
 
 It is well known that the former inhabitants of Peru excelled in the manu- 
 facture of pottery, producing vessels, which, by their peculi.aritios of form and 
 
 tliniii for U80 nn their cikMoss j'liirnoy. TIkmi \vn liiivo 8|iuuiinon> of viiriinH kinds "f wnViMi fjif'nt^nts, cviili'ntly 
 (if lino ti'xliire, iinil shdwini; hi*''"' taste in iirri)iii;(m)nnt «( color nnd (jliiboriilion of orniiini'iit. Spindlus luid 
 work-biisltflts, I'liiy ftgiiroa, it viuw of tho ci'metcry itself, nnd ii |iiinoriimn of tlie dii-trict in wliic-h it Atund'i lire 
 iinmn;; tho either suhjccts illnstrutrd. As the e'orni'ti'ry ut Ani'on win ii cnniriKin oiio, it i-" oovimn that the oliji^'ts 
 c'ontuiiii'd in it will illU'^lniti' llio lifi' of tln^ Imlk of llic |ieii|ili' of Old I'ern. This work is nioniliniMitnl in rliiir- 
 ai'tiT, nnd its vnlnc to tho uroliic.ih.f;i.st will lie <if the hijjIu'St." 
 
AITKNDIX, 
 
 32{) 
 
 • iniMiiKMitntiim, iicncrallv caii lie (listiiiifiiislicd witlimit minli (lilliciiltv I'miii tliii 
 iincicnt ('criimii' maiiiirjictiircH fimnd in ntlier piirt^* <>( America, 'riii-y iiftoii 
 irioiildcd tiicii' v('^^s^'|H in tlic Inrni of the (|uadrii|)tMls, birds, llslics, ftc, dI' tlh-ir 
 cmintrv, '>r <'t' liiinian licads or cntiro iiiiinan liyurcs with various altriitiitt's, 
 Homc'tinio.s of iinintt'llijj;iliii' cliaraflor. Indci'd, it vvntild ho inipoHsihh' to oxliaiint 
 ill a fow words \\\r raiiiri' of (;i)iic(<|itioiis ivvproHscd in tiioir ccraiiiif works. 
 Fii,'iiri's of the character just alluded to also appear as the (hM'oratioiis of their 
 more simph* vessels, ami these ornaments are either paiided or worked in a kind 
 of relief, their tuitour heini,' hrouifht out by the ronioval of tho wurroundin^' 
 portion of tlie surface. Peruvian (day veswels iiiiitatini,' the form of a tish are 
 not rare, and nearly every work treatiiiLf of th(! aiitiipiities of I'eru refers to 
 them. A tine tish-shaped vess(d is tiuured on Plate XII I of the •'Antij.jiiedade.s 
 Periiaiias" iiy M. K, llivero and J. J. von Tschiidi (V^ieiiiia, ISol), and one of 
 siiiiilar, thoii^^h soinowhiit simpler, form is proscrvod in tho United States 
 National Museum. 
 
 % 
 
 14 
 
 !■ 
 
 • !t 
 
 ^;,i 
 
 Fm. 390. — Fisli-slmpi'd flay vtssd. Peru. (r):!41). 
 
 Fijf. 300 represents ii. Tiie lonuitudiiiMl axis measures a trifle more tliaii 
 ten inches, while the transverse middle diameter is onlv six inches in leimlli. 
 The two strongly bulging sides forming the lish-ligiire meet aliove and IicIdw 
 under an obtuse fingle, forming a blunt edge or ridgi-, which is iiit<'rrupted bv 
 the nock and a tlattish bottom, l)arely permitting tho vessel to stand. It is coated 
 u 42 
 

 Mi 
 
 : ■ t 
 
 m'' 
 
 
 ■■'fi 
 
 
 •Am 
 
 IMJIIIIISTOUK" KISIIING. 
 
 witli a sliiiMiiii lilnck cnliir. Tlic illiiritration roiiilors I'lirtlicr tlcscriptio'? siipcr- 
 fliioiis. Tlii.'! spi'i-iiiKMi was Iji-oiiirlil iVdin IVtu, many years ajj;t>, \)\ Caplaiii 
 Aiilifk. U.S. N. 
 
 Km :uil — Arlu». 
 
 Fio. a'.U.-rriijllli>. I I,. :l'i:l.-TriiJillii. 
 
 Fit.. . ;!!ll-:l!t;!.— risl|.!ilm|uil <l:iv vi>«i'ls. 
 
 Ainonsr tlio fisli-fornied vossi'ls tiLruri-il in M. Cliarli-s WiciHr's work "ii 
 I'cni -iiul Hiilivia is mu' from .Vrica, wliidi cxiiiliits tin- same liciiiM-al cliaracttM'.''' 
 It is ri'prcsciitcil in I'^iu. ."JMI . In KiLTs. ."{'.L' ami '.VX\ I pn'scnt lorms of clay 
 vessels tVi>m 'rrMJilIi>. liclmiLiinL-- tn Dr. .lose- .M. Maeeiln's fullcctitm of Penn ian 
 ;iiiti<iiiilii's, now on cxiiiliitinn at I'aris.f 
 
 In (leseril>iiiii' liie (isli-sliapnl vessel tVum .\!iss<>nri. represented in Fiir. .'l')? 
 on paii-e iM.'t. I directi-d allentioM to its similarity to liio corri'spondinu- class of 
 IVruvian r.irtlicnware. I liardly need add tlial 1 draw no condnsjons whatever 
 iVoiii this resrmhiance. 
 
 I (aiiiiol rrmendier liavim;- seen I'ernvian vessels with tish-tiirnres painted 
 on them, and know of tlieir existence only from tlescriplions. Dr. .Macedo men- 
 tions in iiis catalo^ne several ve.ssols (irnumenled with [lainled lisli-de.siyns, 
 .associated with other I'lL'nre.s, 
 
 • Wii'iHT: Pw.m i-l H.ilivi.'; I'liria, IKHO; |.. (104. 
 
 t lliiinj : li.'Viit'il'Kllin..uni|.lih'; \'..l I. IKH-.'; p. r,!), Kius f,; iiml (11. 
 
Al'I'KNDIX. 
 
 •x\\ 
 
 TluM'c arc ill tli(> Xntimml Museum several vessels lV..m I'ern, sliowiiiu; lisli- 
 rtiXnri's ill relief. 1 jj;i\i' in Kiir. .'IIU a represenlatiiiii et' tiie mnsl (■(iiispieiiniis 
 aiimiiii: llioiii — a lilack vessel ut' ,i;i'acet'ul runii. witli a liaiidle in tlie slia|>e el" a 
 imnikey. There" appears on eac'i side a sort of pan- '• sliuwiiii;- the liiriires ul' two 
 tislies and that ot" a long-liilled liird hetweeii them. The liacUirrciiiid t'roiii wliieli 
 the lijxiires stand nut is ni.-irUed with the rai-^ed d()ts ol'teii siirrnundiiii;- the relief- 
 work oil l*eriivi,in e-Ttheiiware. Fiu'. '{!>.") siiows the panel enlarged. 
 
 This tine spicimtMi was presented to the National Museum Ity Mr. .1. V. 
 Norton. 
 
 Pm. .m. 
 
 ■!<.:»! I 
 
 Fl(i8. ;>04 ami liit'i.— Clay vi'.isoi aiui (iriiarnriiuiliini <iii it i'rilarj;i'il. I', in. i 17.'>T'i 
 
 |. i 
 
 Dr. Macedo mentions ill his eatalooue a small va>e from Casnia willi an 
 aperture in the form of a man's head ami two animal-sliajied handles. On the 
 t'l'ont part is represented in relief a man slamlim;- iipiiLiht ainonu' llshes. .■uid in 
 the act of catehiiiii a lar^^c lisii with a net.-' 
 
 Tiie proLjress in nietalliiruy whieh the I'ernv iaii^ had made hefure the adviMil 
 of the Spaniards is well known, and it would he foreii^n lo mv purpose to enlarge 
 on tiie sulijeet. Like all other indiuines of .Vmeriea. I will simply stale, they 
 were uiiaeipiainted with the use of iron ; hut they worked copper and the precious 
 metals, producihg ii great variety of tools, utensils, ornaments, and trinkets, 
 
 ' ';:( 
 
 • ChIhI 'i-iic (I'dlijivt-i Arclir...l,ii;i,m.'<..lii I'.t.mi ; I'.iiis IWI ; |., 17, No. 'JiU. 
 
' .^1^ 
 
 11 ■\ 
 
 H' 
 
 M ;i 
 
 uidti 
 
 332 
 
 n!i:illST()l!l(' I'ISIIINO 
 
 wliicli ut'lcii lu'toluMi ji cniisidt'rnlilo dotrroe of skill. .M.-iiiy olijrcts wcro iiiatlf of 
 ail alloy of ij:ul(I and copiicr, called cliitiniil. Tlicv also used Itruiizi'. Imitations 
 of liviiii;- crcaliircs in uold, silver, or cliampi arc still in rxistencc. tlioiijili llio 
 jifold olijccts, as may be iniayiiu-il, liave mostly Ikumi iiii'ltod. 
 
 -Mr. S(|tii('r rcinrsciits .a tisli cast in solid silver, liroiiiilit witli other kindi-ed 
 articles from i'eru ;* Imt I refrain from copying' Ids jii;iire, lieiiii;- somewliat in 
 doiilit as to tlie genuineness of llie oriirinal. wliieli I liave often seen. It is now 
 ill tlie American .Museum of X.itnral History at New York. 
 
 In llie year IStJT .Mr. S(juier received from .Mr. Henry Swayiie, then at. 
 Lima, a series of representations of tishes of various kinds, cut out from thin 
 jilati'.^ of silver. They are here shown in I'"ius. .'JtMi to \{)'.\:\ .Mr. Scpiier con- 
 sidi-rs them as •■accurate representations of lish 
 
 wate 
 
 actually found in reruM.in 
 I showed the illustrations for itlentilication to I'mfessor Theodore (Jill. 
 
 who pronounced them too con\enlioiial in e.\eciition for determinini;' the dilVereiit 
 species. Concerning the ciremiistaiices of their discovery .Mr. Sw.ayne wrote as 
 follows : — 
 
 II 
 
 , I ;' ; 1 
 
 "I a\ail myself of the first opportunity to send you a numher of sm.all silver 
 tishes. which were taken out, liy the captain of a coaslini;-\esseI, a friend of mine, 
 from the irnaiio (if the Chincha Islands. /////7///hv* feet helow the surface. I think 
 lliey ill liu far to estahlish the hii;li aiitiipiity of the alMU'iiiiiies of this country. 
 This tVieiid of mine, ('ajitaiii .iu.iii I'ardo. an Itali.in. s.iw t;ikeii oiil of the uii.iiio, 
 .•it the s.inie lime that these lishes were found, the hodv of a fem;ile. lackiiiu' the 
 
 hi'.-id, which, liowev 
 
 er. was ( 
 
 li.scovered at .some dist.iiice from the skt-letoii. The 
 
 (•host, hre.-ists. ;iiid rilis were covered with thin sheets of pihl, and the whole 
 wiiiild have iieen a most \,dii;ilile relic, had it heeii preserved a> found. Hut the 
 workmen divided tli<^ liohl. part of which was sidd to c.iplaiiis ot' ships loailiiii.' 
 f^Miano, and the iiody thrown into the sea."';j: 
 
 Mr. Sipiier is somewhat skeptic repirdiiiij the statements that artefacts have 
 occurred at ureat depths in the j,'uano. Tin se ;icc'.unts. he thinks, ••arc; far loo 
 v;ii;iie to he accepted, in this epoch of positiv i' science, .i^ the liasis of rational 
 speciil.itioii reuai'diiiv' llie aiiticpiitv of man or his works uii the shores nf rem. 
 Articles imiy he t'oimd ;it cunsiderahie dejilhs in Inuiini. winre tiiey liaveheeii 
 
 II simiilv delMisiled jit the surface ;ilid fallen down, 
 
 )iine(l. 
 
 Tl 
 
 lev Miiv 'i;ive lie( 
 
 I'. 
 
 t 'riii-i' illh-lnili.iii- iipi .■iiri-.l lli>l in l''ihiik !.i-li.\ " lllii.|riil.-.| Ni« -|.ii|..t " ..I' n,|,,l.,T I'l. I 
 
 Sii", an - 
 
 ll .I.Miniul III' till 
 
 liiilivirii.' III! iii'iili' liy .Mr. Sc|iiiiT. 'I'Im'V wiri' Ihi'ii mjiiiii |Mil>li-li('ii liy liiiii iii !in r>-iiy in 
 
 AiiUir>i|iiil"i;h 111 liisliliiti'iir Ni'iv ^ciili, Viil I, Ni'W Yurk, IH7I '71.'." p. '>\ ; iiml lliiiilly r.Miiiil lli.ii- way iiiln liin 
 
 " I'prii " (iu|.yriL'litiMl in |S77i. I niii iii.|i'l>t.(l l.i Mc««r~, lliir|HT ,V liroUicr- fur ili'ilnity|H'< nl' tlir^i- ilhisini- 
 
 tl"n« n» well ii« I'.ir tliiit nt' Kii{. 4lit, wiiicli lik.wi-i' iii'pi'iiriil li"lh in llu' alp. 
 
 Wnrk "II I'lTll. 
 
 '<l journal (p. 'ill anil in tin 
 
 SqiiiiT: Aiitii|iiitii"' rri.in till' liiiHii Iluami I-<laiiili nl' I'oiii , .luiirniil iil' tin' Aiitliniiuilufjiral liistiliilo 
 
 V..rl,, v.. I. I, lh7l 
 
 |. .'lO, clr 
 
Arpi:M>i.\. 
 
 333 
 
 to iiii .ipp.iriMitly prcat dcptli. with tlic (lisintogration or 'caving' down of the 
 wall of the material in (•nurf«e c»f removal, and tilu^s appear to have been deposited 
 there. We iMust, however, exliaust the easiest modes of resolving a ((uestion 
 before resorting to those that are eoniplex." 
 
 ,"<t 
 
 
 
 
 1 ■■ 
 ■!« 
 
 1 ' 
 
 '}\ 
 
 4 
 
 All 1 
 Vuis. ;{!Mi JO:!. Kisli ^llll|ll■li »ilvrr m ii;iiiii ills. Froiii mn' uf llir Cliiiirliu l-lamls. 
 
 The silver lishes just dcscrilicil arc in the Aimiicin .M ii~iiimi nf Naiiii.il 
 liislorv at New Yni-K. Tliere can lie little li'iilij ihat tlicy wcfc uriuinally 
 attached as ornaments to sunic article of dress, which has lunu yielded to dccav 
 
 • S.|lliiT : Alili'|llilii'<, rlc.; |i. Sri 
 
 ■ i^ili-l 
 
^ ' 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 I'' 
 
 if:: 
 
 33-1 
 
 I'UKIIISTOIIIC MSllINd. 
 
 in tlie eovoriiig deposit. Tiiis applicatitui appoiirs the more probable as there is 
 preserved among the anli(|iiilics of llie Xew York llistorieal Society an ancient 
 poncho, taken from a tnmb at (Jraii Chimu. near Trujilh>, ni)on whicii are sewed, 
 in consideral>le number, silver lishe^, '-it dill'erintr much from those sent by Mr. 
 Swayne. On the head of tlie body with which tiie poncho was found rested a 
 thin silver plate, cut out in a form which lias been suppose<l to represent a skate, 
 and having on it • struck-ui»" representations of three tishcs resembling those 
 attached to the poncho itself. 
 
 m. 
 
 fell •,*;'■ 
 
 "7 i 'I ■ V 
 
 Fki. 404. — Fish-HlmpcJ silver nriuiracnt. Grim Chimu, 
 
 'I'his tish-sh.iped urnamcnt. slmun in l''ig. HH, nii'.isui'cs nine and a half 
 inilic;* ill greatest length, .iiid five ,iim1 ;i fcnirtli inches in grcilcst breadth. Mr. 
 S(|uicr lliiiiUs it \\;is in^i ricd ImIwcch tlif forchrnd .iinl tin' tllh't encircling il. 
 and wurn ;is a kind of aiL'rclte.''' I'rofessnr (iill is (.f ii|iiiii(iii tiiat this tigiirc 
 \v;is iml inleiithd \i> iinilalc ;i sk.'itc, .ind tliiiiks il nscinldi's inure Ilic /iisiiif>//;/r 
 IWIiiiilii. Iji'i-ki'l (uf the 'J'or/udd I'amiiy), a tish inlialiiting the sea ajonu' the 
 I'l rii\ i.'iii cn.-ist. 
 
 'I'lir iii.iiiy ti'vlih' labrics iTsi-iied from I'eruN ian loml's bear witness tn tin- 
 >kill ill \\c;i\ ii!g and dyeing di.si)l;iyid liy tlic funiicr iiiliab'l.ints, who ii.'i d as 
 iM;ttei'i.-ils cnttm iind Ibc wnnj i>{ the cami'1-likc aiiini.ils • i tlicir lunnlry (Ikiiiia 
 .•il|i,ic,i, viriifi,!. ;iiid hii.in.'ico;. .M.iiiy of tl.'ir .-tiid'- slmw rcgiii.n ii ■i.\cn p.it- 
 lenis, il, tiic fiiriii iif gromelrical lU'sii^ns. nr -it' fiiiiis. rrptilcs, lisiics. iiirds, 
 i|ii.idnipcds, and men. These tiL'iires. nwiii'r tn tin- dilliciilly of the prncess, are 
 
 * Scjuior : Aiihiuitii:.-, ilc ; p. .W. 
 
Al'l'KNDIX. 
 
 3;jo 
 
 angular and of primitive appfjiraiico, yet, nevertheless, proiliice a pleasiiij. 
 effect* 
 
 ^ 5a 
 
 ■^njK^V 
 
 WBfSi 
 
 lap 
 
 i 
 
 KSSRl'S 
 
 ^MvLdJ9 
 
 
 f^S 
 
 ^^h 
 
 /T*iir''E'i3^8H 
 
 ■IkEj^ki&lvm 
 
 y^UtzJ^ 
 
 riiMhr?^K.'nLiil^i 
 
 
 L^SJira 
 
 
 
 UmiI 
 
 lllEii^JRii'i^HyiflMH 
 
 
 »' NJTilx 
 
 B |RfaM||MM 
 
 ■iPjl|u|rr|tui^^ 
 
 
 v^^^v^^^Mi^Ji^H^l 
 
 i 
 
 Fui. '105.— I'icL'f 111' i'IdIIi with inwdvcii li^li-di'sigti!!. Pisco. 
 
 The reader, bv this (inic .icciisIohiimI tu the fdiivcntiniiiil lish-ri'|ircseiitati<iiis 
 of the l*enivi;ms, will nnl fail In rccouiii/.r unc in the ccMlral dcsiuii of 1'"!^-. Id."), 
 .slmwiiii; a |Mirtion of a piece uC clotli, tnuini at Tisco. one liiiMilrct! ami tliirtv 
 miles .south of Lima. The same liiiure. ditVerently colurod. is twice repeateij at 
 the lower edire of the fra,i:ment. The illiistratinu is cupietl iVnm |)age (i;}7 of .M. 
 Wiener's " IV-mu et IJolivie." 
 
 * " II r»t ifttorwsiinl dc itiiivrc to quo nuiia iip|u'lloriiin8 Vdlntiticrs k> tl6voli)|i|H'in.iil ili.-t ilcssiiiB <liin.s lit tiaiii 
 (li's T'tiiiri'S. I.rs rti.d'i's lis iilii^ ^illl|ll^■^ dill iidiir i I'liciiiriit.s di' siiiiiili.s llijiies dmitcj niirnlli'k' 
 
 iraiitrt'ii ill's III 
 
 11' tout ITi lis |iri'iiili'r> imihIc li- i|iii' iimis nlriMivini- ilans lis niillis ili' |i!iilli\ ('I'lii'iiiliint ri'« ili' 
 
 <li''Volii[>])i'til, li- inr-iiiiiln' M'liipliiri' iriilmril Ii'.h lii^m 
 
 rt |Mli^ [u'lit a pi'lil h 
 
 'ti.^ trxiivniis la i-ipi 
 
 iiliirtiiM 
 iilaiil li' 
 
 ill' Iriills, ill' |iois-iii>s I't il'aiiiiiiaiix, |niiir inuis iiliniT liiiali'iiii'iit a la ri'|iri'»i'iilali'iri il" I'lii'iiiin". d 
 ililllrulli" triliTiii|iiis i'ii.|irrliaii'Mt It' liliru <li'vi'lii{i|ii'iiii'iit ili' la li;;iii'. I. a I'lHirln' ist Iniijoiirs niiiiilari'ii |i«r iin 
 
 li|;iii' ri'iit I'ois III 
 
 rt SI' iiiuiiviiiit stiivant ili- 
 
 zli's limits. (."i.'>l ainsi iiiii* I 
 
 rnini' ili'vii'iil iini' I'vninii 
 
 ill' ,\ 
 
 Krailiii'', qui' I'li'il lU'viuiil uii rliiiiiiliniji', lu nu/. uii Iriaiigli', lit liniirliu Uli 4iiiiUrllaltirt'. ' 
 /nil I |i. li:!il, L'to. 
 
 k liUin- : t c'xn 
 
 et Hu 
 
 '■■■'■^\ 
 
 ' ! !f ^ 
 
 :|| 
 
 -••"It, 
 
 'N 
 
 
I!-; 
 
 
 l» ■* 1 1 
 
 
 1 ! V , 
 
 1^ 'h 
 
 
 m 
 
 s! 
 
 a4 
 
 
 li tj 
 
 9' »^s'' 
 
 lis IP; 
 
 if '^ 
 
 
 •tih 
 
 f 
 
 
 |i 
 
 9& 
 
 e 
 
 'Ut& 
 
 li 
 
 jW§^ 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbnt, ('. C, TriMitdii tinivcl-. lit; l".nc ItHli-hoi.k, 
 Ldiii; Isliiriil, li;ii; sinker-. Ni'W .liTscy, l"i7; lUli- 
 lUttirs, N.'W .liT-iy, Ho, Is:,; aiii lii>r-tti>iir-. 
 Ni'W .li'isr I'.l^i ..lii'll-luap- ill Niw .Iirsry. 
 li-7. 
 
 AImiihIiimii' cif 11. Ii ill Ni.illi Ahiirli iiri wmI.i-, 117, 
 
 Adiiir, .1., IMiiiii; .>f tlii' Cliikl.iiMis ancl i.ili.r Si.iuIm in 
 lii'lirm-, l!lil i;'.i;l. 
 
 Aur "T kjiikivrhiiicHl liiii;-, it'i ; >Iii'II-Im'm|is in KImi'iIm, 
 •ilH; Ihi' Aliiili.iii IkIiumI-. •J.Vi-'.'iiO, 
 
 Al.iiliiiii l-liiii.U. -li' ll-li.'ap* in the, 'Joii-LliH. 
 
 Aniiili't'' 111' llii' I'livrinrii, S ; lakc-ihvrllir-, IL'. 
 
 Aiii-'liiir-sloiii'> il" till! Ill', lilliir aui'i '.i|; in N"illi 
 AiiiiTiia, 1!IJ-llMi. 
 
 Animals ami plants iisid l.y tlir jiiko-ilwillii's. I^i-iri. 
 
 Animal ri'intiins in tin- dril'l, 'J, 1 l-'i; DoiiIh^ik* ra\<--. H: 
 k|iikki'nni..ililinu'-. :i'i; laki'-ilwi'llinu's, J^i; N-irih 
 Ami'iiraii slii'll-liraps. '.'jr. '.'iKi, //i/v.//«, 
 
 Aiilli'rs willi inrisoil lli;iiir~ in llir rrini|iiT-pi'ri'"l, ','.'. 
 
 '•Aipi'in, " ."il. 
 
 AriM«-lii'ail' "f li'ini ami llinl in laki-ilw>liiii--, .■|ii. 
 
 Arl iim.iii^ III.' llMri|.>:,'m' i in^ -in. n, !'•-'<, '-'7. 
 
 A-li-|>ils in Olii.i, l:>l. 
 
 AtwaliT, ('., f.ip|)iT sink, r, (lliii., IKI ; .-lirlj-liiap- in 
 
 Oil 
 ihs, 
 
 i I, -.'II. 
 
 iiln 111', riirviil Mil aiujir, La Maili laiin', :il. 
 
 Hailin^'-si p. Calit'.iinia, \'Ml 
 
 llaii-.|. ,S. v.. ,lii.l|.|irapi in N 
 
 I'W llrnn^wir 
 
 1.1 N.> 
 
 Knulaml, '-"J 
 
 llail-li'il.li' 
 
 il' li. 
 
 Swii.'.iilaml. I'i: Cilil'.iMiia. I I'l; 
 
 111' llinl, (li'ini 
 
 I'.i; 111' 111-.. II 
 
 I/..'. >\vi 
 
 l.'.iilaml.:i;i: 
 
 111' si. nil', Nmili .\ini'rira. 1 1 
 
 Kai'lii'il 
 Hark < 
 
 III- ..I' 111 
 
 Kill' 
 
 In.lii 
 
 >.r Urn lli'iillin 
 111' Caiia.la, L' 
 
 1 1 
 
 Ni.rlliiTn In. Man- mI' llrili-li .\ 
 Knulaiiil Imliaii-, L'7:i, L'.sil. 
 
 1 r.iiinillan.l. 
 "piiii-, l'7;i. 
 
 niiTica, 'Jtl't: 
 
 ' Hal.i 
 
 in II 
 
 ns. 111 llif r'*imlrfr-pi'riii( 
 
 1(1. '.'7-:! I. 
 
 Iliaii. haiiip. W M., Il-li-li...ik nf (l.cr-linrn. N.'W Y.nk, 
 lU'.S; liai| i-liia.l- ul' ilii'r-linrn, Niw Ymk, 
 
 ii.\ i.'ii; 
 
 lli-..lliii.-. Ill' Ni'Ml'iiimllaml. L'riri. 
 
 li.rlin l''i-lii'i'y Ksliiliilimi, lnHii' li-li-limiks. Svvilzrrl.iml, 
 
 ■\x. t'.i; liai|) i-li.ail.Swil/.iilaml,.'.:'.; I.ail-li..|.l.i' 
 
 111' lu'iinzi', SH-ilzi'ilaml, '.I'.i; lu'ini -i' li-li-li...ik, 
 
 ."<\vil/iilaml, Id.'i. 
 Il.'<s.'|.. K., ilinl-pi.iijl.'il ll-li-l k.Civinlaml, U'l ; I'.n'- 
 
 inali.iii 111' slirll-licaps in (ii-i-i'iitamj. l."JI. 
 
 Ilcvorly, K., tilmriirinal llsliini; in "VIrciniii, 2B8. 
 
 Ill.i.nl-uriiiivi-s .111 I)i.ii|..i;ni' liarpiii.n-licail-, I". 
 
 Una! riMiml al l!i rncinli.'ii. Ill ; mar Savaiiiiali. IKS. 
 
 Il.ial-, fr.ini l!..liiiiliaiisin. DO : .'^aiiil I'drr'.- l-laml.ori; 
 >liMin!,'rii,il7i C'liilii'lin. lO.'i; Vinuilz, 107 ; Mrr- 
 .iirau".. UtX- I'.iiiml in I itIiiikI, HI ; llic sill-ln d- 
 i.r.S.,|lani|.!i.'!; Dniniark. Ill ; nl' Hi.' Civcnlaiiil 
 K-kiniiis, •Ji;:! ; natives, .1' Xni.lka !<iniii(l. Ill 1, 111.1 ; 
 rrimi' Willinin's .'^■iiiiiil, lilil; i:iiala.-lika, ill". 
 
 Il..i-l.aii.|niii. I,ir.i.| ili', uiiilat.-ral liarli-, 'JO. 
 
 Il.ini-iiiiil-ilini liarpiiiiii-lMiiil-, .Saiiia. HI : I'liis-ia, H2. 
 
 li.i.illi- r..r li-liiiii; ill Caliliirnia, '.'IC 'JW. :'ilKI. 
 
 lt.iiiiliiT.il- I'liilii-. I'.rirt-inipli'ini'iils in {''niiiir, -'. 
 
 Iliiys laiiulil to li-li in Mrvini, '.'It. 
 
 Ilr.in-f.iiil. .1. v.. sinkir-. I>nirti.| 1-laiiil, :il!l. 
 
 Ilri.'ki'll, .1.. iil.Mrii.'inul llsliini,' in Nurili ('amlimi, "JHO. 
 
 llriiiliin, I), (i., -Iii'll-lii'iip.- ill till' Init.il Stalls, 217; 
 
 Tl'lllllSMT, 'Jll. 
 
 Ilriira, 1'., iipiniim rumiTniii^' ll-liimr in Ih.' n iniliiT- 
 pi'riiiil. 10; ili'llnili.in nt' " liarp.H.n, " 10; alisi'iiii. 
 
 I'l'li-liin-^-iii'ls ill till' ri'imli'i'r-pi'riutl, 2ii; fi 
 
 il 
 
 ill -i*n ..r till 
 
 •ilwi'lli'rs, I.aii;riTli' Ita 
 
 lir..n/.i-, 1 
 
 i.iw liri.i 
 
 lulit inlii Kiiriipi 
 
 laki-illl.. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ai;i'. '.i.'i, 111. 
 
 llrM.ik-. .Mi- .M.. Imiio llsli-limiks ill In ll-li.aps, Klimli! 
 
 1-lanil, V. 
 liiiU-liid.' Ii.iat- i.f till- Mamlans, rl.,. 'JO.'i. 
 
 Hull. r.. I. I). 
 
 "I'l" 
 
 ll: 
 
 rp. 
 
 ,-liiail-, Wi.-r.in-iii, I.VJ. 
 
 Call. 
 
 ill' Vi 
 
 A.N.,ri'l'i 
 
 ri'llri' 1.1 lilt- 1 
 
 lllr lllilillll.- 
 
 I.'ii'i; -li.'ll-liiap- ill Ni'I'lli Almriia, '2|i;. 
 Calit'iiriiia. ali.ii'ii^iiial li-liiinx in. *•."■"' '!0I. 
 Canaila. almriiiiiial li-liiin^ in, L'liS 'J7t. 
 I'aiiniliali-ni. -ii;ii- nl'. in Kl iri.l.i -liill-lii'ap-. L'l'i 
 
 Cai nt'liiivli-raik. Ii. 
 
 CalMl 
 
 ina-. alinrii^ii 
 
 III li-l 
 
 nil-. 'Ji'ii'i, 
 
 nil'.; Ill llii'. 
 
 I -J 
 
 Carp, ri'inaiii- nl'. in tin- MnitliiL'm- rav 
 
 Carving's 1.1' ll-li. Alaska aial Calirnrnia. i;o7 ; C'-la Una, 
 
 ;i'.;i. 
 
 »'al-li-ll, 1 alrllillu' "f. li; 
 Catlin, (i . I'lill-liiili' 111 
 Caii.'i' L'nlil li-li-lii.iiks rnilii. ^22. 
 
 illii'i'ii Inilian-, *.".'*J. 
 ll' till' M.inilaii.-, -JOJ. 
 
 Cavi's an 
 Cnvi 
 
 I rnik-slii'licrs in Km 
 
 ■I" 
 
 I. 
 
 ' D'lriliniiii', ivlnat- ..I'l t.' 
 
 nl li-ln 
 
 Ca'.ali- ill' Knmli. 
 72; st.iiii 
 
 I'., Ilsli.|i...ik ..r anil, r, N. 
 aiirlinr ('.') rrmn llnlni-lanil, !il. 
 
 I., ll.', .arv in^" nl' iilai'i'iin-, I'tc, ('aliiiiniia. 'Jill, 
 
 Cliaiiiplaiii, Siuiir ill', lisliiii:; nl' tlii^ ll< 
 
 'Ji'i.''. 
 
 837 
 
 rl 
 
 i;v, 
 
 
 ^l\ 
 
 lis 
 
 ■iv 
 
:f 
 
 338 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 1^« 
 
 Clmrleviiix, Fnllicr, iilinriuinal iUliinu in ('Mimilii. 'JTU. 
 C'linrrcil uliji'i'ts in iMlii'-dwi'lliiii,"', tl. -I'l, -11, 'iT. 
 C'liumiwc'ili, A. ('., niilil ll-li-li.>i'l>, CuiiiH, ;i:!;i. 
 CliiiUHili", >aliiiiih-ll-liiiii,' "I' til'', "0:!. 
 ('Iiirii|ui, ll.<li-*li!i|»il i,'i>l.l tiirmvi irciii, .'i'-'l. 
 C'liristciisi'ii, liniir llAli-lixi'li, I'i'iiii'i'iiiiiii. 7'.'; Iliiit li'Miils 
 
 I'll- ll-li-li.".ks, (li'i-inaiiv. |-J2. 
 CliiniR, liow talicii Ip.v tlii^ AViiiliiiK, L'H'.i. 
 C'lavi'^'iri', V. X., Mi'xiian ll-liirii;, .'ill. 
 Clay (lines in laki'-ilwcllini;*, I'd; rini;- in lul>i<-il\vi'l- 
 
 lin;,'<,ilL'; vi'><(iN,tlsli— lia|"il, .\il>an-a''.'Jl I ; Mi-- 
 
 .<iiuri. •-M.t; I'crn, :l'.".i. 
 Cliniatu nf Kuiniii! in tliu |ial:riilillii(' a^'l■, 1 ; rirnlilliir 
 
 niic, 'A'J. 
 Cliilli with inwiivon tl>li-(li'-iit;iis, I'itm, ■'•'■','i. 
 Ciiilll-li-liciiili-i nl' Iho Makalis, lo. 
 ('•illin.", J. W., ■• ili'vil'.i I'law i;ra|inrl," "i-. 
 Clink, J., Iiiiat'ianit ini>tli'i(U 1)1' tl-,liiin;iii N'mlisa Suuinl, 
 
 I'rini'ii William's Simnil, ami Unal.i-lika, :il."i ;;ls. 
 
 Conk, (>. il., >lj.'ll-lic 
 
 icilp> in .\rw ililM'V 
 
 c 
 
 'PI" 
 
 '1 
 
 ■r, nHlivi', ill Xmlli Aini'ii 
 Xiii'th Anii'iiia, l;'.H, I.M, 
 
 1i!S; 
 
 nl'l, 
 
 iinr nl, in 
 
 Cortii", II., Mcxiran lisli-imniU, i Ic, L'|:l 
 
 C.i-la i; 
 
 iMi-i 
 
 I arviin;- Irmn, 
 
 ;'i'.'l. 
 
 Diii,'-iMits In Xi'W Kni-land, '.'TS, liTfl ; nl' tlir DclaWMrci, 
 iH.'l; Viririnia Iialian-, -'Sil, 'J.-*? ; Ciilil'mnia In- 
 ilians L".H'i, '-".i.H, :;ilO; Cliinnnks ;iii:l ; inilivi,, nl' 
 Niinlka Sniinil, :ll:'i. 111.-). 
 
 Dunn, ,1., -ulninii-li-liin:; nt' llii> Cliiimnks, ,'!(l.'). 
 
 l»ii|innt, K., Imliin I'lmn tin' cave, nl' (inyi'l, "J'.l. 
 
 I)ii I'lat/, 1.0 I'a!;(>, alinriL;iiial ti.-hing in Kniiiniana, 'J!l3. 
 
 " Kaily Mini in Kiirn|if." nunlinncd, \'l. 
 
 Kel ('.') Irarril nnalialnn, l,a Maililaini'. :'il : i'i'MI>liini;, 
 aliii|'i::inal, in Canada. 'J70, IITI ; Calil'iirnia. '2W. 
 
 Ivi;i<di>, II., lUhini; nl' |lii> (iivinl.ind l':>kiiriii~, L'lil. 
 
 r.llis. \V , ll-li-l kMil' IliiiSiiiMilv MandiT-s 1:17. 
 
 K-ikiniiK I'nrnii'ily I'arllK r smilli, ll.'i. 
 
 Kvan-, •]., liai'pnnn-lii'aiN rrmn Ki'iif' CaMin. '-'•"i ; lliiil 
 IMi-liiink>, SHrdrn and Knijland, 711; .i-iiikci>, 
 Kn','land .-11111 .'^inllaiid, H7 ; cla'-illialinii nl' luniizo 
 rrlic'-, '.111; lirnn/.i' ll-li liniik, Ind 1, lOll. 
 
 Kvci's !•:,, Il.<li-lia|iiil visMd, Mi-M.iiii, •Jia. 
 
 K.Xlinrtinn nl' >liiiii'- in ImMhIh 
 
 •».'!. 
 
 a'riiii'-wiiiK< in >wi- 
 
 lake.., Ill 
 
 CnV,d., linllO IMl-l ks, (tllin, I'JJ, 1'.'7. r.'S; ||a 
 
 liiaii, Ohin, 117. 
 Cranl/., I)., lli-liini: nf ijir (Iri'inlaiidiT-. 'Ji'il. 
 
 Fauna nl' llii' Kiii'n|ti>an drill, '_'; irindi'i'i-|iiiind, 0; 
 
 iilillii 
 
 Nnllli All 
 
 an diU't. 11,1 
 
 Ci-aw-INIi.liii 
 
 ilillivllirNiiilliCarnlina Imlian-.-JWi, 
 
 Ciiriir; li-li, I ndians nl" Canada. ■_'7ll; Viri;inia. ".'S.'! 
 Cii-liinu-, r. II , liniii' ll-li-lmnk, Ni'W Ynik, I'.'.'.; , 
 
 II-. Nl-W \:-vl. l.'lll. 
 
 Ik- 
 
 \ni-lli Aniiiii-an »liidl-liia|w, SM, •A'l. •-".'•.', ilr. 
 
 Ki llcnliiiri;, K. dr, 1 |v I'l'.mi lln' I.aki' nl' llii-nni'. Mill. 
 
 |i"i[;iiinr', I,., iii'l-niakini; in pn lii iniii, iinn',i, i:|. 
 I Kiri'-lilaci'.i in kinkkcnniiidd (, ;-. :!l ; Nnflli .\ini lii an 
 
 .-Indl-lii 
 
 i|i- 
 
 1,11 ii,»- 
 
 Kir-i' ii-i-d ill ri:-liini;. in till' Carnlin.i-. '_'S| ; \'ii;,'inia. 'JSIl. 
 
 lliill. W 11 . liai'|i, 
 
 -Ili'll.N nl' 
 
 .Ma-ka. ll'i. 11 
 
 1 I'l. I'll; .\l-iilian -lii'lld |i-. I 1 1. '.''iii ; inpiici'- 
 
 wnrkiriLr in .\la>ka, I-M; .s|ii'(i('> nl' nlllllll^ks in 
 Calirnrnian -lii'll-lii'a|is, 'J>M. 
 
 hawkin-, \V. II., I'arlv man in .\nii 
 
 iirrnw-.^lraiijlili'iii' 
 Cavil, so. 
 
 Ii: 
 
 i|,i 
 
 a, VI ; lial.'li 
 ii-li.ai|, Villn 
 
 DaWMHi. ,1. \V., Iiar|i i-lii'iid, N'nva Smlia, VI. 
 
 I)i' l!ry, 'IV, alinri'^inal ll-liin:; in N'iru'inia, '.'.Hi. 
 
 Ill 
 
 I'l i,\- liil' -I'a 
 IM 
 
 I-, U.iil liv till 
 
 .r .Nniitk, 
 
 !><' I.ai'1,.1., Imal- in Ni'vvr.iiindland, 'JHH. 
 Di'lawari' ami lrni|i|iii- ll-liiii:;, '-'**'■. 
 
 I .', V... la 
 
 ila 
 
 li'J; |iiiat> nf till' lal,i 
 
 dwi'lli'i-^, I'n 
 inx. ,1, II.. 
 
 "I'l' 
 
 lliu lirnn/.i' ai^i", '.IM. 
 IT >inkir, I'hi,,, l.sj ; li.li. Ii:i|„i| 
 
 I I. .\rkan-a~, 111 1 
 
 ■Knil -.li 
 
 nv :,'r.i|ini 
 al 
 
 •1." .-.1 
 
 tm'-^tii' animaN. num. in i-i'Iim 
 
 I'iiiil. I,, ..| III, 
 
 llnli, 
 
 l.iki-ilwi.llii-. II 
 al.nl' til. Ki 
 
 till' .N'nrlli A I 
 
 11.1 
 
 llriri-iiniili'mi'iil.' in l''i.iiiii' and MirJ.iiid. 1-1; N.nlli 
 
 "I 
 
 Ani.ii.a, 111. 
 Ilriviin; li-li, llilinv; 
 
 ill Irnilllni-, '.'Si , 
 
 .illln I'll 
 
 lllili: 
 
 I'.ll. 
 
 Drviii- ll-li. Indian- nf N.Mlli Curnli 
 
 Dm 
 
 11 di-r 
 
 \rri il iii'ai' .Savanna 
 
 II, INS. 
 
 h'i'.ll, aliiinda 
 Kisll rarvnl 
 
 r. in .Xiiii'iiiaii ttati'i'-, 1 17 
 nil r, l.:i M.idilainc, '.'7 ; 
 
 • n a lirar 
 
 liintll, Dui'lllll\ (il'nit,,, ■.'»<; nil 11 I'l'llldl' 
 
 I.i 
 
 ' Ita 
 
 •JX; nllul,a|nn,raVi'nl'(lnMl,'.".l. 
 
 Ki-li-iullci's nl' .-Innc, Xnrlli ,\ liiaii, lull. 
 
 Fi-ll-llnnks nl' In 
 
 111 
 
 I'll'., laki'-dui'lliin;-. 
 
 linni', (ii'iniany, 111, 7'.'; .Sania, 71 ; DaKnIa, IL'il; 
 .\ikan-as, I'.'.'); Indiana. I'J-'i; Nrw Ymk. IL'.'i, 
 lllii; Illin, lis I'.'i'i ; Oliin. I'.'l. r.'il. 1'.'7, I'.'S; Cali- 
 I'lirnia, I'J'.i; (iiiiiiland. Mil; .N'l-w Zial.ind. 1:;7; 
 
 >l' Hi 
 
 widi'ii, li'.i; 
 
 idi'i r-linrn, N', 
 
 7-; .\iilii' Ami'iiia, 1.10; nl' Innn/.i'. Swil/iiland, 
 y',l-|0|, /wn.n-i/i, (i.i'man.\, 10'.'. 110; llal\. lo:i ; 
 
 Sav 
 
 |I):S; lli'ili.h l-l,. , lll'.l; II,. 
 
 Ilinl-|ininlii<l, (li'i'inlaiid. IL'O; Uiiu'i'li, I'JI ; ' 
 
 <l -dini'ii, Nv'.v Vmk. r.'s ; ,,!' -lirll 'inilii.liti 
 
 nmdi' nf maiinrai'tiii'i'K Calirmnia. inl I:!,'); ,'<i 
 
 I \.',if, .,1' liirlli'-li'll, S,.|'li> l.-land, VMi; i 
 
 cniiiiir, Wi-inii-in. InS; I'l. I'll, :',•.'! ; nl' lailii 
 
 , ii-i'd l>v III!' Mnlnivc-, In 
 
 all', lil'.i; nl' 
 
 ■,'.ild, Cam a, :!'.'•!. 
 I''i.-litn'.;-ari'iiw.^, I.iiiii..iaiiii, '.".i.'l. 
 l''i-liiiii;-iin|ili'iiii'nl> -1 ai'ii' in lln' K 
 
 i;«. 
 
 l''i-liiiiH-sn.m» nii a M'a|iiila, I.aiiir.i'ii 
 Fi-li-i"'ii in Ni'W Vni'k, '.'00 
 FL-li-iiri'^oi'vi'* in (imrijia, I'.I7. 
 
 Fi'li-iakvs nl' llii' Cliiminks, ;:ot; iial'.w, nl' Nnnlkit 
 Sniind. :!l.-i, :tli;. 
 
 ipiaii ..Innc :i;; 
 
 •-".t. 
 
 I ,*!,f' 
 
 ||(l 
 
iNi)i:x. 
 
 :]3n 
 
 Kiali-l mm in iIm' Vi'z.'tim'ivvi-s, ID; Kjiikl.i-nici.KlirnLL'S, 
 
 !lli ; luki'-.hvi'llinu''^. '■'>; N"illi Aiiicririin .-li.ll- 
 
 Ki»li-^liii|iiil vc'vhIs N..1II1 Ai -iiii, LM-J; I'lTii, il'J'.i. 
 
 Kloiita I'lir Iiiirp."iii9, "Jl ; I'm' lini'x ami iii'l> in luKi'-ihvil- 
 
 lini<-<, 111, (i;! ; nimi' prflii-lcirii' in Noitli Anii'iiia. 
 
 Ill; with uriMW^, I i^iiiini, -".i;l. 
 
 Kloriilii, iiliori^innl ll'liin;; in, 'J'.ll. 
 
 Kmuini; ii initivi'* mI' N.H.lkii Sc.imiiI, lill. 
 
 Kiir.1,-1. |.;., liiiil-h.pM.T^ ..niint, I'nisaiii, W; nf l.n.nzc, 
 
 Switwrliihcl, '.I'.l; jiivilin-lii'acU, I'lU-siu, KJ; an- 
 
 .lior-sl'>ni'<, l'ni>Mii,»7,'.)4; l..iats, l'iiis>ia,!ll, IIII. 
 
 Vi li-pi.Tc, ii.ii.', iii:i. 
 
 (iain^"', A. S., anil ('iiniiiiii,'liarn, K. M.. j-lii'lJ-liiaiK in 
 
 Alal>anni, 'Jl'i. 
 (ia-lalili, H., wi.c.lrn a.'clinr, MiTriirai:.!, <J" ; li..al, Mi r- 
 
 rlini','". H'H. 
 (;.'ciii,'ia. alr.pi-ininiil li-liin^' in, 'J'll. 
 (li'iniM-.l, ,1. M. .M.,-l..ni' -inl.iT-, Siiv|iirhannH Valley, 
 
 I'.T. 
 (iill, T., rriiivian n-li-llu'"iv,i, ;i:;-.', :i;m. 
 
 (ilarial man Iili"n "I', I. 
 
 Ccrrini.'. A.. piL'-ihU'llini,"' in \'ini-ziii'la, !!H 
 (i.'lil liiriin- li-li--lia|i(<l, ('liiiii|iii. "L'l. 
 C.ycl, cavi' nf, l!'.!. 
 
 (Inilz, prilii-l'irii' n't iVoni M:iniifi"lli Cavi' (?), I'l'i. 
 (ir.'''nlaii.l. Il^liinu' "I' lli" Ivkini.n in. •JiiM.'i)!',, 
 (in-winu'l. . <'., har|i"i'n-liiails in nniil ..I' l^lland, \' 
 (icvH'Vi'd sinlivrs :>'.<. H.-,-S8, H!i, lill-liil, :ll'.i. ;l-J(i. 
 (irnss. v., lniiiH...n- "I' lakn-dwfllrrs, 55. 
 
 llici.lali-, ,an.ic< ..1' ill-. .".111. 
 Halilait-linoks, .Makiilis II. 
 Ilavms II. W.. Triii|..n ixravcls, ll."). 
 
 ll<iiisi>-Mitt'< in (irt't'iilnnil ^ll•'ll-ll■': 
 llnn>ii>, alii>ri:;inal fi~liin'u; "I' llii', 
 
 Mil. 
 
 llar'|i< 
 
 nv>\v-, \iH .Maihla 
 
 llai-ih...n-lira(N i.f ivin,|r.M--li"i-n, Frain-, H!, IH, 10, '.':1; 
 
 Knulanil, ■.'■ 
 Swilzi'i'latiil. 
 
 Swilzrrland, 2'i\ '•( diaT-lnirii, 
 N.w Y.M-k. II'., 150, l.-.;>; ,.1' 
 
 Imno, Swilziiland. 'A; S.'aniu, 7:1; S-i'laiid, 7:!, 7 
 KiiiHMi,77; .liillMnd.77: 'I'iiTra d-l Imii'ij.i. 77 ; \'i 
 toi'ia Cavi'. Hil; iTiiiil.uiial linii", ML'; ('alir"rni 
 
 11:;; Main. . 11:1, 111. I IH, I' 
 ll'.l, 151 : l'nL;.|S..iin.l, 115; 
 
 Alaska. III. lis. 
 w V"ik.ll5. 15(1; 
 
 l.u.-iiii'ks (■') ..I' lliiil in 111.' l';ur..i.ian dril'l, ■!. 
 lni|ili nMnl-..rili.- .Iril'l, 1!; rcindi. r-|i.ii..d, I'l ; mi.lilliii! 
 a'.,'!', :i:! ; kj.ikk.'nui.iililinijs, ;i5; laki'-ilwi-lki-, 11. 
 Ii-...|\i..i<, li-liin._' ..!' til.., l'h;). 
 Iiviiii;, \V , |.il.-ilwi.lliiiL,'^ in V'.iii'Ziii'la, :IK. 
 
 .luM'lin-lii'ailM.t'l...iii. Willi in-.|ti'd ilak.'- ..|'(lint,Sniniii, 
 
 HI ; I'ni'siii, H'J. 
 .l..-ni..s I., slii'll-lnaiw in .\.w V..rk. •Jlii. 
 .I.ilins.iii, K.. ll.li..|i(H.|inir, N.'W Kn^-land Indian^ i7H. 
 .I..n.-, ('. (',, sti.ti.. ^inki-i>, lt)5; dm.;-.. ill rxliiinird mar 
 
 Savaiinali. IHH; anriciil ll-li-pi r\i> in tii...ii;ia, 
 
 I'.i7; ~li.ll-liiii|i< in (ii i.i;;iii, "Jl".'. 
 .I.im.«, .1. M.. >'ii.ll-lii'a|w in N'..va Si'..tia, •-"-'1. 
 ,|..ms S., ii-li-li....k- ..r III.' Kiil.liiii Indian^, l-J'2. 
 .I..nlaii, I'V. -li.ll-lii.a|.H in D.lawaiv, •.':»). 
 .l..fM'lyn. .1., iili..ri;;iiial li-liin;; in N'.w Knulaiid, '."7il. 
 
 Kalni,l'.,«hi.ll-liia|i-in tin- .Vtkinti. Statis,'Jl7 ; al...ri!,'i- 
 nal ll-liiiiL: ill Ni-« Y..i-k and N.'W Jit-, y, •.'.'<l. 
 
 Kayak* ..I' tin- (Iri'il.landi'i-*, "Jiil ; Alaskan-, :!l(l. 
 
 Kiitli, .M. C, larvinu' ••( H-li I'li.ni C.-la I'.iia, ;!-JII. 
 
 K..|1<T, !•"., laki-dwi'lliiiL;*, :i7-il!<, !i7-lli!l. /.»,«.*,»(. 
 
 K.'nt'.< CaviTii, !l ; 1imi| ii-lniid!' iVuni, L'.'i. 
 
 K. s.-li.rl..cli, '.I; liaii n-lii'ads tV..iii, '2i. 
 
 ■ Killi.k." I'.m;. 
 
 Kjiikki'mmiddiii.^-, "i' kitidnii-niiddins, !i;!-.17. 
 
 Klcniin, (i., lliiit i-inkii- and anrli..r-st..m'<, Ili'liiji.lan.l 
 and lliiu'i'ii, 1*7; lliiil-|..iinlid tl>li-li..i.k, (iiv.n- 
 laiid. I'JII. 
 
 Kniu'lil "f r.lva-, lii.liaii ni't-. I.5(!. 
 
 I.aki'-dwilliiii.; 
 
 -tIS, !I7-I(l!i ; (•iinstnicli..ii i.f, 10, '.>' 
 
 I,uki'-si.ttl..imiiU. ai;r and iliirati..n i.f, 30, !i8. 
 I.arti't, !■'.., and Cliii-ly.U., |l..til.i^iifcavivs5-:!'J,/i.w 
 Lart.'l. K., !'-liini! .i!' ill.' rav..-iii..n, 10. 
 
 I,ait..t, I. 
 
 ill Diipaiv, C, 
 
 Xpl.TMli 
 
 .(' Diinilli 
 
 (ii-..||.., 2H. 
 
 Law... 11, .)., al>..rii;inal IMiini; in N'.ivtli ('ari.lina, 'JSll. 
 
 (Ilii... 117; .Mi.lii-an. 117. ll'.l; .-l' i.\-li..ri: 
 
 1'. 
 
 laml. 
 
 ,.f i-lk-li. 
 
 Kiii-.i|» 
 
 Niw Vi.rk, mi 
 
 N'lnili .Viin'rini, 
 
 ■■It' 
 
 Wi-i'.in-iii 
 
 l--.^; Ala-ka. 151. 
 
 Iar| n- 
 
 aii.l tl-li-li....ks |i 
 
 ri..ntv 111 Inn. 
 
 I--'. 111. 
 
 Ilarp. 
 
 ' til.' ravi'-ni.'ii, 111, 
 
 K-ki 
 
 I.I X.'i'lli. 
 
 -l('..a-t Iii.|iaii'^,'JH; lak.-ilw.ll.'i-, .5-.'; S..111I1- 
 
 Imli: 
 
 . •.'■.l| ; .\lakali-.:;ili; 
 
 ,.f\..,.|k: 
 
 1..111I.1, :!ll. ::i''.. 
 
 , S.. iMiiii'.; ..I' till' Ni.rlli.'in Imlia 
 
 •i Imliaii-. diiu'-ail' "•' Hn'. -'■»*• 
 
 riii'v. .\., ali.iriuina 
 
 al ti^lii 
 
 111 Miiliiuaii. L'7:!. 
 
 and slia.l, 
 
 .rlii.'l- -iin-a' 
 
 id .'I', ill 
 
 N.-w V.'ik, 'Jo:'. 
 
 II.'II'm 
 
 \V. ,1.. 1 .' lWi-1 k, |)ak..|a, 1-J:! 
 
 l|..i-M'-lii.Mii-i' d.'lini'ati'd ..11 a l.aliin, I.a Madclain. . '.' 
 li.ii-M'-licad- lia.i'il iiill.r. I.a Mii.l.'l.iiii.. ::1 . 
 
 I.I' II II., ll. 
 
 -lii'ad. ."'Jainl-Auliin, 47 
 
 ho Jeiim', l.i' r., iil...riKiniil cil-ll-liiiii; in Canada, 'J7I. 
 
 lii'wis, K., »li('ll-lioa|is ill LmiLT Inland, 'J:;7. 
 
 I-owi.'', II. C, n;;i' •>( tin' ■rriiil..n ^iiavil-, 114. 
 
 1,1. .yd, 'I'. (1. II., Li'iilrt i.r till' l!i'..tliii<'S '-'ll'l. 
 
 I,..iiiii> .'I' llii' lakv-dw.'lli'l's. 111. 
 
 I,..,kii'l, ti. II., Il-liii|.„'i'l' Ki'lawav.'s an. I li'..ciii..i.i, 'JHIJ 
 
 Ii.aii*iana, al..'i'i^iiial iMiini; in. 
 
 I.mI.. 
 
 >ki, .1. T., Il.-li-piai-li.'ads, r..lan.l, 7H. 
 
 , SirC, l'aiiiia..l'lli.' I>.ird..i;i 
 til.' S.'..tti>li -ilt.li'J; ^li.'ll-liiap- 
 
 li'i'ilM'S, 0; 
 
 li..at-ri..ni 
 .liii^.tls 
 
 and (1 
 
 i;i7 
 
 Mai'.d... .1. M., iMi-liapi'd vc^-.'N, I'l'iii, .'WI. 
 M.'diiiiv, .1. II., i-li.ll-l ps in Marvland. •J:;7. 
 
 .Miickcnzii' 
 
 A.,li»l 
 
 iiiif; I 
 
 ftllC .•'^luVC llllil li..i;iil. Ill.lil 
 
 11; 
 
 ^ 'I' ' * 
 •! i' ' > 
 
 ■•.r\. 
 
 1 .?'il 
 
 
 ■11 
 
 % 
 
1 1 
 
 ■ 1 
 1 " 
 
 S ! •■ 
 
 m 
 
 I'i 
 
 5 i' 
 
 ''\ilx> 
 
 
 ¥B 
 
 i', '''■'•■ ■ 
 
 a;^'- 
 
 im 
 
 hi 
 
 310 
 
 iM>i:.\, 
 
 Mrhciiii. .1 .1 -li.ll-h.'Mp-. Ill Ciipo Mi'iiilTiii.!, 'J-M. I I'iiiliih-nnmr, tmiili i.iiiliiininir ll«liiiiL,'-(MiMc', :V>\. 
 
 Miicl.ian, .1, I' , -lii'll-lini|H on llli'iniiTliii-iU^ Uhiii.l, i rmlilli-. imi I'oiiixl in llii' i litliic ukc !'I; |iri'lii-l.M'lf, 
 
 '-'■'•'I ] ill N'lii'lli Anii'rini. l!i|, nl'llic Miiluilis :i(IT ; nu- 
 
 Miiil-in. A. I'., |)Mni>li irii'ioii-liiuiN, 77 | iliiiwlni,' mI' I livi>< nl' N'l.i.ikii SoimmI, ;tlf). 
 
 I'lii-Kli' liiirniii<. Il>lilnt; <'l' tin', ;;oi. 
 
 I'ul.i'olilliiciif;.' in i:iirM|i^, I ;:•_'; in N..rlli Aiiinii u, |M. 
 
 r.'ilii',':i»Mniip>, lUliiiiu' III' 111!'. :ilMI. 
 
 I'ul I'. !•; . ruilii— |iiiii' ll-li-l ks Moliiivis, l:i'.i. 
 
 I'liili.uly Mii-iuin, IniiM III' liiiinliini' ll>liiiiK-iiii|il''- 
 
 it (iri'i'iiliiiiil llOi-liiiiik. I-.'O. 
 MiikiilH, ll-liini; nl' llii', :!ll.-). 
 MnMii'li'lii'l'. lull' Inmti nl' tlii>. 21)!). 
 Miiii.luns liiill-liiili' liniiN iif llii', '.'ti'i. 
 
 Miinn.C. [,., I'MpiiiT ll-li-l U, Wi-nin-in. I:IX. 
 
 Mtiivliiinl. Ii., i;nl>l iMi-hiiiilis. Npw Cnininlii, :!'.': 
 .Mii-I<. iiiirii'iil I'i'riiviun, :'i'-'i. 
 M:i-'iii, O. T., ;ini-li'ii''iLiini'' in Vir:;irn:i. I'.i't. 
 Mii-M'iiiil, K , null' Imriiit; nl' a li^liini; 
 
 ItllxHl', 20. 
 
 Illi'lllS \'ll. 
 I'l'iiic KiviT Iniliiiiis. IMiiiii: iif llic, 2711. 
 I'lTliinili'il »inliitN. fill. lid. ss. K'l, l('i.'>-lii7, S20. 
 
 I.iiiiHiTii' I |'i.|i„ir, I, Aliiili lii'lMii'iip-, 2W. 
 
 I'liilli|i-. II.. l'l'l•ll^llillL; in l''r'iii , 4(i. 
 
 .Moiiri", .1., Il-liiin; nl' 111.' iiulivMs nf N.i.ilk l.niiul, 1110 I'iiki'iiiiu'. ('.. Inrlli— lull ( 'i IWi-lnmk, .SmIi' Isliiiid, lUl). 
 
 I'iki', I'I 11111111" III', ill lln- l)iiriliii;iii' I'uvi'K, 12. 
 
 I'ilr-il\villiii!;i in Ni'iirzinlii. Mixii'n, rlr., ,'18. 
 
 I'iriii;iii'-, l,iiiii»i!inM, \1'.'\. 
 
 I'liiii'i'iii' mall in Anii'iirii, iImiiIiII'iiI, llii. 
 
 l'l!iiriiiin-pi|M-i Willi l|.|i-ii|iiiMiiiiiiii.rn, (Ihiii, 20.1. 
 
 riiiiiinii'ts 1117. 
 
 r.iiMiiiinu li-li. Iiiiliiins in lln' SnnlliiTn Sliiliv, 201 ; 
 Wiikikki-, 2!IS. 
 
 I'.il.viii>iiiii li-li-liii.iki, I'l'i. 
 
 I'lilliTV pmliiilily iinkiiiiHn In piiki..lilliii' iiinii. 1 ; nf 
 III!' iii'iililliii' iii;i>, .'|:|. 12: kjiikkriiiiinililiiii;-, 'i'l \ 
 lirnii/.o ii;;ii. !I7, !•.'< ; N'nrlli .Vnni-ii'iiii -linll-linip", 
 •-'2I-'J4!I, /..."ii/i; KIniiil.i -liill-liiiip". 247. 
 
 I'nwrll, .(. W.. ."Iiill-lii-iip" in Calit'iirniii. 2.VI. 
 
 I'liwir-. .'<., uliiirii;inMl li'liini; in Ciilirnrniii, 2'.h; :illl ; 
 Nivml.i, ;illl. 
 
 I'nill. \V. II.. liniii' ll-li-l k, Aikan.UH. 12.''.. 
 
 MiMiil.i/.!! C.iilnv. ili'lliiiMlinii-i t'riini Ihi', 21 1. 
 .Ml rk, K., liiii'pnnii-lii'iiiU I'rmn llm Ki'.."li'i'liirli, 21 
 .Mii'liiliiniikiiiiu's ll-liiii'.,' Ill' tliii, 272. 
 Mii'liiiiioin. "till! pliRi! wlnTi; piisHi'uson nl' lUli livn.' 
 21 I 
 
 Mili'lnll, A . SiMiii-li St siiikiT-i, 81. 
 
 Mnilnk-, n-liiii!,'iir till', ."i(M). 
 
 Miinli'/.lllllU, li-ll-r,ilTiiTS nf. 211. 
 
 .Mniiiiiiii-iil" "f till' ni'iililliii' ir^c, :in. 
 
 Mnru'MIl, 1,. II., Il-mpini-i I'lll ", 2«2. 
 
 Mniiilli't. <i. ill', ll.'li-lii>nk> ('.') in Ihi' ri'iiiili'i'i'-pi'i'inil. Hi; 
 liniil, .'^iiiiit IVli'r''< Kliinil, Ii7 ; iiiniiiil Imiil- >li*i- 
 ('iivt'i'cil in Kniiu'i'. !*l. 
 
 .\i'l-..n, K. W., i.ir.|.(iipliiriM.rilir Aki-ka K-kinms 1::. 
 Ni'.ililiriL' ii','i', ll-liiiii! in llii', ll;!^!!.'!. 
 
 Nrl'< hill kiinwn (■') in llio n'iinli'i'i'-pcTi.ul, 2il ; nf lln' Pivl,i-|,i,i,- AiiiiTii'ii. im uiiin;,' nf 111.' liTin. 11:1. 
 
 Ink.-ilwi'lliT-, .■.7; I'l'nni Maninmlli Cnvo ('.'), LVi; | p,',,,,.,, William'" Sminil, IMiini; ..f lln- iialiM'- .1'. ;!li;. 
 
 ini'iilioni'il liv I'arly wiilii'-i ml .Vnn'rii'a. I."),"!; nf j Pm-.ia, -inkiT" nf rliiv in. ill. 
 2iis : 
 
 tlii> Caiiiiila liiiliiiii-. 
 
 N'l'W Kn'_'l.'iiiil lii'lii 
 
 27'J: 1.1 
 
 una Iniliaiis 2:i:i; Slin,| i.i'-. 2'.ll ; 
 
 Pulnaiii, I''. \V., i-i'iiiaiu" frnni .Mainninlli I'livi 
 
 I.' 
 
 ('alil'ni'niii ImliaiH, 21lii-'illl, /I'l.i.sim ; I'lii-t'ti's, 
 Mill; fi'iiiii .\ni'iin,li2S ; iisi'.l u" ri'i'opliicli'j, I'mi, 
 .128. 
 
 N'i'llini;-niM'illi."(?)iif llii'liiki'-ihv.lli'i"^.i'il; iiimli'in, d,'). 
 
 Ni'W Knijlaliil, iiliiii'i;,'inal ll-liim,' in, 277-'JHn. 
 
 W .li'l'-i'V, 1 
 
 iliiiri'..'iiial li-liiiiu' in, 21*2 
 
 Ymk, all. 
 
 Ill IMiiii.' in, 2S1. 
 
 Nil-"nn, S., Hint ll-li-lmnk", Sw.'il.n, I'.'.i ; I'.iiii' liarpnnii- 
 lii'iiil", Si'.uiia. 7,1; ll-li .ir liinl-ilarl", .Vi-rtii' .Vni.T- 
 ii'a. 7''>; Siainliiiavia. Hi ; ^ink.'i-", Swi'ili'ii, l"'. 
 
 N.i.itka S iiin.l, INIiiiiL; nf lln' nativi'" ••(. :!lil-:llil. 
 
 N.ii'il.';i'<ki..lil, A, K.. .lii'll-li."ip- in (Ir.'.'iilan.l, 210. 
 
 N.ii-th (^arnlina. almriuiiiil iMiiii,' in. 2*1, 2:iil, '.Vil 
 
 Nnt.'li.'il ■^ink.'iM, .V.l, l.".: IHI), lll'.l. 
 
 0..,'illiv, .r., iilii.ri'_'imil IKliin^' in Ni'W Knijlainl, 27S. 
 
 Iip.i.litli. Mi'\i.'an !,'iiil. 211. 
 Uini'ti'pi'i 
 
 l-laiii|. ftiiiki'i'« I'r, 
 
 illl. 
 
 Ornanii'iit", ll-li-»liap.'.l. nf i;iilil, ('liirii|iii. :I21 ; silv 
 
 I'lTii. ■■\:\-J-:ai. 
 Olis. K. M.. i,'"l.l.'n ll"li-ti._'iii'.'", Cliiri.pii, .'?'22 
 Oiila .iiais a« caiin.'-liiiilil.'r.s, 273. 
 
 inppiT .'^iiiki'r, IHl ; slat.' Ii"li-iiil|i'r-, lH:t, IH,'.; 
 li^li-rurvini:", '2117; "liill-liiap> in Ni'W Kiiiilaml, 
 
 Karo" nf tlio |)alii.nlit1ii(' aiio, 0. 
 
 ii.ni'i's, 2'.i.i. 
 
 Kal'l" nf til.' Slln-ll 
 Iti'l'll-r-ari'llllllllatinll- ill 
 
 l!.iiii|ii'i--pi'i'iiiil. I -1 
 
 It.'i"-, w. 
 
 1 111.' V 
 
 ('/..Ti' cave" 
 
 II. 
 
 Ill Stiiliil. A , "I'lii'N. 
 
 iliil nf Ancnn, 
 
 U.'yii.ilils, K. I!., "Ii.'ll-li.'ap" in Manlaii.l, '2:15. 
 I'lia-lim; ll-li, liiiliaii" nf Vii'Liiiiia, 2H.'i. 
 i;,.ik-liil|i r> In Kiir.ip.'. 1. 
 Uunni'i'" . iii'iyiii'.{ iMi in Mi'vi.'.i, 214. 
 
 Sa'.'ai.l, T , ll-liili^' ..f till' Ilnniii'--. 2liH. 
 
 Sah; 
 
 1! .1. . .Ml' 
 
 i:iiil llpni'lllli. 214. 
 
 S.'iliii..ii-li-liiii^' .'f Illl' Clii k-, :'.0:l 
 
 Salli 
 
 Sain 
 
 sp, 
 
 riiii; "f Ihi' Slin-lmiii' 
 1", 2'.i7, 'J'.Mi. :!I12. 
 
 'lliaill'. nf. in till' Dnlil'i 
 
 'J'.il ; ('alifiii'iiiii I ri- 
 
 ll. 
 
 Siiiilini'-li-liiiiL! ■■( Illl' iiativi'" "f N'.mtka ."iniiiul. :'.10. 
 
 m 
 
INDKX. 
 
 an 
 
 Saiiviit,-''. It. K., Il-liiii!; in 111!' iviniliH.f-i«Ti,.(l, 1, II, I'J 
 
 Snirlitin .il' I'lili , MiiKih-, H(l!i. 
 
 Si'iMnlcriitl. II. It., liuiii' ti~li-l k, Ciuinirii'liiim'- l-laii<l, 
 
 I'Jil. 
 Si liiiiimilKT, 1'., Iiiiil-liolil.r (?) iif jii^piT, Oivi;nn, 117 ; 
 
 iimiiiit'iM'tiin- 
 
 .'.li.'ll ll.^li-l ks t'nlil'n 
 
 |:il; 
 
 s!mI1-Iiiii|i< ill t)ri':,'.iii, -'In. 
 .'^•■al-lii,'iii-c trari'il mi ii l"iii-'< Ih.iIIi, IIimuIIiv (ii.itlcr, .i'J 
 .Sral-ciili'liihi,' nl'ilirdrc. i,|miii1.m--,'Ji;1 ; niiliM'-Mil' N' 
 
 U ShiiiiiI, ;ii:i. 
 Si'U-iittiT-liiiiitiiii; oCtlii' iiiitivi's nf N. lliii S.iiiihl, :li:, 
 Slii'll-i|i'|i'i'i|s, iirlillriiil, in llinnnii'k 
 
 Nuitli .\i 
 
 •-•Hi. 
 
 Sill IN, -iii'iii-i 111', ill ki"l.l>i'niiiiiililini,'«, 'M\\ Nmili ,\imii-- 
 
 iriin ilii'll-lii'iiix, '_'|il-'-'illl, /I'Hi.'m. 
 Sli..«li.iiii'i>-, lUliinnnr tlh', •J'.ll. 
 SilviT I10i-lii;iin'»ri'i.m .mi' nflli.' Cliiiiiliii I-l;iiiil-, it.,, 
 
 SinkiM-^'ir-i'iHMi'ililiiil, Swit/i'i-liiliil, .V.I: Nnrtli .\ r- 
 
 l.-i"^|iiil; Ni 
 
 ''iiii, ill'.!; iji'iiiivi'il, Swil.< 
 
 hinil, 
 
 S.-illiinil, H.-,. nr,; Kiiu'laiiil,H7; Iivlanil, 
 
 HM; llrlililMrk.K'.P; Niirtll AllliM'ioH, ll'il-llil ; Nirn- 
 iir:ii,'im. iil'.i, oUO; pi'ii'iimli'il, SwitziTlaml, ■V,l, CO; 
 
 Irrlaiiil, HS, H'.l; N.irlli Ann 
 
 ID.VIDT; Xi 
 
 ra:xna, 
 
 ■VM); 
 
 I lav, Swilzirliinil, (ill: (! 
 
 I'l'J, !ll ; Ninininna, lU'.l; I'.ir rnliin:;-liiii'<, Xnrlli 
 
 Am 
 
 iin. <i|° >tiini' ai 
 
 il iilli. 
 
 ali'i'iaN 
 
 ntll, 
 
 iiiri^ril,kiiiililiiMl, piTl'iiniliil.ii.-., IrtT-l.'*:!; "['••nii. 
 I" 
 
 , tlhiii, IKO: ill' ,4irll, N.nili Anii;rii'a, l>*i; 
 
 Ski'li'I'iiH, liilinaii, niri- in laki-ilwi'llin;,", 11. 
 
 Ski 
 
 illiM'i 111' Ihu l'lial;l~llk.' 
 
 117 
 
 Slavi' Hiul l)i.:;iili linlian-, iMiint; >•( tin', 'J7i;. 
 
 Sluvi'S I'liiiiliivi'il t'l ll..<li liv tliu inlialiilanl-i nl' Nmitka 
 
 Sin 
 
 "1 
 
 Siiiin.l,:tll. 
 , .1., Iioiii' li-h-l k. IniliaiiM. I'J 
 
 il(-li-lii 
 
 1111'', !iliiiri:;iiia 
 
 I, in Calil'ii'iii 
 
 Sniilli, K. .1., ;;..Iil ll,-li-li.ii.ks Cinna, :! 
 Sinitli. .1., Hsli-liiiiiks ill Virniiiia, |L"_' ; i 
 
 in Virginia, "Jx". 
 SnviKr, .1. !•'., Imni' llsli-li.i..k, Illiin 
 
 al li>lii 
 
 lU'f. 
 
 .ilnni'*, lllinni-', in;!. 
 
 Ill cnnilitioi 
 
 till 
 
 i'-intiiil>ituht)i "f till' \'rzr'ro 
 
 Vall.y.lP; Dalli-ll 
 mill, II, '.17. 
 
 -l-llwi'lll'l-- 
 
 Swi.vi laki- 
 
 .■^...ial rank in lln' piii'l'-'r-l" ri"il, H. 
 
 "|ii 
 
 K. (i 
 
 111 Divis K. 11, "inker fi'ini Olii'i, liil; 
 
 |illllnlili'li, I'iH ; |il.iirii|'lii-|ii|>i'S willi li-h-li'^ii 
 
 Oliiii, •Jll.l 
 
 S'lui'-r, K. <!-, Iiari 
 
 -lirail "!' I" 
 
 li-llin'.;-la.kli' t|-..lli I'ai li: 
 
 N\» V'Tk, II.-. 
 , ;il'l; hIvii- li-ii. 
 
 liL^nri'.; lf"iii "in 
 Sli'aiiiinn 111' I'aii" 
 Sl'i'n''lni|>, J. S., 
 
 Ill' till' ('liiiii:lia ManiU. 
 Makalii. ild'.i. 
 il- 111' kiiikki'iiniiiililinu'j. ■'■■ 
 
 lainl. 
 
 nii:ti'iil'ir il-iill ill (lli'Lll 
 ns, \',. 'I'., |ilnniini't in tin' lllaiknu'ri' Mu-'iiin, 17 
 
 Sti'iii inipli'itii'iiti in till' ]i;il:i>iilillii(' 
 
 III; Dii 
 
 t , \V. I,., n-h-pin in Xi'W Y"rk,*JOI. 
 
 ■>lur:;riiii 
 
 .■^inki'i'S u 
 
 -ll-liiii',', iili'iii',;inal, ill Ni'W l';ii',;lanil, "J'tl; 
 I'Uiiiia, :.'.'V.i; 111" till' Cliiii.ii.ki, .'(0.1. 
 I>iirii;iiiiil ll^liin'4 III', in Ni'vailii, '■'»\. 
 
 Sii|ii I'lliti'iiH iiiiiiii'iliil Willi tUliiii',', '^7^', ;!7''i, 'J'.iO, "<>;'i 
 
 .1. ()., Makali- 
 
 -hiiii; III' till', l-J, II, ;iO.-,; tin 
 
 lialiliiit-li'ii'k-, II; ri'illMi-l ks l.-i; Cliin'.i'k' 
 
 ll-liiii',' I'l' till', :!(l''i 
 
 aiii'i'.- Ill' till' llaiihili-. :;iii. 
 
 1 niui V 
 
 man. I, I I<i. 
 
 Ti'Mili' I'alil 
 
 111 I hi' laki'-itwi'lli'i'i. l:! 
 
 Tiiiiki T, \V. \V., -Iiill-liiaps In I.ihil' I himl, '.'1!, 
 
 Tuv-i ti, m. mil. 
 
 Tivnl. 
 
 n Ki-in 
 
 I", IN. 
 
 Trill. <'. 1'"., ai'ti-l, \'1I. 
 
 ■I'l 
 
 I''. 
 
 |-| I- "t llir laki'-ilwilli- 
 
 I; l.iial- 1.1 
 
 il'i- 
 ilill: 
 
 111' i'a\ I'-, 'i : n. 
 
 i.litl 
 
 :l:!; kj.ikki 
 laki-.l»vllin.'4, 11; Nm-tli An 
 
 111' ai;i' 
 
 "Ili'll-lli'llpS '2\i< 'jr.O, /lilx.-:uil. 
 
 Sti.ni'. 1... tl-liiin,'"!' Ill" Mrt'l.'iiil I! 
 
 linl 
 
 ian", DIl'J 
 
 Ihi' lakr-ihvi'lli' 
 
 Tuli- l....it- (ill- i-al't-i I'l' t:..' Makh.lilnl-, L".i'.i ; Vi.kiiH 
 
 .■;iiO; I'lii-li'li'-, :illl. 
 'rwiii.'-niakini; i>( llii' Slin-lmni'i',^, 'J!ll 
 
 I'liiiak, 111' till' (ii'i'i'iilaiuli'i's, 'Jii;! ; .Ma^kan.s 'Ml). 
 
 i;iiala"lika l^liiml, lanni'.^ ii . 1 ll-liiii:; in, :|IT. 
 
 " riiili'minnin:; mck," I'.iii. 
 
 Unilatii;ll lial'li-, ctl'i'i'l.i nl'. '.'II, |."i^'. 
 
 Unilril Stall-- ('i'n:nii--i"n <■( l''i-li ami Ki-lii 
 
 V, VI 
 
 Van, 111- II.. 
 
 A., all. 
 
 i-i'Mliat li-liiliL^ III 
 
 111.- Ni-w .Ni-tli- 
 
 i-ilanil-, 'Jsl. 
 |./.i I'l- llivii-, 1 .iv- 
 
 Vi 
 
 ViaixN, n.-iiiim I'l' till-. i;'.i!<. 
 
 Virtiii'ia (':ivi'. li..iii' liaip..i.n-lii'ail t'l-mn, H(l. 
 
 Villa 
 
 sill... ill (Iri.ni.n, 'Jl'.i. 
 
 Viii-liiiw, I! 
 
 ■I'l 1-1, 
 
 V -iiiki-r- in I'rii 
 
 Vii-ijinia, aliiu-iuiiial ll-liiim in, "Js I li'S'.i, 
 Viiijt, ('., I'Miiii-tinii III' till' nii'at link, ."(Ii. 
 
 Vii- 
 
 .v., rat:ilii','iii- '<( (ii-riiiMii anti'|iiiti.-. oxliililtul al 
 lli-i-l 
 
 in, iin. 
 
 Wailakkis li.llilli; I't'tlli', -"iH. 
 
 Walk. r. S. T., .-Iii'11-lii-ap- in Klm-iila, 211). 
 
 \Vi 
 
 nil. Ni-\v Kn:^l:iiiil, 
 
 \ ar-an-iiH'', l.i'iii.-ianii, 
 
 ;:i:!. 
 
 \Vi 
 
 Wll: 
 
 ■inu' 111' till' laki'-il\vclli'i-s I'll. 
 
 I lit' till' <li nk-iinliT-', 'Jiil ; Vir',riiiia Iinlian", "Js*!, 
 
 'jss; Yiii-.ikv -".17; Mc'C"l..n.l Uivrr In.lian-, :'.il:;. 
 .-•ii-liin-.; ..r 111.! (ii'iM.nkiiiili.f-. 'Jii'J; \lakali-. ^Ulil, 
 
 :)il7; nativ I' Xn .tk:i S.uiii I, ;ll I 
 
 ,11- 111" Makahs :I07 
 
 Wlial"., lis,.; 
 
 wiiii", <;. A.. 
 
 \Vliit''-ll-li. Iii'li:iii III" 1" 111' i-.iti-liiiiLr, ill Mii-lii-.;an, 'J7 
 
 -ll-li. 
 
 ii':ip-i in l.iwa 
 
 .'II. 
 
 \Vi 
 
 Iniliiiii-i lit' Mai-vlaiift, 
 
 1-1-. ('., lMi--liapi-'l 
 ti-li-ili-i-,'n-, I'l-rii. 
 
 i-l-, I'l-i-ii. :::;il; i-L.tli willi 
 
 Willi". Sii- \V., Iri-li -iiik.'i--,«X; Imats III ; In-nnz..' iWli- 
 
 Wili;, 
 Willi; 
 
 li'ii.k, lO'.l. 
 .1. .I.,i 
 
 ■ ni'ar S:iiit'i D'Uiiiin;", Mi' 
 
 , I no. 
 
 I'., iiliiii-i'^iiial tl-liiin; in Xi-vv Kn^Iaml, :i7 
 
 Wint-iiH. li-liiiiu- "t'tlii' 
 
 !'.i;i. 
 
 Cf! 
 
 '! i 
 
 i4f- 
 
 1 
 
'r 
 
 t: 
 
 hit -:, 
 
 INliKX. 
 
 
 W. 
 
 ill', .1 ,1. A . kj<'ikk>'iiMHnl<liiiu'>, ii^p "r, ;i."i; Dnili'-ll 
 DJiiki'r*, M'.i; A-iiilii' <>ri|;iii nl' hpiii/i', IMl Immzi' 
 
 iMi-l 1-. IVhiii I''i 
 
 Iti.l; ■■•IHh ..r |!,r In 
 
 »«!• 
 
 111. 
 
 Wv.lli, N. J., Il-liiiii; i.r llii> Hli.wli..iiriw. 21»l. 
 
 Wviiiuii, J., I iliiil-liiiuli, Maim , l|:l, l.'il; .IhII- 
 
 lii'ii)"' 111 Ni'iv Knuliiii'l. '-"-''' i I'lxiiilii, '.'I:! 
 
 Vurri>w, II. ('., <'X|il<'i'iill<>iiii in SiMitlii'in ('iililMrnin, 1 10. 
 
 Yiikiiu, lulling"!' lilt', aoo. 
 
110. 
 
 
 . 1