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Page A Topographical Defcription of the county of Prince George in Virginia, - - - Renarks on Mr. Webfter's Calculations, Mr. Webfter's Reply to Mr. Mellen's Remarks, Mifcellaneous Remarks and Obfervations on Nova Scotia, New Brunfwick and Cape Breton, Road from Halifax to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Governours of Nova Scotia from 1720, Defcription of the Atherine, - - t,Account of the burning of Fairfield, in July, 1779, An original Letter from Gov. Shirley to the Board of Trade, refpe6ling Fort Dummer, 1748, [Continued) 106 85 92 94 ibid 101 ihid 102 103 \l {• '-■ PRINTED AT THE APOLLO PRESS IN BOSTON, BY B E L K N A P AN D H A L L. [PriQc 6/. per annum, Sd.fm^lc.J i^K ■■+ '. mf^. m&msa It ^-1^*1 .-^ Hf AY 1 1933 ■p Sf 9'2sat»®)6 i. .1 ;4 Rimarkson Mr. Wehjlcr's Calailatmu 9i 5f nutation made ufe of to determine the proportion that hve to feventy Se rs and upwards, very Tar from iuft : For the number three hund ed Stwelve (or three hundred and twenty-nme. as I fuppofe .Hh..uld have been) is found by dividing 23400= i3'>oX »8 (that '« 'he pr.)du6l of tt • nurnber of inhabitants, and the number of years tor wl'ich the b 1 vere kept) by leventy-one, the number of perfons who m that ame died feventy year, old'and-upward,. Can ;h.s be a juft method of determining how 'many live .0 feventy years? Has the number of m- habitants in a place any thing to do in this qucftion ? At leaft. Oiouid not the comparifon be made between the number which in a certain Jlme dte fe^nty years old and upwards, and the whole number of per- '"tefuste'how MrWebVer's mode of computation will apply to fome othe ie We would, for inftance, find wha, proportion ol the -iodons born (no account is here made of immigrations or em.gra. ?i;i0:nthefir^ftandfecondpan(h^^^^^^^^^^ 5^1 Woer which died «t the age ot nineteen years and upwards; 1 am. Sir, with much refpeft, Your humble fcrvantj JOHN MELLEN, jum BarnJlabU, Sept. 23, 1793- Rkv. Jer.£MY Belknap, D.D, N M I.. r.. KM f I II '^TW' wrmr- .-^jw?**! yji »"^ 94 Remarks on Nova Scotia, New Brnnjioick, &c. Mr. Webster's Reply io Mr. Mkllkn's Remarks. * Ni:\v-YORJi, yawttflr)! 22, 1794. Rf.vfrend Sir, YOUR favour of the 5th inft. covering (one remarks on my com- municaiion to the Hiflorical Society, pubSilhecl in Vol. 111. p. 5, has been receiverl, and has my particular acknowiedgcmeius. In reply to the remarks, I can only fav, that it h always a fiibjeft of regret, that an inaccurate or ambiguous exprellion (houKi efcape a wri- ter, and lead his readers into a mifappreheiifioii of his true meaning. The fentcnce which h liable to exception in this refpefl fhould run thus, "a calculation gives one to tliree hundred and twenty-nine* of all the perfons living in the given fpace of time, who die at fevcnty years old and upwards." When thus exprc HVd, my .real and only meaning would be obvious, and as the gentleman, in his (Iriilures, re- marks, the " conclufion drawn tiora the mode of calculation would have been juft." 1 had no materials for calculating the proportion of deaths at a given age to the number of fouls born in any given peiiod. I attempted no fuch calculation. Befides I adopted ^}^z Jame principles of calculation with refpecl to Salem and the tiiird parilh in Hartford ; fo that as far as it extends, the comparifon is juft, provided the premiles are true. But it appears by the late cenlus, that Dr. liolyoke's cllimate of the num- ber of fouls in Salem was tnuch too high — inflead of nine thoufand, th«s fuppofed number, the true number falls fliort of eight thoufand. This will render the calculation more favourable to Salem. If the remarks ihould be publifhed, the committee will fufTer this Jkort reply to follow them ; I am too much occupied to be more par- ticular. Be pleafed. Sir, to afTure the Hiftoric;il Society of the high opinion I entertain of the importance of their underidking, and that 1 anxioufly wait for the period, when other occupations will permit rac to indulge my inclination in feconding their views. I am, Sir, with great refpeft, your moll ohedieni humUie fervant, NOAH WEBSTER, jun. Rev. Dr. Belknap. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS and OBSERVATIONS on Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton. Snppo/ed to be written by the Surveyor General of Nova Scotia. MR. Bernard, the Governour of Maffachufetts bay, in the year 1764. caufed h furvcy of the bay of PafTaniaquoddy to be made, and propofed making grants of land, as being within his government. * The number a fiiuaied in latitude 44° 40'. on a fpaciou* and commo- dious Harbour, of bold and eafy entrance, where a thoufand ot the larg- eft fhips might ride with gieat convenience and tafety. The town is built on ihe well fide of the haibour, on the declivity of a commanding hill whole tummit is two hundred and fifiy-fix teet perpendicular from the'level of the fea. The town is laid out into oblong fquares, the ilreets parallel, and at right angles. The town and luburbs aie aboiit two miles in length ; and the general width, one quarter of a mile. It contains tour thoufand inhabitants, and feven hundred houfes. At ttic norihern extremity of the icwn. is ttie King's naval yard completely built and fupplicd with ftores of every kind lor the royal navy. Itie harbour of Halifax is juttly efteemed (by many) as the rooft eligible fnuationin Britifh America for the feat ot government, being open and accelTible V. all feafons of the year, when almott all the other har- bours are locked up. with ice ; and alfo from its central fituation, prox- imity to the bay of Fundy and principal interiour feiilements of the pro- vince. The oiher towns are Shelburne and Digby, fettled in 1783, J^uncuburg, Annapolis. New Dublin, Liverpool, Manchener,\^ indfor, Cornwallis, Hortpn, Yarmouth, Barrington, and Argyle. t The lands in general on the fea coaft ot Nova Scotia (except the coun- ty of Lunenburg) and a few hills of good land, are rocky and interfperf- ed wiih fwamps and barrens. The growth is geneial. an imermixture of fpruce, hemlock, pine, fir, beech and birch, and fome rock-maple : But its Ihores are accommodated with harbours, rive.s, coves, and bays conveniently adapted for the filheries ; and the above timber affords «a inexhauflible fupply of njaterials for buildings, flakes and ftages, vef- fels &c. The moft remarkable land on the fouih fhore ot Nova Sco- tia is the high land of Afpotagoen, which lies on the promontory that feparates Mahone from Margaret's bay. This land may be leen at a great diftance from the offing, and is the land generally made by Ihips bound from Europe and the Weft Indies to Halifax. The fumrnit of this land is about five bundled feet perpendicular trora the level of m fea. A 4tt ■ .- m^^. . MfcMMMMA "-ry^ ice to the name, in« ids within te govern- d Sydney. U as fuU !r, from its 1) to its rife ly of Verf, all iilands t the illdnd irti fubjefcs id commo- ol the larg- he town is tmmanding iculdr irom juares, the s ate about a mile. It es. Ai the completely lavy. The loft eligible being open e other hal- ation, prox- i of the pro- ;d in 1783, sr.Windfor, :pt the coun- d interfperf- intermixture ock-maple : es, and bays ler affords uU I ftages, vef- l Nova Sco- lontory that be leen at a lade by (hips le fummit of level of tb? Rmarh on Nova Scotia, Kcta Brmjwkk, ^. su The Ardois mountain lies between Windfor and Halifax, abbut thir- ty miles north-weft From the latter. It is deemed the htgheft land is the province, and affords an cxtenfivc profpcft of all the high and low lands, about Windfor, Falmouth, and the diftanl country bordering on the B^fin of Minas ; and muft in future time, with the rifing im- provements and diverfified fcenery, form a plcafing and variegated land- fcapp. Cape Blowmedown, which is the fouihem fide of the entrance from the bay of Fundy into the Bafm of Minas, is the eaftcrn termtna- tion of d range of mountains, extending for about eighty or ninety miles to the Gut of Annapolis; bounded on the north by tlie Ihores ol the bay of Fundy, on the fouth by Annapolis river. This trafcl of land is confide'fd t qu-il in richnefs and fertility to any in the American colo- nies, proclucuig wheat, rye, barley, oats, and every Ipecies ol vegetable in perfeaion and abundance. The principal rivers ate Annapolis and Sfiubenaccadie. The latter takes its rife within a ftiort mile ol the town of Dartmouth, on the eaft fide of Halifax harbour, and empties itfelf into Cobfquid br-y, taking in its courfe the Slewi ick and Gay's nVer. Other rivers of lefs note are the riVers which empty into Pitlou har. hour in the flraits of Northumberland; St. Mary's river, Antigontfh. Liverpool, Turket, Mufquidoboit and Siflibou rivers. The principal lakes are lake Porter, which empties itfelf into the ocean about five leagues to the eaftward of Halifax, which lake is fifteen miles in length, ancl an half a mile in width, with iflands in it; Potawock, focallea by the favages which lies between the head of St. Margaret's bay and the xnain road from Halifax to Windfor ; the great lake of Shubenacca. die lying on the eaft fide of (aid road, about feven miles from it, and twenty-one miles from Halifax. There t» another lake of confidcrable tnagnitude. called by the original French inhabitants, Rolfif>:nol, which lies between Liverpool and Annapolis, and from Indian accoi»nts is faid to be the main fource of Liverpool and Petit RiViere (fo called) rivers. It has been a place of refort for the Indians, from the favour- able hunting grounds about a. There are many other lakes, ftreams, and brooks, which water and diverfify all pans of this province. The principal bayr. are the bay of Fundy, which wafhes the ihores of New Brunfwick on the north, and Nova.Seotia on the eaft and fouth. T his bay is twelve leagues acrofs, from the gut of Annapolis to St, John s, the capital of New Brunfwick. The tides are rapid «" this bay, and rife at Annapolis Bafin about thirty feet. At the head of Chtgnedo channel, an arm of this bafy, the fpring tides rife fixty feet. At the Ba- fin of Minas. which may be termed the north-eaft arm or branch of this bay the tides rife forty feet. Des Barres. the late nautical furveyor of ihis province, has in general been corrcQ and particular m noting the latitude and longitude of all the diff-ereni towns, harlxjurs capes, and head lands in this province; and his charts a-e o pubhck, they can be reforted to by all who require further infur maiion on the lub- jea. "-•'"^•^•"^ fe m ■ISBff B '! fi kemarks on Nova Scotia, Nem Brunfwick, G?c. For natural prodnflions, Charlevoix in his Hiftorie General* ^c Nouvelle France, will give full information. Mr. Pernetie who has been curious in obferving the n itural produtlions of this province br upwards of thirty years, fpeaks highly ol the accuracy of Charlevoix on tlic fubjeil. The province of Nova Scotia contains eight million, feven hundred and eighty nine thoufand acres; of which three millions have been granted, and two millions fettled and under improvement. This prov- ince IS accommodated with many Ipacious barb 'US, bays, and coves of fitelier, equal to any ir. the univcrf^e. Its coatts abound with filh of all kinds, fuch as cod, falmon, mackerel, herring, alewives, trout, and from its contiguity to the banks of Newfoundland, Quero, Sable, banks, fifh- cries under proper management and regulations, might b; cariL-d on with a certainty of fuccefs. The fouthern fhores of Nova Scotia, to the eye of a llranger,exhibit an unfavourable appearance.beiiig in geuejr- al broken and llony : but the innumerable iflands along its coalls, coves and harbours, though generally compofed of rocky fubllances, appear by nature defigned for the drying of fifh, and arc clothed with materials lor flakes and Itages, and thsre is land fufficient for paftures and gardens to lerve the purpofes oi filhermen. As you advance into the back country, the face of it wears a fat more favourable and pleafing afperl ; and at Cornwallis, Windfor, Horton, Annapolis, Cumberland, Cobequid, PiQou, and along the noiih fliores of the province, are extenfive, well improved farms : and the gradual improvements in hufbandry, which hai> been encouraged by the laudable efforts aiid fuccefsful experiments of the Agricultural So- ciety here, afford a well grounded expe61atioa of its becoming a flour- ifl.ing colony ; efpecially ii a difpofition for frugality, economy, and induftry ftiould prevail among us; the want of which important quali- ties has been hitherto the foqrceof all ourembarraffmems. Nova Sco- tia may he compared to the ru !e diamond in the quarry : it only wants the polifli of well direfled induftry, to give it beauty and increafie its value. There are mines of coals at Cumberland, and on the e-it river which falls into Fiflou harbour. There are alfo lime (lone,and plaft cr of Paris at Windfor, and in the gut of Canfo ; and tfiere is plenty of bog and mountain ore ir< Annapolis townfhip, on the bor. rs of the Niclau riv- er, and a bloomery ercfted theic; and from fome late fuccefsful ex- fierimenis, there is a flattering profpeft of its becoming of great pub- ick benefit. Some Imall pieces of copper have been found at Cape D'Or, on the r.'^rth fide of the Bafin of ^Minas; but not fufficient to elfablifh a well grounded expedation of any mine rich enough to pay for the working of it. There are no cafcadec in this province, that merit diftinclion. The only two that have been noticed, are, one of them on a flream that falls into the head of Mill'ord Haven, which is about forty feet high, and te 1 -^ r-T/'^s ^'r' i^jm:; ipij.yi.p uj«-.im^^ ■nr ^^^hn, on the north-eall fliore of iItc pri>\ iiice, about the fame hei);ht. The Island of Capk Breton.] The prefent feat of^govern- meni is at Spanilh river, on the north lidethe ifland. TIikcoiI mincj are fiinated near the entrance of the harbour; the vorking ot which and the filhery are the chief em^iloyment of the •'>liabiiants. This ifl. and isinfeire6Ud with lakes and rivers. The g-eai Bras D'Oi is a vcrycxtenGvc Ihc^t of water, which forms into arms and branches, and opens an ealv communication wiih all parts ot the iflaiid. There is a great proportion oi arable land on this ifland ; and it abounds in timber and liard wo.. !, fuch as pine, beech, birch, maple, fpruccs, and fii. Iflc Madame, v*hich ii an appendage to this r "ernminl, is fciilcd for the moft pan hy l-'iench Acadians, wlwfe chief employment is ihi' filTiery at Amihot, the piincipal haibour in faid ifland. There are aboir fitly families fettled; ai don this ifland theic arc computed to be one ihoui-ind fouls. They lakf about thirty thoufand quintals of filh annually, which are ihipped foi Spain and the Straits principally by mercha.its trom Jei' v, who refori here annually and keep (lores ot fup/ifes for the hlhcrinen. pKoViNcE Of New Bruns'.vick.] Bounded on the fouth, by the north fhores of the bay ot Fundy and by the river Mifliquafli to its fomce, and Irom thence by a due eail tine to the bay of Vert ; on the Wffl, by a line to run due north from the head or main fource ot St. Croix river, in the bay of Pallamaquoddv, to the high lands-which di- vide the dreams which tail into the rivei St. Lawrence and the bay of Fnndv ; and trom thence by the fuuthern boundary of the colony of Qieb *c, nniil it touches the fea Ihore at the weilern extremity of the bay of Chaleur; then following the fcveral courfes of the fea flioretothe bay ot Vert (in the ftraits of Northumberland) until it meets the termi- nation of tlieeaffeni line producsd from the fource of the Milfiquafll above mentioned, :ncludrng ail iflands within the faid limits. The city oi St. John's, the capital, is fituated at the mouth or en- trance of the rivei St. John, on high and rocky ground. The ftreets are regular and fpacibus; and there are many decent, well biiilt houfes. It contains about one ihoufand inhabitants. The town of St. Anne's, the prefent feat of that government, lies about eight/ miles up the river. About one mile above the town is the only entrance into the river St. John, which is anout eighty or a hundred yards wide, and about four hundred yards in length ; and this palfage is called the Falls of the river. This paflage being fo ftrait, and a ridge of rock> running acrofs, where- on there are not above feventeen feet of water, renders it infufficient to difcharge the frefti waters of the river above. The common tides flowing here about twenty feet, at low water, the waters of the river are about twelve feet higher than the waters of the fea, and at hign water, the waters of the fea are about five feet bigiier tlnn the waters ot the river ; fo thai in every tide there are two falls, one outwards and one inward* : and the only lime of pafling this place, is at the time when tha waters of the river are level with the waters of ihe fea, which U*^ u Ml^ tmu^ ■am •^ w on — L _J — X K n '4' J' I iTO Khe mner nay of . Paffat^aquoddv. U is very regularly laid out ,n the form of an objong fquare; but few houfes, and tl.ofe, built on a fmall fcale Ther« je bul few inhabitants, whofe chief employment is in the •'^'"be trade. The common tides rife here about eighteen feet There are thee riv- ers which fall into the b«y o\ Paffamaquoddv. The largett is called by V : mod rnlnrns the S c'oodick ; but Sy De MonsandCh.mp a.ne wbo accompanied De Mpns inoneofhis v<>>S 'h'ther ( ee th^. vo^a^t^ in Purchafe's Col), aions, written and pubhOied in 1632) ..ailed Ltchc- ^ins. Its main fource is near P-"l^'<=-^ "-•^' '° "^'^^ ".;; ^.'^^uls' dians have a communication ; the carrying place acrofs is «h< - e >mles The rivers that fall into PalTamaquoddy bay have >"'«;;^'« *"^ meadows on their banks, and mull have forme, ly been covered wi ha Ce Jowth of timber, which is obfervable from the remains of large 'nkfwhich are (fill to'be feen ; but a raging hre '-vtrg pa^ed 'h-.^^^ that country (according to Indian accamts t:f.y V^^^.^g' f^^J^^^;^ j"; riouflv (w a very dry feafon) thnt it deftruyed moll ot the '""b^r )nh° 'aft fidi the bay of PalTamaquoddy, and particularly on nd lofclo river naqiiotid ■) s that pro- hn's river I courfes a i intervale 'he upland ruce, liem- 1 fome a(h, tifh Amer- lavy. 4nd of that iner bay of an oblong There are mber trade, e three riv- is called by \plaine v/\\o eir voyages, illed Etche- iver the In- thi ■ e mil'es. ervales and ^ered with a lins of large iFed through I burnt fofu- mber on the he Magcga- ged with un- which fall* beyond the le fide uf the nfwick, falls s confluence lugh a fertile well clothed ram.nication Road from Halifax to the Gulf of Si. Lawrence, ^c. loi with St. John's, partly by land, but principally by water carriaga iti ca- noes. The falmon filhery is carried on with fuccefs, and the cod filh. ery is improving near the entrance of the bay. Petitcodiak river falls into an arm of the bay of Fundy.called t-hig- nefto channel. From its confluence, after a cotirfe of fome miles north- erly, it takes a weftern diretlion ; and the Indians have a communica- tion' from the head of it with St. John's river by a portage acrofs to the head of KennebacaGus. Memramcook river lies a little to the eaft- ward of Petitcodak, and takes a northeafterly direaion, and has been recommended as the moft proper boundary for the diviOon bciwecft this province and Nova Scotia. Road from Halifax to the Gulf or St. Lawrence. Exlra&ofa Letter from Halifax in Nova Scotia, dated 0£lober 23,1792. •« -r AST evening Governour Wentwortb arrived in town after thir- I ^ ty.four days abfence, from an expedition into the woods, the chief objetl of which was, to open a road from the fettlements at Poic- tou, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to this place. Such a road has been long wanted, but thought imprafticable, from the expenfe and the I'up- poied difficulty of the country. Both are however overcome, and > good cart road is cut, cleared and bridged, by which the inhabitants of that populous, increafing, and fertile diftria, have an eafy communica- tion with the capital, a id can enjoy the benefits of its commerce as well as the advantages of law and government; of which, before j they were almofl wholly deftitute. This woik has been accompliflied without any burthen on (he publick, from a revenue which has always been dif- pofed of by former governours, but hitherto not applied to fuch benefi- cial purpofes. The diftance is fixty-eight miles, of which eight were done before; forty are newly cut, cleared and bridged; the remainder is made very paffable ; and the fund is diminifhed not one hundred and fifty pounds currency." Governours 0/" Nova Scot i a from ip6. IN thf rear 1720, Colonel Philipps was appointed Governotir oi Nova Scotia, and in the year 1749, Gener?il Gornw..i:is was ap- pointed in his ftead ; and was the founder ot tue preient fettlament of this colony. In 1752 Colonel Hopfon fucceeded; in 1753 Colonel rioploa had leave to go to England, and was fucceeded in the adminiftration of government by Licutenant-Colonel, then Lieutenant Governour„ Law- rence, and in 1756, he was appointed Governour in the room ot Colo- nel Hopfon. \\ t'^ .-^ :? 11 1/ 1 [.C h t 102 Dejcriplion of the Atherine. Governour Lawrence died in 1760, and Governour Ellis, who had been Governour of Georgia., was appointed Governour, and near lett Europe; but Mr. Belcher, fenior connfellor, was appointed Lieuten- ant Governour, and was fncceeded by Colonel Wilmot in 1763, who was appointed Lieutenant Governour, and was afterwards, in 1764, ap- nointed Governour in the place ot Mr. Elliy. In 1766, Governour Wilmot died, and the admitiiftration of gov- ernment was fuccefTively carried on by Mr. Green, the fenior counfel- lor, and Lieutenant Governour Franklin, until the end of the fame year, when Lord William Campbell, who had been appointed Governour, arrived. He continued in the government until he was fucceeded by Colonel Legge in 1773, who was called home in 1776. The admiuiftra- tion of government was afterwards fucceffively in Lieutenant Govern- our Arbuthnot, in 1778, in Sir Richard Hughes; and in 1781, in Sir Andrew Hammond. In >782, Colonel John Parr was appointed Governour, in the flead of Governour Legge. He die ! in November, 1791, .'Et. 66. On his death, Richard Bulkely, Prefident of the Council, was Iworn into the adminiftration ot government. John Wentworth, Surveyor General of the woods, was then in England; and as foon as Governour Parr's death was known there, he applied for the commiffton and obtained it. He arrived in the fpring of 1792 at Halifax, and was received by the inhabitants with great fatisfaftion. N. B. It is to be obferved, that fince the Britifti provinces in North America have been put under a general Governour, the Governour of each province is fly led Lieutenant Governour. The general govern*, ment comprehends Nova Scotia, New Brunfwirk, St. John's, Lower Canada, and Upper Canada. The relidence of the general Governour is at Quebec. A Jhort Defcriftion of the Atherine, two fpecimens of which hai>{ been lately prefented to the Cabinet of the Ihjlorical Society. THIS little fi(h is called by Linn;eus Atherina (Menidia) pinna ani radiis viginti quatuor, or Atherine with twenty-four rays in the fin behind i1 ;• anus. It is four inches in length, is fcmitianfparent, and has a broad filver line extended from the opening of the gills to the infertion of the tail. The tail is forked. The iris of the eye ftl- very. The back is marked in diamonds by dotted lines. It is found in great abundance in the river Pifcataqua, in the months of Auguft and September. It feeds on minute aqiiatick infcth of the nionocutus kin-^j and is preyed upon by feveral fiftjes as well as fliell drakes. '^• ■■X- -jt-^; -{■' r?^: s, who had id near lett ;d Lieuten- 1763, who in 1764, ap- ion of gov - iorcounfel- e fame year, Governour, ucceeded by : admiiiidra- ant Govern- 1781, in Sir in the flead 56. On his )rn into the yor General inour Parr's obtained it. ;ived by the es in North overnour of eral govern*, hn's, Lower I Governour Kl ^^ tA ^'4 which haitt 'ociety. riidia) pinna four rays in itranfparent, ihe gills to : the eye ftl- I the months nfctf s of the well as (Iiell mmm JIMi