^9u iMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 1.0 ■^ Ii2ii mil 2 2 1.1 f.'^l 1.25 III 1.4 III 1.6 % yj 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTRN.Y. 14910 (716) S72-4503 ""^ \ •s? signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film6s A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich*. il est filmA A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenent le nombre d'Images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. \ i i 1 ' s 1 2 3 4 5 6 , V g>^ ^>- .2^ $^.o^^^ <>^ 5" <^^ r^r# .Xi^r;.fW-«rT^. . ■^■■^^.:. '■ -1' ■ ^ ^ ^1;.^ ■ - L 'a- X>-'V'%''^'X'^ ^ t. M t ,ti:''"T. ♦ ^1 . .ij. I i i i piiL^ -«r» JL^HE Ut'fKty 6f an Element AIR V Geography being universally adrt»itte 13. Besides the motion of the planets round the sun, called their Annual or Yearly Motion, they have another round their own axis from west to est, called their DiurnD^l or Daily Mo* tion> So that each Planet .. ^ a. twofold 010- tton, an annual and a diurnal ; but the -sun hat only the latter. He revolves round his axis from west to east, in twenty-five days and an half. — The times of the diurnal revolutions of only four of the planets are yet known, viz. .Venus, the Earth, MarSj and Jupiter. The proximity ©f atm ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. of Mercury to the sun, and the immense distance of Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus, have as yet baffled the attempts of astronomers to ascer- tain the times of their revolutions on their axis.— Venus turns once round in twenty-four of our days nearly; the Earth in twenty- four hours; Mars in twenty-four hours and forty minutes, and Jupiter in nine hours and fifty-six minutes. 14. Mercury and Venus are called Inferior Planets, because the earth's Orbit includes theirs ; but Mars, Jupiter. Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus, are called Superior Planets, because their orbits incUde the Earth's/ The inferior Planets xrill sometimes appear east of the sun, and sometimes west according to the part of their Dibits they are in ; when east they are Evening Stars, and when west. Morning Stars. Venus, at most, can set but three hours and a quarter after the sun, and rise three hours and a quarter before him, and Mercury two hours. When they rise and set with the sun if they be in the remote part of the orbjt, we call this the Supe- lior Conjunction, but if in the nearest part, the Inferior Conjunction ; at which time, if they fall exactly between the earth and the sun, then such n phenomenon is called a Transit, and the planet will appear like a black spot passing over the sun : These transits happen but seldom."— As the orbits of the superior planets include that of the earth therefore they will sometimes ap- pear quite opposite to the sun, that is, rise when he sets, and set when he rises; and this is called the time of their Opposition ; they may rise and set also with the sun, like the inferior planets : Hence the superior planets have both con- junctions and oppositions ; but the inferior planets have only conjunctions. I j. The planets, in moving round the sun, are nearer to him at one time than another ; for their orbits are not perfect cii;cles but ellip- ses ; and the sun is placed in one of the foci, which are two points at some distance from the centre ; and the distance of either focus from the' centre, is called the Excentricity of the orbit. In the Earth's otbit, the excentricity is seventeen parts of a thousand ; so that if the mean distance of the earth from the sun be supposed a thou- sand equal parts, the distance of the earth when nearest the sun is seventeen parts less than a thou- sand, but when farthest from him, in the oppo- site part of the orbit, seventeen parts more than a thousand. — The point in a planet's orbit, near- est the sun, is callad the Perihelion, and the op- posite point, the Aphelion : Perihelion from the Greek ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. ' Greekj Peri, about, or near to, and, Helios, the Sun; Aphelion, from A, wanting or ab- sent from, and Helios, the sun. — The earth is in its perihelion about the latter end of De-^ ^■cember; and in its aphelion the latter end of June. i6. It has already been mentioned, that the Earth has one moon, Jupiter four, Saturn seven, ' and the Georgian planet three. These moons ' ' are called Secondaries, or planets of a second order in contradistinction to the others, which are called Primaries, or chief planets. They ^ are also called Satellites, which is the Latin for cvARDs; because, like guards, they attend their primaries, continually moving round them, from west, to east, as they, in their immense orbits, revolve round the sun. 17. Comets are another sort of planets, moving, in all directions, round the sun, in or- bits so very excentric, that some of them in their perihelions are more than a thousand times nearer the sun, than in their aphelions. In their return from their aphelion^, their motion is con- tinually accellerated by the attraction of the sun; so that by the trmc they reach their perihelions, their velocity is imn^ensely great ; but haying passed their perihelions, their velocity is contt* nualfy diminished by the suns attraction, unuU they reach their aphelions, when it is the leaA ; and in the opposite points of their ascents and de- scents, their velocity is the same.— Some comet* have passed so near the sun, as to be only the dis- tance of one of his diamaters from him. They are so much htated in their perihelions, that they project tails to a prodigious length. In Sir Isaac Newton's lime, a comet passed so near the sun, that he calculated its, heat to be three thou- sand times greater than that of red- h'ot iron ; and that it would be two hundred years in cool- ing. — Comet is derived from the Greek word KoME, hair ; because the long tails of comets appear like hair } and hence' they were called Hairy Stars. 18. The Fixed stars are supposed to be of the same matter with the sun, and made for the same ends, each of them being the centre of its own proper system of worlds or pktnets moving round it as our sun is. Th(&y are called Fix- ed Stars, because they never change their dis- tances or positions in regard to each other ; and the Planets were so called from the Greek word, FLANET£S,a wandcrcr ; for by reason of their revolutions round the sun, they appear, to the B 3 inhabitant ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. i , inhabitants of the earth, to wander, or change their positions iii the heavens continually. — ^The Fhced Stars are so inconceivably distant from us, that a cannon ball would take seven hundred thousand years in reaching Sirius, which is sup- posed the nearest to us ; supposing it discharged from the earth, and continually to fly on with the same velocity it left the cannon's moutb 19. The particles of light ate the swiftest bo- dies we know of; they fly from the sun to the earth in eight minutes but a cannon ball would be twenty- five years in passing over the same space, which is'about ninety-six millions of miles : Nevertheless, there may have been stars, or suns with their systems, created at the same time that our earth was, whose light has never yet reach- ed us. ' Indeed, could we launcli out into space, and fly with ten times the velocity of the parti- cles of light, to the most distant star we see, and so on for ages in the same direction, even there we should find ourselves in the centre of creation, and see as many stars before as we left behind ; for space is infinite without top or bottom. Well therefore may it be said, that •• the human " understanding is bewildered in the contem- ** plation of the wonders of the firmament , that *' the gid()y fancy turns round, and ia entirely " loft and sun\ in the abyss of creation ! " But the Creator fills all this infinite space, and his power, wisdom, goodness and above all his mercy, are «8 boundless i 20* As all the planets whether the be pti. maries or secondaries, are opaque spherical bo- dies which receive their light and heat from the sun ; tiKrefore, that half of each which is next the sun will be illuminated, and the other half will be dark ; and each will project a dark sha> dow behind it, which, because the sun is much the largest body, must end in a point : the sha- dows of die planets are therefore dark cones, whose lengths will be greater or lesser, according to the planet's magnitude and distance from the sun. The length of the earth's shadow is about one hundred and seven of its diameters, and that of the moon thirty diamaters of the earth : Now since ^the moon's mean distance from the earth is also thirty diameters of the earth ; therefore the moon's shadow at a mean, will juft reach the earth ; but because her orbit round the earth is elliptical, and of consequence at one time she is nearer to the earth than the mean distance, and at another time more remote; therefore her sha- dow will sometimes extend a little beyond the earth and sometimes fall sJiOrt of it : but the earth's ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. earth's shadow always extends far beyoand the noon, as its length is three times and a half her ilistance, and its diameter, at the moon, is nearly equal to three of hers : These things be- ting premised. ,21. The eclipses of the sun and moon are produced in a similar way : An eclipse of the noon is caused by the earth's falling in between the moon and sun ; and thereby intercepting his light ; or in other words, an eclipse of the moon is caused by the moon's fiiUing into the earth's shadow- An eclipse of the sun is produced by the moon's passing between the earth and the sun, or what is the same thing, by the moon's shadow striking the earth. In eclipses of the moon, that luminary absolutely loses its light « but in those''of the sun he does not lose his light the moon only intercepting it from the earth for that time; and hence solar eclipses are properly eclipses of the earth. There is another differ- ence between lunar and solar eclipses ; which is, that the moon may be totally darkened for near two hours ; but no more than a few miles of the earth's surface can be totally deprived of the sun's jayx, for about two minutes. 22. Jupiter's moons, like ours, are eclipsed every time they pass through his, shadow; these eclipses happen very frequently, and are of spe* cial use in determining the longitudes of places on our earth ; but the brevity of our plan pre* vents us from entering into the nature and utility of these curioQs phenomena. — The word eclipse is derived from the Greek, Ekleipo, to faint, or swoon away ; and consec^ently in respect to the moon, the term is very well applied ; but in respect of the sun, it does not answer so well ; for he never faints away, or loses his light, as was said before. 23. The moons face seems to assume various forms to the earth ; for, fi'om the new-moon to the full, which is about fourteen days and eigh- teen hours, it gradually increases, then from the full moon to the new, it gradually decreases ; and hence is said, the moon's Crescent. and De- crease. In the crescent, the mooa Brst appears FALCATED (crooked), next bisected (halved,. or half full), aftei wards gibbous (round back- ed), then full; in tlie decrease, first cisbovsj next BISECTED, again falcated, then- D-ARK. These different appearances are called her Phases or Faces, from the greek word Phases^ an appearance. The rcMon whereof io' ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. ".i, because she shines with the borrowed light of Che sutif and reflects it to the earth : and since only her half next the sun is always illuminated, t])crefore, in her revolution round the earth, she must necessarily turn a greater or lesser portion of this enlightened hemisphere to us, recording to her different positions in respect to thesun,and of consequence assume such different phases. — The eclipses of the sua dways happen at the CHANGE; for in that case, the sun and moon being in conjunction, and the dark side of the moon turped to the earth, if she exactly falls be- tween the sun and the eai^h, there is necessarily an eclipse. The eclipses of the moon happen at the F'vLL MOON, when the sun being opposite to her, and her enliglitened side turned to the earth, if she exactly fall into the earth's shadow, she coooequently must sulTer an eclspse, that is, lose the sun's light. 14. The inferior planets, Mercury and Ve- nus, shew the same phases nearly to the earth, as the moon : but almost the whole of tlie en- lightened hemisphere of the superior planets is constantly turned to the larth ; therefore these planets seem always to shine with a full face. 35. By reason ofthemoon*s vicinity to the earth, she appcrus as large as the sun; yet the sun is so large as to be more than sufficient to fill her orbit ; for his diameter is about an hun- dred times that of the earth's, but the diameter of her orbit, is only equal to -sixty of the earth's diameters. ^ a5. The earth exhibits the same phases to the moon, that she does to us ; for the earth and moon are mutually moons to each other ; but with this difference, however, that only one half nof the moon has the benefit of the earth's light; because her revolution round the earth is perform- ed in the very same time that she turns once round on her axis, and consequently slie always turns the same side to us ; whereas every part of the earth receives moon light, on account of its turning all its sides to the moon* 27. Of all the satellities or secondary planets, yet known, our moon bears the greatest propor- tion to her primary, the earlh. She Is nearly ■^^^^ part of the earth's magnitude, — her diameter being about zzoo English miles. Her surface is exceedingly uneven, abounding in high moun- tains and deep vallios. Dr. Ilerschell has disco- vered that some of her mountains are volcanos, and that she is surrounded with an atmosphere, which douptlesshy, like ours, is designed for the respiration of animals : Hence we may rationally conclude that she is inliabited. Of ELEMEKTTS of GEOGRAPHY. tV Of TH« EARTH. TT A V.I N G taken a carsory view of the ^^ heavenly bodies* we proceed to give a more particular account of the planet which we inhabit. The ^ Earth, though called a globe, is not perfectly round, but is widened at the equator, and flnttened at the poles; so that its diameter from east to west, is about thirty miles longer than from north to south. Its figure is an ob- late apheriod. It movcij round the sun once in a year. This is called the earth's annual mo- tion, to which M'e are indepted for the differ- ence in the length of the days and nights, and for the variety in the seasons. The diameter of , the earth's orbit, is 190,346,000 milts. And since the circumference of a circle, it to its diameter, as 35$ is to 113, the circumference of the earth's orbit is 507,987,646 miles. And as the earth describes this orbit in 365 days and 6 hours, (or in 8766 hours,) it is plain that it travels at the rate of 68,217 miles every hour i so that its velocity in its orbit is at least 142 times as great as the velocity of a cannon-ball. supposing the ball to move throuh eight mijiev. in a ininutej which it is found to do nearly* At (his rate it would take 22 years and 2%8 days for a cannon-ball to go from this earth to the sun. The Earth is 25,038 miles in circi^mferenee ; and by turning on its axis once in twenty-four hours from west to east, causes a continual suc- cession of day and night, according as either side is turned to or from the sun ; and occasions an apparent motion of the sun and heavenly bodies from tast to west. T'his b called the earth's DtuRNAL, or daily motion, .by which the inha- bitants of the equator are carried 1040 miles every hour. That the earth is round like a globe is evident i First; From its having been circumnavigated, or sailed round by Magellan, Sir Francis Drake» Lord Anson, Captain Cook and others. St- coNDLY, From its shadow in eclipses of the moon, which shadow is bounded by a clrcujlar line. . As the earth is round and habitable on all sides it will doubtless appear strange, that persons can stand directly opposite to us on the otiier side. But this will easily be conceived, when it is considered to ELEXtEKTS or (^EOGRAPRY. considered that the earth attracts all bocfics, on or nei^r its suTface* towards its centre e<|aally on A\\ sides'. If so, the people who ai^e opposite to OS ftand just as firm asr'we dd> It Is now ten o'clock fn the morning, and we think we are standing upright on the upper part of the earth^o^We sbail think the -same at ten p'ctock this evening, when the earth shall have turned half round, because we shall then per- ceive no differosce of posture. We shall then be exactly in the jpositiofi of tb^ose persons who now stand on the opposite side of the earth. Since they ire strongly attracted, towards the centre of the earth as we are, they ean be in lio more danger of falling downward, than we are at pre- sent of falling upwards. A R T LF I C I A L G L O BE. A N artificial globe is a round body, whose ^^ surfao« is every where equally remote from the centre; and on which the external form of our habitable world is represented, and all 'the parts of the earth and water are described in their natural order, form, distance and situation. > la order to determine the situathin of places on the glebe, it is supposed to be ciroomscribed by several imaginary circles. Each circle is di- vide^ into 360 equal parts, called degrees ; each dtgree is divided into 60 minutes, and each mi> nute into tfo seconds. Axis or thb Eakth.] The axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through. its centre firpm north to south upon which the globe is supposed to turn every twenty four hours. The extreme points of the axis are called the poles. CiRCLBS.] A, circle passing through the cen« tre of the globe, and thereby dividing it int« two equal parts or hemispheres, is called a great CIRC LB. Of these there are six.r—The equa. tor, the meridian, the ecliptic, the horiaon, and two colures. -« Cieciles dividing the spjieiwinto unequal parts, are called imall oit LBSstR cxRai.B9, of which ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. U vhtch there are four, the two tropics* and the two polar circles*' Ei^uATOR.] The equator is that line or cir- cle vrhich encompwes the middle of the earth, dividing the northern h»lf from the southern. This line is often called the Xij^viMOcTiAL, becausQ* when the sun appears therein, the 6tyi and nights are equal in all pans of the world.— From this line latitude is reckoned. * liifERiDiAW.] This circle ts repjesented on the artificial globe by a birass rin g, and is divi- ded into 360 degrees. It passes through the poles of the earth, and .the zknit«, and the ' 11 AS I R, crossing the equator at right angles, and dividing the globe into eastern and western hemisplieres. It is called MSRibiAM from the Latin MRRiDrss, mid-day; because when the sun comes to the south part of this circle it is called noon , and the day is half spent. There are an infinite number of meridians, which vary as you travel east or «^st. Geographers assume one of the meridians for the first ; common- ly that which passes through the metropolis of their 9wn country. The meridian of London is the jirst for the English i and tliat of Paris for the f repich. Eci.iPTic.]The ^cHptic is.a great circle, in whose plane t^e earth performs her anual revolution round the sun ; or in which the sun,, seems to move, round the earth once in a yeaK This circle is called the Ec li pti c, from the word EcLipsS, because no eclipse of the sun or moon happens, but when the moon is in or near the place of this circle. It makes an angle with the equator of 23° 30, and intersects it in two opposite paru called the bcj^vin.octiax. POINTS, because whan the sun is in eithct of these points he has no declination, and shines equally to both poles, and the day is then equal to the night all over the world. The timet when the stm passes through these points, are the zist of March, and the tist of September ; the former is called the vxrnal, the latter the* AVtvMNAi, equinox. , The ecliptic is divided into twelve equal parts of thirty degrees each, called signs. These begin at the vernal intersection of the ecliptic with the equctor, and zfe numbered from west to east. The names and charccters of tlie signs, with the mo nths in which the sun enters them* are as follow : ' '♦ [' ^^ ■ ' la ■ ' . ! 1 r • / I ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPfitY. 1 Arios 2 Taurus 3 Gemini 4 Cancer 5 Lea 6 Virgo 7 Libra 8 Scorpio 9 Sagittarius 10 Capricornus 11 Aquarius' •iaR«ce» The Ram . T The Bull » The Twins n The Crab O The Lion ^ The Virgin m The Scales 14 The Scorpion It The Archer t The Goat 'Vflf The Water-Bearer «« The Fishes "H March April June July August September October November December January February Zodiac] If two circles were drawing paral- lel to the ecliptic, at tj;ie distince of eight de* .^rees on each side of it, the space, or girdle lyn^luded between these two parallels, sixteen degrees broad, and divided in the middle by the ecliptic, will comprehend within it the orbits of itU the planets, and is called the Zodiac. Horizon.] The horizon is represented on the artificial globe by a broad wooden circle, dividing into upper and lower hemispheres. There are, geographically speaking, two hori- zons, the SBMSiBLB and the rational. The sensible horizon is that circle which limits our prospect; where tlicSky and the land and' water appear to meet> The rational or real hortion, ia a circle whose plane passes through the center of the earth, dividing it into upper and lower hemispheres. The horizon is divided into four quarters, and each quarter into 90 degrees. The four quartering points, viz. east, west, north and south, are called the Cardinal points. The poles of the horizon are the zenith and the nadir. The former is the point directly over our heads; the latter the point directly under our feet. Colo RES.] The colures are two meridian lines which divide the globe into four quarters. They are called colores, to distinguish them from Other meridians. The both pass through the poles of the world, and one of them through the equinoctial points Aries and Librn ; the other through BLEMEITTS of GEOGRAPHY. n ler an rs. sen gh ICC gh Ihrough the 9olstit!«l poinU Capricorn and Can- cer: The former is called the equinoctial, the ktter the solsitial colure* l*ROPics.] The tropics tre two circles Jrawn parallel to the equator, at the distance of as^ 30'' on each side of it. These circles Jform the limits of the ecliptic, or the sun's de- clination from the equator. That which is in the aorthern hemisphere is called the tropic of Can- cer ; because it touches the ecliptic in the sign Cancer; and that in the southern he- misphere, is called the tropic of Capricorn, because it touches the ecliptic in the sign Capricorn. On the aist of June the sun is in Cancer, and we have the longest day. On the aist of December the sun is in Capricorn, tnd we have the shortest day. They are called TROPICS, from the Greek word Trepo^ to TVRN, because when the sun arrives at them, lie returns again to the equator* Polar Circles.] The two polar circles Rre described round the poles of the earth, at the distance of 430 30'. The northern is called the Arctic circle, from Arctos, or the bear, a constellation sitoated near that place in the heavens; the southern, be* ing opposite to the former, is called the Ak* Tarctig circle.— The polar circles bound the places where the sun sets daily. Beyond them the sun revolves without setting. Zones.] The tropics tnd polar circles di- vide the globe into five parts, called Zones, or Belts ; viz. One torrid, two temperate* and two frigid zoaes. The Torrid Zone, 47 degrees broad, is bounded by the tropics, and divided in the middle in the equator. It is called the torrid or burning zone, because the sun, being always over some part of it, makes it extremely hot* Each of the Temperate Zones is 4) degrees in breadth. The one which lies between the tropic of Cancer and the arctic circle, is called the north temperate zone ; and the other, lying between the tropic of Capricorn and the antarctic circle, is called the south temperate zone. The mildness of the weather in these spaces, which are between the extremes of heat and cold, has acquired to them the name of Temperate zones. C T))f EL5HE.MTS OF <>EOGRAPHY, ^ The two Frigid Zones, so <;aikd on AGCount of the extreme cold of those reglonSf are included between the polar circles and the poles. Eaeh of them is 23^ 30'. broad.: Climates.] By a number of other circles^ drawn parrallel to the equator, the earth is divi- ded into climates. A Cli M ATE is a tract of the earth's surface. Included between the equator and a parrallel of latitude, or between two parallels of such a breadth, as that the length of the day in the one, be half an hour longer than in the other. Within the polar circles, however, the breadth of a circle is «uch, that the length of a day, or the time of the sun's continuance abore the horizon without setting is a month longer in one parrallel, as you proceed northei^Iy, than in the other. Under the equator, the day is always twelve hours long. The days gradually increase in length as you advance either north or south from the equator. The space between the equator, and a parallel line drawn at the dis- tance of 80' aj,' where the days are twelve I us and a half long, is called the first cUpiate; and by conceiving parallels drawn in this mtfi^ n^r, at the increase of every half hour, it wilt be found that there are twenty- four climates between the equator and each of the polar cix- des.— Forty-eight in the whole. Under the polar circles, the longest day \% itwenty-four hours. The sun when at the trc pics, skims the horizon without setting. As you advance from the polar circles to ^e poles, the sun continues above the horizon for days, weeks and months, in a constant increase until you arrive at the pales, wJiere the 'sun is six months above tlie hunzun ; and the whole year may be said to consist of 'but one day and one night. There are thirty climates between the equator and either pole. In the iirst twenty-four, be- tween the equator and each polar circle, the period of incrase for every climate, is half an hour. In the other six between the polar circles and either pole, the period of increase for each climate is a month. These climates continually decrease in breadth as you proceed from the equator as may be seen by attending jto the following tabid. TABLE- ELEMENfS OF eEOGRAPHY/ H f 8 a o jg M g « 1 a 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 xo II 12 13 >4 IS 16 17 l8 '9 ao 21 a3 24 t l^i 3 n c ilS h I2i 13 i3i 14 Hi IS iSi i6 i6i 17 x8 i8i 19 i9i 20 20i 21 2Ii 22 22^ 23 23i 24 ash month a6u do. a?!} do. 2814 do. adji do. 3o^ do. d 8 i<) a3 30 36 41 45 49 5« 54 56 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 6S 66 66 66 66 67 69 73 78 &4 90 37 as 25 5° 25 2» 22 29 01 00 2 29 58 18 25 22 06 49 21 47 06 20 28 31 21 48 37 30 OS o .'ii T A B L E. Names of coontrks «nd remarkable places shuated In tBe respective climates, north of the equator, Within the first climate liv The Gold cdast in Africa, Cayenne and Surinam in S America Abissinia, Slam, Madras, Darien, Barbadoes- Mecca, Bengal, Canton, A7:xico, Jamaica, Gaudelapei ^ Egypt, Delhi, Canary Isles, £. Florida, Havanna. 1; Gihraltefj Jerusalem, Nanking, Georgia and Carolina. 6 Lisbon, Madrid, Asia-Minor, Virginia. 7 Rome, Constantinople, Caspian Sea, New-England. 8 Paris, Vienna, Nova Scotia, Newfoun^fland, Canada. 9 London, Flanders, Prague, Dresden, Cracow, (o Dublin, Warsaw Holland, HanoTer> Labxador> 1 1 Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Moscow* 12 South part of Sweden, Siberia. r3 Orkney Isles,. Stockholm. 14 Bergen in Norway, Petersburg in Rusift» [15 Hudson's Straits. 16 South Part of West Grc«nland. 17 Drontheim in Norway. 18 Part of Finland in Russia. 19 Archangel on the White Set, Russia. 20 Hecla in Iceland. ui Northern Parts of Russia and Siberia* 12 New- North- Wales, in N. America. > Z3 Davis's Straits in ditto. 24 Samoieda. 25 South Part of Lapland. 26 West Greenland. 27 Zembia Australis. 28 Zembia Borealis. Z9 Spitsbergen, 9r£< Greenland. 30 Unknown. C % The 1$ ELEMENTS 69 GEOiGfRAPHY* The iijffireni Situations vf th np H E terms used in geography to express ^ the different situation with respect to the place where ve are, are these three, !■ e. the Feiiaeci, the ^taeci, and the Antipodes. The Feriaeci are situate under the same paral- lel of latitude but opposite meridians, differing 1 8^ in their longitude. It is midnight with them when it is noon with us ; but the length of days, ahd their seasons are the same. These are found by bringing any given place to the meridian, or brazen circle, then fixing thehororary index and turning the globe half round. The Antaeci are situate under the same meri- dian, but opposite latitudes. These have the seasotis opposite to ours : it is the middle of win- ter with them, when it is midsummer with us ; but they have the same noon-day. These are found by counting as many degrees on the oppo- site side of the equator, as we are on this. Their longest day is our shortest, and so rice versa. The Antipodes are under opposite meridians and opposite parallels of latitude. Theirseasons. days, and nights, are different. When it is summer with us, it is winter with iiem, when it is noon with us, it is midnight \v;th them j and our longest day is their shortest. These are found bj turning the hororary ii^ddc (Kveive Inhabitants of the EAKT "A- hours lirom the given plac«, or taming the glol«# half round, and then counting as many degrees on the opposite side of the equator as we are on this. The inhabitants of the earth are also consi^ dered under different denominations, from their shadows falling different ways at noon-day, and are called Amphiscii» Ascii, Hetseroscii, and Perisciii The Amphiscii inhabit the torrid zone be*' tween the tropics. They have their shadovi^ both north and south at noon day. Wbc» tht sun is south of them, their shadows are north | and when the sun is north of them at noon-dajf their shadows are south. They are also called Ascii, because twice every year, the sun is ver^ tical at noon-day, and then they have no sha- dowsi The Hetteroscit are those who inhabit either of the temperate zones, and have their shadows always one way at noon*day. Those in tha northern temperate zone, have their sliadowa always north, and those in the southren tem- perate zone, have their shadows always south at noon-da/« Tha EBEMENTS o» GEOGRAPHY. »r The periscii are those who inhabit that part o*^ the globe within the polar circles, or frigid zones. These have their shadows every wa^, white the' sun is above their horizon, all the twenty>four hours as it is several months in the year when the sun is on that side the equator next them. The different Positions of the Sphere^ "T^y^ the revolution of the earth on its axisj the ^'^ sun, moon, and stars seem, to a spectator OR the equator, to rise perpendicularly or at right angles tothehorizon ; but obliquely or slant-wise to one at Dublin or any- place more or less distant from the equator, exeept at the two poles, where the seem to move parallel to the horizon * Aiid hence there are said to be tlirce positions of the Sphere, viz. a right, obliq,ui, and fa- RALEL. The RIGHT SPHERE belongs to him OB the equator ; and the obliq^ue, to one in either hemisphere, except at the poles where it is a parallel sphere. By rectifying the globe for the equator, the pole, or any intermediate place, and turning it around, a clear illustration of the three positions of the Sphere is easily exhibited. Latitude.] The latitude of a place is its distance from the equator, north or south. The greatest latitude is that, of the poles, which ftse ninety degrees ^IstftAt from the equator. The elevation of the pole above the horizon, is always equal to the latitude of the place i^ for to a person situated on the equator, both poles will reft in the horizon. If you travel one, two or more degrees north, the north pole will rise one, two or more degrees, and will keep pace with your distance from the equator* Longitude.] Every place on the surface of the earth has it? mefidian. The Longi- tude of a place, is the distance of its meridian from sooic cither lixcd meridian, measured on the equator. Longitude is cither east or west. All places cast of the fixed or first meridian^ are in east longitude ; all west, in west longitude. On the equator, a degree of longitude ; is equal to sixty geographical miles ; and of course, a minute on the equator is equal to sixty miles*^ But as all the meridians cut ^he equator at right aflgels and approach nearer and nearer to each otiier, until at last the cross at the poles, it is obvious that the degrees of longitude vrili Icssea as you go from the equator to either pole ; sa that in the sixtieth degree o( latitude,* a degree of lon^tude is but thirty miles, or half as long as a degree on the equator j as is evident front the folUwing table. C3 A TABLE. # ELEMEKTS or GEOGRAPHY* A T A B L E« Shewing the namber of miles in a degree of longitude in each ptrallel of latitude from the equator. Degrees of latitude. 66th parts of a mile. I Degrees ot latitude. 8 mm* « s . Si- * i>o ( Degrees of latitude 1 160th parts 1 of a mile | X 59 5« 24 54 48 47 4« 00 70 20 32 a 59 54 15 54 24 48 40 8 7* »9 ^4 3 59 52 26 54 00 49 39 20 7* 18 3* 4 59 50 27 53 28 50 38 22 73 »7 3* 5 59 46 28 53 00 5« 37 44 74 16 32 6 59 40 29 52 28 5* 37 00 ^1 15 32 7 59 37 30 51 5« 53 36 08 76 H 3* 8 59 24 31 5> 24 54 35 26 77 13 3* 9 59 10 3« 50 5a 55 34 24 78 12 3a ID 59 00 33 50 20 56 33 32 79 II 28 II 58 S^ 34 49 44 57 3« 40 80 10 24 12 58 40 35 49 8 58 31 48 81 09 20 »3 58 28 36 48 3» 59 31 00 82 08 20 14 58 12 37 47 56 60 ^ 30 00 83 07 20 »5 58 00 38 47 16 61 29 04 84 06 12 16 57 40 39 46 36 6a 28 08 85 05 12 I? 57 20 40 46 00 63 27 12 86 04 12 i8 57 4 41 45 16 64 26 16 87 03 12 »9 5^ 44 4* '44 36 65 25 20 88 02 04 20 56 24 43 43 Sa 66 [h *4 89 01 04 21 56 00 44 :43 8 67 j23 2b 90 00 00 22 55 36 1 45 4» 24 68 I22 32 iL 55 12 1 45 4» 40 _ 69 21 1 321 — * ELEMENTS ot GEOGRAPHY. H Tb< ATMOStntflt.} The earth is sii^- founded by « thin invisible fluidt composed of « mixtwe of saline, aulphnreoua, watery, earthy, and apirituoila particles, thing to the distance of between forty-fite and fifty miles from the earih'a sarface. This fluid is called the ATMOStHBAS. Experiment has shewn, that this atmosphere is essential to animal and Vegetable life. It is a necessary ▼ehicle of sound; •nd withoat it few things would be visible, excejptinff those upon which the rays of the sun -fall in a direct line between the sun and the eye : But the rays of light, falling on the particles which compose the atmosphere, arc thence reflected in every direction ; in this way day- light is produced, even when the whole hemis- phere is covered with clouds* Winds.] Wind is air put in motion; the swifter this motion, and the more dense the air, the greater will be the force of wincl. If it be soft and gentle; it is called a breeze; if fresh and violent, a gale ; if the gale be attend- ed with rain and hail, it is called a storm. As the air is a fluid, its natural state is rest, which !t always endeavours to keep, or recover by an Universal equilibrium of all its parts. When- ever thorefore, this equilibrium is destroyed hy the taicfaction yf the 9k in paniculaj: parts, which renders it lighter in those parts than in others, there necessarily follows a motion of all the surrounding air towards these rarified part«» to restore the equilibrium ; this motion is called WIND. The velocity of wind in a storm has been ascertained by Philosophers, and found to be about 60 miles an hourw Tides.} By tide is meant the regulaff ebbing and flowing of the sea twice in twenty four hours. The cause of the tides, is tht attraction of the sun and moon, but chiefly of the latter. The waters of the immence ocean^ as it were, forgetful of their natural rest, rise and roll in tides, obsequious to the strong atrao tive power of the moon, andthe weaker influence of the sun. The moon in one revolution round the earth in twenty-four hours, produces two tides ; of course there are as many ebbs. These tides, necessarly following the moon's motions^ flow from east to west. This constant agitation of the waters of the ocean, together with their saltness, are wisely ordained by the Creator to preserve them from putrefaction. Clouds.] Clouds are nothing but a collec* tion of vapours, exhaled from the earth by the attractive influence ofthesun» suspended aloft in the air, and soaring on the wings of the wind. They arc eUy»ted fio» ft quarter of a mile to a mile .4A ELEMENTS you must immagine the globe to be transparent and your* self placed in the centre of it ; for then the globe being fixed in its position, each stav pointed on the surface,, will be in a right- line between the eye of the observer, and its correspondent star in. the heavens. Nor is this supposition so extravagant, as at.first sight it may appear for the earth itself, when compared with the immence dastance of the fixed stacs^ is no^ thing more than a point, and may be considered as the cen4re of the universe. Qn the surface of the terraqueous globe, the external form of the whole earth, with its seta, oceans, &c. is delineated in a true proportion, the image of each continent, island, &c. taking up the same space on the artificial globe^ in proportion to its magnitude, as the real conti^ nent, island, &c. takes up on the surface of the earth. On the convex superficies of the celestial' globe, all the stars, (at least all the remarkable ones,) that decorate the face of night are inserted in their proper places; and as the number of the fixed stras, would render it too difficult to distinguish them readily from one another, astronomers have divided them into several astciisms or.constellations, each of which contains^ ELEMENTS of GEOGRAPHY. It ebntaim a system of seyeral stars^ which are seen ttear each other in the heaveni. QjTASRii^T OF Altitude.] The qua- drant of altitude is a narrow* thin plate, of pliable brass, exactly answering to one fourth paitofthe meridian, and divided into 90 deg. At one end it has a notch, nut and "'irew, to fasten it to the meridian in the zenith. It turns vpon a pivot at the bottom of the nut, and sup- plies the place of an infinite nambcr of vertical or azimuth circles. HotjR CiRCLS.] The hour circle is a flat ting of brass, so contrived that it may be taken ^(T, and fixed about either poles of the globe ; and when it is thus fastened to the brazen meri- an, the pole becomes its center, and there is fixed at the end of the axis an index, which turns round with the globe, and points out upon the horary circle, the hour, either given Or requi- red; for on its upper surface are engraved the 24 hours of the nataral day, at equal distance from one another; theXII.next the xenith representing twelve o'clock at noon, and the other below it, jz at night ; those on the east side, the morning, and those on the west side, the afternoon hours. PROBLEMS. To find the Latitude of any given fJaet, Turn the globe about till the given place lift exactly under the graduated or eastern side of the brazen meridian, then will the degree of the meridian, directly over it, be the latitude required ; which will be north, if the place be situated in the northern hemesphere; if in the soothren, it will be south. Thus the latitude of I^ndon will be 51 deg. 32 min N. of BardadoeS, ij deg. 00 nin. N. of the - Lizard, 49 deg. 57 min. N. of St. Helena, 16 deg. 00 min. S. and of the Cape of Good Hope, 54 deg. 15 min. S. F R O B L £ M. n. To find the Difference of toMtudt letmiH M^ two given Place* Bring each of the places proposed to the bra« zen meridian, observing the respective degrees over each ; and the number of degrees contained between those intersections will be the difference of latitude required. Thus the difference of latitude between the Lizard and Barbadoes, will be 56 deg. 57 min. between Barbadoes and St. Helena, 29 deg. 00 min. and between St. Helena (. 5» ELEMENTS ot GEOGRAPHY. &t. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope. 21 deg. 15 min. PROBLEM HI. • To find the Longitude of any given Place* Bring the given place to the meridian, and the degree of the equator, cut by the meridi- an will be the longitude required ; which will be east, if the place be situated to the eastward of the Brst meridian, and west, if situated to the westward. Thus the longitude of the Lizard will be 5 deg. 14. min. W. the longitude of Barbadoes 59 deg. 50 min. W. of St. Helena, 5 deg. 53 min. W. and of the Cape of Good Hope, 20 deg. 07 min. £ supposing London to be the fir^t meridian. PROBLEM IV. To find the Difference of Longitude between any two given Places- Bring each of the given places successivly to the brazen meridian, «nd observe where each meridian cuts the equator ; count the number of degrees, &c. contained in the arcli of the equator, intercepted between them, which will Ibe tke diffctcnce.of longitude required. Thus (the difference of longitude between the Lizard and Bavbadoes, will Be 54 deg. 36 min. W. between the Lizard and St. Helena, o deg. 39 min. W. and between the Lizard and the Cape of Good Hope, 25 deg. 21 min. £* PROBLEM V. To find the Distance between any two given Places on the Globe, Lay the graduated edge of the quadrant of altitude over the two places, and the num- ber of degrees, &c. intercepted between them, will be the distance required. Thus the distance between the Lizard and Barbadoes will be 56 deg. 16 min. and between Barbadoes and St* Helena, 59 deg. 04 min. PROBLEM VI The Hour of the Day or Night, at any Place being given, to find the corresponding Hour, at another Place. Bring the given place to the brazen meridi* an, and set the index of the hour circle to the given hour; turn the globe about, till the place at which the hour is required lie under the same meridian j I I ! i ELEMENTS oi GEOGRAPHY. ^3 meridian ; then will the index point out the hour at the place required. Thus it wiH be found} that when it is twelve o'clock at Locdonj it will be 39 min. past ii at the Lizard, i min. after 8 at Barbadoes ; 34 min. after 1 1 at St. Helena; and 7 min. after i at the Cape of Good Hope. PROBLEM. VH. Tofini the Bearing of any given Place from another Elevate one of the poles of the globe, untill one of the given places be in the zenith ; stay the globe in that position, and lay the quadrant of altitude over the other place, and it will shew on the horizon the point of the compass the latter bears from the former. PROBLEM. VHL To rectify the Globe to the Latitude of any Place. If the place be in nortli latitude, raise the north pole, if in south latitude, raise the south pole of the globe, untill the degree of the given latitude, rcconcd on the brazen meridian under the^lcvated globe, cuts the plane of the horizon . the same degwe reconcd from the equinoctial, cn the upper part of the brazen meridian, will be the xenith ; and the tipper part of the frame, the horizon of the place. Fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and the globe will \3t properly rectified. P ROBLEM IX. The Day of the Motith heing given t to fnd lAe JSun't Place in the Ecliptic* Find the day of the month in the calender oit the horizon ; and right against it is the sign the sun is in, and the degree of that sign. Thus on the nth of May the sun will be 22 deg. 4 min. of Taurus ; on the zzd of Agust, in 29 deg. 32 min. of Leo« &c. PROBLEM X. To till the Declination of the Sun on any Day of the llsar* Note. Declination of the Sun, is his variation from tlie Equator, either northward, or south- ward Bring the suns place to the ecliptic for th« given day to the brass meridian, and observe what degree of the meridian it lies under, and whether it be north or south of the equator, for that is tlie declination required. Thus on May «4 ELEMENTS of GEOGRAPHY; !■■ the aist. he has2o*3ofN. decliintion; but on October the 27th. be has 1:^° 30' S. decli* nation. P R O B L E M XI. To Ull the Sun's right Ascemion. night ascension in the distance from Ariesi (in hours of degrees on the equator, reckoned ac- cording to the order of the signs) to the brass meridian, wlien the sun or star is brought to the meridian. Bring the Sun's place to the brazen meridian, and note Mt'hat degree of the equator, is cut b/ the meridian, for that is his right ascension re- quired. Thus on March the list* June the 2ist. September the izd. and December the tzst. I find by bringing the sun's place for these difTerent days to the meridian, the equator is cut iy it in (o) in (90) in (180) and in (z7o*>) his light ascension required. PROBLEM Xir. Tojind the Sun's oblique Ascension and DeseensioHf gt any timet ^fid in any Latitude* Oblique Ascension is the distance from Aries, to the horizon, when the sun or stais rise. Oblique Descension is just the reverse. Rectify the globOt and bring the sun^ place down to the eastern verge of the horizon then observe what degree the horizon cuts the equa- tor in, for that is the oblique ascension requiredi Turn the globe till the sun's place comes to, or lies level with the western verge of the hori- zon, and the degree of the equator cut by the horizon, is the oblique descension required* Thus on June the 2ist. his oblique ascension at London is (56) and on the same day his ob« lique descension is, (123.) PROBLEM XIIL The Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Sun's amplitude, vi*. his distance from tht JB. and IV. points at his rising and setting ; and the Points of the Compass he rises and sets upon. The globe being rectified, bring the sun't place to 'le eastern verge of the horizon, (which shews hiit '^nig,)then thedegrees upon theinner- most circle of the horizon, counted upon the true £. point to the place where tlie sun's place lies against on the horizon, shews you the sun's amplitude. Thus the sun's amplitude May the ai8t ELEMENTS oi GEOGRAPHY. ^$ 2ist. ftt rising is about 34^ from the E. to the N. and at setting 34° from the W.. to the N. and the point he rises upon is N> E< by E. and he seu N. W. by W. V PROBLEM XIV. Tht laihudt and day givtn to UU tht sun's Azi- muih i viz, his distant* from tht E. and W, or from tht N, and S. folnts at any timt. Rectify the. globe in general, then turn the globe till the index points to the given hour, this being done, turn the quadrant, till it touch- es the sun*s place for the given day, and tbeii the quadrant will cut the horizon in the azimuth, required from the E. or W. points, or from the N. or S. points. Thus on August the 17th at nine in the morning, the sun will have about 30^ azimuth from the E. to the S. or» which is the same, 60^ from the S. to the £. for 6u^ and 30^ malie 90^ the whole quarter fjom E. toS. PROBLEM XV. . Tht latitudt, dt^t <""' A<'«^ f 'vm, to itll tht sun's Almicantir, Almianters are circles of altitude, that run parallel to the horizon* vhose poles are the ze- nith and nadir, so that you may imagine as ma- ny circles of altitude, viz. almicantcrs, as you please. PROBLEM XVL Tht Latitudt of thtPlaet, and tht Day of tht Month, or Sun's Plaetin tht Ecliptic beinggivtn, to find tht Btginning and End of tht Morning and Evtning Twilight, It has been found by observation, that the so- lar rays are visible, until the sun has descended 18 decrees below the horizon, when total dark- ness begins. The morning twilight or day-break, com- mences when the sun comes within 18 degrees of the 'horizon, and continues until sun-rising. Having rectified the globe to the latitude, fixed the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and set the index of the hour circle, to la at noon, turn the globe about, until the point opposite to the sun's place, be 18 degrees above the wes. tern side of the horizon ; then will the index point out, Mpon the horizon circle, the begining of the morning twilight: and if the globe be still turned about its axis, utitU the same oppo- site point io the sun's place cut the western limb D of *« 'ie:le:m e st»s © f g e o g k a p h y. ofthe horizon, the difference between the hour ]}ointed out before, and in.the present situation, vrill shew the duration of the twilight. . Jf the globe be still turned about, until the point in the ecliptic, opposite totheson,'bedestendcd i8 de- gress below the eastern aide of the horizon, the index will point out, on the hour circle, the end of the twilight in the evening. Thus, upon the lathofMa/j when the sun is in z% deg. 6 min. of Taurus, the be- ginningf at the morning twilight will be at 2 r min. after i, and the end of the evening twilight at 39 min. after 10, after it has continued 3 hours I min. On the 22d of August the morning twi- light will begin at ^9 min. after 2, and the even- ing twilight win end at %j minutes after ten. PROBLEM XVII. ^ The Latitude of the Thee , and the Day of the Month leing given, to find at what time the Sun mill rise and sett aud the length of the Day jand Night. Having rectified the globe bring the sun's place to the meridian, and set the index of the hour circle, to twelve at noon, turn about the globe until the sun's place in the ecliptic, coin- cides with the eastern side of the horizon, and the index will point out on the hour circle the' time of the sun's rising ; and the ^lobe being turned about, tintill the sun's place arrivesat th4 western side of tUo^horizon, the index will shew the time of the sun's setting. The latter being double will slu)W. the loigth of the day, and the double of the former^ the lenght of the nigbt. - : . Thus on tie 12th of May, the sun will rise 22 min- after 4, and set 38 min. after 7. The first doubled, viz. 8 hoiirSk 44 npin. will be the length of the night ; and* th in ^he calendar on the horizon, is the day of the month wb«i) this will happen. lini'i If the globe be turned about, until some pointln the second quartet of the ecliptic, in- tersects the tneridi an in the same point of the horizon, it will shew the sun's, place when the longest day ends ; consequently, the day of the month is easily foutul. Thus have we solved the first part of the problem. Turn about the globe until some point in the third quarter of the ecliptic intersects the meri- dian, in thesouthcin point ot tli? meridian; and this will be the sun's place v^lwn the longest night begins. And by turninc; about the globe, until some point in the fourth (.[uiidrant, or quar- ter of the ecliptic, intcrnects the meridian in the same point of the horizon, it will be the sun's place when the longest night ends. Thus at the North Gape, in 71 deg. 38 min. N. the sun will not set, but transit the meridian In the northern part of the horizon ; on the izth of May; and from the time continue above the liorizon until the 31st of July following, or during the interval of 80 natural days : after which he will continue: to: rise «id set unt^l the i5,th of Noveinbn- following, when he will bufr just touch the horizon in the most southerik poini, and wijUnot ascend^ but continue below the horizon,, until the 27th of January; or, fs natural days. PROBLEM XIX. The LatiHtde ofiht Place y the Day of the MontlS^ Oftd- the Sun's Altitude being given, to find the Hour If the same arch of the quadrant b6 continued so as to pass over any place in the obscure hemisphere, the pot- tion of it, intercepted between the place and the horizon, will show^ the depression of the sun in that place. ^ PROBLEM XXI. To fini the Latitude and Longitude of a fixed Star. In order to have a right idea of this problem, which belongs to the celeftial- globe, it is ne- cessary to observe, that the latitude of a star in the heavens^ and the latitude of a place on the earth is very difTerent. The latitude of any place, is its differancc to the north, or south of the equator, or equinoctial; but the latitude of a star is its nearest distance to the ecliptic ; so that a star may be to the northward of the equi- noctial, and yet be in south latitude. The longitude, also, in the heavens*, and on the earth, is different. For, as the latitude of a star is reckoned from the ecliptic, so the long- est is reckoned on the circle, beginning at t!)e first point of Ariwf, whet-e the ecliptic cuts the equinoctial. These particulars being promised4 the prt^len may be solved in the following manner: ' ' . : Elevate the north pole of the globe (if the star be in north latitude, but the south, if in the southern hemisphere) 66 deg^^ 29 min. the com- plement of the greatest obliquity of the ecliptic, above the horizon. T»rn the globe about, nil the solstitial colure lies under tlie brazen merif dian, and fix the quadrant of altitudedirectly over the pole of the ecliptic ; or, where the solstitial . and equinoctial, colurea intersect each other. Then bring the quadrant of altitude over the center of the star, and the degree of the qua* drant will show its latitude ; which will be either north, or south according as the north or south poles of the globe are elevated : the point of the ecliptic, cut by the quadrant of altitude, will be the star's place in the ecliptic : a*nd the arch of that circle intercepted between the fiducial edge of the <^jadrant of altitude, and the first point of Aries, will shew the longitude of the same star. Thus, Aldebaran, or the southern eye of the bull, will be found in 7 dcg. 34 min. of Gcmi- J> 3 n'l. a* ELEMENTS of GEOGRAPHY. I -.- nit having $ deg. 30 m!ii. of south latitude : the head of Castor, or the northern Twin, in 17 deg> 2 min. of Cancer, having 10 deg. 4 min. north latitude: the bright foot of Orion, called Kegel, in 13 deg. 37 Bin. of Gemini, with 31 deg. 10 min. south latitude ; and Sirius, or the great Dog Star, in 10 deg. 56 min. of Cancer, and in 59 deg. 32 min. south latitude. PROBLEM XXIL Tofini thi right Atctmion and Declination of any Jixid Star. The right ascension of a otar, is the arch of the equinoctial, intercepted between the first point of Aries, and the meridian passing through the center of the star ; it is therefore the same with the longitude upon the earth, and the quantity of it would be the same, provided the iirst meridian passed through the point where the ¥irst point of Aries cuts the equinoctial. The declination of a star, is the distance of the star, to the northward, or southward, of the equinoctial, and consequently is tlie same with the latitude on the earth; and as they both begin from the same line, both the quantity and denomination are the same« The right ascen- sion and declination of any star on the celestial globe, must be foi^nd by the same method al- ready used, for finding the longitude and latitude of places on the terrestial globe ; that is, by bringing the given star, whose right ascension and pleclination is required, to' the brazen meri" dian ; for the degree of the equinoctial, cut by it, will be the right ascension ; and the degree on the brazen meridian, perpendicular to the centre of the star, will be its declination, and which will be either north or south, as the star is situated to the northward, or soutliward, of the equinoctial. p ■■ Thu9, the right ascension and declination of the following stars, ^ill be found as in the an- nexed table.. Aldebaran; ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. »• Aldebaran ; or, the Bull's Eye Capella ; dr, the Goat RegeU or, Orion's Foot Sirius ; or, the Great Dog Procyon ; or, the Little Dog Castor ; or the Northern Twin Pollux ; or, the Southern Twia Alphard ; or. Hydra's Heai t Reeulus ; or, the Lion's Heart Azimech ; or, the Virgin's Spike Ariadne j or the Northern Crown Antares; or the Scorpion's Heart Lyra; or, the Harp. Right As. D. M. 6s o 74 75 98 IIO 109 112 138 148 197 231 343 IS 30 15 30 o o 30 45 30 »5 15 o Declin. D. M. 16 oN. 44 N. 33 S. azS. 22 N. 20 N. 42 N. 26 S. 12 N. 50 S. 35 N. 50 S. 45 8 5 3» 8 7 13 9 27 as 38 30 N. PROBLEM XXIir. The Day oftht Month, or the Sun's Place in the Eeliftic htitig given , to find the Time of any Star's fassing the Meridian. Bring the sun's place in the ecliptic, to the meridian, and set the index of the hour circle to twelve at noon ; then turn the globe about till the star itself arrives, under the brazen meri- dian, and the index will point out on the hour circle, the time when the star will transit the meridian. Thus, upon the 4th of September, the star Aldebaran will pass the meridian at 28 min. after xi< On the 14th of the sane montb> Kegel, or the bright foot of Orion* will transit the meridian at 37 min. after 5 in the morning ; and on the 5th of January, Sirius, or the great Dog Star, will appear in the meridian at 29 min. after 11. PROBLEM XXIV. The Latitude of the Place, and the Day of the Month, or the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic being given, to find the Time of a Star's rising and setting. Rectify the globe to the latitude, being the sun's place in the ecliptic to the meridian, and set the index of the hour circle to iz at noon ; then turn the globe about till the given star just begins to ascend on the eastern side of the hori- zon» SmmsBaaa ^-fe'»aafeiU^affniJti-a»u^fc..«.^ I 38^ ELEMENTS ot GEOORAPHY. I' III it ion, and the index will point out the time of the star's rising : and if the globe be still turned about, till the same star arrives at the western side of tlie horizon, the index will point out the hour of the star's setting. Thus, at London, on the 4th of September, Aldebaran will rise about 4 min. after 10 at night, and set at 53 min. after I2 at noon, the next day. On the izth of January, Castor will, rise at 9 min; after 2 in the afternooft, and set: «t 14. min. after 10 the next morning. On the I3tb of September, Kegel will rise at zi. min. After 12 at noon, and set 54vmin. after 10 in the- next morning. And on the 5th of Janu- ary, Sirius will rise at 55. min. after 6 in the evening, and set at z min. after 4 the next morniiig* PROBLEM XXV. CiiUH th* Latitudt of the Place, the Day of the Montht or the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic, and the Height t or Altitude, of any known Star, to find the Hour of the Night. Rectify the globe to the latitude, bring the sun's place to the meridian ; set the index of the hour circle ftt 12, at noon, gad fi^t the quadrant I ofaltitude in the zenith. Then turn the globe till the star cuts the quadrant in the given alti- tude; then will the index shew the hour of the night. Thus, at London, thestar Aldebaran, on the 4th of September, will have 15 deg. 40 min. after II at night. Castor, on the 12th of Ja- nuary, will have: 60 deg. of altitude, in the evening. Regcl, or the bright foot of Orion, win have 24 deg. 45 min. of altitude in the western semi-circle, at 35 min. after 7 in the morning, on the 14th of September. And, on the 5th of January, Sirius, or the great Dog Star, will have r5 deg. 30 min. of altitude in the eastern semi-ctrcle, at 8 min. after 9 in the- evening. PROBLEM XXVL The Latitude of the Place, the Day of the Month, of the Sun*s Place in the Ecliptic, and the hour of the Night, heing, given to find what Starr are then rising and setting, zvhat Star's are cul- minating, or passing the Meredian, and the Ah tiiude of any Star ahovethe Horison, Rectify ELEMENTS ov GEOGRAPHY. Zi Rectify the globe to the latitude, bring the son's place to the meridian ; set the index of the hour circle to jz at noon, liz the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and turn the globe about till the index point oat the given hour. Then, I. All those stars that appear just emerging above the eastern side of the horizon, are rising. a. All those stars that appear in the western limb of the horizon, are setting* 3> All those stars that lie under the brazen meridian, are culminating. And. 4. If the quadrant of altitude be laid over the centre of any star, the degree cut by the star in the quadrant will give the altitude of, the Star at that time. By this problem all the principal fixed stars may eafily be known. For, as the globe thus rectiHed represents the face of the heavens as it then appears, the student, by remarking any bright star, its place in the heavens, and the positions of stars that surround it, will easily find its correspondent on the globe, and conse- quently learn its name, and the constellation to which it belongs. PROBLEM XXVIL To determine all thofe Places upon the eaHh, whert an EcRfJ'e of the Moon, or of any of the Satel' lities of yufiter, will be visible, I. For an Eclipse of the Moon Find the declination of the sun at that time when the phaenoraenon will happen, and ele- vate the pole of the globe which is moft re- mote from the Sun, till its height is equal to ^ the sun's declination. Convert the time of the beginning of the eclipse from noon, into degrees and minntes, and if the hour given be between noon and midnight, sub^tract it from the longitude of the given place to which it ucompated; but if it happen between midnight and the succeeding noon, add it to the longitude of the given place» and bring the point into the equinoctial opposite to this on the brazen meridian. Then will a line, drawn by the eastern edge of the horizon, pass through all those places where the celipse of the moon begins at her setting; and if the duration of tfie eclipse, reduced into degrees, be subtracted from the degree of the equator then under the meridian^ and the globe turned about 3^ ELEMENTS ot GEOGRAPHY. about tilt the 'degree of the equator come to the meridian, a line, drawn by the western edge of the Jiorizon, will pass through all those places where the eclipse will end at the rising of the moon ; and consequently in all the tract of the earth's superficies, included between these two lines, the eclipse will be visible. 2« For an Eclipse ofoni oftheSatellities of Jupiter. Having found the place upon the earth where ,the sun will be vertical at the time of the eclipse, elevate the globe that is nearest to the sun, till its height be equal to the declination of the sun at that time, and bring the place over which the sun is vertical under the meridian; then If Jupi- ter be in consequence of the sun, iiait is, behind thatJuminary, a line drawn on the globe, along the eastern side of the horizon, will pass through all those places where the sun is setting at the time of the eclipse. But if Jupiter be in antece- dence of the sun, that is before the sun, draw the line along the western side of the horizon, and it will shew all those places, where the sun is then rising. ' . ' If Jupiter be in consequence of the sun, add the difference between the right ascension of the sun, and Jupiter, to the longitude of the place where tlie sun is then vertical, and bring that degree of the equator under the meridian, and elevate the north polie (if Jupiter be oh the norlh * side:of the equator, but if on the south side, the' sooth pole) till it is equal to the declination of Ja~ piter; in this.position of theglebe, draw a line along the eastern side of the horizon, and the space comprehended between this line and the line th.at determin'ed tiie place where the sun was setr ting, will coqpprehend all those places upon the earth where Jupiter will be visible, from the set- ting of the sun, to the setting of that planet. But if Jupiter be in antecedence of the sun, sub.stract the difference between the right ascension' of the sun, and that of Jupiter, for the longitude of the sun is vertial at that time of the eclipse; andbringthedegreeof the equator, answering to the remainder under the meridian, and the globe being elevated as before, draw a line by the wes- tern limb of the horizon, and the space contained between this line, and the line of the sun's rising: before drawn, M'ill comprehend all those; placea on the earth where the eclipse is visible. Having in the foregoing pages, given a vievir of the heavens and the earth, which every where display amazing instances of creating power and wisdom, we shall conclude this part of the work in the words of Milton. '« Theie are the glorious works. Parent of good, «« Almighty, thine this univerfal framff «' Thyftlf how wondrous fair : ih/fclf how won''root then !'* - GEOGRAPHY. ELEMENTS o# GEOGRAPHY. fS « "» » >: GEOGRAPHY. \jT E O G R A P H Y 18 a science by which we attain the knowledge of, the Terraqueos Globe, on which we live, the situation of its empires, kingdoms, provinces, towns, &c. The land is divided into two great continents, viz. the Eastern an^ Western Continent ; (be- sides islands.) The waters are divided into three extensive oceans, (besides 1 sser seas,) viz. the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Indian Ocoan. . The Eastern Copti^nt is subdivided into three parts, viz. Europe, on the North West ; Asia, on the North East ; and Africa^ on the South. The Western Continent consbts of America I only; divided into North and South America, ; joined by the isthmus of Darien, about 60 miles ' broad. The Atlantic, or Western Ocean, divides the Eastern and Western Continents. The Pacific Ocean divides America from Asia. The Indian Ocean lies between the East In- dies and Africa. Seas are parts of branches of these, and usu- ally receive their names from the countries they border upon. Terms RELATING TO Land, are, A Continent, Terra-Firma, or Main-Land, — A large space of land comprehending many countries; as Europe, &c. B Peninsula, — A part of landalmost surrdund- ed with water; as Arabia, the Morea, See An Isthmus,— That neck of (he land which join9 the peninsula to the continent, as the isthmus of Suez, which joins Africa to Asia. > A Promontory,— A high part of land stretch- ing itself out into the sea, the extremity of which is called a Cape, or Head-land, as the Cape of Good- Hope. An island, — A portion of land encompassed with water on all sides, as Great>Britain. A Coast or Shore, — Is that part of a coun- try which borders on the sea, Mountains^ "iWs .'ii,«v. 'IIP 36 ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. Mountains,— Are rising parts of land above the adjacent country* iTcailt WHICH KILATI TO THE WaTIE, ARE, An Ocean,— A large extent of Water which is differently denominated according to' the dif- ferent parts of the world it is in ; as the Atlan- tic, the Indian Ocean. A Sea,— >A part of the ocean which washes some shores; as the Medeterranean, the Ar- chipelago, or Grecian Sea. A Strait,— A narrow passage, having land ott both sides of it ; as the Strait of Gibraltar. A Channel,— An arm of the sea which is be- tween two countries : A Harbour,— A station for ships to lie se- cure from storms : A Gulph,— A portion of the sea which runs up into some land; as the gulph of Mexico, Califoinia, &c. A Bay,— A par t of the sea which is nearly half surrounded by the land, as thi bay of Biscay. A Road,— A place in the sea where is a good tncorage for ships t A Lake,— A collection of water surrounded with land. Maps.] A map is a plain figure representing the surface of the earth, or a part of it accord- ing to the If ws of perspective. On the map of any tract of country, are delineated its moun- tains, rivers, lakes, towns, &c. in their proper magnitude and situations. The top of a map is always nortBr the bottom so&th, the right side east, and the l^ft side west. From the top to the bottom are drawn meridians, or lines of lon- gitude ;.and from side to side the parallels of Ia« titudes. GENERAL IDEA Of € tCl iS £) ]^ c. ALTHOUGH Europe is far, the least extensive, of the four grand divisions of the Earth, It has certainly attaineda much great- er degree of celebrity than the three others, aa it is the most populous, and that iu inhabitants have more knowledge and industry. It is situa- ted between 10 degrees west, and 63 degrees east longitude, from the meridian of London, and ELEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. ^ tnd between 35 and ^^ degrees of north lati- BOVNSEB^l pNorth, by the Frozen Ocean^ or Icy I Sea. South by the Mediterranean Sea, On the^ which divides it from Africa. I East, by Asia. I West, by the Atlantic Ocean, which L separates it from America* Europe contains several countries and states difTerently governed, some are monarchial^ otheia republican and some mixed. A moaarchial government is when the su- preme authority, is lodged in the hands of a single man, as in Spatr., Portngal; and when mOovernment is so disposed that the supreme power is above the laws it Is called absolute or despotic. A Republic is when the Sovereign authority is lodged in the hands of several chosen to govern the rest; as in Venice, Holland and Switzer- land. A In some Republics, such as Venice, the no- bles and principal men, are vested with the supreme power ; in others, as Geneva, it is ia the hands of the people in general. Respecting the different denominations, the first is called an Aristocratic government, and the latter Democratic. A mixed government is when the autho- rity of the Sovereign is limited by the laws, or by the assembly of the States, as in England, Germany 8x* t A TABLE, : 3S £I.EMENT« ov GEOGRAPHY. B E. I I Shewing tlie chief States of Europe, vith -their position in respect to the middle of (he ^ Continent. The names of their capital Cities, Keligion of the State, and the Climate they stand in , JNote. £ stands for Empire, K. for Kingdom, R. for Republic, 4Mid S- for States. COVNTRIES NAMS9. PoJIITION. K- Ireland W. RELICIOtS* Protestants and Catiiolics. Prat. U Catbo* Chibf Cities. .CtrMATES. Dublin 9 9 9 K. Great-Britain. W. PrQt. & Catbo* {.ondon M^ England , ;5 1 Scotland W. fldinburgh- J ( Wales. R. .Holland, ) |t Flanders ] S; R. France. K. Spain K. Portugal. R. Switzerland. S. Italy. CoHtaitiing Naples, Popedom^ Piedmont, Montserrat, MilaOj pArm»« Modena, Mantua, Venici^ Genoa, Tuscany, .&c. ^ . ,. K. Poland. Mid. Catholics. K. Hungary. £. Catbolici* ^ f Hungary proper, :§ jTransilvaniaj ^•j Sclavonia, ^ (Croatia>j W. W. w. s.w. s.w. Mid. <5. Protestflnt»i Catholics. "CatholicSt Catholics. Catholics. Plot & Cat. Catholics. AmsterdaoBt Brussels. Paris Madrid. I^isbo'r < JBern. Rome. Warsaw. Prcsbui'i;. 6 8 7 9 9 K> Denmark. K. Norway. K* Sweden. j^> Russia, or MuKovjr* N.W Protestanta. Copenhtgen N.W. Protestants. Bergen. N. Protestants. Stockholm. N.B. Greek Cbuvch. Petersburg' lO It II 11 £. Turkey ELEMENTS of GEOGRAPHV. 3» CovNTRiES Names* Position. Religion^ Cuiir Cities; Ccimates^ s. IIO^ nktf X. TURKY. 8. Wr £. Germany, or tA« Mid^ H«lx Roman Eropiie. K. Bohemia. Mid. > t Bobemu proper> 3 j Silesia, J iMoravisf K. Prussian K. W. I' Mahometans, x 1 Cliristians,. (,, • i •< 4Md f Constantinople* fjews. ) Prot. & Cat.- v iennna. Catholics Protestants W H IH Prague. Berliv 7 S 9 ISLANDS IN EUROPE, Mitcluuvt oftht BritiiH lilandj, Btir0pt tontdns thifollowng ffincipal I S LA ND S. In th« Northtrn Ocean'* lilandt Suhjteiro GRcenlanuj^ iti iVhale Icela'^d; The Faro Isles, subject to Dentnaik. i famous for'\ \ t Fiihtrjit f I I, about 24 in numb In ih* BaUic* ZeTand,on which Copen-V hngcn, the capital off DcniTiaik stands. V LnnglanJ, V Boinholm &c« j^ Denmark* er> are also' Man, AngUsea, and the Western Isles. Denmark* tn tht Irish Sea^ I^ItiHcts Suhjtel to I [ Great-Britain, In tht British Channth Wight, I Great-Britaui. In tht Chsptnti MMr France, ] Great-Briuin. 3 t BclUsIe» Guernsey, Jersey. 40 ELEMENTS Of GEOGRAPHY. lilancls* Bellisle, near the coast of Breugne, Oleron, antiently Uliarus In the Bay of Biscay A Subjtct to France* In the Adriatic f or Oulph of Venice* r I Venice. Cbrfu, Caphalonia Zantf Lucadia In the MedittrrMeaH. Ivicoy antiently, EbufuSt^U- jorca, Minorca, Corsica^. Sardinia. 'near Naples, alfo cal- led Sicily, from whence the King is stil6d the king of the two Sicilies, Sicily ^ the chief city is i' Palermo, antiently Syracuse. North lat. 37—30 I E. long 15 — 10. Malta, formerly called Melita Sipain> . . France. K of Sardinia. King ofNapIes. Knts. of Malta. Jn the Levant and Archipelago, anciently the Ionian, or Egean Sea* Candia, anciently Crete. In the % centre of this Island Mount IdaC | Turk/. is situated ao famous in history. J . Islands. Suh/eet to Rhodes, famous for having been the" residence of the knights of Jerusa- lem, now knights of Malta, untill the Turks took it. Negropont, the ancient Euboea, on the east coast of Achia, or Liva- dia> Xcmnos, now Stallmene, lies at the entrance of the Hellespont or Dar- danelles. Tenedos, near the Dardanelles, fa- mous in antiquity hy the Siege of Troy, which might have been seen from thence Scyrcs, north east of Negropont, is inhabited by Greeks. Scio, west of Smyrna. It is said Ho- mer was born here, and the inhabi- tann shew a little square house which they call Homer's fchool. Samos, south of Scio, and opposite to Ephesus, on the coast of the Lest ser Asia. This island gave birth to Pythagoras, and is supposed to have been the native country of Juno. Patmos, here Ft. John Is supposed to have written his revelations' « • Tuiky. Dclos ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. 4t Tslanclsi Subject to Pelos qae of t|ie most celebrated pf " all the Orecian Islands, being the . bit th place of A poU6 and Diana, the magnificent ruins of whose temples are still visible. \ Turkey. Cert go, said to he the native place of Venus and Helen.- Mytelene, antiently Lesbo«, is situ- , ated north of Scio« -. ' ' '■ "■';■. Cyprus, in the Levant, near the coast of Syria and Natolia, is famous for a temple built to the honour of Venus. ' ' . Sapienza, south east of theMorea. •Ifola del Com pace, the ancient It- haca, famous for being the king- dom of Ulysses. S C A 8 in Europt* j The Baltic, Near Swvden. The British, or Englifh Ch|nnel|— Between , Bngland and France. | St. George'a Channel, and the _Ii lib Sea,— -; Between EngUnd and Ireland. 'i TTbe:' AKhipelago or Gtccian ScAi-p-Sunlh of Tuiky, The Euxioe, or Black Sea,— South east of Hungary, between Europe and Asia. ; The White Sea,— -North of Russia. The Sea of Azoph^— Near the south east part of Europe^ between it and Asia. The Dardanelles,— A straiglitjoining the Ar- chipelago to the Sea of Marmora« The Mediterranean Sca,--(Cal led the great Sea in tlie Old Testament,) between the south of Europe and Africa. The entrance to it is through the Strait of Gibi altar. The eaft.part. is called the Levant. RIVERS. The Rhine, Elbe and Danube, — In Geimaay* The R4)one and Seine. — In France^. . The Tagus,— Ii> Poi tug|I.> The Po, and Tiber,— In Italy. i.j The Don, or Tjuaais,— Between Europe and' Asia. ST R A IT S; GibraltarjT^Between Spain and Africa* .1 ■■) i: \ 1 J Dovcr«— Beiweca EnglaaU and France. Tbm jgmimiiHmmmm 44 ELEMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, The Soahd,-^A passftge into the Baltfe; Strait of Constantinoplcj or 6o8pltorus,-~ Joining the Sea of Marmora to th« Black Sea* Srait of Caffa,— Joining the Black Sea to theSea of Asoph. Hellespont, drPardanelles,— Between Europe , and Asia, about % nailer over* where Xerxes King of Persia laid a floating bridge for his i army to march from Asia to Europe. GULPHSorBAYS. Bay of Biscay,— West of France. Mediterranean, — South of Europe. Baltic Sea, — On the Coasts of Sweden, Den- iMrk, Germany and Prussia. Gulphs of Finland and Bothnia, in Sweden. P ENl N S U L A S. Italy is a large Pehinsula. Jutland,— North of Germany. Morea, or Peloponessus, in the Mcditetra- Bcan Crimea, or Ciim Tartar/} in the Black Sea. ;c A P E S. " Lizard, Lantfs-End,— S. W. of Ehgtai»f» * Naze, — S. of Norway. ', Holyhead, — West of England. Ortegal, Finistere, — N. W. of Spain. Clear,— S. of Ireland. , Traflagar,— S. of Spain. St. Viocent,— S. of Portugal. North Cape, — In Lapland. ' MOUNTAINS. Pyrenees, — Between France and Spain. Alps, — Separate Italy from France and Ger- many. '''■'.■ \ . Carpathin Mountains, — between Poland and Hungary. Apponine Mountains, — In Italy. Mount Calpe,— Now called the Hill of Gi- braltar, opposite to Mount AbyU, in A&ica antienity oalled the Pillars of Hercules, VOL CAN O E S, ' ;,jj OR, BURNING MOUNTAINS* iEtana,— Tn Sicily. Vesuvius, — In Naples, iliedaj-rAlA Iceland* ,j>j.k]>. iiiii.Atto« c I) « . »'. i EtEMENTS or GEOGRAPHY. 43 IRELAND, IS situated between 5 and ir degrees west longitude, and between 51 and 56 de- grees north latitude. It is bounded on the north, by the Deu- calcdonian Sea; on the south by the Virgi- nian Sea; on the east, by the Irish Seaj «nd on the west, by the Atlantic Ocean, It isidivided into four Provinces, and 3Z Counties. I Countries. S. Armagh, mon agu an, Cavan, W. Fermanagh, DONNEGAL, M- Tyrone. Provinces. N. Ulster. E. Leinster, S. MuNSTER, W. CONNAUCUT. GaLWAY. Cities. Counties. Derrtt 9 Dublin, ii Cork, Limsrick, 6 ULSTER, 9 3» COUIJTRIKS N. Derry> /'Antrim, Ml Down, Towns. Derry, Coleraine, Carrickvergus, Antrim, BelFask. Down PATRICK} Newry, Towi*«. Armagh, Charlemont, MoNACHAN, Clones, Cavan, Enniskillsn DoNNEOAL, OMAGHStrabane, Cloger. LEINSTER, iz. Counties. Towns. Longford, Trim, Kells, Navan, DuNDALK, DrOO* HEDA, Carlingford. Dublin, north Part called Ft n gal, Wick low, Wexford, Kilkenny, Castlecomer. N Longford E. Meath, Lowtb, E.Dublin, WiCKLOW Wexford, S Kilkenny W. G^sCounty,^ Maryborough, Mountmelicky K*s County, W. Meath, M KiLDARE, Carlow. Phili pstown, Mullingar, Nass, Athy, Kildare, Carlowi \ ^ ErL E M E N T S M U N S T E R 6-, CouM-TisSi Towns. N. Clare, £. TlPPERART. S. Waterforo. Cork. WKerrt. Limerick* Ennis. Clonmell, CBsheI1„ Carrick-OD Suit. Waterforp, Dungariveit) Cork, Kinsalie, Mial*- low. Tralee, Dingle. Limerick. CONN AUGHT, 6. Counties* KSligo, Leitrim. E. Roscommon S« Galwat. W.Mayo. Town*. ' Sx,ico- C A R R I c K>cn- Shannon^ Leittioi* Roscommon, Athlone. Galway, Tuam> Aughrim, Clonfert. JBaL LIN ROBE, CastlC' bar* The principal Lakes in Ireland are< Lo V c H Lams, or the Lake of Kill^rney, 4ki. the county of Kerry* or GEOGB.AVHT. Louca Neag« to miles loDf, ancF i^ broad J it borders on the counties of Armagh^^^. T> rone, Londonilen y, Antrim, and Down. Loucu Ern, in the county of Fermanagh* Lovcu FoTLB, a lake^ or arm of the Sea three miles from, the city, of Londonderry. R I V E R S. The Shannon, which runs into the Atlaiji* tic Ocean, on, the western coa&t. The fioYNE, which runs into the. Iiish Sea. at-Drogheda. The fiANN» divides the counties of Antriai and Londonderry, and runs into the North sea* »RR0W, T )RE, I UR, J The Bar ROW, The No 1 TheSuj Meel at Waterford heaven. The LIFF.BY, falls into the Irish Channel, at the Bay of Dublin. Tb^re are many Bay?, Hcaven»» Harbours- and Ci'eeks in Irrland, which every where in- dent the crast, and forms its chief glory : being the best fitted in Euiope for foreign commerce, th« ELEMENTS of GF .GRAPHY. 4S the moft considerable are, Carrickfergus, Car- Un^ordf Dundalk, Duhlin^ Waterford, Cork, Kin/ale y Clandore, Dinglt, Shannon-Moulhtjaal- wajft S/igo, and Lough Foylt, MOUNTAINS WiGKLow, in the county of WicHroMr. Mourns and Iseach> in the the county of Down* Slieu Denard, also fn the county of Down« 1056 yards in perpendiculai^ heigUti GOVERNMENT* TT RELANDis governed by a Viceroy under the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Imperial FarliamentA Metropolis,] Dublia. University.1 Dublin. Religion.] the Protestant anjl Ro- man Catholic. ENGLAND^ So called from the Angles, a people of Cim- bric Chersoncsus^ who, invited over by the Britonls to assist them against the Scots and Picts, made themselves master of the whole country, and obliged the old inhabitants to retire to that part which is now called Wal.es. "jITiNGLAND is situated between a degrees ■^*^ east, and 6 degrees 20 minutes west longi- tude.; and between 5a and 56 degrees north latitude. It is of a triangular figure : bounded on the north by Scotland, on the south, by the English Channel; which divides it from France ; on the east, by the German Sea; and on the west, by the Irish Channel. There are 36 Shires round the coast of En- gland and Wales, beginning at the river Hum- ber, and ending at the same> 16 inland Shires 5Z Shires in all. Thtft i^rtMaMfiaaw- ELEMENTS of GEOGRAPttY. Th*se 7 SiriRBS following are in the North. SurREs. Towns. tt f Yorksliire, York «« <^* river Ouse j2j S Durham, Durham, R- Were, C Northumberland^ Newcastle, upon Tine. r Cumberland, . SWestmorland„ •^ / Lancashire, ^ Cheshire, Carlisle, R- Eden, Whiteheavenr. Kendal, R. Ken, Lancaster, R. Lune, Chester, R, Dee. 4 Shires west of EMgUnd. and south of the £ristol Channel, viz. ' Shir&s CornwtlL Devonshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire. Towns Falmouth, Scilly TsteSf Launceston, R Kevsey, Plymouth, Exeter, on the R. Ex. Bath, Bristol-Depart in Gloucejlerjhire) Dorchestei:. 6 SHiREsy&«M of England ittid of theThamei,viz Shire t Towns. Wiltshire, SerMbire, Salisbury, R. Avon,'' Reading, on R. Thames and Kennet, Wind- sor, Eaton, Hampshire!, Sussex, SuAry, Kent. Witvchestetr on R. Itching— Southamp- ton, Portsmouth} Chichester, Guildford, R. Wey, fc'outhwark, King- ston, Canterbury .Rochester Chatham, Green- wich, Woolwich, Gravesend, Tun- bridge,Deal,Dovev< 7 Shires east, vtz. Shirks. Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincoln, Cambridge, Hertford, MiddleseXf Towns. Colchester, R, Coin- Harwich, Ipswich, R. Ipswich, Newmarket, part ia Cambridgeshire, Norwich, R Yaie, Lincoln, R. Witham— Stampford, Cambridge, W/I0M Cam, Ely Hertford. R. Lea— St. A I ban's Barnet, London, R. Thames Westminster Ken- sington, Hampton Court, Bienford, Highgate 8 Inland ELEMENTS of GEOGKAPHY- 47 ^ Inland SHIRES mu viz. Shirks. Towns. Derbyshire, Statioidsliire, Warwick, Worcester, Shrupshire, Hereford, Monmouth, Gloueestet* Derby, Chesterfield, Litchfield, Coventry, Birmingham* Upton, Shrewsbury, Ludlowr, Hereford, Monmouth, Bristol,.- -^arl inSonuT' sttshire. ^Inland SHIRES. East viz. Shires. Oxford, Buckingham^ Bedford, Huntington, Northampton, Rutland, Leicester, Nottingliam« Towns. Woodstock, Blenheim* Aylesbury, Dunstable, St. Ives, Peterborough, Oakham, Leicester. Nottinghaotf RIVERS. The Thames, rises in Gloucestershire continues its course to London, and proceeds to the Sea- The Severk falls into the Bristol Channel. TheHuMBER, formed by the Trent, Ousc, Derwent, and several other Streams, divides "Vorkshire Isom Lincolnshire. Rf LI c ION.] Protestant and Romftn Catholic GovKRNMEMT.] Mixed consisting of a King, Lords, and Commons, Met ROPOX.IS ] London. Universitiks.] Oxf^itl and Cambridge. Title of the King.] King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faidi ; Duke of Sranswick and Lunen- burg ; Elector of Hanover ; and Arch> treasurer of the Holy Roman £mpii«. Eldest Son.] Prince of Wales. H. WALES. LATH Twelve Counties, viz. 6 North, viz. CiouNTiES . Towns. Flintshire, (Flfnt, St. Asaph, Denbigh, Carnarvon Bangor, An^lesea, ( Isle) Beaumojfris, Holyhead, 20 miJei longf and 16 broad, Merioneth, Montgomery eS ScRIXES. Nairne and Crojnartie, Iiwerness* Ross, ' T QoatbefHind, Orkney* ELEMBNTS <^ Towits. Inrfieas, Tainc;, Stratliy, Scalloway, 7SLANDS oil the coast of Sc OT land. Thj: ORKNEYS} or OROADEsy^n the north, f The Shetland Isles, — On the Bbrth.east. Skt, Lewis, and other Islands,— -On . the north west. ■'- MOUNTAINS in Scotland. The Grampian Mountains,—* In the middle. _ f V The THeviqt, or Gmev iot,— In ttesoufth. The Chief RIVERS in Scotland. The Forth, the Tay, the Spey, the Pee, and the Clyde. - Religion.] Protestant of the Calvlnstic Persuasion, and Roman Catholic. ' , GoverkmenT.] United to Englagd. Metropolis.] Edinburgh. • Universities.] Edinburgh, Glaigow, St. Andrew'*, Abtidcen. GEOGRAPHY. 49 ^ N E t h'e R L A N D S. The Netherlands are divided into three parts ▼iz. The Sevep United "Provinces, . geheratly called Holland on the North, the Auftrlaa an the East by Germany, on the South by the French Netherlands; and on the West by Trench Flanders, and the British, 'or German K^£can. •Provinces' Chief Towns- Brabant, (fart) Brussels, • Antwerp, . Antwerp, Meehlin or Maltnes, Mechlin, Limburg, (part)' Limburg, Luxemburg, //^ Hainault, Cambreses, Artois, Flanders, (pari) Luxemburg, (pt^i Valenciennes, Cambray, Arras, LlSLK, Thionville; « FRANCE. Elements ot geography. *< FRANCE. ,Gaui. was anciently divided into GfiUia Ci- falpinat and Transalpina ; and from the dicss of • the inhabitants into Tagata, or those who wore long garments, and Bruccate et Comata^ or who wore breeches and their hair> It is situated between 5". west, ard Breast lon- gitude, and between 42 and 51° north latitude' - BOUNDED, "North by the English Channel and . the Netherlands. South, by the Mediterranean and the On the - Pyrencan Mountains. East, iTy Germany, Switzerland and Italy. .West, by the Bay of Biscay. Chief City, Paris, situated on the river Seine, north latitude, 48<»— 50' east Imgiiude z°— 15' ^ GovBRNMSNT.] Republican. Universities.} Paris, Lyon3»/ Montpe- Hcr, &c. On the - »»»W i^ Wi« * m » " ■ SPAIN., ^ Formerly called IBERIA. Situated between 10' west ai>d 3* east longi- tude, and between 36 and ^4" north latitude. BOUNDED, ^ ■ ' 'N. by the Bay of Biscay, ^nd ^lie Pyrenean Mountains.' > S. by the Strait of Gibraltar. E^ by the Mediterranean Sea.' W. by Portugal, and the Atlantic Ocean. Chief City, Madrid, ennobled by the residence of its Kings. The greatest City for commerce in Spain is Seville, formetly Hispaiis. wlience the whole kingdom waj called Uispania or Spain. Corduba in Bactica now called Andalusia, the old seat of tlie Saracen kings. .» Government.] Absolute Monarchy. Title.] King of all the Spains, &c. Catho« lic.Majc8ty. Eldest Son Prince of Asturlas.' Va iVIABiTifis.] Salamaoca, Compostello. Fi PORTUGAL & BXiMEHTS tr GEOCHArH Y. -\ PORTUGAL. JMcUutfy L U S. I T A N I A. ' N> and % bySpain. On the Vs. and W. by^^ thf Atlantic Oc«an, it J -^ is the most westerly kingdoio on v the contihent of Europe. . ^ . Chief City, Xisbon, a great and tamoua em- poriam. '' UNivBR0iTisa.'3 Lisbon and Coimbra. The GovtrnnuHt is like that of Sjpain. ^hey have an Inquisition. SWITZERLAND. POVNDBD^ 'N> by A!:«ce in France» and Swaibia On the iN> by A!:«ce in France, and Svi in Germany. S. by Italy. £• by the Lake of Constance. W. by France Chief City, Bern. T - ' SvritietUnd is a free Republic, divided into thirteen free communities which are called Canteni* ITALY. B0VNPS9* On the ' fK. by the Alps, and Switzerland di- viding it from Germany. ' ' S. by the Meditcrrnnean. £. by the Gulph of Venice or Adria- I * tic sea. . • ; , ' W. by the Mediterranean, and the ^ j riveij V4r, which divides it from |_ France* Italy contains .the following States, vis. States* .-J /"Piedmont* tfl . \ Savoy* six Montsf rrat, ^ rf^'l I Allesandrine, «j (OncRlia, ^1 ^ Sardinia Isle, ^1 ti (Niples. ■M tsi icily Isles, [,|| ^Mantua (.I^irandola, ChhfTowHi, Turin, Chamberry, <^asal, Alexandria, Onrplia, . Cagliari^ Naples, Palermo* Milan Mantua, Mirandola* {The Pope's dominions, or l Rqmb. estate of the church.- ) ' Sma* ELEMENTS ot GEOGRAPHY. W Sttiiei, Chit/ Towns- 1 ("Tuscany, .Florence B I MaSJia, Massa^ f •• J Parma,' - *' ' Parma, "•c.£ 1 Modi*na, Mod«na, * *»• [ Piomb^no, ^ Ptombino, ^ ^Monaco. Monaco, 8 TLucca, Lucca, 1 ^ St. Marino, St MarinpK |-(^Genoa, Genoa, it's C "Vtnice, Venice, .||5.}Istra.r^«H; ^npn d'Istra, x^ g.>- C Dalmatia./f Ar .; :. •-•. P LAN D, lucluding LITHUANIA. Anciently called Sarmatia. . Poland, by the Natives is eullei, Polska; from th$ word Pole, which iignijiis a fiaitt. ^ BOVMDID, *N. by Mascovy, Livonia and the Tuiky and little On the TN. by Mastovy, j Baltic Sea. IS. by H angary, 1 Tartary.' j E. by Muscovy. [LW. by Geimany. Chief City, Warsaw N. Ut'. 52. 15. Eaong. ai 5. Gov E RN M E N T.] Elective Monarchy. Title] King of Poland; Great Duke oIT Lithuania, Duke of Russia, Prussia, &c. * ,■ . ' ■ . - Universitiss.] Cracow, Wiina.&c. HUNG A R Y. orP A N N O N I A. ^ Belonging to tlie House of Austria. BOUNOEDy /•N. by Poland On the 4 ^' ^^ ^''^°'" '*» Sclavonia and Scjvia. j E by Trcnsilvania and Wallachi* 1. W. by Ausu:* snd Meravia. ^ Chief Cities, Buda or Osen, --Lower Hunga- ry. Presburg, of Upper Hungary, where the crown of the kingdom is kept, both sitoated o» the river Danubc.^ ^^ Government.] Li nlited Monarchy, now united to the House of Austria. Umivbrsity.I Buda- fa TRANSYL" u tttutistrs o V GEOGRilPHY. TRANSYLVAliriA. fiubjc^ to the House of Austria/ BOON^BBD, N- bjr the Carpathian Mountains whidh divide It from Poland. /^ >u J S' *^^ ^' '''y the Irongate Mountains on the ^ ^hich divide it from Moldavia and WalUchia. W. by Hungar/f v r I CbiefCity, Cibinium 6r Hermanstadt. VfAVLkcuiA was anciently divided into great and little j the greater is now called Moldavia, the lesser. WalUchia. The whole countsy comprising a part of Upper Hungary WM ancic'tatly called Daict. S C L A V O N 1 A. &ubje<£l to the House of AvsTRiih BOUNDES,- /N. by the river Dratt* . n« *>.• J '^^ *>y **>< Save. ^" *« i E. by the Danube. (. W. by Siicia in AttlUil* Chief City, I'oiega. ■^ C R b' A T I A. Subject to the House of A v st ji i i|. BOVNS^P, Kby the river Sag«^ vhieb dlividn . ^ n oy I I itfr On the 4 S* ^r 1 1 E. by I % IW. by om Sclavonic Morlachia Bosnia by the Duchy of Gatniolt* Chief Oity, Carlstadt. , HUNGARIAN DALMATIA,, Lies N> of the Adriatic Sea, being bat small, the rest of Dalmatia belongs to tht Turks, and Venitians* ^ . ' M O R L A C H I Aj Subjcjft toVswicx. BOVMDftD, Kf* by Carniola, and Crpatit. Imatia* On the ) S. by Dalmat j E by Bosnia, C W. by the Gu }y ttie Gulph t>f Venice. .h phicf City, 2eog. pENMARK, '\ ZI^tMEmU •» PEOORA^HY. 55 D B N M On the Part . of the ancient Scandinavia, whict( comprehended Sweden, Denmatk and Norway. &Ot)tf»BO, r N. by the Categate Seaggerac Sya. n Germany.) \S by ^E by I / theS CW. by NORWAY, BOUNBJES, and W. by the; Northern Ocean. rine Mountaina which Swedea> Chief City* Bergen. BOUND! Yardhu8. . Swedish «« ELEMENTS o» GEOGRAPHY. Chief Tdwns> Swedish or Soufh Lapland, * Torncs. Russian, or East Lapland, , Kola* RUSSIA, BouNDE^D on ihe N. by the Frozen Ocean, and the White Sea. S. by Turky in Europe. £. by Siberia, or Asiatic Russia. W. by Sweden, Baltic Sea and Poland. Chl-ef City, Petcrsburgh, built by Peter the Great on Piles ; and is one of the largeft and* fiheft in Europe, seated on: the river Neva, vhicii flows from the Lake of Ladoga, into the Gulph of Finland. , ,. Government.] Absolute Monarchy. Title ] Emperor of all the Russias, Sotc- reig^ Prince of Muscovy;. Czar of Siberia,. &c. Chief and protector of the Greek Church. Eldest Son.] Great Duke of Russia. Universities.] Moscow, Petcrsburgh. TURKY in EUROPE, is situated between 17 and 40^ £mi long. «nd between 36 and 49^' N. lat; Bou4f DBD on the N^ bf'RassIa, Poland and bclavouia. S. by the Mediterranean. E. by Circassia, Black Sea, Propontis, Hellespont and Archipelago. W. by the MediterraneaUf Chief City^ Constantinople, called the Porte, by way of Eminence, seated on the Europear side of the Bosphorus, now called the Canalj oi> Srait of Constantinople. ^ Provinces. /"Little Tartary, J ^ 3 Crimea, btlongi to t^ \ Rii4sia. )e,^ VBudziac Tartary. ,^| rBesiarabia, "^ 3 J Moldavia, n ijj'^ (WaUachia. r Bulgaria,. J Servia, j Bosnia, (.Croatia, (part) •Sv!.i.?-oSa( Roraania.for- ^«-§.gS;gS.( metlyThrace. Chief Towns. Precop. Caffa. ">' Oczakow. Bender, Jassi. Tergovisco. Sophia. Belgrade. Bosna SeragOk Vihitz. CaNSTANTI* NOFLE. greecje; «1 BLEMENTS o» GEOGRAPHY. 5» provinces* MacedoaiH/r Janna, formerly ThessaTj', Lrvadia> farmerly Achaia, Epirus or Lower Albania, Albania, Dalmatia, Xorni^iaj I Argos, Sparta, Olympia, ■ Arcadia, LElis, G R EEC E, Containing, ' \ - Chief Towns. ' r ^alonichi, formerly Thessalonica famous in the remotest Ahtidut^ ty for the r-brage of its Men,' and Goodness of its Hor- ses, * "-d f t. Paul's Epistles t' *''^ Christian Churches fror 'hens. Philiippi, noted for St. Paul's Epistle from Rome, to the Christian Church in that City. Janna, Athens, Thebes, N. lat. 38 — 2.'E. Ion. 24 — 5. Delphos, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, where the Temple of Chifliaera, . • [Apbllo stood Durazzo, Heisogovina, Corinth, a famous City of ancient Greece, remarkable for its strength, riches and splendour, and for two -Epistles from St Paul to the Christain Church. Avfios. Misitia, formerly Lacedemon. Longinico, foimerly O'ympia, -famous for the Olympic Game?, and the Temple of Jupitfr Olytapus. Modcn. ~ - Elis, or Belvidcre. Government ] Absolute Mnnarchy. TriLE.J Grand Signior, a, God on Earth; Shadow of God; Brother to tlic Sun and Moon; Disposer of all earthly downs. GERMANY, Bounded on the N- by the German Ocean, Deamark'and the Baltic Sea. S by Switzerland and the Alps, wliich divide it from Italy. E hy Poland and Hungary. W. by the Netherlamis and France* Germany contaius nine Circles, viz. Circles. Chief Towns. Upper Saxony -^ _ Stettin, Dresden. Hamburgh. Munstcr. Up- upper aaxony -v Lower Saxony LN. Westphalia j 50 ELEMENTS of GEOGRAPHY. CircItS' Chit f Towns. tipper Rhine,) Lower Rhine, ?M Franconia. J Casel,- Heidelberg, • Nurembuig. """1 , Bavaria, V Snabia, J Vienna, E- Ion j6 — ao. . Nlat. 48— 20. Munich, Ulm. Befides these. Germany contains. j Countries. Chief Tojfins. K> of Bohemia, "" Prague famous for lis nobleBridge of A , 1,8 arches, about 600 yards .in length, built over the riverMuldavp, '" ■ '' ■* a branch of the ' Elbe. D. of Silisia, Brcslaw, Mar-q- of Moravia ' Olmuu. Religiom.] .the CathoUc Religion prevails injttte Dominions of the Emperor, &c> Luthi- ranifm and Ctivinifm in fome other territories. GovERNMBNT.] Thcrc arc about three hundred smaller Soverei^ities, -which con'fe* disrated fiom the Empire, the Head of which is eUctive. .: Title] Emperor of Germany; King of the Romans ; Titulary Duke of Lorraln and Bar. . .■■ ' Eldest Son.]. Arch-duke of Austria. I- . " BOHEMIA including SILESIA and MO- RAVIA, Bounded on the N. by Saxony apd Brandei)burg.. ^S. by Austria, Bavarin- £. by Poland, Hungary. Wit by the-Palatinai t of Bavaria. ' Government.] The greatest part of.Sile sia is annexed to the Prussian Dominions; the rest of Bohemia principally belongs to the House of Austria. Universities.] Prague, Olmuty, Breslaw. PRUSSIA former^ly DUCAL PRUSSIA, the, name of Prussia is probably derived from , ' . the, ELEMENTS or- GEOGRAPHY. 59 the Borussi, the ancient inhabitants cf the Country, Bounded on the N. by Somogitia, a province of Poland £. by Lithuania. S. by Poland proper, and the Palatinate bf Maso; via. . W. by Holilh Prussia.-and the Baltic Sba. Chief City, Koningsburg, on the river Pregal. Th^ King cliiefly resides at Berlin the Capital of Brandenburg >n Upper SaxQny< ?" Government..] Absolute Monarchy. Title] King of Prussia, "^ Margrave and Elector of Brlndenburg; Chamberlain of the_ Empire; Duke of Cleves, Magdeburg, Fome- rania and Guelderland. Eldest Son ] Prince Royal. Uw IV EBftiTY.] Koningsburg. A s » 3r a S I A is situated between 25 and 180 de- grees of east longitude, and between the £qua> 'toi; and 80 degfecsof north latitude. It is about 4740 miles in leiTgth, from the Dardanels on , the west, to the eastern shore of Tartary ; abd about 4830 miles in bieadth, from the most southern part of Malacca, to th ^lost ijiortbera cape of Nova ^embla. Bounded on the North by the Frozen Ocean \ on the East, by the Facitic Ocean*, which separates it from America ; on the south, by the Indian Ocean ; and on the west, by Europe the Mediterranean, and the Red Sea, which seperates it from Africa CounXUs. 6o 'Circassiin AstraCan ^ Russian covite ELEMENTS Cautitrm, issiin ^ iCan I U f an, or Mus- l TarttTy. Chinese or Eaflern <■ nil I ■■ II III 's4 China, i*'iii- II-- ^^INDIA east of, or beyond the G«oge$> containing, Cochin China, M Too5[uini CO Siam,- Malacca, &c> 0f—^im «9 INDIA Me3t of, or within the Ganf>es, called the Mogol's Empire, or Indostan, containing, : Malabar, Coromandel, BengaU &c. or GEOGRAPHY* Qdis, • Terki. Astracan, "' .■ ' . Toboliski, N. Ut. 5 7—30 E. long. 63—10. ■ Chynian. Peking, Hanking. Kaoion* Si AM. Pcga. Thoanoa* " ' CacbdO. Siam, E. long. ico—jS£. K. lat- i4< 18. Malacca- Agra, Delly, Lahor* Surati Bombay, Goa, Callicut* Fort St. George, or Madrass, Fort St* David, • EtigU Pondichen y, Fr. Calcutta, Hugely, on the Ganges* Arabift' ■/■ .«s. M ^ Coukfrits^ Ar A fc 1 A is divided mto tbTe~Aral>ia Fflix, or the Happy, so called from its fertile soil, is the S. £'. part of this vast region. o# GEOGRAPHY. 6t SYRIA, Comprefitnttipg Pax E^ t in e. In ti$ Serif turt calhd C an a an. JtJDEA, - - or the Holt Land, Uficludlng GALlLtE. Ph91!«icia, fa^us for git^tng birth to the first navigators. •ASSTIUA, or CVRDISTAN, Suez. .? ' :;J MediM is 2oo miles N.W, of Mesca, eekbntel for being the burial pla^e of Mahoiiwt. . V-., MtccfL is Arms Mi A, now cdled Tuxeoms4;i:&. N A 701.1 A, formerly tajtltd. ■«•■,.■ 9*. AAr^MzNojt. Qtssbra, Sagdat.—Eabylon orSabel suppoMd to have been the seat of Paradise^ ,' "^ _ Diarbec ,■— Mousnl opposite tofbe place vh^re ihe ancient Hinevch stood* ~ Erscrunr.. ^- ', ■ ■■.,>'-■" Bursa, Epbesvt, Smyrna, one cf the flereil Churchte td whicb\jt. John wrot;e* '£K>y» anciently ilium, near the Egetn^a now the Archipelago, rendered famous by Homer and Vir- nil, for, the ioyears<«c|(c-it sustained from the' Greeks. > ' , v. 'PtRSkjK \^ WeS^XKVj or lNDEMNt>BMT TaR- TAKr,eomfrthtHdirtg ^ UsBBr«, — BotiUARAi Ispahant Samarcandi the seat of the gtett Tamerlane* ■» ■ ^ , . ■ Bocharai ' •« ' ' Lisa* 'GOVIRNMIIIT. /v \ ELBlrSNTS o» GEOO*Aniy. K- ;*'- GOVERNMENT lMSthVoiigIi«tl Asrs^ scarcely ID any other fQig|||iltbSt of despotic Monarchy. -The", principal Sowitigntics art thosie of Russia, Tjirkcy, Persia, Cj^ina, and Indostan, or the Mogul's Empire. The Mahome- tan Religion is professed in Turkey, Arabia, and, great part of Tartary, which are of the sect of Omar -, and in Persia, and part of India, which incline to the sect of 4/«. The Inhabi- tants oiP the fothetr' parts of Asia, are chieOy Pagans and Idolaters. ; '♦ G R E A T T A R T A R Y, Anciently S C Y T H. I A. TxjtTARY takien io its fullest extent is Bounded oir the N by the Frozen> ,bcean, aintrently the Scythian Sea ;; on the £• by the Pacific Ocean j on the S. by China, India, Per- sia/and the Caspian Sea ; and on the W. by Muscovy, and" the Caspian Sea.— Great Tar- tary is divided into four great parts^ viz; i. Siberia, or Rnssian Tartary. %. Independent, or Western .Tartary. 3 Chinese or Easteror Tartary. ^. T^jct, or Tangut* .«> * S I B E R I. A. OR • R U S S lA N T A R*T A R Y. Subject to Rinaia, is BotrtmiB on the N^ • by the Northern or Frozen Ocean j 00 : lie E. by the PaciSc Olcean ; >■ Uie S. Iqr C'.inese Tarlii'y,Independtn"t Tartary, andth' Caspian Sea ; andxin.'tbe'W* by Ruasiit, or,^ Mu^ovy, \w £urap«« WESTERN, OR FN D EPEND E N T T A RT A R Y, Containing Great Bochara, Little BochAra, ■ the Country of the Cahnucka to the N. and Usbecs to the Si Bovnszd on the N. by Si- beria, on the E. bjr Chinese or Eastern Tartary, , onthe S. by great and little Tibet, India and Persia i and on the W. by part of Pei>ia« and the Caspian Scftr - , 0% Cuii^BaK /■ t V, ' ' ■ *^ • .'=■/■' V. ■.«4 '■ •^>- #^=*;\> ■ ;..^ BLEMENTS o r GEO OR A C ai NES E, OR EASTERN TA-KTARY, Is seperaied frotn China, by • wall of aina»> Ing extent; k is Bounded oil , the N< by Si- ,beria ; on the E by the Pad 5c Ocean > which divides ItJ'roib N. Ameriea ;. on the S.by the Qulph and PeninsuU of Corea, by Chinii and Tibet i and on the W by Westcra Tarlary. Religiom.] ChristMiti, Mahometan and Fagan. T I B B 'f is BoTiMnED on the N by Eas- tern and Western Tartary i ou the E. by Chin?|-; and on the S . and W. by India. v m ARABIA. h BOVNDiD oh the N. by Turkey i on the £» by the Gu]pb»of Bassora and Ovmus, which seper^te h from PeiMMMm the S- by the In- dian Ocean ; andl«i|||gW. by the Red'Sea. / Re L LG I DM.] Mahometan and Pagan* ... :m '-, Government.] Part of it belongs, to thff Turkish Doihinlons, the -rest of it is uncler v^-^ rious independan'T Sovereigns]^ \f bo are atiifd: Xcriffs and Imans.. PER S I A, antiently including IT^reani't'r Parthia, Midia, &c. is bounded on the N.. by the CaspianjS^a, which divides it from Rus. sla. On the N. W. Jby the Mountains of Ara- Tat, which divide it from Circassian Tartary. On the N. E. by Usbec Tartary. On the E. by Indik. On- the S. bjr the .Gilphs ofPirsia and Ormus; and oa the W. by Arabia and Turky. . - - ] ' Religion.] Mahometan, of the seel of All. Government.] Absolute Monarchy. TitleVI Sophi) Sultan, qi Cham. He whom the Universe obeys; ^ '«•••'■ IiSLANDa.i' .r ' I S Vk N 1> S. ^ «S / TbeM^roitet, ■ —i — — foriMMt ,— — . The jPhilippines, . ^ "- ' "~ — " ll " The M0laccs» or Clove hies, -^— ^ Tbe Bikiida, or N^tneg !«!«•, — . •— ' Celebia, ((Sh^rroiMif/fff thtMolueea and BgntU ii/#«. '!GUoIo.&cJ ■ ■'. ■[ JBorvcb — *- Sutottrft, — J»va,atc. — *^ I Tiie And«biaa, and Maccfbar lilc, Ceylon,, — — — . m TbeMaldiYCSf- — '^I^Bembay. — — L AKKS. CAsriANSEiAi— >NorthofPenia. ^ Akax^— Eastof theCaapUnSea. - ^ Lake BAixAi^r-In Siberia^ near Gbineie Tkctav/. '- STRAITS. BAiiLMAM»iXr|«-wbftween Africa find Ajrabia. 3pain. Chtna.' Spain. PtHcb* IHitchk } AV Nation*. Engi and Dutch* Dutch; All NntiOna. DiMcb., All Nadona*. Eiigliah. Tnrka. Turkf. Ohm V8r-At the entrance nf the Fursfai ' Gulph. MALAGAf^Between MiUaoa and Sumatra^ SvMDA,— Beivrecn di^^ialea of SnnMtrat and Java« ' ' ' . . ' Emsxavour S^TRAiTSr— Between Nei»B Holland and New Guinea. 04' Rl\^R8. ^ , / > i.«liiiiiittiirr lull ililt'iiil 111 ^ EITEMEITTS Of R 1 V E R S. TiG^ii^^vfuj.K'^t^r-i^r^xxm m Asia. Iksos tnd'GANait»i-'In Indi*. , - OULP'HS gn^ BA.YS^. Bay, or Golph 6f Bin o At. —Between the two Peninsal^ of Ihdii^^ C -i Red Ska. or Arabian GtJLFH.^Betwwn Africa tod Arabu. , . ' "^ F£,R8iA« GiltpHj-^Between ?««>» »«»d Arii,*>ia' MOUNTAINS. , , *; -: ■/• OtT M P V 8,— th -Turkey. ARRARAT-raTurtcey ; thtArkftuM hm> GEOORAPHY^ I^BAK6M,|laTufkiy.. MouNX TARX)8,^Run8 thrbH|h A«ia. Sinai and ;HoREB,-In Arabia Petrca. •/ 2t if » 31; ^n:- ^ Is Bounded on. the North by the Medi- ' terraiTean Sea, which separates it frop EuTrope; on the East by the Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian. Ocean, which, divides it . from Asia; on the Sooth by the Southern Ocean-, and qn the West by the great Atlantic Ocean, which s^pwiktcs it fto» America. A«/«8k •t ) ' 4 - •; ,- ■ t ' ELEMENTS o» GEOGRAPHY. ^7 ^ States. 6 f Morocco, , ' ' - •f j Fez, — \' _ -r ^ J Algiers, — - — ■-■^ ^T Tunis, . — ' — I I Tripoli, — • - — EGYPT iNHoLt Wrht, Mizraim »ivid.ei> into LowkrEctpt,N* AN» •< UrpiR EcYPTy^S. . ' ' J- _ * ' * Ctii«f Cities. Mbrocc«, Fez, Algiers^ . ■■ . Tunis, ^ ■ • Tripoli, • Toiemata, \m Biledulgirecl, Zatr«, — » .Negroland, - GrandCairo,AIexanidna, I4 milcsW of thcDelta, ' (so called from its resemblance to a Grctic letter of that name, beiiig formed by tl«e I , extreme branches of th^ Nile) now almost „ . f in ruine— Tahis, the Zoan of Scriptme and "t'i residence of 'Pharoah, situate E. of the Delta , . Said, orThebes, E of the Nile, nowin ruins, for- merly famous for it3 hundred gates. N. lat. 37—25. E long,.3>. and 88— ao' E..of Thebes in Greece -Memphis, W of the Nile opposite to Baby Ion > ' famous fbr its Py»«mids. .Dara, Tegtssa, * MaUingSjr Oulheft *f/t Mli»jHilM ^i I ^i ;".'-, ■■ \ V <8 ^ttiaeif Benioi ^ Nubia, S-CAb^J?. « The nt^e Parts cilled Lowkk Ethiofta, •re very lUtlc known to the European*. Nobis, Gondar, DottCftU* jVCongo, •VAngoliy ' {iBengael** _• N LMfttiuaitta* Ztngtietari Monenvgf^ Sofola, G»ffar!t> or Hottentots, St.SftU«dcti« Cape of Good Hope. IS LA N ^n S- Baljelmandel, at the sntrance of the Red Sea* 2oeotra, in the Indian Oeean. *Xhe Comoro bks, ia th« Mm Oc«ft% All ^fRtionf*. All Nation»^ Madagiiear* , ELEMENTS o Madagascar, in the IncRaa Ocwii ' * ' ■ • ■.'"•■■, . ' • ■ .Maumiu3,Y,. . -_ ♦. ^ ' ^ ^ ^ B.urbon jln the Indian Ocean . — Sf. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean. Ascension,, in dittO' — . $t. Matthevr, in ditto* ' St Th'imfts^ in, ditto — Cape Velrd Islands, ditto. Gorec, in ditto ' — Canaries, in ditta Madeiras, in ditto;. .- The Azores, or Western Isles, lie nearly at an") equal distante from Europe, Africn, and?- ._Anierka. . ^ . " J We are little acquaintecf with the interior parts of this vast Pieninsula, which on account of ex- cessive heat, have generally been considered as desart and uninhabited. The regions along the sea coast, however, are described as remarkably fertile; ' ' , "" .^ With i;fspectto RELIGION, it is "said, that M^homttanism is embiaccd along thecoastaof » GEOGR^APKY. ■ - f •■' .'■■/ -' All" Nations. Frencji* Ehgir^fi. Uninltabited. rrninhabitcd' Portuguese.." Portuguese^. French; Spanish. Portuguese-. Portuguese* 1 i 1 * ^ t * '* / ■ ( * ' theEed Sae, and the Mediterranean. The People of Abyssina profeftCAri^liawiOr. Paganism pre vails in the other part of Africa. ■ As to the Forms of GOVERNMENT in ' this part of the Globe, we can speak with little certainty. The States of Barbary are governed ^ by Dcyi, nominally fubjeil to tlie 'turks. Egypt alfo belongs to the same jurisdiction under the command of Bashaw or Viceroy. rivbr^. TO \ . RIVER S.J^ and thence to Spain- - All tlie Isles lyiM toihe £a8t» between NiQrtli and South America, are callen the We$t Indies. V ?I A M E S of STATESandCOLONIES. Chief Temns. if i H H "New Hampshire, -v || Massachusetts, / SP Rhode-Island, f^^ Connecticut. J:^ (,: New-Yorli, New- Jersey, Pensylvania, Ss.«rpundland, Cape Breton, St. John's. In ih$ Alltuttit. > Placehtia. Lousbourg. Charlotte Town.. -^ rXhe Bermuda Isles. I St. Gcorgkr. I*) -JThe Bahama Isles. I Nassau. f ^ I WEST INDIA ISLES. , -Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Christopher*^^ Antigua Nevis, and Montserrat, Barbuda, AngutUa, / } BtloHg t9 England. England. England. England. England. England. England. DojnioiM %% ^ L E M B N T S b » G E 6 G R A^ H Y. A .J {Dominica, St. VinccnC <»ranada, Tobago^ Cuba, Jlispaniohl, Forto Rica« Triwdad /^ ^argaritta^ M^rtinico, ' Guadaloupc, V St. Lucis, St BartholomcMr^ Peseada, Mai gala r>t«, St. JEustatia, , Xurassou) St. Tliomas, St. Croix. 1 England. Englaad.' . England. ■ "^ England. Spain. Spairt & JFrance. ,$pain. fSpainV- Spaim Franc^. " France. ■» Fiance* ^^i'anc£> Dutcli., Panniarjk* D£nin»rk> i S O XJ T H ' ' CouHtrin> Terha-firma, Guinea, ' Brasilj Paraguay, or Laplata, Patagonia, or'Magellanica, TerrarFuego. . Chlli,^' • Peru, Amazonia, a very large cooh • try, hut little Rnowb to thV 'Europeans. Cape HorQ, South of the Is- land oi Terra del- Fuego M £ R I C A. Panama, Sulinatn. Say^nne. S(. Sebastian, BucAO'' Ayrcs LlmA* St jago.t INLAND SEAS /« .^Vor/A .«*tfjwV«, ftf/Zfrf /A* LaKks of Cajtada. There aremariy Lai^cs, in Canada, but the largest knpwh to the Eurnp^^as are, Lake ^u perioii, M:hich.conjmunicatejvwith-^LA kr Huron, aa that Uk«;\i^isc does with-^tARj Michigan, or Itlenois, and-.^LAHE ERiE,.jorOs'Vcgo, npvth ofwhichis — Lake Ontaje|l^6 Between Erie and Ontario ia a 8tuuendou%Cataract, called theEalls of Niagara : when the Water comes to tUe perpendicjalar Fall, which is 146 Feet, it is often heard at the distance ot' 30 miles. . RIVERS iM "A1[>r/A >4»j/ri«i. St LAwRENCB--rDividesQ|nadafrom N«7va Scotia and empties itfelf into the Occwnneir Newfound- lapd. Mississippi — Runs from North toSooth, and falls info the Gulpli of Mexiclj. Ohio— Falh into t!ic 'Mi.Ssissippitjipd has its spurce between tire Allegany Moimtains and Lake £^i«. - RIVERS in South Amrict. , . A'MAZONS—Which rises irt* Peru, and falls into the Ocean between Ningarn and Guiana. Rjo iDE LA PLATA—Rises in the heiart of tiie Country, and discharges itsehf into iie Sea. wi;h .^ach^ vehemence as to make its taste fresh many /.Leagues from Land. Oroomoko— 'FaUs into the Nostli jSea Almost ojppotlte to the ItUnd of Trinldtd- - O^^>4&0^