IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^J/. 'Jj 1.0 I.I ^ni^ us u 15 2.2 iS 1112.0 1.8 1.25 !.4 1.6 — ^ E ^ 6" ► m ^ /2 ^;. r ^# ^F (? / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ■'^ '% v^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CEHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notaa tachniquaa at bibliographiquas The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy wliich may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method or filming, are checked below. D D n n D Coloured covers/ Couveiture do couleur r~1 Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou peiliculAe □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or hiack)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que blaue ou noire) rn Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autrea documents Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lor? dune restauration apparaisaent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti film^es. Auditional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires; L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire quit lui a iti possible de ae procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-^tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuv.»nt modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiquAs ci-dessous. pn Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^s □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pelliculies y Pages discoloured, stnined or foxed/ Pages ddcolor^es, tacheties ou piquees I I Pages detached/ n Pages ditachees Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality in^gaie de {'impression Includes supplementary materic Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible fyl Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ |~n Includes supplementary material/ r~| Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pagjs cotalement ou partiellement obscurci.^s par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., ont it6 fiim^es i nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X J 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thank* to the genarosity of: The Nova Scotia Legiilativa Library L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grAce A la ginArositi de: The Nova Sicotia Legitlative Library The images appearing here are tho best quality possible considering tho condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'axomplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies .ire filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverturo en papier est imprimie sont filmis en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiSm6s en commengant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbo! —»> (meaning "COIM- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboies suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. These lOO large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. Tho following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsquo le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fllm6 & partir de Tangle supArieur gauchb, de gauche k droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 umm>miiiimitmm»*m-t'»K':' ' m TRADE AND TRAFFIC IX THE NORTH ATLANTIC. ' OBSERVATIONS m REFERENCE TO THE PROPOSED STEAM COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LIVERPOOL AND THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AND PORTLAND, IN THE UNFl'ED STATES, BY MEANS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. LONDON. 1857. i\ ]k\'^ TRADE AND TRAFFIC THE NORTH ATLANTIC. The "North Atlantic Steam Navigation Company "* has been Object ot projected for the purpose of placing a line of first-class s^rew ^"'"P'*"/- steam-ships between Liverpool and Portland, in the United States, caUing at St. John's, Newfoundland, and HaUfax, Nova Scotia. The Company will commence the service on the 7th of Marchj 1857 — the Circassian^ a new screw steamer of about 1800 tons and 300 horse power, being advertised to leave Liverpool on that day. The service will, in the first instance, be monthly, until the in- tended fleet is completed, and a fortnightly service arranged. The enormous increase in the tonnage between these places, and the gradually increasing number of passengers and v'^uantity of goods destined for the Lower Colonies, for Canad and for the western states of America, imperatively call for increased faci- lities of transit. Indeed, it seems surprising that no line of steamers has yet been * For information and inquiries, address to Mesgrs. Wier, Cochran, and Cd Weaver Buildings, Brunswick Street, Liverpool. b2 'Rffcrence to Chart. Not in- tending to coMi[)otein Voint of spt^eil with existing p\(l(ile steamers. Proposi- tions on whicii the Company- is based. placed to meet the requirements of such a trade, and supply so groat and urgent a necessity. We propose to show the general nature of the existinu^ lines, and offer some observations on the probable future of the tradg between England and the Britieh colonies and that portion of the United States west of the city of Portland, and through which this enormous trade must, in a sh rt time, pass. A glance at the annexed Chart will show the relative positions of the ports we have mentioned and the lines of railway in the United States diverging from Portland. It may be proper to premise that the " North Atlantic Steam Navigation Company" does not mtend to compete in point of speed with the existing PaJdle Steamer?, but to furn'sh a line of first- class screw boats, performing their work rapidly and regu''i''Vi and, by the difference in their economical arrangements, and lo-- freight and insurance, capable of carrying a class of goods ard in- termediate passengers, which at present are principally earned oy Sailing Ships. It is unnecessary at the present day to dilate upon the enor- mous amount of traffic carried on between Liverpool and the North American colonies and the Ur'ted States ; the only ques- tion is, how can this traffic be carried on most efficiently? and the following observations are intended to show this, and to furnish reasons in support of certain propositions which the " North Atlantic Steam Navigation Company" have adopted as the basis of their project. These propositions are : 1. That the trade between Liverpool and the British colonies and with the United States is very great. 2. That the present fast-sailing Paddle Steamers do not take ordinary merchandise, and sailing ships cannot ensure its econo- mical and punctual delivery. 3. That auxiliary screw steamers may be profitably employed to carry on a great portion of this trade: the screw steamers being midway between the first-class passenger steam vessels to Boston and New York, and the ordinary sailing vessels. 4. Tliat the fast-sailing Paddle Ships now go in sight of St. John's, Newfoundland, but do not touch there. 5. That the great proportion of merchandize for Halifax goes J supply so the general ons on the the British the city of , in a sh rt re positions way in the ntic Steam nt of speed ne of first- regu''iv'v\, ts, and lo'-'- ods ard m- earned oy I the enor- d1 and the only ques- y? and the to furnish le " North the basis of sh colonies not take its econo- ' employed V steamers vessels to I. iight of St. alifax goes by sniling ship?, as it is only a comparatively small proportion that can be forwarded by the fast-sa'ling Paddle Steamers. 6. Tliat Portland is the centre of a spider's web of railways and steam-boats ; that it is the terminus of tlie Grand Trunk Rail- way leading from Monti eal and the West, having a splendid and sale harbour, easy of access at all seasons of the year. That large shipments of corn and flour have already taken place at Portland, and other produce from the Western Lake States; and that when the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence is completed, Port- land will become the great gateway for goods and passengers to and from Canada and the Western States. 7. That a line of steamers which can insure with tolerable cer- iiiirity delivery of goods in the British colonies, or at Portland, will nec2«:3uril7 develop and tend to increase the trade with Eng- land. 8. That as f^r five or six months in the year ships cannot go up tlve f,t. La^v•r?nc^ to Quebec, the regular trade will be more likViy to rciruii: through Portland, and thence by railway to Quebec a 'd the Western States of America. 9. That ihe colonies of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia will, probably, grant a sub.sidy to a line of steamers coming there from Liverpool. The information which has been obtained on these several pro- positions appears fully to warrant such conclusions. It is intended in the following pages to give a brief view of the subject, and to refer to some statistical details, which cannot but be interesting, and which will tend to establish the views of the promoters of this great enterprise. As a general observation, we may state that the value and im- portance of the British Nortlr American colonies are T.ot suf- ficiently understood in this countrv. Their population, industry, and property are very great, and daily increasing in a rapid and surprising manner. What these may become can best be pointed out by considering attentively what they were and what they now are. But to ascertain what their future value and importance will be, we must also consider the position and pros- pects of their immediate neighbours ^in the United States, with which our American colonies are now in every wa}' closely Present and future iin port- al ice of British North A merican Coll lilies, &c. 1 Present limited scale of comrauni- cation. Advan- tage? of harbours of St. John's, New- foundland, and Tort- land. 6 and inseparably connected; several of the most important of these American States, in population, wealth, and progressive development, being so geographically situated tUat their in- tercourse by means of the ocean with the rest of the world may be most readily and advantageously carried on through, or in direct connexion with, our colonies, especially through Canada. It is therefore surprising that amidst the very great improve- ments going on around us, steam communication with British North America (insular and continental) should still be on so limited a scale. At present the postal communication with Canada is carried on through the United States; the mails are sent to Boston, and thence forwarded by land to Portland in the State of Maine, and from thence transported by railroad through that State to their destination. The steamers bearing those mails pass regularly within sight of the harbour of St. John's, the capital of Newfoundland; yet the mails for that island are carried forward to Halifax, a distance of about 600 miles, and thence sent back in a small branch steamer at an expense yearly of 4500/. to the pub- lic, and with a delay in the postal communication with England of at least fourteen days. In addition to this there is also, during the summer months, a fortnightly mail from Liverpool to Quebec. ^ Theharbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, is safeand commodious, it is open throughout the year; the St. Lawrence is completely shut up by ice for five or six months each year ; and although the navi- gation in the harbours of Boston, and New York, are sometimes impeded with ice, this is not the case at any time with the fine harbour of Portland, situated in 43° 36" 30' north latitude, and 70° 11" 30' west longitude; and in the state of Maine, the most northern of the United States, and at a distance of about 140 miles from the British boundary. This harbour is quite safe and very commodious, has excellent accommodation for shipping of all kinds, the port cliarges of every kind are exceedingly low, and it is almost certain that the enterprising citizens of that thriving place, would relieve British steamers making it their point of arrival and departure from all harbour dues. The distance from Liverpool, calling at St. John's and Halifax (the map will show that the course is nearly straight), is in round numbers 2650 >ortant of rogressive their in- ;he world through, ' through improvc- ;h British be on so ;h Canada e sent to the State ough that mails pass capital of 1 forward It back in • the pub- England 5 is also, 'erpool to imodious, Btely shut the navi- ometimes 1 the fine tude, and the most 3out 140 safe and ing of all y, and it thrivinuf point of nee from nil show ers 2650 miles ; this distance could be performed by screw vessels of ade- quate power, say of 300-horse power, in 14 days on the average ; thence to Montreal in 12 hours, thence to Chicago in 36 hours, a distance of 1118 miles; the whole distance it an expense of 23/. from England, and about 10^. third-class. It is also proposed to grant return tickets^ of six months' duration, at a lower rate by the North Atlantic Steam Navigation Company's line from Europe to America, and vice versa. It is proper to observe that, in the altered and present position Facilities of all these places, British and American, a class of passengers will, Superior in future, pass and repass, much better able to pay their passage- class of rates outward and homeward; it will, henceforward, chiefly be'^^Jg*'" independent merchants, independent citizens, mechanics, artisans, farmers, and superior servants of every description, and no*, as in times past, a multitude of emigrants scarcely able to pay their passage out, and unable for many years to obtain the means of returning, should they wish to do so. Further, there cannot be a doubt that by such a line of com- c we- munication, many of the enterprising and already independent vamt.,g"J to and wealthy people belonging to the North-West States ofmerdiants the United States would visit Europe as their interest, pleasure, Urease of or desire for knowledge prompted them. In such a line of steam trade, communication as that alluded to, it would therefore be desirable, and as it certainly would prove very profitable, to have accommoda- tion for a number of what may be called intermediate passengers in each ship. What all these may amount to, the details we are about to consider will more clearly and satisfactorily show. Be- sides, the o.ders from the Canadian merchant and si 3pkeeper to the agents in England to purchase goods would be considerably increased; ond the facilities afforded for ordering, and tor for- warding the goods, would necessarily enable the buyer to supply him with goods whilst in season, and of a more modern and valuable character, and more especially when they can have a communication once every month, and ultimately every fortnight, or oftener. And the merchants there will not be obliged, as here- tofore, to have on hand a large stock of goods, a portion of which may become unsaleable because they have become unfashionable. Up to this time, in order to avoid, as far as possible, this incon- venience and loss, they have been obliged to seek supplies of Beneral merchandise through agents and dealers in New York and r.vc/.„ ""^-'-on such as that which has been artvertcd to, it becomes ,,,„,„. United Kingdom and Dnti^b America, but also the trade between .o.ue.. hose pos..ss.o„. and other countries, especially the United sIteT because whatever gives an impulse to internal movements and im' provements (whic|. foreign trade certainly does) ten rodd" the prosperity and advancement of such „ communication us the one now m view. Ulie details of al! these things are carefullv 6ol ected from British, Canadian, and American official docTmenl'^ It .s important, however, to premise that the British ofriciii trade returns give the value of imports,' including all chargcsbu they give the value of the exports without the charges, and the^ charges, consequently, r- oain to be added to the declared valueTf he exports. As regards the American trade returns, the dZJs A .1 T , '■"'''' "''^'"'"on*. we proceed to place before the resder the details of the vast traffic in question The populat.on of the British North American Colonies is at present neai.y 3,500,000. Of these, 1,400,000 are in uL! Canada and 1 030,000 in Lower Canada. The populatioHf Upper Canaua has increased from 900,000 in 1851, to 1,400 000 at the beginning of 1856 ; or 55i per cent, in four years. Popula- tion of colonies. Trn.]p with thij United Kingdom. Trade with the United Kingdom. Exports to. Canada ..,. New Brunswick Prince Edward's Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland '" Add for charges 1854. i;i,606,I21 908,977 111.8S8 628,617 389,281 ^3,544,804 185,'5. £4,138,232 578,278 86,7.'>9 486 130 418,874 Inports from. £5,708,273 Totals. £4,054,053 £6,507,431 1854. £2,296,277 2,079,674 80,057 252,030 563,* 10 £5,271,448 £5,271,448 Addvaluesliips built and ex- ported for sale 1855. £4,007,056 1,379,053 57,903 162,982 698,236 £6,205,230 £6,205,230 650,000 WWi "VBL... ' York and 1 commu- t beconnes it ween the e between ted Statoi., ts und im~ to add to ion us the carefully ocuments. ih ofricinl rgcs; but and thej^e i value of e charges included >cfore the nies is at »i Upper lation of ,400,000 9 Total Trade, North American Colonies, 1866. m. 1855. ,007,056 ,379,053 57,903 162,982 598,236 205,230 205,230 650,000 Exports to. Imports from. United Kingdom £6.705,230 3,735,"00 186,313 £6,507,431 6,700,000" 192,089 Uiiiteil States Other Countries Grand total Jei0,»i27,343 £12,C9'J,620 Tonnage in Trade, British North Ame ican Colonies. 1 Outwnrds. Inwards. United Kingdom with Cargoes tons. 266,335 1,166 650 1,397,326 tont*. 704 ii7fi United States America .... 1,048,445 1,326,7''4 Foreign or British .. Totals 2,563,976 2,37 r ••/ = Of this latter tonnage, 3,500,000 is with Canida alone. Thus showing, in the trade with the United Kingdom, tonnage^ with cargo, 1,060,916, to which must be added tonnage without cargo, 125,813. In the trade with the United States, 2,215,098 tons; America, 2,726,060 tons, either British, or employed on British account. Next let us note the important fact, namely, that 266,328 re- Estimated gistered tons of shipping carry outward cargo to the value of ^,''*^"' ^"^ 6,507,431/., giving a value of 24/. 10s. per ton register, while freight 794,576 (this includes tonnage built in those provinces and ex- ported) tons register bring back 6,205,230/. value, being at the rate of 8/. per ton register. This shows the superior value in reference to bulk betv/een the export and impon; trade — a guide to future operations in steam communication. The measurement tonnage for cargo is, say, one half more ';han tlie registered, con- sequently, the cargo tonnage outwards is 339,792'. It is shown, by reference to the Liverpool Custom House return" that about one fourth of the outward shipments to British North American • The President's mcssa^^e, 1856, sajp, imports and export?, 42,000,000 'loUars. Hi > >. *w- Additional re if en ue from pack ages, &c. 10 ports are for fine good. -99,500 tons. For all this portion of goods a comparatively high rate of freight could readily be ob- tained. If we estimate the real value of these fine goods at 70/ per ton register, the freight at the above rate would not exceed 3/. 4s. per cent.: a rate very reasonable indeed. The precedin^r estimate of tonnage employed in carrying fine goods is exclusive ol* all that goes through the United States to British North America The ships to and from New York, &c, carry a large portion of transi merchandise to and from Canada, and which is classed as trade between tlio United States and the United Kinc^dom The tolls collected by New York Canals werein 1851 (Andrews, p. 32), in Canadian merchandise, about 800,000 dollars. Besides the above source of revenue, there is all the remainincr rem tnnrtana /-vn + ,.»„«,l„ _i i: .1 _ o .-, v^LK^LK. lo uii mu remaiinnf'' . cargo tonnage outwards, and all the cargo tonnage homewards, to ook to for additional revenue, which, at low rates, must yield a large sum yearly. In the value of the homeward articles, frei-dn 13 well known to be a principal item. To all this portion°of heavy tonnage must be added not only all intercolonial freights, but also the amount that at present goes and comes through the United States, but which would readily take a nearer and cheaper route. To these sources of revenue there remains to be added the income to be obtained first, from packages and parcels, and next from passengers. Let us see what this might amount to in twenty-six voyages yearly, and the moderate number of pns- sengers and moderate rate of fares here taken :— Estimated revenue. £ 8. d. 16 16 10 1st class passengers, average 60— 80 at ^", » „ 30— 60 V • u* ", » 50—250 7 llVo^! ^°;? '• f'^'''^^ *'^° °"^^'**^^' «nJ honieward rarcels and pacltaKes Intercolonial freiglit and passenger's ,1 ..'. ..'. [" £ .. 30, .57 6 .. 11,700 .. 27,300 .. 55,125 2,600 .. 13,750 i:i41,051 In addition to this there would be a subsidy from the Co^3nIal vTOvernmcnts. ^ ^j jmai Surely, with such a great and certain field ope,,, such a line ol' steamers would be a safe undertaking, indcpcndenlly of all future portion of lily be ob- ods at 70/. lot exceed pieced in Of xclusive of* I America, portion of classed as om. The ws, p. 32), remaining' nvards, to St yield a Js, freight •ortion of I frgightp, •ough the 1 cheaper 3e added ■eels, and unt to in [■ of pns- £ 30,576 11,700 27,300 15,125 2,600 3,750 ^1,051 Co^jnlal 11 increase of commerce which must take place from the rapid de- velopment of trade, and increased consumption of agricultural produce and manufactured goods in North America. While reasonable speed is necessary (a screw steamer would mnke the passage to Portland in fourteen or fifteen days), yet the chief point necessary to render a steam commercial communication re- munerative is regularity and certainty ^n every movement. Besides the above sources of revenue, something considerable may be expected from carrying mails. Steamers once established, the public would soon press the Government to send mails by them, while the interest of the Post-office revenue would lead them to do so. For tlio postal communication v-ith America 175,000/. yearly is paid, giving, we shall say, 80,000/. yearly as the proportion of the expenses on account of the North American colonies. Let u.s see what this proportion bears to other colonial ports, and this, again, as regards the comparative trade with each. The trade with the West Indian colonies is as follows : — Exports and imports, 7,450,787/. The postal subsidy for this is 240,000/. The trade to all Australia, &c., exports and imports, is 12,706,213/. merchandise, and, we shall say, 12,000,000/. in gold. For this the postal subsidy is 185,000/., and probably 50,000/. more for intercolonial branches. The trade of British North America is 23,172,443/., adding 12 per cent, charges for the American por- tion thereof, thus nearly equal to the whole of Australia, yet only 80,000/. is expended upon the postal service. Regarding the certainty of obtaining large additions to freights, &c., and passengers from the adjoining states of the American Union, the subsequent reference to American official documents as to the population and property of these states will sufficiently establish this : only a pouion of Ohio and Illinois resources can, however, be calculated upon. It is scarcely necessary to observe that the increase of everything in all these new states will, as in Canada, be at a greater ratio of increase for the future than it has been for the past. Let us see what it has been : — Mail ser- vice and subsidies. Increase of 1 population and pro- pert/ in Western States. I line of II future ■ ] -:^|||^U| ■ m P m m ^^^^^^s m W HI . ■i''f. r i iJ Maine ... Ohio Indiana... Illinois ... Michigan Wisconsin Java Nunesetta. Totals , 12 649,338 2,198,252 1,097,141 945,131 441,395 338,762 213,357 6,744 Dollars. 122,777,571 504,726,120 202,650,264 156,205,006 59,787,255 42,056,595 23,714,638 5,892,120 1,111,977,449 635,325 2,275,000 1,180,000 1,300.250 51.5,000 552,109 345,985 40,000 6.843,669 16.0 per cent. Property. Dollars. 130,000,000 866,929,982 290,418,148 375,000,000 1 50,(^00,000 75,000.000 70,:{27,204 3,200,000 , 1.960,875,334 Nearly 80 percent. p. mjr'^'" """"■' ™''» " f'^'y '« t^' «,t. W„„ .l,c true value (Andre.^ Record irln ," "1 o'"' '■'•""■ "^-^ C'""'"""'! K'^'>-y ™'Jf ■"'"•'^'1 >n tl«= /'/«•/«*/;,&•« £„^,-,,,,, of April ,o,h, thf Un; r''<'"y ™'"^'i™ '»■■ 'hi. year has increased in al chtfl ?/«""' u''^"'""" ''°"'"-^' ""'l *" increase a..ain ch, % .„ the North-West provinces a.ljoining Canada. It i, he c 2 2 5 Oo7 t "°"""^' ""' ™'"^ °'"°' "'* ^ population f 8J 08J,66H, Canada wuh a population of 1,000,000, is assessed o the same purpose, m 1854, ,o the amount of 65,«7!»,65 7- (Morns Prize Essay, p. 132.) ' '■''"'"'■ onVZ\T-,^A T' ''"'" °^ """ *''"' «^'""' ""Provements .oing Canal, ^"''ependently, therefore nPtl.o n,i„. „. i.. lake, and mun;,.„L„ , -.i n • ■ S advantages which a steam com- rail^y """n-^-tion with British North America may indireetlv derive o7SS 17^:^^ ^7-- ""P.oveme„.s, their action upon clyX "°'"- ment ,? '"" "' "'? '"'"' '■'"" '""^ '° her more rapid imp ' ve ment, and consequently to the advantage of tlie interests of evTrv one who may engage in business communications wij ler iZ 13 same may be said in regard to all her sister colonies. The United States have already 3000 miles of canal communication, 23,000 miles of railway, and "20,000 miles of telegraphic communication. These have cost 456,000,000 dollars in capital. Her lake trade, in 1851, carried (in 3,971,000 tons) property, valued at 314,473,458 dollars, and her river trade transported 4,066,800 tons of property, valued at 339,502,744 dollars. Her railway commerce that year was 18,000,000 tons, and in value 1,188,000,000 dollars, and her railway commerce by 10,815,000 tons, 1,081,000,000 dollars. Her river and lake shipping have cost 120,000,000 dollars. The increase in these returns was, in. 1852, at the rate of twenty per cent, on tonnage, and twenty-five per cent, in commerce. — (See Andrews's Report, pp. 904, 905, and 906.) Canada is keeping pace with her neighbours. British emigra- Canada— tion is directing its footsteps to her shores, in preference to the ^ii,f ^te, * states of America. She will, therefore, shortly outstrip her rivals. &c. Her climate is very healthy, and is daily becoming more and more ameliorated. The autumn in Upper Canada is already fully three weeks longer than it was thi.-ty years ago, and her spring is so much earlier. The whole surface of these colonies lies more to the south than the United Kingdom. Upper Canada is ten degrees to the south of London. As the country becomes more cleared, drained, and cultivated, the climate, in the North Ame- rican provinces, will become more and more mild. The action of the sv^a and the winds, bringing the warm air from the tropics, has already effected a great change upon the climate of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and these possessions will possess a climate mild, pleasant, and as healthy as the most favoured portion of the globe. In everything the prospect of the Canadas is cheering. The Immigra- tide is set in decidedly and strongly in their favour, and cannot increase of be turned backwards. Of the emiij;ration that flows from Europe P"pula- to the western world, about 50,000 go to British America (chiefly Upper Canada), while numbers yearly come from the United States to make it their hi me. The whole of Canada contains 240,000,000 of acres, of which 89,000,000 belong to Upper Cannda, nearly every acre of which may be cultivated to ad- vantage ; the soil is very fine, and suited well for all cereal tion. i 14 have seen the populZof ^, ^^P^H'"""' ""^^ P"^P="»y- We ;^jMrjii T„ii,^H arr:;:!^ t-^^,37e a population of 10 OOo ^^^"^ ">"=-' P°- ""d mean, has row Mont.ai is a might^ fl rf L;, :/,;' tr "'T '''"^'- labour, comfort, independent^ .n^ • r •'^■- """^ directions -tending. tL isoTa^ed oL .n "oT Tr T ^^*^'""'^ ""'» cottage to-morrow; the hamln"? r\^,■ , ^ •'°°"'<'' ^ S°°d the village of this ;ear a ^ ^ "" " ^'""S"' ""xt, and case ever^whe eSti'h CatT' 'T",""- "^^^^ ^Ws is the districts of the United Stated ' "' ''" '" "" *« ""^Jo^-S 8 Wa'dl^a^ iHs'^rf ''°'" '"" ^"■'«'' «'-- -e, an increase of 129 per c^nt ' "''" '*'^'^'^'"' ^°^^'", <>? s~d:fh,:tr^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of population in these prov nces I^^t^ T" ^^^ '"'"''^<' Canada and the United S.n7 ,j , } *^ "'"= *"•"<'« between seen what it has b"ele a^d m" rf',''' "°"^^'^- ^^ ''-« greater ratio of ZZl tLrZ::^'t:ft'' "^"" '""'' Canada in 1845 was 40 000 000 In •. • "''* e°"""erce of This British lake tradTemS 20 "1,0 t" "°T r'""''"""- 13,000 men. The surplus pSce of ^ '™' f /'>'PP'"S and basin cannot be less tlfan .tfoo^ooA ! ".r ^ 1^ ?'^^' "«^ doubles Its value every four years K.Ij u T ^"^'"'^ capital profitably vested in canals Id „-n \ ""' 3,000,000/. in railways. Her vast Z^, ■ '" '°°" "»"« 18,000,000/. tonsoffin'etimt;a:^Xo'oVtrorr-''-'^'°«^^^^ in the Ottawa district. "''^"°''' <="" "^^ found ^^ Amir: tatTaittld'L'kf '^';':'' ^'•^^'^' P^^ "^ ">e Canada. ' ''^'^'' ^"^ ^^^^^ and nver navigation in these Imports into Canada. Jiesources Popula' tion of >f the North British race, »erity. V/e within the Canada was only 2866 ich in 1830 n, has row lier places. ' directions ended and ?s a good next; and 'his is the adjoining • ates were dolla ars, or le climate ice. But both will increase between We have )on some merce of 300,000. ing and Jat lakes produce )0,000/. 30,000/. )00,000 e found I of the n these 15 States lie around the British boundary line. Here large cities have risen, out of the desert: the fruits of human industry and labour, such as Chicago, Buffalo^ &c. &c., stand in proof that their pro- duction increases in a surprising manner, and that the demand in- creases for every article tilat is requisite for the support of life and industry. As a proof of what goes on, we were told that in 1855 that above 170,000 tons of coal went i'rom the east, 700,000 tons were required for the lake towns and lakes, and that Chicago re- quired 80,000 tons, IVIillwaukee 20,000 cons, ai.d Toronto 10,000 tons. There surely was room for labour, and the profit- able employment of capital. Thn increased trade of Upper 'Canadf., by the St. Lawrence, was 8,000,000/. The American Government in 1854 sold 14,869,565 acres of land (3^ millions of acres in Iowa alone) cliiefly in the North- Western States, a most convincing proof of the increase of population, industry, and property. Many millions of people travel at present in these dis- tricts yearly. The immense and increasing prosperity of the North- Western Their in- Provinces of the United States bordering upon the British Cana- progSty dian territory is proved by the facts announced by the President in his speech to Congress in 1856, and the official report of the Secretary of the Treasury, with which it was accompanied. The latter tells us that the Government have sold and gvanted lands as under : 30,035,174 acres sold for cash. 15,806,260 " granted for military pensions. 30,199,056 " swampy, granted to improve. 17,036,282 " granted fornew railroads. Total. .93,976,772 acres. An extent of country greater by 16,000,000 acres than the sur- face of the whole United Kingdom, and which in a few years will be peopled by millions of industrious people. The President in his Message emphatically and truly states (especially in reference to those points of the Union in the North- West), as regards the general prosperity of the nation, " that the canvas of its mariners ^' whitens every sea, and the plough of its husbandmen is march- " ing steadily onwardc to the bloodless conquest of the continent; 16 " that cities and populous states are sprin^ino. uo a, if K ' chantment from the bosom of our wLter ^i"^ t^J.^i Xe" courageous energy of our people is making of these UniLd States the greatest republic of the world " ^o^:^Z IS/Ta^"^^": - f- Takethefol. "contain 90 000 so Ire r^ 1 7""'""'" " it."~"These lakes- " drain 335^ 21 ..^ m ! ""^ ^^'^'^ '^^y ^'^ estimated to « ?800 thf; ^"''' T^^' (208,529,600 acres). Previous to 1800 there was scarcely a craft above the size ofln T /' "canoe upon them Tn ift^i *i ^ ^ ^'^ Indian "■ waters may Xitatk 'iv ' f 7 '°'' '''^^ °^ "'>=^^ «■•«»« « employing 70 000 ™,ff^ f °' 326,000,000 dollars, 1^ "-"j^'o ' ",»Juu tons or steam and ns nnn ^f -i • -,. ' aasthat tTrdistr!^: wrrpt^^,\%^-„-|e'^^^^^^ and intelligent inhabitants W,vu l^i • • "^ -^,^00,000 of active improvements, Ca^^trnpl tt y ^lir /"^ T''' ^"^ will continue to keep pace ^ '^ ° ''°''' ''"'^P' '"«1 SI n,i^;i:rr;'Zar'™^^'""^'-°-^^ Almanack existed i'londiress^"d*Lld:Cltrost^^ \- 'iS of he. Watch those expar.dZ'dlv ht A Z^'^"'- ^'^^ '^^"^^nities and hope all around them • nn l ^i ^ ^J '^^^' diffusing life, vigour tinually increasing in nvmbef ^'^^« ^^ traffic, Trf: silent ioods into LsVngtrL lirr?-^" 1'"°.^^ ^^"^^^4 dustry and civilisation into the heart of th^w"fw *^' ^^''^^^^'^ ^^ i^" AU variet es of scene P^ninrnVi • wilderness on every side anxiously .eekingTad^^i^^oritTo^^'-T - 0P» to youf S aSr M- S>'-aa„ Hogan, i„ ,,s Essay on Canada, p. 25. describe. 17 a scene he witnessed in Canada, which speaks volumes, and is worth volumes, as proof of the security and certain success of our object. Ho mentions, having seen in his travels a little, lonely log-hut in the wilderness, where the newly-settled emigrant dwelt, and where his children in poverty endeavoured to shrink out of sight. Nine years afterwards, passing the same spot, he saw extensive cultivation, a neat two story frame house painted white, a good orchard, and a beautiful flower garden and excellent farm offices: " I met to-day," says he, " a farmer, as I was quitting the scene, returning from church with his wife and family. It was on a Sunday, and there was nothing in their appearance save, perhaps, a healthy brown colour in their faces, to distinguish them from persons of wealth in cities. The waggon they were in, their horse's harness, and dress — everything about them, in short — indicated comfort and easy circum- stances. I inquired of the man who was the owner of the property 1 have just been de3cribin«,^ ' It is mine, sir,' he replied. ' I settled'cn it there nine years ago, and have, thank God, had tolerable success.' Again, at p. 27, he notices a change still more remarkable, ' which,' says he, ' I witnessed some years ago in travelling from Suncoe to Brantford, two towns in the interior of the province, as a proof of the taste, as well as of the means, of tlie people. At an ordinary Methodist meeting, made in the centre of a rural settlement ten miles from a vilhige or town, there were twenty-three pleasure- carriages, double and single, standing in waiting. The occasion was a quarterly meeting, and there were the conveyances of the farmers who came to attend it ; yet twenty years before, and that was a wilderness — twenty years before, and those people were working labourers, and were not pos- sessed of a pair of oxen. The imports of the country,' continues he (Prize Essay, p. 21), 'show that they dress not only well, but, in many thiLgs, expensively. You go into a church or meeting-house in any part of the province which has been a settlement fo- fifteen or twenty years, and you are struck at once with the fabrics, as ^ell as the style of the dresses, worn by both sexes, especially by the young The same shawls, and bonnets, and gowns which yo'u see in cities are worn by tlie women, whilst the coats of the" men are undis- tinguishable from those worn by professional men and merchants in towns. Within twenty years, land that sold for 1/. per foot in many cities, towns, and villages in the western parts of America, now brings 251. per foot. There is not an old inhabitant of Buffalo, Chicago, in the States, or of Toronto or Hamilton in Canada, who cannot recount numerous instances of property now worth thousands — even tens of thousands — ot pounds, being bought twenty years ago for a cow or horse, or a small quantity of goods out of a shop, or a few weeks' or C 18 months' labour of a mechanic. Tlieae things form the topics of fire-, side history in these places.' " V ' I C tages. Such are the scenes at present to be seen and found amongst nearly 4,000,000 of people in Biitlsli North America, and 6,000,000 more in the iieiijhhourmg American states and their territories, ex- tending over hundreds of thousands of square miles of country, and hundreds of millions of acres of the finest fertile land, and in a cli- mate the most salubrious. Such is the state of niatters now, and we may form some idea, from looking at what has been done in the course of a few years, of what the increase will be a few years hence in these places, in population, wealth, and property. Ten lines of steamers between America and Europe, instead of two, will not be suflicient to supply these wants in articles of com- merce, dress, and luxury. Portland, But to revert for a moment to Portland as the port for the arri- anceTnd^' ^^ '^"^ departure of European steamers. The portion of the States advan- in which the city of Portland is situated is so intersected by diverging lines of railways that it may be compared to one half of a spider's web, Portland being the centre. Besides this, Port- land has the best accommodation for shipping that can be re- quired; it has a great trade, and a vast communication by railroads t(j tlie interior, both British and American, and also a very exten- sive coasting steam communication with both British and American ports; 700,000 passengers and travellers pass tiirough it yearly ; but its importance is now really increased, from its having been selected as the sea terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. By this and other railroads, goods and passengers, of every kind and description, can be conveyed in a cheap and rapid manner to every part of Continental British America and all the American borders oi" the great lakes, and countries, and districts, even to the banks of the Upper Mississippi and far beyond it, nay, also in the winter months, to the middle portion of that mighty stream and her most important tributaries. The trade and commerce of all ihese vast places and districts, and also much of British North America, which now enter in, and go from, Philadelphia, New Yol'k, and Boston, will now centre in, and radiate to and from, Portland, through the finest and most thriung portion of and New Brunswick. ■n,. itish Canada ' » '5(P'*l'PI*I*lg"^ i1,5t - 19 jio8 of fire-. d amongst 6,000,000 itorles, ex- luntry, and id in a cli- tters now, been done 11 be a few I property, instead of les of com- )r the arri- 'the States rsected by ) one half this, Fort- ran be re- y railroads ery exten- American early; but 3n selected lada. By kind and ir to every an borders e banks of :he winter i her most ihese vast America, Yol'k, and Portland, ih Canada Qn 'SSEti St. John's, Newfoundland, is now become a point of greater St. John'», importance than it ever has been, inasmuch as it is to be the centre land "?^ ' point of that gigantic magnetic telegraph line of communication position tlnit is to connect with the speed of lightning the new world with sources, tlie old. The realization of this idea must and will give to its inhabitants a spirit of enterprise, hitherto confmed to a few and well-trodden paths of wealth. Surrounded as Newfoundland is witli the inexhaustible wealth of the deep, and standing midway between the old and the new world, slie has only to be correctly informed of the requirements of the two hemispheres, to stimulate her energies to supply the abundance of her boundless riclies. Although not generally known, her seal fisheries are a source o( great wealth. Hitherto the chief market for this valuable article has been in Europe, but there is no good reason wliy this article will not find a growing and larger consumption in America. St. John's now imports from Canada and the States upwards of 100,000 barrels of flour, beef, and pork, annually; and in return, ere long (by the aid of steam) Canada and the West will become valuable customers of Newfoundland, and thus an impetus be given to the trade of this colony that will develop resources greater than the revenue of kingdoms. Nova Scotia, the next in order, stands boldly out on the Nova Atlantic as the nearest land between England and the continent ^^'^*^^- of America. The noble harbour of Halifax (easily accessible all the year) being about 2,300 miles from Liverpool, Nova Scotia, as well as Canada, is wisely connecting the remote parts of the province with Halifax by railway. The line between Halifax and Windsor Halifax, (at the head of the Bay of Fundy) will be finished in June, 1857, gc?*^"^*'* which is within eight hours' run to St. John, New Brunswick, by steam-boat. Another branch of railway, from Halifax to Picton, has been located by the Government of Nova Scotia (Picton being within a few hours' steam-boat distance of the fertile and valuable island of Prince Edward.) Nova Scotia, being indented with many and fine harbours, has outstripped her sister provinces in her tonnage. Four years ago her tonnage was 189,000, and c 2 3****^SHST.i^^^ m must be at the present time 200,000. She imports largely from England, but would import much more if the facilities for goods' transit was frequent and regular. She is suffering at present, as well as New Brunswick, for the want of labour. Within a few years agricultural produce has commanded a much higher price than formerly, and this branch of industry has very much im- proved. There Is a very largo quantity of coal and iron in this province; the latter, from the Acadia mines, has been proved of a very superior qualit3'. The coal is inexhaustible. The Honourable Judge Haliburton, in his History of Nova Scotin, estimates that there are one hundred and twenty square miles of land containing workable veins of coal in Cape Breton alone, a portion of which is worked at North Sydney. Picton also works her coal mines (in Nova Scotia proper) to a considerable extent, and when the railways are completed to Halifax from these co^l districts, it will become a very important feature in the prosperity of the province. Some of the most intelligent of Nova Scotia's sons in that valu- able appendage of the British Crown cherish the idea, and look forward to tiie day when Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Canadas will be bound together by a line of railway stretching from Halifax (on the Atlantic) to Western Canada, and perhaps the Pacific, and all through British territory. New Brunswick contains 16,500,000 acres of land, about wick— ex- 10,000,000 of which is still ungrantcd. Much of this land is tent, trade, well adapted for agricultural purposes, but this branch of industry has been in a measure neglected for lumbering and shipbuilding pursuits, on account of the great faciUties for this branch of busi- ness that this fine province possesses; the latter presenting much more tempting, because more immediate, returns for labour, but v/hich experience has proved is not so lasting and substantial as the former. Railways are in progress throughout this province to connect it with the United States on one hand, and Nova Scotia on the other, as also a line from St. Andrew's, via Woodstock and the Valley of the Avostock, to Quebec. This province has also an abundance of coal. It is not intended to give any extended notice in these pages of the inherent wealth of the North American provinces. New Bruns. progress, resources f I, rgely from for goods' present, as til in a few ghcr price much im- 9 province; of a very lonourable i mates that containing 1 of wliich coal mines '.vhcn the icts, it will e province, I that valu- j, and look k. and the stretching lid perhaps md, about his land is of industry lipbuilding ch of busi- iting much labour, but )stantial as province to ova Scotia dstock and )t intended •ent wealth » 21 With an inexhaustible supply of coul and iroa on both sides Oi' the Atlantic, Great Britain's power, as a maritime nation, is almost unlimited, and with judicious mnnagonicnt she can have an in- heritance in these northern climes, that will receive for many many years to come, her redundant population, relieving Kn^dand of her overstocked labour market, and adding strength and \vi alth to her p'ssessions, increased consumption for her iiiauufacturer.'*, wealth for industry, and loyalty in the Briti^h-Amorican heart. Liverpool is certainly the best point in Great IJritain to select as the port of departure In any purely commercial undertaking. It is the great centre of the manufacturing districts of England, while from every other part of the United Kingdom merchan- dise and passengers can be conveyed with the greatest ct'rtaintv and celerity. The cost of passengers of the first class, from Liver- pool to Portland, may be 16/., thence to Chicago by IMontreal, for about 4/. to 5/., and thence to Galona (184 miles more) 21. ad- ditional; in all about 23/., and the fares for emigrants will be 10/. At this rate, it cannot be doubted that great numbers of people from the American Western States would yearly visit Europe, and merchandize to a large amount would come from, and go to, the same quarter. In theNorth Western Statesof the American Union, there remain probably 600,000,000 acres of fine lands to dispose of ; a field which, in a short time, will be occupied by many millions of people, and all adjoining the British territory. Not only to this are we to look for resources from improvements there, but we are to consider, at the same time, how much the province of Upper Canada may be extended in population and cultivation, and whether, by tlie addition of a n(nv state or province, to the north-west, and to the west along the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, there is a prodigious extent of territory, where the soil is good, and the country abounding in minerals, especially copper, lead, and silver. The parallel whore this is situated is equal to the parallels of the finest parts of the United Kingdom ; and although the climate there is at present severe, yet, for the reasons already mentioned, it is obvious thct it will become ameliorated. Aran<>e of country extending to ten degrees or more of longitude and two degrees in latitude, nay, even to James's Bay, Hudson Bay — thr Liverpool, HS pDrt of ilepiirtnre, Extent of tlic II nap. I)r()priuted part of the W*'stern States. r f ^ Mh,-.»-i ^ ••''d^K [•1 ) [i < Rnilw.'iy throiifrh will bo- coni(! tlie hi^iiway from Hu- ropo to racitlc. Lending articles from Time*, (J"c. 22 dccrrccs more-mxy be brought into profitable cultivation, or an exrent of 3(),000,()()0 acres. Moreover, It will one day have to bo borne in min,WBE?i 1 )n, or an ave to bi) 1 point of id in the r 15,000/. aiifjh thci the high- lortance of I, and our ist evcntu- fdand and ing article r, 1856; in ilso in the ired in the ch will h'i few words »nfinns one The North t is scarcelv }rcourse be- illy stands ; , is a ques- APPENDIX Extract from a leading article in the Times, December the l^th, 1«5G. Let some of those tourists that have souls above tlie invariable table (Vhdte, the crowded Kliine steamer, and the well-trodden ascent of Mont Jilauc, just pay a rather longer visit to the Huest colony under the sun. Canada can now be traversed from end to end, brth by a noble river and by almost too good and too costly a railroad. There can be no dou')t as to its climate for the travelling part of the year. 1^; has splendid scenery, picturesepie cities of a decent f;i:tiquity, and— not tlie least charm of foreign travel— priests, convents, and popish cathedrals, which, on the plea of curiosity, even Exeter-hali does not forbid you to eiiier. It has habifans more F/.ench than the French themselves, and English too of a type much nK)re primitive than is familiar to most English tourists*. It has battle- fields and other associations. The hotels are excellent, the food abumlaiit and good, mid tlie natives most hospitable. Ascending to higher interests, there is an inextinguishable loyalty, which binds three millions not only to the Britisirallegiaiico but to the use of British customs and Jiri'tish manufactures, with no reason or inducement, except which the heart may supi)lv. Of these there are French whofu we have conquered, and sometimes illused; Irishmen whom our homeinstitu- tutions have driven out, and very few indeed who have not been elbowed out of the old country in one way or another. Nevertheless, all these still call England their country and their home ; they drnilc the health of Queen Victoria, and take every opportunity of doing honour to her tlag. They subscribe largely to the sick anil orphans of her armies and the niemorials of her iieroes; they celebrate her 24 dive, llien, '<":. '" "°"V .'., ,;.■ ^ jitd, and civilization a canal, i3 I'SS 't,: el *; Vam SliAf Head the n,an Wmself npon tl?e country in our columns tins day. Is not thi. a country to see ye r- 4- c^JS^^d i^s iteirSeTsV^r ^.; f^'Zn S e KWne and uitWn a few hours of the capital a ,>-ater. wTto vhiclTthe addln of all the waterfalls of Europe, from the ^ e nf^'s'do^^rds, would n,alt cimnce l,« has who can stand behind a ^e^l-r a counter, and be m^^ ind honest- then, what a man can do with h.s fann Iv ; and tuither, SratTinan can do with a few hundred or a lew thousand pounds. Te tide has been so much lately to the goUlHelds and the colonies rild4 by tlieir neighbourhood tliat Canada has almost passed out of &,tt 1 he completion of the Grand Trunk liailway has brought heron e\nlMntono\ice. 1^-tnobodywhovisitsCaiiadabutre^^ atleast Canada West-one of the tinest countries in the world, ll.e li^sta t von c"o7s its frontier you hnd yourself quite => V°'," VrCf leoole who look like Englisln.ien, farms and homesteads that look ^gthrand a ultivationlike our own. These are people who can ,^S*'! 1 25 migrate into the States in ten minutes, and have not the least thought of doing so. Ought not this country to be a little better known here ? There are some sorts of people among us who certainly would be better oif there than here ; such as tenant farmers who do not pay^ rent ; young men of enterprising but desultory habits, particularly if thev cannot bear the confinement of the desk ; labourers who prefer nigiit to diiy labour, and who are bettor acquainted with a gun tlian a spade ; all, in fact, who cannot easily conform to the rigour of high civilization. Jlere is a country made for you ; the very place tor sons of nature. As to its future we do not venture to instruct you. But it has a future, a glorious one, Mr. Haliburton says, though it beats his powers of second sight to say exactly what. It is something to have a fu.ure, though an uncertain one. We know the future of our own country almost too well. It will remain for a considerable time— till the year a.d. 2000 at least— very much what it is. In Canada there is a little more conjecture, and therefore, also, more room for enterprise ; and it is very clear that an ordinary man ol spirit has quite as clear a field before him there, and much more splendid chances, than in this country. Extract from Address of the Bon. Judge Haliburton, on British Colonial Policy, at the Manchester Athenaum, on Tuesday, JJe- cember 16, 1856. And was not Canada to be something shortly? In 1783 there were only 3 000,000 in the United States, and in Canada there were just 3 000 000 now ; while the secret had got out at last that it was an luh- n'itely' finer country than any portion of the United States. Steamers were now about to run every day to America, and in ten years more we mic^ht expect the population of Canada to be 20,000 000. Was it worth our while to have them, or to shake them oft7 ihey spoke our langua-e, had the same laws and institutions, rather more protection fc- life and property than we had with our ticket-ot-leave men (laughter), and ho need not speak to Manchester men oi our trade vith British North America, or compare it vnth the trifluig trade with the North of Europe. (Hear, hear.) Nothing but ocular demonstration could teach them, however, as his residence ot halt a ceiitury had taught him, that the colonists there had nothing except their wood, their, water, their soil, and the productions oi the soil, but what came from England. That was a fact which spoke volumes. He believed he might say he knew every inch ot Nova Scotia— lie almost knew every man in it, not to mention the women. (<-heer8 and laughter.) He thought, as the Yankees said, he could ' talk HI like a book" about that country, and he could give an illustration of what he had just been alluding to. The child who waa born in that country was washed— first thing— in an English bowl, put into iliiig- lish flannel, English petticoats, and an English frock tnmmed with Enf^lish lace, and the first word he spoke was English. When he went to school, hib hat, his coat, his shirt, his trousers, and his shoes —all came from England ; his satchel was made in Manchester, and his slate was from the Jlnglish slate-quarries ; his book and paper, his lead-rencil, his ruler, and copybook, were all sent from England. The moment he began to use a horse, his saddle and bridle, spurs, crupper, girths, whip, halter, reins, bits, currycomb, brush, and iron shoes, were all made for him in England. If he enjoyed the sports ot the field, his gun, his flask, his shot-bag, powder and shot and per- cussion caps, were English. If he went fishing, his rod and line, the sinker, the floats, and even the flies (laughter), were English, although there were flies in the colony big enough and strong enough to bite through a boot, and the borders of the lak-.s -ere covered with wood that would supplv the whole world with fishing-rods. It he built a vessel, not a single tiling in it belonged to the country where it was built: the rigging, the iron, the copper, the ropes, the chains the rudder, the compass, and all the fittings, wee English. It he built a house, which he did very early, for he was a very amorous young gentleman, and frequently caught his bird before he had got a cage riaucrhter), then the trees were cut with an Enghsh axe sawn with an Enc^lish saw, planed with an English plane ; the boards were nailed with English nails and by an English hammer, and the windows were o<" English glass, puttied with English putty. Then the carpet, knives^ forks, plates, were English, and so were the decanters— for he would drink something besides coid water, and he (Judge Hali- burton) did not mucli like that, to tell the truth. (Cheers and laughter.) He thought, too, it was something touching th.it the colonie- still said he was going " homa" when he came on a visit to EnHand (cheers) ; and though it might be thought that the man he had" been supposing, having brought nothing into the world, took nothing out with him, vet he was put in a coffin lined with Enghsh flannel! covered with English cloth, screwed down with Enghsh screws and an Englisli screwdriver, and his name was on an Englisli coffin-plate. The priest, in an English gown, read the service over him out of an English book, and the earth was shovelled over him with English shovels. Erom the cradle to the grave the coloiust was dependent on England. (Hear, hear.) British xVortli America was a country about one quarter larger than all Europe. Canada alone was as large as England, Fruiice, and Prussia put together; there was space enough for all our surplus population, who could go there and still be Englishmen (hear, hear), while it had got a lace ot men such as we should not " ditto," to use the lankee pnrase, any- where, whose sympathies with this country were signally demon- M ition of in that ;o Eng- d with hen he 8 shoes er, and per, his ngland. , spurs, od iron ports of nd per- ine, the Ithough to bite fch wood built a 5 it was ins, the be built 3 young t a cage with an e nailed \vs were carpet, — for he re Hali- jers and that the I visit to man he •Id, took English English . English rice over over him 3nist was 'rica was da alone 3r; there could go a race of ase, any- ' demon- 27 strated on receipt of the news of the fall of Sebastopol, who had no hostile tariff like that of the United States, and who evinced a pre- ference for everything English.— I'mes, Dec. 19, 1856. From the Times, January 10, 1857. A column of figures in small type is not usually a very alluring spectacle, and yet we published a statement in this form on Tuesday last wliich contained intelligence as interesting as ever the least laborious of readers desire need to find. The facts thus put on record explained the whole commercial dealings of the United States, and showed the relations in which the Americans stood to the several trading countries of the world as regards that interchange _ot advan- ta<^es 'from which national ties ought necessarily to spring. Ihe account was made up for the fiscal year last past, and its results will be found striking in the extreme. The whole of the domestic exports of the United States— that is to say, the entire amount of the goods actually produced in America and sold to foreign countries— is represented, for the period reterred to by a money value of 310,586,330 dollars. These exports are divided among thirty'-six different States ; or, to put the case m more fanuhar language, the trade of the Union is maintained by six-and-thirty customers. Europe, Asia, Africa, and America have all of them accounts with this great Transatlantic firm, but it is when we come to the comparison of one account with another that the result ap- pears most wo.Jiy of note. Of the thirty-six communities thus dealincr with the United States, thirty-five take, in the aggregate, goods "to the amount of 114,794,444 dollars; so that there remains an account of 195,791,886 to be kept by one customer only, and that customer is Great Britain. A proportion, in fact, of American pro- duce, little less than two-thirds of the whole, was exported last year from' the States to the various dominions of the British Crown ; tor, if we speak in round numbers, and put the entire export trade ot the States at something above 300,000,000, our own dealings with them are found to be only a little short of 200,000,000. They might lose all the custom they have got except ours, and still keep together pretty well two-thirds of their business. ^ -d -4. • It matters not to what items we turn, there is still Great Uritam at the head of the list. The principal experts of America are cotton corn, tobacco, and gold. Of gold we took upwards of 33,000,000 dollars ; of tobacco, though the disproportion is not quite so wide as in the other cases, we took an amount greater in value than any other f 28 I I State ; of cotton we took just about twice as much as the rest of tLe world together. In the articles of grain and flour the distribution is still more striking. Out of 8,000,000 bushels of wheat exported (using round numberd) we took more than 6,000,000; out of 10,000,000 bushels of Indian corn we took more i;l)an 9,000,000 ; and of 3,500,000 barrels of flour we took more than 2,000,000. The next cus- tomer to ourselves is France, in all the items except that of tobacco, where the national predilections of Germany give it :x preponderance. In fact, it is noticeable that both Germany and Holland surpass even Great Britain in the amount of this produce which they absorb, though they fall short of us when it is reduced to money value. Eussia does next to nothing, her whole dealings being worth only some 600,000 dollars, of which more than five-sixtlis are in cotton. The trade of Spain makes a respectable figure, but this is due in great part to Cuba. The reader will inquire, however, whether there is not another side of thf account, and whether the United States are not customers of ours? Undoubtedly they are, and very excellent customers too. "We stand, indeed, at the head of their list in this respect as well as the other. During the fiscal year 1856 the United States imported goods from other countries to the value altogether of 314,639,942 dollars, and of this amount almost one-half, or upwards of 150,000,000 dollars, they spent with us. After ourselves comes France, as before, while, for the rest, the Americans get their sugar mostly from Cuba, their tea from China, and their coflee from Brazil. But here occurs another notab feature. It will have been seen that upon the whole the total expoi i of the States, notwithstanding their magnitude, were something less in value than the total imports. To tlie former, how- ever, which have been limited in our statements to domestic produce solely, must now be added the value of foreign goods re-exported — a sum 'represented by 16,378,578 dollars— so that on the final settle- ment there is a balance of more than 12,00 ),000 in favour of the exports. But this is due to the goodness of our own account. Though we sell so largely to the States, we buy more largely still, and in this respect are far ahead of tlieir other customers. Brazil and Spain (including Cuba) take so little from the productions of the Union, that the two together have a trade balance of more than 30,000,000 dollars in their favour. Tlie accounts from France and China are on the same side, and these four, with two South American States, make up altogether a balance against the Union of 50,915,812 doUars. The whole of this, however, is all but liquidated through tlie account of Great Britain; for, if to our imrchases of native American produce are added those of foreign gv s made through America, Ave find our- selves debtors on the general balance to the amount of 50,069,287 dollars. INow% even if we set aside for the moment the ties of consan- guinity and common descent, together with the incessant intermixture I \ 29 of personal interests which emigration produces, the merely com- mercial bonds established between two communities thus situated present an aspect almost marvellous. AV^liat increases, too, the won- ders of the view is tlie fact that scarcely any limit can be put to the expansion wliich this intercourse may ^ ot receive. A glance at the miipof the United States will show that scarcely one-half of the terri- '""■rics of the Union is as yet brought under cultivation. If the reader ould wish to get some tangible idea of the scope thus left available fox progress, let him take a district of which a good deal has been lately said and written — that ot Kansas. Kansas is only one of the provinces into which the American Union has the privilege of expand- ing itself westward ; indeed, it is not nearly so extensive as the con- terminous territory of Nebraska. Yet tliis Kansas — this debatable strip of land which slaveholders and freesoilers are fighting for — is in itself as large as Great Britain and Ireland put together. What limits can be put to the productiveness of a country like this ? As to corn and breadstuff's, it is said that we are only beginning to dis- cover the capabilities of the North- Western provinces, and even with regard to cotton, an article of a much more exceptional kind, prospects are now held out of an acceptable increase in the field of supply. No wonder, then, that the relations of two such nations as Great Britain and America should find expression in works for bridging the mighty ocean between them — works which in themselves partake of the cha- racter of prodigies. The steamers of the two countries have brought New York nearer London than Edinburgh was but a few generations ago, and the project for rendering this communication absolutely instantaneous is now assuming the appearance of reality and success. It is scarcely possible to repress astonishment at the amount of in- tercourse between this country and the States, even as it actually stands ; what proportions it may acquire in a few short years is a question to bafile all attempts at divination or conjecture. C. WHITING, BEAUFORT IIOUBE, STBAND. I j a r mmmmvuifm // /• f/ish Te r r/llo r?j m CO > NORTflATLANTl GRAND TR ^A »OWA CITV i A MA r I i'he ^^ — ^^ BY T#E STEAMERS OF T^E ^^-"^ ATLANTIC STEAM NAYIGMON COMBiNY ^--^ AND r-KE ---^ GRAND TRUNK RAILWAYin CANADA. n to *in or tHE"'\ '^ CANADIAN \ GovSRNMtNTS Fmtt\ ORANTS or lAXO J, ^^ ^ \ 1 3^ aw. NEW YORK *?S=*i ^ +i^ m fM It fix- ■ BV ■i!\ AV J I ^^;M^..:^-^-