IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 If »- !SSi — m 112.' I.I 125 Hi m-,^ m^ 1.4 1= 1.6 6' ^ <^ 7 iV^ "% 'a!^ i^' ^■< .> -<&> ^w . They cost as much to thresh as the same measure of good grain. 7. Loss of dockage at elevators, and freight on dirt. 8. Manv crops are altogether lost through being cut down under the " Noxious Weeds Act. " 9. The cost of statute labor and payment of municipal officers in carrying out the Act. 10. Shrinkage in values of dairy products. 11. Damage to machinery and stock. All engaged in agriculture are aware of these losses, but few seem to realize what they mean in actual cash. Weeds and pheik Ohujin. Weeds are often tersely defined by farmers as dirt. It is a good definition, for din is matter out of place, and weeds are ants in the wrong place ; namely, wlierethey may do harm. They are directly hurtful to crops by taking nourishment from the soil, and moisture and light from the crop. Indirectly they involve loss in the various ways already indicated. Their seeds are found in all soils, and experiments have bf en made which show that ordinary garden soil contains 1,300,000 such seeds to the acre. Ordinary manure, as put upon fields, contains about one million seeds per acre. Experiments made with those soils and seeds, have shown that from 80,000 to 175,000 per acre, actually germinated in one year. Many species of weeds have seeds possessed of extraordinary vitality- enabling them to survive for years, either in the soil or elsewhere, until the proper conditions for germination and growth present themselves. This is particularly the case with some of our worst weeds belonging" to the Mustard 1 raily, which have seeds containing oil, with seemingly - great pre; ervati >i power. For the oriji ;i of noxious weeds it is usual to look to other countries, from which seeds have come in various ways. Undoubtedly many do reach us from r.bro id, but in the list given herewith are a considerable number which are indigenous to the country. Ot native growth, they have f)Und in cultivated soil very congenial hotnes, at.d have become troublesome pests. Instances of this class are found in Pasture Sage Brush, Sunflowers, Showy Lettuce, Crum Weed jftid Treacle Mustard. It is neces- sary, then, <,hat a sharp lookout be kept upon our native plants, as many of them are capable of givir'3^ much trouble in the future. Whenever any such are becomins? unduly plentiful upon any farm, prompt action t-hould be taken to ascertain their true character, and the best methods of destroy ing them. P^oreign weeds have, ot c > ii'se, come to u« chiefly from the United States, or from Furope by way of Eastern Canada aii'^ the United States, or direct. A curious instance of the latter case, seems to be fouid in ^ new arrival ot which mure will be said laier. This plant, which for want of another English name may provisionally be called the "Russian Pig- weed, " has ccme, as its name implies, from Eastern Russia. It was first noted in Canada near Winnipeg, and, as it has not been officially noted in the United States, the natural conclusion is that it has come to us direct from the country named. Ready means for the conveyance of such seeds are furnished by immigrants' baggage, or seeds and trees imported for experimental purooses. In the latter case too much vigilance cannot be exercised, especially when the importation is from a country similar to this in climatic conditions. DlSTKIBUTION OF SEEDS. The rapid spread of noxious weeds is easily accounted for when we take into consideration the agencies ac work. Everything is in their favor. Nature does the work iti many ways. 1. The wind wafts seeds, constructed to float in the air, Immense dis- tances, or drives them .ilong the ground with dust or snow, or, in the ease of the different " tumble weeds," sends the parent plant careering for miles over the prairie, scattering thousands of seeds in its course. Water in creeks and rivers carries them in myriads, and leaves them to grow along broken banks, or on overflowed lands. An illustration of this on a large scale is to be seen ueR,r the mouth of the Red River, where hundreds of acres of land have been overrun with Canida thistles seeded in this manner. They are also distributed by birds and animals in droppings, or by being attached to the coats of the latter, in the form of burs and ticks of various kinds. 2. They are also distributed by human agency. Foul seed, which is dear at any price, is purchased for its seeming cheapness. Matured plants are dragged over fields by harrows or seeders, drop- ping seeds as ihey go. They are carried in hay, fodder and manure ; and on wagons, thresh- ing machines, binders and railway cars Screenings from threshers and fanning mills are often neglected, and even thoughtlessly flowed into fields. The 1 nowledgc of these facts suggests partial safeguards against fu ture loss. ' Prexention is better than cure, and an intt-Uierent application of th6 les.iasof the pur, willgo far to mici-a^.e danger and ''_>^].^'-o ".^•^^'^^ in the furure. The following sound maxims are reprinted from the Bul- letin of 1894 :— PRKVENTATIVE.S 1. Never sow foul seed, even if clean seed costs double the price, ('ount the after-cost. 2. Cleanings of cars should be collected and destroyed. 3 No matter on whose farm a threshing machine has been working, see that it is thoroughly swept down from top to wheels, and run empty at least five minutes, before coming to your farm. 4. Do not thresh on diflerent spots, have your regular threshing site* and watch them carefully. 5. Clean down binders and implements before moving from foul to- clean fields. f). If possible get your farm fenced in order to keep your neighbor's cattle from straying over your fields. 7. See that your wagon wheels and boxes, and horses' feet are clean' before driving over your fields. 8. Allow no man to drive across your fields, even to secure a near cut. 9. Get all your feed crushed, even though you thirk it is clean. 10. Never spread fresh manure on your fields, nor allow weeds to- mature on your manure pile. 11. Watch your watercourses. 12. Never allow weeds to ripen on your farm, and encountge your neighbors to take the same precaution. ElUDICATION. The destruction of weeds can only be successfully accanplished by a • careful study of the conditions of plant life, and the characters of the var- ious species that are found troublesome. They are usually classed as— 1 AnmiaU—ThC'iG include all which grow from seed and mature in one' season, if the seed^ germinate in Spring. They have generally small fibrous roots, wiiioh seldom penetrate very deeply into the soil, and they produce a large quantity of seeds. This is nature's safeguard against growth ea. iy tt.e N.llowing year KxlmuZnfn '""-L ^T^'*^'*' ^^^'^ germination of tlie heeds c/n be secarp?) mti J, i ' ^'"^'""'^ ^'''" '•'"^be '•arrowin, or so.ne other metlld the ste der d' li r'"^"'"""'^' «« 'h^t, by to sun and wLkI, . heir destruction sen uS I Z; '•"::^« «'*'"'« exposed once this would be a comparative yeasTtsk L7 ^f"^'""»^d at pointed out, seeds of this class h^vp of> "'^sk ; hut, as we ha,ve already ^ ^«™ Sunflowers, Cm.h Gras« et u"^ l f' ^'^'■f""'^' Sow Vhistle, .ome ^K-Eye Daisy and othSs Trow on it ^T^''. ^'^" ^''^"''•'"' J^^ndelion, ■ ' 3 further he'ped b/rh^prXctir lfta:ni:iUro;tVd:" '' '''-''' ^- leaves under the influence oighta„dai?' ""nlV" "^^"."^'^-tured in the off. the plant mu^t 8..on becomf eJh^H J^l '"^P''''^ ''^ '^^'^ ^e cut method to be pursued in the work of exterl - .Tl>i^ indicates the ify of removing ,he root" tocks a lrp,?,p r l'''^' ^^"'"^' *''« Po^sibil- the better pUntthe neTt test is o ^t^^^^^ '^'i^"^' ^'"^'^ is of course .ngoff the f.od supply, ^:i::^::^- ^J^ri^L^as:"^ ^^^- J)etaii,.s of Fhactice. Annuals. .uitable for all .l,„ anS weeds aThouJi w>f °' "°''°"' '■'""""■ "»' >>' «ary to apply i, ,„ rlgidty. ' ^"'"'"K'' ""»' '""^.v n will not he neces- fail„wedd'ad„?ti,e TeL fu" 'Z- ""S „'?' "h"" T """•""^'"^ •™'-'- oan be done well. sunnnc. Do not undertake one aere more than imJiir,ra":;tt;'ro;tS^rjeri^";r,^r%''-T'- «-- *ow above ,roa„d „be„ winter eoretls'S.TeSds o'r1bl"„ri?S -their vitality over winter, and shed bc >? very early in spring, before you are ready for saramer- fallowing. 3. Harrow again first thing in spring. 4. Spring-plow and sow all the cultivated land not set apart for sum- mer-fallow, and if it appears that there is rather too much land under cul- tivation fo" the available force, seed down a part with grass which will tend to keep it out of mischief till overtaken. 5. After seeding cultivate summer-fallow slightly deeper than was done the previous fall, and harrow as often as weeds appear. 0, Now commence plowing so as to have all plowed before auy seeds have formed. 7. Harrow each evening the land plowed during the day and repeat as often as weeds show above ground. The object of this is to encourage weed-growth and to destroy the young plants. 8. The following season sow without any fartl er cultivation and '^and pull ail the weeds ^^hich appear in the crop. 9. Gather the weeds in a sound bag to prevent any seeds from falling x)tit. 10. Burn all the plants, because, if thrown in a pile, the under oies will mature seed. 11. In the fall treat as in the fall preceding summer-fallow, and sow -the following spring without plowing. On land infested with weed seeds, never plow and sow without giving all the seeds in the surface soil an op- portunity of germinating, both before and . ".er plowing. Never be de- ceived by one clean crop. Millions of seeds may be buried below the germinating depth and will grow iu future years. Biennials. These may to a considerable extent be treated in the same manner as annuals ; but as some species, which are ordinarily true biennials, will live three years or possibly more, if seed production be prevented by mowing or cutting the stem above the crown of the root, another method is often advisable. The roots below the crown should be cut with hoe or gpud— the latter being a large strong chisel attached to a fork-handle. It is a valuable instrument, which may be used to much advantage in cutting thickened roots below the surface. Weedsof this class are usually most abundant in old fields, a'.ong road-sides, and in waste places where the soil is seldom disturbed. They must be destroyed in these places, if the work of clearing the seed out of cultivated fields is to be made effective. Perenniah. For the destruction of perennials the following suggestions, made by Dr. Dewey, of the United States Department of Agriculture, are so admir- ably stated that they are" here reproduced. No 2 is probably out of the e applied to our roads, railway grades, and waste places in both ttawn and country. " The plant suggested for this purpose is the common White or Dutch Clover. It is possessed of great vitality, grows easily from seed, is proof against our severest frosts, spreads rapidly and is very persistent of growth. As an illustration of what it can accomplish, may be noted cer tain streets in Wiinipeg and West Selkirk, where it has kilh^d out every weed. From the latter town it has been carried along the ditches to the Red River, in the lower reaches of which it has, in many places, asserted itself above all other vegetation on the river banks. " The suggestion is therefore made that municipalities, railway cor porations and individuals be encouraged to maue trial of this new method of fighting weeds in places where cultivation is impossible. A few dollars spent in seed scattered along roads, railway grades or on waste places would, I am convinced, soon lead to {. wonderful reduction in the annual cost of destroying weeds. It would have the further advantages of pro- viding pasturat d upon land now worse than useless, of binding the sur face of grades,"and of blotting out the patches of unsightly weeds which are such eyesores in our towns." DESCRTITTON OF VARIOUS WEKDS. At the end of this pamphlet will be round a table enuineniting and describing briedy some 7;") weeds of a more or less dangerous character, found within this Province. Of some a fuller account seems to be necessary, either because of their i)resent dangerous character, or because, though as yet but little known they «!•<> likely tn heeome hurtful pe"*ti in the nea" future. Some of these have I een described in former publications of this Department, iind those descriptions arc in tlie main here reproduced. Nil 10 Stink Weed, or Penny Cress {Thlaspi arvense, Linn)* at the lower parteorae oat Hrst, and the pods may he almost rlDewhHe agreeable smell and its peculiarly shaped pod. The Dod is nf n vJL ftTe ^ot' ;i"h 'T ^ *",^ "^^ broad.\eaft shaped a n'ddeeplylnde fed seeds ?^h. ' h' '""-^ '^"'' ^"^ "^^^ ««" ^""^"J"« f'-o"! four to eiiht ftower Jjants ™''°"'r' '"' -^^^'"^^ "^'^^^ ^"'^"'^'' ^^an that of cauli- prXce rid hfd rhi"^ ^^T """*"' T"^'' °" ^''' ''^'''i" ^^eir vitality aud C twice 1„h. '''"* very early, and these seeds will often repro- nn?!! ^ ''^"^ ^''*''«"- T^e seed being small will not terminate pott^^n'- f •"" -^^ '"•■^"^^' ^"d ^^^" ^'^••'^d below the geSSg cows wh h h "' ^'*^''i^ '"'' '"^"y ^^^'•«- The milk produced W S is removed T'' '" ^'?'' ^""^ ^^ °"^ «^ ^«'' "««■ and unless uch srgh;:ri;7trbeirSurarKtrbr:. ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^"--^^ ^-^^-^ - Wild Mustari> {Brassica sinapisirum, Bois.s). f«a. •''^^ '•' ?*'''««'^ " of England. An annual, growing from one to four Slk haTr^'S-.r"'"'^"^ '° '''' ""^ ^'^'^^^'^^ ' ^^^-^^'-^^ ve'-y Snch ng fTlhLlV '•"^^' '"''^^^"ty. has a profusion of yellow flowers simufr to those o turnip and others of the Crucileric. The seed pods are Tni^ and contain a number of seeds each. In common with alMhe member! whchoTv ni f T'' 'r''^' *"^ ^'^•^ «^ ^'^^ ««^d contai^'an oi? f^r ve.rrHM /h ^""^l ^^' ^ '""^ ''"^"' ^^"^ ^^ ^^"1 ^«"'«in i" the ground vTJr I . ^''°"'*"'''"' ^'^ favorable, when it will grow with unabated vigor It takes longer to mature than Stink Weed, bu? will ripen seed H fhis wpph' ''t '^' ''"'* '^ '""^ ''•^'•'^^d- A« the bright yellow flowers oJ this weed make It easily distinguished in a field, it may be hand pulled mi' le "Cr' •'"•'""''■ ''" ^''^'''' ^'^"^«'- «^ ^t« inrroducti^n ' n b'arfa ft;^; irem^bSc?"^^' "^^ ^"' "'^^^ ^^'"^'^^ -«^« ^o -^-^ it TUMI.I.ING Mustard iSis;;,,!,.:,,, Siaapistrum.Cvanty.) (^a'Wlll7ur'l"ifn/vv'''';''' ^«!"«t*'"«« «'^"«d the Indian Head or tricnvfnl hif^ S ^^"^^ "^""^ '" ^^■^•' detected in Manitoba in the dis- tributed prinf.in« k;„. "'""f''^"" It his now been more widely dis- ^rtSrd S; -^ !"^ ^"^dis rather common from Winnipeg rggrelsive imml^.'/r '' ""T" ?'•''"'' ''"^ ^^^^s on. more to the list^o*f Jwn« I '^""'^^ '"t weeds which have come to us from Southern Europe. ^ In its original home the Tumbling Mustard is ?o^ the mos" * Oiteii uiiscalied " French Weed.' n part a biennial, producing only a rosette of leaves the first year, and the flowering stem the second season, but in this country it is a coarse, smooth annual weed, which comes from seed every year. It, as a rule, varies in size, from two to four feet in height, and the stem is very much branched above. It bears at the root a rosette of hairy leaves, in shaoe somewhat like those of the dandelion (fig 4). These are quite different from the smooth, finely divided leaves which later on TUMBLING iMUSTARD. Figs. 1 and 8- - Leaves of young plants near the ground. Fig. '2— Plant SO inches high, showing 10 inches above crop in field. Showiug yiwU on steins and flowers at tips of branches. are borne upon the flowering stem (Hgrf. 1 and 3.) The pale yellow crosB- sbaped flowers are composed of four petal.s like those of all the membetB of the large Muwiard family to which this weed belongs. The stotH, erect stem is much in .inched above, and bears numerous long very slender seed pods, tLree inches in length ^iigs. 2 and 5). 12 The following extracts, treating on this weed, are taken from the re ports of Mr. J. Fletcher, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The illustrations^ are from the same gentleman, and appear on pp. 178 to 180 of his 1895 Report : - Report 1892: " It starts in the spring from seed, and if let alone, will ripen its seed at the same time as mustard, or about wheat harvest (Fig. 4.) TUMBLING MUSTAED. A young plant. If cut off above the ground it Avill throw out shoots, which, if let alone, will ripen seed before frost comes if tiie first cutting is early enough. If 13 not the shoots will go on growing until the first frost destroys it. It does not' start in the spring from the autumn growth, lor that is entirely dead One seed produces one stock, which lives and dies the same season. The normal size of this plant in Europe is about two feet high but a large specimen sent to me entire by Mr. McKay for the purpose of ■counting the seeds, was more than twice that height, with numerous branches covered with long pods (Hg. 6). All of these were counted ; each 2 Feci- TIJMBLINU MUSTAUn— From a Phoiograph. (Fig. (5.) pod contained an average of 120 seeds, in two ranks, and gave the enor- mous total of one and a-half millions of seeds from the one plant 1 hese when threshed out weighed 150 grammes (nearly h\ ounces). I he seeds are very small, about half the size of the seed of timothy, and dark reddish-brown in color. There is no doubt but that the introduction of this pernicious weed into the IsortU-Webt Territories is a most serious matter." 14 Hare's Eai* Mustard. (Erysimum Orientals, R. Br) m ¥\ This plant, tig. 7, is a slender branching annual with grey- ish-green succulent leaves on the stem, oblong oval in shape and clasping at the base ; the root leaves are spatulate, more elongated and not clasping at the base. The flowers are small, of a creamy-white and borne at the tips of the bran- ches ; they are followed by square pods, sometimes three inches in length, containing rather large blackish seeds. This has developed into a very troublesome weed, espec- ially in Southern Manitoba. It must be thoroughly eradicated wherever found. HAKE'S EAR MUSTAPD (Kryximvm Oihnlalo li. Br). Fig. 7. False Fi.ax (Camelina mtiva, Crantz). This plant, a member of the Mustard family, has be^n introduced from Lurope where it has long been known as a troublesome weed in flax fields. Tt resembles flax somewhat, but has much snuiller flowers and seeds, and its se«d capsules are pear-shaped instead of spherical Fg 8 U IS an annual, like yheplierd's Purse, Peppergrass and most of the other troublesome weeds of the Mustard family. h, the norrhem part of its range, at least, the seeds are seldom matured except on plants which 15 grow as winter annuals. The seeds germinating in the fall produce » rosette of leaves in the same manner as the dandelion. In the spring a seed stalk is developed from the midst, and after the seeds are matured the plant dies. The seeds germinating in the spring produce plants that usually blosRom during the same season, but seldom mature seeds, being killed too early by the frost. FAL,SE FLAX. {Cami-liiiamUi'a.Cranlz) (Fig. 8.) Showing plant ; flower very much enlarged ; seed, somewhat, and very much magnified *' BiUD, OK Summer Rape (Jirassica campestris Linn).- This plant is almost like the better known Wild Mustard, but is quite smooth, with •'. pale bloom upoii it similar to that upon the Cabbage. It is the RapH fed to cage birds, and doubtless often originates from this source. It should be as rigorously treated as Wild Mustard. Ui Mali, Mvstahu (Nedia panicidata, Desv). This is a tall rank-growing annual, with roughish leaves grasping the stem, somewhat pointed^ and from 2 to 4 inches long, the larger ones an inch iii breadth. The vellm* iiowers are biirne on a number ot long and rather graceful cl it^ters, together forming small panicles. The iiowers are very small a;ut produce round pods, somewhat flattened, with a min ute beak at top, and with wrinkled markings when ripe. The plant gets its common name from these ball-shaped pods, which are scarcely l-16th of an inch in length, and contain a single liny yellow seed. Its habits are those of other mustards. It, is found principally In South and South- wesi Manitoba in grain crops. Pepper Guass. ( Lcpidiwni intermedium, Gray.) A slender annual herb, from 12 to 1« inches in height with the general appearance of the Cress family, to which it belongs. The flowers are very small, w.iitish and very numerous. Thev are followed by small roundish flat pods, arranged in long clusters and forming a large spread- ing mass around the central stem. The seeds are reddish in color, much like those of Shepherd's Purse, but larger. Ttiey are produced in great quantities, and germinate so readily that the rank growing plants easily choke out young growth, and will prove specially troublesome in wet seasons. Great complaints have been made about this weed in certain districts, and quantities of its seeds have been noticed in cleanings from elevators. Farmers should light this weed in every way— hand- pulling is of special value— but all plants pulled should be carefully collected and burned. Spider Flower (Cleome integrifolia, L). This is another native plant, found as far north as Peace River, but only in certain localiries. It is abundant in one part of the Parish of St. Paul, north of Winnipeg. It grows from 1 to 3 feet in height, has 3 to 7- parted leaves and purple or white flowers, with four petals which soon fall off. The anthers protrude from the flower, and with its loose outer parts give it somewhat the appearance of a spider. Hence the name "Spider Flower." The seeds are produced in one-celled pods, not unlike verches in shape and size, each containing two rows. The seeds are peculiar in shape, being curled around until the two ends almost meet. This is a troublesome weed when once established on land, and being rather ornamental is often no doubt spared for the sake of its flowers, to the subsequent regret of its admirers. (ifUM Weed ( UrivdeUa Hqnarrosa, Dunal). The (xum Weed is too well known to need a detailed description, fig. •.». Everyone in Manitoba is familiar with its attractive yellow flowers, like small sunflowers, and has learned by experience that beautiful as it is to look at, it is most unpleasant to handle, owing to the abundant sticky juice exuding from the flowers. It is a native annual, producing abundance of seeds, very common along roadsides and in waste places, and is ranldlv apreading into fields and upland meadows. 17 t GUM WEED Griiiddia siinarroxa, Dimid). Kig. f> A tincture made from the leaves, it is said, will cure the effects of poison ivy. Showy Lettuce ( Mulgediwm pidchellnm, Nuttall). A perennial native plant, a little like lettuce in its general appear ance and habits. Its foliage is, however, scantier, and often has a reddish appearance. The Jight blue flower heads are h^vlf .-in inch across, and grow in racemes. The seeds float on the wind like those of the I'nckly Lettuce, ttgured below. They are about a quart " an inch long. 18 This weed is becoming too coraraori in lielfis, and may, unless care be taken, become here, what the " Fricklv L ^ttnce," described below has be- come m the Northern States— a very serious pest. It 's very plentiful in Western Manitoba. Pr'CKlv Lettuce {l.,ntv,u smriola L) The "Prickly Lettuce, ' described in the following extract has not yet reached Manitoba, but is reported from Okanagan, B.C. As it is therefore, not at all unlikely it may be found here in the near future, we print it in full, on the principle that to be tore warned is to be fore- armed. The extract is from Bulletin No. 28 of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, by Mr. Dewey :— I'RICKEY LKrrUCE. Fig. 1©. "The Prickly Lettuce is also known by the common names Milk Thistle, English Thistle and Compass Plant. ' During the past season it has been mistaken for Russian Thistle in many localities. It is a native of Europe. The first record we have of it in this country is in the fifth edition of Gray's Manual (1868), where the locality is given as 'waste grounds and roadsides, Cambridge, Mass.' About ten years later it was observed in the region of the Great Lakes, and now it has become widely distributed throughout nearly all the States from Massachusetts to Vir- ginia and westward to the Missouri itiver, and has crossed the mountains l(t tto Idaho, Oregon and Washington. It is most aburdant and troublesome in the States bordering on the Ohio River and the Great Lakes. " The Prickly Lettuce is closely related to the common garden lettuce, which it resembles in the seed-bearing stage (fig. Oa.) It is an annual, sometimes doubtless a winter annual, partaking of the character of a bien- nial. The stem, smooth or with small scattered prickles, rises to a height of 2 to 6 feet, bearing a few lateral branches and a large open panicle of flowers. The flowers are small, one-fourth to one-halt inch in diameter, yellow, and inconspicuous, as only a few are open at a time (flg. 10 rf shows natural size of head). The plants begin to bloom in July and pro duces a few blossoms each morning thereafter until killed by the frost. The seed, or strictly speaking the akene — the seed with the close fitting case which contains it — is dark brown in color, flattened, between oblong and lance-shaped in outline, about one-sixth of an inch long and one fourth as broad. On each of the flat faces there are 5 or 6 ridges length- wise, which are finely roughened. At the apex is a slender, thread-like beak, nearly as long as the body of the akene, bearing a tuft of fine white hairs about as long as itself (fig. 10 c). In the fruiting stage the tufts of the 10 to 5 seeds which grow in one head spread out so as to form a white, • gauzy ball of down, like that of the dandelion, but smaller and less dense. A single average ^ lant has been estimated to bear more than 8,000 seeds. The leaves are oblong and without stalk, the blade clasping the main stem by a base with two ears. They are prickly along the wavy margins and along the midrib on the back (fig. 10 h). The principal leaves on the stem have the unusual habit of twisting so that the upper part of the blade be- comes vertical. They also point north and south ; hence the name Com- pass Plant. The white, milky juice has suggested the name Milk Thistle. Both of these names are incorrectly used in thi& connection as they are properly applied to very different plants. " Unlike most annual weeds, the Prickly Lettuce is very troublesome in meadows and permanent pastures. Clover intended for a seed crop is often entirely ruined. Oats and other spring grain crops suflfer more or less damage. Great Raoweed. Hooweed [Ambronia trifida, L) Annual. This is a stout coarse weed, much branched, and from 3 to 5 feet in height. It is found commonly in heavy soil, and is very abun- dant in grain fields and waste places in many parts of the Province. The plant is rough, hairy, with large opposite, deeply three-lobed leaves. Fig, W a. The flowers are of two kinds, growing on different parts of the plant. The sterile or male flowers are produced in tapering spikes about four inches in length, and are green above, and a dull yellow beneath. The fertile or female flowers grow from one to three together at the bases of tlie spikes and leaves, close to the stem. As they are of a greenish color and inconspicuous they are not often noticed. They each produce a tapering seed from \ in. to | in. in length, with curious horn-like projections at the Thev ripen in September and October, broad tnd, (fig. 11 b.) 20 Owin^ to Its coarse growth thia weed Is a ^reat nuisance chokh,.^ «nrf. starving the crops; and adding greatly to the labor of harvSting Still greater mischief is caused by the seede, which cannot be cleaned i (iS-RAT "kAaWE^.D {A7nhrosia Mfida, L) Fig 11. out of grain, and are such a rnu^sn. e to millers that wheat or oats'eontain- ing any large proportion of the>;e seeds, are unsaleable. The same remark applies to the seed of the following plant. 21 Roman Wormwooo or BrrrEU-WEED (Ambrosia artemisi folia, L). This plant belongs to the same fpmily aa the preceding. It is how- ever less coarse and robust, and grows only to the height of 1 to 3 feet The flowers are of two kinds, as in the preceding plant ; the sterile in long spikes of small green and yellow clusters, and the fertile generally at the base of the leaves. The seeds are ma^h like the one shown in figure 116; but are somewhat smaller than those of the great Ragweed. The loaves are cut into somewhat fine divisions, rather like those of Wormwood. Hence its common name. The remedy for it, as for others of its class, is clean cultivation and iheavy cropping. \-\ MARSH ELDER Fig. 12. Mahsh Elder {Iva xantkii/olia, Nutt). Annual. This is a well-known weed, comtQon everywh^jre. It a a )l f coarse, rough plant, from three to six feet in height. The leaves are mo^f ly opposite, ovate or heart-shaped, somewhat downy and the mar3n?«t tTeClfheadtf ''"""l^^^^- ^^-^--^^^ are ^^e'enlsh-whS coir end. n? h! h fo'-ming spikes or clusters arranged loosely on the sides or ends ot the branches. As in Gn it Ragweed they are of two kinds bat Z T.ltT ^'T ^ "'" '"'^^ ^«^d^- The plant flowers la eTn summer anS the seeds, which are somewhat pear-shaped, fig. 12 b are prodS Ik fht Tt^f '''' T"" ''''^'' '"^P^"'"^ *" Septembe^' and be ober It fs found n fields, gardens, wastes and farm yards, and from its he iht and m fnTtbo7''o; b""'"?- '"J'T '' "" «^°P^'-"^ adds mSTto the prrve^nrn'jftZr^'^"^'- ' ' "'^^'" '' ^^^^^^^^y^'^^^^^^^^ Canada Thistle (Cnicm anuo).n>i. Ifofm}. it griwsrl' hei Jh?o7TlnP??'.'' '".'r -r "' '^' '^^^"'•^ '' ^^'^ thistles, i'h^i„!;^ ^ ^^ ^ **^ '^ ^^^*- The leaves are long- and narrow t\.^ 1 ^f ^''^."°u' '"'^'S^*^* b^^* ^^« ^"dented a third to a hllf way [nTo the midrib; and the lobes thus formed are turned down at the Di?nts I'r,^ 'V^^^ ^ """^P^** appearance. The under surface oVthe fea? fs wooll ^ , the upper surface is usually smoother, but is not always withou JnH nn r°^ '^- '^'"' '""• ^'^''^'^'''^ ««'^"'- al«"ff the edges of the leaves and on the main stem. The flower is about \ or J of an inch across ^hP top and is perhaps an inch and a half long, "it is^of a rurpUsh coo and 'If^^l^' ^0^^^^ ot other thistles except f hat it is smaller and Joes no^ Fonf H ■* f " P'TP 1"" appearance. When the seed is ripe it can he carr ed Jong distance by the wind on account of the down attached to it 'The Canada Thistle also spreads from the root. It sends roors(n,.k« ong distances, horizontally, under the surface and fron theL th^Son ? we:3 "'nZI''""^ fresh plants. T.e thistle Z one'of' hTfoS IhSinJ^ t^^^-;;.:!^^^^ - it re^. S^^-a^sH^Sc^^S^^^^^ HeueNNIAL .Sfi\VTmsTI,E (.SV)»r/;;/.sr*r,v,rw^s, Z» i«or'^''u e^'cee^l'iffly troublesome pest, was first noticed in Manitoba in 1895, when a vigorous plant of it was found at C.rtwright. Fm^ effor 7Zr'^\T ^'''''' '' destroyed, but reports now show that he pUf found ,n other parts of the province. It is illustrated in Kig. VI It is a perennial, with strong long rootstocks, which send ud ru.,k coarse stems with deeply-c.t, spiny loothed lea;es, daspir^ them ht their bases. The flower stalks apri in«ror mrf of rhk « -. . i, ^ ^ bristly, making it a very disagreeabIe"plant'o hrildle "' '"'"' ^"'*^ i The flowers are in large heads, bright yellow, and produce quantities- of downy seed, which like that of the thistle, is carried about by the wind. As the plant grows faster tb a\ the young grain, it should be carefully looked lor early in the seaso , and by thoroughly clearing out both plant and rootstock, every effort should be made to eradicate it. Thi* is a very serious pest when once it gains a foot hold. Its coarse rank lower leaves choke out the life from seedlings around it, and draw immense quantities of water from the soil, it produces seeds in great pro- fusion which not only cause it to spread with great rapidity, but become, it is said, a great nuisance to threshers, who are obliged to wear veils to protect theh- eyes from panicles of the floating down. Common Sowi'histlk (Sonchv-'i oleraceuc, L.) This plant and the Spiny-leaved Sowthistle {Sonrhm asper) are annuals, instead of perennials, and less difficult to control than the pre ceding. They are, however, sutflciently troublesome and should be kept in check. They are not so large and coar.-e as the above, have pale yellow flowers, and are very common in gardens as well as fields They difi'er from each other principally in their leaves, those of the last named being less divided and more spiny-toothed than those of the former plant, Sonehufi oleraceus. Hkaiuie Thistle {Vnieii.-* uitdnlatus, Gray). This handsome native thistle scarcely needs any description. its white woolly leaves and sterna, and pale purple heads of Bowers make it a conspicuous object on the prairie. It is another example of a native plant becoming d nuisance in gardens and fields, where having all the advantages of a cultivated soil, it grows with wonderful vigor and persistency. Under these condition?, as a biennial, it sends out far- reaching rootstocks which send up new plants at intervals, thus enabling it to spread more rapidly. On neglected farms it is likely to prove very troublesome. Whitk Weed, Ox-Eve Da isv, ( JA rifsa nthem tun Leucantlieiuum , L. ) The Ox-Kye Daisy is a vsell known pest in parts of Ontario- and southward, where' whole farms are seriously injured by it. It was mentioned in oar list, in the Bulletin of I .st year, as having been found in Manitoba, but special attention was not drawn to it, as there was some hope that it might not be very widespread. Now, however, we find it ha^ appeared in Western Manitoba, near Melita, and at other points. The plant is almost too well known to need description. It has finely-cut leaves, rather pale green in color, and handsome white- rayed flowers with a golden eye IHce a large daisy. It produces abund an'ce of seed. It is a perennial and can best be exterminated by pulling. It is to be hoped it will not be allowed to obtain a foothold in this country, and no considerations of beauty should be allowed to interfere with its destruction whenever it appears. Wherever it has been neglected it has become a moat pertii -ious pest in fields, pastures and meadows alike, as it :^ p..fvr,,^/».j f f.,1 iiy o.reeMin" rootstocks as well as by seed. The remedy for it is mowing inVastures, etc., and palling or hoeing among crops. 24 Kireweed-Canada Flea-iune, (Erigeron Canadensis, Linn.) lon^lLTJ'^fl ^'^'' ^""^ '^''"''*'' ^'""^ ^ ^"^ * ^'- h'^h, with leaves 1 to 3 in. long and the flowers hi numerous small whitish heads about one-sixth cow HIOHB. Fig. 14. {SajmuuHavaccaia, L.) inch long. These produce numerous seeds each wifh n fnf^ -.♦ .n T!.Au ."^^' ^'*' ^■'Py'iially ou such as are wet. It is verv commnn Trts la "Tu'' T,"' "'^"^*^'"' "«"'^- '' -- very aLiXf n some Kauho'^end. '" "''''' ^'"'^'"^"^ ''' ''' '^-^'''^etion is given in the ITS S ?C H >5 2< t— t > rH k. V3 o 05 ?5 n H T3 a TS >-H t c» I'D H _. f O W a . s 5 'O S o l5' iZ! > en > -, h o !«: -1 ^ a S- 3. a m.) 1 to 3 in. ine-sixth silky I very mmon some in the Illill 25 False Tansy. {Artemisia hieTinis, Willdenow.) As the proper name implies it is a .^'«""Jj'>/"t, '^^"^e ected over <)la8s it requires to be carefully watched in the f^:,.\';^^/'''^„d every toppine the crop, as is often the case, it must be pulled by *\a"«' f "^ ^^l^ S made to g^t rid of it. as its strong coarse f-wth renders it verj in- iurious to crops. It is also a great nuisance in harvesting. Cow Heub {Sajxmaria Vaccaria, L). Illustrated in Fig. U. Ar. annual, about 2 ft. high with smooth .eavi"arsfms,"the iftter somewhat s.oUen at the points and the whol plant of a light green color. 1-^lowers pink, the ca Ix «';^cup having . angles, the petals are 5, the outer edges irregularly cut. The ««<^«« ^«° Sed iu a roundish capsule or pod, are black and round^ /*/"ekle about the end of June. It is of much the «.;«« nature as the cocWe and has of late earned a bad reputation for itself. Last > ear it was particularly bad in parts of Southern Manitoba, where it could be traced by its flowers through whole fields of grain. The remedy is to pull whenever possible, and treat as other annuals. Sticky Cocki-e (&Hene noctifiora, J.ivn) This is a plant not unlike Common Cockle ^^ S^'l^l^^^y^^^^^ZT^nTl ^ith somewhat heavier foliage, which is ««v«red-ith hairs secre^^^^^^^^ sticky fluid, making it disagreeable to handle. The Ao^^^'^^ J^^j^f, white and opens only at night or on dark days. It ^« ^" f "" . gtates it rather a weedy plant than a weed with us, though in ^^e Umted btates is listed as a bad weed. It is injurious to gram crops and gardens. Chi<;kweei) {Stellarut media. TAvv.) Annual. A soft tender plant from a few inches t«'^"« f««' ^igh with . opposite leaves about .V in. long The flowers, ^i^^^'"' ^^ 'nnn.i ish^nS? in twos or threes from' the bases of the leaves, and P''"^'^^^^^""'^'^ P?f' full of very fine seeds. These pods when green are, in Engaiid, eaten greedily by birds— whence no doublt the name Chickweed. V^ ith us ttic only birds noticed eatmg it were pigeons. The immense number of seeds enables the plant to .'•eprotl^ce itself m great profusion, and it forms a thick tangled mass ^'"^'^; «««" f^l^ the life out of most other plants about it. It grows sP^'Cially well ii wet soils, or in rainy seasons, and there are instances ''^f^'"'^''^ ,«^.\ ^;'":^ quit; destroyed gardens under such cond t ons. The ^'^^^^ ^^J"^"^. ^j^ iost parts of the province, and will probably become «s ^^'^''^^\^'l'^ in Eagland. it will most likely prove most V^'^^^'n^n oondUions U where it will require vigorous treatment, but under certain conditions it 7«nav become a nuisance on the farm. f ij Carraway {Carmu Carui. Linn.) This plant is the garden Carraway perhaps introduced by early- settlers for the sake of its seeds, and escaped from ultivation. It has now- become a pest in ceitain parts of the province, notai'Iy in the old Red River parishes. It has a bad record in .he United States, where it is a nuisance in both pastures, meadows and grain fields. Here it is as yet confined to pastures, yaids and ,?ardens, where it is an unsightly weed, as well as destructive to other plants. It is a biennial with a ioiig whitish taproot, much like the parsnip, to which it is nearly related. It bears a large flat head or umbel of pure white flowers. Tli'e leaves are thin and «nely cut, somewhat resembling those of the carrot. The seeds which are very numerous, are of course the same as those sold for cooking pur- poses. It must be dealt with as directed under biennials. (ioLUEN (,V»RYDALIS, OR FuMiToiiY (Cori/ddUs (w,rea, Willd.) This is another example of a native plant under certain conditions becoming a weed. During the past year, favored no doubt by the wet season the Golden Fumitory made such a rank growth that it worked injury to crops. This was the case for instance at Neepawa, from which point specimens were sent in for identification by Mr. G. Greig, of the Farmers' Advocate. It is a low growing biennial plant, of not more than one foot high, with soft stems, finely divided leaves, and golden yellow flowers, 1 in. long, with a spur at the back. The seeds are contained in pods about J in. long. The flowers are sometimes called Cotcdips, which they do not resemble much, except in color. Careful summer fallowing should keep this plant from becoming a serious nuisance. Wild Rose (RoHd bill, )(/,(, \\t). There are several varieties of Wild Rose in the Province, which are not readily distinguished, but for the purposes of this work it is hufticient to say there are two kinds. One growing in woods and thickets is tall and stout, and the other is dwarf in habit, less robust in growth, and is found on the open prairie. The latter is the one to which we wish to call par- ticular attention, as already a nuisance in fields in the drier parts ot the Province. It quickly takes possession of neglected fields, and, once there, is very difficult to eradicate. Its underground root-stalks spread rapidly and throw up numerous shoots. They are often dragged abuur, and covered io roughly cultivated fields. Care sl.ould be taken to collect and bui^n roots, whenever possible. •27 Silver Weed (PotentiUa Ansevina, Linn). root like those ot tne atrawoeny. i"j> y f.^,,{^ :„ whioh it does harm loose pastures in search of them. W,LD BUCKWHEAT. OR Black Bind Wked (Polygov .w C^mvolvuk^, Thi. is a trailmg annrntl weed with fj""*"'*'-.'"*'^': ^'^'''.""S ,s solmal. as .0 be ""ardly noticeable but is o a p>„k,b^^^^^^^ TJe se ds are triangular, black w.th a l'«" J'"" f, lerv dlMt to clean out of buckwheat. The seed bems a good ''^1^ ' 'f /^^"^"s ^ehes from the TuSe. a°„"dr ".r'brJS ln^'s^;= *:: so.e smaller seeds. Bind Weed (or Wild Morning «'-y) ""trTaTc'rargT whiror wheat, but the leaf Is more pointed and the fl°"»^» »f J'^^; " „„„, fira^ror'klnrsoii! IS'li dol Sa cons'ldSle-'depth.^ Russian Thisti,k (Sahola Kali var tragus, L.) laar fh^ nrno-resa of this weed has been carefully „a.ci:rvrisz»^^^ habits. The facts observed, and f^e «^"«1"^;"„^^ JJ ^"^ da a has been main those set forth in the >^f . ^^^^^^"^ "^ ^amaU^ and as to the gathered .s to the «^;«"^^^«7J;^^^^^^ 'SpLntis^an annual, at first conditions which are favorable to f^^P'^f " . ^ leaves, as shown in fig. quite soft and tender, with '•«'^"\.fj""; P^^.her slovvly thr ugh Junl 15 a. It appears about the end of May ^ "^/f^^^^^/^h^^^J become sharp by the end of which month, the points of ^\® '^^J^^Verence from " Sea- hard spines. This latter feature >« J «ure mark of dlff^^en e fiom ^^^^^^ blite,-' mentioned below. As the P'*"^« 7^,^',",„r^,7the whole plant at the bases of the l^^^^-.^J^'^^.ifJe/stra ingle branch at' this becomes a dense mass of ^I'^'f-Jf.lnToi^n inch across, and are stage. The Cowers are about one quai tei of^an incn ^^^ ^^^^ almost hidden at the bases of the ^aves. ine J^^.^^ ^^^. -Ir^^T'^^n^Uke^^^^^ - facilitate the move- ment of the seeds by the wind. 28 The first sharp frost kills the plant, and as soon as it becomee ■thoroughly dry, it may be broken off by the wind and sent rolling over the land, scattering seed as it goes. The seeds are round, tapering, and with a *iat face, about 1-16 in. in diameter. Fig. 15 6. ordinari on accou 1. '. to be ti special \ RUSSIAN THISTLE [Sulwla Kali var /rayuf, L.) Fig. (a) Young Plant {b) Seed. 15 I The harsh spiny character of the mature plant is so marked that it tjaunot be mistaken by anyone, with the above description before him. It is this feature which makes it worse than even thistles, to those who have to handle crops in which it has been abundant. The rigid spines will pierce leathern mitts, and severely wound the legs of horses. This fact has earned for it its common name. It is not, however, a thistle a j^ aai iti •2}» o^inadly ooder.«od. The fo,,o«l„g facU »ee» wo«hy of ,p=«ia, oo.c<, T^uL of their practical value : '• '^^»r'" rrre'c.rorrr^rrSS.t^nV:irr°i- rpTar^^S™ h^-p^^d ^'r pr"Utlon of seeding. -JS' -^'.A. RUSSIAN THISTLE. Fig. Ki. Mature plant. it bas provuu vu be on 1%"- n 30 3. It is not specially dangerous to early crops, except in so far as it robs the soil of moisture, or chokes the younger growth. 4. It is, however, a serious menace to late crops, and to any sown on stubble. The first sharp frost kills the plane but the mischief has already been done, as the seed is generally ripe by the time the plant dries up. 5. With a fair amount of attention to proper cultivation and a strict observance of the "Noxious Weeds Act," there is no reason why Russian Thistle should not be kept in check as well as any other annual. 6. The seeds do not appear to affect the market value of grain, as they are evidently faiily well cleaned out in threshing. 7 In cases where the weed has grown among early crops, it will con tinue to grow efter harvest, throwing out branches from what remains of the stem, and may flower and ripen seed later in the season. Therefore whenever its presence is known the stubble of early crops should be ploughed as soon after harvest as possible 8. It may be distinguished from Sea Elite (Suceia depressa) in its earlier stages by having sharp pointed leaves whieh the latter has not. It is also a deeper green in color. ' Weeds and (Russian Pigwked Axyris Atnaranthoideis, L). This new immigrant has been already referred to under their origin." See fig. 17. It is a plant closely allied to Lamb's (Quarters, and the Amaranthun -or Pigweed From the latter it gets its second technical name which means like the Amaranth. In its young state the plant is very much like Lamb's Ouarters, ( Chenopodium album) but is somewhat velvety to the touch. As it matures it becomes smooth and bald, from which fact it perhaps gets its first name. It Ins inconspicuous, tiny, greenish flowers at the base of the leaves many being separate male or female. The latter remain as a covermg to the seeds, contained in a roundish somewhat flattened fruit which often continues attached to the plant until spring. The seeds are dark brown and shaped like very small flax seed. This plant (which is an annual) attains an height of three or four feet, and is profusely branched from near the ground. It is very tough and hard, and remains through the winter, often forming thick tangled masses, through which it is diflicult to walk. It seems to flourish everywhere, but is specially fond of barnyards and roadsides. As before stated it has probably come to us direct from Russia. It has already got a firm footing in North and Kouth Winnipeg, and has been noticed as far west as Westbourne. There is some evidence that it kills out Lamb's Quarters, but the vig- our which enables it to do that, is no recommendation from the farmer's point of view. It should be regarded as a very dangerous weed. mmm Covcu GuAss, OK (,^U.CK ORASs iA.jropyvum. revens. Lrrrn) This . a perennial ,^, -^f^:^^::^^::^^ ^ ^^U^^^" ^lucb it spread, very rapidly J^^ere are t « ^ ^ ^ ^^^ Si;:.rV^''Ti::S:ferr^e;n^^^^^ The root.oe.s do not penetrate ^^r into the sdl - tl.^ deep plowjng is not at all l.keiy to ^-f^-'l^^:^,^'':^^^^ Constant planted d.eper ''^•■'■"/^;;';: f^^'^'^dest^roT t in cnc season on li^ht soils, hoeing ha. been found ^^'^^'^^'^"^J^^^^^^^^^^^^ recommended at Farmers' Mr. Fletcher says, 'A P'^'^^"/^^,;/^ "fj j'^^ve never tried it would to Institute is the followino:, which although i nave u«v my mind certainly succeed : - „ p,o„ ,i.h,ly a.o„t four ^^^Z^'X^'l^Ti^^^T^'Z^^ ZZ. a»'"i:": ,tt :Z^^Z: .,L .. sa.e crop an. p.ow ut" KoHow the next year with p. hoed ercp. ^Vhlle inlow heavy land this (!.■»'. is undoubtedly trouble, me, it .» .Uo iSly lo pr^ve a /aluable fodder grass in the West Wild Oats {Ave no, fatua, L.) 1 nincPiv related to the cultivated variety, which it very An annual, closely reiatea lo i u straefflinff and the leaves much resembles, only that the P^^jf ^Va^^^Tlatt^^^^^^ seed has thick ra^or ^rmre^i^s^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ - ^- ^-^ many years without germinating. Weed Seeds and the Milling Industry. A question worth the serious cons^e-tion o^,^^^^^^^^^ is the en.e. of «. presene'e of »eed seeds, 3" ^^^^^^.''^^'jtop thv'^of investigation by the rXCt'''' Tiri'^ S'sUrJnTon. »u' -- results of the enqutr, li?; he stated now, pending a full report. 1 fhorp i<» trreat need of education as to the lOirst. I^. seems ^^'if^^'f^l^^^..^^^^^^^^ as are found in grain, character and appearance ot tbe seeds ot sue ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Very few farmers, and even grain ™^":f "7^,1,^,1^,^ that in one case, a ous seeds. We are ^"^7"^^ .?" ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ farmer (sic) actual y ^^^^ to sell .quantity ot«e ^^^^^ .^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ it was a marketable product^ Jei^e Informed was offered in good faith r^eX^in^r «iranTxtreU"c:se of course, hut there is great ;i2 „eed Of more genera, inforn,aM„„ on this ,abjec.^>erj man .h».^ grain a. all .hoald ^""^ ^XtT/JZluT^^tr exhiW.ion and the Department proposes to form a coueiuuu examination by interested persons. second. Examination of -mples of grai^^^^^^^^^ oas mills and elevators reveals a bad state of affair, in rc^P Unprincipled or careless threshers are «1 o^^" Vh-fof courTe, swells the which oaeht to be screened out quite easily. -His ot cou , rhreshin/bill. and is another leak in the farmers prohts. Oirty .rain ^^f^^^::^:^Z:i^S^^:'^^^^ port to market and of cleaning ?«''!''' P«^,^^,,^^""'f"meS8hSuid nsist upon X^^^^^'lJ^i:^ -rrreTd SX work well done. Third, investigation shows that the worst seed }\l2V"LyTt null, is that of the Ragweed. Any -net^^^^^^^ ,te much the size of wheat, and *b°"f.^^^;,^^^ wl ich is furnished same length, but the worst IS tha of Great Kag^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ with several horns at the top which catch mt^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^H and can scarcely be '^V^'^'^^' J^^^'^Znl contain ng any (,nantity of informed buyer will P'^-'f '^^^J^^^^^f O^Juvie Co aid Mr. Stephen Nairn Sui^'g^ettira'bo^^^^^^^^ Sani Sf.V.her reports the same of the Lake of the Woods Co. r, u, a sample, of eleaninK. ob«,ned '■-».*» '^,^:;'t„edLnf .te^^InUs Nairn, and Body & Noakes ba^^t^^^Xo^ree^n^vTe Vr"icular lot of ^;:if7rm^rMJr>:'ap"^e';^ro\l^!;«*e\U^^^^^^ instructive. . The absence of Ragweed is explained by the fact stated .bove. Grain containing it is not saleable. The weeds contained in each sample are given in the order m which they predominate. 1. O^ilvie Co.. from wheat the following: Buckwheat, Pigweea,, T.amb'3 Quarter. 2 Mr S Nairn, from oats : Mustard, Pepper Grass, Pigweed, Buck wheat. Lamb's Quarter, Ragweed (a few). :^. Body & Noakes, from flax : Buckwheat, Mustard, (pvobablv Hares Fiar,) and Lamb's Quarter. The above fact, are very ™»'^™'y\,r? ',tir;Cr.r,":»"gM -rr^ir.?iT?:rL"rbi:r'L;^;r,'ira.Tin .e farmir, profits. \ 38 NOXIOUS^EEDS. muie^ of Muinclp,il Ckvks, I'atlnmi.^trrs, Ortrscers, and the (ri'iierdl. Pahlic. AN ACT TO PRKVBKT THE SI-ItE.\l> OK NOXIOUS WEKUS, AS CONTAINEO IN REVISItB STATUTES OF MAMTOHA, WITH AMENDMENTS. UERMAJEsrY,h.va.,lwithtl.ea.lvic..-tn,l 'penauJpiwJu'ITn the'fourth section herein. .,.h.n the period »'ore,aid. heBhaU be l.b e .n ».Ui - >^P.^^ ,_^, ,^^^.,^,^,^ ,„ „o,npiy with the be sued in any action of trespass therefor. ■. .w, be the duty ■^ ,„f vifiMt or uiioccup ed lands, it uhad be tnenuiy geotion of this Act V property is situated to giv« 1, ., Snipr.lity, requiring him to , will. '■ .' e limits of the niuni- ll.jfi A- n case such station- , ,1 s from the service of wc. . -lie owner of the pro- =ir=S=~=|S.. „„. :~-Vb"t:::s,;;^rr;J'r:=:;::ir«...,..--«. tually carry out the provisions of tin ^et. the co^^ =.l ot . ^^^^^^^^ ^^ highways, path- treaBur,:r of such municip.li.y wUh funds ,o be 1- ' °"^ ° ^^^^,,,, „f ,„„, overseer of hi«hwu-., palh- ^.«ter. or other offl-ersc ^^'^^^^^'^X'^^^J^^'^^^'^or^^.^r^^^^^^ noxious weeds ; and evry ^S::™;:;:r3rr::;'i':;n^:^- - - .te of .^.s to be p^d therefor U no. excessive. t., nr ^th.^ officer so appointed shall keep an accurate 16. Every overseer of highways, p.'hn.ast.r, o o h > office o , ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ account of the expenses incurred .y him '" -™,;' ^ ^^^^^^ ^ ..^ ,1„ therefor, to which expenses Srl5r^n;;uSrirtT:rl^::::^-.- - ove.eer of hi.hwa.s,pathma.er or other ofllcer so appointed, for his services in overseeing the work. ., . 1. „ „u ...ch sums as are niid under the provisions of the three last prece.l- therefrom, as aforesaid. 19 Anv Beraon who vends for seed or feed purpose, any Krain, grass or other seed, amons which tlyare i^anyse'ed of noxiou: :-;eds. shall liable to a line of no. less than ten dollars nor ,ore than one hundred dollars. :r,;:::;:c:;L;'r:b:;r:;-r,:i.o.,«,,i..v..^.M».b„,^ more than oi'e hundred dollars. 21 Every mnniclpal clerk, overseer of highway., pathmaster or other officer who refuses or n.gleoU il. K^'^'y """""; P ; ,,i,„ bv the sections of this Act numlered from n. e to seventeen. In- doUaia. 22. The Minister of Au'rleulture and InnniKra.ion shall in each year appoint one or n.ore persons as luspeoto; orTuapIotors of uoxious weeds, whose duty U shaU be to sea tl.at every ovoraoor of h.«hwa,.. .^U,- \' !)6 „„, „ , : hmMttr or olM. oKK.t !'••'>'■ ,,„»«» o, olh.r ,«ml». ir:r=-'i.r.--'"---""'"'-'- ^ „,..„,..,...,.. ,.,.„..»... 25. AUpr.e=ution, under thi. Act may bo brou^^^^^^^^^^^ 26. Xo conviction, warrant of con,n,i.no„n ;;^l';'j:^,^Z'Zv^^^^'^ o. set a.ae ,or want^. .,o.e or transacts in or , e,ati,nc to tb. e^..- . tb. A^t .^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ __ ^^ ^^ ^^,„,^,,, „ ,,.„,,.,,3 , ,rn,. or for any defect wn.ch doe. "O^' ''^^ ,^ I,, ,„y superior court. b, certiorari, or other writ or proces. wbatsocve., . , ,„ .,. fu-lher rule., order, and 2V. Tbe Lieutenant Governor in ^^^"^l^^^^JZ^^^^^'^ P--'-^* '''' '''■ t ^li :S:r=;:;--^^^^ ''-' "'^^^ .e..eforce.de«e.... it liad been enacted bereni. ^^ ^„thA,ized, directed or em- 28. Whenever any ln'.-tor. va...ma,ter. ^verseer or ot.>or ^.^. .^^^^ ^^^^_^ ^''^Z^Z ; m '■?ii ^ c o a a? SI'S • -C Ml S 01-- O. " g _ art U - o 3 . ■■is-" o o g.2-=^.2 5 u-g J SI'S S .5 § J: ■= 3 = be o c :u o O' > IB = x: : a -3 ; 3 ^ : .2= 3 '^ aj So o g 3 S "- o ° e— o " o 5 = c c — ■Sj:a 9 ot»iibio ■S = ■ 5f 3; , -S '^ .= '-S .5 - c * > a T^ is » !■ C o C3;' ; o K 5 c C3 n 51 c " I =5 Kf == = — ' 3 - C O 3 ^,55 = S y £ S S w o 00 .«^=- -^^ c ub -P 5 ha ,, o BS ^ 5 o s ,- 5 31 '* "S ■o'S-o 0) V *!' a E-'C I- CO o •0T3 "3 ; o . o cS o •o ;'t:2 y. ■s ■ > u • 'B 3 .2 ■S s * CO 3 x "3 -r *o >. V3 o T3 S 4) •o CO S O) 63 J> « o o O K >- 3 l-C o H S » ^' *5 o 0) o * 00 M !K CO_ in 2 -a 5 s S = a^ 11 ^ 2 •=•= I is .2 i :: ■S s: ji OdTqO *. ^ I = 4) *• D t- f O "^ 3 ! «* 3 S 3 U /3 - ? ^-^353 C3 3 4> .- J3 -« 4) -5 ~ ,3 4^ 4> 3 3 ~ a f^ %% t g| » \ '•3 ^ M . 3 a ^ (3 II g = i 5 s-SI a t- '-' s s » § •o ■s Place ot rowth an ProducU Injured a X t3 5 » 0) u < 3 f- M "^3 \ c-".^ ^ I ^1^1 — .— * = Ec.2 O rt c o O it o •Sg! J jE 5S « ; s o rt^ i, p. 5 C «> ^ a< gQ o^-r 6« ^ ^ t- , = .-O ■5 £•§>-, '«S.o . ^, a 5 " E s mi ■c - &• _ •};s X ; '5 • B : & ■ 1 1 root- id... • -c .1 4) « -C ^ ■«■= SS'fS 39 C a < : ■