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Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la mAthode. 12 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 M Jit^i. ^^' ^^ *<- » ^ ^ rl CANADA AND INVASION. r-o. ^ £ B >^ *i X BIBLIOTHEQUE I ^) DE M. Tabbe VERREAU .;Vo. I Classe / Serie r» CANADA AND INVASION, Suppose youi* neiglibor became a dangerous lunatis, fend there were no civil authorities for your protec-" tion, what would you do ? You would bolt and bai* your doors and windows, and arm yourself, saying, I will not hurt the poor fellow if I possibly can avoid, but I must protect my life and property. Canada's neighbor is a dangerous lunatic, possessed by a blind rage; committing follies such as never before were committed on this continent ; drunken with excite- ment and armed to the teeth; Yet Canada rests as if in security, and the armed maniac raging beside her. It is not enough that the maniac may at present be fully engaged, or have enough reason remaining to prevent her braving the might of Britain. You can not with certainty conjecture what sane, how touch more difficult to conjecture what insane persons will do. You can not tell what a day may bring forth. Few will dispute the truth of this maxim, as we have the highest authority for believing in its truth ; but those who will not accept it as true in consequence of such high authority can satisfy themselves by a ref- erence to ancient and modern history. • A little Tjfiote than twoyears ago, a report prevailed that a treaty offensive and defensive was concluded between France and Russia. The report was not true, but wa« almost being true, and it is even now not at 2 CANADA AND INVASION. all unlikely that they may make a treaty and act together. France and Russia are not less antagonis- tic in feelings, principles, and interests than are the Northern and Southern States. Therefore it is not to be considered out of the bounds of possibility that they may make a treaty — perhaps, to attack Canada: the North's cause of enmity being Canada's (supposed) sympathy with the Southern States, and England not assisting to subdue them— the North expected not (Ktive hut passive assistance from England ; the South's cause of enmity being England's not recognizing her and breaking the blockade of her ports. The North might say to the South, " Assist us to conquer Canada and whip England, and your independence shall be acknowledged, if you wish ; or the possession of your slaves and your right to extend slavery guaranteed if you consent to remain in union with us." One of the Canadian line of packets, or any other British vessel, may any day be illegally seized, and Restoration and compensation refused. We have read in the newspapers of American military parties arrest- ing on Canadian soil deserters from their army. Countless occurrences, which are quite impossible to be foreseen, might involve us in war.* England and •The British screw steamer "Gladiator" has arrived at Liverpool, T^-ith mdvices from Bermuda to the Uh Nov. The -aptain cf the " Gladiator "hav- ing heard, previously to his departure Irom Bermuda, that Commodore Wilkes, of the steamship "Trent" notoriety, intended to capture the " Gladiator, obtpined the profection of H. M. S. "Desperate," which vessel accompanied hiva. a certain distance from the port. The vessels had scarcely part(Mi com- pany when the "Gladiator" was boarded by a boat's crew from the Federal Sah-of-war, and the captain wr- ordered to go on board and report himself. The "Despemte" being within gnnshot, he declined to obey the order, and ^M then allowed to proceed. The " Desperate," on seeing the « Gladiator iHwrded, immediately ran out two guns ready fbr action. It was currently jfcenorted at Bermuda that the Governor had sent a requisition to Admiral Jliihe for * protecting squadron. ^, x ^« j *» The Bermuda GazetU^ of October 7, s»y« the ostensible object of Commodore Wilkes was to obtain coal, but suspects it was, in reality, » little scheme to jMe how far it might be possible for American pluck to drive through the jfules of ncutmlitv laid down by the British Government. The cruising >tittiin our waters^the anchoring in our channels— the landing of armed iSfntries—thf boarding of British ve88elfr»-the taking on board of unhimtcrt CANADA- AND INVAStON'/ 3^ France may recognize the Southern Confederacy, and' the Northern may pour her army iiito Canada^— an army almost half as numerous as the population of' Canada. Doubtless, as the Goverhor General said, the entire strength of the British Empire would be put forth for our defence, and we can not doubt that It would successfully be put forth. But the enemy being driven out, what would be Canada's condition ? Her population deceminated, her towns in ashes, her lands uncultivated, her railroads and canals destroyed, her mills burned, her homesteads in ruins, her sub- stance wasted, her matrons widows, her children fatherless, her progress retarded at least half a cen- tury, and the report gone abroad, " Don't emigrate to Canada, ; she is liable to invasion ; your life and prop- erty will be insecure,, and your children may become the conquered subjects of another State." Canadians, what annual premium would you pay to insure yourselves individually against the risks of invasion ? You insure against fire and death ; but against fire and death by an enemy you are not insured. You pay a civil police to defend you against coal— and the subsequent proceedings of the gun-boats, evidently prove that there must have been some peculiar and particularly private reasons which have given us tlie honpur of this influx of United States heroes. The Bf^rmuda Gazette, of the same day, says: — The royal mail steamer « Merlen," when within three miles of the land, on the morning of the 6th, was flrcd at, and brought to, by one of those gun-boats, and though the officer in charge of the boat, when he became aware of the true chaiacter of tho vessel he had stopped, apologised, still such frequent and unprovoked insulta will not be submitted to. The Artny and Navy Gazette says :— Admiral Wilkes, of "Trent" notoriety- having been ordered by the Federal Government to proceed to the vicinity of the Bahama Inlands, with a view of cutting^ off all intended supplies for that quarter for the Confederates, the British authorities have very wisely, in anticipation of any complication which might arise from the excess of energy well known to exist in Flag-Officer Wilkes, ordered reinforcements to bo despatched to the Admiral in the West Indies. W« believe the " Emerald" and "Galatea" are under immediate orders to proceed to Bermuda, whence thoy will be sent to any quarter where Sir Alexander Milne may deem their presence necessary. The Bermuda Gazette, of October 7th, says :— We under* stand that Admiral Milne, with a large force, i» expected here from Halifax about the tniddle or end of next month. We are, however, disposed to think ttot recent occurrences will expedite the arrival of his squadron. CANADA AND INVASION, civil murder and robbery ; but you do not pay a sol- diery, a national police, to defend you against foreign murder and robbery. You should insure against inva' eion at once. You can do so four ways : Pay the Imperial Government to insure you, thus enabling it to augment the Imperial army, and to increase it in Canada. Pay the Canadian Government to insure you by a regular and set'viccable militia, or by a stand- ing army. Insure yourselves, paying your insurance in time, not in money, by becoming soldiers your- selves; not volunteers (as you understand the word), but sotditrSf bound under penalties to drill at stated times, and to observe stated laws. You must, if you insure yourselves, be a nation of aoldiers^ oi well-drilled soldiers, for your numbers are few, and the numbers of your neighbors are very many ; therefore it is only by discipline and skill you could hope to succeed. In England the volunteer military organization ha» been most successful ; but in England men live chse together — here, far apart. And this appears to offer an almost insuperable difficulty to a very extensive militia or volunteer organization ; therefore, it appears militia and volunteers can only be relied on as auxil- iaries. It is self-evident that a xjontractor in business, with all the machinery of his business ready to hand and in good working order, has a great advantage over an inexperienced person coming into the same business, with all the machinery to provide, and then to get it into working order ; therefore, it must be self-evident that the Imperial Government could contract to fur- nish Canada with regular troops, both more cheaply and much more efficiently than the Canadian. But as some may not see this, although self-evident, it may be remarked (merely to put their mind on the right track), that recruits are more easily and more cheaply obtained at Lome than here, and that recruiting in Canada would retard the settlemeat of the country 9 i I i CANADA AND INVASION. % that fotjilities for desertion in Canada afe gi-eat and the propensity for desertion is much greater in the recruit than in the soldier; that liie Imperial Govern- ment wouW «end here none except well-conducted or old floldiers, who by deserting would lose the advan- tages accruing from their past service. It may iilso be remarked that, if enlisted under the present law, these soldiers would have the option of beinff diel charged here or at home; that it va most likely they would remain here, where those who came to the «otmtry unmarried would likely have formed connex- ions, and where advantages would be offered to the children of those who came married. These dis- charged soldiers would be well-conducted and orderly eettlers, with a knowledge of the country, and the means of settling themselves comfortably ; besides their annual pension would increase the capital of the country, and they would be well-drilled recruits for the militia or v-olunteers. The Canadian Government wouH be glad to talce the contract, on account of the patronage and other oppdrtunitiee it would offer for the personal advantage of Its members. If the Canadian Government werel» take the contract nt the same rate as the Imperial thev would furnish an inferior article. The best way Ve can get an army is to say to tlie home government - Here is so much money. You agree to keep so many troops in Canada as our contingmt towards our own defence, and, as you know we are not able to defend ourselves alone, you will keep a contingent at your expense; and should any part of the empire be in greater danger than Canada, we will be ready, as far aji in our power, to assfist in its defence." Were it decided that regular troojpswere to be supplied, eitlier by the Imperial or Canadian Government, most of your rep- resentatives weu-ld urge on you the preference of their bemg supplied by the Canadian. Why? Because numan nature is selfish, and they would expect to tura 6 CANADA AND INVASION. ,OU.t of the event something to tluiir 0TS?n or their friends' advantage. There is a party in the British House of Commons called the Manchester party. It is small and weak; it contains no men of position or weight, and contains only one or two men of ahility. Yet it makes more noise than all the other parties together. Its general war cry is, "Down with taxation!" "Down with taxation " is a very good motto ; but when the Man- chester men cry " Down with taxation," they mean " shift taxation off our shoulders," and by their much asking and much clamor they have shifted the greater part of the burden to the shoulders of others. They now attack the Imperial Government for incurring tW expense of garrisoning Canada, and say, " Why tax our poor people for the defence of Canada." It is not the poor people they think of, but their own in- come tax. However, it must be admitted that they cannot be expected to pay for our defence, while we pay nothing whatever towards it. They run into one extreme and say, " Cut Canada adrift, for we do not derive a single advantage from her which, in time of peace, we do not derive from the Northern and South- ern States." Some of our men run into another ex- treme quite as unjust ; indeed, more so, for Canada has derived great pecuniary advantages from the mother country. We in Canada pay nothing towards the interest of the national, debt ; but it is paid by our brothers and cousins in Britain proper,* although part of that very debt wa^ incurred irp obiaimng Canada ,' We cannot consider Canada except fuspart of Bri- tain ; for wherever Britons; settle there is Britain. What constitutes a nation, soil or men? Itis not Boil, it is men, laws, institutions, and history. We i^£|,ye a colonial or local government, b^causQ sueh i9 •.Tt>e motbex covutry is bere teimed BriUin:prqper. II CANADA AND INVASION. 7 at present convenient ; but we look forward to sending representatives to both houses of Parliament at Lon- don. Our destiny and interest will never be separate from the destiny and interest of the island home of our race and of freedom— from that little island against which despotism has so often been ship- wrecked—the birth-place of those great men, the effects of whose deeds, and writings, and words we all now feel. We will not follow the example of another State, who, unmindful of her origin, cast her birth- right from her, bed-use of an injustice which time would have removed; and who now,* instead of being part of a great and stable empire, creating new and happy communities, extending untold blessings to distjint and very different races, is desolating the fair face of a favored portion of the earth, destroying the fruits of years of industry, replacing plenty by want, happiness by misery, and drawing into the horrid vortex of slaughter the unwary and necessitated of other States. Canada is as much part of the British nation as England, and consequently has as much right to claim the assistance of the entire nation as has England. But she must a6mst he/ self. If she do not assist to defend herself, it would appear as if she were not anx- ious of continuing part of the empire, and as if the rest were keeping her in the union — a policy never again to be pursued by our government. Canadians are acknow- ledged to be Britons; they have every advantage that Englishmen have ; they can compete for admis- sion as surgeons into the army, as officers into the artillery, and for admission into the Indian civil ser- vice ; they are eligible for every appointment. They derive advantages from India ; why should they not assist to hold India? Well, with the exception of India, Canada is the only important part of the empire that can be assailed by land. She ip the weakest point. irshe could defend herself it would be as much as a CANADA AND INVASION. if could be, and more than is, expected of her. She is only asked to assist in her own defence, and this she can not refuse without saying to the rest of the em- pire, " We do not value or desire connexion with you," and the rest of the empire (exclusive of India, a foreign, conquered country), must violate the very basis of the constitution, as it now stands, in retaining Canadians against their will in the British union. If the connexion is not worth paying for it had better discontinue ; if it is worth paying for, and we wish to continue it without paying, we are mean and dishon- orable. There are three choices for us : to be united to the Northern Staies, to be an independent state, to be part of the British Empire. Were Canada incor- porated in the Northern States, she would not be liable to invasion by them, unless some civil discord arose, which would not be unlikely. She really would have no voice in the government, for she would be out-voted by the fickle mob of a tickle and unstable state ; tied to the chariot wheels of revolu- tion — revolution in its widest and worst sense ; per- haps, plunged into an unjust, unnatural, and unholy war with the mother country ; governed by uneduca- ted, unenlightened, and dishonest political schemers, raised to power by pandering to the vices and follies of a mob composed of the oflf-scouring of European society; perhaps dragged into a war against her wishes and against her interests, to subjugate the Southern States ; heavily taxed on all her imports. We need not go further, Canada as an independent fitate, in order to retain her present position, would be obliged to support a standing army in efficiency equal to the Imperial army, and in numbers equal to the contingent of the Imperial army, available for her d'^fence. She would be obliged to support a navy equal to three-fourths, or thereabouts, of the Imperial navy ; for three-fourths, or thereabouts, of the Impe- rial, jiavy is available for the protection of Canadians CANADA AND INTASIOR. 9 and Canadian property in all parta of the earth, as well as to guard the Canadian shores. She would he obliged to support a diplomatic service, to send ambas- sadors to all the Governments to which Imperial ambassadors are sent, to send consuls to all the port* to which Canadian vessels sail. Suppose Canada to be separated from the British Empire, and to have no navy, or a weak one, and Russia to treat unjustly a Canadian, or Chinese or any other pirates to seize a Canadian vessel ; suppose a misunderstanding to arise with Brother Jonathan. Canada would some time or other^, like the lamb in the fable, muddy the water in the stream at which Jonathan would be drinking. Every Canadian is now a Briton, and when abroad is treated with con- sideration and respect. In ca^e of war between Britain and the Northern. States Canada must be the battle-ground, unless war- could be carried into the enemy's countrv. This is bit- terly complained of by some Canadians, who also say that Canada, not having a voice in declaring war, should not be required to take part in it Every Briton regrets the necessity of Canada being the bat- tle-ground in case of war with the Nothern States; and be assured when Britain can go to war without embroiling Canada, Canada will not be required to take part in it. In a recent war the good taste and patriotism of Canadians led them to share with the mother country the burden, and we may be certain their good taste and patriotism has not decreased. It is the probability of Canada being the battle-ground makes her the weaTcest paint of the Empire— -9, point so weak that the Umpire would he stronger without her. But the fact that a colony is a source of weakness and not of strength to an empire, is not a cause for the empire casting off the colony • for the settlers are sub- jects of the empire and have a claim for protection, just a^ they would were they living in any other part i, i 10 CAlfADA Airt) INVASION. I whatever of the world, even though that part were not a portion of the empire of which they were sub- jects ; therefore we come back to the truth that merif •not €oil, vonHitute a nation. Every man who settled in Canada since it became a British colony, did so with the understanding that he was settling under British rule and protection. There are in Canada men who, to be under British rule, left the States at the recognition of their inde- pendence ; there are men who shed their blood to pre- serve the limits of the Empire ; there are descen- dents of men who assisted to mahe the British Consti- tution and Empire. Britain proper could not, without a breach of faith, sever the connexion ; she never will do so for any reason, much less to satisfy a small party composed of mercenary men, who certainly have served the State while serving themselves, but who would also ruin it to serve themselves.* But if the Empire cannot divest itself of the obligations it owes its subjects, no more can the subjects divest them- selves of the obligations they owe the Empire. The Empire is composed of men bound to each other by obligations; therefore the question resolves itself into this : that a man or a number of men cannot expect another man or number of men to fight or perform any kindly office for him or them, unless he or they are prepared to do the like in their turn for the other or others. If Canada is likely to be the seat of war on ac- count of Britain, Britain is likely to get into war on account of Canada. If Canada were not a part of Britain, a war between the Northern States and Britain would only be a naval war. We have no voice in declaring war or peace. We pay nothing towards the expenses of diplomacy or the mainte- • la repealing fhc Navip:ation laws a great injury was done the nation ; for their repeal has interfered with the incirease ef sailora, and tijus wjth the strength of that arin on which the nation depends for its existncet. ,.»* CANADA AND INVASION. li I nance of the Imperial array, and no foreign war, except with the Northern States could effect us, except through our naerchant vessels ; but the vessels of other British subjects would be exposed to like risks, if Bi-itain were at war on behalf of Canada. Then, as the British navy commands the sea, the risks of war with (iven the French or Americans would be small, and with any other power really 712?. •; • -J When we pay our share towards defraying the ex- penses of the Imperial Government, we will have a right to send representatives to the Imperial Parliament, and it is thus alone we can have a right, or that we can exercise a voice in Imperial questions. The expen- ses, risks, and delays of a passage home are now greatly diminished. Let us say, " Pass an act of union with us similar to those which unite the three Kingdoms, and we will cheerfully and honorably pay our share of Im- perial expenses." The time must come when the colonies will be united t6 the mother country by some new and better understood bonds. As far as our knowledge of history extends, so far can we see that the world has been gradually improving in every way. There are nations who have made as brilliant discoveries as Britain ; but she has applied those very discoveries so as to obtain a more brilliant result than the original discoverers. In war our achieve- ments have been the grandest; but in peaceable pursuits still grander. ^ The gradual progress and the stability of this State, which for three hundred years has never felt the shock of revolution, while othei-s were upheaved, and rent and shaken, till every stone was shaken fi-om its place, and on their ruins tottering fabrics, without mor- tar or system, hastily rose to give place to others not more enduring, prove that she is to be the instrument in the Divine hand to extend the blessings of religion and civilization to the ends of the earih, and that under her the world is destined to enjoy repose. We, instead of endeavoring to strengthen tbe bonds 12 CANADA AND INVAMON. which unite ns to the mother country, appear inclined to weaken those bonds. We say "Britain, it is your duty to protect us against all injustice, to aid us in our public works, and foster our interests in every way • yet we will tax your imports, and treat you in every way as a foreign country ; we will male all we can out fyouy The effect of the duty on British goods is of little, but the principle is of great, importance. Part ot the duty goes to pay the interest of debt incurred in iacihtating and thereby reducing the expense of transit from east to west ; therefore part of this duty is in place of another charge on the goods, and as the same amount of revenue would be raised in some other way, Canadians would have no more money to spend were the system altered than they have now ; therefore the alteration would not increase the consumption. Were the tax removed the Canadian people would get JSritish goods much cheaper than now ; but they would Have to pay tho taxes in some other way. But it is most desirable that the tax on British goods, indeed on all goods, should be removed, not to enable the Man- chester merchant to draw a larger annual sum from i^anada, but because the position of Canada in this respect towards the rest of the Empire is most anoma- Jous; because the Canadian should be allowed to buy his goods as cheaply as possible; and because he should be allowed to know what he pays his govern- ment—his servant; but as it now is, the government the servant, pays himself, and the Canadian does not know how much comes out of his pocket to have justice administered. The administration of justice is really all the governing Canada or any other country requires. If national defence be out of the question, and it is not yet included in the expenses of our government. There are two methods of raising a revenue by direct and by indirect taxation. An indirect' tax 18 a tax charged on commodities either when manufac- tured or imported. It is, clear that, as the manufac- OAITADA Ain) HTVASIOir.. , J3 purcnaser m the pnce, he does not pay any dutv exoent on what he consumes himself. EveiV mn pYvs tow molasses. Hut the poor man eats and drinks as m,,X as the nch man ; therefore the poor man who hTonlv hi3 own person, pays as much L the protection of hi^ person as the rich man pays for the protect on rf h, property and person. And accordLg to the V^nt aie taxed, while Canadian made spiiits, which as it ,'« ever, wmskey, whether mjunoua or not, is not a neees sary.and consequently should be taxed "f we ha7« any mdirect.taxation. As a general rule the only JeLir mate nseof mdirect taxation is to decrease or nroffi ' t.Z "^ ■ ""T'^''^ '"J"™"' to theln^n^r A bva 1 r.^.f/ "^"'y °" P™P<^''y «^ individuak It fe by a direct tax on property the revenue to snpnort rea^rLi:;'- "•■'r'^- ^■"^'•« -" only bXo reasons for prefermg mdirect taxation : First that the payer may pay without knowing; second to protect wo^dstTthfeffr-t.^. ^r^^^ statesrn^L" t TevenneVv in^tf ; ," ""^ ?^co^ary to raise the \Z(^ I- ^"^^'J taxation, as the greater portion of the Canadian people would not submit to d,W?rxa- tion rhis IS saying little for the intelligence of the Canad.an people-saying that the money must be «t ;hemt^''''in^'' *■'■"■" 'heir pockets In ^rfrt get them to pay for the protection of their pereons and CSa:f;7f "^^^ ; r" '"^^ -""J frSw in o?de?ti J v' *" y"!" ' 'to-««ts most faithfully. An mdirect tax as a protective tax Between a colony lA. CXIITADA AN© INVASIOF. u:\ f : and a mother country^ indeed between any tiro conn- tr^es, IS most objectionable. If Canada canbny cloths more cheaply than manufacture them, let her buy them ; but if not, let her manufacture them. If she buys let her employ the labor and capital which other- wise wouid be employed manufacturing, as they will pay best. If an individual manufactured his clothes although he could buy them cheaper, would he not be very foolish ? Well, if it be foolish for one it must be foolish for many ; it mustbe foolish for the inhabitants of a country. You think, but all the inhabitants of the country do not manufacture ; well, tLey pay their fellow inhabitant more than they could buy elsewhere for. Because this fellow inhabitant is not able to man- ufacture as cheaply as the inhabitant of another coun- try, a tax is put on the manufacture of the other coun- try, so as to enable this fellow inhabitant to sell at a price which will pay him ; therefore the consumers of the manufacture are obliged gratuitously to support this fellow inhabitant manufacturer. Why should the farmer be taxed to enable the manufacturer to live? If he cannot meet competition in an open market let him turn farmer ; or if he cannot, let him turn pauper and beg straightforwardly and honestly. If a farmer can buy horses for sixty dollars, and to rear them cost him eighty, he is very foolish if he rear them ; or if he can rear them for sixty, but to buy them cost eighty he is very foolish if he buy them. He must buy or rear as is cheaper. It may be urged he may not have mo- ney to buy ; well, let 'him raise what will pay best, sell It and buy what he wants. It may now be said he may not be able to find a market. If he is not able to find a market, he must raise what he wants ; he cannot trade, he must depend entirely on himself. But Cana- da can find a market. for all her produce and asmuch more, and farming and not manufacturing is her trade. Yet if she can weave cheaper than she can buy, let her weave. Let the fai-mer's wife, if she have time, or the "A^fADA iND INVASION. 19 farmer, if he has no better payinR work in winter ^eave; but to let his farm be tlntlue-d arXto „S bad economy. But such is the economy of our h,w ernment, they would leave the countn-m,ttMl^ i turn to manufacturing. The Uer Wheiuf leZs his form .die, leaves his capital idle, without mvinl interest; the country by_ n.anufactnr ng and nof us nf the vacant and allows its farm, ils capital to lie if Vjithout paymg mterest. The unlimiteLupp y of 1 ml alone w,ll I'^vc theeffect of preventing Canada becom ing a manufacturing country. En-land did w become a manufacturing country uutil a sc, citv ^f land and agreat abundance of capital forced ren'^.^ manufacturing. Do not attempt to force fWics to rise, they will rise when they are required C o t ,n events, why should the Canadian farmer of the nini ' teemh century be taxed to make Canada of the twen tieth a manufactunng country ? Canada is a new conn- tn with fevv inhabitants, little capital, and a'la'city of labor which scarcity or dearness o^abor would oir a difficulty to manufacturing not to be overcom^ She can cvchange gram and other farm produce with \ll Chester for Manchester goods, and^with Sheffield for' bheffield goods, more advantageously than she can man ufacture those goods. Give" British goods "acTai field and no favor," and if they can be sold cheanei than Canadian, let us have them, and if the Canadfan manufacturer is beaten out of the market he will soon {"J best. °'™ ''^' ^"^^^ *'■'"« '"'^^ capZlm It may be said if we do not foster Canadian manu- factures by a protective duty, the emigrant maSc- tnrin^ laborer will go to the Northern Stat^ The American manufacturer was never able to compete even in America, with the English. He will now be impov ensiled— the mduceauints he wll offer to emi- trrauta will be small. If we can buy in the Lrthe"!; 16 tjilSTADA AND INVASION. States more cheaply than in Britain proper or Canada, let 419 buy there, and the labor and capital that will be ummployed in consequence of our doing so will find its WBy to a more productive employment. Let us buy in the cheapest, let us sell in the dearest market. It was farming and lumbering made Canada what she is ; they support her, and it will be by supplying the crowded populations of the east with food that she will become rich. The farmer, the lumberer, the ship-builder, the miner, the hunter, and the fisherman are the only pro* ducers in Canada. By these producers every oth(?r man in Canada lives, who does not live by an annuity from another country ; and the manufacturer and mer- chant at home increase their profits by supplying these - producers and those who live by them. Therefore it IS the interest of those who live by them, and of the mannfacture^rs and merchants who profit by both, to foster their interests and increase their number. And It is the interest^ of these producers to increase the numbers of each other. The lumberer, the fisherman and the miner will profit by an increase in the number of farmers, and the farmer will profit by the increase in the number of lumberers, fishermen, and miners • also the farmer will profit by the increase in the num- ber of farmers, and the consequent settlement of the country and increase in the value of his land. And by increasing the number of Canadian settlers the demand in England for farm produce will increase, for English manufactures will increase, and the price of factory labor will increase, thus causing a rise in the price of all manual labor in England, thus enabling the English people to live better, and causing more marriages in iLngland—for when times are good marriages are more trequent. Increasiug the population would add to the military strength of the province. Thirty thousand soldiers could be maintained with just half the ex- pense to each colonist if the population were six instead of three millions ; besides twice as large a forca Can add, t will be I find its s buy in It was is ; they rowded become 3er, the nly pro- y othtjr annuity id mer* ig these efore it . of the )oth, to . And sase the lerman, lumber n crease niners ; 16 uum- of the /^ndby lemand English y labor 5 of all i^nglish ages in '6 more to the ousand :he ex- Tc six a forca I OASADA AND IXTA3I0N. ,17 conld be drawn from s>x as from three millions. E»g. ish merchants to increase Canadian consumption If their goods mu8t increase the population of Canada cha ir ZtTA''' "!" iy""'^ '' ''<'" "« " <»'°»i« cliarge. Let the Imperial Government erant an annual .urn for the furtherance of the settlementVf th"n v devising means to raise such sum off the manufacS whom the settlementof the colony will benrflt andno off those who would gain nothing by its settlement Let us raise our revenue by direct tl Jion, only tl^tiS^ « few commodities, among which let whiskey be ta=,ed° r« » "jnufeCu'ed in or imported into Canada ' As an additional means of procuring the settlement of the province, establish mocfel farms^and br ngcMl dren from the poor-houses of the mother country em- &ert""]^'t'^TV";! "PP--?"*'- *em i»tTo taimera Let adults also be rece ved on these farms ^•an ? wh'^ '!?"'• ^'^•^'' "'''-y ''^vantage to the S I gi ants when they are here. Give free gmnts of laS ODen roads and undertake public worfs, ?o g"ve em^ money to go on a farm. Let ns rely on the letters of emigrants to their friends to induce emigration N ever again let us present to the world the cbntemprible spectacle of a government so far forgetting itsZnitv and legitimate office, and its position tolards S nations, as to send emigration agents, runners, into for- eign countries to induce the people of those countries to come under its rule-to kidnap foreignres I^t a roS,:.-" *" Yr^' ™f "^ its'undsfytoluJ^V contribution and having for its object the receivinsf oY taming those children who are being brought up in ™e, ami rearing them on a farm, or ap^irentilng Xm porting it* """Yi "'"^'^■^ made' almost sflf-su^ porting. It is needless to indulge in recounting the blessings which would flow fronisuch a policy^and from such a society. Those who receive the greatest :i8 OAITADA AND INVASION. l3€oefit are those who shoukVpay the most to obtain it. ■ It is posterity that will benetit "most by emigration; therefore let us not hesitate to burden posterity with ' its fair share of the expenses of emigration. The pau- per's wretched child, who homeless, cold, and. hungry, wanders in search of a mouthful to lengthen his miner- ' able existence, could not, when an old grey-headed man, with a comfortable home, abundance to eat,, and a prosperous farm, complain when paying the tax, which would pay the interest of the few pounds which .saved him from a life of misery and vice; no more could his great-grand-children. If we go into debt to obtain emigrants, the taxes they will pay will pay the • interest of that debt, and that debt will offer us an investment. Are not the funda a great convenience at home ? The Inter-Colonial Railway is most essential to the defence of Canada. The greatest points of sti^ength in ' a military position is ease and celerity in moving from > any point of it to any other. No general would wish to be caught in a position where his right wing could be defeated before his left could come to its support. The British North American colonists may be consid- ered as an army — Canada as the right, the Lower Provinces as the left wing, and the mother country as the reserve. The right wing could at present be des- troyed before it could receive support from the. left, and for six months in the year the reserve can not reinforce it. It is the interest of the right to open communication with the left wing, and thus with the reserve, which can communicate at all times with the left. Against the Inter-Colonial Railway it has been uurged that it will not pay. It will pay itself and will /make the Grand Trunk pay. If it does not, its annual ^ficit will be part of our annual premium. It has ■ been urged against it by a Canadian journal, that the country through which it is to pass is uninhabitable, iand that when New Brunswick has finished a line I .<1ANADA XmB INVASION. a9 which is necessary for her, there will only remain a hw days' journey from the western terminus of the New Brunswick railway to the eastern terminus of the Orancl Trunk. If New Brunswick finds it necessary to make a railway within a few days journey of the Grand Trunk, the uninhabitable country must be small, and the expense of connecting the railways small. But it will be found that the country through which it is to 'I'un-is not more uninhabitable than any other part of the country east of Quebec, much of which is well set- tled. The railway will no sooner be open than the trade between Canada and the Lower Provinces will increase ; for with increased facilities trade will increase. In unity there is strengl h. The Inter-Colonial railway, by annihilating the distance between the provinces' will make them one ; by bringing the people into fre- quent contact will make them one ; and thus prevent separate nationalities growing up in the same empire and under the same crown. The federalization of the provinces may riot be desired by some. They may be informed that the idea of Cauttdian separate nationality is in the highest degree visionary, for without referring to the monster republic which is ready to swallow her up, we may easily see that Canada does not contain within herself the elements of a united nation ; but has two races, if not antagonistic, very diflferentin language, habits, tra- ditions, and sympathies, and which now appear no nearer amalgamation than they were one hundred years ago. Then the idea of Lower Canada being a separate state is still more visionary, for it is not likely that Upper Canada would permit a state to rise be- tween her and the sea. Then were Upper Ganadarto become part of the Northern Stales its interest in pre- venting, and its power to prevent, another State com- manding the entrance of the St. Lawrence would not be diminished. Then against a French protectorate of Lower Canada, Britain with all her North American colonies, as well as the Northern and Southern States 80 CANADA AND INVASION. would be arrayed. Lower Canada has no cause of gratitude to France, for France failed to perform tbe sacred duty of defending her colony with her last aou<» and last man. Let all the inhabitants of this colony, forgetting petty differences and visionary ideas, apply themselves to the devehiping its resources and to main- taining her happy and natural union with the country best adapted to aid them in doing so. The imperial array U not adequate to its task. It ^ has to defend the mother country and an empire on which the suq never sets, and it is a very small one, even compared with the army of a second rate power. We ought to have as serviceable a militia and volun- teer force as we possibly can ; but we also ought, if possible, have a standing army furnished by the mother country and paid by us. Above all, let not men be appointed in Canada to responsible military situations who never did a days soldiering. Let us ever extend to our neighboring and kindred people forbearance and friendship ; but let us be prepared for war, that we rany enjoy peace. A nation unai-med invites attack. Sup- pose during the Crimean war oui' neighbors, who w^re ready, about some paltry recruiting incident, to rush into war with us, had done so, and had put forth all the power we now see they possess. Not that we have anything to fear as to the result of a contest, for we are as superior as possible in the art of war, in the disci- pline of our troops, and in the material from which to make officers ; but for tbe sake of humanity and 'our race, God gr-ant that the Americans may fight for • » d not against this nation, which in ^'ousequence of c«»» mon oi'igin, language, literature, interests, and a <'Xtm- mon love of freedom, is their natural ally, and should not be hated by them more than Russia, the most des- potic of European stiites ; a state who never exerted her influence e.Kv;ent against freedom — her natural enemy and future desi royer, and a country whose commercial as w^ll as polii'scal interests are opposed to those of America. -