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MDCCCLXVII. ■ I myW ^m^ PREFACE TO THE SECOiJD EDITI015. rY* " S i toCs. I l^-e laid down dents in Schools ana v b „^^ears to me, aU geographical »^^<'^^-''°® . ^°.ji ^„ the teacher : and, the learner, -^-—^'2-1?!- are applied in the body of that Y^orK, ^^"^ Yt«tia of whatever in to classify and illustrate the ^e^Jj^^^^^^t to this branch of knowledge was deemed imporxa t tSt - a course of dassicaUducaU^ ^^ tractive to young "^"^f .f .^^i^^^worl ; and. when ^'td'^frr-^ out:StXinustr;tion of the :£StonSbute^-a^itr:;;i ^^''^'^rirrirSe: "S^put together rJri:^:;' They are conned withinacorn our Globe and the ChMjges it ka^ undergo ^ ^^ ^^^^^^ AstronomiclTables. To;'''* ^**^;*' ""Edinburgh aiid London, from the Clasacs. iUustrativeof the rext. 18&4. . mm^m IV PREFACE. paratively small space on the surface of the globe. But, when we consider the multiplicity of studies to which, in these days, the attention of our educated youth is directed, it will probably be found that this little volume contains the ground- work of as much instruction in Ancient Geography as it is possible to overtake in School or College, within the limited time at the disposal of either. In compiling and comjpressing this ^.yllabus, — for the small number of the pages is but an imperfect measure of the labour bestowed on the task, — I have been guided by three principles, which may be thus stated ; — I. When the main object is to throw light upon the classics and give an interest to classical studies, it is neither necessary nor desirable, in an ordinary course of school or college training, to go beyond the countries, some portion of which is on the shore either of the Mediterranean itself, or of one of those seas which are in truth parts of it, though called by distinct names,— the Adriatic, the Aegean, the Propontis, and the Euxine. In accordance with this view, I here invite the stu- dent to accompany me— staff in hand, as it were, and right shoulder to the sea— from one of the Pillars of Hercules, at the southern extremity of Spain, to the other, at the north-western extremity of Africa. In making this tour, the moment we set foot on the soil of a new country, we quit the coast for a time, and explore the interior in every direction; noting, as we go along, those physical characters and localities wm PhUFAOM. V which are most fertile in classical associations, and to which interesting allusions are most frequently made by the writers and especially the poets of an- tiquity, or by the most admired poets of our own island. Then, resuming our journey along the coast, from the point where we left it to explore the interior, we add to our previous enumeration of locahties the Towns, Sea-ports, Capes, and Kiver-mouths that may be worthy of notice ; and, before we pass into another country to repeat there the same processes, it may be found convenient, in helping us to a more accurate knowledge of the places, to make ourselves acquainted with the most important of the ancient subdivisions of the territory which we have been examining. As to countries beyond the range which this tour, so conducted, wiU make us acquainted with, they were either imperfectly known to the ancients and therefore seldom aUuded to, or their geography will be most advantageously studied, either somewhat later, or not till the student comes to read the authors whose writ- ings refer to them. II. The second principle which has guided me in this selection is, that, in impressing on the memory the localities and relative positions of every place enu- merated, the physical aspects and external conforma- tion of the country are to be kept in view and referred to, in preference to the conventional distribution of the surface into civil districts and provinces. The former are sensible realities and permanent characters : the latter are arbitrary, ideal, and fluctuating. In A 2 ■HP VI PREFACE. canying out this principle, the first thing to be done is, to set before the learner's eye and so imprint on his mind, a lively image or representation of the country in question, composed of the line of Coast, — the groups and ranges of Mountains, — the main Eivers, with their principal tributaries, — and the Eiver-Basins through which they all flow. And this is best done by coloured chalks on a black board. It is then, and not till then, that we proceed to fill up this outline with the details of the picture ; to trace the main rivers from their sources downwards, marking, as we descend, the cities and towns of note on their banks. And thus both town and river are fixed in the memory, by making each suggestive of the other. Other towns are next attached in the same way to the principal tributaries ; and the re- mainder, if any, we refer to the line of coast or the Tiver-basin in which they are situated. By this pro- cess we assign 'a local habitation and a name' to every thing that is memorable, and give, it a hold upon the imagination and a facility in being recalled, which no arrangement according to civil divisions can possibly attain. III. In the last place, I have made it a principle, in selecting the things worthy of note, that no town or locality shall be inserted, to the mention of which is not appended some fact, circumstance, or peculia- rity, which may not only give it a chance of being treasured up in the memory, but be likely to awaken in enquiring minds a desire to know more about the place and its history. These little touches indeed v^', EHiv^nni 1 1 \ «i i PREFACE. Vll are intended as texts for the teacher to prelect and enlarge upon ; and if this be done dexterously and felicitously, the impressions made will be both pleas- ing and permanent, and will furnish land-marks for the learner to steer by, should he afterwards wish to acquaint himself more fully with the country they belong to. In every stage of geographical instruction,' where the student receives his knowledge from others and does not work it out for himself, all names of places which are inculcated without such appendage as I now speak of, or with nothing more than assigning them to the shire or county they are in, are little better than useless rubbish. They are indeed worse than useless ; for the^e voces et praeterea nihil serve only to encum- ber the memory and disgust the learner with a subject which, if properly treated, is full of interest to a young mind. The circumstance of towns being on the same river, or included in the same river basin, is much more likely to be remembered than the fact of their belonging to the same civil division. But even that circumstance I have not considered as sufficient, un- less coupled with some physical, historical, or com- mercial memorandum, and of a kind as striking and interesting as possible. ' In selecting the circumstances and association& which, are most likely to rivet the prominent features and localities of a country in the memory of youth, I have borrowed largely from the beautiful fancies and fables of the Heathen Mythology. It may be well VUl PREFACE. however to apprize the reader, that I am no convert to a practice which has been recently introduced in works of great merit and high authority; that, I mean, of substituting for the Latin names of the ancient di- vinities, which have been familiar to us aU as household words from our infancy, the corresponding GreeK terms and printing them in the characters of the EngUsh alphabet ; while the Eoman designations are either discarded altogether, or degraded to a secon- dary place and imprisoned within brackets. Our old friends Jupiter and Juno are scarcely recognizable in their new titles and costumes as Zeus and Hera : the God of Fire limps into his forge in Ml; Aetna under the familiar name of Vulcan or the holiday appellation of Mulciber, and limps out again with the portentous title of Hephaestus : Neptune, it seems, must resign his Trident, and it is to be feared his Planet too, to Poseidon : Mercury, should he indulge his old pro- pensity to thieving may escape from justice under the alids of Hermes ; and the Great Globe ItseK, the common nursing-mother of us all, who rejoiced in the double honours of Tellus and Terra, is curtailed of her fair proportions, and appears under the humiliating monosyllabic misnomer of Ge. There is, in short, a complete change of ministry in the councils of Olym- pus. I confess myself a firm adherent of the old Administration, and live in the hope of seeing it once more in office ; but, in the meantime, it may not be amiss to give the reader a tabular view of the two Cabinets : — PREFACE. Old. New. Jupiter superseded bj r Zeus. Juno Hera. Minerva Athena. Vulcan Hephaestus. Neptune Poseidoa Pluto Ixades. Mars Ares. Ceres Demeter. Venus • • • Aphrodite. Cupid Eros. Dia.Tia ArtSmis. Bacchus Dionysas. Latona Leto. Tellus— Terra . 1 1 • i • Ge V. Gaea. ix There is another innovation, to which, though not of quite so recent a date, I feel equally disinclined to give in : — ^the practice, to wit, of printing the ancient names of places in the ordinary type, and the modern names in the Italic character. This is the reverse of D'Anville s rule, who in ali his printed works uses the Italic for the ancient nomenclature, and the common or Eoman letter for the modern. And this is a rule which has reason on its side no less than authority. For surely it is a more natural and convenient ar- rangement, to have the modern names of localities in the same type as the modem text, and to reserve for the ancient names that character which has itself an antiquated look, and which, though now rarely used, was the prevailing method at the era of the invention PREFACE. ■ of printing. And it did so prevail, because it bore the closest resemblance to, and was in trath an imita- tion of, the much prized manuscripts of the classics. What motives induced the editors to reverse this me- thod m their excellent " Compendium of Geography* now in use at Eton College,* I have not been able to learn. They are not stated in the Preface ; nor can I well imagine what they were, or why the example thus set has been so generally followed in later pub- lications. For myself, having adopted D'Anville's ru .} forty years ago, and abided by it down to the recent edition of the * Elements,' I am unwilling to abandon a practice which can plead the sanction and the example of the prince of modem geographers. The skeleton Map appended to these sheets was executed by the first of modem Map-xi akers, Mr Keith Johnston. It embraces a quadrangular section of the Surface of the globe contained between the paraUels of latitude 29^ and 52° 30' K, and the meridians of longitude 15° W., and 45° E What I aimed at in the constmction of this map was to make it an exact counterpart of the text, so that nothing should be put down in the one which would not be found in the other. Central Italy, Southern Greece, and upper 'Egypt, are for obvious reasons repeated on an enlarged scale, in the vaxjant spaces. And, in order, on the one hand, to avoid the confusion and embarrassment cf names engraved at full length on the plate, and on the other, to give the student as- surance that he is right in his references, the locali- * First published by Arrowsmith in 1881. PREFACE, XI ties recorded in the Text have numbers affixed to them whera they are laid down on the Map, and corresponding numbers attached to the name in the Index. Thus by the double reference given in the Index, — to the Page in the printed text, and to the NuDiber on the Map, — ^the student has a key to the whole information contained in these sheets, and a ready mode of making it his own. If such mastery should, as is not unlikely, give him a desire to know inore, it will be gratified to a certain extent by studying the 'Elements:' and the summit of his ambition in this department will be reached by the subsequent study of the 'Eton Compendium;' and by the possession of Dr William Smith's Dictionary, and Mr Johnston's Atlas, of Ancient Geography. College of Eoinbuboh, June 1855. ] -V ■? " " i i'H ' ' ' W ' \ M FIRST STEPS IN THE PHYSICAL AND CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. I. HISPANIui (Gmec^et Poetic^, Ibebia, hodie, Spain and Portugal) Was the name given by the Eomans to a peninsula of quadrangular shape, in length and in breadth about 600 miles, which occupies the S.W. extremity of Europe, and is wholly contained within the lines of 36° and 44° K Latitude, and of 3|° E, and 9i° W. Longitude. Physical Characters of the Peninsula. An elevated ridge of Mountain and Table-land ex- tends from N. to S., forming the water-shed of the country, and giving origin to all the great rivers ; of which some find their way to the Mediterranean, and some to the Atlantic. To this crest, or back- bone as it were of the country, are attached, on the side facing the west, ranges of mountains and high ground running in a S.W. direction and nearly par- allel to each other, which enclose, on two sides, the B EIVERS OF HISPANIA, IBasins or tracts of country, through which the rivers and their tributaries flow. The main Eivers on the W. side of the central ridge, and falling into the Atlantic, are/owr in num- ber : 1. DuBius, the Duero (in Spanish), Douro (in Portuguese) ; whose vast basin, bounded by the Can- tabrian and Asturian mountains on one side and by those of Castille on the other, includes the less con- siderable valley of Minius, the Minho ; — 2. Tagus, the Tajo or Tagus ; — 3. Anas, the Guadiana ; — and 4 Baetis, the Guadalquivir (Wadalkiveer). The main Eivers on the E. side of the water-shed and falling into the Mediterranean, are also four, but, excepting the last, of much shorter course : Tadeb, the Segura ; SucEO, the Xucar; Tubia, the Guad- alaviar ; and Ibebus, the Ebro : And the basins of these rivers are enclosed in like manner by lateral ranges of hills which start off, like spinal processes, from the Eastern side of the central ridge. In tracing the rivers enumerated, secundo flumine, from fountain-head to mouth or emhouchure, we find in succession the following towns and localities : — 1. On the DuBius, near the source, ,Numantia, (Ilispaniae decus), which sustained a fourteen years' siege, and was taken at last by Scipio Africanus Minor.* At the mouth was Galle or Poi^tus Calensis, whence the kingdom of Portugal derives its name : Calle is now Oporto, and from this comes the word ' Port,' as applied to wine shipped from that harbour. 2. On a tributary of the Tagus, now called Man- * nie Numantina traxit ab urbe notatn. — Ovid. Fast. i. 596. iMtfr-r^'"'"*'-'"'*'''^*^'"*'^-"—^-'-'-^' AJtiT'^tMiFt tfi -wt'iaiii AND TOWNS UPON THEM. 3 zanares, stands Madrid', tlie modern capital of Spain : and not far from the embouchure, on the K side, was Olysvpo, now Lisbon, the capital of Portugal 3. On the Anas, Metellinum (Medellin), probably so called from Caecilius Metellus, the founder ; and Emertta Augusta, Merida, a town built by Augustus to reward his veterans {emeriti) 4. On the Baetis, near the source, was CastUlo (Cazlona), of which Himilce, the wife of Hannibal, was a native : the country round was Saltus Castu- lonensis, part of the table-land of Sierra Morena, the scene of the fabulous adventures of Don Quixote; farther down the river, Gorduba (Cordova), birth- place of LucAN and the two SiSNECAS ; Italica, birth- place of the Emperor Trajan, and some think, of Hadrian also, and the poet Silius Italicus ; Hisfpalis, Seville, which ranks as the second city of modern Spain. 5. Tadeb, the Segura, is the farthest south of the four main rivers which fall into the Mediterranean. After passing the modern city of Murcia, it flows through the Campus Spartariu^, a plain so called from its abounding in sparium (esparto), a reed much used by the ancients for the cordage of ships and \^A*ous economical purposes.* 5. SuGBO, the Xuear, had at its mouth a city of the same name (iroXiq ofirnvfiosj 8trab.\ wheris a mu- tiny once broke out in the Eoman army which was quelled by Scipio Africanus Major.-|" • See Plin. Nat. Hist. xix. 2; Liv. xxii. 10; Horn. II. B. ii. 185. t The story is finely told by Livv.' 3. xxii., oh. 26, &c. 4 RIVERS AND TOWNS ON COAST OF HISPANIA. 7. At the embouchure of TuBiA (Guadalaviar), was Valentia, a Eoman colony, now the capital of Valencia, a Spanish province unequalled in na- tural advantages. It is called by the natives La Huerta Qwrtm), and wants nothing but good go- vernment and enterprize to make it the Garden of Europe. 8. On the Ibebus, half way down, stood SaldUha, afterwards Caesabaugusta, now Zaragoza, made illustrious in the Peninsulav war by its successful re- sistance to the French invaders in IP ^8-9. The broad Basin of the Ebro, lying between the Pyrenees and the Central Kidge, is watered, from the heights of booh, by numerous tributary streams, the most remarkable of which are, on the N. side, the Sicikis (Segre), on which stood Ilerda (Lerida), where Caesar defeated Pompey's generals Afranius and Petreius, A. u. 706 ; and, on the S. side, Salo (Xalon) on which stood BiWllis, the native town of the poet Martial After thus following the courses of Elvers, if we next take for our guide the lina of Coast, we shall fall in with towns which have been indebted for their importance and notoriety, in ancient or mod- ern times, to the convenience of harbourage, and the facility of access and resort to conmiercial and colo- nizing foreigners. In this tour of the Coast, r irting round from C. Ortegal, the N.W. angle of the peninsula, and moving South, we find the town and harbour of TOWNS ON THF COAST OF HISPANIA. Corunna (one of the Partus Artabrorum), called by Britisli traders the Groyne; where Sir John Moore fell in the moment of victory (Jan. 1809). 'Co- runna' is thought to be a corruption of Column A, from an ancient tower still standing, said to have been built by Hercules. At the S.W. angle of the peninsula, between the mouth of the Baetis and the Strait of Gibraltar {Fretum Herculeum) stood the very ancient town of Gadir, founded and so named by the Phoenicians. Among the Eomans it was called Gades, and considered as the extreme point of the earth Westward fsolisque cubilia Gades'), in like manner as the Ganges was reckoned the farthest limit Eastward. When Juvenal says, — Omnibus in terris quae sunt a Gadibua usque Auroram et Oangen. — x. 1. he means to express the entire length of the earth. Ganir is the modem town and harbour of Cadiz. Within the Strait is Calpe (the Eock of Gibraltar), which the poets feigned to be one of the Pillars erected by Hercules as his meta laborum, when he had reached the western terminus of the habitable globe. Proceeding now along the shore of the Mediten*a- nean, we come to Nova Carthago (Carthagena), the capital of the Carthaginian possessions in Spain, till it was taken by Scipio Africanus Major, A.U.C. y42, b. Chr. 210.* A little way north of Valencia was Saguntum (' urbs ilia, fide et aerumnis inclita'), the storming of which was Hannibal's first act of aggres- sion in the Second Punic war. Out of it^ ruins was * See Livy's interesting account of the capture, B. 26, c. 42-8, t *f 6 MOUNTAINS OF GAUL built tliG modem town of Murviodro, i.e. imiri vetcres. Between the moiitli of i.ho Ebro and the Pyrenees were Tarriico (Tarrajrona) chief city of the Roman province Tarraconensis, and BarcKno (Barcelona), said to have been built by Hamilcar Barcaa, father of ITainiibul. Olf the coast of Valencia, is the group of Baledres Insulae, famed for furnishing corps of slingers to the Boman armies. Continuing our journey Northward from Barcelona, we cross the Eastern extremity of Monies Pyrenaei (Pyrenees), and find ourselves in I GALLTA TRANSALPIFA : Tliis is a portion of the earth's surface lying wholly within the lines of K I.at. 42° and 52" and of 4J° W. and 8J° E. Long. The term comprehends not only the country of the Helvetii and other Alpine tribes lying to the left of the Rhine, but the whole territory on the left side of that river from its source to its mouth, so that Gaul extended about 700 miles in length as well as in breadth. The Mountain ranges of Gaul which rise high enough to deserve *-he name, are the following: 1. Gehenna, the Cevennes, stretching N.N.E. from the Pyrenees; 2. an extinct volcanic group in Auvorgne (Arverni), the highest points of which are the Cantal, Mont Dor, and Puy-de-Dome ; 3. Vog^sus, the Voges, running parallel with the Rhine from Bale to Coblentz ; 4. Jura, which formed the boundary between the Helvetii and the Seqicdni : 11 t KIVER-BASINS AND TOWNS OF GAUL. 7 And 5. all that portion of the Alps which lies to the W. and -S. of the Upper Rhine, and which sends the waters produced in its summits and slopes either into tliat river, or into the llhono. The vast superficial extent of Ancient Gaul (very considerably larger than Modern France) may be regarded as composed of six large Basins, (ie. tracts of land penetrated throughout their whole length by a main river and its tributaries) ; and these basins are separated from each other, either by the moun- tains above enumerated, or by high grounds (called dos in French from the Latin dorsum), which serve equally well the purposes of water-shed. The Basins are, those of the Garonne, the Loire, the Seine, the Meuse, the Rhine, and the Rhone. The basins of these rivers will be found to account for the whole superficial contents of Gallia I'ransalpina, except the district watered by the Somme (Samara), and the Sclield (Scaldis), which are little more than * rivieres de c6te.' We have then, beginning from the S.W., 1. The Basin of Gabumna, the Garonne, a river which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows N.W. into the Bay of Biscay {Sinics Cantah^cus). This basin is bounded by the Pyrenees, the Cevennes, the Mountains of Auvergne, and the dos or high ground on the N". Within these limits it includes the minor basin of AtUnis (the Adour.) In descending the Garuiu.oa we find Tolosa, Toulouse;* and farther * Toulouse has been a seat of learning both in ancient and modem times. Martial gives it the epithet Palladia, as well on that account as for its temple of Minerva. It was the birth place and residence "f, B EIVER-BASINS AND TOWNS OF GAUL. down, on the left bank of the river, stood Bttrdigdla, the modem city of Bordeaux, well known for its commerce and its claret (vin de Bordeaux). Lower down, the Garonne receives the Dordoc;ne, and widen- ing into an estuary is called La Gironde. 2. The Basin of Liger, the Loire. This river rises in the Cevennes, and flows, Northward first and then Westward, into the Atlantic, which it reaches of the famous jurist Cujncius, and of Maynard, distinguished as a man of letters and a courtier, but so ill rewarded, that he retired v*, last to his humble home and inscribed over the door of the cabinet he died in, the following lines : — " Las d'espi5rer, et de me plaindre Des Muses, des Grands, et du Sort, C'est ici quo j 'attends la mort, Sans la dosirer, ni la craindre." Toulouse will be for ever memorable as the scene of the final action and crowning victory of that series of Peninsular campaigns, which, taken in connection with the battle of Assaye that preceded them, and the battle of Waterloo that came after, have fixed the name of Wellington as the first of all commanders of armies. And if we also take into account the tenor and purpose of his whole life, the magnitude and importance of the transactions in which he was engaged, and, above all, the uniform subordination of self-interest to a sense of duty, — for in him the love of money, the love of power, and even that 'last infirmity of noble minds,' the love of fame, yielded a willing obedience to the love of country and the obser- vance of right, — we shall not only place him above the vulgar herd of conquerors and founders of dynasties, but regard him as the greatest among the men of all ages who have been called on to act a conspicuous part, at once in the civil and military affairs of nations. Such we may presume will be the judgment of posterity, so long as it shall be deemed a nobler exercise of talent and more worthy of renown, to save one's country than to enslave it. In this class of characters, Washington, though a man scarcely equal in talent, stands alone on the same high level of moral greatness with Wellington. KIYEU-BASINS AND TOWNS OF GAUL. V after a course of 500 miles. Among the Towns on its banks mo«t worthy of mention was Oendhum, which owes its modern name of Orleans to the people Aureliani, whose capital it was ; or, as some think, to the Emperor Aurelian. This town has been made famous in modem times by the story of the Maid of Orleans, and by its giving title to the first prince of the blood in the Old Monarchy of France. Near the embouchure of the Loire dwelt the tribe Namnetes, who have given name to the modern city of Nantz, (in French, Nantes). The revocation of the edict of Henri IV., and the consequent influx of so many French protestants into Britain, led to Nantz being adopted and spelt as an English word. 3. The Basin of Sequana, the Seine. This river rises in the table-land, called the Plateau de Langres, of the Gallic tribe Lingeries. Near the source was Alesia, a town taken by Caesar after a long siege, which he describes minutely in the 7th B. of his Commentaries. A little way below its junction with Matri^na (Marne), it encloses an islet called Lutetia Parisiorum, now in the very heart of Paris the capi- tal of France. On the river, between Paris and the sea is Rouen (Rotomagus), b. pL of the great Corneille. 4. Passing over the Somme and the 'lazy* Scheld, we arrive at the Basin of MosA (in Dutch, Maas, in French, Mouse), on which, as we descend the river, we come successively upon Li^ge, Namur, and Maest- richt {Mosae Trajectus), places of little note in ancient times, but whose names occur often in the history of modem wars. 10 KIVER-BASIN OF THE RHONE. 5. The Basin of Rbenus, the Rhine, of which the left side only is Gallic. The Rhine rises in the cen- tral Alps, and its early course is enclosed between Alpine ranges, until it expands into Lacus Brigan- tinus or Yen<^tus, the Lake of Constance. Thence it flows Westward (forming, at Schaff hausen, the most noted waterfall in Europe) till it reach Basilia (Basel or Bale), and meeting there with an obstruction in the high ground between Jura and the Voges, it turns to the North. In the subsequent part of its course it passes the walls, first of Confluentes, corri\pted into the modern Coblentz, at the confluence of the Rhine and MoMa v. Mosella, (Mosel or Moselle) ; and then, of Golonia Agrippina, Coin or Cologne, with its famed Cathedral Upon one filament of that network of ditches, canals, and inlets of the sea., in which the Meuse and Rhine lose themselves in the latter part of their course, stands the modern city of Rotterdam, the b. pi. of Erasmus, to whom his fellow-citizens have erected a bronze statue on one of t^^" l.r Iges. 6. The Basin of Rhodanus, the Rhone. This river, rising in Mom Adula (near the Pass of St Gotharo), makes its way between the two loftiest ranf '? 'd' tho Alps through the Vallais, where it pass';s 1*16 city of the Seduni, now Sitten or Sion, and Octodurus, Martigny. Then, forcing its way through the gorge of St Maurice, it expands into Lacus Lemdnus, the Lake of Geneva, resumes its river form at the town of that name, and after emerg- ing from a subterranean channel a quarter of a mile long called la perie du Rhone, proceeds Westward, DIVISIONS AND TRIBES OF GAUL. 11 till, meeting with the obstruction of the Cevenncs, it turns abruptly to the South. At this angle it is joined from the N. by Arar (Saone), which Caesar describes as flowing incredibili lenitate. At the point of junction stood Lugdunum, which gave name to one of the Augustan divisions of Gaul, Lugdunensis. This city, under the modern name of Lyon, is lamed, among other things, for its silk manufactures, and has long ranked next to Paris in importance and po- pulation. From Lyon the Ehone continues its rapid course directly S., passing various towns, among which may be mentioned Avenio (Avignon), at the junction of Druentia (Durance), and A relate (Aries), where the river separates into two branches, enclosing a Delta of rich land called Camargue, (perhaps a cor- ruption of Caii Marli ager). About 10 leagues E. of this stood Massilia (Marseilles), said to have been founded at a very remote period by a colony from Fhocaea, a town on the coast of Asia Minor. As a dependency of Eome, Massilia rose to great prosperity and refinement. Tacitus mentions it as the place of Affricola's education, and calls it " locus Graeca co- mitate et provinciali parsimonia mistus ac bene com- positus." Ancient Divisions of Gallia. At the time of Caesar's invasion, (b. Chr. 58), there was already in Gaul a Provincia Romana, lying be- tween the Cevennes and the Alps. The rest of Gaul he describes as divided into three parts, according as it was inhabited by Aquitani in the South, Belgae in ifi ".4(1 12 DIVISIONS AND TKIBES OF GAmi. the North, and Celtae between the two. But the truth is that Gallia Comata, as all beyond the Eo- inau Pxovince was then called, was occupied by nu- merous independent tribes or peoples, generally hostile to each other. Some of these have been already named, such as the LingSnes and Parisii in the basin of the Seine, the Aurelidni and Namnetes in that of the Loire, and the Seduni in the Valais. A few shall be now added as occurring most frequently in Caesar's narrative of his campaigns in Gaul : and the locality of each tribe named will be referred to the river-basin in which it dwelt. The Aedui ('clarissimi Celtarum,') occupied the territory between the Loire and the Saone ; the Se- quHni, the upper part of the basin of the Saone, and the whole of that of its feeder the Bulis, Doubs, on which river was their chief city Vesontio (BesanQon). The Allohr^ges dwelt between the Ehone and its left- hand tributary Isd(,ra the Iske. The Trev^ri v. Tre- v^ri occupied the space between the Meuse and the Bhine, and the lower basin of the Moselle. Their chief city was that now called from the name of the tribe,— in German, Trier,— in French, Treves. To the west of the Treviri, occupying the basin of Sahis (Sambre) a tributary of the Meuse and the upper course of the Scheld, dwelt the JS'ervii, a gal'ant people of German extraction, who made head against Caesar in a great battle, and, but for his own prowess and presence of mind, would have gained the victory.* IleDce one of the proudest recollections of his life was * Bell. Gall. ii. cap. 15. I ^ S' ITALIA. 13 I ' That day he overcame the Nervii. ' * The battle was fought on the banks of the same river (the Sambre) along which Napoleon marched in his way to the field of Waterloo. Still farther West, on the Strait of Dover and Calais, lived the people com- memorated by Virgil in the line ** Extremique hominum Moroni, Rhenusque bicornis." Am. VIII. 727. Having finished our suri-ey of Gaul, we return to the point at the East end of the Pyrenees whence we commenced it, and proceed along the shore of mare nostrum, as the Eomans called the Mediterranean, till we arrive at the Aljpes Maritimae, and the little river Varus, the Var ; on crossing which we find ourselves in Italy. ITALIA (Chaec^ et Poetic^, Hespebia, Oenotbia, Ausonia, Satubnia Tellus) including Gallia Cisaljpina, and Magna Gbaegia. Italia, in the widest acceptation of the word, (in which however it was not used till the days of Impe- rial Eome), comprehended the whole of that territory which is fenced off to the N.W. from the rest of Eurrpe* by the mountain barrier of the Alps, and is surrounded on all other sides by the sea. It extends 700 miles in length, and is of various breadth, lying between the parallels of 38° and 47° K Lat. and the Hues of 7° and 19° E. Long. Italy, when contemplated under its physical aspect, * Shaksp. Jul. Caes. Act in. so. 2. 14 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. I is composed of two portions nearly equal in extent, but widely different in natural character. The one is the Peninsula of Italia Propria, sur- rounded by the waters of the Mediterranean and Adriatic on all sides, except to the N.W. where an imaginary line over-land connects the little streams of MacrA and Rubicon, and forms the isthmus. The other portion is mainly the'^great basin of Fa- dus, called also by the poets JEriddnus^ — ^the Po. Between these two portions of Italian territory there is a striking contrast. In the Northern division, throughout its whole length, we find a river flowing in the lowest level between the Alpine and Apennine heights which form its boundaries. In the Sout^^m or peninsular portion, the reverse is the case. Tne. central line of the Peninsula is not the lowest but the most elevated part, it being in fact the crest of the lofty and continuous chain of the Apennines ; while the boundary line on the two sides is the lowest of all levels — the sea. The one region is penetrated by a single river, swollen by the contributions of innumer- able streams from the opposite sides of the great basin, all of which find their way to the Po, the great receptacle which absorbs them and pours their united waters into the Adriatic. The Peninsula, on the other hand, has abundance of streams, but they are all, even the Tiber, of comparatively short course, having each its own little basin and lateral feeders, and falling directly and independently into the sea. To begin with the Northern Division, i. e. the vast basin of the Po. During the Eepublican times, it I M BASIN OF THE PO. 15 I was no part of Italy, but was known to the Romans as Gallia Cisalpina. If we trace the Padus, from its source in Mons VesHlus (Monte Viso) to its em- bouchure, we shall find on the river itself, 1. Augusta Taurinorum, taken by Hannibal on his descent from the Alps, (now Turin (Torino), capital of the king- dom of Sardinia); and 2. Cremdna, whose vicinity to Mantua is lamented by Yirgil:* a city noted in modern times for the excellence of the violins manu- factured there. The North side of the Po Basin, from its position in regard to Rome, was called Gallia Transpaddna, a region watered by numerous Alpine tributaries. The most remarkable are, 1. Ticmm (Tesino), issuing from Ldicus Verbdnus (Lago Maggiore), on whose banks Hannibal first defeated the Romans in a skirmish of cavalry: 2. The Addua (Adda), issuing from Lake Larius (Lago di Como) : and 3. Mincim,f which drains the superfluous waters of Lake Bendcus (Lago di Garda). It issues from the lake, close to the little peninsula oiBirmio, the favourite residence of the poet Catullus ; and on its way to the Po, invests Mantua, a city which Silius Italicus calls musarum domus as being the b.-pl. of Virgil, though it is believed that the poet was born at Andes, a neighbouring village. The South side of the Po Basin, as being that near- est to Rome, was called Gallia Cispaddna. It was * Mantua, vae ! miserae nimium vicina Cremonae ! — Eel. ix. 28. ■j- tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat Mincins. et tenera praetexit arundine ripas. — Virg. G. in. 14, Smooth sliding Mincius, crowned with vocal reeds. — Lye. i. 86. I T 16 ITALIA PROPRIA. watered also by many tributary streams, among the rest by the Trebia, on the banks of which the Eomans sustained from Hannibal a second and more severe defeat, (a. u. c. 435.) In the peninsula of Italia Propbia the only rivers of considerable length are, the Amus, TiMris, Liris, VuUumtcs, which flow into the Mare Inferum vel Etruscum, and the Aufidus and Atemiis, which flow into Mare Superum vel Adriatimm. 1. In the Basin of Abnus (Valdamo and Vallom- brosa)* was Florentia, now Florence, capital of Tus- cany, and near it FaesUlae, where the 'Tuscan artist* Galileo made his observations, and Pistoria, where Catiline was defeated and slain. 2. In the Basin of Tjbebis, the Tiber, (in Italian, Tevere), were : — (1.) On the river itself, Perusia, near Lacm Tra- simenus (now the lake of Perugia), where Hannibal routed the Eoman army a third time under Flaminius ; Fidenae, near Mons Sacer, between the Tiher an^ Anio : Homa — Princeps Urhium, Tlrhs SepticoUis : ' — and, at the mouth, Ostia, the Port of Eome. (2.) On the right side of the basin, Clusium, the city of Porsenna, on the tributary Clanis; and on the left side, Tibur (Tivoli) on the Anio (Teverone). At Tibur Maecenas had a villa where Horace was a frequent guest, his Sabine farm being at no great • Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks In Vallombrc-3a, where the Etrurian shades High over-arch'd embower. — Par. Lout, i. 802. See also 287. if {fi^^fivrrt f HMHi C H©mO GM APHIA m©M.AKA eirAftnrvmrumiiJUtBmi. Sttui iJtiS/ TfJtmtiir Sniftil li MMM ITALIA PROPRLAu 17 distance, on the Bigentia (Licenza) a feeder of the Anio. 3. In the Basin of Libis (Garigliano) were, on the Uft side, Arpmum, birth-place of Marius and Cicero, the famous Duo Arpindtes; Aquinum, birth-place of Juvenal ; at the mouth, near the Marshes where Marius took refuge, Minturnae. On the right side, the Liris was joined by the Fihrenus, on whose banks and in the little island at the junction which belonged to Cicero, was held the Dialogue de Legibus, (see De Legg. lib. ii. c. 1-3). 4. In the Basin of the Vultubnus, on the left side of the river, stood the following towns : — Al- llfae, famed for its pottery — (Allifdna, sc. pocula, seem to have been remarkable for their size) : — Capua, chief city of the Campdni, and the rival of Eome itself (hence called 'altera Eoma') till towards the close of the Second Punic war, when, having taken part with Hannibal, it fell with his falling fortunes : On the 7'ight side was Vend/rum, famed for its olives, and Cales{-ium) for its vines; {Venafranunfby sc. oleum, and Calenum, sc. vinum, de- noted oil and wine of the first quality). Beneventum, a town of Samnium, on the Via Appia, stood at the point of junction of Sahdtus and Oalor, whose united stream falls into the Vulturnus. On that river itself stooc Gasilmum (on the site of the modern Capua), which gained credit with the Eomans by its long and obstinate resistance to Han- nibal, {Liv. B. XXII. ch. 15). Between Beneventum and Capua, lay Furcae Caudinae, a defile where a c2 : 1 '3 18 ANCIENT DIVISIONS OF ITALY. Roman army was hemmed in by the Samnites, and forced to pass under the yoke, {Liv. B. ix. ch. 1-9). 6. In the Basin of the Aufidus, not far from the right bank of the river, were Canusium and Cannae : Near the latter was gained the last and greatest vic- tory of Hannibal ; and to Canusium the poor remains of the Koman army retreated after the disastrous battle. Higher up the valley, at the foot of Mt Vultur, was Venusia, b.-pL of Horace, on the debate- able land between Apulia and Lvcania ; hence, Horace speaks of himself as 'Lucanus an Appulus anceps.' Here also was the Fons Bandusiae; not, as usually supposed, in his Sabine farm. 6. In the Basin of the Ateenus, on the river itself, were Amiternum, b.-pl. of Sallust the historian, and Corfinium, the rallying point of the League against Eome in the Social War. At some distance south from the bend of the river, stood Sulmo (Sulmona), a town of the Peligni, b.-pl. of Ovid. To the geographical position of other towns and localities not connected with these six Rivers a clue wiU be found, if we follow the line of coast, having special reference at the same time to the following sub-divisions or provinces of Italia Antiqua. These Provinces are either Maritime or Inland. Of the Maritime, six bordered on the Mediterranean, and six on the Adriatic. The former were Ligubia, Eteueia, Latium, Campania, Lugania, and the Bbuttii; those on the Adriatic were Apulia, (in- cluding Japt/gia and Daunia,) FiCENUZf, Umbeia, Gallia Cispadana, Gallia Transpadana, and Ve- I • o LIGURIA AND LATIUM. 19 t o NETIA including the peninsula of Histria. The Inland Provinces were Samnium, and the Highland districts of the Maesi, Peliqni, and Sabini. Let us first travel along the coast of the maritime provinces in the above order : — 1. On the coast of Ligubia, which was the name applied to the stripe of land between the Apennines and the sea, extending from the Var to the Macra,— we find, at the head of the Bay caUed Sinus Ligmtl^ cus, Genua, a town more famous in history under its modernized form of Genoa : 2. Crossing the Macra, we enter Etbubia, and arrive first at the Town of Luna, and its harbour Par- tus Lunensis (Gulf of Spezzia), than which, Lucan affirms^' non est spatiosior alter, Innumeras cepisse rates, et claudere pontum ; ' and not far off are the quarries of Carrara, which still furnish statuary marble to Europe. As we approach the mouth of the Tiber, we come upon the ancient A^lla, afterwards called Caere, a town rewarded with the honorary freedom of the City, for its fideHty to Eome at the time of the Gallic invasion : 3. On the coast of Lativm, the first town we meet with is Laurentum, the City of King Latinus, next, Lavinium, and then Antium, the capital of the Volsci. It was over the Antidtesiho^i the Eomans gained their first victory at sea ; in memory of which they fixed the beaks {rostra) of the ships they had captured, in front of the tribune from which the orators harangued the people. Antium was famed in Horace's time for a temple of Fortune. Beyond this were Paludes r 20 CAMPANIA. if I Pomptlnae, the Pontine Marshes, a tract of country where the malaria, so prevale^xt in many parts of Italy, is peculiarly noxious. Next come the Town Promontory and Harbour of Cajeta, (Gatita), which took the name, Virgil tells us, from the nurse of Aeneas. Near it was Cicero's Formianum, where he was murdered by order of Mark Antony., Here com- mences and is continued into Campania, the district in which the choicest wines of the ancients were pro- duced, — the Formiani Colles, the Mons Massicus, the Ager FalernTis, CaecUhus, Calenus, Setmus : 4. On the coast of Campania, were 1. Cumae, which Virgil makes the first landing-place of Aeneas in Italy and the abode of the Sybil who conducted him to the shade of his father Anchises, in the aliodes of the dead : — 2. Baiae, a favourite watering-place :* — 3. Parthendpe, afterwards NeapSlis (Napoli, Naples), one of those Greek Colonies which were so numerous along this southern shore of the peninsula that it got the name of Magna Gbaecia. At a little distance across the bay on which Naples stands is Vesuvius, a, volcano, of which the first eruption upon record took place A.D. 79 ; and it has continued ever since to be the only active volcano in continental Europe. At the base of Vesuvius, and overwhelmed by its erup- tions, were the buried cities Herculaneum and Pom- peii, discovered and partially disinterred within the last and present centuries. At no great distance, in- land, was Nola, at the seige of which Hannibal for ' • NuUus in orbe sinus Baiis praelucet amoenis. — Hor. Epist, I. 1. 88. i LUCANU, BRUrra, AND APULIA. 21 t 1 the first time received a check, (Liv. 23. 16.) It waa at Nola that Augustus died : 6. On the coast of Luc AN i A was Paestum, famed for its roses and its ruined temples. On that part of the Lucanian coast which is in the Sinus Taren- times, were Metapontum, the residence for a time of Pythagoras, ^ and of Hannibal ; — Heradea, the place of assembly for the deputies from the states of Magna Gbaeoia; — and Sybdris^ proverbial for the luxury and effeminacy of its inhabitants. In the same bay, but beyond the limits of Lucania, was Tarentum, on the brook Galesus :* 6. In Ageb Bbuttius, on the Fretum SicUlum (Strait of Messina) was a rock and cave under it, fabled lo be the residence of the sea-monster Scylla ; farther along, in the narrowest part of the Strait, was the Town of Rhegium, supposed to have received its name from the tradition of Sicily having been there Jyrohen off from Italy, {airo rov payrjvai, Straho). Near the prom. Lacinium was Croton, where Py- thagoras taught his doctrines ; the b.-pl. also of the noted athlete, Milo Crotoniates :f 7. On the Adriatic coast of Apulia, after doub- ling Cape Japygium (Leuca) we find Hydruntum, the shortest transit to Greece, but less frequented for that purpose than Brundusium, which had an ex- cellent harbour, and was the terminus of the Via * Dulce pellitis ovibus Galesi Flumen et regnata petam Laconi Rura Phalanto. — ffor. Od. ii. 6, t For an interesting account of Croton, and the Temple of Juno Lacinia in its neighbourhood, see Liv. xxiv. 3. 22 PICENUM, UMBRIA. I ■ Appia, which was the great high road from Rome to Greece. Brundusium, and Dyrrhachium on the op- posite coast, were the Dover and Calais of the ancient world. This part of the Apulian coast was inhab- ited by a people called Caldbri : their Town Rudiae was the b.-pl. of the poet Ennius, who is hence called by Cicero Rudiiis homo, and his poetry Horace calls Caldbrae PieHdes. Then comes the projection of the land occupied by Mt. Oargdnus and its oak forests {querceta Oargani, Hor.) Horace compares the up- roar in a Roman theatre to a storm among the woods of Garganus : Garganum mugire putes nemus. — Fpist. II., i. 202. 8. On the coast of Picenum we fall in with a smaller projection of the land, which, from the form it takes, was likened to the human elbow, ayKwi/, and hence the town built upon it got the name of Ancon vel Ancona, which it still retains, (* Balmaticis ol>- noxia fluctibus Ancon! — Lucan.) 9. On the coast of Umbeia were two towns of note, 1. Sena, to which the epithet Gallica was added, as well to denote the fact of its being originally a Gallic settlement, as to distinguish it from Sena Julia, an inland Town in Etruria ; the former is now Sinigaglia, the latter Sienna ; and 2. Arimmum (Rimini), the storming of which was Caesar's first overt act of civil war, after crossing tiie RuMcon : 10, 11. On the coast of Gallia Cisaljpina, south of the Po, stood Ravenna, near which Augustus con- structed a station for his fleet on the Mare Superumt i VENETU, ITALIAN ISLANDS. 23 as he did at Misenum, near Naples, to guard the Mare Inferum : 12. Venetia, though it has rivers of its own which do not fall into the Po, may yet, with reference to the Alpine boundary, be reckoned part of tlie great basin of Cisalpine GauL Its Rivers of note were : — 1. A thesis, (in German, Etsch, in French, Adige,) on which were Tridentum, Trent, memorable for the Council of Catholic Bishops assembled there immedi- ately after the Reformation, and Verona b.-pl. of Catullus, where there is still a Roman amphithe- atre in tolerable preservation; 2. Medodcus minor, on which was Patamum (Padua), b.-pl. of Livy ; 3. Timdms, see Aen. i 244 ; 4. Arsia, in the peninsula of IsTRiA, is the Eastern Boundary of Italy. The City of Venice, on the coast K of the Po, belongs to Modern Geography. Italian Islands of Note. Off the coast of Etruria, Ilva (Elba), famed of old for the richness of its iron ores, f Insula inexhaustis Chalybum genero.7 y~i.'i.i ef\fr -uiuuu. ^ei, uutt. ovi. 24 ITALIAN ISLANDS. }i Italy, lies the groap of volcanic islets called Ins. Aeoliae v. Vulcaniae (Lipari Islands), one only of which, Btrongyle (Stromboli) is still active. South of this group, lies SiciLiA, called also Trin- acria, v. ' Trindcris, a positu nomen adepta locL* The three promontories, (r/ota aKpa, trina cornua, Ov.) at the three corners of the triangular island were, N.E. Pelorus (C. Faro), S.E. Pachynus (Passaro), and W. Lilybaeum (Boeo). In the strait which separates Italy from Sicily {Fretum SicUlum), the poets describe a whirlpool called Charyhdis opposite to Scylla on the Italian side. These were the two bugbears of ancient navi- gators, between which it was thought so difficult to steer, that in avoiding the one it was hardly possible not to fall a prey to the other. Hence came the pro- verbial use of the modern line, ' Incidit in ScyUam, qui vult vitare Charybdin.* On the coast between Pelorus and Pachynus are 1. the town of ZancU, originally so named from fayKAry, a sickle, which the form of the harbour suggested, afterv^ards Messdna, now Messina ; 8. CatXne, Catania, which ha3 suffered repeatedly from the lava of the burning mountain, alike famed in fable and in history, Mt. Aetna : and 3. after crossing Simaethus, the river of longest course in the Island, we reach Stba- CUSAE, the renowned Metropolis of Sicilia. In front of the harbour is the Island Ortygia v. Nasos, and in it the fountain Arethusa, of poetical celebrity. - Between Pachynus and Lilyhaeum was Agrigen- tum, or, in the Greek form Acrdgas, the second city ILLYRICUM. .25 in ancient Sicily ; an early rival of Carthage, and noted for a Temple of Jupiter, of whicli some gigantic fragments still remain. The ancient name survives in the modern Girgenti. ^ Between Lihjhaemi and Pelorus, on the northern shore of the Island, the notable localities are, Eryx, a Town and Mountain ; the latter surmounted by a Temple of Venus (Erycina). Off shore, Aegdtes insulae, where the Eomans gained the naval victory which put an end to the First Punic War. Brc- pdnum (Trapani,) so called, like Zancld, from the form of its harbour, {Speirdvri, meaning a scythe). Panormus, now Palermo, the modern capital of Sicily. In the centre of the Island, was ' that Mv field Of Enna, vrhere Proserpina gathering flowers, Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis Was gathered.'— Par. I/05«, IV. 268.* Eesuming now our continental journey from Ve- nice along the head of the Adriatic, and passing AquUeia and Tergeste (Trieste), both Koman colonies on the coast of Istbia, we cross the Arsia, and bid adieu to Italy. And now, * iLLTRici legitur plaga littoris, arva teruntur J)almatiae:—Glaudian. De iii. Cons. Honor, v. 119. ILLTBICUM consisted mainly of a stripe of land between the Adriatic and a range of mountains branching off from the Eastern Alps and runmng S.E. and then East, under various names, Alhn Monies, Scardus, Scomius, Pangaeus, Rhoddpe, and Cicero describes the place minutely, in Verr. de Signis, c. 48. 26 GRAECIA. at last Haemus, a name which it retains till it reaches the Euxine. Liburnia was the northern and Dalma- tia the southern province of Illyricum. Skirting the latter we cross the river Brilo, and, coming in sight of the 'infames scopulos Acroceraunia^ find ourselves at last on the soil of that country, in which it may be said, with the least poetical exaggeration, that ' not a mountain rears its head unsung.' GRAECIA* Gbaecia (the Eoman name) and HEiLAS-ados (the Greek) are terms which, taken in their widest acceptation, comprehend Peloponnesus, Gbaecia Pbopbia, Thessalia, Efibvs, and Macedonia. If we add to the last-named the contiguous country of TsBAOiAi the whole will present a portion of the earth's surface (extending between the parallels of Lat. 36° and 41° N. and the lines of Long. 19° and 27° E.) which may be regarded as forming an irregu- lar triangle, with the mountain chain of Haemus for its base, the coast lines of the Aegean and Ionian Seas for its sides, and for its apex Cape Taendrus (Matapan), the southern extremity of the Peloponne- ms, and of Greece. This triangular space is nearly bisected by the Pindus Chain, which forms the water-shed of the whole territory of Greece, separat- • Haec cuncta Graecia, quae famS, quae gloria, quae doctrina, quae plurimis artibus, quae etiam imperio et bellied virtute floruit, parvum quendam locum in Europa tenet, semperque tenuit — Ciceri pro Flacco, 27. \> PELOPONNESUS. 27 V 'i ing the rivers on its Eastern side which flow into the Aegean, from those on the Western side which flow into the Ionian Sea. I Peloponnesus, (Morea). The localities of prime classical interest in the leaf-shaped peninsula caUed Peloponnesus which forms the southernmost division of Greece, are the following : Among the Mountains, which cover a large portion of the surfaxje, are, 1. Cyllene, fabled to have been the spot where Mercury was born and his stepping- stone between heaven and earth, when, acting as messenger of the gods ('Deorum nuncius') he either lighted upon, ' the heaven-kissing hiU,' or re-ascended from it;— 2. and 3. Lycaeus and Maendlus, the favourite haunts of Pan (ovium custos) :— 4 Tdy- g^tus, the resort of the Spartan maidens (' virginibus bacchata Lacaenis')— a range of mountains, now called Pentedactylon, which bounds on the W. the basin of Eurotas. On that Eiver stood Lacedaemon v. Sparta, so long the rival of Athens, not in arts but in arms. The only other river in the peninsula worth noting here, is Alpheus,* on which, not far from its em- bouchure, was the town of Pisa; and near it the plain of Olympia, where the Olympic games were celebrated by all Greece in the first month of every that renowned flood, so often sung, DWine Alpheus, who by secret sluice fitol© under seas to meet his Arethusc.— i!fe«o,, bicornis). 'mons Phoebo Bromioque sacor. Botw n the two peaks was fcr^ totofe, and fai- f^down, on the P««. of which the Ca^tehan spring is a feeder, stood the temple of Apoxlo in which were the Tripod of the Pythia and the seat of tVie famous Delplaic Oracle. \aetolia was known in early Greek sto^ a. the country ravaged by the Calydonian Boar, till it was S at last by Meleager. The boar got its n^e from Calydon, the city of Tydeus and his ^^^^^'^^^ the latter so weU known to the -ader o. Homer^nd V--T2il under his patronymic title Tt.8«&)5, Tydides. AcLv.. the longest and largest of Grecian nvers, forms the boundary between Aetolia and Tacabnaki^, a district which lies between that river a^d the Ambracian Gulf. « -^/*. *^\^^: trance of this gulf, neax- the promontory Achum, that rival batlewas fought between Augustus and Mark Antony, -^ch secured to the former he un- disputed sovereignty of the Koman World, (B.C. 31). g2 EPmUS— TIIESSALIA. III. Efibus. Between the Ambracian Gulf and the Acrocerau- nian Promontory, lay the extensive r^ion oJJ;^"*™; deluding CJuionia and Molosda. It was famed o te teed of horses, and of Molossian dogs, and s ill ^lo^so f^r the mo'st ancient of all the Greek oracles. """Sng now reached the v^estcm limits of Greece JZI eastward to the coast of the Aegean, ^t^ t,oint where it trends Northward from the boundary rtleoaP'^o^. and crossing. - wmdmg round^ Mt. Oeta, which is an offset Eastward fcom the » chain, we iind ourselves in the country caUed by the ancients IV. THESSAllA. Physically considered, TmasAiY is made up of the BaS of L rivers, the ^cUos.. S,^.^^ and • the Perv^, {^^X»^ ^nd n,«.^). The Sfiercl^m ril in Mt. Tymphrestus. one of the heights of that pX 7ange whence so many streams 'chspart to !-ff„rr,t Teas' It flows Eastward into the Sinm t^'^^ S Zeitoun) through a W«% rscotic^ Mh, Graced avXi.., Galhce *«^») T''^^^ Sounded by two ranges of ^'f^'^fZl'^'^ Mt. Othrys on the N., and on the S. Mt. Ueta. . Th« rale of the SpercMw, must have had great natural beawy. to Jve blln lld'by Virgil, in the following exq».s.te lu.es. a. ] TRESSA.LIA. 3?. ,,e Ea.e.n extremity of Mt. Oe^c^^^Z -r "^ZlS^e ;f iri a— "o.ed upon producing hellebore, wmu Anticyris oT^HrlotA "(rainst madness. irious au j rnlf which i8 often confounded with this. if tl,« fo«? sides, even the side facing the sea, oy aU the /ow siaes, ^^^ j,yjg ■ ranges of mountons ; on ^^^^ W^by ^ N by Monies Canilmmi and ^^«*' °^ q ' Tavr *otcUn^ity of tl^i^ -— ^S -the lips as it were of the great hasin-there i. mi o„eof theretreat^wbtaaloverof ,u,al scenery would delight U. ■ ""'" " Bura mihl et rigui place^t to TToTlnpi Flumina ameni silrasque inglonuB I 0, ub. oamp^ S^^Lsue, et Virgimbu, baeohata Lacaen« Vp,lJ* Oquimegelid«iBvaU.basfl^. 8i,etingentlra.o™n>protegatu.b™.^^^ Taemru, the most southern point P -^^ B«xr.;x«») as the Taygeta are made it out. that one of the Five ^mgers V ^j,, gouthem extre- Southern point of Europe. 1 34 THESSALIA. one interruption ; and it consists of a rent in the rocky barrier between Olymptis and Ossa, through v^hich £L. the single niain river of Th-- ^ ^^P^^; finds its way to the Aegean. The outlet bore the n^e of Temp4. It is a vaUey which in some places Ho narrow as barely to allow the river to pas« tetween the opposite cUffs. This fact, coupled with 5^ general aspL of the county, wh ch preset, to the eye an interminable plain, has led to the almost unavoidable conclusion, that Thessaly Proper was o„ce TZ Lake, and furnished no land ^r the habitation of man tiU the rent at Temp^ was either formed or : Zld as to admit the efflux of the water ;oduc!d in the summits and inner ^^^/^^ enclosing heights. It was then, and not till then^ hSe wafers found an issue in the one sl^am^ the Peneus, which receives, incorporates, a^d dischar- '"Amtngte numerous tributaries of the Pe^-«3. one th^^ToSs it on the right called ApidHnm is worth not ng forlwo reasons! 1st, Because near the source :f Xbutary. the En^. stood T.— <^ aKoc 'the city of wonderment; from Oav|s, a- island that figures in the history of Bacchus and Ariadne; Gy- d>ros V. -roe and Senphos, places of banishment for Roman criminals under the Empire. 2. The islets to the East of the Cyclades, from the circumstance of their being scattered, were called Sporddes, from ',. ^ ■ ^, ■. , I CLASSICAL COOTKIES Boi'derinsf on THE MKDITJiRILV>EA>' audits COGJTATE SEAS. Figures omitted, in the gentral ifap will be foundbiivlhe enlarged Mapi N?fLt. 2. I aiL^tadf "We st 5 of G-rp-ojrwiel Lon-^tudLe Hast 5 of Gxeertwiclj. Adaip & Charles. Black, £dii p Sz Charles .Black, £iiinbLirgh .