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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un saul cliche, il est film6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. D 32 X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -%^\^kM- it: *- V- , w> ^^ jr / '*-'KSa!fc'«S' THE WOELD: AN INTEODUCTOKT GEOGRAPHY. BY J. B. CALKIN, M.A., miKCIPAL or TUB KORMAL WHOOL, TRURO, If 0. ATTTnORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION TO BE USED IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF ONTARIO. TORONTO : JAMES CAMPBELL AND 80^^. 1378. Cr I Ki A/ Entere.l according to the Act of Pftrliament of Canada in the year one thouwnd eight hundred and aeventyeight, by J. B. Calkiw ,u iho Office of the Mnuster of AgriciAture, Ottawa PREFACE. Tho Mhool ii merely an introdnctioD to t'e chUdVi eduoa on If. ™.«* * . . ing Ilia way u independenr worker. '^ • ''""" to wjah and to work for more. "luaents aa to lead them by .„oh uUor^tionTry 1 Zb r"'"''.*»'"' ™« "■■' "■" """-Wgo h« been ,™ed »hich i. beyundZ, reach The kl" f "7"° ' """ •"'"" "■»■" '»«'' '" « ""'l'' ./.o„l.. b. on their ZnZt^^lT . '' ''"""'*' ""'■' >« °>"°""'. "»' «■« 6- ''"O" .c«her..„h:'.«v»lr^'^;;r " °'' '"'"""*"' ""■ ""•°"'' "• """' "••' the b^- C": ':!:^l "j ^::: •^■"•' '<■ ■«•'« - r>-'"« . «-.P.- C De,„,ie„. „e„ J^ToRMAL School, Truro, Kovo Scotia, July, 1878. John Burgess Calkin. CONTENTS I PART 1. BOMB AND ABROAD. I. A SKKTtH, 5 II. A JoirnNKV ROUND THK WOKLII III. Pkin'ciplkh and Dkkim- TIONM 13 PART II. CHAPTER I NORTH AMERICA. History Position, Etc , . . ir The DojiiNio.v ur C.vNAD.v,.. 20 Ontario. 22 Qnebec, 28 New BrunHwjck, . . . . 31 No«ra Scotia 34 Prince Kdwaril Ixland, . . M Manitoba, 37 British Columliia 36 Korth-VVeKt Territory and Keewaytlin '{0 [Newfoiindlaiull, .. ..41 The Unitkd State.s, . . . 43 New England Stati-s . . 45 Middle Atlantic States, . . 46 Southern States, . . . . 46 Western States, . . . . 46 PaciBc StateH, . . . . 47 Teintones, 47 Mexico, . . ' '^ 43 Central America 49' The VvFaT indieo, . , . . ,49 PAiiisu Amebic A, . . . . TiO CHAPTER IL SOUTH AMERICA. HiMToav, PoHiTioN, Etc. Colombia, Ecuador, Venkzukla, (tllASA, .. Hkakii Peru, Bolivia, Chili, The AHuDNTtNi: Ukpcblic, PaHAOI AV, UULOUAV. Pat.mionia, ftl 54 55 56 55 iW 56 60 57 57 57 57 W CHAPTER in -EUROPE. History, Position. Etc., .. hh The Bhitlsh Isles «;2 England and Wales, . . 02 Scotland Tm Ireland fwj Ore.a iintain and Ireland fiS Norway AXi) Sweden. .. C8 DENMAPiK, ci> Russia , . . 69 The German Empire, . 71 Austria, 72 HoLLAwn, 73 Belgium ... 71 FR.V.NCE 7'.' ■*'['. 74 Switzerland ., v.". Spain, 70 POBTUUAL, 76 Italy, <>kku>e, .. Ti hkey, . . roimania, Hervia, CHAPTER IV -ASIA. History, l'o.>«iTiOiN Etc . . . Arabia, Turkey, Russia in A«ia 1 PEXflA. TURKKHTAX AKOHAKISTAX AND Belodchistan, British India. Indo-China, Tan Chines:': Empire, Japan, ..., ;;.. ., CHAPTER v.- AFRICA History P0HITIO4N . Etc , Egypt The Barbarv State*, The BuiTisH Coloniics 77 r* »6 H7 87 87 9L 1(2 96 97 97 CHAPTER VI -OCBANIit. INTRODUCTORY 9* Malaysia. fir AtJSTRALASI.V, 9d Austral a, . . , . . . \fl> Polynesia, lOO THE WOBLD: AN INTRODUCTORY GEOGRAPHY. • • • • 77 * • • • 79 • • • • 7» . * M> ' • • * »> [V-ASU. N Etc . , , b'i M , . hi . . »6 H7 VSWrA> AMI .1 8r • • . . 87 . , , t»f» •IRB, «» .. 9L -AFRICA. , Etc , 92 . . 96 TB*, »r >N1E». 97 OCSANIi. 9j» 9a 100 PART I. -HOME AND ABROAD. CHAPTER I. A SKETCH. The Diatrict.-!. This k a picture of a school- Aouse m the couutiy. Tl.e boys and girls ^e ^rnW^g for schc.1. Around their' ho Js W u"u "^^ ^^^'^ ^^''''^Sh the neighbor- T *■, , " "'»™n»er, and the country is very Wrful. The farmer are busy with their hJ making, or m cutting down the ripe grain md T^'".i».ff It in golden sheaves. ortCsu^v «lofMa are orchard« wh:,.K ;.> *.. ..I^ ^""".^ }iM lo.i .. -ii ■ ' '" "-"^ ituiuinn, Will through Uio valleys are the brooks, where, on holidays, he boys love to i\.h or to sail their tiiiy Imte, and along wh.«e banks the girls love to stroll and gather wild-flowers. If those spark- l.ng stream, had tongues, they could tell us how Hi httle rills they ciine down from the higb- ands, and how they ,ire ha*.tiug on to some lo^er valley to join the river, afd tht« tX borne away to the great lakes, or to the mighty ocean, ""«"!•/ 2. Some of the children who read this boc;k live m a place very different from that which haa been described. Theu- homp« ar- -rh-r- near va.t forests, where many of the people t, umbermen, who cut logs and float th«a down the rivers to be sawn info lumber. Or their HOME AND ABROAD. homes may be beside those great lakes which the nvers have formed by pouring their waters into vast basins. Here, farther than the eye can reach, these lakes spread out their waters, and on their surface rides many a vessel laden with grain and other products of th ; country. 3. In other parts of our Province, again, the children have quit^ another kind of home. There are neither fields, nor hills, nor brooks j but only houses and shops, with narrow streets 4. M,AN OF SCBOUL-HOU8K. between them. Many of the people are mer- chants, whose business is to buy and sell- others are manufacturers, who make furniture,' farming-tools, sewing-machines, and many other thmgs, 4. Perhaps, now, after aU, I have failed to tell youjehat kind of^a place you live in; and it is nog..Rt matter if I have, for you can find out fcr yourselves. After you. have carefully ob- served all the features of your home, and the places near it, you can write what you have learned, and you will then have a little yeogmpkv of your neighborhood. You can also make a plan of your school-hotise, like the one sliown you here. You can then make a plan of the play -ground, drawing lines to represeiit the liouse, the fence, and other objects. Next, make a plan of the neighborhood in which you live marking the roaxls, the fields, the hills, the' brooks, and any other objects which you have observed. Such a plan of a portion of countiy 18 called a map. ^ The Oonnty.-s. Your school - section is joined on different sides by other sections, and these again by others, each having its own, school-house and its own happy homes. Many such sections taken together make up a county. Perhaps your county is Lamhton, where the oil- wells are; or it may be Wdla^id, on the Niagara Rl^er; Wnniv^oHh, York, or Prime Edward, on LaKe Ontario; LeedA, on the St. Lawrence Kiver; or Carleton, on the Ottawa River. «f'5H,2f°2?^~.'*°* ^"""^ ««*^ •» "»• »»F ofOntwrto. WHere is It situated? What counties Jl« oa dlfftrMit iiaes 7 Point out aU tbe counties la o&taxia The Province.— 6. The country or Province in which you live, and which is made up of those counties which you pointed out, is called OrUarw. It is noted for the great lakes lyina along Its borders, -the largest lakes in the world —^Mp«w, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Another object of interest in Ontario is the Niagara River, which at one place rushes over rocky cliffs, making the most noted water-fall in the world. Travellers, who love to see strange and beautiful things, often come hundreds of mile* to see these wonderful Falls. In the eastern part of Ontario we have the St, Lawttonos VJiv^v, which flows from the great lakes, and gives us a water-road to the sea. On the north-east is a A SKETCH. lirge nver called the Ottawa, which sepaniites our country from a sister Province caUed Quebec. « A * wT *™ ""'■^ *'^"* Ontario, you will find that tfiere is no better country in the world. It has a fine climate and a rich soil; and we send lai^re quantities of grain and flour to other countries which cannot produce bread enough for their inhabitants. Such a rich country has enabled our people to build large and fine cities, ^ Toronto, Ifamilton, Ottawa, L°^ *5f north-west, beyond Lake Superior, IS the Dzstn^ of heewaydin. It has no Jownn and but little cultivated land. Most of its in- habitants are IndLans. Beyond Keewavdin on the west 18 the little Prcmnce of Manitoba. This 19 a fertile country, yielding lai^e crops of grain, and the people are mostly farmers. Ar}^t ^IJ" ^^^^*" ^^^ ^ * ^««t countn^ called t:?"^'^. ^«^^- It extends away to the north hundreds of mUes to the frozen Arctic ^T' tV ^'^^^^y^''"' it has few white inhabi- tanti The northern and larger part of this countiy IS very cold, and is valuable chiefly for the soft warm fur obtained from its wild ani- Z?'nf ♦!. V*""*' '* ^ 'I"**" ^'ff^'-^"*- This ^1^1 v' Temtory, called Saskatchewan, is noted for its treeless plains, called pmirie«, which are covered with tall g,^, and are frequented very fertUe and when cultivated yield large crops of grain and vegetables. ^ ihl\^^^^ Ti ^^ North-West Territory is the Province of British Columbia. This is a arge rugged country, bounded on the w.st by tt %T2^'^'' "^^ ^" *^« -^*^™ side o^ 21 P JT " * ^'S^ mountain-mnge, called the Rocky Mountains; and much of thf count^ consists of highlands, furrowed by deep vallem throuirh w»,ic». *»..> ^ a ^ y vaiiejs, sea. ''jMii^'Wr ^■''"1 ^"''' '"^'^^'^ to the s^^ British Columbia is noted for its gold la Let ua now see how many countries wa HOME AND ABROAD. have found. Ontario and (^ud>ec, lying along the great lakes and the River St Lawrence; JVew Brurmcici, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Marui, down by the Atlantic Ocean; Manitoba, midway from ocean to ocean; and British Cd- umbta, in the far west, by the Pacific Ocean,- seven Provinces; iYm District of Kmoaydin be- tween Ontario and Manitoba; and North-West TerntoTif west of Manitoba,-.nine countries in all, which make up the Dominion of Canada. BIAP EXERCl8B.-Polnt out tbe oountzles of tbe Dominion of Canada. North America.-14. South of the Dominion of Canada is a large country called the United ktates. The central and southern parts of this country have a warmer climate than oure, and produce cotton, and many things which will not glow m the Dominion. Farther south is a still wanner country called Mexico, which yields pine-applcs and many fine fruits. These coun- tries, like the Dominion of Canada, extend from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. The great oceans now draw closer together, so that the country on the south of Mexico, called Central America, is ver>' nar- row. All this great land, from the far north of the Dominion to this nan-ow country, is called North America. MAP KXER0I8E.- Point out tbe Dominion of Canada, tbe United States, Hezlco, and Oential America, on tbe Hap of Nortb Amezlca. South America.— 15. Beyond the n- rowest part of Central America, called the Isthmus of Pamma, the land spreads out again into another vast country like North America. This is South America. Here we meet with much that is new and strange to persons living in the Dominion of Canada. The northern half of this country is very hot. As we go south, it becomes cooler; and in the far south it is very cold. Along the — '" ■~'"^" -J^ujcriutt, tiirougnout itw ■whole length, is a great mountain-range, called the ^nflfe», the summits of which are covered with snow all the year. Here and there, cone- shaped peaks, rising far above the general level, tlirow out volumes of smoke and flame, «5com- panied with loud, roaring noises, louder than thunder. These are volcanoes, or burning moun- tains. ® 16 On the east of the Andes is the Amazon, a great nver, the largest in the worid. It flows through a flat country hundreds and hundreds of miles, and receives on ite way many large tributaries. The plains of the Amazon are not«i for their vast forests, so dense with trees, shrubs and vines, that one would need to cut a path' to get tlirough them. In other parts of South America there are immense plains covered with tall grass, where roam countless herds of wild cattle. MAP EXBRCISR-Polnt out Nortb America, Sontb America, and tbe istbmuB of Panama, on tbe man of tbe Western Hemlspbere. .i,"'t."^°'^1-~^^- ^°^' ^•'"S «g«' People thought that by travelling a long distance in any one direction they would come to the end of the world. This was a mistaken notion, for the Earth is round like a ball ; and if you travel far enough in a straight course, you will at last come to the place at which you set out, just as a fly might do in crawling around an apple. 18. Men often saU around the world. To do this they must go either east or west. In going north' they would find it becoming colder and colder, until at last their way would be whoUy blocked up by ice. 1 he far north, which nobody has yet been able to reach, is caUed the North Pole. If they went south, they would by-and-by come to a part of the Earth where the sun is nearly overhead every day, as in the north of South America. This is the hottest portion Of the Earth, and is caUed the Ton-id Zone. Tlie lomd Zone is a broad belt, and is divided by a line V ,7:.. t,^''"***"'' '"^^''^ encircles the Earth, so that half the Torrid Zone is on the north, and half on the south of the Equator. South of the Torrid Zone the countries become ;h are covered (1(1 there, cone- B general level, ilaine, accom- I, louder than burning moun- s the Amazon, orld. It flowb and hundreds y many large azon are noted . 1 trees, shrubs, to cut a path »art8 of South I covered with herds of wild ^erlca, Soutb a, on tbe map ago, people f distance in to the end of otion, for the ou travel far will at last out, just as a apple. To do this, going north, 1 colder, until ed up by ice. been able to 7 went south, of the Earth lay, as in the attest portion I Zone. Tlie ded by a line Sarth, 80 that td half On the tries become <'5»»>V«»»«» 100*100* 3000. Ar..^>*»«-v.^.. T .y^ Vy ^^miMitspa-^^ \.r**%«S-BJ!^a?;V'> .1 . 'ij-f< -^ivff Hi;!f 'wod sn:oO I A JOURNEY ROUND THE WOULD. I oa ■kttLoo 18. ZUNEii. cooler, like our own, and are said to be in the Tem- perate Zone, because they are neither extremely hot uor cold. The seasons in the Temperate Zone on the aouth of the Ecjuator are just the reverse of those of the Temperate Zone on the north. Thus in the «outhem part of South America it is winter during our summer. Still farther south the cold becomes more and more severe, until the way is blocked up by Le aa in the north. The far south is called the SmUh P6U. 19. As the Earth is round, it is usual to repre- sent its surface by two circular maps, just a& a boy covers a ball with two circular pieces of leather. These two maps are called Hemispfierety the Western and the Eastern Hemisphere. We ahall make an imaginary tour around the Earth. You may trace the course on t)-o Map of tho World. CHAPTER II. A JOURNEY BOUND TEE WORLD. Going Down the St. Lawrence.— 20. In our jonmey we will go easterly, first down the St. L.iwrence, and then acros- 'he Atlantic Ocean. We must take a small steai., r to Moutretd, for large steam-ships which cross the ocean ciuinot come any farther up the river. In some places in the river there are rapids, through which the boat dashes very swiftly. We pass the mouths of many tributaries of the St. Lawrence, — some of them very large, as the Ottawa, »S'<. Maurice, and Saguenay. The river thus becomes larger, 80 that beiow Quebec it is miles in breiulth. We also pass beautiful and fertile islands in the St. Lawrence, iis Montreal Island and Orleans. Here, at the mouth of the river, is a bai-ren island named Anticosti. Continuing oiu- voyage through the Gulf of St. Lav. rence, we jiass on our right the island of Cape Breton, which forms part of Nova Scotia ; and on our left yewfowuMand, noted for the cod-fisheries on its coasts. We aie now in the Atlantic Ocean. Crossing the Atlantic— 21. In a few hours we lose sight of land, and there is nothing to bj seen but the sea, with here and there a distant sail. We see no path, nor any sign to direct via; but the captain, with his compass and chart, can take us as directly across the pathleas ocean a** if he followed a beaten track. lie needs to kiiov/ his duty well, and to manage carefully, for some- times we are surrounded by a dense fog, so that we can scarcely see from one end of the ship to the other. In such a fog we might run against another ship, or against rocks, and be dashed in pieces. 22. You know that the sun rises in the east, and sets in the west. If you stand with your right hand to the east, the west will be at your left hand; the north will be before you, and the south behind you. Half way between north and east is rwrth-east; half way between east and south is south-east; half way between south and west is south-west; and half way between west and north is north-west. If you were travelling in a strange place on a cloudy day, or in the night, you could not tell in what direction you were going. Tlie. compass is a curious instrument, con> taining a thin piece of magnetic steel, called a needle, turning on a pivot. No matter how the compass ie moved, one end of the needle turns quickly towaids 10 HOME ^V^'D ABROAD. ^1 1 j» n*^!f* *i~V'T- .'■■' -«.- v^*. ""^ ^^.^--•i ■.-•^ . ?^s m^^ ^ 23. PnOQRESSIVK DISAPPEARANCE OP SHIPS AT SEA. i!ie north, and remains pointing in that direction. The men who have charge of ships at sea always take a compass with them. A chart is a map of the sea lind the coasts, showing the harbors and the danger- ous places. 23. Here is a picture of a number of ships at B0.1, as seen through a telescope. Tlie whole of the nearest ship is seen, less of the next, and less of the next, till the one farthest away is nearly hid from view. Nothing can he seen of it but a jwirt of its masts. Tlie rest of it is hid becattso the surface of the sea is not level, but curved like the surface of a ball. Sometimes, away in the distance, we see a huge glittering object, like a mountain of glivs.s. It is a great mass of ice, called an icisberg, which has floated down from the frozen regions of the north. Many ships are dashed in pieces by run- ning against icebergs in the fog. 24. The sea around the North Pole, called the Arctic Ocean, is all frozen over in the winter ; and during tli» short summer the ice breaks up into cakes or ice-floen, which are brought down by currents into the warm waters of the Atlantic, where they melt. Bold navi- gators have made great efforts to reach the Noiih Pole. They sail past Greenland and Iceland as far oa they can into the Arctic Ocean; and when the ship can go no further, they harness dogs to a sled ard drive over the ice. In t^ns way Captain Hall aid other bold explorers reached very near the North Pole. 25. It may teem very odd to be drawn by dogs over the «ca; but gome of Captain HaU's party croued these northern waters in a more singular way. The ship becoming leaky. 25. CRIirriMO TO SKA ON FLUATINO ICtS. I 1 Jeft on il; Z t ''r^'""" "P- These ,M)or people, thu. n jout for over .Ix month., until their fr.il raft w»b k broken Luckily .omo provision, had been placed on the loo with hom : thcjr alw Icillo.l ««1, and polar bear, for f(«d a„d ..ey burned the oil obtained from the.e anImaU t^ke?t'hem t-^lve, from freezing. Gradually they drifted towards tho ;onth. until at last they were picked up n^ IT^Ltot Labrador by aoalhuntor. from Newfoundland. Europe.-26. We Imve now come to land • r^rst Ireland, and then Great Britain, consistinK of I,>iffland, Scotland, ann morain,. ^"' '""•»"•' "''" •>«>«<* «n tt- 27. Great Britain and Ireland are lalandg. On th- east md «,uth is the continent of £urZ contain^. J^y c^ntrie.. We must .aU ^^uSrpi: jirSnntSnTi-orir" ^^^^^^^ AfWca.-28. On the south of the Mediter- ranean « aijother lai^e body of land tl^Ji Afnca which stretches far away beyond the Equator mto the temperate regions of the ItL Along the north are the Barbary States; Cnd 13 the Great Desert, where it never rains and where there is no tree, nor flower, nor bUde o rocic on the earth, and a blading sun in the Wens; beyond the Desert is thf Zand o/tZ 2a In the northeast of Africa is E^.^t. one of the 20. AW nsoLian park asjd castle "untr'tT "^t ^°=^-»^ « - »>-utif„I with pretty thorn hedges; and in many parts of smooTw I "' '°^ ^'-'^ -*^ shadr^ees sm^th walks, green lawns, and sparkling founl cutlery, and many other thi:=gs. At Zm., -TV, *S. Ar£ICA.V DWttUNos, 12 ""til a«d »nt Hon. i.!iUr.r ? "* '»*•■»»>«* We obMnre th»t m we go ewt onr «.. •. divia ons of the F«U», /7 x. ^' "** ^*°<1 Sr """^'r'"* ^ "^' - ^e !-'' n«5k of ^ndAM^t^^Jf'T'''^^' ^'Wch joins Africa land aWn^ifS,^^°" ^'* T ^^ ^™^'»' « iowe n tTe "oSr^ a'- ^^^^'"t^d for ite fine /»dia. 6W a^d e^^il,-^* ^« »^ find -Brft«ft These a« hot countZ {wf^: J''"^. ">« .^ ^»<'^. Thesa UK i,^r . ' *" <'»°ed the Jiu< /arfve- ' '*"~« "« lana fivm which we central countrle. .re Inh.W od h, ., «/« h««tl,e„.. Th« te„t..„a.rea,wa,,rovrr.?i;2:|?rj^^^^^^^^ U bv vininnf I 7 ^* •* sometimeg vigitci .^ cTrta "^ri If"^ '"-^--' -hichTovi the world it £:^ ;: 'p'^ '! *i« ^•''^-t island in people frt,m theBrS ^l T ^"*^"' '*"'* """y The couXaiunir?n ",^^' come here to live, the riches;To.t.re ^et^'Si^^^S- "l' '.' f" St;':srferB^^^ It;U ni^ht he« wherJe^^X'lroi- tr" the hot belt called I Tol^dTo^Jt^t^^h" are fanned by sea breezes/whfch ^1 « ^ chmate quite agreeable. ^^ '^'^ I on?^rwtXw:5tio^fh:'::T^' "r Many of them a^ sa^es othe« h "l'*^^'**'*"'' verted to Christianitv h! • • '"'''® ^^ «>"- groupcalledtl^lS^^I"'««T"'«- You see a missionaries 2l SnS'*^:'T Z' "''''' ™^' things, and those of thTll^dwfch T T ^ .* ^""''" been instructed by miLion^^^"'"'' ^'"^^' '"'"« '^•> U.^."ThU'a: «ii^Sf^"^''»™'^ "^ ««•' cor,* ou. in the ocean ne^Xi:„^!f,'«'''f*. •" WT namer- from the Be«-water^^™i„„u?J^'• f t»»*y «t"«!t liu» Vn.. h^- _«.— ' ■°™''>8 Jt Into a substancfl ,.«n«H r Thu 1ir;rcoS=raK^'« -r 1°*^^ " ^'"** '•w> Md li obtained by diving >>«; Mid uS tho the people In ^^ e hMtliani. Th« >r '« »" « lovGl with U>o .ea. The »ulMUiioe« Soon mouea b«gln to grow on tlie rock until ►ome^oU U formed, whloh aftor hnmlro,!, ofycaM Lomo! HnJ' tf„T ! "" *"'" '"^'"'' "° '" *^« 'O'"' of I broken inmrie the rirg of land is a peaceful lake or lagoon hiomZ Uinoa j.cro i, land in the m ddle. then « S of JnZh •arer. then a broken ring of land. Ve,.oU can m?1 m thJTah lli« oiK:niug» In the ring to seek .belter from .torn. " M. A OORAL ISLAND, CHAPTER HI. PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITION^. ♦I ''?^,°^ *^® Earth.-.38. We liaveseenthat the Earth is round liko a ball, and that its out- i[..le or surface is partly land and partly wateK 1 he globuLir form of the Earth explains how w6 can travel m one direction until we arrive at oar starting-point; it also explains why the lower part of an object at sea is always the last to come m sight. , .„ .,^„jij. .^juuy miiea. Motions of the Earth.~39. The Earth turns *«>niid, like a ball on a wire, once in twenty- four hours, thus causing day and night. Wo shall understand how this rotation of the Earth gives us day and night if we place a globe or ball beside a lamp, and make it turn aroun.l. As the b.ill turns, each part of iu surface will have a regular succession of light and shadov.-. Ihe Earth also moves in a vast circle around t le bun, making a revolution once a year In this way are caused the seasons, 8i)rii,g, summer, autumn, and winter. 40. The Axis of the Earth Is an imaginary line, around which it makes its daily rotation 41. l?,e Korth Pole and the South Pole are the ends of the axis. 42. The Equator is a circle around the Earth-east Sir , ''''^ ^*'''''° ^''^ ^*^«''- It 'livides the Earth, east and west, between the Equator and the EotJ«fir"*S* " '''"ta'Kse north or south from the fa««fe;thoee south of the Equator have »auth lati- tude. ^The latitude at the Equator is 0. at the Po1p« !t raThaS^^*' ''"'''" " t''® '»*S*»««t latitude anyplaci 45. MetfjManB are imaginary lines or half^fr«le» rmming north and south from Pole to Pole, and oro«.- 1-ig the Equator at riu' anr-i^- m. Ing through Green "L in T . ^' "'*'"'^''"» P^' meridian ^ "* ^"''"« " called the first longitude The h^hest l!n > ,' '"''^^'''" '"'^« ««« h 180 degrees whiS^Jfh!?/^"''' "^^ P'**=« *>*» ^ave the land is founi in tw^l,^! ^^ ''^ ^ «f two divisions^ --XT ?°*'^*"' *^""«'''*« «' three diVi«LX-l"i^^"2r\nT^^^ Besides theae^eat cornenttCt.^;^, ^smaUer portions ,f land called IsllZ. "^^ <9. A peninsula is land nearlv -ur..,„-^ed «AV. STKAlr. OC.A.N, AN1> «,..»:,d. two bodies of loiH? „a !r r , ^" coniiecting County, ,:„u C^^L^^J *! """^ "f Bn,o. fcandkiMl. •'^ ° *'"''' "rf New. the surface of t J »-». which flU. jl the ., le. <,t the in..untaiM: when the ice erne. doH^t.. ,e waruier vdJey. It m«lt,, gjvi,.,. H.^ to 66. A Volcano is a mountain wliich neiids torUi tmoke, flame*, tuhm, and nielte.l rock The fl-enuig at the top in called the crater. There aie many volcanoes in the Andeg. f)7. Earthquftkes are movementa of the ffroun.l J-ry J iron, a -hght trembling to the n.St vio- ' jurta of South America, throv,ing down whole c.tie« and destroying thousands of lives. IlTut if I *;f ''^'"'^''«' '^J 1«.^ Pemm were killed J" less than a minute etreoing. The rain u^T / n " ""I'l'ly"'-' it with .inks iLlhe ^Tu utirt."'"'"''"''^'*^^ ' their sides; then. ^:St:S::^^:':^T"' f'"^ 59. Plains arc level tracts of country. There aZ7J ^-"^ ^^ ^"^^''^"d plains "Mrie 18 a treeless j.lun, covered with tall grass. Plain, of this kind aie found Tn if .n itcbaand Saskatchewan ^''^ The Water. —61. The Ocean i,. fi,. given J„.h,g^. l^, „,.^f^^ - he ^-e PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS. 03. A Bay or Oulf is „„,.,„ ^j»^i„»^ b^,! *w i ,.™* '■" a "'irn.w pa««ige connectiutf two iHHhes of water, ns the Stnut of C\n^ i Ohannel .« iu.uully wider than a strait. -herHveris.dl.la...,/:rt2,;X Ottawa « a tr.but.uy of , ,e St. L.wrence. 06 A Lako is a b,..lv f water collecte.l in a b^m-hke hoilow. L, k.. . ...Hy consist of f Ih water and ,.e formed by riven., as LuLe Ihv C mate.-G. The dinmt. -f u couutrv is tha co..d.tu.n of its atn.osphere. ..orticularl? ,n r^ «pec to /.e«/, ^noisturc, and /,a,o'lnne,n. We thi^ »peak of a hot climite. a dr, clu .ate, &c. ^^nt 5,^%^"'**«» '"""tne- are t ..e within 7hl ana a .c. .cuon, when it rains during a , 1 of evel'J var^^f tL' T ^ T^'^*'^" " rf<^''««^ ^nd most varied m the Torrid Zone. The fore^ . contain majestic evergreens, whose trunks ano bi^^i,^ Bupport twining plants in such abuncl.'rtt^ leavM and blossoms belong. Some of t-.e most noted trees in this part of the Earth re tho huge baobab, the wide-spreadingTn^. ^^^^J the majestic palm. Here also we'Ldr^ w^'' _ 71. In the Temperate Zones T>lai,t- of . j^. fi7 T ?u^' "*P^'' ^«^^' ^^"'h, pine, and fir. Among the cultivated plants are whea^ 10 rye, oats aiid maize; potatoes and other vege- ;^d pC "'' '"'*^ "^ *'^ ^^P«' '^W'H Pei, 72. In the wanner parts of the Frigid Zones uifferen kmds of fir an««ro8, hippopotamus, camelopard, lion, tiger, leopard, paiVthe^r^ mon- ' key, crocodile, alligator, boa, and ostrich. In- Beets are very numerous in this zone. 1 J^« ^^« *»'°»«;^ of the Temperate Zones are less herce than those of the Torrid Zone. Here we find the bison, deer, ox, ho«e, sheep, wolf, bear, ox, beaver, and hare; and among the birds, the eagle, turkey, goose, and pheaaant. /6. The animals of the Frigid Zones are less nunierous and varied. Among them ore the reindeer, musk-ox, polar bear, grizzly bear, fox ermine, and walnis. The birds ar^ generdly waders and swimmex^ There are no reptiles^ and but hw insects. HOME AND ABROAD. _ Man.-77. The total number of , people in ail the countries of the world is supL^ ^ Z about 1,400,000,000. ^^ ^^ Man is found in all lands. In the tronical regions he lives principally on rice, cocoa n^^ bananas and various fruits; in thi tempei^te regions he lives on grains and vegetabwSxc^ with animal food; in the frozen ^io^ Xere the earth yields nothing, he betakes L^lelf entu^ely to animal food. It is only in the tem- perate regions however, that man's powen, ^f lx>dy and mind appear in all their strength ; and It IS here only that we find the most civUized and powerful nations. -ivuized 78. Men in different parts of the world differ trcm one another so much in their featun^s and dur S t IS usual to divide then, into five races or varietie! 1 r^e' '^f^^^'^'y^^^^^^r^e; the Malaff, or hro^yn race, ana the Amencan, or red race. Oovernment.-79. Countries are called by different names, according to their foi-m of government,-a3 Empires, Kh^gdoms, and Re- y.^A °V*^*"»7. '« " '="""t'7 in wWch the highest officer holds h,s position by right of birth. Such a count ' 18 called a kingdom when the chief ruler is a kK queen ; ,t is caUed an empire when the chle? S I an emperor In some countries the power of the sov" reign IS hmited, and he is aided in making the lawX a paihament elected by the people; in other cou^ies «W.h1 ?u ", * *'°""*''y gov^ru^A wholly by men "— T" mim people in ail jposed to be the tropical ij cocoa-nuts, »e temperate »bles, mixed gions, where ikes himself in the tem- 8 powers of rength; and ost civilized W differ from 1 colour, that e -hole L r? f ,?V''"**'^"' "'"P^ "^ *h« central plain, and THE NIAGARA ABOVE THE FALLS. from the mountain-8i. A singular people, called Esquimauce, live oB tits' coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean. In the Southern States there are many Negrott, whose an« cestors were brought from Africa as slaves. Divisions. — no. The principal great divisionii of North America are the Dominion of Canada^ the United States, and Mexico. The narrow country between Mexico and South Am'.nca ia called Central Amerira. To the east of Central America ore the West Indus, The islands GreetUand u'^d Iceland are sometimes called Danish America. Towns. — 111. New York, the largest city in America, contains more than half as many people as the Province of Ontario. Qovemment. — 112. In America the laws are made by representatives chosen by the people. The United States is the most powerful country in America. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. History. — 113. The Dominion of Canada was formed in the year 1867, hj the union of the four British lS:t)vinces, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. It has since been i 1 .1 1 1 and H«ll th9 h we use on n plains. a animal, in* hits bear i» Fur-bearing , mink, and i the aise of a » animals live I of earth wlllk sa contain* ?he greater ivhose fore- tighlanda, on d in Mexico, live oti tl>» %n. In the t, whose an- fl. at divisioTW of CanadUf I and South the east of The islanda ailed Danith gest city in oany people lie laws are the people, •ful country B7ADA. Canada was □lion of the }uebec, New I since been 'K''»i Jtii .'■if'tttvii v} r. -l h .-;'l..l.,,.-,Ji. -vidill-'iwfi I io aoiMiMoa a:HT {DhiOM imit Sfumra c^iooo Miks. | ^*^f"^ r^'^^'r cy i \y eilJlUjr usioiia in ^•lUon.— 11. 'wirctic Ocean, < "II the south; i •ilie CMt, ami th ;he uortJiern j)a Jiorth-west, and 'ind Icehiitd on t Coast.— II ■>, fiudson Bay a "ence^ and the the Struit of Ju \iueen Charlotte 1 116. Tl»e m, the Arctic grou] ^*>itumti,J/af/d( *^-f pe Breton, oi y-^'een Charlotte, '^•ttAP EXERCI81 Dominion and all . ^Area. — 117. ,t^"ty-eight tin . ? tario, and in I Ji'th America, •-i Surface.— 118 '»'i^ uinu.n are Ic ''* intaius; in tli f ( Je of the grea I ; ajid on the ;Juntainous con wtion of the 1 Mn'ains. 'he Wotchish Jifo jovince of Quebec ontinuation of th( i south Bhore of tl ii 19. Mount Brown i K lofty peaks of tl •latalns Ic the Domi ••'AP EXERCISE.- r Cascade Monnfa SWotreDameMoi Th rrr/-? i ly eiiJaijred hy the addition of other British asiona m North America. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tffrf 7^^''' ^''t.P""'^'!"^ Ooast Waters are rir' ^/«.'/ «/^««^y. on the ea.t; Id Uueen t/iariottc Hound, on tlie weat > iB< CCTi Uiarlotte, on tlie wesj. ■^•ttAP BCERCI8E.-Polnt out the coast water, of ^, Dominion and the islands on the cSst \^®*'~;/l^' '^'^ I>«m""on of Canada is nt>"ity-e.ght times larger than the Province of j , tario and mdudes about three-eighths of urth America. ° ;4gurface.-118. On the eastern side of the \ TTL r '""'^^' """ ^*^'« th« northern ' ' *y'^ ^" "'« ^vestern side we have a roiid, ^^nmainous eounty. including the^i^Si ^.£. *'' ''"'^ ^''«^^^-- -d Cascade " Rivers and Lake8.-12(). The ri^'^T^ Dominion are the .l/a.ie,./., and all those on the ^ . Za«Te«<;« and other, riowing ea«t • mid ".e Eraser an.! otiiern rtowi... to the Pa S^ Ocean from the western highlands. i Thi .ovLT^gt^''.":::;;- "t. t"^^*^« -^H of the ontinuationof th; Tl x' ^^°*«P^«« Mountains. ^^ -th ahoreiftiri;rw'i-*^ ^°"^ uatatos Ic the Dominion ^*' "^^ "'"= »'*? Princlpa i^ii^'*' ^^"''^-.■^v;^ /r;;^:anTtreV;;:;-;: ««»o give their names from the head of Lake Supeilor — 8 t3 NOIITH AMEItU'A. to tbe Gulf of St Lawrence ; trace the course of the waters and give their names ftorn the head of the flaskatohewan to Hudaon Bay ; and ftom the head of the nnlay River to the Arctic Ocean. Inhabitants. — 127. The iwpulation of the Dominion is about 4,()U(),uoo. The majority of the people in most of the rrovincen are of British oriKhi; hut in the Province of Oueheo nZ •;(,*;:«"'''' .'"-W" «"^ n«"Ht numerous; an.l in North-VVest Territory and British Columhia ti.ere are many more Indian^ than white people. Divisions.- 1:!S. The Dominion of Canada is mrnle up of the Provinces Ontario, Quebec, iVew Jinumnck; iXova Hcotia, Pnnce Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, an.l the Territories wile.! .Yorth- FIW Territory and the District of Aeewai/din. MAP EMROISE. -Point out the countries which form the Dominion of Canada. Towns.— 129. Ottawa (25,0()0),on the Ottawa Biver, one liundred miles from its confluence with the St. Lawrence, is the capital. It con- tiins the Parliament Buildiiujs, MJiere the mem- bera of the Senate and of the House of Commons from all the Provinces meet to make laws for the Dominion. 130. Montreal is the largest city, and Quebec is the oldest city in the Dominion. The other principal cities in Cananl>eni of the ii()i-(}eneral ; aiul ma lire t-lecteil by 'roviiict'M. mt-Governor antl Formerly calleift f nW. It re- Doiniuion w«w lost prosperovis- ■8 ago, when all -d by Indians, ». I the River it. ■ereign took p. ?• it flowH. Aboi it ated Frenclini' n of Quebec, (. :\d lion, called H ew low fomiing tile he Frtiich held colonists from y, in 1763, afttip •eat Britain. rent extent cul- w fonuing the ish soon begun re also from the e called United from thatcoim- e War of Lule- provinces were LoHV)- Canada. cur; were asain tiada, and they- on was fonned. iioitrihil' ? i 4' *■* ^ b'l 1 1 Ji ■ I THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 139. During a war between Great Britain and the United States about sixty years ago (1812-1815), battles were foujjht at different places near the b .rders in this Province. Position.— 140. Ontario is about half way be- tween the hottest part of the Earth, called tlie Equator, and the far north, or the North Pole. It is hiuidreds of miles fi-oni the sea, beside those great lakes for which North America is so re- markable. These lakes and the River St. Law- rence sejjarate Ontario from the United States, and the Ottawa Eiver for the most part forms the boundary between it and the Province of Quebec, on the north-east. Area.— 141. If Ontario were formed into a square, so as to make the length and breadth equal, each of its four sides would measure 328 mUes ; or if we were to measure it as the farmers measure their land, we should find that it con- tained 68,980,000 acres. Surface.— 142. Ontario has no high moun- tains, such as we find in some countries. The surface is for the most pai-t either level or gently undulating. The direction of the water-sheds and of the slopes can be learned from the map. 143. The Blue Mountains, on the south of Notta- wasaga Bay, form the higliest lan.l in the Province, iftey are about one thousand feet high. 23 Eivers and Lakes.-144. The'st.^Lawreni"!^ IS the channel which bears all the surplus watei-s of Ontario to the ocean. With the great lake and their connecting waters, it also forms the grand highway by which a large part of the trade of the Province is carried on. Also as commerce tends to make jjlaces j.rosperous,' we shall find the larger number of the imiwrtant cities and towns along these watei-s. The lakes are a source of wealth, too, in the abundance of fish wluch they yield. Lake Huron is especially noted for its white fish and trout. Another advantage arising from these lakes is their effect on the climate of the country in their neighbor- hood, causing the winter to be much less s^'evere; for large bodies of water are warmer in winter than the land. 145. Lake Superior, as one may observe from the map, receives no large streams. The Ncpiyon, flowinjr from a lake of the same name, is one of the most im- portant. SUve^- Islet, a small rocky islan-l near the northern shore, is noted for its rich silver mine. Prince Arthur's Landim/ is an important port on T/iuiukr Bay. Fort William on the Kaministiquia, is the terminus of the Canada Pacific Eailway. Duluth is at the west end of the lake, in the United States. 146. The navigation of the St. Mary River, between Lakes Superior and Huron, is for a short distance 146. LAKE BUFBRIOR. NORTH JtMEniCA. 141*. FAILS OF NIAGARA. obstructed by rapida ; but the difficulty has been over- come by the SauU Stc. Marie Canal through United States' territory. 147. Lake Huron has several islands on the north, the largest of which is Grand Manito%din, inhabited chieriy by Indians. Observe from the map that Lake Huron sends out on the east a large arm, called Gem-gian Baij ; and that on the south of this bay are, Matc/icdash Bay, Ifottawasarja Lay, and Oicen Soutid. Plowing into these waters, we find French River from Lake Nipissing, the Severn from Lake Simcoc, and the Nottaicasaga. The Saugeen and the Maitland flow into Lake Huron. From Lake Huron the waters flow onward through the SL Clair Mivcr to Lake St. Clair, ■whicli also receives the Sydenham and Thames Rivers. From Lake St. Clair the waters continue their course to Lake Erie by the Deti'oit River. MAP EXERCISE— Point out tbe lakes, bays, and rivers named In Sections 148, 146, and 147. Also, find the following places, and state their situation:— Parry Sound, Collingwood, Meaford, Owen Sound, Southampton, Kincardine, Goderich, Samla, Wlnd- scr, Sandwich, and Amherstburg. 148. Lake Erie is not so deep as the other great lakes. It is noted for its violent storms. Grand River, over 100 miles in length, flows into this lake ; and Niagara River, 34 miles long, flows from it to Lake Ontario. The Rapids and Falls of the Niagara are overcome by the Wclland Canal, which is about 27 miles in length. 149. Niagara Palls, fourteen miles imn Lake Ontario, are among the wonders of the world. A great river, half a mile wide, divided into two streams by Goat Island, plunges witli a ceaseless, deafening roar over the rocky cliflRn, falling ijerpendicularly 160 feet. A mile and a half up the river are Grand and Navy Islands, between which and the Falls are the Bapids, where the watera flow very swiftly. 150. A short distance below the Falls the river is crossed by a beautiful suspension bridge, nearly a fourth of a mile in length. Two miles below the Falls is another bridge, 800 feet long, and 230 feet above the water. This bridge has two floors,— the lower one for carriages and persons on foot, and the other, 18 feet above, for railway traiim. It la mud that the first wire in the supports of this bridge was drawn over by a string which had been carried across by a kite. J 1 £ 1 a t( E L ei ri f ■\:, THE DOMINION OF CANADA. lis lake ; and it to Lake Niagara are is about 27 liles linsin era of the ie, divided tinges with ocky cliflH, mile and a ;y Jdands, le Bapids, the river is e, nearly a w the Falls feet abuve —the lower I the other, id that til* drawn over )y a kite. ♦.n^fij^T Z^^ '''*" ""^ "onderful Fallii, and some- tlmw fe*rful accldenta occur. Persona, in tryinTto crow the riw above the Falls, have been carried down by the gtrons cu^nt of the Rapids, and swept over the awful precipicp. JIAP EXERCISE.-Polnt out Orand Elver, Niagara River, and the Welland CanaL Point out and state tbe ^tlon of the following places:- Port Stanley, Port Bttrwell. Port Dover, Port Colbome, Quelph, 0alt,l»arl8, Brantford, Woodstock, Chatham. 132. Lake Ontario is the smallest of the great lakes- but It ifi very important to the commerce of the Prov-' mce, and along its shores we find many prosperous towM. Ihe western extremity of the lake is called Burhnvton Bay; and on the north is the Ba„ of Quinte -between which and the main body of the 'lake is the and Jfapanee Rivers flow into the Bay of qSJ. ' lin^„«^»^^-^°^* ^""^ ^^^ foUowlng:-Bur. to^* **»* *f,* "**** *^* P**'^"''^ Of the following towns :-HamIlton. Toronto, Port Hope. Cobcm? Kingston, and Belleville. *'0Dcurg, T ^l^'JPt^ ?*• ?*^«»^ce has, in its upper course near size and form; on account of whicl this ..q^* -./*u nver is called theXa^o/,,. ^.0^*^^ bI'^ 2> " .h»ii„g th. ,„piei to forcigTi tount'^Jf*. Animals. — 158. la the forests are many wild animals ; the larger of which are the moose, deer, hear, and wolf: the siaaller animals are such as the heaver, otie}', fox, and mink, which yield valu- able fur. 159. The moose and doer live on vegetable food, like ths ox. Their horns, called antlers, are not hollow, like those of the o:t, but solid and branching. Minerals. — 1 60. The most important mineral producls ure silver, copper, iron, lime, petroleum, and salt. 161. The copper and silver mines on the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior are of great value. Pft- troleum is abundant at Oil Springs, Petrolia, and Bothwell in Lambton County, and in othe* places south of Lake Huron. It is obtained by boring deep into the earth with augers. When purified, it forms the oil which we use in our lamps. Salt is obtained from salt springs at Goderich, Seaforth, and other places east of Lake Huron. Inhabitants —162. The inhabitants of On- tr.rio were numbered by Government officers in _J871 ; and the total number, including men, women, and children, was found to be 1,620,800. It ifl probable that there are now niearly 2,000,000. 168. The forefathers of the people of Ontario be- longed to various countries. About one-third of the inhabitants are of Irish descent, one-fourth of English, and one-fifth of Scotch. The Indiana number about 13,000. 164. Of the religious denominations, the Methodi$:» are the most numerous, forming over one-fourth of the whole population; Presbyterians are next, fonning ovor one-fifth ; the Church of England has also over one-fifth ; Soman Catholics have over one-sixth. 165. Ontario has good Schools, free to all, through* out the country ; there are also many HlUH-SoHOOi.» and Colleges. At Toronto and at Ottawa are excel- lent Normal Schools for training teachers. Divisions.— 166. Ontario is divided into forty- three counties and five districts : — FIVE COUNTIES ON THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. Counties. Chief Towns. ' Glengahuv Alexandria, Lancaster. Stobmont. Cornwall. DuNDAS Morrisburg, Iroquois. ^ ( Prescott, Merrick ville, Ken:ut- G^«KNVILLE \ ^.jj^ Lkkds Brookville, Gananoque. FOUR COUNTIES ON THE OTTAWA. PBtscoTT L'Orignal, Hawkesbury. RussELi Russell. Cablbton Ottawa, New Edinburgh. ' Ren FREW Pembroke, Arnprior, Renfrew. ONE COUNTY IN THE INTERIOR OF EAST ONTARIO. ( Perth, Almonte, Carleton Place, J'-^NARK ^ Smith's Falls. « THIHTEEN COUNTIES ON LAKE ONTARIO. Frostknac Kingston, Portsmouth. ApniNOiON Newburg, Bath. Lennox..... Napanee. ( Belleville, Trenton, Madoc, Stir-j H.V8TIN08 \ ij^ k Prince Edward Picton, Wellington. NoBT.it-MBERLAND....Cobourg, Brighton, Colborne. j Port Hoi>e, Bowmanville, Mill- l^'^''*"*" \ brook, Newcastle. ( Whitbv. Oshawa. Port Perry. Owxiiio,, \ Uxbi-idge. j Toronto, Yorkville, Newmarket, ^^^^ \ Aurora. THE DOMINION 0!P CANADA. Ontario be- bhird of the 1 of English, imber about le Methodis!* burth of the xt, fonnini; an also over sixth, all, thcQQgh- UH-S0HOOI.» ra, an excel* •8. i into forty- LAWUENCE. i. ■ ■ ;er. ■ 8. lie, Kenipt- lue. ■ LWA. >ury. lurgh,' 1", llenfrew. f IT ONTARIO, lieton Place, « ' NTaKIO. ith. Madoc, Stlr-\ Colborne. invJlle, Mill- Port Perry. Newmarket, (X>IUltlM. ,. ChtafTowBi. Pkki. (Brampton, Streetsville, Port „ ' "\ Credit. WENmoRTH Jf"**^^ ^*'''^"*' G«o,vetown. WENTWORTH Hamilton, Dundas, Ancaster. ( St. Catharines, Niagara, Port I Dalhousie. •mm COUNTIES IN THE INTEfilOE OF CENTRAL ONTARIO. vr.i,iKAL PKTMBor.oMH I Peterborough, Aahbumham, K '. Hastings. VfCTOBM /Lindsay, Bobcaygeon, Fenelon _. ( .rails. Haubtotox Minden, Haliburton. SIX COUNTIES ON LAKE ERIE. WmtAND |^^A"n"''' Choroid, Clifton, Port „ ( t^olbome. ^, :|™^'P«'*»over,PortRowa„. ^^°^« J »t Thomas, Port Stanley, Port Kent* t^,B»well, Aylmer. ^^''^•'- Chatham, Both^vell. ^«*«« { %"^^^°»^. Windsor, Amheret- lAMB ""'^ ^<^U^^TIES ON I^KE HURON. HcRo5°.'' a!?'^?*'^';?"*' P"'"' KdwarJ. ;-S1t™''' ^""*«"' ««»forth. ^«^<^K iWalkerton, Kincardine, South- Grey ' »™P«:on. „ ' /g'^"? Sound, Meaford, Durham. Sw'coE /Barrie, CoUingwood. OriuS 2r Blaotoral J)MaloaB.*-im t„ ' ferent counUw are iZi^ / '"*""• <»wb portions of dlf- of Common, .nd he p"roW„" uT^LVmh/''' "^r'"'"" """""^ DuFFcBiK an Dominion RMn««'^' B«'"^"J'«- wrf are both DomlnlonrdProv25k,dC'' h"** ^^""""i^ a county for municipal puS»e. o„fy "'''• "^"""Won Is Towns.-168. Ontario has many cities anri rapidly BIX t Bradford. PmH Sf'^"!'' ^^*'l»». I^-'on, ^""^'*^ Arthurs Landing. ways. Tliey are small compared with those of older countries, but most of them are mcreaismg in population and wealth. -netimes called thTt^ C^ ^TTJ I^e Lieutenant-Governor and other officeLS the Government live here in^ f\.^ ? hen?;trr^ "^^^^ h-'t^ i /thTSs" whth IrL^JTZ^:^ ^""^-=-. among Can^aTrt^ff ;!!'r''*^^^ *^« ^--- »' Montre;i. lie ParS ? »"; ^'^"* ^^^ ">"«« ^rom the river. K jJlS^» '?? '''"*"*'" overiooking i^i^feau ^a/j£\S^«fdf ^j - * «- 'tone building' There are Tn,.n. .Lv!!.,?""^ °^ '^ Governor-General. «tone buildingraid frfh ^T' ^* ^*« '"""J' «"« 173. LonZTo^) o„T I't^' ^'*^ '^' ^■'''^ bv A rioJ, * ~" r*-'"**'" on the ITiames, is surrounded Zfn *"^"^ '"'^''^' --^ h- - I'^'^e tr Je In ^"I?f ?i"^"^^^^^^^^^ -ract many tort, CoUlngwj^j;^:^"*?**' in^rersoU. straw "*«»wooa, cadorloij, Samia, Cobourg, Port 53 NORTH AMERICA. Xope, Belleville (7300), Peterborough, Undaay, Fertb, and Brockvllle (5100) are important towns. Niagara, a small town at the mouth of Niagara River, was the first capital of Upper Canada. Oovemment.— 176. The Lieutenant -Gover- jior is the head officer in the Government of Ontai'io. Some of the lawb - -e made by the Zocal Legislature at Toronto, and others by the Dominion Parliament at Ottawa. 177. Some countries are so badly governed that robbers, murderers, and other evil-doers escape without punishment ; and in some countries the king, or other ■chiei ruler, compels the people to pay large taxes that he may have means to gratify his selfish desires. In such countries there can be little progress ; industry and economy only render a man a richer prey for plun- derers. In Ontario we have good laws, by which property is protected and crime punished; and the taxes we pay are expended in making roads and bridges, in educating the children, and in various other ways for the improvement of the country and the happiness of the people. We have great cause to be thankful to God for a good and well-governed country. QUEBEC. History. — 178. This Province was for many years called Lower Canada. It I'eceived its present name when the Dominion was formed in 1867. 179. In 1759, when the British came to take Canada from the French, the brave General Wolfe wa^ sent against the strong city of Quebec. The city was so well fortified and so carefully guarded, that Wolfe's men were almost discouraged ; but finally he led them by night up the steep banks of the river to the heights on which the city is built. On the following morning a great battle was fought, in which the French were defeated. As his men were shouting, "They run! they run ! " Wolfe fell mortally wounded. The French commander, Montcalm, was also slain in the battle. Position. — 180. The Province of Quebec lies on both Kides of the St, Lawrence from the Ottawa Itiver to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Coast.~181. The Oulfof St. Laurence lies on the east of Quebec, between it and Newfound- land. Chaleur Bay is between Quebec and New Brunswick. OaspdBay and Mai Bay are on the east of the Peninsula of Gasp4, 182. The principal islands on the coast are Anticosti, Magdalen Isles, and Bonavmttcre. Antlcosti derives its chief importance from the valu- able herring and c(h1 fisheries on its coast. Seal hunt- ing is also a source of wealth. Barley, potatoes, and turnips are cultivated. The population is about 250. The Magdalen Islands consist of several rugged islands about fifty miles north of Prince lldward Island. Some of them are joined together by dunes or sand-hanks. Amherst Island, which is the most important of the group, and Grindstone Island are connected by two such banks, which enclose a lagoon, called Basque Harbor. Bird Isles are rocky islets on which immense numbers of sea-birds have their home. The inhabitants of the Magdalen Islands are mostly French, numbering about 3000. Their chief occupa- tion is seal-hunting and fishing. MAP EXERCISE.— Point out the coast water* and Islands of Quebec named In sections 181 and 188. Area. — 183. Quebec is over one ai;d three- fourtlis the size of Ontario. The area is 123,747,000 acres, or it equals a square of 440 miles. Surface. — 184. This Province is not so level a country as Ontario. It has two mountain- ranges, — the A'^otre Dame Mountains on the south of the St. Lawrence, and the Laurentine mils on the north. 1<»5. The Notre Dame Mountains extend from the Peninsula of Gaspe to the south-western borders of the Province. The highest peaks are in Rimouski and Gaspt^. Mount Logan and some other peaks are over half a mile high. 186. The Laurentine Hills below the Isle of Orieans lie near the St. Lawrence, foi-ming bold scenery along its northern shore. Rivers and Lakes. — 187. The chief rivers of Quebec are the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. The lakes are small but very numerous; thera are said to be veral hundreds in the Laurentine Hills. Ocean steamers go up the St. Lav«renco d Newfound- jbec and New kiy are on the the coast are ivmture. i from the valu- ist. Seal hunt- , potatoes, and 1 is about 250. several rugged i'rince Bdward ;ether by dunes h id the most mie Island are iclose a lagoon, rocky islets on we their home, nds are mostly r chief occupa- i8t waters and 81 and 188. le aiid three- The area is iquare of 440 i not so level vo mountain- ains on the le Laurentine {tend from the ern borders of i in Himouski ither peaks are Isle of Orleans 1 scenery along hief rivers of ts tributaries, neroijs; there le Laurentine St. Lav.renco "Sfc-.- %A'l \ fttiffiti'^iiiii THE DOMINION OF CANADA to Montreal, 58C> miles from the aea. A sliort distance below the city of Quebec the river is ten miles wide, and it becomes much wider as it approaches the Gulf. Lake St. Peter is an ex- pansion of the river. The principal islands in the river are Montreal, Jesus, and Bizarre, near the mouth of the Ottawa; Orleans, Isle atu- Coudres, Isle Verte, and Bic, below the city of Quebec. 188. The i)rincipal tributaries of the St. Lawrence are the Ottawa, St. Maurice, and Sai/uenai/, on the north; the Richelieu, &t. Francis, and Chaudih-e, on the south. 189. The Ottawa receives from the Province of Quebec tlie Gatinmu and the Lieire. The St Maurice 400 miles in length, flows from a forest country, an,i enters the St Lawrence by three mouths. About 20 miles from Three Eivers are the Falls of Shawane- gan, where the river falls 150 feet. lol^'.^' !!f"!T ^'™ ^'^'" ^''^ '^'- •'«A'». ''bout 100 miles north of the St. Lawrence. Tlie lake, which vkIt,""- %'" '"f ^' ""''''^^^ "'^"y ^t'-e^™^. some of l^l}^^^t" '"^^ '" *^" ^°''"^*«- The Saguenay is noted for the grandeur of its scenery, and foTits great depth. A part of its course is through a deep gome IbovTt/ f^' It ''' ^'°'^« "-ng hundreds of S above the deep, .lark water. Capes Trinity and Eter- "k^'A^*,^""''^'' from the mouth of the river are about 2«K) eet high. The villa., of ChicoutiJSknj: at the hea.1 of navigation. A few miles below Chi- • ?«!" " ":' fy^ ^"'^ "* *« ^'-'^ «f the river £l SrC;'^ '" *^^ ^'^'•'y ^^'^^ «f the eountiy. eiuht mTl.« f ""^^r'i"^ ''"^^ '"*" *^« St. Lawrence thellTK . J* r ^""''"° '''^y- Near its mouth are 5 fee twir T' "^ ^'-^"^orencj, where a stream 53 feet wide rushes over rocky cliffs, falling 250 feet uJh\.T ^^^'T '"'■"""«' ^'•""^ 100 to 200 feet S; rZ K '* ?' '''"* "^ '^' ^^^ f™'" the frozen inSo.an?f "^ ''°'-" *^' Sl«««y slopes of this cone port On r 7" u ^•^'^"^^ ""'"^^^^t ''■''"^erous Bport. On the rocky banks of the river stand lofty stone towers, from which there once hung a suspension^ erected, as an old peasant, his wife, anH -rand-chi'd wore ci^««i„g, in their cart, the wires gave"way and tL% ?f i!?*^ '^' '^""^ '^^^ellers were huriS into the depth- below. Near the FalL. is ^o/d." JS^C 191. FALLS OF MONTMORENCY. once the residence of Queen Victoria's father, t!ie Duk3 of Kent. 192. Tliu Eieiielieu, 50 miles in length, flows frcm- Lake Champlain, a beautiful sheet of water, the northern part of which is in Quebec 193. The St ftaaclB and the Yam::ia arc each- 50 NOirrfl AMERICA. About 100 inileB l„„g. and fl„w into Lake 8t. Peter J he 01iaudl*re w over 100 miles long. About four jnilea from its moutli are Vhuudidre Falls 1!)4 Montreal laland. about thirty miles in length, t^f . r^^'u" ^''"'" ^''""' ^■'"^' '^ »^a»tiful hill about 500 feet l.iyh. near the city of Montreal. On account of it8 fertility and its fine fruit, it has been called the Oarden of Camidn. 195 'ITie iBle of OrleanB. about five miles below the city of Quebec, is twenty miles in length. It is very Jtnl! tk"^",'''"^'^'™'"' ''^^^^^^^^^ ai'Pl-^s atul other fruit. The early French settlers called it Me Bacchus on account of its abundance of wild grapes. The islands Allumette and Calumet, in the Ottawa, belong to the Province of Quebec. MAP BXERCISE-Pomt out the mountains and rlverB of Quebec; also the islands la the St. Law. rence. Climate and Products.— 196. The winter season in Quebec is long and cold; the riven, are frozen over for five months in tlie yeai-, and the snow lies deep on the ground. The northern and eastern parts of the country are not suited to agriculture; in the south-west the climate is milder, and the products are like those of •Ontario. 197. Tlie forests of Quebec are very large, and form one of the chief sources of wealth. During the long winters the lumbermen cut logs, and bring them to the margin of the rivers; then, when the ice clears away, they float them down to Montreal and Quebec. From these places immense quantities of timber are sent in ocean ships to other countries. 198. Every spring millions of pounds of su^ar are mn^le in the forests from the sap of the maple-tree. 199. Many wUd animals, too, are captured in the forests, some of which are valuable for their flesh and hides, as the moose and deer; others for their fur, as the beaver, otter, and fox. MlneralB.-200. Quebec derives but little wealth from mineral i)roizarre; fourteen are on the north of the St Lawrence; and thirty-seven are on the south of the St. Lawrence. The names of the counties ciui be learned from the ma}). Towns.-2().l Quebec (6u,000), the capital of the Province, is on a high point of land between the St. Lawrence and the St. Charles River 400 miles from the Gulf. It is so strongly forti-' fied that it is sometimes called tlie Gibraltar of America. Part of the city, called the Lower Toim, IS built on a narrow strip of lowland between the cliffs and the river. Quebec has a hirge trade in lumber, and in the coves for miles along the river are lodged vast rafts which have been brought down from the western forests. The city of Quebec is noted for its beautiful sceneiy, and also for its many places of historic interest. On the Plains of Abraham was fought the battle of 1751) m which Generals Wolfe and Montcalm were slaJu! Durfiam Terrace, from which a beautiful view of tl.e city, river, and surrounding country may be obtained, IS a favorite resort. The lioman Catholic cathedral is said to contain the remains of Champlain, the founder of the city. The jjretty village of Beauport extendi along the St. Lawrence neariy the whole distance from Quebec to the Falls of Montmorency. Point Lens, a growing town on the opposite side of the river, 'is strongly fortified. Indian Lt^rft,", nine miles from Quebec, is a village of Huron Indians. 204. Montreal (12.V000), on Montreal Island, 180 / ' -" -ll - lli'lflll i»a 1,190,5(10. >eople are of ich language. Nearly six- lan Catholics, tenans, and t bodies, have separate le most noted >n, is at Mon- >f Quebec is ^f these are on Montreal Jesus and I of the St. the south of the counties he capital of Lnd between irles River, •ongly forti- jribraltar of the Lower of lowland uebec has a es for miles ivhich have forests, iful scenery, titerest. Oil ttle of 1761), were slain, view of the be obtained, cathedral '«» the founder wrt extends istance from nnt Levit, a he river, is miles fi-oia Island, 180 i IHK IX)MINIOX OK CANADA. ^ MONTlttAL miles above Quebec, is near the site of the old Indian village Hochclofia. It has many stone buildings, and 18 one of the finest cities in America. Notre Dame Cathedral, at Montreal, is a very laive church, capable of seating 10,000 persons. There are many other costly churches in the city, some of whicl, are adorned with fine paintings. Near the citv is the fh- .Ti'*".r" ^"''*''^' ^''""«* *^^'° "»1«B in length by ™ *')r\^Ti^™"'^ ^^--y <=--« the St' Law": lence. fhis bridge, made of pieces of iron stronply nveted together, forms an immense tube, tlru-h ■which the cars paas. 'uroufcn 205. Thrw Rivers (8500), at the mouth of the St Maurice, is noted for its lumber trade and ir n oundnes. Sherbrooke (6000), is the lai^est town ^ Lro"' ;r V- ^=y»<^t^« (^OOO), a manufacturing . oZe "'U'^™"*''* ^r^' »>^ - fine cathedral and I boSinXr™" "°"''^' "^""^ ""^ '"^^ ^«*«^ -^ •important places. Tadou^iac, situated among the AND ViCTORIA BRIDOE ACIIOSS TUE HT. LAWKKNCE rocky Cliffs at the n,.,uth of the Soguenay, i. noted as one of the first places visited by the French, and it was long one of their most important tradiiig-posts. MAP EXERCISE-Polnt out the towns of Quebsc. and state their position. vuoiieo, NEW BRUNSWICK. History.-2()7. The territory now included in tlie Provinces of New Bininswick and Nova Scotia was once owned by the French, and whilst under their rule it was called Acadie. It came into the hands of the British in 171.3, and it continued m one country under the name of A^ova Scotia untd the year 1784, when New Brunswick was formed into a separate Province. 20S. In tile year 1825 the eaatem part of New Brans- wick was laid waate by a great fire. Immense forests, covering nearly a fourth of the Province, were dZ stroyed. At night a vast sheet of flame, driven by s, n %iolcnt wind, burnt .u.Iclenly from the forests u,K.n the v> la«eH of I)o„,hu.town. Newcaatle an 1 S In^es ,„ the valley of the Aliramichi lilver. The tt Ified inhab.tunt«. «o,„e of whom thou^fht the en. . f their lne«. Safety was not easily found, f„r flan.e, were everywhere. Some rushed up to their neck" T,! the nver, and beside them were beL a d ther wi n anas seeking the Han.o protection from thl /a^j ' lal. r'; "^ '"'"f''^ '"«* their lives, and a^^ry Inige amount of proi,erty was destroyed. " " '^'^> between the Resl.gouchn River and BayChaleur on he north, an.l the iiay of Fuu.ly ^ th" south ; and Letwoen the Gulf of St. L.iwrence am Ao.-th,unberland Strait oi. tl.e east, and the L lilted States on the west Coa.t.-2lO. New Brunswick )^xs a ]on, and JiathnrM is about half way down. Misco, .ind Shippetmn are small islands at the entrance of the nation at Miscou for catching walrus. On the west of Sluppegan are huge blocks of granite which have Leen brought from the Quebec shore on icen^akes. 8a.l up the bay and nver to Chatham, DauglastJ,, The w"' ' ^icuminac is at the entrance of Northumbwland Strait separates Prince Edward Lland from New Brunswick. On this coast are the At the entrance to Bai/ Vcrte. John flows into this harbor, and forms a uJ!! i New Brui^dT H , "" ^^'^ """th-west of iiruusuicK. Her.' u mo we fiiul i-Kn t i i * 'Imrs, and u,, the river in St. Stephen isianUB named la sections 2U, 212, 213. and 214 ATea.-215. New Brunswick is alxjut one- STo6"fiLr^^"'"^^^«'-^*«'^-'-«hademoak is a broad river i lie hmnihn'Mi, fonm a beautiful lake or bay for about 2., nak-s. This part of the river is a fau.rite water for rowing-nrntches. The 8t Croix flows from the Chiputncticook Luke, MAP EXERCISE-Polnt out the rivers of New E-uaBwlck, and trace their coursea in N.T*P ^^d Products.-221. The wintei^ an New Brunswick are long and cold; l,ut the <'q»Hnow kerfiH the prouml wami, and aids tin l."ulu.n,u.n „.drawin,Mlu.irlo,.fn.n. the fore • The Hu,unK.r ,s h..t, with frt-iuent rain., and crojw grow rapidly. ' ' ^ 222. The luvKJuets of the soil „re grain and veL-e. tables, M ni ( Intario an-l (,»uel,t.c The Forests.-223. New Brunswick ha« ex- teuHue b.rosts, and lar... r,uantities ..f l.^nW -ex^K,Hcd. Ship-U..ldingisal.oanin,ij Inhabitants. — 224. Arcnrdii,,, ♦. ♦» i>f 1W-1 fi I --vccoKUni,' to the census I't 18< •a *n lb U At thirds the population; t.ie Roman Catholics number one-third. Divisions. — 225. New Brunswick is divided into fifteen counties. Their names fire given on the map. Towns.— 226. Fredericton (7000), the capi- tal, has a beautiful situation on the St. John Eiver, which is here about half a mile in breadth. The most important public buildings are Parlia- ment House, the University/, the Normal School, City Hall, and the Episcopal Cathedral. 227. St Jolin (30,000), at the mouth of the St. John, is the largest city. In the summer of 1877 it was visited by a terrible fire, which Laid v/aste a dis- trict of 200 acres, destroying nearly all the business portion of the city and the pulilie buildings. Carkton, on the opposite side of the harbor, fonns part of St. John city. Portland, adjoining St. John, is not within the limits of the city. 228. Sackvllle is the seat of Mount Allison Colletjc and Seminar!/. Moncton, the head-quarters of the Inter-Colonial Railway, St. Stephen, St. Andreii's, Mill- tovm, Woodstock, Ncivcastle, Chatliam, and Shediac, are important towns. KAP EXERCISE.— Point out tbe towns of New Bionswlck, and state their position. NOVA SCOTIA. History.— 229. The first settlement of white people in Nova Scotia was formed by the French, at Annapolis, in the year 1605. The French gave this place the name of Port Royal, and they called the whole country Acadie. Soon the English came and claimed the countiy, as Cabot, a countryman of theirs, had discovered it a hun- dred years before the French came to Aimapolis. They gave it the name Nova Scotia, which is the Latin for New Scotland. "^ 230, For more than a hundred years Nova Scotia was a scene of contention between the French and the English. It was now held by the one and now by the other, and the colonists of each were in turn robbed, and sometimes killed. This frequent change of ownership, and the violent hostility between the two nations, was a serious injury to the country, interfer- ing with its settlement and prosperity. 231. In the year 1710, Port Royal was finally t.-vken from the French, and three years after Nova Scotia was given up to the English. The Acadians, as the French inhabitants were called, were told that they might remain in the country, if they would obey tl:e laws. Afterwards, as the Acadians did not seem to be very good British subjects, the English colonists did not think it was safe to allow them to remain any longer. Accordingly, the Governor sent soldiers, who seized all the Acadians they could find, and sent them out of the country. Position.— 232. The Province of Nova Scotia is made up of the Peninsula of Nova Scotia and the Island of Cape Breton. It is bounded on the north by Northumberland Strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; on the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the north-west by the Bay of Fundy and Chiegnecto Bay. Cape Breton is separated from the Peninsula by the Strait of Canso ; and the Peninsula is connected with New Brunswick by the Isthmus of Chieg- necto, twelve miles wide. Coast. — 2.33. We observe from the mai> that Nova Scotia is long and narrow; that it is nearly surrounded by water ; and that the sea in many places runs into the land, forming bays and harbors. The country has thus great advantages for trade. 234. The Bay of Fundy, on the north-west, has gener- ally high and rocky shores. Near the mouth of the bay are Brier Island, Long Island, and Dighy Neck, separated from the mainland by St. Mary's Bay. Dighy Gvi is a gap in the sea-wall, through which the water enters and forms Annapolis Basin, a beautiful sheet of water about twenty miles in length. Farther up, the bay is divided by a tongue of land ending in Cape Chiegnecto. On the north are Chiegnecto Bay, Cumberland Basin, and Shepody Bay; on the south, Minos Channel, Minos Basin, and Cobequid Bay. At the entrance of Minas Basin is a high, rocky bluff, called Cape Blomidon. The head waters of the Bay of Fundy are remarkable for their very high tides, the difference between high water and low water being in some places sixty or seventy' feet. to tlie country, interfer- osperity. lloyal was finally taken fears after Nova Scotia The Acadians, as the ed, were told that they , if they would obey tl;» !ai. (vall, through which the polls Basin, a beautiful liles in length. Farther ingue of land ending in th are Chkgnecto Ba>i, >dy Bay; on the south, and Cobequid Bay. At is a high, rocky bluflt, lead waters of the Bay heir very high tides, the and low water being in let. '■> ViOT'/' • ■• ,fKS I ! ., I aret wati aud . 241 of th« 242 THE DOMINION OF CANADA. S6' 235. NMrthumberland Strait lies on the north be- tween Nova Scotia and Prinne Edward Island. St. George's Bay, the Strait of Canso, and Chedabncto Bay, separate Cape Breton from Nova Scotia. Cape St. George is at the entrance of St. (Jeorge's Bay, and Cape Canso at the entrance of Chedabucto Bay. The Strait of Canso is about fifteen miles in length, and one mile in breadth. Many fishing and trading vessels pass through this strait. 236. The Bras d'Or waters form irregular bays in the interior of Cape Breton. They t . .ter on the north- east by two narrow channels, called Great and Little Bras d'Or, enclosing Boulardarie Island. A canal, half a mile long, connects Bras dOr Lake and St, Peter's Bay. Cape North ;•= Mgh rocky cape on the north of Cape Breton. '■ ,. .. ist here is dangerous, and seamen are warned . ;t-hou8es on /S<. Paul's Island. Sable Island, noted for its wild ponies, is a low, sandy island, 100 miles south of Cape Breton. 237. The Atlantic coast has many fine harbors. On the east of Cape Breton is Sydney Harbor, where largo quantities of coal are shipped; and on the south is Louisburg Harbor, where the French once had a strong town. Farther west is Isle Madame, separated from Cape Breton by Lennox Passage. 238. On the south of Nova Scotia we find Halifax Harbor, one of the best harbors in the world. Farther west are Margaret's Bay, and Mahone Bay, noted for its beautiful scenery. Cape Sambro is near the en- trance of Halifax Harbor. Crown Point is a high cape between Margaret's and Mahone Bays. Cape SaUe, a rocky islet, is the most southerly point of Nova Scotia. HAP EXERCISE.— Point out tbe coast waters and capes of Nova Scotia. Area. — 239. Nova Scotia is about one-fifth the size of Ontario, or it equals a square of 146 miles. Surface.— 240. Nova Scotia has no high mountains. The liighlauds in the north of Cape Breton, nearly half a mile above the sea-level, are the most elevated iu the Province. A central water-shed divides the Peninsula into a northerly and a southerly slope. 241. The Soutb Mountain forms the western portion of the central water-shed. 242. The North Mountain forms a wall along the southern shores of the Bay of Fundy. This mountain is formed of dark rock, which at some time, ages ago, was poured out in a melted state from the interior of the earth. 243. The Cobequid Mountains, on the north of Cobequid Bay, contain superior iron ore. 244. A beautiful sheltered ,ralley lies between the North and South Mountains. Annapolis, the oldest town in Nova Scotia, is on Annapolis Basin, at the west end of this valley ; Canard and Orand Vri, also noted for early French settlements, are at the east end, near Minas Basin. The expulsion of^e Acadians from these places fonus the subject of Longfellow's beautiful poem "Evangeline." The Acadians, or French people in Nova Scotia, refused to take the oath of allegiance. After repeated warnings, the men and boys were summoned to meet in their church at Grand Vt& to hear the king's pleasure. Here they were for a short time, guarded by armed soldiers, and then they and their families were taken out of the country. Rivers and Lakes.— 245. The rivers and lakes of Nova Scotia are very small compared with those of Ontario. The longest rivers are not over fifty miles in length, and the longest lakes ten or twelve miles. 246. The largest rivers are the Shubenaeadie, East River of Piotou, -Sf^ Mary's, La Have, Liverpool, An- napolis, and Comwallii. The largest lakes are Rossignol, Grand Lqjhe, Ship Harbor Lake, and Ainslie. MAP EXERCISE.— Point cdt the rivers and lakes of Nova Scotia. Climate and Products,— 247. The climate of Nova Scotia is similar to that of Ontario. "Winter is less steady, and spring is later. Autumn is a very pleasant season. The products are various kinds of grain and vegetables. The valley be- tween the North and South Mountains is cele- brated for its fine fruit. 248. Many of the rivers have along their lower courses extensive marshes, which are protected from the tide by dikes. This marsh -land is very fertile, and has yielded large crops without manure since the first settlement of the country. Minerals.— 249. Nova Scotia is rich in mine- rals. The most important minerals of the Prov- ince are coal, iron, and gold. : 53 NORTH MKRICA. 250. The most valuable coal mines are ia Cape Breton, Plcton, and Cumberland countiea. The colliers dig very deep into the earth for ooal. As the sunlight cannot enter the mines, the colliers work by lamp- light. The mines sometimes contain an explosive gas which is set on fire by the lamps. Coal is formed from the wood of immense forests which covered the earth thousands of years ago. 251. Superior Iron ore is obtained from the Cobequid Mountains in Colchester. Gold mining is carried on principally in Guysborough, Halifax, and Hants counties. The value of the gold o'^tained is, on an average, about $330,000 a year. Oypanm and lime are abundar*. in "f^va Scotia. coast.; T, weal; . and ve other Pr mi t}! .; -252, The fisheries on the Hia are a source of great ■" dnce employs more men lisijiwg business than all the "i Dominion taken together. Nova Scoti„ Hi:jo exceeds any other Provuice in ehip-building. Inhabitants.— 253. The population in 1871 •was 388,000. The majority of the people are of Scotch, English, and Irish origin. There are also many descendants oi French and German people. The Indians number about 1700. Presbyierians and Roman Catholics each form about one-fourth of the population. Baptists, Episcopalians, and Methodici-s are next in respect to numbers. The public schools are free to all children over five years of age. Divisions.— 254. The Province is divided into eighteen counties — fourteen in the Peninsula, and four in Cape Breton. Towns.— 255. Halifax (30,000), the capital of Nova Scotia, haa a superior harbor, and ships may be seen here from ma! y foreign countries. The city ia strongly fortified. The finest build- ings are Parliam^int House and thf. Dominion Building, containing the Post Office and other public offices. Halifax has lately been made the winter port of the Dominion, so that whilst the St J^wrence is frozen over, mails between the Upper Provinces and Europe pass through this city and over the Intercolonial Hailwayl 256. Next to Halifax, the largest towns in N©tP» Scotia are DaHmouth, Yarmouth, Truro, Pictou, Sydney, Ntw OUugoto, AmAertt, Windsor, Lunenburg, Liverpool, and Shelbume. 257. Annapolis is the oldest town in the Dominion. WoUVllle is the seat of Acadia College, and is near the site of the old French village of Grand Pr4. Truro is the seat of the Normal School, and Windsor of Kiny'a College. Yarmoutu, the largest town in the west, is noted for ship-building and for its public schools. Flctou exports large quantities of coal. Sydney, the largest town in Cape Breton, was the capital of the island whilst it formed a separate Province. MAP EXERCISE.— Point out the counties and tbe towns of Nova Scotia. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. History.— 258. This Island formerly belonged to France, but it was ceded to Great Britain at the same time as Quebec and Ontario. It formed part of the Province of Nova Scotia until 1770, when it received a Government of its own. In 1873 the Island was admitted as a Province of the Dominion. 259. Prince Edward Island received its present name in 1800 in honor of Edward, Duke of Kent, Queen Victoria's father. Previous to that time it was called St. John's Island. Position and Coast.— 260. Prince Edward Island is situated on the south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and it is separated from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by Northumberland Strait. 261. The Island is distant from New Brunswick 9 miles; from Nova Scotia, 15 miles; and from Cape Breton, 30 miles. 262. The principal coast waters are Rim- imnd Bay, Cardigan Day, Hillsboro' Bay, Bedeque Harbor, and Egmont Bay. Area.~263. Prince Edward Island is not as large as some of the countiea of Ontario, and it scarcely equals one-fiftieth of the whole Prov- ince. The area equals a square of 46 miles. The length o( tlie Island is 130 miks; the greatest breadth, 30 miles. < I t <1 V V t 0( • ir^ p as a * /^^ Surface and Rivers.— 264. The laland is low and undulating ; near the middle it ia more hilly. The water-shed extends east and west, so that the streams are all short and small. Ciimata, Soil, and Products.— 265. trince Edward Island has not the same extremes of heat and cold as Nova Scotia and New Bnuis- wick. The soil is fertile and easily tilled, and a larger proportion o^ the country is under cultiva- tion than in other parts of the Dominion. The most important products are oats, barley, and potatoes, which are exported in large quantities. 266. The fisberles give employment to a lame number of men, and shlp-buUdlng is also an import- ant pursuit. Population.— 267. Prince Edward Island has a population of about 100,000. This is much more m proportion to its size than we find in any other part of the Dominion. Divi8ions.-268. The Province is divided into tliree countm—Vrince, Queen's, and King's Town8.-269. Charlottetown (IO,ooo),' the capital, has a fine harbor at the mouth of East North, and West Rivers. The city has foui' public squares, and the main streets are 100 feet in breadth Parliament House is the finest public building. on^!:/'^"^:*'' f^ """««^««t of Charlottetown, 2.^TT Vr^"'' '" '^' '^''^ *"^ '" the west o the Island. It exports large quantities of oats, barley potatoes, and oysters. "»««y, to!!'*'*^r!*'r '' ^^''"*.*h'rty miles ea«t of Charlotte- quantities of the produce of the Island jngmlsh is a small fishing village near the north- western extremity of the Island, and Sourla is a sSr villagenearthenorth-easteniextremity.XweenThse counues, and towns of Prince Edward Island. THE DOMIJflON OF CANADA. Vt mm A «a • ^ — — nri « n I r O B A. P^^l'"^^^- ^«>'*oH often called the Pratrte Prominion under its present name in 1870. 272. The country was settled in the spring of 1812 by a few people from Scotland, who for ma„v year. end,^d great hardships. They were peSecuted by the Indians for intruding on their hun^Tn, g^ounds^ honne^T T" '"*'"*'^"' ^^ blackbirds and g"^: hoppers; and sometimes in spring the nvers ovm. flowed, causing much damage. « -vers o>er- north and^east by the District of KeeM-avdin, on t^Tl ^Z *^t^"^*^d States, and on the wst by North- West Territory. Tne Province is about midway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oce^ms. Area.-274. Nest to Prince Edward Island, Manitoba is the smallest Province of the Do- nimion. It is two-fifteenths the size of Ontario • or It equals a square of 120 miles. miles ; the breadth, north and south, 104 miles! nn??ff J'7^?- ^^^"^^^'^^ ^'^ "« monntaing nor high hills, but is for the most part level or undulating prairie country. Its general slope 18 towards the north. ^ Rivers and Lakes.-276. The two principal rivers in the Province are Red iZ^W and tlS ^.«mW which unite about sixty miles from Lake Winnipeg. noSf.^nr,-f°'^' T""."'" ''"^"'^ ^'^^ ««"*!> to north, but it rises far back in Minnesota anH ;. navigable for small steamers nearly TwSs The .ouU.™ portions of ZaA., TT.nnW and ZSLlre in this Province. They yield abundance of fish i^ eluding white fish, stui^eon. pen=h. and pike, wid STndfr^ "^'^ "^""^'^^ --"'^ '^« ^^- ^ Climate.-277. The winters ai-e very cold, colder than m Ontario and the eastern Provinces but the air IS so dry that the cold does not seem severe. The snow lies on the ground until „, wn^n X. mdis rapidly, and the farmer begins his spring work. Horses often remain J from whici they remove the snow by pawing ss NOlltH AMERICA. with their feet. In summer the days are long and hot, and the nights are generally cooL Soil and Products.— 278. There is little forest land in Manitoba, so that the settler has not to clear away trees and stumps to make a farm, as in Ontario. The deep, rich, prairie soil is ready at ouce for the plough, and yields a good crop the first year. The country is noted for its giain, producing from twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat to the ivcre. ^ , also produces fine vege- tables and flax 279. The woodlands are mostly along the margins of the rivers. The poplar is the most common tree. Scarcity of fuel is one of the disadvantages of the country. Population.— 280. In 1870 the population was about 12,000, divided pretty equally into Pi-o- ti stants and Roman Catholics. It is now about twice that number, and new settlers ai-e every yeai" coming in from the other Provinces and from Eurojje. The people are of varied origin— English, French, Scotch, Indians, half-breeds, Icelanders, and Men- nonites. Tlie Mennonites, numbering several thou- flands, are a singidar people, who have come from the south of Russia. Their ancestors suflfered much in Europe from religious persecution, and were driven from country to country. The Mennonites object to take an oath in courts of justice, and also to do military ■ service. Their principal settlements in Manitoba are at Hat Eiver and Dufferin in the south of the Province. Towns,— 281. Winnipeg (6000), the capital, has a beautiful situation on Red River, near where it is joined by the Assiniboine. It is a new and raj)idly growing town. On the oppo- site side of the river is St. Boniface, where the Roman Catholics have a cathedral and a college. BRITISH COLUMBIA. History.— 282. This Province consists of .— *^... .......... , .,j|.^;,j ^,jt^ vtvc mrriTrifXiim, ouu Vancouver Island. It was admitted as a Prov- ince of th,e Dominion in 1871. ■ 283. Before the discovery of gold iu 1858i British Columbia bad few white inhabitants. News of this discovery brought in thousands of people in search of wealth. The mines were far inland, in a wild moun- tainous .ounfry, without roads, so that the toil in getting there and the expense of living were very great. Many persons became discouraged, and went away poorer than they came; others were more lucky in finding gold, but they carried their liches to their homes in other lands. Hence tlie country has im- i roved slowly, and has yet but few inhabitants. Position.— 284. British Columbia is bounded on the north by North-West TeiTitory ; on the cast by North-West Territory ; on the south by the United States; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Coast.- 285. The coast - remarkable for its many bays and islands. With the exception of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte, the islands are quitesmall. Vancouver is separated from theCon- tinent of America by Qmen Charlotte Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and the Sti-ait of Juan de Fuca. Area— 286. This Province is about three times as large as Ontario. Its length, north and south, is 7€0 miles ; its breadth, east and west, .570 miles. Vancouver Island is somewhat larger than the Prov- ince of Manitoba. Surface and Rivers.— 287. British Columbia is a rugged, mountainous country. The C'aa- cade Mountains lie near the coast, and the Rocky Mountains are on the eastern side of the country, forming the boundary between it and the North- West Territory. Between these mountains are elevated table-lands. The principal rivers ai*e the Simpson or Skeena, the Fraser with its tributary the Thompson, and the Columbia. They rise in the Rocky Mountains, flow westerly across the table-land, and break through the Cascade Mountains by deep gorges or canyons. High, rocky cliffe rise on each side of the narrow gorge, the stream generally occupying the whole breadth at the bottoiu, arid flowing so rapidly as to be for the most part unnavigable. Ilie Fraser EiVer is navigabb for steamers 110 mil6s. ^ j^*" THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 1858i British News of thia i in search of a wild tno\in- t the toil in re very great. i went away lore hicky in ches to their ntry has im- )itants. is boimdecl iry; on the lie south by 'est by the :able for its jxcoption of islands are omtheCon- iSound, the Til de Fuca, ree times as south, is 760 les. an the Prov- li Columbia The Cas- 1 the Rocky he country, the North- untains are rivers ai-e • with its xhia. They terly across lie Cascade DB. High, TOW gorge, ole breadth y as to be "he Fraser 89 MF^ Olimate and Products.— 288. A warm ocean current Hows along the coast of British Colnmbia, causing the climate of Vancouver and of the coast country of the mainland to be much milder than that of the central and eastern parts of the Dc- Jiiinion. The si)ring season in these portions of the Province is very rainy, but the summer is pleasant. On the western slopes ot the Cascade and Rocky Mountains the rain-fall is very great. On the table-lands between the two great moun- tain ranges there is very little rain. The winters here are severe, and the summers are hot, with cool nights. 289. The mountain sides and all the country west of the Cascades are covered with fine forests. The Doujias pine grows to an immense size^ and yields valuable timber. The liiyhland plains are ahaost destitute of trees ; indeed, they are so Ory that they have very little vegetation of any kind. I'he lower mountain slopes, facing the table-lands, produce different kinds of wild «ras8, making good pasture lands. Little attention haa been given to the cultivation of the soU in British Colimibia ; and, for the most part, the country is better suited to grazing than to agriculture. Minerals.— 290. British Columbia derives its chief wealth from its minerals. Gold is found in many parts of the interior. The Cariboo Jlinea are the most unportant SUver, copper, and Iron are found in the Cascade Mountains. Coal is abundant in Vanconver and in Queen Charlotte Islands. The coast fisheries are very valuable; in the rivers ^80 are fine salmon and sturgeon. Inhabitants.— 291. The principal settlements of the Province are in the south of V.aucouver and along the navigable part of the Fraser River. The white inhabitants are estimated at 12,000 the Chinese at 3000, and the Indians at 30,000 ' Towns.— 292. Victoria (4000), in the south- -east of Vancouver, is the capital and largest town. It has a good harbor, and four miles distant is the superior harbor of £squimalt. :■: -03. Nanalmo is a coal-mining village. K«w W«rt. Jnlnster (16C0), the fonaer capital, is oo the Fraser Rjver, 13 miles from its mouth. Steamers go up the river to Yale, 'Jo miles from New Westminster. Lyttoa 18 a small place at the junction of the ITiompson with the F~^er. Cariboo is the chief gold mining district. NORTH-WEST TERRITORY AND KEEWAYDIN. History.— 294. This vast country was long owned by an English fur-trading company, called the Hudson Bay Company. In 1870 the Com- pany sold its claims to the Dominion Government for ^1,500,000, retaining its forts, together with large tracts of laud, and tlie privilege of trading in the country. 295. In 1876 North-West Territory was provided with a separate government, and in the same year the eastern portion of the Territory was fonned into a new country called the District of Kccwmdin. Keewaydin lies west of Ontario, extending to Manitoba and Lake Winnipegosis, and northeriy to Hudson Bay. Coast Waters.— 296. The waters of the Arctic Ocean and /Judson Bay are frozen over during a large part of the year. For a short time at midsummer the ice clears away, and trading vessels visit the forta on Hudson Bay. Area.-297. Noriih-West Territory and Keewaydia comprise a large part of the Dominion. Taken to- gether, they have an area twenty-tive times greater than the Province of Ontario. Surfece.-298. The Rocky Mountains lie along the west, partly in North-West Territory and partly in British Columbia. They are rugged, and broken iji some places by deep gorges, through which rivers from the western side find their way to the great central plain. The general slope of the country is towards the Arctic Ocean ar.d Hudson Bay, as may be seen from the courses of the rivers on the map. In the south-west, along the Saskatchewan and Peace Rivera are «arge tracts ni mWinit <-».»;«{»„ Kivers and Lake8.-299. This country is noted for its great rivers and lakes. It may be seen from tJie map that we can group them into 40 NORTH AMERICA. two systems,— those that How northerly into the Arctic Ocean, and tliose that flow easterly and nortlierly into Hudson Bay. 300. §Tie Mackenzie is the great river of the north, and it is one of the longest rivers in the world. Its lengtli from Orcat Slave Lake is estimated at 1400 miles; but, following its longest tributary, the Peace and Fin- lay, whose head-waters are beyond the Rocky Moun- tains, the entire length is over 2000 miles. The Atha- basca, another tributary, rising in the Rocky Mountains near the high peaks Mount Brown and Mount Hooker, and flowing into Lake Athabasca, is neariy 900 miles long. Slave River, which carries the waters onward to Oreat Slave Lake, is 200 miles long. 801. Wollaston Lake is on the water-shed, sending pai-t of its waters northerly to Lake Athabasca, and part of them southeriy to U, ,t Lake, and thence to the Churchill River. Lake Athabasca is 200 miles long ; Great Slave Lake, 300 miles ; Great Bear Lake, which is said to be frozen over eleven months in the year, flows into the Mackenzie Eiver. The Pelly, Yukon, and Great Pish Rivers also be- long to the Arctic system. 302. The rivers that flow into Kake Winnipeg furnish water-roads through a large and fertile country, and are the luoat important of the- Hudson Bay system. The chief of these are the Saskatchewan and Assiniboine. 303. The Saskatcliewaii has two great branches. North Saskatchewan and South Saskatchewan. The north branch is 770 miles lou„ ; the soiith branch, 800 miles ; and the united stream to l^uke Winnipeg, 280 miles. The Assiniboine, after a course of GOO miles, receiving on its way the Qu'Appcllc and the Sour is, unites with lied River in Manitolia. 304. The Winnipeg River brii.gs to Lake Winnipeg a largo tribute of waters from Lake nf tin: ll'i, .,/.<, Rii ,/ Lake, uinl Lake nf the Thousand Lakes, TIio Nelson River, over •JOO miles long, and noted for rapids and falls, bears tlio surjilus waters from Lake Winnipeg to Hudson Bay. The CburcblU River rises near the source of the North Saskatchewan, unil has a course of about 1100 miles. 305. Lake Winnipeg is 280 miles in length. Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis are each about 120 miles long. Their waters flow into Lake Winnipeg, through the Little Saskatchewan River. MAP EXERCISE.— Point out tbe rivers and lakes, of North- West Territory. Climate, Soil, and Products.— 306. Until 806. Bias or BVnr aloes on thx paAiaixa. .-> 1 e and fertile- I'taiit of the- of these are- eat branches, ^heioan. The ;h branch, 800 irVinnipeg, 280 of GOO miles, nl the Souris, I'lnnipeg a !nrgo '"1 // hake, uiiil tiver, over im jara tlio surplus The Churclilll katchewan, and sngth. Lakes i 120 miles long. >ugh the Littla rs and lakes. -306. Until i lately it waa thought that the whole of thia great country was a frozen, barren region, valuable only for it« fur-bearing anim;ils. But tliere hiw been found along the Sjis- katchewan and Assini- boine one of the best farming countries in the world. Here are long reaches of those wonder- ful treeless plains called prairies, covered with tall grass, and varied with beautiful park-like groves of poplars and other trees, alon • - ^i sun does nnf »»♦ u .""'""■ ""•«»y"«wnion the rt^a aSn 1« H -l-"" ""'°'"° ^ *he horizon, it fTh^Z' "^"* * "^^ ^"^"^ *he twenty. \ ■'■•■ '■'■ » 810. YORK FORT. Inhabitants.-309. The inhabitants are prin- cipally Indians, whose chief occupation is hunt- ing and fishing. The few white men in the coun ry hve mostly at places called Farte, and are chiefly engaged in trade with the Indians TOWU8.-310. There are no cities or towns m tnis large country. BatUeford. a village on the Battle River, near it<, i^"S°r''l*^' ^''^'^ Saskatchewan, is the ca, Si oj North-West Territory. The other principal pTacH are the forts or trading-posts of the Hudson Bay C IT The most important of these are York Fort^ouSon f^EdMan, on the Saskatchewan ; Fort Simpson Z the Mackenzie; and Fort Pell,, on the AssinibTne aoyenunent-3H. The government of No th West .SdTScS." ''" '^"'^ '' ^ Lieutenant-GoveLl NEWFOUNDLAND. N Historjr^312. The people of Newfoundland were unwilling to unite with the other Provinces when the Dominion of Canr.da was formed, and the island still remains a separate Province. wlZn*'p ' *''' f'^T'y °^ '^"^""^'*' ^^^ people "f c^^ x«T 'T^'"' *^"* '^' ^'^'^^^ off the ^^.w Jl':^t""'"'J"? Y^-^ very valuable. The _....„„ „n^ ,„5. j,rcncn Dotii wished to own the island but finaUy the French ceded it to Great State at The' •ame time that they gave up Nova Scotia. Position and Size.-313. Newfoundland i*- 42 ill lii' NORTH AMERICA. •AH islnnd in tli« east of the Gulf of St. Ljiwrence. •Cape Ray, on the aouth- Avest, is about stixty miles from the island of Cajx; Breton ; and in the Dorth-west, at the Strait of Belle Isle, the New- foundland shore is twelve miles from the coast of Labrador. The isLind is about one- ■third the size of the Prov- ince of Ontario, or it equals a square of 190 miles. Coast.— 314. Newfoundland has many bays wioss Uie ^«fzc, the country l. .bout .„«1 to the Dominion of The Coast Country.-327. In crossing the Umted States from east to west, we Hrst find a narrow lowland country, bordering on the Athuitic.^ In the north this coa«t region is somewhat rough, and is not very feitilefbut it has excellent harbors. South of Chesapeake Bay there are few good Im.bora, and the coun- try w level and sandy. It is in some places covered with large forests of pitch pine, which yield tar and turpentine; and in other places there are large swampy districts. The Eastern Highlands.-328. As we eo west^ we come abruptly to a rocky ridge, form- ing the border of a table-land. Still further across the table-land, we come to those uioun-' tain ranges which in the outline of North Amer- ica are called the Appalachmn Mountaim. The nuiges take difi-erent names, and extend from the mouth of the St. Lawrence in Canada to the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico. The mouiitiun ridges are covered with forests, and are The Central Plair. -329. From the Eastern Highlands we paas to the Ce>Ural Plain, the ^uthein s^ope of which is wholly in the United States Here we find the great Missusippi, with ^ tnbutanes coming in from the E.«tern and Western Highlands. In all this va«t region we see no mountains-only level or undulating plains and rolling prairies. The northern haS of the plain produces abundance of grain; the ^them half yields tobacco, cotton, and sugar- . The Western Highlands.-330. After ctom- ing the Mwsissippi, we rise gradually along the prairies to the foot of the lioi/ MourLvZ 4i NORTH AMERICA. S30, nocKY MOUMAINB— DENSE Along the lower slopes are dense forests, then shrubs anil mountain flowere, then moss-covered rocks and snow-cupped peaks. Eeyond these niountains are the dry, barren, highland plains, btil fjirther west is another mountain wall, the wild Sierra jVevada and Cascade MmMaim, with tJieir deep canyons and rai)id streams. Little faming is .lone in these f.i^-hland regions ; but pe.)ple come to these rough countries to get gold fronx the rich mines of CaUfomia and Colorado. Ld siC from the mines of Xew Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada. The Western Coast Country.-33i. Beyond the Sierra Nevada is the beautiful valley of the Sacramento in California, one of the most fertile countries in the world, producing the finest ■nbeat, applet, grapes, and other fniits. Jr5?t K-'l''" T *'■""'' ""^ ™™«"«« 8ize,-three him- dred feet high and twenty-five feet in diameter. C^rJat!^^*"^ ^^^^^ "^"^ *^« ^-^«° - ^^ and Its tributaries, flowing through many States, differing m climate, provide a water-road by ^ich these States can exchange their different i.»uuuc«, aaa trade with foreign countries. FOUKSTS AND aNOWOAPl'KD PKAKS. 333. The Oreat Lakes, in the north, open up a wav fort.^ebetweenthegrain.producingSta'Lsof'^hewest and the manufacturing States on the Atlantic. The Col in ?at.t 2" ""' ^'"''"" '^'"''^^ *^« ^'"'^'^ inln M ^^^^7" Hudson is a beautiful river, flowing mto New York Harbor. On one side, near it^ mouth hLVrai '"^^' T""/ *'^ "'«''^«'^''- farther up at high banks on each si.le, called the ffiahlands. Lai^e steamers go up to ^Zian,, about 150 miles from n1 J^ork. A canal has been ma^Ie through the mountain valleys from Albany to Buffalo, an,? the g"in thlt ha. come over the lakes is brought in small bol oT^n, ^ttT' ^^"l^ ^^' ^'^'"^'' ^"'1 '■« then taken ilown the Hudson to New York. A^nH^^^'^.u^^!! important "rivere flow into the Atlantic. a« the Connecticut, the Delatvare, and the Potomac, which are navigable through the low coa*t region; and farther up they flow rapidly. fumishC water-power for machinery. u'-nisning 336 On the Pacific slope, tl e Columbiu and Cole rado flow rapidly through the deep gorges. Climate aad Product8.-337. In travelling through the United States from north to south! we first fitiH fho /.i; — *.. ._j . , . """"'r ,„,„^ _„^^ proGuCts very like what we have in our own country; as wo go ■ -iU ■3 o pen up a way ktesofthewest Ltlantic. The ^e or Chicago ■Mkc Huron to li the Welland Lake Ontario. river, flowing Jar its mouth, krther up ar© and*. L&Tg» 68 from New he mountain le grain tliat Bmall boats i then taken >w into the tre, and the le low coaat ', furnishing a, and Co2o. travelling- h. to souths very like as wo go i ra {ntvidtH intt Stumra 4^500 Afiitt. ) - :;'7;TH iiwrv/r • f'U' ;! '.■■'.S-H :-:r 'flfti'ii'.... 801 in kin the pro and Ii last Ir thar Th settle 4pecli of thi -emlgr Dj up 01 are c •of th in th( the I .squar 34C lows ; ■States and t] 341. bling 1 fertile, are im| Maine. Nbw Hi Vbrmo.n Massac: Rhode ] Connect '342. U HampsU •■ Countries, / ;■//■ •>!•«■ southerly we pa^ through warm. States, which in addition to wheat, Indian co.„, and other kindsof grain, yield tobacco, grapes, and peaches then we come to the Southern StatesV which aTdt^ijr ' ^''' ^"^-■^-^^' --* ^*^^t In 8ome of^h. 'Z VT" I* " """^ °^^'' 40,000,000. than rrthtptuSn!™ '''''' "^^^^ ^«™ -- BeS:,SriV,:oX^:"S ''''./''^--''^ became ^peciall/for them but «.? ar?~ 7 '"^ ''t^" «^* ''P"" of the west Some tribes, s till wUd^nrt '" " "^ P°^"°"« emigrants travelling in tl; far wm "'"'^'' °"'" "'^'^ Divisions.— 339. The Um>Ari «f.* iinoff-..* • ,:. '^"'''^" "^t'T^tes are made THE UNITED STATES. sheep. MassRchusettTRliode I^^^rZJT^i^Z:^: cut, taken together are hut Hffi ConnectU They are noted for hS Tan,,? ^"'' '" Papulation. ceUent public schools MrT"'"' ^"'^ '''^'^ «' manufacturing St .u^ n '^'^"^1*« " the fi«,t the smallest State ^ "'°°- ^^'^^'^^ ^«l^nd 1. wiS\io°JSrtVtreo;:K',^n"'.''"'' '« <'°"-«=t«i noted for th« manufacture of ».^ ^'"'"'"^^- Concord U the intfC?; oMt^'f^KfaidS^"^'*"^' '^ ""'^^ '- neighborhood of Boston, and conne-f-^ *^''^"'''' ^" ""^ are many smaU cities a^d towns notel fTth','" '^'''"'^' tures, as LoweU, Lawrenca L^n iL"'^''" ""anufao Sprtngfleld. New Bedfo?d s'enK; ^*»'<^««te'-. and men and vessels to the «hal« flf^ . « ^"^^ number of vldence. and Newhaven * « uelntJ^'^^'^'^^^- Mo- tions of learning. **** "' distingui.slicd instltu- MAP EXERCISE.— Point nnt ♦!,- » States and their cwefcltlea *'*'' ^^«~> NEW ENGLAND STATES areimportLTSst:' """""' ^^ '^"^^^ ., ■Montpeller, Burlington. M.vssACHr8ETTa |^*"*«°. Worcester, Lowell, Cam ^?II«T^»T l^n'tee, New Bedford Rhode I8i,and Providence. Newport^ hnnl!^! '!.'1 .»°«'l h«»-bo,^. Lumberin.^ „k.v aaapted to the raising of cattle and MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 345 Throughout these States, except on th« mountains, the summers are ho . TnThe north , 41K " ^''"^f ['''"'"'•" "' "act letter}. New York / K?^'T?r, ^'"^' ^'•°°^^- I j>"' Buffalo, Rochester. ^ Troy, Syracuse. Pknnsylvanta i Hwrlsburg, Philadelphia XT T m *^'"«'"»^'. Alleghany City. NkwJkusey (Trenton, Newark, Jersey Maryland 7 '' ^^'^""nffton. VxRcir ^"^POlls. Baltimore. «^ in the produSrir?oal.^r^:^*J- 46 NORTH AMERlCAi ASca'^'l.T"'' ^1*^ " '''' '"«•"•* »"" richest city In every year from U>e crow.ied countrii^ oTKe Tentrit citizens, lirook'yn, the third dty of the United SuL^ popaj^tlon.1, separate, from New\orKy^"nrowS: £i/rjs^^,rc£s«rd^i- Falrmount Park is very beautiful. PhUadellda is no2 as ^-.; * -P'' sfiuri; is near tlij iron mines, and it is the gteatest petroleum market in the world Ttdlif. ^?®'l"°**'* '"' "» "»''«' and manufactures It deals largely in tobacco, canned fruit, and oyster^ MAP EXERCISB.-Polnt out tne Middle Atlf;.tlc States and their chief dtlei SOUTHERN STATES. 350. The Southern States have hot summers. In the north the winters are very mild; in the south there is no cold season. Near the Gulf of Mexico the rain-fall is very great. Tiie products are wheat, corn, tobacco, and hemp in the north- cotton, rice, sugar-cane, and fine fi-uits in the south. Vat.„,t rt ^''"'*' ^''''CMw(CapltaU in Mack utter). ^OBTH Cauouna Raleigh, Wilmington. South Carolina Columbia. Charleston. S^°«"'^ Atlanta. Savannah. ™'"A Tallahassee. JacksonviUe. alabajia Montgomery. Mobile. Mississippi Jackson. Vicksbuiv. J^^^'^''^ New Orleans. Baton Eouge. {^^^^ Austin, Galveston. Abkansas Little Rock. ^^^^^^^^^ Nashville. Memphis. 351 North Carolina has large pine forests, which yield lumber, turpentine, tar, pitch, and resin. South Caroltoa ranks first among the States in the produc- tion of nee, and Mississippi in cotton. Louisiana has lai^e tracts of lowland, which are protected from the floods of the Mississippi by strong banks of earth called levees Texas is the largest State in the Union. It Is noted for Its vaat nnat'"^ y-y-t- 1- .- - .... cattle are reared. WESTERN STATES. 353. Tliis group, lying west of the Middle At« lantic States, and extending to the Rocky Moun- tains IS noted for great agricultural and mineral wealth. Wheat, Indian corn, live stock, pork, and wool are exported in large quantities. Kentucky Frankfort, Louisville. Ohio (Columbus. Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dav I ton, Toledo. ' Indiana Indlanapolla '"^"Nois Springfleld. Chicago. S'""'*'^'' Lansing. Detroit, Grand Rapids. Wisconsin... Madison, Milwaukee Minnesota. ..St. Paul. Iowa Des Moines, MissocKi Jefferson City. St. Louis. Kansas Topeka. Nebraska Lincoln. Omaha. Colorado Denver. 354. Kentucky is first among the States in the pro- Mammoth Cave, which extends for miles underground Ohio ranks first in the production of wool; Illinois is i^L^f '^'^™'^'"'"'^' '" ^'^«'^* '^n'l In«iian com. Indiana and Wisconsin are also noted grain States. Mlssouil has great mineral wealth, including coal, iron, and lead. Colorado k a mountainous country! It w nch m gold, silver, coal, iron, and salt. 2ttichlgan is the principal lumbering State. toSc.jrss"^'^'^^''"'^- ^^'^-^f^.^^. HH«5^.*'^*u'.°." '•'* ^"°> *" «"" «' the ten great, cities of the United States. It is noted for its trade and rSe Erie'" '^^^ •"' ^**^**° '"" ""Port-t Po"« '» 8™'»' lumber, and . ^S MlZ^nui- "^"" '" *^"""^°' '» «" taportant city. 368. MUwaukee, on Lake Michigan, trades largely to. 100 mllea from Ito nd ia the greatest id Mobile also ex- Istion of the citiMr mtheru States^ THE UNITED STATES. 47 ■nOiU ;,:. :e Middle At- Rocky Moun- I and mineral 5 stock, pork,. utities, black Utttr). leveland, Day- Bapids. tea in the pro- id also for the- mder ground, ol; niinolBis Indian com. grain States, eluding coaJ, 10U8 country, t. Michigan in floKi, h'uip, the ten great . its trade and iportant porta . slty, noted for , lumber, and . crowed by ore. portant city. lea largely Id.. grain and Jnniber. St Paul is at the head of navigation on the Misaisaii>pi. 869. at Louis is the larijest city on the Mississippi. In addition to its trade on the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers, it is connected with all parts of the Union by over twenty lines of railway. MAP EXERCISE— Point out the Western States, and Uielr chief citiea PACIFIC STATES. 360. These States have high mountains, broken by deep river -valleys. Agriculture, grazing, niiniiig, and lumbering ai-e the chief sources of wealth. *•'*'"«• Chief Cities (CapUnU in black letter). California. I ^****"®"*o, San Francisco, Oakland. I Stockton, San Jose. Oregon Salem. Portland. Nevada Carson City, Vii^inia City. 361. California is one of the finest countries in the world. Among the States of the Union it ranks first m the production of yold and wine. It also yields grain and fruit in great aljundance. Large tracts of country are devoted to pasturage, Yosemite vaUey, walled in by granite cliffs from 3000 to 5000 feet high,' is one of the most i-emarkable places in the worldi and is celebrated for its numerous and beautiful waterfalls. 362. Oregon is an important grazing country. It has also valuable fisheries. The inhabitants live chiefly along the river-vaUeys. Nevada, situated on the east of California, ranks first among the States in the yield of silver and lead. It is a rugged iiountiy, and has a very dry climate. 363. San Francisco is the largest city on the Pacific coast of Amerlra It has a superior harbor, and it exports large quantities of grein and gold. It has a large trade with China ana Japan. Virginia City is noted for its rich sUver mines MAP EXERClSE.-Point out the Paciflo States and their chief cities. ' TERRITORIES. 364. On the mountains and table4andfi of the ■west are larcre tractii nf crmn*^'^' /...n^^ t-,^ tones, rhey are not generally weU auited to agi-iculture. Name c.viul WASHINGTON Tkbritort Olympla. Ii'AHO Bois^City, Montana Helena S.^'^OTA" Yanlrton, Pembina. Wyoming Cheyenne. "^TAH Salt Lake City. AuizojJA Tucson. NkwMkxico Santa F6. Indian Teubttory Tahlequah. Alaska .... 365. Washington Territory has superior harbors, and large quantities of lumber are exported from its magnificent forests. Idaho and Montana are rich in minerals. Dakotah is a grazing country. Wyoming 18 noted for deep canyons, waverfalls, and hot springs. Utah 18 noted as the country of the Mormons. Arlxona has a dry climate, and is noted for the deep gorges, or canyons, through which the rivers flow New- Mexico is inhabited chiefly by a mixed race, de- scended from Spaniards and Indians. Indian Terri- tory has been given by the United .States Government to cert;ain Indian tribes who formerly occupied lands in other parts of the country. 366. Alaska is a vast country, neariy five times- lar-ger than Ontario. The greater part of this Territory IS cold and barren. Near the coast the climate is mild and very humid. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians- and Lsquimaux. They live near the coast, and are employed in fishing and seal-hunting. BIAP EXERCISE. -Point out the Territories and their capitals, w *«» Oitie8.-367 Washington, in the District of Columbia, IS the capital of the United States It contains the CapM, in which the membera of Congress meet to make the laws. The White House, where the President resides, is >,.>.j in. Washington. 368. There are ten very large cities in the United States, wluch are here named in the order of their size. Pomt them out on the map and state their position. 369. JVew Y,yrk (1,000.000), PhUadelphia (700,000), Brooklm (400.0flO\. .w* r^..... /ooa^.> ^.'. '' (300,000), Baltimore (275 000), BotUm (260,000) Cin. I 48 KORTH AMERICA. Ooveniment-.'^TO. The laws are made by tlie Presidmi jtP.d Congress, which consistii of the Collate and tlie House of IlepreseiUatives. The President and the mei^Vbers of Congress are elected for a limited time, and when their term has expired, they must be re-elected, or others are elected in their place. A country whose highest officer is elected in thb way by the people is called a Republic. MEXICO. History.— 371. When the Spaniards came to America they found the Indians of Mexico quite different from those farther north. They had large cities, richly ornamented temples, finely-wrought nrc'iufactures, and great wealth in gold and silver. 372. The Indian king Montezuma sent very rich presents to torteu, the Spanish general, to induce him" not to visit his capital. But this only made the avaricious Spaniard the more eager to obtain the whole country. Cortei seised Jlontenuna, and, holding him as a prisoner, compeUed him to advise his people to submit to the Spaniards. The enraged Indians let fly their arrows at the Spaniards, and nnlnten- tionaUy klUed Montezuma as he stood addressing them. Position and Sl»e.-373. Mexico lies on the south of the United States, and extends southerly to the narrow and hottest portion of North America, It is ftbout one-f ..urth the size of the Dominion of Canada. 'Ml TUJS CMV UK WAsaiNOTON The Lowlands.— 374. Crossing the coatitry from eaat to west, we find firet a plain, low, hot, and unhealthy, near the Gulf of Mexico, but rising as we go inland, and becoming cooler and more healthy The cultivated lands yield cotton, sugar-cane, coffee, indigo, and tropical fruits. The forests contain palm-trees, mahogany, and dye-woods. Many plants which we cultivate in gardens and conservatories, such as dahlijw geraniums, and fuchsias, grow wild. ' The Highlands.— 375 On the west of the pliun we come to mountains, high, steep, and difficult to climb. They are a continuation of the Eocky Mountains. From the summit we look down upon a wonderful table-land half as high as the mountains. . It is walled in, for far away on the Pacific side are other high moun- tains. Here and there over the plain rise cwie- shaped mountains with openings at the tor ^'ce chimneys, sending out smoke, and som m... i flame, ashes, and melted stones. 376. ' ' cllnuiteon the table-land isd 'S. the p ;t8 are the grains and fruite « countries. Towards the north are immti plains, the p:«t>ire-lands of m.".ny buffaloer, and horsea , Mlnerais.-37r. Themountams of Mexico W.ijJi ' and .nperate the coautry Iain, low, hot, Mexico, but ig cooler and i yield cotton, opical fniits. ihogany, and J cultivate in as dahlias, west of the 1, steep, and itinuation of summit we ■land half as d in, for far high moun- in rise cone- the top hke i Bom«"e'l and rocks, or is Sd ^;&.''''''=^"'^ '^'°»'«' ''e^Mos Chasms. Houses arewfdoSTS^iUel ""^7 '" '""^ and thouMnds of people arc y",*"^' *'"''« <=*"«» «re destroyed, 8l c" r„Tr„ '"'^„°"""'"'- They had large -he.-e itiirariL^;:""-^ »' *•»"«■»». SOUTH A MERICA. CHAPTER II. SOUTH AMERICA. 81 »i.le of South AntZ^'r; t P-lVn*"' as high as the i^tTrm ^'''''r *f.^J«-J'">d«. half On these table-Jdf l^; t'^Zl^^^'fr "* "'^^^^^ oties; and in the moul " ^r^^^^^^^^^ '*"^' J^'V'e mmes of silver and other CaTs It .^ "^ "'''^ between the mountain ri.i„ ^'^'*'^-, ^"^ the countries r„ , the rest of the^S T. "'7^'""''' "^»* «»* f">«» Coast.-408. The coast of South Am • ■ e«»*^rally too sLTfor r J 'f'' "^ ^^'^ ^"''«^ «™ very regular; tl.at is, there are t ^"f ''r°"^«- ^'^ere -e^uTt wth^'' '^^^^^^^^ «^/J/S:LX:i*^^^^^ I ^Cflt .*!-"-' J" -ending The Caribbean Sea and r>„u t -xr . ""rth; the Atlantic Ocean Ueo'n .^"""' "" °" «'« Pacific Ocean on the west. ' ""*' ""'^ ^^^^ abo«UWfS'C,P,«;tboi:^';"\'^^ rr-^' «-"«"". G'^fof Venezuela, JlfLih^ofor,' ^" "^""V of DaHcn, Bay of Panama '''''""' '^"'•'^ «/ "» -^^^^ Ale.- ■Cru«n«" " "."P!"* '°«'' years. Tlie storr nf «.»„K,_:._ -*"""naea on liis adventures. ' "" '"■•""'^° . Apea.-412. South Amen size of North America. is about four-fifths the 416. Crossing he a' I ■ f""^ "^^ *^« y«ar. difficult anTL tof^"' ThSelT^ P^^^^' ^-^ -Ln^sii^^:,^^^^^^^ "-^ --" i5>jys. .«ie srirdt:i.r;rr.^„f-L-^^ i "JTIT ■AiE'dlCA. Hi. SCENE neighboring coLmTJ^ 2l i''"?"' ^ ''* ^^'"'«'^ """1 ' ^hich somftlZ de,oy Willi''', -''^ *^""''« ^''^"'•luake.s. people in the ruins ^ ' "'"'' *""* ""^J' tl'ou.auds of k«t?®' ^. *^^ '''^* ^^ ^^^ '^"^'*^« » a va.st low- land country. It includes three great divisions --the I'lav^ of the Orinoco, the Plains of 2 Bouth, the Mountains of UraziL Exipt^alon^T "' *'' '^°'"' ^^ -"^<^ ^'— ■except along the niari,'in of the river +>,«, > o.„ iueiiso herus of wild catf-lp n., i », " " '"'—""• ■-"- wua cattle and hurses roam over these i IN THE A2fDE8. steral n^tuhs ; the S" n T'', ^'^T '^ "" '•^^" ^- every phu.t dies THp I ^'"'''"' *"'«e'-o„ncI, .nc} tL cattle and h< ,3 retre.^^. / " dry eeas.n,. '-ntains;and JSr*^£"':^-f--tL "-erou« on the.- Hai... I.Ja, thellV^rLX' '' a t"'l'iipiJti s®M'H am:ei:ica year, there is ik. rain fop parches the grouml, ;,n.i rass is then set on fire, to yeav. In the dry season, to piwture-lamls near th.- 'eptiies, wJ.'Ji are verv '""■y themselves- in tlie <1 ■''tjite till the iv^nrn ot lazon ai, . ailed ^Seiim. ost wonderful forests ii ferns, niuKo^rany, rose- ees, very I .v,'ni ^.^^ vith shi-uldieiy. Tlien, ■round them, and haiii:- are many kinds of vine.-* 'IS. The roots of some le C'rouiid. h'.if: \var= ^■• all their nourishment. In these dense forests "sooo Miiet.t # « 9 '/ SOUTH AMKUKA. 53 ure Jtiifiuin, tn/iim, nwnkni/t, urptntt, jMiroU, and many other nrtiinalH. 421. 'rii« Plains of the La Plata are called Pampa*. Like the UancH. tliey hiive no trees. In the wet season they produce a cottrse grass, mixed with rank clover ft ml till] thistles, higher than a niinV heml. Hundreds etual win* ter on the sunniiits. In some countries west uf th* Andes it never rains. Plants. — 420. No iHirt of tlic world has such rank vegetation .xs the warm, moitit countries of South America. The fojests are so dense with trees, Hhrubs, an, from the fruit of which chocolate is mata. 0. .ccas. •getown, .marlbOr inne. ranelro, I. lulsaca. iago. los Ayres. icion. te Video. I, often called th America, a. 1 is a limited oiintriea are ch is divided lud French. ;he countries >itals. narrow Isth- southerly to country are I the south- Orinocow opicol fmita, from Aapio* city', in r'ti a Cartagana ECUADOR. 442 Tho west side of Ecuador is crossed by two ndges of the Andes. Most of the inhabi- rid!e/'T ' '" ':" *'*^^'-^'^''^' '^^^^^^^ these part of the forestplains of the Amazon. K>ftrvt:„::r''^ '''-'^-'^-^ ^"^^^-•. -^ oth. Jf\ ,**?*°,'"' '"^ ^^"^^ "'^J'- "'*"*'^t^f' near the Equator on ta„.e.iand nearly two mile« above the «ea. Te ' cjicn nc^ng i,\\'elve hours lonir Guayaquil is the chief pt.rt. •JUITO. ua,j, many of the p,.„ple were assoml.led in tl « chu^h^ and 1,000 were .illed by the iL^ VENEZUELA, ■mTil Z'^'T^^'' '■" ''"''''^ ^'y "mountain rider, and other mint - rals. The products of the field are various kinds < f grain and vegetables; also sugar-cane, cotton, ai:d tobacco. A valu.'d)le substance called guano, found on the islands off the coast, has brought much wealth to the country. 4(53. Lima is seven miles from the sea, and is con- nected with Callao on the coast by a railway. Cuzco, the Indian capital, situated on the taljle-lands over two miles above the sea-level, contains the mins of a temple of the Sun. 4G4. A railway lias lately been constructed across the And«s from Lima to Oroya. It ascends the mountains along tl.o valley of the Kimac, winding along the edge of deep gorges, uud piercing lofty peaks by long darli tunnels. BOLIVIA. 465. Tlie mountains are higher in Bolivia, and the table-land is broa lilway. Cuzco, a1)le-lands over the ruins of a I across the And«8 intiiins along tKe e of deep gorges, a Bolivia, and ther countries is the highest ild and barren. the mountainv:. or cLiil"' "'■' °r '^' ^^^^ table-land* Sucre f.u-r«rver ni;r "*'• ^''"" '^^ -- f--'us CHIU 468. aiiU, a long naiTow country west of *!,. m. Copper Is plenwm, and Urge quantifi^ 472. SanUaeo is a lar„ . ^"""*'^ "« exported. plain at the^t of h, ln£ t^*^'^ '" ^ ^^'^"'^ principal port. *-'• ^a^PW^BO is the THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. witlfcoaL'jr^^tSTh^Ur-----^ cu?s;t;:;j^;rs"i^^^ttenti„„tothe »'» the immenseherdsof !^Shi J ^ ''""'"**' «'»'<^«y ^wld over the plah^s ^"'^ ''"'^^^ ^^ch run tack, an,! Of lassoing the wfld cattl7 *" "'^'"«^ "" ^""e- i «*" are important cities. CHILI — PATAGONIA. £7 ferine ^oT'Z p^odUr '' '7^'^' ''"^^^^^^^^ rice, cotton, ^.r:iZ^zr'l'fTrr\''''''''''' ^^^te,ovParcu,ua,tialr^T' , '^'' ''^"^''' called aie used in many p nfo?^ abundantly. The leave- China tea. ^ ^ ''^ ^""''' ^^'""rica as we use 47S. Asuncion, ,.o . , ' " ""^ AanT^Miay, ,s the chief town. URUGUAY. Ittl a h^Il;^^^ '"' "^ '°'^" ^^te, south of BranL It IS a hilly countrv, affording rich pa^turesT the'S\tlS;'orttt7„ - ""'"--' -^ ^^n- of re L??l:tr ^' ^^-'^^^^ --. -ear the mouth PATAGONIA. '«"»SS:^r:s^t^r'-"- PARAGUAY. 476. Paraguay is the only country .fa .i. America which has "^ »./- ''^'Z "^ ^''"t'l river Paraauav nn fi,!'" " f"^"-^^- ^"^ "hs the -^^r dTSrrobr-'"' '""'^"^' ^^^^ ^- ^^-^ themBcivf;£;L;tr"' "''"■"" '"'^ *" "^^ S8 EUROPE. CHAPTER III. EUROPE. History.— 482. In early times Eurojje vriis iuhal^ited by barharons tribes wlio liad no settled place of abode. Greece, a small country in the south-east, nearly surroundeiJ by the sea, w;us the first to become civilized. Then Rome, in Italy, became tlie leading power, and gave laws to the world. After the Roman Empire had fallen into decay, there followed a period called the JJari- Ages, during which liordes of barbarians from the north overran the wliole continent. In more modern times the present nations of Europe were formed, — Eng- land, France, Germany, and Spain at first taking the lead; and then Great Kritain, France, Germany, Austria, and Kussia. 483. About four hundred years ago, Spain, Portugal, England, ami France began to send ships abroad over unknown seas, on voyages oi discovery. Brave and hardy seamen crossed the Atlantic to America, and sailed ftfound the south of Africa to India. Still later, the Dutch discovered Australia. Position. — 484. 'Europe is principally in the North Temperate Zone. It has the Arctic Ocean, on the uoi-th ; Asia, on the east; the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, on the soutli; and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west. 1^6 Ural MountainH, Ural River, Caspian Sea, and Caucasus Mountains form the boundary between Europe and Asia. -^.-!-!rv. — K-.,-. jiaitrpte tins lunnj ge.'is aud bays, extending far into the land, 1 £ c I I S h ill Wj mi I JPE. by whieli a large ,x,rtion of the continent ha. the advantages of shipping. The principal Coast Waters an. — f v,^ n-j. ■. c. •^I'.icucai, uulf of Liom, Oulf of Genoa ^f,.y„t e Otranto, AdruUic S.a, ArCipei/o, ^^nlT st ^.^r?::; ^"^^^'^•"'' ^'-^- ^«' '- -/ ^-: s:^ Nt three I" the valleys 2i;Le''''':'"^' ^'^ *'■''«« '•-■-• ";-es of ice/cal,e.ri,:;r '--^- ;■;>- are vast above causes the trlacievs f,. . ^ ! Press-ire fi„tu they reach the u-am Lv ! "7 -^'"^^ '''-vn until yive rise to rivers. ' ''^'''' "'^'J' "'^'t and 493. On the lower slones of tha \ i. -tj:rt.:ii:i::;--^^ hills, with lofty snow-can,",] ' li ^ ^ ' ''""""*'' ^''« •W. i™«v..-.„.,., „ ,„, _,__— if! Ill I ■ -^0 EITROPE. ied by glaciers, with orchards and vineyards sloping down to their shores. 494. Many travellers visit the Alps every year, to ^iijoy the beautiful scenery, to hunt the wild deer in the forests or the chamois among the cliffs and crags i<> examine the wonderful ice-rivers or glaciers; ami the bolder ones, to climb the Icy steeps to the highest j'tiaks. 495. This mountain-climbing is very dangerous, fiomctimes the traveller loses his footing on the ice, or iin immense maas of snow slips from above and daslies him over a fearful precipice. There are deep crevasses, or openmgs in the ice, covered over with loose snow. Travellers require to take guides who know the way. i hey go in file, one behind another, tied together with ropes; and thus if one slips the others will hold him up. Sometimes they are overtaken by drifting, blind- ing snow-storms, and they lose their way and are frozen to death. 496. High up on one of the mountains of Switzerland, nearly two wiles above the sea-level, is a house called the Alunaderu of St. Beruurd, founded nine hundred years ago It is occupied by the jiwnks of St. Dernard, who have long Ijecn noted for their kindness in saving travellers lost on the iiountains. These monlis have wonderfully sagacious dogs, wuicli hunt out those who have fallen exliausted amid the 'SHOWS. 496. ALPINE CLIUBINO. 497. Between Fnuice and Italy are high carriage-roads over the Alps. A wonderful railway-tunnel has alpo been made through a high peak called Mont C'enU. This tunnel, •or passage-way, is about seven and a half miles long, twenty- titi feot wide, and twenty feet high. Elvers. — 498. The rivers or jfiurope are not so iong and lai-ge as those of the other great divi- 496. MONASTERY OF ST. JERN'ARD. sions of the Earth. If we stretch a line on the map from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Ural Mountains, we shall divide the rivers into two gi-oups. Flowing toward.^ the nortli and west are the Bwvia, Vistula, Oder, Elbe, Wiine, Seine, Loire, and Tagus; flowing soutlierly and westerly are the Volga, Don, Dnieper, Danube, and Rhone. 499. n,e Volga, over 2000 miles long, and the Dan- ube, about two-thirds as long, are the largest rivei-s of Europe. 500. The Ehine, flowing from the Alps, is one of the most beautiful rivers in the world. Along its shores are pretty villages, large cities, charming valleys, and vine-clad hills. In some places it flows past high, rocky cliffs, crowned with grim stone castles, which were buHt long ago for defence in times of war. Lakes.— .501. There are many small lakes in the north^of Europe. Ladoga, 130 miles long, is the larg- est. The lakes in the Alpine valleys are celebrated for their beauty. Geneiu and Constance are the largest. MAP EXERCISE-Point out tlio mountains, rivers, and lakes of Europe. Climate.— 502. Europe has a milder climate than any othar part of the world at the same distance from the Equator. The western side, being near the warm waters of the ocean, has a 'i M ini®Fi; ERXAKD. itch a liue on the Itar tD the Ural rivers into two north and west 'Ibe, RJiine, Seine, erly and westerly »", Danube, and ong, and the Dan- be largest rivei-s of le Alps, is one of world. Along its , charming valleys, it flows past high, )ne caatles, which mes of war. nail lakes in the 8 long, is the larg- sys are celebrated we are the largest. lountalns, rivers, . milder climate rid at the same le western side, be ocean, has a ,/J«-«W inn, Sfmarrt uTiok. MOa.) EUROPE. if The winters milder climate than the interior, in the north are intensely cold. Product8.-503. The southern countnes pro- 18. The principal Capes are~Flnmbornuoh Head, Spvm Hind. N„rtk fordantl, tlie jWalks. Vurtland Point, Start I'otiit, Lizurd Point, Land's End, and at. Vavld'a Head. 519. The principal Islands on the coa-st are . the ,, r/ Wi(/ht, Scilly hies, and Channel Isle^, oil '.• nth; and the Isle of Man and Anglesey, or. •(;£, V.-- ;8t. :V:t r\ie Isle of Wight, varied with high hills and rich wisii.ys, is !u>tod for its beauty. The Queen has here a favorite residence, called Osbm'ne Home 521. The Channel Isles, Jersey, Guernsey, Aldnmeii, and Sark, are near the coast of France. The islands yield apiJes, pears, peaches, and other fruits, in great abundance. 522. The Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish Sen, contains valuable lead mines. The inhabitants are called Manx. 523. Anglesey is separated from the maiidand by Menai Strait. The strait is crossed by two wonderful bridges— a Suspension Bridge for ordinary travel, and the Britannia Tubular Biidge for rail-cars. TheTnbnlar Bridge consists of an immense tube of iror, 1518 feet in length, resting on stone towers one hundred fetl above the water. Anglesey is noted for its stone tables and other curious remains of a superstitious people called Druids. The copper mines of the island have yielded immense wealth. UAF EXERCISE.— Point out the coast waters, capes, anri islands of England and Wales. Area.— 524. England and Wales together are rather more than half as large as the Pi-ovince of Ontario. Surface.— 525. The eastern side of England, including the greater part, is low and level, or J. Si :£i^filAi^lD^^')yAli;s {Dtvidal n^ oA IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 no ^^* tii ■ w iti 1^ m lb u »* u 1^ 125 i 1.4 1m 1 2.2 1.8 I 1.6 150mm V ^j *-} "^ •> ^ ^»" A /^PPLIED^ IN/MGE . Inc Jas 1653 East Main Street ^^=-^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA ■asg*^ Phone: 716/482-0300 '='•=9= Fax: 716/288-5989 C 1993, Applied Image, Inc . All Rights Reserved ^ ^." f\ ^\ *^"^ «C\ '^\ >" "^ ^^'^ "°iA ^ .^v C2 131 ne by cic Sti In in CO mi of 4lri no of THE BRITISH ISLES. MiHlulating; the western side is mountainous. A large part of the country slopes towards tlio «aat. The Mountelns are, the Chrriot HiU», the Pennine BaniK, and the CumUr/and Mountaim, in the north; th^ Cambrian Afountaint, covering a large part of Wales; and the- Dcionian Afouatains, in tlie south- west. thfwS^^Ik.'"' """"""^ "' ^'""'' '"'' ''"'' "'«''• '» Elvers.— 52G. Tlie prinoii)al rivers are, the T>/ne, Tees, J/umber {(hue, Trent), 'Jreat Ome, 99 Hiul Thames, on the eiist; an.i the iVfe«t and Jlersci/, on the west. The Tbames and Bevnn, the two broest riven, an about two hundred and twenty n.iles i^flen^ ♦T, TT* V''p- .T^« principal lakes are in the glen« of the Cumberiand Mountains. The most in.,..rtSnt ar«, Wvnd,rmcrr Lfrwmtwater, and UHc.icairr. They «r« celebrated for their beauty, and are a favorite Lol of tourists. »«-.uii, Products.— 528 England owes much of her greatness to her immense mineral wealth. T!)© most inifwrtant minerals are, coal, iron, copper, tin, lead and salt. They are found chiefly in the north and west 529. The soil is carefully cultivated, and yields large crops of gr«i„ and vegetables. The south-weste^ l^^anufa^tu^Jw " """• ''''"' '^ "^ '" '^« 6a0. A lanfe part of the country is devoted to pas- 634. PART or WINDSOR CASTLE and great attention ,s given to the improvement of fhfi" ^r^'*"? "f^*^" *''*'^ '^""t'y *" the world In the variety and value of its manufactures. Theie in^ elude cottons. wnnlUn. «;iu. —J ... . . : >"** '°- SistSs. ""^"* **^""^ '*'" ^^-"^J' *» th. 532. The extensive manufuctm-.^ give rise to'tr«d^ C2 6i EUROPE. I IK th tli b: cl St n' T tl li U o tt fl tl tl 11 I i X < 4,' t 4 •o that Engl.iiid m the K'leateHt coniiiiercial cunti y in the world. Cotton, silk, an.l „t»,er raw nrntennl,., are brought from foreign countries, un.l maiuifactured goods are exjMtrted. General Features.— r)33. A large part of England is owned by wealthy noblemen, who rent their lands to tenants, or hire a large niun- her of hhuivi-H to work them. The Inndlonl lives m a .splendid ctstle or palace, and tho laborei-8 in 1 nimble cotUiges. 634 Tlie rich green fields are generally separated by hedges of «hrul.H, which add greatly to the beauty Of the country. J.arge tracts are devoted to t,arkfl and forests, containing stately elms, oaks, and other trees, planted many hun.lred years ago. These Iwauti- fulwo.Hllan.lH are inhal.itod l.y .leer, rabbits, fo.ves, «nd other wild aninuils. The chase, or hunting on horseback, IS a favorite sport. Win.lsor Forest, includ- iug the park ni which stands the tiueen's Castle, covers nn area of 12,400 acres. Inhabitants.— 53.-) The i.oi n\ I.ition of England and Wales in 1871 wa.s 22,7()(),0(M). Some of tlie inhabitants possess great wealth ; others are miserably poor, one in every twenty-three I)eing a pauper. ITie wealthy and mi.ldle classes are generally well educated, but the jioor are very ignorant. The most noted institutions of learning are the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Towns.— 536. England ha.s many large and Important cities. The following are the largest :— 887. ST. TAXrV'S C^T3£DBAL. London (3,445,()0()), Liverpool, Jfancfiester, Dir- mmij/iam,Leeds,She!Held, BnMol,Nmca»ae, Uradr ford, Stoke, Hvil, and Portsmouth. 537. London, the capital of the British Empire. U situated on lK.th si.les of the Uiver Thame, f.rtv miles from the sea It is the Iao,'est and w. k..t city m the worid. The river is crow.le.l with ship* from all i«rts .,f the globe, and the streets are so thronged with men an.l vehicles that railways havo been con8tnicte.l un.ler the streets to enable people to move from place t.. place with ease There are several brulges over the river, an.l als.. a tunnel or pa«8.nge. way uiuerit London has many splendid l-.uilding-.. .V. laul s tathniral Is a magnificent churoh. Wat- numter AUbei, is the place where the Sovereigns are crowne.l and where the illustrious .lead are buried. oJ8 Liverpool, near the mouth of the Merwy, «s the secon.! city in population an 1 commeree. Its docks where 8hi,>8 load ami unload, exten.l five or six mile; along the nver. Brlrtol and HuU rank next a, com- mercial cities. 539 PortBmouMx Is the hea.l.quarter8 oi the British IS avy Its dock-yanls cover .me hundred and twenty acres, an.', its harijor is crow.led with war-ships Ply. mouth and Devonportarealsoimportantnaval station,. 540. Hanchester is a great manufacturing city forming the centre of the c.tton manufacture- Ife factories are immense brick buil.Ungs, over im- dred in number, from five to eight stories i U LMds is the great centre of the woollen manufactirrc-i! 541. Birmlngliam. near the centre of England, ii ho moat note.1 city in the worid for th« manufacture of all kinds of metal g(jo.38. The aur- rounding country is covered with furnaces, forges, an.l foundries. Sheflleld is note.l for Its cutlery; Worceater, for its porcelain; and Kiddermirster, for its caqiets. 542. Stoke-upon-Trent is in thq centre of a district called The Pot., teries, celebrated for the mannfac- t'.iri of all kinds of earthenwar«^. Tlie district is covered with cone- shaped kilns, or baking-ovens, with tall chimneys. It wsji here thpt -T.waisii yxr^A.... — I J! J -- t - improvetheaianufacture.)f eartLeO' wore. f^ verpool, Jfanc/iaiter, Uir- Bristol, Newcastle, Urad- Ttsmovih. of the British Empire, i-i the Ulver Thames Tirtv ;iie laiveat and y/^ i^.„t 'er IS crow.Ied with »hi\>» y, and the streets are nu hides that railways liavo Htreets to enable people to th ease There ore several also a tunnel or passage- many splendid l/uildin^'s. aynificent church. We»t- vhere the Sovereigns are trioiis (lead are buried, outh of the Mersey, is the 1 1 commerce. Its docks, 1, extend five or six miles 1 HuU ranJc next as coni- KHuartere oi the British one hundred and twenty led with war-ships. Ply- i important naval stations, eat manufacturing city, 'ttiin mannfoctunx- Ita buildings, over im. ' eight stories i J^t. le woollen manufacRircs. centre of England, it „ho I for th» rianufacture of t metal gootk The our- iountry ia covered with forges, and foundries. J noted for its cutlery; for its porcelain ; and •ter, for its caqiets. ce-upon-Trent is in thq district called The Pot- irated for the mannfao- kinds of earthenware, t is covered with cone- 9, or baking-ovens, with jys. It wa« here thpt "^«<'"u uiu 3u mucn sn = ^lAnufacture of eartLea- SiC©Tl,AHIDr^< / ?.ti&>i.ij.:ni}> THE BRITISH ISLES. ( MAP EXERCISE— Point out tta« monntaltu, rirtn, lakes, and cblef cities of England and WalM. 85 SCOTLAND. History.— 54.3. Scotland was once a separate kingiloni, and had kinga of its own. In those times it was often at war with England ; and the inhabitants of the Border districta lived in the gi-eatest insecurity. In 1603 James VI. of Scotland, Jwing the nearest lieir tn the English throne, became King of Englanil ; iind about one him.lreil yer-rs later the Parliaments of the two countries were united. Coast.— .-,44. The coast of Scotland is very irregular, and in many places it is rocky and elevatf?d. The chief Coast Waters nre,-Penthnd Firth, on the north ; J'oniorh Firth, Moray Firth, Firth ofT,vj, and Firth of Forth, on the east; Solwa,, J'lrth on tlie south; Firth of Clifde, and Loch Linnhc, on the west. The PlrtliB of Forth an.l Clyde are of the greatest nniH.rtance to conanerce. They are connected by a canal. Morey Firth and Loch Llnnhe are connecte.1 by the CMninn Canal. This canal, which is about eo milea n len>;th, parses through Glenmore. and is boniered by wihl mountain scenery. 545 Small Islands are numerous. They are in- clu.led chiefly m three grour«:-the Orkney, and Shet- lands, on the north ; and the Hcln-idcg, on the west. fiwi-Ii^ °''™«y» vroAxxco oats and veMtablo!i Tho l*S//'.,^?l*'f *"^'"'''' •'"'"» "^^ hundred an.„il Mnnnfl.n ' '" "■* '"'■''"''■ ''"-•'"' '» "«""< '«' 'f beautiful Mountain scenery. St^.ffa j» noted for Finpil's Cave a lar^e cavern op.n,n« from the sea. studded along lU s des v^'th S rl lar» of rock. Eh; Is noted for a cave in whJeh all the InUbitantsof the Island were smoked to death by. "ISe ««^, ^^CISE-Poiat out the coast waters and Islands of Scotland. Area.— 54a Scotland is about onft-fnurtb fh» «ize of Ontario. 8urface.-p549. Scotland is a mountainous country, especially in IIkj north. The northern portions are called the Hlgldnnds; the southern, tlie Loxdands. 550. The Highlands are nigged and wil.l. They are br.,ken in many places by fearful j.recir.iees and deep glens. When concealed by bhn.ling snows or thick fogs which often enveh.p the Highhinds. these precipices are very dangerous t.. the moi.i.tain tra- veller. Olcnmorr, or "the (ireat (ilen," extending frfun Moray Firth to I^hjI. Liimhe, .livide.s the High- lands into two sections. 5.51. The Oramplans, on the 8<.uth of Glenmore, ai>j the highest mountains in the IJritiHh IshmdH. They are so HKjky and steep that they form an almost im- passable wall, except along the narrow passe-s where the streams break through. lien iVttM, 440« fet-t high 18 the highest point. 5.12. The Highlands have often been a refu?o in times of war and persecution. «;,„.o.. a valley in the W.Htern High' a,7'^TnlnT:i^\'''' 'll««raoof„l „,as,acre of i,.- inhabiUifu. 1:1 '''^' '' " »'"">' "' "'"'»'' »"'«'''■•». ••'out two liundre.* years ago. Rivers.— 553. Tlie streams are generally short and rapid. The Ta>, and the Cf>/l. Small lakes, calle,! fork,, are numerous. 1 hey are gei.erally in mountain glens, and are bordered by high cliffs. JSJ" "'" ^°""" '^"*"'' Mary was once Im- Products.-555. The soil in the Lowlands is carefully ci.ltivated, and yields large croi« of gram and vegetables. The Highlan.ls are cold and rainy, and better suites! to pasturage. Cattle and aheep are numerous, and many of the inhabitants are shepherds. Coal and Iron are abundant in the centml parts of ScotJand. Ihe manufactures are similar to Uiom of iiiiigland. .-~avo. — Buu. AHu popuiaiiuu m 1871 was 3,350,000. The Scotch are generaUy intellgent and industrious. EUROPE. fl The H,,H'l.lan,ler« are hanly an.i bmve, an.l «,«.vk a -.uaK. calle, OurNc. They wen- fon.,. ,v j" 1.1 Cl>. I wa*. fe'oveii.ea l)y its own cliief. J/.tvJcru, 7'«M/<.y, and O'/veno,./-. P.\S. Edinburgh, t},e c.a,.it,.d of S<.„tlan,l, is o„e of the most he.mtif,,! citi..s i„ the Uo,l,i. It J. )„ U, 1 B M es. 1 he more ele tate.l n.l,-o h;v« n,a„v lar^^e ol.l ' »,.!■.«., and is e.alle,l the 0,,i Town. 0„ a 1,1 ; i'Kt,i in Scottish history; at the other extreinitv !. to e,„.a ly ceh-hiate.! Ho^.o^nl Ho,.e ^S. - tl:e Scottish Sovereigns l«".*ce ot f. a lies, mdii, 1,,;, cotton f;oo,l,. en.Hnes, all kin.k of celebrate,] ocean steaniei-s are l.nilt. James Watt rHm^r'Tr'f '•" «team.en,ine, ma...,'8 sat during' the coronation cen-mony waa removed umny centniies a«o to Westmi,.st.Pr Ahty ^ambartoa i« noted for its ancient castle ;' Baanock- 'N rnK lIKilll.A.SDs. IRELAND. ' ^ .Hi«*°'y.-5G1. I,.eI,ni,I .,„ee comprised seve- 1 «.n... I ,n.Iepe„.lent kin,..lo.n.s. The ,uane^ I hek,n,se.ltotl.eco..,pie.tofthelu^ n hcKighsh aliout seven lu„„l„..I ve.-irs a.J Ireian. lias often been disturbed by v"o f^^ l)->Iitical agitation. ^ violent Coart.--5«2 Ireland ha. many bays and bar- 'J"is. The most important are :_ trying to .naice a road acrlthe s^a Z^:^^'' «"" -"« ^veJ. At various places near the coast are ^onntam masses. The most in.,K,rtant are h^ Dbert the Bruca uatalns, rlveri. m prised seve- Tlie quan-ela ■ tlie country t'( pel t fao Ito for Ian kin IIIK £ } M THE nnirisH islks. «7 \ \ •aiid the W'uilvir J/uiintains, in the t>iwt; luid j/"!fillicuth/ys R.-ih, iu tlie wjuth-wtHt. earn Tual (3400 feet), i„ the MHt'illiciulily'a Ueek«, u tliti hi|,'hfMt |i/hi, are imuier- ous. Lougrh Neagh, 17 miles long, is the Urftest lake. Its waters oonUin mineral substances wl.kh cause wooil i.laeeil m tliem to aasuDie the ai.iiearaiice of stone. Lough Derg has many small Islands, station Ult is noted as a place of i.ll^rimage, l.undrc.ls resorting here annually lor fiiatinK and jirayor. tlu^r\^^w f*' KiUaxney. near (i.m Tual. are noted for veilers »«encry. They are often visited by tra- MAP EXERCISE-Polnt out the coast waters, mountains, rivers, and lakes of Ireland. Products.— .•)(!«. Ireland \\m a moist climate, ■nhsch makc-8 it bt;aer adapted to griwing than tillage. -Its fields are so beautiful Iv gieen, tliat U Ivan been called the Emerald Me. " •">7(». The ixipulation of Ireland ill iHTi w.i.s .■),4(H(,(Mm, In 1S41 it was nearly double tiiis nuinlier. Afany of the Irish are very Jioor, live in mi.N. lalile ealiiiw, and rent their Nin.tjl fiiniiM from rieh laiiillordH ; lint they are cheerful ami kiln! - hearted. Lar^e iiumlierN emi;,'rate every year to America. Many of the lainlloids live in Kn^flaiid. 'I'lie Iri.Mh are Kenerally IJo- man Catholics, e.\ue|pt in the iiortli. DlvlBlons. .-,71. Ireland i^ divided into four I'mrinrn • Ifxtrr, in the north; Z,./,^s^r, in the east; Min.^tn' in the south; and C„>n„i„(,ht, in the west. The island is also divided into thi.-ty-two Counties. Towns.— 572. Dublin, the capital of Irel.ind. near the mouth of the LKfey, is a Jine city," \ ontaining many magnificent public buildings! Plxettix Pod; ne;ir the city, is beautifully orna- niented with trees, j.onds. and winding roads. :)7.3. Belfast is the most important town in the noilh of Ireland, and is jioted for its linen manufactures. Londonderry is celebrated for its resistance to the besie-ing anny of James II. Its inhabitants, though in a starvmg condition, refused to surrender. 574, Cork, the chief city in the south, has one of the best harboi-s in the world. The steamei-s Wtween England an.i America call at C^'ueenstown, in Cork HarlKir, to land and receive the mails. Limerick, nn the Shannon, is noted for the manu- facture of hice. Galway is an important sea-port «) EUROPE. I i\ tv til •i tni 110 ih tu t lao ma oel) the pc:* 6 fact ito for Inii) Icirij UINI CiUlnaslo* hiu tl.u lurK'fHt cuttle and «li«)op f»ir in Irelaml. ATA. ParUUltOWn tian in iU nelvlilHirliiKMt r.oril IliMHe'ii ttliMcoiw till) iMrxxat in th» world. At YoUgtial Sir Witltcr IUUIkIi Intrmliiieil tlin i iiltnrn of th« (loUto. Nanr Trim, in County MoHtli, tlm l)nko of WnlllnKton win iMirn. Not fur dUtant U tliR Hill of Tara, imtixl In nnriniit tiinoii for Ita ptlkce, tn wtili'li tlii> kinit!*, flnruy, nmii hnnl.'t met to ilpllliente «D piihllo KlUlm. Till) Irlnli hitvo Kreat love for thi* i|H)t. MAP EXERCISE. -^ Point out the otilaf olUet of Inland. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Oovernment. — 576. England, Walen, Scot- land, mid [rel.-md form ono kingdom, culled tiit> United hiit;j(Ji»ii of (Irmt lirititin and Irticahd. 677. Tlif Sovt-reign, either a king o*" a qiieeu, is iuwi«ted in goveniing the conntry by a J'arlia- ment. The Parliament conHists of two IxkIich of saen, called the House of Lords and the House of Co-iituons. ^78. The Lonln hold their office for life; and when a Liinl r neaient mule heir. Tlie ConniuiriH ure elected by the people. B7U. (.ireat Brituin ha« u larner fleet than any other country, ami her war-nliipH are fmind on almost every ocean and sea. The nnny, thonK'h not ho lai-ge oh in •ome of the countrie« of KurojH', is very large, well- drilled, and iK)werfnl. The British Empire.— 580. The British Isles form a very small part of the Earth ; Vmt we have seen that they contain a great many people and very mucli wealth. They became so crowded with ])eoi)le, that (hiring the jxist two humlred ftnd fifty years large numbei-a have emigrated to newly iJiscovered countries, as America and Australia, forming British Colonies. The armies and fleets of Britain have also gone abroatl and conqueretl large and populous countries, as in the south of Asia and Africa. 681. ""he British Isles, together with all the coun- tries in different parts, of the world ruled over by Oreat Britain, fonn the British Empire. This great Empire inchide* alHiut one-«lxth of the land on the Kurth, and contain* alxxit one-*ixth of the t^rtli * inhabitants. (W2. 'Hie princl[ial countries of the F^nipir<» arf : — T)<*) UritUh him, in Kiiro|K>; Hritiiih tnilia, li« Asia ; Cape t'ulimii and \titiil, in Africa ; the Dn' miniiin uf Cunmln, Nrw/oundliimi, and Mmny of tlie Wf*t liiilia IslaiuU, in Anierien; Aunlraha, TasiiMniat and New Zealand, in the i'uciHo Ocean. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 683. Tlie kingdoms of Norway and .Sweilon were united umler one king alxmt sixty yeaiv ago. Sweut thre« hundred and fifty years bk'^ a Swedish prince, named (Justavtig Vojia, escuiied fit)n» prison in Denmark to his own country. He lived some time among the iieasunts, wore their dreits, and worked with them. When u favorable opi>ortuiiity presented itself, he roused his countrymen, and helped them to gain their inile|)cndencu. r)84. Norw.ay is a rugged, mountainous conu- try. The mountains are broken by deep narrow] valleys with steep sides. Long ago, before Norway and Sweden were united, a Scottish anny, sent to aid Swetlen against Norway, marched into one of these valleys. The peiisant 4 hurled rocks u|)on them from above, and only two out of nine hundred escajied alive ! 585. Sweden consists of the lower mountain slopes, and of low plains next the Baltic. Grain and ve^jetablea ar? cultivated in the lowlands of the soutli; the mountain slopes and northern [Mir- tions of the country are devote(l to pasture. On tlie mountains are extensive forests uf piites and firs. Many tall straight trees are cut in these forests, floated down the rivers, and token to otber cuuntrien, ill be used aa iiiaBta for ships. .58fi. Sweden is noted for its Iron mines. Tlie iror ; yields steel of the finest quality. Although Knglnn i has abmulanoe of iron, it imports Swedish iron for it- 1 i NORWAY AND HV'RDFN — IIUMTA. i one-*ixth nf the Inml on the kl><)Ut Diie-nixth of the Kurtli * Mintrif'd of the Knipire ai» : — n Kuro|ii'; Uritiiih Imlia, lu- ll A'lifiit, ii) Afiii'i» ; tlie Dn- ■wfimiuilnnd, bikI niiiii.V of th« Aiiieric»; Au»tralta, 'I'atinania, le I'ucitio Uci'iut. 09 AND SWEDEN. »« of Norway aiul Swedon oiiti king a'lK^ut sixty yi-aiti y held in milijection by iKii- luiulreii and fifty yeara bk'< i^ I (iiiHtaviM VoHa, eHuni)«d fii>n) i> his own country. He lived Iwasants, wore tlieir drewt, ancS ^Vhen a favoralile opjxirtunity Red hiK countryiumi, ami lielpcd !|)enilei>co. rnjis*"''. niounUiinous coim- 1 ;ue broken by deep narrow sides. Long ago, before ^n were united, a Scottish Sweden ngaiusit Norway, thcHe valleyH. The peajsaut -« them from above, and only Ired escivi>ed alive ! lists of the lower mounti\Iii aiiis next the Baltic. « ar? cultivated in the lowlo.ndu mtain iilopes and northern i>or- re devoted to pasture. On the live forests of pines and fin>. rees are cut in these forcstA, "s, and taken to otber countries, ' ships. jd for its iron mines. Tlie iror ist quality. Althouffh Knglan ' , it imports Swedish in)n fur it< IvKt cutterjr. Ther* an 4dau coMier «iul silver niiii«i ill Sweden. .W. MItilnir hu hocn nirrlixl on «o lout. th«t Urire nndcr- STound ihtrrilien Imvc \wvn 'oriiit i| by tliu iiiliicrii. A KIiik «( .Swwlen oii(<> hiMl ttieiu cluuiibc-n U^tited U|», tkwA bvld a U«ni|U«t 111 ttiviu. .'WW. In Norway the people oftnn live far apart. In >«|ich placiH thf teachtTM trav.-l aliout. afatyiiit; a day or two in one pliMie, then in another. 689. Stockholm is tlie cajMtal and largest city of Sweden. Ohristlanla is the eapit^il of Norway. Oottenborg and Bergen aro imiMjrt- aut Bea-|)orts. 9^ 690. A LAI'P IN HIS HLBD, <1 , ^^•.,^" *^^ '""■^*' "^ Sweden, and extending? east to ithe \\Inte Sea in Ruasia, is a very cold country called ^Mapimd. I lie I^ijipH are a curious rieople. Their I f.Kxl c<-imist8 larKely of the milk and flesh of the rein- eople, who sent their pirate-ships over the Iseaa to niOaire thn ti«;frl.K^-.v ,._i_:-- I History tells us that from this country came Guth- Km, who so much annoye.1 Alfred the Great of Eng- land- Canute, Kn^ of England, was a Dane; and the AiiKlo-MiiMins, who drove the llritoiui ..ut of Eiig • land, .am- frnni IVnin.'irk. In our own time, a n.iniHl. l',ino.-HH h,u.. I.y n.arriaw.. with the I'lince of WixK-n. iH-come a wnuWv „f the |{.,val Family of Gii-Ht Ilritaiji, and will pn.hal.ly one day «lmre in tb« honors iif the throne. 592. Denmark is now .jnlte a sm.ill. weak State, alN.ut as huge as .Muniloku It consist* of the jKiiiiiMilH lallfd J»thut.l, au nearly every coiintry in Euroi>e and Asia. Odessa isi an important sea-port on the Black Sea. BIAP EXERCISE.— Point out tba chitt olUea cf Roasla, and sute their poaltlon. THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 605. The German Empire II.h between the Alps on the south, and tlie North Sea and the Baltic on the north. Wa. The Kni|iue includes tiie four kingdoms, Pi-uasia, ,SV/.j,-oMy, Jinvaria, and WurteinhuryyixnA many siaall .status. These countries iiave been lately united under the King of Prussia, who i:j styled the Emperor nf German;/. GOT. Tlie soutii of Uennany is elevated and mountainous, including the lower slopes of ilie Al|)s. Here are large dark forests, which yield material for the ship-buildei-s, the charcoal- burnei-s, and the wood-carvui-a. In this p.ut of til" -ountry are also large piustures, where cattle a: Jieep feed in great numbers. COS. Through this highland region flow the Danube and the lihine, two of the most important rivers of Europe. The Rhine breaks through the niountaiiiH along a narrow gorge, which widens into a l)eautiful fertile vaLey, clothed with vineyards, orchards, ami grain fields. Along the banks are many pretty villages and large cities; and here and there on a high chtf is one of those strong stone cstatles built hundreds of yeara ago, and now changed by tlie lapse of time into picturesque ruins, 609. The country toward the north is low ani level, yielding grain, tobacco, and flax. 610. Germany produces wool of the finest quality, and its woollen manuftvctures are very important. The Germans also excel in the manufacture of laco. eil. Geraiany is said to yield half the «»ic usnl in the world ; it also yields iron and other minerals. In the sands along the shores of the Baltic is found a beautiful yellow substan.e called umber. 612. Germ, iiv Ii:i3 many large, wealUiy cities, wliich contain magnilicent cathedivi!.*, universities, picture- galleries, and other works of art. Thopeoplo are very intelligent, and the law compels theni to send their children to BchooL 1! U 11 72 EUROPE. C13. B3rUn (1,000,000), the capital, is a large and beautiful city. Its university ia one of the most cele- brated in the world. 614. Hamburg, on the Elbe, is the most commercial city. Dantzlc, near the mouth of the Vistula, ships large quantities of grain. Its granaries are six or seven stories high. Bremen is an important iiort. Dresden is noted for its picture-gallery ; Cologne for its cathedral. Strassburg is a strongly fortified city recently taken from France It has a magnificent cathedral and a wonderful clock. CLOCK IN STRASSBURO OATRKDRAI.. 615. Lcipsic 13 iioted for its trade in book*, and for its great fairs held three times a year. Thousands of merchants attend these fairs, coming frvm all parts of Europe, and even from Asia. AUSTRIA. 616. Austria is one of the leading States of Europe. The Empire is soraetinies called A uttro Htin^ary, because it is made up of the two coun- tries Austria and Hungary. Each country haa its own laws and parliament, but the two coun- tries are united under one sovereign. 617. Austria has hut little sea-coast. Tlie western part of the country lies along the eastern slopes of the Alps. East of the Alps is a beautiful country of low hills and fertile valleys, watered by tlie Danube and its tributaries. Still farther east, where tlie Danube turns to the south, are immense low plains, very fer- tile, except the swamps near the rivers, and certain tracts covered with deep sand. Beyond the plains, in the far east, are the Carpathian Mountains. 618. Austria has a mild climate. Grapes and all kinds of grain grow luxuriantly ; flax, to- bacco, and silk are also imjwrtant products. 619. Austria is also rich in minerals. Its salt mines are the richest in the world. The great salt minei are beyond the Carpathian Moun- taina, near the source of the Vistula. In some of tlie large under-ground chambers, formod by removing the salt, the miners have made curious pillars and statues of salt. One cliamber is formed into a chapel with decorated pillars and 619. CBAFKL IK A 8AI.I MINE OJT AUSTRIA. ■MM HKWHIii ling States of icalledJjM^ro- the two coun- li country has the two coim- fii. ;. The western im slopes of the country of low lie Danube and ere the Danube )lain8, very fer- irs, and certain id the plains, in 'aim. Grapes and tly; flax, to- products. Its salt minea (trpathian Moun- ome of tlie large ing the salt, the ie« of salt. One rated pillars and U8IRIA. AUSTRIA HOLLAND. 73 ATohei. It hai a pulpit, flgurea of saints, and of priests kneeling before the altar, all cnt out of rock salt. The jniners attend serrice here once every year. 620. Vlenoa (825,000), the cai)ital, is one of the lanrest and finest cities of Europe. It is situated on the Danube, near the highlands. 621. Trieste is the chief sea-port. Bada and Pesth, on opposite sides of the Danube, are the capital of Hungary. KAP EXERCISE.— Point out the dilef cities of Clormany and Austria, and state tbelr position. HOLLAND. 622. Holland is a small country, but it has a most interesting history By .great bravery and hard fighting, Holland gained its freetlom from Spanish tyranny about three hundred years ago. It soon l)ecame very prosperous, and sent its ships to all parts of the world, making discoveries, forming colonies, and carrying on trade. 623. Holland is a level, low country, lying along the North Seii, uojir the mouth of the Khme. It hiia no mouutuiiLs, forests, or rocks. Oities, viihiges, and fertile meadows, in some jiiirts of the country, are helow the sea-level I Tlie sea is fenced out, and the rivei-s are kept ia their channels, by strong high dikes of earth anil stone Sometimes the dikes break, causing great damage anxt to London' and splendid, ^res, gardens. 75- 843. FOUNTAIN IN I'AUIS •nd parks. The Seine flows through the middle of the city, and is crossed by many lai^e bridges The Bm^evardsam broad paved streets, with broad side walks shaded with trees. The Tuileries is a splendid palace : ailj.nmng it is a rich museum called the I^mrr wid a lai-ge garden adorned with fountains and statues! ^treDame is a lai^e church on an island in the Seine. Ihe Efffnan Field* contain trees, fountains, walks, and squares, to whicli people resort for amusement. The Gard^ of pjanu contains many beautiful plants and anuaala from foreign countries, ..i^\?*1f""' "'* •='*'' *'® 'wonderful chambers and paasases caUed th« CataCMnbB, conrtructad very long ago SoS H,e l^^L T ^'»*»«'"'nbs are often vUite narnnv valleys with rapid streams at the bottom. Windin ' along the sides of the valleys, among the ro.ks, aie roads and f.wtpaths by whicli traveUers pass from ona Side of the mountain to the other. 650. In the lower plain.s and valleys are gi-aiu- fields, vineyards, orchards, and rich pastures ; a^ we ascend the mountains, we fiiul forests of oak, chestnut, beech, and jiine. Beyond the forests are pasture-lands with scattered shrubs and gay flowers,— blue-bells, gentians, primroses, lilies, and rhododendrons, or Alpine rose. Still higher extend the lofty peaks clad with everlasting? snow. 651. Only a small part of Switzerland is suited to agriculture. Tlie peasants keep many cows, «lut|., and goats, and make large quantities of butter aii,l cheese. 6.52. Tl>e Swi.<« are intelligent and brave, and love their country. Pretty vfllages an.l small towns are numerous in thff mountain valleys. Many of the inliabitants are xvatoh^- uakers and wood-carvers. ^8 EUROPE. 662. AN ALPINK VILLAOK, 663. Berne is the capital of Switzerland. Genera, ^n Lake Geneva, ia the largest city. It is celebrated 4or its watches. 9IAP EXERCISE.— Point out tbe chief cities of JEtance and Switzerland. SPAIN. 654. Spain was once a very prosperous country, ruling over vast territories in foreign lands. It 5ias now but little power, and most of its colonies have become independent states. 856. A people, called Afoort, came from Africa across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar, nearly twelve hundred years ago, and settled in Spain. They built fine palaces and cities, and improved the country very much. The Moors were Moham- jnedans, and were finally driven out of the country. Spain led the way In the discovery of America, by supply- ing Columbus with vessels and men when he sailed westward ■over the luknown seas. 656. Spain and Portugal form a Itaget peninsula in the south-west of Euro{)e, having the sea on the east, vBonth, and west. On the north are the Pyrenees Mountains, forming a high, hrosd wall, impassable .«xcept by a few deep, narrow valleys. 667. A largs part Oi Spam is a rough high- land country, — elevated table-lauds and lofty fnouutain ranges. The table-lands are hot in summer; and they are dry, dusty, p- ^rren, suited only fur pastu. ^uds, except the river valleys, which are very fe'.'tile. In wintei they are cold, and are swept by high winds. 668. The lowlands of the south have a delightful cli- mate, summer lasting all the year. They produce grape». olives, oranges, and the mul- berry. In xhe forests of the mountain . , . ^ B'opes grows a kiijd of oak which yields the useful substance, called corL The cork is the thick bark of the tree. 659. Horses, mules, and sheep are numerous 0*6 merino sheep of Spain yield wool of the finest quality- 660. Spain has nch mines of lead and Iron; it baa also silver and several other mmerals 661. The Spaniards are not generally educated or industrious, and they do not improve their country as they might do. Travelling ia danger- ous along the mountain roads m consequence of robbers. 662. Madrid, situated in the highlands of the in- tenor, is the capital of Spain. A few miles distant is a noted old palace calleu tlic Escurial. built in the form of a gridiron. Barcelona is the most noted city for manufactures and trade. Granada was built by the Moors, Near the city is an old Moorish palace, called the Alhambra 663. The islands of Cuba and Pm-to Rico, m the West Indies, and the PhUlppine Islands, in the East Indies, belong to Spain. PORTUGAL. 664. Portugal is a small country on the At- lantic coast, west of Spain. In former times Portugtiese navigators were among the first in exploring unknown seas and discovering mils are hot iu '. they are dry, Ten, suited only uds, except the which are very vintei they are swept by high )w1aQds of the delightful cli- lasting all the produce grapeo. , and the mul- of the mountain ii)d of oak which *rL The cork is nnmeroua l^e he finest quality* and iron; it has lerally educated improve their :lling is danger- consequence of lands of the in- V miles distant is 'uU. built in the or manufactures le Moonu Near 3d the Alhambra Rico, in the West the East Indies, ry on the At- tors were among^ and dlscoverini; PORTUGAL ITALY. ir and fifty thousand people were buried in tlie ruiiw. oporto export* large quantities of wine. 658. STHIPPINU THE COaS-TREK. new lands. Like Spain, Portugal has lost most of its colonies, and is now a weak State. 665. A large part of the country consists of highlands ; but its plains and mountaius are not so elevated or so dry as those of Spam. C6»3. The valleys are very fertile. The products are mmilar to those of Spain. Portugal is noted for a kind of wine called port. Mules, sheep, and goats are numerous. 667. The people are indolent and fond of amusements. The bull jujht is a favorit-:,, but cruel and dangerous amuseme.it, in Spain and Portugal. The lower classes in Portugal aro jwor and ignorant. The cities are infested with beggars, and the mountains with robbeiij. 608 Lisbon, near the mouth of the Tagus, is the capital of Portugal. Cver one hundred yp-^rg ago the city waa nearly destroyed by a terrible 'thquoke, ITALY. 669. Italy is the country of the ancient Ro- mans, who, in the time of our Saviour, were thw most iwwerful |)eopie in the world. The king- dom embraces the boot-shaped peninsula and the- islands of Sicily and Sardinia. 670. Travellers visit Switzerland to see the womlenr of Nature; they go to Italy to see the Iwauties of .Vrt, —splendid churches, beautiful pictures, tine marblo statues and grand old ruins. fSn. The lofty AXp» form a curve around tho north of Italy, and the Aptmunti extend through tho country fmtn north to south. South of the Alps are several beautiful 672. Italy has a delightful climate, and a re- markably blue sky and cleai- atmosphere. On the west coast is a low marshy district, in which the air is so poisonous that it is dangerous even to- pass through it 072. SCEMB V» rPiLV •7S Kl'UOl'K. r.<3. 11)0 j.liiiiia, vallfys, (xurl lower mimntaiii «loi)es, are well mUvA U, itgiL-ultiire, yiel.Un'r grain, the gi-.apc, innllKTiy, olivo, uiul fig. ° The phiins of Iho JMver I'o, on tlie south of tlie Ali)s, are exccedhigly fertile, produeing large •crojw of wheat and rice. Lirge herds of cows are pastured here ; and from their rich milk, cheese of the best quality is manufactured. Ill the forests of the moimtaiii slopes frrow tlic on,k vah.ut, and chestnut. ChcHtnnts ground into flour are much used as food. 674. Marble of tlie finest quality is ol.tained from the Apennines. Many U-autiful buildings, stetues. an.l pdlars are mndf from it in It>uil(ling8, statues, , and laive quaiiti> i celebrated mu- irchitecta. r in eneivy ; many ure many beggars is a very old city, rth of our Saviour, werful city In the heg. St. Peter's is ch in the world; OI{|-:k<'K - TIKKKY. 79 >f small islands, tnd boats, called ?e8. There are One, called the ■uel government one side of the a grim prison. ge to the palace sn back for exo- are other noted chief ciUM or «hrewcl,andnotvervho;,est " ^' ^'"^ Crta'frnfnt^fttint i:,r" • ''^V '^'"^ --* or citiuleL Within t\TT v "" '** *''« -''•'•"^"V^. oJ^I i'l"! temple caethfp'"";;'''^ '"'' ''^" •"'■"« "^ <*" , Atheniunn c. ncem^n. tL Y r. ^*"' '"*'^^*"' ^<' ^^e OEEECE. 679. Greece is a sm.ill coimtry. cousistinfr of » ■vijr. „,e., „.„„ ^^„^. ^„ j3,,^,,.^^ ^^J^l'^ I " THOniM., but lM„g ,„„^ „„ ,„„,,,. TUKKBY. 685. Turkey i, . l„g;e country lyi„„ „,,,h ♦],^l'*'"f''?^ ''^'^''^ '*" n»>n»e from the Ttirlt« «.!,« Russia. weaKened by frequoit ware with 687 A large pnrt of Turkey ia covered with \ated. The southern Droviu^en vi-H - Roses are cultivated for perfumery. 689. T-rkey I. n.uch behind the other nations of •0 EUROPn. AdrUnopIe is the priuc!j);J manufacturing city. 692. The sovereign of Turkey is called the Sultan. Hia empire inchides large tenitorics in 4jii» and Africa. OOO TURKS AT MEAT. Europe. A;,'riculture and manufactureB are neglected. There are few raihvaj-s, canals, or carriage -roads; trade is carried on by the rivers. 690. The Turks believe in a false prophet named Mohammed. Their dress and manners ni-o very o about the size of New Brans- wick and Nova Scotia taken together, and i» made up of the two states Moldavia And Wallachia. Along the Aus- tria" frontier the Carpathian Mountains form a groat barrier wall. These highlands slope towards the east and south to the treeless plains which embrace a large part of the country. Near the Danube is a low marehy district 694. Roumania Is a very feri;ile country, yielding gram, flax, hemp, and tobacco. Its |)88ture lands are very extensrve, and much of the wealth of the country consists in cattle, horses, sheep, and dwine. Honey and wax are also imporUnt products. 695. 3QCharMt, a large city in a fertile plain, is tho capital. It has some fine buildings, but many of the houses are mere hovels built of mud. JMsy is said to contain 40,000 Jews.-neariy half its i>opulation Oalatz, on tha Danube, 90 miles from ito mouth, ha^ the chief foreign trade of the country. 696. The chief ruler is styled the Prince of Roumania. For many years Roumania acknowledg*^ submission to Turkey by the payment of an annual tribute. It is now an independent State. SERVIA. 6.97. Servia is a Principality lying south of the Danube, by which it is separated from Austro- m ROUMANIA SERVIA. Hungary and Roumania. It w quite a small country, being about the size of the peninsuJa of Nova Scotia. m. CU««A«x.«o.L,-n,W OF IH. aOLOES HORN, Turks about fifty yea™ ago Servia rebeUed against her rulei*. and secured the nrivileire nf «.i* ^""" inpnt TTnt;i . 4.^ ^J"'" i'"\"^o Of self-povern- , , - - — — ••• nrmf,n,l 1... rn._. i ,„. ' 699. Servia is a hilly and mountainous country and large portion of it is covered with fore^ts^'JIe valleys and lowlands ^ve very fertile. yielZg „aS und^ wme. The «ariug of cattle N 'an im^S , ° , •' ■'"*"<=.?• Aue i)eonie are rude and uneducated, but they are noted for their brave resistance to the TurLs. Cettlm^ a sma 1 villajre of twenty or thirty houses, is the capital of Montenegro. BIAP EXBBCKE. -Point ont tbe chief dtles of Greece and Turkey. °' Ar7HSfi 8S ASIA. HI«topy.-702. Some of the countries of Asia are very interesting, on account of the great eventH which have happened in them. It isBup- poeed that the Gai-den of Eden, in which God phiced Adam and Eve, was situated somewhere between the Black Sea and the Casni-.n. T},e greater ,«u-t of the Bible was written and most of the events which it records occurred in Western Asia, in and around Palestine. Porttf. -70S Aria lie. on the east of Europe and Ainca. ,.„ay u, ne north-east, at BehrinK Strait, fc «<'proache8 ver> ..ear North America. It has tlie Am.c Ocean on f •• north, the Pacific on the east, and the Indian Ocean „n the south. Coa8t.-704. The principal Coast Waters are. the Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, tfuna Sea, and the Gulf of Tonquin, on the eaat • toe Gulf of Suim, Strait of Malacca, Bay of BeMjal, Arabian Sea, Gxdf of Oimn, Persian Gvlf and Gulf of Aden, on the south; the StraU of liab-d-Mandeb, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Mad Sea, on the west. The coast waters on the south m.. up into the land forming three great peninsulas. 705. The most important Islands near Asia are the Japan Islands, Formosa, Hainan, and the Philippine Islands, on the east; Homeo, Sumatra, Java, and Ceylon, on the south; and Cyprus, on the west. CHAPTER IV. ASIA. stretching east and we.t through the middle of the coutment. 708 The highlands of Central Asia consist of a broad table-land, with the Ilinuilaya Mountains on the south, the Altai Mountain, on the north, and two other parallel mountain walls through the mterior. * Area.— 706. Asia is twice as laqje as No ^y- America, •nd mcludes one-third of the land in the rid. Surface.— 707. Asia has the hit,h! : Ui.J- tains, the lowest valleys, the broa ). »t, bl- lands, and the most extensive pkint s. th> world. In America the highlands exUvafi no \i and south, near the coasts; in Asia we find them arBTheIt"hfl°^''r'. "" "^^ ""'*'' °' Hindc^t^n. are the highest m<.untoinM in the world. The hiifhe.t peak, called Mount Eccrui, i, five and a hllf mi L, similar to those on the lower slopes of the Aiules He^ are many k... of palm tr^es, one of wWc ui called the Sanfolm. It is .^markable for its hnZ leaves, a single leaf being la^fe enough to cover a dozen men. We should find here mLy large a„d ferocious wild beasts, such as lions. tige«, xZlZt and hyenas. Beyond the fm^sts are ;hr!bs and Tr^Jht^. colored flowers; then wild rough rocks and everlasting 710. These mountains are more difficult to climb than almost any others, they are so steep and so rent by deep gorges, where the foaming streams come rush- mg down towards the plains. Far up on the moun- tains, shut m on all sides, we find the beautif-.l vallrv of CasKm^e, so celebrated for its goats, fr^. ^ i e fine hair costly 8ha^' V, are manufactured 711. North of the Himalaya Mountains is ,, . ^ counter called Thihet. The lowest valleys here ai^ two miles above the sea-level. This count.^ ia so ne,^ the Equator that it has warm summen, ; bu7on acco'^t 7i^^^'*if '"^^'''u *^' ^•"'"™ '*'•« «''t'^">ely cold. l\i. 1 arther north, beyond the Kumlun Mwtntaim « ^e great table-land, extending hundreds Lhun' J.^s of mUes In some parts it is covered with loose fi.«id, and in othei's with rocks. 713. '^ - vaost impoftaat mounuius in the west of A^ia are the Caumms, the Taurus, the Elhurz, the Hindoo Koosh, and the Mountain of Lebanon. i i i A s :i A hrough the middle of Jentral Asia consist of Uinutlaya Mountains mntaiiu on the north, untain walla through le north of Ilindosttn, he world. The highest • live and a half miles ascending these moun- 1 first find dense foreHts, •lopes of the Andes. trees, one of which is markahle for its broail ?fe enough to cover a here many large and lions, tigers, leopards, s are slirubs and bright- h rocks and everlasting lore difficult to climb e so steep and so rent ing streams come rush- Far up on the moun- id the beautif'il 'alley its goats, froi. ■; , ,e factured. ountains is ; r ,^ ivest valleys here are 'his country is so near imers ; but on account are extremely cold. > Kuenlun Mmntaiiu, f hundreds and hun- Ib covered with loose >UQtaiu8 in the west Taurus, the Elburz, intaint of Lebanon. \i-f- ■'MH (If bin . r:.r >rf? dj- liai Silt ASIA. «.!J1* ^" ?^ ,"°'^'' "' *•"« -^t" Mountaina is the rticS:^;'"'' °' '''^•^ "^^^ *o--^ the ♦ ^^*"LT^^*- ^® ^""^f^* "^«" of Asia flow to tne north and east. The Obi, the renitei, and the Lena, in Siberia, are like the Mackenzie in North America, {toz2 over a lai^e part of the year, and consequently of little use to trade. The Amoor, the Jloavff Ho, and the raw^y-^^- ^w,ng, in China, are the most important rivere in Asia, The Yang-tse-Kiang equals the Mis- sissippi m length. The great rivers in the south of Asia are the Mdcong,X^^ IrrawaMy, the Brahmapootra, the Oangen, the Indus, the Tigris, and the i^wjaWe*. '^l?' ^!S*!*®' *"** Brahmapootra rise far apart on the cold high Himalayas: but after rushing SS the steep slopes they wind along the hot lowbnds sr'Trr;r*" *^ ^-"'^ togetlr ^the ; mouth. The land here is low and flat, and is over- S^^d ir "^^ "'°^«- These jungles ablundTn ^^e«and rhinoceroses, and the waters swanu witJ Meving th.t they wlU thus be bLe to I^Ld of blT*'*'"'' IdwS?!^ T^'l**" """ "''y ^' ^»'«*«*. t« which Srites ^^^'.^^^^^^ D'"^*! lived, was on the .upnrates. These cities were very We. and were , mrrounded by high and broad walls. ^^^^^^71 tt?^'"'^^ '"'^'"^ ^'''^ ^^' ''"d after a W^it they became covered with sand and grass so mT I tee:rSs:o:::e3"'"'^' '"^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ *^ I ^'^T/^^- '"'« fresh-water lakes of Asia are all |qu.te smaU, except Baikal and Balka^k, in tS souS o iRussianAsia. Salt lakes are numerous. SZLl |&« and the 5feao/^ra/ are the Wert ^''"^" c^S!l*%*^*-^'^^'*'-'20. The southern duce cotton, sdk, rice, coffee, and many kind^ of fe 89 fruit. The forests contain cinnamon trees and fragrant gum trees, so that the air is filled with nch perfumej, The most fertile countries of Asia are India, China, and the countries south of China. Jr^T"" toW«-land8of the interior have cold winter ram, so that the phUne are dry, and unsuiLl to agrf! culture. Even the streams which flow from the mX tains are soon dried up or lost in the sand. A vast ^I'ar^u'f^ thei>«er.o/6ro6.-; whicht I^S to mean, The country without trees and water " Towards the west, in Chinese Tartary. there ZL tie valleys; but as we go east into Mongolia, there are no streams of water, cultivated fields, houses o" Sre-Ss."" *'^ "''''^"^ ^« ^"^^ -*- -<» 7^- The people who live near the desert plains dwdl m tents, and their property consists of cattk' of^n;'r^''r."^^''r'i: Their food consists m«sti; ofmilk and .lesh, and they are always roving about m search of fresh pasture. 723. The northern part of Asia, called Siberia is a la;^^^!^--'".***" ^"""^^^^ ««»*»» «f th« Hima- layas the wild ammals are lar^e and numerous, inclu.t mg elephants, lions, tigers, hyenas, and huge ser^ni ^ITric^.' '" ^'^"" ""^ "^""^ *" '^''^ '" tJ^^^ortl; Inhabitants.— 725. Asia is said to contain 800,000,000 of inhabitants, or three-fifths of all the ^ople m the world. Neaily aU are heathens, knowing nothing of -^ Bible, or the way of salvation which it teacnes. In th-^ western part of Asia most of the people are calle Mof^Le- ofan*, because they believe in a false prophet n^ed Mohammed; in the east they worehi^ yZ^l^^Ur^Al'^ '"/'■•'"* «'«' "'^l-*' hundred When he had mln^'i^' t»Z''Zn°° ^'° "" »"««' gave him. 727. The people of Asia are much less inteUigent £4 ASIA. country. The chief ruler, who i» often a selfish, ignorant tyrant, makes such laws as please himself, without considering or knowing^ what would be best for his sub* jects. UAF EXERCISE.— Point out the coast waters. Islands, mountains, rivers, lakes, and principal couiu tries of Asia. CARAVAN. than those of Europe and America. In most '>f the countries they have no schools, 1) )oks or newspapers, and know nothing of other parts of the world, 'iliroughout the greater part of this large continent there are no railways, or even common roads or wag- gons. Merchants travel in lanre companies, calleil caravans, conveying their goods on camels and mules. In crossing the deserts they carry water with them. They require also to go armed, and keep a sharp look- out for robbers 728. It is dangerous to travel in the countries in- habited by the roving shepherds. These lawless people not only rob and murder strangers, but they are al- ways at war with each other. Sometimes a plunder- ing company of horsemen come suddenly on an un- suspecting tribe drive oS their flocks, and seizing the women and children, sell them for slaves. Divisions. — 729. The principal countries of Asia are, Arabia^ Turkey in Asia, Russia in Asia, Persia, Turkestan, Afghanistan, Bdoochi- stan, India, Burmah, Siam, Anam, the Chiiiese JEmpire, and Japan, Towna — 780. Asia contains many large cities. The largest are in China, Japan, and India, Danuuciu, on the east of the Mountains of Lebanon, is said to be the oldest city in the worid. Oovemment. — 731. Th« countries of Asia are gener- ally very badly governed. The lawb are not made by representatives chosen by the people, as in our own ARABIA. 732. Arabia is an extensive ' country on the east of the Ketl Sea. A large portion of it is a parched desert land, with here and there a fertile spot, called an oasis. The moat useful tree on the borders of the deserts is the date- palm. Its fruit, called dates, is much used for food. The southern part of Arabia, which is very hot, and has heavy rains at certain seasons, yields the best coffee in the world. Here also are forests of spice and gum trees. 733. The desert in which the Israelites wandered for forty years, and Mount Sinai, where God gave the commandments to Moses, are in the north-west of Arabia. T34. Many of the inhabitants of Arabia aie i-oving shepherds, whose property consists in camels, hoi-ses, and otlier animals. Arabian horses are swift and handsome, and an Arab i» said to love his horse as much as his wife and children. The shepherds often quarrel with each other about their pasture-lands and welLs of water, as the servants of Abraham and Lot quarrelled long ago. 735. Every year thousands of people in caravans visit Arabia. These are Muhamuiedan pligtiuiB com- ing from distant countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia, on a visit to Mecca, the birth-place of Mo- hammed. Evety Mohammedan believes that a pil- ry. The chief rulei;, who i» a selfish, ignorant tyrant, s such laws OS please himself, ut considering or knowing^ would be best for his sub-^ P EXERCISE.— Point out the waters. Islands, mountains, I, lakes, and principal ooua» of Asia. ARABIA. I. Arabia is an extensive iry on the east of the Hed A large portion of it is I, with here and there a I oasis. The moat useful f the deserts ia the date- 1 dates, is much used for part of Arabia, which is 7 rains at certain seasons, in the world. Here also I gum trees. lich the Israelites wandered lunt Sinai, where God gave doses, are in the north-west nhabitants of Arabia aie lose property consists in atber animals. Arabian landsome, and an Arab i» as much as his wife and :ds often quarrel with each fiture-Iands and wells of ts of Abraham and Lot sands of people in caravans Mohainmedan pilgrims com- ries in Europe, Africa, and cca, tlie birth-place of Mo- umedon believes that a pil* ARABIA— TURKEY. 732. THK DATE PALM. trrimage to this city mU secure the foi^iveness of aJl tlT^'- xr '' " ''*'^^ ""''J"^ «"^ Mohanunedan temple m Mecca containing a black stone, which Mo- hammedans think very holy, and which is said to be worn qmte smooth from being kissed so frequently. Only Mohammedans are aUowed to enter the temple fcome persons, however, curious to know what sort , « aplace.tis, have pretended to be Mohammedans, and thus have gamed admittance. TURKEY. 736. Turkey in Asia forms a part of the large empire ruled oy the Sultan, who lives at Con- stantiiiople, in Europe. The territory in Asia is made up of several different countries, all of which have an interest- ing history, extending back to the earliest ages C5 It contains the ruins of many ancient cities- some of thft lirst that were ever built 737. The climate is warm, except on the moun- terns. In many parta there are extensive sandy deoerts, on which rain seldom falls. Grain, to- bacco, cotton, grapes, the mulberry, olive, and fig are cultivated. But agriculture is greatlv neglected ; robber shepherds wander over the country m search of pasturage and plunder. rS a^*S^f '^,*^** ^"^ "^ Turkey between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. It is a highland country, with some beautiful valleys in the west. It« West city IB Sm,n-na. A small village near Smyrna occupies tho site of ancient Ephes,^, where, in So daysof the Apostle Paul, the inhabiUnts mj^e such an uproar about their goddess Diana. tains. One of the high peaks is called Ararat, and ia supiwsed to be the mountain on which Noah's ark rested. A curious city here, called Erzeroum, has houses bu.lt of mud. The flat roofs ovei^-rown with grass appear m the distanco like a meadow <40. Syria, another country in Tuikev is on tha enat of the Mediterranean. tL M.untail^.^Z.^ are near the sea-coast; and beyond the mountains is a rZ . f'l!" ,-?«"'«*"'^' ^J'e'-e the Apostle Paul waa cured of h.s blmdness. and the ..Ide.stcity in the world, .8 mtuated ,n this plain. The cmntry for many milS around consists of gardens and orciiards. 741. Palestine, the ancient land of the Israel- ites, situated in the south-west of Syria is the most interesting part of Turkey. About forty years after the Jews crucified the Saviour, Pales- tine was invaded by a Roman army. Jervsalem,- the capital of the country, had strong, high walls around it, an.l the Jews from all the land ran to this city for protection. The Romans beat down the walls, destroyed the city, and burned the beautiful temple. The Jews are now scattered throughout almast all the eooa- tries of the world. 742. Palestine is quite a Wily country. The Jm^r a comparatively small stream, is the only river It rises in the Mountains of Lebanon, flows aoutherl/ 88 •■'w^ ASIA. \^:"m^.. 745. J£BU8AL£M. through the lowest valley in the world, and empties its waters into a remarkable lake called the Deiid Sea. The waters of the Dead Sea contain so much salt and other mineral substances that they are very dense, and persons can lie on the surface without much danger of sinking. In the upper part of its course the Jordan forms a fresh-water lake, called the Sea of Galilee, or the Sea of Tiberias. 743. Palestine was once exceedingly fruitful ; but except in some fertile valleys, it is now an unproductive country, and agriculture is greatly neglected, 744. Christians love to travel in Palestine, and visit the places in which occurred so many of the great events recorded in the Bible. But travelling in this land is toilsome and somewhat dangeroiis, Travellei-s employ armed guides to show them the way and protect them from robbei's. There are no carriage-roads, so that they must journey on horseback, and the animals to be obtained are general? y very inferior. 745, Jerusalem is built on the ruins of the ancient rtity. The streets are narrow and the houses gloomy. Half the people are Mohammedans, Six miles to the ■outh is Bethlehem, where Jesus was bom; a short dis- tance east of Jerusalem, across a vaUey, ia the Mount of Olivet, to which he went «o frequently : about tw" rabies east in Bethany, where the family lived that he loved. In the hiUy country of the north is Nazareth, Where he spent his early life; and about twenty miles east of Nazareth is the Sea of Galilee, where he stilled the winds and waves. * RUSSIA IN ASIA. 746, The large country in the north of Asia called Stberia, belongs to Russia. It is a cold, cheerless country. The soil ia cultivated a little in the south, yielding barley and vegetables. Large forests of spruce and fir abound in foxes, ermines, otters, sables, and other animals which have valuable fur ; the rivers are full of fish ; and the mountains yield gold and precious stonea' The reindeer is one of the most useful animak in the country. 747. On the south, near Lake Baikal, is a small towncaUedJTtai/fta. Tea is brought on camels acroHS the desert from China to this town, and then taken to Kussia m Europe on sleds drawn by dogs or rein- deer, 748. The Czar of Russia uses Siberia as a kind of prison, to which he banishes criminals, or those whom he wishes to have out of the way. IklAny of these exiles are compelled to work in the mines. In Euasia one may sometimes see long processions of prisonere— perhaps three or four huadrcd -on their way to Siberia. They are guarded by armed soldiers, and some of them are chained in couples. 749. The Russians also own a small country Boutb RUSSIA IN ASIA BRITLSH INDIA. le ^^ea of Galilee, where he stilled tA IN ASIA. ountry in the north of Asia ngs to Eussia. It is a coM, The soil ia cultivated a little ling barley and vegetables, nice and fir abound in foxes, ea, and other animala which the rivers are full of fiah ; ield gold and precioua stones. of the most useful animal* near Lake Baikal, is a small Tea 18 brought on camels acrows i to thin town, and then taken 1 sleds drawn by dogs or rein- tissia uses Siberia as a kind o( lishes criminals, or those whom ; of the way. Mftny of these work in the mines. In Russia long processions of prisoners — i;drcd -on their wuy to Siberia, med soldiers, and some of them so own a small country suutb I of the Caucasus Mountains ; and they are pushing jMolbwania into Turkeatm, making conqaesU and adding more territoty to their lai^ empire. PEB3IA 750. Persi,-* lies between theCwpiaa S«aand the Persian Gulf. A large part of the country is ahuost destitute of rain, and the soil is full of salt, so that it is quite barren. But there are many rich valleys, watered by streams that flow from the mountains. The fruitful districts produce grain, silk, grapes, 1 peaches, and melons. There are also many beautiful jflowere-hyacinths, tulips, crocuses, and primroses. a Ihe rereians cultivate immense quantities of roses, 1 from which they extract a costly perfume The pretty Wue gem called turqtwm is found in Persia. f 751. The Persians make beautiful carpets and I shawls. They are said to be very polite, and to use rather extravagant language : thus one would tell you that he was your slave, and that every- thing he had was at your service, when he would be astonished if you took him at his word. 752. There »re no road* in Pewla. and wheeled cK.Tiwej cannot be uwd. TraveUeni need to be well guarded JaiSu nAber,, and generally go on hor^back ; but U.ey somXme, plwed on poles wWcl project so as to make shafto in /ront I In the rear facing the seat. Sometimes a double seat, like a ' ?id"e: t'eth'swl"'"' *'' ""' °' " ""'^ "" • '"-"- 753. Teheran is the capital of Persia; Ispahan is the largest city ; and Busbire is an important sea-port. mrrmoln?of°' ''''!'* '""'V" ""' bfOdlngs. The honses ?tr«r^«Mjf l'"'^' *"'' '" •*•»"* "' ""d "'^ed with straw and dried in the sun. Th«e is little to be seen in the Mm,w streets but mud walls, with iron doors a few feet apart These doors open into the court-yards, on which the dweUings »ce. The rooms have no chairs nor tables; but ther have in nildKir "'""'' ^^^ *^"'"P'*"*« "** '^"» »•"»'' legs dmwn tJ^L'^' ^''''\' °^ «°^«"'«n. >8 a despotic tyrant, treating his people as if they existed only to minister to hu pleasure. When he wants money he demands 87 t from his highest officers; these Jemanrl it from the lower officeif.; who in turn extort it from the people. No one Ukes to be thought rich, lest his property be taken from him. TURKESTAN, AFGHANISTAN, AND BELOOCHISTAN. 756. These countries, lying east of Pei-sia, con- sist of high mountains, fertile valleys, and dry, desert plains. The sandy deserts lire bordered by grazing lands, r/here barbarous, roving shep- herds pasture their horses, cattle, caiuel8,°8heep, and goats. 756. The shepherds in these countries have a breed of sheep with large, fat tails, weighing ten or twelve P<>unds; and they sometimes place little wlieels under the tails to assist the sheep in dragging them about. 757. A high mountain wall, separating British India from Afghanistan and Beloochistar', is cleft by deep gorges, caUed patses, which are used as roads by mer- chant caravans. In some places, along the narrow passes, high rocky cliffs hang over, approaching sc near each other at the top as to make the way dark and gloomy. 758. Bokhara. Khokan. and Khiva are chief to«T^ in l-urkestan. Cabool, surrounded by be.iutif ul garden* and orchards, is the largest town in Afghaniston. BRITISH INDIA 759. This large country, situated on the south of the Himalaya Mountauis, forms part of the British Empire. Aa it is near the Equator, it has a hot climate. Unlike many of the countries of Asia, it has abundance of rain, and is very productive. 760. India has long been famed for the rich products of its fields, its forests, and ita mines ; and also for the skUl of its inhabitants iu the manufaotui'e of eoetly silks and shawis. 761. Some of the most important products are rice, sugar, cotton, silk, opium, cinniimon, nutmegs, cloves, and other spices. 88 /srA. im Clnnainon is tho Inner bark of the cinnamon-tree ; cloves are tlie dried nower-bnds of the cldve tree; opium is a gum obtained from a kind of poppy. 762. Die forests are dense with shrubbery, and the sins rays are shutout by broad leaves; so that the ii.t, danip air, Jiiinglcvl with pc- ma gases from tie- caying plants, causes f avers anc lier diseases. 763. Tlie diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls of India are sought after by tho wealthy in all countries. Somo of tlie dl:imonds are very costly, and adorn the crowns of the kings and queens of Kurope. 764. Many English people live in India. Some come here to trade ; others are officers and sol- diers, sent by the British Government to preserve peace and order. The natives, called Jlmdoos, aie divided into four classes of different ranks. Tliey do not intennany, eat together, or associate with each other; and one must always remain in the same rank or caste as his parents. The highest class are called Brahmim. Tliere are miiny sepai-ate States in India, ruled by native princes; but, with one or two exceptions, they are all subject to the Brilish Government. 765. The Ilindooa are idolaters, and they have many siilendid idol temples. They do not like to be governed by the British, and a few years ago they tried to drive tliein frcm the country. They crueUy murdered many of the En-lish, and horribly mutilated others, cutting 7M. BRAUMIXS KI3ADINO TUKIR SACUBD BOOK A NAIIVX PRIMOZ. oflf their noses and ears; but after a terrible war thev were subdued. 766. The people of India use elephants to carry heavy loads, and they sometimes ride on their backs They also ride in an oild sort; of conveyance caUed-a paianquin, which is a covered seat placed on poles, and carried by men, who use the ends of the poles an handles. 767. Calcutta, the capital of India, is a great com- merfl'.r-l csty r-n the lovvlanJs, near the mouth of tho Ganges. Uadras on the east coast, and Bombay on the west, are also noted for trade. BenarM is a sacred city of the Hindoos, containing over one thousand idol i k terrible war tliey liUITISH INDIA— THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 89 700. KIWNU XBK KLExMANX-A UtNXiWu PARTV temples. It is visited every year by crowds of pil- griaa, many of whom come here to die. There ar* eeveral other lai^e cities. ^nere are Tf ^^'^^ '?i^5 ^^» '« a P'^rt of British India. n« wT", k'^".*''' ? 'P''^^^ • *"^ *" ^^^ dense forest^ ftre found elephants, lions, and tigere. INDOCHINA. -69. This country, sometimes called Farther /nrfta occupies the lai-ge peninsula in the south- east of Asia. It includes several countries, the pniicipal of which are £urmah, Siam, and Jinam. and r^lTt- r*^ ""1 'f""""' «'«J'^l-vood. rcse-wood, and rZv "' rl'"- ^"'"■'^•"•I'ber, gutta-percS and yanush are made from the juices and miins „f th« lui-cst trees. J70. Ainpng the wild animals are the elephant rhinoceros, tiger, buffalo, and monkey. "'"P'^'"^*' 771. The people are all idolaters, and the idol temples i*e the tiuest buildings in the country. bweet-Hcented woml is burned in the worship of the false gods. Rice is the chief food, and is cultivated in large quantities. T ^/"^^r''''^- J'"" '« t^e most important country in Indo-China. The people here have customs ^vhich wou d appear exceedingly strange to us. They have l{! fl r^''V- V^"* '"'"'""'" "^ "'^ •'""K «^«'y «ne must lie flat on his face, and approach him by creeping ..n his hands and knees. When the king dies, his b«ly IS dned by the application of certain drugs. It is then doubled up and placed in an urn, which is deposited m a splendidly decorated and costly funeral temple, built for this purr.08e. After the dried body has been kept a year, it is burned. JJt' ,^'i' «"'t':«>7 to law to kill elephants in Slam, a* they «nL»l . n 1 Ik^ '•'■?V^"y °' '•'« •""»• A .pecies of this animal called the white elephant, la regarded with gre«t and fed with dainties served In costly dishes mlit'M *^''*''J; ""^ "*P'**' °' ^•'""' '» « 'ante city on the River Menam. JIany of tha Inhabitants live on the river la floating houses made of bamboo. THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 775. The Chinese Empire is an l.irge as the Dominion of Canada and the United States to- gether. It is made up of several countries. The most important of these is Chuia, on the eastern slope, along the great rivers Yanff-tae- Amny und Hoaiv)-IIo. The other countries of tlie Empire he to the west and north of China, on the high- lands between the Himalaya and Altai Moim- tains. China.— 776. This portion of the Empire has a mild climate and a fertile soil. Every little patch of laml is cultivated. The steep, rocky hill-sides are formed into teiraces ; and the crop* \..j „„t^r..^i D} Ji.tiid. IV early ail iQe tea used in the world grows in China: it is the leaf of a low shrub; the leaves are picked, dried, rolled, and packed into tea-chests. China also produces much rice, cotton, and silk. PO AtilA. sometimes hangs half way down to their feet. The women have very smatt- ftet^. Which they think ad 1 grrotly to their beauty. To prevent their feet from giwing, the Ifttle girls are compelled to wear tight baiKJages, which cauB« much pain and make them \«»lk awkwanily. ITiey must Mbmlt to Hi however, becAiiw it id the fnHhim. 776. FIOUMa TBE I,XAVKS OF IBS TK4-PLAKT 777. China has a great many inhabitants. The people are so numerous that there is scarcely room, for all. In fact, many of them live on the rivere : they make a raft of logs, spread earth over it for a garden, and build a little bamboo house in the middle. 778. The Chinese have an odd way of catching fish from the rivjrs. The fisherman goes out in his boat, taking with bim a swlmmlng-bird called a cormorant. The bird is very fond of fish, and dives Into the water after them. The fisherman placet a ring around the bird's neck, to prevent him from •wallowing the fish until he has his basket full, when he allowi bim to catch some for himself. 779. The Chinese do not Udually sit at table when they eat, but gather round the boiler, sitting on the floor or ground, each with his bowl and chop-sticks. Rice is their chief food; but they also eat cats, dogs, and rats. The men in China keep their heads shaved quite hare, except on the top, where they allow the hair to grow very long, and braid it into a kind of tail, which 779. A OATB OF PEKIN, CBINA. China has many lai:ge cities. Pekln, in the norths is the capital. Canton, in the south, is one of the greatest commercial cities of Asia. their feet. The I they think ad I t their feet from ed to wear tight and nuike them It to Hi however. JAPAN. Olil •Mi ■u JAPAN. m ^apiin consists of the four large islands —JVtpfum, Sikot, Khmu, and Ymo, and many smal islands, situated on the coast of A^ia, east of China. Taken together, the islands have an area equal to a square of three hundred and ninety miW The soil is generally very fertile and carefully cultivated, yielding tea, rice, cotton, and the vanous kinds of grain and vegetables of our own country. Japan ha» great mineral wealth, including gold, sUver, copper, iron, lead, sulphur, and coal. ' 781. The mien, of Japan have for a long time been very suspiciou. of foreigner. Formerly they v.aded a great de«d with the Portuguese, and aUowed Portu- ^ese m.8«.onarie8 to come amongst them; but the Dutch informed them that the King of Portugal had formed a plot to conquer their country. Th^le«^ J^n tten banished aU fo«igner.; fTrbade theif^^^ people to go from home, or to receive any lettere from abroad; «xd if any who had gone away «tuS tZ i^«puttodeath. Within these few yeamthS^LT is caUed tiie Mxhado, i. sending his office™ to Europe and America,toIeamhowother countries are goverSd^ Luwpe and Amenoa to attend school and college. Christian missionaries are also beginning to ko to Japan to teach the people the true^igiom 782, The Japanese think our custom of eittinir on chairs and sofas, with our feet resting on the floor, veiy tiresome. They sit on m^ on the floor, with their feet under them, like the Chinese They wear on their feet sandals, m«ie of wood or straw, fastened with a strap [r?£ ^™d tl^e great toe. As they sit on tbi floor, they like to keep it clean; hence they | JAPAJTKSK AT aoMK. always leave their sandals at the door. Ladio» have no pocket-handkerchiefs. They have instead, little squares of paper, which thoy throw away when once used. J^J^f^,^"^ more people in Japan than in the Bntish Islands. The Japanese are very indus rio and are said to be models of neatness^ Cy hale "Zl^L^f "^-'-'-^ '' Po-lail^lCe; 784. Yedo a very lai^ge city on the island of Niphon, s the capital of Japan. It is beautifully situated in a ^ valley and ha« fine parks and ga^ens. It^^i J«na. 17 miies from Yedo, with which it is connected by^^ilway. is miportant on account of its fo«S- ti in the nortlv , is one of the I 4 AFRICA. k^own of TJ .^«'*'t«"-^»ean Sea, little wan time of tll^r '" '""'°* ^•'"^ About tl" further and further south, 3il fitllv Ih"'' exposed t<, great hardships and dange™ TH CHAPTER V. AFRICA. in rr T °°:73®^- ^^« ^'•^^^^r part of Africa is m the Tornd Zone, and no part of it ezSto the cold regions of the north or south atlhfn^rthl^Tltt tr "".i? ^^-t' ^'^^^^^ the Irthmu, ofSuez I?hLX ^^^ ^'^^ ^^^ "^y and the ^ g^nd as those in uie otHer great divisions of the Earth Tl^ Atlas Mountaim lie along" the north ^Jl A- and the C»»y„. t£ t^fT^" "" ^'^»' jVwffljw^ 7^A m , /.^f Tanganyika, and i ^-=^p^"x^a; neiice their size inH #■..-». " I accurately known, "^ ^""^ "« "°* i 71«. m Nile is a very long rive, as Ion, as the i/>rwi AJIRirCA to the Red Sea, and greatly *n Europe and India. '-Bon, Ouardafui, Good ^opt^ slands on the coast pre— Dourbo^i, and MavritiuB, Madeira Idands, Canary '■<^nd», and St. JJderui, on e of the largest lelands In " "anr i-ihabitant« as th« I rooky Wand. Napoleon I. >nie dbturbing all Europe he Battle of Waterloo, the «1 him to St. Helena, arly one and a half time part of Africa which merally quite low; the t 80 grand as tliose in 8 of the Earth. The r'the north; the Kong Gulf of Guinea; the the south; and the and other mountains, "95. Aftjca has four le Zambezi, the Niger, rge lakes are, Albert a, Tanganyika, and ^0 an important lake, a have not been fully se and form are not g river, as long as the AFRICA, ^tittm\ 796. (tOBNC ON THE NILE. Mlflsissippi, and it is the moat remarkable river in the »vorld. Many ages ago, when only the northern part •f Africa was known, people wondered where the waters of the Nile came from. It seemii sti-ange to see 80 great a river flowing hundreds and hundreds of miles through countries in which it never rains ! And then every year, in the month of June, without any rain or any small streams flowing in, the river begins to rise, and for three months it rises higher and higher, until all Eirypt is covered with water. But in modem times travellers have gone far back into the middle of Africa and discovered the sources of this strange river. Here, at the Equator, they have found two large lakes, which they have named the Victoria Nyama and the AllHTt Nyanza, from which the river flows. They have disco vei<>d other rivers also, which come from the mountains of Abyssinia, and help to form the great Nile. In the early summer months, the rains fall in torrents on the mountains, and the waters rush down until they come to Ef?ypt, where the land is so level and the river-banks bo low, that they flow over all the country. 797. ZamlMil, In Southern Africa, also a large river, is noted for Victoria FalU, which are said to be as grand as those of Niagara. 798. The Niger, in Western Africa, flows through a hot, marshy country. The forests along its banks are very dense, and the air is so [loisonous that it is dan- gerous for those not accustomed to the climate to visit the country. 799. The Conffo. in Southern Africa, ia a lai^e river, having its source in Lake Tanganyika. It flows from thiH lake under the name of the Lualaba. Climate and Products.— 800. Africa is the hottest pait of the Earth, and a large jtortion of it consiHts of rainless deserts. South of the Atlas Mountains is the great Sahara, the largest desert in the world, on which rain seldoui falls, and where it is so hot that eggs can be cooked in the bumuig sand. 801. Travelling through Africa from north to south, we first ci-oss the Barbary States, which have a temperate climate, and yield grain, olivcH, grapes, and mulberries. On the Athw Mountains are foresta of oak, beech, and juniper. The snow lies deep on the cold summits through the win- ter, and in the spring it melts and sends streaois to the lowlands. The streams on the southern sIoi)es flow down to the borders of the Desert, fonning many a cheerful ajjot on the margin of that dreary waste ; but they are soon lost in the hot sand or in salt lakes. This region is occupied by wandering shepherds, just aa we found near the deserts of Asia. In summer the shepherds Miir^; iji^irii livuaji lai UjJ Uiii) fcUC UlUUUUUIi- valleys in search of pasture. 802. The Land of Dates lies on the nnth o< tim Atlas Moontaina. In this countrj-, which ia watered S4 AFRICA. a. ■» little by the streaina from tlie mountainB, and is moistened to gome extent by springg of water here and there, and by deep well* made by boring into the earth, we find jjeautilul groves of the date-palm, which give food to the shepherds, and which shelter them and their flocks from the burning sun.; '"."t "!." '' 803. The Sahara is almost as large aa the Dominion of Canada, Far as the eye can reaeh, Jiot a tree, or a blade of gi-ass, or a drop of :water is to be seen ; nothing but bnrnmg sand and barren rock. In other parts of this great Desert there are vast tracts of firm soil, yielding only dry, stunted herbage. Here and there, far apart, are springs of water ; and all around are green grass, shady palms, and fruitful vines. Such a SOi. AN UAiilll. fertile spot, called an oatis, must be very beauti- ful in the midst of the barren Desert. Travel- ling merchants cross the Sahara in large com- panies, carrying cottons and beads to the Negroes of Central Africa, and bringing back fold dus*^ ivory, and ostrich feathers. They carry their goods on the back of the camel This useful ahimal is sometimes called the "ship of tfa« tlesert." mIaciUu. 804. There is no road or Watei-p;itli"aSros8 the Desert, for the sand drifts about in the wind as snow in our country. Sometimes the wind blows veJy strongly, and the air is filled with clouda of sand; When the traveller sees the sand-cloud coming, heUm down, keeping his face close to the ground until t^e fearful storm hre are palms, » some of the itSi the climate ire almost sure I. The native b they are said ifn of Central it is extremely l«rt, and has dense forests abounding in wild juiimala. s "«iu 806. Southern Africa has less intense heat, and m the far south the climate i^ temperate Wn ,a the dry season ; but when the Jains ^^mZZ """' ^"'^ ^^ ^ -^ the Great Dese,t, and iu the thickets along tl.e marg.us of the lakes and rive«, are many farge I wild aauuals-the laigest in ^he world4va the elej^?aut, ^hmoceio^ liippopotamus, crocodile! ' AFUKJA. 05 ing its wing, «« it nms. It« spee,! is said to b. twenty. feet ^Thrf. ;!!'■' ""? 'i' '^"^^'^ "' '^ «**p *-«'^« s:;t jt^r ZiittranThrr^* ^ -- anj^a.. are so po.oned b^iuTu^n ATdH: .t;' n.?^?^ w°*'*~®^^- ^' '^""^ «« "«le Of many parts of Africa, that it is difficult to find out how many people it contains. Some estimate the number at 100,000,(K)0. :>iLi. 807. THE OND. BooUl we beauWul antelope, and rtriped zebii man. *^ *" **"™ somewhat resemble a 813. The northern countries are inhabited by whi'a people, n.any of whom are Mohammedan Arabs who South y^r.™™ ^^^"''^ "'^ '=-'1--^ the counr.t: iNegroes. They are ignorant savages, and have ma., v barbaro^ customs. They often go to war w th e« h other. Some of them eat the prisonet« whom th J^ WlT'Sfh ""V'^r -^^ ''^S-apTverSiat^ tended ft^.^th'^t^ ^^^' *" ^'°«"^'* <*« de- scended f«)m those who were brought from Africa aa 814. The Hottento^ who live towards the south are a most degraded n»ce. One tribe caUed «12l!!' sTa.:.^ '^S* '"i' ''•"' '^'' high tst'bf V '.;^i shaped. They have flat heads, crooked backs sToi of hair. They have no houses or tents, but sleep und^P bushes. In the cleft of a rock, or in a Lie wS^me wild animal has made in the earth. They eat ^Jl grasshoppers, worms, and whatever comes to hTnd' When they get a lai^^e animal, thev eat so much thlt of n«lf *u'^' "" *^^ '«'»'h-ea8t, ai* quite' a line race >r,^i ' il"'"^' P"»«'P«"y by their flocks. bl5 In the south are many English people. Aear the Orange and Vaal rivere are many Dutch whose forefathers came from Holland ' tri^TS'''~^'^^' ™^^' '■"P^'^nt co"n. m the north ; and the British Colonies-^l!^ ^t^ny am ^\aeai~.m the south. ' "^ 817. SewgamMa, Upper Guinea, and l^nw r7„.Vu« Africa, are divided into many Negro States. ; i U 9fl AFRICA. Tift Nubia Kordofan, and other territorieB faither JT Cairo, in Egypt, is the largest Many of the Neg"; towns of Central Africa are built of «.ucl. MAP EXERCISE.-Poliit out the coast waters. ca^lsSs. mountains, rivers, lakes, and prin- clpal countries of Africa. EGYPT. 820 Three or four thousand years ago, when almosi all other parts of the world were udubxted ty Wrharous -^^^^^ :^:^X:i i::i:^tSBS:^tieularly in theti.es ^^Sr?;:lSgyptiar.wereveryl.arj^ in some things. They built large cities and idol 17-, -" were adorned with — y f - columns and statues, many ruins of ^ "«l^J^^« «dlUo be seen in the country. Among the won- 1 rfu? remains of ancient Egyptian ait are the r^Lids. These are immense «ton« ^f ^J ti^e at the bottom, and drawn ni on all sides. as one stone rises above another, till they conie Z a point at the top. The largest pyramid i» four hundred and sixty feet high. 822. The ancient Egyptians did not bury their ckad i„ TliPv first embalmed the body, by appO gS »-h knowledge oi fc ..rly lmto;,y «.d ou* toms of the country. 824. Egypt is a long narrow ^0"^*^^ ^y *' J*! River Nile. It seldom rains here, and the Ian. would be a desert like the Sahara, f it were not Tr the river. Every year, for two or three ronths, the whole country is covered with -rater S moistens the land, and leaves nch earth behind The faimers do not need to plough the Und or manure it; but when the watei^l- drained off they sewtheir gram m the mud. There are many cani through the country fi-om which JatrrTs Uken and applied to the growing crop. EGYPT THE BRITISH COLONIES. ;her, till they wni* largest pyramid i» ligh. d not bury their dcfwl the body, by appb'- jvould not decay, aud hewn in the rocks on iny of these embalmed en brought to Euroi>9 mseums as curiosities. sculptured rocks fti« cture-writing and cuii- in our times have di"- •iptions, and have thus early history and cus- rrow country by the 13 here, and the lati'l Sahara, if it were not ir, for two or three is covered with water, nd leaves rich earth lot need to plough the when the water ha.^ rain in the mud. There le country fi-om whiclt I to the growing crops. •r Egypt has always been noted for its grain. It bas no forests, but there are many beautiful groves of the date-palm. 825. Cairo, near the Nile, is the capital and largest city. Its streets are so narrow that two camels can scarcely pass each other. Alezaadtla is an important city on the Mediterranean. 826. The houses of the farmers are not scattered here and there over the country, but are collected in villages on the higher grounds, so as to be out of the way of the water. THE BABBAR7 STATES. 827. On the west of Egypt, along the Medi- terranean, are Tripoliy Ttmis, Algeria, and Morocco, often called the Barhary States. 828. TMpoll and Tunis are provinces of the T'lrkish Empire; Algeria belongs to France; and Maroceo is an independent State. The people in these countries are nearly all Mohammedans. THE BRITISH COLONIES. 829. Cape Colony, and Natal, in the south of Africa, belong to Great Britain. The moist warm lowlands near the coast yield grain, grapes, tobacco, cotton, and other products of warm countries. The elevated plains of the interior are too dry for agriculture ; but they are good pasture-lands, so that cattle and sheep are kept in large numbers. The seasons are quite turned about in these colonies. The hottest weather is at Christmas, and the coolest in July. 830. Orlqaa Land West, now forming part of Cape Colony, has within a few years become celebrated for its rich diamond mines. 831. Transvaal, once an independent Dutch repub- lic, has lately been annexed by Great Britain. 832. Cape Town, the capiul of Cape Colony, is an important sea-port, near a singular flat-topped moun- tain, called Table Mountain. This town is on the way to India and China, and ships call here going and returning. 832. CAl'K TOWN AHD TABLE XOVXTAIK 98 OCEANIA. CHAPTER VL OCEANIA. 833. Oceania is the general name given io the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is asoally considered in three divisions, — Malayna, Australasia, and Poli/neaia. MALAYSIA. 834. The islands in this group lie near Asia, c^ thfc south. Thejr are sometimes called the J^W India Islands. Ihe most important islands are, Sumatra., Java, Borneo, Celebes (the Spice Island"), and th-: Philippine Islands. 835. The Philippin;; Islands belong to Spain; the others belong principally to Holland, except the nor- thern poitioas of Sumatra and Borneo, which are independent. 836 All the islands are near the Equator. The climate is hot and moist, and the soil is ferciie. The products are rice, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and various fruits of hot countries. The foresti are dense like those of Brazil. They yield aye-woods, ebony, rose-wood, fragrant sandal- wood, cpmphor, cinnamon, and all kinds of spice. 837. The shores are covered with beautiful shells, and the coast waters yield valuable pearls. Pearls are found in the oysters which are obtained among the rocks at the bottom of the sea. Men go out in boats and dive for the oysters. This is danger- ous, hard work, and those who follow it are said to be short-lived. 838. Some of the islands are noted for vol- canoes. Tliey are also often visited by destruc- tive hurricanes and earthquakes. S^. BOfacs is over twice the size of too Province of Ontario, and, with the exception of Australia, is the largest island in the world. 840. Somatia and Java an also laige ialanda. Batavia, a large commercial city in Java, is thf capital of the Dutch possessions. 841. The FhlllppliMB form an important Spanish colony. Manilla, the capital and the largest city of Malaysia, is celebrated for its cigars. MAP EXEB0I8K.— Point ont the principal Island! of Malaysia. AUSTRALASIA. 842. Australasia includes the islands on the south-east of Malaysia. The principal islands are, ^ew Ouinea, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. The last three belong to Great Britain. 843. The New Hebrides, the Feeja Islands, and many other small islands, belong to this division. MAP EXERCISB.— Point ottt the principal Islands of Australasia. AUSTRALIA. 844. Australia is the largest island in the world, having an area equal to the Dominion of Canada. 845. This island was discovered abont two hundred and fifty years ago, and has been occupied by the British about one hundred years. Great Britain first used portions of it as places of exile for criminals. Since It has been discovorud to be a good agricultural country, well guit*d to the raising of cattle and sheep, and rich in gold, many colonists frois the British Islands, and from other countries, have settled in different portions of the island. The population is now about 1,500,000. 846. Australia includes five British Colonies, which are here given : — Colony. Capitel. Queensland Brisbane. Nsrw South Walks iyoney. VioTOBiA MeilKnime. South Austbalia Adolald*. WssT AusTBAiXA Perth. nmercial city in Java, is the poBseasiona. les form an important Spanish 3 capital and the hugest city of id for its cigars. Point out fhe principal Isluidi TRALASIA. includes the iaianda on the yaia. The principal islands vMralia, Tasmania, and New st three belong to Great '\dts, the Feejee Island*, and many elong to this diviBion. ?olnt out the principal Islands JSTRALIA. ) the largest island in the -ea equal to the Dominion of dlKOvered about two hundred and been occupied bj the British about at Britain first used portions of it as [nals. Since it has been discovorud I country, well suited to the raising rich in gold, many colonists froc the >m other countries, have settled in le isUnd. The population is now ides five British Colonies, which CkpltM. Brisbane. AiiES sydssy. Melboiunie. LU Ad«lald«. iiA FertlL AUSTRALASIA. 9» 847. The interior of Australia is imperfectly known. Near the east side are low mountains ; but the country generally consiBts of plains and table-lands. The Murray, and iU tributary the Darling, are the principal riven. 848. The northern half of the island is near the Equator, and has a hot climate; the south- em half has a temperate climate. Grahi, grapes, cotton, and .ne various fruits of warm countries, are successfully cultivated. Cattle and sheep are numerous, and immense quantities of wool are exported. The forests are not tangled with vines as in most warm countries. The foliage is scanty, and the leaves often present their edges to the sun, so that the liyht 18 not excluded. Many of the trees have beautiful blossoms. 849. The largest wild animal is the kangaroo. This animal and many of the smaller ones have pouches in which they carry their young. The birds are beautiful, but they are not noted for richness of song The emeu is a large bird re- sembling the ostrich. The hjre bird has a markable tail. re- 849. KAMaABoos, 850. New South Wales and Victoria have the most renowned gold mines in the world. Soutb Australia has rich copper mines. 851. The natives of Australia are degraded savages. They have neither house nor tent, but wander about almost naked, in search of food. They are black, but have not features like the Negroes of Africa. Their hair is not woolly, nor have they flat noses or thick ups. 852. Sydney and Melbourne are the largest cities of Australia. Tasmania.-853. ITiis island, situated on the south-east of Australia, is about the size of ]Sew Brunswick. The clunate, native plants, and animals, are like those of South Australia. Agriculture and the rear- ing of sheep are the chief occupations. Hohart Tomi is the capital. New Zealand.— 854. This British Colony, situated in the South Pacific Ocean, consists of two principal islands and one of smaller size. The total area equals a square of 308 miles. 855. The climate is temperate and healthful, and the soil is fertile. Wool and flax are the chief exports. ITie hottest season is near Christmas. 856. The natives a.e a much finer race than those of Australia. They were formeriy fieree cannibals, feast- ing on the bodies of their captive enemies. Auckland is the capital of New Zealand. New Guinea.— 857. This island is nearly as large as Borneo. It is occupied wholly by de- graded savages, resembling the natives of Aus- tralia. I ii 1 OCEANIA. So^e o?^e^tives have been conver^ to Chri.- Averted many ««^.V^£ «quert o! the natives. These islands have lately, at tne req been annexed to Great Britain. POLYNESIA. pine and Feejee Islands. *• *v« ♦mea seem to rise out of the wawr. sets. BBBAD-FROIT, little labor. Polynesia enjoy per- petual summer, vaa many of them are re- markable for their beauty. The native* subsist largely on the products of the cocoa- nut palm, the bread- fruit tree, and on other fruits which cost them btie laoor. group, called ^aft*'*' »" ".^^ beautiful scenery. ^^' ''l^ SicJ 'S^ o? which HEWldl is "^•^'iS h?veTSdependent govermnent. much the l»'««,«*^*'*^^„ ,_o the natives were fierce About ""^^'^^yjreewSrated navigator Captain savages, who ^^^^ S^„ oi missionaries tiie-e Cook. Through *^%J*^"JJ/ Chuiches and ^nhTveCne^a^'^tekingandnea^ SSh^pSSt^^-OneriJ-^^^" SCENE IN xnx SANDWICH ISLAND*. ;h the opening* of the ithin. 863. The islandB of 'olyneaia enjoy per- etual Bummer, and lany of them aw J^" aarkable for their jeauty. The natives subsist largely on the products of the cocoa- nut palm, the bread- fruit tree, and on other fruits which cost them , owned by France, we fPolynesU. One of the untains nearly two mUea B beautiful "cenery. idg, of which Hawaii \a independent government. JO the natives were fierce Bbrated navigator Captain ors of miBsionaries these changed. CHiurches and sd, and the king and nearly ced the Christian rehgion. requently visited by ships n America and Asia.