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 Points of Contact between t)®* 
 Science and Revelation 
 
 i> 
 
 ./:■ 
 
 ^■ 
 
 PRINCIPAL DAWSON, SXJ>, F.R.S. 
 
 MONTREAL 
 
 Article No. Seventeen 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 PRINCETON REVIEW 
 
 PRICE, FIVE CENTS 
 
 ■■'■^± 
 

 1 IIM 
 
 PRINCETON REVIEW 
 
 .1 
 
 Fur NOA' ember. 1879. 
 
 PROFESSOR IIUXLKVS KXI'OSlTloX OF HUME'S PHILOSOPHY. 
 President PORTER, D.D., LL.D., Yale College. 
 
 UNIVERSITY gUESTK/XS I\ ENGLAND. GOLOWIN SMITH. D.C.L.. 
 Toronto. 
 
 PROFESSOR TYN'DALL UPON THi: ORIGIN OF THE COSMOS. 
 MARK HOPKINS, Ex-President of Williams College. 
 
 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. ROBERT P. 
 
 PORTER. Esq., Chicago. 
 
 THE A I'RIORI NOVUM ORGANU.M OF CHRISTIANITY. LYMAN H. 
 ATWATER. D.D., LL.D.. Princeton College. 
 
 BIMETALLISM. Prof. WILLIAM G. SUMNER, Yale College. 
 
 POINTS OF CONTACT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND REVELATION. 
 Principal J, W. DAWSON, D.C.L.. F.R.S., Montreal. 
 
 HERBERT SPENCERS "DATA OF ETHICS." President McCOSH, D.D., 
 LL.D., Princeton College. 
 
 TuK Rkvikw is published binmnthly, at /r.'c dollars a yciV% or thirly-fivc cents 
 a ntimhcr, postage paid. The proprielnr respectfully solicits your subscription, 
 and desires your inlUieiice in extending' its circulation. 
 
 The object is to present, to the largest number (A intelligent readers, articles 
 entirelv original, of the highest (jrder and timeliness, from the best minds of this 
 country and Europe, treating of the most interesting phases of thought in The- 
 ology, Philosophy, Politics, Science, Literature, and Art. 
 
 Remittances should be addressed to the 
 
 PRINCETON REVIEW, 
 NEW YORK. 
 

 ■"™*««J 
 
 r 
 
 POINTS OF CONTACT RETWEEN SCIENCE AND 
 
 REVELATION. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 T^riE subject of this paper docs not lie in the field of that 
 J- "conflict of science and religion" in which so many theolo- 
 gians and philosophers of our time seem to think that no quarter 
 should be given. It relates to those points, not few or unim- 
 portant, in which modern scientific investigation has come into 
 peaceful contact with the re\'ca!ed Word of God as held by 
 Christians, and has proved itself in harmony therewith, or has 
 illustrated points previously obscure to reason, if held as dogmas 
 by faith. There is perhaps the more necessity to refer to such 
 points of contact, that many of them lie out of tne way of ordi- 
 nary students of nature or of the Bible, and that they are so 
 likely to be overlooked amid the noise and struggle that arise 
 from seeming contradictions. 
 
 That profound thinkers should sometimes arrive at truths, as 
 matters of speculation, which others may reach by thc'slower pro- 
 cesses of observation, experiment or calculation, is not surprising, 
 and has often been realized. Nor is it more wonderful that men 
 raised to a high degree of inspiration and of prophetic insight 
 should, in some degree, anticipate our scientific discoveries, more 
 especially in points where natural things present analogies with 
 the supernatural or spiritual. In illustration of such coinci- 
 dences, 1 may first refer to a question which perhaps rather 
 relates to the sagacious insight of men in general in very ancient 
 times than to anything properly of the nature of revelation. 
 
 A subject at present of considerable scientific interest is the 
 connection of spots on the surface of the sun with famines and 
 
 iTTn 
 
58o 
 
 THE PRINCETON REVIEW. 
 
 Other calamities. Observation has shown that in the course of 
 every pcriofl of about eleven years the sun's surface is affected 
 by what has been called " a wave of sun-spots." When these 
 spots are at a minimum, for a year or so the sun may show 
 scarcely any dark spots. In the course of four or five years 
 they increase in number until they attain a maximum, and then 
 diminish, returning to their minimum in about eleven years. 
 The intensity of the maxima and minima are nut quite the same 
 in succeeding cycles, appearing to culminate in ueriods of about 
 fifty-five )'ears. 
 
 Now it seems that the more the spots increase the hotter the 
 sun becomes, and the fewer the spots the cooler. The differ- 
 ence is sufficient to cause a perceptible rise and fall in the waters 
 of our great lakes, and notable differences in the dryness or wet- 
 ness of successive seasons, though the precise effects vary much 
 with local conditions. Thus in 1879, '^ year of minimum sun- 
 spots, the summer has been disastrously wet and cold in Western 
 Europe, cooler and more moist than usual in Eastern America, 
 and characterized by severe drought in some southern climates, 
 all this apparen*-ly depending upon a diminished supply of solar 
 heat. But floods and droughts bring failures of crops and fam- 
 ines, and thus bring diminished trade and financial crises, while 
 these last in turn produce political and social revolutions. Of 
 course all these influences may locally be counteracted in whole 
 or in part b)' other causes ; but it would seem that about every 
 eleventh year we are to anticipate some aggravation of the gen- 
 eral struggle for existence, owing to a diminution of the power 
 of the great central heater and lighter of our system. 
 
 But again, there is good reason to believe that the periodicity 
 of sun-spots is determined by the attraction of the planets, and 
 more especially of the greatest of them, Jupiter, whose nearest 
 approach to the sun in his annual revolution,s of between eleven 
 and twelve years coincides with the maximum of sun-spots, but 
 may be influenced in this by the positions of the other planets. 
 Thus the planets, and more particularly Jupiter, exercise an im- 
 portant influence on human affairs. That they have this power 
 seems to have been discovered so long ago that the astrological 
 ideas based upon the fact can be traced back to the oldest Chal- 
 dean literary monuments, of a date nearly as far back as that of 
 
CONTACT BETWEEN SC/E.VCE AND REVELATION. 
 
 58t 
 
 the deluge of Noah. Indications of this beh'ef are thought by 
 some to exist even in the Bible, as in the expression in the Song 
 of Deborah, " The stars in their courses fought against Sisera." 
 It must, however, be admitted that the Bible decidedly opposes 
 astrological divination, as connected with idolatry; and justly 
 so, since the observed facts do not yet warrant any very definite 
 predictions, and they were at a very early period made subser- 
 vient to imposture and superstition. Still, when we see that 
 such men as Lockycr, Tiazzi Smith, IVIcldrum, and many other 
 astronomers and physicists, repose faith in the connection of 
 sun-spots with sublunary events, we cannot any longer laugh at 
 the Chaldean astrcjlogy. or even at the poetical fancy of the old 
 " Mother in Israel," which might be literally true, if Sisera's 
 campaign was in any way determined either by the attitude of 
 the planets or by his belief in their influence, or even if the flood 
 of the Kishon, which cut off his retreat, was aggravated by planet- 
 ary influence. 
 
 Such a fact as that above referred to may have other bear- 
 ings. It is obvious that by relegating changes of the seasons to 
 cycles determined by natural law, it cuts awa)' the ground from 
 certain astrological superstitions and Sabean idolatries of the 
 ancient world. On the other hand, it seems to remove famines 
 or droughts or floods from the domain of special providence or 
 of direct divine intervention, ^'et it is remarkable that it still 
 leaves scope even for miracle. Our knowledge of these cycles is 
 too limited to enable us to predict their precise effects, while 
 their complication with longer cycles on the one hand, and with 
 local causes on the other, makes the result for any one year or 
 place too complex to be certainly worked out, and gives infinite 
 variety to their operation. If, for example, we should discover 
 that the three years of drought in the time of Ahab coincided 
 with a period of minimum or maximum of sun-spots, though 
 this would enable us better to understand the method employed 
 to punish the idolatrous Israelites through the agency of their 
 adopted sun-god, it would not account for the special local ag- 
 gravation of the calamity and its coincidence with a certain con- 
 dition of the nation. It would not, therefore, deprive the visita- 
 tion.of its character of a predetermined punishment wrought by 
 the hand of God. 
 38 
 
S8a 
 
 THE PRI.WKIOX REVIKIV. 
 
 This is, however, but a very slender point of contact, both 
 because we know as yet little from science as to the matter re- 
 ferred to, and because the Rible docs not deal in astrolo^^y. 
 There are others more marked, and we may now proceed to con- 
 sider a few of them, more especially some of those which relate 
 to the earlier periods treated of in the record of divine revela- 
 tion. 
 
 EDEN. 
 
 Perhaps no portion of Bible history seems to have been 
 more thoroughly set at naught by modern scientific specula- 
 tions than the golden age of Eden, so dear to the imagination 
 of the poet, so interwoven with the past condition and future 
 prospects of man, as held by all religions. We are now invited 
 to regard as our first ancestors certain dumb and semi-brutal 
 descendants of apes, slowly rising amidst a struggle for exist-, 
 ence, through successive stages of filth, savagery, bloodshed, 
 and misery, into the condition of such humanity as we see to- 
 day in the lowest tribes of men. So much the worse, probably, 
 for the speculations in question ; because they not only outrage 
 our feelings, but contravene all natural probability in their fr n- 
 cied pedigree of man. On the other hand, it can easily oe 
 shown that there are important points of agreement between 
 the simple story of Eden, as we have it in Genesis, and scientific 
 probabilities as to the origin of man. Let us glance at these 
 probabilities. 
 
 It seems plain that the condition of our earth, in all those 
 long periods when it was inhabited by inferior animals only, was 
 unsuitable for man. We do not expect to find remains of men 
 in the formations ct the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, or early Tertiary 
 ages. Man is thus a recent animal in our world. Now, under 
 any hypothesis as to his origin, the external conditions must 
 have been- suitable to him before he could appear. If, to use 
 the language of evolutionary philosophy, he was himself the pro- 
 duct of the environment acting on the nature of a lower animal, 
 this would be all the more necessary. Further, it would be alto- 
 gether improbable that these favorable conditions should prevail 
 at one time over the whole world. They must, in the nature of 
 things, have prevailed only in some particular region, the special 
 
coxv.h'/- ni/iw//:\ sci/wcr: Axn h'i:\-r:r..\riox. 
 
 5Sj 
 
 "centre of creation " of man, and this, whether its conditions 
 arose by chance, as certain theorists would have us hcheve, or 
 were divinely ordained, must ha\e been to thi first men the 
 Eden where thev couiiV ;ui)sist safeK- when few, ami whence 
 they could extend themselves as they increased in numbers. 
 There is, therefore, in science nothin^r inconsistent with the 
 Scripture statement that God " prepared a place for man." 
 
 [•"urther, no one supposes that man appeared at first with 
 weapons, armor, and arts full-blown, lie must have commenced 
 his career nakctl, destitute of we.ipons and clothinj^, and with 
 only such capacities for obtaining- food as his hands and feet 
 could _t,dve him. For such a bciii;^ it was absolutely necessary 
 that the rej^non of his debut should furnish him with suitable 
 food, and should not task his resources as to shelter from cold 
 or as to defence from wild animals. The statements in Genesis 
 that it was a " i^arden," th.it is, a locality se[)arated in some way 
 from the uninhabited wiklern^'ss around ; that it was stocked with 
 trees pleasant tt) the siL;ht and <;ood for food ; and that man was 
 placed therein naked and destitute of all the arts of life, to sub- 
 sist on the spontaneous fruits of the earth, are thus perfectly in 
 accordance with the reciuircincnts of the case. 
 
 If we inquire as to the portion of the world in which man at 
 first appeared, the theory of ex (ijiilion ad\'ises us to look at those 
 regions of the workl in which the lowest types of men now exist 
 or recently existed, as Tasmafiia, Tierra del Fuego, and the Cape 
 of Good Hope, or it assures us that those tropical jungles which 
 now afford congenial haunts for anthropoid apes, but are most 
 unsuitable for the higher races of men, are the regions most 
 likely to have witnessed the origin tjf man. Ikit this is mani- 
 festly absurd, since, in the case of any species, we should expect 
 that it vould originate where the conditions are most favorable 
 to the existence of that species, and not in those regions where, 
 as shown by the result, it can scarcely exist when introduced. 
 We should look for the centre whence men have spread, to those 
 regions in which they can most easily live and in which they have 
 most multiplied and prospered. In historical times these indica- 
 tions, and also those of tradition, arclueology, and affiliation of 
 languages and races, point to Western Asia as the cradle of man. 
 Even Haeckel in his " History of Creation," though it is convc- 
 
5*4 
 
 nil: PKlNCF.rOX REVIEW, 
 
 nicnt, in connection with his theoretical views, to assume the 
 firigin of man in a region somewhere in the Indian Ocean and 
 now submerged, traces all his lines of affiliation back to the 
 vicinity of the Persian Gulf, in the neighborhood of the districts 
 to which the Bible history restricts the site of Eden. 
 
 Again, there is reason to believe that, at the fall of man, 
 climatic or other changes, expressed by the " cursing of the 
 ground," occurred, and that In the Edenic system of things very 
 large portions of the earth were to be or become suitable to the 
 happy residence of man. Geology makes us familiar with the 
 fact tlfat such changes have occurred in the later half of the 
 Tertiary period, to such an extent that at one time the plants of 
 warm temperate regions could flourish in Spitzbcrgen, and at 
 another ice and snow covered the land far into temperate lati- 
 tudes. Farther, it would seem that the oldest men known to us 
 by archjEological discoveries, probably equivalent to the Antedi- 
 luvians, lived at a time of somewhat rough and rigorous climate, 
 and which probably succeeded a more favorable period in which 
 man appeared. 
 
 Thus it would seem that we are not under any scientific ne- 
 cessity to give up the old and beautiful story of Eden, and that, 
 on the contrary, this better accords with the probabilities as to 
 the origin of man than do those hypotheses of his derivation 
 which have been avowedly founded on scientific considerations. 
 
 TIME-WORLDS. 
 
 When we speak of the world or the universe, the ordinary 
 hearer perhaps has before his mind merely the idea of bodies oc- 
 curring in space, and the vast discoveries of modern times as to 
 the distances and magnitudes of the heavenly bodies have con- 
 tributed to fill the minds of men with conceptions of the immen- 
 sity of spacp, perhaps to the exclusion of another direction of 
 thought equally important. Worlds must exist in time as well 
 as in space. This idea is very familiar to the mind of the geolo- 
 gist, who traces the long history of the earth through successive 
 periods, and also knows that each succeeding day has seen it dif- 
 ferent from the previous ones. This consideration is also before 
 the mind of the physical astronomer, who thinks of suns and 
 
coxTACj' n/y/u/j'X scir.xc/' Axn A'f:r/: /.at/ox. 585 
 
 ■• V. 
 
 planets as passin;^ throii^fh iliffercnt successive conditions, ami 
 as actually presenting different sta^a;s in the present. 
 
 'riiis point is curiously illustrated b)' a controversy which 
 ra^ed some time ago as tf) whether the planets and other 
 hcaveiil)' Ijodies may be inhabited worlds, and especially whether 
 they may be inhabited by rational beinj^s. 
 
 If we look at this question with reference to our own world, 
 we shall find that its existence as a vaporous mass, as a heated 
 molten j,dobe, as the abode of merely inferior animals, has been 
 of vast duration as compared with the time in which it has been 
 inhabited by man. l''arther, it is gradually approaching to a 
 condition in which it will no longer be habiiable, and unless some 
 renovating process shall be ap[)lied to it, this desolate condition 
 may be of indefinite duration. Thus, if we imagine ourselves to 
 be beings not limited by time, and that we could visit the earth 
 by chance at anj- period of its liistory, the chances > ..uld be 
 vastly against our seeing it at that precise period of its existence 
 in which it is/ fitted for the Residence of rational beings. On the 
 other hand, if we were capable of taking in its who'r duration, 
 We would comprehend that it has its particular -stage for being 
 the abode of inic-iigence, and that it has a definite and i>ile!li- 
 gible h' tory as a world in time, which i.iay be n^ore wr less 
 parallel to that of all other worlds. 
 
 This truth also appears if we consider other planetary bodies. 
 The moon may have been inhabited at a time when our earth 
 was luminous and incandescent, but it has passed into a state of 
 senility and desolation. The planet Mars, which seems physi- 
 cally not unlike the earth, may be in a condition similar to that 
 of our world in the older geological periods. Jupiter and Saturn 
 are probably still intensely heated and encompassed with a va- 
 porous " deep," and may perhaps aid in supporting life on their 
 satellites, while untold ages must elapse before these magnificent 
 orbs can arrive at a stage suitable for maintaining life like that 
 on the earth. But after all these ages have passed, and when all 
 the planets have grown old and lifeless, the sun itself, now a fiery 
 mass, may have arrived at a condition suited for living and ra- 
 tional beings. 
 
 Thus the physical conditions of our planetary system teach 
 that if we suppose all worlds capable of supporting life, all are 
 
Il 
 
 586 
 
 77//; rA'/.vcE jv.v K/-: i v/-; // ' 
 
 not so at one time, and that, as ages pass, cacli may successfully 
 take up tliis ro/f, of which in greater or less degree all may at 
 some time or other be capable. So when we ascend to the 
 starry orbs, these suns may have attendant worlds, some In one 
 stage, some in another. There may also be stars and nebulai 
 still scarcely formed, and others which have passed far beyond 
 the present state of our sun and its planets. Thus the universe 
 is a vastly varied and progressive scene. At no one time can all 
 worlds be seats of life, but of the countless suns and worlds that 
 exist, thousands or millions may at any one time be in this 
 state, while thousands of times as many may be gradually arriv- 
 ing at it or passing from it. Such are the thoughts which neces- 
 sarily arise in our minds when we consider the existence of 
 
 worlds in time. 
 
 Now these ideas are very old, and they impressed themselves 
 on the mind of antiquity before men could measure the vastness 
 of the universe in space ; and it is necessary to have them before 
 our minds if we would enter into the thoughts of the writers of 
 the Old and New Testaments, when they treat of time and 
 eternity. The several stages of the earth in its progress from 
 chao-, the prophetic pictures of its changes in the future, alike 
 embody the idea of time-worlds. It is in this aspect that the 
 universe is compared to a vesture of God, which he can change 
 as a garment, while he himself remains ever the same. It is in 
 contrast to the eternity of truth that the heavens and earth are 
 said to be passing away, but the words of the Redeemer shall 
 never pass away. It is with the same reference that we are told 
 that " the things which are seen are temporal, the things which 
 are unseen are eternal." 
 
 The use made of the Hebrew word c>/,vu and the Greek an>// 
 in the sense of age. or even of eternity, brings before us still 
 more clearly the biblical idea of time-worlds. In that sublime 
 "prayer of Moses the man of God" which we have in the 
 90th Psalm, God, who is the " dwelhng-place of man in genera- 
 tion to generation." who existed before the mountains were 
 brought forth, with whom a thousand years are " as a watch in 
 the night," is said to be from " olam to olam," from " everlasting 
 to cvLTlastin^.r•• as the authorized version has it, but more prop- 
 erly froiu r-..' to age of those long cosmic ages in which he 
 
COXTACT BETWEEX SCIEXCE AND KEVELATION. 587 
 
 creates and furnishes successive worlds. So vhen God is said to 
 " inhabit eternity," ' it is not abstract eternity but these succes- 
 sive olams, or time-worlds, which are his habitation. In the Old 
 Testament, God, as revealed to us in his works, dwells in the 
 Ljrand succession of worlds in time, thus continuously and vari- 
 ously manifestin<r his power, a much more living and attractive 
 view of divinity than the mere abstract affirmation of eternity. 
 
 The same thought is taken up and amplified in the New 
 Testament. The writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews, who is 
 most deeply imbued with the Old Testament lore, speaks of 
 Christ as God's Son, "whom he hath appointed heir of all 
 things, by whom also he made the worlds," more literally "con- 
 stituted the aions." He does not refer, as one might conceive 
 froni the English translation, to different worlds in space, but to 
 the successive ages of this world, in which it was being gradu- 
 ally prepared and fitted up for man. .So Paul, in his doxology 
 at the end of the third chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians, 
 ascribes to the Redeemer glor)- in " all generations of the time- 
 worlds," and in the earlier part of the same chapter he speaks 
 of " God's mystery, hid from the beginning of the ages or time- 
 worlds, and now made known in Christ, by whom also he 
 created all things." So, also, in the eleventh chapter of Hebrews 
 we are told that by faith we understand that " the ages or time- 
 worlds were constituted by the word of God." Another fine 
 illustration of this idea is in Paul's familiar and business-like 
 letter to Titus, where he says that he lives " in hope of eternal 
 life, which God, who cannot lie, promised before the world 
 began, but hath in due time manifested his word." The ex- 
 pression "the world began" here represents the "ages of time," 
 and the "eternal life" i«; the "life of the ages." Thus, what the 
 apostle hopes for is life through the unlimited ages of God's 
 working, and this life has been promised, before the beginning 
 of the time-worlds oj creation. So the whole past, present, and 
 future of God's working has its relation to us, is included under 
 this remarkable idea of ages or time-worlds, and is appropriated 
 by faith and hope as the possession of God's people. God, who 
 cannot lie, has pledged himself to us from the beginning of those 
 
 ' Isaiah 56 : 15. 
 
588 
 
 THE nUXCETON REVIEW. 
 
 long geologic ages in which he founded the earth ; he has 
 promised us his favor in all the course of his subsequent work; 
 he has sealed this promise in the mission of his Son, that same 
 glorious Being through whom he arranged all those vast ages of 
 creation and providence, and in the strength of this promise we 
 can look forward by faith to an endless life with him in all the 
 future ages of his boundless working. 
 
 CREATIVE DAYS AND THE SABBATH. 
 
 It has long appeared to me, and I have elsewhere endeavored 
 to illustrate this idea,' that the long creative days of geology 
 throw a most important light on the institution of the weekly 
 Sabbath and its continuance as the Lord's day. If it is true that 
 the seventh or Sabbath day of creation still continues, and was 
 intended to be a day of rest for the creator and his intelligent 
 creature man, we find in this a substantial reason for the place 
 of the Sabbath in the Decalogue, and through our Lord's decla- 
 ration in reply to the Pharisees, " My Father worketh hitherto 
 and I work," and the argument in the fourth chapter of the 
 Hebrews, can carry it forward into the Christian dispensation. 
 
 At first sight the place of the fourth commandment in the 
 Decalogue, and the vast importance attached to this law by the 
 Hebrew writers, strikes us as strange and anomalous. The 
 Sabbath stands as the sole example of a ritual observance, in 
 those "-ten words," which otherwise mark the most general 
 moral relations of man to God and to his fellow-men. Farther, 
 the reason given seems trivial. If it is meant that God worked 
 on six natural days and rested on the seventh, the question 
 arises, what is he doing on subsequent dSys? Does he keep up 
 this alternation of six days' work and one day's rest, and if not. 
 how is this an example to us? If it is argued that the whole 
 reason of God's six days' work and seventh t^iy's rest was to give 
 an example, this conveys the absurdity of doing what is infi- 
 nitely great for an end comparatively insignificant, and which 
 might have been attained by a command, without any reason 
 assigned. But let us now suppose that when God rested on the 
 
 ' "OriKiii of the World," chap. vi. 
 
CONTACT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND REVELATION. 589 
 
 seventh day lie entered into an <xon of vast duration, intended 
 to be distinguished by the happy Sabbatism of man in an 
 Edenic world, and in which every day would have been a Sab- 
 bath ; or if there was a weekly Sabbath, it would have been but 
 a memorial of a work leading to a perpetual Sabbath then 
 enjoyed. Let us farther suppose that at the fall of man the ■ 
 Sabbath-day was instituted, or obtained a new significance as 
 a memorial of an Edenic Sabbatism lost, and also as a memorial 
 of God's promise that through a redeemer it would be restored. 
 Then the Sabbath becomes the central point of all religion, the 
 standing and perpetual memorial of an Eden lost and a paradise 
 to be restored by the coming seed of the woman. The com- 
 mandment " Remember the Sabbath-day" called upon the 
 Israelite to remember the fall of man, to remember the promise 
 of a Saviour, to look forward to a future Sabbatism in the 
 reign of the Redeemer. It is thus the gospel in the Decalogue, 
 giving vitality to the whole, and is most appropriately placed, 
 and with a more full explanation than any other command, 
 between the laws that relate to God and the laws that relate to 
 man. I have elsewhere attempted to show that in this light the 
 Sabbath was regarded by Moses himself, by succeeding prophets, 
 by our Lord, the apostles, and the primitive c'- .fch,' and that 
 the loss of this great truth belongs to the many losses of the 
 church in passing through the dim ages before the reformation. 
 If the investigations of science into the long aions of the pre- 
 adamite earth helps us 10 regain it now, let us not be ungrateful. 
 The argument in the Epistle to the Hebrews' may help us 
 to understand this, and it is the more valuable that it is not an 
 argument about the Sabbath, but introduces it incidentally, and 
 that it seems to take foV granted the belief in a long or olamic 
 Sabbath on the part of those to whom it is addressed. It may 
 be freely rendered as follows : 
 
 "' For God hath spoken in a certain place (Gen. 2 : 2J of the seventh 
 day in this wise—" And God did rest on the seventh day from all his 
 works;" and in this place again— "They shall not enter into my rest" (Ps. 
 95 : iij. Seeing, therefore, it still remaineth that some enter therein, and 
 they to whom it (God's Sabbatism) was first proclaimed entered not in. 
 because of disobedience (in the fall, and afterward in the sin of the Israel- 
 
 Op. tit. 
 
 '^Chap. iv.' 
 
Biamm- 
 
 wmmmmmmmgmnmm. 
 
 59° 
 
 T//£ PRINCETON REVIEW. 
 
 ites in the desert), again he fixes a certain day. saying in David's wntings. 
 long afteV the time of Joshua-" T-day. if ye hear his voice, harden not 
 vour hearts " For if Joshua had given them rest in Canaan, he would not 
 afterward have spolcen of another day. There is therefore yet reserved a 
 keeping of a Sabbath for the people of God. For he that is entered into 
 his rest (that is. Jesus Christ, who has finished his work and entered into 
 his rest in heaven), he himself also rested from his own works, as God did 
 from his own. Let us therefore earnestly strive to enter into that rest.' 
 
 " It is evident that in this passage Ciod's Sabbatism, the rest intended 
 for man in Eden and for Israel in Canaan, Christ's rest in heaven after 
 finishing his work, and the final heavenly rest of Christ's people, are all 
 indefinite periods mutually related, and cannot possibly be natural days. 
 
 This passage farther aids us in comprehending the connection 
 of the Lord's day with the Jewish Sabbath. If the latter had 
 a reference to a Sabbatism lost by the fall and restored by the 
 Redeemer, the Son of man must be " Lord of the Sabbath" in 
 the sense of fumUing and realizing its prophetic import. 
 Therefore, the day on which he finished his work and entered 
 into his rest must of necessity be that to be commemorated by 
 Christians, until the time when the return of Christ shall mau- 
 gurate that final and eternal Sabbatism which remains to his 
 people. Thus the Lord's day comes to occupy the same im- 
 portant place formerly occupied by the Jewish Sabbath. It 
 links together God's creative work and Christ's work of redemp- 
 tion • the Sabbatism lost in the fall and restored in the Saviour; 
 the imperfect state of the militant church, still having only a 
 memorial of a rest to come, and the church triumphant, which 
 will enjoy this rest forever. If the Sabbath that carried with 
 it the mournful memory of the first sin was holy, -much more 
 that which points forward to a heavenly paradise. If the obli- 
 gation to remember it was to the Hebrew equal to that of the 
 most binding moral duties, still more must the Lord's day be a 
 day to be remembered by the Christian, as the memorial of 
 Christ's finished work, and of our heirship of all the divine ages, 
 past, present, and to come. Thus we see that the moral and 
 spiritual dignity and obligation of the Lord's day rise far above 
 those of the Jewish Sabbath, and we can understand how 
 naturally the apostles and primitive Christians, almost without 
 note of the change, transferred their allegiance from the seventh 
 to the first day of the week. 
 
COi\'TACr BET WEES SCIESCE AXD REVELATIOX. 
 
 591 
 
 ANTEDILUVIANS. 
 
 The deluge of Noah has ceased to be a matter solely theo- 
 logical or dependent on the veracity of Genesis. It has now 
 become a fact of ancient Assyrian history, a tradition preserved 
 by many and various races, a pluvial or diluvial age, or time of 
 subsidence, intervening between the oldest race of men known 
 to geology and modern times. We are at least entitled, con- 
 jecturally, to identify these things, and through means of these 
 identifications to arrive at some definite conceptions of the con- 
 dition and character of the earliest men, whether we call them 
 the Antediluvians of the Bible or the Palaeocosmic or Palaeo- 
 lithic men of geology. 
 
 The Book of Genesis traces man back to Eden, whose char- 
 acteristics we have already considered, and which certainly is 
 placed by that old record, as by the Assyrian genesis, in the Eu- 
 phratean vallev, whether in its upper table-lands or in its delta. 
 From this Eden man was expelled, the old Aryan traditions say 
 by physical deterioration— the incoming, perhaps, of a glacial age. 
 The Semitic traditions, on the other hand, refer it to a moral 
 fall and a judicial visitation of God. In any case it was a very 
 real evil, involving a change from that condition of happy 
 abundance and freedom from physical toil, which all histories 
 and hypotheses as to human origin must assign to the earli- 
 est state of our species, to a condition of privation, exposure, 
 labor struggle for existence against the uncongenial environ- 
 ment' of a wilderness world. Such new conditions of existence 
 must have tended to try the capabilities and endowments of 
 men. Under certain circumstances, and when not too severe, 
 they must have developed energy, inventiveness, and sagacity, 
 and thus must have produced a physical and mental improvement. 
 Under other circumstances they must have had a deteriorating 
 influence, degrading the physical powers and reducing the men- 
 tal nature almost to a bestial condition. The experience of our 
 modern world, and even of civilized communities, enables us too 
 well to comprehend these opposite effects. In any case, such 
 struggle was, on the whole, better for man when in an imperfect 
 state. Only a creature perfectly simple and harmless morally, 
 could enjoy with advantage the privileges of an Eden. 
 
593 
 
 THE rRINCETON REVIEW. 
 
 The Bible story, however, gives us a gUmpsc of still another 
 and unexpected vicissitude. The human family at a very early 
 period split into two tribes. One of these, the Scthida;, simple, 
 God-fearing, conservative, shepherds and soil-tillers ; the other, 
 the CninidcK, active, energetic, godless, city-builders and inventors. 
 Among the Cainida; sprang up another division into citizen 
 peoples, dwelling in dense communities, practising metallurgy 
 and other arts, inventing musical instruments, and otherwise 
 advancing in material civilization; and wandering Jabalites — 
 nomads with beasts of burden and movable tents, migrating 
 widely over the earth, and perhaps locally descending to the 
 rudest forms of human life. Thus from the centre of Eden 
 and the fall sprang three diverse lines of human development. 
 
 B'lt a time came when these lines reacted on each other. 
 The artisans and inventors intermarried with the simple country 
 folk. The nomadic tribes threw themselves in invading swarms 
 on the settled communities. Mixed races arose, and wars, con- 
 quests, and disturbances, tending to limit more and more the 
 areas of peace and simple plenty, and to make more and more 
 difficult the lives of those who sought to adhere to the old 
 Edenic simplicity ; until this was well-nigh rooted out, and the 
 earth was filled with violence. In the midst of this grew up a 
 mixed race of men, strong physically, with fierce passions, daring, 
 adventurous, and cruel, who lorded it over the earth and deprived 
 others of their natural rights and liberties — the giants and men 
 of renown of antediluvian times. 
 
 Such, according to the Bible, was the condition of the later 
 antediluvians, and in this was the reason why they were swept 
 away with a flood. Before this catastrophe, we can gather from the 
 story, there must have been great progress in the arts. Intel- 
 lects of gigantic power, acting through the course of exceedingly 
 long lives, had gained great mastery over nature, and had turned 
 this to practical uses. There must have been antediluvian met- 
 allurgists as skilled as any of those in early post-diluvian times; 
 engineers and architects capable of building cities, pyramids, and 
 palaces, and artisans who could have built triremes equal to those 
 of the Carthaginians. At the same time there must have been 
 wild outlying tribes, fierce and barbarous. Farther, the state of 
 society must have been such that there was great pressure for 
 
CONTACT BF.TWEF.y SC/F.XCF. A. YD NFl'F/.ATWX. 595 
 
 the means of subsistence in tlie more densely peopled districts; 
 and as agricultural labor was probably principally manual, and 
 little aided by machines or aninials, and as the primitive fertility 
 of the soil must, over large regions, have been much exhausted, 
 we can understand that lament of Lamech as to the hardness of 
 subsistence with 'vhich he precedes his hopeful prophecy of 
 better times in the days of Noah.' 
 
 Another feature of the antediluvian time was its godless and 
 materialistic character. This is quaintly represented in some of 
 the American legends of the deluge by the idea that the ante- 
 diluvian men were incapable of thanking the gods for the bene- 
 fits they received. They had, in short, lost the beliefs in a ruling 
 divinity and a promised Saviour, and had thrown themselves 
 wholly into a materialistic struggle for existence, and this was 
 the reason why they were morally and spiritually hopeless and 
 had to be destroyed. We do not hear of any idolatry or super- 
 stition in antff'il-jvian times, nor of the lower vices of the more 
 corrupt and degraded races. The vices of the antediluvians were 
 those of a superior race, self-reliant, ambitious, and selfish. De- 
 voting themselves wholly to worldly aims and to the promotion 
 of the arts of life, and utilizing to the utmost the bounties of 
 nature, their motto was "let us eat and drink," not for to-morrow 
 we die, but because we shall live long in our enjoyments. The 
 inevitable result in the tyninny (jf the strong over the weak, and 
 the rebellion of the weak against the string, in the accumulation 
 of wealth and luxury in favored spots, and in the desolation of 
 these spots by the violence and rapacity of rude and warlike 
 tribes^ came upon them to the full, but brought no repentance. 
 Such a race, to whom God and the spiritual world had become 
 unthinkable, to whom nothing but the material goods of life had 
 any reality, who probably scoffed at the simple beliefs of their 
 ancestors as the dreams of a rude age, had become morally irre- 
 deemable, and there was nothing in store for it but a physical 
 destruction. 
 
 It is easy to see that these evils must have been greatly 
 aggravated if the life of antediluvian man was prolonged through 
 centuries, and if his physical and mental organization were of a 
 
 • Genesis 5 : 2g. 
 
THE Ph'fXCIlTOX REVIEW. 
 594 
 
 correspondingly powerful and enduring chanictcr. The hard- 
 ness of heart of a materialist who cannot hope to survive three- 
 score and ten years must be as nothing compared with that of 
 
 a Methuselah. 
 
 The cataclysm by which these men were swept away may 
 have been one of those submersions of our continents which, 
 locally or generally, have occurred over and over again, almost 
 countless times, in the geological history of the earth, and which, 
 though often slow and gradual, must in other cases have been 
 rapid, perhaps much more so than the hundred and f^fty years 
 which the Bible record allows us to assign to the whole period 
 of the Noachic catastrophe. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that those ancient cave-men whose 
 bones testify to the existence of man in Europe before the last 
 physical changes of the post-glacial age, and while many mam- 
 mals now locally or wholly extinct still lived in Europe, present 
 characters such' as we might expect to find at least in the ruder 
 nomadic tribes of the antediluvian men. Their large brains, 
 great stature, and strong bones point to just such characters as 
 would befit the giants that were in those days. It is farther of 
 interest that the early appearance of skill in the arts of life in the 
 valleys of the Euphrates and Nile in post-diluvian times, points 
 to an inheritance of antediluvian arts by the early Hametic or 
 Turanian nations, and is scarcely explicable on any other hy- 
 pothesis.' ' 
 
 It is a question, raised by certain expressions of Scripture, 
 whether the world will again fall inio the condition in which it 
 was before the flood. "As it was in the days of Noah," we are 
 told, so shall it be when the Son of man comes to judgment. 
 To bring the world into such a state it would require that it 
 should shake off all the superstitions, fears, and religious hopes 
 which now afTect it; that it should practically cast aside all 
 belief in God, in morality, and in the spiritual nature and higher 
 destiny of man ; that it should devote itself wholly to the things 
 that belong to the present life, and in the pursuit of these should 
 
 ' Tyler, in his address to the anthropological section of the British Association, 
 represents me as holding that the PaU-eocosmic men and the deluge which swept 
 them away were contemporaneous with a continuous and undisturbed civdization 
 in Chaldea and Egypt. This is, of course, an error on his part. 
 
CONTACT in-TWr.EX SC/KXCK AX/y R/-:J-Kl.ATfOX. 595 
 
 be influenced by nothin<,r hit^her than a selfish expediency. Then 
 would the earth a-ain be filled with violence, and again would it 
 cry unto God for punishment, and again would he say that 
 "his spirit should no longer strive with men." and that it "^re- 
 pented him that he had made man upon the earth." Who 
 shall say that this is impossible? On the contrary, do we 
 not see in the materialistic philosophy, in the cold, calculating 
 policy, the profound selfishness, and the proud self-confidence of 
 the more civilized races in our times, indications of the same 
 spirit which was in the antediluvians? Should it come to pass 
 that this spirit should again altogether prevail, it might happen 
 that God, who has so long patience with the follies, the super- 
 stitions, and the baser appetites of humanity, might again direct 
 his judgments against this higher and more stupendous form of 
 iniquity, and as the earth that then was perished by water, so 
 that which is now might, in consideration of the clearer light it 
 has abused and the greater privileges it has despised, be visited 
 with fire reserved against "the day of judgment and perdition 
 of ungodlv men," and which nature can in many ways provide. 
 
 I have' said that such a catastrophe as the deluge of Noah is 
 in no respect incomprehensible as a geological phenomenon, and 
 were we bound to explain it by natural causes, these would not 
 be hard to find. The terms of the narrative in Genesis well 
 accord with a movement of the earth's crust, bringing the waters 
 of the ocean over the land, and at 'the same time producing 
 great atmospheric disturbances. Such movements seem to have 
 occurred at the close of the post-glacial or pahxocosmic age, and 
 were probably connected with the extinction of the pahneo- 
 cosmic or cave men of Europe and of the larger land animals 
 their contemporaries ; and these movements closed the later 
 continental period of Lyell, and left the European land perma- 
 nently at a lower level than formerly. Movements of this kmd 
 have been supposed by geologists to be very slow and gradual ; 
 but there is no certain evidence of this, since such movements of 
 the land as have occurred in historical times have sometimes 
 been rapid ; and there are many geological reasons tending to 
 prove that this was the case with that which closed the post- 
 glacial age. It is to be observed, also, that the narrative in 
 Genesis does not appear to>implya very sudden catastrophe. 
 
596 
 
 Till: rRIXCElVX REVIEW. 
 
 1! 
 
 There is nothin^f to prevent us from supposing,' that the sub- 
 merL'eiice of the land was proceeding during all the period of 
 Noah's preaching, and the actual time in which the deluge ■ 
 covered the district occupied by the narrative was more than a 
 year. It is also to be observed that the narrative in Genesis 
 l)urports to be that of an eye-witness. He notes the going 
 into the ark, the closing of its door, the first floating of the large 
 ship ; then its drifting, then the disappearance of visible land, and 
 the minimum depth of fifteen cubits, probably representing the 
 draft of water of the ark. Then we have the abating of the 
 waters with an intermittent action, going and returning, the 
 grounding of the ark, the gradual appearance of the surround- 
 ing hills, the disappearance of the water, and finally the drying 
 of the ground. All this, if historical in any degree, must con- 
 sist of the notes of an eye-witness, and if understood in this 
 sense, the narrative can raise n<j tpiestion as to the absolute uni- 
 versality of the catastrophe, since the whole earth of the nar- 
 rator was simply his visible horizon. This will also remove 
 much of the discussion as to the animals taken into the ark, 
 since these must have been limited to the fauna of the district 
 of the narrator, and even within this the lists actually given 
 could exclude the larger carnivorous animals. Thus there 
 would be nothing to prevent our supposing, on the one hand, 
 that some species of animals became altogether extinct, and 
 that the whole faun;e of vast regions not reached by the deluge 
 remained intact. It is further curious that the narrative of the 
 deluge preserved in the Assyrian tablets, like that of Genesis, 
 purports to be the testimony of a witness, and indeed of the 
 Assyrian equivalent of Noah himself. 
 
 The " waters of Noah" are thus coming more and more 
 within the cognizance of geology and arch.neology, and it is 
 more than probable that other points of contact than those 
 above referred to may erelong develop themselves. 
 
 " 
 
 •;* 
 
 NATURAL THEOLOGY. 
 
 There are certain schools of modern science and philosophy 
 which afTect contempt for the doctrine of final causes, and profess 
 to see nothing in nature that points to an unseen Creator. On 
 
cox /ACT ni/nVEEX SCIEXCE AXn RI.VEI.ATIOX. 597 
 
 •'£ 
 
 the other hand, we find Mill, in one of liis last essays, after rejeet- 
 ing every other argument for the existence of a God, adniit- 
 tin^i that the argument from design in the universe is irresisti- 
 ble, and that nature does testify of its Maker. There can be • 
 no question that in this Mill is right, if for no other reason 
 than that old and well-known one that mere blind chance can- 
 not be conceived of as capable of producing an orderly sys- 
 tem of things. Ivirther. there can be no question that the 
 one argument for a (}od which is convincing to Mill is also 
 the one, and the only one. which the Holy Scriptures con- 
 descend to refer to. They habitually take the existence 
 of God for granted, as something not needing to be proven to 
 reasonable minds, but they reason from nature, as. for instance, 
 in that remarkable passage of the apostle Paul where he afTfirms 
 that to the heathen the " power and divinity" of God are appa- 
 rent from the things which he has made. But perhaps there is 
 no part of the Bible in which the teaching of nature with refer- 
 ence to divine things is more fully presented than in the Book 
 of Job, and I am inclined to think that not a few even of 
 religious men fail to see precisely the significance of the address 
 of the Almighty to Job, in the concluding chapter of that book. 
 Job is tortured and brought near to death by severe bodily 
 disease. His friends have exhausted ail their divinity and phi- 
 Visophy upon him. in the vain effort to convince him that he 
 deserves this infliction for his special and aggravated sins. At 
 length the Almighty intervenes and gives the final decision. 
 But instead of discussing the ethical and theological difficulties 
 of the case, he enters into a sublime and poetical description of 
 nature. He speaks of the heaven above, of the atmosphere, its 
 vapors and its storms, and of the habits and powers of animals. 
 In short. Job is treated to a lecture on natural history. Yet 
 this instantaneously effects what the arguments, of the friends 
 have altogether failed to produce, and Job humbles himself 
 before God in contrition and repentance. His words are very 
 remarkable (Job 42 : I -12) : 
 
 " I know that thou canst do all things, 
 From thee no purpose is withheld ; 
 (Thou hast said) ' Who is this that obscures counsel without knowledge?" ' 
 
 'Ch. 3S ; 2. 
 
 39 
 
S98 
 
 rill: rmxcETOX revii-.w. 
 
 % 
 
 (And I Cfinft'ss thai) I h;ivc uttered \vli:it I iiiukr^lonil not, 
 Things too hard for inc which I know tioi, 
 Tkit hear ini; now and I will s|ieak. 
 (Thou hasl said) ' I will dcinmid of iliee 
 And inform thou me.' ' 
 
 I have heard of thee with the hearing; of the car, 
 But now mine eye sceth th-je ; 
 ♦ Therefore do I alihor myself, 
 
 And repent in dust and ashes." 
 
 What docs this import ? Simply that, through the presenta- 
 tion to liim of God's works, Job had attained a new view of (Jod 
 and of liinisclf. lie had not considered or fairly weij^hed the workl 
 around him in its "randeur, its complexity, its unaccountable re- 
 lations, and contrasted it with his own little sphere of thouo;ht 
 and work. Had he done so, he would, like Taut in later times, 
 have said, " I lath not the potter power over the clay?" God, if 
 really the architect of nature, must have thoughts and plans 
 altogether beyond our comprehension. Me iiuist be absolute 
 sovereign of all. It is our part to submit with patience to his 
 dealing with us, to lean upon him by faith, and thus to carry 
 this almighty power with us. So Job can now be vindicated' 
 against his friends who have taken upon them to explain God's 
 plans and have misrepresented them, as many good men like 
 them arc constantly doing; against Satan, who cannot con-ipre- 
 hend Job's piety, but believes it to be mere self-interest, and 
 who now sees himself foiled and Job brought into still greater 
 prosperity, which can now be safely granted to him ; while by 
 the result and the explanation of it handed down to our time, 
 Satan's kingdom lias been severely shaken. 
 
 I would put this case of Job before modern Christians in 
 three aspects, (i) Do we attach enough of importance to the 
 Gospel in nature, as vindicating God's so\ereignty and father- 
 hood, and preaching submission, humility, and faith ? Might we 
 not here take a lesson from the Bible itself ^ (2) May there not 
 be many in our own time who, like Job, have " heard of God 
 with the hearing of the ear" but have not seen him with the eye 
 in his works ; and on the other hand, are there not many who 
 have seen the works without seeing the Maker, who can even 
 
 •A 
 
 Ch. 3S ; 3 and 40 ; 7. 
 
co\/:irr n/rnrr./.x sn/-:xc/-: .\xn rev 1:1. a now 599 
 
 " maf,Mlify (Idd's works which www behold " without kiiowin^^ the 
 author of them ? Would it m.t be well to brin^j more to^^ether 
 in friendly discussion and comparison of notes those who thus 
 look on only one side of the >hieUl? ('3) Should wc not bew.ire 
 of the error of Job's friends in misrepresenting,' God's plans, and 
 thereljy denouncini,' those who differ from us? These three wise 
 and well-meanin^f men hail iiature all around them, yet they clis- 
 re^r;irded its teaching's, and ilwclt on old saws and phii(»sopliic 
 dogmas, until God himself had to briuL,' out the whirlwind and 
 the thunder-storm, the ostrich, the horse and the hippopot.imus, 
 t,o teach a better the()loj.;y. The Hook of Job no doubt belongs 
 to a very ancient time, when men had little divine revelation, 
 perhaps none at .ill in a d.tinite and ilogmalic form, yet there 
 are in our time man\- minds even cultured minds, as ignorant 
 of revelation as Job's contemporaries, or who, if not ignorant of 
 it, will not receive it. To them the same elementary teaching 
 may afford the training which they need, 
 
 .., 
 
 '11 11: Kxonus. 
 
 Modern geographical exploration has gone over the ground 
 traversed by ancient expeditions, or famous from wars and 
 .sieges, with various results as to the historical credibility of the 
 narrators of these events. Hible history has often anil in many 
 places been subjected to this test, and has certainly been remark- 
 ably vindicated by the spade and the measuring-line. Hut per- 
 haps no instance of this is more remarkable than that afforded 
 by the magnificent report of the Ordnance Survey of Sinai, both 
 because of the positive and clear character of its results, and of 
 the antiquity and obscurity of the events to which it relates. 
 
 Some three thousand years ago, according to a history pro- 
 fcssedly written by contemporaries, the Hebrew people, migrat- 
 ing from Egypt, sojourned in this inhospitable region for forty 
 years on their way to Palestine. No one in the intervening 
 ages is known to have followed their precise rotile. Arab and 
 Christian traditions have, it is true, ventured to fix the sites of 
 some of the leading events of tlie march. Travellers have 
 passed hastily over portions of the ground, and hav.; given to 
 the world the impressions produced on their minds by cr.id.- ob- 
 
6oo 
 
 77//: Ph'i.vrF.'j'ox RErirAv, 
 
 scrvation without accurate measurements. The results arrived 
 at were so various and discordant that any one of lialf a dozen 
 theories might be held as to the actual route and its more im- 
 portant station, and sceptics might be pardoned for supposing 
 that the writer of the history knew less of the ground than 
 many of the subsequent visitors. Ikit now science intervenes 
 with its special methods. A corps of trained surveyors, armed 
 with all the appliances of their art, and prepared to make obser- 
 vations as to climate, geology, and natural history, enter the 
 peninsula at the point where Moses is represented to have 
 entered it, and prepare to follow in his footsteps. They fir^jt 
 settle by exiiaustive investigation the crossing-place of the fugi- 
 tives near the present town of Suez, and inform us of the precise 
 circumstances which must have attended that event, not omit- 
 tin<i the strong east wind which still sometimes blows with 
 terrific force down the gulf. They examine the wells of Moses 
 and test their water, and describe the structure of that remark- 
 able Sliiir, or wall of rock, from which the locality derives its 
 Bible name, and which barred the way of the Israelites toward 
 the east and caused them to make a long di^toitr to the south. 
 They proceed southward from station^ to station and well to 
 well, noting remarkable coincidences heretofore overlooked, with 
 reference to the characteristics of the terrible wilderness of Sin. 
 the various ways by which the table-land may be penetrated 
 from the coa^, , the apparently devious course of the Israelites, 
 and their " encampment by the sea." They show how the host 
 must have turned abruptly to the east by Wady Feiran, and 
 how this brought them into conflict with the Amalekites. They 
 explain the tactics of the battle of Rephidim, with the effect of 
 the victory in opening the way to a junction with Jethro and 
 the Midianites, and to the great and well-watered plain of Er 
 Rahah in front of Mount Sinai. They show how this plain and 
 mountain fulfil all the conditions of the narrative of the giving 
 of the Law, and explain the necessity for the miraculous supply 
 of water before the fight with the Amalekites, and the supplies 
 of water and pasture to which that battle gave access. 
 
 As we follow the laborious investigations of the surveyuig 
 party, and note the number and complexity of the undesigned 
 agreements between their observations and the narrative in 
 
 •i~ 
 
 
 1 
 
C0X7ACT BET WE EX SC/EXCE AXD REVELATION. 
 
 60 1 
 
 
 Exodus and Numbers, as we study their account of the geology, 
 productions, and antiquities of the country, trace its topography 
 on ther beautiful maps and photographs, and weigh their calcu- 
 lations as to the supplies of water, food, and pasturage at differ- 
 ent stages of the journey, we feel that the venerable narrative 
 of the Pentateuch must be the testimony of a veracious eye- 
 witness, and all the learned theories as to a late authorship and 
 different documents disappear like mist. The writer of Exodus 
 and Numbers had no idea that after thirty centuries his veracity 
 was to be subjected to the test of a scientific survey; but he 
 has, nevertheless, so provided for this that even his obscurities, 
 intperfect explanations, and omissions now tend to his vindica- 
 tion. 
 
 All this would be of extreme interest were the Exodus 
 mcrcl)- an old .story, like the Siege of Troy or the tragical 
 histor}- el Alyi cnn:?. lUit it is much more than this, much more 
 than even a national movement in assertion of the rights of the 
 oppressed and of the sacredness of freedom. The Exodus was 
 a new departuiv in the higher life of humanity. It was a great 
 revival of monotheistic religion at a time when it seemed likely 
 lo perish. It restored the hopes of a coming Saviour. It ini- 
 tiated a religious literature which reached back to the creation, 
 and which culminated in the New Testament. The roots of all 
 that is most valuable in religion to-day lie in the K,xodus. 
 rile iL fore, it is of the highest importance to know whether the 
 history of this event preserved to us in the Hebrew Scriptures 
 is ace urate and trustworthy. If it is a myth or a historical 
 novel, or even a well-meant compilation of traditions and docu- 
 ments by an (.ditor living long after the event, we might feel 
 th.il its authority in all respects was shaken. As it is, we may 
 rejoice in the possession of at least one true and carefully written 
 histor}', however we may regret that so many volumes of 
 learned historical criticism have been reduced to wast« paper. 
 The authors ot the report on the Sinai Survey make no preten- 
 sions to be either critics or expositors of the Bible, and they are 
 prepared to s* ate what they see, independently of the conse- 
 quences to any one. Hence it is most instructive to observe 
 how, as they unsparingly sweep away old traditions, and the con- 
 jectures of travellers and historians ancient and modern, the 
 
 1 
 
6o2 
 
 THE riUXCETON REVIEW. 
 
 original record stands in all its integrity, like the great stones of 
 some cromlech from which men have dug away the earth under 
 which it had been buried. 
 
 To those who have placed reliance on such theories of the 
 Pentateuch as those of Kalisch, Kuenen, or Colenso, the disclo- 
 sures of the Survey of Sinai must come like a new revelation. 
 Henceforth the only rational theory as to the composition of 
 the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers, is that they are 
 contemporary journals of the events to which they relate, and 
 that they have not been subsequent!}- revised or altered even to 
 such an extent as to explain facts obscure to any one except a 
 contemporary, or to remove seeming contradictions requiring 
 knowledge of the ground for their solution. It is even startling 
 to find that the apparent omissions, repetitions, and inconsisten- 
 cies wiiich have been ingeniously employed to sustain theories 
 of a composite and late authorship become, when studied on 
 the ground, the most convincing proofs of contemporary author- 
 ship and the absence of any subsequent revision. Had these 
 writings been subjected to any considerable revision between the 
 date of the Exodus and that &f the Ordnance Survey, they could 
 scarcely have failed to present less of a photographic truthful- 
 ness than that which at present characterizes them. This must 
 at least be the theory which will commend itself to every intelli- 
 gent student of the report of the Sinai Survey ; and it is to be 
 observed that the facts of this report are final in a scientific 
 point of view, and cannot be invalidated by any critical process, 
 so that, in so far as the central books of the Pentateuch are con- 
 cerned, the occupation of the disintegrating and destructive 
 critics is absolutely gone, or can be valued only by those book- 
 worms and pedants who are determined to shut their eyes 
 against scientific evidence. 
 
 liODV, sni'I,, AMI S1'I]<1T. 
 
 To any thoughtful reader of the New Testament 'he peculiar 
 use of the words (ad/jf,) "flesh," (i/'i'Xt/) "soul or life," 
 {Ttvavixa) " spirit," and the adjectives derived from them, must 
 have formed a subject of attention, and he will h:;ve perceived 
 that the uses of these terms are somewhat constant, though 
 
■11 iplll)" 
 
 COXTACT RETWEEX SCfEXCE AND pEVELATION. 603 
 
 there arc of course some exceptional and figurative employ- 
 ments of them, anci cases where one of the terms implies 
 another not mentioned." He may have regarded this clas- 
 sification as expressing definite ideas of the writers as to a 
 three-fold constitution of human nature, as merely arbitrary 
 and accidental, or as conforming to a classification current at the 
 time. In either of these cases he may have felt some interest in 
 comparing them with the arrangements of modern psychology. 
 Yet in such comparison he will have found little satisfaction, 
 unless he turns to that reaction of physiology upon mental 
 science which is so influential in our day ; but here, if I mistake 
 not, he will find some curious points of contact between modern 
 science and the biblical view of humanity. In making this 
 comparison, we must refer, for the biblical distinction of body, 
 soul, and spirit, and for the conditions under which an eternal 
 life is affirmed to be possible for all three, to the New Testa- 
 ment itself, and to the numerous theological writers who have 
 discussed the subject. 
 
 Hitherto it has been somewhat difficult to bring this biblical 
 psychology, if it mu)- be so called, into harmony with the mental 
 science of the schools. Hut any one who has read the article by 
 Ferrier in a late number of the I'RIXCETOX Rhvikw, or Calder- 
 wood's recent work. "The Relations of Mind and Brain,'" must 
 be aware that physiological facts relating to the organism, the 
 "flesh" of the New Testament, are beginning very seriously to 
 modify our views. We now know that the gray cellular matter 
 of the brain constitutes a reservoir of sensory and motor ener- 
 gy, which supplies the power necessary to place us in relation- 
 with things without, and t<i impress, by means of muscular ef- 
 fort, our own power on the outer world. Inirther, there seems 
 the best reason to believe that the mass of the brain is directly 
 connected with sensation and motion, though there seem to be 
 means of regulation and co-operation of sensations and actions 
 in connection with the front and back portions of the cerebral 
 hemispheres. There are facts indicating that the anterior por- 
 tions of the hemispheres are the organs of a certain determin- 
 
 ' We have also the formula, " Body (f5r.i//.v), soul, ami spirit" (1 Thess. 5 : 23). 
 ' London, 1879. 
 
6o4 
 
 THE PRIXCF.TON REVIEW. 
 
 ing and combining property of the nature of animal intelli- 
 gence, and that the posterior portions, in association with the 
 sympathetic nerve, arc connected with the affections and pas- 
 sions.' Now all this belongs, in -the first instance, to living 
 nerve-matter, and is possessed by man in common with animals. 
 They, like us, can perform reflex or automatic actions, alto- 
 gether or partially involuntary. They, like us, can perceive and 
 reflect, and have affections, passions, and appetites. Even in 
 animals this supposes something beyond the mere organism, 
 and which can combine and compare sensations and actions. 
 This is the animal or psychical life, which, whatever its essen- 
 tial nature, is something above and beyond mere nerve-power, 
 though connected with it and acting by means of it. But in 
 man there are other and higher powers, determining his con- 
 scious personality, his formation of general principles, his ra- 
 tional and moral volitions and self-restraints. These are mani- 
 festations of a higher spiritual nature, which constitutes in man 
 the "image and shadow of God." 
 
 Thus the physiologist may fairly claim, not for protoplasm 
 as such, but for the living organism, all the merely reflex actions, 
 as well as the appetites and desires, and much that belongs to 
 perception and ordinary intelligence. These may be regarded 
 as bodily and psychical in the narrow sense. But the higher 
 regulating powers belong to a spiritual tlomain into which he 
 cannot enter. 
 
 It is interesting to observe here that even those who seem 
 most desirous to limit the powers of man to mere properties of 
 the living organism are prevented by their own consciousness, 
 as we'l as by scientific facts, from fully committing themselves 
 to this. Tyndall admits a "chasm" " intellectually impassable" 
 between [)hysical facts and human consciousness. Huxley's 
 human automaton is a " conscious automaton," and in some sense 
 "endowed with free will," and he decline's to admit that he will 
 ever be proved to be only "the cunningest of nature's clocks." 
 Spencer has made similar admissions. Allman, in his British 
 
 ' It is ;i very old and iti si)rnc respects well-founded luit'-v- ''■■at the viscera are 
 connected with the atTeciioiis. We now know soniethin;, ^ ''>n of this to 
 
 the sympathetic nerve system and to the jjosterior portion of ti. ill lobes. 
 
 Ferrier, Calderwood, and very recently Bucke, liave discussed these pv,;;.tH. 
 
CONTACT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND REVELATION. 605 
 
 Association address, distinctly denies that consciousness can be 
 physiologically explained. There are, it is true, extreme writers 
 like Buchner, with whom matter is the origin and essence of all 
 that exists, but their strong assertions of this, being destitute oi 
 proof, can scarcely be held to be scientific. 
 
 At present no doubt this whole subject is as a department 
 of science somewhat crude and rudimentary, and it becomes us 
 to speak with some reserve respecting it, but the drift of opinion 
 is in the direction above indicated. It has become evident that 
 the more recent discoveries as to the functions of brain w ill not 
 warrant the extreme views of materialists, while on the other 
 hand they serve to correct the doctrines of those who have run 
 into the opposite extreme of attaching no importance to the 
 fleshly organism and its endowment of animal life. In like man- 
 nci, these discoveries arc tending to establish definite boundaries 
 between the domain of mere automatism and that of rational 
 will.' In so far as these results are attained, we are drawn 
 more closely to that middle ground occupied b>' the New Testa- 
 ment writers, and which, without requiring us to commit our- 
 selves to any new hypotheses or technical distinctions, gives a ' 
 fair valuation to all the parts of the composite nature of man. 
 The practical value of this Bible philosophy is well known. It 
 relegates to their proper place the merely somatic and psychical 
 elements of our nature, admits their value in that place, and 
 condemns them only when they usurp the position of the higher 
 determining powers. It seeks to place these last in their true 
 relation to our fellow-men and to God, and to provide for their 
 regulation under God"s law and the guidance of his Spirit, with 
 the object of securing a true and perfect equilibrium of all the 
 parts of our nature. ' It is thus enabled to hold forth a prospect 
 of peace and happiness to body, soul, and spirit, and to point 
 out the meaning and value of the conflicts which rage within 
 the man in our present imperfect state. This practical object, 
 
 ' This is ably argued by Calderwood in the September number of the Prince- 
 ton ; and while 'writing this I have received the address of Prof. St. George Mivart 
 before the Biological Section of the British Association, in which he advocates a 
 threefold distinction into Rational, Animal, and Vegetable, as held by Aristotle, and 
 under the "rational" would apparently recognize a higher and lower grade of 
 psvchosis, the former peculiar to man. 
 
 miMtt^-^J^TT'^.-i 
 

 
 6o6 
 
 THE PRINCETON RFVIEIV. 
 
 in connection with the mission of the Saviour, is what the New 
 Testament has in view ; but in arriving at this, it has undoubt- 
 edly pointed to solutions of the mysteries of our nature at 
 which science and philosophy are beginning to arrive by their 
 own paths ; just as, in another department, the Bible has shad- 
 owed forth the great principles and process of creation in ad- 
 vance of the discoveries of geology. 
 
 There is at present in many minds a strong indisposition 
 to acknowledge facts of this class, and even a tendency to dis- 
 parage and treat with contempt the position of revelation 
 relatively to science. It is, hwwever, not difficult to see 
 that this proceeds partly from narrow and prejudiced views, 
 and partly from antagonism to superstition and ecclesias- 
 lical practices and assumptions supposed to be supported by 
 the Bible. These prejudices it is to be hoped may disappear 
 before greater light, and in any case it is much to be desired 
 that there should be more of friendly discussion and comparison 
 between the theology of the Bible and other departments of 
 scientific inquiry ; for we must not forget that theology is itself 
 a science, and that the doctrines of the Bible admit of a scientific 
 treatment, different on the one hand from captious criticism, and 
 on the other from unreasoning dogmatism. 
 
 I have selected a few e.\amples from various departments of 
 scientific investigation to show that, in many respects not usu- 
 ually considered, modern icientific results approach to doctrines 
 of revelation. Such examples might be very much multiplied, 
 and others might be found more striking than some of those 
 above referred to. Enough has, however, been said to show that 
 the paths of science and revelation are at least not divergent, to 
 suggest the necessity of removing from the reading of the Bible 
 that veil of mediaivalism which remains on so many minds, to 
 indicate the utility of fairly comparing the new science with the 
 old revelation, and above all to vindicate the fundamental unity 
 and harmony of all truth, whether natural or spiritual, whether 
 discovered by man or revealed by God. 
 
 John W. Dawson. 
 
 ' 
 
The foUmving articles arc publislu-ti from the office of ihi> 
 PRINCE TO X RE I 'h-: IV, 37 Par/.- Ptna. New York, 
 and can be obtained from all Booksellers and Newsdealers at Five Cents 
 each ; 
 
 I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT: AT HOME AND ABROAD, July, '79. 
 
 ROBERT P. PORTER, Esq., Chicago. 
 
 3. THE F'ULPIT AND I'OPULAR SKEPTICISM, . Mar., '79. 
 
 Rev. PHILLIPS BROOKS, D.D., Boston. 
 
 3. THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SCIENCE, . . . Nov., '78. 
 
 Principal DAWSON, F.R.S., D.C.L., McGill University, Montreal. 
 
 4. FORCE, LAW, AND DESIGN Mav. '79. 
 
 President PORTER, D.D., LL.D., Yale College. 
 
 5. AMERICAN ART; ITS PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS, May, '78. 
 
 JOHN F. WEIR, N.A., School of Fine Arts, Yale College. 
 
 6. FINAL CAUSE: M. JANET AND PROF. NEWCOMB, . Mar., '79. 
 
 President McCOSH, D.D., LL.D., Prince'on College. 
 
 7. ENGLAND AND IIER COLONIES May, '78. 
 
 JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE, D.C.L.. London. 
 
 8. CLASSICS AND COLLEGES July, '78. 
 
 Prof. B. L. GILDERSLEEVE, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 9. THE ANGLO-CATHOLIC MOVEMENT Sept., '78. 
 
 The Right Rev. the LORD BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL. 
 
 ic. MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE, Nov., '78. 
 
 Prof. JOSEPH LE CONTE, LL.D.. Umverilty of California. 
 
 II. THE AIM OF POETRY, Sept., '78. 
 
 Principal SHAIRP, D.C.L., University of St. Andrews. 
 
 12. THE IDEA OF CAUSE, May, '79. 
 
 Prof. FRANCIS BOWEN, Harvard Collece. 
 
 13. MUSIC AND WORSHIP July, '79. 
 
 President POTTER, D.D., LL.D., Union College. 
 
 14. NATIONAL MORALITY Nov.. '78- 
 
 EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L., LL.D., England. 
 
 15. THE EUROPEAN EQUILIBRIUM Nov., "78. 
 
 THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, D.D., LL.D., Ex-President ot Yale College- 
 
 16. CHRISTL'^NITY IN THE UNITED STATES. . 
 PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., Union Theol. Seminary. 
 
 . Sept., '79 
 
 17. POINTS OF CONTACT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND 
 
 REVELATION, Nov., '79. 
 
 Principal DAWSON, D.C.L., F.R.S., Montreal.