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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 3:x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■'^■^^ ( Galhin's New Introductory Geography ) **t'^:,? <\ V ^^^TTTTSr^T^-f-T'T^ - ) / t <, ' //V(V- % \ ;''li ?' 1 ■^ ,, ^ .,--...^^.... n^ ,.#1 m I ] \ i NOVA SOOTIA SCHOOL SERIES. C A L K I N'S New Ixtroduotory Geography. WITH OUTLINES OF HISTOEY. T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW. EDINBURQH; AND NEW YORK. A. AND \V. MACKINLAY, HALIFAX, N.S. 1891 C2X ^"tendatStatmner^ Halt f PREFACE. The school is merely an introduction to the child's education. Its chief aims should be to strengthen the desire to know more of those objects which it brings into view, and to point out the paths that lead to the unknown, On parting company with his teacher, the pupil is prepared to become an uulepende.it worker, and to pursue his way witii ever-increasing interest and power. The text-book perforins its proper function when it becomes an auxiliary of the school in Morking out these aims. While it conveys valua}>le truth respecting its subject, its higher purpose should be to awaken an interest in that subject, and to lead to .systematic and persevering effort in searchincr it out more fully. " In studying geography, children need to realize that they are acquiring a knowledf,.. of things which have a real existence in the world around them, and that this knowledge has been gained In- such ob.servation as they are capable of exercisin.'^ Tlie only sure way of .securing this is, at the out set, to take tliem to sometliing that is tangible, The first knowledge presented must be concrete, and should be given through oral lessons on their own neighbourhood. In this way beginners acquire clear and definite ideas as to the nature of the study upon which they are entering, and they are led to work upward from things to definitions and principles. For some general hints on introductory oral lessons on geography, the teacher is referred to the Author's advanced text-book. In preparing a new edition of this book, so many changes were required in consequence of the altered political relations of various countries, that it has been considered advisal)le to re-write the greater portion of the work. On some countries the text IS fuller than in former editions. For several reasons it has ■ in thought advisable to give the popula- tion of coiuvries and cities in an appendix, instead of m the body of the work as heretofore. JOHN BURGESS CALKIN. Normal School, Tiiuro, X.,s., ■fttne 18SS. ■ ^ National Library Bibliotheque nationale ■ "T of Canada du Canada Lh I f CONTENTS. PART I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Thk School Di.stkict or Section, If- A Voyage Round the World, in. What we have Learned, PART II, CHAPTER t-NORTH AMERICA. HisTORv, Pohition, etc.. The Dominion of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Uriin.swick, Prince Edward Lsland, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, ... Districts and Territorie.'i, Newtoundi.anh, The United States Me.xico, Central America, The West Indieh, Danish America, CHAPTER II.-SOUTH AMERICA. HiRTORr, Po.mTioK, etc., Colombia, 9 13 . 16 . 19 . 19 . 22 23 24 25 27 27 28 29 29 I 32 j 33 34 36 Ecuador, ... Venezuela, Guuna, ... Brazil, ... Peru, Bolivia, ... Chili, The Argentine Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay, CHAPTER IIL-EUROPE. History, Po.sition, etc.. The British Isle.s, England and Wales Scotland, Ireland, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Norway and Sweden Denmark, I Russia, ! The German Empire, , I Austria, ... i Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland Spain, Portugal, Italy, 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 I 43 I . 44 . 47 . 48 50 51 j 52 j 52 I 53 53 64 56 56 57 I 57 I 58 I I 58 :. 69 60 Gkkkck, TUHKKY, j Eahtkkn Kol'meua and Bulgaria, ' KOIMANIA, I I Skhvia, I MONTKNKORO, CHAPTER IV. -ASIA. I HrsTORT, PosinoN, ktc I Asiatic Ri-.ssia, I Asiatic Turkkv, : Aradia, Persia, Akchakistan and Beloochistan, British India, BlRMAH, SlAM, AND Ana.V, ... ... 01 The Chinese Empire .. 02 Japan, ... 02 ... 02 ... 03 CHAPTER V.- -AFRICA. ... 03 Jfi.sTORv, Position, ktc The Barbary States, K(;ypt, Eastern Africa, Centrai, Africa .. 04 (!7 Wk.stei!n Africa, SorniKHN Africa, 67 (!!) Oil 70 70 I 71 CHAPTER VI. -Malaysia, au.sthalasia, Australia, Polynesia, —OCEANIA. 72 73 74 78 78 80 80 80 80 81 82 82 84 I 72 73 74 78 78 80 80 80 80 81 82 82 84 I I THE WORLD: AN ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. PART I.-INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. THE SCHOOL DISTEICT OR SECTION. The District or Section.-l. TJds i,s a picture of a scl.ool-liouse m the country. T]ie boys and girls are assembling for school. Around their homes scattered here and there through the neighbour: hood, are hills, valleys, level fields, and woodlands It IS summer, and the country is very beautiful. The farmers are bu.sy with their hav-n.aking in the meadows. Near by are patches of\a-ain .and pota- toes ; and on the sunny slopes are orchards wliich 1. SCHOOL-HOUSE. in the autumn, will he laden with apples and pears. Away up on the hill-sides are the pastures where the cows and sheep are quietly feeding. In the valleys, the brooks which have come down from the .springs among the hills are winding their wav and hasting to the sea. Here, on holidays, the boys love to fish or to sail their tiny boats, and the girls love to stroll along the green banks and gather wdd-flowers. qu e „,,,t,lu.- k,„d nf l„„ue. Tl.ey live in a to«-„ ,„• city Tliore ar. „,, hol.i.s, or hills, or brooks, or forests- b.^t o K- houHOH an., .hops, with narrou- streets between them M 'l "f the people are n.erehants, whoso business is to b.^ a ,^ sell , others are manufacturers, who n.ake furniture, cloth THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OR SECTION. '* >■' *^ ■■! -. lln,„,.„.„.K. "thorn are printers, who print and many kinds of thiiiKs ; books and nows,m|«.rs UK perJmpB }eu hve where tho men aj-o lumbomien, ~,they«oatthel„,stotheS,:5-:t.S j for you can fin'd out f ," ^.l" elve" "Xf '"T '^ " ' ''"'' I observed all the featured of yZlnnf'Z Sr '""''"> you can write what you have uJ,T . ''''''^'^" ""'■*'■ '*' a little geography of v 1' m, n ,' ""■' ^""' ^^''" *''«" ''■■'^■" able to draw a piet re fv/r^ '''",'' ''"'''• ^"" '"''y »"' ''^ as useful. ^ I'retty, is sometimes (piito an the floor of the 1 id 1' Jl ''".," "'" "^'•■"'^>' «" ''^''S'' I'-'tion. After you I "■7>'''""*^' ""'St be in pro- I n.ake.,neof the lav ^r ??'''■''"" "^ V'""' •^ol""'l-I."Le, I portion of country is calLl a Map. "'' '' ''^'*" "^ * The Province.-?. Tl.e county in ^ylncJ. you live contains many school sections or districts-fifty o counties Here is a map of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Thes" Provinces differ much in si^e and in other re.snects as you will learn by-and-.-y; hut they resemble each other m regard to heat an.I cold, rain and sunshine and in the kind of crops which h,. f.,. ' ""^' my,^ _ . . '1'" "'"tn tlie tanners raise. The Dommion.-8. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edwar.l Island, are situated by tho sea on the east si.Ie of a vast extent of land. On the , west and north- west of us are other Provinces simi la I o our own; and on the north of th. Provinces! a a.;,e tern ory u-vy much cold..,-. All these coun- tnes together form the „oM,VK>v OK Oaxm., If' you ^vo^Id find lar^e rivers an.I lak.-s-larger than he w,,oleot our Province; and you would cro^ .. .jntain., the highest peaks covered wiU HnoH all the year. On the w.-st side of the Do- .".".onymiwouhl find another great ocean. North America.-^ South of tho Don„Vi"n ••- - large country, warmer than ours, called the' TmW ' down large trees, rhen, when spring fid saw them into to tell you what ; matter if I have, you have carefully the plaeeH near it, ■fu will then have You may not bo but yon can make i sometimes fjuito iig the floor, and it nearly so large iiiMst be in pro- lur school-liduse, to rejiresent the ;» around. You 1 which you live, ', the fiolds, and Such a plan of a liicli you livo ■icts—fifty or up of several Scotia, New and. The.s(i her rosi)octn, psenible each lul suiisliine, iners raise. Brunswick, I 'ly tlie sea, il. Oil the ! nces similar j ovinces is a tlicso coun- AN.\I).\. If I>'>niiiiion, wrger than 'ould cross ered with )f the De- an. ^''lion ia a ho Unitfd iBs--^— rrTr-- i m 1 II r 1 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. North Am«ri«ft— llalil.ix. Atlantic (kean. Eorop*^ irelaiid. niiRlnnd I.lvrrpool. Lonilnti. (>lasi;aw. I'rania Sp.iln. I'urtiin.il. httiiii iif (.;j)iraitar. Mcilltirttnuii Su. Italy. tjrt'cce. Afric«- Il.itl'.iry SI,itM. ■! •» N.lr Hivcr, rulebtiltc. '••ilimuj of Siiiv Rivl Sen. Ar.^l)l,l. Krltl^li IiKlid, .Si.HII. I OKI ItldiM, 1^ f5_ f i J-M'in M.ifiiK huli.in (»nMii, Australia. J. Pacific OcMn. New HilirlrteH. IcBjoc Miiiik SnniJwkli MaiiUi. Horth Amtrlot -. Ilrilisl, ( „li,in|.|,i Bsuth Amtrio* L.ii I- lr„rri Wo.l liiilia Mnriils. llalir.K. ,v, .f^ ," '""HIM, -The ««„,„ ,«,, «„, ! J",',:' '"'--'■'"■•■- r„„„ ,..„„l„„ ,,11 „ „ lines. aiiU UUlon^os am r«|i«it«i|. CROSSING THE ATLANTIC. "arrow country, is called Xorfh America. 'States; and furtlipr vtniitl. .•= „ i-n ^ ~1 — — ^ extend from the one ocean to the other. The water ' IT^ ^' ^' -"^ "^""^h the country he i ^.:zix r': ^! '^^ ^-^"^on t/;;: i chapter n. A VOYAOE ROUND THE WORLD ant:;- L?^^*^^""^---^^-^''^^-^'l-v take ■■"■M'.u.N (ourney to di.stant lands. We will ^^in nca. In a f.nv hours we lose si.dit of ,::;„;;■"■■"„» "•■:-.:; '::'fu-rt ]•«»» »i.J tl,. ,li,v,.,i„„ i„ wl,i,.|,'|,„ i, „„■„!"'"■ ■■" «». t„ :;;:,/;::;;r:::;;. '";:;' -r"- >«■■"-' ™«'"^™ n;.:;:„r",\;"" """«' il. va.. tor,,,,, 77 ""■' '""■ ""'' '• """•^ f™ I view r^Zt , """ " ■"""• '■«™ *»"> • ° ° """ '"■"• "■"■'"■ -> I i.»r :.";;:; >;" -' ;•» "■«*- a> «•» "'^ '*'"*' t"o surface seems to bo ""ini AMKlil.AV FOIIKST fl A VOYAGE liOUND THE WORLD. curved like the surface of a ball. We are near tlie coast of Newfoundland. The waters Jiere are not 13. PROGRESSIVE mHAPrEARAXCE OP H,nr, AT SEA. SO deep as they .re elsewhere in the ocean, and they are the inost noted cod-fisheries in the world. The Gulf Stream.— 14 Tim u .if,.>. i, „ • other mvu ,.f fi , "' '■" "■>'■""■'• tlum in . -t 1 I |,.ut.s „f tho oce.-,,, tlnvMiKl. which wo have passo.l a great vor tlirouph the „ce,an fnm, the (i„lf „f A[,.xie„ b. n„g tlu, wan., wate,. .,f tl,e f ieal .ea to the ; 1, " f An onca,,H another ocean current, callci the /'„/,„. O^r w „d, hnnss 'lown the c„l,l waters fr,„n the north c'u s ^ |.;H^n,.th.eastcr.y.in.sinXovaSeotuanrin,t;^ 1.-.. Sometimes, away in the distance, we see a I huge glitterinfT ohject, like a mountain of «lass It IS a great mass of ice, called an /,vV>.,v/, which ' 1ms floated down from the frozen reffions of the north, many ships are da.shed in pi,.ces l.v runnino- against icebergs in the fog. down 1, r '"^" '"'"'""' '''''■""™' ^^''i"-''' •■'■•" l>vonpht whore t'e;';::;;r%M'i "'"•"""" r*"''^ "^ *'- ^*'""t- t r . /• i , ^ "'*' "•■'^••Sators have nwule great efforts llTr f " ';,""' ''"'"• '^''^y '^"" past (ireenhll .an land as far as they can int.. tho Arctic Ocean ; .an.l when the ship can go n,. further, thny hanie-s ,!,.~" t V ™ \^ .T i!ii!!ie„.s " ''''■ '" '™''^" - aome provisions had been placed nnH«- " ^'^'"■■""<"'- Luckily kille-l seals and polar hears for food «..."' T"' "'''" ' "'^>' "'^^ ' themselves from freezing ('"unall'v " "^ '^»""'<1 the oil to keep ' until at last they were pTcke, lu niL 7 """' ^'"''^'^' ">" «'"">- ' Imnters fron. Newfoundland ' """'"'" "' ^'"^™"''' b? ^o"!- i Europe. 18. We have now come to land; first I /<'/.«./ and then Great Britain, consisting of En- Inland Scotland, and n^«fe. Here is the'home of ! our Queen, and the land from which our fore- ' fathers came. England is a beautiful countrv. '' It has rich green meadows, enclose.l with prettV thorn hedges; and all through the country are fine parks with shady trees, smooth walks, green lawns.' and spark ing fountains. England has manv lar^e cit.es, celebrated for manufactures and trada Our TAItK AS 1> CASTr.E. merchants come hnv to buy their cottons, woollens crockery, cuLlery, and many other thiug.s. At reached very near «3 over the sea ; Jjut lern waters in a more eteen persons— men, A storm came on in •oke up. Tliese poor he ocean, were tossed ft was so broken in remained. Luckily itli them ; they also irned the oil to keep ' ti towards the south, '. of Labrador by seal- i 3 to land ; first iisistiag of £n- iH tlie liome of licli our fore- itiful countrv. <1 witli pretty luntry aro fine 5, green lawns, ■IS many larf;e (1 trade. Our la, woollens, hinga At AFRICA ASIA. 11 London, the largest and richest city in the world, at j Liverpool, and at Glasgow we see ships from all I parts of the world. I ! ?'f °li'r \ *"'*''^^ circumstance here. It is noon, when by our ) watches it is about eiglit o'clock in the morning. 19. Great Britain and Ireland are island.s. On the east and .Sduth i.s the continent of Europe, containing many countries. We nnwt .ail southerly, passing JVance, Spain, and Portugal, to get around the land. Pas.sing tlirough thi.s narrow channel, called the Stmil of (Hhraltar, we enter a sea called the Mediterranean, wliich lies south of Europe On our left we pa,w Italu .and (Ireeee, which were in ancient tunes the most powerful countries in the world. Africa.— 20. On the south of the Mediterranean is anotiier large body of land, called Africa, which 20. AS AFRICAN nWFI.t.IN Stretches far away l„.y„,ul the Equator into the temperate r.-gions of the south. Along the nortli aro the Barbcm, States ; beyond is the Grmt Desert, where it never rains, and where there is no tree, or flower, or blade of grass,— nothing but burning sand and barren rock on tiie earth, and a blazing sun in the heavens ; beyond the De,sert is the Land of the Xegro, called Soudan. 21. In the north-east of Africa is Egypt, one of the oldest and strangest countries in the world. Here, ages ago the Israelites served tlieir hard task-masters, until God sent Mose.s to free them from bondage. It very seldom rains in I'^gypt, yet the land iiioduces great crops of grain. It is made fruitful by its wonderful river, the Nil,; which over- flows Its banks every year-, and covers the whole countrv with water. We observe tliat iis we go east our watches are more and more :istray. My our time it is six o'clock in the morning, wlien it is noon in h,gy|)t. Asia — 22. Our course to the eastward is again obs' .ucted by laud. Here, befon^ us, is the great concinont of Asia, the largest of all tlie land divi- sions of the Eartli. On the east coast of the Medi- terranean i.s J'ales/nic, which is ([uite a small count ly, but is noted as the land wliich God gave to tlie jsia(qites, and as the place wlierf- oui' Saviour lived when on earth. Indeed most of the events si)oken of in the Bible occurred in this country. 'S,l \\ f .sliall be able to continue our voyage by turning to the .south. Across this uuitow neck of land, called the hf/imns of Sne:, which j,.ius Africa and Asia, a canal ha« been cut, tlu-ouKh wliicli w,- can sail to the Jlr„ f , ''°""*'->' aLouiuls in excelknt pasture, and it has the ricliost f,.old mines yo .covered. The i.s,and h^es «outl. « « as, and the coolest winds blow fron. the .south It .,n,ht here when we have day in our count.^ ' The Paaflc Ocean.-27. We have now to cri the Pucihc Ocean, which is the largest of all the I ""'T- Y'"' '' ^"^■"•■'^ ^"'-*'"-' °f tl"^ Earth's i surface. It i.s noted for its n,any groups o islands. Mo.st of these islands lie in'the h tU calle^ the Torrid Zone; hut they are fanned by sea^bree.es. which make the clinLte ,uite agree' then, are savages, others have been Jr:;:^;tcUr^^ have come here to teach thl I / °'™ country,' who Saviour. "'^ ""^ '^'"^^' ^^'^ kn.nvledge of the T.l"s^ ■S.i^t^ S: 111 ':r' '^ ^'^ «- <--. near the Kquator, ami t!>oy S l[me frl ,?''™"' '" "'° '«'«''" I it mto a subsknco called coral Yo, Zv! » ''* "'*'''■' ^"""'■'g ornaments ma.lo of coral. Th s kind if I ' ''™ '•'"^^ <""' «"'er tamed by diving „eep into e "f Tl? l' '^"""•"«. a"" i, ob- coarser kind. The insects hnilVl,,,*' ^''« '''""''s afe formed of a like the limbs of a ee an.M„ ' "'""™'" "«^«=« »' « in branches ^rmed, the top of whfjh ."' o "a !':"[: rff ''"""• "-^"^ " ^^^^ " beat against it, throwing up sea weec ami .i'"*- ^'''" ""^"^^ *en mosses begin to grow on the rock un„« ""''" ^'"'^""'ces. Soon after hundreds of years hllnZ. T '"'"' '"" '-^ fo"''ed ; which beautiful and „sefu/pla,us'™'' ""'" ""^ ''^"' """"shiug more I land is a peaceful lake or lafnl « • ' ' """* "'S"le the ring of I middle, then a ring of sm S^water ?h 'n'T ."'^ '" ''""' '" '^e Vessels can sail in through the TenLs in m °^''" ""'"^ °' '"'"'• from storms. * ^ openings in the ring, to seek shelter Sailing round Anierica.-31. We have now come to land again. It is £rUl.k Cokunlia, the nl westerly province of the Dominion of Canada I - a very mountainous country, and is : ot d for i majestic forests, ats fisheries, its coal, and its gold mines. AVe could return homo by land across the Donunion, but as we wish to go in the ship, we sail southerly thousands of miles along the C coast of North America and South Anferica unt is and of the Sand- i, killing and eatinj? civilized. On the own country,' who i knowledge of tlie by the coral insect nierous in tlio ocean le sea water, forming seen rings and otlier quite rare, and is ob- nds are formed of a ises of it in branches apes, until a roclj is ;a. The waves then !r siiljstances. Soon lil is formed ; wliich Ii, nourisliing more ' a broken ring, the Id inside tlie ring of I liere is land in the ■oken ring of land, j ing, to seek shelter lave now come 'i««, the most ' Canada. It i noted for its nd its gold ' I across tlie 16 ship, we ; the west erica, until THE WORLD CLIMATE. we reach Cape Horn. Then we sail northerly | abng the east coast of America, crossing the Equator again, and passing on our left the West Tndm Ishnds, from which we obtain our sugar. I Finally, we arrive home, having completed our i long voyage round the world. CHAPTER III. ! WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED. I The World.-32. Once, long ago, people thought I that by travelling a long distance in any one direc- tion they would come to the end of the x\orld. This was a mistaken notion, for the Earth is round like a ball ; and if you travel far enough in a straight course, you will at last come to the place from which you started, just as a Hy might do in crawling around an apple. The globular form of the Earth explains the fact that the lower part of a ship at sea is always the last to come in sight. 33. The circumference of the Earth-that is, the distance around the Earth-i.s nearly 25,000 miles. aistance Day and Night.-34. We have seen that all parts of the Earth do not have day or night at the same time. Thus, when it is noon with us, it is midnight half way round the Earth, as in the East India Islands; it is six o'clock in the evening one- fourth the way round towards the east, as in Egypt • and it is six o'clock in the morning one-fourth the way round towards the west, as in the Sandwich Islands. I This is because the Earth is always turning round tumintr once every twenty-four hours. As the Earth is a SS i Sun can shmo on only half of it at onco. The nu'ddlo of e I tt ,">;"''? "'t •''"" '^'""''^ ^'^' """"• t''" western edge f «.o hght port-m has nior.nng. and the eastern odgo \.^Z't 2' We shall understand how this rotation oF tho Earth amp, and mnUe .turn round. As the hall turns, each part t^ZJi ''""', t" '""--" —t circle arid t I on, making h levolotion once a voar Tn fl,;. „ caused the seasons, spring. s„„,,er. IXmn! and '^iZ. "' 35 The Axis of the Earth is an imaginary line, around which It makes its daily rotation axis- ' '^''' ^°^^ ^°^' """^ "'" ^"""^ ^°'" ""'^ tl'" -^"ds of the 37. The Equator is a circle around the Earth-east and west-nudway between the Poles. It divides the iLth s surface into two o„ual parts, called the Nom.-n HeXtre and the Soutkn-n Hemisphere. -mspnere 38. Latitude is distance north or south from the Equator Places north of the Equator have nortk latitude ; thieso .th of the Equator have south latitvUe. The latitude nt th„ Equator is 0, at the Poles it is 90 degrees, whichl h irighe' latitude any i)lacc can have. "%iiesi 39. Imaginary circles passmg roimd the Earth, east and r/LatituTe!" "" '"^"'*'" '"' *'" ^'"^«' '^^'^ ^■'^'"'^ ^™« 40_ Longitude is distance east or west from a line nmning m>rth and south from Pole to Pole, and pa.ssing through Place., east of the hrst meridian are said to have east hnai- Me; .ami places west of the first meridia.i have vest hmti- tnde. The longitude of places on tlie tirst meridian is • the Heat and Cold.-41. The countries of the Earth ditter much in respect to heat and cold. The warmest countries are near the Equator, and the coldest are near the Poles. This difierence is caused by the curved form of the Earth ; as we go north or south from the Equator the surface slopes , more and more away from the Sun, causing the Sun's rays to become more slanting. 42. The Earth's surface is divided into five great belts or ! The Torrid Zone is tho hottest jmrt of the Earth. The i Eqiiator passes through the middle of this zone i South Frigid Zone hes around the Soutli Pole. These are the ' cr)ldest parts of the Earth. The North Temperate Zone is situated on the north of the tTrTornT/' ' ^T"" ''«'"P'"-«« Zone is on the south of the rornd Zone. The countries in these .,mes have generally neither extreme heat nor extreme cold. 43. The Climate of a country is its condition in respect to heat, moisture, and the purity of its atinosiihere. Wo have .seen that the climate becomes colder as we go north or south from the Equator : it also becomes colder as we ascend high mountains. The climate is more humid near the j I i 14 8ea than it ih far inland ; and it is more unhealthy in" hot marshy countries than in those which are dry and cool. WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED. The Seasons.-44. At one time of the year the &un comes up high in the heavens, giving us long, hot days; at another time tlie Sun keeps far away m the south, and the days are short and cold. This change in the seasons is caused by the Earth's movin-r .n a vast cu-cle around the Sun once in the year^and tZw .ts northern half towards the Sun during our summer a„^ ts s.mthern half towards the Sun during o^r wint r The cou^ ^zzzs:^^£r- ''- '-' — -^- I Land and wSlr.-45. We have seen that the Earths surface is partly land and partly water One-fourth of the surface is land and three-fourths are water. The land is principally in three great port,ons,-the Western Continent, the Eccstern Con. ttnent, and Australia. 46. The Western Continent is made up of North America and South America ; the Eastern Continent IS made up of Europe, Ada, and Africa. 47. Besides these great divisions of land there are many smaller portions which are called islcvruk. water '^"cairRrV "•'""™ °/ ^'"^ entirely surrounded by j-ia With the miis^^^r i/s^s: ^ Th:? t of Panania jo.n.s North and South An.erica. W^vL^'3^fee^tf" !r' 'T' ^^^"y •» «='«-«"". Jordartnfl.?? L "^ ^^^ '''•''■'^^^l =» «'e valley of tlie Jordan to the lofty mountain heights In different par^s of the ^o:ir^SS;^t:!::s\szr^^S lanrf" ^J^^^^-^'^'^ "■■ Wateau is a broad, elevated tract of hfu'tXtr""' 'hh" ^''' "^ ''' Hoky MoltZ ,^' ine united States, and the countries of Central Asia. t.h;elevatTon" Thl?' ^'^'/'w"'^ *'^^ '"''' '"-^ases with Tomd Zol „/^' ^T "I '°"^ "-""ntains, even in the lorria /Sone, are oovered with snow all the year. Thr. j>rp«- valleys it melts, giving rise to rivers '^' '™™"'' called the cmier ThJ^ Jnf' , "'"'""'^ "' *'"' ^"I' '« f,7 Earfh„,r; "'" '"^° '"'"'J' Volcanoes in the Andes .>8. Plains are level tracts of country. There are InwI..„H plains and highland plains lowland are »,„.l,,„„ died .»,, „ ,h. a^,„,. .C "' """ "•"" il^B^tTkZT" " '" °"" '" " '"" '""'' "' ™'"' " ,..^' '^ 'Jr"' " " °"'™ l""»^ connecting two todi-, „/ Sfa slit '""" " '""'"■ ^ ^^^"-^^ i'usuany t:,;^ 05. A Elver is a large stream of fresh water as the e Temperate Zones ; coZe»,„Tiu^,;i^;;r: """' '"'-'''■• "-" "-^ --"» - A^als-71. The Torrid Zone surpasses the other parts of the Karth in the number, size, and beauty of its animals. Among the animals found here are the elephant, rhinoceros, hii.popotainus, camelopard, lion, tiger, leopard, panther monkey, crocodile alligator, boa, and ostrich, insects ai^ very numerous in this zone. I thoL Jf'H,!!T ""•', 'i *''' '^^y^P°'^^^ Zones are less fierce than those of the Torrid /one. Here we find the bison, deer ox ' Li'' "'" *=''^'''' ^"■■'^^y' S'J'>«e, and pheasant. Svbet f "^ " '"■" '^ '■?'""'""•■ '""^'^■'«' I-l'^r bear, grizzly bear, fox, ermine, and walrus. The birds are general^ I waders and swimmers. There are no reptiles, and but few | Man.-74. Man is found in all lands. In the tropical regions he lives principally on rice, cocoa- nuts, bananas, and various fruits; in the temperate regions he lives on grains and vegetables, mixed with animal food ; in the frozen regions, where the earth yields nothing, he oetakes himself entirely to N«ULA, ISTHMUS, CAPE, BAY, STRAIT, OCEAN, AND ISLAND. animal food. It is only in the temperate regions, however, that man's powers of body and mind ap- pear in all their strength ; and it is here only that we find the most civilized and powerful nations. 75. Men in different parts of the world differ from one an- other so much in their features and colour, that it is usual to divide them into five races or varieties :- ed at a group of islands. Belipviii)? y , t ;■ n as on the ' n ■), „ of India, ho called the i .f.;bitt.„t<* 27,u,am. This name was afterwards given to .ill Uie natives of America; and when the islands were fourd to be very far from India, they were caUed the Went Indies. 80. There was gi-eat excitement in Europe over this won- derful discovery of land beyond the Atlantic Ocean. Manv ships were sent over the sea by different nations to make further discoveries. It was soon found that, besides the islands discovered by Columbus, the J/ew World consisted of a Bo I, Ooi I b h Si G Fl G i ight ho could reach y, than by sailing Having gained the pain, Columbus set 1 his voyage of dis- imbus arri> cd at a s on the ' ^ 1. rs of ». This name was irica; and when the lia, they were called -ope over this won- ntic Ocean. Many it nations to make I that, besides the yVorld consisted of -^•\n-,imm-iimi^^,_jjjlllgglgggm^ POSITIOX— laVEKS AXD LAKES. two great ,„d.,.s of hu.,1, one lyi„g to the north and the other to the sou h One of the loading na., in exploring the coS was „a„>od A.,rn,;. r,s,.,du,. In honour of hin,, the New World was called Amcrir,, Position.-81. Xortl, A.ncrica is noarlv ,sur- roundod l,y tin. sea-tl.e Arctic Ocean on tho\,ovth, the Afl,n. Ou the ^ast side of Nortlx Anieriea there IS a low coast-region next the Atlantic, an.l «.on further inlan.I are tl,. Api^alachlan Mountain.. Be3-ond th..se hi,hla,.ls is a broad low plain, ex- tending fron. the Arctic Ocean to the (!ulf of MexK-o. Still further west, heyon.l the plain, are ln,«hland.s a-ain, nunh longer, broader, an.l higher ! than those near the Atlantic. Lofty nunn.tains, j called in the north the Rocku Mountain., and in Mexico the Surra Ma,,re, extend along the eastern .sue of these highlands; and other high ranges, I called the Cascad.' Mouutaius and the ,SV,;,,, >, m,/,,, lie on the w.^st. J}etn-..en the Eooky Moun- tams and the western ..„„..„ „,,. j,;,,,. table-lands, ^••vKh'd nito basin-like valleys by short mountains runinng crosswiso, Mount Washington, in n,,, u- ., . , '- one of t..e U.nu.L, i^^^t^S.^!—- ^ l^:J^^ J4. TI... Rocky Mountains are wild and broken. On the owe,, slopes an dense forests ; further up ' , are shrubs, eoar.sc grass, an.l nu,„ntuin-fl.,w,.rs ; still ! "'K'or are barren. rugg...I rocks; an.l th.- hid.est ' I Faksnreeovere,! with snow all the year. 85. The table-land betwcM. the Sierra Xeva.Ia and Rockv M,m„tau,H has very Hl.Ie rain. There are no f^rel C. 17 , and few plants of any khX^^^^iJiTr^vTuiiT^^^^^^ come down from the mounfiins Tl„ , *'"'-'^."'*' " '"<=" ; towards the south. """* "'""""" "^"^'^ l'''"'^^ come ,,own from tl,e n.ountai,. h"; i',u,:';,Ve:o ut '"'' ''"''"" ""' ! ci^u, c!:;;:;': ,!!:::; ^:!::s^::^^ 7 "--^ --- ^or^e,, or 1 places cover, tl,e «loebrea\ ,,',,""'■ J'T"'^'^"" "' -'""'o walls of roukrisi,,,. pcna-X, IHv fll^ H^ ."'"'" ™"5'''"-''W' Places .„e Hvors Al .ll^^lt^H 1!^^:^''''' ' '^"«^- '» -- 87. Tlie western slopes and the vall.vs of tlie Sierra Nevada are not,.! for their gigan^tic trees. Ihe great pines and cypress,.s of California are tliree or four hundred feet Jiig],, and t wentv feet in diameter. 90. Th._. Great Plain l,..tween the c.astern and i western highlan.ls is Jiighest near tlie mi.l.Ile, fr.,n. whichitsl.,p..stowards the north and south In the central parts of the plain ther,. are ri..h ..v„V/.. I or meadows of great extent, which in th.ir natural ' state are cov.^re.l with tall grass, an.l wh.-n culti- vat.'d yi,.l,l I.„.o.,> crops .)f o-nii,, Riversand Lakes. -^91. Th..gr..atriversof North America are the Yukon, Mackenzie, St. Lawrence M,ss>, aud CoIu,uhla. The St. Lawrence and M_is.si.ssipp, are gran.l highways l,y which vessels I sail hun.lreds of miles into the infrior, exchanging th.. products of dim.rcnt countries. ; of'H,e^n:T'"'*T' «"r\""-t''' "^>«rly the wh.,le length ';^:::n ish-:;i'i:i;!j;';;,:--,i- lak..s. as an.t S,,nc L„/.c and Gnat Bear Lair. ' j arn rr^.i, ,u„i„^ „ larRo |mrt of thej-enrr '" ''"'"' j K\. Th.. St. Lawrence, flowing east.-rh' to the fiolf . ( ^, Lawrence, drains tive of t„e ^.^...t ,Z lii t ^li.'^^i | _jiiiwiiiwiiimnii batn" *!;«,;"*''""■•' ";'^"y«»>all rivors flow h.to la,^e ,,eep headlong over the rock. J!i fX^i^f cHcS;^^:? - ^!'y «E.c.:;>:i'u.r^:r :;[^ r- ^^-^^ «-'-'- - the /;,„„•,/,,, whore the water Ws very vi«t' ^^"""^^ .""«» '"'^ stream ' -""' Joins the St. Lawrence Kurt er ow ,' ' H "'^'' T""" ''"'" "'« ""f"'- •'"Other large trihuta y T „ 7 'o me'? '"""'^ "f the «. Maurice, built partly on the shore an paHy I. higlfh h','^ ' '"["1"' "'^' river. A few miles below (^.ehec re t le A'w ^5','"'""'""''' "'« where a small river rushes , vr h.Vh , ^ "f ."■' '"""'»'<»•-•»<■;/, Lawrence. Hefore we re I ^ ""'" *'"' f""' """ "'e .St. largo tributary! can:u,X!,e:;r' ""= '''"^^ "^ '-""■ "' -other ThciiitciincH to tlie i.rairic luwls «itl, t "„ "■"■ ' l.roa.I Krai„-(i,.l,|.. Ah it IL .' i\ "', '•'" ^"^'^ '^""> i-untrioM, wind, yi.Ul I„, V. ' ''''"''"•' ""'""*^''' "■'"""■'■ tl.0 far ..:„th, i;!;:™,;'"''"" ""■"■ *"^"^-- -"<-'. a.Kl, i„ ".. the west, c„„u. the vj; ' tl^"'^^ > -Hmtains, , /fiw. The ho.ul of tl„. \i ''.".-■<'•'!""""'. mid tlu. 7W •^"■f-Hothattii;!" «:^:,;;^^ ";;■- f-- t>.o mM,. w.nild 1,0 ,„,„.lv siv „ I '" "'" '""""tftin- 00. Near the mouth of llie .MiR«i,«i,,„i 1. „ 1 OrU,,,,.: an,l up the river a„,^ ll" t I, H „ '^'' '"^■' '■""'■'' ^'•"• iUB «".! going between thesVe " .1 '^^ '"'"'"•« "» "'nMantly com- «u.. carrying away ,hol„ ;!? Im;,;;';:'"*""" ' ''^ '•""'"<'» "' — ™untry, 100. The /iio ^Vf,„,/, i« ,^ ] . • f,i m- • . Tho Columbia, Kr„„.,r, C. ,',!,' '"^ ■^'^^"'"l''''*' Climate and Products.- 101. I„ travoIlinK from t .0 sth,„us of Panama to tho Arctic Ocoan, ono M „Hl overy variot.v of climat.. an.I vegetation. Ili- hot countries of .... ,outh, which havu no L_._ I winter, y.elcl coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, rice, pine- apples and many fine fruits; a little further nlrth wWe..eheatislessintenso, the climate is suited to Indun corn, grapes, peaches, sweet potatoes, and tobacco; then we come to the countries which have warn summers and cold winters, protlucin, wheat peai.s In he far north it is too cold for forests or cultivated fields. The g.-ound freezes very deep cUiring Uie w„.ter, and only a few inches of the ■suiface tliaw ,lunng the short summ,.-. Coarse «rass, moss, and stunted shrubs are the principal plants. ' ' Minerals.-102. Coal and iron are ahundant i- Nova fecotia, N.-w Brunswick, and Petmsylvania • SoM .s mo,st plentiful in California, Colorado, and' i5rit,sh Columbia ; the richest silver nn-nes are in Alexico. Animal8.-103. The largo wild animals of North America are the bison or buffalo, the moose, deer, "."«k-ox, grizzly bear, white bear, brown bear, and I wo It. I 5-'n"n'!?nnn"^~''"' ^^"'•^'-^'"-'■^•aoontains about I 5.,000,000 of inhabitants. The great,., number of j «.ese are white peoj.le, whose forefathers lived in j hurope. j Indian.s aro nu.non.us in the wostern hiKhlandn on .!,„ ' ■;;;■•-■•" Pyt-f tl.e o,.„tral ,.lain, and in Mexi A .;„;. ! ■M, o. ..all,..! K.„nn,.,„.r. livo on tho ooaHts and in nd : tm Arctic Ocean. In the Southern States there ar any ' -^'!;m., who«o ancoHtorH wore bron^ht fro„, Africa as ZJ. Divisions 105. The principal great .livisions of North America are the Do.uiuion of Canada, tlie I mted Stakx, and Mi.vico. The I.Und, ;r;c„I , an W , "'"""' ■^'""''■" "'" "'" '^"« '"''<"• AmerUa. ""'' ^"'""'' "" "•>»otl.U6. called UnnUh Town8.-100. New York is the !arge..t citv in America. tton, rico, ])ine- 3 furtlicr north, iiuate is suited t potatoes, and ies wJiicJi have 'oducing wlicat s, apples, and :old for forests ezes very deep incJies of tJic iiicr. Coarse tlic jn-ineipal 1! iiiildur winters ! aliundant i ; , Vnnsylvania ; Joloruflo, and mines are in lalfi of Nortli moose, deer, wn bear, and )ntains about 'r number of lers lived in iltind.H, on the ;<>. A siiiffiilar and isliiiids of )('ie are many rica as hIuvoh. At divisions of Canada, ncrica Is (■ollod 111) Wnt IniUtt. CAlIml Danish fPHt city in •HKiiHHii 4. CANADA. BonnlartM A", An til < )(ean i Atl.intic ()cean. ?. I'lilled SlatM '(' I'nilfir ( >ri-«n, OoMt WaUn — Ifirerta. AllialKisca. Hritish e.ihmibin, NorthWist Terrtiory. Krrwaiih. North-Hflit Territory. THE nOMINION OF CANADA. 19 Government. — 107. In America the laws are made by representatives clioseu by the people. The United States is the most powerful country in America. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. History. — 108. The Dominion of Canada was formed in the year 18G7, by the union of th(; four l^iritisli Provinct>s, Ontnrin, Qachfc, Xew Brvnsvick, and Xom Hcotia. It has since been greatly en- larged by the addition of other provinces and teixi- tory, so that it now includes all the Britit.li posses- sions in North America except Newfoundland. The pupil can lemti the Bounds, Coast Waters, and other features gicen at the foot of the Map of the DontinioH. Physical Features. — 109. The eastern part of the Dominion has no high mountains. The lliver St. Laxorence, draining the great lakes between the Dominion and the United States, is the most im- portant river in the country. The river and lakes form a grand highway for trade for more than 2,000 miles. 110. The central portion of the Dominion in- cludes the greater part of the northern slope of the central plain of North America. It is a region of vast prairies in the south, and of extensive forests towards the north. It has many rivers and lakes. The Maekemie is the larg(>st river ; but the SashUchetvan is tlie most imjjortant for trade. 111. The western part of the Dominion is a highland region. Here are the Rocky Mountains and the Cascade Mountains, witli high table-lands between tjie rangi's. Divisions. 11 "2. The Dominion of Canada eludes the following countries : — Prniinim. .Vova Scotia. Qunbec. N.'W T5riiiis\vi('k. Oiitiirin. rrinco Kdw.ird iBhinii. Manitoba. Britinh Columbia. Jiixlriiis and Tirn'tdricx. As.siiiibdia. Albi'i-ta. Saskatchewan. Athabasca. Kcewatin. X()rth-\\'c.st Tci'i'itiiry. \cirth-Kast Teriitniy. Cities. — 113. Ottawa, in the Province of On- j tario, is the capital of the Dominion. A picture ! of the Parliament House at Ottawa is shown on another page. Kideau Hall is tlu; residence of the Governor-Ceueral. Montreal is the largest city and Quebec is the oldest city in the Dominion. 114. Railways extend acnws tlie wliole I>uniiniiin from tho Atlantic to tho Pacific Ocean, connecting all tho iirincipal l>laces. I Government. — 115. The Dominion of Canada forms a part of the British Empire. The head i officer in the government is the Covernor-General, I who represents the Sovereign of Great Britain. 110. Tlie Legislature is composed of the Senate, consisting of 77 members, and tho Hoii! first settlement of ' white ])eople in Nova Scotia was formed by the j \ French, at Annapolis, in the year ICOf). The i French gave this place the name of Port Roijal, and they called tlie whole country Acadie. Soon the Englisli came and claimed tlie country, as Cabot, a countryman of theirs, liad discovered it a hundred years before the French eanie to Anna- polis. They gavc^ it the name Nova Scotia, which is the Latin for iVew Scotland. ll!l. For more than a liundred years Nova Scotia was a c, m t. .f o.c h w..,.o „. turn rnl.lH.I, an.l soni.ti, ,,-s U H If thoy would obey tI,o lau-.s -AfU-nvards, UHthoAca.liansdul ii"t .S0..1I, t,. ho voi-y fj„„(l I'nti.sl, •^^'' M''cts, tlu, Kugli.sh colonists 'i"l not thiuk- it was safe {„ allow them to remain any lon^Pi- AceonliuKly, the <^nerno,- sent ■"^''Idlers, who seized all the Aea- ""•>« they could tin,l, and sent tlii'm out of the countrv. I ll.'f. I'AHI.IA.MK.V Position. -121. Tin. l:>,„vi,u.. of Xova Seoli., /.s7.W,y OvWAv/o,, is on tin. ..St si.h. of Xovth , An.onea .unl al.nu Imlf way iHtw.vn tkvKouato ' aiid 111,. \,,Hh Pol,.. ^ Coast., -l.o W,. ol,,sorv.. f,.o.n tho ,„ap that ^^ova,S-o„a,slon,^•a>ul narnnr : tl,at it is noMvIv sun.o,n„l,.,ll,y M.at,.,.:,n„ltl,,.u ,1,,. ...a i„ ,„,„■ ||Plae,>sn„,s„,,otluHan.l,fon,un:,l,,..vs,„ni luu- .ours. The. country has thus sr..at a.h'anta.vs f,„. ihiZ,"';;.j:':::r'^;™',;i;:-"-7-.;"» ■"<>■ r I I r .>i.u cm' nioutl of t he liiiv ari' lli-i, ,• 1' Hill ^K, i,TT.\\\A. :;-=;=Si?rr£ ^ 1""K1 I. an.l on,. n,il,. i„ l„.,.adth. .Afanv fi. vessi.js p.'iss throii-h thi> strait i2n ~" terioi I't'n nn'lea in I ''''I,-'- ami trading I I obey the laws, the Aciuliuiis ilid very frond Britisli Kiijfhsh c(,I,,iii.sts ■ it was safe fo villain any longer. lie 'Jiivcriicii- sent izwl all the Aca- ''• liiid, and sent C(miitr\-. mil's ill Ii'iioth. and ending in P'li.ii, CiniiUr- fiiiiin C/kiihiiI, ince uf Miiias •imiddii. The able f,,i- their i iitei' and hnv j ■nil lirtweeii j George's Bay, i eparate Ca|io tile entrance nice (,f Ched- eeii miles in ' and trading vs in thi> in- I -east by two >r, encldsiiig THK DOMLMON OF CANADA. ft «Mnr /.*,„,/ A canal, half a inile long, connects lin,s ! dO>- Luke an.l s. V.Ur. II.,, Ca,, North is a high rocky j cape on the north of Cape l',r..to„. The coast here is', a nici' T' ')" :"';?":'/"■' '"^"■'"■'' ^'>- "Sht-houses on «. Par. ; IM S.M: l.,.r„„, noted for its wild ponies, is a 1, w -u^y. sland, m miles south of Cape Bretoi'i. .{J^, ^^ ! ^ h.ue been cast away .,„ iu dangerous coast, and men arc sta mn.^ on «,e ishmd to give aid to shipwreci:,.,! mar "r" vhcrc the Iicnch once had a strong town. Farther west m one of the best harbours m the world. J.-„,.tl,,r west are tW P ? ." ,'" '' ""'"■ "'^' ^■'"™'™ "f Malifax Harbour. , 5^;va^e::ti " '■' ' "'''' " "" """' """""■'■■^- 1-"'' Surface.-128. Th. higliest parts of a country , tro.u ^vll,ch streams Hoxv arc called .-afer-shed. : A central water-shed .li^•ich.s Nova .Scotia into a : northerlj and a southerly ien,.ad>e, P/ulij,, Waffare, East River, St I ;'!;■' ^"' /^"'•'' ^^i'-n-pool, Tusket, Annapolis, and Viinnmdlis. ' ' ; ,,'^''' '"'■^''■•^* '^''^'^^ ^^-^ Jiossigno/, aran.l Lake, Climate and Products.-] 31. Nova Scotia has long col.l ^yinters, and short warm sunnners. The autumn is a very pleasant season. Tlie most important j-roducts of the soil are various kinds of grain and vegetables. Extensive 132. THE MUO^E. In the winter the Indians bind broad snow-shoes on their feet and hunt the moose thr.,ugh the de,.p snow Mineral8.-13a. The most valuable coal mines are in Cape Breton, Picton, and Cumberland counties. The coll .,1" very deep n.to the earth for coal. As the sunlight c mmt enter the mines, the colliers work by lamplight. The n .' sometimes contain an explosive g.as uhich ,s set on fi " the lamps. Coal is formed from the wood of immense f. e ^ which covered the earth thousands of years a-^o Superior Iron ore is obtained from the Cob;,„id Mountains in Colchester. Gold mining is carried o„ principally in f.nysborongh, Halifax, and Hants counties. The tahie of : tlie gold obtained is, on an average, about s;j;jO,000 a year Gypsum and lime are abundant in Xova Scotia The Fl8herles.-i;i4. The fisheries on the coasts of Nova ' •Votia are a source of gr,.at wealth, and this Province em- i i !e i'^ih";';'."'"" '•^"'' Tf' "> *'"' '-''-f^' '"'-in-^ than all ' , H»5 other J'rovinces of tlie Dominion taken together. Xov^ , fecofa also exceeds any other Province in ship-building. ^ Inhabitants.- ];i.-,. The nmjority of the people are of Scotch. Englisl,, nnd Irish origin. There ' are also many desccn.lants of Fn.nch and German ' people. The Indians number about 1,700. 22 NORTH AMEmC'A. ; Pre.sbyte,-ian.s and Ro.nan Catholics oacli fonn about o,H.-fourtI. of t)u. population. Baptists, I Episcopahaus, an.l Motho.list.s are next in respect to num Iters. The public .schools are free to all chiklren over nve years of a^e. . f ^isions.-''l.3G. The Province is divided into n.gl.tee,wv.,„./.,._^f„„,t,,.„ in the Peninsula, and I four m Cape Breton. Tlie town in each county in -hich the courts are heM is oalle.l the .nmt, L, Ih. Counties and Count,, Tov,ns can he 'learned 1 jrom the Map. I Towns.-^.I37. Halifax, the capital of Nova Sco- ' t.a, has a superior harbour, and ships n.ay be seen ^ I'oro from many foreign countries. The city is •strongly fortiti..d. The finest buildings are the Jrov,nce r.nklhuj, in ^ddch the nuMubers of the Legislature n.eet; and the Do^nhdon n„ilding, ' contauung the Post Office and other pul,Iic offices coast waters ; and .some, at the harbour.s, are load- ^;.s.ui. .th lunger and tish to senc^o otW oM>o:t;;';;';:L..:;:;;;;£.'"'^^''--^'''''-> -'I '--be., are j '^ NEW BRUNSWICK. History. --140. New Brunswick fornu.,! a part of ,""' TT ""''' ""^ ^'"' ^■'^' ^^-''"^ 't '•^'^•"e a separate Provincr\ ,j//r ^^"""^' "'"' '''"''''"■' ^'^'^'''^'^f J'eatures, see Coast.-141. New Brunswick has a long line of sea-coast, with n,any fine harl,ours on tl^e north east, and south. AH along the coast country, n.an; men are employed in manufacturing hnuber from the logs which are brought down the rivers fron. the interior; others are engaged in building ships ■ others, ,n their ve.s.sels off on the sea, are bis; ' oatclnug the tish which are v ,y plentiful in the ' opposite .,:..: ;::l;:,,:;:^;i^-;;'-,i^-^- on t,. I entlnnce of th" ,1 ' '^.rli^'T'^ '"'r ""'■'" '•^''""'■^ '" 'l-o I'a.! a station at tc. f r 't ''" '"'^,-'"'" ''''" "'" '"'■'^"^'h I from tho (^ucl„.c shun. „„ ice c U '' '""'^ l^^'^" brought .™,,£^:;,, SJ:::;;s;:r,S::;;.r;;'X!r5, :t:;;;;:;S';;;i-;:::r:::r"'.™-:".-.S h«hen.. on their co.a.st.s. At the ,„o, th of t r r ^ "i:;:. *"" *"-' "^ ^- ^""'•^-. -- -.. the ;■..::! t Area.-1 17. New Brunswick is about one and a I lialf tniu^s larger than Nova Scotia. | Surface.-148. We n.ay learn from the course ' of the nvers in New Brunswick, as laid down on I tho map, that the eastern part of the country slopes ' towards the north-east, and that the western part I slopes towards th<> .south-east. ! The highlands of New Brunswick are in the I north-west. Tn some places they rise to tl-.e height ' of nearly half a mile. ° I Rivers and Lakes.- -149. The iar.resfc rivers of i Isow Brunswick are the liestigonche, ^episiguU, \ \ ^ ({Ttnm CO r- /h fi ■%. •urs, are load- end to otlier li about ninety k ; but on tli« '. Tlie town of i'.f< in about Jialf islands at tho af,'o tlio Fiunch •*ii the west of u been brought lijis sail U|i tiie I'xn.sl/c. I'liint linct! Kduai'd ■'-■ the towns of ■ the entrance e Cumberhind are, Sarkville, the town of and marshes, « of Cumber- iro old l)attlG- ' of their old bay the coast id for its shad inr St. John or more; than .■est of Xcw '«"'/ Maiinn, for the fine ^he river St. river is ,S7. one and a ;lie course down oil dry slopes 'tern part 'c in the lie height i rivers of fijn'.iirfidt, NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. NOVA SCOTIA. Boandariea— .y.-ir. D.ly of i-,m,ly. A'. NurihiiinljcrfinKl. Strait .inci l,iilf of .St. I^wreiice r. Att.iiit'c Oce.iii. .V. Alldutic Ucemi. Gout Waters - ll.iy or i-iill.ly, St. M.iry's Bay. IJighy tait. Annapnljs H.isin. Chip(jnecto IJ.iv. Cuiuburl.iii.I H.isia. Miii.is Channel. Miiias Basin. Col)i!i|ui(l Bay. Northumherland Strait. I St. Ceorjje's Bay. i Hi\' \ertp. .Str.tit otCanso. Clu'ilaliucto Bay. (^re.n Bra,., cI'Dr. I.iltic Br.isd'ilr. ] Mr.i-,.rtlr Lake. Sy.lnev Harliimr. l.olli^hllrl; llarlwur. 1- X ra'-'-.i^e. ll.ilila.v llarl.i.ur. Bi-.llnrd BaMii. M.arj,Mret"s B.iy. Mahiinc Bay. Capes— t:iut.^ni,i,ui. nintnidon. St, tit'ortrc Canso. N'lrth. Sanihro. Crcmii PuMit. Sable. Islands- Cape Breton. Binilardarie. Mailaiie. .Sable. La|ie Sal))e. liner Island. •■"n« Island. Connties— t un)berland. Cniclicster. Bi^.l()u. Anti^'nnisli. .;,,vs,,,.„.,«i,, I.nnt-nbnrg. 'jticnns. Hlu'lburne, ^'arrnuutli. Diuby. Ainiaptilis. Kinu's. Hants. Inverness. Victor'i [Afafi Jwidedivto Squares ufi-x, Milts. NEW BRUNSWICS. Boiudaries - .y. ijuebec anil B,iy Chalonr. li. Gulf ot St. Lawrence and .N'ordiuniber- lanil Strait. : J. Nnt.i bc.itia and | Bay of I-nndy. /'■ I Miied States. Coast Waters— Hlv Cll.ilrur. Miraniulii Bay. Northnniberl.nid Stra t. Bay Verte. Bay of l-'nndv. Cumberland Basin. Slienody Hay. St. John Harbour. I'assaniaquaUdy Bay. Capes - I'-niit Ii^riiininac. 1 orn line I'omi I.epreau. Islands- Miscdu. Shii(pe'.,'an. Ciran.l Maiian. Counties - Kesti^'uuche. tilouccster. .N''irtliuinberl,ind. Kent. \\'estrnurel.ind. AJbirt, St. John. Charlotte. KniK'.s. Oueens. .Sunburv. ^•orlc. ' Caileton. \'ictr.ria. .Madawaska. PRINci^WAHD ISLAND. Capes- .N'"rlh C.ipe. I l-..ast Point. Cape Iraverse. >\ est Point. Counties— I Kinys. 1 Oneens. I Prince. | I '^ ( '}> THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 23 and Miramichi, flowing easterly ; the Peticodiac, St. John, and sV. Croir, flowing sontherly. 1.50. TheRestlgouche.un Indian na.ne, moaning, according to .sonio, tim inad rim; according t,. othcrn, the lice-HimrH river 1.S 200 miles 1o„k'. Tho Neplslgult, .so miles "long, i« noted for rainds and falls. 151 Tho MlramiclU is a long river, navigable for lar^o vessels to the junction .,f the two inincipal branche,s. The Peucoaiao is 100 miles long. ' by'ferorttV".''/'- w'" ™"''','" ""^ '^"■™»'i«l>i ^vas lai.l waste : by a great fire At night a vast sheet of flame, driven by a violent i town' T' """'""'^f^""' "'<= forests upon tlie viUages of Dough," town, Newcastle, an.l otlier settlements. The terrille.l inhabi a, , were V rv ;.,:r T' ""'', ■l^'^'^ "'•^^ ""' "'''^>- f°"""- '"^ "'"> - i 7JZ \r^ \ °""' ''"''"^'' "I' t" "'«■• '"^''ks in the river an,l , besde thorn were bears an.l other wihl animals, .seeking the same it o tee .on from the ragin,^ fire. Ifundre.ls of people lost U.e r iTves ami a very large amount of property was destroyed. ' 45J mil J.'T '*■ 'T: "'" ':""''^' "^■'-"' '" ''^''^^^ Brunswick, is 4.,0nnlesl„ng, and is navigable for large steamers .S", miles L ["If'"";"- '. ''''■""'' ^'""■^' ^^° "'"'•■" '-^bove Fredencton; the .Naters descend pcri.endicularly 74 feet. The ,St John I «>««,/ Za^r, .TO miles long, sends its waters to the St. John by a short rn-er called the Jc,„.r,,. The fVasM,.,„oa/i- is " Tlie St. Croix Hows from the Chiputncticnok Lakes. Climate and Products.-154. The winters in New Brunswick are long and cold ; but the deep snow keeps the ground warm, and aids the lumber- men m drawing their logs from the forest. Tlie summer is hot, with frc,,uent rains, and crops grow rapidly. ° wick are similar to those of Xova Hcotia as regard.s origin, icligion, and general character. Divisions.- 159. New Brunswick is divided into hftcen counties, which, with the county towns, are given on the map. Towns.— 1 GO. Fredericton, the capital of New B-unswick, has a beautiful situation on tho St John River, whicli is here about lialf a mile in breadth. Kil. St John at the mouth of the .St. John River, i.s the argcst c>ty. Ccairt.m, on the opj.osite side of the liLw foi-ms part of St J„hn city. Portland, adjoining St. John. ^ not within tht! city limits. 1(12. Sackville is the seat of Mo„nt AUUon CoUeoe and f».,>uu,r!,. Moncto,,, the lie.ad-quarters of the Intcr-Colonia Ka. w.^ St. Stcken ,t. AnCrar., ^rm„n, WuoU.tock^Z cuMIe Chatham, and Shcdiac, .are important towns. 103. From the sea-port towns of New Brunswick fish lumber, hme, and other products arc exported. 155 The products of the soil are grain and vegetables, as in Nova Scotia. The forests are larger than in Nova Scotia, and lumbering is an impoi .nt industrv. The lo<^s are cut in the winter and drawn to ihe banks of he riveiu In the spring they are rafted down to the mills on the coast and sawn into lumber. l.W. The principal minerals are iron, coal, and lime. 157. The fisheries of the coast waters are of gi'eai value. ; Inhabitants.-ir,8. The people of New Bruns- i PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. History.-lG4. Prince Edward Island M-as called Si. John until the year 1800, when it received its present name in honour of Prince Edward, Queen Victoria's father. I Position.-! 65. Prince Edward Island is situ- I ated on the south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is separated from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by Northumberland Strait. The Island is distant from Xew Brunswick 9 miles ; from iMova Scotia, 1.5 miles ; and from Cape Breton, 30 miles. 166. Tlie principal coast waters are RkhmonJ Bay, Cardigan Bay, Hilhhoro' Bay, Bedeque Har- bour, and Eijmont Bay. that of the Province of Nova Scotia. 168. The surface is low and undulating, except near the mid.lle, where it is more hilly. The climate is temperate. The summers are not so hot, nor are tho ^^•inters so cold as in Nova Scotia. Ihe SOU is very fertile, and large quantities of oats and potatoes are shipped to other countries. 24 NORTH AMERICA. Horsos and dairy produce are also important exports. lGi>. Tlu.reare.nnre Inhabitants in i,roi">rtio„ to tl>c si/o of the country than i,. any other I'rovinco of the Don.inim ^ 170. TJic Island is divided into three counties— Prince, Queen's, aiul Klnys. 171. Charlottetown, the capital and lar^rest town, has a (ine iiarbour. ° the westTTT'- "," V'''''' "'"■'^""•' ^^ t'"^ ^■'"''f town in QUEBEC. History.-173. This Province formerly belonc^od to the French. Over one hundred yeans ago," in l/.)9, the English .sent war-ships and soldiers, who took all the strong places and compelled the French to give up the countiy. thl'st '\ '"''''" ""'.""^:"!'">'' "'•^■n'-"' f:^^>'on.l Wolfe, sailed up the ht. Lawrence n> ir.VJ to take (Quebec. This wa.s a very Position. 175. The Province of Quebec lies on ^h .sKl^ of the St. Lawrence River, from the Ottawa liiver to the Gulf of St. Lawn^ice Coast -176. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is on the east, between Quebec and Newfoundland. Chahw Bdji is between ()nebcc and \ew r,., Jo^l';:.rr;,rr ""'"■■""'■' ■■-■.■"""■ Hdl.FI!. iitronff town, an.l wan well p,nr,le,l. \\-„lf„ i,„, ,,i„ „„.„ ,,,. niKht up tlio steep banks t.. the height- „n .. hu-l. n :f,. l bialt. On the following day a great battle was fought,' in Area— 178. Quebec is more than f..ur time.s as argo as No^a Scotia and New Jbunswick taken together. 179. The mountains of Quebec are the Notre Dame, on the south of the St. Lawrence; and the JMin-entme Hills, on the north. 180. The rivers of Quebec a.v tlu- St. Lawrence and Its tributaries. The principal tributaries are tlie Ottmoa, St. Maurice, and Sa,„uu,ni, on the north; and the h'irMieu, St. Francis, and Chau- 'firre, on the soutli. ' uZ ?iitu'.lTT r''^''"''" '"'■ '•"■^"•■^'■iP«toAron. I tual. A htt e brlow (,»nel„,. ,t is ten miles wi.lr, an.l it bo- con.es .nuch broa.ler before it reaches the (;„lf. The ther rivers are tribntaries .,f the St. Lawrence 1N1>. The Ottawa is a lonK .iver, receives n,anv tribntaries am„rn,s. '" .ts conrse. several lakes, rapids, and fall^ ' IM, The St. Maurice flows fron. lakes hnndreds of milcH back ,n the forests. It enters the Ht Lawrence by hree ".-. hs^ A town sitnated here is called 77„v, Iln;r/ m. The Saguenay flows fr.m, L,ar .s/. ./„/„,, „bont 100 nnles north of the St. Lawrence. This river is „, ted ,r the grandenr of ,ts scenery, a part of its course bein. tl r , J a d op «„rKe where the rocky clitfs rise hundre.ls of feet Ive I.- deep, dark water. T.,/„„...„., .t (he ne.uth of ,he r v r ..The RloheUeu flows from r„h ,%,„u,l,„„. wl.iel. i/a N , and General lain. Ijee lies on , fi'oin tlie ice. ■f" i-s on the 1. Briin.swick. J'oi insula of tirosti, Ma(j- -lie valuable iiig i« also a Kod ixlands d. The in- t'on i.s seal- !■ tim<>.s as iL'k taken he Notre and tlie Lawrence aries an; , on the id Chau- )H to ^^()n- md it lie- The other •ilmtariog, ivIIh. < of miles l>y tliree .1. iliont 100 d for tho hriinjrh » I'i't alxivo llir liver, ciinntry. ■Inn}; iu ^ ly in the i I f/\ 5B ONTARIO Bouadarlti- A'orfh. James Way, ntHi Albany kivcr. SoutHfttst St. Ijiwreiite, Lako Oiiuno, ami Lake hne. SoutHn'fst. r«k« Hurnii, atui I-aku Supuiior. Oapsr- North Foreland. South rnn!ian« Hurd. Manltoulln liilea. Chri«tlin Peltfo. LoMdf Point Island. Ariilierat. ThniisJiid Islej, St. Lawrence. <)tt.iwa. NaKun. Kidwau. MadAwaskfl. iiiMineclirrfr IVlewawa. Mrilawawa. Ifrnth, Mpuiiri.iintvnti Mu-sknka. Severn. Nottawasaga. Sainjeen. Maittand. AiiN Saltlet, Sydenham. I'haniea. (iraiiil. Trent. Mnira. Ahliitlbbt. MfH)**. Alh.iny. Nipl;rnn- Ktiiny Khar. Ukai Mil BAjn-. NiH'«'il'ii. I humlpr Hay. ill.uk l),iy. N(|'ir»ii Hay. Iltiron North Chaiiiiei, (•eorifian H.iy, NdtlawaMifa Day. Owen -SuunU. lirle. I.oMjf Puiil Bay. Ont.irid Iturhntftoii Bay Constisi - Wtllanl. M..n,k. ll>iMirri.in'J. N.»rf..|k. Mtfiii llMllmrlL Kent. |-.S«'l'X. P*'ti'tl»orn" I^inihton. Middle»ei. Northunihcrland Printe hd»ard Oxfnid. Hasiinijt, tirnnt. Kennitx. Went worth. Addiinfinn. I'rotiieMnt. Kpnfrt-w. l-'ih^rk. ^^ flliri(fton, I t-f dH. Uiitirltjo. (.rcnvllla. Perth Ulitl:!:;:^ Hlllnn. ( arliMon. KiissHI (.rey. M'Tiiiont V.Mk, t.lt*n^'ary. Pri'sciitt. Ont.irio. Hnlihiirton. I'urhani. Muskuka. Victurla. Alifitnta. V i N rilE DOMIXIOX OF CAXADA. 25 over for five monthIl^;^.,:.:;r~^^~Z^,, a.u eastoru parts of tl.o country ar. g..,u.rallv not Nvpll .suited to agriculture. 188. Tlu. forests arc of vast extent, and U.n.l.er IS one of tlH. nio.st important exjiorts. i IW), The fisheries of the cna,st and „f the, St. I.nvronce .re •a .-^durco of great wealth. '" Inhabitants.-! 90. More tl.an three-fourths of the nihahitants of this Provinc- ar. of Frendi on-ni, and speak tlie French lan-ua.'e Towns.~li)l. Quebec, the capitaCis situate,! on n pouit of land between the St. Charh's JJiwr and the 8t Lawrence. Part of the city is on the low I ground near the river, where ship-huil.lin.. and trade are carried on. The Upper Town, on the roeky cIiUs, is strongly fortilied. In the 8t Lawrence, a little helow Qu..l,ec, is the /,/a>nl ,[f Orli'iins. \ 1!)2, Montreal ,,„ „„ ,sla,ul in th.- St. LaunMu,., is n.ar , he s,to of an „1,1 Indian villa,.., .allod I{..rl.,l„;,. ul he largest and nu.st con,n,erci,tl city in the |)un,inion, and . oted for ts n.an,v large .stone huildin.s. Xe^.r the ci y ^ tl e great I ,r,^,a IM,,,,; by whieh the rail-cars cross tho ,St Lawrence Th.s br„lge-n,ade of pieces of iron strongly ■ neted together, and resting o„ stone piers one In.n.lred feet above the water-forms an in.niens,. tnl.e noarlv two niiles long. Twl P.""' ""il."' ' '"•'"" '"'"'• "''•■"■^'t" ""• ^itv "f Ottawa, Three Rivers, Sherbrooke, Levis, o„ ti,e St, I^.wrenee op |ins,te the cit>' of ( i,„.bcc, St. Hyaclmh, Sorel. and Rlmouskl. are injiiortant towns. ISfl. F'Ai.r.s oi MoNIMonrSrV, Mcu; y, |.i,„ .nMesbS^.u^SZ' T"" 'T ^!"' '*• T-neneo eight Climate and Products.- 18 7. Th.. wint.rs ONTARIO. History.— 19L Ontario was fonnerlv called Cppir C-l'- lt,s waters tl„w into L.-ike Hunm by a slu.rt river calkHl t„e St. Jla.y. Tbe rapi.l.s in this river are overeon.e by canals throMgl, tbe State of .Michit,^,,. Prince Arthurs timiilDKj IS an nnportaut port. 111!;. Lake Huron is noted for its f;.,l„.ries. Its western arm IS called great lakes lias a milder climate than the rest oF the Province. 204. Ontario is one of the h'nest agricultural countries in the world, producing wheat and other grain in great abundance. It sends large (juantities of flour and grain to the eastern Provinces and to (in>at Britain. Apples are rai.sed in n.'arly all parts of th.. country ; and grapes and peaclies arc successfully cultivated, especially in the warmer I counties near the lakes. PoroBts. -205. There iiio vast forests in 'intaris!. iilth.,!.^-!. evoryyour now sottlors are clearing tliem away to iimke for i «itr,f'r"r 'f ';"""=" The forests yidd immense the .St. Lawrence, a, .hipped to foreign countries. Minerals.-206. The most important mineral products are silver, copper, iron, lime, petroleum, and salt. Tlie copper and sUver niin.vs on the sliores of Lakes Huron Id Superior are of gr.at value. Petroleum is abnnd" a .1 hpnngs, l-etroha and I5othwell in Lambton County aid n other places south of Lake Huron. It is obtained y -.|g deep into the earth with auge-s. When purifi«..l oiins the oil which we use in our lamps. Salt is obtained Towns.-207. Toronto is th.> capital and th.> largest city in the Province. Among its line public E-;:: H. 1 .H I " "", '• • • ■■■■ _•■-■'■■ -Mr' 207. I'NIVEIISITV HriMUNcs, TonoNTO. I'uildings are the Unive.sHi,, Osyemie IlnU, the Cmtom-IIome, and the Xon, il School. 208. Ottawa, th.. capital of the Dominion, is on the Ottawa River, near the Chau.li^re Falls, about 100 miles from Montreal. Its lumber trade is a source of great wealth. -.0). KinRston, near the Lake of the Tlmusand Isles, is an ols, is surrounded by a rich farm- ing country, and has a larg.^ tnide in grain. 212. St. Catharines, on the Willand Canal, i« „ot,-d for its mineral springs, which attract many invalids .luring the sinnmer months. ^ 21 ;i. Brantford, Ouelph. Chatham. Dundas, Oalt. Wood- ■tock, Ingersoll, Stratford. ColUnRwood. Ooderlch, Sarnla. "..mrr^-i, uoDouTg, rort Hope, BeUevuie, Peterborough, Lindsay, Perth, and BrookvUle are important towna. ield immense are sent down ries. it mineral petroleum, Lakes Huron abimdiuit at County, and obtained by 1 purified, it '< is obtained !r jjlaces east ! and the Hue public '■ Uall, tlie ion, is on lis, about ■ado is a rsIuH, iH an ifs. ity in size, rioli farni- tod for its uring t)ie It, Wood- 1, Sarnia, :borougli, i. I THE DOMINIOX OF CANADA. 27 MANITOBA, 214. Manitoba, sometimes called the Prairie Province, was formerly known as Red River Settle- ment. It received its present name and became a province of the Dominion in 1870. ^ 215. Tliis Province lies north of that portion of the I'nited States called Minnesota, and it is about midway between tl„^ Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Maiiitoba is .500 miles in lenf^th from east to west, and 280 miles in breadtli from north to south. It is about six times as large as Xova Scotia. Physical Features.-- 2 IG. Manitoba is for the most part a level or undulating prairie country, sloping towards the north. In the north are the largi' lakes Winnipeg, Wimiipeyoxis, and Mnnitoha. These lakes abound in fish of various kinds, and are also the resort of wild fowl. 217. Red River, risiuf? in Minnesota, crosses the country from s,)uth to nortli, and flows into Lake Winnipeg Tlio Asslnlboine. flowing from the west, joins Red River at tlie city of \\ innipeg. 218. The winter is much colder and less change- j able than in Nova Scotia; but the air is so dry tliat the cold does not .seem severe. Spring conies on rapidly, sometimes causing destructive freshets. The SOU is \ery deep and fertile, yielding large , crops of gi'ain, vegetables, and flax. The woodlands are chiefly ,dong tlio lianks of the rivers. 219. The inhabitants in 1870 were principally Indians and balf-breeds; but since that date many settlers have come in from the other Provinces and from Europe. Towns. -220. Winnipeg, the capital, situated at the junction of Red River and the Assiniboine, is a rapidly growing city. Thn , ther most important places are Emermu, Povtm,c-tn. Pmtrtt, Sclk-trk, and Ilv/ Georgia, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, is nJarly as large as the Peninsula of Nova Scotia. 227. The climate of Vancouver Island and of the country on the west of the Cascade Mountains is mild and humid. The table-lands of the interior have but little rain, and the cold is very severe in winter. The agricultural products are similar to those of the other Provinces, but farming does not receive much attention. 22S. The mountiiin sh.pes are covered witii dense forests. On the west of the Cascade Mountains the trees gmw to an inunenso size, an has a fine harbour. ''• " NORTH AMERICA. DISTRICTS AND TERRITORIES f;"^'^t •""' ^^'"^ -i'^'«*«^'c«, and the P.«ce i?/r.,,, is a vast prairie country, which has been divided into four Districts, each five or .six times larger than the Province of ^oya 8cotia. Saskatchewan and Assmiboia adjoin Manitoba : Alberta los on the west of these, and ex- te^Kls to the Eocky Mountains; and Athabasca lies on the north of Al hertaui the valleys of the Athabasca and Peace Risers. 23^. These Districts comprise ex- tensive grassy plains, varied with iakes marshy tracts, and beautiful I'ark-like groves of ju,plar and r ^hcr : trees along the banks of the rivers. .The soil is deep and rich, well suited to the growth of wheat. The climate is much like that of Ontario, only the - -"ters are more severe and the summer nig I - ™°'-- These rich prairie lands, one': feedn,g grounds of roving herds „f b;ffalo no v aie rapul^v b. conung productive fanns. -Jo. Many people from the older Provinces and other countries have settled iu these District t^ ca5!i Ji'7°^*.;'"P-t-t places are Regina, the Batttf 1 t ""^''''' Q^'^PPelle, Medicine kat atrBu^^r^^^^-'-^--on,rortM-L!ot 237. The District of Keewatin .. has some fertile land. b,7fM?'f ""*''' """'' "^ -^I""it..ba, rocky region, aboundi^i lakes '^k"-""'^' 'T '^ ""'^•^''^ a feu- M-eoks at .nid.su.nnier ^^ ^^ ''^''^^' ^^-'ing Ocean, on ihe noltlf 1t i^a Sr: *tt ^"""'j "' ^"^ ^^^^''° region of lakes and rivers. Vast 237. FUKT voiiK and other wild animals '"" "'"^"""'' ^"-'^'^«' '""''tens, | I K^.Z.2 w;^t:t tnZ Z'Z", "^'-« «- '""'-s and "loHfr the northern shorL T eir riri^ ^ ^'"^ J-«'l>""""'^ "ve anin.,il,-the hniry sMeZlJnlf T' " """'•' "^ "k' ^'IALX WAlClllNu FUU SEALS IN THE ICE ^ NEWFOUNDLAND. 241. The Inland of Nowtuuiidlaud is a part of , Briteli Amenca; but it is not included in the ! Dominion of Ciumda. ' «lf'*!" ^7^"";""">'l 1« situated in the Gulf „f St. La.,Tence about sixty, ,.,!.- nonh-east of Ca,,e Breton, and it isle nr^ ated fr.,u. Lal„a,|„, by the Strait of Belle Isle, ^W, ch ,t Z narrowest .s ,i,„„t 12 n.iles in width. The i land I ab tmce as la.vi • as the Province of Nova Scotia. Climate and Products.-243. Newfoundland is cold and bleak, l)ut the fronts of winter are not so sever., as in the neighbouring ProAinces. In the sprnig the air over sea and coast-land is filled with the worhl. The waters off the south and east 1 coasts, known as the JJunks, are specially celebrated for cod-fish. Tlu. north coast, towards Labrador abounds ui seal.s, which are valuable for their skins and oil. The fisheries are the chief dependence of the ,,oo,,le of -Newfoundland. Fishermen from the United States also and Inhabitants.-24G. The iidiabitants live near the ' sea, and the greater part of them are near the ' south-east coast. In some places-near the har- hours— there are small towns and villages ; in other parts, the houses are scattered far a])art ' | Towns.-247. St. Johns, the capital, has a fine harbour, and sends out many men and ve.ssels to the fisheries. Harbour Grace and Carbonnear are next in importance cl<^nse fog. The soil and climate in the south-west are well suited to agriculture, but generallv so nmch attention has been given to fishin- that the cultivation of the soil has been neglected. Thn Fisherie3.-244. The coast" waters off New- toundland are the most noted fishing grounds in THE UNITED STATES. i History.-L'49 This great country was at first ' settled only along the Atlantic coast. There were thirteen English colonies formed here, some of the -non; important of which were Massachusetts, Xeic Yorh, and PennsyJvnnia. About one hundred years ago thes<. thirteen colonies became dissatisfied with the manner in which they were ruled by <-'>vat Britain. They therefore, after a long war with the mother-country, formed themsehes^ into an independent nation, called the United States. 2.-.O. A great many people from almost all parts of the world h.ave smco come to live in this country. They have , pme further and further w-st, euttiu. down forests, plou', ; ill^ru)) ,,rairie lands, makiiii? farms. Imildin.' hoi-se- rit-'^- - I aim railways, crossing rivers and mountains, until they have : pone .p.ite across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. ' ^°'"'°" ^'^ Size. --•.51. The Tnite,! State., occupy the :-«ii> < rtit.ii I Tf t-ifi-..i.-> ntiiiiaM i '(iiir' i iMii« i . . 1 so NORTH AMERICA. iniddle portion of Nortl. America, between the* Dominion of anada on the north a.i.l Mexico on the .south, and extending from the Athmtie Ocean t.i the PaeiHc. In size, the country is about eciual to tl)e Dominion of Canada. L The Coast Country. — 2.') 2. In crossing tho United 8tates from east to west, we first find a narrow lowhmd country, 1 .ordering on tlie Atlantic. In tiu; nortli this coast region is soniewliat rougli, and is not very fertile, but it has excellent harboum' South of Chesapeake Eay there are few good Iiar- bour,s, and the country is lew] and .sandy. It is in some plac's covered witli huge forests of pitch pine, which yield tar and turpentine; and in other Jilaces there aiv large swampy districts. The Eastern Highlands.— 253. As we go west, we come abruptly to a rocky ridg.-, forming the' border of a table-land. Still further, across the | tal,Ie-land, we come to tlmse mountain ranges which in the outline of North America are cuHcd I the Appakichinn J/omifnins. The ranges take differ(>nt names, and extend from the mouth of tlie St. F^awnmce in Canada to the lowlands alon- I the (Julf of Mexico. The mountain ridges are covered with forests, and are rich m iron and coal. The valleys are very fertile. The Central Plain. 254. From the Ea.stern j Jligiilands wo pass to the Centmf Plain, the south- j n-n slope of which is wholly in the United States. Here w(( find the great J/w,v/.v.sy>/,/, wif], its tribu- taries coming in from th.- Eastern and Western Highlands. In all this vast region we see no mountams-only level or undulating plains and lollmg prairies. The northern half of tl... plain produces abundance of grain; the southern half j yields tobaccf), cotton, and sugar-cane. j The Western Highlands. - 25.'",. After crossing ' the Missi.ssippi, we rise gradually along the prairies to tho foot of (he L'orhj Afumifrtlm. Along th.. low.T slopes ar.. >><-^,,- and its tributaries, flowing through many States, .lifibring Ml climate, provide a water-road by which the.se States can exchange their difTerent products, and trade with foreign countries. , ti,„l. betueen th,' Kr,„n-pn,d„einK States of the west anil the I l.i.h.n with gram at M,ln;u,kr, .v (<>,„ ucaHy b,0 mil,.H from New ^'ork. A .anal has been made through the mountain valleys from Albany b. liuffalo ' ' the gran, that has eome over the hd a way for went and the ko BteanierH, kc Mii/ii(/aii, ! pass through wanner States, which, in addition to i j wheat, Indian corn, and other kinds of grain, ' ; yi.3ld tohacco, grapes, and jieaches; then we conn' . to the Southern States, which produce cotton, rice, : sugai--cane, s\ve,>t potatoes, and oranges. ' i Inhabitants.--2G;?. The pr.ople of the United ' , States are similar to tlioso of Canada in respect to : origin, language, and customs. The education of ^ the peopl,> is regarded as one of the most imi.ortant ' I matters that claim attention. In some of the , Southern States negroe.s form more than half the population. , Divisions. -2G4. Tl... ir„lt,,i states are made I up of torty-nine divisions. Thirty-eight of tliese , are called SM,s, of which all hut three are east I ot the Rocky Mountains; ten .livisions, situated j c^hiefly ,u th,. Western Highlands, are called [ rrnfones: and one, called tho JJl.fnct of Cohwi- oia, IS on the Potomac Hiver. 265. The States aiv usually grouped as follows — Hi-x New Emjland i^tntes, seven Middh- Atlantic Stnte.^ ten Southern Stat.., ..leven North Central i>fntes, and four hwij!,- ,n,d U„,1d„ml States 266 The New England States hax,. a climate Ike that of the adjoining Provinces of Canada, but the soil is not so f..rtile. The lea.Iing pursuits are manufacturing, commerce, and fishing. (/',,,. the name., of States and chief cities, see Xf„u Cam- tahU Ulark letter.) New Kngland has many goo.l Iiarliours along its coast. 31 2(i7. Maine, calle.l tlu. P>„e Tree State, is noted for its lun, beruiK, Hlup-bnildhiK, and Mn.,. The city of / .^ , , j 1 m. NewHampsmre a„,l Vermont .ar,. ru.ve.l , nd n,onn takriltTr''"'"'"''' ''''•""' """''''• '""> Connecticut. Nov S ; ?\'"" '""''" *'""' ""--ofMnrthK the ni.e o uZ,:::::!r''^t''::';^i^""^.^ «- tin, „,„„, ' nmn, and are «pec.ally noted for nianufaetnre.. ineh.dinif goods made of cotton, wool, leather, wood, and Iron j 270. The Middle Atlantic States are low and level along the coast and mountainous in the in- tenor. The climate is temperate in the north and wann in the south. The leading pursuits are agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and commerce. thfifi^bf^' rf ' "'"^'"'''-*'"S ranks first among iania l"'i;".'''^t">". connnerce. and wealth. Pennsyl- vania, the second in ,,o,mlation, is first in the |a-o,l„ction of in... coal, and petr.,leun,. lintt..- and cheese are in.,„ rtant l.r..ducts of New York and Pennsylvania ""l""tant uS';!!Z'''7' °«''^^^""""' Maryland arc famonn for ! t . peaches, strawbernes, ,„„1 ve,..tables, Virginia is a I Kieattobacco-raisniK state. West Virginia yiLlds iror, cd I petrolenn,. and dairy produce. ' ' I 273. The Southern States comprise the warmest • part of the United States. The wint.-r season is I •'idd , the summ.-r is very hot. They have few ' good harliours or la.-ge cities. The ju'o.Iucts are ; Indian corn, tol.acco, rice, cotton, sugar-cane, oranges, and otlier fruits. 27(i. North Carolina has large pine forests. South Carolina ranks hrst m the production of riee; Oeorgia l« (irstin n,ann- f.ietines: Mississippi in cotton: Louisiana :•, H,war Texas IS a great sfoekraisinff country. 277. Now Orlean», on the MlmlMlppi lUvcr, la iho tontli oltv of th« 27S. The North Central States, situated chiefly in the northern half of the Mississippi valley, »f« noted for th.'ir great agricultural and mineral wealth. The most important products are wheat, 32 NORTH AMEHICA. Inclia., corn, flax, live stock, pork, wool, coal, iron, and lead. £=FB^!Sr^£^?!='i^^^££i MEXICO. haoul^^>T':'"'''""V'- ■^^^'''«°-'^'''''''''^'"'y''>m'»i:^,- natural wonders of great interest, such ^ -^^'^^'^^:^'^l:::Z^::l^::i:^^^^^ , a.s water-falls, lofty mountain peaks, d.vp channel, ./"^l""" and size.-2S8. Mexico lies .,n the s„„tl, f f, called ...,.., hoilin, springs, son.e of which ^^t ! .-li^r^rx IITT -'''''t^- ''' '■"' "''^ : tlu-ow t]H.„. hot water n>any feet into the air, like i >^^^ ^ Tu:!,^::^,^'^ '' '' ''^"■" -f'-'" *"" a ountau. These States and Territories are also ' The Lowlands o.n r • , »■"•'' '» ,U"ia, silver, and other n.inerals Call j^ '^"^''^—^SO. Crossms the country from fornia produces large quantities of .^ai n ' -nnp' [uil' '''\ ^""' " P''""' '°^^' ''"*' '^>'^1 %s, and oranges. Wool is also L" ' :;^^^ ::^r^'f'' "^'7^ *'"'^ "^ ^^--^ '-t nsing as nnpmtant ^ uego.nland, and l.ecomingcoolerandn,ore healthy. Milwaukee is . no.cl gnun:.hip„ing-;»;i"'i;;;;^u;^ cle:^' cities riehlv ^^ '"IT' """"' ^'"^' ^"^^' ''^'•"'^ oit are important cities. '^"«' ^'^'^land, , Cities, nchly ornamented temples, finely-wrou.rl.f I manufactures, and great wealth in gold and sih.;. .<:^;J:!"/:':!:11"?« ^^I"'™ -"* very rid, „ro.on,s t„ forte., ''"'° ' "-ttliis ■vhole jirisoner, Lit) \\ «l.i,01'-Tn lie lnT+i*»^irt...,i_?_ 1 1 . nA_ij.j ._ export. 'riidE!,,!;;;:;';,!"'""""^'- ^^-■"''«'^'tedchioHyi,.i„dia„s ; 283. Thr City of Washington, situat.tl on the ; Potomac liiver, in the District of Columbia, i.s the j capital of the Fnited States. I aovernment.-284. Th.. highest oflicer in the I Government is the President, who is elected hy the I IH'opie for the tern: (.f four years. ' sJ!'t" '"7.,"''':/"^'-'" ''V <'"'^r>--.ss, „ 1,1,1, eonsists .,f the Senate an,! the Jfnu.e „f Representatives. rhe ,„en,l„.r. „f (•„,„,,,,, ,,,,,. ,.,,,^,^,„, , „^,, T]l,.> jneet u. a fl„n huilding in Wa.hinKton, .alle,! th,, The cultn ated lands yield cotton, s„,.ar-cane, coHe; mdigo, and tropical fruits. Th.. forests contain' rahn-trees, mahogany, „n,l dy,.-woods. Many plants which we eultivtite in gardens and con.sei-- vatories such as dahlias, geraniums, ami fuchsias, grow ^^•l]d. ' The Highlands. -I'DO. On the west of the plain we come to mountains, liigh, steep, and ditlieult to tl>mb. They an- a continuation of tl,.. J{ockv Mountains. From the summit w,. h,„k .|o.,i upon . -omh.rful tal.l.-lan.l |,,df as high as the moun- ams. It.-vall..,li,,fo,.farawayonthePaei,lc sule are o(h,.r high mountains. Here an.I there over the plain ri.se cone-shaped mountains with jmngs at the top, III., ehimneys, s..ndii.g out •s "..!<.■, and somotunes llame, ashes, and ,i.el(ed stones. .i!!:..''.'!." '^'"**^ '"! "'" *"''■" 'a'"i '•« nlitain tlio wiuile lim as a pri.soncr, ■•^Iianianls. 'j'lie anaunintcntion- 10 south (if tlio ■M-ritw mid liot. oiio-fimrtli tlio 'ouiitry from ^v, liot, and ut rising as ore Iiealthy. CiiiU', cotlee, 'sts contain '«• Many siiid con.ser- id fuchsias, t' tlie plain dillicult to Hie iJocky ifnvn uiHiii tiip niouii- tho Pacific and there lins witli iidirig out id liielU'il h-Iigh(ft,l, H of feni- ' iniinenHe huflalues. Six CENTKAL AMERICA. 33 ai;l. riTv OF MKXicn. Minerals.- -292. The n.ountain.s of Mexico are ncii in niineraLs, and mining is a leading oocuiw- tion. Silver is the most important inincral. Towns.— 293. The large cities are all on tho coo! highlands. Mexloo city, tlin .upitnl, i. „..„■ a l„.,u,tifMl l.k.. i„ an oval \all,.y. with luKh niomitaiiis all aio,„„l. Vera Cruz is tho l.ri.i.M,.:vi ,H,rt on tho o,mt ; Acapulco. .„. tl.o wost. lioth aro 294. TIu) inhabitants of Mexico ar(> Spaniards, rndians. and mixed races. Tlu>v ar(> not very ""l'istriou.s, and the country has oft.M. l.een dis- turbed hy civil war. "•"'• '''''" So-erniaeat is rcpubiioan, like that of tho TTnited StntcH. CENTRAL AMERICA. -9fi. The niiri-ow poi'tion of America, betweou the l.roml continents of North and South America, is called Central America. General Features.— 297. Central Am.-rica resem- I'Ics Mexico in its coast plains and interior liigh- lamls, and also in climate and product.s. Mahogany j wooil, used for furniture, is obtained from" tho swampy forests on tiio coast 208. Voloannpn nro niimorom. Tlio rnimtry l> oftetj vl«ltod h» . r" r: H„:r;',"r"tY"' ""'t « " '"" -''"""' '"»"'^"» -'-"'" *™ klTlT '" Mo.lroyed, ami Hun.,»,„I, of p«„.lo Inhabitants. 299. The people are not industri- 307. SfGAH PLANTATION AN» „ILL. ous, and cor.'^equont]y they Im ^ vorv littln f. to foreign markets. rep^Ml'^""';: '"'• '''"' ^'«""*^^ '« ^'-i^'-J into five / , anc. cay« Jucn, and a small state oii ^<;« z::-,-:''"' ^''■*--'' ^'-•'■". ^'■■"«^.« apples, bananas, and other fruits. ••""1 "lado into .susar 8,^. wlnV ^',"™ " ^"'"'"'^ ""'* ^vw.;:;:;;irr;:;r;;:;,;r';: ''^'■> --.r e,. THE WEST INDIES. «h,::ssr =.''"■ ?i-'-----..'"". ■•■■*■'"' .-i':':;;;r:;K.,,,,!:;;;.' '- -- rolmt t„ ,i„ „.j., ,,„.,V;""-'' '' ''■' "» i«t II...I. l„ tli-in all tl,o „Mi.t, laton toBrthcr. Tlieso are f,*. retreat to thn cool..,- I,W,1,„,;,, I ». mm.h lan7a;V'„Urla''""'' '*'"" "'»«"■"' ^""Uln .bout four-flfth, P-"0duct8.^ 305. The West Indies are very fer- *""' -' ■" «ome of the inlands nearly all th/land '". A'.v.. l,eIon.rinff to Spain • Jnnmica, be- l""ff.n„" to (Jreat Britain ; and lhu,ti, whi..h i.s indepetident. •''11. Cuba is larsor tlinn „1! tl,., .m.-^ w^ . l a- ^ i t-g.t,ur, and >t .s sauI to ,vi,.|d ....e-third of tho bu^ pro- luct is sugar, •ranges, pino ! owner of tlio Hide veraiuiiiM ro many .sniull wtly ciiloiiml luiiian corn. iuic?, it is cut ! s pressed dut K'Jir from tlie trees of the straight and ^ tuft of Icing ■ f'liit. Tlio the inlittbi- ion in ab(,ut ! slaiuls ar« It'll Iri-ger > are Cuba iKiica, bp- wliich is dies taken sugar pro- THE WE.ST INDIES. 35 .luced ir, the woHd. /A,„,„„, „„ this i.hu.d, is the largest t^^ .., the Ucst iM.hes. It is celebrated for its fine cigars. nil! Jamaica is about o„e-third the si.e of Nova Scotia hiiimUm IS Its largest city. ;U;i. Hayti is the scr'ond in sisie of the West Indies. It is ded ,nto two nidei-endent states. Nearly all the inhab- itilllts ;i!'(> iiri/rocs. The Small Islands. -:il4. ,)n ,1,,. north of the Creator ■ill. IIAV.VNA. Antilles is a group „f small islan.ls, ealh.l the JMm,m,,, belonging t,. On-at liritain ; and on th.. south-east are three gn.ups, calle',f /row the Mnp. j 3LM. Tlerra del Fuego l, „ ,.|,„terof rocky l,l«n,l,. ,cp«r«t«.l from \ 1i. I SOUTH AMERICA. Srid'sTt'^"" ''™" •" "*««"-• ™»^ - inhabited by a few I founded on hia adventures. '"^ ""'^J' "' Kobinson Crusoe" was ' N^r:^f""''' ^'""^"^'^ '" =^'^""' f— fifti. the «i.eof call . the .In^., extends along the west side o^ South America, near the Pacific Ocean, somewhat like the mountams on the west side of North ! Amenca. Indeed the Andes may i,e considered as a continuation of the Rocky Mountains; hut the Andes do not spread out so wide, and tliey ai-e nearer tJie coast. ^ broad eI,>vatedvalle,yH ortall/k^H , f "'^^'''' ^"'*'' , tains, between t.-e Itfi::?^^ f ' j;' ji: ;:^ -*|-;>''un. c«ltiv.ate--■ very difficult ' at the botton, .arc ™lw '•'''''''""■'"'*'■'' '""'kn, and the«e .are curi„rU!r'T •'"''"*' ""■"""'• """' ""'"^ "^ ' are Htretche.l .ac o „ , hvTr'/'''"''' """'" "' '"''''"'' '"^^l^-. a kind of basUt ■ ; ic tl t 'n •^■"""^' "" *'"' '■""- " over. ' "'■ "" *''^"'"'''- ^'t" and pulls himself lowlands are divided into three great^ sections called the PW.. ./.;. o,.,.,,,, the^^lvlT ;: ^ma.on, and the Plains of the La Plata, each being dranaed by the river whose name it bears i 333. The Orinoco rises in the Andes, ar.d fiows ^ nearly and easterly, receiving manyWiX I ^.^^.^:S::^t:t^:t ''- ^''''' ^'""^ ^-«^* I At one time o'vea when ; "'' "." ''''' "" '^"^ "''^"-- with tall gr.ass,'^mfniwi hr''''^''^'^'''^'*'''"^'^'-«--ered ' -ason, in.?;^e„;rrS ; Sd cTtl': Iju' '""^'- ^* ^^"'^ these plains. At another tin' tar h ""r T .tiiLt^tiitxtTrTtS""", ■^''' "" «'■"• *" ^"-- "•« , '---eatto;^^;,.!:;:;^— i.^^"^ -' J 33r,. The Amazon is the krge.st and longest river »n the world. It is nearly 4,000 nnles long. It nsos „. the Andes, and floM. easterly through the selva.s, entenng the Atlantic Ocean by two^reat 'nouths separated by Marajo Inland Many Lge j rivers flow into the Amazon. Along the river- hanks are wide marslies covered with tall reeds amongst which turtle.s, alligators, and many kind.s of serpents have their home. Floating on the river l.ere and there is the wonderful water-lily, called 1 u'tor>a Re,,la. Its huge leaves are sometimes ten fee long and si.x feet broad, in the midst of wliicli IS the large beautiful blossom, white and pink, with a golden centre. ^^ndes.''e;;r toneo t ""■""""" ^" """^ vole.anoc, as the high above boloft Zm t and t "'""!• '/' """""^ "^^ -''" ''«">^ :' Pacific Ocean. The An e InT h " TIV"^ '' '''""' '"^ '"" "" "'e by terrible eartl , It u1 ' 'f ''''"'V'"*' ™""'^'"» "« ^'"''^^^ bury thousand, of'pe„p7ei:;bor:.inr""' ""'"^' "'"'" '^'"'" '""' I Lowlands and Rivers.~-.^12. On the east of the Aiides ,s a vast lowland country, through which 7"' the three great rivers of Snnth America— I tho Or^noco, tlie A.na.on, and the La Plata. These i are !' ^''"/'* "« ?^ ^''^ ^^^"'^ are called .SW,r«. They a.e covered with the most wonderful forests in the world T re are pahns, fern- .naho^any. rosewood, dye.rod« a other trees v.„ lar,.. and tall, with the s .ace be we' .' m.A with shn.bhery. Then. clinginK to the trees t w nin around them, and hanging down fron, their S^^^ ma,^lundH of vines covered with beautiful bio .^^ %!' •no of so,ne of these vines do not re.aeh the ground but wave mey are thus called a,r plants. In those dense forests are jn„n,rs, tapirs, ,„o„irns, sn-pm,. ^m\ pavvats 337. The La Plata is a very large river, flowino southerly, and formed by the union of the Parana and the Uruguay. Bon If 8au C.ii Cv Ml M< Sti Gil •eat sections, Plains of the ia, each being ^ars. es, aiifl flows i ly large trib- I i i flanos. Except | 'I* on the llanos. Iiey are covered ' Ime. At thi.s rseH roam over is no rain for ind, and every -, to clear the tlie cattle and ins. I ongest river H long. It liroiigh the ■ two great Many large the river- tall reeds, iiany kinds n the river lily, called etinies ten t of wliich pink, with ''■".''. They the world, dye-woods, ICO between ies, twining anchcH, are soms. The d, Imt wave lurishment. forests are •, Howing i Parana SOUTH AMERICA Boondarlai— I -V. Cnribbean Sea, (iulf of Mexico. ^. Att.Tntic Ocean. I*'. I'acific Ocean. 8edicino called many fine fruits and s^ mJi"^'^"' '""" ^Pr''es, and raised in the n,n„r,tn-:„ l^jjj. ,, ^^''"•"^ """l "t'-er grain, ar. 346. THE TAPIR. tr..,.s of ehatterin, n^Xj S: 'r'?'/'"'''^' ''"'^ ' " '" "'' "'"^ '"'' " '•°P«. called »'ia«„, ove? w;;;;;.'^' Minerals — 345. Tliere are vi.u -i Inhabitants.— 349 Ti,o ,„i •, >ere are rich silver mines in | are descendn,! f , '*" P^"*?'^ '^^ Brazil clcscendants of early colonists from Portuga .SOUTH AMERICA. Name. Pkru ■Bolivia chiu yi ' AllGENTlNK KkPUBLIC. Paraguay Uruguav,. 34S. LASSOINU tlATTLE. In most of the other countries of South America they are of Spanish origin. They are not generally very enterprising or as advanced in civili^ation as the people of Canada and the United States A^ca ''°'""' ^''""''- -''Pon prevails in South Divisions -353. South America includes the following t/iirteen countries :— Name. Colombia. „ '^"'"*«'' EoDADOR... ^''Srota. Venezuela... 2'^*°- BmmHGuuNA Caraccas. IVrcHGuiANA. Georgetown. Frknch Guiana Paramaribo. BH.«a,. Cayenne. Kio Janeiro. Capita]. Lima. Chuqulsaca. Santiago. Buenos Ayres. ' Asuncion. Monte Video. Towns.-354. Rio Janeiro, often called Rio. is the largest city in South America Government.-355. Brazil is a limited ,nonarc/.j. A the other countries are republics, except Guiana, .Inch IS divided amongst the J,n,li.,, Butck, and COLOIVIBIA. ■ 356. Colombia include.s the narrow Isthmus of Pa^iama, and exten.ls southerly to the Equator and high table-lands ; m the south-east are the low grassy plains of the Orinoco. A railroad extend. acros.s tl>e Isthmus from Asninwall f. P™. It Ls ,.opo.sed to construct a ship cLlrmtean" 358. Bogota, the capital and larsexf ^if v ;„ : • i , in the middle of the c'ountr,.' 'S^l!:!::^^^ ECUADOR. 359. The west side of Ecuador is crossed by two rulges of the Andes. Mo.st of the inhabitants reside on the table-land between these ridges The country east of the Ai.des forms part of the forest plains of the Amazon. voSnl" "'"'""-^ ^'""*'^"^''' «'"'^--. -d other lofty exSts""""' ■"'^''^■'•"^^-- -d Peruvian bark are the chief 361. Quito is a large city, situated near the Equator on 'S" :"t,:::?-^'^^" fi" t^"^ '"^^ -leverr;;:," CapitaJ. lima. Iiuqul8aca. antiago. uenos AyroB. ' sunclon. [onte Video. illed Rio, is 'd monarchy. sept Guiana, Dutch, and Isthmus of ilquator. mountains a.rf tlie low I ipical fruita, ■Vspinwall to il from ocean liigh plateau ;hief port. j ed by two [habitants ?es. The the forest sther lofty 5 Uie cliief quator, on Day and ing twelve I VENEZUELA PERU. 41 VENEZUELA. 362. Venezuela is crossed by mountain ridges and highlands in the north-west and south-east. Between these liighlands are the llanos, covering a large part of the country. 363, The inhabitants give little attention to the cultivation of the soil. They depend chiefly npon their cattle, wliich feed on the plains. Coffee is tlie chief cultivated product. 364. Among the many useful trce.f i.s a kind of palm, from whicli smjo is obtained ; and tlie cuic-trcc, whicli yields a juice resembling milk. 305. Caraccas is Hituated -u .:: highlands in tlie north- west. Many years ago tlir nty w.as ' fA in ruins by a terrible earthquake. It being a 'i iblic h:sUhv- . many of the people were assembled in the chi 'ch^. . and 12,^'. were killed by the falling buildings. GUIANA. 366. This is the only part of South America that is now owned by European nations. British Guiana lies on the west, Dutch Gniaua in the middle, and French Guiann in the east. 307. The coast is low and level, the interior elevated and mountainous. Tlie climate is very hot, humid, and unhealthy. The soil IS fertile, producing sugar-cane, coffee, pepper, cloves, ; Cayenne pepper, and trojiical fruits. 368. A large i)roi)orti'"r h ovman tl... whol,. ..ontin-nf. T„ n.or. .nodern t,„.,.s th. pr.«„nt nations of Europ. w. | " ■ *^'"^''-'»"'i' J'ninc.., (ifrniany, and N,,ain at i CHAPTER J J I. EUROPE, «^Ht taking tJ.o lea.! ; an.l th..„ (i,.eat Britain tmnce, Gorn.any, Au.stria, and J^ussia. Position. 404. Euro,... is about three thousand , "l<-s to tl... ..ast of North Ann-rica, th. Atlantic ^"..1. J ;« Pnncpally in the North T,.n,...rat.. ^-0. I bas th.. Arctic Ocean o„ U,<. north, As.H on the ..ast, the Hlack S,.a and tb.. M.di- ::zz::' "" """'" '"■" ''- ^^^""'^-- •^-- I thouHand Atlantic Hd'ollH of I'dlJMTUtO (• north, «' Mcili- c Oc'oan und C'lm- nnd A Hid, 8. EUROPE, lOIBdwlM- A". Arrtk O. ivui I- A St.. .S. Ilhck Spa MctUtrrranrtn. '/' AllaiiliL IMU- NiHth Si'*. Hitnc Sen. luKlnh ( liannrl lliynflllvBy. Slr;tll..r(,iht«ll,n Adtlallc .Sin. Arcltipalaffi). -i,-.;: Sm of Mamiorn. BnKiihntuH. Klack SiKi. r'asiiifin Hun Ncit.lkjii Norlh t ,i|ir. The Nd/i", Ttl« Skaw. W.ilh. Cleur 1.1 lliuuiv rtttiMerfp H'H.i. SI. Vliiw ii Tarif* I'c.in' rassnro. S|inniveiii l.oina. Miil.-ipan. ttlu4t- l.(jfutt f lAlluttr kitiilic. UkM 1 ,u|,.t,, (iche\n. j I "nst.iitf.p. ■ritlth Itlta. I i\^f M-;*- /a .'.'. ;z. Norwax tnd Iwidta S(,Kkli..lni ii.iim.ili I nristiani.1. Hvrjfpn, Dnwwk. iVf Mnf ;.M RnuU ' M. r.-iiTHhurit (fai». MoKuW, kiir.1. .NUnl-Novjfnrod Otnnan Emnlre. Aiiitrl*. Rolland. Driglum. rr&nie. BirltHrUnil I Ipkid. !»*■ tl tl ft COAST MOUNTAINS. ^g Coast — 405. Europe has many seas and bays, j 411. On the lower slopes of the Alpn are large pine fore.sU extending far into the land, and affording great i '^^'^ '"""' ""'""^ "^ **"'■'"' "'^*' "" *■''« ""'th, and is called the £.,.,.» " " Black Forest. lacilities tor commerce. ! v^.. j • ■ , rpi r 4^xr , r^ ,T,, ■ I ■ "'*'^' '''""' ■'*'""^ *'■" "*''"l' '''''^^■•* "f "'« Alps, lead- ine voast n aters, tapes, andlslaruk aregiveji nf mg t'» jiretty villages nestled high uji among tire hills, with the foot of the 3fap of Europe. j '"^''•^' •■""'"'■cai'l'e'l P«aks rising far above them. In sonu^ of .' , .AT 17 • , , "'" '''t'''' \alKv« are beautiful lakes, fed by glaciers Mith Area. ^-400. Europe comprises about one-fourtnor.th of the orchards and vineyards sloping down o their slLes ' iToli: -or-rf Can:dar^^''' '""'' ""'^' '^ '""^ ''"'""- '"'"' '''■ '''■ ''^^' *^^^-^'"=- "«'* "- ^'P'' --y y-r. to enjoy the Surface. — 107. Europe con- v ^"*"* ° "vsn-- sb^-^- '^" ^^^^^^■^^^~"=^"~^""^ ^1 .sists of a lowland plain in the north-east, and a higliland re- gion in the %vest and .south. The Lowlands extend from the North Sea to tlie Ural Mountains, including about two-thirds tiu^ wliole area. Tlir Highlands iiiclu Caspian and Black j Seas ; the I'ljrmee.s, between France and Sjiain ; the .-!/;«, in Franco, Italy, and Switzerhmd : the A/ieiinhies, in Italy ; tin- Carjxifhiaji, in Austria; and the Balkan, in Turkey. ■/ ' 40!». Tiui Scandinavian Mountains form an irregular uall along the .At- lantic coast of Norway. They arc! nnu'h broken by deep ravines. 410. The Alps are the granr, about three miles above the sea-level IR the highest of these peaks. In the valleys along the nioun- Uui sides ar.i vast masses of ice called nlacirrs. The irreat liressmo from aix.ve causes the glaciers to move slowly down until thny reach the warmer lovols, where they molt and iriv.i rise to riverH. r 4111. UKl.lVKH beautiful scenery, to hunt the wild deer in the forests or the chamois among the clilfM ,nn,l crags, to examine the W(mr, Kllw, Hhine, Seine, Loire, am\ Tai/us ; flowing southerly and easterly are the Vofija, Don, Dnieper, Danvlw, and Rhone. 418. The Volfira, the largest rivir in KuroiK', is over 2,400 miles in length. The Danube, aluuit l.sotl miles long, is the first in imiMirtance as a natural liighway for trade. 41it. The Rblne, flowing from the Ab -s .,ne of the most beautiful rivers in the world. Along its shcn-es are jiretty villages, large cities, elianiiing valleys, and vine-ritain. its slinres are jn-otty , and vino-clad hills, y cliffs, eniuMcd with iig ajjo f(ir defence in lakes in the north of le largest. The lakes their beauty, (lenrnt a iiiiklcr climato il at the same dis- t-cstcrn .side, licing ^eaii, has a milder () wiiiti'i's in tlie couiitrios pi'oduco icco, and the inul- R silk-worm. The various kinds of lorthei II countries iragc. Near the ;row liut lichens, tain rich mines of gold , France, Sweden, and I ; copper in liritain, n and Spain ; tin in and salt in Kiissiu and m RELATION TO THE I'ONTINENI 9. THE BRITISH ISLANDS. I Boaii(Urle> - .V. Atl.uitic Occi "■ Allriritie f'ci-n I i. Atlitntlc Ocf« j luiiiljsh Cli.in Strait <3f Umr I '•'. Nurlh Se,i. Conntriw and Otpitali- Eiiglaixt And Wales. Luncton. .ScotLinil. Hdinbiirfili. Irclfini). Iluliliii. Adjacent Continental OountrlH— Ni>rw.iy and bwcden. Dennmrk. (ionnnny ilollaiul. tilAi/ dividtd into Sqvares o/ioo Milti. linics, the ] I'Tom the toimtries now r,Mle,l t,y these n,inies came, i„ ancient I vanons tnlios which scHIimI in the (Iritl'ih Islands. j 1 he Anglei, or EnglUb, came ft..in ilm south of Denmark. j The Baxoni Irom Norlli (.iermany, llollanil, etc. ] Tin- Danee from Denmark and Xoru.i)-. Tlic Normau fmm ilie north of I-ranco. The oriKin.il Celtic inhabitants «ere fc.ra.hially tlriven »est«ard. scendanls to this day ov,„|,y ronsiderahle portions of the llrilish Wales, Irel.ind, and the liinlilands of .Scotland. Tlieir lie Isianrts in 11^ •^.l ^i INHABITANTS GOVERNMENT. 47 Animals.— 424. The wild animals are not numer- ous or large. In the north are the reindeer and various fur-bearing animals; in the central coun- tries are bears, wolves, wild boars, and various kinds of deer. The chamois is a beautiful animal 419. SCENE ON THE IlIIINE. inhabiting the^Alp^ Large eagles are also found among the Alps. Inhabitants, -42.'). The population of Europe is about 292,500,000. The countries which are most thickly peopled are Belgium and England. Most of the inhabit.antH of Europe believe in tlie Christian religion. In the soutliern countrieH th(>v are mo.stly Roinan CatlmlicH ; in Britain, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and North (Jermanv. the maioritv .in. iv,.t»"*-.n*'. • i,> ^„-^i ' liirkey, and Creece, tJiey belong to what in called the (Jreek t^hurch. I,. Turkey there are also many MohammedanB, THE BRITISH ISLES. 429. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and many neighbouring small islands. The Island of Great who believe in Mohammed, a false prophet who lived more than twelve hundred years ago. DivisionB.— 426. Europe includes twenty coun- tries or political division.s, which, with their capitals, are given in the following table :— „ """"^- OipiUl, Britwh Isles London. Norway and Sweden ... Stockholm. Uknmakk Copenhagen. 'f'U^^iA St. Petersburg. (Jekma.\ Emi'ihe Berlin. •VusTHiA Vienna. Hoi.LA.\i. Amsterdam. I5el(; luM Brusisels. ';"'">times called , the Six Great Powers of Europe. Government.— 428. Most of the countries of Europe are called lim- ited monarchies, because the power of the sovereign is limited by a par- liament elected by the people. I The Czar of KuHsia and the Sultan of Turk(-v rulo with- ' out the aid of a iiarlianiiMit. I'Vance and Swit, t'rland arc republics. ■'M: , s 48 EUROPE. Britain includes three countries, ^England in the soutli, Wales in tho west, and yeotlp.v.,) in tlie north. History —430. When Rritain is fiis* i.u/ by the Romans, more than nineteen humireH years ago, the country was covered with forests, and inlu bited by barbarous tril)es who lived by liuntiiig and ti.tiii.i,', clothed themselves with skins of wild animals, and stained their bodies with the juice of herbs. Position.— 431. Tiw Britisli Isles are in t^ northern part of the North Temperate Zone. Tiie Atlantic Ocean lios on the north and west; the North Sea, th(> Strait of Dover, and the English Channel, are r^ii the cast and south, separating Britain from tin inainlaud of Europe. 432. The Stra.*, Of Dover, at, the narrowe.st part, is twenty-one miles wide. It ,:.s !ieou projioscMl to make a tunnel lierr-, tor the passage of railca s under the sea from one side to the other Size.— 4a'i. 111.) I .land of Great Britain is about four times as Large as the I'rov ince of Nova Sooti.a. Scotland conijirisos about one-third of tlie wliol.. island. Ireland is somewhat larger than Scotland. Climate t.'U. The prevailing winds in the British Isles come from the south-west, over the warm waters of the Atlantic, I .ringing lieat and moisture. Hence the climate is milder and more humid than iu most countries us far north. ENGLAND AND WALES. Coast.— 4.'].5. E.xcept .some p"-tions on the east, the coast of England and Wale: t; geneially hold and rocky. The .south coast is noted for its white chalk cllHk, and for its liarbours, d loVyards, and naval station. The coast waters .abmuid in iierring, mackerel, and other kinds of fish. The namoH vf the Coast Waters nnJ Copes are ijir. i at the foot of the Map. Near tiie mouth of tiu^ Thames are dangerous shoals, ^ i the Goodwin SfKPh. on «hich many sliipw are wrecked evf-y year. 436. Tlie principal islands on the coast are, the Isle of Wight, Scilly Isles, and Channel Isles, on the south ; and the Isle of Man and Anglesey, on the west. 437. The Isle of Wight, varied with high hills a.d rich valleys, is noted for its ),eanty. The t^.een has here a favourite residence, called (hhornc House 438. The Channel Isles, Jersey, Guenuey, Mdcrne,, an tlio north and west. Wuji 11 the coast are, tlie [ Chmmel Men, on 't and Anglesey, on th high liills md rich he (^ueen ha.s here a \sc. lemsey, Aldmiey, and tie iMlands yield apples, at abundance. die of the Irish Sea, inhabitants are called a mainland by .\renai wonderful bridges— a il, and the BrUannUi iimense tube of ii-oii, over ■8 one hundred feet above tables and otlier eurioui rts. Tlie copper mines oi ! iirt of England is d lias an easterly part of England lit JUIh, the Pnu,,, ti, in the north ; thv art..f A\'ales; and the es, 3,590 feet high, is I'ers are, tlie l'i/7ie, Greaf Quae, and 'evern and Merxei/, icni rivers, are about • in the glens of the iportant are Wiiidtr- i( y ;ire celebrated for )f tourists. es much of her ral wealth. The , iron, copper, tin, li'jfly in the. north Seal— Mouth nf the HiirolKr. 1 he W.ish. Mouth of the Thames. Splthead. Soicnr. Plymouth Sound. Pulniouth Harbour. Mounf.s Bay. Bristol Chanucl. Cardigan Bay. Mcnai Strait. Nfouth of the Mersey, Morecainbc Hay. Solway I'irth. Oapu— namborou(jh Head. Spurn Head. Nnrtli I-..rdand. Tlie Net lies. Portland J'ohit. Start Point. 1-izard Point, l-and's l'!nd. .St. David's Head Ulantfi— Isle of Wight. Scilly Mes. Channel Isles. Isle .)f Man Anglesey. Xivcn— Tyne. Tfes. i ' imlier ■.'-'■!5= .-.nd Trpnt ) Great Ouse. Thames. Severn. Mersey. [iffa^ dividtd into Squares o/ioo Milts. UkM- Windennere. r^erwentwater. UUeswater. Towni— • '^rrinn .',-.ip;:j I iverpoot Manchester, liinningttam. Leeds. Sheffield. Bristol. Newcastle. Bradford. Si Iron-Trent. Hull. rortsiuuutii. Oxford. ( .irnbridge. Plymouth. Devon port. ■'oi Tester. I'rnuiniter ll THE BRITISH ISLES. 49 447. Tlie soil is careftillv ciilUvif > 1 » • u i I ,!::'':::Jrzr.':. f""'""". a-v-: AAo A 1 " """""i*i;i'ure oi Deer. 11- Po*n 1 i--"— i.io cuiiinry IS devoted to nastiivio-o factuHn; ttirl'" ':''.,?,' "" f"'^ ^''"^- The .nanu- r'-ts are .so th.-onge'd with ,„". iT.lt f^'^'' t'!« woollonn, .ilk.s, and all kinds of n.etallic good'. The .nano faet^nng tow„s uro generally i„ the coal di tricts of tt" north-western and central counties. "'-^^cts ot the The extensive manufactures give rise to traHn =,^ fi , i- gland is the greatest comr„ercial^o«2; i„\^he ^orid!'^^ " 450. The imports include articles of food as flour, gra„, beef, sugar, and tea; and raw materiaJs as cotton wool, and «ilk. The exports consist sTLr ---'T'-' -*^^^— Hen, cotT: siiK, and iron goods. General Features.-451. A large part of En- gand .s owned l.y wealthy noblemen, who re^t h-r lands to tenants, or hire a largo nun.bero labourers to work them. The landlo^rd lives in a splendul castle or palace, and the labour r in humble cottages streets are .so thronged with „;:, aT vewZ fc^' ')" Lave been constructed under the streets to en n ''■'^■\"^'^' move from place to place with eas. Tl '"•'"'''" '" over the river, and Irrtunnd or n'''' ""■' *''''''^' ^"'^-^''^ London has many splendidSgr ^ST^S^/^ oft;tuJs^^^ ^'Jt':;-;^--f>-n.aratedbyhedges Large tracts art del^d t^ i ^ '; .^^^ /^/^e country. stately elms, oaks, and other trees nl.iSt ' '=™**"""^ years ago. Tliese be-iutif,, ",'^'''' l'''"'ted many hundred rabbits,'foxes,td X wi d amtals '' '^I'^t^'^'^^d ^y "ee. on horseback, is a favourite spTt Wind, v"'' "' '^""""^ Queen's Castle at Windsor, Syl'^^^'S^^' '"^^ n^wZT'~'''- "^"^^'"^^ ^"^' ^^'- li- nearly half as many «ihabitants as the whole con tment of North America prill!' '"''" "" '"*^' ^°^ ^h^^*- --gy and enter- mi5r"bi;'ptr'lfi;rcve'"r" ^^f ^^■'^^'''^' "*''- - ThewoafthyandmddeJasT ^"""'^""""'^^ ^eing a pauper, but the poor are vTrytltnt '" ' ' "'" ''"'^'^''^'^' of Sz?t;^;si:j52'°- °' "'"'"^ ^^^ ^'•^ ^"--'- ! TcwTxS.— 451. England iias many large and im I portant cities. The following are L l^e^^l^ | a magnificent church. ir«/,;u-«.<«. ^Ji,,,, i^ the place where !re W'""^ "' crowned, and where the illus'trious tad 4oG. Liverpool, near the mouth of the Mersev w n,o j cty in population and commerce. To L ^Sb^ g^^^^^^^^^ cot on and other raw material used in the Lighbourhi ma^u a tunng towns. Its docks, where ships l^ad an uXoad xtend five or six miles along the river. Bristol and S rank next as commercial cities. ^^ Its'dock v'JrT""''' " *'^° 1-ad-ciuarters of the British Navy Us dock-yards cover one hundred and twenty acres and ifs brick buildings, over two hundred in number from fiv« t srr„LS"- '••"■ " "■• --'^ «"^: carpets I rcei.v.u , and Kidderminster, for its 1 1 60 EUROPE. earthenware. The district is covered with coneshaj)ed kilns, or baking ovens, with tall chimneys. It was here that .Tosial'i Wedgwood did so nuich to improve the manufacture of earthenware. 4(il. Windsor is noted for its magnificent royal castle, the principal residence of the sovereign. SCOTLAND. Coast. — 462. Scotland is much broken by deep inlets of the sea, called /nt/i8 or Jirths, and its coa.st I is generally rocky and elevated I For Cddsf IVdfcrs, nee Map. 4t!3. The Firths of Forth and Clyde are of tlie greatest im- portance to commerce. They are connected by a canal. Moray Firth and Loch Llnnhe art! connected by the Cuk- ilunian Canal, 464. Small Islands .are huukmouh. They are included chiefly in three groups ; -the Or/.nri/n and ,S/utlan'r their wild ponies. Iloth Rroups arc destitute of trees Tlie Hebrides include about live liundred small islands LnriH is tlic! largest. Skyr is noted for its lieantiful niountdn scenery. Slafth is noted for I'mgnl's ( 'ave, a large cavern opening from tlie sea, stu(l(ied along Its su es with liugu pillars of roek. Ki,ju is noted for a cave in wlii.di all the nihabitants of the island were smoked to deatli bv a hostile clan. Surface.— 405. Scotland is a mountainous coun- try. Tlie Highlands, in the north and west, are rugged and wild. TIk'v are celebrated for their licoth-eiad moors, riiggi'ned by its own chief. Towns.— 472. The largest cities of Scotland are, Of(is(joi,\ Ediiilmrgh, Dundee, Aberdeen, /V«V«;y, and (ireenock. 47:t. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is one of the most boautifnl cities in tlu! world. It is built on two rirlges of hills, soiiarated by a deep narrow vi liey, and connected by bridges! One ridge is occupied by the Nm- 'J\ivn, which has i uny broad streets and tine squares. The nior,. elevated ridg; l,as inanv large ol " buildings and is called the Old TMvn. On a bold roek, at one extremity of this hill, is the Va«(l(, so note.l in Scottish history ; at the other I'xtremity is the equally celebrated Holii'-itud Hininr, the palace of the Hcottish Hov crops of grain cold and rainy, ittle and sheep nhabitants art; piuts (if (Scotland, iiffland. •e generally in- i,i,d'landers are ngiuige called into clans, as ilacli clan was ' Scotland are, •I, I'uin'i'.i/, and I one of t)i<> most vo ridges of hi]In, Hctod by bridges, ■vhioh liaH i 'uny t'vate|MI.. Mnllii I toad. "■ilr llniil. r«iniiorBriiliii ^t (to Clear. ^' Mn Iteail ! I.oo|iHm,|. Slirii- llpdil, I "MK-ail, INlrr. I DlllStiT. Corin,Tiii.|.t Muiistrr OouBllta-^ 1- I'own 1, Anirtm. 1- Lnndonderry. 4. noiiegnl. S- Tyrnn^ ^. An.anh. 7. Monaglmn. H. Cavan. 1" I milh. II. MiYilh It. IHlMlh ^ ['"»> 'f"i'lk, =-^ Kirry ■fi. I.ltiisrick. •?. Clnrn, pi (;.ii M, WIV w, I oltrim. t' I THE BRITISH ISLES. Dumbarton is noted for its ancient castle ; Baimookburn 51 IRELAND. Coast.--476. With the exception of the easterr SKle, the coast of Ireland is generally bold and rocky, and has many good liarbours. For Coast Waters, see Afiqx Gmn<,, Ca«.«„,„.v, consisting of many thousands of closely- connected pdlars of rock, which rise out of the sea, and a,.peL- n the distance like a work of art. According to Irish legend J mat : ",""'"' "".! *'" ""^"^ "' eiants, who were trying to make a road across the sea to Scotland. Surface.~478. Inland is generally low and level. At various places near the coast an, mountain ' masses. The most important are, the Donajal Mountains, in the north; tlie Mourne and the Wu-k low Mountains, ux the east; and Maylllicuddy li.eks in th(^ south-west. hwSS" "■"'""■ '""">'"-""« ' H^-"." Potatoes, wheat, oat.s, an.l Hax are cultivated Much attention is given to the rearing of cattle sheep, and swine. ' LiS "'*°"^^''\f °e is carried o„ „„.st!y in the n.,rth. I^iMcn goods are the most nnport.ant manufactures ^^_ The exports consist of gnun, butter, cheese, cattle, b«won, Inliabitants.-484. Tho population of L-eland is ' little more than half what it was forty or fifty years ago. Many ox the people emigrate to America every year. The Irish are witty, warm-hearted and hospitable. Many of them are very poor, live m miserable cabins, and rent their small farms from wealthy landlord.s. CaUmliS. *" *'" '""'*''' *''" '"*'"'"*'"'*'^ "'■« K'^n^'^lly Hon.an i Divisions.~-48r,. Irelan.l is divided into four ' Provinces : Ulster, in the north ; Leinster, in the ' ."ast; Mnnst^r, in the south; and Connaught, in ' the w(>st. Towns. --48G. Lublin, tlu> capital of Ireland, near the mouth of the Litt'ey, is a Hue city, containing "lany mag„ific..nt public buildings. Near the city | \ •H a large enclosure cali.Hl I'lumi:. Park, beautifully ' »n the sun. „„„ use,, as fuel. m... blocks, dHei ,„namented with trees, pomls, and .Irding roads Bivera. 480. The most in.portant rivers ar., the ^^^ ^"" "^""" ^'-'^ "^ ^^^^'^ -'-. i^^ J'oyle, the Z|^.//, and the Shannon. ' I ^?' ■""'!** '" *''" """*■ ""l""-tant t "'Iture N„f f ^Ai *■■ ^^ *'■" ' '"'"' "f Wellington was bonV Not fardi.unt w the HlU of Tara noted i„ ,»„.,.„. .L,. f": i.ber»t.> on „„k„K. ,tf„rs. Th. Irish have great love for thL Products. -482. Ireland han a H,oi«i .limate, which make« it better a.Iapte.I to «ra/inK th«„ tllWo Ife j!„l,l.. - 1 ... .. ^ ° "" ■■ ""^ =»rt? .-iu tK;auTiiiUiiy green that it I1H8 been called the Emerald Isle. $ " r ■i \ 1 52 EUROPE. THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 490. Great Britain and Ir.'laiid are united into one kingdom, which is caHed tlxc United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 491. Scotland w.as once a .separate kingdom, and liad the city of Edinburgh for its caiiital. In tho-se times England Mid Scotland were often at war, and the inhabitants of the Border districts li\ed in the greatest insecurity. The two countries were united under one king in 1(103. 492. Ireland once comprised several small independent kingdoms. Toe quarrels of the kings led to i\u-. concniest of the country by the English about seven Inniflrod yi-ars ago. ia-eland has r.ften been disturbed by violent jiolitical .agitation. GovernLisnt. — 493. Tlic kingdom of Great Britain an:! Irdand is a Limited Monarchy. The Sovfresgu, or highe.st officer in tlie Government, may he eithei- a king or a queen. The Parliament I consists of the House of Lords and the //oMse of I Commons. Tlie members of the House of Commons are elected liy the people. 494. GrPiK Britain has a larger fleet than any .,ther country, and her war-ships are found on almost every ocean and sea. The array, though not so large a»< in sonic of the countries of Europe, is very large, well-drilled, and jjowerful. The BritiEh Empire. — 49.'"). Th.- British Jsles , form a very small part of the Eartli ; hut we have j Been that they contain a great many people, and very much wealth. They l)ecam<> so crowded with people, that during tlie past two Jiundred and fifty years large numbers have emigrated to newly dis- covered countries, as America and Australia, forming Britii^ Colonies. Tiie armies and fleets of firitain have alw) gone abroad and conquered large and popu- lous coantries, as in the south of Asi.-i and Africa. The countries ruled ovt>r \>y 'ii-eat Britain are so widely scattepfxl over the earth, that it is .said, "The )Sun never sets on her territories." 496. The British Isles, together with all the countries in different parts of the world ruled over by Great Britain, fomj the British Empire. Tliis great Empire includefl about one-sixth of the land surface of the Earth, and about one-fifth of the people in the world. 497. The principal Countries of the British Em- pire are : — The Britii^h Ides, in Europe ; the Dominion of Canada, Newfoundland, and many of the West India Islamls, in America; British India, in Asia; Cajye Colony and N^tal, in Africa; Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 498. Norway and Sweden are included in th< long peninsula in the north-west oi Europe. The.se i countries form two distinct kingdoms, each having ; its own parliament, but they are united under one king. j 499. Sweden was formerly held in subjection liy Denmark, ' but g.iined In r independence through the bravery of a noted : prhice named (Justavus Vasa. Having escajied from a Danish ' prison to his own country, he livi'fl some time .ai ig the I peasants, wore their dress, and worked with them. When a favourable opportunity presented itself , he aroused his country- I men to assert their freedom. 500. Norway is a rugged, mountainous country. ! The mountains are I)rok(ni by deep gorges, and they descend abruptly on the west. Th(> Atlantic coast is fringed with small islands, and has numerous hays, called /f))Y/,v, which run in among th(> moun- tains. Sweden comprises the plains next the Baltic Sea and the eastern slopes of the mountains. .^)01. A largo part of Norw.ay and .Sweden 'w covered with forests of pine, fir, and birch. Many tall, straight trees are cut in these forests, floated down the rivers, and taken to other countries to be used as masts for ships. 502. Grain, vegetables, and flax are cultivated in the lowlands of the .south ; the mountain .slopes are devoted to pasturage. The fisheries and mines are the chief sources of wealth. 503. Sw(!den is noted for its iron mines. Swedish iron is used in the nianufaoturo of cutlery of the finest quality. !■»■'«.. *'***»«**lf»ttS»Kfe fifth of the British Em- Oominion of if the WeM in, in Asia; Australia, .cific Ocean. IN. ided in the )pe. These iacli having under one iry of .a noted from a Danish H! aiiionjf the em. When a d his country- US country. ■s, iiiid they lantic coast numerous the moun- 1 next the mountains. covered with Bfht trees are nd taken to cultivated tttin slopes and mine.s i. Swedish lerv of the 1 1 DENMARK — RUSSIA. had these chambers lighted up/a„'d hdd": banqt Un' them"""'" """ bunT'on^^h"^""^' '!," •"?*"' "^ '^^<^<^«"' '« ^ handsome city budt on throe .siands in Lake Miliar. Chrlstlania, situated «-" a ftord ,s the cajntal of Norway. Bergen is tl e S na_v-al station, and has a largo trade in fish. w ute hta in Russia is a very cold country called Lapland The Lai,ps are a curious people. Their food consists la gely 63 vated, and many horses, cattle, and sheep are raised. Manv ;:irsStHSi= ---— «S 510. Copenuagen, the capital, is on the island of Seeland ^m. Denmark owns the Faroe IslanUs, Man,, and GrL RUSSIA. 500. THE LAl-LA.VDKn ..V HIS SLEI.. a^indofsleiandd-v^t ,yl h~'''^'""''^"^" DENMARK. 507. The kingdom of Denmark comprises the northern purt of the peninsula of Jul„ „ «ev..ral snudl islands, of which ,SW,rrul and iCl fti-e the most important. -^t u.S7"i:;;::z'tf n'^r""^« -'^•^- -^>" in? countries. ' ' *''" '"'' *" '«""&« the neighbour- - -S^r:;::/5S^r";;;:': -""'■■^ -- outhnun, who King "f England, wis ^"t . "^ 1^,''^^ ""^''f' drove the Britons out „f v i ■ ^''K'" .Saxons, who "or own time a an i), • ' ' T'"'' ^'■""' '''''""''^>'- ^n Prince of Wal,; b c, nilr"""T '""; '?' ""''^'''«'- «'"• "- •JreatBritain ,™u^, " 'I'm'"''" "^ *''" «".vh1 Fa.nily of , "f the throne!' '^'"''"''''' """ '^"-^ "^are in the honours ! >Wl. JJenmark is a low, hnel r,„intrv Ti temperate and humid cLL "'"''t''y- The rhmate is """'• *■"""• vesetftbles, and flax ore culti- 512 Eussia has in modern times become one of the leading States of Europe. The Empire in eludes over Jialf of Europe, and about one-third of Asia. vicious, and cruel- Imt hn ,\i,\ „., . . • ""'""-" was ignorant, ' travelled in forel.i 'c. t s p" ^u ft „?kn';"7'r '"'.P"""'"- "« worked as a ''.i^wHghtVlI'.J^ril ^^'^Z',: ^''^.a.,^/^-"^'].'',''" 'iimmmnaii : that is, I'eter Car,,,;,!,.,. n„ ' "" ''*"'-" "im PeUr took with him skillelw ikiuon nd au^t '"'V '" '""«'*• ''« , and to work at various « n acturo^ IV r ' '"i"."'' '° '"'"" ^""P^' , f..I battles with Sweden Im he Id not uT ^? ' "'"">' '">""=<=««»■ I people," said he ''w 11 eael, ,,/,,.. "T ''''™"''"K'^''- "These ' he.^okaiarge';;ar;^;;'tS;:;;;^;:;rC'^h.:^:'''"''-''^-" """-"^ 514. liussia consists mostly of lowland plains ' It has many large rivers. The Vo/;;,, is the largest , nver ,n Europe. The rivers are connected by canals, so that, in the summer, boats sail aero.ss the country from the Baltic 8ea to the Caspian I 515. The northern part of the country, except the frozen, barren region near the Arctic Ocean, is .Mostly ..overed with an immense forest of pines hrs and other trees. The winters here are long ^ and cold, and the summers are so short that grain : will not ripen. The rivers and lakes abound with hsh and wild-fowl, and in the forests are many hears, wolves, and other wild animals, which yield valuable fur. The people hunt, fish, cut wood, make ehar-oal, tar, pitch, and potash. 516. In the .south of Russia are rich lands, yield- n.g gram, fla.x, and hemp. Large .pmntities of wheat are raised near the Bhuk Hea. The land is . - ly nw... ,i ,.^ tl.f iiublcH. liir iai.ourers, called Ber.s, were, until a few years ago, bought and .sold, like cattle, with the estates on which they lived I i : U i if r.li). THK WINTKK I'.VI.ArK, ST. I'KTKl.MiLUl.. Ill the soutli-cast are large treeless plains, called Steppes, which afford pasture to herds of wild liorses. ! 517. Bmsia has not many rail-roads. Trade i.s carried on I by the nver.s and canals. The produotH of the cuntry, an.l goods bronght from Per..ia, China, and other countries, ar.. , sold at fairs, held annually i„ certain cities, to which mer- ' chants resort. ■ ,ourn;vl"in'r "'"',"'<''"«" ""-". ''"'•nily wrapped in furs, go on long '■ ZZJllt IH^S" aleW.s, draw,, by swifi horse,. Sometimes, in pass pelled to urge their horses to the utmost speed to save their lives. I 519. St. Petersburg, the capital of RuHsia. is a very lareo , splendid city. U has many beantiful churches, with tall ' spiros .ind gilde^^^ l--»'ed of fi ^'"m ^,'f! '" '"' ""'""■'^™t I""t "» the Baltic. Odessa, on the Black .Sea, exp,,rts large quantities of grain. Nljnl-Nov- !r«;hln 't, "^''"\'' ""*'-''' f'"' ''■" *'"•«''* annual fair. A^trachan at the mouth of the Volga, has a large trade with I THE GERMAN EMPIRE. ' 522. The (leniiau Empire hes between the Alps on tli(. south and the North Sea and the Baltic on tlie north. (Jermany is comiKised of twenty-six states, of which the most ,„,,». rtaiit are the kingdoms of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, and W^ntembmv. These states are united under one general government, at the head of which is the King of Pmwia, who IS styled the h'mpev.v of German;/. 523. The southern part of Germain « .>]evated and mount*inou.s. Aion^ the mountain slones am larg.1 dark fore4*,, the homo of the deer, chamois, I ~ ,-^. ...^ti :vi. -«l!rea«»'ss'«Uis!»«,e»5-.B( i^^^**^^*******^)*^-.. - ' - . -a, I i)eri8hed of Odessa, on ! Nljnl-Nov- , anniml fair, j trade with ! the Alps Baltic on which the V, Bavaria, one general Vusaiu, who ; elevated chamois, « odd It also yields iron and otI>er minerals. Tn the sands SnSd'::::^'^ "'''"^ '^ '''""'''' '--'^"-"--^ 528. Germany has many large, Mealtiiy cities wlucli contain magnificent cathedrals, universities picture-galleries, and other works of art. The people are ve-y intelligent, and the law compels them to send their children to scliool. 52!). Berlin, the capital, is a large and beautiful citi unu-er«ty is one of tlio most celeliruted in the workl. Dantzic T'"" *','" ^•'""■' ''^ *''" '"'-' -'-mercial city. .?. rain' Bremt ■""""' "' '''"' '"""""' ■^'''"^ '-»- "'-'Cities ot .rain. Bremen is au important port. Dresden and Munich are noted f.,r their piuture-KuIleries ; Breslau. for its iZu factures and trade ; CologTie, for its cathedral. Strassburg is ;::^;S'r;f"'^-- "•■— ^"«-t cathedra. ^,d Its and other wild animals. These forests yield material for ship-builders, charcoal-burners, and wood-carvers In tlus part of the country are aho large pastures wh..re cattle and sheep feed in great num],ers. m,m, two of the most important rivers of Km ,, t],.- Rhme breaks through the mountains along a narrow g,2 which widens into a beautiful fertile valley, clothed fth Th Id, c ff fs ,^7r T '^'""^ = '""' •"■'•« •'^"d t!,ere on of v„„r '" "''""'"« *'*""" ™*«« hnilt l.undr..ds 525. The country toward the north in low and level, yielding grain, tobacco, and flax. 626. Oermanv produce, wo,,! .,f the finest quality, and its woollen manufacturos are very important. The ( Jern ans dso excel in the manufacture of lace. ' AUSTRIA. 032. This empire is sometimes called AustHo- Unmjary, because it includes the two countri.vi Austria and Hungary. Each country has its own laws and parliament, but the two countries are united uiKier one sovereign :-.33. Austria ha.s little sea-coast, but the riN.u- D.-uiube i forms a natural highway for trade. The western part of I e I country lies along the ea.stern slopes of the Alps. East of t| g Alps IS .a beautiful country of low hills and fertile valleys I watered by the Danube and its tributaries. Still further ea^ ' where the Danube turns to the .south, are immeuse low plains very fertile, excoi.t the swami.s near the riv,.rs, and certain . tracts covered with deep sand. Beyond the plains, in the f ,r east, are the CariMthinn Mouittains. m. Austria has a mild climate. (Jrapes .and all km.ls „f gram prow luxuriantly; tlax, tobacco, and silk are also in, I portant products. r.vif'' . ■^"r.'"'"' " i'l'" ''"'' '" minerals. Its salt mines are the richest 111 the wijrld. tlJsm,r"''oftlu'V'?,'I;;r ",' '"'''°"'' "'^ ^•^^vM^^'^^ MountamH. near pinarr«ml,n:|,o ,';,'''''''''■ '\"'."'""' '"'" « '^'"'Pel will, ,le,;„™te,I i i I! EUROPE. lllAl'KL IN JllK s.u.T .MINK.S « ""^ «'-t«^". heX '• '"''■^■"'^ """''■ ^'^^^'^-^''^ "" f'^ir rnd, as the water cannot flow out, it is taken out by arge ■mnps worked by windunlls. These windnulls, with hd^ broad sails, give a singular appearance to the country. 5i3. Holland has a rainy climate, so that it is not a good grain country. Flax is un important product. The pastures are excellent, and lar.re quantities of butter and cheese are exported. The fisliories are a source of much wealth. The trade with the East Indies is important. , 544. The inhabitants of Holland are called Dutch. They are industrious, cleanly, and intelli- Sent. They ha^•e great regard for the wadin- birds called storks, and make nests for them on the roofs of their houses. These birds are considered very useful m destroying worms which eat Jioles in the dikes. The Dutch are fond of gardening. Hhit'' '^'";,^^^"®' ": '^'^^'^""f"' "ty. n«ar the mouth of the Rhine, IS the capital of Holland. It has fine ,,alaoe8 and imbhc bu.ld.ngs. Canals run through the city in all direc r.40. Amsterdam, sit,iate0m& ti*t*(H'.«(8N«,. ^J»»fii**,« ips to all parts ies, and carry- lying alOHg Rhine. It ■R, in some level. The 3pt in tlieir and stone, eat damage sen villages run through o canals are and skaters, ets on their o be drained, "lit by large 1, with their '■try. that it is important and large ted. The The trade re called id intelli- i wading- ?m on tlie onsidered t holes in >uth of the alaces and 1 all direc- , is a large and long fiotterdam luld to the ivere com- ^J ^> t>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k A ^ ^/ /. I/. Va M 1.0 I.I ^ 1^ 12.0 2.5 2.2 11:25 ill 1.4 1.6 ruuiugi"dpiut Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N.Y USIO (716) 873-4S03 4 ^•^ l\ NS5 iV N> "ti--;^ ^■' >» o t ^ m . ': ' ^\ ii BELGIUM FRANCE. 67 pelled to eat horses and dogs. Finally, the Dutch broke I down the dikes, and the Spaniards were driven off by the ' water. ; rA8. Holland owns Java and other islands in the East I Indies. BELGIUM. 549. Belgium i.s one of tlie smallest, but one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Europe. So many battles were fought in Belgium in former times tliat It has been called tlu! JMtle-Fi rich mines of coal, iron, and zinc. 553. The manufactures of lielgiun, inchule carpets, lacos, cottons, silks, cutlery, and tiiv-arms „f tlie best .piality. 554. Belgium has more inhabitants in proportion to its size than any other country in the world. The Ut'lgians an. famed for th.'ir skill in music, painting, and architecture. forts ^Z"?"' *'';' r"**"'- '" " '"'"^""'"« ""'y- ""d i« f«n'«d ' Zn txv'^ , '""','"'■"• '^ f'"^' "'"'"' '" tlH> south is the I 5r.(,. Antwerp is the first commercial city of Helg um It h,« many ..u.int old houses, and a fine cathedral ad .'rned . w.th pictures by celebrated artists. Ohent is note.i for its • cotton manufactures and its hot-houses. Uege is famed for the nmnufftcturo of flre.«rms and hardware. ''""«> '"^ ' PRANCE. ft.'57 Franef is notrd for the frequent changoR in ita form of government. At one. time it is a 561. France is a very productive agricultural country. In the north the chief products arc grain, lla.x, and the sugar -birt; in the milder central districts the most important are grajie.s, Indian corn, and tobacco; and in th<' warm south the olive, mulberry, fig, and orange are cultivated. n(i2. Sugar is made from the sugar-beet. The grapevines grow on stakes, as be.ans do in our co.uitry, only further a[iart ; and wine is made from gi-ajn's somewhat as we make cider j from api.les. The berries fnmi the (.live-tree are pressed I and yield an oil called olive oil. The leaves of the mulberry- tree furnish fund fur the silkworm, a kind of caterpillar which yields silk. ! The chestnut-tree is very common in the forests, and chest- I nuts are an imiK.rtant article of food with many of th(! poor. i 5f),3. The French people arc gay and fond of i amusement. They are also excitable, aiul like change. Tifi t. The exports include wine, brandy, olive oil, and fruit; also silks, gloves, and fancy goods, in the manufacture of which the French are unrivalled. mb. Parli, the capiUl, is next to London the largest city in Europe. It is very gay and splendid, having many tine streets, bulMings, squares, gardens, and parks. The Seine flows through the middle of the city, and is crossed by many larg.' bridges. The floi/^rrniv/./ are broad paved streets, with broad side walks sha.lcd witli trees. Notre Dnmr is a large church on an island in tlio Spine. lieneath the city ar(> wonderful chambers and passHges, called the Catacombs, constructed very long ago. r,(l(l. Havre, at the mouth of the Seine, i« an im(K)H!int port. Cnerbourgr is a great naval station. Bordeaux is a large city m th(. west, from which wine, brandy, and fruit are ex|K.rted. Lyon, on the Rh.me, is famed for its silk mnnufaetures. MarseUIee on the (iulf of ri' 68 EUROPE. Lions, oxiwrts silk, f.uit, and oil. Toalon is a fortified naval station on the Mediterranean. r)C7. Franco o«-n.s the island of Corsira, in the Mediter- ranean; It also owns A/{/eria, in Africa; Ouiami, in South America; and small territories in other parts of the world. SWITZERLAND. 508. Switz- orlaiid is a small country Hurrouiulocl ^^ hy ]ai-ii;c and liowcrful na- tioiw. In for- nior times, some of these nations tried to conquer ; this little , country ; but ; the brave ' 'Swiss have always main- tained their fretHlom. '■"Oa Switz- erland is sit- uated among tlie Alps. Travel 1 e rs who are fond of natural scenery love to visit this country more, perhap.s, than any other. Heretheyfind beautiful rich valleys, and clear blue Ittkes ; thoy , can climb the lofty snow-capped mountains and admire the wonderful glaciers, ever creeping down th(;ir sides. 570. Between the high mountains are deej, narrow vallevs with rapid streams at the bottom. Winding alo, g U,e de of the valleys, among the rocks, are roads and f^ntlbv which travellers pass from one side of the mountai^ttS 571. In the lower plains and valleys are grain- iiclds, vineyards, orchards, and rich pastures; as we ascend the mountains, w find forests of oak chestnut, b(.ech, and i,ine. Beyond the forests are l.astur.!-lands with scattered shrubs and gay flowers -blue-bells, hyacinths, liljos, an.l .iK.dod.'ndrons' Htill higher extend the lofty peaks clad with ever- lasting snov/. t„?r T."'^"'' ""'"!' r"''"^ ««'it..riland is suited to «K.icul- t.ir . The peasants kee,. many cows, sheep, and goats, and make large qmuitities of butter and cheese. 573. The Swiss arc intelligent an.l brave, and love their country. Pretty villages and small towns are numerous in the nu.un- tarn valleys. Many of the inhabitants are watchmakers and wood-carvers. 574. Berne is the capital of Switzerland. Geneva. „„ Lake Ueneva, is the largest city. It is celebrated for its watches. SPAIN. 575. Spain was once a very prosperous country, ruling over vast territories in foreign lands. Most of these territories are now indejiendent. StraUotriZn ™"''' .'"^^r": '*""' "■"'" ^''^"' ""<"' «'« "arrow very mud "'^T^L"m "»''"'''"'"!'' '^'"'". «»«' ""Prove.l the country oTtVf the country " "'"" "•'"«"•■"-"""■ «"" -- ""ally -Iriven luw, with vo,.„lH an.l men whoa ho ..lle.1 wostwanl over the unknown 577. Spain and Portugal form a largo peninsula in the south- west of Kurope, having the sea ,.n the east, south, and west. On tho north are the l',,renrn M.nnUaim, forming a high. broa82. The Spaniards are not generally as enter- ! pnsing as the inhabitants of .son.e of the countries f of Europ... The conunon p.opl,. ar. fond of amuse- :' mont, and dancing und.^r the orange trees is a ' ta\oui'ite ("Veiling pastime r|«t. Cadiz a.id Malaga are iinportant ports. PORTUGAL. •^.^.>. Portugal is a small country on tl,e Atlantic coast west of S])ain, . I" former times I'ortMKt>ese navigators were a.ooML' tl.e ti.- f ;|. "xpI.M^.nK unknown seas and discovering ne.^ 1 r ,: S'sf r^' "'^^ '"^' tofitscows.r- n!w: -^86. A large part of the couatry consists of h.ghlands ; bnt its plains and mountains are m.t so elevated or so dry «s those of Hpain. T1k> valleys and lowlan.ls are very fertile. The products are snn.lar to those of Spain. Wine and fruit are I<'admg exports. Mule.s, sheep, and goats are numerous. M7 The Portuguese are polite and hospitable, and, l.k,. the Spaniards, they are fond of u.usic and er one hundred years ago the city was nearlv Oporto exi«,rts large -luantities of win<^. r,;!'r y^""'"'" '''"'"''' f"*"""" f'"- tlieir winP- the I ITALY. •^'90. Italy is tl.o country of tl.e ancient Romans, wI.o, m tl,o tin.,, of our .Saviour, wore tlio most I Vosv.vM p..o,,lc in the ^vorl,l. The kin^r'cTV-"'^" '>"""'''''-'« "^ '' "^« ««•>* to other countries. rm The mo.st important exports of Italy are silk, olive oil, fruit, wine, marliks sulphur, .sardines, and an- chovies. r)97. Italy has produced many cele- brated musicians, painters, sculptors, and architect.s. I .,...>f ■ '^''^ '"'"•'''' "f ^m^tlm-n Italy are eenerallv most splendid church in tiie world it w.l s , "f,"* '"^ cove,.d with paintings by the mos.^ s^^Sd ^^^ '""«t^:! ' I >pe s palace, called the Vatira,,, is an immense 1, , M ' taming 4,000 roo„,s. Kome has man v ^.'Sf "tr'" ■ I'lll.ars, aqueducts, and amphitheiH-..'. ', '"'""■''■-a'-c'«H, ;-.^.» and /^.,W,, „,,ich have lltS b::: t ^f^ tence, and then taken back for e^e^tS."" '" '"^"^ ^^<'>-'«- l.niifl y^ -■arge herds of and from their best quality is irt of Italy is ction of silk. ' iitain sl(jj)es grow t. Cliestnuts are iiality is obtained beautiful build- made from it in >f it are sent to •taut exports I il, fruit, wine, ' 'OS, and an- -d many cele- rs, sculptors, ly are generally ■ant; and there . Channels idiilds, supply Her the chan- iH of the cruel ne side of the n. Criminals icar thoir son- m OREECE. 61 59S. INTKHlOit VIKW Ol' Tilt: COLIrSKUJI AT IIOIIE. ^^ norenoe, Genoa, MUan, Leghorn, and Turin arc „.te,l i <;oi. Tl,o Islands of Sicily an,l Sardinia f,,,.,, a part of tl,.. l^"'Kiloiii ot Italy. Mount Etna, in Sicily, is ,nw, ,,f tin; iiiu.^t famous volcaiiDcs in tlio Wdild. GREECE. (')02 ^Wo(H■o is a sinall country, eonsistiiis- of a peninsula south of Turkey, and a number ot' small islands on the coast. flO.S. In ancient times Craecn was inliahitivl by tlio most learned and jxiwerfnl i)eoi)lo in the world. It produced f,'reat poets, historians, or.ators, artists, iiliilosophers, and warriors. Tlie cormtry lias lost all this greatness, and is ncjw interesting cliiefly for the remains of aneiiMit buildings and statues, and for places wliere great events oecuri-ed. An lOnglisli poet has said : "'Tis Greece, but living ho very shrewd, ' and not very honest. 62 I j :! Hi! ■' EUROPE. 60«. Athens, tho capital, m a immll city. Tho moHt i.rmor Wthin the Acropolis are the ruins of an old idol temple c« led tU.PaW,enon. Not far .listant is Mars Mm, "ht true God """'"' '" the Athenians concerning the C07. The ririncipal islands belonginir to Greece ar.> H,p /-.u,« /,/„„>''-<-' C'-ni- Europe. Agricultur.i is i,i a very rude state, and manufac tures are greatly neglected. CIO. The products .are grain, grape.s, olives, tobacco, and cotton. Roses are cultivated in large fields, es,,ecially in the valley of the Maritza, from which IS made the c.stly perfume called attar ^ofyos,». The manufactures are carpets, : shawls, and leather goods. . 611. The Turks believe in a ■ false prophet named Mohammed. Their dress and manners are very odd. Both men and women a belt around the waist. The men wind a long ^^arf, called a turban, about their heads; and the women wear a thick white veil over their EASTERN ROUMELIA AND BULGARIA. 614. Ea,stern Iteumelia and Bulgaria are small coun nes^on the south of the Danube, and bordering on the Black Sea. They are separated by the Balkan Mountains. (515. These countries fonnerlv elontrpH fn t i tlK>y still pay an annual tribute L the si!'' ''"' ''"' 616 The Climate is mild, and the products are gram, toliacco, grapes, and other fruits and timber. Manufactured goods are imported. "11. A TURK. ROUMANIA 619. The kingdom of Roumania is situated be- tween the rivers Pruth and Danube. The Car pathian Mountains lie along the west, next to Austria. These highlands slope towards the east and south, to the treeless plains which comprise a large part of the country. 620 The country produces wheat, maize, millet, flax, tob.acco, and grapes. The wealth of the e neither chairs 'n the carjjet or le higher classes of other Euro- f tho largest cities called the Outden mosques give the manufacturing the Sultan. The nan Empirr, com- xeveral tributary BULGARIA. ii'ia are snial] and ))ordering rnted by the o Turkey, and products are wool, skins, imported. ini Rounielia; SERVIA MONTENEGRO. country consists chiefly in cattle, horses, sheep, f^.re. rire-Ii^iiiT^.tiery si and swme. i krirelv with An.fri, ,M 63 621 Bucharest, the capital, i« a largo city, and carries on consaderablo trade with Austria. Oalatz. on the Danube exports grain and wool. Jassy is a largo city C:T "r'?"""'- '""""■*'• ""•'•''' "^"-^ ™nicts, and trades largely with Au.stria and Great Britain. SERVIA 622. Servia is a small country on the south of the Danube, adjoining Austria. 62.3. The soil in the valleys and lowlands is very fertile, yielding wheat, the vine, apples, and pears. Horses, cattle, and sheep are numerous. 624. The Servians are a brave, enterprising people, noted for their love of country. " 625. Belgrade, on the Danube, is the capital. It manu- MONTENEGRO. I 6.6. Montenegi-o is a .small country on the east of the Adriatic Sea. It touches the sea only in the south, being sq.arated from it by Austrian territory. 627. The surface is mountainous. A large part of the country is covered with forests. 628. The inhabitants are rudo and uneducated • but they are noted for their brave resistance to tho Turks. They live chiefly by agriculture, which they carry on in a very primitive manner. 629. Cettigne, a small village, is f , cipital. Antivarl is a small town on the Adriatic Sea. """van is a situated be- The Car- st, next to ds the east comprise a lize, millet, Ith of the iMd. l,av.. hM,,,>n.«l in thorn. It is supposo.I tJmt tlM. (lanlon of Ed.-n, in wln,.l, (in.! ,,1h,.,.,I Adam and Evo, was situat,.! soniowlicro l.otw.M.n H.0 I.Ia.kS..aa,„l (h,. n,spian. Tl.o Kroater part of tho 1511,1,. was ...itton Ll nS'/Z .^ ' ^'^ nr r "" ''" ""'•"'• ^''•" ^^-"- "" ^f-" "'' ^""'■^ ' ™''*' *»'" I""^'-^" f^"-'""^" on tho Houtl, and the Kcd Po«it,on.-6:n. AMa is on tho east of Eun.po and Afnca. In tho north-oant, at Bohrinw Strait i( api.roaoh,.,s vory n.-ar to Nortii An.orioa. Ft has tho^ Arctic Ocoan on tho north, tho Paoid.. on tho *-^"*»**«:Wo# .>*<■; of Eui-OJH' riiiK Strait, ica. It l)aH 'ilic oji tlic id tho Kod of i the I SURFACE— RIVERS. the Black Sea on the Sea, tlie Mediterraiicaa, •■ west. ne Coast Waters, Capes, Islands, and PeninsnUis are (jiven at the foot of the Map of Asia. Area.-(i32. A«ia i« twite as large as X„rth America, and itichides ono-tliir soutii of Asia are the Mekon,,, Meinam, IrrawaM^, the Ihahwapootra, ti.e Ganges, ih. T,,.,,,^^ ^i,. y._^.^ __ _^_j ^^^ Evphmles. I'mT'T.°*T' '""' ""'imaPOOfa rise far apart on the cold liigh lluual»y«H ; but aftor njshing dowu the uLiep »\o\m, m 11 nil m Hi< they wind along the hot lowlands, approaching nearer until they come together at their month. The land here m low anil I Hat, and is overgrown with trees and vines. These jungles I abound in tigers and rhinoceroses, and the waters swarm with ' crocodiles. 643. An ignorant people, called Hindoos, wlio live in Hindostan, look upon the Oangea as a lioly river. Mothers, who liave not the Itihlo to teach them the way to eternal liajipiness, sometimes throw their cliilrtren into its waters, believing that tliey will tlius be borne to a land of bliss. C44. The Euphrates and Tigris flow through a region re- : markable in the records of ancient history. (Hr>. Long ages ago the city of Nineveh , to which the prophet Jonah was sent, stood on the banks of the Tigris ; and liabi/- Ion, where Daniel lived, was on the Euphrates. These citiis were very large, and were surrounded by high and br eountrics (if Asia are Tndin, t'liina, and tlie countries south «.f China. (14.'^. The table-l.HKls of the intiiior have cold winters and hot summers. Tli. mountains here get all tlw^ rain, .sn that the jilaiiis are dry. and uUhuited lo agiieultirre. Kvcn tjie streams which flow from tli.' uiitiiins are soon dried >ip or lost ill the' sand. A vast region here is ralli-d the lliKril of <1M. In the western part of these tHlilelands there are fertile valleys ; but as we go east into Mongolia, there are no streams of water, cultivated fields, houses, or cities. Only near the mountains we find water and )ia.sture-]nn(ls, «4a Tlio northern part of Asiiv, called Siberia, is a cold eountry, like the nortiiern jmrt of America. Animals. -050. In the lorests south of tlio Himalayas the wild animals are large and numerous, including elephants, lions, hjrrs:, hy^Utt-. .ind iiugt' serpent^. The- iiiiihirtia in tubena are similar to tho«e in the north of America. Inhabitants.-651. Asia is said to contain about thr{;e-fifths of all the people in the world. Nearly all are heathens, knowing nothing of the Bible, or the way of salvation which it teaches. In the western part of Asia most of the people are called Mohammedans, because they believe in a false prophet named Mohammed ; in the east they wor- ship idols. flf.2 Molmmmed lived in Arabia over twelve hundred years ago He told the people that God had spoken to him through an angel, and ha.I son Inm to teach them. He wrote a book called the Knral,, ^hich he said the angel gave him. When lie had gained a few followers, ho armed them and went from place to place, compelling all to take him as their projihet and king, and the Koran as their Uible. 0.").3. The iieople who live near the desert plains dwell in tents, and their proiwrty consists of cattle, horses, camels and sheep. Their food consists mostly of milk and flesh, and they are alw.ays roving about in search of fresh luisture, m. The people of Asia are much less civ ilized th.in those of Lurope and America. In most of the countiiis they have no schools, books, or newspapers, and know nothing of other j piirts of the world. Throughout the gre.ater part of this largo I continent there are no railro.ids, or even common roads or Wiiggoiis. MeiTliants travel in large companies, called cara- vans, conv. yiug their goods on camels and mules. In crossing tli(^ deserts they carry water with them. d."). It is dangerous to travel in the countries inhabited by the roving shepherds. These lawless i.eoj.l,- not only icb and murder strangers, but they are always at w.ar with eaeh other. .Sometimes a pluiuiering company of horsemen come suddenly on an unsuspecting tribe, drive olf their flocks, and soizing the women and eliililreii. sell them f.ir slaves. Divisions.- -OfiO. The principal countries of Asia are Asiatic Russia, Asiatic. Turh'H, Arabia, Persia, Aj'iihanistan, JMoochistan, British Iiu/ia, Jinrmah, | Sliiiii, Aiinm, the Chinese Empire, and Ja/ia)/. Towns. 6.">7. The largest cities of Asia are in China, Japan, and India. i III the eities nf Western and Central Asia the streets aro '' often so n.irrow and crooked that carriages cannot be driven '' through tlieiu. The liouws liav<' flat roofs, and they usually have no windows towards the street, but niv lighted from a court or ojion Rpaco in the middle. Government.— e.'iH. The countries of Asia are generally badly governed. The laws are not made by representatives chosen by the people, as in our own country. T!ie iiiiof nilor, who is often a. .selfish, ignorant tyrant, makes such laws a.s jilease ASIATIC RUSSIA— ASIATIC TURKEY. i ?-"•''"- ^^^^^^^ lu'auty. Jl^. ms, the capital, .aun„facturo« carpets, sha.l., and ASIATIC RUSSIA. I 659. In addition to its vast territorios in Eu- ' \T\ ^'r,^"^^^*^" E'"Pi'-« ^«">Prises n.oro than a tkrd of As:a. The Asiatic possessions arc Siberia, lurkestau, and Tnm>^-Caucasia. 660. Siberia is situated on the north of the Altai Mountains, and extends entirely across the contment to the Pacific Ocean. It is a cold, cheer- less country _ The soil is cultivated a little in the south yu-lding barley and v,..etahle.s. Larue forests of spruce and fir abound in foxes, ernnni otters and other anin.als which have valuable V^d !d 71 '"•'"" °' '■^^' ' «"^' *'-" "'-"'t-"« yield gold and precious stones. liiH government. '"*' "^ '''""'"« ''ff'^'^'^t Of*??:; ::;:uv:':;:^\i:,: s;'i;'r""', v"^ ^"-'^^ '^-» and flesh. ** ^""' '""' "'"J' ""'w'st .■liiffly „« the ,,,11), 603. The princ.ipal towns are On,sf,; Tnn,4, To- f">U, and Irkutsk. "",/<> '■"■• t«'^ Kilk, a„.| ,„„;.lai„. ^ ' '""' '''""'"■•• ""'' -t«-'-g back to the earliest age., and they contain thf ' ruins ot many ancient cities. i 068. The climate is warm except on the moun- i tains. _ In son.e parts of the country there are I ex^sive sandy deserts, on which rain seldon. falls, i 00 J. ihe products are grain, cotton, tobacco i I'opp.es, the olive, fig, an.l other fruits. Agricul- i ture IS carried on in a very rude way. The care of «heep and goats is a leading pursuit; and th<. shep- luTds wander over the country in search of pastur- age and plunder. ' I Til!; m,![,''; ':';t'';'^''/ ""■ inhabitants ar. Mol,amn,.,ia„s. , w,.ar io„;, :£;, v!J::::';:'t;: •;;:::.""""" "" "" "*^^''*' *""^ ; 071 Asia Minor is ,|„. large pe-,insula between j the niack Sea ,wwl the .Me.liferranean. ft is a I Hgl.lan.l country with some beautiful valleys in !..> west S,>nin,a, the largest city, exports ,lried i fru.t and opium. The site of the ancient city of l^phesiis IS near Smyrna. 07:>. Armenia is a mountainous country on the -" h-Pflst „f the (tiack Sea. One of the high mountfl.n on which Noah's ark reste.l. i-JI M r Ui . 1- ll Itl ■' 68 ASIA. Erzeroum is the largest city. It.s houses are built of mud dried ,n the sun ; and the flat roofs nvergro«n with grass appear in the distanci! like a meadow. A portion of Armenia belongs to Russia. ^ 673. Syria is on iho cast of the Mpclitorraneaii. Tho Jfomitalns of Lebanon are near tlie coast ; and on the oast of the mountains is a low phiin. In the middle of this plain, surronnded by he.nitifwl gar- dens and orchards, is the city of Dnnm.cu,, the oldest city in tlie world, and often spoken of in the liible. It manufac- tures sdks, and is the centre of a large caravan trade, lin- rout IS an impurtant iiort. 074. Palestine, the ancient land of tlie Lsraelites, situated in the south-east of Syria, is the most interesting part of Turkey. 675. About forty years after the Jews crucified the Saviour, th<>y were expelled by a Roman army from the country which thcur forefathers had occu- pied fifteen hun.Ired year.s. Jerusalem, the capital of tho country, had a strong, high wall around it, and the Jews from all the land ran to this city for protection. Tlw. llomans beat down the wall, de- stroyed the city, and burned the beautiful tc^niple. The Jews are now scattered throughout almost all the countries of the world. (i"9. .IK 676. T'lilestine is .|uite a hilly country. The Jonfn,,, a comparativ<.ly small stream, is the only riven It rises in tlie Mountains of Lebanon, flows southerly through the lowest valley in the world, and empties its waters into a remarkable lake called the /).„,/ So,. The Dead Sea contains so nnich salt and other mineral sulistances that fish cannot live in it. In the upp.'r part of its cour.se the Jordan forms a fresh-water lake, called the Sen of Ualilee, or thi> S<-.i, of Tifji-rias. liLS.M.KM. , C>". Palestine was once e.xceedingiy fruitful ; but except in I some fertile valleys, it is now an unproductive countrv, .and ! agriculture is gre.atly neglected. I C,7H. Ohristians love to travel in Palestine, and visit the places in which occurred so many of tlie great events recorded in the iiible. Hut travelling in this land is toilsome and scmiewhal dangerous. Travell:.S!J-';*,*, )yM,.-«ii,»,..- 10, and \ init tlin tnvciits rcconled is ti>ils(iim' and aimed guidi-s to rohlHTH. Tluire n\v on lioi-Heliiick ; very inferior, ho ancient city, loniy. Half tiio le south is Beth- ia, is the most !^ Jews crucified a Roman army ithors Jiad occu- tleiii, th(! capital wall around it, to this city for vn the wall, do- eautiful timiplo. fliout almost all AUAlilA PKKSIA. /ekem, where Jesu.. w:i.s born ; a «hort distance east of Jeru- .'^lem across a valley is the Mount of Olu-a, to which he «en so frequently; about two miles ea.st i,s mhan,, where the annly hved that he loved. In the hilly country of tl e north IS Na:n>-M, where he spent his early life ; and ah twenty nules east of Xa.areth is the ,V„, ./ aaniec, which wa' the .scene .,f many of his noted miracles. 69 ARABIA. 680. Arabia is an f.xtcisivo country on tho oast of the Red Sea. A large portion of it is a parched desert land, with here and there a fertile spot called an oasis. The mo,st useful tree on the borders of the deserts is the dat.si.ali,,. Its fruit I called dates, is much used for food. The southern part of Arabia, which is very hot, and has heavy rams at certain season.s, yields the best cottee in the world. Jlen.. also are forests of spice and gum trees. 681. The desert in which tlie Israelites wamliivd for f„rty years, and Mount Sinui, where (;„d gave the con,maii,lmeiits to Closes, are in the north-west of Arabia. 682. Many of th(> inhabitants of Arabia are roving shepherds, whos(^ property consists in ! canu-ls, horses, and oth.'r animals. Arabian horses \ ar(> swift and handsoMu., and an Arab is said to I love his h.n-se as much as his wife and children. ! Hie shepherds often (piarrel with each other about ' CAHAVAN ellOSSIMl TH|.: I.KSKKT TO .MKCCA. tlHMr pa,sture-laMds and wells of water, as the ser- vants of Abraham and Lot quarrell..,! long ago. 68.3. That part of Arabia which borders on the R.;d Sea belongs to Turkey. It has two noted .•.tie,s-- J/m-«, the birth. place of Mohammed, and JMnia, the place where he was buried. mI'oI '''t^ '"'"■ """!"•'"'" "' ^'"'■""""'"ian pilgrims visit . ,tj. Will :,ccurc the forKlVeness .,f all their sins There >« a largo m,>s,|ue or Mohammedan temple in Mecca contain' whi.b IS said to be wnrn quite si th fr,m, beitiK kisse.l so fivcjuently. Only .Mohammedans are all.nved to enter tiie temple Some persons, l,„wever, curious to know what s,rt of a place it is, have pretended to be M,.hammedans, and thus have jfained adniittanc'e. PERSIA. in„„M„„i, *■ 1 • 1 ,;■, "M" '■■ "lecea contain- " Persia lies between the (Wiian Sea and ang a black stone, winch Mohammedans think very holy, and the Persian (Julf. A large part of the countrjis 68,^). 70 ASIA. almost (lostitute of rain, and the soil is full of salt, so that it is quit(! barren. But there arc many rich valleys, watered by streams that How from the mountains, Tho fruitful districtM produce gi-aiii, silk, grapes, iieaches, ami inolonM. There are also many beautiful flowers -hya- cinths, tulips, crocuses, and lu-iun-oMos. Tlio Persians culti- vate immense (piantities of roses, frTinges cannot ho used. Iravollers aomctnnes ride in a curious conveyance fornic.I of a box or covered seat, placed on poles which project so us to make a hafts in front and behind. Mules are harnessed into these sliafts tho one in t lie rear facing tho seat. Sometimes a double seat, lik, a Mc"h"lido """"' "'" '""''' "' " '""''•'' '""' " '■■"«"" "'■''s on 688. Teheran is tho capital of Pei-sia ; Ispahan is the largest city ; and Bushire is an important sea-port. of Vl 'r"J "' ^°''"'', ''tr "° """ l"'il «"•"«■ ""'1 dried in the ^n, )I^ ? ," '" ''" "•'^" '" "'" """"'" ^"•''^ts >^i't >i>"d walls, ™ . .hH.rs a few feet apart These .ioors open into the court- the rr„„. ""--y '"'™,'-ich carpets, on whi.ih the occupants sit with their legs drawn in under them. m. The ,V/»,A, „r sovereign, is a desi.otic tyrant, treating hiH people as ,f they .-.xisted only to minister to his pleasure. When ho wants money he demands it from his officers, who extoit It from the people. m.\ AFGHANISTAN AND BELOOCHISTAN. 690. These countries, situated on the east of Persia, are high and mountainous, varied with fertile valleys and dry desert plains. The valleys yield grain, cotton, grapes, find peaches. Fruit is extensively cultivated in the neighbourhood of the I towns. The date-palm flourishes on the borders I of the desert in the south of Bcloochistan. ! Oitl. A high n.ountain wall, separating British India from Afghamstau and Beloochistan, is cleft by deep gorge, ca led y..«.s wluch are used as roads by merchant caralan»!l„ son.e places along the narrow passes, high rocky cliffs hang rne.w.iy aark and gloomy. 692. The inhabitants are a fierce, warlike people and depend chi<.tly on their flocks of .sheep and goats for their subsistence. <«».;i. Cabool. the capital and largest city of Afgi,anistan, r^nnT., "'' ' '"'■"""" "'""' •■' >""""*■■"" I'HHH. Herat and India '"' "" ^'"' '''""'' "^ ^""^" ''"'"■''''" 1''^^'^''* '^'"l Kelat, the chief town in Bcloochistan, is stiongly fortified. BRITISH INDIA. 694. This large country, situated on the south of tho Himalaya Mountains, forms part of tho British Empire. Th.. Himalayas, on the northern borders, arc; the highest mountains in the world. The lowlands are intensely hot ; but unlike many of the countries of Asia, they have abundance of rain, and are very jtroductive. 695. India has long been famed for the rich products of its fields, its forests, and its mines ; and also for the skill of its inhabitants in the manufacture of costly silks and .shawls. 096. Some of the most important products an; rice, sugar, cotton, silk, opium, cinnamon, nutmegs, cloves, and other spices. Cinnamon is the inner bark of the cinnamon tree ; cloves are the dried flower-buds of the clove tree; opium is a gum obUined from a kind of poppy. (i07. The forests are dense with shnibbory, and the sun's rays are shut out by bro.ad leaves ; so th.at tiui hot, damp air mmgled with pois,)n(ms ga.ses from decaying plants, cau.se8 fevers and <]ther diseases. rl,nv '^.n 7 J '" "" ™"""-'««- «»"•<' of the diamonds are very costly, and a.lorn the crowns of the kings and qnnons of Europe. 099. India has about four times as many inhab- 311 the borders listan. ritish India from eep gorgoH, culled lit caravans. In rocky cliffs liaiig - top as to niako kvarlikc people, of sheep and of Afghanistan, lass. Herat and i-cen Persia and ;rongly fortified. on the south i part of tlio the northern in the workl. unlike many abundance of for the rich d its mines ; itants in the i. products are on, nutmcg.s, ie ; cloves are tlie 1 obtained from a and tho sun's hot, damp air, plants, causes India, are sonKlit lainorids are very of Kurojjf;. many inhab- BURMAH, SUM, AND ANAM, 71 On.'l. SlIAWl.-WEAVINri IN IxniA. itants as the whole of North America. About three-fourth-s of the people are J/indoos, who wor- ship an imaginary god called JJra/ma. They also worship the lliver Ganges, and pilgrims travel long distances to l>atli(> in its waters. 700. The Hindoos are divided into four cla-sses nf rliff. . ranks. These classes do not internnury eUtle h n associate with each other; and one .nnst 'ai; ys r ^ ', Z to';^Ll^'::;^j;:t';.C?.|:- *•; I-'^a. So^e cn„. here Government to ..reserve ,eace am '''r^' ""', 'f *'" "'•'''^'' country. Others, again am nn- "'"' '" *'"''''"' '''" India ^ teach th; ^irihJsr^iiS:;/'-" *^''- *■' I of conveyance calleil a Z L . -7 "''" "''" "' "" "'"'' »"ft 70.3. Calcutta, the capital of India, is a great conMnerci.! city, situated o„ the Inv.-I.-.nd. „«:u- t!u- n>nuti !^^,1 ' SS."" T "■"'' '""'''• '" '•* ''^'•'^" '^'t.V, connected vitli ' Calcutta by railway. Madras is a large city o„ the east coast .04. Benares is a sacred city of the Hin- (loos, containint; over one tliousand idoi temp 03. It in visited every year by crowds of pilgrim.s, many of whom come hero to rile, lliere are also many sacred bulls and monlteys in tho city, which the people re- gard with great reverence. Delhi and Lucknow are large and noted cities. 705. The Island of Ceylon is a part of Briti.sh India. It l)roiluces all kinds of .spices; and m its dcns(! forests are many elephants, lion.s, and tigers. This island is also noted for its costly gems and for the pearl lisheries on its coast. BURMAH, SIAM, AND ANAM. 706. These countries, situated in the south-east of Asia, have a hot, moist climate, and a very luxuriant vegetation. The pro- ducts are rice (wiiicli is the chief food of the people), cotton, indigo, various spices, tea, sugar, and' toliacco. 707. In the dense forests are .sandal-wood, ro.se- wood, and many kinds of palms. India-rubber, J gutta-percha, and varnish are made from the gum I of certain forest trees. The bamboo is usc.l by j the natives for many useful purposes. , 708. Aniong the wiM anin.als are the elephant, rhinocen.s, ! tiger, buff.do, and monkey. I 709. The people are nearly all i.lolaters, and the I idol temples are the finest buildings in the country. Missionaries from our own and other countries are trying to teacli these people the religion of the Bible. 710. Slam is tlin inncit im|H,rtaiit nf fh^.p r.,„„tn,.s The iiihal.it,ints live chiefly al.mg the v,illey of the Meinam. ' Thev ' have customs which would appear excee.lingly strange to us. In tho presence of the king .:very one must lie flat on his li ! i face, and approach him by creeping on liis liand,s and knees ■ ^Vaen the king dies, his body is dried by the application of certain drugs. It is then doubled up and placed in an urn, which .s deposited in a splendidly decorated iyid costly funeral temple, built for this purpose. After the dried body has been kept a year it is burned. 711. Bankok. the capital of Siam, is a large city on the Kiver Memam. Many of tlie inhabitants live on the river in floating houses made of hamboo. THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 712. The Cliinese Empire is as large as the Dominion of Canada and tlie United States taken 7Ki. TKA-<1*TIIKRIN(1. togetlier. It is made up of several countries. The n>o..t important of these is China, on the eastern slope, along the great rivers Yanff-tse-Amng and foamj Ho. The other countries of the empire le to the west and nortli of China, comprising the highlands between the Himalaya and Altai Moun- tanis. The most important are Tihet, Eastern Jurkestan, MonyoUa, and Manchooria China.-7]3. This portion of the empire has a nnld climate and a fertile soil. Every little patcl- of land ,s cultivated. The steep, rocky hill-sides are formed into terraces; and the crops are care- i fully watered by hand. Nearly all the tea used in j the world grows in China : it is the leaf of a low ^hrub; the leaves are jucked, dried, rolled, and packed into tea-die.sts. CJiina also produces much i rice, cotton, and silk. I I 714. China has a great many inh.ibitants. The iwoiile are I - nu„,,rous that there is scarcely room for all. ' In fact nny of them live on the rivers : they make a raft of logs, I ead earth oyer it for a garden, a,.d build a little bamlS house 111 the middle. | 71."). Tlie Chinese do not usually sit at table when tliey I it, but gatlier round the l)oiler, sitting on the floor (jr ^'1 )und, each with his bowl and clioi)-.sticks. Ricu is tlieir chief food ; but they also cat cats, dogs, and rats. Tlie men in China keep their heads shaved tjuite bare, ixcei)t on the top. when^ they allow the hair to grow very long, and braid it into a kind if tail, which sometimes hangs ilf way down to tlieir feet. The w lien have very small feet, which Uicy think add sreatly t.i their beauty. To prevent their feet from growing the little girls are comjielled to wear tight bandages, whicli cause much pain and make them walk awkwardly. They must submit to it, however, because it is the fashion.' 710. The Chinese are skilled in the manufacture of porce- lain, silks, and lacquered ware ; also in carving wood and ivory. 717. Tibet is a Iiigli, cold country, on the north of the Himalayas. Tlie care of cattle, sheep, and goats is the chief pursuit. Lassa. the wpitnl, is noted for the splendour of its idol temples. 715, "IIINESK L,.DY'S FOOT. •e-Kiang and the empire niprising the Altai Moun- •bet, Eaatetii rapire has a ' little patcl- ky hill-sides )ps are care- ! tea used in af of a low I rolled, and \ iduces much i riie iieople are I all. In fact, I raft of logs, little bamboo i)tii gTowmp, lages, whicii •dly. They ion. re of jjorce- f wood and the north lieep, and ^ipitol, is 718. Eastern Turkestan, Mongolia, and Man- chooria, comprise vast deserts and pasture lands. For many centuries they have been occupied by wandering shepherds. An extensive trade is car- ried on between China and Russia, and also between China and Persia, acro.ss these deserts. 719. China ha.s many large cities. Pekln, the capital, is the largest city in Asia. It is surrounded by a high wall canton is one of tiie greatest commercial cities of Asia JAPAN. 720. Japan comprises the four large islands, Mphon, Shiknku, KimJuu, and Yezo, and many ; small islands on the east coast of A.;ia. Niphon, I the largest island of the group, is about nine hun- dred miles in length. 721. The climate is varied according to the posi- tion, being cold in the north and almost tropical in the south. The soil is generally fertile, yielding tea, rice, the mulberry, and various kinds of grain and vegetables. The bamboo grows in Japan, and is used for many purposes. 722. Japan ha.s great mineral wealth, including gold silver copi)er, inm, lead, and coal. ' 723, .Tapan has s<,nie of the most remarkable volcanoes in the world. It is also subject to eartlKpiakes. 724. There are more people in these islands than in the British Isles. The Japanese are in- telligent and industrious. They carry on agricul- , ture, mining, and manufactures with much success. ' They make beautiful silks, shawls, lac.pier ware^ ; and porcelain, and they have great skill in carvinc ^ ivory. " J 724 .lAPANESK AT IlllMR. ^ 72,5 Formerly the Japanese shut themselves out from the rest of the world, neither going abroad themselves nor allow- ing foreigners to enter tlieir country. Hut lately tliey have taken great lams t.. become accpiainted with civilized coun- tries. They have introduced many improvements, such as railroads, telegraphs, schools, colleges, and newspapers. Many of their young men have been educated in the colleges -f Cireat Hritain. the Ignited States, and (iermany. 726. Japan carries on a large trade with Great Britain and the United States. Their chief exports are silk, tea, porcelain, and lacquered ware; and their imports are cotton and woollen goods. 727. ToWo, the capital of Jat)an, is a very large city on «ie island <,f Niphon. Yokohama, seventeen miles from lokio, IS noted for its foreign trade. Osaka, Kagoslma, and Koumamotou, are very large cities. ! AFRICA History.— 728. Excepting those countries border- ing on the Mediterraiiean Sea, littl.i was knowi of Africa in ancient times. About the time of the discovery of America, some bokl navigators of Soutliern Europe kept sailii.i- iurther and further south, until finally they went round the Cape of Good Hope, and found their way to India. 720. It was a Ion- time aft.-r this before the countries in the interior of Africa \\vrf. vi.sited by civilized pwiple. In- / , ■ Sea and Indian Ocean on the east, and the AiOtH-Ac'orur' . , the west. • Coast. — 731. We observe from the Map of Africa that there are no deep bays along the coast. d-i^. ' the climate is savages. Africa is in tends to the except at the tho hff, tnns of 0!th, '-. ./?,,/ 'Hiic O^td." , ,1 le Map of g the coast, ISLANDS —CLIMATE AND PRCrvjfT 75 as there are in Europe. This is a great disad- vantage to trade. 732. Tlio Sirail of (lilraUnr, on fhe nortliHiwt, is a narrow jiassag - .nnocting tlio Mediterranean Sea witli flip. Atlantic Ocean. Tlie Hvd Sat and tho (iu)f „f Aden are on UiC ea.st, i and the Gulf of (luinca is on the west. Within a few years tlio Suez Canal has been constructed from I'ort Said on tho Mediterranean, to Sue/. .„, the (lulf I of Suez. Ships are thus able to pass from the .Mediterranean to tho Red Sea, and greatly shorten tli(Mr route between I Europe and India. j The principal capes are-a<«, a,Hmhifni, iU„>d Hone, and ^ 73*]. The principal islands on tlie coast arc - I Hocntr-,, Mmhujamir, liouvlmn, and Mmirltius, on : tho east ; and tlu- Mwleira Mauds, Cmwn, Island,, I C«;7« Ferd Islands, and St. JMena, on tlui uest. 734. Madagascar is one of the largest islands in tho world. It h,as ab,nit half as many inhabitants as the l)omini.,n of Canada. Tatianarim is the capital. 73.'-,. St. Helena is a small rocky island. Napoleon I of irance was so troublesome, disturbing all Europe with his wars, that after the Battle of Waterloo, the British Ooveri i- ment biuushod him to St. Helena. Area.- 7.'i(i. Africa is nearly one and a half times the size of iNortli America. Surface. -737. Tliat part of Africa whicli borders on the sea is generally quite low; the interior is table-land. The mountains are not so grand as those in the other great divisions of the Earth. TJie Atlas Mountains lie along the north ; the Kmig Moun- tains and the Cameroon Monntahis are near the Gulf of Guinea ; the Snow .Mountains are in the south ; and the Mountains of Abyssinia, and other mountains, extend along the east. Rivers and Lakes. -738. Africa has four large river, the .V.&, the Ni.er, the Congo, and the Zal- best. The large lakes are, Albert ,Y,jnnza, Victoria ^yanza, Tanganyika, and Nyassa. Lake Tchad IS also an important lake. The lakes of Central Africa have not i,«.a fully explored ; hence their size and form are not accurately known. <3p. The NUe is a very long river, as long a« the Missis- «il-l)i, and It IS the most remarkable liv.r in the world Many ag(.s ago, when only the northern part of .Vfrica was known, pe<>i)lo wondered where the waters of the Nile enne tiom, It seems .strange t.i see so great a river flowing hun- dreds and liundreds of miles through countries in which it never rains. And tliiii every year, in th- month of June, without any rain or aiy Miia" stream.s Houing in, the river begins to rise, .and f,.r three luunths it rises higlu^rand lii-her I until all JOgypt is covered with water ! But in modern times travellers have gone far back into the niidtlle of Africa and discovered tho .sources of this strange river. Hero at tho lupiator they have found two i;t,ge lakes, which they have named the ViHoria Nyanza and tho Albert NmiKa from which the river flows. They have discovered other' mors aLso, which come from the mountains of Abyssinia, and lelp to form the great Nile. In the- early summer months, the nains fall in torrents on the mouutaius, and the waters rush d.iwn until they come to Egypt, vv hen; the laud is so level and the river-banks so low, that they flow over ;i the country. 740. Tlu^ Niger, in We.-tern Africa, flows through a hot m.arshy, and unhealthy country. 741. The Congo, in South. . n Africa, has its .source in Lake ianganyika. ^ext to tho .mazon it is the largest river in the world. 742. The Zambesi is noted r . its great cataract k.umn as \ ictona Falls. Climate and Products. 743. Africa is the hot- test part of the Earth, an, I a large portion of it consists of rainless deserts. South of th(^ Atlas Mountains is the great Sahara, the largest desert I in the world, on which rain seldom falls, and where it is so hot that eggs can be ccoked in the burning sand. 744. Travelling through Airica from north to south, we first cross the Barbary States, which have a temperate climate, and ield grain, olives, grapes, and mulberries. On th< Atlas Mountains are forests of oak, beech, and juniper. Tlie snow lies deep on the cold summ'ts th nigh the winter, and in the spring it melts and sen is .streams to the lowlands. Tlie stre.ams on the .outhern slopes flow down to the borders of the desert, forming many a cheerful .spot on the niargir of that dreary waste ; ])ut they .are soon lost in f.-.o Imt sand or in salt lakes. This region is occupied by wander- ing shepherds. Just as we found near the deserts of 76 AFRICA. Asia. In .summer the shepherds drive their flocks tar up into tJie mountain -valleys in .search of pasture. 740 Tim Land of Dates lie.s „„ the «outl, of tl,e Vtl is Mountam... I,. t)m country, wl.icl, is watcci a itUeby S^ I and shelters then, and their flocks fron. the burning s„n 746. The Sahara is almost a. large as the Donunion of Canada. Far as the eye .^n reach, not a tree, nor a l.iade of grass, nor a drop of water IS to be seen ; nothing hut burning .sand and barre.i rock. In other parts of this great desert there are vast tracts of tinn soil, yielding dry, stunted herbage. Jfere and there, far apart, are .sprin.^s brmg,ng back gold-dust, ivory, and ostrich feathers I They carry their goods on the back of the camel" lln.s us.;ful an.mal is sometimes called the " shin of the de.sert." ' c■.>min,^ he lies iwn l.e ; , T"''' '"'' ^^"^ «''"d-clm.d -ntil ti.e fea;;,f::;;., i* r^,. ::, - f'^':^j;the ^onnd kneels and inits his nostril. ,i . . ''° *-''"'"-'' "'«" fooated w,th tL i : id'''T;.::j '"' ':- ■■"'^ r' """ ""f- f' . large .•,„„,,ani,.,s. earrvin. ...ttn... and '-is to the Negroes of Centraf Africa, and -i.s. Central Africa an.i the coast regions near tlie Equator have two seasons in the y,.ar,-a rainy season (wlum the rain pours in torrents durin-^ a part of .nery day), and a dry seos^n. This part" of Africa IS highly fruitful, yiold.ug all kin.ls of tropical products. Here are palms, oranges, tigs an.l cocoa-nut.s. I„ .some of the low „iar«],y countries near the rivers the climate is ,,uite un- healthy, and travellers are almost sure to be seiz.'d with n.alignant fevrs. The native Negroes do not i ■sufh.r so mu.b, but they are said to be short-lived I J^.tth. IS known of Central Africa south of Sou.lan I <-xcept that it is exiren.ely hot, and has dense forests aboundnig in wihl animals. 7I!». Southern Africa has less inten.s.- heat, and I »: the far soutj, th,- climate is temperat.-. like that I ot the north. A gr.'at plain towards the south, I called the Kaf>%,n /)r,rrf, is .,uite barren in the . 3 y ' TjMme)^.^i&':'-.>. ..'^■S-m^^.^iA^iM Jstrich featherfi. '<■ of the camel, illed the " ship OSS tlic desert, for V in our country, ntl the air is filled ii's the sand-cloud se to the ground The came] also >'■ may not bo Huf- iroct th(!ir course iil'phos of water j t r('<,'ioMs iioar ('car, — a rainy eiits during a Thi,s part of all kin(i.s of oran;L;cw, figs, low iiiiirsliy ' is tjiiito nil- ' } to lj(> seized agrocs do not :! sliort-lived. li of Soudan, 1 ha,s dense isi' heat, and ite, lik.' that 1 the .south, irren in the 1, it i.s soon )wer,s. ^outh of tlio It,' t)i(> niar- larg(> wild 10 olepJiant, lion, and sou til arc Here also | , or horned IT, AFRICA. ■oundkrlai- ■^. ^li'MiifrrniiMn Sm. Inilhii Orian. ■>. >'»• II'. Ailiiitili ()co«n. OOMt Watan .'.11.111 III l,il,r,ih.ir. iilt.iil III ll.ili.i<|.Mai,|,|.. (iiiltnf Ailrn. .M'l/nnililijur Ihoiiiiiil. ^.an„.w.. .n Arabs, wl... ...„„. ion, a,o from Aralna an.l c-on.,uorod tl.,- country, Jn .1,,. {„ N-K.-OOS. iU.y „,, i^,.,,.,„, ^,^^.^^^,,^_ J^ j^^^^^_ "luny barbarous custoni.s. Tiiey often go to war witJ, eacli otlier. Some of the.n oat the prisoners whom they have cai.ture.l, and otliers .s.>ll their captives for slaves. Nearly all tiie eoloure.l people in America are descended from tho.se who were i brouglit from Africa as slaves. most degraded race. One tribe, called 7,-. •/.„,.„, are Isald to i •« only four feet liigh, an.l to be very ill- «hape,l. They have flat heads, crooked lacks, short noses, and little twists of wool on their heads in phice of hair. They have n.. houses or tents, but sleep un.ler biLshes ■n the cleft of a rock, or in a hoh. which H(',. Africa is often I «polrfhern Africa, Emfrrn Afrlra. ' (.'nUmf A/nr„, W.sfrnt A/rtro, and ^^outliern A/iicti. 757. The mo.st important countries of Northern Africa ar.. the /hrhm'!, Sinf.s and K,,„pi ■ those of Eastern Africa are Af>f/ss{„m and /^mn/ne- I'ar: ,n Central Africa is a vast region known as tJ.e So,„h„, ..omiirising many .small .states; m Western Africa ,tre A.hn,t,„ />„/,.„,,,, sierra [■:"""' ^f A/W,.- and in Southern Africa are i »/'<' Colon!,, Xolnl, Trn„m;u,L o//, lie alon- th« M..(literranean Sfa aiul extend soutlierly to tlio SaJiara. 7G0. The eliief products are grain and olives on tlie north of the Atlas Mountains, and dates on th(« soutli near tlie desert. Wandorin- Arabs, whose wealth consists in horses, slieep, and goats, form a large part of tlir population. Jews are nunu-rous m the cities. Jloliannnedanisni is the iircvailin--- religion. '^ :(!1. T!k. \UrW..yy hnr.ns are nnt.-,! f„r tlieir fleetncss, an.l the sheep the s"Tn of"thelat"t"' "■' ""T ""'" "°™^^'' ''"'"er. made from me sKin (it the goat, is an important export. tITc^^Tm '■' '" "."''^r"^''"' «t-te, ruled by an e„.,,o,or. Tlu, cty .,f Morocco i.s tl.e capital. Fez is „ot.d f . r the sl^^ tI' '■"' r'"^' "■''"■' ^'•" '""^•' -'™ "' *'- "-C n'it'es. '' ' "' """'"" '"='"•>• fi"« Mohamtneda,. 70.'!. Algeria is a Frccli pn.vince. Ahjicv,, a port .,„ the ^^.Mllt..l■lall..a^, is tii,. caiiital 704. Tiinls and Tripoli, though i„ ,„o,st ,natter.s inde- UM^l '"" '' '" '''"■'^'^'' ''»"''- The chief rZ 7(i.-.. Tho city of r«/,M is the capital of Tunis ; Tripoli is till! capital of Tripoli. ' 7(i.j .\ h,rjce caravan trade is carrie.i on l.ctween tlie liarhary States EGYPT 1'<'"1'1'' i" 111.- Hibje-particularly in the times of - .- „, I •Toseph and Mohph. X.:r::a,:"";- -:-•' m" '-' v' •-' ''- '-' -"^ ' "-»- *- =a;:^ i nattnt,. ^^ „ rea„ .., ,]us ,..n„nry and „s „ w..,. not for Ihc river. Every year, for two or leather, made from 3d by an emjiuior. is ii(it<;d for the ni in the liarbary e Mdhaniniedan 'I's, a port on tliu st matters inde- The chief ruler 'iinis ; I'ripiiU is the Barbary (States oods are excliaiigeii ' If (iincs of itiy ill tho rains liorp, ■ 'Sfthara, if for two or I ss»''~~aB»'. V EGYPT. 79 three months, the whole country is covered with water. This moistens the land, and leaves rich earth behind. The farmers do not need to plough the land or manure it; but when the water has drained off they sow their grain in the mud. There are many canals tlirough the country, from which water is taken and applied to the growing crops. Egypt has always been noted for its grain. It also produces cotton, sugar-cane, and indigo. There are many beautiful groves of the date-palm on the borders of the desert. 709. The liouses of tlic f.anncrs arc not .scattered hero and there over tlie country , but are collected in vill.ages on the higher groumls, so as to be out of the w.ay of the water. 770. The ancient Egyptians were very learned in some things. They built large cities and idol temples, which were adorned with immense stone columns and .statues, many ruins of which are still to b{! .seen in the country. Among the wonderful remains of ancient Egyptian art -.irv tiie Pyramids. These are immense stone buildings, large at the bottom, and drawn in on all sides, as one stone rises abov(! another, till they come to a point at the top. The largest jjyramid is four hundred and sixty feet high. 771. 'I'lie ancient Knyiitians did not bury tbcir do.id as we de. Tlicy first embalmed tlie biidy, by applyin); spices and drugs, so that it would not decay, and tlicy then lai 1 «0 AFRICA. 776. The ruler of Egypt is called the AVierfiw. He l^ThiTZ^d^^^^^,- ~ — .sm some matters subject to the Sultan of Turkey ^ "nu r " 1 ' T;™"'' '''''''' ''''' ^°"°». 777. Egypt clain. large territories on the south ' "'"''' ''"'^ "^^ ^^^'■ along the Nile as far as Lake Victoria Nyanza, in- cludnig Nul.ia and the eastern portion of the Soudan. thL ^Ile, ,.s „„ted fur its connection with the liistorv of (-ieuerul (Jordon. EASTERN AFRICA. u9. Abyssinia is one of the most i.nportant countries of Eastern Africa. The valleys yield nuUet, cotton, and sugar-cane. Coffee grows vvild Valuable gums are obtained from the foiests. r.SO. The inl>al)itant.s of Aby.ssinia are mostly white „ooi,le ■ but l,cy ■.uc u„civili.e.i, and live in a rude Jy. '"' / HI. Gondar is the capital of Abyssinia. 782. Zanzibar .uid Mozambique yield large sun- plii's of spices, gums, and ivory. CENTRAL AFRICA. I ^8.3. The Soudan is a larg.. fertile country. j thickly settle*! by N.groes who are further advanced i m civilization than the other Xegroos of Africa. 7H4. The chief pursuits, in. aKricult.ne anther are called Oceania, and they are usually divided into three .separate groups — Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynesia. MALAYSIA. 797. The islands in this group lie near Asia, on the south. They are sometimes called tlie East India Islands. The most important islands are Sumatra, Java, Bnriwo, Celebes, the .]fohiccas, and the Philippine Islands. 708. These islandK arc (generally iiiniiiitain(i\iH. .Sdiiie uf them havi' lofty vokannes. lOarthquakes and hurritanes aic of frequent occurrence. 799. All thf! i.slands are near the Equator. The climate is hot and moist, and the soil is fertile. The products ai'i' rice, sugar, coffee, .spices, tobacco, and various fruits of hot countries. The forests are dense like those of Brazil. They yield ebony, rose-wood, fragrant sandal-wood, camphor, cinnamon, and many valuable gums and dye-wo.o n„t.h >o ., " ir;;;^''"' ,^^*^^^ - the capital of ^ownin .Mal.ysia "* ">n«-rtant commercial *"™::;ir^s.'s ■"-'■•^ " ).,„,„; - -„e.. „ v.ry .rrcguhv, m form. In the interior are ' 810. Tliis island was discovered about two l'"""'-." r'^ ""^ ^•■'"■■'' "«". '""i '■« l-oen "'^"''"•^'' ^y "><■ '"-itisli about nn« hundred it a, places „f exile for .:rSs. iZ^u'^:: S T ' ""'VT "' a Boooiiiinion of ;imes called ered about two and Ima been t one hundred led piirtions of Iscovered to be r of oiittle and ill Islands, and iif the island. Colonies, Lne, y. urne, do. 18. OCEANIA. [Afafi (ik'idcd into Sfiiarts o/iooo Milei- Iblayiia- Celebes (Spii:eKI.inds). Austr.i1i.l. Victoria. Perth (capital!. New Zealand. Sim tat rn. riiilinnino Kt.iixU. j ni!i:>fn,, remarkable for a sort"? .ouch .n which they carry their young. The larZt o these ,8 the h,n,,aroo. The birds are beautTfuT bu hey are not noted for riclmess of song. The e„" 1 is a arge b,rd resembling the ostrich. The black Zml and lyre-tail are remarkable birds. 818. New South Wain, and Victoria have rich go d mines. South ..u.tralia is noted for its rich copper mines. 819. The inhabitants of Australia are mostly colonists from the British Isles and their descendants. 820. The natives are degraded savages Thev have neither house nor tent, but ^vander about ahuost naked, in search of food. They are back, but have not features hke the Negroes of'";r™'' '''^'''- '''' ^''^^^^«- *- '-^est cities 822 Tasmania or Van Diemen's Land, separated from Australia by Hass Strait, is about the size of JNew Brun.swick. 823. The Climate, natue plants and animals, and the pro- i degraded savages. ducts are similar to those of Southern Australia. Agricultur. ?l";:.rs;;:,'^-" - "■•■ «'■"■• "-'»' - "*" 824. New Zealand comprises two principal isl- ands and one of smaller size. is ?2il!!^'"' tuT^l " temperate and htalthful, and the soU >« ttrtile. All kmds of g,.a,n, vegetables, an''^" •''re close u,H n them When hrst c.,n>ing int., view, the trees seem to nse out of the w.ater. These are CWal Ma„d>. In «o„^e c^sesacoral island c,,ns,sts of a ring of land with a lakeTn "r:::^ sa::^:'" '■''' '""^^ ->^ "--■— ^- ^-h '-f nu'^; *^"'"' '■'!;'"'''• ^""""^ ^^ volcanoes, are elevated and n ountamous So.r.e of them are surrounded by a low cora island m the form of a broken ring or band. Vessel cLTal with? "'"'"'"^' "' "" ""^ "'*" "'« »--f"' -'•'S 835. The islands of Polynesia enjoy perpetual summer, and n.any of them are remarkable for their beauty. The natives subsist largely on the products of the cocoa-nut paln>, the bread-fruit tree, and on other fruits which cost them little labour. 83G. The most important groups of islands in Polynesia are the Fe^ee Island., the ,%cie,.y Islands, and the Sandwich Islands. 837. The Feejee Islands yield cotton, cocoa-nuts yams nanvTth""' t . •.'''"'''^'^" "---nari'es have ;nv,Zi . many of the mhab.ta..ts to Christianity. These islards \XZ IJl^, at the reanest of tho natives, l^en ^:^^^Z m The Society Islands, .„vned by France are amon,. a.e rno,st n„,.ortant of Polynesia. One of the group, ca"S S i;;iu^:;;'r::,;:-'>' "'" -"■^^ "'^•>' -^^^« ^^^ 839 The sandwich Islands, of which Hawaii is much the largest, have an independent government. About one n.n' dred years ago the natives were fierce savages, who kiHed he mi.ss,onares these i.eople are now greatly changed. Churches a d schoo s have been established, and the king and a 1^ all h,s subjects have embraced the Christian religi.m. The products are sugar-cane, coffee, rice, tobacco, and whea rSctt"'"1' ''^ '"^•""*''^ ^"'''^'^ '^■V «hips cr S tne racihc between America and Asia. iiBaWSS^EK yoy perpetual emarkable foi- largely on tlie !ie bread-fruit 3t them little of islands in the icoa-nutH, j-ams, liave C(invi>rted lese iwlands liave inexod to (Jreat rice, are among 10 group, called nd 18 celebrated all Ih much the Vbout one hun- , who killed the 1 tlio labours of ged. Churches ing and nearly \ religion. The ;o, and wheat. ' ships crossing POPULATION Ob' THE IJrincipiil Countries unb Cities of the (Iclorli). NORTH AMERICA. DOMINION OF CANADA; — Nova Scotia 440,572 Halifax 36,100 Counties of Nova Scotia. Cumberland 27,368 Colchester 26,720 Pictou 35,535 Antigonish 18,060 Uuysborough 17,808 Halifax 67,917 Lunenburg 28,583 Queen's 10,577 Sluburne 14,013 Yarmouth 21,284 Digby 19,881 Annapolis 20,598 King's 23,469 Hants 23,3,59 Inverness 25,651 Victoria 12,470 Cape Breton 31,258 Richmond 15,121 New Brunswick 321,233 St. John 20,127 Portland 15,220 Fredericton 6,218 Moncton 5,032 Prince Edward Island 108,981 Charlottetown 11,485 Quebec 1,359,027 Montreal 140,747 Quebec 62,446 Three Rivers 8,070 Levis 7,597 Sherbrooke 7,227 Hull 6,890 St. Henrie 6,415 St. Jean Baptiste 5,874 Sorel 5,791 St. Hyacinth 5,321 Ontario 1,923,228 Toronto 86,415 Hamilton 35,961 Ottawa 27,412 London 19,740 Kingston 14,091 (luelph 9,890 St. Catherine's 9,631 Brantford 9,616 Belleville 9,516 St. Thomas 8,367 Stratford 8,239 Chatham 7,873 Brockville 7,609 Peterborough 0,812 Windsor 6,561 Port Ho|)e 5,585 Woodstock .5,373 Gait .5,187 Lindsay 5,080 Manitoba 123,200 Winnipeg 7,744 British Columbia 40,4.5!» Victoria .5,925 Districts and Territories 56,440 NEWFOUNDLAND 181 ,753 St. Johns 22,.583 Harbour ( irace 6, 700 UNITED STATES ,50,442,066 Wa.< I WEST INDIES.. British Weat'liidies.' -'amar'a Kiii(,'aton H.VHAMAS TlilNIDAD Heumuims Cuba Havana Haytl POPULATION OF THE WORLD, •1,<>17,000 1,200,000 MO.OOO 3r),ooo 43,500 ...153,000 14,000 j 1,395,000 I .230,000 ' ...750,000 EUROPE BRITISH ISLES ;- England.. Wales Scotland Ireland Isle of Man. .... Channel Isles ... GREENLAND.. ICELAND ^^>^ 72,000 SOUTH COLOMBIA li"g00 I Kingstnn-uimn-HiiIl.. 80,000 I ^'ewcastle '' WestJiam 240,000 j P<>rt.sni(nith.. ....'.['.',,, .47,000 I r^LMccHter f^iuidorland.. Oldliani .■.■."■'■' ''I'ightnn liiiltdn Ijlackbiirn ■•24,608,3»1 ... 1,3.59,895 •3,734,370 •1,159,839 53,492 _^.87,731 3"),003i718 DENMARK . Copenhagen.... RUSSU '■^t. Petersburg.. Moscow Ode.s.sa Warsa\v •2,100,000 235,000 7^'^ I BroNlan ^^^'^ I Leipsic.'; 239,000 Munich ^27,000 AOSTRIA AND HUNGARY Vienna Buda-Pe.sth Prague Trieste 200,000 •'f8,000,000 1,020,000 .270,000 I .190,000 I .109,000 I 4,200,000 HOLLAND Amsterdam ....'.■'.'.■.'.■,'.'.■,' .^ K-tterdam f^'?^ TI>eH,^,c .:.•.■:.•;.•.■.■ "^'"OO BELGIUM... Brussels. . . . Antwerp... 0 ^^'^ 200,000 PARAGUAY Asuncion ^'^ 20,000 TOOaUAY Mont>= Video '*^°'^ ^'^ .91,000 Dublin.. Ifelfast... Cork Cities nf Ireland. 249,480 207, f^oo 00(. ' lionie.. -,800,000 Geneva::;;;:;; 't'T 70,000 SPAIN Madrid Barcelona. Valencia Limerick !«-*'l Lomlomierrv...;;; 2^'''^ ^^--^-"••' :::::::: ::::SS[ SWEDEN « :=:::::.:::::*'K i NORTir*v l'i,300,000 307,000 21(i,000 1M,000 PORTUGAL ^ ITALY «:': 28,2M,000 I S"r 234.000 Milan '•"'•<^ I S 202,000 ,. " 214,000 "'"•""«« 168.000 ■ "'^*^- ras^ajasssfe^ 2,100,000 £30,000 76,3a5,000 C70,000 «02,000 186,000 308,000 ■IJi, 200,000 ) 1,100,000 393,000 221,000 ... 239,000 127,000 .200,000 RY ••i«,ooo,ooo 1,020,000 .27'>,000 I 190,000 ' .100,000 ! ■1,200,000 I .302,000 .. 1-13,000 .108,000 I 6,53(i,000 • ..3!»1,000 ...lt!0,0()0 i ...130,000 I 37,000,000 .2,000,000 343,000 , ■ 320,000 I •215,000 i 2,800,000 36,000 7(1,000 16.300,000 867,000 216,000 ..1M,000 4,350,000 .2(ir.,ooo 108,000 28,2.'i0,000 234,000 .451,000 202,001) QRKECE 2,000,000 Atlmiis 48,000 TURKEY 5,fi00,000 CimHtatitinople 000,000 Adriiuiople 01,000 EASTERN ROUMELIA 81(1,000 Philippopolis. 28,000 I BULOARIA 2,000,000 I Siipliiii. 50,000 POPULATION OF THE WORLD. ISLAND OF CEYLON 2,755,000 BURMAH 4,000,000 ROUMANIA. Hucliiirnst. .5,376,000 ...178.IW0 BBRVIA 1,700.000 HolKTiidi; 27,000 MaiuUilay 90,000 SUM 7,000,000 liankok 2.5-5,000 ANAM 21,000,000 Hu,'- ■50,0 CHINESE EMPIRE 4:iO,v)(K),()00 Pokiii 1,.^K)0,00() Canton 1,500,(X)0 JAPAN .35,000.000 Toki.i, 1,000,000 MONTENEORO .28C.,000 AFRICA. ASIA. ASIATIC RUSSIA 1,5,000,000 TiflJH 104,(XI0 Tiwlikcnd 80,000 ASIATIC TURKEY 17,000,000 .Smyrna 1.50,000 DaniiiMt'iiM 1.50,000 ,r0fortli Sankatchewan . Ottawa Red River I'Vascr AsHiin'lK)ine St. .Tohn 2,000 md United States. ■■^"*^ Doiiiiiiion of Canada 1.800 U. S. and Mexieo. .1,200 . I United States and Do- • million of Canada. ■1.^00 Unit(.d Stiites. ■1>100 Doiniiiion of Canada. •I'OOO Dominion of Canada. 000 ...Dominion of Ciiiada. • '^OO Dominion of Canada. ■ 800 Domiiiiim of Caniula. 770 Dominion of Canada. 800 Dominion of Caniula. 700., [United States and Do '"■and , . '""'"'y- Peticodiae ,J^ /'""""ion of Canada. I Richelien ^ '""""i-m of (Jaiiada. ! Trent... J' """""icn of Caiiad.-v, ' '0 l^'"i"iniun of Canada. ' SOUTH AMERICA. Amazon .(^^^ „ ., •'.000 Urazd. La Plata and Parana 2,.-)00, . . i ^--ff^ntino Republic, Orinoco... , .^ ''"■■"■agiiay, and Brazil. l.COO Venezuela. SanFranci«co j'V^ „ , J'.ir;i .m,i T J- '^00 Hrazil. lttraandT.«..antm8 1,300 B,„,ii_ I St. Afaiirice. Saifupnay ^finimiehi ... >fadawaHka, . Restijfourfip Thainen Peta'.vawft •Sttlipnieon . . 700 J.-)0 •I.W 400 400 22.f, 200 200 ino 1.^0 niinion of Canada, ..Dominion of Canada. Dominion of Canada. ( Diimiiiion of Canada ' and United States. Dominion of Canada. Dominion of Canada. Dominion of Canada. T>oininion of Canada. F>ominion of Canada. Dominion of Canada. Dominion of Canada. dominion of Canada. Volga.. Danulie. EUROPE. 2,400 Russia. 1,850... i'^'"*'''". ) Roiiniania, HnieiHT.. . ,.^ ' M'^rvia, and l?.,lgaria. p,,^ '.'^w RuBHia. ""' 1.040 HugHJa. 000 Petchora Rhine. . Dwina... ,, . ^ 700 RuHMia, MnieHter 7(v\ „, . ^"^ (i70 . RiiHHia. • Jennany and Holland. "^'■"'"la '.....! 020 Oder Tjoire Mense Tagns Duna ' •eriniiny. RiiHHia and (lermany. "W Oermany. f>!W . . France. ■'■"'^ Framw and Belgium. Wr. Spain and Portugal. WX) RuHMtt. 'nihtry. m of Canada, 'n of f!aiiada. in of Canada. m of Canada, o Republic, ly, and Urazil. Koumania, nd Hnlgaria- nd Holland. Oermany. Bfltfium. I'<>rtii)fal. River. Leiii^li in Miles. Country Rhone 490 France. I'" 450 Italy. Kouro 430 Spain and rortufc'al Seine 430 France. Ebro 420 Spain. Guadiana 40O Spain. Niemen 400 Kus,sia. daronne S.'iO.. Weser 850.. fruadalquivir 300. , Scheldt 225. ■ France. .Cerniany, .Spain. .Holland. Thames 220 England. Severn 220., Shannon 220.. Tiber inn., Tay 130.. . England. .Ireland. Italy. .Scotland. Hirer. LeUKth in .Miles. Country. ^V'"""" 2,040 Chinese Empire. Jf"aiiglio 2,000 China. '"*' -'-r)00 Rus.«ia (Silrria). I^™'^ -',400 Rns.Kia (Sihrria). ^M"^^^!/; 2,000 Furtiier India. lirahmapootra 2,000 India. I''tl"« l,«r)0 India. Euphrates ijno Kasnia. "■ing''« 1,(100 India. Inawaddy 1,200 India. Tigris l,l,f)0 Rus.sia. SyrorSihon. Jiiio Hn.-^sia. AniooorO.xus 'joo Turkestan. Clyde 100 Scotland. AFRICA. 3,300 ASIA. Yang-tHe-Ki.ang 3,200 China. i Yenesei 2,900 Russia (Siberia). .3,000., Kpypt. Central Nile Congo ( Africa, >fipffr 2,.n00 Western Africa ^""''•i'«i 1,600 South Africa. Orange or Gariei 1,000 South Africa. !ind Western ciHountains of the SlIovIi). NORTH AMERICA. •"""k- llaUBe. Ilei»l,t ill reel, Ciunlry. Mt. St. Elia.H Sierra X«>vada..l9,.")00... I'. S. (Alaska). ^t' Helen's Sierra Nevada.. 15,7,')0. . I^^nited States. •T';ff;'''''on Sierra Nevada. 15,. ",00. .United States. Whitney Sierra Nevada .14,898. .United Statis. Fairweather SierraNevada .14,780 .1^ S. (Alaska). ^''iixt'i Sierra Nevada.. 14,442 .Cnited Stat.'.s. '^""fl Sierra Nevada.. 14,.'t(iO... United .States. ^f"""*'''' Kocky 1""*•-»'■ cu„„try. Miltxin A*i -0,000... Eastern Coast. ji±niim Atlas ii 4nn \-r„„ Teneritfe j.Vi"^-^^-^'''^"'''^"- *""- :;:::::::::: ^S'r'*"'"^: ^"''^"''^' ',000... Cape Verde Islands. Fogo . Kiliraandjaro AFRICA. 22,«14 Eastern Coast. OCEANIA. MaunaLoa :'^-^"T"'; x Kilauea ^; ' '1'°' ' ^'""^'^'' I« \rt Oofik •^■"'O-. Sandwich Islands. ILZT^ 13,200...New Zealand. 9-000. .New Zealand. Kosciusko. Kassoumbi) Ruapahii . Islands IlLt Country. em Coast. JCCO. try Islands. ' Verde Islands. I'filia. .tra. wich Islands. nicli Islands. Zealand. Zealand. i