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Les diegrammas suivants illustrent le mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKIOCOPY RBOWTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) /APPLIED IN/HGE I 1653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 1*609 USA (716) 482 - 0300- Phor>« (716) 288-5989 -Fox xxx/x DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH C OoiDON Ha WITT, Dominion ENTOMOUMiar. •taOm (Mtoaritty IWrartM ■nmiifiiii 3 100 «7 7M 4 SPRAYii^vJT FOR INSECTS AFFECTING APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA M ^. >4 , n BT ~i r J -* O. E. SANDEl^S f; ? field OfflCfT i% Charge OominSon Bn«omol« Laboratoiv. ilnnapoH* Hoyal, SB. , • i ^IS a, AND 9- s . W. H. BRirrAfN ^l dKi Provincial Entoviologial Nova Scotia, vl Agricvltural CoUeg', Truro, N.B. 1-: ^ CIRCULAR No. 8 Publithtd by direction of Hon." TIN BUPRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. OTTAWA PRINTED BY J. de L. TACHA, PP INTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1916 ISXttl— 1 I Ottawa, November 30, 1916. To the Honourable, The Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. Sir, — I have the honour to submit tor your approval Entomological Cir- cular No. 8, entitled " Spraying for Insects AflFecting Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia" which has been prepared by Mr. George E. Sanders, Field Officer in charge of the Entomological I^lwratory at Annapolis Royal, N.S., and Prof. W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist for Nova Scotia. This circular contains the results of spraying experiments carried on in Nova Scotia during the last two years together with notes on the control of certain insects affecting apples and pears that are i)revalent at the present time. The " Spray Calendar " given in Circular No. 7 has been rcvist-d in accordance with the results of later work. The efforts that we have been making to secure the adoption of more and better spraying have met with very gratifying success, as the stiperior market- able value of clean fruit of good t|ii-'l' ^ is convincing the fruit growers that they cannot afford either not to spray o. spray carelessly. The distribution of the Circular will help to improve the pre action of more and better fniit not only in Nova Scotia, but in the Maritime Provinces generally. I have the honour to be, sir. Your obedient servant, C. GORDON- HEWITT, Dominion Entomologiit 12011—9 SPRAYING FOR INSECTS AFFEaUiC APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA. Insect and fullK^>u^t pests have » creased in numbers (luring tlie past few >ears and will doubtless contimie to do so in the future. To keep pace with thii increase, ticw methods and materials are constantly beiuK discovered and put into practice. Accordingly, as time goes on, the profits that will accrue to those who spray intelligently will continue to increase. Only a short time ago one of the most successful orchanlists in the Valley, on being told of a new pest said. " Let them come. When we get plenty of pests, the poor sprayers and non-sprayers will be driven out of the business and I shall be making more profits than ever." This grower's observation matle in Nova Scotia from present conditions, is borne out by orchani experience else- where. In Ontario the good grower has made more profit from peaches since the advent of the San Jose Scale than ever before, and the same may be said regarding apples in the State of Illinois. The history of the various fruit-growing districts in America is practically the same, wljerever recorded. First, there is a period of clean orchards, few pests, good crops and good prices. Then there comes a period of heavy plant- ing, with numerous pests introduced on nursery stock. These |>ests increase with the congestion of the orchards and, accordingly, there comes a perio• ^rious in several localities in Kings and Annapolis counties, but with the a dry during the lati r half of Jnlv and .August, one application is satisfactory. Any grower having a TACK THIS UP FO Spray Calendar for Nova Sa W. H. BRITTAIN Agricultural ColMc TRURO, N.S. SECOND SPRAY THIRD SPR:^ FIRST SPRAY |Time: — Wlu-ii Iciivcs about l)l()ss(iin clusters art; showing green. For I Material: — Lime sulpluir 1.00!) sp. gr., or 3 gals, eommercial streugti FIRST SPRAY ^Application: -Drcii.l! thorougiily at 200 ll)s pressure, using a drive 1 Pests Destroyed: — Apple Seal), Budmoth, Browntail Moth, ("anker [ 100 gals. Time: — When blossom buds are showing pink at tips. For Canker soms open. Mateiial: — Lime sulphur 1 .007 sp. gr., or about 2^ gab. to 100 gals, o SECOND SPRAY <| Application : — Drench thoroughly at 200 lbs pressure, using a drive Pests destroyed: — Apple Scab, Budmoth, Browntail Moth, Canker nicotine sulphate, ' i)int to 100 gals., making sure that every it tree must be banded with tree tanglefoot before spraying an( fTime: — When blos.soins fall. I Material: — ^Lime sulphur l.tKMJ sp. gr., or about 2 gals, to 100 gals, ol \ Application : — Use 2(K) lbs. pressure and a calyx nozzle. [Pests Destroyed: — .\i)ple Scab, I'it Hot, Codling Moth, Fruit lorn [ gids., using a drive nozzle as in previous sprays. {Time: — Ten days to two weeks after the third spray. [ Material: —/First Choice. — Bordeaux 7 7 KM), adding paste lead ar [ \Second Choice. — Lime sulphur l.OOo, or li gills, to 100 fApplication:— I'.se 200 lbs. pressure and ii calyx nozzle. Pests Destroyed: — Apple Scab, Pit Hot, Fruit Worms, Codling M [ pillar, fall feedmg Browntail Moth Caterpillars, etc. fin very wet seasons a fifth spray may be necessary to control APPLE in material and application. When Tussock Moth and Brow 1 is recommended. THIRD SPRAY FOURTH SPRAY FIFTH SPRAY I ■atl i COPIES OF THIS CALENDAR MAY BE OBTAINED ON APPLI i UP FOR REFERENCE Scotia Apple Orchards for 1917 G. E. SANDERS Dominion Entomolotlcal Laboralory ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, N.S. 1IRD SPRAY FOURTH SPRAY FIFTH SPRAY rccn. For Canker Worm ilcfcr this spraj- for a few dajs. ial stmiKth to 10() gals, of water (1-33), adding powdered arsenate of lime, 2 ll)s to 1(K) gaU. ig a drive nozzle. 1, Canker Worm, Tent Caterpillars, ete. If Aphids are present add nicotine sulphate, J pint to ur Canker Worm apply slightly earlier; for Green Apple Bug, leave until just before the blos- 100 gals, of water (1-43), adding powdered arsenate of lime 2 lbs to 100 gals. ng a drive nozzle. 1, Canker Worm, F'ruit Worms, ete. If Green Aphis or Green Apple Bug is present, add at every insect is covered with the spray. P\)r very severe infestations of Green Apple Bug, the )rayin)i and kept clean cultivated until July 7th. 100 (jals. of water (1-50), adding powdered arsenate of lime IJ lbs. to 100 gals. i'ruit \|orms, Budmoth, etc. If Green Apple Bug is present add nicotine sulphate, 1 pint to 100 •a(T :i ite lead arsenate 5 lbs. to 100 gals, or powdered arsenate of lime, 2 lbs. to 100 gals. ds. to 100 gals, of water (l-liO), adding IJ lbs. powdered arsenate of lime to 100 gals, of water. 'odlinc Moth, Tussock Moth, Fall Webworm, Uetl-humped Caterpillar, Yellow-necked Cater- •ol APPLE SCAB. This is applied ten days to two weeks after the fourth spray, and is the same I and Browntail Moth Caterpillars are present in injurious numbers, the application of this spray >N APPLICATION TO EITHER OF THE ABOVE ADDRESSES. severe infestation of this pest to deal with, can easily determine the time of emergence of the adult flies by placing a number of maggot-infested apples in a box or barrel containing a little earth. Some cheese-cloth can be tacked over the top of this receptacle and when the first flies appear the next July the spray should be applied. For those who have not severe infestations to contend with, special sprays will rarely be necessary. The last summer spray should simply be deferred for a week or ten days later than ordinarily applied. Arsenate of lead (2 pounds to 40 gallons of water) will probably be the best poison to use for this pest on account of its superior sticking qualities. Arsenate of lime should not be used except in combination with lime sulphur, since, if used alone, it may cause very severe burning at this time. For a more complete description of this pest consult Bulletin No. 8 of the Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture. THE CONTROL OF THE GREEN APPLE BUG. (Lygus communis var. norascotiensis Knight^. This pest is not amenable to the ordinary methods of control applicable to the various common orchard pests, with which we are accustomed to deal. Special methods must be employed to control it and work of an exceptionally careful nature carried out, or we cannot hope for success. Some of the special difficulties which have to be met in any attempt to con- trol this pest are as follows: — 1 . The insect is of the " sucking " type and can only be destroyed by a con- tact poison applied directly to its body. 2. The young insects are very active and have a wonderful ability to hide themselves in inaccessible places. 3. In spraying badly infested trees there will be a large drop of insects to the ground, which after spraying will reascend the trees. 4. The hatching period is spread over a considerable time, commencing several days before the blossoms open and continuing, though at a greatly I oduced rate, through the blossoming period. 5. The adults are strong flyers and are attracted to pears from infested apple trees near at hand. CONTROL. The following methods intelligently applied will keep this pest in control: — 1. Thoroughly prune all infested trees so that all parts will be readily acces- sible to the spray. 2. Where the infestation is severe, band with tanglefoot to prevent the reascent of those insects that have fallen to the ground. Likewise the grass and weeds in the orchard must be altogether eradicated, so that nothing is present beneath the tree to ser\'e as food for such insects. 3. Apple trecs.should be sprayed with nicotine sulphate (Black Leaf 40) just before the blossoms open and again, if necessary, just after they fall. In the case of very light infestations one spraying before the blossoms, without band- inff, will pive satisfactory control if timed correctly and applied with care and thoroughness. To control the pest on pears, it must first of all be destroyed in the near-by apple trees, since much of the damage done to pears is from bugs flying from such trees. If the pear trees are infested by the immature bugs, one spray immediately before the blossoms fall is usually sufficient. 4. A very heavy, drenching, driving spray is necessary. Use a drive nozzle and a pressure of at least 200 pounds. Follow up each limb individually and spray it from every angle. Note. — For a full description of this pest see Bulletin No. 7, Nov* Scotia Department of Agriculture. LIME SULPHUR IN'URY. During the season of 191 5 many observations were made and a number of experiments conducted to determine the effect of the lime sulphur spray on the crop of fruit. Good evidence was obtained that in many cases serious reduc- tion in the crop resulted from using lime and sulphur too strong, but where the danger point occurred and when the most injury was eflFected were not deter- mined. In 1916 a series of experiments was conducted in the orchard of Mr. F. H. Johnson, Bridgetown, N.S., to determine the strength at which lime and sulphur caused burning and at what period it did the most damage. These experiments, carried on carefully in a very even block of Wagner apple trees, gave the following information. Trees sprayed three times or with sprays Nos. 2, 3 and 4, as shown in this spray calendar, with lime and sul- phur in the following different strengths: 1004 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur solution to 75 gallons o. water) ; I 005 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur solution to 60 gallons of water) ; and i 006 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur solution to 50 gallons of water); in combination with ordinar> paste arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons, showed very little, if any, injury so far as reduction of the crop was concerned. Trees sprayed three times or with sprays Nos. 2, 3 and 4 as shown in the spray calendar, using lime and sulphur in ♦he following strengths: 1-007 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated cc. -nmcrcial lime and sulphur to 43 gallons of water), and i-oo8 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur to 37J<2 gallons of water), in combination with ordinary paste arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons, lost at least 85 per cent of the crop set, the drop taking place just after the application of the fourth spray. Trees sprayed three times with lime and sulphur in the strengths: i 009 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur to 33 gallons of water), and i 010 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commerciai lime and sulphur to 30 gallons of water), combined with ordinary paste arsenate of lead. 5 pounds to 100 gallons, lost practically the entire crop set. in one case one-half of one per cent and in the other two and one-half per cent of the cro|> set remained after the drop which followed the application of the fourth spray. Powdered arsenate of lime, used in the strength of two poimds to lOO gallons with lime and sulphur in sprays 2, 3 and 4, proved in all cases much safer than the lead arsenate, lime sulphur combinations. Arsenate of lime in dilutions of from I •004 to I 007 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur to 75 and 43 gallons of water respectively) of lime ind sulphur gave no definite reduction in the crop of fruit, although the latter "'ution with arsenate of lead gave very definite reduction in the crop. Arsenate of lime, used in the strength of 2 pounds to 100 gallons of lime sulphur in the following strengths: 1008 sp. gr. (etiuivalent to 1 gallon of concentrated coniniertlil lime and sttlphu .- to 37^ galloni of water), i 009 sp. gr. (equivalent to i r^allon of commercial concentrated lin.e and sulphur to 33 gallons of water) and loio sp. gr. (e(iuivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur to 30 gallons of water), gave 7j;, So and 85 per cent reduction in the cro]) set respectively; this is not so great a reduction in the set as from the same dilutions of lime and sulphur when used with arsenate of lead. Arsenate of lime wiien ed alone will cause serious injury. When used in very dilute spray mixtures it will sometimes cause a little burning, if the full strength is used; in the spray calendar, therefon as the strength of lime is reduced with each succeeding spray, the quantity of arsenate of lime is correspondingly diminished. The period at which the injury that removes the set takes place is a most important poiiit. l-rom last year's observations and this year's experiments it has been shown definitely that the apple stem is most tender about two weeks after the blossoms fall. Lime sulphur 1009 sp. gr. (equivalent to i gallon of concentrated commercial lime and sulphur to 33 gallons of water) used imme- diately before the blossoms opened caused no reduction frjm the normal crop yield, t'lc same strength used immediately after the blossoms fell gave very little, if an reduction in set, but used two weeks after the blossoms it caused 85 per cent f the fruit to drop in a few days. The peri )d of greatest danger from too strong lime and sulphur is from ten days to two weeks after the blossoms fall. Bordeaux mixture used, according to the 4-4-40 formula, two weeks after the blossoms fell caused no drop of the fruit and only three per cent of the Wagner apples on the tree on which it was used showed slight russetting. Iiordeaux used immediately after the blossoms caused severe russetting and it should never be used on smooth skinned varieties until the down or pubes- cence drops off the young fruit and the skin of the fruit becomes smooth. After the results were taken from the orchard, it was decided that the ideal spray was lime and sulphur and arsenate of nme twice before the blossoms opened, and dilute lime and sulphur and slightly less arsenate of lime, imme- diately after the blossoms fell, followed two weeks later by weak Bordeaux mix- ture which, at that period, caused little russetting. Later, it was found that Mr, Wheelock Marshall, o' Bcaconsiield, Annapolis county, had practically followed this plan and that it nad resulted in an ideal crop of apples. No tree in the orchard siiowed any trace 01 crop reduction through spi-ay injury. No appreciable leaf injury or russetted apples occurred in the orchard, and a count of Gravenstetns showed t'.iem to be 99 per cent free from apple scab. The spray calendar which had been devised from the results of two years of laboratory work and small experiments was thus fortunately tried out in a large and practical way, with entire success by Mr. Marshall, in his orchard in Beaconsfield. The results of our experiments which w" have here briefly described, refer to results obtained in the Annapolis V illey ig the past two years. It should be noted that, in all the experiments tne tr sed were heavily drenched with the spra>ing solution. This resulted in mo., .njury than would have been the case had <,:\\y a liRht spray-ng been given. TABLE FOR DILUTING LIME SULPHUR. The following table will be found useful by orchardists using home-made lime sulphur solutions; by its use they may be sure of the strength 'hey are using. Hydrometers for testing may be purchased from any large firm dealing in drugs, etc. In reckoning the dilution, use the specific gravity column and divide the figure to the right of the decimal, by the specific gravity diUitioii required. For example, if the concentrate tests i -240 sp. gr. and a i 008 dikt- tion is required, divide 240 by 8, v^hich equals 30, so that the dilution should be I to 30. The sprays referred to by number are the same as in the spray calendar in this circular. The table is not worked out to fract= >ns ui gallons, but to the nearest full number, and should cover any strength of lime and sulphur ol.;. lined, either commercial or home-boiled. By using this table the grower can readily deter- mine the correct strength to use without calculation. f.\BLE FOR DIMTIXO U.M1 ; SfLPaUR. Bvu'Jiiu! Scalp. Specific Gravity. Si-ale. First S,:ray 1-009 ap.gr Scronil Spray 1 007i.p.gr. rhird 8pray 1 006 8p. gr. Fourtli Spray 1-005 ap. gr. !?:■:;;;::;::;::::::;;:::::::■ 33 1 320 1.310 1,300 1-200 1.2^ 1.270 1 28J 1 2.V 1 240 1230 1 220 1-210 1-200 1 li)0 1-180 1-170 1-160 1-lSO 1 140 1130 1-120 ItoSe lto34 ;to33 lto32 lto31 lto30 lto29 lto28 lto27 lto2J lto24 lto23 lto22 lto21 lto20 ltol9 ItolS ltol7 ItolS ltol4 1 to 13 lto46 lto44 lto43 lto41 lto40 lto39 lto37 lto36 lto34 1 to33 lto3l ItoSO lto29 lto27 lto26 lto24 lto23 lto21 lto20 ltol9 ltol7 lto53 ttoSl ItoSO lto48 lto47 lto45 lto43 lto42 lto40 lto38 lto37 lto35 1 to .33 lto32 lto30 lto28 lto27 lto25 lto23 lto22 lto20 lto64 lto62 lto60 3} lto58 il itot« 81 ItoH to n ltoS2 itotn 3g lto4t 27 lto46 ss . lto44 3S4 tto42 M 33 lto40 lto38 22 lto36 21 20 19 . ' lto34 lto32 lto30 18 lto28 f ::.;■;:;;:::::::;::::;:::,:::; lto26 lto24 15URDEAUX MIXTURE. Ordinary Bordeau.x mixture, somewhat weaker than ordinarily used, is recommended for the last summer spray on account of its better sticking quali- ties, as well as on account of the fact that the ordinary Bordeaux does not burn the stems of the fruit and cause dropping of the young apples at this time. We have found that 7 pounds of copper sulphate and 7 pounds of lime (stone) to 100 gaMons of water is practically harmless as far as the foliage and fruit are concerned, when used two weeks after the blossoms fall or later. The use of Bordeaux immediately after the -blossoms fall will result in severe russetting, while the use of Bordeaux just before the blossoms will also result in slight russetting of the fruit. We find that almost any of the common poisons can be used with a greater degree of safety with Bordeaux mixture than alone. There seems to be no object in using Paris green on account of its high cost at the present time and danger from injury. Arsenate of lime, two pounds to 100 gallons, makes a very satisfactory poison with Bordeaux mixture, but the best poison for use on the apple is probably paste arsenate of lead. We tested out various poisons many times with Bordeau.x and, with only one exception, the paste arsenate of lead remained in suspension longer than any other poison used with Bordeaux. 11 In regard to lime, the fresher and cleaner the stone lime the better are the results. For those not inclined to go to the trouble of slaking lime, the com- mercial hydrated lime is a convenient and satisfactory substitute. It is sold in powdered form and can be stored for weeks in the air without deterioration. For the greatest speed and ease in making Bordeaux mixture wc would recommend the following' formula: — In a cask or tank dissolve i pound of copper sulphate to each gallon of water the tank contains. This is the stock solution and it may be made up several d. ys in advance of spraying. Seven gallons of stock solution should be placed in the spray tank for e-ich loo gallons capacity. Th^ tank should then be fil'ed up and i pound rf hydrated lime added for each gallon of stock copper sulphate solution contain