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'0* MX 18X 12X 16X 20X 22X 26X 30X J 24 X 2BX H 32 X I'll et levut ion » Tha copy filmed hare has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping w th the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last pa^^e with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —»•( meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. 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Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trcp grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich«, il est filmA 6 partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ntcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. D 32 X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 r . ■ ■• / • l/l^ /fCi^/^^^^^ PBmOBDIAL ZONE IN NORTH AMERICA, 4» TBI TAOONIC STSTEM OF EMUOKS. REVIEW OP BIR. BARRANDB oana PRIMORDIAL ZONE IN NORTH AMERICA, AXDTBB TACONIO SYSTEM OP DR. EMMONS. BY T. STBRRY HUNT, M.A., P.R.S. We are indebted to the courtesy of the author for a copy of his paper on this subject, extracted from the I8th volume of the BuUetin of the Geological Society of France, and including three communications made to that Society, November 6 and November 19, 1860, and February 4, 1861. The commu- nications of Sir W. E. Logan, and of Mr. BiUings, which have appeared in the Naturalitt, have already made our readers ac- quainted with the most important fiMts bearing on the ques- tion before us, and we may also refer to our paper on Ameri- can Geology in the April number, written before the reoepUon of Mr. Barrande's memoir. This the author has divided into eight chapters, in the first four of which he discusses the evidences of a primordial fauna in Ganada, Vermont, Tennessee, Tenw and Nebraska. Our readers are already aware that in 1869, Mr. Hall described three species of Olenus from Georgia, Vermont, besides which the observations of Roemer, Shumard, and Safford, have shown the existence of related genera, in Tennessee, Nebraska and Texas, where they occur in strata which are recognized by these authors as being at the base of the palaoioic series. The observationB nf Mr. Bfijr*an<1a n>u\m *v.a «a.~_.i.-i.i- a. /> Point Levis, are so important that we translate them at • Dr. Hwu on the Primordial Zone length, referring to Mr. BUlingi'i deMiription of the four groape of foMils, which will be ibnnd in the ITalunUitt for Anffuit 1860. Vol. v., p. 801. *" The group No. 1 is distiogoiehed from all the others bj terena ▼ery remwk»ble oharaoteriatin. Of the eight genera of foMile, two •re brachiopodi and >iz trilobitei, lo that the latter fumidi three- fonrths of the types of the group. If we compare the species, the braohiopods are three and the trilobites eighteen in number, or six-seTenths of the known species of the group. These numerical relations, indicating a great predominance of trilobites, recall in a striking manner one of the principal characters of the primordial fiiuna. "Among the trilobitic types are four forms whiish up to the present time, Lave been found to belong exclusively to the primordial fauna; namely, C(meephidiiUtArioiieUut,Jlf«noeq>halu» and Dikeltoetpkalui; besides which the genus Agmuhu furnishes three distinct species, in place of the single one which is found in the group No. 2. "The two genera, Lingula and J)i$eina, which complete the &una of the first group, are among those which are found in the primordial &una ahnost everywhere that it has been observed ; but here, as elsewhere, the number of species of these genera is very limited. ** With these fiusts before us, it would be impossible, from a pal- sontological point of view, not to recognise the primordial firana in the group No. 1. It will be understood that if for the time being, we neglect all otho^ considerations, it is because strati- graphy has not as yet fomished any facts which can be appealed to for the solution of the question. " We will now compare the fossils of the 2nd group. They consist of seventeen genera, of which only three are trilobites; of these two, Agnottut and Bathyunu, occur in the first group, while Cheirunu is here met with for the first time, so that the crustaceans have no longer the great predominanee which is ap- parent in the preceding group. Besides Cheirurus is a type which has never yet been observed in any country earlier than the second &una, and the same is true of the genus Amphion, of which Mr. Billings thinks he has discovered a pygidium which is figured in his memoir, although the genus is not mentioned in the list which he has given. On the other hand, we know that Agno»tu$t although it ascends to the summit of the second fauna, and the Taeonic Syttem. s never goes abore it, so th«t the oraitaoeaoi of the second group taken together, repreaent the second fauna. "The cephalopoda are here represented by the two genera, Or- ihocera$ and Cjfrtocmu, furnishing together nine species, and wo may remark that the species of the latter genus, four in number, are relatively numerous for such a horixon. Now the cephalopods, which are not rare in the second fauna, have never been observed in the primordial fauna. In the Uble which we published in 1869 (Bull, of the Gtol. Society of June, XVI. 643), we have it is true indicated, with a doubt, the presence of an Orthocerat in the primordial fauna of Scandinavia. We however take ad- vantage of the present occasion to correct this indication, which as we have mentioned in our Paralhle p. 43, was furnished by Mr. Angelin. This savant, who is now with us, informs us that he has lately established in the most positive manner, that the orthooeratite in question really occurs in his region B C—Cerato- pygarum, that is to say in the alum slates with limestone beds, which contain the first portions of the second fauna in Sweden. In accordance with this (act, it would appear that the cephalopods indicated by Mr. Billings in his 2nd group must be referred to the second ftsunt. "The gastercpods furnish to the second gror'- six genera, which are commonly found in the second fauna o v rious coun- tries, but as these types are reproduced in the third iauna, their presence here has no bearing upon the question before us. "The acephala are only represented by the new genus Cyr- todonta lately established by Mr. Billings, according to whom the eleven species of this genus already described, belong to the Black River and Trenton limestones, i. e., to the second fauna of Canada, although allied forms may also occur in the third fauna. (Canadian Naturalist, December 1858, p. S31.) " The class of braohiopods, which is relatively but little de- veloped, oflFers four genera, Ungula, Ortkit, Strophomena and Camarella, which last genus was founded by Mr. Billings in 1859, to include several species of the second fauna of Canada, (Canadian Naturalist, August, 1869, p. 801). Nothing however indicates that similar forms may not also occur in the third fauna, as is the case with the three other genera mentioned. Thus the' fossils of this class, generically considered, establish nothing as to the geological horizon of the secont. ^aoup, although it is very Dr. Hunt on the Primordial Zont probable that tho study of tbeir •p«oIflc forms may aid na in finding its horizon. **ThebryozuB furnish to the second group a form of Lie tyontma ; a type which although signalized in the Primordial IZone of different countries, does not appear to be confined to that horizon. The specific nature of the form in question has not yet been determined. **In conduuon we may say that the association of Ag- nosiu* with the various other genera which we ha?e juat passed in review, seems to shew in a positive manner that the second group belonga to the second fauna. This conclusion may be extended with still greater reason to the group No. 3, which contains only the genus A»aphu$, representud by two species. This type has never been signalized either above or below the second fauna, of which it constitutes one of the moat marked and most constant characters. The second and third groups con- aidered palseontologically, then represent simply phases of the second fauna. **The 4th group ouly containing two types, OrtAia and TV- tradium ; the latter, a polyp, presents no certain sign enabling us to give the epoch to which it belongs. The palnon tological data furnished by Mr. Billings, considered apart from the stratigraphical relations yet to be determined be- tween the four groups, lead us to recognize the existence both of the primordial and the second fauna in the calcareous rocks of Point Levis. It is important to remark that these faunas, although occurring in beds very near each other, have as yet offered but few evidences of connection, since Mr. Billings has only indicated two species common to the groups 1 and 2. " Such are the only deductions which we believe ourselves en> titled to draw from the interesting facts above mentioned. We do not wish to pass the limits of the most prudent reserve in the case, because the facts briefly expressed by Mr. Billings in the in- troduction of his descriptions of the Point Levis fossils, indicate that there are some diflSculties yet to be resolved. We observe in the first place, that all these limestones, without distinction, are indicated as being intercalated in a great schistose formation, which has furnished about thirty forms of graptolites, and other analogous fossils, with two Lingulas, one Orthis, one Discina, and one small unknown trilobite. It would be very important to and the Taconic Syitem, oitebllth whether the species belonging to theM whiBta are found ndifferentljr at varions beigbta, above, below and between the limeBtonee. Without very precise observations to determine and limit the distribntion and the extension of these fossils in the schists, it wonid be impossible to form an exact idea of the rela- tions which may exist between the representatives of the first and •econd faunas contained in these limestones. ** In the second place, the introduction of Mr. Billings concludes by the following passage which merits special attention. ' It is not yet certain whether the fossils of tho limestonos are included in the boulders or the paste of the conglomerate.' There exist then in the limestones in question, two rooks of different origins, the one represented by boulders, which we may suppose to have been transported from a distance, and the other formed upon the spot by ordinary sedimentation. While waiting for light upon these points, we will add the following considerations : " I. It is established by Mr. Billings that the four groups of fos- sils are each enclosed in a rook distinct in appearance, and that these rocks form different beds, between which there are yet but very few species in common. With these fiusts, even if it should one day be proved that the fossils belong to the broken and transported fragments of rook which enter into the conglomerate, it will not be less true that the primordial and secondary faunas must have belonged to separate formations in the region which ftimished the tn< ; ^rted materials, for it is evident that if these fossil species had Men originally mingled in a common formation, no physical cause oould have a^^orted and separated them, so as to form the two distinct groups which represent the primordial and secondary faunas in the rooks at Point Levis. '* II. We must also remark that if any admixture of the species of the two faunas should ultimately be found in these conglomer- ates near Quebec, it would in no wise prove that there had been a similar commingling in the locality which had furnished the boulders of these conglomerates, for the fact of their having been transported, would of itself suflSce to explain such an apparent co-existence or confusion of the two faunas.** In the fifth chapter Mr. Barrande discusses the Taconic syatem of Dr. Emmons. This geologist, while engaged in the survey of a part of the State of New York, recognized the eiistence of ft those supposed by his colleagues to represent the Silurian series. • Dr. Hunt on the Primordial Zone A umilar view had been nuunUioed by Beton, but wm rejected by meet of the Americen geologieti, who op to thie time have re- garded these Teconic rooki of Emmont m belonging to the Lower Silurien Mries. In 1844 Dr. Bmmone dcMsribed oorUin foMils from thoM roclu, which he suppoeed to be new end to dietingniih what he called the Taoonio ejatem, regarded by him aa the true palKOwic base. In 1846 Mr. Barrando diaoovered in Bohemia, beneath the hori«on of the hitherto recognized Silurian foaaila, a new and extonaivo fauna in what he deaignated the Primordial Zone. The foaaila deacribed by Dr. Emmona conaiated, beaidee aome imperfect trilobitea, of a few graptolitoa, misUKen by him for fucoidfc, and aeveral very doubtful forma which are valueleaa for the purpose of determination. According to Dr. Emmona this ayatem, which ho dividea into an upper and lower portion, haa a thicknosa of 80,000 feet, and extenda throughout the whole Appala- chian chain. He haa deacribed it aa oompoaed in aacending order of, 1. Granular quartz; 2. The Stockbridge limeatone; 8. Mag- neaianalatea ; 4. Sparry limeatone ; 5. Roofing alatea (graptolitic) ; 6. Silidoua conglomerate; Y. Taconic slatea; 8. Black slates. This ia not their apparent order of auperposition, but Dr. Emmona conceives that the whole series has been inverted since its depo- sition. In fact the schistose strata 5, 6, 1 and 8, pass succes- lively beneath the magneaian slates and limestones, which in their turn are overlaid to the east by the Green Mountain gneiss. This latter formation Dr.|Emmons regards as a primitive azoic rock, upon which were successively depoaited the members of the Taoonio ays- tem, commencing with the quartzito, which forms its base, and crowned by the black and Taconic slates, which are now,from an im- menso overturn, placed at the bottom of the series, whUe the ancient gneiss lies at the top. It is hardly neceaaary to say that this sup- position is wholly unwarranted by the facts. In the paper on American geology already cited, we have shown that the apparent succession of the rocks of the Quebec group is the true one. The black slates are really at ite base and successively overiaid by the conglomerates, roofing slates, limestones and quartzites, and the gneiss is a newer rock, being no other than the Sillery sandstone in aa altered condition, and as we have there shewn, entirely distinct from the Laurentian gneiss. Dr. Emmons has fallen into an error, similar to that of Prof. Nichol with regard to the gneiss of the Scottish Highlands, so well refuted by Murchison, Ramsay and Harkaess, and hu consequently U«u driven, in order to explain the and th» Tacmic Sy$tm, f •traotur* of the OrMn Mu. to admit not merely u apthrow with Kiohol, bat a complete overturn of the whole pelcoioio aeriei in queetion. A> to the geological age of thia aoriea, Dr. Emmona m^ntaina that hia Taoonic ajratem occupie a poaition inferior to the Champlain diviaion of the New York ayatem, and ia conaeqnently beneath the Lower Silurian syetem of Murohiaon. Aa we have before ahown however, the foaaila of the Quebec group prove it to be the palieontological equivalent of the Calciferona aand< rook. The Stockbridge and aparry limeatonea, with their ac- companying alatea (excepting only 1 and 8,) we conceive to bo BO other than the Quebec group, of which they have both '.lo Btratigraphical poaition and the lithological characters. Dr. Bmmons has maintained that limestones of the age of the Caloiferous are found overlying the black slates, and has ap- pealed to this in proof of the antiquity of the whole series, of which he imagined these slates to form the summit, but inasmuch as these slates are really older than the Quebec or Calciforoua atrata, his argument falls to the ground. Mr. Billings has lately found ConocephaUtes in the red sandrock of Highgate, Vermont, which is supposed to overl a Ihe black slates in question. As this primordial genus occurs also in the Potsdam sandstone of Lake Champlain, the question arises whether these slates are paljBontologically distinct from the Potsdam, or are only its deep sea equivalent, sustaining to the littoral formation of quartzose sandstone on Lake Champlain, the same relation as the great Quebec group does to the Calciferous sandrock of the New York geologists. Dr. Emmons claims that the whole of hia Taconic system is inferior to the Potsdam sandstone, which is the admit- ted baae of the Champlain division, but we have already shown that the whole of his system, with the probable exception of these slates, is of the age of the Calciferous sandrock, the second member of that division. Unless then these lower black slates contain a fauna distinct from and older than that of the Potsdam sandstone, there remains absolutely nothing of the Taconie system which Dr. Emmons placed below the base of the Champlain divi- sion, that is to say, below the Potsdam sandstone. If, however, as is probable, these slates contain a fauna distinct from the Pots* dam, they might be retained under the name of the Taconic form- ation, aa a lower member of the Primordial Zone, to which the Potadam SandstonA iinniiAatmnaKlv KalAn/M 1 J — o"- These lower slatea in Georgia,yermont,have as already remarked d Dr. Hunt m the Primorctial Zone furnished certain trilobhes of primordial type which Mr Jatoes Hall has described under the natoe of Olenva VermontaiM and Oltnua Thompm^thwgh they are proviBionally referred by Bawando tothegennsPoforfoxirfw. In thd meantime the only tritobite aeyet met tyith in the typiod Potsdam sandstciileof this wgion, whidh is rarely fossiliferons, is aonoe^halHe*."' A collection of fossils re- cently made by Mr. ;fames Richardson in exploring the Straits of Bellisle for the Geological Survey of Canada, fortunately famishes the means of detentrining the relations of the tri- lobites described by kr. Hall. On the north side