«>, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. 1.0 I.I l^|28 |50 *^* 25 2.2 1.8 1.25 11111.4 IIIIII.6 ^^ V] v: 7 /^ 4, ^- CIHM/lcMH Microfiche Series. ^ CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. ;V Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filnr>ing. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Certains d6fauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont notis ci-dessous. 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Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compto tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — *> (meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: Library of the Public Archives of Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grice d la g6n6rosit6 de l'6tablissement prdteur suivant : La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont filmdes d partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m6thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 M ^:mmBr9mm^amvtv!!^jfmva- ~' • •I'^—^^rj'j'^r^'T^'^mmm^mm Across the Continent VIA THE CANADIAN 1 V.CIFIC RAILWAY. / j^ LEOTTJIE^E I>BLIVBRED BV Mr, honore beaugrand EX-MAYOR OF MONTREAL, ITNDBR THE AUSPICES OP THE MONTREAL DISTRICT BOARD Of TRADE 28rd MARCH, 1887. Thi, loci,.™, tho lirst „1 a »one., :un,lor tlu, aa.pi,-o.s „f tho (;l,u,„ber of Co„„„„,.„.. oU,o district of .Montreal, was dolivccl on tho ovctn^t'ld no. a^, tho .,.,, M:.,.oh, u, tho „,t,vl paflo,. of tho .St. Uw.-ooeo tw ,M '." t.o. I by oK.Miiyo. Jioaug,a„U. ,Tho,o «a» a laf.^.o attoada.co of htdio a,,,! gon lemc, a,.d Aid. J. Groniof, p,-o»idont of tho cha.nhof, p.asidod ACROSS THE CONTIN n^ ^ ^ A. I It is not my int«ntioa in this lecture to (ii.scu*8 tbo couKtruction of tho Canadian Pacific, which iH to-day an accomplished fact. The ho north of wa, but the per at Sud- imber, have 1 movement le pessimist Qot be real- !ed in avail- at their dis- ci lie are not e resources > their line ) impartant iustituted, y traversed lat of the plicable to srospects of ilic myself, ji)? the coQ- aa render general as- the point opment of nber trade )ur I'acitic interests lot believe iges which truction of on at the naturally of a trans- agniticent es us and ady a con- tint; with Farther ord of the vhen the its COQ. Pacific, ady per- derive, erce and Q traoq- continental line, and it is well known tiiai the autborities in England have been devot- ing attention to that subjuct. Montreal must, therefore, both as to interior and external trade, profit more than any other city of the Dominion by the construction of the Tacific. It is also well known that the Qrand Trunk and the Pacific, the one by its American con- nections, t'je other by the construction of the 8ault iSte. Marie branch, must bring us a large share of the export trade of the American west. We have, accordinglj', in a local sense, every reason to be satisfied with what has been done and what is proaaisbd for the future. On that point, indeed, there cannot be two opinions. In company with Mr. Olds, traffic manager of the Pacific, Alderman Rainville. M. Diivid, D. Sidey and Wra. Stevens, I left Montreal on WtJnesday, December 1, during a snow storm, to wake up next morning at Pembroke when the temperature was ten de- grees below zero. From the very start, we were evidently destined to have two formid- able enemies of the regular running of trains, in the region north of Lake Superior. Let it sufiice to tell you that we reached Winnipeg only two hours late, that small delay having occurred between Montreal and Ottawa. We had therefore, travelled a distance of \,4'li miles, with a temperature ranging from ten to thirty-five below zero, and a vio- lent snow storm, and yet, in spito of of all that wc reached Winnipeg only two hours behind the time announced. Those who have made long journeys on the Ameri- can lines will understand how surprising such regularity was under such conditions. Reach- ing Winnipeg at 11 o'clock in tbe forenoon, we sot out half an hour later, reserving our visit there for the return trip. Brandon, Broadview, Regina, Moobejaw, Swift Current, Medicine Hat and Calgary are the principal points that attract the attention of the travel- ler. These places have become in a few years the centres ot immense agricultural districts in the Canadian prairie region. A hundred miles southwest from Duumore are the famous Lethbridge coal i. Those mines are connected with the I'acific by a narrow guage line and are now in full oper- ation. There are also new anthracite coal mines near Banff, — a fact that makes up for the lack of fire wood in the 900 miles of prairie between Winnipeg and Canmore. It is here worthy of remark that an enormous difierence distinguishes our Canadian prairies from the plains of the Western States, crossed by the American lines everywhere in the latter. As I have already said one encounters veritable wastes of saiid— areas incultivable and unproductive, where the thermometer, during the hot season, attains a height un- known with us. And thoHe sandy plains stretch sometimes with hopeless monotony for hundreds of miles through Utah, Wyo- ming, Nevada and, in the South, through Color''do, a part of Kansas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Our prairies, on the contrary, are everywhere of an extraordinary fertility, whether for the cultivation of wheat and other cereals, or the raising of cattle. The superficies of arable lands is of immense ex- tent and all along tbe Pacific route we find evidences of a luxuriant vegetation. Water which fails almost absolutely in tbe American deserts is here within reach of the farmers and cattle raisers. It is found cither in lakes or in numerous rivers, coulees and creeks that furrow the prairie or in wells at a depth com- paratively insignificant. This, indeed, is so evident that the great American cattle raisers have been looking out in Canada for localities where they can fatten their ca'tle and prepare them for exportation. But to return to my Journey and pernoual experiences. Our first destination after leav- ing Montreal was the famous Banff valley between the gorges of the Rocky mountains. I bad heard wonderful things of this district still unknown to the travelling public but certainly destined to win a universal reputa- tion in a not distant future. By its pictu- resque situation at the bottom of a gorge, en- compassed by superb mountains and by its famous sulphur springs which issue from the earth at a temperature of 120 degrees, Fahrenheit, Banfi' will soon be for Canada what the famous hot springs of Arkansas are to the United States. Ptiysioians attribute to those springs curative properties which can- not fail to attract invalids and delicate per- sons from all parts of the world. The magni- ficent landscapes that meet the eye on every hand, the game which swarms in the adjoin- ing mountains, and tbe fish abounding waters of the Bow river will make it a favorite resort for the sportsman, the artist and the lover of the grand in nature. The Government have already constructed fine roads from the Banfi' station to where the waters issue forth, in an atmosphere of sulphur, from the steep flank of a mountain covered with clumps of firs and sombre balsams. The Pacific com- ! ) pany are abuut to build a Krand hotel at the ! , bottom of the valley, at the foot of a roarinR I caRcade. A poet could not have dreamed of I a more enchantliif? hUo. Nature has d«)no j ' overtldrg for UantT in the way of Bctdiery and modern enterprise has only to add the comfort I and luxury ncceHsary in our day, to make of the locality a rival to (he most faniouw water- [I inK placeB of Europe and America. Eisyof [ I acceurt by the railway for tlie inhahitants of I f the Atlantic and Pacific coaHtH, and nituatcd I [ in proxiinit)) to the commercial centrcH of the I great nei^hborin^^ prairie, the ri«in(^ city al- I . ready oilers remarkable facilities tor cheap living. I really believe that the first nuccH. I saries of daily life — meat, bread and I vegetables — may be purcliased there j at prices C(.m parable wiili those of the Toronto and Montreal markets, and the [ cultivation of the lands fit for clearintc will tend to ameliorate the situation. Two or three temporary hotels liavo been built in proximity to the springs, and physicians are on the spot to attend to the patients, who are already numerous. A Scotch artist, Mr. Aitken, visited Banlf last summer and sketched some scenes which are said to be of ravishing beauty. I have no doubt of it whatever, if the artist succeeded in seizing one of those marvellous sunrises, which I witnessed during my short sojourn in the place. The station is situated in an obscure corner at the b;)ltom of the valley, and in I Decimber the sun does o'clock in the morning. not rise till nine It is ten o'clock have been able to before his vi rifying rays penetrate across the clumps of trees. It is still dark among the great pines which shelter the few primitive houses of the risiug village, when all at once, and as if by enchantment, without the ordinary transition of the twilight of our longitudeiJ, the sur- rounding peaks are in seeming ilame and the crests, covered in perpetual snow, sparkle as they light up in turn with the tardy r«ys o! the winter sun. It vaguely recalls the great tapers that are lit, one after the other, in the sombre naves of cathedrals at the nocturnal ceremonies of the Christian Passover. The Bun descends slowly from the mountains, lighting up the sombre clumps of thick set cedars and stunted firs, crystallizing afar off the waters of a torrent which bounds from rock to rock to lose itself in the sinuosities of a ravine, gilding on this side and on that the marbled flanks of many colored granite of a giddy precipice, and finally descending into the valley to illuminate with all Its splendor that (out ememhle so marvelou^ly picturesque and sublime. One has to witn-ss these changes and gaz ! entraiici'doii thos< ('-izzling fairy scenes to gain an idea of them that is at all adtquate. Kor me it woidd bo t-imply im- poHHible to e.xpress their beauty in wordi-'. The artists of the future have there a vast field to cultivate, but one that demands genius of the first order to reproduce, in all their nature beauty, those fantastic lauds- scapes. Let no one set this down as false en- thusiasm or till) ilreani of on exalted imagin- ation. Ask Aid. Uainville, who has ttie reputation of being fr(!e from th(^ exagger- ations of enthusiasm, and he will tell you all aboir. it. During our stay at iianlf we visited the camp of a tribe of Stony Indians who had raised their tents sorne hiindnd yards from the station. The men hunted the liear, the deer and the wild sheep and goat which abound in the mountains, and the women, while occupying themselves with domestic duties, prepare the skins ot bears and deer in a primitive manner. We were told a good deal that was favorable concern- ing those Indians, who are said to be honest, industrious, and peaceful, which cannot be said of all the savage tribes of the Northwest. A present ot some pounds of toltacco to the old chief, who was the only warrior present in the camp at the time ot our visit, at once won his good graces, and ho himself did us the honors of all the wigwams of the tiibe. Although the ground was covereci with snow, and the temperature was rather cold than tropical, the children, covered with a few rngs, raced birefouted underneatli the trees, while the mothers, squatting round the fire, contemplated us witli an indifferent air. I bought for a trifle a superb ramshead, adorned with horns of enormous size. It is said that these animals are of pro- digious agility, bounding from rock to rock, when pursued, and sometimes dropping great heights on their horns which save them from certain death. That, at least, is a hunt- er's story which I give you for what it may be worth, for I have never witnessed the feat myself. Having ppent five days at Banfl' and ex- plored the environs for the pietureeque, we started on Friday noon, by special train, so as to be able to admire by day the passes by which we were to cross the Rocky mountains. A distance of niutty-stven miles separates in »i •o to the present tit once did 118 10 tiilie. (h SHOW, >ld than a IfW 16 treeH, the fire, It ftir. I imshead, size, of pro- rock to roppins ive them H himt- it may the feat and ex- •que, we train, eo isses by untaiiiH. eparatcH Banff from D'lnaM, where wo wtayed diiiinK ! the iiixht, c 'titinuiii^ next day our j ii(rni'\ thioiiKii the vall'-y i>f the Columbia river and the Htill more (litlicult pa-i at lim-H to the Imttre^Hes I and fifstle work of a viadir.'l of ^'iddy heij^ht j that Hpaiis a torrtttit roarii!^ three hiimlred feet below the tiain, hns|)eiitkd on the lluik of a mountain and overhnni? by rocks that' threaten nn by their enorniunx proportion,-- and lanta'-tic shipes, then foliovvint; to tlie bottom of a vale, tlio traii(pnlli/,ed waterc of a river that Keems to rest a moment in the Kilence of an Arcadian t-cene, to risipneKiin after its tumnltnous course over roi k^ and precipices, it Kcems as thongh we were I dreaming with otir eyes open. We ' see again in fantastic reality tho-^e l!iiidHca[)e8 which Dure delighted to in- vent, and which bin extrai rdinnry ima'^'in- ation revealed to him without the aid of fa "t. KoiesfH of pine, cedar and spruce cover everv- wlii re the 11 inks of the niuunlains, and one c;itcheK a ulimpso now and then of clear , Kjiaces that run clear (lom the summit to ^tie depths of Ihe valley. Thefe are the KUites traced by the avalancliert that sweep all be- f'.'re them in their teriibly destniLtive descent. I On both sides of the road liso innumerable ! peaks that take the most diverse shapes ; old cistlesof the middle oges perchctd likeaeries on inaccessible heights, rocks of proportions as regular as the pyramids of Kgypt, obelisks ol many-colored granite, sta'rs carved by nature as if tor giantn. And all this in view of the traveller, who, ; seated in his parlor car, asks himself what energv, intelligence, perseverance were needed to corjcky inouni'iins, and we remark that the waN rs of IJiNir creek now 11 )W westwart itself failher south into tlm I'acilic ocean after cros-ing Washitigton Territfuy. The descent is ma lo under the same con- diti>ns of security and with the same variety ofs(cneiy. It is a veritihie panorama. The (laikii»!ss which comes o<) suddenly, without twili^;ht, in the deep valleys that we tra- versed, surprises us Pefore reaching D >nald, where we pass the niirht. Next day wo begin the accent (t the Selkirk rutgi. I) )na!d is an important cen'.re,whi^h has nitherto drawn its resources from the iin m-n-'e woiks of con- struction nec'Hsitated t>y the passage »)f the roal acr'jss the neiahb trinn m iiititains The val'ey of tht) Culiimbii, whicfi is said to be lertilo and lit for cultiva'iin, will pay its tribute of commuice as soon as there are settlers in RUtlieit'nt number to develop its agiicultural resourioi. Next day, at 'J o'ci'K k, after having visited the rising town, we get aboard agiiii to (limb m-w mountains and to aduiire new scenes. We still follow the course of the little Beaver river which winds at tlie bottom of riivineH, flowing from wes; to east to discharge itself into the Colum- liia. We pa«s, hut withoiit stopping, Six- mile Creek, 15 -ar creek, iloger's pass, and ar- rive at the Glacier hotel, where the train stays for twenty minutes to allow passengers to have dinner. Lotus say here, e/i y>rt»sa/i/, that the service of meals, whethei in the dining cans or in the hotels and refreshment rooms, is cofiducted to peifeciion over the whole course of the railway. Everywhere one (lines as well a< he could do at Montreal or Toronto. The sleeping cars are dazzingly luxurious, and the first and second class cars all that could be de- fi Hired ia the way of comfort. 'Viio second claHH carM are built and furniHhed BO aH to permit paHHenKurH to HJuep at night. We leave the carH for a few momentH at Glacier to viriit the hotel and reHtaiirant, and now we reMtirae the I'escent of the Selkirkti to attain the level of the Pacitiu ocean only at Port Moody. I forgot to Htate that we parsed the culminatinK point of the Selkirk^ at Six Mile creek. We were then about to croHstbe place where the engineern had encountered the greatest ditlicult'.eri. It was necesdary to make a descent of (lOO feet in a en ''He of two and a half miles- liy a 8'3ries ol irns, re- turns and /.ig/.'igH, by a Hystem < viadMcts and gentle iucliuatious along the tltnk of the mountain we prolong the distance to six and a half miles to reach U )ss peak, 600 feet lower down. Over the whole of this length of six and a half miles, one can perceive the road directly above or directly below the moving train, as it crosses and intercrosses in a labyrinth of trestle work marvellous to contemplate and dillicult to realize for one who is not an engineer. At one point in particular, the road, bendmg back on itself, is only apart from point to point a horizontal ditVtireuce of 120 feet, whilst the dilTerence in level is 120 feet in height. This tour de force of engineering must be closely examined, in its details, to enable a person to form a correct notion of it. We again and iioally remark that the tor- rents and rivers ilow towards the Pacific, and we commence to follow, in all its winding capric s the course of the Illecillewait. It is a curioua but rather euphonious name of Indian origin. We reach the Albert canyon, one of the most remarkable localities, I think, on the whole route. Here the Illecillewait flows through the bottom of a ravine cut out of the living lock at a depth of from 150 to 200 feet. It seems almost im- possible that the water should have hollowed out a course tor itself in such a place,and the opinion of engineers is that the river follows a fissure produced in the rock by an earth- quake. However that may be, the scene is sublime and impressive. The iron road fol- lows the flank of the mountain and one hears, without always being able to see it, the tor- rent roaring in its granite bed. Mingling with the noise of the slowly moving train, with the shrill whistles of the prudently guided locomo- tive, it forms a music not out of concert with the wild and fantastic scene that surrounds us. Somewhat further on, at Eagle Pass and Craigellachie, we get alongHide a series of fldh and game abounding lakes which ex- tend all the way to Kt at j)reseni a population of more than 50,000. lis natural wealth consists in its mines of gold, copper, silver and cohI, already in the course of exploitation ; in its tVrtile valleys, render- ed easy of acess by the cfinstruction of the Pacific railway, adapUd both for cultivation and cattle raising. Its fruits, apples and pears especially are cultivated, with success and pr( litab'y exported. As ytt manufact- ures are in an emiiryo condition, but the water powers, which exist everywhere, only await the ham} of enterpriye and capital to be a souice of pros{crity. Such are, in brief, the general resources of Biitish Columbia, as yet so little linown to tiie easdrn pruviuces. Besides what I have mentioned, there is the iin|)ortant fact that the admission of Biiiisb Columbia into our Confederiition haf' permitted the jiiiRtiou by the transcontinental raii.vay, of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the creation of a new route to Jatian, Chiufi, India atd the Australian colonies. Thets- tablishuietit of a direct lino of steamers be- tween Vancouver, Yokohama and II. /ng- K' ng, is now only atjiiestiou ota few months time, and already even the Canadian Pacific has entered into competition with the Ameri- can lines by transporting numerous cargoes of tea destined for Montreal, New Y'ork and London. The construction of steamer?, of unusual rapidity, for the service between Montreal and Liverpool in summer, and Hali- fax and Liverpool, in winter,ha3 also been de- cided on, and, on the completion of t!ie ar- rangement, it is expected that the continent can be crossed from ocec.x to ocean in five days. These various improvements will en- able us to attract to our Canadian Pacific n gtoat share of the traffic now carried on be- tweeu England and her culouiea iu Atiia and Ocoanica by way of the Suez canal. I have also been informed that the Pacific railway CO., intends to compete for the transport of the mails between London, Auckland, Mel- bourne, Sydney and Adelaide, and ttius to try and obtain some share of the enormous subsidies paid by the Imperial and colonial governments for that important service. I have already called attention to the strategic importance of our Pacific route to England which has already begun the arming and revictualliiig ofherPjcific fleet by way of Qiiet)ec and Vancouver. Let me now say a word or two as to the immense progress that we have made in rail- way criusl ruction during the last ten years. In 187(; Canada possessed T), 157 miles of rail- way ill operation, valued at $cii7,7!>5,-lGH, transporting 5 544,814 passengers and (j :',M,- 757 tons of fie'glit. Well those figures have more than doubled in ten years. According to the < Ifif'- poits, there were in Canada in 1885 ■ 24 5 liiles of railroad in operation, represey ... i- ■ id up capital of Se^iJ, 172, 145, transporting inually 0,(j85,:j04 passengers and 14,071 :i tons ot freight. The extra- ordinary a iL'ntafion indicated by these sta'isticsue -i no comment. Itisofachar- ater to arouse in all Canadians, of whatever origin, a le^itmate feeling of pride. I have now only to speak briefly of my return trip, and to bring this narrative to a close. As you aie aware, it is the Goveru- Hient that built the p-rtion of the road be- tween Port Moody and S.ivo:ia's Ferry, a disttiuce of 213 miles. As usual, iu public un- dertakings the work was performed carelessly and the company was put to great expen.se to give the road the neccessary security iu a ruciuntainous region where the diffieulties of construction were great and numerous. It was, t.)r instance, one of the Government built bridges that the torrent had carried away and whose removal ciused us the delay alrtady mentioned, with the compensating visit to New Westminster. Starting on Thursd ly, December 10, we reached Winni- peg at ten minutes past five on Sunday even- ing, the precise time marked on the railway time tabIe^!. At llegina, we had the pleasure of melting an old friend, Mr. Amedee Forget, clerk of the the Northwest council. It is not ray purpose to give you any description of Winnipeg. That flourishing city you all know as well as I do, if not by actual ex- perience of a visit, at least, by what you have read of its progress in the j jurnuls and else- 9 I hiivo railway port of J, Mel- tllUB to lOlUlOUH coloiiial .fico. I trategic Lit« to arming by way s to the J ill rail- n yoav8. J ol rail- 71>5,4G8, i G :j;n,- ufS liavo ccordiiig . Canada peration, 172,1 Ifj, essengers lie t'Xtra- jy tlioso )fa thar- Iwhatcvcr wlitML'. Scaicfly tittetu years ngo, tlie site} now uccnpied by the capital of Mmiltoba was but a va-t pruiiif — th^ only olj-ct of in- j leitst in whicli wasFoitOmy luundt*! by- the Hud^^ou^s Bay coni[)tiiy in 18 Ki, ^ lor the trailt' with the Indiai s Today it is a (.itv of 25,000 inhabitunii*. with imposing | public buiblingH, cburciifH, collc^ies, Hch'.ois, ! liONpitaN, aij(l the inicliii try of niddern j Uiunicipai afiniinistratiiio. liy itH getigraphi- ' tal .siiujitioii ill (hf 01 ntrc of the contimnt, | in tlie uiitist of the feitile praiii'S of the Northwest, Winnipfg is (Ifstintd to oci.n[)y j ere loi g the same |)ositiiiii in t^io U. miuion ' that Cliictigo has in the United Stat- s, We were leeeived with the U'luost eourte-y , by the Uiunicipal authoiilies who pbiCMl; tbeai>elve8 at our disjiosal atid iti their kind- | Iv chaige we vi-ited all the leading points of intereht. A dinner at the Manitoba elub, on the evening of our arrival and an ( Ificial lui.clieon t!ie rxxtday fl^tlI^hed the pleasure (d lueetiug and payir'g oin lespects to the Hon. Mr. Norqnav, the premier, tlie Hon Senator Girard, the Hon. Mr. H orison, tiie Hon. Joseph lloyal, a number (if luemben, the etit-going ma\oi', Mr. Westbronk, and his successor, Mr. Jenes, Mr. W^hyte, 8ui)erin- tendeijt geneial of the Pacific lailway, stveral ald< rmen, tuerchants, bankers and mannfact- urerH. I de.-