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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduiic en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, e- prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. rrata jelure. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 /^ ^ Efl RE # '* ''^ ^ GIANTS AND PIGMIES: C'l / ^GEOLOGICAL.) EARTH'S ORDER OF FORMATION AND LIFE, AND IkUm OF THE TWO RECORDS. REVISED AND OORREGTED, WITH SYNOPTIOAL TABLE. % BT THK * REV. DAVID HONEYMAN, D. C. L., F.S.A., F.R.S.C., F.S.Sc. (hon.) Land., Honorary Member of the Oeoloffistn' Association, London, ROVINOIAI-. GtKOIjOGHSX. M. HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA: Museum and BoolcsellerSk, • 1887. ,'). The two are nssoiiialed in Mira as in Wales and Norway. Either when tJoad or living the Mira pigmies seem to have met witli a disaster before burial. They are in fragments. They are so abundant ns to form thin limestones. They must have swarmed in Mira waters, in the approximate beginning of life. Another name that has been given to this OlrmiS is spharaplit/iafinus ulatm. Besides being alatus (winged) it is splier ophthalmm (round eyed). With the aid of a magnifying glass we can see those round and compound eyes among the fragments, aa ■well as the so-called wings. In sunshine these little eyes are bright and brilliant like the eyes of a dragon fly. They toil us that the waters in which they lived were pellucid, and that the sun shone at Mira then, as I have seen it sliine, when it rose above the waters of the Atlantic, while I was sitting at Louisbourg Point. 2. Nearly 25 years ago when 1 made my dalmt in Halifax as a lecturer on Geology, and had the Ivlitor of the Preshi/- terian Witness as one of my hearers, 1 di^scribed the trilobites of Arisaig, N. S , with their brilliant eyes, now for the first time exposed to the light of the sun, which they had beheld ages ago. At the close of my lecture Mr. Mackay of Tilt Cove Copper Mine, Newfoundland, exhibited three "Giant" trilobites from Placentiit Bay. TIk'sc were Giants compared with the Arisaig trilobites, while the latter are much larger than the trilobites of Mira describc!iatcd, ('amhiian I'rom Cumbria or Cambria in Wales. To the lower part of this Formation, the rocks of our Gold Fiohls belong (with the excepion of the Granites) as fiio determined by Dr. Selvvyn* The Primordial or Para'loxidas sepulchres of Newfoundhmd and New Brunswick belong to the upper part. Sir Roderick Murcbison's name is familiar as the author of " Siluria " and the "Silurian System," so named by him after the "Silnres" the ancient inhal)itants of Wales. The rocks of Mira, Mooso River, Wentworth, 1. C, R., Barney's liiver, Sutherland's River, East River and Arisaig, to which attention has been directed in preceding No 's belong to tlie " Silurian Systen." Tlie name of Hugh Miller the Cromarty mason and his " Old Red Sandstone " arle row of foot-prints with the trail of a tail intervening, showing that the animal was a lizard (?) The other has a print on a fern-frond, showing a fern as lying in its way when the Saurian was taking its walk. At the time when these creatures lived and moved, the Cobequid range of mountains was a long island about 5 or 6 miles wide, having the seas of the Lower Carboniferous Period reaching to the vicinity of the site of the Iron Works on the south and to the sepulchres of the Silurian pigmies on the north. 'The coal of Cumberland and Pictou had then no existence, and Prince Edward Island was yet of the future. 0, My late friend, Prof. Jukes, in his introduction to a Geological paper, thus remarked, ** Demosthenes, when asked what were the requisites for an orator, replied. Action ! action ! ^ Prof. Hall agrees with me on the question ot Age (Hudvon River or Cinoin'.ifttl, U. 8.). 2 18 0IAKT8 AND noMttff. i;| I I' , action ! So the requisites for a Geologist are — Travel ! tra/el ! travel ! I dare say our readers are beginning already to con- eider that " travel " is a requisite for the Geologist, as I have in previous pages given them a little experience of this. ^ We Y'onld now take them to Scotland — to the banks of the Findhorn and Clune C^narry, Morayshire, \vhere we find Lady Gonlon Gumming of Altyre at work, and Agassiz examining and naming fossil, Old Kcd Sandstone, fishes — about 184 1. The chief of these are what he calls Placoids and Ganoids. The Chit'olepiscutiimiwjiaeis a prominent fish of the ganoids. They have been so called on account of the form of their shining bony scales. Their tails are formed like those of sharks or sturgeons, and are different from the tails of herrings or codfish. The colour of the scales is grey (silvery), brown or black according: to the character of the deposit in which they are imbedded. The grey limestone bed of Clune Quarry has preserved their original silvery colour, giving them the appearance of fishes recently dead instead of ages long gone. Another character- istic of these ganoid fishes is that their teeth have a structure closely resembling thai of the early amphibians (reptiles). From this we would go to the banks of the Rhine ; to the coal fields of Saarbruck, vhich have long been coveted by the French nation, and where at last they met with dire disasters in deadly encounter with the Germans in the Franco-German war. Here too are entomb<^d ganoid fishes ( amhliipterns ) in sarcophatji of ironstone. These ichthyolites when opened reveal the ganoids in a state of wonderful completeness, with brown Colour. — Returning to our own neighl)ourhood, we have a place of ganoid se{)ulture, across the border in Albert Count}', New Brnnswick. Here are fishes in considerable number. They are generally of small size. Occasionally, however, there are some, like *' Saul among the people." The small ones are known by the name of palaeoniscus. Their size is from 2^ to 3 inches in length. The larger ganoids measure about 9 inches. They arc in the bituminous shales that accompany the mineral Albertite, and are consequently black and lustrous. Perfect specimens are not very common. They are more or less fragmentary. In Morristown Township, 'C(I>KT8 AND PI0MIB8. 1» Aiitigonish County, scales of like colour occur in the bituminous shales. At rforton IJiuff, Kings County, the black shales have also black ganoid scales. Here I fonu«l the right side of a lower jaw, 1^ inch in length, with 4 conical teeth. Each of these rises, about the 20th of an inch, above -the jaw. This is much larger than 'the jaw oi ^ pahieoniscus. The IJony I'ike, of the Canadian Lakes, of which wo had several line specimens at the Fisheries Exhibition, is a modern representa- tive of the Ganoid Fishes. 10. In the year .1859 the late Dr. Forrester and I •examined the marvellous section of the Carboniferous forma- tion on the South Joggins Shore, Cumberland County. We •admired its grandeur and phenomena of structure — with ita remains of ancietit vegetation, its coal seams and fossil trees, S>^ 'illaria, Lepido hndrri, Oalamodendra, Sfifjmaria and Calamites •exposed in a beautiful and instructive manner by the action of the great tides of the Bay of Fundy, Certain coal looking 'beds were foand to be composed of small imvias^'ils (anthracoHiaJ and minute crustaceans (It'perdUia ) We proceeded to collect iportable specimens from this interesting locality. In Acadian Geolofjy we found an admirable and detailed account of the section. The occurrence of a reptile found by Lyell and Dan-son in 1849 was regarded as of special interest, and Teptilian remains were sought for. As we afterwards found we ■were on the wrong track and much below anything but foofc- .prints, the sepulchres being in newer strata or beds and not scattered aroun//>/w/«i* — (d«mble tooth). Each tooth is double. One single is upri<^ht, the otlicr curv^is bn';k- ward ; a short cusp is between ; the root is largo. The teelb are lancelate and crenulated ; llio largest trmth is formidable. When I showed it to Professor l^liiliips at the London Exhibi- tion of 18G2, he was astonished at its size and remarked that it was much larger than the tooth of the British Diplodtta. Our sharks of the Coal Period must have been formidable. The ganoids, whose scales accMiipany the teeth, when once <;aught by the Diplodm, waxq doomed. The odd tooth is about I of. an inch in leiiglh ; it is conical, recurved and striated. In this field we have also an amphibian, a frog whose name 18 Buphctes planiceps. This was found by Sir J. William Dawson, and described m Aca'fian Geology. This frog was a giant when compared with the existing race of Nova Scotia (frogs ; it was even much larger than the fiogs of the West Indies. The specimens of those in our Provirniial Museum are •certainly not pigmies, as they astonish visitors by their dimen- sions. The Bajjheteti, too, has teeth wliich ccfuld hold on to a palaeoniscus, although clad in ganoid coat of mail, tdr it in (pieces and nmke a meal of it. At the London Exiiibition oi 1862 there was a live frog exhibited in a block of English coal, and said io have been found in it. It was the subject of dis- -cussion in the newspapers. It died during the controversy. Visitors seeing our 30 feet Pictou coal column^ expected to see the wonderful frog in it. If the Baphetes had been alive, and ■exhibited in our coal column it would have astonished and con- vinced t^e most incredulous " without centrov-erey " as trae and jiot false. 12. We would yet look at a few individuals whicli we 'have passed in our previous examinations. There is -the foot-print of a large Sauropus. This deep ampression was found by J. M. Jones, "F. L. S., in the Carbonifer- ous formation of Parrsboro*. Then a plaster cast in the Webster .colleclion of a row of ioot-jprints found by Mr. Harding at .,1 I I *'?i I I- » OIANTR AND PIOMira. ■M \ ■ J;i ! Horton Bluff, and two kintls of fnot-prints on clny plate, fonnc? by myself in the same locality, ami next p large fllal) with foot- prints crossing and' re-crosainj? from the (jtiarry of the late "E. N. JJ. McLolan ir> the car1)oniforons sandstone of Great* Iliver, soiUh ot the Londonderry Iron MineSi Visiting Cape Bpeton, reptilian foot-prints are seen at the Sydney Coal Mines. At the Schooner Pond wo * * a Carbon if eroits giant whose name ia Ilajilophh'Jnuht. '' ^•. 'c was exhibited at; L'Exposition Universelfe de Pai iti67. Tliis astonished' geologists as much as did that of the other Cape Breton giant,. (Mijracatitlin» ma[inijicm. Its specific name was harnesii, so named after his di.scoverer^ Mr. Barnes, M. E. Since then ho has received another specific name, Lonrjijii">nia — lon>(j winried. What he is known by is a long irim; having some resemblance to the wing of a Dnigon-fly ; this is 3 inches in length. It ia extended on a piece of slat^e — on a part of it lies a- fossil fern. Tlie whole insect must have measured across the wings G or 7 inches. This was certainly a giant among insects. If it were as voracious as the dragon-fly, it must hare inspirec^ terror among his puny neighbours. This was not the first ofc this cl'ass of insects, if Geologists are correct in assigning » Devonian age to certain rocks associated with the Archaeaiv and Primordial rocks of St. John, N. B.,. which cotitain plants, and were formerly regarded as Carboniferous. These rocks are found to contain, in like manner, wings of insectc of much Mualler dimensions, Htiploplilehimn hamesii, or Longipennis,. Scudder is in the Pirovincift-l Museum. 19L ^6 seem to have been alV>gebher forge tfid of our neighbour Island — Prince Edward's. Not so,, fbr until now it? has failed to put in an appearance. Prince EdWard Island' formation is post-Carboiiiferous, if we except its basal rocks^ which may be Carboniferous or Permian — the age subsequent to the Carboniferous. Vide Table; The chief formation of the Island is Triaseic. Now that it has appeared, it comes to the front with a notable giant as its- representative. Its uaine is Bathygnathus, so called on account 11!"^ I OUNTS AND PKIMIKH. 23 of the dopth of its jaw. It is farther known a« Bnr"nliit — northern. I heliove its remains were found in New London. I have seen an .ne When holy Hilda prayed ; Themselves, within their holy bound, Their stony folds had often found." -SgoU. Our guide, Mr. Moore, now shows us the so called " Petrified unakes" in their earliest sepulchre, not far above the "Insect limestone" of No. 13. Here wo have Ammonites planorhis. We have seen nothing approaching to it among the Ci^i)halo- pods since we were in Arisaig, Nova Scutia. Science has dispelled the legendary delusion, and proved that the Ammonite is the shell of a Cephalopod — like a nautilus. We 80011 find Ammonites planorlns " abundant," and associated ■with it Penfacrinites, stone-lilies, sometimes called '' Saint Cuthbert's beads." " On a rock, by Lindisfarne, Saint Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame The sea-born beads that bear his name, Such t lies had Whitby's fishers told. And (aid they might his shape behold, And hear his anvil sound ; A deadened clang— a huge dim form Seen but, and heard, when gathering storm And night were closing round." ^^H OIANT»* AND PIGMIES. 25 Although wo liave not previously alluded to the occurrence of Crinoids (like lilies), it is by no means their earliest appear anco. In the Silurian of Arisaig they abound, and even in earlier periods. In periods later than the Silurian, e. g., in the Mountain Limestone of Great Britain they are in very great abundance — giving character and beauty to many marbles. Some of the most beautiful forms brought up from the depths of the sea by II. M. S. Challenger expedition and others, are the Crinoids. See the plates in publications of Expedition. Our guide introduces us also to the Foramenifer and the Saurian. 15. In my last I introduced the Ammonite. "We found Ammonites 2-)lanorhU at the Mendips and Ammonites communis and others in Poetry and Nature, at Whitby on the north-east coast of England and County of Yorkshire. This is the northern terminus of the Liassic formation in England. At Lyme Regis in the west of the south coast is the southern terminus. The Mendips are an intermediate locality. All along the line Ammonites may be collected. We now propose a trip along the south coast from Lyme Regis to Dover. At our starting point we find abundance of Ammonites, similar to those of Whitby, the Mendips and other intermediate localities, especially in rail way cuttings. When we reach Portland we come to a notable locality, a region of Giants. Here Ammonites giganteus abounds. Col. Akers (Major- General), R. E., tells me that when he was superintending the work of fortification there, he saw Ammonites disentombed, having a diameter of from 3 to 4 feet — being as large as a cart-wheel. In the Natural History Museum, South Kensing- ton, in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn street, and in the Museum of the Geological Society, London, magnificent specimens are readily seen. In our own Provincial Museum there is a young and portable specimen which is 1 foot in its gr'eatest diameter and 2 feet 9 inches in circumference. The enormous size of these Cephalopods again reminds us of the great squids of Newfoundland. One of the latter, on its way to New York Aquarium, was examined by us some years ago on ><•■ '"• * 26 aiANTS AND PIGMIES. '1'- board of the steamer Cortes. It nearly filled a molasses puncheon. An exquisite model of this monster was suspended overhead in the front of the United States Department, Inter- national Fisheries Exhibition. About the mid in the Basin of the Rhone between this river and the Var with many localities, having A^^^K)nites with sii«h distinguished' names as Murchisoni and Piirkinsonj, t^'C, and fascinating names as Calypsa, Circe, Nilssoni^ &c., with these are associated Bacculites and Beleninites, This formation enters very largely into the constitntion oi the several Alps, High, Low, Maritime,. Jurassic and Khaetian. In the High Alps du Brian9onnais,. Lory gives as elevations of this forn>ation,. Mount Christoul,. 8872 feet; Mount Joux, 8170 feet; Ponsonniere, 8310 feet;: Chaberton, 10,148 feet. The Amnwnites and their associate* disentombed from these beds, unmistakably indicate that during the Liassi^c Period o-f the Earth's History the strata were in process of formation in the depths of the sea. When and how they came to occupy their present Alpine position wo- shall afterwards indicate.— We go to- still loftie-r mountains,, the Hin>alayas. In the high passes of these- mountains at a heigh, of 16,200 feet above the sea level, we are informed that Captain Alexander Gerard discovered Ammonites, similar to the liassic species. This is 6>000 feet higher than the elevation of Mount Chaberton of the Alps. — Coming to our owa Dominion we find among the Jurassic coal bearing rocks of the Queen Charlotte Islands in the Pacific, Ammonites collected by the late Mr. Richardson and Dr. G. M. Dawson of the- Geological Survey. Associated with these are Scaphites, Haiuites, T Trilites, Belemnites and Nautilus. These have- been named and compared with the Cephalopods of the Alps^ by Mr. Whiteaves of the Geological Survey of Canada. They resemble in names and beauty of preservation the Lower Chalk Cephalopods of Folkestone (N^o. 15). Our Halifax " inteera during the expedition of 1883 collected^ among otht. curios,** some fine speci'.»ens of Ammonites placenta and Baccidite» @vatus. Some of the Ammonites are of large size and greafc beauty, resplendent in pearly " sheen," like a polished Nautilus. The Bacculites are fragnwintary, but have the same pearly lustre. This Cephalopod may be regarded as an uncoiled and straightened Ammonite — straight as t. walking stick. AH these> like their English^ European aud Asiatic cangeuers^ 1M !■:■■ I 1 28 GIANTS AND PIGMIES. iiifiii 1 ,r: ;||! liil j w were tenants of the deep in the respective periods of Geologi- cal History to which they have been assigned. The localities where they are found were then, therefore, all sultmarine. The Rocky Mountain range is considered to have been then merely represented by a range of low islands extending through the wide waste of waters. . -. ,■.-.■, 1'7. With the "Foraraenifer," of the Lias formation, Mr. Moore introduces us to a very important sub-division of the Animal Kingdom. These rank among the lowest creaturea ; but although apparently structureless, many of them form tests (shells) which are remarkable on account of their beauty. These are often perforated by microscopic foramens (holes) by which the inmate had external communication. Many of the tests resemble the nautilus, whence they were once regarded as cpphalopods ; others have something the shape of coins. Some of them are small ; others | an inch or more in diameter. They are called num.midl.na or nummidites (numtmis — a coin). Although our Liassic Zone is not regarded as the first of the appearance of foramenifers, it is yet remarkable on account of the large proportion which are identical with those now existing in all seas, according to the observations of H. M. S. Challenger and other expeditions. Prof. T, Rupert Jones now (since the death of Dr. Carpenter) the highest authority on Foramenifera, identified these Foramenifera for Mr, Moore. In his "Distribu- tion of Foramenifera in Time," he shows that sixteen " recent " forms are found in the " Liassic." The largest of these are pigmean. Still it is maintained by Sir J, Williaipi Dawson, Dr. Carpenter and Prof. Jones, that the first and oldest of Foramenifera lived in the Archaean Period. Prof. Jones says of Eozoon (dawn animal): " In the * Cambrian ' of Bohemia and the * Laurentian ' of Canada we have Eozoon of as high etructure as any of the hyaline (glassy) forms, in patches several square inches in size, forming together aggregations of con- fiiderable dimensions," This is certainly a giant among Fora- menifers. The great microscopist Ehrenberg first found Foramenifera in tlie Chalk of Meudon, south of Paris. Since then examina- GIANTS AND FIOMIES. 29 ti'ons of the Chalk have revealed thom to such an extent that it 18 considered as largely composed of the tests of these tiny creatures, The thought is overwhelming, that the Chalk Downs of England and France owe to these their very existence. Sir C. Wyville Thompson, comparing the character of the Foramenifer deposits at the bottom of the ocean, brought up everywhere by the dredge, with that of the constitution of the Chalk, came to the conclusion that the present was in certain rcvspects a continuation of the Tertiary — Chalk Period. In Prof. Jones' Tabular View of the Range of Foramenifera, in Time, we find that of 54 existing species there are 39 in the Cretaceous, 16 in the Lias.^ic, 11 in the Triassic and 6 in the Carboniferous. Six species — Fusulina, Dentalina, Nodosana, Valvulina, Saccammina — existing in the seas of the Carboni- ferous Period, still are found at the bottom of the ocean, pre- sumably the testa of living Foramenifers. The longe'st direct line of descent — Protozoan, Protoplasmic. 18, I made an intimate acquaintance with the Fora- menifera and other "subjects" of the Paris Basin in 1867, when I was Executive Commissioner of Nova Scotia, at L' Exposition Universelle. The Socict(5 Geologique de France, of which I was a member, had its Retinion for the year in and around Paris. We M'ent, under the direction of Edouard de Verneuil, to Pont Ste. Maxence. In our examination of the Geology of the district, special attention was directed to the Nummulites. Here they are seen forming a conglomerate of considerable thickness. Their extension to the Alps was a subject of discussion as well as their place in the Paris Basin. I missed the meetings in Paris itself. Subsequently, however, I carried out the programme. — At Porte de Versailles I fo-jnd the nummulites between the Great lower limestone (calcaire grossier inferieur) and the underlying clays." Among the specimens that I collected are two nummulites, having the interior filled entirely or partially with the green mineral glauconite. This is regarded as illustrating the mineralization of the Eozoon Canadense. Going to the south side of the Basin, I examined the geology of Meudon. Hero was I '.■mifm JP O^ANtS AND rtoMieS. Elirenberg's Chalk with foramenifcra and layers of flint witli echini (sea urchins). Above the Chalk was the Limestone of Porte de Versailles. I had the remarkable good fortune of find- Sng a grand slii>, exposing a fine specimen of the great Nautilus •of which I had found two fragments in the preceding locality. The entire Nautiltts (Janicua is 2 feet 1 inch in circumference. This is about 3 inches larger than our largest Nautilus pom- gjilius in the Museum, These with the associate Echini found Sn both localities with the mineral glauconile identified the two limestones. In the same limestones are abundance '". species and numbers of a gasteropod Cerithium of small size — one species stands out from the rest as Cerithitim gigan- ieuni. The nunimulites at Meudon come between the Chalk ami the Lower Limestone, and arc therefore of Eocene age «(diiwn of the new). Vide Table. Foramenlfera — mHiola--iwy in size, were found in the Geutilly Quarries, outwde of Paris, foiming limestone called •Calcaire iniliulites. 19. In addition to the Numniulites of the "Petra" of I*ont Ste. Maxence, we have others at the base of the Olau- "conite or Calcaire inferieur of Porte d« V«rsailles, or between it and a thick bed of clay. The very extensive excavation of this bed shows the extent of its use. Abundance of shark's teeth were found among the numraulites. At Meudon I also found nummwiites of larger size than the preceding between the Chalk and the glauconites in a thin bed of marl. French .j^eologists call these beds *^ NummuWqiie inferienr^^ (lower). This implies a superieur (upper). These distinctions are important, as we shall see, when we come to " mountain 'elevation." In our Museum collection there are nummulites from Brackleshani, England, opposite the Isle of Wight. These seem to be contemporaries of our Paris nummulitefs anferioT or superior. England is their western limit of occur- rence. From th e would now follow them to their eastera limit. The Pyrt. s between France and Spain have their tiummuline peaks. In the Alps of Brianconnais and Savoy We have peaks of equal, and greater altitude than those of the DIAKTS Akb HOMIKS. 31 Lias M'lth Ammonites, noticed in No. 16. I translate Prof. Lory's description of these from Bulletin de la Societe Oeologique de France 1862. "The nunimulite grits f«rm a wild range, whose aspect is altogether peculiar. Of this the principal summits are, on the south of the valley of Mauriennne, the Aiguilles d'Arves, 11, .37;') feet (3500 metres), the peaks of Goleou 11,144 feet, and of the Trois Eveches 10,140 feet. On the north the summits of the Grand Coin and the peak of Cheval Noir 9,201 feet (2830 metres), with whi' h this nunv mulitiquo band terminates abruptly between Saint Jean de iJelleville and the hill of the Madeleine." At L. Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867, the special building in the Champ de Mars which contained the exhiluts of the Compagnie Universelle de Canal Maritime de Suez was daily crowded with visitors. The extensive display, Geologi-^ cal and Palseentological, was to me peculiarly interesting. The chief collection included the following : 1. Nummulites and nummulitic limestone from the summit rocks and ditt'cient parts of the chain Mokattam. 2. Nummulitic limestone with large nummulites from the mountains on the right side of the Nile, opposite Minieh. The Mokattam mountains begin near Cairo and extend to about 20 miles from the Isthmus of Suez. They attain to an elevation of about 800 feet above the Nile, The town of Minieh is about 190 miles south of Cairo. Messrs. Bauerraan and C. le Nevo Foster in their Geological Reconnaissance made in Arabia Petrea in the spring of 1868 (Quarterly Journal of Geological Society) gives us the elevation of Mokattam and a section of a Quarry at the back of the tombs of the Caliphs behind Old (Jairo, in which is *' A bluish gray limestone with Nautili and large nummulites ; this is 48 feet thick." This association of Nautili and nummulites reminds of the Calcaire grossier infcrieur of Meudon and Porte de Versailles — the large nummulites, more especially the former. The Egyptian nummulites measure 2\ inches in diameter— the nummulites of Meudon 1 inch, of Porte de Versailles ^ an inch. They belong to separate sjwcies, and ' are known by diHereut names. m GIANTS AND PIOMIES. .'■ At the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, I received in exchange from the commissioner of the Egyptian "Depart- ment, specimens of fossiliferous limestones having nummnlites. Travellers have noticed the existence of nummulites in the stones of the CJreat Pyramid. It is supposed that these came from the qnarrien vhich produced our specimen. This illustrates the nummuline dominance in Egypt. Some years ago the Rev. J. Eraser Campbell, the missionary to India of the Canadian Presbyterian Church, presented to the Museum a magnificent Ciypeaster from the vicinity of the Pyramids. In the Canal Company's collections were large petrified oitrsins (sea urchins) found at the Pyramids of Gizeh. In the Calcaire grassier inferienr of Porte de Versailles and Meudon I found abundance of the echini (sea urchins), Pyjoriiichus ciivleri and Echino- lampus similus associated with the Nautilus and Nummulites. These points of resemblance and differeiK are noteworthy. 20. We are still in Egypt. Its geology is of peculiar interest for other reasons than those adduced in our preceding No. 19. We will proceed to demonstrate why. Under the guidance of Dr. Companyo Fils, physician of the first Suez Canal Company, and with a good map of Egypt, published during the late Egyptian war, wc shall proceed to investigate. We begin at the first cataract of the Nile. Here we have the famous quarries of Assouan, Syene, the Island of Philoe, with the Temple of Isis and the Isle of Elephantine. The familiar Syenite and Syenitic, rock appellatives, oiginate here. If the Canadian voyageurs of the late expedition had been Geolo- gists, the rocks of and around the cataract would have forcibly reminded them of home. Our " Archaean " granites, granitic Syenites and other Syenitic rocks correspond essentially with those of Egypt, as the Egyptian centennial specimens testify when compared with our collection from the " typical rocks " at Arisaig, or the correspond- ing rocks in the Cobequids or the mountains of Cape Breton. The term by which we indicate tlie age of our Syenites, &g., Archaean {arche, the beginning) is synonymous with the term Primitive used by our Egyptian director. The granites, &c., GIANTS AND PIGMIES. 33 are roprosented in the Suez Canal collection. 1. By " a characteristic specimen composed of quartz, fehlspar ami mica, showing in a separate form the constituents of granite : from the left side of the Nile opposite the Tslc of Philoe." Granites of Assouan and Philoe, red and grey, 7 specimens. In addition are pieces of Pompey's Pillar of the statue of Rhamses in the valley of Gassen (Goshen), of a monument of Persepolis, of the obelisk of Luxor now in the Place do la Concorde, Paris. 2. Ainpliibole (Hornblendic rock), from a bed of the first catanict which extends across the cataract from Assouan toths Isle of Piiiloe, 2 specimens of the Amphibole, which dips into tho Nile at vhe entrance of the port of Assouan, 3. Porithyry, from the quarries of Assouan (Temple of Dendereh) and the bed of the first cataract. The extent of the quarries must be very great to have produced the building stones of the numerous and great buildings, the monoliths of the great monuments and the blocks for the colossal sculptures. The next geological formation to which our director introduces is the Cretaceous. He takes us to Mokattam which we have alri'ady signalized by its nnmmulites. He characterizes it as "calcaires crayeux.". In it he finds a "fossil crab." The valley of Gessen (Goshen) is another locality where this formation is pointed out as chalk marl. It appears to coalesce with the succeeding, Eocene. Bauerman expresses the opinion that there is no marked division betwec n the two, (Cretaceous and Eocene.) A collection from Mount Lebanon in Palestine, presented to the Museum S(mie years ago by Dr. McHattie, now of Antigua, points out this as also a locality. This collection consists of crimidea (St. Cuthbert's Beads) and numerous spines of the Echinus (sea urchin) Cidaris olkmformis^ so called from the form of its spines, and a Scajdntc. In our collections froiii the chalk of England, we have an allied cidaris with club-shaped spines approximating to olive-forms. The geological sequence here represented is certainly very irregular. The •' Break in succession " is enormous. Between the Archaean and the Cretaceous, there should intervene, in order to com- plete the succession, all the formations that have been referred 3 * m ntANTS AND PIOMIES. to in tlui preceding Nos,, as far at least as the Cretaceous of Folkt'stone. According to Cnin[)an}(), with tlie oxcej)ti()n of the Archaean and the Cretaceous, all the formations in I'-gypt arc Cciiozoic — new life. — I wish this to bo l)orne in niind. Vide Table. IJauernian's summary section is as follows : — 1. (tncissic and granites, (Anhaeaii). 2. Triassic rocks, (Palaeozoic). 3. Cretaceous (Mesozic). 4. Eocene, (( 'enozoir). 5. Miocene. 6. Gypsu.ii.-i and Conglomerates. 7. JJai.sed beaciies and miliolitic limestoiKi. 8. Alluvium and dosert drift. Volcanic rocks of two periods. This section fills up the " Break in succession" partUtlly \\\{\\ snpposcAl Triassk, Fu/c' Table. Compare Hull's Palestine iSeries, No. 54. 21. The geology of Egypt, as illustrated l)y Conipanyo and Biiuerman, seems to be beautifully and comi>lete!y illus trative of the oldest written Geological Itccord extant, the Biblical. We demonstrate this. In Gen. chap, i., 1, 2, we have the '* Archaean," or the granitic, syeuitic, t^tc, the *' I'rimitive " of (Jonipanyo. Verse 3 is " Pre-Cambrian," prccetUng the Trilubitic of Nos. 1 and. 2 of this series of articles. Verse 9 introduces us to the Eocene Period, and other following verses to the subsequent formations up to the Cene, — the New. IJetwecn verses 3 and 9 we have the grand *' Break in succession" of preceding No. 20. Vide Table. Wo have thus local geology for general — part for the whole. Still another aspect is this. It makes Egyptian Geology representa- tive, as it seems to be, K/c/^^ conung Nos, of the gei.ilogy of " Orhis Vtterihus Ncjfus," — the world known to. the Ancients. In the record we have at least time re]>resented iilling up the Geological Break, the so-called 'First' and 'Second' days. We are now called upon to make a few observations " On Time," — which we would call "Divine mea.surem(>nt." The Record informs us that "in six days God made Heaven and Earth, the sea and all that in them is." The same Pecord tells us that they were all made in "One Day," Genesis chap, ii., verse 4 : *' In the day that the Lord God made the earth and heavens," — literally, in Jehovah Elohim's day of making, tJlANTS AND PIGMIES. 35 Oic Karth and Heavens. In Psal. xc, vorse 4, Mosbs says, " For a tliousand years in tliy sij^'lit, liko yesterday when it is past or a watch in the nij^'ht, — or vice verna. Antlciyatittg cardlling, the apnsth^ IVter says, second Epistle, chap, iii., 8, " (.)ne ihiy with the Lord as a thou>'and years, and a thoiisand yours as one day." We ini<,dit snhstitute % thousand tliousaiid (1,000,000) or any nnniher of years that the facts of Science may rociuire. The sanctions of the DecalogHo recjuiro definite measurement a week — seven days. 22. ^^ resume our search for Nummnlites, goinf? east^ "ward to India. In Seindo we find a range of mountains with Nummnlites on their summits. At the close of the Scinde var, 1847, Cnpt. Vicary was sent hy Sir Charles Najjier to make a geologicil reconnaissance of the country. In this he made the interesting discovery that Nummulitic rocks consti- tuted the summit ridge of the Ilala range of ruountains. This exalted position is about 1300 feet above the sea level. His investigations were communicated to the Geological Society by Sir Roderick I. Murchison. Also Persia, in the Western Himalayas (the region of Cashmere) at a height of 16,500 feet (Dana). Some of -the nummulitic limestones of India Diake beautiful ornaments, A friend. Dr. Niven, formerly in the East India Company's service, gave me a beautiful speci- men. It is a brownish marble ; the nummnlites are cut ia -every direction showiug different phases of nummulitic struc- ture. This is said to have come from Scinde. Richthof^:n found the nummulitic formation in the Philip- pine Islands, Java and Luzon, and also in Japan. The seas o£, the luimmu'itic i)eriod thus extended from Java to the south of r'i<;land. How and when these nummulites were brought into the elevated subacriai positions, where we now find them, will be a subject of enquiry in No. 27. We now revert to the "Saurians" of No. 14. Tlie Saurians here, that come first in order, are En-alio-saurs (in sea lizards). These have already been noticed in No. 10, when we mentioned the Eosaurus (the dawji lizard) of Prof. Marsh. These monsters GIANTS AND PIOMIBfl. BOW appear in unquestionable chnractpr niul in formidable numbers. Wo single oift representntives, the Ichthyosaurus (fish lizard) and riesiosaurus (near the lizard). Of both we have associated in our Museum with Ammonites — so called •* snake stones " and Kncrinites — so called St. Cuthl^ert's beads^ Tertebrae and teeth, which I purchased from a collector in Ipswich. The vertebrae of both are biconcave. The teeth of the Ichthyosaurs are short, stout, conical and striated ; of the •I'losiosaura the teeth are large, long, conical and recurved. Of these each had a large number. The form of the Icht,hyosauru.s is Crocodilian, the head is largo but the neck is short, and whale like flippers have the place of the feet of the latter. The body of the Plesiosaur resembles the other, only the neck is long — swan-like, the head is small — lizard-like. On the walls of our Museum arc the splendid engravings of Hawkins's ** Great Sea Dragons." These are of fossil skeletons of the British Museum and other collections. The almost complete Ichthyosaurus is about 30 feet in length. Their eyes were of great size — the strength and the form of their fli[)pers rendered them agile and formidable. They must have been scourges of the seas of the period. The Plesiosaurs found in the same sepulchres must have been also formidable. They are supposed to have lived in estuaries or shallow waters. Their long necks which had 30 or 40 vertebrae with their lizard-like head would seem to have afforded facilities for securing food in air as well as water. We have seen restored Plesiosaurs having a Pterosaur or Pterodactyle caught in its flight vainly struggling to escape destruction. Some species of Plesiosaurs are from 20 to 30 feet long. Remains of more than 50 species of Enaliosaups are found in the Jurassic rocks (Dana). 23. Whitby and Lyme Regis are noted as the sepulchres of Enaliosaurs. One remarkable fact in connection with their distribution is, their occurrence in the high latitudes. Sir Edward Belcher found vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus at Exmouth Island, lat. 77° 12' N., long. 96' W. Sir Leopold McClintock found them in Prince Patrick's Island, lat. 76° 90' N., long. 117° 20' W., and also Ammonites. Capt. Sherard Osborne OIAirrS AMD riOMIBS. 37 «lso found brokftn vertebrae of an Ichthyosaurus, 150 feot up Iienclezvou8 Hi)', the N. W. extreme of Bathurst Ishintl. Prof. Haughton observes in his appendix to McClintock's Nar- rative of the Lady Franklin Expedition, ** Hut what are we to say as to the question of Temperature? It was certainly necessary for an ammonite to have a sea free from ice, on which to float and bask in the pale rnys of the Arctic Sun J and therefore I claim a temperature for those seas at h-ast similar to that which now prevails in tli€ Ihitish Islands ; and I may add that the ammonite from its haljits was essentially dependent on the temperature of the air as well as that of the water." I ^ould now take you to a locality where there is a remark- able assemblage of these and other monsters which will ^et ijlaim our attention. If they were living we would rather not visit them, but as they are only lifelike, wrestin(i[ spot and renewed our acquaintance with its inhal)itants. "We found the geological portion neglected, dilapidated and obscured. The haunt of mor-ters had become wild with overgrown vegetation, and therefore more natunil. The lapse of twenty-one yeans had also told oX\ the monsters, and they are therefore the worse of the wear. We would revert to them in their prime (in 1862). Tlien as now, the most prominent is the Ljuanodon .^fnnfel/i (Owen). It is so called as its teeth very much resemble those of Iguana, a reptile now inhabiting the West Indies and Central America. In our Museum we have two- stuffed specimens. Tlie teeth of these have been compared with the beautiful figures of the teeth of the Iguanodon in Buckland's ]>ridgewater Treatise. The resemblance is suffi- ciently striking. The restored Iguanodon, in form, resembles iguana. Its proportioup however, are colossal. We have the ingenious and enthusiastic restorer — small in stature — on ■ /(rl ■ Pt|' GIANTS AND PIGMIES. 25. The next of our Saurians in geological order are the ■winged Saurians (Pteropaurs or Pterodactyls). The Bat is a Pterodactyl, but not a Pterosaur. It is a mammal, while our present subjects are reptiles. Some of them are, in size, like common bats, pigmean. The restored ones on the Geological Island are eagledike in their dimensions ; the spread of their wings was probably 10 feet. They have heads, in some cases, e. (J., the Crassirontrts equal to the length of the body. Tho mouth is armed with formidable teeth. In Kansas some have been found double the size of the largest European, 20 to 25 feet. Those on the Island perched upon a rocky projection with wings folded or partially expanded, were uncouth and monstrous. They were of Liassic and Cretaceous age. The next order of Saurians were of the Upper Chalk ; they are named RIososaurs — IVIeuse — Saurians. They were so named, as the first one discovered was the Mitsosaurus Hofmanni. This was found at Maestricht, on the River Meuse in Belgium. The head, of which there is a beautiful figure in Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise, was there discovered. The cast of nearly an entire skull was presented to the British Museum by Cuvier, wlio published details of the animal in his great work, Ossentens Fossiles. They were great snake like reptiles, — measuring from 15 to 75 feet in length. Their swimming appliances were four paddles. The head of the Belgian was about 4 feet in length. Hence their mouths were of enormous size. Their jaws were constructed something like those of the Boa Constrictor. They were thus enabled to swallow whole, animals of large size. The mouth was filled with formidable teeth. Some of these measure above the jaw an inch and two-tenths ; with the root, two inches and eight-tenths, being shaped like the teeth of the Ichthyosaurus, but larger in size. The American rocks have furnished the largest of these and forty species. The question of the existence of Sea Serpents would have been readily solved in those days. In 1862 a specimen was secured for the British Museum of unusual interest. One hundred pounds sterling was said to have been paid for it. It was a slab of limestone from Solenhofen with a very singular fossil. It had wing-foathcrs GIANTS AND PIGMIES. 41 and claws, and other parts like a bird, and a tail like a reptile, with two rows of feathers on opposite sides, coalescing at the end. It had not the rudder shaped bone — which is common to birds. Different opinions were entertained in reference to its character. Some considered it to be a reptile, having a very great affinity to a bird. Others supposed it to be a bird with reptilian characters. Professor Owen read a paper before the Royal Society, which settled the matter. It was demon- strated to be a bird, and ihe name Ardiaeopterix niacrura was given to it. The Professor's celebrated opponent M-as reported to hold a view different from that he entertained. A grand discussion was anticipated. The meeting was packed with expectants. The two principals agreed. The meeting was a quiet one. Many were disappointed. So my well informed friend told me. Another specimen found in 1879 is now in the Berlin Museum. From this we find that this bird had from 10 to 12 teeth in the upper jaw and 3 or more in the lower jaw, as well as a long lizard like tail, observed in the first and three free digits in each manus armed with claws. The first of birds was certainly a remarkable form. We have had fishes with rei)tilian affinities and reptiles wjih bird affinities. It is but reasonable that we should have the first bird with something of the reptile. Among the grand discoveries of Prof. 0. C. Marsh we have birds with teeth, and hence called Oilont- ormthes. In his magnificent monograph on these, hb gives a graphic description and beautiful restoration of the Hesperoniis regalis ^ size. This is a. toothed bird of the Chalk (Cretaceous) Period, related to the great Northern Diver (Loon) or Penguin. An unusually large loon in the Museum is 37 inches along the back. Marsh's Hesperm'nis regalis is 54 inches. A Penguin in our collection is 22 inches in height. The Hesperornis is 38 iiiches. So that it surpasses both in size. It has 66 recurved teeth in the lower jaw and 28 in the upper. It was ah aquatic bird, and is considered to be the immediate successor of the Archaeopteryx.' Prof. Marsh observes : *' Its nearest land of rest was a succession of low islands that mark the present position of the Rocky Mountains." h 43 GIANTS AND PIGMIES. 26. Tn find around the Paris Basin Sir Charles T-yell madi^ a which we have found the nummulites forming so prominent » part. The representative system is that of the Pyrenees. '• It is subject of contention with geologists, whether the elevations took plact; after the formation of the lower or upper nummulitic deposits of the Paris Basin. We are disposed to agree with Elie de Beaumont, Hebert and others, in holding^ the latter view, and in considering the middle or upper Eocene to bo the Period when the (nummulitic) Cretaceous and Jurassic formation of Europe, Africa and Asia attained to their lofty positions as well as humble, subaiirial. We regard this as esscntialhj the great mountain forming- " Period of the Earth's history in both Eastern and WeMerrh Ihmispheres" and regard the past as " liefore the mountains were settled, before the hills were brought forth. While as yet Ho had not made the earth nor the fields (open places^ xiargin} aor the highest part (chiel pact^ margin) oi tko dusll 44 GIANTS AND PIQMIES. of the world." Prov. viii. 25, 26. (Wisdom). Before the mountains were brought forth. Ps. xc. verse 7. (Moses). In like manner we view the Period of the Earth's History which we have reached, as that when God said, ** Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together into one place, and let the diy appear." And God called the dry, Earth, and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas. Gen. i. 9, 10. (Moses). According to P'.lie de Beaumont, the principal chiin of the Alps (and Himalayas) attained to their highest ele- vation somewhat later, ^. e., at the close of the Tertiary Period or Upper Miocene, or Quaternary (glacial). 2*7. We return to Egypt and look at the Cretaceo- nummulitic heights of Mokattam with new interest. We can now answer the question, *' When were these elevated 1 In the Middle Eocene Period, according to Beaumont. How were they elevated 1 By the contraction of the Earth's crust consequent on the secular cooling of the globe. In preceding observations mention was made of an interesting collection of cretaceous fossils of Mount Lebanon, received from Dr. McHdftie, formerly missionary at Damascus. No. 20. Since then we have found in Nature, April 22, 1886, "Across the Jordan," by Gottlieb Schumacher, C. E, ^p'iewed. In this we find the Geology of the district com^ .^red with that of *' Central France." The limestones are described as '* Cretaceo- eocene" and "Cretaceo nummulitic." Vide Table. The move- ment and denudation of the strata took place in the " Miocene epoch." The last observation differs from our own to the extent that the age of the *' Sables de Fontainebleau" differs from that of the "Babies de Beauchamp." This difi'erence will be better understood after the Geology of Montmartre in Paris is described in nexi .STo. In the same part of Nature, April, we have an account of a very interesting Paper by Starkie Gardner, read before the Geologists' Association, April 2. In Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Vol. IX., No. 6. An inquiry as to the Geological period at which grasses first commenced to assume a preponderating position in vegetation. Their value and importance at the present day GIANTS AND PIGMIES. 4» was first sketched. The conclusion arrived at was that there '/ns no great deveJopment of grasses until the close of the Kocene, Avhile the Miocene beds nil over Europe arc crowded with them, page 574. Tins surely corresponds with the order of the Biblical Record, Gen. i., verses 11 and 12: Let the Earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, &c. We are again in Paris. Its Eocene formation is now becoming familiar to us. We would now examine the high places of communism in the North of Paris — Buttes Montmartre, Buttes Chaumont and Pere la Chaise. Hero we have, in the last, t Necropolis of the present ; in the first a Necropolis of the past, and in the middle a place which was once notorious for its ugliness, with its excavations, the dens of robbers and haunts of vice. In Pere la Chaise lie entombed the mightiest and the lowliest of " la Belle France." Montmartre is celebrated as the tomb of Earth's earliest mammals. Buttes Chaumont is now remark- able for beauty and grandeur. Its heights and Hollows, its grottoes loAv and lofty, the latter with their ceilings adorned with great stalactites and refreshed in summer heat with artificial waterfalls, its serpentine streams and tortuous path- ways, contribute to form one of the most attractive resorts of pleasure-seekers and tourists. The same Geological formation, middle Eocene, nearly comprehent's all the three. Pere la Chaise in its newly opened graved reveals beds of gypsum marls. The cliffs and rocks of Buttes Chaumont are formed largely of limestones with Calcaires de Brie. Gypseous marls, clays and gypsum constitute the heights of Montmartr*^ '^apped with Sables de Fontainebleau of Lower Miocene age. Beaumont's elevation of the Isle of AVight, Montmartre, &c., Rcems to correspond with that of Lebanon, according to Schumacher. The Isle of Wight, Montmartre and Lebanon would be simultaneously clothed with grass, (9re the Sables de Beauchamp, and the " npper Nummuiites," the Calcaire (limestone) de Saint Ouen, the marnes (marls) with plwladomija ludensis, and the Travertin de Chanipigny. .Standing at the foot of Mont- martre we stand geologically higher than if we stood on the lofty nummulitic Peaks of the Pyrenees, the Alps or the Himalayas (Vide preceding Nos.) AVe now climb the hill in search of other deposits overlying the gypsum. High up we find clay or marl exposed by a recent rainfall. In this we have a prize^-a bed of pigmean oysters. These measure from i;^ to 1| inches in width and 1^ to 1| inches in height. They have unusually long Inlls, and hence are called odrca lonfjiro^- tris. The stratum of clay is about 3 feet thick. We have missed what comes between this and the gypsum. The missing is well developed at Buttes Ch-mmont. It is called Calcaires de Brie Meulieres. Tb.is supplies trie Buhrstones — millstones, so much prized by flour millers of Canada and elsewhere. Thtise millstones are replete with Charae, aquatic plantti which have all the simplicity of ahjae. They emit a fetid effluvium which is said to cause the malaria of the Ct'.mpagna of Rome, where these plants al)ound. The Calcaires de Brie is "a fresh water formation." Higher up the hill, above the oyster bed, we find a yellow marl which is full of the casts of sea-shells having Cyre/na convexa, Natica eras- scdiim. These wi^' the oyster shell marls are "so-called" Sables de Fontainebleau. The gypsum which constitutes the principal rock of Montmartre is a hydrous sulphate of lime, i. e., it contains a certain quantity of water. It can be scratched with the finger-nail. Its texture is crystalline lamillar, fibrous, granular, saccharoid, &c. Its colour is gen- erally white — of this was mad the original "plaster of Paris." GIANTS AND PIOMIES. 47 1 1.' Ronietimos it is coloured with oxide of iron, which stains it jellow. The gypsum is vSonietiines mixed with lime, marl and clay. Ordinarily three beds of gy[)siim are distinguished sop.irated from ea(;h othtM* by white, yellow or greenish marls. The upper bed contains the greatest number of animal remains. A few fresh-water shells have lieen found in it, such as Lyiiuiara, Plannrhis, Ci/c/ostouiii. It is most hirgely developed about Paris, Montmartre, Pantin, Ivry, and in the ilepartment of Seme and Marne and about Chiiteau-Thiery. Animal remains of course presuppose the existence of animals. When did these animals come into being ] Our geology cannot fix a datt' ; how long they lived and when they died are also unscr* tainties. Many of the animals were veg'tarians. In the economy of nature the food supply generally anticipates the consumer. Tlie written record of Creation reveals this ariangement. The Geological seems to indicate the same. 29, In our rambles around Paris we often looked at a lofty iron tower of considerable height, which wo found out to 1)e the celelmited Artesian well of Grenelle — from which is derived a very considerable part of the water 8U}t[)ly of the city. The supply from ordinary sources being inadequate, M. Arago, the Astronomer and (icologist, in consultation with other Geologists, came to the conclusion that owing to the character of the Formations of the Paris IJasin and their arrangement, a store of water might uiulerlio tlie city at a gre;it depth. They inferred the existence of the Lower Cretaceous Greensands under the Chalk. This outcropped at the edges of the Paris Basin umlerlying the Chalk at distances of GO or 80 miles, e. g., in the Champagne district. It was supposed that if this should extend under Paris, the distant rainfalls might thereby be brought so as to be reached by the Artesian process of boring. He therefore urged the govern- ment to make the attenipt. This was about the year 1834. The work was then commenced. Eight years were spent in boring ; difficulties, discouragements and delays protracted the W(irk. Arago's influence, uowever, prevailed. At length in 1841 this scientitic auto da fe triumphed. At the depth of ■%-.. 48 GIANTS AND PIOMIES. 179S feet the Greonsand (Lower Cretaceous) saturated with Water was reacheil, the boring rods sunk a few rods, a shock was felt, accompanied by a whizzing sound. A jet of water spouted to the h'ight of 118 feet, and diacharged 600 gallons per minute. Subsecjuently a like well was made at Paasy, having a depth of 1923 feet. It discharges 5,582,000 gallons a day. A plentiful supply of water, having a temperature of 82 Fahrenheit, from the Greensand of the basin, was thus secured. We now go to what is called the " London Basin." Formations co-temi)orary with those of Paris, constitute the rock system of this basin. The *' London Clay " here clncHy occupies the place of the Clays, Limestones, Sands and Ores of the other basin to which attention has already been directed. It overlies the Chalk and Greensauds in the same way. The latter occur at from 15 to 30 miles distance from Lonraptolites. They resemble the Nova Scotian of Arisaig and WcntworLh in the C()l>equid Mountains (4, 8) at Isle Royal, (Quebec, and the Utica Slates above the Trenton Limestone at Ottawa. We Hnd this by comparing specimens from Moffat and all these localities, in our Museum. We cross the Clyde, not far from its source. We traverse Carboniferous Limestone and Coal-fii'Mf, and arrive at Stirling, the junction of the Car1)omferous and old Red Sandstone. We intermit Our Geology. Carriages are waiting us to take us to Howii'ton. We drive throtigh Stirling amid no sm.idl excitement in the quiet old town. We pass through Iknnockburn, noticing by the way the place where the burner of JJruce was stationed. We reach Ilowieton and receive a hearty welcome from Sir James Maitland. Each of us is accommodated with a bedroom. Shaking off the dust of our journey we meet in the drawing room, and are intruduced to Lady Maitland and lady friends. A dejeuner is prepared for us on the lawn. We recline around and dispose of tire feast. Sir James and the coinmandant of Stirling Castle, arrayed in a **garb of old Gaul," preceded us for the inspection of his long series of extensive artificial ponds for fi^4i breeding. Tiiese are all connectied. The first series contain young salmon and trout which have reached their thi-rd year. Here was a beautiful and interesting spectacle. The attendants Were called with a supply of food. It was thrown into the pond. Before, not a fish was to be seen ; now, all was life — the fishes leaping oat of the water in all directiops to catch the food ere it fell into the water. A scoop net was used to catch soa^e of them. Such beauties in size and form ! We went from .pond to pond and at last reached the hatcheries at the foot of a liiil f4:om which flowed a beautiful cool stream /i 62 OIANTS AND PIGMIES. I :'■ deeply shaded with the woods. This flowed into the troughs having their eggs, the overflow going to the ponds. After & thorough examination of the Fisheries we adjourned to a part where excavations were in progress in extension of the ponds Here Lady Maitland and other ladies had a collation all ready for action. We were quickly seated and sumptuously treated. We afterwards took a parting look of the ponds. It was not a place to be hastily quitted. At night we were set down to a banquet where We feasted oif viands and speeches until we separated for the night. 1 supp-lement, with the remarks made by J. Barker Duncan in a Paper read before the Scotch Fisheries Improvement Association in November, 1844, Howieton Fishery. " This Fishery belongs to Sir James Maitland, Stirling. It wa» commenced in 1873. From year to year it has extended and perfected, so as to have gained a world-wide reputation as a fish-breeding establishment. Upwards of ten millions of trout ova are now annually incubated at this fishery. Last season no less than 90,000 yearling trout were delivered from it to all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. Yearlings are recom- mended to its customers as the size for general purposes ; they are strong enough to find their food, thus avoiding the princi- pal cause of mortality among fry, starvation. Two-year-olds are recommended where coarse fish or large trout already exist in the water. — Bulletin of the United States Fuh Commission, 1885. Two cotisignments of trout ova and one of salmon were also forwarded successfally to New Zealand, Lochleven trcut is the specialty of the fishery. American brook trout and common trout are also extensively cultivated. Every twenty- four hours about one million gallons of water flow through the pond system which secures thorough aeration." 92. Still in Howieton. In we take a look at the Geology of elevated ground. The botany greatest profusion, and full bloom rocks are outcropping — they are volcanic. Other rocks are also Arc they Carboniferous like these the morning before breakfast the district. We go to the is lovely, lihododendra in all around ] oti the road side crystalline rocks — trappean, seen—they are sandstones, traversed to the Ea«t on our II OlAWTS ATn) PICMIT!!!. 63 "\vny to Stirling ? Our geological map, Mumhison and Geikis's, inform U3 that they belong to division C. They are therefore Upper Old Red Sandstone, or Dure Den Yellow Sandstones, etc., of the Kingdom of Fife. They are therefore our " Native Eocks," and the Trappean correspond with those which furnished the Scotch Pebbks, plowed up iu our fields, which we delighted in collecting in boyhood. It appears then, that the adaptation of Kuwieton to its Fisheries, is deprived largely from its intrusive — igneous — Dolerites. W« are hailed by other members of our party, Dr. Day and otherc, who are collecting plants. After dejeuner, we mount catriagee to visiA Stirling Castle. We come to Bannockburn ; we call a halt to examine a stone called the Bore-stone, which was pointed out to us on the preceding day, as where the Bruce stood on that memorable day, in the year 1314 — 569 years ago, when with 30,000 men he overthrew tbe host of Edward II., king of England, numbering 100,000, and sectired Scotland's freedom. We stand on the etone and examine it. The stone is probably a slab of Old Red Sandstone. We did not chip a piece of it with OUT hammer — ^^an act of self-denial. Not many of our party had sympathetic feelings. Amid excitement and cheering of boys, who enjoy and scramble for the largetse of pennies and half-pennies, we drive up the old town and enter Stirling Castle. Entering the square, we enquire for the commandant, Sir James Maitland's companion of the preceding day, who willingly takes U6 in charge. We have no difficulty with door-keepers — all is free. We ai'e taken to the officers' mess room, at the top of the Castle, where the general visitors have no admission — we climb through a narrow way to the roof, and view the glorious panorama, a scene in extent of beauty and grandeur not to be surpassed. Of course, we examined the Palace and rooms ; we have now no distinct recollection, as we were more impressed with the exterior than the interior. The only room which we can bring up before us, is the Douglas 'room, where the Douglas was murdered by the King, and where mementoes are sold to visitors, of which we purchased •one. The only object of great interest in it to us, is John IKnox's rude oaken ^pulpit, which we, of coursq, mounted, as we {RE- GIANTS AND PraHTEiT. had done when a studont, another of his pulpits in our alma^ mater, St. Andrews. The Trappcan eminence on which the Castle is built was not unnoticed. The rocks were inaccessible from where we stood. Its grotesque sculptures in bold relief on its walls in the square were subjects of ren>ark, and niade" no favourable impression of the moral character of the age when the Castle was erected. The style ®f architecture is "Renaissance." The foundation rocks outcrop in the square- Having visited other places of interest connected with tho Castle or otherwise, our party sei)arated, some returning to London, others to Howieton. Having partaken of an early dinner, — some of us return to Stirling. We then proceeded to-. Crla«gow and the month of the Clyde to visit our friends. A. week later found us early in the morning at the border of the London Basin, the Chalk of the Williston Junction, and finally at Euaton Square on the London Clay. When members of our pirty again met at the Exhibition all agreed in expressing greatest esteem for Sir James and Lady Maitland, and in admiration of the Howieton Fisheries. Afe the International Fisheries Exhibition in Edinburgh, in 1882^ Sir Jafnes Miiitland received a gold medal for fish culture apparatus, and a silver medal for live salmonuiw. The Socrcte d' Acolin>ation, of Paris, also awarded him its gold medal. If our party were called upon to act as Jurors, we would certainly award them, the highest honors. I i ^ m 33. Iw our last No., we gave due prominence to the " Bore-stone " of Banuoekburn. We are reminded of another remarkable stone, the Scotch " Stone of Destiny." When we visited Westminster Abbev our attention was directed to the "Coronation Throne." In it we observed thLs historical stone. King Edward the First, when he invaded Scotland^ found it in the Abbey of Scone. It was then enshi-ined in a chair or throne, on which the Kings of the Scots were wont to be crowned. Its legend was, that it was the pillow on which. Jacob reposed when he ''aw the vision of the angels ascending, and descending the ladder, and that it was brought over by Scota, that daughter of Pharaoh from whom the Scots line of 0IANT8 AND PIQMIES. 55 moTinrchs was (.lescenflcd . It was regarded as the " palladium of Scotland." A prophetic couplet announced that wherever it might be placed there would the Scots be supreme. " Ni (allat fatuni Scoti, quocunque locatum Invenient lapidein, regiiare tenenter ibidem." This prophecy seemed to have a fulfilment when the monarchs of the House of Stewart sat on it to be crowned in WestminstKr Abbe}' as monarchs of Great Britain. It *s said to be a block of limestone. A chip with a hammer might reveal whether it is of Cretaceo-eocene limestone of Uethel, or Carboniferous limestone of Scotland, or even Ireland, and effectually dispose of the legend of its history. It is not likely, however, that it will be subjected to this process. When we went to Scotland we descended in the London Clay, and reached the bottom of it when we arrived at Williston Junction, as if we had gone down the Artesian Well at the Fisheries Exhibition, and certainly much more easily, (as the latter mode of descent is of course impracticable) and we as certainly came up when we returned to London. We propose to make a similar descent and ascent to make you accustomed to such geological processes. Our next descent in the London Clay thus occurs : The Executive Committee, of the Fisheries F'xhibition, have invited us to a pleasant excursion up the Thames, above Maidenhead, as far as Medmenham Abbey. They h? invited Foreign and Colonial Commissioners, and others. Ai . le time appointed, we assemble at the Paddington Station, of the Great Western Railway, on the London Clay. Thence we proceed by railway to the Taplow Station. Carriages are in waiting to take us to Maidenhead. I am accommodated with three others. One is a fellow-excursionist to Howieton, another is Lindley Sarabourne, the '' artist of Pitncli" the third is the pyrotechnist of the Crystal Palace^ three very pleasant companions. We arrive at the Tharans at Maidenhead, and have passed through (down) the London Clay and reach the Chalk. We are also in the neighborhood of Eton. We are to have a Reception at Maidenhead on our return. A steam-launch is waiting to receive us. It is gaily decorated with international flags flying m GIANTS AND PIGMIES. U m f ' i'ilr from stem to stern. The name of our boat is the Beatrice. A smaller launch accompanies to supply sufficient accommoda- tion, and for other purposes, another JBeutrice — a big and a little. 34. We sail up the TJiames lock by lock, stage by stage, admiring the beautiful scenery on either side and before us. "While we are in the locks, with the water rising to the level above, our attention is directed by Dr. Day and jNIr. Kamsay of New South Wales, to beautiful specimens of fresh water sponges — spongillae — which they are collecting from the si(Tes of the locks. We are interrupted in our admiration of the scenery by the invitation to luncheon. However, if we should miss any beautiful sight, we may make up for the loss on our return. We pass Cliveden, a residence of the Duke of West- minster, and at length reach Medmenham Abl>ey. Referring to Dickens' Dictionary of the Thames, we find that we are 60^ miles from London by the river, or lOi miles from jSIaiden- head. We are in Buckinghamshire. The monks of Medmen- ham had for their motto, •' Fay ce qiie voud'as" as it appears over a door way at the Abbey. A free translation of this is, Do-as-you-like. The accessibility of the Abbey, the loveliness of its surroundings, and its interesting historical associations, make this a favourite resort of tourists, pleasure seekers, excur- sionists and picnic parties. These appreciate the hospitable look of the motto, and accept of the gracious invitation to make themselves fi*ee and easy, probably mora so than the ancient proprietors of the Abbey %\v aid have done. Our excursion party was certainly no exception. Except an ancient archway and a single pillar of the church there is little of the ancient abbey to be found in the present edifice. It stands in so beautiful position and commamls such lovely views, that its present artificial appearance will be readily forgiven. On entering the Fisheries Exhi-- bition a picture — an oil painting of considerable interest — attracts attention. The subject is the Monks of Med- menham fishing on the Abbey point. There are fine roach swims all the way up this reach. Returning Ave came to Cliveden. As the Duke of Westminster had kindly given us GIANTS AND PIGMIES. 67 permission to visit and view the mansion and grounds, we landed and availed ourselves of our privileges. Ascending the beautiful covert way, arched with trees, at the top we behold the extensive array of terraces and gardens. After a walk through the gardens and on the terraces, and a survey of the panorama of the Thames as far as Windsor Castle and beyond, we enter the mansion. Attention is directed to the splendid pavement of Staffordshire tiles in the entrance hall, Minton's present to the late Duchess of Sutherland in return for patronage andencouragement of the celebrated potteries. The library is inspected and art treasures admired, especially the ancestral and other family sculptures and paintings of historic interest. A number of aspirants ascend to the top. We are contented and satisfied with what we can see Avith less effort. A German professor and I direct our attention to the geology of the heights. Amid the profuse vegetation we observe a corner having an outcrop, showing Chalk with flints. We are in the Cretaceous formation underlying the London Clay and other beds. "We reach the foot of the covert way on the side of the Thames and wait for the gathering of our party. His Grace apologizes for his absence, and regrets his inability to entertain us oersonallv. 36. We have assembled once more. We are in,i.;ed to partake of a little refresliment after our arduous work (?) Looking around to see that all is right, we observe first of all our gaily decorated big " Beatrice " ready for our embarkation — little " Beatrice " has mysteriously disappeared. Looking over our party, its numbers are diminished. Their presence seems to be required in advance. Certain knowing ones decline to fvnswer inquiries. It appears that our movements have been watched from the opposite bank of the river. Two gentlemen appear and politely request us to arrange ourselves in a group beside our launch. Here we are English, Scotch, Irish, Bufisian, Austrian, French, German, Dutch, American, Austral^oian, Canadian, Swedish, Norwegian, Chinese and Japanese, &c. Being brought to order, a photographer points towards us his Camera. This over, we embark and make a 6ff GIANT8 AND PIGMIES. start — still a hindrance. The photographers having •etablished themselves on the opposite side of the river, politely request that our launch lie across tlio river, which it nearly spans. Arranged, we are called to order. In an instant the picture is taken. Two beautiful photographs with the lovely scenery up the river, in the background. Precious mementoes of our pleasant excursion and international intercourse and companion- ship. We sail down the Thames admiring the ever interesting and changing scenery. The graceful swans and other aquatic birds engage our attention and the passing gondolas, boats and Cinoes with their pleasure-seeking or utilitarian parties. We , pass through the lock obstructions., and at length reach Maii'en- head. At Skindle's Hotel the Executive have provided a sumptuous dinner. We are introduced to the mayor of Maidenhead who appears in his robes to give us a welcome reception. We e'.t down to dinner— the mayor presiding. After the feast we have speeches. It is now dark — the shrubbery in the front of the hotel is lighted up with Chinese lanterns. Barges are moored in the river in front. Our com- panion, the pyrotechnist of the Crystal Palace, coranieijces operations, and for more than half an hour he displays the wonders of his art illuminating the beautiful scenery of the Thame.:' with unsurpassable brilliancy and splendour. Our delightful excursion terminates, we enter our carriages and return to iU°. Taplow railway station ; we ** ascend " the London Clay and reach the Paddington station, and finally our home. It was pretty late or rather early, but then we have given a good account of ourselves. On the following morning we received in a befitting manner the condolence of our friends •and colleagues, with regrets that we had had such bad weather, as it had rained steadily and heavily — in London. Halifax, June 23rd, 1888. I have just received a circular from the Geologists' Association, / London, inviting me to an " Excursion to Pinner and Reckmansworth on Saturday afternoon, June 26." Directions given: Leave Baker Street Station (Metropolitan Extension) by the 1.59 p. m. train, due at Pinner at 2.34. Time 35 minutes. Walking from Pinner to Reckmansworth along the line in course of construction there will be OIANTS AIW> PIGMIES. 50. fonnd, fii-st, London Clay ; second, Woolwich and Reading Befls ; third, Chalk. The second beds may or may not be wanting, else- where. As I am an Honorary Member (since 1882) I recei invi- tations to all excursions.. 36. We propose to avail ourselves of another Fishery^ Exhibition Excursion in order to make a farther advance upward in our geology and at the same time to add a> possible charm to details, which to some m«y be requisite. This excursion preceded the last in order of time. Geological sequence which we regard of first consequence, calls for thia transposition. Vide Table. The- invitation is to the Executive of the Fisheries Exhibition and Foreign and Colonial Com- missioners from "^A Committee of Norfolk and Norwich gentlemen interested in Inland Fisheries, for a day's excursion on part of the rivers and broads of Norfolk, W. Oldham Chambers, Secretary." According to directions we assemble ajb the Liverpool Street Railway Station at 7 a. m. As on previous excursions we start on the London Clay ; proceeding onward we continue in the same formation until we reach Harwich. This is not the first time that we have gone thus far. In 1862 Professor Tennant and I visited Harwich, and then sailed up the harbour and river to Ipswich. A fossil turtle in our museum, dredged from the London Clay of Harwich Harbour^ was then secured. This was one of a number which were offered for sale by a collector. Professor Tennant purchased a larger one. The largest specimens were too ponderous. My specimen is concretionary. They are found in stones which are- dredged for the manufacture of Roman cement. Our c- icretion is perforated by the Mollusc saxt'cava, like many of the stones dredged in our own harbour and coast. This locality is Tv^markable as the habitat of the CortjpTiodon eocenns, our first, fruu-oating mammal of a previous note (29). In the proceedings of the Geologists' Association of London just received, our attention is directed by E. T. Newton to Croydon, on the south side of the London Clay. Our present position is on the north side. In this other locality in the estuarine beds a bone of CorypUodon was also found. In the search for other remains £^ 60 0IA.NT3 AND PIGMIES. leg-bone of a large bird has been found (a tibio-tarsus). This, when perfect, is supposed to have been 23 inches in length. It has been compared with DInornis crasms, one of the recent gigantic birds of New Zealand. Attention will be directed to our museum collection of these in a future number. It is also compared with another gigantic eocene bird, found and des- cribed b}' M. Hebert in 1855. It was found in the Eocene " plastic clay " of Meudon, and named Oasfomis parisiensis. The Croydon bird has been called Gastornia Klaasseni in honor of its discoverer, Mr. Klaassen. They are supposed to have been wading and swimming birds. Dr. Victor Lemoine, from an examination of numerous remains, has been led to conclude — that gastornis probably attained to a height of eight feet. Sir Richard Owen has described three bird's remains of very great interest from the London Clay. The bird has been named Argillornis (clay bird) longipennis (long winged). It was a fish-eating (serrated or tooth-billed) bird larger than the Albatross. 37. Reaching Ipswich, wo had reached what is called the Crag (Suffolk and Norfolk) ; the Pliocene, which lies above the London Clay. This is its proper geological position. Proceed- ing we descend into the London Clay, and then again into the Chalk. Advancing we approach Norwich, we then ascend from the Chalk into the Crag without meeting the London Clay. It is missing, making a " break in succession." We reach Norwich. Here Ave have a great accession to our numbers. The mayor of Norwich and other gentlemen who invited, gave us a hearty welcome. It is a gala day. Flags and Welcome to Norwich greet us. A special takes us to Wroxhani. A luncheon is provided, of which we partake. We then go to the Bridge and River Bure, where a fleet of steam launches are in waiting. We embark. Ours is the Caledonia. The owners are with us, Messrs. Harvard & Son, of Norwich. The founder of Harvard College, Mass., was a relative. We are in the Bridge Broad. As we happen to be the farthest up in the river we are about the last in starting. The mayor's launch leads the way. Coming to Wroxhatn GIANTS AND PI0MIE8. 61 Broad, where we have plenty of room, the Caledonia offers a tow-line to one, and then another ; the last will be first. Mr. Towse, our leader, stands beside the engineer and stoker urging to increasing speed. The most noteworthy spot we come to is St. Benets' Abbey, situated on the left bank of the river, about 10 miles from our starting point : "Once upon a time, it must have been a mighty building, covering much ground, as its scattered ruins testify. Now nought reminds us of its founder, aeneible King Canute, ( Vide Canute and his courtiers on the seashore) but a fine archway with some contiguous walls, upon which a windmill has been erected, but which is now itself in ruins, and two massive parallel walls standing about 200 yards to the eastward ; also there are two arched doorways and strong walls in the house by the river side whoso cool recesses speak of ancient days," (C. Davies). This having been duly inspected we return in the same style as before. The mayor's launch only is beyond, and etiquette forbids ; we slacken our speed. •' It is somewhat difficult to analyse the charm which the " Broad " Districts of Norfolk and Suffolk has for those who have once made its acquaintance, in the only way in which an intimate knowledge of it can bo gained. In a journey through it by rail, you see nothing but its flatness I walk along its roads you see the dullest side of it j but take to its water-highways, and the glamour of it steals over yon, if you have aught of the love of nature, the angler, or the artist in you, One reason may be that the rivers are highways. From them you view things as from a different standpoint j along them flows a current of life difliering from that on either rail or road. Houses are few and far between ; within the circle of your sight there is neither house nor man visible. A grey church tower, a windmill, or the dark brown sail of a wherry in the distance breaks the sense of utter loneliness, but the scene is wild enough to enchain the imagination of many. Long miles of sinuous gleapiing river, marshes gay with innumerable flowering plants, white sheets of water bordered with swaying reeds ; yachts or wherries, boats, fish, fowl and rare birds and plants, and exquisite little bits to paint and sketch : iheie are the elements out of which a pleftsant a^ OlAKtS Aift) PtOMIfeS. lioliday may be made. From Yarmoutli, looking inland, tlirtfd main water-highways radiate. The chief is the Yaro, flowing from the westward ; then comes the Bure, flowing from the "north-westward, and having her Inrga ttibutiries, the Ant and ihe Thurne, flowing from the northward. From the south- west come the clear waters of the Waveney. All these rivers are navigable for considerable distances, aiid on the Bure and its tributaries the greater number of the Broads are situate. These Broads are large siiallow lakes connected with the rivers, and are most of them navigable. Flat marshes follow the lines of the rivers, and while higher and well wooded ground rises near the upper positions of the rivers, near the sea the country is perfectly flat, and vessels sailing on all three rivers are visible at the simo time. There are no impediments to navr* gation of any consequence, so it may be imagined what a ■*' happy hunting ground " this is to the boat'sailor, the "naturalist and the angler. See Davis' Haiulbook of the Rivers and Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk, with map presented to the Foreign and Colonial Commissioners of the great I. F. E. by the publisher. 38. The exit of these waters is at Yarmouth. At the •distance of 20 wiles by water there is an ebb and flow. This strange country is not heyoml the possibility of a sudden visit from the sea. No ! these light-coloured mounds in the dis- tance are the sea banks of sand, only held together by scanty marram grasses. These sandhills form a very curious barrier between the salt and fresh water. Ikeaches have been made in them by the sea from time to time, notably in the winter of 1791 when a very high tide made several gaps, and threatened to overwhelm the marshes inland. The whole district is included in the " Crag formation " of Geology and Miocene and Pliocene (Lyell) which precede the Glacial. Its material is generally loose and incoherent. The want of solidity in its strata, which are sands and clays, accounts for the flatnevss which we have seen to be characteristic of the region. We dhall have occasion, at the proper time, to return to these peculiar formations of Norfolk trnd Suffolk (45)^ At the close OIAKTS AKt) PtaUlEti. 63 of our deli;,'lUful sail on the river Buro and its Droads wo find ourselves in Wroxliam, and the closing scene of our visit. In the long and wide tent where we had our luncheon in the morning a anniptuous dinner covers the table. We take our seats in prescribed order. (.)ur sail has prepared us to do justice to tht viands. P'ish (of the IJroavls) have a prominent place in the Bill of P'are, as fishes hove in all our I. F, E. dinners. The indefatigable and ingenious Secretary, W. Oldham Chambers, presents each guest with *' a Bill of Fare " in the form of a Pike (fish) of the Broads which we are to take to our homes as a souvenir of our \iAt. We cat and talk, having a member of the Executive on the right and a brother commissioner on the left. The talk all around makes as much noise as in a spinning mill. A select trio of gentle- men vocali.sts is provided to give relish to the entertainment. They certainly performed their part well. Godfrey's band or H. R. H. the Duke of Edinburgh's piper, however, would have commanded more attention. After dinner came a sufficient number of toasts and complimentary speeches. The hour of departure arrived. Our special train speeds on towards London, leaving our entertainers and others at Norwich and Ipswich. Amid all the stir we cannot help thinking about the Geology of the way, especially that of Ipswich, which as you know we have already visited under more favourable circumstances. Here the so called " Red-Crag " is lound resting on the London Clay, being seen in interesting sections on the sea coast at Walton on Naze. Here the fossils of the formation arc collected in abundance. Theae show that the formation is marine. The admirable museum at Ipswich is rich in these fossils. We secured a small collection of representatives; we specify the gasteropod Fuaus contrarms (a reversed variety), found in the Mediterranean and on the coast of Spain (Woodward). In our Museum we have a considerable col- lection of the fossils of Walton on Naze, containing many Fusua contrarius — large and small — old and young, presented by the Prince of Mantua and Montferrat. Ipswich was the birthplace of Cardinal Wolsey. In the Challenger dredgings presented to the Museum by the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, ^ GIANTS AND PI0MIB8. we found a groat many tiny sheila of the Bhi»p3 of Fnum contrurius, a Pteropod, not Gaateropod. Arriving at London wo reached our centre at an early hour — wearied, but highly grutifie*! with the day's excursion. 39a i'rora London we would go to China. Our Museum •collections enable us to perform this feat The contriVjutor is Mr. John Graham, now of China, formerly of Halifax. We would examine them in geological order. We have first granites and coal. * According to the analogy of Egyptian Geology wo regard the granites as of Archaean age, and the coal as of doubtful age. Our first account of the granites received from Mr. Graham was rather startling. He informed us that there was a bridge in China having in its structure blocks of graAite 75 feet in length. As he was informed that I was rather incredulous ho had a photograph taken, which is now in the Museum ; he also sent me specimens of granite. This bridge is certainly in analogy with the structures of Ancient Egypt. How the stones were brought into their present position is certainly a Chinese puzzle. Our other collections are fn^m the Island of Formosa. They are fossils — one part of thorn are casts of shells in limestone. Their general aspect is that of the fossils of the " Calcaire grossier inferieur" of Paris. I regard them as of Eocene age. The occurrence of nummulites in the Philippines and Japan seems to harmonise with this view. The other fossils are flora and mammalia of presumably later ages, to which we will subse- quently direct special attention. Having made these observa- tions we return to Montmartre, Paris. In No. 29, I referred to the mammalian remains found in this locality. These were discovered, disinterred, examined and described by the * immortal Cuvier." The names of two are Palaeotherium magnum and minus. They have been noticed in the menagerie of the Sydenham Island. In Geological treatises they are often figured. A recent discovery, however, shows that Palaeotherium magnum, is not altogether what it was supposed to be. According to the restoration it resembled a rhinoceros without a horn and as large as a horse. It was considered to GIANTS AND PIOMIBfl. 05 resemble the tnpir. Tho short and stout neck was astiigned to it on account of the vertebrae of the nock being compressed in the original skeleton. Tho discovery referred to was niadfl in a plaster ([uarry at Vitry-sur-Seine. Here was founal3 of various character and perfect organization constitutes, certainly, r^ mighty (Almighty) step in advance of preceding periods. The Flora and Fauna seem adnurably to illustrate the written Record: "And Got! said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed after its kind and the fruit tree yielding fruit whose seed is in itself upon I'lO earth, and it was so."^ Gen. i 11. "And God said, let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, Behemoth and creeping thing and beast of the earth after his kind, and it was so." Verses 24 and 25. 41, Itt a preceding No. (27) I refeiTed to- the Isle of Wight in connection with the elevation of Mount Lebanon and Montmartre. Its geology may also be correlated with that of the Paris and Londtm Basin?. Its formatiuns are the Wealden^ Cretaceous, lower and upper, Eocene, lower and upper. Osborne, the residence of Her Majesty the Queen, is (»n the Eocene fof naation. Having correlated the geology with that of H CftAiW'S AND MtfMtES. '^ ihe 'Paris Basin, we propose now to correlate the Ancient Inhabitants. Sir Richard Owen will enable us to do so. We "will inspect thera in the order which he has given us : 1. Mtxcacns eocejitis. The remains of a monkey were found in a •deposit of -th-e Eocene Peri(xl at Kyson, England. This is •allied to tiie Gibraltar monkey. 2. Didelphis (? )^ GolcheBter, Owen. 3. Bideiphis gypsoriim, Cnvier. Owen says, Cuvier 'demonstrated thut there was entombed in the g\'psum of Paris an animal (opossum) whose genus at the present day is confined to St uth America and tiic soirthern J)art3 of Xorth America. Well might Cuvier exclaim, when the delicate but clear lines of the parts ii« -sought became manifest, "Que ces lineamens aont precieux !" How precious are these lineaments ! 4. Coryphod«n mcemii? (Ctfri/fihe, a point; oih s, a tooth). The Temains of this pachyJemi, as we have al "eady noticed in a preceding No. (35) were fcmnd in the Eocem Clays of Harwich and Croydon. It is allied to the Tapir, " w4iose most common food is vegetable, and consists of wild fruits, buds and shoofs. The abundance and variety of the fossil remains of fruits, most of them of a -tropical character, which have been obtained ironi the same deposits of Eocene Clay (London Clay) as that which has yielded the Remains of Cory^hodon, indicate the extent and nature of those dark and dense primsBval forests in which the Coryphodon obtained its subsistence." 5. Lopliicxlon. '6. Lophwdon mintmas, Dwarf Lophiodon. This was found in the Eocene Clay of Brac4ilesliam. In this clay were found the Is ummulites idready noticed (19). 7. Palae»t/ieniini magnum. This has already been noticed among the mammals of Mont- martre and elsewhere. Teeth h ive also been found in the fresh water eocene marl at Seafi«ld in the Isle ©f V/ight. 8. Paleo- ■therium meMum—^middle. sized. Remains of tiiis Palaeothere, named medium by Cuvier, wei"c found in Binstead, Isle of Wight. 9. Palaentherinm craitenm. This was found in the ■same locality. 10. Palaeothermm minus. Of this elegant species the fresh water eocene deposits of the Isle of Wight ■have furnished several specimens, mora entire and better pre- served than those of the larger Palaeotheres. 08 GIANTS AJTD PrOMIHa. 42. List of Eocene mammals continued. 11. Cliae^ ropotamaa Cnvieri, This member of the hog family was also found in the Isle of Wight as well as at Montmartre. 12. Hjiracotherium hporinum. 13. Hyi'aeoiheriiim cunkulua. The first was found at Heme Bay. The form and structure of the molar teeth determine this interesting genus to belong to the same natural family of the hog-tribe as the Cliaerupota- mils. The second is from the Eocene Clay at Kyson. 14. Anoplothermm commune. This also existed in the eocene of the Isle of Wight as well as at Montmartre. Jt5. LHchobune eervinnm. This, too, was found in the eocene marl oi Binstead Itile of Wight. Cuvier considered that this mammal resembled the young musk-deer. The cotemporaneous existenee of these mammals in Paris, the Isle of Wight and England (Londoi* Clay) seems to indicate that the Isle of Wight and England then were parts of th« continent of Ettrope. The land mammals of England doubtless could roam at krge over Europe, Africa and Asia. We liare noticed representative land mammals of the so-called Eocene Period. We now come to look for sea mammals of the same period, which one record tells us did exist, as well as fowls, which we have already noticed. Gen. i , 20, 21, 22. We find the Delphini- dae, Dol[thins, Porpoises — of the Order Ceiacea — Whales — occurring in the " Calcaire gi'ossier " of the Department of Maine and Loire. Cuvier in bis Ossemens fossiles, 1823, describes " Un Daupbin voisin de I'epaulard et de giobiceps." A Dolphin related to the Phocejia oira (grampus) and the Pkocena melas (black fish). Owen &ays that this Delphinus had 17 teeth in each alveolar series of the upper jaw. The Phocena Orca or Gktdiatoi; exhibited in the Norwegian depart- ment of tl>e Fisheries Exhibition was certainly a monster, and the Ca'ing whale or black fish is certainly not a pigmy. Schools of them are often seen in our own waters. The tail and flippers of one killed in Dublin Bay, N. 8., are in our Museum, Each measures 3 feet. Of this the lower jaw has 10 teeth on either side. Cuvier's whale seems to have been an approxi- mate cotemporo»'y with the Coryphodon eocenu$ of England, and the Coryphodon eocenus aikl the Qtrypfiodon oweni of > '• . 43. (!•)• We hare found the "Sable de Fontainebleau" •occupying the summit of Buttee Montmartre. (2). Else- where -the ■*' Calcaire de lieauee " rests immediately on the Sands of Fontainebleau. After the Lintestone of Beauce, which is a fresh water formation, (3) are "cla-ys with millstone or buhrstone " liaving Chora medicaginula. (4). Succeeding .there is another limestone with Helices, snail shells — a lake- iormed limestone. We now come to th« " Upper Miocene." {5). The first bed -of this period is a marine " Mollasse " near Utzigen, east of Berne, in Switzerland. In this ai« nrixed teeth of fisl^s and bones of mammals such as Hyena, Elephant and Ehiuoceros. These mammals of fe^v^^itzerland send us back to Formosa — in China, where Hyenas, Elephants and Rhinpceros appear as cotempcffaries. Sir E. Owen tells us of their occur- rence here. Mr. Graham's collections tell us a part of the same story. With the marine shells of Eocene (?) age, already noticed, we have iossil flora resembling cuZawi/e*, bat evidently different from those of the Carboniferous period. They are probably Eocene flora, pre-mammalian. Accompanying these, 'were(l) apart »f the lower jaw of a Ruminant, having por- tions of .two teeth. (-). A tooth of anotlier mammal of large si^e. This is nearJy entire. Wishing to have the opinion of Owen, as he had examined and ^lescribed other mammal remains from Formosa, I sr^nt them to the British Museum last winter. As Sir Richard Owen has retired from the Museum, Mr. Davies axamiued them and pronounced the jaw 70 arA5TS AWD PIOMTES. to be "Bovine," ox-like, and the tooth to be that of an- " Elephant species." The arranfjeinent of the enamel ridfjes in- the dentine resenables that of the teeth of the Indian Elephant generally, as we find by comparing with onr specimens of Elephant teeth in the Mnseum. In the Quarterly tToiirnal of the Geological Society, Vol. XXVI., No 3,. is a paper "Oni Fossil remains of Mammals found in China." By Prof. Owen. The mammals described are from Formosa. They are (l)i t^te.fiodbn m'nmsi's. The author considers this Pachydepni to be- allied to the mammoth. (2). Stegodon oruntalu consi(h'red' to be allied to the mastodon and elephant. (5). Ihjcenof sinensis. (4). Rhineceros sinensis. (5). Tapinis- -''nensis. (6). Chalieotherium sinsnsis. The Chalicotherium sivaiense is- characterized by Dr. Falconer as " one of the most remarkable- aberrant pachyderms that have been met With, closely allied to Anoplotheriura, but yet having a closer aflR^nity with Rhinoceros." Owen says " the extent of the range of Chali- cotherium over the great division of dry land to which that 4orm seems to have been lestricted was considerable — from France to China. In tracing it in this direction the species appear to have lived on, nearer to the present period, as they were located eastward. Land- at the eastern limits of the great Europe.\.i-Asiatic tract, and now forming China, may have been, exempt or much longer exempt (since it became fit to be trod by Tapirs and Anoplotheroids) from those alternate elevations: and depressions which have destroyed, modified or covered the western miocene land with deposits of pliocene or post-pliocene- age." The fossils examined by Owen were found in Chinese- drug shops. Fossils form part of the materia me^liea' of the- Chinese. 44r. ^^n our way from Formosa to France we take another look at Egypt. In the miocene (?) fbrmation here, we have also- mammal remains. Those that come under our notice are few in number, but they appear to be of a representative character. In the Suez Canal collections we find two, having a few mam- malian fragments. The collection of M. A. Baudoin includes, (^l). The jaw of. a, Aiigpopotamus., (2). The condyle of th» OIA.NTS AND PIGMIES. 71 jaw of a Hippopotamus. (3). The tooth of a Hippopotamus. (4). The tooth of a young Hippopotamus. (5). The molar of a ruminant. (6). A veitebra. (7 ami 8^. Debris of different bones. In- the collection of M. L Degousee there are, (1) The fragment of the humerus of a ruminant, a species of goat. (2 and 3). Fragments of Hippopotamus. (4). Kemains of a Camel. The last three were found at Chalouf by Dr. Terrier. Notes on these collections thus read : " Atten- tion is directed to a group of fossil bones of large antediluvian animals collected on the plateau of Tou-^soum and on the bank of Chalouf el Terraba, the greater part undetermined. How- ever, we distinguish an upper jaw with a tooth perfectly preserved, several portions of a sternum, a part d'omoplate, the head of a femur of the left sMe, v.pper parts of a tibia, the upper extremity of i humerus, vertebrae of different regions, a metatarsal bone and some fragments of ribs." " Hippopotamus is now confined to the rivers of the middle and south of Africa. It formerly found its way into Egypt by the Nile, but has long disappeared from that country." Cuv. and Lat. We return to France. Geologists distinguish after the " Mollasse, a green calcareous grit and conglomerates, Marine de Suisse" of No. 43, " Mollasse de la Morefe." (2). " Faluns (rocks abounding in shells) et Mollasse de Bordeaux et de Dax." (3). Falun de Touraine. There is nothing remarkable about the two first. The third commands attention by its remarkable group of mammals. These are, (1) Dinotherium. (2) Mastodon. (3^) Rhinoceros. (4) Hippopotamus, land mammals, Walrus, Seal, Dolphins, Sea-Mammals and Sharks. Buckland gives us a picture of the lower jaw of Dinotherium gujanteum. Its length with the tusk is 4J feet — -the tusk is 1 foot 3 inches. He also pictures a lower and part of the upper jaw of Dinotherium mediuin. This lower jaw and tusk measures 3 feet ; the tusk is less than a foot. The animal waa elephantine, and probably had a proboscis. It difff'red from all the other elephantine animals in having the tusks in the lower jaws, bent abruptly downwards. Buckland gives a restoration of the Dinotherium gi"en the names — Post-pliocene- Pleistocene, Quaternary, Diluvium, &o. They are found in still greater abundance in the same formation in the higher latitudes of Europe, Asia and America, from the L^iver Lena to Behring'a Straits. They range from latitude, 40* to 70'. No authentic cases of remains have been found in tropical latitudes or in the southdn hemisphere. Siberia seems to have been thft 76 OTATn?S A WD PIOMIES. Mi •I favourite haunt of these monsters, if we are to judge from their superabundant remains. Here their tusks are so abundant as to form " Ivory mines," seemingly, practically inexhaustible. Hedoustroem in his *' Survey of the Laechow Islands on the north-eastern coast of Siberia, remarks that the first of these islands is little more than one mass of these bones ; and that although the Siberian traders have been in the habit of bringing over large cargoes of tusks for upwards of sixty years, yet there appears to be no sensible diminution." " It is contended that the number of Elephants, now living on the globe is greatly inferior to the number of those whose bones are lemaining ia Siberia." Almost the whole of the ivory work made in Russia is from fossil ivory. It is also used in England. In conse- quence of its abundance it is much cheaper than the ivory of Africa and India. It becomes sooner yellow by the influence of the weather or heat, and is a little more brittle than the latter, and seems to be, in this respect, inferior. Tusks of Siberian ivory have been cited, as weighing two hundred pounds. Owen says that there is reason to believe that skeletons more or less entire have been recovered in Britain. That the animal — entire — has been found in Siberia, is a notable fact. The story of its discovery is as follows " Ossip Schumachoff, a Tungusian chief hunter and collector of fossil ivory who had migrated in 1799 to the peninsula of Tamust at the mouth of the River Lena, one day perceived amongst the blocks of ice, a shapeless mass not at all resembling tiio large pieces of floating wood which are commonly found ther«. To observe it nearer, he landed, climbed up a rock and examined this new object on all sides but ■without fbeing able to discover what it was. The following year he perceived that the mass was more disengaged from the blocks of ice, and had two projecting parts, but was still unable to make out its nature. Towards the end of the following summer (1801) the entire side of the animal and one of his tusks, were quite free from the ice. On his return to the borders of Lake Gncoul, he communicated this extraordinary discovery to his wife and some of his friends ; but the way in which they considered the matter filled him with grief. The old men related, on the occasion, their having heard tlicir fathers f".- CflANTB AND PIOMIEg. 77 any, that a sfmiliar monster had been formerly seen rn the same peninsula, and that aJl the fnniily of the person who discovered it died soon afterwards. The mammoth was, in consequence, tinanimously considered as an augury of future calamity, and the Tungnsian chief was so much idarmed, that he fell serionsly ill ; but becoming convalescent, his first idea was the profit which he might obtain by selling the tusks of the aninml, which were of extraordinary size and beauty. He ordered that the place where the mammoth ^'as found, should be carefully concealed, and that strangers should, under difl'eront pretexts, be diverted from it, at the same time charging trustworthy people to watch that the treasure was not carried uif. But the summer of 1802, which was less warm and more windy than common, caused the mammoth to remain buiied in the ice, which had scarcely melted at all. At length, toAvards the end the fifth year, (1803), the ardent wishes of Schumachoff were huppily gratified; for the part of the ice between the earth and the mammoth melted more rapidly than the rest, the plane of itn support became inclined, and the enormous mass fell by its own weight on a bank of sand. Of this, two Tungusians, who accompanied me were witnesses. In the month of March, 1804, Schumachoff came to his mammoth, and having cut off his tnsks, he exchanged them with the merchant Bultanoff for goods of the value of fifty roubles, £S stg. Schumachoff related the history of the discovery to Mr. Adams, Naturalist's Library, Mammalia, Vol. v., 1837, •' Elephant of the Lena." 48. Two years afterwards or the seventh after the dis- covery of the mammoth, I (Mr. Adams) fortunately traversed these distant and desert regions, and I congratulate myself in being able lo prove a fact which seems so improbable. I found the mammoth still in the same place but altogether mutilated. There wao no obstacle to prevent approach to the carcase of the mammoth ', the proprietor who was my guide, was content with his profit from the tusks and the Jakutski of the neighbourhood had cut off" the flesh with which they fed the dogs during the Bcarcity. Wild beasts, such as white bears, wolves, Avolverines and foxes also fed upon it, and the tracea of their footstepfl I- I 78 m4Ht8 kHt pi^mM. 'wore seen atonml. The skeleton almost entirely cleared of flesh Teinuined whole, with the exception of one fore-leg. [Note. — Thia has been restored in plaster of Puria from the other side.] The spine from the head to the os eocejjgi*, [Xote. — This is an •error, as of the twentyeij^ht or thirty caudal vertebroo, only •eight are remaining ] One sc.ipula, the Iwsin and the three extremities, were still hold together by lij^aments and by parts of dry skin. The head was covereil with a dry skin^ one of the cars being \vcll preserved, [N'ote. — The ears are not well jareserved, but may perhaps have suffered in so k)ng a carriage,] was furnished with a tuft of hair. All these parts have necessarily been injured in transporting them eleven thousand verts, (seven thousand three hundred and thirty miles.) Yet the eyes have been preserved, and the pupil of the left eye can atill be perceived, [I^ote. — A dried substance is visible, but it ia not certain whether it is the pupil of the eye,] the point of the lower lip has been gnawed, uml the upjier one having been tlestroyed the teeth could be perceived. The brain was still in the cranium, but appeared dried up. The parts least injured •are one fore-^foot and one hind'foot ; they are covered with skin and have the sole still attached. According to the assertion of the Tungusian chief, the animal was so fat and well fed that its belly hung down below the joints of the knees. This mammoth was a male with a long mane on the neck, but with- out tail or proboscis, [IVute. — The places of the insertion of the muscles of the proboscis are visible on the skull; it was probably devoured as well as the end of the tail.] The skin of which I possess three-fourths, is of a dark gray colour, covered •with a reddish wool and black hairs. The dampness of the spot where the animal had lain so long, had in some degree destroyed the hair. The entire carcase, of which I collected the bones on the spot is nine feet four inches high, sixteen feet four inches long, from the point of the nose to the end of the tail without including the tusks which are a toise and a half (3 feet 6 inches) in length, (9 feet 6 inches measuring along the curve. The distance from the base of the root to the tusk to the point, is 3 feet 7 inches). The two togethei* weighed three hundred and sixty pounds avoirdupois , the liead alone without the tusks OUNT!:> AND PtOUtM. 79 Woij^lis four huntlretl and fourteen pourula nVolnlnpolB. The principal ohject of my caro was to anparate the bones, to ai range thorn, anil put them up safely, which was ilono with particular attention. I Irail the satisfaction to find the others scapula, which had remained not fir olf. I next detached the skin of the side on whicii the animal had lain, which was W(dl preserved. This skin was of such extraordinary weight that ten persona found great difficulty in transporting it to the shore. After this, I dug the ground in different places to ascertain whether any of its bones were buried, but principally to collect all the hair which the white boars, Sic, had trod into the ground while devouring the flesh. Although this was difficult from the want of proper instruments, I succeeded in collecting more than thirty-six pounds of hair. In a few days the work waa c unpleted, and I found myself in possession of a treasure which amply recompensed me for the fatigues and dangers of the journey ami the considerable expenses of the enterprise. The lusks were re purchased at Irkutsk and the whole trans- ported to 8t. Petersburg. The skeleton is now mounted in the museum of the Metropolitan Academy. There is a good figure of it in the volume from which we have taken the description. Copies may be seen in Geological Text Books. There ia a beautiful picture of it in our museum by Mr. Harris, R. A. C. 49. Mr. Adams gives the following information regarding the situa of the frozen mammoth : " The place where I found the mammoth is about 60 paces distant from the shore, and nearly 100 paces from the escarpu.ent of the ice from which it had fallen. This escarpment occupies exactly the middle between the two points of the Peninsula. The escarpment of ice was thirty-five to forty toises high (240 feet), and according to the report of the Tungusians, the animal was, when they first saw it, seven toises (45 feet) below the surface of the ice." The skin being covered with thick hair induces Cuvier to consider *' that it was the inhabitant of a cold region." Owen remarks : The molar teeth of the Elephants possess a highly complicated, and a very peculiar structure, and there are no other quadrupeds that derive so great a proportion of their food from the woody ■.a 80 aiAHTS AND PI0MTB3. V-- fibre of the br&nches of trees. The elephants tear down and crunch the branches, the vertical enamel-plates of their huge grinders enabling thcni to pound the tough vegetable tissue and fit it for deglutition. Now, if we find in an extinct elephant the same principle of construction of the molar teeth, but with -augmented complexity arising from a greater number of the triturating plates and a greater proportion of the dense enamel, the inference ia plain that the ligneous fibre must have entered in a larger proportion into the fooa of such extinct species. This food could be had in sufficient quantity as high as the 60' latitude parallel. •' In the extreme points of Lapland, in 70° north latitude, pines att ,in to the height of 60 feet," Limlley's Introduction to Botany. Lyell observes : " That as in our own times, the nortliern animals migrate, so the Siberian Elephant and Rhinoceros may have wandered towards the north in summer. In .laking such excursions during the heat of that brief season the mammoths would be arrested, when the Rein- deer and Musk-ox would still proceed northward. Fn the diift and fresh water dcpo.>its and caves of what he calls, ' Newer Pliocene age,' " Sir Richard Owen enumerates 27 land and 5 sea mammals in the one and 37 land mammals in the other (caves). Of these 16 land mammals are common to both. In the " alluvium," he finds, 20 land animals and 3 marine. Of these 11 land and 3 marine are in the post-plioceae. AH these are British. Associated with the mammoths are such oriental mammals as Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros and Hyaena. We have already seen Rhinoceros and Hyaena in Formosa ; Hippopotamus and Hyaena in Egypt, and Hyoenodon, Hippo- potamus and Rhinoceros in France as well as aiastodon and mammoth. The same author gives mastodon auguetideng, elephas primijenhis, rhinoceros tichorhinus^ in his Pliocei. j- Fluvio-marine crag, list of wiammals. To this, however, he appends the note, " Probably from overlying Blue Clay " (Pleistocene). 60. We now take a closer look at the associaies of the Elf phant fn Britain which Dean Buckland dissociates from the Roman Invasions aa very i' likely f(4lower8 of armiea. The niANTS AND PIGMIES. 81 first of these 18 the Rhinoceros. We would note localities where this pachyderui has beei^ found. Owen informcus thatthe first notice of remains referable to the Rhinoceros occurs in a rare old tract : Ghartham News, or a brief relation of some strange bones lately dug up in the grounds of Mr. John Somner of Canterbury, etc, printed for Garthwait in 1669. An upper molar of the remains described and speculated upon in this t"ict, belonged to lihitioceros tichorhinus or the two horned Rhinoceros, the formation to which it belongs is *.* upper miocene," newer pliocene, or pleistocene (Synonyms). Other remains are a portion of the skull, also figured by Owen. They were found in the post-pliocene b"ick earth of Kent, Surrey and Essex which have yielded a rich harvest of great extinct pachy- derms. Cuvier concludes from a certain peciUiarity of structure that this Rhinoceros had more formidable nasal weapons than any of the known existing species, having two horns. Dr. Buckland had specimens of the skulls and other bones of the same species which were found on the banks of the Avon at Lawford !iear Rugby. The most complete skeletons have been found in caverns or cavernous fissures, e. g., a cave near Weiks- worth, Derbyshire, and the Cave, Kent's Hole, Torquay. Another species — loptorhinus, has been found at Clacton, Essex. The remains of this have been very abundant. There were discovered remains in the iresh water pliocene deposits, already noticed by John Brown, F. G. S. Owen farther observes : This peculiar form of Pachyderm appears to have been confined from its first introduction into our planet, to the same great natural division of the diy land — the Old W'^'-'d of the Geogra[)hers — to which the existing representatives of that form are still peculiar. The next of the associates of mamnoth, which we would briefly notice is the Hinpopolanius major. Remains of this pachyderm have been found Mn the same deposits that yielded the remains of Rhinoceros. They have been found in Walton, Essex, at Chartham, at Brentford, at Clacton, in the Kirkdale Cave and the Aire River, Lancashire. Fossil remains of Hippopotamtis major have been found in considerable abundance in the fresh ^sater formation that over- lies the Norwich Crag on the eastern coast of Norfolk. Associated 6 ^^ 1 82 GIANTS AND PIGMIES. ■with those we have another interesting pachyderm, the Fossil Horse, Eqnus curoidens (curved tooth). We have already noticed the Eocene Hippothere in Mayence, France. We shall again meet with Eqitus ciirvp/ens in the Western Hemisphere. A formidable enemy of the mammoth was the (Ireat Cave Bear — vrsus spi'Jaeus. We know this monster particularly as the Cave Bear of France. Of this there are vertebrae and other remains in our museum. These were a gift of my hite lamented friend and confrere of the Soci^te Geologique de France, the Marquis de Kaincourt. Of that Cuvier says *' The size of it must have equalled that of a large horse " It is considered to have surpassed in size all existing bears, even the Arctic or the great white bear, with the possible exception of the Grizzly Bear of America. lelis Cat us, the ancestor of our domestic cat and Mas muncuhis, the mouse, which differs only from our common mouse by a slight superiority of size, were British contemporaries of the mammoth. 61. I have yet to direct attention to two worthy associates of the mammoth in Great Britain, known as Cervus Elpphas, and Megaceros Hibernlcus, The former known as the Red Deer, and the latter as the Great Irish Elk, make their appear- ance With the mammoth in the Newer Pliocene drift (Pleistocene) and fresh water deposits, and also in caves. The Red Deer sur- vived the other two, and is to be found in the " Alhivium." Owen observes : " The chain of evidence of the existence of this species of deer in Britain, from the pliocene tertiary period to the present time, seems to be unbroken. This, at least, is certain that a deer, undistinguishable by the character of its enduring remains from Cervus Ehplios, co-existed with the Megweros, the spelaean (cave) Hyaena, the ticliorhine Rhinoceros and the Mammoth, and has survived as a species, those influences which appear to have caused the extinction of its gigantic associates." The late Dr. Warren, Curate of St. Paul's, Halifax, lent to the Museum a largo and interesting fragment of ar antler of this doer species, found at Brighton. Mrs. Warren afterwards kindly presented it as a memorial of her husband. It measures in length eighteen inches. Its circumference at tnATe lower branches are brok-en off; it terminates at the third. It Ims evidently been shed, not broken -off. The nienagcriij of the Crystal Palace Island has a restora- tion. Its gigantic companion, M^ffacros Iliheniicus, is also restored in the same collection. See list in No. 23. In several inuseums -of London, e.g., Royal College of Snrgeoiis, and Museum of Ntitural History, Kensington, and Museums olf ©ublin, etc., the Great Irish Elk is a prominent member. I had previously regarded our Moose as the largest of the Deet family. In presence of the skeleton of its extinct ancestor, it assumes niockrate proportions. A skeleton figured by Owen, has height of 10 feet 4 inches. 'J'lie span of its palmated antlers from the extreme tip^^ is 8 feet. It is from tiiese that lie has his name Megaceros, and his surpassing height. Its Sleight from the ground to the top of the longest dorsal spine is •6 feet. The corresponding height of the moose is about 5 feet, -or 5 feet € inches. They seem to have abounded in Ireland. The first tolerably perfect skeleton was found in th-e Isle of Man, and was presented by the Duke of Athol to the Edin- 'burgh Musuera Cuvier's figure in •*' Ossemens Fossiles " is ■taken from an -engraving of this skeleton furnished by Professor Jamieson. He named it Cervns Metjaceros. Tlie name Meyaceroe Hilwrniens, oi'iginally applied by Dr. Carte, of Dublin, is regarded as tl>e proper name. The shell- marl* of 5l»thcannon has produced abundance of remains. They are jfound in bogs, but not in tl>e peat itself. Owen says the following account of the situation of remains given by Mr. James Kelly, -dated Downpatri<:k, Dec. 22nd, 1725, is most instructive .id precise. "For the first three feet we met with a fuzzy kind of earth, that we call moss, proper to make 'turf for fuel ; then we find a stratum of gravel about half a foot ; under which, for about three feet more kindly moss, that would niak-e a more excellent fuel ; this is mixed with timber ■so rotten as to be easily 20,2l,.I would now briefly GIANTS AND FIOMIES. 87 refer to recent investigations in the " Geology of Palestine," recorded in a memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography of Arabia, Petraea, Palestine, and adjoining distiicts. By Edward Hull, F. R. S,, (under the auspices of the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1886). I arrange oV)serva- tions in the form of a section which can readily bo compared with my own of th»} " Suez Canal " and Bauerman's of Nos. just referred to. My information is derived from a review of the above memoir in Nature, April 29th, 1886. (I was too late in receiving this at Halifax to give it with the others). Prof. Hull gives the information as follows : 1. Archaean, Crys- talline Rocks ; 2. Carboniferous ; 3. Cretaceous ; 4. Ter- tiary (Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene) ; 5. Post Tertiary (post pliocene). I would notice that the " break in succession " of our " Suez Canal," section is here partially filled by "Carboniferous." In Bauerman's section it was occupied by " Triassic." Vid. No. 20 and Table. It is probable that the two terms are applied to the same formation. 54. Geologists, however, are of opinion that tlie American Mastodon is of Post Glacial Age, that it was contemporary with the American Mammoth, both being of pleistocene age and of the Champlain Period. We have heretofore as a matter of course, referred our Cape Breton giant to this Period. On certain geologic il considerations we have been led to regard him as contemporary with the Europeans. No. 44. The only authentic remains that we have of these Capo Breton mastodons are in our Provincial Museum. These are a femur (thigh bone) and a molar tooth. The one was found about forty years ago at Middle River, about nine miles from its mouth. It was plowed up on the intervale of Walker's farm. Its discovery caused considerable excitement. Admiral Dundonald and. Dr. Gesner visited and explored the spot with the expectation of making farther discoveries of remains of the giant — without success. Fortunately the femur was deposited in the mus'ium of the Halifax Mechanics' Institute, and is now a gem in our Provincial Museum. Its dimensions are ; leuf^th, 3 feet 10 ir 88 aiANTS AND PIGMIES. i|! 1 1 !•■ ' x it t. inches ; breailth at the top, 1 foot 6 inches ; girth in tho middle, 1 foot 8 inches; above and below, 1 foot 11 inches > at the knee, 2 feet 1 inch. These proportions seem to indicate a mastodon equal in size to Dr. Warren's celebrated skeleton in Boston, wliich was found in a marsh near Newburgh, New York. This has a height of 11 feet, {;nd a length to the base of the tail, 17 feet, 1 found in the Mechanics' Institute Museum tusks, which were supposed to be parts of the mastodon tusks. They are tusks of Walrus. If there existed any doubt regarding the identification of the femur as that of c Mastodon, the discovery of a mastodon grinder having ^harao- teristic " nipple ridges," seemed to dispose of the doubt. This tooth was found at Haddeck on the side of the IJras d'Or. The locality is about 9 miles distant from the former bed of the femur. From this, we infer the existence of, at least, two mastodons in Cape I'reton ; the owner of the tooth must have been of smaller size than the owner of the femur. The tooth resembles in size and form, teeth of the mastodon of the British Museum, and it is probable that the owner was of the same size. I compared them in 1862. Description : size of crown 4| X 3 inches; number of ridges with conical promi- nences more or less united in the transverse direction of the tooth, three. Thickness of enamel ^^ inch. It has two transverse fangs ; at the back of the longest is a nerve hole, which is half an inch M'lde, and one inch and seven tenths deep. The shape of the crown is sub-rhomboidal ; its four sides measure 12 inches. It was a fortunate thing that Dr. Kier, of Princetown, Prince Edward Island, secured the speci- men and delivered it from the hands of those Avho did not appreciate its value. It is said to have been in good preservation when found, but the blacksmith's hammer and vice had ]>roken a part of the end ridge, and much of the enamel had been broken off, orly about one half now remains. The enamel is jet black on the outside, and wliite within. It seems to have been partially worn off the ridges during the life-time of the owner. Its bony part is perfectly sound. Dr. Kier kindly gave mo the tooth. It is now in our Museum. How the Mastodons got into the Island of Cape Breton I cannot understand. The OIANTM AND PIOMIBS. t» Strait of Canso seems on insuperable obstacle in the way of their migration from the south. If Cape lireton was partially connected with the mainland, the difficulty would disappear. I have supposed that tiiis was the case in the pliocene period, and that the Strait was opened by glacial action. The absence (?) of remains of Mastodon in Nova Scotia, has been credited to the glacial action in Nova Scotia, from which Cape Breton 8een)8 to have been largely exempt. The Mastodon has its specific name ohioticns as Ohio in the United States is regarded as the home of the species. The same friend gave me, along with the tooth of the Mastodon, the tooth of a horse, which has the appearance of a fossil. It resembles one of the teeth of the Eqnus fossiliH or curvidens, which we find associated with the Mastodon and Mannnoth in the pliocene Q.n^\ 2yleistocene. 65. The next mammal to which we would direct attention is marine. A whale, to which the name Beluga has been given. The species is doubtful. It is probably the same as Vermontari'i (of Vermont). The skeleton of which wo have the greater part in our museum, was found at Jacquet River in the Bay Chaleur, New Brunswick, in a cutting of the Intercolonial Railway, when it was in course of construction. I subsequently visited the locality and found a bed of clay several feet below the surface, similar to the clay found in the vertebrae. In the bed I found abundance of shells, showing that the clay had been formed at the bottom (»f the sea, where the Beluga liad been imbedded. The shells are identical with these, found in other cuttings of the I. C. R. in New Brunswick, and at the Levis Junction, also in the sands of Montreal, and other deposits of the Champlain (post glacial) period. It is interest- ing to observe that Beluga has been an inhabitant of the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from the time when our fossil Beluga li,ved to the present. I directed attention to this fact at the Fisheries Exhibition, and at Professor Flowers' lecture on the Evolution of the Whale at the Royal Institution, London. In our Canadian Depaitment.of the I. F. E., I exhibited characteristic parts of our fossil Beluga with associated fossils. In our collection we had a magnificent stuffed specimen 90 GIANTS AND PI0MIB8. ■ of the White Whale. ** Beluga delphiriap ferns" from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, prepared by Mr. Gregory, of tlie Marine and Fishery ])t'parttnent, Quebec. Suspended over liead in the United States Department, was a beautiful j^a/»ic'r marhe model of the same marine mammal, as natural as in life. Our museum collections show that Land and Marine mammals with fishes — "Giants and Pij^Miiies " lived and died in the United States in these eventful times to which we have directed attention. Our collections from Sutrolk — " Norwich Crag," etc., correspond in a striking manner with the phosphate beds of Soiith Carolina, while the contents of both deposits are applied to the use of Agriculture. From the latter, wo have large fragments of teeth (molars) of the mammoth, which has been named Elephas Americanus. These show proportions equal, at least, to those of the Lena mammoth — Elephas pn'mu/enius. There is also the fragment of the tooth of a mastodon, much larger than of our Cape Breton. It is probably equal in size to the tooth of the former proprietor of our femur. There is also a part of a tusk of an elephant of apparently small size. There is also the tooth of Eqnus fosdHs {cunmlens). Other teeth there are, whose ownership we have been unable to determine. Mammals of the sea (whales) have left vertebrae about the same size as of our Beluga. One vertebra belonged to a whale of larger size. For this, and a large scapula of a mammal, I am indebted to Mr. Macpherson, ship-builder. This vertebra measures, length 7 inches, ends 7x6. It certainly represents a whale of large size, how large it may be difficult to estimate. There ore other interesting relics of cetacea that call for notice. These are cetiotolitea, or fossil ear bones of whales. I found one of those in a cargo at Cunard's, and directed attention to the fact in connection with their occurrence among the so-called coprolites of the Suffolk Crag, and Prof. Henslow's consequent discovery of the value of coprolites as material for the manu- facture of Superphosphate of Lime as a fertilizer. Still other characteristic fossils are the teeth of Carcharodon merjalodont Shark's teeth of enormous size, and therefore so named. We have a good collection of shark's remains from the Phosphatic deposits of England, chiefly presenter] by the late Mr. H. Poole» GIANTS A5D PIOMIER. 91t an(T others which I procure 6? r «j h. V ,,■. TANGIER GIANT. '^^ la Tangier toun aa I've been tanld, There lived intil the time of auld, A giant stout and big, The stateliest and the dourest carl, That e'er on this side of the warl, Hm wallop'd bane or leg. #■ His horse was a mammoth. On this he careered up and down the earth. Riding toward the North Pole he stuck fast in the Arctic ice, and so ended his career. MORAU From this dour giant yoH may see. How little michty limb and thie, ; V The human race bestead. A wee bit man wi' muckle sense, Is better than a carl immense, : v Wi' nonsense in his head. «, \ By Wm. Tennant, (late) St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, ( Prof, of Oriental Languages, Scotland, 1835. T author of " Anster Fair," and 7 other Poems. 'It FICTION. 61, To find the proper Pigmy we must again have recourse to Greek mythology. This tells us of their existence, their country, their habits, occupations, and disasters. We are informed by some that the Pygmaioi were a nation of dwarfs in the extreme parts of India. Others affirm that they lived 98 GIANTS, AND PIGMIES. in Ethiopia. Some say that they were no more than one foot high, and that they built their houses with egg shelh. Aristotle says that they lived in holes under the earth, and that they came out in the harvest time with hatchets to cut the grain, as if it were a forest. They rode on goats and lambs of proportionable stature, to make war upon certain birds, called cranes (Gr. Geranoi), which came yearly from Scythia to plunder them. The latter were originally governed by Oerana, a princess who was changed into a crane, for boasting that she was tairer than Juno. The battles of the " Pigmies and Cranes " were disastrous to the former. The Pigmies were exterminated. These wars are pictorially represented on ancient vases, and they are often referred to by classical writers. Thus Homer, in his Iliad, Book in., lines 3, 4, 5, 6, compares the mustering of the Greeks to battle against Troy : * * * * * " As when the Cranes Fleeing the wintery storms, send forth on high. Their dissonant clamours, while o'er the ocean stream. They steer their course and on their pinions bear. Battle and death to the Pigmaean race. — Derh^s Translation. MORAL. " Pigmies are pigmies still, though perched on Alps, And pyramids art pyramids in vales." — Pope. foot lells. and J the DS of died * to ana, she and were sient Dhus the SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS, TO ILLUSTRATE C3-I-a.3>TTS -iL-lsTHD P^IO-^vdlZES.' Special. Hova Scotia and New Brunstoick. 15. Recent. 14. Champlain. 13. Glacial. 7. Triassic. 6. Permian ? 5. Carboniferous. 4. Old Red Sandstone 4. or Devonian. 3. Silurian. 2. Cambrian. 1. Archaean. General. Special. * Egypt. Palentine. Bible. 15. Recent. 15. Recent. \ 14 Champlain. \pieui. 14. Diluvial, l 13. Glacial. j tocene 13. * • » 1 12. g» Pliocene. t) 12. Pliocene. / 11. ;:g Miocene. 2 11. Miocene. ■ 10. g Eocene. g 10. Eocene. 9. 5^ Cretaceous, g; 9. Cretaceo- ^ ■ 8. 7. ■^ Jurassic. 5§' Triassic. a o Triassic {Egypt) (Bauerman.) 6. Permian. CO • ' / 5. Carboniferous Carboniferous 4. Old Red Sandstone (Palest.) or Devonian. (Hull.) "Nature." 3. Silurian. 2. Cambrian. 03 1. Archaean. 1. Archaean.