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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clichi, ii est fiimi 6 partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. r errata d to It le pelure, ;on 6 n 1 * 2 3 32X 12 3 4 5 6 '. .': i Art (Dorl^ (^ ON Winnipeg, Aanitoba, Canada Pablist)cd in Tvelve Parts « 8« WILLIAA H. CARRE 1900 5^; I. -4 l(;Kr CAKKN' (.All-:. Historical Sketch of Winnipeg and A Synopsis of the Civil History of the Red River Settlement. •^ WINMI'IiCi, the capital of tlic I'roxiiuc ol Manitoba, illustratL^ in a Ntrikiiii^ dcoRc tin,' woiukrl'ul tkAflopniciit that lias attciulcd the ciuri^ctir I'litcriJiisf (i| the pe()i)le in all parts of the wi'strrn hall' of the Anuriean eontineiU. 'Ihe Inst quarter eentur\ of the laty's existenei' has just closed, yet thus early in its histor\- it has attaiiu'd tlu' position of third raid< anion<^r tlu- loninieieial cities ol the honiinion of Canada, and is in e\iiy respect a nioilern nutro|)olis, cos- I > J^ '_A'«-i"»* "i? V< .-«?. 'Ji ■ ^•^ :i I 1P^ m .1 '^ \ "i 'i y. y. it m 4»,'^ c^- ■ .# ^ %', . asTsr '*'**'"-'-*«»Ubi >/^ffli'^^^. f/m %- % I o o Q X '(■■I / im w< 'f., ■'■' l'.< ' '• '''' -V- ^i^>' .^^ ,1* :ii^= '«.. m:..;."''-- . *K *#- :M '%i tW' ** .*' * ' >» ■.«f*^-« f 1^ » V-, : ■ -*, ,5".^. t #>t 1^^ 1M '« \ H f— /. SI 'iMMelMliMKMMmMMI :^ •^A 4:i/ •■;«^%',. VTWRf.^^ ;■* .^|v- ;tM '^4^- .U> / > i ■■M. 'iSIMH()|\|- I'AkK W I »i m ii4'/!K55' -si^'»' ili ■*»^j(«i""S^ .,.;? (■«3WMcy|»^aiM. ■'ife -j^i * £■>«, ^4 •fSj ■3/f, 7^ ■ m m. -.^ IIOI.V TRINIIA- ClirKCI! ST. JOHN'S c;.\iiii:i)k.\i. ^^•W^j^JB^^ ( mopolitan in character and enjoying the advantages of every institution and in- vention of present times considered essential to the welfare, comfort and conve- nience of a pro.[jressive and cultured community. Situated at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rixers, ihe former stream 5,^iving access to the waterways of the north and northwest, and the latter to the vast plain region to the wt:st. the site where W'innipei^'' now stands was first chosen by the Indians as a natural and con\ eiiient meetinj,"- place ; and sub- seciuently the fur-tradini^^ companies, discernini^ its commanding- position, picked upon it for a central depot and ilistril)Uti-i;j^ headcjuarters. Tliis was away back in the days when the carryintif on of trade was characterized by such contlitions of hardship, adventure and armed conflict that the records oi the companies en- tjaged in tratVic with the Indians iia\e come to be styled the " romance of com- merce." It is interesting to recall the stei.-. l)y which the spot where W'innipeij: stands has come to be persistentK' regarded as the center of the Xorthuest. The fact that the Assiniboine river, after meandering through the western prairies, joins the Red river at this point, became an object of inter i ont; hundred \ ears ago. The /Xssiniboine was the western artery by v\iiich the traders could bring their canoes and boats laden with furs to this jjoint to be sent northward to Hudson's Bay and northward and eastward to Lake .Superior, or south- ward to St. Raul, Minnesota. When the water of the stream was low its banks were so well drained that they afforded a highway by which the swamps and muskegs of the plains coukl be avt)ided. .\ccc>rdingly in the first decade of the present century a Bourgeois of the North-West Trading company built at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine ri\ers I'ort (iib- ralter as a halfway house between the Ou 'Appelle and the mouth of the Winnipeg river, the highway by which the boat brigades came from and left for the east. Ten or eleven years after this Fort Douglas, the center of the colony founded by Lord Selkirk, was built a mile below I'ort (iibralter on the Red river. The center of the country thus seemed to l)e fi.xed, and in less than ten years more the wooden fort, called Fort (iarry, was built a stone's throw from the site of Fort Gibralter. Another decade and Governor Christie tried to check the stream of destiny, and erected at a distance of nearly twenty miles below the forks what still remains as lower I'"ort .(iarry. But it was useless to fight against fate, and four years afterward (1835) Fort Garry, a handsome fort 240 yarils .square, surrounded by a formidable stone wall with four strong stone bastions, was erected at the , forks and remained, being also enlarged, untd 1882, when 1^1! |: i the Iliulsoii's Hay Company, liavini,^ moved into tlicir new and mai,'-niHcint es- tablishment a l)Ioei< furtiier nortii, th ; walls and l)astions oi the i,M-im old land- mark were demolished tor the jjurpose of straii^ihteiiinu' the Main street ai)i)roaeli to the Assinilioinc river hridi^e, an act that was afterwards lieeply deploreil. The cannon with which the fort was moimted wcvv pnsented to prominent citizens, and may be seen here and there ornamentins;' the lawns of i)rivate residences to-ilay. A treneration ai,^) within a mile from I'ort ( iarry appeared the nucleus of the future city, in the little hamlet of Winnipes^-, to which population bcijfan to trather. About the year i.SyS the Mackenzie i^fovernment of the Dominion attempted to build a railway brid!,,fe at Selkirk, twent\-ti\e miles down the \\v^\ ri\er, and to found a new metropolis; but it was not to be, and W'innipei,^, the child of destiny, at the forks. ct)ntinued to i^row until she has now become- the bair l.ady of the Plains. Before proceeilint,^ with a description of W'innipetj: it will not be amiss to interpolate a synopsis of the civil history of the Reel river settlement, as the chief incidents associated therewith occurred in the immediate neit^hborhood of the city, anti form a chapter in the history of the country that is but little known to the vast majority of the people who have taken up their homes here and is full of stirrintj episodes that will be read to-day with keen interest. To beti^in at the betjinninsij of thintjs, it may be recalled that in virtue of a charter ^^ranted in the year 1670 by King Charles the Second of (ireat Britain, the Hudson Bay Company was incorporated and endowed with certain rii^^hts and privileges in the territory described as Rupert's Land, consistinsj^ of the whole rei,don whose waters flow into Hudson's Bay. It e.xtended back from the Bay in its narrowest width on the east main coast about 200 miles, on the south about 300 miles toward Canada, while it attained its greatest breadth of more than 1200 miles on the western shore of the bay, whence the belt e.xtended back toward the Rocky mountains, including within its limits the fertile valley of the Saskatchewan, whose waters fall into Lake Winnipeg, from which, by an outlet at its northeaste'-'i extremity they pass into streams emptying themselves into Hudson's Bay. The operations of the Company as a trading organizo'-ion ex- tend over a vast region other than those included in the ring above traced, but its proprietary rights and governing responsibilities under the charter were con- fined within the limits described. I'ntil about 1774, l)eing more than a century after the date of the charter, the Company does not appear to have extended its operations very far beyond the seacoast, the country west of which was a wilderness inhabited only by wild beasts and tribes of wandering savages. •' 5, UHIVERSin OF MAfflTOBA JUNIOR LIBRARY . I ( ;-.*^?r:,oi IS :* ' .'V. ■: *■ ■■■„ m / y ^ mr 7 t ;■# 1 '.,.-;, ( vy •^■:4 'i«^ m. ■ '■'«:■ ^^. ^:^ ^r if. '* ',' f ,V^^' ■ .. V. ^ I 1*^- ':V ;tv. •" m^ ...Vte,: ' m^ m' 'j.'' 4^-^, ?,;*'l m '^ M :m CANADIAN HANK OF COMMF.RCIv <^ «^"^;y^ ft. ■ -yt-' ,r w ^ fll- »» ■ ,^ji.^;, "•' .■^ i'^^'^**^ 'rti'ili ^%^^ '■'&;•*■.'/«« ='^ ilf'S' ♦'lA '■'n?i-.a%? .^'^' 'A^;'; ^^^l ^itV. =$■■'■ f* i .'-^^ I;| I; II '( m r,' '**.\'ii -^: i I •f^n I * .aiii^- „.,f»#^'^' \ I WINMl'I'.Ci INDLSTRIAI. KXIIIHITION I VVINNH'Kc; industrial KXIIIWTION stock Parade % I ', l' i#,*& ,-, . i I ,yj*v w .i*"!'! 4*!*^' I «'* 'It l» ;^ ■^. ^%^ & 4 -^ i 'WB M Hi MAIN STRKKT Thh Hank «y Ottawa I ijr \ ygfi*'«'p«' ^. % SiH.. ;;»Wi* '.■MfcNH / '■ ll' tM. ^ % ;*fti5. I ■•■*«; u ICDMONTON STR1<:RT DONALD STREET :■( ^ H '4: M»«fe.. W' ■f#f i v^ <'.«IH I.' / A i u ■J •Si Ui H in ^ { The project (it colonizatJDii in aii\' part of the territories was first atlempteJ by 'llioiiias Doiij^'his. liarl of Selkirk, about tlie year iSii. At this time InkI river was the Iieatl(|uarte. -^ of an inlaml traihn;^' district perfectly i>ohit>.ci frmu the rest of the worUl, and one of the princii)al scenes of contention i)et\veen the Hudson Hay Company's ai,rents and those of the two rival Canadian fur com- panies, called "The North-West Trading Co. " and the " X. \'. Company, " between which the fcehnt^ of rivalry ran so stroni^ as to lead to occasional scenes of blooilshed and fretjuent scuttles of minor importance. In the last and most serious of these eni^'^at^emeiits, which took place in hSi6, Co\ernor Semiile, the chief maji^istrate, was shot. This deplorable condition of thiiiirs is not attributed to any sudden outbreak of mismanayfemeiit on the part of any of the at.;ents concerned, but was brout^ht about by a series of e\ents e.xtendintj o\ er a period of years. In 1763 Canada was ceded by the I'rench to the luv^dish uniler the t ity of Paris. .As early as 1640 I'rench colonists, whose spirit o{ achenture, stimulated by the desire of cjain and lose for the free, roxintj- Indian life, had led them to pursue the cal- lini.( of the trapper, betook themselves to the woods and huntini^' Lirounds of Canada and spread t^radually over the whole country east from the heii^dit of land west of Lake Superior. These were termed coureurs des bois, and .is hunters and trai)pers they were even more skillful than their Indian teachers. As traders they were outfitteil by Canadian merchants with necessary i^ooils to barter with the Indians for furs, and, after periotis of absence extendinijf m'er twelve or fif- teen months, si)ent in travelimr, their canoes would return laden with furs of great \alue, their share of which they retjularly s(|uandered durintr a short period t)f residence in the city, previous to embarkinsjf on their ne.vt voya^re. In 17;^! a Lower Canadian seigneur named M. x'arrenes de la X'erardrye, acting under a license to trade granted by the Canadian government, was the first white man to cross the height of land above mentioned, in the first of two expeditions which he made as far as the Rocky mountains. On the first he went down the Winnipeg river to the borders of Lake Winnipeg, and penetrated up the Red river and the Assiniboine to the prairie lands of the far West. On his second trip M. de la Verandrye penetrated up the Saskatchewan. His example was followed by many others, and as the trade turnetl out profitable considerable (|uantities of goods were forwarded from the Canadian settlements for barter with the Indians, the coureurs des bois acting as agents in the exchange. About 1774, in consetiuence of^ the success of these traders in pursuit of their '3 Mi \ policy of intcrccptiiii,' tlic Indians on tluir way from tiuir liuntini^ i^Mounds in tlir intcrioi *i) trade tluir furs with thr agents of tlu' Hudson l'>ay Company at tluir factories, which, as above mentioned, hail hefoie that tmie .lecn erected oidy in the vicinity of the coast, the ("omi)any was forced to protect its intere>ts l»y estali- lishiny; posts inland on the i^Mound which, under their charter, had been con- veyed to them, but upon which their opponents hail, until then, carried on tluir operations comparatively undisturbed. bar from beins,' seriously damaj^ed, for some years the Canadian traders continued to be so successful that wealthy men embarked capital in the trade, and about the year i~K7, the opposition to the Company had resolved itself into one other i^real combination called the " North-West (Company of Montreal. " This association of merchants was i)eculiar!y a Canailian institution, haviny^ it> chief seat of oi)erations at Montreal, in 'opposition to the Hudson Hay Compain, which was an Mnt,dish concern .vith its headquarters in London. The chiif operations of the Hudson Hay Company were on the Hay itself; but although the North-Westers also traded on the Hay their main efforts were concentrated on the plain country toward the west, anil they i^nadually forced themsel\ es, b\- Lake Superior and Reil river, across the continent to the Pacific coast. They are said to have employed about 5,000 men alto^jether in their service about this time. Discord seems to have existed, however, in the North-West camp, for we read of a division of interests therein, and of the foundinijf of another associa- tion, the "X.\'. Company," which opposed I)(>th the Hudson Hay and the North- West. The X. y. continued to be like the North-West a distinctively Canadian ort^anization. Nhitters between all these contendini; parties bet^an to assume a formidable aspect. 1 lostilities broke out amonj.! the atjents of the respecti\ e companies and alliances were formeil between the Indians and the whites con- nected with either party, while the whole trade was carried on in a reckless and e.xtravatjant manner. In the year 1811 the liarl of Selkirk inuxhaseil from the Hudson Hay Com- pany the ownership of a vast tract of land on the Red and Assiniboine rivers. The riyfhts granted to Lord Selkirk were full proprietary rights to the soil, sub- ject only to the burden of extinguishing the Indian titles. Till that date the question of these claims had lain between the Indians aiid the Company; the burden of their extinction lay henceforward on Lord Selkirk. About this time a compulsory exv)dus of the inhabitants of the mountainous II.' it' !i 1 W\ '♦i'); , *!'- •■'•■ L- a^' "7A., a:,;^ '' i ,'^;: i'^, J4'*-->4' ■.*'»•' .« ■'.■ '»*•. ■!»■'. «;;> '% "^^^ %*#^" 1 I i ."^.^«^^?*^7SW«s»rr- . y.-'as.^M jiafi g -wm »~ \ '^ H ff \ i;i..\i I'AKK i;i( ^( 1.1, i',\ I II m ,H-V' ■^^T::"^: Ife- M mfm" t m^ ■*' M ^ : » I 'g* ji* ' f ■> 1, ti ' ' " ''.y t It c' "(111 ' ft- '■■ii' ■• ^ )«5- ■^ -.iv^y W'^^v^s^i^iSfcieW^ -i/.i'^i :%*■ p^ -, ^.''i'ii^'i^Ai^h i \ Hh' m '^'i^ i'i 'i *• ft-s !!<--^' u >■ V* .v^. '«ri^ M. .%■- m '4 "^i^' ^.& 'ij ' ii f * ■iX' '^^ o; ^'1 ■■a -fi** ir: 4f -jw- '»i* 4?l. • * -is.' • ''V •v-v ^^ f ^ ■.^,i y. y. h I I I -;-,— ^- ...^f. ■%^: j.*^ 'mlv- "-. '**wS&*l»>i ■ J* iMtt' ■;«' '■'■•'■A s^l ■r SiS»- iiinrtaMij 111 ' •*^ SI. JOHN'S I'AKK '^i^ VICTORIA PARK *: I'' id:i ''X 8 X. I i I i ' I *« w ■>,M S: ■* t-^" r- :% ''t.^f"^„'f^^^'m f ■ t'fsh''- '*^'*"-t'-<5 *:f" m w^. J' ^i?*jcctecl to the cultivation ot Uicir huntini^f j^frounds, and \\i re iiistij^ated to hos- tile proceedinirs a<,Minst the new comers by the representatives ol the ( anadiaii companies. The year 1.S12 passed without anv satisfactory proj^^ress heiny' made by the mifortimate i)eople, who spent the followini^f winter in yreat misi'i\' at I'embina, near the I nited States l)oun(lar\, whither llu\ were diixen li\ lom- puision of the inchans. 'Ihey appear, however, to ha\e found means befori' sprint; of mollif>in^ their opponents to such an extent as permitted their retinn to build loi^^ houses aiul cultivate the lands on the borders of Red river. ,\fter ha\ iniL,^ been left to enjoy a term of i)eace which lasted about a year, the colonists were att;t.cked by their perseverint,^ enemies, who professed their determination to exterminati the society and reduced the huts they had built to cindiMs, killinj.^ some of the inhabitants in the process. Reinforced by a company of aiklitional immi.Ljrants from Scotland, the settlers returned to the spots whence they hail bi'en dri\en and recommenced their labors in dehance of all the discourai,a'ments they had encountered. The foundation of this colony, if it hail any effect at all on the relations between the at^ents of the rival tradinir companies, served only to exasperate the mutual enmit>'. Matters between them became steadily worse and worse- property was destroyed, establishments attacked, men captured and others killed. Actint; as the repre- sentative of the power in whose hands the j.ri)vernment of the country had been vested, (lovernors MacDonell and Semijle successively issued proclamations and fout^ht bravely in defence of the interests entrusted to their keepini^' for a loni^ time. At leni^th, on the iQth of June, 1S16, the adherents of the two i)arties met under such circumstances that a skirmish occurred, in the course of which about twenty men, includinjf (jovernor Semple, were killed, at a place called Se\en Oaks, situated at the northern outskirts of the city on .Main street. This was then in the heart of Lord Selkirk's colony. Anxious about the fate of the people who had i^onc to the \\c(\ ri\er under his auspices, and deeply concerned personally as a land owner in the important events transpirinijf on the scene of these belligferent operations, Lord Selkirk left Hntrland with a view of visitintj Red ri\er and i)ersona!ly inspecting- the business there. In passinij throuijfh Canada, beini^ advised by dispatches of the outrages at Seven Oaks, he applied to the commandinir t^eneral of the forces in that I I A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 11.25 yo "^ us 2:5 2.2 us us IM m LA. 1116 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 k // ^/ / M i\ ^ 4»^ <^ 4- ]t^ ^ .-^ ^ ^ f^a^a^i'SisB^iir ;#'■ i.r: ■^': «^ ,■*/ -^J -M '■V ' . ' *i;\ ■\A 1 1 ^ y. «te*' s 1 w it«' I I i| *<%4 Wii^.i "^ >-»>f*C-!H5 ■S^J alp. UttMr afe*f „»'"'***"• ill (»# ifc«-- ■■' 'II I Mi VW: s\-t ^p,nfff ■''^' 1: : n 1 1 (i i ^1 f. t*: l I ^f t *\ » ».•;•} 5;j r J r ■f^jt" I f Mj- ii' : III! \ z'. y. \ I M'^'-V': 1^ ^iMrK^WVi-J r I ' \ - ! <■• I .-J * *'" 'Tii"'! f — -■'■p--4«^S;ii. :f :;/ i 1^ ,r:! m ^'1 ^■" 'Pis^i.t, 1» i»»\.\l r> > 1 !■;!■ i- I l...,,K,\'. Sim I ■«^;^ I": h I 1 . t- f '*^ll I' '-i^^-^imk: CAki.TDN strI';|';t D'JNAI.I) STKKKT l.ooKiNf; Solth A* 1. 1 •1%*»l.<»^-' McDMRMOTT AVl'.NUK I- ! J V m. ,1^ il t. •*■■-, tl*H^t^. f *J , » » •...M <^ -^••IVjk,'"' . Yt * ».fv^ V*"' il- '%■ H.i I'r ;i ! M g 1 l" ^^li' i ,i i -A y ■ il f colony for a hodyi^uard to idoUil him from assassination in hi-, jouiiux through the interior. lie received foi' that purpose a detachmiiU of two ser)^eant> and twelve private soMiers l)eloni,nni.f to tlie ct)rps called thi' rei^dinent >le Meiutin. On his own personal responsibility he raised an additional force recruited from disbanded soldiers forinerh' connected with the sanu' re^jiment in ( anada and proceeded to Red river. On his wa\ and after his arrival at that |)Lue he attacked anil took possession of all the forts of the North-West conipany Ivnit,' on his route and made its ai;ents his prisoners. Some of those who had luen concerned in the Seven Oaks affair were sent to Canada to stand llnir tiial .is murderers some as principals, (jthers as accessories. There were also c har^jes of arson, robbery of cannon and (.ther "hii^h misdemeanors." The trial of the accused took place at Toronto, in virtue of a commission issued from Lower Canaila, j.ijranteil under the Canada Jurisdictions Act. There resulted an ac(|uittal of all the jjrisoners on all the charges. Lord Selkirk was himself some years subseijuently sued for damages j,jrounded on the action he had taken durinijf his expedition to \\i.i\ river, and judirments adverse to him were obtained in the C'anadian courts involvini^^ vast sums. A very important element in the business which took His l.orilship to the keel river in 1S17 was the proposed extinction of the Indian titles on that part of his property intendeil for immediate settlement. What these Indian titles are is a ([uestion on which a threat deal of latitude of opinion prevails amonij dif- ferent people. The Itarl of Selkirk arrived with his system of operations arranjj;ed on a plan drawn up under reliable leijfal advice obtained in l{nif|aiul. On seekini,^ for men in authority amon^tj the Indians some difficulty was at first found in i^ettins^ any recogfnized chiefs possessetl of rii^ht to enter as principals on such a negotiation. The t^round in cjuestion was held to i)eloni,'' to the Chii)i)eway or Saulteu.x, and the Killistine or Cree nation. These barbarous tribes wandered over a wide extent of country, hunting and passing their time like any other brother- hood of savages. It was a difficult matter to finti any single individual whose authority was considered binding by the rest. Live different chiefs were, how- ever, at length selected, whose right to treat was established to the satisfaction of both sides, and on the i8th of July, 1817, a treat\- was duly signed 1)\- the LLarl on one side and these dusky wanderers on the other, whereby the latter made over to King (ieorge III. for the benefit of the lilarl of Selkirk, their rights in a long strip of country extending along each Ijank of the Red river and Assin- iboine. The land ceded was to extend two miles back on either siile from the u I I 'i "I p ri\ir as a center liiu-, alony; that part of Kt.i\ nwv hi'j^'innin^f from it-> luniitli at I.aki' Winnipeg ami ixtciiilinv; to its roiilliHiur with Kid ak I' ii\ii III th liiitcil States, anil aloii^i tlu' Assiniiiniiu' Ironi its iuiution with ihr Kid ri\ir, licrc the gateway i)f old i'oit ('iaii\ iimv stands, to Muskrat ii\rr. I'lu' portion f land thus indiiated hetueen iViultina and Kid Lake ii\ir, on whiili in \ irtne w () of the treaty the Indian titles were e\tin]t,aiishid as \\i II as llu lar i^ir portion of v^MDund previously ^jranteil to Ilis I.ordshii) li\ llu lludson Ha\ ( oini>any. heinj; in the territory of the I'nited States, !,;ave rise loni; afterward to a elaini for eonii)ensation hroui^dit Wy the i-larl's representatives ai^^ainst the An'erican \:,i)\- eminent. In addition to the strips of liround just describeil, two circles each o| six miles radius, were ceded round lurt I )ouj.ilas (near lort ( "iarr\ ) and ("ort Darr (Pembina) as centers. The idea of a distance of t\\(( miles, which forms so important an element in this hari^Min, was conveyed to the Indian comi)re- hension hy ilescrihini.:^ it as the i,rrealest distance at which a horse on the le\ el prairie could he distinctly seen, or daylij^dit seen under his l)ell>', i)etween his lens. 'I'lie luirl of Selkirk was known amoni; the Indians as the "Silver Chief." The instrument executed conveyed the lands in the first instance to the Kin!,f, because the extinction of Indian titles in favor of i)ii\ate parties is ley-ally a nullity, and the liarl came out invested with special powers to conclude the treaty, conferred on him by the Imperial (iovernment. The consideration on account of which the land was ceded was an amuial pa\- ment of two hundred pounds wi'it,dit of tobacco, of which one-half was to be paid the Saulteux chiefs at I'ort (larry. and the other half to the (ree chiefs at I'ortai^^e la I'rarie, or, as it is calleil by the luiylish. the Prairie Portai^e, a point on the .Vssiniboine fifty-six miles west of \\'innii)e.i,^ Pach payment was to take place on the loth day of October. The important document of which the foret.{oinj; is the scope, was sii^ned by Lord Selkirk and fue Indian chiefs as principals, and seven officers connected with the Hudson P)ay (.."ompany's ser\ice as witnesses. The chiefs siy^ned by appendintjf their respective marks or the rei^resentation of wild animals by which they were respectively known. So wretched had the general condition of the territory become in conse- quence of the deplorable events al)ove narrated, that tlie i^overnment of Canada interfered with a view to attempt a reconciliation between the conllictins^'' par- ties. A ifentleman named Coltman was appointed a commissioner to ascertain the causes and the extent of the tlisturbances. lie recommended, as the only feasible remedy, that an effort shoukl l)e m.ule by the i,U)vernment to brint^ the traders u u^ayiJi» :a '■-■',• «' «!«■ fW {■»* \% fl ^ •• '^4 ' «, -^'^ , j1* &] Mj »« -r^t fe vj V , -f •/* ^ t r " 'f. ?J ..' y- }l^ i *l ' C u I'X.' Ill, c. ir 1^- 1 1 Iff \f y. z'. I I fl I ..^•^ \' I' *^. i;^' f . ■ .--,r.\'*--'^ >* r i- «*?■>. ;^; ir 1 i,'.,. V. ,3»:, •rfr-'^ Vp''-^'S, t' tl ' ■4-: -.■S»^'<-" (. ^f ^ ^1^,- : '•^: . ;i*' fc' >>i«-fl<'-VKTO"-«,!,'^rif2!"' u i, c y. y. y. I «i. it ^■ *'; ■^as? •»'• %■ § 1 % ffiPvJ \ / fe^^&*»*«^*s*»^ w ^w^ * >'. I I f -^asi.*;-.^ — '■•Vflf'^V V ■*^. t* :5 Vj(. i «( ^r. • !!•«' ,1, .-/ V''' '^'""i^ ~, I I ! 1 I - - ■ H ,1 i if ! y \\ * '""""W.*^? KKNM'.DV STKi:!', SMITH STki:i:T (1 I ■! I i ii;i 'li .«^': ■■|i :n i j ill ! i |m' i'». -- '.ii i fy i "lln' i ' i 'l—WiW .k^-- 11 n- ^tf;.. , ■^ii *%;4 ^— ,:i^ ^ **■ ^' &:.:: ^..?*»(^«s*%t; ': ^rii*' t^ '"■<'"' ■■'^*t-*' Pr> i^ M ^..\^VV>^. ■y:i^ £^ -t,. ?^f*f*%^00rf \m '■'^^'^fkH'^ . '■S.-' , ■:i : r v^iia-stv*-! .1 ! i| •■%W", (ii'iAi (I , 1 -^iiA i.k UK. II r> i)i:i:k !.( tixii', Mi.viK 11m. Ill- I I tf) an amicable settlement and a union of interests ; hut for some eonsideiahle time no action was taken on his recommendation l)y Ins cnipioyers, wiiik' tlu' unfortunate companies, throui^di their protracted i\ertion>, were reduced to the verjje of bankruptcy. Lortl Selkirk died in i.Szi, and after that vlate tlu' late Kij^^dit lion, lidward lillice became the most prominent person around whom the current of events runs. This i^fentleman, one of tiie principal stockiioldirN of the .North-West Company, was consulted by (iovernment, ami under its auspices in- stituted ne^rotiations which, after many ilit'ticulties had bi'cn surmounted i)y his perseverance anil tact, resultetl in a harmonious union betwi'en the I hulst)n Hay Company and the North-West Company, the lattir of which had already com- bined with the X. W I'nder conditions satisfactory to both parties a coalition was formed in i,.». ».•»**]!««.':; ^^ft. ^ t ■^v-V;-' ;!.fv ^:^-. X-. ^ 'h-- ,.- — 1 '^^^■: 1 f * :i..^y ill Sf i „<5l »» «-^ ;=r «»,•*■• «,«,^ ^! ■!> / A ya? iSv ^^sift>--i sssSBifi - -: ■ m ' ?' n-'v <\ i ^^^ ^ *: ■^f ^:M' ^*'> '^'i ^■^^■k. I- r : ;S*««*- 'T ■- ^/ ■.-.a-* ^■M*r4'"''y»1' <*• »»^ ' ' *. J? "^ » •!«•» // K ,ti> r4 1 V ^' i;:i,'ll \% m p "^.i#^"»''^ ■ «^-^^' Vli >1 •Fm^^ 1 " * -■«- *? ., ^ .^j- %:. '\. M • -»*(*>t«'»- ■ ■ :'■ / ■■^muntao*^ ,i . ;t I> 1^: ^ '^. ">- * ^ Vv L.iiwi*rMmi.i»Li 4'- t' 1. ;^;*' •<■'-». -■„:^i*a. . •i - ^ > #i> ii ia i »r ^^jgj 5 o V i.lj 1^ 4 1- i V *■' ■,v. ^AiS^ift ' 1 '^s r;;#i i- ^ f -i**":? 'fc,. •'«»* /-** I i •■l;l ■stf*"***^****^' i.:h / u fi«^' '>f,,-^-'^*'^ j** '^»^- .s*.' .,,._ . v •SI '"^--^^V ''V^j^jg ■■ J v*;. -#»:*.' ^^^^ ..^'K "^ If ■•'- .%. 3?'. *'. •astSira^; *«-*««.^«;U».. ■t=ft-:jf. ^'iVt. Mill -'«*iit«ife. •J"**^',,**!,.;, |. ' I .,-^iSW^KH^ .'CiV.. <»• HR(,)AU\VAV V^:>- , : -^^.^ .^y;., ^(S^'^*^ ^- _ JJ^. ^ ^ ,^_^ ■JliJfc- e^^ ROSLVN ROAD I !| „iig»M»r't^^ '^1. •''' ,4 : » '' i-i ,^ ■'" „ju*I)Ptf i^t" :#■ *^/ ij-55ii"»ila. .■» -*S5ii"#>fS.»f'; • S ??,->: iftSiNiipBitVa «i»f»iiw^»W*«p«p^" ■%' xfcirofr- 'f>H" .¥«? :i ink 'P III V ! I ^ ,iA\(i()|) .W'l-.Nri''. I I MA.sOXK TKMli.l-: )| !fW •t I » " i86i. These were occasioned by the siidcleii thawint,' of ileep snows, whicli, form- ing vast sheets of water destitute of channels to carry them off, caused tlu' rivers to overflow their hanks anil inundate the phiins over an extent of hun- dreds of square miles. The investigation of the Hudson liay ("ompany's affairs by tlu- Imperial Parliriment in 1H57, and the expeiiition sent out by the Canadian (lovernnient under Messrs, Dawson ami Hinds, two scientific gentlemen, led to a slow but decided movement of outsiders to the hitherto sealed and unknown territories of the Hudson Bay Company. Mr. Hind at this early date prophesied that there would be a great city at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. I'ntil this time the Canadian Northwest was associated in people's minds, the world over, with arctic icebergs and perpetual snows. This idea was fostered by those concerned in the fur trade to keep people away from the country in order that they might enjoy unmolested the rich monopoly which they had for a couple of centuries possessed. I'ree traders began to drift into the country ami intercept the fur trade, and all efforts and prosecutions of the Hudson Hay Company, while harrassing their operations, failed to suppress them. Public attention was drawn '.o the existing state of affairs, and after the confederation of the eastern provinces in 1868, it was deemed expedient to purchase the rights of the Hud- son Bay Company, whicl was done for the sum of three million pounds sterling, the Company being given in addition one-tenth of the land. The acciuiiement of the country by the government gave rise to the necessity of establishing proper governmental institutions; therefore in i86q lK)n. William MacDougall was dispatched from Ottawa in the capacity of Lieutenant-(iovernor to take for- mal possession and proclaim the new authority which was thereafter to rule over the territory. The year prior to this surveyors had been sent out to survey the land and lay out roads in anticipation of. the rush of immigration that was ex- pected to occur on the opening up of the country for settlement. The operations of the surveyors led to an unfortunate occurrence, but one which brought I-'ort Garry and the "great lone land" before the attention of the world more prom- inently than any other event would have done, and gave an impetus to the establishment of the future city of Winnipeg that was not looked for. The na- tives of the country thought they should have been consulted and arrangements made in black and white for their future welfare before the Canadian (iovern- ment assumed dominion over the country occupied by them. They grew restless, la l uwy .V "^"""WlEfeBaie,^ and whctluT or not tlic otVicials sent mit lo prepare tlu' u.i\ for the npcniniL: 'M' of the country clisi)layi(l tlir tart tliey slioiiM liavc doni', or ulutlier or not tlicy ij^fnored and lauj^hed at tlie natnral feidin^s of the pco|)|i , it is a fact tliat wluii the "rencli lialf-l)rctds saw thi sur\f\drs at work on tl iiir amis tht\ fiaii( that they were to he deprived of their rights and iiltiniateK rose in nlu llinn under the li-adership of l.ouis kid, sci/id I'ort (iarr\. i onmiandrrri d all the stores ami imprisoned man\ of tlu' Mnyhsli-spcakinu Inyahst s, one of w hum, Thomas Scott, was sentenced to diatli and sjiot on a charge of assanltinv; his t,fuard, thouj^h it is ailei^i'd that the i'\(.iution was tlu' result of personal enmit\ was between the rebel ieadi'r and his \ ii tim. I .ieuttnaiit-( io\ t inor M.nl)oii;^al refused admittance to tlu: conntrN, licniy; '.topped at the inti i ii.ititmal liiiimdar\ at I'embiiia by a force of arnii d Metis. 'I'hese outraj;es i ausid iiitiiisc i\i ite- ment in eastern Canada, and the (ioNcrnnunt promi)tly siMit a forci' of I'litish rejfulars and Canadian xolunteers to I'ort (iarr\. Aftir a ditVKuIt and \\iar\in'>; journey over lake and ri\cr and thron;.^!! forests this exjieditionary force leaclnd Red river in the summer itSyo, and as it approarh.'d the I'ort the ri m dismay, Th e arrival of the troops, who \ww lommanded li\ Col W o|sele\ now Sir Ciarnet Wolseles , Commamler-in-chief of the Hritish army, was hailed with delijj[ht by the loyalists. Peace was at once restored, tin- Ottawa i,M)\ernment havinijf in the meantime ai^reed to a bill of rii,dits which had beiii drawn uj) li\- the inhabitants in meetini,^ assembled and forwarded to ()ttawa b\ chosen dele- (j^ates represeiitinti' both tlu' brench and baiii'lish-sijeakiny' rt'sidtnts Two \inture- some newspaper men came to I-'ort Carry f rom ( )ntario in lS^g, .Mi'ssrs. Coldwcll and Cunninjj^ham, and started the tlrst i)aper published in this ni^^ion. I'lie Nor" Wester was the name of their enterprisint; journal. I'lu' I'ditors devotrd much of their effort toward disseminatiniij a knowledijfe of the i)ossibilities of this lam! of promise in the outsiile world. They and their pai)er were none too i)opular with the then rulint; i)owers on that account, but the>- persevert'd and ultimately s,i\\ their hopes fully realized. Hefore the outbreak of tlu- Kiel rebellion the Nor' Wester was destroyetl l)y tire. .^ new i)lant was I roui,dit from the Mast, and the paper to succeed the Nor' Wester was desii^jned by Mr. Coldwcll to be the ortjan of the Hon. William MacDou^all, who was then hastenini^- toward the frontier as Lieutenant-Covernor when he was stoppetl by Kiel. The first issue of this paper has a curious history, and that is the excuse for aliudini^ to it. The paper was to be calletl the Pi )ni'er. and two i)aiie> of it were actualK' pri nted with that title, when Kiel seni a m '.iidate to .Mr. Coldwell that "there i { ^ 1' ..^■' '"t ,44^.. #' •■^ .1^- * .,/ V' f?^»' ? ^ ' "^"^.l U.<^J ' 5 1 5 J- 2 i !J- V' f ¥' «, t i. •* n f > ? ■ f I 'f ^ } -i . ?'•* «, i'v ■ ,vtr ^ ■ ■ I ^^ ' ■ ^^'v^i-'jtsi --aifttot,^,, ' f*K%t4t'*#* tt ,<^' y; .*fi^' ^^.''^w;*' » "< J"* "'h'i ■ftV. ,»?^ ..,. \ lutfi^s-tW^vSiv ..:>m» ■yx.,'m»*'^ . -■ .^-^^tj^^A*^ i-! il "■ \ I.ICLAMJ IIOTKL MiM n I :.& ■'■■\-i- ' iimf^ ■W^^-WC: ■'•■'■ ■*?"> " '•'a •Mi ifsf''" /■;fc ■!■ i-Slv ^Vw. \ % .'v-5^- ..^^ jl ' ' ««$:^«|Hf||9Mimil4|B»MI|«li^^ \ \ .*": /\ «^^ ,•«(* :^' .^t- m ■ f'r n\^ :i>'i^^i 'i-^:' \' •rasfKS^; ,-^.t liiM I -.'i KNOX I'klvsliYri'.klAN CIILRC II ■HP ■,%. a^ \K W ^>^ -^'^o. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^12^ 12.5 ISO ■^" li^ai 1.8 1.25 1.4 III J4 < 6" ► v] <^ /a /a '>/ > /A Y ''W '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 8724503 C/j k % p «. ;*'.■■■ J^WSl''.:-*(^ 4 ^*i=- - *''^ ?*\" v..«^, • ■^j:' sra i>*r^V,Ax .... "- . _v-? "^.. •V.W .»..,-• ^'^/ ;*»* ■ ■{■-,', • . 'i :/ ^ -i^v <■■. - -_• • '*s,. .r-y. f.-«f *m'> ■■■«•;■•;' . .'•«» V. ■ ;.!,,.;«-..■' ■-'^ '• i >■!*♦>'•'*• •,'^W -\- ■■- *, if/EWS; '->W ♦«-..'.;■- ><. .-v.*S-* i ■jg is-' I N NWiMOTipvmiwBr* I \ illi i f 1,1 \mmi»m l^'Ba 1 1 ?lr''.,- ■;»..,, ..^.,.^ ^ •^vi^ • i. ^^'^■i % ..Ki ^-.^' »•/.. if ri .1 < w; f* f^ '"*^ r* '^ii:J .. -M^;. i .*!!'. t if .ipi iiti .ijjPtg' - - «w " - w w wii I I ii iifc ' w i\Mi'i:(, ( >ri:k.\ ik >l>i- \ IdRT KOLdI- sniooi i ;i \\ I ;t •«■; Jt* ,nr ' ;^>: ,- ^ !»;>!* ■!*.. ij %f,. '&w •'•WiLi iiF.-^r f, *t /i ■PPi •WMMBH^tii^ --l MAIvN -V I'kl^l'.S \\ U\ AMI ( III I<( II ( \ ST MARVS COWKXT '*S*«MW»Wtt, ipPH—f—Wi"" " I II I fill —liwiwwiw ill; was to lie no iiioR- printiiiii: of newspapers until there was peace." '1 his was immediately followed hy an appropriation to the rebel cause of the half-i)rinteil sheets, and the inside pat,a"S received the title of the New Nation, which was thus filled with loyal matter on the outsitle and with rank treason to Her Majesty, her crown and dignity on the inside and served the twt) masters at one and the same time. A {.glimpse of the life in Fort (iarry in times ante-datini,^ the transfer of the country to Canada is furnished by a local historian who has placetl the follow- in;^- on record: "Here for half a century centered the trade of the Northwest; here was the liead(|uarters of ^.^overnment, law, society, and old association. I'Vom every part of the settlement, on a pleasant autumn tlay, or ilurini,^ a mild spell in winter, Scotch or Trench half-l)reed, Selkirk settler or retired Hudson Hay ofticer deli^dited to journey hither to relieve the mtinotony of existence or to partake of the inspiration of social life. l*ive hundred acres about the I'ort (now known as the Hudson Hay reserve in the heart of the city) afforded ample camping space for the plain trailers and hunters who came from the West to trade. These wild children of the prairies were wont to make their iiresence known in our midst, for with drinking, gambling, fighting, dancing, laughing, talking, swearing, horse-racing, trading and singing, they made a perfect babel of the place. When through with their feasting, sporting and trading these semi-nomadic, easy living but courageous folk would disperse to their homes, far and near, with their carts laden with supplies, to await the season for again issuing forth to the summer's chase on the plains, or to liarter for peltries with the Indians, and solitude would again reign over the Fort and adjacent settlement." The old Selkirk settlers, who came originally into the Red river settlement by the Hudson Hay. the only means of communication with it at that time, and then by the Company's ship but once a year, have all gone, and their places are filled by an enterprising and energetic people, wlio are surrountleil b\- the evidences of a high state of civilization. With the exception of a settler's house here and there on the banks o{ the river and the stone gateway to old I'ort Garry, there are few traces of the once familiar sights. The old crooked trail from the upper to the lower forts, over which the creaking Red river carts and oxen went up and down, is still here, it is true, but it is lineil with stately blocks of buildings, great stores, tine warehouses, banks anil ofhces, instinct with life and animation, and constantly being increased and extended in order to kee]) up with the e\-er-growing recjuirements of business. I-or the mud of that trail \ V ! 'mm^fmifmmm which choked the spokes of the carts from axle to circumference, for the wheels looked like solid discs of l)Ia< '< wax, -one must now i^o into the hack streets stretchini^' far onto the prairies. The oxen and carts have been superseded by the electric tram car, and the trail, for its full width, is covered with expensive asphalt or other pavement. The monotonous beatiny: of the Indian tom-tom, once such a familiar sound, has tjiven way to the artistic strains of the Military and Citizen's bands, which fur- nish music in the- public parks duriuij: the summer evenins,rs. The ij:reat railway corporations were all eat^^er, with other people, to leather to th's land ol prom- ise and ex])ectation,--and shcnild it not be added, of brit.rht hoi)es already rt'al- ized?— for this country is now traversed with an important network of lines ot communication. At the settler's first advent to the couptry there were no rail- ways nearer to the settlement than La Crosse, in Wisconsin, where the\- had to take the Hat bottom boats on the Mississippi u]) the river, the other chief means of travel, even in the now trrand state of Minnesota, beinu' by mule or ox. .\ visit to the immense stores on Main street in \\'innil)ei.,^ owned by the Hudson Bay Company, impresses one with the marked contrast in present and former methods of the Company's business, when the store within the walls of I'ort (iarry was the place of barter, mainly with the Indians, who brout^dit in their peltries and exchantred the skins of wild animals, with which the country then abounded, for the tjuns, powder and shot, the britjht sashes and beads and highly colored clothini; so attractive to the Indian imagination. The rebellion happily over, the seeds of the coming city of Winnipeg now began to germinate in earnest, and a new era was instituted. Law and order were set upon the principles of free government, and every man was at libert\- to engage in whatever occupation he might choose. Agriculturists came from the lower provinces to take up land; ami of course merchants, professional nien and tradesmen, scenting a profitable field for their respective callings, followed in the wake of this movement, so that conditions in and around I'ort (larry assumed a different aspect to that which had previously prevailed. The first house was built at the corner of Main street and Portage axenue by Kenn\- \- Co., for the late Lieutenant-Governor Schultz, who came to the Red ri\er in i860. This was in a swampy corner, but by degrees a few buildings were con- structed along the Kildonan trail, and an outline of the l)eautiful Main street of to-day began to be dimly seen. Once begun, the movement to build u]) a town led to dissensions among the people of the hamlet, and in 1871 a number of 15 V \ Tswifwpr i^F*^ ■:s|i^^: '".'C-S.*-.- .8- ma.: t r ;f^ if ^1 ■%' \ %*l'^"«w« ■ / Ml ■-.*V':S*5'>>.^'F " *-' / \ wr"II»lf» / / ■• ( H.-'i V Yf,:\' ^'^:. t->r ■1. #i .l-'Jll ."•-.f- i-i'ii -lij' J^/:: ► v<*- ■**». f : iKwo.hi4(f«*i«. . :Tji ;:;'»»^^ &:s vy>- ^ .jpi ,-r. ^^ ^ ?t*i®: fl^ urHF' ,-i. ii^S?^' ».;:■':. f^! 1^ -4i>:^ :*■ ;T' .-. •€■ .-'xrr.^^ •• C'J mM^^^S^^^^ \Vt 5Vllll^H--l|[JiJ^ i X. / I s IF ■ dt 'f- ■w v.. f^: 3 -fJ. :f0' »*■ ^■^^^^k^--r-^,$^ .^. „^ pm& i&l 'i^it:^ ■^^-^•V'..^, . rfi'ii*. '^*^-^-.ii.-;,<.. »,<^jfci-^*^« a(ftli»IV.V V ^ rvvc^.rm f-~« im * m i f}mm imumm tmv HANK Ol- IIANillK iN (11 \MIM:RS ^' %^t«a»H> vj M '^'h' ..,--.*■■. ■i"- •■■ 1- '^r? /•• -^•'■"r-rv.'ivK. ,"*■ w , V 'JSim^'-f- ■m iu m ■^ m..:^.;* '.*■;: fc^»£i; s^jrV^'i ^ ^a^-4^* .1 i ^■■ ■.? '< ^r-^:_ : :~ '■ ?./■■ r. ;< V ;1 II H ' A, fC-.'^' i k "■^■':- m ;-:> . ♦■',*. ; ■ , \ '«,'•» ".'.c?.-. »»' ■ , ' ^' '■^v* •'^Vi • \ '/•'.' % " \ ■ '*' I 4. •M ,' '.v -' i.^ *' -' i^t '^y w^r ■^* ,': ¥^' ? f: 1*^ f* fim; .^., . i i .v« \.i''- V, 'l^^ V .->>* 1 / y V ■i.'ifl«ii:-vs*&*'a««^^e3ri#;:;*ia% ■(I ' ;• -^. A: f r^».*«' '**■ f '!;*., -v- '"-it .■»^*"«:»l'*: f-^ ^^: f. '^^'•■•••- . "^ ;<.;-:> ••'^' ■; *»V ,1 f { /i »e ^, *!■ II If Mi*.iJ^:^la^' ■pi£:^.?s■ * • ■i-^i V h\ ' X. houses were l)uilt on Main street, opposite I'oint I)oui,rlas, near the Canadian Pacific railway depot. Thus three centers, I'ort Carry, Winnipet,-- and I'oint l)out,das, set up a rivah-y, and these interests were very far from responchnj^- to the same sympathetic throb which animated each. y\ trentleman who arrived in Fort (".arr\- in 1871 writes: "We arrived in I-\)rt (^irry early in October !)y staj^'-e, by whicli at that time the chstance from the raihvay and Minnesota, 400 miles, was tra\- ersed. Our company arrived in front of the chief hotel, which occuijied a portion of the site of the Mclntyre block on Main street. The writer had not expected to see in W'innipeti; ;i beautiful or entrancint^ sj^ot, but the site of the western hamlet on that clear autumn evening: was a little more disappt^intinsjf even than the picture imag^ined. A street with a few irretrular buildinsjfs, some of them loi,^ with not a sidewalk, unless it were a locr with a slantintj surface, recjuirini,'^ in muddy weather the skill of a Hlondin to walk it, and the two-story yellow stopping,'- place with its dim and smoky lisrhts,— such was the W'innipet,'' of that day." The isolation of the community was relieved in \o\-ember, iSgi, when tele- tjraphic communication was secured by connection with the system constructed from St. Paul throuyfh northern Minnesota. y\ messatje of ten words then cost two dollars, but the people were willin^y; to pay the price for the satisfaction of feeling that they were in touch with the outside world. They coukl nt)w ac- complish in hours what before occupied weeks. Mat bottomed steamers su])er- seded the o.x-carts as means of transportation to St. Paul or the nearest railway terminus, and the arrival of one of these steamers was a y-reat event in the community. The arrival of the boats was hailed as earnestly as they v.cre watched when they departed, leavintr the people as it were in the desert. The first of the C. P. R. eng-ineerino;- expeditions arrived in 1872, to do exploratory work in connection with the selection of a route for the C. P. R., an undertaking that meant so much for the future of Manitoba and the northwest territories. The knowledge that the country was to be opened up by a railway brought in fortune seekers, and as transportation facilities were poor, — and there ha\ing been but little demand nothing was produced in the country,— supplies of provisions and other articles frequently ran short, creating a condition akin to a struggle for existence. Provisions were sold at war prices, so that the commonest staples became luxuries, as was evidencetl by an announcement in a local paper that "A sleigh has arrived from Minnesota with hams and other delicacies." Dressed lumber sold for $100 per thousand feet, and furniture could not be purchased. A new comer had to set to work and manufacture his household requisites out I 1 . :• J of lumber, and they cost him nearly as much as the best French jjolished arti- cles of to-day. The l)ankin<'- of the country had hitherto been done b\' the Hudson liaN- issut.'d a paper Co. T'or the accommotlation of the peo])le with whom they dealt tiny currency which was of an interesting character and was a curiosity indeed to the C'aiia- '11 dians. These bills were known as "Hudson Ha\- Hlankets. 1 liey were much larf^-'er than the bills now in circulation and like the bank notes in Britain. Tlieir respecti\e denominaticMis were ^"5, j(j and 5s. and is. These bills were i)a\able on presentation at the Company's post at ^'ork l"actor\', fi\e hundred miles north on the Nelson ki\ei- In i(S7i Hon. (iilbert McMicken, who came to b'ort (iarry as a secret serxice a;s,fent in connection with the I'enian Raid, opened a private bank, and in the fc Hranch of the Merchant's Hank of Canada was opened with Mr. Duncan Mc.Arthur, who had been in the employ of the Hudson Hay Comi)any in Montreal, in chars^'^e. This was the start of the present financial life of the city, which h; lownii^- year a to sfreat projjortions. I'ollowint,r the Xor' Wester and New Nation a \ariet\- were established, but were short-lived: havintr either IS now '.i%;::5J' »'*v \ \ rMWIi *»w-»ti»«»* ^-.-Jti^H-™ ■■im^WWM - imu. W »W H > L •> .t "' <* ' .; .^S?, ^' ' "'i ,^' \ S'»i ' ' » ^ * V - ^-'^ * <*- >'< ^W -*- w * < iv.^ *y ^^'- » » <* ^V ^ ^ ^l-^^'k*:^ ' i^j i .v,^i ^ « *«* *»jiit *«^*i ?-?^ "^, ^&.i r r t.V' '.•1%- ■■^'f:*' .if ifif) ■£ fr f'0"'f ■lii J .y ..J., ^..i^r^r '■•M*f ,!':«»«:. -ims •i?^- ■t'>- i' '■%' ■ * ■^: tt^' ri iC ■"'•""■■*<" ■ ■"*''«»«5R»*»«»,-"!5-'.>"i««6w, .■■■ ■>! vrt. I ■jxara.lf.van^g.ai.n.. ^ mk.flWmUmtttt ■ManM \j n i! Ml •Ml it a^r y. ''% '!.-*'■ * 7 » t ' 1 ^tlH ,.-*!^/:^il :^- t J. ' <>. i !<'.-. ^A>> '> <■ ~- *'^*j^ri^> "^ *,( . 1. 3rif ;■ ' . W'^''' Ta' r'.i §c u^ H."' ■■■ s- •r^^ ^-^:fi:^W\-|^ r^^;^ Mi /^'^M \ Ti.f& -:?■ ..;' J--' ■■.•'.•'srn, V?S ^■"'tl-^ife5' ' if^m tMMIttx. v.««* »'i' '-"■^:^*>?~ ." '* V*^|S^^ '^:>-^.t;' ■ > 5 , I \\ i :^jii CARLTON .STRKI-:T .\SSI\I1U)1NK AVKNU .,.ki M !!ltr ) Jm\ "-^■■A^ 9 M: '^i T- ■sali Pi fer i*?*f ^'f^^^L^t,*^^' feS" -.— *iA*i^,j^i mm ^*'**»«w»^^ "^*^s«iase.4,i .*•.. \ i< I : '-( i 1 : i i . ■' , *'■ ALDlTOkILM RINK Crr\- MARKKT i\ t J ■if ''^. ■:fM 1 I '^i ■\h: I \ I J Ml y •H« m ii .1 iriii.:i<.iijii^ , W»^.!l.^ ■^?'-^^- - .iii,.lii„-'-'TBiir '■ ■ "'■-'•■■"■■ - pl ' I ,V- .':i ■'I'- \t J Sirtiii' the benefit of the community at Fort Garry in Red River Hall, which stood on Main street. Here Archdeacon McLean, of St. Johns, officiated. The place beintj unsuitable, in due time a small lo^ church was erected on the corner of Port- age avenue and Garry street. In 1868 the late Rev. Dr. Hlack succeeded in partially erecting what was called Knox Church, at the corner of Portage ave- nue and Fort streets, next to Holy Trinity. Hefore the end of 1873 both were enlarged to provide accommodation for the growth of the population. In 1868 Rev. George \'oung arrived to establish the Methodist Church, and three years later he built Grace Church, a neat structure, on a commanding site on Main street, just south of the Northern Pacific depot. These three churches for sev- eral years represented the religious life of the settlement, unless mention is made of the Roman Catholics, who held services in a small girls' school on St. Mary street. Being early in the field, these churches had a salutary influence on the people of this far-away community, and to their influence may be attributed that freedom from western frontier license that has ever characterized Winnipeg ; but it seemed in those days of small beginnings an impossibility that such de- velopment in church work should take place as we see in the city at the present day. In 1871 there were in the hamlet of the yet unnamed city of Winnipeg only 250 people, all told. A goodly number of them were attracted to the place by the spirit of adventure, mere birds of passage, yet the germ of organization was abroad and agitation arose for civic incorporation. This desire to assume a more dignified role induced sectional jealousies and personal bickerings, though all wished for the consummation of the end in view. Public meetings were a fashionable function, — one was called on the slightest pretext, a proceeding not calculated to harmonize the diverse views of the populace. Hut finally, after a couple of years of continued excitements and schemings, good sense prevailed, resulting, in December, 1873, in the passage by the Manitoba legislature, of an act incorporating the city of Winnipeg. There was always an imperial air about Winnipeg, and with but 2200 inhabitants it was given the title of a city on the plea that there would be no need of it going through the grades of incor- porated village and town. It is true that, like Palmyra of old, it stood alone in the wilderness. Early in the decade the telegraph line was built having con- nection with the Ignited States system of Pembina. This line was frequently interrupted by breakages, and during one of these interruptions the F>ee Pre.ss facetiously remarked that there was one consolation,— " If we know nothing of 18 'it 'i S ■ ^' i r / .Mi the outside world, they know nothing of us." Progress, however, was being made, for at the end of the decade the city had a population of 79H5, and the province some seven or eight tin js that number of people. In 1878 the Canadian Pacific railway branch from Winnipeg southward, con- necting with the Minnesota system of railways, was completed, and plans had been laid for a line to Lake Superior as a section of the National railway which the government agreed to build as an inducement for Hrit'sh Columbia to enter confederation. This was an immense enterprise for Canada, as the proposed line was projected through a rocky region and its construction involved an enormous expenditure of money; an expenditure that would have staggered older and richer countries. The building of this railway attracted renewed attention to the coun- try ; the rich lands were coveted; Canada was on fire to profi; by its growth, and in 1881 \vhen the railroad had entered the city and construction commenced westward began what is known as the Winnipeg "boom." There was a wild rush of people to Winnipeg and the prairie lands beyond. The city doubled in population in one season and as if by magic street after street of dwellings sprang up. The city could not provide habitations fast enough to shelter the newcomers, but they accommodated themselves as best they could to the situa- tion, sleeping in tents and hastily constructed shacks. There were hundreds of real estate offices in those days ; plots of land were laid out in all parts of the country and land sold at fabulous prices. Men grew rich in a day and squandered their fortunes the next by extravagant living or rash speculation. Few survived the boom with bank balances to their credit. It is said of one successful spec- ulator that he indulged himself in a champagne bath, and it was a common grievance that the bonifaces could not provide anything better than the sparkling wine for morning appetizers. This period of great inflation, which left many poor men as a reminder of its occurrence, reached its zenith in 1882, when the crash came. Commercial depression ensued, but Winnipeg had become established and the fertile prairie region known, and while there were not a few doubting Thom- ases, the majority of the people who had come west with a view of carving out a home for themselves had full faith in the future and set about the task, lay- ing firmer the foundation of the city so fiimsily set during the boom '-xcitement. The stupendous enterprise of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which from ocean to ocean had now been taken over by a private syndicate under governmental guarantees, was pushed forward with remarkable energy, and Winnipeg became the half-way house between the two oceans in i883, the line being 2909 miles lU V -1 . 1 ! " - f ' * 1 ! I "H w-^^^m^ JWf a'. SS^#« fm t> iSv' imS^::iil*^ ^i$ :: :m - r "• rj- -ff.. U ^sP * c .', ^' ir !' Hi fcf 'I A: .4' '^fef .iJbciii^Vv^ • I fe. JL ^*v^ ,*. 4 "ft /. \ \ ^ifS»( ^- U i 'i ! 1- ij 'i .■■ii i I J f] aw^gli^WWfWiiwi w ii w Bi i i w w w i ^ iiii M i n ^wi i jin i n fl^l*y^^^H^y(^ y ^ ■ l l l M l> l l i w i m i w»t>¥a tf)| P . -a;nnj^niW),1» »l j'" iT i l ii y. • t J ■ :'3iii»y.mmm\im iM» bMKm»m iJ i riiWI I W iMiii — '. T ! -i*l m liiK> 4-: ?5* >';'\*tr«;-rr f ,*?■ # ^ «>. ^ .(-■& ti ;^i. .-^ '»?»i -m fm m 0i. •K w w •'*■;■ / •••» H ...» ' I , •mmmmmrmmfmimmmi'm <«Wmpi*Mlii0'0'!eii9m *» iiw \fwmmmmiiigmfmimmm Sf •■%»f'- ^ I ■*'--'*i\ .> l * M '!'# l W i ii>l«»«ii ' «w i i«Mi »vw-y).w»»w«^^ ■-■flj^'i^ft^'I^ ; .i-^*^.., « . 1 4 .'J|IRs* '■.!:> u A.1^ V, > ., ''■**iiB*jS3K^t s (•*'«! ti^f™/' *» p-nrKsgap; ^' .<''*j^--^ "^«*r t^^C -.4^ » ''-« «^'^ ?<^ii'ir^*t-Ai'' "ihl eJ'j^ # • Jtfe /' ) / f} u •.A t r4l S?--'' i ^1: ■«« i ,.r jKJS, A«» *<.w. :.l'l^^. iSl^S ■«.3«»u-.- J iii#)W»B«KM>f«iM^«n*»ft;«w*-i»l» **^>*'i" • u , ^' !tt !■ ^^ '^^■-.iVi \iiS«-".:i^*j|J^**ntiv,- II ' f*. ■ ' '» w-aflM« **«««lBwS!«»ttH* ^^wiWtti***" i'.( )Mi \i I'. ( (ti i,i(,i': s'l ^ lU '\!l-.\( 1- MOSI'I r.AI H / M|MI ..i:^*?-''''*''- '4» »,.«"A- ■'• %, :vt.. gr.^.; ■■.,#;,;# -J^; ;5;i j: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I Ui IM IIIII2.2 1!^ m Ui 1st u UQ 1.25 ||.4 |l.6 « 6" — ► V] <^ /a ^l # .V '/ .^ ^'^^ ^^-^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I pjr v^ CANADA PERMANENT BLOCK 1 I 1 I mv ^•■^^ivl 5- l^— VHHH t^Tt-n-#=i. MANITOBA CLUB r m it- in length, from Montreal to Vancouver. In this year the city's population was about 25,000. Branch after branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway has been built from WinnipciJ to different points of the province. The C. I'. R. radiates from the city in six different directions. The Great Northern, from St. Paul, uses one of its branches, and the North Western Railway and Canadian North- ern its main line west to the junction with their own lines at Portaye la Prarie. Two others, South liastern and Northern Pacific, have indejjendent lines, the latter having: also branches to Brandon and Portage la Prarie. Thus there are thirteen lines gridironing the province, and all center in Winnipeg. The C. P. R. maintains here its headquarters for the whole of the western division, e.xtending from Lake Superior to Vancouver, with its hundreds of miles of branches and spurs. Nearly two thousand men are employed, directly and indirectly, by the company in the city, and this is one of the principal factors of the city's main- tenance. The South Ha.stern Railway, now under construction, is a new trunk line to Lake Superior, intended r be a competitor of the C. P. R. in the great grain-carrying trade of Manitoba and the northwestern territories. It also has its headquarters here and will establish extensive works and shops in the city, so that, as a railway center, Winnipeg occupies a foremost place. The connec- tion with the South Hastern, a line also to be constructed to Hudson Bay, will provide the shortest ocean passage between this continent and the old world. By the time that the enterprising citizens of Winnipeg had got their homes in oroer, after the boom disaster, the agricultural settlement, which had gone steadily on, had far outstripped the ability of the city to cope with the com- mercial demands, and in the go's a sudden impulse was given to the wholesale trade which brought prosperity to all branches of business, and once more the city began to forge ahead in a manner that justified the faith of those who predicted a great future for the prairie capital. As farm settlement continues to increase at a faster ratio than urban expansion, the city will undoubtedly have several years of unchecked growth, and observant men are convinced that the census of 1910 will show a population of loo.cco, just double what it is at present. During the past four or five years the large number of new wholesale warehouses, banks and office buildings that have been erected has completely transformed the business section of the city ; so much so, in fact, that a visitor of a few years ago, returning to-day, would scarcely recognize the place. Most of these structures are on a scale of magnificence, and their size indicates the enormous business conducted with the country east and west. Last year the 80 1 I ^" wmwii ii iw i ' «N!!l^ieaK'^.ai»Mi f ;■ *i (WS-w ..fci** SI"" f / ^ ' y. y. y. I "nil II m i rtm mmmtmtftKljllit '~l*K«i**.^1«l»««MlM»..- Y 'm *>■ •^^ fjK .]»»' -J*"; ^: <.i > l«f I .--■ r f, V'i. 7 Wi'^-r'v. f ff -mMihNM m>«r •^WMMlHf ' w \ 7 •H- I ^.--.»-#..vV, 5 '> •1-. ■ .■■ V, t i-*" ,;#::•' i^<>-.. ■"..;-i'-.? »< ^ •jqr X •r.^. •>^/ -: ■^^ ?.^4(k»t.;-'A-s6«m«- ^a^-- ^v'^'^yrf- iV^f^ U'-^i-VflMt- * ■•■.■.! ■./*■ ■ /■■•■■;■■■ ,' ■ -f;-. ^aK^ J J . tM^i- i/ik^' ii il L 4 ^ ■ B^' ■ -^ Kb ■fck ^A JliJL ■1 ,^Mipii' .^t-^-jf-^^ ■ H i p- -i !ti ><)NIFAi f ' ' «s\ ?■ A ill' m»ii.mnii»ail>Ui^ ST. liOMIAC I', f.\ I III l)k.\l. AM) HI^IKH'-^ I'A! A( I'. h>. .. ST. HONII-ACK CONVKNT I -p t -'■3 n J, mmmmmmmmKlifmmm^: •■%:■ ■•A- *'-*^i* * Vi ilk " I'' ^^,' ^ ?:*<■ , "■^e.. ".!■«* !f. •i/ cimiumMW" w«iitw^*i!J»i^»***' "1*?^'* .'/« 1 mmmmitmmmmtlfmm'f.^^ ■ .^..^ > ^^ ^rm-^sm.'-. NOkCirW MONIM :\ \()I.l N IKI-.k'S H)MB I r •immimmi>tiM»»*,-t clearintj house returns showed $113,000,000, placing Winnipesf third amonpf Cana- dian commercial cities. With the country of which W'i'inipesf is the commercial and financial center but yet sparsely settled, the future has in store a t,rreatness which no one can estimate. The cjold mines of the Lake of the Woods and Rainy River are but in their infancy, and will yet be an enormous sum of wealth to Winnipeg: ; the prairie wheat fields are but beg^inningf to yield their rich re- turns ; the wood and lumber of Lake Winnipeg:, the coal of the western coal fields, the great iron deposits of Lake Winnipeg, the salt of Lake Winnepegosis, the petroleum of far-away MacKenzie river, will yet add their store to the products of field and herd to build up what the energy of the peo])le will ser- tainly lead them to expect,— that Winnipeg may be one of the three great cities of Canada, the Chicago of the Canadian prairies, and that Manitoba may be the bull's eye of the Dominion. As has already been statetl, many of the earlier settlers of Winnipeg never intended to make the North West their home. They came first as the gold seeker goes to the Klondike, to make a fortune and then return to his former home ; but as the community grew larger, and more full\- organized their feelings changed. The city of Winnipeg, when it had passetl the population mark of 25,000, began, at the beginning of the thirtl decade of its existence to have an air of certainty as to its future. Its merchants were be- coming great wholesalers, its educational institutions were being consolidated, families began to call the city home and this led to an immediate tletermination to build better homes, to beautify lawns and grounds, to plant trees, to improve the streets and to aim at tasteful surroundings. In nothing has Winnipeg progressetl more during the past ten years than in its esthetic life. The great importance of the city and of the province may be seen in the annual gatherings that have now become institutions of the place. In the month of July of each year is held the great Industrial Fair which attracts many thou- sands of people, and in the month of L'ebruary a really unique spectacle is presented when for a week the great curling Bonspeil prevails. Six hundred curlers and many of their friends come to the city for their winter outing. They play, drive and have social getherings and contest for costly prizes. During this time also many conventions are held, — stock breeders, horticulturists, temper- ance, fraternal societies and other associations foregather in annual meetings and discuss the problems of interest. The educational buildings of Winnipeg are a surprise to all comers. Sixteen splendidly equipped and substantial buildings with upward of 100 rooms represent , -:-;■*' ■ .»# .#■■ ' ''■^'^.■■\' -/^' •''• -"C-.- :/".■ ■fepV' .^i> .",!•'- ^'.^1f " r ti^^' ^ 1 «? •«i," ^*- ^K-i^-^- •«.*."■*>« "^ ^- ^"•6 ■ ■'*'■«***!* -S -.i sv;.;#^^>i,' ,S.'!; f ■^'S}' .¥^„ ■™» •■<■>, «SJ*IB»^. »if«BB«*4 ^> #N*,i^ , ■ J ^^_-js: ■ i-i f^l^^f^ .. ,<^-. a n :^ k,; d iatummfta^ if.- ■rm: ^'v. .0- r ■"•■'*»' ROSLVX ROAD Ri\'i;k avi-:nui': i t 'h^- •'I., ' ^ * i %. \ '^. iifW" *»• ■>•«? X, / "( fe - If ^t ■-i Aft^ 4*4 r *. -i f; - ..tt » f*-^^* .;^,_ -if -pV -s^. . % #• - .^1 ■ ' k. j; » r ■i... --■ ?^'f^»>yf**'-^i^ ■^ >- -.a t r- ;^?»H?^"5!|^4i? f S -• «!»•'. /4 if 4'« ft ^^n-ll "ji j"^-/- ■"%' '•'' ^ ^:: ft ■ |'.*ftr".'piri*. i ;i ,8 .■,y;j t-. t'., •'^--J-^^a.v',-,,., .wfti ■■-.,<■-■• ■ ■'" ■■■" -'■• ^"•""" ■«»««•«<»., f; \= I '. ! i 1 1 \' '< ! 'Ml-!' ■"««?*»$&■' -;lU>>.t?4« J^i GRACE MKTllUDI.Vr CHURCH CKNTRAl. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH I > f % •1 ■t^: i ■ u!fc- M .*...S;*«.S«M5 J4 y^-7 i^Mv^i ( K>^' ^lmmm0''*mim4mii^M'sM.. I (111 l(,l.\ I !■ IN>I I II 1 I. elill.l)RKN> llt)MK the accommodation for tht- 7,000 children in the public schools, and for whom there is an annual expenditure of $185,000. Three commercial colle^cres show the private effort put forth to educate in business lines, while five colleges, St. Bon- iface, St. Johns. Manitoba, Wesley and the Medical College, have buiklings which are an ornament to the city and its suburbs. This educational pyramid is being completed by the erection of a handsome I'niversity building on the I'niversity grounds on Broadway. The colleges are affiliated in the University, and teach the arts and theology as well as special courses. There are also two ladies- colleges. The bent of mind of the citizens may be seen in the provision made for religion. Certainly no other city of its age and size on the continent has so mauN' well-built churches. The Presbyterian. Kpiscopalian, Methodist, Roman Catholic, the Bapti.st. Congregationalist. Lutheran and other denominations are represented in he community and most of these denominations hnve each sev- eral beautiful places of worship. These churches have done splenci.d service for the community, as may be seen in the remarkable sobriety of the people, their observance of Sunday and the general moral tone that prevails in the city. The mind of a good people goes out to "sweet charity." and the city of Winnipeg has many well-maintained charitable institutions. There are the Winnipeg General Hospital and Nurses' Training School, Deaf and Dumb Institute. Woman's Home Children's Home. Children's Aid Shelter. Boys' Orphanage, and in the suburban tow.i of St. Boniface the Hospital, Orphanage and Aged Woman's Home.