IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ?' /,^/* -•^ <^^^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 l^|2|8 |2^ Uj ^^" ■■■ ut l&i |22 •f Hi "^ S La 12.0 III^H •IMU |U il.6 Photographic Sdences Corfwration o^ 33 WfST MAIN STRiiT WUSTIR.^i.Y. MSIO /"«) l;73-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian do microreproductions historiquos ^ Technical and Bibltographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at Mbliographlqiiaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for fUmlng. Faaturaa off thia copy wMeh may ba bibllographlcally uniqua, which may altar any off tha Imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may aignifflcantly changa tha uaual mathod off ffllming, ara chackad balow. 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This item is ffilmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au faux da rAduction indiquA ci-dassous. 10X 14X 1SX 22X 2SX aox y 13X 16X aox 24X MX 32X du >difi«r un« nag* Th« copy filmMl h&n hM b««n raproduotd tluinkt to tlw ewMTMitv of: Library Division Provindai AreNvai of British Coiumbia Tho imagoo oppoarino hara ara tha baat quality pooalbia conaMarlng tha condition and laglbillty of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha fuming contract apaclf icatlona. L'cKamplalra fllm4 f ut raprodult grica A la g«n*roaM da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Laa Imagaa aulvantaa ont 4tA raprodultaa avac la plua grand aoln, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da raxamplalra film*, at an conformM avac laa condltlona du contrat da fllmaga. Original coplaa In printad papar cov<;/t ara f llmad baglnning with tha front cover and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraa- alon. or tho back cover whan approprlata. All othar original coplaa ara fllmad baglnning on tha f irat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraa- alon. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraaalon. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microfiche ahaN contain tha aymbol -^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymbol Y (moaning "END"I. wMchavar appliaa. Laa axamplalraa orlglnauK dont la couvartura mn papiar aat ImprimAa aont fiimAa an commandant par la pramlar plat at an tarmlnant colt par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'iiluatration. aoit par la aacond pkit. aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplalraa originaux aont fllmte un commandant par la pramlAra page qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'lliuctration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Un daa aymboiaa auivanta apparattra sur la darnMra imaga da chaqua microfiche, salon la cas: la symbole -^ signifie 'A 8UIVRE". le •ymboie y aignifie "FIN". Maps, plataa. charta, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaura are filmed boi'innlng In the upper left hend corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames as required. The following diegrems illustrate the method: Lea cartes, plenches. tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAe A des teux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grond pour Atre reproduit en un soul ciichA. il est filmA A pertir de I'angie supArieur geuche. de gauche A droite. et de haut en bea. en prenent le nombre d'imeges nAcessaire. Las diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. rreta o lalure. lA 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 //.\ /j'v<^7ffs'cc-'-^^--(- - ^ ONK llVriir, KAHi.lKSI' ANU MOST .MTIVK I'KDNUn'KKS n F I'lll-. SOinilKUN I'AC.ll-lC KAII.UOAl) 1 hi: \K.\ LIFB OF Thomas Hawley Canfield HIS KAKLV i:rF()KTS TO OPKN A KorTK FOR THH TRANSrORTATION Ol THK I'ROnUCTS OF THF WKST TO NFW ENGLAND, BY WAV OF THF GREAT FAKES ST. LAWRENCE RlVER AND VERMONT RAILROADS, ASP HIS CONMXTION WITH Till: EAKI.^ IIISToKV 01 TIIK Northern Pacific Railroad, I'KOM I UK HISTORY OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY, NORTH DAKOTA AMI PARK REGION OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. WITH PLATE. BURLINGTON, VERMONT 1889. IxiNdlUK \ HK.WKHKKKV, I'KIMKKn Km.kWI KS AM) HisuKKS, ( HICAGO. i ^E OF Thomas Hawley Canfield «^^1^r^C) ^FAX is mure worthy of an J^ }(lr>^ 'jI «'xtoiulu»l iiiul (• red i t a 1) I o |a>AMK| " T notice ill a voluiiie devoted ^f^v^k )y to the eminent men of north- ^)s> NJI^ *'•■•> Minnesota llian Thomas 11. ("anfield, nlio will form the suhject i>\' our present article. He is a resident of Lake Park. Minnesota, althoiigli on acL'ount of extensive interests in IJiiriinir- ton. A'ennont, much of his time is s|) 'iit in the East. A historv of iiis life is, to n trreat extent, a historv of the inception and inau- guration of ihat <.^reat enterprise, the Xorth- ern Pacific Raiiroail, as he was one of the founders, and to him, more tlian to aiiv other one man, was due its organization and getting it into some practical form and sys- tem in ils early days, lie has, therefore, been closely identitied with tlie growth and devel- opment of the Xorthwest, and his name is indissolulily associated with the history of botli State and Nation. A man of broad ideas, wonderful vitality and energy, uncon- ijiierable will and indefatigable pei-severance. the history t)f the gigantic enterprises which he has inaugiirateil and {ilaced in shape for successful consummation, demonstrate the characteristics of the man. A man of the strictest integrity, kind and courteous, of extensive reading and oliservation, together with his keen foresight and executive abili- ties, he has iiulelilily impressed his individu- ality upon the history of the great undt-r- takings with which he has been connected. The generation in whidi we live has scarcely furnished a more worthy subject for the pen «>f the biographer. (.i:XKAl.o<.V. James I)e Philo, a Fn-nch iruguenot and citizen of Normandy, France, in the six- teenth century, in reward for meritorious services to the crown of England, received honorable mention, a new cognomen and a grant of land on the river '"("am," county of Yorkshire, England, to which he removed and afterward occupied as a loyal sul)ject of the crown. lie received the cognomen of "Cam,"' in distinction of the land "rant. Subsequently from "Cam De Philo"' the name was changetl in England in the six- teenth century to " Cain-philo," then to ?^7nf^(i T//o.\/.is II. cAXiii I n. "('imi|tliil<>,'" and l)y lii^ dcsccndimts in ltl;5'.». ill Nfw IliivtMi, ('tuiiieclk-ut. to "( 'innpliit'ld." Later in Milfonl. C«>nn»'rticiit. in M>". to ••Canilicld."" and still latci- in Mill'ord. in 1T*2<>. to "C'anlicld."" uliicli lias sinrt- liccn retained l»y tiie descendiints in tlit' I'liited Slates. < >i f liis descendants, TJMnnas Canlield. and I'lielie Crane, liis wilt?, eanie to Milt'oi*»'.'. His son -lereiniah. who was liorn in Ititiii. resitled in Mill'ord until 1727. wiieniit! removed to New .Mill'ord and died in 17-".'.>. He had ten ehildi'en. The ninth son, Zernl)lial»el. in 17:^:5 niiirried Marv liostwick. and they l»(,'canie the parents of ei«rht ehildren. Thcii- third child, Nathan, was horn .Iidy 2^. 17;'.'.', in .New Mill'ord. ConnecticMt. and removed t>'. l*"or his iii'st wile he married, NoveinlKM' 14, 17t)r), l.ois Hard, a daughter of .lames Hard, iiy whom he had I'our children. After her death he ni: ' I'etsy lUirton. hy whom he had sevep and one tianghlor. Sam- uel, the si.xth si ;,, was horn in Arliniflon, January 2. 17'.t2. and died Septendjer 2*^.1 ^4(». He was the i'athei- of the snhject of this sketch. Now lo ti'acetheii'cnealo^^y on the mother's s:de:.Ioseph Hawley.who was horn in 1 )eihy- shire, Knyland. in It'Hi.'i, came to Sti'atford, Connecticut, and died in Itl'.Mi. He ha<•, 17:'l, and removed to Arlington. X'ei-mont, ahout 17t'>4. Thev had live sons and live daughters. Andrew, tiieir oldest chiUI, was horn June 22. 17;>2, at New- town, now Mridgeport, Connecticut, and married, .lanuaiv 2, 1 7r>7. Ann. a daugliler of .lames Hard. He died June 24. ISdl. They had ten ciiihlren — seven sons and three daughters. Kli. their oldest child, was horn in New .Milford. Connecticut, Novemhei' 2h. 1 7.'"> 7 : removed to Arlingt(»n, N'erniont. anil mairied. Novemher 4, 17>7, NLary .lell'ers, of Chaleui', Lowei Canada, ami . lS.">o. They had four .sons and one daughter. Mary Ann. who was horn Xovendter t!, 17'.'.">, m New Carlisle, on hay of Chaleur, Province of Lower Canada, and was married to Samuel Canlield. in Arlington. l»v the Hev. Ahraham I'ronson, Octnher 2'.t. lN2n, and died July 22, 1^*2.^. Thev had two children, one a (laughter, Marion, horn January 2. 1S24. in Arlington, and nuirried to the Kev. Fletcher J. ILiwIey, D.I)., hy the Right Itev. Mishop Hojjkin.s. in St. i'aul's Church, JUirlington, Vermont, Novemher 2, ISii.'l, and now residing at Lake I'aik, Minnesota: the other a son, Thomas Hawley Canlield, the suhject of this sketch, who was Ixn-n at Arlington, Bennington county. N'ermoiit. March 21*, 1S:>2. Vermont, especially that part west of the (ireen mountains, was mostly settled hy j)eo- ple from Connecticut, commencing about 17<'''», who received the titles to their lands hy chartei- from l>enning Wentworth, the colonial govein<»r of New Hampshire. Sev- (Mal families had come to Ai'lington to nudettlers went on to improve their lands and tix up tlieii' IK'W homes, when lliev Wfri- startled., Inly 2". IT'it. I>v a derision of the crown that the teriiioi'v was ad jiidi:»'d to lie undei' t he juris- diction of New York, supposing' that the ;:reat sea! of a roval uoveriior wasa suUicieiit jjnarantee thai theirtitles were valid. Hence thcif arose at >>nce the i^reat ijiieNtion of ihe eoiitlictihi; claims of New ^'ork and .New Hampshire, over the territory known as \'er- liioiit. in which each State attempted eithei' to control the whole oi- at least to divide the territory lietweeii theni. and thus oMiti-rate N'ermoiit completely as a separate Territory ami from ever liecomiiii;- an independent State in the future. This involved a louu' and hitter controversy between Xew Hamp- shire ami New York, which, tou'cther with the increasing feeliny amoiit;' the colonies of hoei'vative and prudent charactei'. were disposed to move more caiiliously. awaiting the development of events. Arlington was the great central point of all opei'ations. iiei'e was the liead- (piarters of the "Council of Safely." which had unlimited powers for govt-rnuieiit of the Stat": hei-e resided Thomas ( 'hitteiiden. its president, the (Jeorge Washingttm of \'er- mont. who was afterward elected governor of the State for tweniy yeai's. Ilei'e lived (ieii. Kthan Allen, the hero of Ticonderoga, who. with a handful of ( ireen .Mountain boys, • lenumded its surrender in the name of the •• (ireat .leliovah and the Continental Con- gress." Here assendileil his com|»anions and associates. IJemember Maker. Col. Seth Warner and others, to concoct theii- plans to resist the New Yoi'kers and to teach them that the •• gods of the valleys were not the gods of the hills." ('apt Jehiel Hawley and Nathan Canlield. from their wcll-kiiown sound judgment an<' for the apprehension of oitiier of t'le leaders. I'p to this time the peoplf of this section weicsidtstaiitially one, a eoninion danjrer eonipclliny all to unite. Hut tliis act of the general asseinhly of New York aroused to action all classes, and was answered i»y a series of resolutions of a gen- eral meeting •' of the tommittees of the sev- eral townsiiips ontiie west siile of the (iieeti mountains," held at the houseof .lehiel llaw- ley on the third Wednesday of Mai'ch, 1774, counseling resistance to all encroaciimeiits of New York. To show iiow determined these peoi)le were to maintain their rights auainst <'reat superiorit v of numbers, in 1774 J)r. Samuel A, I77."». Jjenjamin Hough, of Clarendon, a I'aplist minister who had Just obtained a commis- sion from New York as justice of the peace, was ariested liy (ieneral Ktlian Allen and tied to an apple tree in front of liis house at Sunderland and whipped, in ])ursuaiu,'e of a sentence of the committee of safety. In England ("apt. .lehiel Hawley was treated with the most flattering marks of respect, by several of the prominent men, and especially by the Eaii of I)artmouth: sticii was the estimation in which liis pru- ilence and judgment was iield l)y the co- partners in the agency, that they would never act as a board without his preseiu-e, and by his nu'ans chiefly the Vermont claims were sul>staiitiated. During all this time from 17<'»4, amid all the accessions to this colony from Connecticut and elsewhere, then' was no minister of any denomination. Captain .leiiiel Hawley was the acknowledged leader, to whom all. ev(Mi the most turi)ulent spirit.s, yielded. He l)uilt the first frame house in Arlington, and, being a man of high moral character and a devoted and exemplary communicant of the Church of Engl.uid, to his house, Sun- day after Sun<'»y. tlu people from all parts of the surrounding ('(juntry came for public worship. Captain Hawley read the service of the (,'hurch of England and a .sermon, the *' J'rotestant Epi.scopal Church in the United States" at this early day not iuiving been regularly organized in America. The diffi- culties of the times delayed the buiUlingof a church, although the services were kept up regularly by Captain Hawley, which formed the inicleus of a congregation, and in 17S4 a parish was organized. Two shillings on a pound were levied on the inhabitants to i)uild the church, now St. .lames church. .\rliny:ton — the original building having been replaced l)v a stone one on the same site in is;):.' — which was the first Episcopal church organized in Vermont. In 1787 thisi)arish was represented in the convention of the Protestant Ei)iscoi>al Church, at Stratford, Connecticut, l)y Nathan Canlield, the lirst delegate. Notwithstanding the continued ayores- sions of New Ycjrk the inhabitants, under the leadershij) of Captain Hawley, were making rapid improvements, wlii'n a new ti'oul)le wasapi)roacliingin 177.">. The troui)le betweiMi the colonies and England had cul- minated and the i>attle of Lexington opened the War of the Hevolution. A convention . of the peojjle of Vermont was called in I ■J l/OMAS II. CAXFII-.I.D. 'V would never t'scnce, jiiul \)\ it rlaiiiis wore IT«'>4, aiiiiti all (inCoiineeticut <) minister ol .leliiel Ilawh'v U> whom all. i, yielded. He ill ArlihjLrtun. oral character communicant his house, Snn- from all parts line for public ad the service 1 a sermon, the 1 in the United t having l)een ca. The diffi- le ijiiildinlitutioM coiiid lie rutilied by the people (ieneral i'liirgoyne. with his Spleiidnl army ot lo.oou men. hail entered Lake Cliainplain and aiiclioi'ed in N'ermoiit walfiN. It liccaiiie iicci'ssary, to tiieet the eniei-geiicy. to form a provisioiud govern- nieiif wiiliuiit an liMur'sdelay.and a " ( 'ouncil of Safety '* was appi tinted, invested with all the powers of government, l>oth civil and mililaiy. Its power was unlimit«>d and abso- lut<'. and. in fact, the urgency was so gr«'at that it was necessary t<> place in the hands of tlie tourteen men cDinposinglhe "" Council of Safety'' the legislative, executive and judicial jxtwcrs of the State, and intrust them with the life, lilterty and property of every individual. It was a dark hour — no money "u the treasury.no lime for taxation, no credit to l)orrow; desperate measures were necessary. A commission of sequestra- tion was appointed, "invested with full authority to seize the goods and chattels of all persons who had oi' should join the com- mon enemy, sell them it public vendue and the proceeds to be paid over to the treasurer to lie appointed l)y the council." The council (»f safety as well as com- missioners of seijuestration made their head- quarters at Arlington. Thomas riiittenden. afterward govei'nor of the State for twenty years, was its president, and Ira Allen, brother of (icu. Ktiiaii Allen, its secretary. Tills sudden change of alfairs compelled the people at oiu-e to decide what course to j»ursue. whether to join the revolutionists or remain lityal t«» the crown, whence they liad received by gift all their lands and pos.sessions. It was a very trying time, especially with the commissioners of se(|uestration encamped among them, urged on by such tniuultuoiis spirits as Ethan Allen, Setli Warner and Rememl)er Uaker, to s«'i/,e. u[»on the sligiitest sluulow of loyalty to KuLdand. the property of any one and conli.scate it. The town was in a critical position. Most of its inhabitants, while feeling v:rateful for all that had been dt)ne for them by the crown, felt tliat it would be iietter for the colonies to be all independent nation; but whether tiie time liad come to throw oir the yoke of the motiier country was the ipiestion ; and whether, if over- throwing a good government then existing, they would lie assureil that the Kevolutiou would succeed and a better one arise out of the wreck, or whether anarchy and chaos would lie the result for a long time to come. It vas a ditficiilt question to determine, espe<;,,lly after having been several years in conti ct with New York, and now. by the order of King (ieorge III., sustained in the position they had taken. If till' powers of the existing government were shaken otT, where was the power of i-e- organi/atiuu '. "Committees of Sab-ty " had been acce])ted as a necessity, and if the laws then existing were overthrown, the prospect was. they would be suiiject to the powers of these committees for an indetlnite length fif time. Is it strange that men with jiroperty and families should hesitate; There were uneasy spirits among the inhabit! nts as in all communities, who disliked labor and. ex- pecting to live by there wits, were ready for any change by which something mi;:ht turn up to thi'ir advantage. There were others who took a more comprehensive view, and Wert* ready to risk everything from truly pa- triotic motives for the great principles keep the people informed of the rapidity of TJ/OMAS II. CAXIIEI.D. his upproixcli. Xaines of men from all parts Canada. Thus omied the life of this truly of till' State were mentioned wiio were sus- great and good man, of whom it may be said pected of Toryism. Tlie Council of Safety j his enemies couhl find no fault. The laic met frequently at Arli:;>gton, and woe be to Chief Justice of Vermont. II(»n. Charles K the tory who was suspected of loyalty to | 'Williams, said to Samuel Canfield, "thiii the crown. It was a trying time — there i undoubtedly ('apt. Jehiel Ilawlcy was tlir was no time for delay. Families were ! ablest man in his day in Vermont." divided annmg themselves; neighbors ar- j Nathan Canlield remained at Arlington rayed against each other, some joined the during the war. lie was the leading busi revolutionists, others renuiined loyal to tl:e j ness spirit of the town, merchant, landlord, king and left for Canada, while others, ''who justice of the peace and town representativi- did not think it right to rebel against a king ; after Vermont became a State. He built ;i who had done them no harm,"' remained at ! large saw mill and furnace for smelting iron their homes, sniniiitting to the powers of the ore, the first in the State, organized the first government lonies church, and at his house the preliminary so far from the mother country ought at some j arrangements for the first convention of the time to l>e independent, but was this the j Protestant Episcopal Church in A'ermont time '. This was suttlcient cause in the eyes were made lOU years ago. The house he of the commissioners of se([uestration, built is still standing, and in it Samuel Can- backed up by restless spirits, to seize their j field and his son, Thomas Hawley Canfield. l»roperty and confiscate it. Captain Jehiel i were born. JIawley may i»e said to have l)elonged to this last class, llis high moral woitli, peace- ful manners and kind considei'ation and friendshi|) for all the settlers for so many At this distant day it is very ditlicult to undei-stand the ditticuhies and dangers of those troublesome times, and the fact that two such men as Jehiel Hawley and Nathan years long secured him from molestation. , Canfield could have ])assed through them all. His aye was such that there was little dan- ' retaining: the confidence of the whole com- irer of his "oiny,- to tlie eneniv and he could ; munitv, managing the pid)lic business to the not well be a lighting man. lint the e.vten- ; satisfaction of all factions, demonstrates that sivo jn'operty whicii he and his family pos- ; they were men of uncommon judgment and sessed was a strong tem])tation to the common sense, as well as extraordinary char- sec juestra tors. Ammymous lett<'is were sent to him threatening midnight assassination, and there were circumstances that satisfied him that the writers would not shrink from making their words g, leaving her only son, at three years of age, Thomas Ilawley Canlield. Such were his ancestors and such the try- ing times in which they lived. THOMAS HAWl.EY CANFIELD. whose name heads our present article, was brought up on a farm, i-ising early and work- ing from nu:)rning to night with the men, taking his shan^ in every kind of work until he l)ccanie familiar with all the details ()f farm woi'k, which, with the haliits of order, economy ami luanageuu-nt then formed, have been of great service to him in after years. His earlv education was obtained mostly in the common scIkjoIs of hi.s native town, although he soon evinced a strong desire for something more advanced than they all'oi'ded. .\ccordingly. he was placed l)y his fatliei- at I'.urr ScmiuaiT. in Man- chester. \'ei'uu»ut, at its o])eninm ''* -^lay, IXot], under those ai»le prolessois, the Rev. Dr. Lyman (olenwin, the licv. Dr. John H. AVorcester. ,lolin Aiken, Esij.. and Win. A. I'liridiam.. wiiei'e he remainetl imtil he was lifted for college at the age of fourteen. Not withstanding the standard of this semi- nary was very higli, and he the youngest pupil among l.">0, all much older than him- self, yet he acquitted himself very credital)ly, taking the hiirhest rank in all his classes. Having a decided taste for practical matters, and not «lesiring to enter college at this early age. he returned home to the work of the farm for two years, wiien he was transferred to the Troy Episcopal Institute with refei'- ence to a scientilic course of study, which had a very efticient corps of instructoi-s, among them the present l'.isho|) of Vermont. He was particularly fond of matl'.;Muatics, and it was while demonstrating a dillicult problem at a public examination in the city of Tro\ . New York, that he, although an entire stranger, arreste«l the attention of the late Bishop Alonzo I'otter, of reuusylvania, who was one of the examiners, and then the acting president of Tnion ('(»llege. Schenec- tady, Xew York. The ju-incipal of the Troy Episco|)al Institute sul)se(iuently ])ublished an arithmetic for .scho<»ls. !)ased mostly upon problems and examples which he had pre- pared ami which were worked outand solved for him i)V voung ("atdield. President Pot- ter became so interested in the promptness and accuracy with which he dis])osed of all examples presented to him that he determined to insist upon the young man having a higher and broader education, and tinally ])i'evailed u[)on him to al)andon his idea of l)ecoming a civil engineer and to entt'r the junior class in Tnion College in the fall of ls:JH. It was a very trying oi'deal for him to pass through, being by far the young- est in a class of over eighty, who had had all the advantages of the freshman and s()ph- omore y«'ai's, but yet, through the same iiule- fatigable energy and persevt i-ance which had characterized his conduct thus far in life in everything which he had undertaken, he was (>ne of the " iiKt.r'ninnn ti it " who came out at the head of the class. Soon after the begin- niny of the senior veai* he was summoned to Vermont by the sudden death of his father, and although strongly urged by I'l'cs- ident I'otter, who, dui-ing the junior yerr, had taken great intei'esl in him and olfered 10 THOMAS H. CAN FIELD. to assist liiiii to any position he should want after gnuhiation, as well as by his own rel- atives, to return and complete his college course, he considered the duty he owed to his mother and only sister paramount to everything else, and again took up the bur- den of the farm, and thus, at the early age of eighteen, lii.s business life began, which has continued constant and uninterrupted to the present day. In addition to tlie cares and duties of the farm, he was active in all public matters having for their ol)ject the im[)rovement and well-being of societv. He organized a lycenm. established debating societies, and procured ])rominent lecturei-s upon various sul)jects (among them Colonel Crockett), which, during the winter months, called out crowded houses. Al)out this time a new- element appeared in the tem[)erance move- ment, the coming out on the stage of "six reformeil drunkards from Baltimore." who took the platform throughout the country, and were enabled by their own experience to portray more vividly than had ever l)een done before the terrible consequences which followed in the trail of intemperance. Mr. Cantield organized a series of meetings in Arlington and adjoining towns, and secured one of these men to address them as well as himself, and soon had enrolled upon the total al)stinence pledge large numbers, the result of which was a great improvement in the morals of the community. Finding the labor of the farm too severe for his slender constitution, he removed, in 18-i-i. to "NVilliston. Vermont, where he became a merchant, having in the meantime mar- ried Elizai)eth A., only daughter of Eli Chit- tenden, a grandson of Thomas Chittenden, the lirst governor of Vermont. She died in 1848, and he subsequfutly married Caroline A., the youngest daughter of the lit. Rev. Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont, a charming and accomplished lady, who is still livin. Marion. Flora and Thom.it H., Jr.. all now engaged in completing tlieir education in Burlington, Vermont, at the Diocesan Churcii Schools and the Univei-sity of Vermont. REMOVAL .TO lUKMNr.TON. In addition to the ordinary business ot merchandise, Mr. Canfield added to it the pur- chase of the products of the country, buttei-. cheese, wool, starch, cattle, sheep, horses and everything which the farm raised, therebv carrying out the idea of home protection and creating a home market for their pro- duce. Here he built up and carried on an extensive Ijusiness under very i)leasant cir- cumstances until April, 18-17, when he removed to Burlington, Vermont, wliere he still resides, to take the place in the firm of Follett & Bradlev, the leadina; wholesale merchants and forwarders in northern Ver- mont, made vacant by the withdrawal of Judge Follett, who had taken the presi. I.. Jr.. all now r education in )iocesan Cliiiir!: Vermont. (".'ION. rv business of ed toit thepur- ountry, buttei*. leep, horses and raised, thereby )nie protection t for their pro- 1 carried on an ry i)leasant cir- 847, when ho iiont, where he in the firm of ding wholesale northern Yer- withdrawal of I the presidency ton Railroatl. 1. Mr. Canfield arrangement, and inexperi- >sition tendered !. .) 3'ield to the !tt & Bradley, short business ir traits in his ticulariyforthe ley desired him idquarters were itreet, JJurling- f and railroad I railroads in 1 of the pro- farm, mine or igton for ship- Is for the mer- w Boston and rn. To accom- modate and facilitate this business, Bradley & Cantiuld had extensive wharves and ware- houses, as wt'll as a line of l>oats to Xew York and Boston for the transportation of this property both ways, their wharves also being the regular landing filace of the passenger steamers and other vessels, result- ing in an extensive liusiness, i-eqniring not only much cai)ital, i)ut also great care and ability to manage this part of it, which devolved principally upon Mr. Canfield. About this time, Professor Morse having brought his telegraph into jjractical opera- tion between the principal ci*'es, i\rr. Can- field, in connection with I'rofessor Benedict, the Hon. Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University, and Colonel John H. Peck, got up a line between Montreal and Troy, New Tork. Mr. Canfield visited Vergennes, Orwell. INfidillebury, Butland and many other towns along the line, getting stock- holders and organizing the company, and or. the 2d day of February. 1S48, the first message passed: Ti'om the Citji of Troy to the Citii of nurlimjton : We (io sincerely congriUiilate you as having l)e- Comc, at this early day. one of those favored com- miuiities, united liy the life l)lood of speedy conimuni- cation, iind as sincerely congratulate ourselves on being •ble to salute, face to face the ([ueen ciiy of Lake Chauiplain. FIRST KAII IMAl) IN VKKMONT. lUit the time had come for Vermont to be invaded by railmails from Boston : one via Concord and i\[oiitpelier, and the other viii Kitcliburg, I'ellows Fnlls and Rutland, were being extended across the Green mountains liy two dilferen*^ routes to Bur- lington. His firm. Bradley »feCanlield. with two <»r three other uiMitlonien. wert> enynoed in building the one froni Bellows Falls by the way of Butliiiul. which was completed in Pecemlter. 184i». At the same time, in con- nect ioti with (iteoroe W. .Strono-. of Butland. and Meri'itt Clark, of Poultnev, thev built the Rutland *!c "Washington Railroad from Rutland to Eagle liridge, Xew York, con- necting at that point with a railroad to Troy and another to Albany, thus opening the first line of railroad to Xew York as well as to Bos- ton from northwestern A'ermoni. While these were in ])i'ogress Afessrs. Bradley & Canfield, in connection with T. F. Strong and Joseph andSelah Chamberlin, built the Ofjdensburffh Railroad from Rouse's Point to Ogdensburgh, as well as other railroads in Xew York and Pennsylvania. ^Iv. Canfield was now fairly enlisted with a fieet of boats in the trans- j)ortation business between Montreal. Ver- mont and Xew York, as well as in mercantile pursuits and in the building of railroads, Avhich at that time but few contractors undertook. In the management of these trreat interests Mr. Canfield formed an exten- sive accpiaintance and gained a knowledge of the resources of the country on both sides of Lake Champlain, which gave him an experience in handling a'id transporting the products of the, country that attracted the attention of the dii-ectors of the liutland & Washinyton Railroad, and c(mimended him as a fit nnm to manage its affairs, and to open and organize it for business. As soon as completed tliey selected him for superin- tentlent, which he declined. But so many of his friends were interested in it, and it being a new departure in the transportation of western A'ermont. he yielded to their appeals and accepted the situation, retaining at the same time the management of his former business at Burlington. Mr.Canfiehl afterward became ])resident of the Rutland A: Washington Railroad, and subsecpniitly took a lease of it and operated it on his own account, being pr()t)ably the first railroad in the country ever leased by a private indi- vidual. It wiis while Air. Canfield hiid this lease tliiit Jiiy (ioidd a])peared upon the stage, and endeavored at an annual meetii'.g of the stockholders by a cvx/^^^/Vy^/Mo get I I 12 TJ/OMAS n. CAXriEl.D. control of tlie roiid, but lie found liis match in Mr. Canfield, who had anticipated his plans and coni|)letely defeated theui. Sui)- sequently. after ;!ie teruiination of the lease and surrender by Mr. ("anfield of the road to the trustees. ]\[r. Gould ac(piire(l an interest, and afterward controlled, wiiich laiil the foundation of his subsecjuent notalde and prosperous career. The operating of railroads was then com- paratively iu its infancy, and there were few experienced men to be eni]. oyed. He at once instituted a ri^id system of disciphne and accountability, in wiiich at first he met with opposition ; but after a time all became impresse(i .vitli the justice and importance of it, and he received the hearty co operation of the employes and directors, and thus established an >'xj>r(t dc corpi* among all con- nected with it which made the ''Eagle Ih'idge Route" celebrated for its pi'()in])tness, speed and regularity, its accomodation to the traveling and business pul)lic, and its em- ployes as among the best railroad men in the country. Heretofore it re i>. m., <>:lel>rid<;'0, sixty, iites. making li\ I ineer. and Anins ton WHS reaolicil at 7 I'. M. ]!iit board the New tj it would have nade tlio jmblii I beyond Trov of great impoi- daily intei-coui'sc 3\v York, sinco have been ke](i e advent of rail- lercial center nt d been built u|i ni its being tln' w York and Bos ! of the country, tion of nierchaii- lers of eight and itock, North field, ^'de Parle, Derlty )laces, with their ;se, wool, scales ?pt up a lively ringing to V>\\\ \ cxciianged foi' and other niei- his the lines of any, New York, the lake, created •usiness for ]>ur I'V thrivinf' and ip of connectiui; Turlington, two via ]\rontpeliei' and Concord, and tin' other via llntland and Fitcliburg. There was niucii ditference of opinion among the citizens which would be most for the interest of Burlington, or in other words, which would injure it the least. or least interfere with its already prtjsperous business. I'uijiic meetings were lieUl, much excitement and feeling prevailed ; one party, headed by the old established house of J. A: J. 11. Beck A: Co., advocating the Vermont Central route via Alontpelier, of which (Gov- ernor Charles Baine became president, and the other p. tty, represented by I'.radlev tV' Canlield. urging the Butia id line, (jf which Judge Follett i)ecauu^ president, who nuiin- tained that as Burlington had always derived its business more or less from eastern and northeastern Vermont, and parts of Kew Hampshire ailjacent, that a railroad from Boston, ))enetrating these sections, woidd divert the trade direct to Boston, and therein' injure B.urlington correspondingly; while from the .south Burlington had never hail any trade, the connection with nuirket from that portion of Vermont being nuule directly with the different .shipi)ing ports PJJW_i«IJJ!JWWBBBW 14 THOMAS If. CAXFIl-.I.D. road Company liad not the right by its charter to build boats, Bradley *k C'anfield came to the rescue, and within ninety days, early in the spring of 1850, constructed four barges of the capacity of 3.000 barrels of flour each, and the steamer "Boston" to tow them between Burlington and liouse's Point; and this enabled the Kutland hne to compete successfully for the western business with the X'ermont Central. FIKST CAKOO <»K KLOIK BY THE ST. LAWKKXCK KOITK. Previous to this, as early as 1847. ^[r. Canlield felt that a change in tlie character of the business at Burlingt(m was inevitable so soon as the railroads should be omj leted, and to supply what would l)e destroyed new branches would have to be built up. All the flour and salt heretofore, for northern Vermont and New Yoi'k. came from Troy and Albany by canal via "Whitehall, while that for the rest of Xew England, after jkiss- ing through the Erie canal, found its way to Boston and other ports either by water, by way of Xew York, or by the Boston tfc Albany Railroad to the inland towns. He thus early took the ground that, with the new ])roposed lines of railroads comi)leteu between the Atlantic and lliver St. Lawrence, a new route would have to be opened by that way antl the upper lakes to the wheat regions of the West. ['i)on consultation with leading forwarders at Troy and Albany, a movement of this kind, he found, would incur the hostility of X'ew York and all parties interested in the navigation of the Erie canal, which at that time was the main channel of trans- portation between the lakes and Hudson river. But !Mr. Canlield. nothing daunted by such intimations, went in the spring of 184S to Montreal, and laid his views and plans for a northern route before Messrs. Holmes, Young k, Knapp, the most promi- nent merchants in Canada, and who carried on an extensive business with Clevelaii<: Detroit and Chicago in wheat, flour aiii ]»ork. They concurred with him in ili desirability, but not the practicability of tii. scheme. From thence he went up the Si Lawrence river, stopping at Ogdensbur<:i; Kingston, Sackett's Harbor, Oswego, KocL ester and Buffalo, to Cleveland. Here h' met Messrs. A. H. k, D. N. Barney, win were engaged in boating on the westcii, lakes, and who have since become so prom nent in the railroad and express business ii New York Citv, and engaged them to semi a vessel with a load of flour to ALontreal which he purchased on his own account This vessel, although passing the locks in tlii Welland and St. Lawrence canals to Moii treal, was too large to pass those of tin Chambly into Lake Champlain, and henri ^\\\ CanHeld had to unload the flour iit Montreal, and after much trouble with tin custom-house officers transferred it by ferry- boat to La Praii'ie. nine miles above 3ioii treal, on the opposite side of the St. Law- rence, thence l)v rail to St. Johns, at \\w foot of Lake Champlain, and then bv steamer to Burlington. This was the fir^t cargo of flour ever sent from Lake Erie tn Lake Champlain via Welland canal and St. Lawrence river, and tlie entering-wedgi' which Mr. CanHeld then believed, and still believes, to a great water communicatioi) fj'om the west end of Lake Superior to Laki' Champlain, l)y which steam vessels of much larger size than any now on the lakes, will make the whole passage without break- ing bulk, and ultinu\tely going through to New York by the conversion of the Champlain canal between Whitehall and Troy into a ship canal. Although it was an exj)ensive experiment, yet it showed that there was another route than that b\' tlu- Erie canal, which was sooner or later to be developed into an important one. The next season Bradley »fe Canfield, in order to more TIWAfAS II. CAX FIELD. 15 witli Clevelaii, wheat, flour iiin I'ith liim in tli acticability of th. ; went uj) the St at Ogdensbur^L r, Oswego, l{o(l: ^•eland. Here li. ^'. 13arnev, win on tlie westcn become so prom xpress business ii ^'ed them to seiin our to Montreal lis own account g tlie hides in tli. i canals to Mom iss those of tin phiin, and lieno )Jierations of steam propellers on the lakes and Welland canal, made a contract witli E. C. i'ancroft, of Oswego, to liuild two propellers of full size for the Welland canal locks, costinir $20,000 each, and arranged with Chamberlin & Crawford, at Cleveland, to supply two more, with which to make a regular line from Detroit to Ogdensburgh. The Erie canal forwarders, becoming alarmed at this new departure, procured from the legislature of New Vork a reduction of tolls on wheat and flour, which interfered .seriously with the new route, compelling a reduction of price of freight to about actual cost. This reduction was unnecessary, as it did not alter the pro- duction, and Ml'. Canlield contended thiit tlie increasetl production of grain in the new-(l(»\eloped Western States would keep pace with all the increased facilities of transportation, which has since proved to be true, notwithstanding there are now eight through lines of railroad, as well as the Erie canal and various water lines on the St. Lawrence river. Very few |>eo- l)le at that day could be induced to concur in Mr.t.'anfield's views of the future development of the great Northwest, and in looking back now it is as ditticult to realize win' they could not. Hut for the broad views and almost ])ropli»'tic ideas of a few such men, backed u|> by tremendous energy anil perse- verance, the great internal improvements of this country might yet be comparatively in their infancy. The next season, 1S50, opened with the line of propellers i)etween Ogdensburgh and Detroit. J'ut the fates were against them. One of the new ones with a large cargo ran onto a rock in the upper St. Lawrence and sank on the first trip, and another was wrecked on her second v(tyage, entailing a very heavy loss uj)on I'radley *fe Canfield. Others were immediately procured to take their places, and the line was kept up, so that it was demonstrated at the end of the season that with proper vessels a regular line could be supjiorted. the result of which was the establishment of the Northern Transportfi- tion Line from Ogdensburgh to Detroit and Chicago, consisting of a fleet of ten or fifteen ])ropellers, which forever settled the prac- ticability of the Northern route, so that at the i)resent day nearly all the business between northern New England and the West is done that way, either by i-ail or water. During the four or five years of its inauguration Mr. Canfield was the main advocate and promoter of it, and it was through his persistent efforts and repeated journeys between Burlington and the various ports on the St. Lawrence and upper lakes, and after various trials and exi)erimentsand great loss of time and money, that he saw his plans succeeil and the route thoroughly o}>ened and maintained. cAroiix.\WA(;A snii" c axai.. Kut there were some obstacles which he still encountered and especially the delay and il t; ii 1 6 T/WMAS II, CAXFIEl.D. (iaiiiiin^e iiicidftiit to tmnsliipincnt at Chand>ly Canal, demonstrates the necessin of a canid of much larger dimensions, ain. had the original plan of Mr. CanHeld and Mr Young l)een carried out, IJurlington woiiK lonjr since have become the distributiiii: jioint for the Hour and grain of the AV('>i as well as lumber for nearly all of New Env land ; the large sti^amers leaving Dulutii aiin Chicago would have discharged their cargoi- on the docks at Iiurlington without breakiin bulk, thereby creating a business whirl would have added greatly to its |)opulati(ii. and prosperity, and made it one of the most important cities of Xew England. All Canlield still believes that this canal will sooner or later, be built; that the necessitii> of trade and commerce will demand it, ami tiiat nothing would conduce so much to tin growth and advancement of Purlington ;i> the construction of the Caughnawaga Shii Canal. INCEITION OF TMK NoliTirKKN rACIKIC. AVhile Air. Canfiehl was thus engaged in these various enterprises he formed the at (juaintance of Air. Edwin 1\ Johnson, tlnn perhaps the most experienced railroad en^i neerin America, who spent much of bistinif at Iiurlington in the stone store of IJradlcv tfe Canlield. Air. Johnson, having been pni jector of the Erie Railroad in 1880 from Xew York to the lakes, as well as haviiii; been engagetl in the construction of the Erif canal, had given much thought, and col Iccteil from army officers, trappers ami tiaders much information relative to the belt . demand it, ami e so much to tin [)f Turlington ii« .ughnawaga Sliii MKUN rACIKIC. thus engaged in e formed the at r. Johnson, tlu'ii !ed railroad enj:i , much of his tiiiii' store of Bradley having been pii' ad in 1830 from s well as haviiii; uction of the Erie tliouglit, and col rs, traj)pers ami relative to the btlt eat lakes and tlif mie so thoroughly ance of a railroad lie was constantly upon the ])rojeii hold of it. Mr. Oanfieid.wiio was then about thirty yeai*sold, beoanie so mucli convinced ity Mr. Johnson's arguments, as well as liy liis own study of the ccmntry. of tiic priicticability of a rail- road across tlie continent, that he resolved to njiikc it tiic biisJJU'ss of his life and devote his eiH'i'gics and laleiits to tiic acconiplisli- ment of it. believing lie could in no way bes so instrmiieiilal in promoting the happiness and welfare of his fellow-men as in opening to sett lemctit that iiiiniense tract of fertile land ill liie .Northwest, and which would furnisli homes for millions of tlie poor and down-trodden of all nations. The first active step toward it was the taking of a contract in 18r>2, by himself and partners, to build the Chicago, St. J'aul i.V Fond du Lac Railroad, now known as the Chicago tfc Northwestern Kailroad, from Chicago to St. Paul, ^[innesota, and Fond du Lac. Wisconsin. Mr. Edwin F. Johnson was made chief engineer. At this time thei'e was no railroad into Chicago fnjm the East, and the matei'ials an extend Southern territory, and douittless haIorations as he might deem advisal)le, to ascertain the most practicable route for a railntad from the Mississipj)i river to the Pacific ocean. IJe at once organized three expeditions, one by the way of the Southern route, one by the middle or Central route, and the other by the Northern route. lie placed in charge of the expedition at the eastern end of the Xorthern route. Major Isaac I. Stevens, then the secretary of the National J)emo- cratic Committee, and Lieut. George J5. McClellan in charge of the Western end, both of whom were particular friends of his and whom he had expected would probably report unfavorably to the Northern route. In Lieut. McClellan he realized his expecta- tions, but Major Stevens, altlujugh entering upon the work with strong prejudices against it, become a convert as he jirogressed to the Northern route, and fully conlirmed all Mr. Johnson had predicted. ]\[ajor Stevens became so convinced of the superior- ity of this route that lie got the ap[)ointment from I'resident I'ien-e of the governoisl w of Washington Territory, and removed tli< h and devote lite in j)resenti(ig ti the public thegrt'at importance of this roiiii' and eidightening pultlic opinion with resp< v to its wonderful resoui'ces. To Kdwin 1 Johnson, more than any other man, at tli.v early day. is due the true pre.s«'ntation toil,. jtublic of the merits of the Northern J'acilii Itased upon relial)le facts, when there wciv but veiT few people in this country win. knew anything of its real merits and the iv sources of til -.'Count rv through which it was ; pass; and fewer still who believed it was pov sible ever to build it. Then and there w,i- inaugurated the first practical steps towarn the construction of a railroad by the Nortii ern route in 18.'»"2 from Chicago. In those days railroad building was slow compared with what it is now, materiiil> ditKcult to get, capital timid, contractors inexperienced, and, before the railroad w;is finished to I'ond du Lac. the; panic of is.'iT overtook it and stopped all work. eml)ariass ing the company and contractors, liefoiv the company couki l)e reorganized the Win of the Rebellion came on, when the ur never carried out by Congress, and the rail. roads by both these routes had to be built l)y private enterprise, with only the laud grant, but without tiny money subsidy from the United States Government. MANA(JEK OK tJOVKKNMENT KAILROAPS DUKINO THK WAR OK THK REItKI.LION. Soon after the war broke out and tlif Government assumed control of the rail- roads of the country, Col. Thomas A. Scott, .#■ T//o\r.is II. CAXFiEi.n. ") lie ptvcruoislii 1(1 ri'iiuivt'd till It ill jircscntin;;- tu ncc of iliis njiiii liuii with n'S|Hv To Kdwiii I KM' man, nt tim t'seiitiitioii tutlii s'ortlM'rii I'acilii, .vlicn tliei'o Will lis fouiitry win M'its iiiul tiie iv Invliicli it was ; lieved it was pos and there Wih !al steps toward id by the Nortii ijro. lilding was slow now, iiiuteriiii> mid, contractors he raih'oad was le panic of 18."m work, eml)arrass ractors. Hefon janized the AVm A'hen the urgent e Pacilic becaiin' lent selected tin cific, as the first it lands and n nderstood at thr ;ubsidy should iii en to each tin Des. But this av;i> •ess, and the rail. had to be built li onh' the himl ley subsidy from ent. JAILROADS DUKINi. EHKLLION. oke out and tlif trol of the rail- rhomas A. Scott, of the I't'Miisv lvimi;i Railroad, was made assistant si'irctarv of wiir and lit'iicriil iiiaii- ager, having lnr liisspec'al diitii'S the collect- ing of the aniiii^ of the I'nitcd States. lie gent for Mi'.( "unlii'M and placi'd him in charge of all the railniadsalioiitWashiiiirton asassist- ant iiiaiiagt'f. At this lime Washington was surrounded by the rcliels.and ail coinniunica- tioii wasciitolF.both by land and water, except bj' the I'altimorciV- ( )hio Uailroad, with a sin- gle track- all the materials and supplies for the daily support of all the citizens, the army and everything, as well as all passiMigers and troops, had to 1k' taken over this line. It recpiired from thirty to forty trains a day each way, of about thirty-live cars each, and the fear that the enemy might intercept them at any time caused no little uneasiness to the President and his Cabinet. Even the western end of this road was in the hands of the enemy, its oHicers and managers, with one honorable exception, the superintendent, William Prescott Smith, were in sympathy and co-operating with the rebels. That portion between Jialtiniore and Washington was guarded, especially at the culverts, embankments and bridges, by a regiment under the command of ('ol. John If. Bol)inson, of liinghamton, New York. It was a very responsible and trying posi- tion. The flower of the Confederate army, under their experienced and popular leailer, General Lee, was encamped upon tlie "sacred soil" insight of the capitol : rebel gpies and allies were everywhere present in d'sguise, occupying ])ositions of trust in the different depiirtments of the Government, keejiing up a constant secret communication with the rebel leailers ; the whole Xcnth in a state of anxiety and excitement lest the capital of the I'nion, with its treasures and archives, should fall into the hands of the enemy, while the South was hourly ex- pecting to hear of its surrender to General Lee, and its occupation by their troops. Kvery avenue of coinmiinication by land and water with the 1 >istrici of Columbia was ill the hands of the rebi-ls. ex(!ept the single iron traek to Mallimore, over which the .3n(i,(HMt soldiers for the Army of the Potomac were to be transported for the de- fense of Washington, as well as everything for the support of man and beast in and about Washington. It was only after fre- (jueiit interviews and repeated assurances that Mr. Caiilield could satisfy {'resident Lincoln that he coii'd, on the single track, keepopen a communication with Washington until the Army of the Potomac should be ct)llecte(l, provided the (Jovernment would furnish troo|)s enc)ugh to jirotect the line from destruction. Put the rigid .system instituted by Mr. CanKeld of guarding the track the whole distance by day and night, the employment of experienced, loyal railroad otlicers and men whom he knew, and in whom he had confidence; an implicit obedience of all employes to the rules antl regulations, enabled him to transport the immense amount of freight, j)as.sengers and troojis (luring the whole bloekade without an accident of any kind. Never, perhaps, has there been, before or since in this country, so much business done in the same leni'th of time, with so much jiromptness and safety, upon a single-track railroad. Upon its successful operation the fate of the nation may then have been said to de- pend. Even after the Army of the Po- tomac had Ix.'en collected, had the opera- tion of this railroad been cut off by the rebels. W^ashington with all its treasures and archives, and even the Army of the Potomac itself, would probably have fallen into the hands of the enemy, the effect of which at that time uponthe future of this nation no one can imagine. The recognition of the South- ern Confederacy bv foreign fjovernments would have been assured, which, together 30 T//O.U.IS II. CAM- 1 1- ID. with the small Northern army tln-n in the field ami the syinpathv <»f tho ropiH'rhcad plfiiKMU ill the Nnrtii with st'cfssiun. the juvsci'vationof the I'll ion ami thesiipitression of tlic lielu'lhoii would, to say the least, iiave been miK'li more dillicidt. The pi'evention of such a calamity was due to a j,n'eal extent to the yreat e.\i)erience. untii-iui;- watchful- ness, cool judeiiieiit and carefid manaj;e- ineiit of Mr. Cantield. who was master of the situation. Ueepin^i- his (»wn council as well as the secrets of the (iovernment entrusted to him. so very necessary in those critical times. Socm after reachiiij;' Washin<:ton, Mr. ("an- field. with the assistance of the lion. Solomon Foote. senatoi' fi'om Veriiiont.^ot permission from Mr. (-'ameron. seci-etary of war. to raise a cavalry leiiiment in N'ermont. and within twenty-fou!' hours fi'om the time it was su^- irested he received a commission for Col. ].. !'.. I'latt. of Colchester, with insti'ucticjiis to purchase the horses and raise the rciiimeiit at once. As Mr. Canfield could not be sjiared from \Vasliini;ton. he wrote to lead- ing men in dill'ei'eiit pai'ts of X'erniont, ap- pealing' to them to assist, aniony them Z. H. Canlleld. of Arlin<;ton, and .1. I). Hatch, of "Wimlsor. the I'esult of which was. within sixty days. Col. I'latt i-epoited with hisrej^i- meiit at Wasliiniiton, which irndered service duriiie' tiie wai" second to no other in the armv. The "general movement of the armv till' next season into \'ireinia and the South raised the blockade and ivmoveil the necessity of further vigilance at Washington; and the death of ^^r. Doolittle, the supeiin- tendeiit of the steamers on Lake Champlain. created a vacancy which the direct(jrs ol the comiKiny desired ^[r. Caiiiield to fill, which he accepted. I'etiinied to lUir- linn. X'ermont, and for several year, was the general superintendent and treas- urer of the company. During his sii])erintendeiicy the business of the company increased rapidly, and the few years during his administration wei'e the most prosperous the company ever saw. In ISC', the Clyde Coal and Mining Com pany. of Nova Scotia. (»wned mostly in New Voik and Pennsylvania, secured his servicis to go to Cape Hreton to open some mines of gas coal, from which place the gas com panics of New Kngland, New York and even Wasningt<»n were supplied. While there Ml'. Canlleld, in the winter of lS«ir> t'.i'i. matle an examination of I.ouisburg Harbor, the Ix.'st harbor on the Atlantic coast, from Cape Xoitli to ('ape Sable, thinking it woulil idtimately become the terminus of the trans- continental railroads, from which point ii steamer can make Liverpool in four days. Since that time railroads have been built from the I'acitic Ocean to within loo miles nt this place, thus [iractically confirming lii> views on •^'"> matter. FoliMATIoN < ■ rilK sVNOU'ATi: To CO.NSTKrci TIIK .NoKTIIKK.N l'.\(ll-I(' K.M I.IJOAK. During the war .losiah IVrliam, of Maim', had procured a charter from the State ol M;,iiie for a railroad from Maine to tin I'aciiic coast, which he called Jie I'eople^' liailnjad. His plan was that no person should have nioi'e than one share of stock, and that it should nevei' be mortgaged, a purely visionary scheme. Sid)se(|uently hi- friends induced him to abandon it, or in other wonls, apply to Congress for a new charter with iiioi'e practical provisions, which, by the assistance of Maj. Isaac I. Stevens. Colonel Aldrich and Senator Henry M. Rice, of Minnesota, and others, he jji-ocured iiii del' the nameof the Northein Pacific. After tiie war was over he made an attempt t" organi/eit and cari'y it forward, but his plan> were too impracticable, and after spendini: mucli time and all his means, as well as sonn' of that of his friends, having issued $t;(iO,U< " of preferred stock,also,he became discourage '1 and i)ropohed to transfer the charter and fraii- 'rtSW w TIIOMJs // n soin«> iniiK > o the <;as com Voi'k iiiul t'Vcn While tli.-iv r of is»i,'> tit',, ishiiij^ Ilarlit.r. tic coast, I'l'oin linkint; it would HIS of the ti'iiii> which ))oii)t ,1 )l in four «lav>. lave been built tiiin 100 miles III conlii'inin share of stock, le mortgaged, :i Subseciuently hi- aiidoii it, oi' ill grcss for a new )rovisions. which, Isaac I. Stevens. • Heni'V M. liici', he procured uii n Pacilic. After e an attempt t" ard, but his jilan- 1 aftei' spend i 11 1; >. as well as sonn' ^^ issued 8<'<>0,(Ji " .'ametliscouragcii charter and fraii 31 chise toil foreign piirty. One of his neigh- bors, the lion. 11. 1 ). I {ice. of Ma illf. Iieiiiing<>r this, lulled upon the Hull. .I.dregory Siiiitli.of Veiiiiont. :iiid r>en|iiiini; I'. Cheiiey.of I'dston. who knew of the \;ilue of the franchise. Mild the\ aiTiiiiiied with Mr. rerhani, the ostensi- ble proprietor, to ti'au>b'r the whole enter- prise to tlieiii to save it to this c(»uiitrv and from going into ihe liiinds of the (irand Trunk liiiilroiid of Cniiadii. wliicli w;is endi'iivoring to get control of it. An a>'tive man was wanted to take charge of the busi- ness, to attend to all tiio di-tails, to bring the merits of the enterprise before Congress and the country. .Mr. Caiitield. who was well known to all these gentlemen as haviim yiveii much attention to the matter in former years, with ^fr. .lohnson, was appointed a director and general ayeiit of the company, with power to take such measures as he thought necessary to get the company into o]»eratioii, and to carry out the provisions of the charter in the work of construction, under the advice of the directors from time to time. After the failure of Congress in 1St!i'.. with a liea.v heart, but I'esolved tti make a last desperate etl'ort to .save the iiiagnilicent enterprise about which he had already spent so many years of his life. Mr. William I>. Ogden. »»f Chicago, witii whom Mr. Canfiehl had long been acrpiainted. was the president of the Chicago i^ .Northwestern ]{ailroad, was better informed upon the resources of the great Northwest, and had spent more time in investigating them than any other man of his time, and could better ap|)reciate the magnitude of the Northern I'acilic and the development of an empire which niu.st follow its construction. ^Ir. Canlield felt that his first point was to secure tlu; active co-operation of ^[r. Ogden and induce him totake hold of it, notwithstamling he was overwhelmed with business. It was some days before he could get ^\v. Ogden to give any attention to it: but linally secured an appointment with him to spend a day at his home at IJoscobel. near High P.ridge. twelve miles from New York, and take up the subject. 3Ir. Cantield, early on the day appointed, went to Uoscobel with his maps, |>lans and printed copies of the charter, and commenc- ing with its provisions and discussing them, he soon enlisted the interest of Mr. Offden ^ 'J//OMAS II. CAX FIELD. to siK'li an extent that tliev continued their ilisiMissioii from l* o'cloek in the niorniniit. ^Ir. Canfield's plan was to form a syndicate of twelve men. rej)resentin<;- the leading railway, express and transporta- tion intei'ests of the counti'v. and to give to eaclMMK'-twelfth of the enterprise, they jviy- ing therefor their proportion of the original cost. Thus the twelve would own the enttM'- ])rise, each snhscriher coming in on the '•ground floor." The twelve names pre- sentetl by !^^r. Cantield sw.n'^ acceptai>le to Ml'. Ogden. During this interview at lioscobel, in con sidering the various questions and emer- gencies which might arise in the unknown future before the roa])Iieil. "that it was a long road to travel, that it had bittiM" and strong enemies in and out of Congress to contend with, and that you. ^Ir. Ogden. with your experience, know that it would take considerable money to make surveys and do {)reliminary work upon so long a route across the Rocky mountains, of which earh one is expecte«l to furnish iiis proportion from time to time." " What then," .said ^fr. Ogden. "will !>(> the chance of our getting our money back '. " "About one in fifty." said ^\\\ Canlield. '• .\ line chance." said Mr. Ogden : "and upon what ground then. ]\Ir. ("aniield. do you ask us to put up our money, with so little prospect of return '." •' rpon this ground. ]\[r. Ogden. which I have no doulit will commend itself to your gootl judgment: This enterprise is one of the greatest ev(>r undertaken in tiie world — it is equal to that of the East India ("om- ])any — it is the only continuous charter ever granted across tiiis continent, from water to water, and with the i)revailini; sentiment, wliich is increasing in this conn try. of hostilitv to railroa" Itroadway, to-morrow morning, and we will lay siege to the directors of tlu' Chicago it Xorthwestern Railroad, whost intluence we must enlist." So saying, Mr, Ogden rang his bell for his coachman and directed him to drive Mr. Canlield to tlu Fifth Avenue Hotel. -^m^^*- v//o.u.-f^ II. CAXFiF.rn. 23 s tin's contiiiont, from 1 with tlio prevailiiii; ncroiising in this coiiii lilrojid grants, assisted I' siil)si(Iy, or even wJM \^•('^. to lai)se, anoth.i I ; it will open iip nn liy tlie savayos. wliicli )nies for millions of I'f ler countries, and the which it will ilevoln|, culablo ; and withal it nvay for the trade of he East Indies, across "Original Interests Agree- ment." It W'.is late in the afternoon wIkmi i they took this doeiiuieiit to 57 I'roadway to submit tn ^[r. Ogdeu. which. aft(M' discussi'/U and explanation rci'eived his hearty appi'oval without a single alteration. It wj's e'l^ttiiie dark, and as Mr. Ogdeu had 10 drive to Ins home at I'oscobel. twi>lve miles, he Siiid : '• Well. gentl(-a:',Mi, is there anything else \ todof" '• Ves. tliere is one thing more."' said Mr. Canlield. "thai is. Ua' you to take the pen and put your naitu' to this papiM" for one of the one-twelfth inlirests." | " I'lit ,t is so d.irk." said Mr. Ogdeu, " I do not know as 1 I'aii see to write, and if 1 do. as you can I'ead it." " Wt>!l. " .saitl Mr. < 'atitield. " try it and we will aci'ept the siiinature for better or Worse." Mr. <>iiden liieii signed his name and tliey separaleil. .\s (Jovernor Smith , and .Mr, ('aulield walked up I'.roadway. passing Trinity cliiiri li, (iovcruor v'i"orth- westeni Railroad : Robert Ii. I5erdell, of New York, president of the Krie Railroad; Daiifoi'th N. l'.arney,of New York, piesident of AVells. Fargo iV Co., Exjuess Company; Ashiiel II. Rarney, Mew York, president of Inited States Exjii'ess Company ; llenjamin 1*. Cheney, of Roston. jiresident of I'liited States it Canada Express Company; AVill- iam G. Faigo. of Ilulfalo, New York, viee- pri^sident of New York C(>ntral Railroad and ])resident of the Amei-ican Exjiress Coni- l)any; (ieori:e W.Cass, of rittsburgh, Penn- sylvania, president I'ittsburgh, Fort Wayne it .'liicago Railroad; .1. Edgar Thompson, of i'hiladelphia. Pa., president of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad; and Edward Reilley,of Lan- caster, i'ennsylvania. At a later day a division of some of these interests was made by wliich .lay Cooke iV Co., Charles P., Wright, Thomas A. Scott, of Philadelphia; Frederick Ihllings, of Woodstock. N'erinont, and William Windom and William S. Iving, of ^Minnesota, became actively interested, the two latter gentlemen being the only men from Minnesota, except Governor Ramsey and ^Ir. Donnelly, who nuinifested at that day any great intei-est in the undertaking, and the only men from that State who ad- vanced any money to help along the enter- prise. Strange does it seem that thecitixens of a State which it was evident then must receive, and since has received, so much beiielit from this railroad, should not have 24 THOMAS II. CAX//E/.D, taken more iiitercst in in'onioting it, when it needed tlie most assistance in its dark days, and when men from tlie East who had not a dollar of property in Minnesota were de- voting their time and money to organize and put into o])eration tliis magnificent under- taking. And at this day it seems hardly i)ossible to believe tliat all the delegation in Congress from Illinois except General Logan and Nor- man 1). .liidd; from Indiana except Gov- ernor ^[orton. Daniel Vooriiees and ^M. C. Morton ; from Ohio except Senator Sherman an, so often laid plans for a Pacific railroad in the">^toi!e store" at Bur- lington, Verinoiu, were, after fifteen years, brought together again as the active men in starting forward and taking charge of this great enterprise. (ien. Ira Spaulding was detailed as assist- ant engineer of the Minnesota division, with instructions to run a line from Bayfield. ^V|s consin. to St. Cloud, Minnesota, thence vi, Sauk Centre and Alexandria, keeping soiiti of the Leaf Hills, to some point on the Kit Eiver near Georgetown ; and another lin. from Su})erior, AVisconsin, in charge of ;M.( Kimberly (now assistant manager of tin road), via Frencli Ilapids (now near Br.iiii erd). Leaf Biver and Detroit Lake, to inter cept the other line, which was done, makiii: the ])oint of intersection on the south braiici. of the l)Utl'alo river, about two miles west of Glyndon. At that time it was the expecin tion that the road would run north of tin ^[issouri river, via Devil's Lake. Fort P.cn ton and Catlott's Pass, to Missoida, althoui:li the route via the Yellowstone was under consideration, and which was linallv adopted, crossing the Tlocky mountains ;it ^lullan Pass to Missoula. The i)oint of tlivcr gence of the Yellowstone route from tlie upper Missouri route was at the west end (if the cut, two miles east of Audubon. Gen. James Tilton, of Delaware, who was the Government engineer a])iK)inted by Pres- ident Pierce to establisli the Willamette meridian and to survey the original town- ships in Oregon and AVashington Territory, was employeil on account of his familiarity with that country to examine the Cascade mountains, wliicli presented the most formid- able barrier to the passage of a railroad. His examination determined the existence nf at least three or four practicable passes in the Cascade range, viz. : Pack woods or the Cow- litz, south of A[ount Tacoma, leading from tlie Cowlitz river on the west to the Atali nam branch of tlie Yakima river on the east ; another, the Snoqi iiie pass, north uf A[ount Tacoma to Lake Kitchelas, a trii)- utary of the Yakima; and Cady's pass, still farther north, between the waters of the We-nach-ee and Skykomish. Since thai time a fourth one has been discovered between the Sno(pialmie and Mount Tacoma. Ill Bayfield, AViv 'sota, tlit'uce \ !; I, keo|)in<;- soiiti toiiit on tlie IIiL ind anotlier tin. charge of ]\I.( naiiager of tli. o\v near Brain. t Lake, to intii as dt)ne. niakiii: liesoutli braiici ivo miles west o; \'as tlie expecia- iin north of tlir .ake. Fort jrlcii ssonla, althoiii:li one was umler I was finall\ y iiiountaiiis at e point of diviT route from the tlie west end uf ^.iidubon. Gen. !, who was till' in ted bv Pres- the Willamettf ori<^-inal town- igtoii Territory, his familiarity le the Cascade le most formid- of a railroad, the existence of lie passes in tin' ids or the Cow- , leading from it to the Atali- er on the east : iss, north of chelas, a trih- iidy's pass, still waters of tlie Since that en discovered lount Tacoma. 77 fOM. IS II. CAX FIELD. 25 the Stampede ])ass. through which the rail- road now runs. As there were hardly any settlements or roads then through the country wliere the.se lines jiassed, and the only way to reach the Pacihc coast In-irig by Panama and the Isth- mus. c(jrisc(pieiitly, so soon after the war closed,, wIhmi gold was 17rito2oO, the expenses of all preliminary surveys or work over a country of thousands of miles, so inaccessibh? for ordinary transportation, many of thesiip- plies having to be carried in upon the liacks of horses and in some cases by Indians, became very great, and at times it seemed almost impossible to carry on the work at all. At the same time, while these sui'vevs and otliiM" explorations were l)eing made, its enemies were at work with Congress to pre- vent an extension of its charter, destroy its land grant, and defeat a money subsi'// t<»' the tii/i'inircs, /•iiuriii/t\ faif/i uinl iuitiii')ii'i of tIn'Ke finln nn n, there inmlil lidVc liii II no JVorf/ii'/'li I'llrijir liillll'iKtJ ti>- ihiij. Those were the dark days ot the enter- ])ris(!, when it i'e(|iiii'ed faith and coiira«^'e. when the project was ridiculed as inipossil)le, and its advocates as cra/.y and visionary ; and in view of the- ignorance which then ])ervaded the whole count v\ as to tli(» climate, resources and practical)ility of tiiis loiite to the Pacilic, and tile conse(|uent ohhxpiy and ridicule which was poured out upon those who had undertaken it. it is safe to say that at least as much credit is due to tiiose twelve men who. amid good and evil i-eport, stood up with tiicir i)rains and money and carried it thi'ough. as to those in later days, who, after its praitiral)ility had i)een demonstrated, conlidence ci'eated. money i-aised and success assured, have been instrumental in its linal completion. ^Ir. ( 'aniield spent ninch time in Wash- ington at ditrerent times to st:-cnre the neces- sai'v legislation foi' extending the charter of tiu> coujpany. procuriiiii' the rigiit to mort- gage, and the i-iglit to build from i'ortland to I'uget Sound as well as I'csisting the rej)eated attacks upon the land grant. Inasnuich as sec- tion 10 of the original cliarrer prohiitited the company from making any mortgage or issu- ing any l)ouds, without which it would be im- possible tit construct such a roail. Mr. ("antield went in the winter of 18tiSit. foi- one nmnth. he also got throuiih :i act extt'iidiui-- the Itranch line from Portland to Puget Sound, upon wh;, was the first iron laid l)y the company, win, has )»roved to be an important link in : chain, coniu'cting, as it does, Oregon ai Washington Territory. 'I UK cu ai:;kk almost lost twick. I'ut for ^fr. Canfield's vigilance the (mi ])any would liave lost its charter in IStiti. an again in ISOs. The jealousy of the I'nid Pacific, which by the aid of the Governnirii subsidy had been constructed, as well astiin of the Southern J'acific, developed a stron. indication that it would require consideralii work at Washington to save tlie life of tli' infant Xorthern I'acitic. They would w- consent to an extension of over two year- while it should have been ten years for siu i an enterprise. Upon the first o|>portunit\ which soon came up, Col. Thomas A. Scdi' an old friend, who was interested in tli' Southern I'acific, had gotten his bill repovtci by the railroad committee, and all ready ii bring up in the House for an extension i' his charter on the next Monday morning. ;i- soon as the House sliould lie called to ordrr l)e' 're many of the members should i:' thei-e, except his own friends, who undci stood what was to be done. Ml'. Canlield went to liim and wanted hin to allow a short section to be adtled to liisbil: extending the time of the Xorthern Pacili'. He would not consent, but said, '• Pass min, first and then I will have my friends tak' hold and jiass yours." AVliile friends of tli' Northern Pacific would and did vote for his. they could not rely upon his Southern nii'i! to go for a Northern I'oute — and ilared ii" try the experiment. After Congress ail journed on Saturday, Mr. Canfiehl wc!' over to ^Ir. Stevens, better known in tlio- days as " Uncle Thad "* (who, by the wav. with Si'uator .Tacol) Howard, of Michigan, the chairman of the Pacific Ilailroad com- mittee in the Senate, known as " Hone-: THOMAS //. CAXriELl). iind. upon wlii, company, wiih 'tiint link in • i)es, Oregon ai. OST TWICi:. fj'ilanco tiu' ((Hi rtorin 18. is Soutiiern men — and dared im' ter Congress \\<\ Canlield won' ■ known in thos. ho. In- the wa\. i'eaker. ''will say iiye, and those op[)osed, no; the ayes have it, and the amendment is adoptetl. TIkjso in favor of the bill as amendiv! will say aye: opposed will sav no; the bill is passed." There Wiis lutt an o])po- sition V(/te. and all was done (piicker than this is written. Thus the cliild's life was pro- longed t wo years, until Jiily 2, iSi'.s. Had it not l)een for this maneuvering and watch- fulnes.s. it is nu*st likely the cluirter would have expired, as it was impossible in the state of feeliiiiv then I'.xisting to have got enough Southern meml)<>rs with the friends of the Northern Pacilic to have passed it. At this time. also, a bill was liefore Con- jffess asking the guaraiiteeof interest on the bonds of the couiDany, as it had biH'ome satisliecl that it was useless to attempt to get a subsidy, as the Union Pacilic iiad clone. Tosliow the great benetits to the nation. ^Ir. Canlield I'onferred with General Grant. General Meigs, (piartei'inasler-general. (-icn- eral Ingalls and other oHicers of the army. who had been stationed many years on the Northwestern coast, and jirocured their views with respect to the Northern Paciiic, all of whom, in every asjiect of the case, deemed it a mattei- of great ini})()rt- anc(^ to the nation. General Meigs, in his communication, says; ''The construction of the road will make the now wild and waste regions through which it is to pass c(Miters of national wealth and |irodiiction and mili- tary strength, and from the mountains themselves a hardy population will pour down upon the coast, at every hostile demon- stration. A guarantee of ti lixed rate of interest upon the cost of cunstruction is a mode of assistance to their great enterprises, now common in the heavily taxed countries of Europe. Jf those gov<'i'ninents. burdened with the immense annual expenditure of standing armies, idmost as large in times of peace as wt^ have been C(»mpelle a highway for fratern.al intercourse between our older com- munities on the Atlantic and the rising .settltMuents on the Pacilic coast; a highway to which the inevitable laws of comnu'rce will attract the trade of the East. The trade of China. Japan and India, a trade along whose slow and iniinfiil track, when it was conducted ity Iteasts of burden and by (jars and sails instead of the iron horse and ocean steamship, great cities sjn'ung up in the desert sands of Asia and on the coast of the ^lediterraneaii. ]iai)ylon. Nineveh. Pal- myra. I'.agdad. Damascus. Constantinoitle, Alexandria. Tlome. Venice. (Geneva and London, the outgrowths of this trade in for- mer centuries. The lines of Pacilic railway will found such cities in the new. healthfid p'^7n:i,) 28 n/OMAS //. CAX FIELD. iind inviting regions tlirougli wliich its east- ern How is destined to enrieii the world : and Oregon as well as Calit'ornia, ^lontana as well as Utah, will hereafter have their San Franciscos, Chieagos, St. Louises, Cin- cinnatis, great emporia of an internal com- merce hei'etofore unknown, as well as the worUl-encircling commerce of the Indies."' General Grant sent the following: lleii(hi>inrters Ariniin of tin- Cnitfil Sfafis ) April .''/, isi:i;. i Tlie ronslnicMion of ii railroad l)y tlie proposud route would liu of very great iidviiiiliige to tlie (Jovern- meiit pecuniarily by saving us the cost of transportation to supply triiops whose presence in tliecountry through wliicli it is proposed to pa.'s is made necessary liy the great amount of emigration to the gold-bearing regions of the Rocky mountains. In my opinion, too, the United States would receive an additional pecuniary benefit in the construction of this road by the settle- ment it would induce along the line of the road, and conse((iiently the less number of troops necessary to secure order and safety. 1 low far these benefits should be compensated by the General Government beyond the grant of lands already awardul by Congress, 1 would not pretend to say. I would merely give it as my opinion that the enterprise of constructing the Northern Pacific Railroad is one well worth fostering by the (Jeneral (tovernment, and that such aid could well be afforded as would insure the early prosecution of the work. f. S. GitAXT, Lientenant-General. Ent two years soon passed awiiy, and meanwhile the Northern Pacific began to attriict considerable attention, as well as to increase the hostility of the L'nion and Southern Pacific towards it. Jiut after about four months' hard work another bill was j)iissed by the House and concurred in by the Senate on tiie 2Stli day of June, while the charter expired on the 2d day of July. Tiie \)\\\ had been returned from the Senate, reported to the House, engrosseil and passe'' er to the committee on enrolled bills, of which Mr. Holiniin was chairman, to be taken to the President for his sioniitui-e. ^Iv. Canlield, iinding the bill did not reach the White House as it should, and as there was but a day or two left, became very ini ous and uneasy, as well Jis imableto find M Holmtin, who had taken ciiiirge of the hi In this emergency he consulted with Mi'>s! Windom and AVoodbridge, mend)ers of i; Hotise, and they went to the speaker. M Colfa.x, who ordered the desk of Mr. Ili man to be o[)ened, and there found the li; and gave it to another member of the coi mittee to take to the AVhite House. It supposed Mr. Holman was sick somewln and had forgotten al)out it. I>ut for iL watchfulness on the part of Mr. Can lie/ the Northern J'ticific charter might liii slept the sleep of death in the desk of : w(»i'st enemy in the House. It //v?.v .s////. hi/ till' Pn'KlihmtJnh/ /.st, '>»/■>/ one iJnij ' fore the eharter i jp'i red . To most people it Avotdd seem that a enterprise which was to confer so iiiiK bcnelit upon mankind — wliich was really • (lispen.se with the necessity of an army ; keep the Indian tribes in subjection — wliii was to open up the millions of acres of wii lands of the Government, furnishing a www ket for them, which were heretofore worti less, to industrious and hardy settlers iir therein- increase the wealth of the niitio: wouhl receive attention from Congn^ss m an act to facilitate its o})eration be pass. without delay. Put such is not the ca>' Opposition arises in unexpected (juarifi- secret combinations are formed; jealousies; ' sectional interests turn up which ought ti' to have any bearing ujion such an importai subject, all of which would w quire cln- attention in order to carry through legisi, tion of even meritorious charticter. Tiu the ways of Congress " are past finding oiil. especially to the uninitiated. FINANCIAL AKRANtJKMKNT WITH .lAV CoOKK >v i Mr. Canfield'was' one of the commitlc consisting of Messrs. Smith, Ogden and Pic who went to Ogontz, Mr. Cooke's couiiti; J ■f T//OMAS II. CAN I- 1 El. n. )ecame veryinr maI)leto lind M urge (tf tilt' li; Ited with ^I( SSI monibei's ol i; lio si)eaker. M esk of Mr. 11. •e found the li. ilierof the cdi ito Ilotise. It sick soniowlic it. Ikit for li of Mr. Can lie/ rter might li;i the desk of r It H'llS .tn//,. Dihj i»IC ihlij ' Id seem that ;i confer S(j iiiui lich was really ; y of an aniiv ; subjection — wliii s of acres of wi! furnishing- a ni;i heretofoi-e woii; ardy settjers ar th of the natin: rom Congress ai oration be jnissi is not the cay xpected (juariii- ned; jealousies;!' which ought ii' ■iuch an importai uld w quire el"- K through legisi, character. Tnii past Hnding out. d. rn .lAY COOKK A 1 f the committr I, Ogden and Kic- Cooke's count 1 residence, near T'hiladflphia, in Afay, ISH!), to make the arrangement with .liiy Cooke ifc Co. to negotiate the bonds of the Northern Pacific Railroad . After si)ending a ^\\\\ or two and linally agreeing to the termsof the arranj'emenl, just as the conunillee were leaving, supposing all things were done, Mr. Cooke propose*! a cijndilion. as a postscript to the airreenient. that the agreement should not be binding upon him. ludess ity a ])ei'- sonal examination by himself or his agents, of the whole line, it should be shown to bi' equal toallthe representations as to res^turces and practicability which tht; directors haf objections before Con- gress to any further extension of charter. and he reiiionsti'atetl with Mr. Cooke, ex- plaining to him the dangers of further delay. Mr. Cooke replied, '• that so far as he was concerned, he was entirely satislied with all the directois had i-epi-esented aiiout the practicability of the line, the wonderfid resources of the country througii which it was to pass and the great bi'iielit to the nation. but that he had to engage baid^ers all over t his country and Europe to assist him in phu'ing the bonds, that capital was timid, that tliDiisands of ijuestioMs would arise which wc cduld iKit anticipate, aiul tliat lo answiT them satisfactorily it w as neccssar\' ho should be able to say that, his own ex|)erts had examined tiie whole country, and that his information was based upon their exam- inations and not upiui the reports of any one ideiitilied with the road, and that in the long run it would lie seen his condition would be for the i)eiieHt of the entei'iirise." Mr. Ogden. i)erceivingthat Mr. Canlield was annoyed, called iiim one side and said: " I think you are a little vexed witii Mr. Cooke." " '\'es. I confess," said Mr. Can field, "I am a little mad, after we have spent so much time to make an agreement, now n(jt oidy to liave it upset, but to iiave all our |»lans endangered l)efore Congress." " But. ■ saiil Mr. Ogden. "I have been two years endeavoring to negotiate a loan for the Northwestern Itailroad of only ^4,00il,(i0(» secured u})on a road of l.oOO miles, now in operation through a rich and prosperous country, while this num proposes to nego- tiate slo().0(H),0()o upon a line through an unknown country and not a bar of iron laid yet. You must remend»er no negotia- tion of such a magnitude has ever been undertaken in the history of the world under such circumstances, and while he nuiy not i)e able or live lo entirely cou)i)lete it, yet if he only negotiates part of it. it will put us on our feet and ultimately secure the con- struction of the Northern I'acitic Railroad, and we can not afford now to break up oui- contract with him." "AVell," said ^\v. Canlield. "I apin-eciate as full'- as you do the force of your argument, as well as the importance Mr. Ciioke attaches to this proposed exph>ration which will delay us six months more, but I accede to it. and now let us get about it at once and l;e done with it befoie Congiess meets in December." The wisdom of Mr. Ogden's theory has heen demonstrated siiu'c in the i'ai>ing of money to build the road. One can well ima woi'k, after he had bt>en for yeai-s struggling with opposition, rebiiir and dilficidtiesof all kinds, in iti'der to reach a point, where, at least, he had hoped to show to the world by actual work of consti'uction that the Noilhern Pacific was somethin<>- besides a railroad on T 30 THOMAS II. CAXIII-.l.D. paper. Mr. Canfield wms scUrtcd Ity the directors to tukecliargeuf ^[r. ('(Kikesi)iirty. consisting (tf AV. Miliior Roberts, eiiginet'r: Samuel "Wilkeson. since Secretary of the (onipany. AVilliani G. ^[ooreliead. .Ji'.. the Rev. Dr. Claxlon, and William Jolinsnn, a son of the chief engineei', which was to meet iiini at Salt hake City on the 14th of .Imie. 18(il». KXI'LOKATION InU THK LINK IN WAsni.\(.Tc i.\ ANI> .MONTA NA TKKKnOHl KS. From there they went l»y the Centi-al Pacilic Railroad to Sacramento and Marys- ville, and then by stage thi'fmgh Northei'n California and Oi'egon, 700 miles, toPni(i.\ A<'kOSS Tin; MolNTAINS. At AValla Walla Mr. Canfield fitted out horseback expedition, consisting of thirtfi saddle and pack-horses, and as tiiere were 1 settlements of any consecpience bevdi AValla AValla. was obliged to take provisi(j; and cooking utensils upon the backs of h horses, sufficient to last the party thin days, which it was estimated would brii. them to Helena, Ar several days arountl the lake, they pi' the enoine together and took their horsi across tiie lake on the steamer to tli foot of Cabinet llapids. Here they discii barked, and, following Clark's fork of tli Columbia river, crossing many of tli mountain ranges at an altitude of sevini thousand feet to Thompson's Falls, Hciv Plains, along the Flathead and Jocko rivcrs :;& 77/i>.\/.IS //. (■ I. V ///:/./>. 31 IKTlCiin COIlsli Victoria lli;i iiiiin, and tin IS a joke. II »linny iiiill n; r>re after all. i .\n{(l. through the Ciniincii |)clile to Missoul;!. thence alt •iii;' the lilackfitot to (Jold el k ; now liejii' (iiirnsoii's. where tiiev liKHle a detour tliroiiuh llie heer I.imI^jc valley to examine the Deer Lodge piiMS. They went over to the Wisdom iiver. oiu- i>r' tin- liiii- Utaries ul tin- .li'tlVi'SDii. iiv very eioy L'rade. and which they found to lie the easiest pass in the iiioiiutaiiis. inid which yiv. ("anlield advised asiiie true route for t he roadlotake, following, niter crossing the mountains, the waters of tlie .Ictfersou to (Jallatin valley, and which he still helieves will l)e the route sooner or later ndopted for t lie through i»usi- ness ; nlthough in order to reach Helena, the capital of Moiiliina, the road hns been htiilt through the Mullan pass. There were hut two or three miners' slianlies then at Silver Bow, ami the city of Jhitte. now with iio.oOd people, then '" was not. "' Returning to fiold creek, the first [ilace gold was discovered in Montana, they crossed the Rocky mountains to Helena at Mulliurs ])iiss, where the rail- road tunnel now is. Here they disi»anded their horses and took stages to Fort 15en- ton. exiimining (.'adotte's pass on their return, which was the puss Governor Stevens and his expedition crosseut U])i>n the other hand, lios- tile. The otficers decided tiiat it would he simply impossiltle for tiiem, with all the troops at their command, to escf)rt the party tiirougii tiie Sioux teri'itory safely, and advised Mr. CaiiHeld to ahandon the expedition without going any fui'ther east. There still were the JJozeman moun- tains, whii'li had wo\ l)een examined, ai\d which it would he necessary to cross in case the Yellowstone line siiould he adoi)ted, and Ml'. Cantield determined at all hazards to cross them to the Yellowstone, if no further. lie accordingly raised a few men and horses at liozeman, and went over the pass to a point where Livingston now is. Here they remained for a day. and as the rest of tiie route to the east was i»y the valley, t!ie Yel- lort, he returned to J'ozcman. Mr. Can- field then turned Itack with his party, went across the country with a mule team l.")0 miles to Virginia fity, ami took stages to Corrinne, and then hy the Cnioii Pacitic Kail- road to the East, reaching: Xew York after nn absence of ahout three months. Duiin. the trip the engineers had heen very retictii as to their views of the route, wliicii cre.ii. no little anxiety on tlie part of Mr. Canliili lest they might not make a favoral)le re|Mii This was a very important matter toll company at this time, iis u{)on the repoii i these men Mr. Cooke would I'urnisli ti money or not to go on with the conslini tion. ^fi'. Canlleld felt that a great respmiv hility was |)laced upon him, as in the ewi of his not showing them a good route. >ii( as would he satisfactory, the whole arraiii:i ment witii Mr. Cooke must he ahandoned.a well as the construction of the road. Mn !N[r. Canfield, iiy his study of the route i former years — from the information he liu' ohtained from prominent and intelligci; settlers in Oregon. AVashington and Aim tana, and otticers of the army — was enahlf to conduct the exjiedition through a favni ahle nmte. which suhse(iuent surveys li:i\ contirmed, and the railroad from the Colim hia river to the Yellowstone has been tlniill built c)n the route he reported and most i the way in sight of the very trail which tii> party made in IStl'J. The result of the ex]" diti(jn turned out favorably, and the genik men sent tl n the n'luiii > lUl I'lirnisli ii tlie coiislrii. I <^reat rcspnu- IS in tlie cvci [)o(l route. >iii whole iirraiii;. )(' altjuidoned,;! tlie roaf the route i riuation he Im and intellipr gton and ^hn \\ — was ena I ill- through a favii; it surveys li:i\ "rom the Coliiii; has been fm.ill mI and most > ' trail wliicli tl wult of the e.\|i' and the geiiil' ke unanini<)u>! ot l)een told li untry was in l:i' ever represeiit' ke"s party, wiiic. Paul under tl' ntl ]\[r. Kice. t w ind examine ti- 1 Lake Supeii' (! returned an ipon their pai: :h the conditio he postscrii)t i satisfaction, aii' iating the boinl? •n began. .13 Thus, after nearly four years of continuous struggle Ity the syndicate, they haiT2. before the railroad tr;u„ had reached the Red liver, while there u;h but one white inhabitant west of it. he crossed the plains with liis horse and ltug<;\, accompanieil by (jeneial Thi)mas L. Rossir. 3Ir. I'.ly and others, carrying their own pid visions from Moorhead, 200 miles to tin ^Iiss(tuii. while it was yet Indian Teri'itoiy, and located Fargo and laid out and locatnl N'alley City. .lainestown and Rismarck. iiiid determineil the point for the crossing of tin- .Missouri by the railroad, where the long iinn bridge now is. (ireat care had to be taken in the selection of sites forthe vai'ious towns, soas toaccommodate the surrounding counliv after it should be settled up, but especitil care was important that the title to the laiul should he pei'fect. Ininimeral)le were tln' ditiicidties that appeared in this respect — ;iil sorts of (juestions arose suddenly, variniiv and unexpected claimants turned u]), which re(]uired much ])atience and a knowledge uf the land laws to overcome. Great difficnlties were experienced with those towns west ut ti-e Red river, because the lands wciv uii-urveyed, and especially because the panic of lS7i> canu> on l>efore the railroad was iiuilt in Dakota, which caused a suspension of the work for two years, during which time tne various'points had to 'be kept pos- session of. at an enormous expense, in* agents residing there the year around' in log huts, the provisions for who.se maintenance the whole year had to be transported across tin' country in summer, as no one would ven- ture to] make such a journey in winter. The original log house at Jamestown, which Merritt Wiseman, agent of the company. TffOAtAS //. CAM lEI.n. 3S •visions in his \\\ tilt' l>l(i|ir! Dllt il llIU' iVul!, iiilroa*! to tin |{('K. ' riiilroiul tiMci, .'llilc tllt'Tt' \V;h vest of it. Ill' )rse iind l»iijiu\, )niiis I.. Kosscr. tlifir own jii'ii » miles to tin (liiin Tei-ritorv, )iit iinil lociitiil liisninivk. :iiiil crossing of tin- I'e tlie lony iiiMi liul to Im' tiii«'ii Viii'ious towns, un(lin, wliicli I know ledge uf real (littleultits towns Avest (it ! lands wciv cause the panic i-ailroud w;is 3(1 a suspension during wliicii o 'be kept pos- ense, by agents id' in log lulls. iiintenanee the I'ted across tlir ne would vcn- y in winter, lestown, wliiili the company. occupied as a post for two years is still standing, as well as some of ilioNe occnpii'd by the employt's of the company at IJis- murck. >«otw itlistandiiig all the \arions claims made by ditlVrent parties, whether under the homestead. pre-empti<»n or town-site laws, or whether upon the surveyed or iinsurx eyed lands, the whole was so fhorcdiyhly examined and cleared up that there has iii'Ver been a flaw found in the litle to any of the lamis or lots in these various locations, where now are Hourishing villagi's and i-ities. and the deed or contract of the Lake Superior iV Puget Sound Company is regai'ded as safe as K Government patent. In November, ISTl. Mr. ('antield crossed the desert Tioo miles from ( )i:den on the I'nion Pacilic IJiiilroad, when there were very few ■ettlers in that country, to Snake river near Shoshone falls; thence to Boise City, Idaho, and to JJaker ("ity. eastern Oregon, via the Burnt creek ci'ossing of the .Snake rivei'. near whei-e the Oregon Short Line jjailroad no\vcros>es; thence across the lilue nioimt- ains to I'matilla. on the Columbia rivi'r. and thence l>y steamer to Portland. Ore- gon, meeting tliere Mr. Kice. the vice- president of the c(impiin\. who had pre- ceded him via San Fi'ancisco and an ocean steamer, and with whom he was a committee of the IJoard of FUrectoi-s to ar- Winge for comniencinii' the c<)nsti lU'tioii of the road from ('oluml»ia river to Tajjet Sinuul. ■ The alkali dust of the ])Iains. .so light that it rises like a cloud and covers (>verylhing the first mile ti'aveled. which tills the hair and clothes. [)enetrates the eyes, ears, nose, mouth antl throat.i'OTistantly irritating them and pro- ducing soreness; the scarcity of water and provisions, ami the rough li'ails and diflicull crossings of streams; tin' I'ather familiar attention of wild aniiiial.s, with their raven- ous demands upon liimseif anle and I'ortland the ter- minus of the branch line, and the commer- cial center of Oregon, yet Mr. Canlleld always insisted that socmer or later the intt'i'es! of the railroad would demand the consti'uction of the short line acro.ss the ( 'ascadc mountains to Paget Sound. How- ever iiuicli the views of the directors of that day may have beeti motlided in favor of Portland as a final tei'ininus in consecpience of the obstach's ])resented liy the Cascade range, he never subscril)ed to their views, but took the groumi that the futuir jxreat commercial city on the J'acific coast would be on the waters of Puget Sound, where it conld he approached with ease through the Straits of [•"iica liy the largest vessels from all parts of the world, without being sub- jecte(| to delays, damage and shi[)wreck by tile hars which necessarilv are formed at the months of the great rivers. Accordingly, he secured larg(! tracts of land at various jioinls on the .souml from Olympia to Bell- ingliam bay. and had a thorou"li examina- tion made of all the bays and iiarbors, as well ;is of the coiintiy contiguous, as to tlu; ))i'acticability of appi'oach by a railroai all respects a fitting exponent of the benign and elevating influence of our free institutions, and should occupy the very foremost place an.ong the great cities of Christendom, reflecting upon the isles of the Pacific and the shores of Asia, over which it is destlneil to exert a vast influence, the light of the most improved civilization." At thij lime, also, Mr. Canfield located Teiiino. Newaukem, Skookum Chuck, Oleqiiu and Kahuna on the line between Tacoma and Portland. Kalama was selected I >cause it wasat the head of highwater navigation of the Columbia river, at the same time being near Coffin liock. which was one of tl»e few places where the Columbia river could be bridged. Ivdama was the place on the Pacific coast where the Northern Pacific Railroad lai«l its first rail, and which was its lieaihjuarters fnr several years on that coast. I'liariASK (iKIllK OHKiiON sri;.\M NAVIOATIhN Oi.MI'ANV. It was while here A[r. Canfield foresaw the importance which the Oregon Steam Naviga- th p.i I plan and k^ide for all ui'e genera- ng counttM'- rn term in MS nth of the ere Dulutli shall be the empire of )itlly devt'l- in popula- nce on the engineer of t should he ;rHniental iu 1 tit}' of the f tlie v.v^rld. e allowed to )ortions. It ng exponent inHuence of jidd occii|)y ig the great cting upon the shores neil to exert )f the most Held located huck, 01e(]ua Taconia and ed i "cause it igationof the le being neai' i>e few places be In'idged. Pacific coast Iroad lai«i its hjuarters for 1 NAVKiATIi'N 1 foresaw tiie earn Naviya- T//0.\/AS II. CAN I- 11:1. l\ 37 tion Company might be to the Northern PaciJic Railroad Company, esjiecially during the progress of construction and until tlie company should build their Portland l)i'anch. This \ as a company owning twenty steamers, navigating from tin- ocean at Astoria, the waters of tlu? Columbia, Willanu-tte and Snake rivers and Pend d'Oreillo lake for thousands of mil(>s into Oregon, AVtishingtou, Idaho and Montana, TtM'ritories. It was principally owned by Messrs. Aiiiswortli. Thompson and Jieed. of Portland, and Alvinza Hay ward, of San Francisco, aiul had been built u[> fi-om one small boat, each run by Capls. Aiuswortii and Thompson, and one of the best and most systematically man- aged companies in this country. l"pon their showing to Mr. Caidieid a full stateu\ent of their business from the beginning, he com- menced negotiations with them for the whole property, which linally resulted in Messrs. Ainsworth and Thompson meeting Mr. CanHeld and Mr Jay Co(daMy, and th<' original pai'ties retainiiig one-ijuarter and aiii'ceing to manage 'he property the saun- as they had done so long as the "')i'th(>rn Pacific Kailroaii;itely the control of the ()r<'gon Navigation ('oni- ])any was lost in the panic id IST.!. Snlise- ([uent events connecled with the (>regntinental ('(tuipany have shown how iiu[)ortanl to the Norlliei'u Pacihc was the Oregon .Navigation Companv. justilying llie views originally eutertiiined by Miv CanlieM (d'the iiupoi'lance of the Northern Pacilie Company owning and eoiitixdling it. In ls7i' Ml'. ( 'iinliehl esi'ort<'d a niajoi-ity (d' the board ctoi's ol the Noriliei'ii J'acitlc Railroad lo(>regon and Washington Territorv, going via the Union Pacilie liail- roail in a speeial car to Sacramento, thence overland by stage and rail to Portland and Puiift So,, d. .Messrs. Cass. Ogd(Mi. V,' light. Hillings. Siini-on. Ainsworth and Windoin. directors; Sjiiiuiel Wilkeson. secretary id' the coiupaiiy;Milnor U(d»ei'ts.en«-ineer;I)r.Tha\er and ( oloncd W.S. King.of Minnesota, compos- ing the pai'ty. This was the first time these gentlemen had visited the Pacific coast, and, as what they then saw would probablv determine many important matters about the future of lhecomi)any'safl'airs, especially the crossing of the Cascade range and the terminus, Mr. Cantield chartered a steamer and visited by daylight all the principal places on the sound from Olym])ia to Victo- ria and JJellmiiham bav. returniny throiitrh Deception pass, being the first steamer that ever went through this pass back, of Whidiiy island, into Holmes" harlior. the best harbor on the sound, thence to Seattle, then a place of ;'.((0d people, on Elliott bay; then to ("ommencement bay, which was then surrounded In a wilderness, but it wassubse(iuently settled ui)on as the terminus — being where Tacoma is now located. At that early day. with nearly "i.OOo miles iietween Puget Sound aiu; Lake Superior to be traversed by an iron rail, miudi of which was then unsurveyed or evei\ explored, except bv ^Ir. Canlield's expedition in ISC.it, the idea of crossing so high a range o" mount- ains as the Cascades was not ri'gardeil by t iie directors as an easy matter, especially bv those acciistoiiied to biiilding roads across the prairies: biiL Mr. Canliidd took the grouiul that an enterprise (d' this magnitude w<»iild sooner ol' later demand the crossing of the mountains, and, although some who were prescul might not live to see that day, vet lie |ireilicted the demands id' trade and coiiiiiierce wo-.di lie so great, that before l^lMi trains u.iuld run from St. Paid and Liuluth to the w; ers of Puget Sound without brcakine' bulk across the Cas- 38 THOMAS Jf. CAXl-'IEI.D. cade inonntiiins, wliidi prediction lias been fulliliod tiirce years ill advance of the time named by him. j I'KKDICTION THAT LOriSllUKtJ WII.I. I I.TIMATIW.Y HK TIIK KASTKK.N TKKMINIS OF ;I1K NORTII- KKN liAII.WAV SYSTKM. Tweiity-tliree years ago Mr. Canfield visited the Ishmd of Cape JJretoii. the lasc ■ of Decemlter, and made an examination of I.ouisliiiry harbor, the In'St harl)or on tlie Athintic coast from Cape North to Cape Sable, with reference to the facilities for a shijipiii^' i>ort. and he canm to the conclu- sion tiien and still lirmly believes, it will become t lie terminus of the noi-thern chain of railroads across the continent, being only four days from Liverpool, with abundance of coal within ten miles. That the tea of China and Japan, anil the spices (jf the Indies destined for Euroi)e will go on board the "ars at Tucoma. and not be transferred until ]»ut on boanl of steamers for Liverpool at Louisburg. It was one of the three- walled towns built on this continent although now entirely deserted, having been lestroyed in lT(i<' during the French and English wars. It was once a city of lit.ooo people and it was there that General Wolfe fitted out his ex[teditioii against C^)uei)ec. In fact, since ]\[r. Caiilield was there the I'ailroads have been extended from ^fontreal to within ''»0 niiit's of Louisburg. and a car of freight I'an now i)e shipped from Tacoma to the Straits of Causo. in Cape Hretoii, without breakiui:' bulk, and it can not ite lone l)elor(' this last 1' miles will be ccnistructed. Then, wiili a train of I'ullman Palace Sleeping cr.d Oiiiing cars standing on the wharf at Louisburg upon the ari'ival of a steamer from rJirope with a load t)f sea-sick passengers on board, it will require ao great stivti'h of imagination to determine liow many will remain on board to make the rough passage along the coast when they can step on boanl the vestil)ule train, retire and be in lioston the next diiy .o dinner and New York to supper. The result of Mr. Cantield's experience is. he has traveled over nearly all the count rv between Lake Superior and the Pacific ocean .'ia the northern route, on foot, or horseliack, or muleback, in carts or wagons, long before the iron horse was heard in the land, and consequently has become familiar with the general topography and character of the country and entertains the most sanguine views as to its great capacity in the future. Few men comprehentled so fully at an early day, even when St. Pan! and Minneap(jlis were in their infancy, the great capability of this immense country — the fertility and extent of the Ked Iliver Valle\'. equal to li;;. of the Xile — the abundant resources of an- ous kinds awaiting future development be- tween Lake Superior and Puget Sound— their capacity for easy and rai)id develop- ment, such as no other country has ever bef(»re shown, which, combined with the facili ties oil'ered by the Noi'thern Pacific ami Manitoija, and otliei- railroads yet to be built, to hasten settlements and accommodate the peo[)k', will create a great Northwestern empire, which will not only add incalculable wealth to the ration, but will form an important I'actor in its future government. NKVKK (.AVK 11' TIIK SUM'. Amid all the iips and downs of the tinier — amid all panics and financial storms — notwithsta'uling all the discouragements of th(.' early days of the Northern Pacific and the hostility of Congress to itsapplications — ^l\\ Canfield has always maintained thesaiin' abiding faith in this magnificent undertak- ing and the same coiitidciice in its ultimate success, and he still believes it will becijim' the great tr; iiscont mental highway across the continent to Kurope, not only for tln' products of the farm, forest ami mines aloii:: its border, but for the prodiicis of Jait.n; tlie next diiv )per. experience is. 1 the country Pacific oceiiii or liorsel)a(k. s, long befoi'o he hind, uiui iliar with tiic racter of tiic lost sanguine in the futuic. liy at an early ]\[inneapoiis ?at capability fertility ami equal fu It;:. urces ot ..n elopnient be- Liget Sound— i])id develop- itry has evor with the facili I Pacific and 'et to be built, acconimochitt' ]S'orth\vestt'in .1 incalculahlo nil form iiii 'overnnient. THOMAS H. C A. \' FIE ID. 39 3MI1'. Wl:' ' of the tinii's ^roiK ^ial storms — -Is;; iragements u\ i\ Pacific and ipplications — ined thesaiin' -Mit undertjik its ultiniatf will become ghway across only for the \ mines ainii:: lUs of Japjiii China and the Indies. Tn fact it will bo- come tlic If'f(/'A/\y //Jt/Ziird;/, over which will ])ass the ti-avel and business of the most enlightened and civilized portions of the globe. In view of the great iliversity of pi-odue- tin them and the I'niteil Statics must be constantly growing stronger and stronger, until their intei'cst shall lie separated by no transatlantic influence or power. Having great faith in the wisdom and sol)er second thought of the people ex- pressed through a free, unobstructed ami ^universal sufTrag(>, he believes that within a half c<'ntury there will be but one English- 's]>eaking nation in North America, under a repub:iean form of gtn'ernuu'iit, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic < k-ean. A nation over which will float only one flag, that of the stars and stripes of the Unile'ii. upon its leoi'ganizatioii. it bfcaiiic the principal owner of the Lake Siipeiioi' & Paget Sound Coiiipanv, and no iieeessiiy existed longer lor ;i II a'tive manager. Mr. Canfield resigned alter Imving devoted over twenty years of the |)rinu- of his lift.' to inaug- urate and put into operation this magiiiti- •^eiit enterprise, witli wlneii his name iiiiist i)c ■oiNMer iilentified as its most active orijan- i/A'f and promoter in its dark days, when very few had the fiiintesl i;lea it wouM ever amount to aiivthini:. It is a little remarkal)le that durinjr all these many yeiirs, amid all tin; various modes of transportation, and the millions of miles he has travfded and in so many different plac(s where there were n<» roads or other convenietu-es, he has never met with any accident nor has he ever carried any fire- arms of any description for a single rod ; has nevei' had any serious trouble with the Indians or "roughs" of the frontier, alt hou-di meeting them at times und(M' not verv aizree- able circumstances, where, but for his (piick perce])tion, good judgiiuMit of human nature and discreet action, serious results mi'iht have occurred. The board of directors of the Xorthern Pacific Railroad decided at an eai-ly day as soon as construction commenced mA to l)econi(; personally interested in any lands or j)roperty on thelineof the proposed route; but the dilHcultv of gettin"; emigrants U) j^o into an unknown coimtrv with all their worldly effects, uncertain as to what the land W(»ul farming, they should at distnnc' . of, say thirty miles apart, take up a si-ctioii of land along the line in advance of settlements, break it up and sow it to wheat, and thus show in* facts, instead of talk and advertisements on [laper, what actually could be dont;. As he was the advocate of this policy, of course, it fell upon him to lead off, and he accortlingly piir(;liased alioiit .'>.."jOo acres in the I'ai'k Region of Miniii'Sfita. at I.alce Park, at the point where the outer I'im of the \U't\ River basin connects with the tiiiilier region. Other direct(»rs. Mr. Tower io(d< .'!,0(iu acres at (ilyndon. and Messrs. ('Iieiiev and Cass fi.ooo aci't's at Cas.seltoii, hakota. which has since become celebrateil 40 77/ OM AS //. CAXFIRI.D, as the Dalryniple farm, being managed by Oliver I)alry»;j)le, one of the oldest wheat raisers in the Northwest. All these were at once ])iit under cultivation, and the enormous crops of No. 1 hai'd wheat the lirst year gave an impetus to emigration and settlement; thus the great farms which have been so nuich abused did more to advertise and develop the countrv and brinii- in emigrants and settle it up tiian $10(t,U00 expended in advertising. Nowhere in the history of the world has such a rapid and extensive development been nuule as in northwestern j\[innesota i''! Dakota, over 4o,000,U0U bushels of wheat 1 t '-een raised this last year, besides all otin .»ps, and that, too, mostly upon what was Indian territory in 1S70, and where there was then no white inhabitant. HACK TO KAKM1N(; WIlK.lil-: HE liK(;A.N KIFIV VKAKS Alio. >[r.CanfieId, since his retirement from the railroad company, has devoted nioi'e oi- less of iiis time to his fai'm at Lake Park, and has taken the ground that to make a farminir country prt;sperous and successful it should n.ii bi! confined to one single crop, like wheat, but all crops adapted to the soil imd clinuite shuiiUl he raised ; and he has eiuleavored to show what can btMloncbvdi versified farniin*'-. The beauties and advantages oi the Lake Park Kegion. as well as the etl'oi'ts of Mr. ("anfield in demonstrating the advantages and im[)ortance of divei-sitied farming, are strikingly described ity an eminent writer and travelei', on iiis ivturn across the continent a few years since, aftei' having visited most parts of th<> I'nited States. He says: "That vast forest, theailmiration of wood- men and tlie wonder of travelers, lioi'dtTini;' on Lake Superior, a^ it proi'eods westward, stoutly t'ontests the earth's sni'face with open s|)ace and limpid lake, (iradiially, iiowcver, the forest weakens, until here, thii'tv miles from the Pu'd river, at aiiout tiie hi"liest northern point of the Northern Pacific Rail- road, between Miles City and Duluth, it loses its hold, for westward are the un- bounded un wooded prairies, always to he artificially watered, with exceptional cases, while surrounding and eastward is perhaps the mt)st ))lacidly beautiful country the eye ever rested upon. "This connecting link contains the last lakes — if Devil lake be excepted — of size, and the last woods or forests for nmny hundred miles, and as such is not inaptly termed the Park Region, although hereabouts the Lake Park Kegion, from tiie name of this town, and is consequently about the only and near- est resort for the Dakotian of the ])lain for change of scenery, recreation ami ))leasure. The I'ark Kegion, taking this town as tlie objective jioint, extends sixty miles south to Fergus Falls, thirty north, is in width nearly tliirtv mile.s. while its altitude troes over 1,8e is apprehended. Thus these forests are iiotalonea tliingof i)eauty, l)Ut of utility ;itul pi'olection. "Now then as to the country iietween lakes and woods — the fai'uiing lands. It is divided up. more than in any other place vis- ited, into farms of Jt;o aci'es. On each 'ow it will be perceived why the famous St. houis fh)ur and celeitraled Riclimc w\ (\'a.) flour has been litiM'ally siispersei.ed. The Red River Valhy Hour, idiintly stated, is for sale in the markets of the world. This is not all. TIk- \\.y'^\ River Valley wheat, of which this region is pai't and parcel, is sought after l>y all the important milling ('('nters in the United States. Why f To mix with infe- i'i(jr grades— tone them uj) so as to jiroduce their • superfine' Hour. Thus in large (juaiitities tins famous wheat is in St. Louis, Richmond. Cincinnati, Rocliestei', Ruffalo, 42 THOMAS H. CA^TFIELD. Boston, etc. The logical inference to be drawn from this is that the lands from which sucli wheat flour is ])roduceoin of ignorance and incredulity. How then was this to be done^ Why. 'if the mountain won't come to Mahomet, ALUiomet must go to the mountain;' in other words, the directors had to do it themselves, and this common- sense solution proposed by Mr. Canfield was carried out. It was aI)Solutely necessary, for even after the railroad reached the \\c\ river the settler would not go beyond, ami, furthermore, at tiiis time there was no sett If ment west of the ]^Iississip)>i river north of the forty-fifth parallel, for this whole stretcli of country was then considered by outsiders ii> Indian territory. In this solution of the proli lem. .soils, crops, etc., as above stated, Messrs. Cass k, Cheney selected al)out 3,000 acns each west of the Red river, near Casseltun, Dakota, Mr. Tower nearly the same amount at Glyndon, Minnesota, and Mr. Canfield the farm he now occupies of 3,000 acres south of Lake Park, and 2,500 acres in the adjacent town of Cuba, three miles north, for Rev. Dr. Ilawley, now of Brainerd, Minnesota, formerly of Connecticut, by whose happy suggestion this town received the appropriate name of Lake Park. On these two farm:; Mr. Canfield has most successfully carrieii out his uleas of diversified farming. The writer, in company with this gentle'tv.vn, hail the pleasure of examining these pi'opertics. His farm was seen first. It touches the rail- road limits and extends south in onecompaot body. At about its center, on an eminence, was the large, elegant two-story residence of the foreman, surrounded by houses for workmen, fine barns for hoi'ses, sheds foi cattle, a granary, and a waroliouse 120 IVct long by 30 feet wide lor machinery, for tlii.'^ last is the I'tr.i'uue of Western farndnir. Thi hands were threshing the wheat with the steam tliresher at the rate of a thousaml i)uslit'ls ])er day, and there in the open field the bundles of wheat bi-ought ui)on wagon- were put into the nuichine and came out shelled and were immediately placed in hags and started for the railroad elevatoi. to be shipped to Diduth by the Northern Pacific Railroad. See bv this the startlini: THOMAS II. CAM- 1 I.I I). 43 lie (lirecturs lis coniiiioii Ciin field wu^ lecessary, tor led the iJed beyond, jiiid, was no set til' ver north ot ivliole stn'tcli y outsiders \\> mof theproli tated, Messrs. b 3,000 acri's ?ar Casseltoii, iTieiimoimt at Canfieid the ) acres soiitli II the adjacent rth, for IJev. 1, Minnesota, whose lia])|iy le appropriate se two farm:; sfulh' carried arming. Tlie entle'TV:vn, hail ise properties. uclies the rail- n one compact an emineiuo. ory i-esideiue )y houses I'm jC'S, sheds for ouse 120 foi't inery, for this arming, 'Ww heat with the )f a thousiuiil the open fielii upon wagftii- ind came mit ly jilaced in •oad elevatnr. the Xorthein the startliiiiJ Iditfei'cnce between the time of Abraham and blie nineteenth century. Here were also jsoine of the finest cattle, unexcelled by any seen in Montana, with such shapely limbs. [eleyant coats, silky, shiny hair, intelligent ?yes — Itut who can describe them '. The ^■writer can not. They are beyond him, and ire lit subjects for the wondrous tongue ol )aniel Webster or the vivid brush of Rosa lioiiheur. And now, what shall be said )f the horses? They were the best and |]argest lot of bloodest Amount of muscle and fat, disposed in the best manner U) secure the choicest beef, at th<.> same time having in view the strain possessing the highest (jualities for milk and butter, thus making them particularly valu- able for- this section of the country, both for beef and the dairy. All these animals have been bred with care by the most experienced bi'eedei's. their pedigrees showinga line direct from some of the hiyhest and best En didn't come, probably surfeited by the i three years" feast; l)ut what was not miicl better, cold and wet, and the crop waslitlli or nothing. In "74 wheat was again sown and grasshopi)ersate up everything, probahi hungry and uuul because they gave tin settlers a rest the year before. In 1*^7' another crop was put in. The weather \\>i^ cold, but the grasslioppei'S wouUln't st;i\ away. They knew too well the deliciousiif-- of lied River Valley wheat, much better thai some Kastein wiseacres, and desired otin' more • to roll it as a sweet morsel' into their maws. The weather, however, killed thoiii oil", but not until they had destroyed sohh' sections. The crop that year averagi'il twenty-live bushels ])er acre, which went THOMAS 11. c.\.\i-n:i.n. 45 (sixty and clean up to sixty-four jmunds to tlio Idisliel. Since then the grasslioppers liiive ceased their visitations, and the crop ()[' wiieat has been good, particularly during tlie last two years, including this present one. Many an American, during these five years of wheat famine, left for 'other fields and pastures new,' but the Scandinavian raised liis -garden sass,' killed muskrats, i)artered [the skins to the storekeepers to settle his grocery bills, and lived through, and the iiiost of them sire in a prosperous condition I to-day. •' Lake Park derives its ini])ortance not sini- ij)ly from its surroundings and resources, but [from its being located on that grand trans- continental route, the Xorthern Pacific llail- road, wliich Mr. Thomas H. Canfield, before alluded t<> in this liistory, spent the best part lof his (lavs in its dark and j^looniv days to linaugurate. Pardon, reader, but if this jgentlenian would cease his active life (for he lis an intensely busy man) and write a history [of that road from its inception to date, how lit was received and voted upon by distin- Iguished men in pul)lic life, wiio would now [hang their heads were their votes reprinted, how scientific, learned and profound men — not a few regarded him as visionary — who •with seer-like vision prophesied thegloriesof the Xorthwest, and urged, with all the learnestness of his nature, its immediate adop- Ition ; how the project, after going u|) and I jdown, received a gigantic impulse forward |froni 'Old Thad,' and was further accele- 1 rated iiy tlie cool, hard sense of (ien. Grant; Ihow on the eve of success it fell through lunder the unfortunate, but to-day even jnis- understood, financial operationsof Jay Cooke, [tiie ludicrous and humorous incidents con Inected therewith, as well as the serious ; how lit finally revived under President Villard, land lias now been consummat .d, it would [have all the intense interest of the i)est wi-it- [ten novel, as well as the weight of authenti- cated history. Ves, yes. The Northern Pacific Ilailroad is part and parcel of the History of Lake I'ark as well as the lakes, and tiiis episode properly belongs here. "On this road. 24(i miles froraSt. l*auland 21S from Dulutli on the one side and l,T()i> from Puget Sound on the other. Lake Park is situated. Tliree passenger trains eastward and westward halt here each day as they pursue their journeys. Innumerable freight trains also go backward and r'orward, which not only interchange the products of States and Territories as now, but the best of Eastern and Western civilization; for the prophecy of Thomas Benton, ' There is India, ' is no myth. Thus the reader will see that Lake Park is in the center of civilization and one of the most easily accessii)le ])laces in the West. "Thus Mr. Canfield has demonstrated that here is a section which can i)roduce wheat e(jually as well as any other part of the Red River Valley, and in addition has the natural advantages for stock-raising. Although higher than Quebec, reaching near to the 47th parallel, this region in its quickness of growth, variety of crops, salubrity of cli- mate and health of itspeople, is unsurpassed. To sum it all up: That he wiio would fol- low farming as an avocation, and not as a speculation, must do so on the diversified plan." I'KKSi INAI, (HAUACTKKISTICS. Mr. Canfield has now been engaged in active business forty -nine years, during which time he has never taken a day specially for recreation or pleasure, so called, but has found his pleasure in the work in which he has bet.n engaged. I)elieving therein' he was {lointr some good to his fellow-men and his country. Althouy-h of a slender frame and fragile constitution, he is yet a|tparently as well and active and moves with the same elastic stej) as twenty years ago. which he attributes in 46 n/OM.IS II. CAXI'I-I.D. a great degree to his constant busy life and tejnperatc' liabits in all things, except work. He is a good judge of human nature, ena- bling him to be an excellent organizer and manager of men, (juick in observation, clear in judgment and rapid in executi(jn. While being naturally self-reliant, to which his varied ex[)erience has contributed, yet he is I ready at all times to listen to others and ] adopt tiieir views, even if they differ from j his own, if tliey have merit in them, Modest \ in his pretensions, he is ever ready to give to i otliers the credit of any good work, although | he may have been mainly instrumental in ' bringing it about. Having been engaged most of his life in work of a public character, j and connected nith numy great enter- ! prises, he has an extended knowledge ' of the country and broad and compi-e- | hensive ideas as to its capacity and re- j sources, and entertains the most sanguine I views as to its futui'e greatness and i power. When once enlisted in any scheme which comnuinds his approi)ation, lie is very persistent and persevering until it is accom- plished, no nuitter how difficult it may l)e or how serious the obstacles to be encountered. Tlie nhii of (hfi lit ix'i'er enters into liLs cal- culatioiis. lie is very I'etiring, talks l)ut little, is a good listener, but clear in his ideas of riyht and wrong and lirm in maintaininir them. He is generous almost to a fault, and in anything in which he believes he is ready to back his acts witli his money, so far as lu3 is al)le; a true and lirm friend to those who gain his couiidencc — and manv are the men in good circumstances and ))rominent positions, in dilferent parts of the country, who are indeljted for them to his early aid and assistance. lie is averse to undue displav and notoriety, disliking anything wliicii smacks of " fuss and featliers," and dreads to appear before the i)ublic, unless his duties or the necessities of the work u})on which he is engaged require it. He is never so liapjn' as when at liis country home, on Lake Champlnin, sur- rounded by his cliarming family, and joinuij; in all the details of their phms and schemes with the greatest pleasure. At different times he has l)een activelv engaged in political matters, but always refusing to accept any ottice of any kind. pnUerring to aid those whom he deeincd capable of filling juiblic stations. Arriviiii; at his majority when the old Whig party Avas prominent, his tirj^t vote was cast for its nominees, and he continued identified with it until it was succeeded by the Kepublicjiii party, to which he has since belonged. He understands thoroughly all the great politi- cal issues which have agitated the country for the last fortv vears. as well as the iircat commercial cjuestions wliicli involve the busi- ness and prosperity of these United States. Few men have had a more extensive ac- quaintance and knowledge in the last genera- tion of the ])rominent men of the nation, whether in politics or business, A I'HoMINKNr CirLKcnMAN. lie is !i!i active member of the Protestant Episcojtal (yhurch, having been brought up in it h\>n\ childhood, tlie house in which lie was born in Arlington, Vermont, being tlie one occupietl by his grandfather, Nathan Canlielil, the lay ilelegate to the first conven- tion iocese, and also representeil it as Deputy in the five general conventions of the Cliureli in tlie United States, lield in Philadelphia in ls:.r.. in Kiclnnond, Virginia, in 1S5!», in Xew Vorli in 1874, in lioston in 1877, and in C'iii- ciigo in ()ctoi»er, ISSt). Of the original incorporators and trustees of the \'erniont Episcopal Institute, char- tered in 18.")4, he and the Hon. E. J. I'lielps, the present United .States Minister at tlie Court of St. .lames, are the only survivors, lie has been the resident trustee ever since, iiavin;;- charge of its affairs, and as treasurer for the last twenty-Jive years. lie was closely identified with the late Hisliop Hop- kins in the negotiations for the 100 acres at KiM'U Point, Ihirlington, Vermont, for an Kpiscopal residence and church schools, and ill tlie erection of the large stone building for the theological and academical depart- ments. During the last two years he has Ijeeii verv active and instrumental in raising .siio.doo for the buildings for the voun": Indies' dei»urtment, and has had full charge nf the erection of them upon the same property. There is probably nothing which Mr. Cimlield has done in his whole life in which he iias taken nu)re interest, or regards of niniv iiiipoi'tance, than the erectionof ''Bishop Ibipkins' Hall," at lUirlington, Vermont, for tlie purpose of a church school for young liitlies. not onlyonaccountofthehigh standard I of intellectual, scientific and classical instruc- tion maintained therein, but es[)ecially for itiie luiii'iil and religious culture which the pupils will i-eceive through the elevating intluences and Christian training of The Church. Considering the positions these young ladies may be called upon to occiipv in ditfereiit parts of our wide-s-pread land hereafter, whether as teachers, wives or mothers, their influence upon the civ- ilization and iiiiprovenient itf the coin- munity where their lot may be cast must necessarily reflect the training and instruction received at their Alma Mater, and constitute a continual living force for all time to come, the iisefMliiess of which to society, the church and future generations can not be cslinuited by any hunum mind. Around a refined anration tliat tlie Diocese of Vermont has now tills l>eautiful property on tlie l)anln in Vermont, sue- ceciled the Itev. Dr. Coleman as principal (if Hurr Semin.' y for thirty years. The Editr)r who had evidently written an article on the Northern Pacific Railroad, for tlie Manchester Jonrnal says : " Rev. Dr. "Wick- ham sends us a note, saying that lip was very greatly interested in the article on the Northern Pacific Railroad. Thomas II. Canfield was a student at Burr Semioary just before Dr. Wickham came here, fifty-one years ago, but the doctor was well acquainted with him before he left Arlington, and went down there at his. solicitation and gave a tem- perance lecture to an association forme mainly by the efforts of Mr. Canfield, then considerably less than twenty years of age. Dr. Wickham was then greatly impressed with his energy and formed high hopes for the future of the young man, which have not been disappointed. Dr. Wickham adds : ' If Burlington can boast of her Edmunds Uie leatler of the United Sttites Senate, and of Phelps, the eminent jurist and distin- guished representative at the Court of St. James, she has not another citizen that has honored her more than Thomas II. Canfield.' " % I )nt, fulls iiitii which forms graphy, illus- 'iin field in his ich ho is Id'IiI tallied. Tlic in the article, Vermont, sue- I principal of The Editor n article on ad, for tlie Bv. Dr. Wick- iig that lie the article on Thomas II. urr Semioarv lere, fifty-one jll acquainted ton, and went d gave a tem- ation forme I!antield, then years of age. :ly impressed igh hopes for hich have not ikham adds : ler Edmunds, i Senate, and it and distin- Court of St. citizen that I Thomas II.