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COMPRISING es. ©fficial ©escriptioRs of aearly 100 ^i^mericaa Giti PRKPARED UNDER The Supervision of the Authorities of the Respective Cities, SHOWING THEIR ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, PRESENT CONDITION, COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. AMERICAN SCENERY. OE]LiE:BR.-A.TE3D HE-A-LTH R.ESOR.TS. THE GeVERNMENT AT WASHINGTeN. "CTITIDBR TUB Vj&.RIOXTS -A.3D3V,a:iIsriSTR.A.m01SrS. THE WONDERFUL ACHlSyE.UENT.S OF OUR COUNTRY. William Gay and J. H.,Beale, M.A. / ' BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER 1 50 ENGRAVINGS. JAN 11 1888 -^ NEW YORK: The Eiwipire manuracturinq House. COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY WILLIAM GAY. ANNOUNOPJMENT. How few realize that the State of Texas is larger than the German Empire or than Austro-IIimtr.iry, and that California is half as large again as Italy, or that Florida is lander tliAii RriL^land and Wales. It has been stated on good anthority that the whoh? quantity of cotton used in the world could be grown on 1,900 square miles, or less than one-fourteenth of the State of Texas. Belgium has 482 inhabitants to the square mile, and Great Britain 290, while the United States, exclusive of Alaska, have less than 14. Should the density of Great Britain ever be attained, there will be upwards of 1,000,000,000 Americans. The marvellous progress made since 1880 in the settlement of the new regions thrown open by railways completed since that date can hardly be realized. The population of Dakota has quadrupled in five years, and its wheat crop last year was 30,000,000 bushels, twice as great as the whole crop of Egypt. The growth of American cities seems no less astonish- ing than that of the States. New York has doubled her population in half the time that London has doubled hers (35 years); while Great Britain and Ivcland expend annually upon education $33,500,000, the United States expend $93,000,000, which is more than is spent by the whole of Continental Europe. Already America makes one-fifth of the iron and one-fourth of the steel of the world, and is second only to Great Britain in steel. The cotton industries, also, of this country are increasing nearly three times as fast as those of the rest of the world. From i860 to 1880 the consumption of cotton by our factories was increased by 140 per cent., while the consumption in Great Britain gained but 25 per cent. So, too, the American woolen industry has increased since i860 six times as fast as that of Great Britain ; the consump- tion of wool by our mills in 1880 being 320,000,000 pounds, against 338,000,000 pounds in the United Kingdom. This work is arranged in the best and most convenient manner. Each great event in the progress of our country is sketched separately and complete in itself. The reader can pick it up at any moment, read a sketch, and lay it down until a more convenient time. The sketches of our great cities show their origin, development, and present importance ; their great industries, manufacturing, and commercial achievements ; their public institutions, rapid growth of population, etc., enabling the reader to form a correct opinion of each great city, its natural and acquired advantages, comparative growth, wealth, and characteristics. The work will be found to have a fascinating interest for all readers, young and old, and will be of inestimable value to every American and to those who would become familiar with the home of their adoption. (3> i THE AUTHOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO THE MAYORS OK THE VARIOUS CITIKS, BOARDS OF TRADE. CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. ETC, PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. The Author desires to express hi. thanks for the hearty co-operation of these gentlemen, and to acknowledge the great obligations under which he has been placed through the invaluable services rendered by them while the work was in progress, and takes this opportunity to testify to the courtcot.s and liberal manner in which they ably seconded his efforts, not only by furnishing invaluable information concerning their respective cities, but in revising the proof-sheets, to guard against any possible inaccuracy of state- ment, and to include the very latest facts before going to press. He is anxious, especially, to acknowledge the eminent courtesies extcnd<:d by the following gentlemen : / —« Hon. Edmund Fitzgerald, Mayor of Troy, N, Y. Hon. Henry C. Kumpf, Mayor of Kansas City, Mo. Hon. J. E. Boyd, Mayor of Omaha, Neb. Hon.. Geo. D. Hart, Mayor of Lynn, Mass. Hon. C. T. Denny, Mayor of Indianapolis, Ind. Hon. Ezra H. Ripple, Mayor of Scranton, Pa. Hon. Willis B. Burns, Mayor of Syracuse, N. Y. Hon. J. H. Dannettell, Mayor of Evansville, Ind. Hon. J. H. Stearns, Mayor of Manchester, N. H. Hon. Geo. W. Gardener, Mayor of Cleveland, O. Hon. Thomas A. Doyle, Mayor of Providence, R. I, Hon. Edmund Rice, Mayor of St. Paul. Minn •* U) , . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. $ TS . ETC, ^OGRESS. >-operation of der which he em while the he courteous not only by :ities, but in acy of state- iress. He is nded by the Hon. S. C. Wilson, Mayor of Harrisburg, Pa. Hon. Dr. John Woolverton, Mayor of Trenton, N. J. Hon. George F. Holcomb, Mayor of New Haven, CL Hon. C. B. Rhodes, Mayor of Wilmington, Del. Hon. J. C. Abbott, Mayor of Lowell, Mass. Hon. Thomas A. Kercheval, Mayor of Nashville, Tenn. Hon. Alex. McKay, Mayor of Hamilton, Ont. Hon. James C. Mackintosh, Mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia Hon. J. E. Bates, Mayor of Denver, Col. Hon. John L. Whiting, Mayor of Kingston, Ont. Hon. F. Langelier, Mayor of Quebec, Can. Hon. T. S. Bores De Veber, Mayor of St. John, N. B. Hon. Francis Armstrong, Mayor of Salt Lake City. Hon. H. Leauqran, Mayor of Montreal, Can. Hon. E. D. Hull, Mayor of W. mington, N. C. Hon. Philip Beecher, Mayor of Buffalo, N. Y. His Honor Mayor Courtney, of Charleston, S. C. His Honor Mayor O'Brien, of Boston, Mass. His Honor Mayor Thacher, of Albany, N. Y. Wm. Stockell, President, and Pitkin C. Wright, Secretary of the Manu- facturers' and Mechanics' Association of Nashville, Tenn. David P. Hadden, President Taxing District, Shelby Co., Tenn. Prof. JoNA than Tenney, Albany, N. Y. Chas. G. Lord, Secretary Board of Trade, Columbus, O, Wm. F. Phelps, Secretary Chamber of Commerce, St. Paul, Minn. R. W. Luce, Secretary Board of Trade, Scranton, Pa. M. A. Fanning, Mayor's Secretary, St. Louis. W. P. Lett, City Clerk of Ottawa. Henry S. Thayer, Mayor's Secretary, Buffalo, N. Y. ' R. G. Neale, Mayor's Secretary, Charleston, S. C. ■ Heber M. Wells, Recorder, Salt Lake City. """W^. TESTIMONIALS. _ ^, Manor's Offict; NashvUlr, Ttnit. Lu^J ^r . "* ""* '*""" '"-Vniz^'t on the Muhjfrt, and in a few dau» I wiU be able to report to you the renuU «/ their work. yoiirn trvlfi, niOUAS A. Ki^JtVUEVJL, Uayor, « From the Manufacturers' and Mevhanie.^ /l..v'm of NrnhviUc, Tenn. I ha.T^'"'^'' 'Vi 'T\'''!'''''^ y'""' ^^«>«^^ P''oof OH the City of NaxhviUe. <^'fnc.s of U. .tatenu^nts. I regard U ,u. co,nplet., satisfactory, a,uJ as ^'-"-. — >. ^^' ^'^'^'^^^^'^^A President, } THOMAS A. KERCHEVAL, Maytr. ^ .J ^ Mayor's Office, Hamilton, Ont. thetchof rfTr^7/Z'» r "'''''",7 *° K"*^^ "^ ''*" ^^^^ *'»**• ^it^'' enclosed lied and i?'Zr.^/nZT^'^ 'T -'^ '' ^*''^ complete for the space occu- piea, and if the rest of the work is as correct it will be a valuable book. I am, very truly yours, ALEX McKAT, Mayor. W. p. I.ETT. ntj Clerk. Mayor's Office, Buffalo. N. Y. Cjentemen :~In accordance with your request, I have devoted some httlehme to the preparation of an article on the City of muffalo, which I transmit herewith, and can assure you of Us cor ^ rectness, and would say that it has the approval of His Honor the •Mayor who „ a representative business man, a member and ex^ President of the moard of Trade, ^President of the German Insurance Co., and the head of the firm of (philip (Beecher & Co., Wholesale ' ^''*'^^''^- Yours truly, HENRY S. THAYER. Mayor's Secretary. .cH pleawHl with tke lu^de *■ tUe City T Wllmin^on, »el. C B. RHODES, Mayor. vlllr, TfUH. tnhvUle riniit > a lotnmiltee a few dayt I fj, Mayor, viUe, 7\mn. of NntthvlUe. ouch for tht , and as good Prenident. ton, Ont. 'ih enclosed space occu- 'uable book. Mayor. < batftrio. iiaportance ce to trade, Ity Clerk. ■ALO, N. Y. ve devoted e City cf ->f its cor- Honor the ' and ex- Insurance Wholesale ' ECRETARY. tji^on, Oel. , Mayor. ^(.•vMnnuli, 4J». T '<'<4«*h nn It aoMf MtiintiM Im f(>rr«M-l i Hit* IVCii.voi- illriM-iM me |o tliaak t*"- '«"* J'onr ronrtcdy untl klu«lu«*MH. Very UeMpeell'ully, I'RAIXK ■:. Ki:n>4U»:K, Clerk or Coaadl. '3he af-lide. an ^Jrentan, J^. J., J think is cotfcct, ./A ////// ,''i' utith ike additianA and ca/'frc/ionA f luwc made on the fi roof. fJ^atii'A li'tdij, J'akn DlfaLucJlan, jttatjo^. "^oui fthetcR of ^oUinUHO m a fon, miEiawt^ ^totcntcnk oE out ^M- CI IAS. G. LORD, Secretary Columbus Board of Trade. *y a./vK' yyco-^V tx^uXu^ ^d-tc^i,, « It ivoxdd he diffi,oult to improve on zvhai yoxL aay in this sketch about Troy, J^. Y. EDMUND FITZGERALD, Mayor. I think the article on IGvansvllle, Iiid., !■ Tery satlifbotoir «n« cannot be Improved on. J. H. DAIVNETTELE., Mayor. Sou have admirably tuereeded in crowding a vaxt quantity of ugeful Information in a very limited spnce. . ^ GEO. M. GARDNER, Mayor of Cleveland. In n»y opinion tlie sketch of miancheRter, W. H., !■ meritorious, cohn prelienMive, and NatlsAtctory. OEO. B. STEARICS, Mayor. Tour deseri, H' 198 201 206 2IO 216 217 220 222 223 224 226 229 238 241 242 243. 244/ 245 247 2^ 254 256 258 362 264 268 269 274 277 280 381 384 285 287 289 LAFAYETTE (SKETCH AND VISIT), ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON, ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN, ADMINISTRATION OF HARRISON AND TYLER, ADMINISTRATION OF POLK AND MEXICAN WAR, THE PERIOD OF AGITATION, ADMINISTRATION OF ZACHARY TAYLOR, ADMINISTRATION OF MILLARD FILLMORE, ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE, . THE STRUGGLE IN KANSAS— ADMINISTRATION BUCHANAN THE CIVIL WAR— ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM THE OPERATIONS OF 1862, THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, THE MILITARY OPERATIONS OF 1863, THE MILITARY OPERATIONS OF 1864, THE CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR, RECONSTRUCTION AND PROGRESS— ADMINISTRAT DREW JOHNSON, .... ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GRANT, . THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, ADMINISTRATION OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES A. GARFIELD, . ADMINISTRATION OF CHESTER A. ARTHUR, PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE CIVIL JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD (POEM), OUR POSITION AMONG THE NATIONS, OUR HERO DEAD (POEM), THE DEATH OF PUBLIC MEN, . STATE DOCUMENTS, CLEVELAND AND HENDRICKS, . HISTORY OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT, OF JAMES LINCOLN, WAR, ION OF AN- PACI 2ijO 292 •=95 296 297 302 310 3" 3'3 318 326 332 340 341 350 357 360 362 367 369 371 373 378 381 382 390 39 » 393-410 4»3-4i4 415-445 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. THE CAPITAL AT WASHINGTON, SENATORS' RECEPTION-ROOM, THE SENATE CHAMBER, . THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT, THE WHITE HOUSE, THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE, THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART, THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, THE NATIONAL MUSEUM BUILDING, 'THE WAR, STATE, AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS, THE BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, ARLINGTON HOUSE OF ROBERT E. LEE, THE SOLDIERS' HOME, .... MOUNT VERNON WJLLARD'S HOTEL THE PENSION OFFICE, .... STATUES AND MONUMENTS, FISHING ON THE POTOMAC, BARTHOLDI STATUE, LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. SCENE IN NEW YORK BAY, THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE ELEVATED RAILROAD, NEW YORK, BROADWAY AND TRINITY CHURCH, NEW YORK, CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, GENERAL GRANT AND FAMILY, NEW YORK, THE CUSTOM-HOUSE, NEW YORK, THE GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT, NEW YORK, . SHIP-BUILDING, NAVY YARD, BROOKLYN, . INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA, FAC-SIMILE LETTER BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA, MACHINERY HALL, PHILADELPHIA, . CARI ENTER'S HALL, PHILADELPHIA, . PARK STREET, BOSTON, .... THE CUSTOM-HOUSE, BOSTON, . THE HANCOCK HOME, BOSTON, . LONGFELLOW'S RESIDENCE, CAMBRIDGE, . GORE HALL, CAMBRIDGE INTERIOR OF DRAWING-ROOM CAR, . LAFAYETTE SQUARE, NEW OB.LEANS, NS. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. THE COTTON EXCHANGE, NEW ORLEANS, . THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING, NEW ORLEANS, UNITED STATES AND STATE BUILDINGS, NEW ORLEANS NE.V ORLEANS TO SAN FRANCISCO, . iHE BALDWIN HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO, THE PALMER HOUSE, CHICAGO, THE COURT HOUSE, ST. LOUIS, THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY, ST. LOUIS, THE NEW POST-OFFICE, ST. LOUIS, . THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, ST. LOUIS, THE SOUTHERN HOTEL, ST. LOUIS, . LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, . CLEVELAND, OHIO, .... DRAWING-ROOM CAR, VIEW OF THIRD STREET, CINCINNATI, VIEW OF FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI, VIEW OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, VIEW OF UNION DEPOT, PIITSBURGH, VIEW OF THE COURT HOUSE, PITTSBURGH VIEW OF ST. PAUL, MINN., SUBURBS OF MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, R. I. CITY HALL AND COURT HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE, VIEW OF CITY OF ALBANY, N. Y., VIEW OF PARK, BUFFALO, N. /., VIEW OF CITY OF DAVENPORT, lA., . VIEW OF CITY OF OMAH.A, NEB., VIEW OF CITY OF COLUMBUS, O., VIEW OF CITY OF DENVER, COL., VIEW OF CITY OF CHARLESTON, S. C, VIEW IN AND AROUND CHARLESTON, S. C, A STREET IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, . BAY STREET, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, VIEW OF xMOBILE, ALA VIEW OF SAVANNAH, GA., VIEWS IN AND AROUND ATLANTA, GA., SCENES IN GALVESTON, TEXAS, MAIN STREET, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, STATE CAPITOL, RICHMOND, VA., PATRICK HENRY ADDRESSING THE ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA MAP SHOWING NEW YORK AND CANADIAN CITIES, ANCIENT GATE, QUEBEC, . . . MONTCALM'S HEADQUARTERS, QUEBEC, VIEW OF ST. JOHN, N. B VIEW OF KINGSTON, ONT., VIEW OF TORONTO UNIVERSITY, VIEW OF CHAUDIERE FALLS, OTTAWA, '5 PAGR 74 76 77 7» 79 83 88 89 90 90 91 95 06 97 100 100 lOI 'OS 106 108 109 112 "5 126 132 K^3 »34 137 138 139 141 142 144 147 149 '53 156 ^57 158 162 164 165 1O6 168 169 ' SH l6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VIEW OF LONDON. ONT., . . BRIDAL VEIL FALLS, YOSEMITE, UPPER YELLOWSTONE FALLS, . NIAGARA FALLS, .... THE HORSE-SHOE FALL, . THE BRIDGE, BATH, AND GOAT ISLAND, TABLE ROCK, TERRAPIN TOWER NIAGARA FROM NEAR QUEENSTOWN HEIGHTS, RIVER NIAGARA BELOW THE FALLS, . NL\GARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE, . NI.\GARA RIVER, THE WHIRLPOOL, . ALEXANDRIA BAY, THOUSAND ISLANDS, BETWEEN THE ISLANDS, . ON THE ISLANDS ROUND ISLAND BONNIE CASTLE, THOUSAND ISLANDS, DOWN THE RAPIDS OF ST. LAWRENCE, THE GORGE, WATKINS GLEN, . GLEN MOUNTAIN HOUSE, THE TRIPLE CASCADE, WATKINS GLEN, RAINBOW FALLS, WATKINS GLEN, FAC-SIMILE LETTER OF BENEDICT ARNOLD THE PALISADES ON THE HUDSON, TURK'S FACE ON THE HUDSON, BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE, INDIANS VIEWING THE FIRST RAILROAD, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, BOSTON, . LAFAYETTE, SANTA ANNA GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT, THE GREAT CANNON, ENGINE-ROOM OF EXPOSITION, HON. EDWIN D. MORGAN, . G ROVER CLEVELAND, THOMAS A. HENDRICKS, . PORTRAITS OF LEADERS OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, TO MAJOR ANDRE fAOB •73 176 '77 183 183 1K4 184 •85 186 186 187 187 190 191 192 »93 196 198 200 204 205 206 207 208 209 225 232 290 298 30 » 3*5 368 39» 413 414 415-445 of th( DRE ORIGIN AND DE?ELOPIENT OF AMERICAN CITIES. washin'c;tc)n d.c. Tin-: CATITOL. ASHINGTON is the Capital of the United States ; it is in the Federal District of Columbia, situated on the left bank of the Potomac River, i6o miles from its mouth, between Anacostia River and Rock Creek, which separates it from Georgetown. It is 37 miles from Baltimore, 136 from Philadelphia, 120 from Richmond, 225 from New York, 432 froi. Boston, 700 from Chicago, 856 from St. Louis, 1,033 ^^om New Orleans, and 2,000 from San Francisco. The Potomac at Washington is one mile wide, and deep enough for the largest vessels. When in October, 1800, the transfer of the Government of the United States was made to its. present seat, the most visionary dreamer could hardly have foreseen the magnificence and beauty of the city of Washington as it is to-day. The grandeur and greatness of the model Government of the world is fittingly represented by the stately city, which is the home of the central government of the most powerful republic the world has ever (17) I la PICTURKSQUK SKETCIIKS OI- AMERICAN PKO(iRi:SS. known and its ^'rowinj; splendor (the evidence of the prosperity of the people) is but an exemplification of the saying of the ^neat I'resident Lincoln, that " a Government of the people and by the people shall not perish from the face of the earth." In points of historic interest there is not a city in the world posscssin^j the attractions to the American citizen, that the Capital of the nation affords. In accordance with the act of Congress (March 3, 1791) the city was laid out, under the direction of I'resident Washington, on a plateau 40 feet above the river, with several elevations, with over 250 miles of streets and avenues. The senators' reception-room. streets are from 80 to 120 feet wide, and the avenues 130 to 160 feet — the lat- ter are named after various States. General Washington called it the Federal City, and it was not until after his death that it received his name. The streets from north to south are numbered, and those from cast to west are let- tered. Twenty-one avenues cross these in various directions ; the new Execu- tive Avenue winds from the White House around the city to the Capitol. The original plan of the city was so extensive and the increase of population so small, that Washington was often called " the city of magnificent distances." In 1839 '^" English traveler said : " The town looks like a large straggling village reared in a drained swamp." In 185 1 the work of laying out and adorn iiKSS. llu- people) In, that "a tlic face of Rcssiii}^ tlic fforcls. In out, under : the river, iiucs. The CITV OF WASH I N(; ION. 19 in^ tlif reservations and parks was commenced under the skillful (guidance of A. J. Downing, but his death, the next year, and the neglect of Con^jress, arrested it for twenty years. In 1871 a ^fovernuunt for the District w.is estab- lished by Congress, witii a governor and legislature and a board of public works, to wliicn ;, 's given control of the streets, avenues, and sewers of Wash- ington and Georgeto\vn, with authority to improve them under a general plan. A system of sewerage a.'.d of p.ivements was organized wliicli resulteil in regrad- ing most of the highways, paving 160 miles of streets with stone, wood, or concrete, planting about 30,000 sh.ide trees, and improving the public squares with fences and trees. In three years the city was transformed. From that time to the present a very large number of public bui!din|"J and private resi- dences have been erecteil. The city covers about 6,000 acres, of which the Government reservations comprise 500, and the streets 2,500, leaving 3,000 for t— the lat- he Federal ame. The ^cst are let- icw Execu- pitol. The julation so istanccs." straggling and adorn THE SENATE CHAMBER. the lots on which private residences are built. As open places are in all parts of the city, fresh air is abundant, and healthfulness is greatly promoted. The undulating surface of the city produces'a constant variety of scenery without obstructing the travel. Its environs present a beautiful and picturesque land- scape, which is seen to the best advantage from the portico or dome of the Capitol, and drew from Humboldt the declaration, " In all my travels I have not seen a mont charming panorama." THE CAPITOL BUILDING. Travelers who have visited all the capitols of the world pronounce this to be the finest civic buildihg extant, and certainly every American may well be proud of it. It stands upon Capitol Hill, fronting both east and west. It is 75 1 feet long from north to south, 324 feet in width, covers an area of three and one-half acres of ground, and has cost upwards of $13,000,000. The cen- tral portion is of sandstone, painted white ; this was partially destroyed in 20 IMCTURr.SgUK SKKTCHKS OT AMKRICAN I'Rt)GRKSS. 1814 by till- Hritish. The cxtcnsionn arc of Massachusetts marble, with mono- litli columns of Marylaiul marble. TIu; ih)ine is of iron, and weit;hs 40 tons. It is surmounted by a statue of " I'reedoin," from desi^jns m.ule under the direction of Jefferson Davis, at tlie time he was Secretary of War. 'Ilie cor- ner-stone of tl)e ori^,Mnal Capitol, now the central part of the structure, was laid in 1793, by Georye \Vashinj;ton, with Masonic ceremonials. The corner-stone of the extensions was laiil in 1S51, Daniel Webster deliverin^j the oration. The Capitol is always open to visitors e.\cept on le[;al holidajs. The admis- sion is free, and parties endeavoring! to collect an entrance fee to this or any other public buildinjf in Washington are im[)ostors, and ought to be nanded over to the police without ceremony. Here the objects of interest are so numerous that space can be j^iven only to a brief inentiot\ of each of them. Upon a platform erected in the east cen- tral portico, the oath of ofifke is administered to the I'resident in the presence of the public, and here he delivers his inaugural address. Fronting the porti- co is (ireenouf^h's statue of Washing- ton. On each side the steps leading up to the portico are emblematical groups in marble ; the one on the south side is Persico's " Discov- ery," the one on the north Grcenough's " Civilization." The first represents Co- lumbus holding a globe aloft, while an Indian maiden crouches by his side. In the other the pioneer husband and father rescues the wife and child from impending death at the hands of the bloodthirsty Indian. Within the portico are statues of " War " and " Peace " in niches. The door opening into the rotunda is the Rogers bronze door, so widely famous. It is well worth the closest study. It was cast in Munich, in 1S61, from designs by Randolph Rogers, and cost alto- gether about $30,000. It is nine feet wide and seventeen feet high, and here, in a great bronze picture, is told the storj' of the life of Christopher Columbus. Having studied this magnificent work of art, the visitor enters the rotunda, avast circular room, 97 feet in diameter, 300 feet in circumference, and 180 feet in height to the base of the canopy which surmounts it. The lower part of the wall of the rotunda is occupied by eight historical pictures. Four of TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Ri:ss. CITY (^I- \VASIIIN(iTON. 21 with mono- [lis 40 tons, utulor the Tlio cor- ii', was laid oriicr-stone he oration. Phc athnis- this or any be iiandcd given only le cast cen- ic presence iiiblic, and lelivers liis address, the porti- reenoufjh's Washing- each side leading up ortico are icd groups the one uth side is " Discov- ane on the recnough's ion." The :scnts Co- lolding a other the ding death statues of nda is the study. It cost alto- high, and hristopher e rotunda, , and 180 ower part Four of these pictures, viz. : " Declaration of Itulepcndence," " The Surrcnccausc it is 3l to confer session the Cabinet to es not si£;n •r; At the my Wilson lies' Recep- ness. Still s is gained late Cham- Senate, the i Crawford ►oor will be irthy of at- l.t illus- /olutionary nd cost in borhood of It was cast pec, Mass. centre of ico are a f figures il- thc " Prog- lerican Civ- nd the De- the Indian Returning terior, the Chamber, spects one t staircase rie." The side it is tee-rooms, I the heat- ation, was extension, ds consist d in 1825, The new Hall of Representatives was occupied in 1857, and the Senate Chamber in 1859. During the war of the Rebellion the work was carried on ; the great dome rose from day to day while the city was an intrenched camp, and at the close of 1863 ':he statue of " Freedom " was lifted to its place. There arc many other object? of interest in the Capitol building to which a lack of space prevents reference. Regularly authorized guides may be found in the building, who aie allowed to charge visitors a moderate fee for their services. THE BOTANICAL GARDENS. The visitor may pass out of the western entrance and in a very few min- utes' walk reach the Botanical Gardens, with its eleven conservatories, the largest being 300 feet long. To naturalists and lovers of rare plants and trees, there is much here of highest interest. On the east of the President's house is the massive Treasury building, of freestone and granite, 468 feet by 264, with Ionic porticoes on all four sides, the monolithic columns on the south front being 31^ feet high and 4}^ feet in diameter ; and on the west, the magnificent building for the State,\\'.ir, and Navy Departments, of granite, in the Ro- man-Doric style, with four facades, of which those on the north and south, and on the east and west respectively, correspond. THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. The doors of the Treasury Department are open at nino o'clock in the morning, and close to the general public at two in the afternoon. The White House is not open to visitors till ten A.M., and by the time the objects of intere.'.t in the Treasury Department have been seen, an entrance can be had to tho President's house, the grounds of which adjoin those of the Treasury. The Department building covers the space occupied by two blocks. It is 300 feet wide at the north and south fronts, and 582 feet long. The four fronts are elaborately finished in the colonnade style, with porticoes on the north, south, and west fronts. The east front, the first one built, is of Vir- ginia freestone ; the others are of the Dix Island granite. The structure cost THE CORCOkAN GALLERY OF ART. 26 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. nearly $7,000,000. It was many years in building, having been added to from time to time, as the increase of business required ; and yet it is not large enough to accommodate Ull the bureaus belonging to the Treasury. The cash-room is the most beautiful in the building, if not in all Washington. The walls and ceilings are entirely of foreign marbles. A permit from the Treasurer of the United States can readily be secured, by means of which the great vaults cm be seen, the visitors being under charge of a Government ofifi- cial. The offices of the Secretary of the Treasury are well worth examining. They are richly and tastefully furnished, and the rooms,'facing south, are of noble and beautiful proportions. THE WHITE HOUSE. The Executive Mansion, standing on elevated grounds between the Treas- ury on the east and the War, State, and Navy Department buildings on the west, is two stories high and 170 feet long. It is modeled after the palace of the Duke of Lein- ster, the architect, James Hoban, being from Ireland. It is of sandstone, paint- ed white. It fronts north on Pennsylva- nia Avenue, across which is Lafayette Park. Fron» the north front projects .i, huge portico, un- der which the car- riages of visitors are driven. The south front looks upon a lovely park stretching down to the Washington Monument. The visitor enters at the n >rth door, and finds himself at once in a magnificent vestibule 40 by 50 feet in size. A sash screen, filled with colored and ornamented glass, separates the vestibule from the cor- ridor running in front of the Blue, Red, and Green parlors and the State dining-room. Ushers are in attendance to show to visitqrs those portions of the house open to the public. The East Room is 80 feet long by 40 in widLit, and is 24 feet high. The ceilings are paneled and richly frescoed, while the chandeliers, mirrors, furniture, and carpets are of the most magnificent description. This room is used on all occasions of ceremony, grand recep- tions, etc. The Green Room adjoins on the west, and is so called because it is entirely furnished and adorned in green. The Blue Room comes next, furnished in blue ; in turn th^ Red Room is entered, still proceeding THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. fiESS. CITY OF WASHINGTON. 27 cd to from >. not large sury. The '^ashington. t from the which the nment ofH- examining. uth, are of the Trcas- igs on the wo stories 170 feet is modeled palace of of Lein- arciiitect, ban, being ind. It is )ne, paint- It fronts Pennsylva- ue, across Lafayette From the It projects 3rtico, un- 1 the car- dsitors are ivn to the and finds ish screen, m the cor- the State - portions : by 40 in oed, while agnificent ind rccep- d because m comes roceeding west. This last is used more than any other, as the jitting-room for the President's family. The State dining-room is in the southwest corner of the house. It is 40 by 30 feet, and is very richly furnished. The family din- ing-room is also on the first floor, in the northwestern part of the house. The cast half of the floor above is used for the transaction of public business. Here the clerks and secretaries are found, and here is the Cabinet Room, where Cabinet sessions are held, and where the President usually receives vi.^ itors on ordinary routine business. The kitchens, store-rooms, servants' quar- ters, etc., are in the basement. The conservatory is attached to the west end of the building. It is beautiful and completely appointed, and cost over $40,000. The Executive stables arc at some distance southwest of the man- sion. They cost over $30,000. The White House was first occupied by John Adams, in 1800, the corner-stone having been laid in 1792. It was burned by the British in 18 14. The cost of the pres- ent structure was something over $300,000. Portraits of the various Presi- dents are hung throughout the building. THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. The Department of the Interior has a grand Doric build- ing, commonly known as the Patent Office. A visitor can take one of the cars on the Metropolitan Street Railway and in five minuter reach the Interior Department building, within which are located the Patent Office, the General Land Office, the Pension Office, the In. dian Office, the Census Office, the Educational Bureau, etc. For the purpose of saving time, however, he may wisely stop at Tenth Street, whereon is located within half a square of " F " Street the old Ford's Theatre in which President Lincoln was assassinated, and the house directly opposite where the great martyr died. The old theatre is now used as the Army Medical Museum, having been bought by the Government after the assassination. The Interior Department building covers two squares of ground, between Seventh and Ninth and "F"and "G" Streets. Its dimensions are 410 by 275 feet. It is of the Doric style of architecture. The centre, the first part built, is of freestone, the rest of marble and granite, and its cost was nearly NATIONAL MUSEUM BUILDING. ■M 28 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. $3,000,000. There are thousands of patent models and other objects of inter- est in this building. THE WAR, STATE, AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS. A short walk brings the visitor to the building occupied by the War, State, and Navy Departments, just west of the White House. This is one )i the most beautiful structures in Washington. It is in the Italiar renaissance style, and is built of Maine and Virginia granite. The architect was A. ri. Mullett. It is 342 feet in width, and runs 567 feet from north to south. The interior finishing is in harmony with the exterior. Taking everything into consideration, it is probably finished more handsomely and expensively than any other public building in the country. The State Department has charge of the original Declaration of Independence. The War and Navy Depart- ments have each museums of interesting relics, etc., and superb libraries. In all the departmental buildings are to be seen portraits of the various Secreta- ries, from the earliest days to the present. It will be some years before this building is entirely finished, for, although it is now occupied, the west wing yet re- mains to be built. THE DISTRICT COURT-HOUSE, Where the District Courts hold their sessions, is located on the southern part of Judiciary Square, between Fourth and Fifth and " D *' and " G " Streets. The new building for the accommodation of the Pension Bureau is now being constructed on the north side of this square. It was in the District Court House that Guiteau was tried and the famous Star Route trial was held. The Post-Oflfice Department building stands opposite to the Interior De- partment building, on the square bounded by " E " and " F " and Seventh and Eighth Streets. It is of white marble, and is of the Corinthian style of architecture. The Dead-Letter Office is the chief object of interest in this building, to which access is readily had. The Department of Justice, or Attorney-General's office, is situated at the comer of Sixteenth-and-a-half Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, north of the Treasury Department. The building, of brick and brown-stone, was erected THE WAR. STATE, AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS. RESS. cts of inter- rs. y the War, lis is one A rcnaissap'-e ; was A. 6. outh. The y'thing into isively than has charge ivy Depart- jraries. In lus Secreta- the earliest he present, some years is building ly finished, )ugh it is upied, the ig yet re- 3C built. ISTRICT HOUSE, le District lold their is located ithern part ry Square, ourth and nmodation his square. le famous iterior De- Seventh an style of est in this ited at the )rth of the as erected CITY OF WASHINGTON. 29 by the Freedman's Bank for its own uses, and was bought but a year or two ago by the Government. There is nothing here to attract the tourist. THE BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING Is located on an eminence but a short distance southwest of the Agricultural building. Here the printing of Government bonds, greenbacks, national bank notes, internal revenue stamps, etc., etc., is done. No place in Washing. ton is more attractive to visitors. The building is very handsome in itself, and with its wonderful machinery and hundreds of employes rates second to none in interest. The Washington Monument is but a short distance south of this building. It is undoubtedly the loftiest artificial structure in the world. The Census Office, having finished its work, is in a few rooms over the Second National Bank, Seventh Street, opposite the Post-Office Department. The Smithsonian Institution is located just east of the Agricultural Bureau. It is of a red stone, and with its towers and gab'cs of the twelfth century, Norman style of ar- chitecture, makes a very pleasing im- pression. An im- mense volume would be required to cata- logue the curiosities to be found here. Adjoining it on the east is the still more interesting National Museum building, which is also crowded with curios from all parts of the world. It was in this build- « ing, then incomplete, that the Garfield Inaugural Ball was held in 1 88 1 THE BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING. THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE. This is said to be the largest and best equipped printing-office in the world. It is situated at ♦■he corner of " H " and North Capitol Streets, ar.d covers more than two-thirds of a square of ground. It is in a building 300 feet by 175, has a complete equipment, and manufactures about 1,000,000 volumes annually. The Navy Yard covers about 27 acres, and though not much used for the construction of vessels, is of great importance in manufacturing and storing supplies. Besides the public buildings already erected, others in different parts of the city are rented for the Department of Justice, Pension Office, Commissary Bureau, and other branches of service. 30 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS. The Columbia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, at Kendall Green, accom- modates lOO pupils in beautiful buildings, surrounded with lOO acres; the Hos- pital for the Insane has a commodious building in the midst of 400 acres, and shelters 600 patients; Providence Hospital has 200 inmates; the Louise Home is a beautiful building, on the finest avenue of the city, erected and endowed by Mr. Corcoran as a memorial of his daughter and a home for gentle- women who have become poor. The Columbia Woman's Hospital, the Washington Orphan Asylum, Soldiers' and Sailors' Orph- ans' Home, St. Joseph's and St. Vin-' cent's Orphan Asy- lums, St. John's Hos- pital for Children, the Freedmen's Hos- pital, and the Home for the Aged, under the care of "The Little Sisters of the Poor," are among the charitable insti- tutions with which the city abounds. Among its institu- tions of learning are Columbian University, Gonzaga College, under Jesuit instruction, and Howard University, for colored youth, under Congregational and Presbyterian supervision. THE ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM Contains 10,000 MS. volumes of hospital reports and a large assemblage of specimens representing the effects of wounds, diseases, and surgical operations. The microscopic section is admirable ; and the models of barracks, hospitals, ambulances, and surgical instruments, are not equaled in any similar collec- tion. The medical library contains about 40,000 volumes. The great interests centering in the legislation for over 55,000,000 of people, bring to the city multitudes of people of ever)' cjass and for various objects ; and its pleasant winter climate makes it attractive to persons of wealth and leisure from all parts of the country, and to visitors from other lands. The fashionable season begins with the meeting of Congress in December. From Christmas to Lent, receptions, balls, and dinners abound ; the levees of the President, members of the Cabinet, and Speaker of the House, are open to all comers ; the President receives the calls of the public, and on Jan. ist ARLINGTON, HOME OF ROBERT E. LEE, RESS. CITY OF WASHINGTON. 31 ccn, accom- s ; the Hos- D acres, and 3uisc Home id endowed for gcntle- ospital, the :on Orphan 1, Soldiers' lors' Orph- om e, St. and St. Vin- rphan Asy- John's Hos- r Children, imen's Hos- I the Home \ged, under : of "The sters of the are among itable insti- with which abounds, its institu- inder Jesuit igregational semblage of operations. :s, hospitals, milar collec- ,000,000 of for various ns of wealth other lands. December. le levees of se, are open on Jan. ist his reception is attended by foreign ministers in official costume, officers of the Army and Navy in uniform, officers of the Ciovernmcnt, members of Con- ^'rcss, and citizens generally. The Pension Office is at present located in the Shepherd Huilding, at the corner of Twelfth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. In the long summer evenings it is the almost universal custom in Washing, ton to drive out after dinner to the Soldiers' Home, where there are twenty miles of the finest roadways in the world, in the noble public park belonging to this institution, and is well deserving a visit. In the winter the bright, bracing afternoons offer the most favorable opportunities for this purpose. The Soldiers' Home, a national institution for invalid soldiers, was estab- lished in 1851. It has s i n ce been greatly enlarged, and is maintained with a fund accumulated by retaining \2]4 cents a month from the pay of each pri- vate soldier. The buildings are hand- some, and the grounds adorned with meadows, groves, and lakes. The Naval Hospital supplies a similar home for sick and disabled seamen of the Navy. The buildings of the Home are for the most part of Ohio or other white sandstone, and while they are picturesque, afford most comfortable homes for the old veterans. The President usually occupies one of these cottages for his summer residence. THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Occupies a building of brick and brown-stone, in the renaissance style, 170 feet by 61, with green-houses, graperies, and experimental grounds, around it, covering 10 acres. The business of the Department is the distribution over the country of seeds, plants, and general agricultural information. THE UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY. The United States Naval Observatory is on the Potomac, between Wash- ington and Georgetown. The grounds attached to it are 19 acres in extent. From the flagstaff on the dome of the principal building a signal-ball is dropped daily at noon, transmitting by telegraphic connections the mean time to all THE soldiers' HOME. »,:"'<■ 32 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. parts of the United States. Another edifice has been specially adapted to the reception and employment of the great equatorial telescope made by Alvan Clark, and mounted in 1873. It has an object-glass of 26 inches, and cost nearly $50,000. MOUNT VERNON. The Tomb of George Washington is at Mount Vernon, Washington's old home, seventeen miles down the beautiful Potomac. Every day except Sun- day a steamer runs to Mount Vernon for the accommodation of tourists, leav- ing the city at nine A.M. and returning at four I'.M. The city has 120 churches. Some of the public halls arc Lincoln, Odd Fel- lows', Willard's, Tallmadge, and the Masonic Temple ; and of the hotels, Wil- lard's, the Arlington, Ebbitt House, Riggs House, National, and Metropolitan are widely known. Boarding-houses greatly abound. The number of Govern- ment officers and clerks is about 7,000. During the Rebel- lion Washington was the centre of vast military opera- tions. The military works were service- able for the safety of the city after the disasters of 1862, and when Early marched on the city. Throughout the war Washington was a vast d^pot for mili- tary supplies ; long trains of army wag- ons were almost constantly passing through its streets ; immense hospitals for the sick and wounded were erected, and many churches, public institutions, and the Capitol itself, were at times given up to this service. WILLARD'S HOTEL. While there are a great many noble buildings and historic spots in Wash- ington which have the highest interest to the visitor, Willard's Hotel stands second to none of them, historically considered. It was in the very early days of the Republic, and very soon after the National Government had become fixed in its new quarters on the Potomac, that the first humble beginning of what is now a magnificent and luxurious Structure, was made on a spot directly adjoining the present site of the house. The enterprise of that early day located with wonderful accuracy the point that would be most ■ convenient and most desirable for a hotel. Willard's MOUNT VERNON. ESS. )tcd to the by Alvatv i, and cost igton's old .- 34 riCTURKSyUK SKErCIIKS OF AMI'RICAN I'KOCRI'SS. There is an aristocracy amoiii; the colored people of VVasliinjjton ;us well as amotij; the wliiti,, and it is (piite as exclusive. The caste is very strictly marked, and it is as difTicull for a tanu-1 to yo throiij;h the eye of a needle as for a meinljcr of the class denoted as "trash "to fjain admis- sion to the circle of the "cjuality." The focus or pole around which the hit,'h-toii(*wawww8 W! sa i. ESS. pe, as they ivhich i-s n use, but iu he voyage freight to purcha^'.d lally about orts about ports were South are ;s brought ay of New New York 27,000,000. IS shipped its of oats about the slight gai'i son River,. Sound, in 1 the main- n the west The city the harbor )nsiderable boundaries n the east, ivcr. The aart is 4^^ oy of the V^ork Bay, attached, ch he dis- d, and irt any open- uired pos- onization. ent about ler Dutch jossession^ induced he Dutch later this NEW YORK CITY. 39 company took out eighteen families, who settled at Fort Orange (Albany), and thirty families, who made a settlement on Manhattan Island, which they bought for S24, and founded New Amsterdam, now New York. This was accomplished by Peter Minnits, the DireClor-General, who, representing the Dutch West India Company, came here to take charge of their colonies. He was an able Governor. The English opposition to the Dutch colonization schemes was persistent from the beginning, and fruitful of much conflict. The English claimed the territory north of Virginia on the ground of the anterior discoveries by Cabot ; and in 1664 a charter was granted by Charles II. to the Duke of York, which covered all the lands lying between the Hudson and the Delaware, and in- cluded New Netherland, as well as lands already held by prior grant, by SCENE IN NEW YORK BAY. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. In the summer of the year in which this charter was given, Colonel Nicolls was sent from England with sufficient force, and on arriving at New Amsterdam demanded the surrender of the Dutch possessions. The demand was acceded to by Governor Stuy- vcsant, who was powerless to prevent its enforcement, and the country in question passed into the hands of the English without a struggle. The name New York was now given both to the settlement on Manhattan Island and to the entire province, and that of Albany to Fort Orange. A subsequent recapture by the Dutch' was followed by a speedy restoration to the English ; and on the Duke of York ascending the throne of England under the title of James II., the province passed into the possession of the Crown. In 1696 the first Trinity Church was built. A slave market was estab- lished in 171 1. The New York Gazette was established in 1725 ; this was the NEW YORK CITY. 41 If -s- first newspaper published in the city. About 1730 a line of stages was estab. lished between New York and Boston ; they occupied two weeks in making the trip. In 1750 the first theatre in the city was opened. In 1755 the Stamp Act created great excitement ; the Colonial Congress assembled in the city, and the Stamp Act was publicly burned. In 1765 the Sons of Liberty were organized. The statue of George III. was destroyed in 1770, and the duty on lea was resisted in the same year. In 1774 a ship laden with tea was returned to England after eighteen chests were destroyed. In 1776 the city was occupied by an American force, but the battles of Long Island and others in the immediate vicinity being disastrous to our arms, Washington and his army abandoned it, and tl"e British took possession of the city and held it for seven years, from August -6, 1776, to November 23, 1783. The building of the present City Hall was commenced in 1803, and finished in 1812. Robert Fulton made his first steamboat voyage to Albany in 1807, p.id in 1812 began running the ferries from New York to Brooklyn by steam. In the same year gas was introduced, but did not come into general use until 1825. The Erie Canal was begun in 181 7 and finished in 1825. The effect of this great work was to enrich the State, while opening the way for the stream of commerce which has resulted in making the city of New York the metropolis of the Western Continent. In 1826 the Hudson & Mohawk Railroad was chartered — probably the first railroad charter granted in the country. This road was com- menced in 1830, and the New York & Erie in 1836. The gradual absorp- tion of the various New York lines which form the Hudson River Railroad, and the consolidation of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroads into one powerful four-track trunk line connecting the metropolis with the West, were significant events in the development of the city and State. In 1832 an epidemic of cholera caused the death of nearly 4,000 persons, and in 1834 about 1,000. The east side of the city below Wall Street was destroyed by fire in 1835, the entire loss being $18,000,000. In 1837 a financial panic brought failures and general loss to the entire country. The Astor Place riots in 1849, ^^'^ ^^^ cholera epidemic of that year, which carried off 5,071 persons, were important events. The first city railroad was built in 1852, and on July 14, 1853, the Crystal Palace Industrial Exhibition was opened, the President of the United States oflficiating. A second financial panic occurred in 1857. From i860 to 1865 the city was engpged in patriotic and generous service in behalf of the Union, threatened by the secession of the Southern States. In the fall of 1873 occurred the great financial panic which began with the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. During several years at this period took place the investigation into the acts of the so-called " Tweed Ring," by which the city had been plundered of many millions of dollars. The arrest, trial, and punishment of most of the offenders, and the death of Tweed himself in prison, was a lesson that seems to have been forgotten by the aldermen that granted the Broadway Railroad franchise in 1884, which is . '"""wrfPHpi.- WWR^MIi" -i NKVV YORK CITY. 43 i ,')-■;» :^-wm m^'' .;«^ now being investigated by the Senate Committee. In 1883-4 there was groat depression in business, which at one time ahnost amounted to a panic. The election in the fall of 1884 vvhich placed Grover Cleveland in the Presidency created great excitement in the city, and caused general depression in trade, uiiich, after the inauguration, speedily revived. New York is connected with Brooklyn by the Brooklyn Bridge, also by numerous steam ferries ; there are also many large steam ferry-boats runi.ing to Jersey City and other places. Manhattan Island is 13)^ miles long and one and three-fifths wide. There arc eighty-five piers or wharves on the Hudson River, and seventy -five on the East River. At the piers on both sides of each river is accom- modated the great sail- ing commerce of the city. A ridge runs through the centre of the city like a back- bone ; it rises at Wash- ington Heights to 238 feet. Avenues lOO feet wide and 8 or lO miles long, mostly in straight lines, are crossed at right angles by streets from 50 to 100 feet wide, e.xtendifig from river to river. There are five avenues desig- nated respectively A, I?, C, D, and E. The numbered cross-streets are designated east and West from Fifth Ave- nue. There are also 13 numbered avenues, nearly 200 numbered streets, and about 400 named streets, avenues, etc. New York is built of brick, brown sandstone, and white marble. Among its finest edifices are the City Hall, CJustom-House, County Court-House, I'ost-Ofifice, Trinity Church, Gra'^e Church, two universities, cathedral, Acad- emy of Music, Metropofitan Opera House, Casino, Cooper Institute, the numerous great hotels, and many other fine public and private Structures. Besides, there are thirty-five Roman Catholic schools, and colleges and academies of the religious orders. The hospitals and insiitutions of charity are on a liberal scale; and besides legal outdoor relief, the poor are visited BROADWAY AND TRINITY CHURCH. _ X NEW YORK CITY. 4t a and cared for by a public society, with agents in every district. Among the charities are asylums for insane, blind, deaf and dumb, magdalens, foundlings, etc. The Astor Kree Library, founded by John Jacob Astor, ha;i 150,000 carefully selected volumes; the Mercantile Library, 150,000 volumes, with a large reading-room ; Society Library, 64,000 ; Apprentices* Library, 50,000, with rich museums of antiquities ; the Cooper Institute, a present to the city by Peter Cooper, has a free reading-room, picture-gallery, art-schools, etc. Annual art exhibitions are given by the National Academy of Design, Dusseldorf, and International Galleries. The Academy of Music or opera-house has seats for 4,700 persons. Among the clubs are the Army and Navy, Knickerbocker, Lotos, Man- hattan, Century, Down-Town, Harmonic, Merchants', New York, Press, Rac- quet, St. Nicholas, Union League, Union, an ' liversity. FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, Central Park is laid out in the finest style of landscape gardening, and is two and one-half miles long by three-fifths of a mile wide. It was begun in 1858, and includes between Fifty-ninth and iioth Streets and between P'ifth and Eighth Avenues, and contains 840 acres, in which are two large lakes. It is i ferior in some respects to older parks, especially in its trees as compared with old park forests. Its lawns are necessarily limited in space, yet in pro- portion to the space which it covers it has developed many beauties and much interest for the public. The plans for its laying out were submitted and executed by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux. Four thousand men were engaged on the work in 1858. The ground was a region of hills and swampy hollows, containing a few old farms and mansions. Within five years the transformation was astonishing. The reservoirs within it occupy 142 acres. In addition to this water there are six artificial lakes, containing 42 acres; the lawns cover nearly 1 10 acres. It contains nearly 10 miles of III -•uniwswU'.,, %^^v.j^ S: 'Ki ■i, NRW YORK CITY. 47 carriage roads. 28 milt-s of walks. ai,.l ru-arly 6 .n.los .l.-votr.l to muestrians • there arc in all 46 brid^-cs. The visitors to the jmrk often number loo.ooo ,1 day. Kivcrside Park, which is now famous .is General r.ranfs last restinL'-pl.icc IS situated above Central Park, on the east bank t.f the Hudson Kiver It is i lontj. narrow strip of land, and is visited by thou...nds from all parts of the country. I he tomb can be seen by travelers on the Hudson Uiver boats as the site commands a fine view of the river. The accompanying picture of (.enerai (,rant and his family is en^^aved from a i.hotoijraph taken at Mount Mc(ire{,'or a short time before his death. The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purpose of enc()urayin- plication of the principles of art to manufactures and to practical life, and for the purpose of furnishing popular instruction. The building was erected at a cost of $5oo,ocX), and open- ed Marcli 30. 1880, by the I'resident of the United States. It is located in Central Park at Fifth Ave- Muc and Eighty-second Street. It is 218 feet long and 95 broad, and contains numerous articles of great beauty and interest. It is ojien free of charge to the public on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays; 50 cents is charged for admission on Mondays and Tuesdays. About twenty other mailer pubhc parks are to be found in the city. The Museum of Natura Histoo^ .s ocated m Central Park at Ei.Mty-first Street and Eighth Avenue adm,s3.on free The city contains numerous art galleries, ovfr 300 pubHc schools, and about 400 churches. The Bartholdi statue is on Bedloe's Islan>^ a short d^tance from the Battery, which is at the foot of Broadway ' the Stock Exchange is a fine white marble building, located in Broad S Its in'^n"^ V r'""°" '° ^•'*" ^*"^* ^"^ ••"""•"S back to New Street. T \ , Exchange are now worth $32,000. None but members are lowed on the floor. Ten thousand dollars is paid to the he'rs of L" deceased member from the Gratuity Fund established by the Exchange The government of the city is vested in the " Mayor, Aldermen, and com- THE CUSTOM HOUSE. 48 PICTURESQUR SKF/rCHHS OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. nionalty of the city of New York." The IcKisIativc power is vested in a board of twenty-four aldermen. The executive power is vested in the Mayor and heads of departments appointed by tiie Mayor, and confirmed by tin- Hoard of Aldermen, for a term of six years (except in special cases). The salary of the Mayor is $iJ,ooo, and that of each Alderman $4,000 per annum. The !''inance Dcp.irtment is under the direction of the Comptroller, who receives a salary of $10,000 per annum. The City Chamberlain receives a salary of $30,000, out of whicii he pays all the expenses of his ofTicc. Amonj; the important buildings deserving notice is St. Patrick's (Roman Catholic) Cathedral, occupying the block on Fifth Avenue, between F'iftieth and F'ifty-first Streets. The corner-stone wAs laid on August 15, 1858, and it was dedicated by Cardinal McCloskey, May 25, 1879. The architecture is of the thirteenth century style, the ground plan being in the form of a Latin cross. The dimensions arc: Interior length, 306 feet; breadth of nave and choir, 96 feet, with the chapels, 120 feet ; length of transept, 140 feet ; height, 108 feet. The Fifth Avenue front comprises a central gable 156 feet in height, with towers and spires, each 330 feet high. The building is of white marble, v.ith a base-course of granite. The total cost was about $2,500,000. The building of the Young Men's Christian Association, F'ourth Avenue and Twenty.third Street, was erected in 1869, and cost $500,000. It is F'rencii renais^.ancc in style, five stories high, 175 feet front and 86 feet depth. Castle Garden is now used as a depot for emigrants, for which purpose it has been employed since 1855. It is situated in the Battery Park, at the extreme southern end of Manhattan Island, convenient for foreign .steamers and shipping. The business of receiving, caring for, and shipping to their destination the many thousands of immigrants is in charge of seven Commis- sioners of Emigration. During the year ending Di.ccmber 31, 1880, 372,880 persons arrived at this port, of whom 320,607 passed through Castle Garden. Their destinations were — Eastern States, 63,368; Western States, 112,119; Southern States, 6,497; New York State, 137,561 ; Canada, 1,627. New York has thirteen beautiful cemeteries. The Health Department is under the direction of a Board of Health, which has charge of all sanitary matters except the cleaning of streets. The expense of the Fire Department, which is very efficient, is about $1,500,000 annually. The Building Depart- ment supervises the erection of new buildings and additions to old structures within the city limits. New York has a great network of city (horse) railroads. The elevated railroads are all in the hands of one company. The Police Department is governed by a Board of four Commissioners, who receive $6,000 a year each, excepting the President of the Board, who is selected by themselves from themselves, who receives $8,coo. Patrolmen receive $1,000 a year; rounds- men, $1,200; sergeants, $1,500, and captains, $2,000. The city has a large number of public markets under the general direction of a superintendent. Besides the General Post-Office, there are 10 sub-stations and over 1,000 lamp- post boxes, from which collections are made seven times daily (Sundays L es, 112,119; NEW YORK CITY. 49 excepted). Lac!) police court has connected with it a prison, viz.: The Tombs, or City Prison, in Centre Street ; ICssex M.irkct, in Kssex Street ; Jdferson M;irkct, Sixtli Avciuie n\u\ West TeiUli Street; Yorkville, Fifty- Ecventli Street; Harlem, i^stli Street. Ludlow Street Jail is used for pris- oner:-, from the l"*ederal and State Courts. The Croton Aqueduct brin^^s a river of pure soft water from 40 miles distance, which is received in reservoirs of a capacity of 1,500,000,000 j;allon3, am\ distributed with such a head as to supply public fountains of 60 and 80 feet jet, and the upper stories of most buildin^js. New York is the great centre of American finance and commerce. It re- ceives 66 per cent, of all imports, and sends out 50 per cent, of all exports. The New York & Harlem, the New York, New Haven & Hartford, and the New York Central & IhuJson River Railroads ter- minate at the Grand Central Depot at Forty- second Street, while m any railroads termi- nate at Jersey City, the pas- sengers being carried across the Hudson River on the companies' large and com- modious ferry- boats. It is understood the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad have completed arrangements to make Staten Island the terminus of their great system, and to connect with New York by ferry-boats. The Long Island Railroad terminates at Hunter's Point, L. L, and connects with the city by ferry. The finest passenger steamboats in the world pass up the Hudson, Long Island Sound, and down the Narrows, through the Lower Bay. « The evening schools supply instruction to about 20,000 children and others who are obliged to work during the day. The College of the City of New York was established in 1847, ^"d until 1866 was knov/n as the New York Free Academy. It is open only to pupils from the public schools who have been in attendance at least one year. The college confers the degrees of R.A., M.A., B.S., and M.S. The buildings are on Lexington Avenue and Twenty-third Street, and valued at $150,000; they contain a library, natural THE GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT. 11: 50 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. history cabinet, and scientific apparatus, the whole valued at $75;O0O. The annual cost of maintaining the college is about $150,000. The Normal College for Women is on Sixty-ninth Street, between Lexington and Fourth Avenues. The building is 300 feet long and 125 feet wide, fronting on Fourth Avenue; its cost was $350,000. There is also a model or training school for practice. Its object is to prepare teachers for the common schools. The cost of main- taining this institution is about $100,000 per annum. Other institutions of learning are Columbia College, the University of the City of New York, and the medical, law, and theological schools c^d seminaries. Columbia College, originally King's College, was chartered in' 1 754. The Corporation of Trinity Church erected the first college building on the church lands between College Place and the Hudson River. About 1850 the old buildings were surren- dered, and the college removed to its present site on Madison and Fourth Avenues, Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Streets. The departments are the Aca- demic, the Scho., 1 of Mines, and the Law School. The University of the City of New York is comprised in the university building on Washington Square, and the Medical College building on East Twenty-sixth Street, oppo- site Bellevue Hospital. The university was chartered in 1830, and 's non- denominational. Instruction in the departments of the arts and sciences is given free of charge. The regular medical schools or colleges are Bellevue Hospital Medical College, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Universit)' Medical College, the second of these being the Medical Department of Columbia College. Bellevue Hospital Medical College is located within the hospital grounds, at the foot of East Twenty-sixth Street. It was founded in 1801, and is under the control of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Cor- rections. Applicants for admission must be eighteen years of age. The course of sfudy is three years. The fees in all amount to $185. The college ranks high, and has about 500 students. The Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary is situated in what is known as Chelsea Square, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues and Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets. It was foundec' m 181;;) and chartered in 1822. The course of study lasts three years. Thr Union Theological Seminary is on University Place, between Waverley and Clinton Places. It was founded in 1836. The seminary course occupies three years, and the library has 35,000 volumes. In 1700 there were only 800 dwelling-houses on Manhattan Island, and about '5,ooo inhabitants. In 1790 the population was 29,906, and the city extended as far north as the lower end of the City Hall Park. In 1805 the population was 79,770; in 1840, 312,700; in 1880, 1,206,577, and in 1886, 1,338,000. The total amount allowed for city expenditures in the final esti- mate for the year 1886 was $35,736,320 59, an average of about $28 for every man, woman, and child of the city. This sum is enormous when compared with the expenditures of other cities. RESS. 5:000. The rmal College th Avenues, rth Avenue ; for practice, ost of rnaiii- istitutions of w York, and ibia College, )n of Trinity veen College were surren- and Fourth are the Aca- crsity of the Washington Street, oppo- and 's non- d sciences is )ital Medical rsity Medical of Columbia the hospital ided in 1801, ies and Cor- The course college ranks in what is id Twentieth n 1822. The Tiinary is on IS founded in ry has 35,000 Island, and and the city In 1805 the and in 1886, he final esti- ^28 for every ten compared CITY OF BROOKLYN. ROOKLYN is situated at the west end of Long Island, and is the capital of Kings County, N. Y. There are thirteen lines of steam ferries plying between Brooklyn and New York, and the -annex boats connect Jersey City with Fulton Street, Brooklyn, every twenty minutes. The " Brooklyn Bridge," which crosses the East River, and connects Brooklyn with New York, is 125 feet above high water; its total length is 5,989 feet, or about a mile and a quarter ; it is 85 feet wide, and its grand stone piers rise 278 feet above high water ; their size at high-water line is 140x59 feet. The Bridge cost $15,000,000, and is a marvel of engineering skill. Occupying comparatively elevated ground, Brooklyn commands a complete view of the adjacent waters and their shores. It is governed by a mayor and board of aldermen. Brooklyn has a very large number of churches (nearly 300 in all), whence it is often called the " City of Churches." It has an im- mense trade in grain, the warehouses being capable of holding about 12,000,000 bushels. It possesses also a National navy yard, which embraces 45 acres of land, and magnificent docks, including a wet- dock for the largest ve.ssels, the most extensive in the Union. Along the entire river front is an almost unbroken line of storehouses. The Atlantic Dock warehouses of South Brooklyn, opposite Governor's Island, cover a space of 20 acres, and inclose a basin 40 acres in area, and about 25,000 vessels, exclusive of canal boats and lighters, arc said to be annually unloaded there. The principal articles are molasses, sugar, grain, coffee, oil, hides, and wool. The annual storage of merchandise in Brooklyn is valued at nearly $3OD,ooD,C0a The streets, with the exception of Fulton Street, the principal thoroughfare, are generally straight, have a width of from 60 to ico feet, and cross each other at right angles. The large number of persons who reside in Brooklyn and do business in New York, has caused the city to Lc termed " the bed- room of New York," the larger part of the city being devoted to private dwelling-houses. Brooklyn is connected .with other parts of Long Island by a number of railroads, besides lines of city horse railroads in every direction ; an elevated railroad extends from Fulton Ferry to East New York, a distance of 5^ miles, and connects with the Bridge cars. Several other cicvn -id railroads arc in course of construction. The city is well supplied witn pure soft water* (5x) iSS>if)sit'aetr3m>/afi:s 52 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. Under the act of consolidation the city comprises Brooklyn, WiUiamsburgh, Grcenpoint, Wallabout, Bedford, New Brooklyn, Bushwick, Gowanus, and South Brooklyn, embracing an area of 16,000 acres, or 25 square miles. The city is 8 miles long, with a breadth from 2 to 5 miles ; it has a water-front on the East River and Bay of New York, Sj4 miles in length. Along the shce, near the end of the Island, is a bluff, which is called the " Brooklyn He'ghts," on which are many fine residences. A large portion of the city is level. Williamsburgh, now called Brooklyn, E. D. (eastern district), contains a large number of manufacturing establishments, and has its entire water-front devoted to commercial purposes. Greenpoint also contains large ship-yards and manufactories. South Brooklyn has an extensive water-front, and contains large wood, coal, stone, and lumber yards, numerous planing-mills, distilleries, breweries, plabtcr-mills, foundries, and machine-shops. Brooklyn has several parks ; one of the finest in the county is Prospect Park. It was commenced in 1866, and covers 550 acres, including the Parade Ground. The site is one full of natural beauty, and on which some of the battles of the Revolution were fought. The Park has a fertile soil, magnifi- cent views, fine forest trees, and a large, magnificent lake. It has a nobler efifect in sylvan features than Central Park. Upon the Plaza at die main entrance is a bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln and a beautiful fountain. From Lookout Hill can be seen the palatial hotels and Atlantic Ocean at Coney Island, which is about seven miles distant. A fine wide boulevard lined with shade trees extends from the Park to the Island, on which are numerous hostelrics, one of the most popular being the " Woodbine," where " English Pete " entertains his friends by his wonderful recollections and inventions. The boulevard is under the supervision of the Park Commissioners; is gener- ally in fine condition and well patronized. The Park has 1 1 miles of walks and 10 nulcs of roads for driving and riding. Among t'le cemeteries which are widely known are Greenwood, Cypress Hills, and the Evergreens. The" more important churches are — St. Ann's, on the Heights, which is a fine Episcopal church. The Church of the Holy Trinity is one of the hand- somest churches in the country. St. Paul's has a front of 75 feet, and a depth of 145 feet. The Church of the Pilgrims? is built of gray stone, and inserted in the main tower is a piece of the Plymouth Rock ; its pastor, Dr. R. S. Storrs, is a noted pulpit orator. Plymouth Church has accommodations for seating 2,800 persons ; Henry Ward Beecher has been its pastor for the last forty years, and the desire to hear him preach is so great that many pew- holders give up their seats to strangers for the evening service. A Roman Catholic cathedral is in process of erection on Lafayette Avenue ; it will be a very large and imposing structure. The Tabernacle is on Schermerhorn Street ; the interior is well arranged for seating a large audience ; the plan is a large semicircle, g'ving the speaker command of the entire building ; its pastor is the well-known Rev. T. De Witt Talmage. "■■^"■VMBIP CITY OF BROOKLYN. LESS. amsburgh, anus, and liles. The er-front on the shc.-c, 1 Hc'ghts," level. contains a water-front ship-yards arge wood, , breweries, is Prospect the Parade lome of the ail, magnifi- as a nobler It ihe main ul fountain, c Ocean at levard lined e numerous re " English inventions, s; is gener- es of walks lod, Cypress which is a the hand- and a depth nd inserted r, Dr. R. S. odations for or the last many pew- A Roman it will be lermerhorn the plan building; its 53 There are nearly 200 private schools and educational institutions in Brook- lyn. Among the principal buildings arc the City Ilall, the Kings County Court-house, the new Hall of Records, the new Post-office, the new Brooklyn Orphan Asylum, the College of St. John the Baptist, the Art building, the Academy of Design, and the Long Island Historical Society. The Academy of Music, on Montague Street, was built in 1S60; it contains scats for 2,300 persons. Opposite is the Brooklyn Library; the building was completed in 1867, at a cost of $227,000. The Kings County Penitentiary is on Nostrand Avenue. The four principal theatres are the Park Theatre, on Fulton Street, opposite the City Hall Park ; the Brooklyn Theatre, corner of Johnson and Washington Stects, on the site of one which was destroyed by fire December C, 1876, causing the death of over 300 persons — the new structure has proper means of exit ; the Grand Opera House, on Elm Place ; and the Criterion Theatre, on Fulton Avenue near Grand Avenue. The latter was completed in the fall of 1885, and has a very handsome interior. There are twenty, one hospitals, dispensaries, and infirmaries, besides numerous other benevo- lent institutions. The first settlement of Brooklyn was in 1636 ; it was then called " Breuckc- Icn," at which time a few Walloon colonists settled on the spot now known as the Wallabout. English and Dutch settlers followed. In 1667 the town received a charter from the Governor ; in 1666 the first church was erected ; in 1693 the population was 509 — of these, 65 were slaves ; in 1776, on the site of the present city, the battle of Long Island was fought, and its neighbor- hood was one of the principal seats of the Revolutionary War. Brooklyn became a chartered city in 1834, and Williamsburgh became a city in 185 1. In 1800 the population of Brooklyn was 3,298 ; in 1S30, 15,292 ; in 1840, 36,233 ; in 1850, 96,838 ; in i860, after its consolidation with Williamsburgh, the population vas 266,661 ; in 1870 it was 396,099 ; in 1880, 554,696 ; and in 1886, 650,00a The yearly expenditure for 1884 was $8,045,017, being $io.SB />er capita. ^K ,"^ ^^^: SHIP-BUILDING. •*j i-m-n^ ^,^j fmf m ^ *■ll> ' ■ ' "WM i n y* '-< »'r«»ya4y*'iyift^?'**$«x»*v JERSEY CITY. ERSEY CITY, the county seat of Hudson County, is situ- ated in the State of New Jersey, on the west bank of Ihe Hudson River, opposite New York, of which it is in fact, though in another State, an extension. Large steam ferry, boats connect it with New York ; they are lighted with gas, and travel day and night. In 1802 it contained but thirteen inhabitants living in a single house. In 1804 the Legisla- ture of the State granted a charter to the ' Associates of the Jersey Company," who laid out the place in streets in 1820. It was incorporated as " the City of Jersey '; in 1838 the name was changed to " Jersey City." It is now about 5 miles long and 3 miles wide. Its principal public buildings are the County Court-house, the City Hall, the Jail, and the Market ; while the business portion of the city has numerous substantial business structures, yet it is not as imposing as might be ex- pected from its population, but this can very properly be attributed to its close proximity to New York. The city has many hand- some residences, many fine school buildings and churches. There are several tmall public squares; some of them contain fountains, and are adorned with trees. The Morris Canal, which connects the Delaware with thd Hudson, terminates here. Numerous lines of railway approach New York at this point ; among the principal are the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Northern New Jersey, the New Jersey Midland, the Reading, the Central of New Jersey, and the New York and Midland. The work of constructing a tunnel under the Hud- ton between the two cities was begun about six years ago. The city is a part of the New York Customs district, and, therefore, not a port of entry. The immense quantities of coal and iron brought to the city by the canal and railroads create a large business. The city has large manu- facturing interests, including extensive glass works, the United States Watch Manufactory, steel works, crucible works, boiler works, zinc works, railroad repair and supply shops, locomotive works, machine shops, foundries, sugar refineries, breweries, medals, car springs, pottery, chains and spikes, planing- inills, soap and candles, articles in copper, saleratus, oils, fireworks, jewelry, drugs, lead pencils, chemicals, etc. Large numbers of animals are slaughtered in the northern part of the city for the New York market. The city is sup- pl-ed with water from the Passaic River. Among the charitable institutions are the City Hospital, the Home for Aged Women, and the Children's Home. The number of churches is 60. The population in 1880 was 120,728, and in 1886, 154,000. The appropriations for 1886 were $1,623,459. (54) nty, IS situ- aank of Ihe t is in fact, steam ferry- ed with gas, but thirteen :he Legisla- iatcs of the ets in 1820. 38 the name 5 miles long 2 the County arket ; while 5 substantial night be cx- properly be many hand- ■e are several adorned with thd Hudson, It this point ; New Jersey, rsey, and the der the Hud- erefore, not a It to the city large manu- States Watch orks, railroad ndries, sugar ikes, planing- orks, jewelry, e slaughtered le city is sup- tie Home for |es is 60. The opriations for CITY OF NEWARK. *'■■ EWARK is a city and port of entry of New Jersey, and capital of Essex County. It is situated on an elevated plain on the right or west bank of the Passaic River, 10 miles' from New York and 4 miles from Newark Bay. Its principal street is over 2 miles long, 120 feet wide, shaded by great elm trees and bordering on three beautiful parks. The population, which has increased •ery rapidly, was, in i;8o, 1,000; in 1870, 105,059; in 1880, 136,400; and in 1886, 155,000. The amount appropri- ated forVexpenditures in one year was $1,742,912. The College of New Jersey was located in Newark from 1747 to 1755 ; the Newark Academy was founded in 1792. The town was sacked, plundered, and nearly destroyed by the British in 1777. New- 'vpAv ark is a very beautiful and industrious city, and contains 104 ^^ churches, an academy, high-school, and 25 public schools. It has many fine public buildings, among which are the City Hall, , Court-house, Custom-house, and Post-office. Among the promi- nent societies are the State Historical Society and the Library Association. Among the goods manufactured are carriages, india-rubber goods, jewelry, machinery, leather, paper, patent leather, and spool thread ; there are also very large flour-mills, in fact the city is noted for its varied manufactures, numerous industries, and large life and fire insurance companies. The shipping interests are very large, the docks being nearly a mile and a half in length. The total capital and assets belonging to the financial institutions amount to about $100,000,000. It is the largest city in the State, and contains nearly two hundred miles of streets and nearly fifty miles of sewers. Great quantities of building material are produced from the brown-stone quar- ries a short distance from Newark. In 1682 Newark was famous for the manufacture of cider. In 1665 the colonies of Hartford and New Haven, Conn., being united in spite of the opposition of the people of Branford, the latter deserted that part of the country in a body, headed by their pastor, and taking with them their families and household goods. They bought the land on which Newark now stands, from the Hackensack Indians, for ;^I30, 12 blankets, and 12 guns, and there founded their city, laying it out in broad streets. No one^was permitted to hold office, to vote, or was a free- man, who did not have membership in the Congregational Church. About three miles from Newark is the beautiful city of Orange, with a population of 12,000. One of the numerous horse railroads connects the two cities. (55) " " ' "'' I WJi PiiP i, ^^ '/^. U-^e-in^^^ 6"^^^ Ojt^U^'-' a^-^^^c^t*^ rin^ ^J>^Tt~^ FACSIUILB OP LETTER PEOM DENJAMIN FRANKLIN TO MR, STRAHAW. m xr '^^^£<«e-s/ 7^ HAW. CITY 01^^ PHILADELPHIA. ,f^ 1^ HILADELPHIA is the chief city and seaport of Penn- sylvania, and the second as to population and import- ance in the United States. It is situated on a plain on the west bank- of the Delaware River (which separates it from New Jersey), at the mouth of the Schuylkill, which since 1854, the time of the extension of the boundaries of the city to those of the county, flows through the city and joins the Delaware. The city between the two rivers is about 3 miles wide, and its water front on the Delaware is 23 miles in extent. It is 96 miles from New York, 135 from Washington, and 96 from the open sea. Its extreme length is about 23 miles north and south, and averages about 5^ miles wide east and west; it embraces 129 square miles. The city as founded and planned in 1682 by William Penn was bounded by Vine and Cedar Streets and the two rivers. That portion which lies west of the Schuylkill is now called West Philadelphia. Penn stated : " I took charge of the Province of Pennsylvania for the Lord's sake. I wanted to afford an asylum for the good and oppressed of every nation, and to frame a government which might be an example. I desired to show men as good and happy as they could 'be ; and I had kind views to the Indians." With these ends in view he selected its name. The Indian name of its original site was Coaquenaka. In 1682 twenty-three ships arrived containing settlers, who were mostly Friends. ' asscd, and illy became . At Car- igress; the lat Colonel ed General y 4th the proclaimed nber, 1777, The battle ^^^. The the Union, il of Penn- ucted here by New e year the the Asiatic suspended, at depres- imes from ilroad was jraph lines Square in THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION was opcn&d in P'airmount Park, May 10, 1876, 100 years after the Declaration of Independence, on a magnificent scale, covering 236 acres. The cost of the five principal buildings was $4,500,- 000. The enclosure contained 200 separate buildings. The main building covered no less than 20 acres, rnd the roof was 70 feet high. It was 1,876 feet long, 464 feet wide, with pro- jecting wings in the centre 416 feet long. Space was apportioned as follows, in square feet : Ar- gentine Republic, 2,861 ; Austria-Hungary, 24,- 727; Belgium, 15,598; Brazil, 6,899; Canada, 24,118; Chili, 3,244; China, 6,628; France, 45,- 460; Germany, 29,629; Great Britain and Ire- land, 54,155; India 3nd British Colonics, 24,193; Hawaiian Islands, 1,575; Italy, 8,943; Japan, 17,831 ; Luxemburg, 247 ; Mexico, 6,567; Neth- erlands, 15,948; Norway, 6,959; Orange Free State, 1,058; Peru, 1,462; Spain and Colonies, 11,253; Sweden, I7,7;J9; Switzerland, 6,693; Tunis, 2,015; Turkey, 3,347; United States, 136,684. This gives a fair idea of the magnitude of the main building. Within this vast space the wealth, power, industries, and greatness of the nations were exhibited to millions of admiring visitors. The exhibition was opened every day, except Sundays, for six months ; the number of admissions was nearly 10,000,000, of which nearly 8,000,000 paid the regular fee cf 50 cents, and nearly 1,000,000 paid the special rate of 25 cents. A large building was devoted to the progress of modern education. The Women's Pavilion, designed to receive the prod- ucts of woman's ingenuity, co^rered an acre of ground. The Riomorial Hall, or Art Building, remains as a permanent representative of the exhibition. The building is 365 feet long by 210 feet wide, and 59 feet high. It is made of granite, glass, and iron. It is a beautiful struc- ture. Machinery Hall covered 13 acres, and was the next in v ize to the main building. The W\ 1' I .lli r m I'li. Il IM m)Dm iimiiiiiiiimiirtMii ■mm PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. United States building was 504 foct by 300, and the operations of the Government service were exliibited in tiiis great building. Horti- cultural Hall, which was intended to be per- manent, was built of iron and glass, by the city of Philadelphia. Its size it 383 feet by 193 feet, and 72 feet in height, and covers o::o by 540 feet of ground. Several nations had pavilions for their commissioners and others. There were 26 buildings represent- ing as many States. Many private exhibitors .'ind companies had special buildings of their own. Among them were the Telegraph lUiilding, the Transportation Building, the Hankers' Pudding, the American Kindergar- ten, the Bible Building, and others. The in- genuity of man was supplemented by bees making honey in the midst of all the crowd. PLACES OF HISTORICAL INTEREST. Among the places of historical interest In Philadelphia are — Carpenters' Hall, between Third and Fourth Streets, on Cliestnut Street ; tae legendary treaty ground at Shackamaxon, with a monument marking the siic of the elm tree, erected in 1827; the Germantown battle-ground, arj Fort Miflin, on the site of the mud fort on the west bank of the Dela;vare; the old London Cofifee- House on the southwest corner of Front and Market, and Independence Hall, or the old State House, on Chestnut, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, built in 1732-35. It was in this building that the second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and where, July 8, 1776, the famous Liberty bell fulfilled the great mission in- scribed on it in the words of the Scriptures: " Proclaim liberty tliroughout all the land to all the inhabitants thereof" (Lev. xxv. 10). In one of the rooms of this building is the National Museum, filled with relics of the Colonial and Revolutionary history of our country. In the adjoining hall Congress met CITY OF rniLADKLPni/V. 6f for ten years, and Washinf;ton, Adams, and JoffL-rsoti were innugnrated. At the southw'.vit coiner of .'^cvcntli and Market is the liouso in wliicli Jcfforsoa wrote the Declaration of Independence. Tlic new County Court House and City Hall, is a mafjnificent structure, probably the largest and finest in the country. It is situated at the intersection of Broad and Market Streets. It covers nearly 4 J^ acres, exclusive of the court-yard. The new United States Post-OfTice is one of the finest in America, and is located on Chestnut, Ninth, and Market Streets. The Custom- House and Mint are among the prominent buildings of the city. The Masonic Temple, at the corner of Broad and tilbe.t Streets, is said to be the finest Masonic structure in the world. It cost $1,300,000, and is in the Norman style. Th< Government arsenals, Navy Yard, Naval Asylum, and Naval Hospital arc sii'iated at Bridcsburgh and Gray's Kerry Road. PARKS, PLACES OF INTEREST, AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. miles wide, and is one of Its fine old trees, broad Fairmount Park is nearly 11 miles long and the finest p.irk^ in America, covering 2,740 acres, expanses of turf, varied surface, and great ex- tent, with the Schuyl- kill River flowing by its side, and the Wis- sahickon, flowing through a picturesque rocky valley clothed with the trees, shrubs, and wild vines of vir- gin nature, through dark dells, broken by numerous waterfalls, give it a different character from that of other parks. Philadelphia has a number of public squares, five of which were laid out when the city was founded. Among the daily papers published in Philadelphia twelve have an aggregate circulation of 350,000, and the weeklies have a still larger circulation. The city contains over 2,000 public schools ; evening schools are conducted during the autumn and winter months. The, Girard College is one of the finest architectural buildings in the country. The University of Pennsylvania is the outgrowth of the College of Philadelphia, founded through the influence of Dr. Benjamin Franklin and others. There are many other fine colleges in Philadelphia, including two dental colleges ; also, the / cademy of Natural Sciences, whicli carpenters' hall. il mt-Jm mmm 62 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. is strictly scientific, and has a library of 30,000 volumes and fine collections. There is also the VVayner Institute and Franklin Institute. The American Philosophical Society was founded in 1763. There are many theological colleges. The Hyzantine Order has a superb structure on the west side of Broad Street devoted to art. It contains a copious collection of sculptures anil painting's. It was organized in 1803, and is the oldest academy of art in the country. There is also a School of Design for Women, conducted on a liberal scale, and founded in 1850. There are numerous libraries in Philadelphia, the Apprentices' being free. The Historical Library of Pennsylvania is very large and valuable. The city has numerous charitable institutions of every kind, including; 24 hospitals, 12 dispensaries, 20. asylums, and homes of various kinds. The H.mk of North America is the oldest in the country. Many of the bank buildings have great architectural beauty and merit. On Chestnut Street arc located some of the best hotels, the Ti'/nfs, Ledger building, many fine business structures, the Mint, and several handsome churches. On this street is conducted the finest retail trade of the city. In the magnificence of its public and private buildings Philadelphia is second only to New York and Washington. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS-MANUFACTURES— COMMERCE. The great financial centre is in the neighborhood of Third Street, the latter L-^ing considered the Wall Street of Philadelphia. It is situated in the lower portion of the city. In this section can be found the great banking and insurance companies, the courts, and the Custom-House. The city is famous for its building and loan associations, of which there are about seven hundred, mostly composed of trades people. Philadelphia leads every other city in the Union in the number of its manufacturing establishments, also in the number of persons employed, in the amount of capital invested, the value of the material used, and the variety of articles manufactured. It is second to New York only in the value of the products. The banks of the river are devoted to commerce, and manufacturing establishments are to be found in all direc- tions. Nearly 10,000 manufacturing establishments give employment to about 220,000 hands; the capital invested in these establishments amounts to over $250,000,000; they produce about $500,000,000 annually. The commerce of the city is of comparatively recent j.rowth, and is of great importance. In 1880 the imports amounted to 838.933,832, and exports, $50,685,838; the exports included provisions, breadstufts, tallow, petroleum, naphtha, tobacco, and benzine. Tho duties received in 18S0 were $12,726,376.80. In the same year 1 6,836 male immigrants arrived, and 13,078 females. The coal trade of the city is simply enormous, vast quantities being brought here for shipment. The lumber trade is very extensive, the supplies coming from the northern part of the State, Virginia, and North and South Carolina. Philadelphia is one of liie four great centres of the book trade; the oth-^rs bring New York, Boston, and Chicago. Publishing is conducted on a very extensive scale. It rivals any city in the Union in the manufacture of Family Bibles. The pnn KSS. ollcctions. American licological !st side of sculptures f art in the m a liberal L'lphia, the very large very kind, of various Many of 1 Chestnut ling, many . On this lificcnce of York and MERGE. Street, the ated in the ;inklng and is famous n hundred, city in the ic number uc of the nd to New re devoted n all direc- tt to about nts to over mmerce of tance. In 5,838; the a, tobacco, n the same al trade of shipment. I northern idelphia is New York, scale. It )les. The CITY OF IMIIl-ADKLl'lllA. «J oysters of the Chesapeake and of the New Jersey coast form an important branch of trade. An extensive trade is done in Florida oranges, whicli ar© shipped in vast quantities to Thiladelphia every year. It is also one of the principal markets for peaches and other fruit. The manufacturing facilities of the city arc very extensive. Among these may be mentioned the coal and iron fields in close proximity, and the great water-power which abounds in the vicinity. The textile industries employ 75,000 persons, and produce about $00,000,000, distributed as follows : Carpets, $19,000,000 ; hosiery, $16,500,000; worsted and woolen yarns, $11,000,000; silk and mixed goods, $6,000,000; cotton goods, $19,000,000; woolen and mixed fabrics, $18,500,000. The iron and steel production amounts to $30,000,000; machinery, $10,000,000; su„ar, $20,000,000; building materials, $10,000,000. Boots and slioes, chemicals, hardware, tools, furniture, gold and silverware are among the other important industries. The Customs district includes the city of Camden, N. J., and all the shores of the Delaware in Pennsylvania and tributaries. There are many regular lines of steamers to Southern and ^'arious coastwise ports, a line to Havana and New Orleans, a line to Liverpool, and another to Antwerp. GROWTH AND GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY. The city has about 800 miles of paved streets. The streets intersect at right angles, and the cross-streets, running cast and west, are in nufncrical order from the Delaware River, commencing with Front, First, Second, , Third, etc. In numbering the houses 100 numbers are allotted to each block. In going north or south Market Street is the point where the enumeration begins. Iron ship building is carried on at the Delaware and at Chester. The city is exceedingly healthy, has an abundance of water and good drain> age, and its growth is extraordinary. Its population in 1683 was 500; in 1777, 23,734; in 1800, 70,287; in 1850, 300,365; in i860, after the extension of the city, 508,034 ; 1870,674,022; 1880,846,980; 1886,935,000. The annual city expenditures are about $15,000,000. Philadelphia contains over 160,000 dwelling-houses, all of solid material. The great extent of territory is such that the necessity of tenement-houses has not existed as in other cities ; it is therefore pre-eminent!y a city of homes, as on the average a house contains only five persons. The city has over 30 markets, which furnish good food in great abundance. The water-works are controlled by the city, and the supply is obtained from the Delaware and the Schuylkill. Philadelphia contains 70 public fountains, 61 of which were erected by the Philadelphia Fountain Society. There are over 1 50 miles of sewers. The Fire and Police Depart- ments are very efficient. The municipal governmen; consists of the Mayor and Recorder, a Select and Common Council. The Mayor, elected for three years, has control of the police, and the right to approve or veto the ordinances of the City Councils. The Select Council consists of 31 members, representing the 31 Wards, elected by the people for three years ; the Common Council contains nearly 100 members, each representing 2,000 tax-payers, elected for two years. The wwawiliWw" inwnnwrtrrnTiMiwiMiiWiK 64 IMCTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERIC/VN PROGRESS. management of the city is controlled by councils, and the different depart- mcnts, trusts, and commissions. The Controller, Treasurer, Solicitor, Collector of Taxes, and Commissioners are elected by the people. Philadelphia is rep- resented in the State Legislature by 8 Senators and 38 Assemblymen, and in Congress by 5 members. The United States Circuit and District Courts for Eastern Pennsylvania and terms of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania arc held in Philadelphia. There are four Common Pleas Courts, Courts of. Oyer and Terminer, and of Quarter Sessions, and an Orphans' Court. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. There are in Philadelphia about 650 religious congregations. The church having the greatest amount of historical interest is probably Christ Church, which occupies the site of a frame building, erected in 1695, on Second Street, above Market. This, after many enlargements, 'inally gave place to the present noble structure, a portion of which was finished in 1731, and the whole finally completed in 1754. Its chime of bells, which were cast in London, was the Prst used in the United States. Benjamin Franklin, Washington, and Ad.uT.s worshipped in this church, and it was there that John Penn was buried. Some of the communion plate still in use was presented by Queen Anne. In the crypt of the school-house lie the remains of Robert Morris and Bishop White of Revolutionary fame. In the burying-ground belonging to the church at Fifth and Arch Streets lie the remains of Peyton Randolph, President of the first Continental Congress; Major-General Charles Lee, Benjamin, Frank- lin, and Deborah, his wife. St. Peter's Church-yard contains the remains of Commodore Stephen Decatur. David Rittenhouse, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, sleeps in the church-yard of the old Pine Street Presbyterip.n Church. Conspicuous for architectural beauty may be men- tioned the Roman Cafhjlic Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, Logan Square; St. Mark's Protestant Episcopal Church, Locust Street ; the West Arch Street Presbyterian Church ; the Beth-Eden Baptist Church, Broad Street ; the Arch Street Methodist Church, and the Rodef Sholem Synagogue. The whole num ber of cemeteries and burying-grounds in Philadelphia is 45. The first is Laurel Hill, picturesquely beautiful. The oldest church in the city, except Christ Church, is the Gloria Dei, ccdicated in 1700; originally connected with the Lutheran Church in Sweden, but for 50 years past with the Protestant Episcopal Church. CLUBS— RAILROADS— BRIDGES, ETC. There are thirteen bridges across the Schuylkill, seven of which are built of solid material and six of wood. The Callowhill Street Bridge, with the approaches, is 2,730 feet long ; it is 50 feet above tide-water, and is a work of great engineering skill. The river span is 348 feet, and a span which is thrown over the Pennsylvania Railroad is 140 feet. This bridge has an upper and a lower passage-way, the upper being 32 feet higher than the lower one. The South Street Bridge is 2,419 feet long. The handsomest bridge is the Girard. It ii EISS. it depart- CoUector lia is rep- :n, and in Courts for Ivan la are ;s of Oyer he church St Church, »nd Street, ice to the the whole jndon, was igton, and ,vas buried. Anne. In nd Bishop the church resident of fiin. Frank- remains of lers of the i'ine Street be men- n Square ; rch Street the Arch hole num he first is jty, except ccted with Protestant are built with the a work of is thrown bper and a lone. The the Girard. CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, 65 It is 1,000 feet long, 100 feet wide, and has five spans; it cost $1,404,445. Small steamboats run on the Schuylkill, and seven ferries connect the city with points in New Jersey. Philadelphia contains five armories. Clubs of various descriptions, social and sporting, arc numerous. Among the social clubs the Philadelphia, Union League, and Reform Clubs arc conspicuous. The Union League House has the finest building; it is in the French renaissance style. Amusement and recreation have a superb temple in the American Academy of Music, Broad and Locust Streets, elegantly fitted within, with a seating capacity for 2,900. The leading theatres arc the Walnut, Arch, and Chestnut. The Young Men's Christian Association has a building of imposing architecture at Fifteenth and Chestnut Streets. There are twenty lines of horse-cars, with an invested capital of over §13,000,000. The principal railroads connecting with the city are the Penn- sylvania, the Bound Brook, the Philadelphia & Erie, the Reading & North Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore. On the night of January 26, 1886, the St. Cloud and London Hotels were destroyed by fire ; the guests had a very narrow escape. One of the hand- somest business blocks on Arch Street was also consumed, the total loss amounting to over $500,000. The five-story brick building, Nos. 715, 717 and 719 Arch Street, was discovered to be on fire at midnight. The fire had evidently been burning for some time. The flames spread to No. 721 Arch Street, and the heat became so intense that the firemen found difficulty in reaching the building with streams of water. The building in which the fire originated is one of the handsomest on Arch Street. Shortly after 2 A.M. it was evident that the St. Cloud Hotel was doomed, as great volumes of smoke came pouring through the fifth floor front windows. During the early stages of the fire, and before it had reached the hotel, the police ran through the latter building to awaken the guests who had not previously been alarmed. Some of them were too sleepy to be aroused, and the officers were obliged to break in a few of the doors to get the people out. There was a great scarcity of water, and the firemen were almost helpless in consequence. For a long time only one stream could be directed upon the fire from the front of the hotel, and it seemed as though it was practically useless to attempt to stay the ravages of the flames. By 3 A.M. the cornice and a portion of the top story of the hotel fell into Arch Street. At 3.45 A.M. the fire was under control. The St. Cloud Hotel, which was almost entirely destroyed, was one of the oldest in the city. It was opened as the Ashland House about 1858. Geon;e Mul'.in leased it about 1871, when it was enlarged and remodelled. The hotel was a five-story structure, with a frontage of 80 feet. It had accom- modations for 350 guests, and was filled to two-thirds its capacity. The pro- prietors said they valued their furniture and effects at 05O,ooo, which was fully covered by insurance. The London Temperance Hotel adjoins the St. Cloud on the east, and also caught fire. The guests were directed to leave it, and a!l of them succeeded in saving their personal property. * CITY OP BOSTON. .^ OSTON is the great metropolis of Now Eiii^land, th^' capital of Massachusetts, and of our American 'itics second to New York in commerce. It is 44 miles north- east of Providence, and 232 miles from New York. It is situated at the mouth of the Charles River, on the western extremity of Massachusetts Bay. The spot was first visited by Europeans in 1621. In 1625 William Blackstone, an English clergyman, settled, on Beacon Hill. In 1629 Charles I. granted a charter constituting Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England," and twelve men of extensive fortune, among whom were John VVinthrop and Richard Saltonstall, entered Boston June 17, 1630. The city, which was incorporated in 1822, now contains nearly 400 miles of streets, which cost over §36,000,000. There are many bridges connecting Boston with the suburbs. The mill- dam, which cost $700,000, is a continuation of Beacon Street, and once inclosed 600 acres of " flats " which were covered by the tide ; these have since been filled in, and that section now contains some of the finest dwellings and churches in Boston. The scenery in the suburbs of Boston is very beautiful, and p; many of the private £ residences are very elegant. PLACES OF HIS- . TORICAL IN- TEREST. Among the build- ings remarkable for their historical inter- est is Christ church, the oldest church in the city, and the ont from the steeple of which, in the Revolu- tionary War, Paul Re- vere's signal was hung (66) PARK STREET, BOSTON. mi-e^.jm CITY OF BOSTON. 67 ^land, th^* ican '-itics iles north- York. It er, on the i spot was 5 VViiliam n Beacon nstituting y in New horn were I June 17, / contains 10. There The mill- itrect, and ' the tide ; ains some lery in the out by Captain John Pulling, merchant, of Boston. The Rev. Mather Byles, Jr., who was rector of this church during the Revolution, left town on account of his attachment to the royal cause. The old South church, built in 1730, is one of the most famous in the country. In this building Joseph Warren delivered his memorable oration on the anniversary of the " Boston Massacre," March 5, 1776. Here the patriots met to discuss the tax on tea. In 1775 t);e building was " desecrated " by British soldiers, who tore out its galleries, filled it with earth, and used it as a place for cavalry drill. The most famous, per- haps, is I'aneuil Hall, well known as the " Cradle of Liberty," from the fact that, during the period preceding the Revolution, it was used for public gath- erings at which the patriotic spirit of the colonists was stirred by the eloquence of the great patriots. Faneuil Hall was built in 1742, destroyed by fire in 1761, and rebuilt in 1762. Before 1822 all town meetings were held in this famous hall. The Common, which covers 48 acres, contains trees over 200 years old. Many of the avenues of the city contain fine old English elms, which are not surpassed by any in the United States. The Common v/as dedicated to the use of the public by the founders of the city. The " Public Garden " is an extension of the Com- mon, containing nearly 25 acres, separated from the Common only by a street. It is a botanical garden, containing a small lake, a conservatory, and numerous fine statues. The city has over twenty smaller parks. Commonwealth Avenue is a fine boulevard, 250 feet wide and nearly two miles long ; in the centre are double rows of trees, and walks through grass-plots, shrubbery, flowers, etc. The city has, in public places, statues of Charles Sumner, Josiah Quincy, Gov- ernor Winthrop, Benjamin Franklin, Edward Everett, Horace Mann, Alexan- der Hamilton, Daniel Webster, Columbus, Washington, Governor Andrew, and Samuel Adams. Besides these, there is in Park Square a group represent- ing the emancipation of slaves, and on the Common another to the memory of the National soldiers who died in the War of the Rebellion. The waters of Lake Cochituate, distant 20 miles, have since 1848 been conveyed by a brick conduit into the grand reservoir of Brookline, and thence been carried into the subordinate reservoirs respectively of the different sec- tions of the city. The annexation of Charlestown brought with it the waters of Mystic Lake. Boston, as the centre— social, political, and commercial — of the best educated and most intelligent State in the Union, is pre-eminent CUSTOM-HOUSE, BOSTON. «ii '■' :''! f'Mi I.; 'M mmm 58 PICTURKSOUF SKETCH CS OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. througiiout the Republic in literature and science. Its trade, likewise, is mar. velious ; it is, in fact, more marvellous, in proportion to physical facilities, than even that of New York ; for whiL" the latter city, with the lakes on the one side and the ocean on the other, ai.d with the Hudson as a link between them, d ains regions of vast extent and singular fertility ; Boston, to say nothing of rugged soil and ungenial climate, is cut off fro... *he interior, such as it is, by the entire want of inland waters. But what New York has so largely inherited from nature, Boston has in some measure created for itself. By eight great systems of railway it reaches, besides the coasts to the north and south, the St. Lawrence and the lakes, the Hudson and the Mississippi ; while it virtually connects those channels of communication \Vith Europe and its network of iron voads. In several departments of maritime traffic, such as the coasting intercourse and the trade with Russia, India, and China, Boston is under- stood to possess far more than its share. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. Its harbor is open at all seasons, and its deep water front affords accommoda- tion for loading and un- loading vessels without de- lay. It affords anchorage for over 500 vessels of the largest class. In the har- bor arc more than fifty beautiful islands. The prin- cipal entrance to the har- bor is very narrow, it is between Castle and Gover- nor's Islands, and is well defended by P'ort Independence and Fort Warren. There are stationary elevators under which steamers can be loaded. Boston has made great progress in competing for the export trade, and the opening of the " through business," which first originated in Boston, has done much for her shipping interests. Boston claims to be the shortest and cheapest line between the great Northwest and Europe. In extent of imports Boston ranks 'next to New York, and third city in the United States in the value of foreign commerce. New York being first and New Orleans second. The total value of the commerce in Boston in one year was $87,055,255. Over 1,000 vessels belong to the port, with an aggregate tonnage of nearly 400,000. The princi- pal industries are 45 book-publishing establishments, over 100 printing-houses, 55 cabinet-ware factories, about 35 l)ook-binderies, 40 establishments for the manufacture of machinery, 33 hat and cap factories, 30 establishments for the ' manufacture of watches. It is a centre of the boot and shoe trade, the leather trade, and of the trade in foreign and domestic dry-goods. The other manu- ' factures of the city are many and varied, including — besides ship-building, THE HANCOCK HOUSE, BOSTON. mm ss. , is mar. ics, than one side ;n them, )thintj of it is, by inherited rht ijreat 3Uth, the virtually twork of coasting is undcr- pen at all eep water :ommoda- and un- ithout dc- anchorage els of the 1 the har- han fifty The prin- ) the har- row, it is nd Govcr- t Warren. Boston e opening one much :apcst line ;ton ranks of foreign otal value oo vessels he princi- ng-houses, its for the Its for the he leather er manu- .building, CITY OF HOSrON. 69 sugar refining, and leather dressitig — clothing, jewelry, chemicals, brass and iron castings, cars, carriages, pianos, upholstery, glass, organs, melodeons, etc., etc. The business of the city is promoted by 61 national banks — more than any other city in the Union has — with a capital of more than $57,coo,ooo. Thirty of these have cash capitals of $1,000,000 or more each. PUBLIC INSTITUTION.S— GROWTH OF BOSTON, FTC. The first " meeting-house" was erected near the head of State Street, 1632. John Cotton was one of its pastors. The city contains now over 200 churches. Free schools, open to all, were established in the United States first in Boston 250 years ago, and the excellence of the system of public in- struction there has been so great that many other cities have taken its schools for patterns. The university at Cam- bridge properly belongs to the Boston school system, for it was found- ed by the men who set- tled Boston, and was in- tended for the educa- tion of the youth of the city and surrounding country. Indeed, " Newe Town," as Cam- bridge was first called, was intended for the capital of the commonwealth. Harvard College was founded in 1638, and for two gene-ations was the only college in New England. The public Latin School in Boston was founded in 1635, the Institute of Technology in 1861, Boston College in 1863, Boston University in 1869. There are more than 200 public schools in the city. Private schools abound. The chief libraries are the Public, with 459,031 volumes, and 115,000 pamphlets, etc., distributing 1,500,000 volumes a year; the Athenjcum, 125,000 volumes, circulating 75,000 volumes a year ; the Historical Society's library, containing 75,000 books and pamphlets, many of them being among the rarest of publications ; the State Library, with 50,000 volumes ; the Social Law Library, with 16,000 lawbooks; the library of the Historic-Genealogical Society, 75,000 books and pamphlets ; the General Theological Library, with 15,000 volumes. LONGFELLOW'S RESID'^NCE, CAMBRIDGE. ii; V 70 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES O.' AMERICAN PROGRESS. The old State House is situated at the head of State Street. It was on this spot that the old Town House was built in 1763. It was in the street in front of it that the " Boston Massacre " occurred, at the time of the excite- ment caused by the Stamp Act. It was from the balcony of this building that the Declaration of Independence was read. On a peninsula to the north of East Boston, rises Bunker's Hill, so famous in the war of independence ; while the Dorchester Heights, only less famoua, occupy the centre of South Boston ; and, lastly, the peninsula of Old Boston seems to have originally taken the name of Tremont, from its three mounts or hillocks. Boston has many public buildings worthy of notice. Among those that are remarkable for architectural beauty or grandeur are the United States Post-office, on Post-office Square, Trinity church, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Hotel Vendome, the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, the State House, the City Hall, the English High and Latin School on Warren Avenue, and the new " Old South church." The Eng- lish High and Latin School was begun in 1877, and the portion to be used for school purposes cost more than $400,000. The remainder is used by officers of the school board. The entire edifice is one of the largest for educational purposes in America^ Boston's original owner, John Blackstone, sold out his right and title, in 1635, for;^30. With so well chosen a site, and, doubt- less, also through the industry and enterpriseof its Puritan occupiers^ the new town increased so stead- ily in wealth and population, that in less than a century and a half it became the foremost champion of colonial independence. Since then it has overleaped its natural limits, swarming off, as it were, into an island toward the northeast, and into the mainland on the southeast, and consists of Old, East, and South Boston ; Roxbury, annexed in 1868 ; Dorchester, annexed in 1870; and Charlestown, Brighton, and West Roxbury, annexed in 1873; which are connected by bridges. An immense dam, called the Western Avenue, connects the whole with the inner side of the harbor. All the div'u sions of the city are of an uneven surface ; undulation, in fact, is a character- istic of the entire neighborhood — continent, islands, and peninsulas alike. The inhabitants are essentially of the old British type, as befits the descend- ants of the " Pilgrim Fathers." In 1880 the 250th anniversary of the settlement of Boston was celebrated* SJ-HH GORE HALL, CAMBRIDGE. 1 so ss. t was o\\ street in excitc- diiig that lo famoua. s famou3» Id Boston nounts or hose that ed States e Arts, the :, the City i the new The Eng- school waa lie portion 1 purposes ,000. The officers of The entire largest for n America* iwner, John : his right ;^30. With and, doubt- ndustry and n occupiers^ ed so stead- iopulation» ntury and a Since then o an island consists of • er, annexed cd in 1873; le Western All the divi* a character- nsulas alike, the descend- celebrated* CITY OF liOSTON. 71 Boston was a town for 192 years. In 1700 the population was only about 7,000; in 1790, 18,000; in 1830,61,000; in 1870,250,000; in 1X80,363,968; in 1886, 410,000. If we add to this the population of the Cl I'Y OF CAMURIUGIi, which in 1886 was 60,000, it brings the population up to 470,000. The Highland Street Railway Company petitioned the Legislature on January 26, 1886, for leave to lease or purchase the franchises and property of any and all other street railroad companies in Boston, making one consolidated company, with authority to make such undergound or surface alterations of the streets as may be necessary to establish and maintain a cable system of motive power, and also that it may increase its capital stock as may be necessary to carry out the above plans. The Highland Company claim that by this scheme they can run a less number of cars, give better service and prevent the street blockades which have been so annoying the past year. THE CITY OF CAMBRIDGE Is 3 miles northwest of Boston, situated on the west of the Charles River, which separates it from Boston, and is one of the county seats of Middlesex County. It is practically a part of Boston, as Allegheny is of Pittsburgh or Brooklyn is of New York. Here, in 1638, within eighteen years after the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, was founded Harvard University by the Rev. John Harvard, who bequeathed it a legacy of about $4,000, and whicl'* has gradually been endowed to the amount of $1,000,000. It is the oldest institution of the kind in Amer- ica. In addition to the collegiate department proper, the University includes a theological, law, scientiiic, and medical school, and a department for such as wish to prepare themselves for business avocations without going through a classical course. Cambridge is rapidly advancing. The population in 1830 was 6,072; that of 1 870 was 39,634; 1880,52,669; 1886,60,000. The city consists of North, East, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge. It covers a large area of territory. It is beautifully laid out in fine broad avenues with .shade trees. It was under one of these trees that Washington took command of the Revolu- tionary forces in 1775. The house in which Longfellow, the poet, lived was formerly occupied by Washington. The College Duildings occupy fourteen acres and are situated in Old Cambridge. They are shaded by fine old elnti trees. Among the conspicuous buildinr;s near the Colkge are the Harvard Law School ; the Lawrence Scientific School ; the Museum of Comparalive Zoology, founded by Louis Agassiz ; the Observatory, and Memorial Hall, which is 310 feet by 115, with a tower 200 feet high, erected to the memory of Har- vard graduates and students who lost their lives in the service of their country during the Civil War. This is conceded to be the grandest Co'lege Hall in the world. It contains three apartments — a memorial vestibule, a dining hall which seats 1,000 persons, and the Sanders theatre for large academic assemblages. A fine granite monument, erected by the city in honor of the soldiers who lost their lives in the Rebellion, stands near the college. /- h "': ■f 1 ; .' I'lCTUKKSgUM SKi: ICIl i:S OK AMKRICAN rKC)(,lii:SS. Mount Aiibiirn is one of the fim.'st comctcn'os in tlic country. It is laid out in a picturcsciuc manner aiul occupies 125 acres of iiijl and valley. It was (i (licated in 1S31, and is tiie oldest of the beautiful buryiny-])laces of America. Cambridj^e is not much of a business centre, but is, to a j;reat extent, a home for the people of Bost:)n. Amon;^ its industries may be mentioned th^- manufacture of steam-eiv^ines, locom )tives, cabinet-ware, chemicals, bi.cuil, brushes, candles, soap, chairs, carriages, glass, marble, books, etc , etc. The University print'-'T-office ; located here, and the Riverside Press; the former is the oldest priii n.' e ..» ishn.ent in the Union. Hriilges over L '.' 'fi s i;,:"cr connect Cambridge with Boston, Brighton, and Brookline. Horse .iroail-* connect with all adjacent towns, and the Boston and Lowell and the i .cchbui.; "•ilroads pass through East Cambridge. Cambriilge has a large numbci of fine public schools, thirty-two churches, and several newspapers. The pi ice was first settled as Newtown in 1630. At that time it was intended by Winthrop and others to make it the principal town in the colony. Mr. Hooker was settled as the first minister in 1632. In 1638 a vote was passed appropriating money to establish a public school, to which was added the large grant, as above, by the Rev. John Harvard, of Charlestown. The city was incorporated in 1846. It now has a regular City Cjovernmcnt vested in a Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council. DRAWING-ROOM CAR— FROM BOSTON TO NEW ORLEANS. i:ss. It is laid •. It was ■lilaccs of extent, a oiK'd tlu: i, bi.cuit, etc. The lie former jliton, and he Boston churches, 1630. At principal 1632. In school, to larvard, of gular City ^: mm NEW ORLEANS SCENERY. 1. Metelre Cemeterv. 3. Jackson Square. .S Garvier Street. 4. View from St Patrick's Cathedral H FSfiani/jiJ'jf T M°?,"fflent. 8. Robert E. Lee Monument. 7. wSt End ftimenade 8. Entrance to Metaire Cemetery. !) West End Hotel. 10. Tombs Metaire CemeteT 11. Staircase to Grand Opera House. 13. On the Levee. 6 I ; "«!#^nBHaHibi Si::-**-.-.iiisr-"»sK3i BSepjaq CITY C)l" NI-W ORLUANS. KVV ORLEANS is tlic capital of Louisiana, ami a port of entry, sitiiatcil on the left bank of the Mississippi River, Io8 miles from its mouth. It ranks next to New York in the value of its exports and forci^jn com- merce. Nearly all the streets runninj^j parallel with the ,,5^« Mississippi River, from the lower to the upper part of -^^ the city, arc about 12 miles lon^' ; the streets running at right angles to these descend from the river bank to the swamps ; the drainage is by canals which open into Lake Poiit- chartrain, which is on a level with the Gulf of Mexico. The city being built on ground lower than the high-water level, is protected from inundations by the levee or embankments, which extend on both banks of the river for several hundred miles. About half of its 40 square miles of territory is closely inhabited, while the rest is nearly all swamp. The city extends along the river on an inner and outer curve, giving it the shape of the letter S. The older portion, extending around the outer curve. '!' l.AKA YKTT 1-: Sc^UARi:, NEW O K I. K .A \ S . gave it the name of the " Crescent City." New Orleans is the great port of tran- shipment for a large portion of the crops of the southwestern States, and the produce of the vast region drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. It (73) I il p-— '~1 •V iiiiiifititefftiiii COTTON EXCHANQE, KKW OBLKAKS, ■ i l l l II ■1 "Sftte!**.-. criv oi' \i:\v oui.kans. 75 coininancis 10,000 miles of stL-ainboat navigation, and is the natural ciitrcpAt of one of tljc richest regions of tlic woriil. In |S6| tlic city had arrived at its jjreatest commercial prosperity ; in thai >ear it received and haiulled 460,000 hogsheads of suyar and J, J5 5,448 Ijales of cotton. Its commerce and ;.;eiieral prosperity were geatly ret.irded by the War, and since tiiat period by poiitic.d agitation and severe visitations of yellow fever; yet, notwithsta.idinj^ these drawbacks, its imports averajje about $i::,ooo,ooc and its exports nearly Sioo,- 000,000. The Custom-housj is one of the l.irj^est buildings in America. In cdii- sequencc of its natural advanta<;es, j^eoyraphical location, and the recent navi. gation improvements in tlie river, the commerce of New Orleans is destined to be greatly increased, and the probabilities arc that it will eventually be oue of the first cities in Amcric;' It is generally conceded that New Orleans is an unhealthy city to reside in ; its vital statistics, however, show plainly that it is not exceptionally so in comparison with other cities in the United States and throughout the world. Many sanitary improvements have been in reduced since the yellow fever epidemic of 1878. It is seldom that the temperature is in the extreme, ranging from 50° to 63', the general average being about 60". New Orleans bears the impre^j of three distinct civilizations in her society, her architecture, and her laws. It was settled in 1718 by the French ; in 1762 it was transferred to Spain with Louisiana; and in 1800 retransferred to France, and sold in 1803, by Napoleon I., with avast territory, for $15,000,000, to the United States. At this time the population was about 8,ooo, mostly French and Spanish. It was successfully defended in 1815 by General Jack- son, afterward President, against the British. The city became an important centre of military operations during the War for the Union. Louisiana hav- ing seceded in i860, a Federal fleet blockaded the city. Farragut, with an expedition of gun-boats, forced the defences near the entrance to the river on April 24, 1862. The city was forced to surrender, and was then occupied by General Benjamin F. Butler, as military governor. Among the buildings of fine architectural appearance are the Roman Cath- olic cathedral, on Lafayette Square, facing the levee; the Mint, the Post-office^ the City Hall, the Custom-house, and State House. The hotels, theatres, and public buildings are on a magnificent scale. There are numerous hospitals,, infirmaries, and asylums, several colleges, and 145 churches. Besides the great river, N v Orleans has railways connecting it with all parts of the -country. The soil is full of water, so that no excavations can be made. The largest buildings have no cellars below the surface; and in the cemeteries there are no graves, but the dead are placed in tombs, or " ovens," five or six tiers above ground. The remains are often collected and burned. There are numerous public parks, several canals, and '6 markets. The best streets are wide, bordereJ with trees, and are very attractive in appear- ance ; some of them paved and some of them shelled, all !iiied with princely residences set with gardens, where the palm and magnolia are in their glory, ,ina the roses blossom in mid-winter. Canal Street, which is the great wide thor- oughfare, has many fine stores and elegant private residences. The continuation r ,i tl :i: Hli ;6 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. of Canal Street is a fine shell road to the lake, the shores ot which contain an inexhaustible quantity of white s!iells. The manufactures, which are bmall in proportion to the commerce, consist of oil, syrup, soap, cotton-st^ed oil, sugar refineries, distilleries, and breweries. There are a large number of insurance companies, banking institutions, tow- boat companies, and custom-house warehouses. The city has a Mayor, and seven officers, known as adniini:,trators. The police arc mounted, and under the control of the Governor of the State. The pub- lic schools, of which there are iiearly 'oo, are also under State control, the city providing for their support. Among the other educational institutions are the Mechanical and Agricultural College, ^he Dental College, the- Jcsdit Col- lege, and the University of Louisiana. There are about 40 Catholic churches, and a large Catholic population, consi.'^ting of French, Irish, Italian, and Spanish. In 1820 the population of New Orleans had increased to 27,000; in i860, to 101,823 ; and consisted of Americans, French Creoles, Irish, Germans, Spaniards, etc. In i8"0 it was 191,418; in 1880, 216,090; and in 1886, 236,425. The cxp-wJlcures for 1884 were $1,147,496. THE MAIN BUILDING. The water is supplied from the river for household purposes, except drink- ing, for which rain-water only, kept ii. cisterns, is used. Before the mint was established in New Orleans, the coins used were Span- isl>, the dollar being the Spanish milled dollar. There were several other coins, including the pistareen (20 cts.), and the picayune, the latter being equal to 6j^ cts., was the smallest coin used. After the mint was established, and pre- vious to the Civil War, our nickel was the smallest coin in circulation, and many used to say that they did not want any " nasty dirty cents." To say the least, it is a wonderful city, and has a great future. It has some of the finest restaurants in the world. Hospitality is the rule and n-^t the exception ; hearts appear to widen, nature expands under the influence of the genial southern sun, and a stranger cannot remain a stranger in New Orleans long. New Orleans has been known as the Paris of America, the home of refine- ment, v/ealth, and luxury, and the abode of pleasure. It is a most cosmopoli- tan city ; and its ways partake largely of the traditional habits of both Spanish and French towns. It is gay, yet sad. Its i- eople are fond of idleness, yet RESS. contain an :rcc, consist 1 breweries, itions, tow- Th'j police Tlic pub- rol, the city tutions are Jcsiiit Col- ic churches, nd Spanish. O ; in i860, , Germans, id in 1886, cept drink- were Span- ither coins, equal to d, and pre- ation, and e. It has e and n-^t ifluence of r in New ; of refine- :osmopoli- h Spanish eness, yet CITY OF NEW ORLEANS. 77 build up and sustain a great commerce. It is an enigma. The streets in the French quarter are narrow. It may be Sunday morning, but trade is going on briskly. The names of streets and firms are all those of a foreign people. Here and there one encounters a word in Spanish or Kalian. The great Cosmopolitan French Market, where one may buy almost any. thing that can be named, ramb'.es along in several squares of low, densely populated sheds, with a labyrinth of narrow alleyvva)-s. It is quite the thing to resort here early on Sunday morning, and, taking a cup of excellent coffee from one of the many stands, mingle with the populace for an hour, and enter into the spirit of their Sunday bargain-making. From the French market it is a pleasant walk along. the broad levee, thronged at all times with people who have business upon the great marini; highway which bisects the Union. Here arc acres of cotton, of molasses in huge hogsheads, and of tobacco or general merchandise. The huge steamers of the curious pattern peculiar to Western rivers arc ranged along the levee for UNITED STATES AND STATE EXHIRITS BUILDING. miles ; their blunt noses run diagonally up against the sloping shore ; long gang-planks are thrown out and double ranks of sable roustabouts go and come like ancs with their burdens, singing in time with their work. The beautiful cemeteries of New Orleans are well worth a visit. To the stranger, the long streets of tombs are somewh?t depressing. The merchant will admire the beautiful structure of the Cotton Exchange. The club life of the city is a feature, and the restaurants, saloons, and billiard parlors, theatres and concert-halls, W'th their myriad lights, impart a Parisian- like effect to the streets in the ever mg. Canal Street is the great thoroi;gh. fare and fashionable promenade of the city. Beautiful buildings and beautiful broad walks, illuminated by the faces and figures of the mo.st beautiful women in America, gay with showy equipages and brilliant with the displays of the great shops, Canal Street v/ill be found to rival in beauty the thoroughfares of many of the cities of this or any other land, and its beauty is a matter of wonder and admiration to the visitor from the North and East. THE WORLD'S EXPOSITION. Fortunately for the World's Exposition, its resources, though not lavish, were abundant for all the purposes of providing ample space, securing necessary t' .;i liiN ;:i:'^* .'. 1* m A V ^1 WW a m 78 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. attractions, and promoting the completcst success. The appropriation by the general Government of §1,300,000, the contribution of the citizens of New Orleans of $500,000, rnd the appropriation by the city of New Orleans and ihe State of Louisiana, each of S'00,000, afforded an ample source for the pur- poses mentioned. The management of the Exposition had been benefited by the experience gained by others in conducting like undertakings. It did not ■consider it politic or necessary to give to temporary structures the same degree of elaboration and detail that should be given to those that were intended for permanence. So that, as an instance, the main building of the World s Exposition, while affording fifty per cent, more space than the main building of the Philadelphia Centennial, and being fully as pleasing in architectural design and appearance, affording equal facilities in every respect for position, inspec- tion, and display, did not cost one-fourth as much to erect. The same can be said of the other structures. The carnival pageants, which occurred about the middle of the Exposition period, were the most elaborate and brilliant of this world-wide famed festival. ]; DRAWING-ROOM CAR — FROM NEW ORLEANS TO SAN FRANCISCO. 'mmam RESS. tion by the ns of New )rleans and for the pur- )cncfitcd by It did not ; the same ;rc intended the World s 1 building of tural design tion, inspec- le same can ; Exposition med festival. \\\ «JCISCO. CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO. AN FRANCIS'30 is the most important city on tht Pacific Coast of North America. It is the capital of San Francisco County, California. The city and county, which were consolidated in 1856, contain an area of 42 square miles. The city is situated at the north end of a peninsula 20 miles long and, at this end, 6 miles wide, which sepa- rates the ocean from the Bay of San Francisco, and com- prises, in addition to the northern part of the peninsula, several islands, some of which are 24 miles out in the Pacific. It is about 5 miles south of the Golden Gate, which is 3 miles wide, and is the outlet, leading west through the range of mountains on the coast, and connecting the bay with the Pacific Ocean. Table Hill, on the north of this strait, is 2,500 feet high. The city enjoys a monopoly of the commerce on the North Pacific Coast in consequence of its harbor, which is decidedly the finest on the western coast of North America. The bay extends 50 miles in a direction slightly east of south, and is in some parts THE B A L D V I N HOUSE. 20 miles wide. The Guadaloupe River empties itself into the south end of the bay. At the north the bay communicates by a strait very much like the (79) 8o PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. Golden Gate with San Pablo Bay, which is about 15 miles in diameter, which receives the waters of the two principal rivers of California, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The climate is mild and healthy; the temperature in Janu- ary is 49*^' F. ; in July, 58°; and averages about 56°. The summer is exceed- ingly cool and delightful. About 50 ocean steamers run from this port regularly to Japan, Australia, China, Panama, Mexico, Victoria, and to domestic ports on the Pacific Ocean, besides man/ inland steamers which ply on the tributaries to the bay. About 5,000 sea-going vessels arrive in San Francisco annually. Four railroads, the Central Pacific, the North Pacific Coast, the California Pacific, and the San Francisco and North Pacific, terminate on the Bay of San Fran- cisco, being connected with the city by steam-ferries, the Southern Pacific being the only railroad which terminates in the city. A part of the land upon which the city stands was quite hilly, but has been leveled. The soil is sandy and unproductive. The connection of the Central Pacific Railroad with the Union Pacific Railroad, completed in 1870, makes San Francisco an in.; ortant point as the commercial highway from Europe and the eastern United States to Asia. In 1776 a Spanish military post was established on the present site cf the city. A mission of San Franciscan Friars was commenced in the same year by two Spanish monks for converting Indians. This mission flourished, and in 1825 had 1,800 Indians under its care, and possessed 76,000 cntle and 97,ooD sheep. In 1835 the property of the mission havingljeen secui irized, a village was laid out and called Yerba Buena. The name was changed to San Francisco in 1847; at this time the pop'ilation was only 450. In 1848 the dis- covery of gold in California created an immense excitement, and [>?opIc (locked there from all parts of the world. The growth of San Francis* o (rom that time was marvellous. In three years the population hi"' ''xre.;. i from 450 to 25,000, and the city was then incorporated (1850). In 349-51 '.he city was visited by several large fires which devp -^ated the business portion. Slight earthquakes are frequent, but do li'.tic ci.tmage. In 1851-56 the criminal classes were so numerous ai. i lawless, :S)c\ tii aunicipal governm-jnt so corrupt, that the citizens, in order to protect themselves, organized vigilance committees which summarily dealt with a number of public criminals and awed others into subjection. Since that time the city has been more orderly. It was here that, in 1877-78, Dennis Kearney created so much excitement, and from which trouble was apprehended. San Francisco has probably the finest hotels in the world, among which is the Baldwin House, which, it is stated, cost $3,500,000 in construction. It is one of the most magnificent buildings of the kind in the world. The Palace Hotel is said to be the largest, and for architectural beauty is rarely excelled. It cost $3,250,000 in land and construction. Botli these houses arc first-class in all their appointments. The Cosmopolitan, tlie Oocide"tal, and the Lick House are also first-class hotels. The custom of re- siding li-. hotels is very popular in San Francisco, not only for single men, but &}-.<-' for families; and some of the hotels have accommodations for 1, 200 guts s. Sf'veral of th .; public buildings are fine specimens of architecture. Anongthc?.j are the new City Hall, which cost $4,000,000; the Merchants' L K WU M WmXl L. LESS. ;ter, which iiicramcnto re in J an il- ls exceed - rt regularly ic ports on butaries to lally. Four Ilia Pacific, San Fran- lern Pacific : land upon oil is sandy id with the 1 iii.- ortant ited Stales present, site in the same I flourished, O riv.tle and jcuiarized, a ge.l to San 348 the dis- ople flocked (rom that J from 450 the city was ion. Slight he criminal t so corrupt, committees i others into as here that, from which hotels in the it $3,500,000 ekind in the architectural ction. Both opolitan, tlic ustom of re- gie men, but IS for 1,200 architecture, e Merchants" CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO. 81 Exchange, the Mercantile Library building, the Bank of California, the new U. S. Branch Mint. The Custom-house and Post-office is a plain, substantial building. In the southern portion of the city, especially in Dupont and Stock, ton Streets, are a large number of fine, handsome, brick residences. The fashionable promenades, on which are the great retail stores, are Montgomery, Market, and Kearney Streets. On California Street can be found the principal banks and brokers' and insurance offices. In Front, Sansomc, and Battery Streets can be found the principal wholesale houses. Many of the private resi- dences are built of wood, which in many instances are very handsome, and the grounds laid out with flowers and evergreens. The streets are wide, and cross each other at right angles ; there are no shade trees. The business portion, which is closely built up, is paved with Belgian blocks and cobble-stones. There are nearly 100 churches in the city, which is the residence of an Epis- copal bishop and a Roman Catholic archbishop. The most important church edifices are St. Mary's Cathedra! and St. Patrick's Church (both Roman Catho- lic), the latter being the finest church edifice on the Pacific Slope; Grace Church and Trinity Church (both Episcopal) are fine structures. The First Unitarian Church is considered one of the finest buildings in the city ; it has over 100 papers and periodicals ; 18 public libraries ; various charitable institu- tions and schools ; five colleges, three of which are literary and two medical ; an academy of sciences ; and a school of design. Of the population attracted by the discovery of gold to San Francisco, -'*. great number are Irish, German, British, French, and Chinese. There ar^ newspapers in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Chinese. The Chinese have a church, Roman Catholic, with a Chinese priest educated ?t Rome; and a school. Among the manufactures are flour, woolen goods, iron, silk goods, carriages, iron castings, glass, soap, leather, cordage, pianos, furni- ture, billiard tables, wind-mills, willow-ware, sashes, doors, cigars, boots ^nd shoes, etc. The Golden Gate Park, west of the r'ty, contains 1,043 acres, it is the only public park, and is not yet completed. There are three or » .r public squares in the city, which are planted with trees and shrubs. "China- town " is a great curiosity to strangers. It is here tha he Chinamen are huddled together, and live as though in China. They h. Chinese theatres, joss-houses, opium-cellars, and gambling-houses. The exports are chiefly wheat, barley, wool, quicksilver, hides, furs, flour, gunpowder, and copper-ore. The imports include suga , coal, rice, coffee, tea, wines and spirits, iron, cotton, silk, and various manufactured goods. With the finest harbor on the coast, and a population n miy composed of enter- prising people from all parts of the world, it is not surprising that the city is distinguished by its great accumulation of capital, large financial institutions, and great mining operations. On January i, 1880, 889 vessels belonged to the port of entry, of 205,206 tons in aggregate. The exports, consisting of treas» ure ?nd merchandise, amount to about $62,000,000 annually. Population: i860, 56,000; i!?70, 149,000; 1880, 300,000; 1886, 390,000; including 25,000 Chinese. Less than one-half are natives of the United n .ates. I 'i m MDsaoaraai CITY OF CHICAGO. u. ■HICAGO is the principal city of Illinois. It is situated on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Chicago River; on this site in 1803 a stockade fort was built, and named Fort Dearborn ; the place was first settled in 1831 ; in 1832 it contained about a dozen fam- ilies, besides the officers and soldiers at Fort Dearborn. The town was organized by the election o' a board of trustees, August 10, 1833. On September 26th, of the same year, a treaty was made for all their lands with the Pottawattomies, 7,000 of the tribe being present, after which they were removed west of the Mississippi River. The first charter of the city was passed by the Legislature March 4, 1837. Chicago is considered the most remarkable city in the world for its vapid growth ; when in 1 83 1 the first white settlement was made, it seemed a very poor site on which to build a great city ; it con- sisted of muddy flats ; the harbo- .. were constructed to a great ex- tent by human enterprise and ingenuity ; the channel was dredged, the flats filled, and artificial structures erected to keep the waves of the la)ce from over- flowing the city; in addition to this the grade of the principal portion of the city was eventually raised from 6 to 10 feet, as the people of Chicago had suffered much from various kinds of fever and sickness, caused by the low, marshy situation ; it v. as found necessary to have a thorough system of sew- erage, which could only be had by raising the city. Immense hotels, large business structures, and blocks of heavy buildings were raised by jack-screws, worked by steam power, to the required level ; it was one of the most extra- ordinary- and stupendous engineering experiments ever undertaken in this or any country, but it was finally accomplished. The city is now built upon a plain sufficiently elevated to prevent inundation, and possesses a splendid har- bor equal to the demands of its great commerce ; the river extends back from the lake nearly three-quarters of a mile, at which point two branches intersect it, one from the south and the other from the north ; the south branch of the river is connected by the Illinois and Michigan Canal (which was completed in 1848) with the Illinois River at La Salle, making a direct water communica- tion with the Mississippi. The canal is 96 miles in length, and was originally 12 feet above the lake at its highest level ; it is now 8>^ feet below the lake; to accomplish this the city expended in 1866-70 no less than $3,250,000. The river channel was also deepened : so that in place of flowing into the lake, its stream flows the other way, receiving a fine supply of water f^om the lake, (82) ■Mi CITY OF CHICAGO. 83 aatcd on : mouth cade fort was first zen fam- icarborn. board of me year, ies, 7,000 I west of asscd by world for ,'as made, ■; it con- great cx- the fiats om over- )n of the cago had the low, 1 of SfW- :els, large v-screws, 3st extra- n this or upon a ndid har- Dack from intersect ch of the ompleted mmunica- originally the lake ; 000. The e lake, its the lake, which carries ofT the sewage of the city at the rate of a mile an hour, and adds increased facilities for navigation. Magnificent lines of breakwater protect the harbor at the mouth of the river, and form large basins for vessels, one of which covers about 300 acres. The extent of the city along the lake side is about 8 miles, and its area is 35 square miles. The streets cross at right angles, and are about 66 to 80 feet wide. The city is well laid out ; the principal avenues run- ning parallel with the lake. Numerous bridges, and two stone tun- nels under the river-bed con- nect the north, south, and west divisions. The tunnels cost the city about $1,000,000, and are the result of great engineer- ing skill ; the south division contains most of the business and principal buildings of the city. The adoption of high license in Chicago has increased the revenue obtain- ed by the city from saloons from $200,000 to $1,500,000 a year, and has reduced the num- ber of saloons from 3,777 to 3,432. The license charge is S500. Chicago has some very remarkable buildings, among which is the Chamber of Commerce, a very elaborate structure, beautifully decorated inside ; the new County Court-house and City Hall, which occupies a whole block, and cost $5,000,000 ; the United States Custom-house and Post-office, which cost over THE PAL M E R II O USE. ■m- I I r 84 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. $5,ooa,(XX), and occupies an entire block of 342 feet by 210 feet ; the Exposi- tion building is of iron and glass, and is a vast structure 800 by 200 feet ; its dome is 160 feet high and 60 feet in diameter. . Some of the public schools are capable of holding 1,000 children, and every child without distinction can be educated free, and have the advantages of the High-school, which teaches the classics and modern languages ; the Catholics have schools of their own, and there are numerous private academies. Connected with the Unive sity of Chicago is a law school, the Dearborn Astronomical Observatory, and a library of about 25,000 volumes ; this is a Baptist institution, and was estab- lished through the efforts of Stephen A. Douglas. There are six medical col- 'cges, one of which is open to women. Four theological seminaries, one each — Baptist, Congregational, Lutheran, and Presbyterian ; several commercial colleges and female seminaries. St. Ignatius College is a very successful institution. The Public Library contains over 100,000 volumes; the Academy of Sciences has a new museum and library. There are over 300 churches in the city, some of which are very fine structures. There are numerous public parks, the finest of which are Lincoln, Central, Douglas, and Humboldt ; 6 of the principal parks contain a total of 2,000 acres ; they are connected by fine drives 250 feet wide and 30 miles long ; a part of the drive is on the shore of the lake, and the surroundings are very picturesque. Chicago is probably the greatest railroad centre in the world ; about 500 trains enter and leave daily. Over 30 railroads make this a common centre. The vast commerce of the entire chain of northern lakes, with 3,000 miles of coast line, also centre in this great city. Immense quantities of iron and cop- per ore are brought from the shores of Lake Superior. Vessels pass from Chicago by way of the Welland Canal around Niagara to Montreal, and con- nect at Sit point with steamers for Europe. New York is reached by the Erie Canal. On the banks of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, about 20 miles from Chicago, are vast quarries of marble called Athens marble ; it is consid- ered the finest building material in the Union. This canal is of great import- ance, as it is convenient for the coal-fields of Illinois, and gives direct commu- nication with the Mississippi, its tributaries, and the Gulf of Mexico. In October, 1871, a terrible fire occurred, which raged two days and nights, burned 18,000 houses, extending o\er more than 2,000 acres, embracing nearly all the t)usiness portion of the city and a large number of private residences ; 200 persons perished, and nearly 100,000 were rendered homeless. The prop- erty burned was estimated at $200,000,000 ; it included the court-house, cus- tom-house, post-office, newspaper offices, 10 theatres and halls, 41 churches, 32 hotels, 3 railroad depots, 5 grain elevators, 8 school-houses, and of the banks there was only one left. The insurance recovered was about $40,000,000. This stupendous calamity awakened the sympathy of the civilized world. The city was entirely rebuilt in a style of great magnificence within two years. Over $7,000,000 were raised in this country and in Europe in aid of the sufferers. As a commercial centre Chicago ranks next to New York. It is the most mm :ss. ; Exposi- fcet ; its c schools ction can li teaches leir own, 'nive sity T. and a as estab- dical col- onc each mmercial successful Academy lurches in us public )ldt ; 6 of :d by fine the shore ibout 500 on centre. miles of 1 and cop- 3ass from and con- ed by the : 20 miles is consid- at import- It comma- nd nights, ing nearly sidences ; The prop- lOuse, cus- churches, nd of the 0,000,000. orld. The wo years, id of the 5 the most li I ■« fia. I CITY OF CHICAGO. 8S extensive lumber market in the world ; its trade in grain and flour is almost fabulous; since 1854 it has been the largest grain depot in the world. Pork- packing is conducted on a very extensive scale ; beef in large quantities is killed, packed, and shipped by way of the lakes to Europe. The great cattle yards were opened in 1858 ; they occupy nearly 1,000 acres. There arc over 100 newspapers and periodicals, and it has become a great book publishing centre. Ship-building is conducted to a considerable extent. Among the manufactures are watches, leather and leather goods, cotton, agricultural im- plements, boots and shoes, iron, flour, high-wines, etc., etc. The water supply for the city comes from Lake Michigan, and is conducted in two brick tunnel.s, one 7 feet and the other 6 feet in diameter ; these extend 2 miles under the lake and meet in an immense inclosure, where the water descends into them through a grated cylinder ; one of these was completed in 1866, and the other in 1874. The cost of the tunnels under the lake was $1,500,000; the water works up to the pn sent time cost $10,416,000. In addition to this the city has many artesian wells, which yield a large supply for the stock-yards and the West Side Park. The city has a multitude of benevolent and charitable institutions ; includ- ing several orphan asylums, dispensaries, homes for the aged, indigent, and friendless, etc., etc. The Young Men's Christian Association has been very active for the relief of the poor and destitute, and did good service at the time of the great fire ; as did also the Chicago Relief and Aid Society^ which distributed the vast amount of money contributed for the sufferers. The population in 1835 was 1,000; 1840, 4,470; 1850, 28,260; i860, 150,000; 1870,298,977; 1880,503,304; 1886,630,000. The expenditures for the year 1884 were $10,195,404, being $16.18 />rr capita. CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES HAVING A POPULATION OF 50,000 AND UPWARDS, CENSUS OF 1880. cities and towns. POPULAT'N ClTItS AND TOWNS. popolat'n cities and towns. POPULAT'jf Nf.w York, N. Y Fhiladf.lphia, Pa... Brooklyn, N. Y Chicago, III Boston, Mass 1,206,500 846,984 s66,68q 362,535 35o,S'2 332,190 255,708 233,956 216,140 160,143 156,381 -3 Buffalo, N. Y Washington, D. C... Newark, N. J Louisville, Ky Jersey City, N. J. .. Df.tro't, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Providence, R. I Albany, N. Y Rochester, N. Y Allegheny,- Pa Indianapolis, Ind — 155.137 447,307 136,400 123,645 120,728 "6,343 "5.578 104,850 90.903 89.363 78,681 75.074 Richmond, Va New Haven, Conn.. Lowell, Mass Worcester, Mass... Troy, N. Y Kansas City, Mo Cambridge, Mass... Syracuse, N. Y Columbus, O Paterson, N. J Toledo, O 63.803 63,88a 59.485 58,295 56.747 55,813 52.740 51.79X 51,665 50,887 50,143 St. Louis, Mo Baltimore, Md Cincinnati, 0.» San Francisco, Cal.. New Orleans, La Olpvfland Pittsburgh, Pa I i T CITY OF DETROIT. > ^.^l^KTROIT, the chief city of Michigan, the oldest , i\\ city by far in tlic west of the United States, and older than cither Haltimorc or Philadelphia on the seaboard, was founded by the French of Canada in 1670, as an outpost for the prosecution of the fur trade, on the ri^dit bank of the river of its own name, about 18 miles from Lake Erie and 7 miles from Lake . For more than a century and a half, liowever, the i[^es of its position were rather prospective than actual, lement of the adjacent wildernesses w ' .,0 slowly carried :ffect that Michigan, of which Detroit was the capital, contin- a subordinate territory from 1805 to 1837. The site is itly elevated above the river to afford excellent facilities lagc, which have been thoroughly improved. The river, which is the dividing line at this point between the United States and Canada, is half a mile wide and over 30 feet deep, forming the best harbor on the lakes. The city extends 6 or 7 miles along the bank of the river, and from 2 to 3 miles back from it. The river front is lined with ' warehouses, mills, foundries, grain elevators, railway stations, ship-yards, dry docks, etc., the signs of an enterprising and thriving community. Fort Wayne, a mile below, commands the channel. The site of the city was visited by the French early in the 17th century, but no permanent settlement was made by them until 1701. Sixty-two years later, in 1763, at the close of the war between England and France, it fell into the possession of the English. Immediately after this Pontiac, the great Ottawa chief, made a desperate but unsuccessful effort to expel the whites from all that region. In 1778 Detroit contained only 300 inhabitants, living for the most part in log huts. The British, in 1778, erected a fort, which, after the Americans gained possession, became Fort Shelby. At the peace of 1783, Detroit became a part of the United States, but the Americans did not take possession until thirteen years later. The place was wholly destroyed by fire in 1805, and two years afterward the present city was laid out. In the war of 18 12 it was surrendered by Gen- eral Hull to the British, but recovered by the Americans after the battle of Lake Erie in 1813. It was incorporated as a village in 181 5, as a city in 1824. It was the seat of government of the Territory of Michigan from 1805 to 1837, and of the State of Michigan from the latter date till 1847. The streets are broad and well paved and lighted ; many of them lined with beautiful shade trees. The avenues are from 100 to 120 feet wide. Many of the business structures are (86) \ crrV OK di:troit. 87 the oldest itatcs, and hia on the :)f Canada Df the fur \vn name, rom Lake vcver, the an actual, 'ly carried a!, con tin- he site is t facilities The river, ted States ), forming : the bank Uncd with ' yards, dry irt Wayne, ted by the 5 made by if the war J EngUsh. perate but 78 Detroit luts. The Dossession, art of the teen years ; afterward ;d by Gen- e battle of ty in 1824. 35 to 1 837, s are broad trees. The ictures are largo, solid, and imposing, and there arc many ck-gant and costly private rcsi- dcjiccs. The city has had a very rapid growth, the population increasing from 770 in 1810, to 116,340 in 1880, and 133,269 in 1886. The principal park of Detroit is the '" Grand Circus," and it is the centre from which the principal avenues radiate, it is semicircular, .uul divided by Woodward Avenue into two parts, lach adoriitil with a fountain. The "Campus Martius " is a plot of ground 600 feet long and 250 feet wide, crossed by two avenues. Facing it is the City Hall, a fine structure of sandstone, 200 feet in length by go feet in width, which cost §600,000 In front of the City Hall is a monument to the soldiers of Michigan who fell in the War of the Rebellion ; and facing the Campus Martius on the north is an opera house, a large and fine building. The United '^♦^ates Custom-house and Post-oflfice, a large building of stone, is on G jtrec t. The largest church edifice is the Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, Lat theie are several of other denominations which are fine specimens of architecture. The Roman Catholic Convent of the S.icietl Heart is a large and handsome structnrc. The Michigan Central freight depot is 1,250 feet long and 102 feet wide — a single room, covered by a self-supporting rocf of iron ; and near it stan^ c\ \ '% V •^^ V '^o^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80 (716) 873-4503 4^ '.^% ^ w_ i:

T. LOUIS is the chief city and commercial metropolis of Missouri. It is a port of entry, and is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi River, 1 80 miles above the mouth of the Ohio, and about 1,200 miles above New Orleans, and 18 miles below the confluence of the Mis- souri. It is connected with East St. Louis, a city in Illinois, by a magnificent bridge of steel, which cost ^10,000,000. The bridge was begun in 1869 and completed in 1874. It is 2,225 feet long by 54 feet wide. The central span is the longest In the world, being 520 feet, and 60 feet above the water. The bridge was designed by Captain James ^\ Eads. On the present site of the city was established, in 1734. a trading-post with the Indians ; it was named after Louis XV. of France. In 1764 it was the depot of the Louisiana Indian Trad- inrr Company. In 1768 it was taken by a detachment of Spap- ish troops. In 1804 it was purchased by the United States with the whole country west of the Mississippi, at which time its population was 1,500, and its yearly fur trade amounted to over $200,000. In 1820 its popu- THE COURT-HOUSE. lation was less than 5,000. It was chartered as a city in 1822. Its first news- paper was started in 1808, and its first bank in 1816. Cholera appeared m 1832 and again in 1849, i^om which the city suffered much. The first railroad (88) etropolis of ted on the above the ibove New )f the Mis- , a city in ivhich cost impletcd in entral span t above the ^. Eads. , in 1734. a 3uis XV. of ndian Trad- iit of Span- States with lulation was 20 its popu- ts first news- appeared in first railroad ■t> CITY OF ST. LOUIS. 89 commenced its business in 1853. A large portion of the town was destroyed by fire in 1849; after this substantial buildings were erected from stone quar- ried from the bank of the river. St. Louis under a special act of the Lcgis lature is exempt from county government, and exists entirely distinct as a municipality. St. Louis County adjoins the city. The latter is regularly built, and has fine streets which cross at right angles, and extends about 14 miles along the river. As a commercial and industrial centre it ranks among the most important cities of the Union. It is only exceeded by Now York and Philadelphia in the number and capital employed in its manufactures. It is the centre of one of the finest agricultural districts in this country, for which it not only affords an outlet, but is also a centre of supply. The Mississippi, with its great tributaries, affords many thousands of miles of navigable water, while nearly thirty railroads and their numerous connections, place it in communication with all parts of the country. All these railroads, except one, centre in the same depot. In the older portions of the city near the river, some of the streets are narrow and crooked. ._„_ -j„^-. - _ , - , , „ The principal streets are -^ isz rJ^'^^ST" ~^ Fourth Street, Grand Av- enue, Olive Street, Main Street, and Second Street. The principal retail stores are on Fourth Street, which is the grand promenade. The finest residences are on Grand Avenue, Lucas Place, Pine, Locust, and Olive Streets. There are two fine boulevards for driv- ing in the western part of the city. It contains nearly 500 miles of paved streets and alleys. The total area of square miles covered by the city is 62. The numerous public parks, which are very beautiful, cover 2,5(X) acres. In addi- tion to these there are many fine public squares. The Fair Grounds contain halls of mechanical and industrial exhibits ; a zoological garden, claimed to be the most complete in, the world, and an amphitheatre with seats for 40,000 people. The annual fairs are held in October. St. Louis has two of the finest cemeteries in the country, beautifully laid out and adorned with trees and shrubbery. It has a vast amount of manufac- tures, including very extensive flour-mills, sugar refineries, tobacco, whiskey, hemp, bale rope and bagging, oils and chemicals, pork, beef, lard, and ham. Packing is done on a very extensive scale, and employs an immense capital, and only exceeded by the amount invested in the manufacture of iron. The best flour produced in the world is made in St. Louis, and is largely shipped to Europe ; the production is about 2,500,000 barrels annually. The number THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY it I m ml * \'y VI \ I I 90 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAiN PROGRESS. of hoj^s packed annually is about 600,000. The cotton trade amounts annually to about 500,000 bales. The machine-shops, linseed oil factories, provision packin;j^-h()uscs, and iron foundries are very extensive. The annual products of the factories arc \'.i!ued at nearly $275,000,000. The fur trade of America centres in St. Lruis and the traffic in af;ri-- cultural produce is simply enormous, while in the manufac- ture of flour it stands unrivalled, and com- petes successfully with the markets of Ku- rojie ; it is also cele- brated for its unsur- passable lager. Nearly 500 vessels belong to the port, with an aggregate ton- nage of nearly 200,000. There are 30 banks, 35 insurance companies, a chamber of com- merce, a merchants' exchange, a mechanics' and manufacturers' exchange, a board of trade, a cotton exchange, and a mining exchange. The principal public buildings are the City Mall, the new Post-ofifice, and Custom-house, which contains the United States Court Rooms, and cost about $5,000,- 000. The Court- house occupies an entire square. TliG Great Ex- po s i t i o n and Music Hall, is a building pro- nounced by all who have seen it to be far superior to anything of the kind in this country. Other buildings worthy of note are the Masonic Temple, the Columbia Life Insurance building, the Mercantile Library, with about 65,000 volumes. About 170 churches, mostly of fine architectural appearance, adorn 'I' II !•: N E w I' ( > s 1" - o F F I c l: . C n A M h E R OF COMMERCE, 't) n )GRr:ss. ^unts annually rics, provision niial products dc of America in St. Lruis. traffic in agri-- produce is e n o r m o u s , 1 the manufac- flour it stands ,cd, and com- iccessfully with irkets of Eu- t is also ccle- for its unsur- c lager. rly 500 vessels to the port, aggregate ton- nearly 200,000. ire 30 banks, 35 cc companies, iibcr of com- a merchants' trade, a cotton gs are the City ill, the new ost-ofificc, and ustom-house, hich contains 1 c United t at es Court .ooms, and cost 30ut $5,000,- X). The Court- ouse occupies n entire square, "lie Great Ex- es i t i o n and [usic Hall, is a uilding pro- of the kind in ic Temple, the th about 65,000 aearance, adorn CITY OF ST. EOUIS. 91 the city. Among the more imposing structures are the Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, Christ Church (Episcopal), and the First Presbyterian Church. The city contains some of the finest hotels in the country, among which are the Southern, the Lindell, the Laclede, and the old Planter's. A fire in 1877 destroj'cd the Southern Hotel, which was one of the largest and finest in the city. It has been rebuilt, and now occupies twice the space it first covered. The charitable institutions are very numerous, including hospitals, asylums, and homes. The Institution for the Blind, which is controlled by the State, has facilities for 200 pupils, and teaches many industries. The Convent of the Good Shepherd is for the reformation of fallen women. There are also the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, St. Luke's Hosi)ital, the St. Louis Hospital, the Emigrants' Home, the Widows' and Infants' Asylum, the SOUTHERN HOTEL. Insane Asylum. There are 108 public school buildings, occupied by over 55,000 children during the day, and 6,000 pupils at night. The Washington University includes, in addition to the college proper, the Polytechnic Institute, the Marcy Institute for the education of women, the School of Fine Arts, the Manual Training School, and the Law School. The Concordia Institute (which is German Lutheran) includes a theological college. The Catholics have over 100 parochial, private, and convent schools, among which are the Academies of Loretto, the Visitation, and the Sacred Heart, the Ursuline Convent, and the St. Louis University, The latter is under the control of the Society of Jesus, and has a large and va-luable library and museum. Prominent among the other Catholic institutions is the College of the Chris- tian Brothers. There are several theatres and places of amusement, and a fine opera house. The assessed value of real and personal property is $2i2,ooo,oco. Population: in 1820, 4,590; i860, 151,780; 1870, 310,864; 1880, 350,522;. 1886, 400,000. Yearly city expenditures, $8,329,221.85. I ■) I'll- i :l: 1 -■* V " ' Ml ! '-- ILVW J /f -i^n rn j^j mim ^vvil"]) CITY OP BALTIMORE. ALTIMORE is a magnificent city in Maryland. It is situated 200 miles from the Atlantic, and is considered one of the three great seaports of the East ; the b^y is large enough and of a sufficient depth to accommodate the largest ships, and the channels in the river have been dredged to a depth of 24 feet and a width of nearly 400 feet. The city has many advantages, especially in loca- tion, as it is situated at the most northerly extremity of ' the Chesapeake Bay, into which numerous rivers f^ow aftor passing through the fertile districts of Maryland and Virginia. The city was founded in 1729. In January, 1730, a small town was located north of Jones' Falls, and named Baltimore, in honor of Calvert, Lord Baltimore. At the same period William Fell, a ship-builder, settled at Fell's Point, and two years later another town was pro- jectcd and named after David Jones. The town was joined to Bal- timore in 174';, dropping its name. By successive unions these little settlements passed into Baltimore, and in 1752 the future city had about two dozen houses and 200 inhabitants. In 1767 Baltimore was made the county seat. In 1773 the first theatre, newspaper, and stage line to New York and Philadelphia were established. The city is divided into two nearly equal parts by "Jones' Falls," a rapid stream, which, though troublesome from its floods, and expensive from its bridges, supplies immense water-power, and an abundance of pure water for domestic use. In 1776 the Continental Congress met in Baltimore in quarters thus described by John Adams : " The congress sit in the last house at the west end of Market Street, on the south side of the street, in a long chamber, with two fire-places, two large closets, and two doors. The house Igelongs to a Quaker, who built it for a tavern." Though Maryland was originally a Roman Catholic colony, there came to Baltimore, after the Revolution, a number of enterprising Scotch- Irish Protestants, whose energy and means were of great value to the city. In 1789 the course of Jones' Falls was changed, and the original bed filled in. In 1792 there was an accession to the population of many refugees from San Domingo. By 1796 Baltimore was made a city. Baltimore is de- fended by Fort McHeniy. It was during an unsuccessful bombardment of this fort by the British fleet, in i8i4,that Francis Scott Key, an American prisoner on one of the English ships, composed the celebrated " Star-Spangled Banner." During the Civil War, a portion of the 6th Mass. and 7th Penn. regiments were mobbed while passing through the city, and in the contest several citizens and soldiers were killed. No more troops were sent through Baltimore until the city was put under military rule. Baltimore is on undulating ground, and it has more than 200 churches, three universities, a number of colleges. Among the commemorative structures which have gained for Baltimore the name of the " Monumental City," the most in:eresting is an elegant obelisk, erected in (92) CITY OF BALTIMORE. 93 iryland. It is is considered ist ; the bny is accommodate iver have been of nearly 4CW ccially in loca- y extremity of iV aftor passing nia. The city vn was located lor of Calvert, a ship-builder, town was pro- joinrd to BaU ions these little uture city had [J67 Baltimore iper, and stage is divided into which, though pplies immense . In 1776 the cribed by John Market Street, fire-places, two who built it for ic colony, there prising Scotch- : value to the he original bed many refugees Baltimore is de- lardment of this nerican prisoner angled Banner." regiments were sral citizens and imore until the ; ground, and it lieges. Among Dre the name of lelisk, erected jn 181 5, to the memory of those who had fallen in defending the town against the British. The Roman Catholic Cathedral takes the lead among the ecclesiasti- cal edifices of Baltimore. It is a massive building of granite, being 190 feet long, 177 broad, and 127 high; and besides one of the largest organs in the United States, it contains two beautiful paintings, presented by Louis XVI. and Charles X. of France. Baltimore's water communications are of great importance ; the James River affords communication with Richmond, Petersburg, and Lynchburg, and the waters of the bay, with Norfolk ; by canal, with New York and Philadel- phia ; by the Potomac River, with Washington ; by canal from the latter place to Cumberland, the district in which the collieries of the State are located. Along these coasts are numerous thriving towns and many well-tilled farms, the latter sending to her docks at times over 100,000 bushels of grain a day. The city is much nearer to the interior of the country than most of the large cities on the Atlantic Coast. Her position at the head of the Chesapeake, en- ables her to convey freight by water, which is a greater distance, much cheaper than by other transportation. Her immediate vicinity to the coal regions en- ables steamers to get their supply of this article at less than half the price they could get it in New York or Boston. Steamers crossing the Atlantic can save nearly $2,000 in this way on a single trip, as they generally use from 800 to 1,000 tons of coal. This probably explains why Baltimore is growing in favor as the great outlet of the West as well as of the interior, and as a distributing emporium of imports for the same localities. The vessels belonging to the port number nearly 2,000; tonnage, about 150,000. About 1,200 foreign ships, 1 50 foreign ocean steamers, and 400 American ships, engaged in foreign trade, enter the port annually. There are lines to various parts of Europe. The city has 15 national banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly $12,000,000. There are also several private banks of a substantial character. It is one of the greatest flour markets in the world. The trade in oysters is enormous. About 12,000 men are employed in packing and handling oysters. One house puts up over 50,000 cans of raw oysters daily ; and there are nearly 50 large establishments exclusively engaged in packing. Another house puts up over 35,000 cans of cooked oysters daily. Nearly 100 smaller concerns are engaged in opening oysters. After the oysters are all canned each year, the canning of fruits and vegetables — which is conducted very extensively — is commenced, of which over 25,000,000 cans are packed annually and sent to all parts of the civilized world, even to Hindostan, China, and Japan. In the coffee trade Baltimore is only second to New York, the sales amounting to nearly 500,000 bags annually ; the bulk of this is imported from Brazik Baltimore is one o| the great centres of the coal trade ; over 50,000 tons are exported annually. There are about 20 mills engaged in the manufacture of cotton (shirtings, cotton duck, and sheetings), and it has been estimated that 80 per cent, of the cotton duck produced on the globe is made in these mills. Nearly 100,000 bales of raw cotton are exported annually. The cattle trade of Baltimore is conducted on a very extensive scale, as is also its lumber trade, Iff tit 94 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. about 40 large houses being engaged in the latter industry. The export trade in lumber is at the present time nearly five million feet ann lally, while about sixty million feet of yellow pine are used annually for making packing-boxes. The city is the nearest seaport to the oil regions, and has great facilities for refining petroleum. There are many large refineries. The export trade in oil is very large, amounting at timts to 50,000,000 gallons annually. Baltmiore is also prominent in exporting tobacco. The largest iron rolling mills in the United States are the Abbot Works. The city is surrounded by iron-ore beds. One railroad iron mill can turn out over 40,000 tons of finished rails annually. The industry in copper goods is very extensive, and are considered ccpial to any on the coast. A very extensive business is done in marine and stationary steam-engines, mill-gearing, water-wheels, pulleys and shafting, hollow ware, stones, iron work, agricultural implements, etc., etc. Baltimore has gained a great reputation for its preparation of lard, of which it exports great quantities. Large quantities of provisions from the interior arc exported to foreign ports. The shoe and leather trade is of great import- ance, amounting to over $25,000,000 annually. Much of the leather is exported to England and Germany. There is also a large trade in sugar and molasses. Other^'industries arc: ship-building, woolen goods, pottery, sugar refining, dis- tilling, tanning, saddlery, etc. About 10,000,000 bricks are made and sold an- nually. Baltimore possesses many charitable and beneficial institutions, among \vhich are the Maryland Institution for the Blind ; the Sheppard Asylum for the ^ls.•= 0, endowed with $1,000,000 by Moses Sheppard; the Pcabody Insti- tutio.., >vnich received over $1,000,000 from George Peabody ; the Hopkins Hospital, endowed with $2,000,000 by Johns Hopkins. The Johns Hopkins University is magnificently endowed, giving opportunity for post-graduate study and advanced scientific research. There are about 125 public schools, with 100,000 average attendance. The finest building in Baltimore is the new City Hall, occupying an entire square of more than half an acre, 355 feet long, which cost $2,600,000. The Peabody Institute was incorporated in 1857. It contains a library of 56,000 volumes, and halls for lectures, etc. The Custom- house is a fine edifice, 225 by 141 feet. On the four sides are colonnades, each column being a single block of Italian marble. The new Pratt Library seems to meet a " long-felt want." Thus far about 1,600 books a day have been taken out. It comprises 40,000 volumes, distributed from one central point and five branches. Baltimore is supplied with water from Lake Roland, with a capacity of 500,- •000,000 gallons, and by the new system of water works, the grandest in the world, 200,000,000 gallons per day ; quantity used, 27,000,000 per day. The city can boast of the noblest forest park in the United Stat ^. " Druid HiU" is an old forest which was previously the private park of a fine estate. It con- tains over 600 acres, acquired by the city in i860. It adds much to the beauty of the city, and has many picturesque walks and drives. The population in 1800, was 25,5 14; in 1830,80,620; in 1840, 102,513; in 1850, 169,547; in 1870, Ri:ss. jxport trade while about ckin^-boxos. facilities for t trade in oil Baltimore mills in the on-ore beds, lils annually. red equal to id stationary hollow ware, ard, of which the interior jreat import- T is exported nd molasses, refining, dis- ; and sold an- tions, among d Asylum for cabody Insti- the Hopkins )hns Hopkins post-graduate ublic schools, )re is the new 355 feet long, 1 in 1857. It The Custom- onnades, each Library seems ay have been central poin-t pacity of 500,- andest in the jer day. The "Druid Hill" state. It con- to the beauty population in k,547; in 1870, CITV OV LOUISVILLIi. 9$ 267,354; in 1880, 332,190; and in l886, estimated at 425,000. Population (taken by police) May, 1882: white, 348,900; colored, 59.620, and 85,600 in the " Belt " around the city, the limits not having been extended since 18 17. The annual city expenditure, in 1886, was $4,106,447. CITY OF L0I1IS\'ILLH. OUISVILLE, the chief city of Kentucky, is on the falls of the Ohio River, 130 miles below Cincinnati. It is handsomely built. The city is supplied with water from the Ohio, by artesian wells, one of which has a depth of 2,086 feet, a three-inch bore, and supplies 330,000 gallons of water in 24 hours, which rises to a height of 170 feet. The Court-house cost $r,ooo,- 000. There is a fine custom-house, jail, a marine asy- lum, 10 orphan asylums, hospitals, houses of refuge, 95 churches. Steamers pass over the rapids of the Ohio at high water, but at other times pass through a canal and locks. Population : in 1880, 123,645, and in 1886 nearly 135,000. It was named Louisville (1780) in honor of Louis XVI. of France, whose troops were then assisting the Americans in the War of Independence. The falls or rapids of the Ohio have here a descent of 27 feet, affording a fine water-power. A number of railroads connect Louisville with the Northern and Southern railroad systems. A bridge crosses the river at the head of the falls, having 27 spans, and a total length of over 5,000 feet, and cost over §2,- 000,000. An important in- dustry is the s u gar-curing of hams, and pork-packing. This city is also one of the largest markets for leaf-t o b a c c o in the world ; cigars are made in great quantities. LOUISVILLE, iU ti f iii The manufacture of whiskey is also an enormous business, manufactures are cement, leather, furniture, iron pipe, etc. Other important ■■" . 'T' "TT ■ I ' l ¥, » " CITY OF CLI:V1-LANI). LRVELAND, next to Cincinnati, is the most commcr- cial city in Ohio, and the capital of Cuyahoga County. It is situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. The harbor is one of the best on the coast, and has been rendered still more available by extending a pier on either bide into deeper water. By means of this secure and commodious haven, Cleveland, with the aid of artificial works in both directions, has navi- gable communications with the Atlantic Ocean on the one hand, and with the head of Lake Superior on the other. It is celebrated for its ship-building, and is becoming rapidly more and more important for its manufactures. Magnificent works were erected at a cost of about S8oo,ooo, to supply the city with water from Lake Eric ; this is obtained by means of a tunnel under the lake. The city has grown to its present dimensions from a small town, which was set- tled in 1796 by General Moses Cleaveland, one of the directors of the Connecticut Land Company, after whom it was named. It is _^ . the chief port of the "West- ern Reserve." It is divided into two parts, connected with each other by bridges cross- ing the Cuya- hoffa River, vhich here empties into the lake. One of the bridges is 2,000 feet in length, and built of solid masonry, costing $2,500,000. The principal public buildings are of stone, and present a fine appearance. The United States building contains the Custom-house, Post-oflice, and rooms for the Federal Courts. The County Court-house and City Hall occupy con- spicuous places, and are well adapted to their several uses. The House of Correction cost $170,000. The Cleveland Medical College is an imposing (9t>) CLEVELAND. CITY OF CLEVELAND. lost comincr- lopa County. : Eric, at the is one of the norc available :r water. By ;n, Cleveland, ons, has navi- Diie hand, and celebrated for ore important ted at a cost 1 Lake Erie ; The city has hich was sct- e directors of amed. It is the chief port of the "West- ern Reserve." It is divided into two parts, connected with each other by bridges cross- ing the Cuya- hoffa River, vhich here empties into the lake. One of the bridges is 2,000 feet in length, and ne appearance, ice, and rooms ill occupy con- The House of s an imposing structure. The Union Railway station is a massive structure of stone. The high-schools and several of the churches are very handsome structures. Then is also a public library, and several other libraries. There are numerous hos- pitalg, orphan asylums, and other charitable institutions, besides two convents, a Young Men's Christian Association, a seminary for women and a business college. The Catholic people have 1 1 academies and schools. The public schools are numerous and well organized. The State Law College has a fine library and many students. The Cleveland Medical College was founded in 1843, and the llomceopathic Medical College in 1849. Cleveland has over 100 churches, many large insurance companies, several fine markets, and 33 hotels. It is the centre of many great railroads, and the Ohio Canal connects Lake Erie at this point with the Ohio River. It was this canal, completed in 1834, that first gave a great inii)etus to the commerce of the city. Numerous steamers ply between Cleveland and all other ports on the lake. The manufacturing industries of the city are varied and extensive, and increasing with great rapidity. They embrace iron, coal, refined petro- leum, nail manufactories, copper smelting, sulpluiric acid, wooden ware, agri- cultural implements, sewing-machines, railroad cars, marble, white lead, etc. The population was in 1830, 1, 000 ; 1850,17,03.,: 1870,93,018; 1880,159,404; 1886, 227,000. The city is lighted by electric lights, which are elevated to a great height. There are many beautiful cemeteries. The finest part of the city is on a sandy bluff on the east side of the river, from 60 to 150 feet above the lake. The * city is laid out mostly in squares, the principal streets being from 80 to 120 feet wide, and one having a width of 132 feet. Shade trees are so abundant that the place is properly called the " Forest City." Euclid Avenue, lined with elegant private residences, each of which is surrounded with ample grounds, is acknowledged to be the handsomest street in the country. Superior Street, having a width of 132 feet, is occupied by the banks and the principal retail stores. Monumental Park, in the centre of the city, with an area of ten acres, as originally laid out, is now crossed by streets at rigl.t. angles, and so divided into four smaller squares, beautifully shaded and carefully kept. In one of these squares is a handsome fountain, in another a pool and a cascade, and a statue of Commodore Perry, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie, erected in i860 at a cost of .$8,000. West of the river is another finely shaded park called the " Circle," with a beautiful fountain in the centre. The total appropriation for city expenditures for 1886 was $1,697,698. > , :■ i n«awi reets are regular, the centre and most level parts of the city being de- voted to business. The residences crown a high bluff, and give the city a very picturesque appearance when viewed from the lake. Its first white settler was a Frenchman, whose name was Juneau, who located there in 1818, and engaged in the fur trade, and finally became Mayor of the city, which was incorporated in 1846. The city has a fine sewerage system, and is furnished by the lake with water. It is connected with all parts of the country by railroads. In 1870, Mil- waukee claimed the rank of fourth city in the Union in marine commerce. MILWAUKEE IN i860. mmm:—-. •~^- li'T 1 :l ! :. ■M ,04 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. This position it has since lost by the rapid and extraordinary development of other cities. Copper and iron mines within 50 miles of the city have done much towards making her a great manufacturing centre. Among the fine public buildings are the Post-office and Custom-house, which is built with marble, and in which are the United States Courts. The County Court-house was erected at a cost of more than $400,000. The receipts and shipments by rail and water are immense and of great value. The most important items of merchandise are wheat and flour. The immense agricultural products of the three great States of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Min- nesota are shipped from its port. Pork-packing is conducted on a very exten- sive scale, and the city is celebrated for its lager-beer, which finds a market in nearly all parts of the Union. About $4,000,000 is invested in this branch of industry. There are vast iron and rolling mills, which employ nearly 3,000 men, and have a capital of nearly $5,000,000. There are six immense elevators, with a total capacity of nearly 6,000,000 bushels, ( ne of which is claimed to be the largest in the Union, having a capacity of 1,500,000 bushels. One of the largest flour-mills has a daily capacity of 1,000 barrels. The leather factories are very extensive, the total capital being nearly $2,000,000. Among the goods manufactured are the following: agricultural implements, machinery, pig-iron, iron castings, steam-boilers, car wheels, woolen cloth, carriages, wagons, barrels, furniture, sashes and blinds, boots and shoes, tobacco and cigars, white lead, paper, soap and candles, iron castings, leather, malt, high- wines, brooms, etc. It has a large number of educational institutions, comprising acade- mies, public and private schools, and an Industrial School, several orphan asylums and hospitals, a College for Women, a monastery and Franciscan Col- lege, a public art gallery, a public library and a German library and public museum. There are 75 churches, 2 cathedrals (i Episcopal and i Catholic), about 20 banks, several insurance companies and theatres. The Government asylum for invalid soldiers is situated two or three miles from the city. The. population, which largely consists of Germans and other national- ities, was, in i860, 45,000; in 1870, 71,000; in 1880, 115, 57©; and in 18S6, 158,509. City expenditures in 1884, $1,438,976 ; /"^r capita, $9.07. The sur- rounding country is of great fertility, and as a manufacturing centre it has great advantages. ;ress. velopment of y have done ustom-hojse, Courts. The oo.ocx). The great value. The immense wa, and Min- a very exten- nds a market in this branch ooo men, and vators, with a led to be the One of the athcr factories Among the ts, machinery, )th, carriages, , tobacco and ler, malt, high- prising acade- ;everal orphan Tanciscan Col- iry and public id I Catholic), e Government le city, ither national- and in 1886, .07. The sur- centre it hao CITY OF PITTSBURGH. ITTSBURGH is the second city in population and im- portance in Pennsylvania, a port of entry, and the county seat of, Allegheny County. It is situated at the junction of the Monongahela and Alleghany Riv- ers, where they form the Ohio, which at this point is a quarter of a mile wide. The city is 356 miles from Philadelphia, 245 miles from Harrisburgh, which is the capital of the State, and 227 miles from Washington. The distance from New Orleans by the river is 2,040 miles. Some of the richest deposits of coal and iron in America are to be found in the vicinity. The city has nearly 200 iron establishments, about 75 iron foundries, 50 iron and steel works, and over 600 furnaces. There are vast machine-shops ; the manufacture of steam boilers, engines, etc., is very extensive. There are about 56 glass manufacturing establishmsnts, the products of which are about $12,000,000 annually. The trade in crude and refined oil is enormous ; nearly 3,000,000 barrels of crude oil are received annually, and about 2,500,000 barrels of refined oil shipped. Large quantities ■>^l J^^fJTi DEPOT. of coke are purchased, averaging more than 1,000,000 tons a year. The iron manufactures amount annually to about $50,000,000 ; the total amount of pig metal consumed is about 7,000,000 tons annually, being nearly one-quarter of (105) io6 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. the total produced in the Union. There arc large copper-smelting works, 22 rolling-mills, numerous cotton-mills, and white lead factories. The best quali- ties of English steel are surpassed by several large steel works, seven of which produce about 35,000 tons annually. The products of several copper manu- facturing establishments amount to $4,000,000 annually. Vast quantities of coal are produced in nearly 200 collieries in the neighborhood of the city. Pittsburgh is the great manufacturing city of America. The immense foundries and factories fill the air with smoke, and hence it has derived the names of "the Smoky City," and "the Iron City." It has often been com- pared to Birmingham, England. The first' glass manufactured in Pittsburgh was in 1796. The first at- tempt at making steel was in 1828, and for several years only the lowest grade was produced. The manufacture of cast steel for edge-tools was commenced in i860. The first rolling-mill was built in 1 8 1 2, and the first iron foundry in 1804; from the latter can- non were cast and supplied for the fleet on Lake Erie and for the defence of New Orleans. Pittsburgh occupies the site of the old French Fort Duquesne. In 1754 a por- tion of its present territory was occupied by the English, and a stockade fort was built at the confluence of the rivers. After many struggles with the French and Indians, in which the British General Braddock was defeated, it was finally taken by General Forbes in 1758, and a permanent foothold estab- lished. The place became a permanent trading-post in 1759. A new fort was eventually erected, and named Fort Pitt, in honor of William Pitt, then Prime Minister of England, the name changing finally to Pittsburgh. In 1774 the place was surveyed and laid out by descendants of William Penn. It was incorporated as a city in 1816. At that time its limits were confined to a peninsula between the rivers ; it now extends over the adjoining hills, and seven or eight miles up both rivers. In 1845 •* was nearly destroyed by fire. Its appearance is that of a solid and substantial city. The eastern part is devoted to fine residences. Most of the streets are paved. Besides its vast manufacturing interests, Pittsburgh has a great traffic over the three rivers, which gives it an outlet to the Mississippi River, its tributaries, and the gulf coast, while canals connect it with Philadelphia, and, by way of Cleveland, with the lakes. It is a port of delivery in the New Orleans district. THE COURT-HOUSE, RESS. CITY OF PITTSBURGH. t07 ig works, 22 c best quali- 'cn of which opper manu- uantities of the city. he immense derived the been com- Pittsburgh he first at- stecl was several years grade was manufacture ige-tools was i860. The was built in iron foundry le latter can- md supplied i Lake Erie :nce of New )ccupies the French Fort 1754 a por- ent territory the English, art was built French and Lted, it was ithold estab- A new fort m Pitt, then gh. In 1774 enn. It was onfined to a ig hills, and oyed by fire, stern part is sides its vast three rivers, ies, and the 3f Cleveland, rict. Among the principal railroads are the Pennsylvania, the Alleghany Valley, and the Pittsburgh, Washington, and Baltimore, which connect Pittsburgh with nearly every part of Pennsylvania and the East. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railroad and connecting lines give communication to the West and Northwest, while the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Rail- road connects the South and Southwest. The public buildings include a fine Court-house, the Western State Peni- tentiary, the United States Arsenal, etc. The city has very efficient police and fire departments. There arc 50 banks and a large number of insurance companies ; 75 schools, including a high-school. Among the colleges arc the Western University of Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Female College (Methodist). There are over 40 newspapers, of which 10 are dailies; and one hundred and twenty churches. Among the ecclesiastical buildings is a fine large Roman Catholic Cathedral. The rivers arc spanned by numerous fine bridges. Pittsburgh has rapidly increased in population and manufactures. The majority of the population is of foreign birth ; mostly Irish, German, and Eng- lish. The population in 1788 was 480; in 1800, 1,560; in 1840,21,000; in 1860,79,000; in 1870, 121,799; '" 1880, 156,389 (the annexation of adjoining boroughs caused much of this increase); in 1886, 175,000. The city of Alle- ghany, with its population of 85,000 in 1886, is on the other side of the river, and as it is in fact a portion of Pittsburgh, except in its municipal govern, tnent, it should be added to these figures, making the total population of Pitts- burgh in 1886, 260,000. Seven bridges span the Alleghany River, and not only connect the two cities, but are practically continuous streets traversed by horse-cars, as in cities where no rivers exist. Five bridges span the Monongahela, and give an out- let to the suburbs of Pittsburgh in that direction. Larf ^ steamboats run on the Ohio from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati and many other points, and great facilities are afforded for the recepiion of mineral oil, iron, coal, lumber, etc., etc., by the Monongahela and Alleghany Rivers. Over 200 large steam- ers belong to the port, and 600 or 700 barges, with a total tonnage of nearly 200,000. The figures showing the production of pig-iron indicate that the Southern States are forging to the front, although Pennsylvania still holds an easy lead, having produced last year 2,445,496 tons of the entire 4,529,869 tons produced in this country. Ohio comes next in the list of iron-producing States with 553,963 tons ; Illinois third vith 327,977 tons ; and Alabama fourth with 227,438 tons. The next highest producing States are Virginia, Tennessee, New York, and Michigan, in the order named. While recognizing that the South is making'rapid advances, Pennsylvania, with its abundant coal and its newly utilized store of natural gas, is sure, however, to be the great pig- iron centre for an indefinite period. The fuel and ore anii the market are so conveniently near each other in the Keystone State that no probable com- petitors are seriously to be feared. . ■•' ;i If CITY OF ST. PAUL. ) • kT. PAUL is the capital of Minnesota. It Is a thriving commercial city and port of entry, situated on both banks of the Mississippi River, g miles east of Minneapo- lis, 400 miles northwest of Chicago, 2,080 miles from New Orleans, and 9 miles from the Falls of St. Anthony. Excel- lent springs of water abound in the hills near the city. It is the head of navigation for the large steamboats of the Lower Mississippi and its tributaries, and is 800 feet above the Gulf of Me.xico. The city of St. Paul, standing at the navigable head of what the Indians fitly called, in their musical and ex- pressive tongue, the " Great River," has been fortunate in many things. Above them all, it is supremely fortunate in situation. A visitor needs only to go to the summit of either of the four principal blufTs upon which the city lies, and beyond which it is spreading itself so rapidly, to see the secret of that spell which its scenery and distant outlook communicate. Established in the midst of a territory dominated by prairies, it looks down upon a vast and beautiful landscape in a way that suggests the supremacy and lordliness of Rome. Its vistas are various from these lofty coignes of vantage, and each is a separate and individual picture. In I 846 the white people living on this site consist- ed of ten per- sons. In 1 841 a chapel was dedicated here to St. Paul by a Jesuit mis- sionary, and from this it derived i t s name. The principal railroads are the Northern Pacific ; St. Paul, Minneap- olis, and Manitoba ; Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul ; Chicago, Burlington, and Northern ; Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha ; St. Paul and Du- luth ; St. Paul and Northern Pacific ; Wisconsin Central ; Minneapolis and St. Louis ; Chicago and Northwestern ; Minnesota and Northwestern. (ro8) ST. PAUL. CITY OF ST. PAUL. 109 Is a thriving ted on both of Minneapo- cs from New lony. Excel- the city. It nboats of the et above the the navigable sical and ex- nate in many 2 in situation, er of the four nd which it is at spell which .stablished in looks down Liprcmacy and es of vantage, and each is a separate and individual picture. In I 846 the white people living on this site consist- ed of ten per- sons. In 1 841 a chapel was dedicated here to St. Paul by a Jesuit mis- sionary, and from this it derived i t s aul, Minneap. 0, Burlington, Paul and Du- apolis and St. n. The Custom-house and Post-oflRce is a fine granite structure, which cost $600,000. The State capitol was erected at a cost of $374,000. St. Paul has a fine court-house, several hotels and theatres, public libraries, with nearly 50,000 volumes, a number of daily and weekly newspapers, several of which arc in the Swedish and German languages. It has a State Historical Society, an Academy of Natural Sciences, a State Reform School, various fine public schools, orphan asylums. Catholic parochial schools, a commercial and busi- ness college, a Home for the Friendless, and Magdalen reformatories, about 50 churches, and a fine cathedral. The city has very efficient fire and police departments, street railways, a Mayor and Council. It is connected with West St. Paul by two bridges across th*" Mississippi River. The boundaries of the city include West St. Paul since 1874. There are quarries in the vicin- ity from which limestone is taken for building purposes. Its water supply ia derived from Lake Phalen, which is about three miles from the city. The public park, which is very beautiful, is on the shore of Lake Como, and con- tains nearly 300 acres. It has several grain elevators, numerous banks and insurance companies. The shipments of wheat amount to about 2,000,000 bushels annually, and flour 250,000 barrels. The manufactures consist of agricultural implements, machinery, furniture, ale and beer, carriages, boots and shoes, lumber, sash and blinds, doors, and blank books. Six of the National banks have a capital of $6,350,000. It is the centre of a large growing trade in flour, lumber, furs, machinery, etc., and has a very extensive wholesale trade. The growth of the city, like its twin sister, Min- neapolis, has been very rapid. The banking capital of St. Paul exceeds that of all the rest of the State put together. As a place of residence St. Paul is delightfully situated, and on a clear, bright day in spring, the view from the bridges which span the river is sur- passingly beautiful. Up the river as far as the eye can reach, are green banks, with hills and plateaus crowned with fine residences and comfortable homes. The atmosphere of St. Paul is dry and pure, and remarkably invigorating, especially for those in poor health, or suffering from some pulmonary com- plamt. Though the thermometer shows a greater degree of cold in winter than is experienced in the New England or Atlantic States, yet it is not nearly as perceptible as in other sections where the " raw," damp days of winter pene- trate through the thickest clothing. The average mean temperature for the nine years, including 1883, in the city was 19° Fahrenheit for the winter months ; for the summer months, 69° 80' ; and for the spring and fall months, 40° 30' and 45° 70' respectively. The report of the jobbing trade for 1884, places the amount of business done at $74,829,700. Notwithstanding dull times and financial depression, St. Paul has increased during the past year her output of manufactured articles by nearly $3,000,000, an increase for the year of twelve and one-half per cent. Population: in i860, 10,000; in 1870, 20,000; in 1880, 41,000; and in 1886, 111,397 — the latter figures are according to the State census. The yearly expenditures are $1,123,185. , •9) •-r i CITY OF MINNl-APOLIS. P^INNEATOLIS is a city in Southeastern Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, situated at the Falls r.' St. Anthony, nine miles west of St. Paul. The sur- rounding country is noted for its picturestiue beauty. The city is built on a fine broad plateau, seemingly specially designed by nature for a me- tropolis. The river makes a fall or descMit of 50 feet within a mile, has a perpendicular descent of 18 feet, and has 135,000 horse-power at low-water mark. It is crossed by a fine suspension bridge built in 1876, and three other bridges. There are four fine lakes in the vicinity. Irii- mcnse manufacturing establishments are conducted by meani of water power from the river. The value of the lumber sawed in one year amounted to $3,000,000, and the flour made in one year amounted to nearly §8,000,000. The wholesale grocery business amounts to nearly $6,000,000 a year. An immense amount of grain is milled. Among the other important manu- factures are iron, machinery, water-wheels, engines and boilers, agricultural implements, cotton and woolen goods, furniture, barrels, boots and shoes, paper, linseed oil, beer, sashes, doors, and blinds. Pork-packing Is conducted on a very extensive scale ; and there are numerous saw-mills. The wholesale trade is very important, and is constantly increasing. Minneapolis is regularly laid out with streets and avenues from 60 to 100 feet wide. The streets cross at right angles, and are shaded with fine trees. The city is orna- mented by a series of beautiful parks, boulevards, and parkways, laid out and improved at an enormous expense. It is well sewered, and has a fine fire department and police force. Minneapolis is the great railroad centre of the Northwest. All the roads of the Northwest, in fact, touch Minneapolis. It has a line of steamers to St. Cloud. Among the public buildings are a court-house, a city hall erected in 1873, an academy of music, and an opera-house. There are 70 churches. The Athenaeum has a library of 15,000 volumes. Minneapoli? is the seat of the University of Minnesota (open to both sexes), organized in 1868, and having a library of 18,000 volumes ; and the Augsburg Theological Seminary, estab- lished by the Scandinavians of the Northwest, with a library of 1,800 vol- umes ; also Hamline University (Methodist). It has numerous newspapers. The Falls of Minnehaha are three miles distant. Considerable interest attaches to this cascade, it being the scene of a legendary romance wrought into the story of Longfellow's poem of " Hiawatha." The Minnehaha River flows over a limestone cliff, making a sudden descent of 60 feet, and the story runs that Minnehaha, an Indian maiden crossed in love, here took the fatal leap. Min- nehaha, in Dakota language, signifies laughing water, (no) CITY OF MINNKAI'OLIS. lit Vlinncsota, on c Falls r.' St. 111. The sur- picturcsfjuc )road plateau, jrc for a me- dcscont of 50 ar descent of r mark. It is 76, and three I'icinity. Inri- tcd by meant lumber sawed r made in one Icsale grocery An immense )ortant manu- s and boilers, barrels, boots ork-packing is iw-mills. The Minneapolis 2t wide. The e city is orna- 3, laid out and las a fine fire centre of the nneapolis. It ected in 1873, lurches. The he seat of the 8, and having minary, estab- of 1,800 vol- s newspapers, terest attaches ught into the iver flows over tory runs that il leap. Min- Thc twin cities arc at once rivals and neighbors, and may at some future period be consolidated into one metropolis. The census of Minnesota has just been taken ; acconling to it St. Paul has grown from a population of 3 in l8j8, to 111,397 in 18S5 ; and Minneaj)oI.'s from 45 in 1S45, to 1.29,200 in 1885. According to tliu .: Tcantilc agency report of K. (1. Dun & Co., there are in Minneapolis 3,511 busiuv.ss houses, with an aggreg.ite pecuniary respon- sibility of $53,138,000 ; while in St. I'aul there arc 2,601 houses with responsi. bility of $36,847,600. Total for the two cities, §89,985,600. During the piast three years there has been e.xpcnded in new buildings in these two cities $52,300,000, in addition to a large sum in public imj)rove- ments ; and it may be safely affirmed that so great a sum thus expended in London, Paris, or New York, in so short a time, would attract the : liration of the world. Yet the palatial hotels, massive business blocks, huge flouring- mills and elegant residences built with this money, stand on the wooded bluffs of the Mississippi, and the world cannot keep up with the facts. The paid-up capital and surplus of the National and State banks of these two cities together, arc $2,225,000 in excess of those of New Orleans. Minneapolis alone handled 10,000,000 more bushels of wheat this year than Chicago. The Pillsbury A mill manufactured in one week last fall 40,050 barrels of flour, on two separate days turning out 7,000 barrels ; while the grist of the Pillsbury B is 2,000 barrels daily. During the crop-year just closed those two mills made 1,730,000 barrels of flour, while the Washburn mills made 1,318,939 barrels ; and there are, besides these mammoth mills, twenty-eight others in these cities, with a total daily capacity of 36,500 barrels. The amount of other manufactures in Minneapolis last year exceeded $26,000,000. Indeed, this is the natural home for manufactures of all kinds, there being no other locality in the West with its advantages. The climate is mild and pleasant, and to those who desire to get rich, we would say, " Go West, young man," but by all means go to one of the twin cities, as they have had an unparalleled growth, and the indications are will continue to grow as rapidly as heretofore. .i '1 112 IMCTURi:sgUK SKKTCIIKS OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. IM '(I CITY OF PROVIDENCE. I'koviDKNCE, one of the two capitals (Providence and Newport) of Rhode Ishind, and the principal port of entry and county-seat of Providence County, is situated at tlie head of navij^ation on the Providence River, which is at ihc head of Narra^i;ansett Hay, 160 miles from New York, 44 from Hoston, and 33 from the ocean. The harbor is spacious, anti has depth for the largest ships. The place was settled by a colony of refujjees from Massachusetts under Ro^er Williams in i^>36, who established there the oldest Haptist church in America in 1638. It was incorporated ^s a town in 1649. In 1776 the population was only 4,355, notwithstanding it had been settled 140 years. It was incorporated as a city in 1832. It is now the second city in New Eng- land in population, wealth, and manufacturing; inter- ests, covering nearly 15 square miles on both sides of the river, which above the bridges expands into a cove a mile in circuit, on the banks of which is a handsome park, shaded with elms. It contains many beautiful residences, surrounded with fine lawns and gardens. Its com- merce is very extensive, and the city abounds in manufactures and wealth. Among the manufac- tures which are produced on an extensive scale are cotton and woolen goods, tools, fire-arms, sewing-machines, iron-ware, gold and silver ware, jewelry, chemicals, dyestuffs, toilet and laundry soaps, alarm- tills. There are also several bleaching and calendering establishments. The iron manufactures include steam-engines and boilers, butt-hinges, screws, locomotives, iron castings, etc. The manufacture of jewelry, however, is con- sidered the most extensive industry in Providence, there being nearly 200 factories of this kind. The Household Sewing-Machine Company, purchasers of the property of the Providence Tool Company, employs nearly 2,000 men in manufacturing sewing-machines. Fine tools are manufactured by the Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing Company. Small wares and notions are made by the FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. IRESS. CITY OF MANCllKSrilR. "13 t) of Rhode ICC County, ich is at ihc iton, ami 33 ir^^cst sliips. setts under t church in In 1776 the 5 only 4,355. ly it had \o years. It ted as a city is now the , New Eng- tion, wealth, uriny inter- ; nearly 1 5 n both sides vhich above xpands into in circuit, on which is a irk, shaded It contains il residences, th fine lawns Its com- y extensive, abounds in and wealth, le manufac- ire produced ivc scale are »n-warc, gold soaps, alarm- ments. The iges, screws, vever, is con- g nearly 200 y, purchasers ly 2,000 men by the Brown e made by the Fletcher Manufacturing Company. Solid silverware is manufactured by the Gorham Company on an extensive scale. There is also the Troviilfnce Steam Engine Company, the Allen I-ire .Supply Company, the Harstow Stove Com- pany, the Rhode Island Locomotive Works, the Corliss Steam-En^',ine Works, Spicer & I'eckham Stove Works. There arc 6 cotton and woolen mills; it is also the headquarters of 100 cotton factories and 60 woolen mills. The total value of the manufactures is about $65,c)00,ocx) annually , total imports about $150,000. The exports, which arc unimportant, are (juoted at only $23,000. This is prob.d)ly accounted for from the fact that most of the vessels are engaged in the coast tr.ule. The number of vessels belonging to the port is 126, of 32,000 tons, while nearly 1,000 engaged in the coast trade enter the port every year. There are several lines of steamboats, some of which connect with Now York, IMiil.idelphia, Haltimore, Norfolk, and Charleston. The coasting trade is very extensive. Railroads radiate in all directions. There are about 55 banks, 25 insurance companies, 80 churches, 4 daily papers, and 80 public schools. Among the principal mstitutions are Brown University, an Athe- na:um with a library of about 50,000 volumes, a College of the Society of Friends, a Roman Catholic Institute, Franklin Lyceum, hospitals and asylums. The city is governed by a Mayor, with one Alderman and four Councilmen from each Ward. Its population in 1875 was 100,675 ; in 1880, 104,857 ; and in 1885, 1 18,070. Yearly expenditures, $2,205,000, making /ROGRESS. XX). The other , 17,000), Nashua xi). r, Massachusetts, om Boston, in a fine agricuitural : delightful, and ; broad and well )ical conventions. It was from the be Declaration of public buildings ructure), and the ity Hospital, the 2 American Anti- valuable cabinet, liege of the Holy ind; the Military le high, grammar, :1 schools of New )f which there are Lon goods, woolen , The city is the urance companies, md Front Streets ave a fine appear- mportance of the 295; 1886, 67,000. t of Maine, beauti- ay. It occupies a Indian name was niles southwest of al small islands in nnected with Mon- rminus of six other ind without change t Indies, and coast CITY OF PORTLAND. "5 towns is very important. Its harbor is the best on the Atlantic coast, having 40 feet of water at low tide; it is protected by the islands from storms, and has a good entrance. It is the winter station of the Canadian steamers. It is defended by two forts and fortifications on Hog Island, which protect the four entrances. The exports average $25,000,000, and imports $22,000,000. It has one dry-dock. Ship-building is conducted on an extensive scale. Among the other industries may be mentioned the manufacture of iron, carriages, furniture, leather, petroleum, varnishes, boots and shoes, jewelry, etc. The sales of merchandise amount annually to about $50,000,000; the manufactures amount to about $10,000,000. The city has fine, broad, shaded streets and handsome public edifices, among which may be mentioned a fire-proof and granite building for the United States ^ Courts and Custom-house, costing $490,- 000; the City Hall of olive- colored free- st o n e, the Median ics' Hall of gran- ite, the Post- office of white marble, etc. The city con- tains over 30 churches, and is the seat of an Episcopal Bishop and of a Catholic Bishop. It has numerous charitable in- stitutions, and about 70 societies for charitable objects, etc. The J.ty contains a Law Library and Public Library. The place was first settled in 1632 by an English colony, and was called Casco, but in 1668 it was changed to Falmouth. In 1786 a portion of the place, containing about 2,000 people, was called Portland. The principal occupation of the early settlers consisted of fishing and trading in furs, which they purchased from the Indians, In 1675 the place contained but forty families. The town was incorporated in 1718. In 1755 the population had reached nearly 3,000 souls. In 1800 Maine was separated from Massachusetits and admitted into the Union as a State, and from that time until i8;,2 CITY HALL AND COURT-HOUSE. jl^ Iff Ii6 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. Portland was the capital ; in the latter year the capital was removed to Augusta. Portland was three times burned in the wars with the French and Indians. In 1866, on the 4th of July, a fire-cracker in a boat-builder's shop was the cause of a fire which destroyed $io,(X)0,ooo worth of property. Population in 1870, 31,413; in 1880, 34,000; and in 1886, 36,000. i ■ CITY OF NEW HAVEN. New Haven is the largest city in Connecticut and a port of entry. It is situated at the head of a bay, 4 miles from Long Island Sound, on a plain between the Quinipiack and West Rivers. East Rock and West Rock are on either side, and are of volcanic formation, about 400 feet high. The city is id mil'-s from New York and 36 from Hartford. The harbor is shallow, but has Seen much improved, and a breakwater is being constructed. The city is known as " Elm City," from the fine old elm trees which shade and adorn itr streets, parks, ani^ squares, many of which were planted over 100 years ago. The Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, with a small colony of Puritans, founded New Haven in 1638, and with other adjoining towns were an independent colony until 1662, when it was included in the same charter with Connecticut. New Haven and Hartford were joint capitals from this time until 1873, when Hartford becatne the sole capital. The public square or " Green " is located in the centre of the city, and is surrounded by a double row of fine old elms. Temple Street, which passes through the " Green," is bordered by some of the finest elms in the city. On the " Green " are three churches, one of which is the oldest in New Haven. Behind one of these churches are the tombs of the " Regicides," Whaley, Digvvp", and Goffe ; and upon the side or slope of West Rock is a cave com- posed of boulders, in which the " Regicides " concealed themselves, and on which is the inscription : " Opposition to tyrants is obedience to God." The central part of Chapel, Church, Orange, and State Streets is devoted to business. There are many fine streets, bordered with ancient elms, on which are handsome residences, surrounded with fine lawns and gardens. Anong the finest edifices may be mentioned the City Hall, County Court- house, Post-office and Custom-house, the Yale College buildings, the Insur- ance building, the Hillhouse High-School, the Hospital, Trinity Church, St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, the Calvary Baptist Church, etc. A large, new, and beautiful park has been built on East Rock, with several miles of drives. The scenery from the sides and top of this rock is very picturesaue. The drives wind around the rock in serpentine form. On the top of the rock is a restaurant, from which point a beautiful view of the city can be had. The new Soldiers' Monument is to be erected on the top of East Rock, where it can be seen from the vessels coming up the harbor. The Farnham Drive and the English Drive are so named in honor of the late Mr. Farnham and mmm ■, 62,882 ; and ■"^^ » ««if«i pyw-j*!."!* jrcial cities of /est bank and of navigation, t is a port of iV Capitol is of ^d in 1878. It feet long, 189 the crowning ids a splendid mall hills, and k River, runs idge spans the rd. The park Bushnell. It " In honor of ; Wui for the and a statue y College for- new site is on the tity. The IS ; the front is ity is the home )tc',ve, and was le private resi- 3 and gardens, is on Main and : House Square ise stands, now this old State The new Post- i State House. CITY OF HARTFORD. 119 Hartford was settled in 1635 by English colonists who had first settled in Massachusetts. In 1636 was established the General Court of the Colony; in the following year occurred the war with the Pequot Indians; the first church was founded in 1638 ; a Constitution for the government of the Colony was framed in 1639; a House of Correction was established in 1640; the first tavern was authorized in 1644; capital offences were reduced (by a new code of laws) from 160 under English laws to i^^ in 1650. In 1654 the Dutch of New Amsterdam, who had possession for a time, were ejected. Governor Andros tried to seize the Colonial Charter in 1687, but failed in the attempt, as it was carried oil and hid in the famous Charter Oak tree. Connecticut was very patriotic in the Revolution, and contributed largely in men and money to the late Civil War. The city of Hartford was incorporated in 1784. It became the sole capital in 1875, New Haven and Hartford having been .semi-capitals previous to this date. Hartford has an extensive trade with nearly all parts of the country. I.": is one of the principal seats of the life and fi^e insurance business, and several of the finest buildings in Hartford have been constructed by insurance com- panies. Book publishing has been conducted on a very extensive scale tor a city of its size. Among the great manufactories may be mentioned Colt's Arms Factory (capital, $1,000,000), the Weed Sewing-Machine Factory, the Pratt & Whitney Machine Factory, the Washburn Car-Wheel P'actory, the Plimpton Envelope Company, several large iron works and foundries, marble works, and Cheney's Silk Mills, etc. The various manufactures amount to about $7,000,000 annually. In proportion to its number of inhabitants, Hartford is claimed to be the richest city in America. The Deaf and Dumb Institute was founded in 18 17 by Dr. Gallaudet. The Retreat for the Insane is a fine building, in which nearly 5>ooo patients have been treated. Among the other institutions are the Wadsworth AthenJEum, in which the Connecticut Historical Society is located ; the Hartford Hospiial, the State Bible Society, the State Arsenal, the Widows' Home, the City Hospital, etc. About forty churches adorn the city. The Church of the Good Shepherd (Episcopal) was built by Mrs. Colt as a memorial to her husband. It is a very beautiful structure, with fine pictorial windows. The Cedar Hill Cemetery is very picturesque, and has many fine monuments. Hartford has a fine system of public schools, and contains the oldest grammar school in the State, founded in 1655. The city has a Free Library, a School of Design, and about 20 banks. Railroads connect the city with all parts of New England, and numerous lines of steamboats and sailing craft carry on an extensive commerce. Among its exports are tobacco and silks. Hartford is famous as one of the oldest towns in the country where were enacted the "Blue Laws." Population in 1870, 37,180; in 1880, 45,000; and in 1886, 50,000. r\ ti,» 120 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICA^ PROGRESS. " CITY OF SPRINGFIELD. Springfield, Mass., Is an important commercial centre. It is situated in the Connecticut Valley, on the east bank of the Connecticut River, 138 miles from New York, 102 from Albany, and 98 from Boston. It is the county seat of Hampden County, and the centre of a large number of railro?ds that connect it with all parts of the country and have done much towards the growth of the city. The principal manufacturing industries are the United States Armory, employing about 800 men ; the Smith & Wesson Company (manufacturers of revolvers), the Wason Car Company (manufacturers of rail- road cars), and the Morgan Envelope Company. Other manufactures are cigars, jewelry, buttons, cloth, edge tools, pumps, gas machines, fire-engines, india-rubber goods, paper, etc. __— — — Some emigrants from Roxbury settled in Springfield in 1635. The place was at first called Agawam, and finally changed to Springfield in 1640. The city was incorporated in 1852. The main street in Springfield has a fine business appearance ; it is long and broad, and has many fine business blocks. The streets are generally shaded. The Arsenal is situated on the hill in a fine park of over 70 acres. During the Rebellion the Armory was run night and day, and about $12,000,000 was expended in the production of arms. Four bridges span the Connecticut River at this point. The suburbs of the city are very picturesque. The public buildings consist of the Court-house (a fine granite building); the City Hall ; the Public Library, containing about 50,000 volumes, which cost over $100,000; a Museum of Natural History is also located in this building. About 30 fine churches adorn the city. There are numerous banks, fire and life insurance companies. It is here that the Springfield Republican is published, a paper that is well known in all parts of the country ; there are numerous other papers, both daily and weekly. There is a good system of public schools, and the Fire and Police Departments are very efficient. This city is the home of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, the publication of which has done much to increase the reputation of Springfield. In the suburbs is a beautiful cemetery, which impressed the Wiiter when on a visit to the city as being as fine for its size as any he had ever seen ; there are three other cemeteries. Population, 1870, 26,703 ; 1880,33,340; 1886,40,000. CITY OF LYNN. Lynn, a city of Massachusetts, on the east bank of the Saugus River, extends 3 miles along the Atlantic shore, 9 miles northeast of Boston. It has a small harbor lying west of the peninsula of Nahant. It is connected with Boston by the B., R. B. & L. and B. & M. Railroads, and by a horse railroad. Nearly the whole population is engaged in the manufacture of boots and mm OGRESS. is situated in vcr, 138 miles le county seat railroads that h towards the ire the United 5son Company cturcrs of rail- nufactures are ;s, fire-engines, 55. The place in 1640. The leld has a fine usincss blocks, he hill in a fine run night and )f arms. Four rbs of the city inite building); i^olumes, which located in this umerous banks, leld Republican ritry; there are jood system of efficient. This publication of gfield. In the en on a visit to there are three 16, 40,000. Saugus River, Boston. It has connected with horse railroad. B of boots and CITY OF TROY. 121 shoes and works connected therewith. The shipments of boots and shoes annually arc about 12,000,000 pairs, worth abuut $20,000,000. There arc ovet 200 establishments engaged in this industry, with an estimated capital of $I2,OOD,OOD. The leather industry employs nearly $1,000,000 capital ; tan- ning and finishing about 1,000 skins per day. These industries employ nearly ! 2,000 hands. The Thompson-Houston Company employ about 500 men, and are increasing their works very rapidly. Among the principal architectural attractions of the city is the St. Stephen's Church edifice, presented to the parish by the late E. R. Mudge, of Swampscott, as a memorial to his son, Colonel Charles E. Mudge, killed at Gettysburg. The material of which the church is built was JakeJi-ifom the Mudge estate at Swampscott. The place vyas settled in 1629, and incorporated in 1850. Originally it com- prised the town of Swampscott and the watering-place of Nahant, which is 2 miles distant. "We have more men than uniforms; wh?.t shall we do?" was the response to the call of the State for troops in 1861. It was in Lynn that the first American fire-engine was made, and the remains of the original iron-works are still exhibited. The coasting trade is consider- able. High Rock, in the centre of the city, is 180 feet high, and is the end of a range of hills that form its north background. li has a Soldiers' Monument which cost over $30,000, erected in 1872; 3 beautiful cemeteries, extensive water-works, a well-organized Fire Department, a fine system of public schools, a Free Public Library, with 30,000 volumes; about 30 churches, a City Hall which cost over $300,000, 2 fire insurance companies, and banks with about $1,500,000 capital. The handsome common, the public squares, and above all, the beach, where numerous fine residences have been built, add much to the attractions of Lynn. Salem, noted for witchcraft, is only 5 miles distant. Population of Lynn, 1870, 28,000; 1880, 38,284; 1886,46,000. CITY OF TROY. Troy is a city of New York, and the capital of Rensselaer County. It is situated oi. the cast bank of the Hudson River at its confluence with the Mohawk, at the head of steamboat navigation and tide-water, 151 miles north of New York City and 6 .niles north of Albany. Troy was settled by the Dutch in 1700, and was incorporated as a village in 1794. Four times it has been nearly destroyed by fire; in 1862 the loss amounted to $3,000,000. Two small streams, having a series of falls, furnish water-power to mills and fac- tories, besides that given by a dam across the Hudson. At Troy is the principal outlet of the canals connecting the Hudson with Lakes Champlain, Ontario, and Erie ; and it has railways diverging in all directions, connecting it with New York, Boston, etc. The Union Depot, in the centre of the city, is one of the largest in America. The iron furnaces and manufactories are the largest east of the Alleghanies, being furnished with the magnetic ores of Lake Champlain and the hematitic 1 W ! M. itti : mc m\' PW*- 122 PICTURE. SQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. ores of Western Massachusetts. The coal is brought from Pennsylvania and Maryland. The chief iron-works are those for bar-iron, railway-spikes, nails, locomotives, stoves, hot-air furnaces, hollow-ware, machinery, agricultural implements, etc. Other important manufactures are those of railway cars, coaches, cotton and woolen goods, breweries, flour, boots and shoes, shirt' and collars— the latter employing upwards of 10,000 persons, with extensive machinery. There is also the largest manufactory of mathematical instruments in the country. The property which reaches tide-water by the canals center- ing at Troy, including lumber, is valued at $17,000,000 annually. Its manu- factures are among the most successful and important in America. The first Bessemer steel woiks were located at Troy. Its manufacture- of stoves exceeds that of any other city in the Union; while the products of its furnaces, rolling-mills, and foundries are enormous. In the product of shirts, collars, and cuffs it stands unrivalled. Several railroads connect it with various parts of the country. A fine iron bridge, which cost $250,000, spans the river, connecting Troy and West Troy ; the latter is practically a part of Tioy, as Allegheny is of Pittsburgh. The city contains 55 churches, fine public schools, the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institution, a Roman Catholic seminary, asylums, academies, etc. The Watervliet Arsenal, with workshops located in handsome grounds, is in West Troy. Population, 1870, 46,421 ; 1880, 56,747; 1886, about 63,000. CITY OF SYRACUSE. Syracuse is an important city of Central New York and county seat of Onondaga County. It is situated in the Onondaga Valley, at the head of Onondaga Lake, on the Erie Canal, at the junction of the New York Central and Oswego Railroads. It is 148 miles from Albany and 150 miles from Buffalo. The Oswego Canal runs north from the city. It is the centre of a large trade on account of its central location. It is sometimes called the city of conventions. The manufacture of salt is one of its principal industries. The Salt Springs were first discovered by the Jesuits in 1654, and were taken possession of by the State in 1797, at which time special laws were passed governing its manufacture. About twenty companies are now engaged in this industry; the works arie situated on the shores of the lake, and are the largest in America. The other important industries are iron furnaces, numerous large machine- shops, Bessemer steel works, rolling-mills, boiler works, fruit canning, silver- ware, breweries, carriage-shops, nialleable iron works, musical instruments (organs), tinware, sheet-iron, door, sash and blind factories, agricultural implements, etc. There are over 100 large manufacturing establishments; the annual product is about $20,000,000 a year. It is a handsome city ; contains a Court-house, State Arsenal, State Lunatic Asylum, 56 churches, 11 banks, numerous schools and libraries. Population in 1880, 55,563; in 1886, 75.485' RESS. Ivania and )ikcs, nails, igricultural ilway cars, IOCS, shirt' 1 extensive nstrunicnts lals center- Its manu- The first of stoves ucts of its :t of shirts, nth various s the river, of Tioy, as elacr Poly- s, etc. The is in West anty seat of he head of ork Central miles from centre of a led the city industries, were taken vere passed engaged in ind are the je machine- ling, silver- instruments agricultural ments; the >^ ; contains s, 1 1 banks, 886, 75,485. T CITY OF ALBANY. 123 CITY OF ALBANY. Albany is the capital of New York ; it is situated on the west bank of the Hudson River, 145 miles north of New York City. It is the oldest town in the Union, with the exception of Jamestown, Va., and St. Augustine, Fla. It was settled by the Dutch, and used as a trading-post w ith the Indians as early as 1614; it was known as Heaver Wyck, and afterward as VVilliamstadt. Fort Orange was erected in 1C23, and the place was known by that name until it came into the possession of the British in 1664, when it was named Albany, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, afterward James II. It was incor- porated as a city in i6S6, and in 1797 became the capital of the State. The new Capitol at Albany is a magnificent structure. It is built of gran- ite, and was erected at great cost ; it is, in fact, one of the finest, largest, and most expensive buildings of the kind in the Union. It is 390 feet long by 290 wide, and cov- ers more than 3 ^ ' ^"^-"^ acres. It contains the public insti- tutions, among which are the State Library, containing 150,- 000 volumes, and a great many interesting Revo- lutionary relics; and the Geologi- cal Hall, contain- ing very e.xtensive and varied collec- tions in Geology and "Natural His tory. The State Hall is used for certain Departments of the Government. The State Normal School, established in 1844, has been very successful. The Albany Academy has a building of rare architectural beauty. The Union University was in- corporated in 1852, in which the most important branches of practical science are taught in all their departments. The Medical College, founded in 1839, has one of the best Museums in America, and is well furnished with ample means of instruction. The Law School, established in 185 1, has educated a large number of students. The Dudley Observatory, established in 1852, is well organized and equipped for its purposes. The Medical and Law Schools were at first separate institutions, but now, with Union College, constitute Union University. ALBANY, N. Y. 124 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROCIRE'jS. Albany has a fine system of public schools, with a hiph-school, which is very efficient. There arc two public Hospitals and a Penitentiary. It is a great centre of railways, and is one of the larj^est timber markets in the world ; millions of cubic feet pass through this market annually. Stove manufacture is an important branch of its industries. The city is situated in the midst if a fertile country, and is a great emporium for the transit trade of the North and West with the cities on the coast, and being situated at the point where the Champlain and Erie Canals join the Hudson, it has great advantages for commerce. It contains some of the finest public edifices in the Union, which for rare architectural beauty are seldom surpassed. Viewed f" ->m some points on the river, Albany has a fine, picturesque, and striking appearance. Three large bridges span the Hudson River. The water supply is from an artificial lake a short distance from the city, and in part from the Hudson. There is a beautiful public park on the west side of the city, in which some of the scenery is very picturesque. There are over 60 churches of various denom- inations. The population in 1880 was 90,903, and in 1886, 100,000. Yearly expenditures about $1,500,000. CITY OF LOWELL. Lowell is an i-noortant manufacturing city of Massachusetts, situated on the Merrimac River, 25 miles from Boston. It is the centre of numerous railroads, and has been called the Manchester of America, by reason of its vast manufacturing industries. The Merrimac River, near the mouth of the Concord River, has a fall of 33 feet at this point, which supplies canals with water power. These canals arc controlled by a company, which erected extensive factories for twelve large corporations, who consume about io,000,O' o pounds of wool and 50,000,000 pounds of cotton annually, and have an invested capital of $16,000,000 and employ 16,000 operatives, of which over 11,000 are females. The employes for years came from the agricultural districts of the surrounding States, and lived in large boarding-houses, built and owned by the corporations, and kept under strict discipline. Foreign immigration has added largely to the number of operatives in later years. Its natural advan- tages for manufacturing are unsurpassed in America. The twelve corporations produce annually 140,000,000 yards of cotton, 3,500,000 yards of woolen cloth, 2,500,000 yards of carpets, 135,000 shawls, nearly 10,000,000 dozen hosiery (dye and print), and 67,000,000 yards cotton cloth. It has eighty large mills. The capital of each corporation varies from $1,250,000 to $2,500,000. We doubt if the reader would be interested in the vast array of figures, represent- ing the products and goods manufactured by all the mills in this great line of industry. The carpets manufactured include ingrain, Brussels, and Melton, and equal in desigri, quality, and finish any manufactured in Europe. Among the other industries are the Lowell machine-shops, employing 1,400 men and c)l, which is iry. It is a 1 tiie world ; nan u fact u re lie midst ■){ the North point where vantages for nion, which some points ncc. Three an artificial 1. There is ome of the ous dcnom- XX). Yearly , situated on o{ numerous ■eason of its louth of the Is with water ed extensive ),(y o pounds an invested 2r 1 1 ,000 are tricts of the d owned by ligration has itural advan- corporations voolen cloth, ozen hosiery / large mills. oo.cxxD. We £s, represent- great line of and Melton, )pe. Among ^00 men and CITY OF SCRANTON. 125 a capital of $600,000; the Kitson Machinery Factory, the American Bolt Company, tlie Swuinc Turbine-VVhecl Company, the Lowell HIcachery, employ- ing 500 hands and over $250,000 capital. Other manufactures are hosiery, edge tools, tiles, screws, fixed ammunition and cartridges, paper, hair felt, clastic goods, carriages, furniture, pumps, hydraulic presses, bobbins, chemicals, etc. This is the city from which Dr. J. C. Ayer & Co. flood the country with patent medicine, and send out 10,000,000 almanacs annually. The City Library contains 17,000 volumes ; the Mechanics* Library, 13,000 volumes. The city was chartered in 1836. It originally consisted of the town of Chelmsford ; subsequently parts of Dracot and Tcwksbury were added. It is well paved, drained, and lighted by gas. It has a Court-house and 7 national banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,350,000. There arc 6 savings banks, 2 hospitals, 2 insurance comp inics, Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, an Old Ladies' Home, Young Women's Home, a good Fire Department, with an electric fire-alarm, and a well-organized police force. The city has handsome public squares. In the centre of the city is a monument erected to the memory of Ladd and Whitney, members of the Sixth Massachusetts Volunteers, who were killed on April ig, 1861, by a mob in Baltimore. The water-works were finished in 1873, and cost $1,500,000. The city was named in honor of Francis Cabot Lowell, of Boston. Bclvidcre is the fashionable quarter of the city, and is in the eastern section. The population in i86i was 36,827; 1870,40,928; 1880,59,845; 1886,65,000. CITY OF SCRANTON. SCRANTON is a city in Pennsylvania. It is situated in a valley on the Lackawanna River. It was founded by a family of the name of Scranton in 1840, and incorporated as a city in 1866. It is 145 miles from New York and 167 miles from Philadelphia. It is in the midst of the coal region. Its shipments, upwards of 50,000 tons daily, are enormous, and it has a large trade in mining supplies. It has vast iron and steel works, extensive machine- shops, breweries, gunpowder works, and stove works. It fixes the American rate on steel rails. Other industries are silk fabrics, brass goods, leather, hollow-ware, etc. It has numerous handsome and substantial public buildings, 12 banks, over 30 fine churches, gas-works, water-works, a good fire depart- ment, numerous charitable institutions, public schools, academics, a Board of Trade, a Scientific and Historical Society, and a fine collection of Indian relics. The city is well laid out, and has a fine business appearance. Its wholesale trade is very extensive. It is on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail- road, and is the terminus of the Lackawanna & Bloomsburgh, Delaware & Hudson, the Erie, and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroads. Scranton is a growing city and a great hive of industry. Population, 1880,45,850; 1885, 70.350. II 126 I'ICTURESQUK SKETCHES OK AMERICAN PROGRESS. CITY OF BUFFALO. BUFl'.M.o for many years has been called the " Queen City of the. Lakes," and well merits that proud appellation. It is a " I'ort of Entry," and the capital of Erie County, New York ; situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Eric, at the head of Niagara River, and the mouth of Buffalo River, in lati- tude 42 dcfjrees 5^ minutes North ; lonj;itudc 78 degrees 55 minutes West, about 293 miles northwest of New V'ork City, and is the western terminus of the Eric Canal. It has one of the finest harbors on the lakes, formed by the Buffalo River, a small stream which is navigable for about three miles from its mouth. The entrance is protected by a breakwater 1,500 feet long, upon the south side of the river. In 18O9 the United States Government began the VIEW IN BUFFALO P.\RK. ill construction of an outside harbor, by building a breakwater 4,000 feet long, fronting the entrance to Buffalo River, at a distance of about one-half mile from the shore. In addition to the harbor, there are a large number of slips,, docks, and basins, for the accommodation of shipping and canal-boats. The city was founded in 1804, and named New Amsterdam. It became a military post in 18 1 3, and was destroyed by the British in the same year. The place was rebuilt after the war, and took its present name from the river, on whose banks stood the principal village of the Seneca Indian.s, and where lived the famous Chiefs, Red Jacket and Farmers Brother. It grew rapidly after the completion in 1825 of the Erie Canal, and soon became a transfer station for all the commerce of the lakes. It was incorporar ted as a city in 1832, with a population of about 10,000. In later years it GRESS. CITY OF HUFKALO. 127 ' the. Lakes," try," and the mity of Lake iivcr, in lati- inutcs West, 1 terminus of )rmcd by the tiilcs from its ing, upon the ;nt began the r^n PARK. 000 feet long, one-half mile mber of slips, . ilboats. The me a military ,r. The place ver, on whose here lived the mal, and soon was incorpora- i later years it has become one of the most important railroad centres in tin* country. It is the terminus of the New York Central ; New York, Lake Lrie, and Western ; Lake Shore and Michigan Southern ; Michigan Central ; New York, West Shore, and Huffalb; Lehigh Valley; Delaware, Lackawanna, anil Western; Huffalo, New York, and I'hilidelphia ; New York, (Chicago, and St. Louis; Buffalo, Roches- ter, and Pittsburgh, aiul two branches of the Gran" 1850,42,000; in 1870, 117,700; in 1880, 155,134; and in 1886, 210,818. Its growth is not only rapid but substantial. The proportion of tax-payers to the residents is not exceeded by any city in the United States. CITY OF TRENTON. Trenton is the capital of New Jersey and an important manufacturing city. It is situated on the Delaware River at its confluence with Assanpink Creek, at the head. of steamboat navigation, 28 miles from Philadelphia and 57 miles from New YorV by the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is a well-built und \ )GRESS. CITY OF HARRISBURG. 129 Erie County :als, asylums, istom-house ; 3uilding; the Men's Asso- Banks Build- :nal ; f'nd the )tels and rail- re the Young ty of Natural ^ ; the Acad- tafel Singing 5tian Associa- rship. There nthly periodi- ol ; one high- by the Chris- : schools, col- Young Men's ; rebuilt more now. Buffalo jroof building nearly 50,000 Historical So- Fine Arts. :he city in the by boulevards Cemetery is . It contains handsome city, and commands a fine view of the river. It contains the State Capitol, State Lunatic Asylum for 600 patients. State Normal School, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, penitentiary with 915 inmates, State Library of 25,000 volumes, 36 churches, several daily newspapers, and extensive railway con- nections. The city is famous for its extensive manufactures of terra-cotta and crockery, which exceeds all the rest of the United States put together. Cooper & Hewitt's large iron-works and Roebling's famous cable bridge works are located here. Other manufactures are steam-engines, machinery, wire , wire- cordage, cotton, woolen, and several large rubber factories. In the War of the Revolution Trenton was the scene (December 25, 1776) of a night attack by Washington upon the British troops — chiefly Hessians— whom he surprised by crossing the Delaware when the floating ice was supposed to have ren- dered it impassable. Population, 1870, 22,870; 1880, 30,000; 1886, 35,000. CITY OF WILMINGTON. Wilmington is a city and port of North Carolina, on the Cape Fear River, just below the junction of the northeast and northwest branches, about 7 miles from the sea. It has a fine harbor, railway connections, and internal navigation. The exports are extensive, and consist of cotton, shingles, tar, resin, turpentine, lumber, rice, etc. It is sufficiently far south to enjoy a balmy climate, and is, withal, not only an enterprising and growing city, but a shady, attractive place, sufficiently near the sea to gain the advantage of its health-giving saline atmos- phere. It has fine drives and watering-places. Wilmington is a railroad centre of importance, and a port of heavy shipments of Carolinian staples. Depth of water at main bar, 18^ feet. During the Civil War it was one of the principal ports of the Confederacy, and was celebrated for blockade-runners. It finally surrendered to General Terry in 1865. Population, 1870, 13,446; in 1880, 17,300; and in 1886, 21,000. li I I't 1 w ,000; in 1870, not only rapid > not exceeded manufacturing ith Assanpink iladclphia and well-built und CITY OF HARRISBURG-. Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Dauphin County, situated on the Susquehanna River, and surrounsied by a productive region and magnificent scenery. It is 106 miles from Philadelphia. The river is here a mile wide, and is crossed by three railroad bridges, one of which is nearly 4,700 feet in length.' It has a handsome State House, 180x80 feet, sur- mounted by a dome. It has a handsome public square. Its industries con- sist of iron foundries, machine-shops, coach, car, and steam-engine factories, tanneries, breweries, saw-mills, cotton-mills, etc. It is the seat of a Catholic bishopric. The Cumberland Valley, the Pennsylvania, the Northern Central, I ^ !■§ ^\ 130 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. the Philadelphia & Reading, the Schuylkill & Susquehanna, and the Southern Pennsylvania (unfinished 1886) Railroads radiate from this centre. The city has a United States Court-house and Post-office building, Court-house, jail, State Arscna., State Lunatic Asylum, 35 churches, several academies, 8 or 10 newspaper-offices, markets, schools, and 7 diverging rail- ways. It was settled in 1733 by John Harris, an Englishman, under a grant from the Penns, the original European settlers of Pennsylvania. In 1785 a town was laid out, and named Harrisburg, after John Harris, Jr., the founder. An attempt was made by Chief -Justice McKean to change the name to Louisburg, in honor of the Dauphin of France, but was successfully resisted by Harris. It was selected as the seat of the State capital in 181 2. The city is well paved, and has gas, electric light, and water. Population, 1870, 23,104; 1880,30,400; 1886 (estimated), 40,000. til. KANSAS CITY. Kansas City is the county seat of Jackson County, situated in the State of Missouri, at the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas (or Kaw) Rivers. The boundary line between the States of Kansas and Missouri runs through the western section of the city. A large part of the city is built on a plateau, covering numerous bluffs, which are boldly rugged and picturesque. The principal bluff almost overhangs the narrow strip of land called the bottom that runs along parallel with the river. The plateau is intersected by numerous ravines, which form great hills and pretty vales all across the entire city. Thus it happens that almost every street in Kansas City, save only those in " the bottom," is a constant series of " ups and downs," hills and valleys. This lends a picturesqueness to the view when taken from any point of observation that is exceedingly interesting and enjoyable. Situated in the midst of a territory rich in natural resources to an almost unlimited extent, and with almost unequalled climatic advantages, Kar.<*as City engages in com- merce of infinite variety. Crop failures are less damaging for the reason that all do not fail in the same season, and the ever-expanding live-stock industry furnishes another source of revenue. Kansas City has become the central point in the United States for the packing and canning interest. With six great packing-houses, Kansas City is producing pork products and canned meats that are shipped in immense quantities to all parts of the United States, and the trade abroad has become a regular and special factor in the business. The Western States and Terri- tories are regular patrons of the packing-houses in this city, the trade extend- ing even to the Pacific coast. A conservative estimate of the packing output of the city in value is $35,000,000. In bank clearings Kansas City ranks as the eleventh city in the Union, the total figures for 1885 being $223,582,933. The business buildings of the city IRESS. he Southern ce building, ;hes, several verging rr.il- ider a grant , In 1785 a the founder, he name to [ully resisted 2. The city lation, 1870, CITY OF EVANSVILLE. »3i I in the State Kaw) Rivers, runs through on a plateau, resque. The 1 the bottom by numerous e entire city, only those in and valleys, any point of tuated in the mited extent, jages in com- ,e reason that tock industry states for the Kansas City is 1 in immense id has become tes and Terri- trade extend- acking output he Union, the igs of the city are extensive and very substantial ; the private residences are numerous and elegant ; and the value of real estate has advanced rapidly, in many instances more than doubling in a year. Fremont alludes to the site of the city in 1843 as Chouteau's Landing. The growth of the city began from 1850 to i860. After the Civil War it became one of the great railroad centres and an important point for supplying emigrants on their Western journey, and the principal market for the sale of cattle, buffalo skins, and hides. It is now the centre of a vast railway system. Most of these railroads cross the Missouri River on an iron bridge 1,387 feet long, and supported by stone piers. The Kansas River is spanned by two other fine bridges. Kansas City is almost in the geographical centre of the country, as she is in the centre of the rich agricultural region. The line of industrial and populous growth approaches near this point with each year of progress, and it is easy to discover why Kansas City extends its trade limits with such remarkable rapidity. The table of assessed valuation of property for ^885 shows a very marked increase over 1884, and is only another evidence of the rapid progress of the city. The assessed valuation of the city last year (1885) was $31,678,520. Kaw Township was also added, amounting to about $3,000,000, making the total $34,678,520. This year (1886) the assessed valuation of the city is exactly $46,386,790. The city assessed valuation is made at 40 cents on the dollar of cash value. On the 1st day of January, 1886, the total deposits of the banks were $12,072,973, an increase of nearly $4,000,000 over January, 1885. A year ago the loans and discounts aggregated $6,214,000, while at present they amount to $8,282,835, an increase of $2,068,835, or 33.29 per cent. The city has one of the best paying cable lines in the United States, and several others are in course of construction. There are numerous grain elevators, having storage capacity for a vast quantity of grain ; immense stock- yards, and 3 cattle stock exchange. Bituminous coal, taken from the sur- rounding counties, is distributed from this point over a vast region of territory. Population, 1870, 32,260; 1880, 55,813. In November, 1885, a municipal enumeration was completed, and showed a population of 105,049. If we add that section which is cut off by the State line of Kansas, but which is prac- tically a part of the city, the population would be increased to 150,000 in 1886. CITY OF EVANSVILLE. EVANSVILLE is an enterprising city and port of entry of Indiana. It is situated in Vanderburgh County, on the right bank of the Ohio, midway between Louisville and Cairo, 150 miles from Indianapolis. It is very advan> tageously situated for trade, being connected by several railroads with the great railroad system of the United States. From Evansvil'e downwards the navigation of the river is seldom interrupted either by drou , it or by ice; and ^^'3 ^ W"~' 1' ; ; 132 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. here terminates the Wabash & Erie Canal, the longest work of the kind in America. Thus, the place connects the Lower Ohio at once with the inland lakes and with the Gulf of Mexico. Coal and iron ore abound in the vicinity. It is a manufacturing centre of importance, and the trade in agricultural prod- ucts is very extensive. The city has a fine Custom-house and Post-oft^ice, Court-house, Marine Hospital, numerous public halls, schools, churches, etc. It has grown rapidly, and is in a flourishing condition. Population, 1870, 21,830; 1880,35,000; 1886,45,000. 1! CITY OF DAVENPORT. Davenport is a city in Iowa, opposite Rock Island, 111. It is situai . on the right (or west) bank of the Mississippi River, below the Upper Rapids, 183 miles west of Chicago. It is on the Great Western route from Chicago, and is the centre of numerous railroads. A large iron bridge, which cost $1,000,000, spans the river at this point, and connects the city with Rock Island ; it has railroad, carriage, and pedestrian accommodation. The scenery in this vicinity is unsurpassed on the North Mississippi, and the city, which is on a commanding bluff, affords a fine view of the river. The manufactures consist of cotton and woolen goods, agricultural imple- ments, flour, carriages, furniture, lumber, etc. It is situated in the midst of a fine "agri cul- tural district, and has a large trade with the surrounding country. It has a fine court-house, City Hall, gas- works, water- works, over 30 churches, schools, banks, Opera-house, a Catholic Acad- emy, Semina- ry, Hospital, * and an Epis- copal College. Coal is abundant in the vicinity, and an extensive trade is conducted by rail and water. Numerous fine buildings, erected by the United States Government, including the United States Arsenal and Military Head- quarters, are situated on Rock Island. Population, 1870, 20,038; 1880, 2J,ooo; 1886, 32,000. DAVENPORT. iRESS. the kind in 1 the inland the vicinity, ultural prod- l Post-ofTiCe, hurcbes, etc. lation, 1870, CITY OF OMAHA. s situat i on pper Rapids, rom Chicago, :, which cost y with Rock The scenery city, which is iltural imple- le midst of a ne agricul- ural district, nd has a large -ade with the urrounding ountry. It as a fine ourt-house, :ity Hall, gas- works, water- works, over ;o churches, chools, banks, 3pera-house, a Catholic Acad- :my, Semina- •y, Hospital, ind an Epis- ;nsive trade is by the United Military Head- 20,038; i88o» 133 CITY OF OMAHA. Omaha is the principal city of the State of Nebraska. It is situated on the west bank of the Missouri River, opposite Council Bluffs, 20 miles from the mouth of the Nebraska River, and 490 miles west by rail from Chicago. The name of the city is derived from one of the Indian tribes of Dakota. The city is built on a plateau about 100 feet above the river, and 1,000 feet above the sea. The place was lai^' out in 1854, and incorporated in 1859. The capital of the Territory was first located at this point, but was afterwards removed to Lincoln. Omaha is the terminus of the Union Pacific, the Omaha & Northwestern, the Omaha & Southwestern, and numerous other r-'lroads. It is here that the Union Pacific and Central Pacific connect. The town was originally planned on a scale that provided for the growth of a large city. Before the Union Pa- cific was con- structed it was the great point at which emi- grants ar- rived and fitted out for their over- land trips to the "Far West." Its growth has been rapid. A bridge spans the Missouri, and connects the city with Council Bluff's. It has extensive railroad shops, iron-works for the manufacture of railroad iron, machine-shops, and sr-;clting works for separating and refining all kinds of ore which co.ne to Omaha from the various mining regions. The city has about 30 churches, several daily and weekly papers, is lighted with gas, has numerous street (horse) railroads, fine schools, hotels, fine residences and business blocks, a United States Post-ofifice and Custom-house, in which are the United States Court Chambers for tne District of Nebraska; a large State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Its wholesale trade is extensive, and rapidly increasing. Population, i860, 1,900; 1870. 16,083; 1880,30,518; in 1885,61,800; and in 1886, 70,000. Lincoln has a population of 16,000. OMAHA AS IT WAS IN 187O. i ; m nr !9JEm I! 134 PICTURESQUE SKE'lCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. CITY OF COLUMBUS. Cot tJMBUS is a flourishing city, and the capital of Ohio. It is situated in Franklin County, on the Scioto River, which is a tributary of the Ohio, it is about loo miles northeast of Cincinnati, in the midst of an extensive pK^in. Its streets are wide and handsome, and shaded with elms. The squares and beautiful parks add much to its appear- ance. The city be- came the State capi- tal in 1816; to this and the other numer- ous State institutions, the city for a long time owed its imnort- ance. But in late years its manufac- tures have increased rapidly. They con- sist of carriages, agri- cultural implements, furniture, files, harness, brushes, printing establishments, extensive flour-mills and engineering works, rolling-mills, blast furnaces, tools, saws, watches, leather, window glass, malleable iron, boots and shoes. The principal public buildings are the State Capitol, the City Hall, the Penitentiary, the new Government Building, the numerous asylums for the blind, deaf and dumb, insane and idiotic, the Court-house, Opera-house, Alms- house, United States Arsenal, high-school building, tiie Odd Fellows' Hall, and Post-office. Other attractions are the beautiful gardens of the Horticul- tural Society, numerous hotels, fine suburbs, horse-iailroads, and Green Lawn Cemetery. It is the centre of fourteen lines of railroad, and its population and trade are rapidly increasing. Population, in 1870,31,000; In 1880,52,000; in 1886, 75,000. STATE CAPITOL. CITY OF TOLEDO. Toledo is the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio. It is situated on both sides > the Maumee River, near the western extremity of Lake Erie, 92 miles west of Cleveland and 53 miles southwest of Detroit. It was first settled in 183^, aiid incorporated in 1836. It has a fine harbor, and is well built. Its Streets are broad and regularly laid out. It has very extensive railroads, which centre in one great union depot, and is the terminus of the Miami & Erie and IRESS. s situated '\n Ohio, it IS cnsive pl-^in. ts are wide ndsome, and ,vith elms, quarcs and parks add 1 its appear- Mie city be- E State capi- 8i6; to this other numer- 2 institutions, ' for a long ed its imoort- Jut in late ts manufac- ive increased They con- arriages, agri- itablishments, irnaces, tools, loes. City Hall, the ^lums for the i-house, Alms- Fellows' Hall, the Horticul- 1 Green Lawn its population I 1880,52,000; :uated on both Erie, 92 miles first settled in /ell built. Its ailroads, which mi & Eric and CITY OF MEMPHIS. 135 Wabash & Erie Canals, together 700 miles in length. The local and transit trade is immense. It has 45 churches, a convent, 3 asylums, several lines of horse railroad, a water system which cost $1,000,000, a fire department and police system which are first-class, numerous fine hotels, banks, schools, a Free Public Library, numerous newspapers, and a Produce Exchange. Its com- merce in one year was, in exports, $1,836,782 ; imports, $283,329. The total value of the commerce of the city for the year 1885 was $220,166,419. Its 10 grain elevators can store 4,017,000 bushels. In one year the deliveries of grain amounted to 39,304,891 bushels. The manufactures of the city are very extensive, and comprise carriages, wagons, iron, lumber, sash and blinds, railroad cars, moldings, steam-engines, boilers, pumps, bricks, etc. The whole- sale trade is very important, and it is the centre of a large retail trade with the surrounding country. Population, 1870, 30,731 ; 1880, 50,000; 1886,70,000. CITY OF MEMPHIS. Memphis is a fine commercial city in Tennessee, and between St. Louis and New Orleans the largest city on the Mississippi. It is the capital of Shelby County. It is 420 miles below St. Louis, and 800 miles above New Orleans. It is handsomely built on the fourth Chickasaw bluff, 70 feet above the highest floods. It is the outlet of a large cotton region. It has fine public buildings, hotels, and theatres, 50 churches, 3 colleges, 100 schools, 5 daily and 10 other newspapers, 10 banks, and several insurance companies; railways connecting it with New Orleans, Charleston, Louisville, Little Rock, and all parts of the country ; with several foundries ; 10 of the largest oil-mills in the United States, producing vast quantities of cotton-seed oil and oil cake, in the production of which is consumed 500,000 sacks of cotton seed annually; manufactories of boilers, machinery, etc. The Mississippi River is the scene of an extensive commerce. There is a Cotton Exchange, a Custom- house, a Chamber of Commerce, and a Board of Health. The latter have taken stringent measures to prevent a recurrence of the yellow fever. In the Civil War the city fell into the hands of the Federal forces in 1862, and was the base of military operations for the capture of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863. Memphis was desolated by fear^ il outbreaks of yellow fever in the summers o' 1878 and 1879. I" Janiary, 1880, the city began to lay sewers, and now have 50 miles of the best sewer system in the United States, and also have a good subsoil drainage system of about 50 miles in extent. The city is ver>' picturesque when. viewed from the river. The large ware- houses along the biufT present a fine appearance. There is a fine park in the centre of the city. " The streets are regular and broad. There are numerous handsome residences, with fine lawns and gardens. The river is deep enough to float the largest ships. The trade of Memphis is about $75,000,000 per annum. About 70 vessels belong to the port. It is a progress! /e city, and is now looked on a? the coming commercial centre of the Southwest. I ■ 'f iLi± W ''' 136 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. The following is from the report of the President of the Taxing District of Shelby County : " The outstanding bonded indebtedness of the Taxing Dis- trict, issued in settlement of the old city indebtedness of every kind, is $3,186,- 569.27, and against this we have assets deemed to be good of $721,751.97, which would leave a net debt, after these credits have been applied, of $2,464,- 817.30. It is believed that the present financial statement is in two pr ncipal respects the most favorable that has, or could have been made in the past fifteen years, in that — 1st, the debt of your municipal government is definitely known and fixed ; and, 2d, in that the debt is less than it has been in the past fifteen years. The success of the several measures inaugurated with a view to compromise and fund the debt of the old city of Memphis has been largely due to the active and efficient aid and co-operation of a number of prominent citizens." Population in 1870, 40,226; 1886,65,000. 'if w . ImC-i CITY OF PETERSBURa. Petersburg is a port of entry of Virginia, on the south bank of the Appomattox River, 12 miles above its junction with James River, at City Point. It is 23 miles south of Richmond. Five railways contribute to make it the third city in the State in respect of population. Petersburg is well built. It contains churches of the Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopalians, Baptists, and Catholics. There are here several cotton and woolen factories, forges, and numerous mills, to which the falls in the river furnish extensive power. In the campaign of 1864, L.ieutenant-General Grant, commander of the Federal army, failing to take Richmond, besieged Petersburg, and was repulsed in several attacks by General Robert E. Lee, with heavy loss. Ample evidences of the operations in the vicinity are still to be seen. A leading point visited by tourists is the battle-field beyond Blandford church, where upon the brow of the hill, overlooking the ravine which separated the oppos- ing forces, is the confused yellow mass known as the " Crater " or mine, which was tunnelled by Union sappers and miners, and blown up in order to effect a breach in the Confederate line of defences. Many relics may be found around this portion of the field still. One turns with relief from a contemplation of this scene to the beautiful old ruin of Blandford church, a mossy relic long before the struggle between the North and South. Its hallowed churchyard contains the tombs of the bravest and best among the early people of colonial Virginia. Petersburg is the junction point with the Norfolk & Western Railroad leading to Suffolk and Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk. A side trip may be made by this route to Fortress Monroe, which, together with Newport News, has grown into a great winter and spring coast resort. In journeying swiftly southward through the great pine forests of North Carolina the tourist begins to realize the balmy influence and delightful somnolence that betokens his mmm ^^ RESS. CITY OF DENVER. 137 District of 'axing Dis- 1, is $3,186,. ^721,751.97, , of $2,464,- 'o pr ncipal in the past is definitely in the past ;h a view to »een largely ■ prominent )ank of the ver, at City jte to make )urg is well piscopalians, en factories, ih extensive mmander of irg, and was oss. Ample A leading lurch, where d the oppos- mine, which :r to effect a 3und around emplation of sy relic long 1 churchyard e of colonial ;rn Railroad trip may be wport News, jying swiftly ourist begins betokens his ■•■IP approach to the land of spring. It is a temptation not to be resisted to open the window and lean contentedly back in a delicious do/ce far niente, noting with listless interest the odd and amusing phases of life and types of Southern character to be seen at the stations we pass. Population in 1870, 18,950; in 1880, 21,000; and in 1886, 23,200. CITY OF DENVER. Denver, the principal commercial city and capital ' •■ Colorado, is situated on the South Platte River, 15 miles east of the >^y Mountains. Six railroads connect it with various parts of the continent. It is 5,000 or 6,000 feet above the sea, occupying several levels ascending gradually toward the mountains. It commands a grand view of peaks covered with perpetual snow. Its commercial and manufacturing interests are making great strides, and its population is rapidly increasing. The climate is remark- able for its salu- brity, and in win- ter the weather is generally mild. Between July and October there is scarcely any rain. In 1858 the place was uninhabited. Now there are numerous fine public buildings, various manufac- tories, numerous smelting and re- fining works, a United S at es Mint, and many solid business structures. Its growth is remark- able. It has sev- eral national banks. ' The Denver & South Park and Pacific Railroad connect it with Leadville, a new city, only 8 or 10 years old, with a population of 25,000, situated over 10,000 feet above the sea, and surrounded with rich silver mines, the product of which in one year is estimated at $10,000,000. The entire State is pre-eminently a mineral district, and to this owes its wonderful growth. The population of Denver in 1870 was 4,759; in 1880, 35,000; and m DENVER. 138 PICTURKSQUI-: SKF.TCIIF.S OF AMFRICAN PROC.RF.SS. in 1886, 73.000. In some parts of Colorado there are occasional storms of wind and hail; otherwise, " an air more ilelicious to breathe cannot any- where be founil." < ■! ' 13 CITY OF CHARLESTON. CllARI.I'sioN is the larc;est city and commercial emporium of South Carolina, and is one of the most important cities of the South. _ Columbia, which is situated on the Con^aree River, 130 miles from Charleston, is the capital of the State, and has a population of 12,000. Charleston, which is a fine city and sca})t)rt, is situated between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which here form a spacious harbor, exteiidinj; 7 miles to the Atlantic. The city occupies about 5 s([uare miles, and has a water front of about 10 miles. The commerce consists mostly of exports. The foreign commerce comprises exports to the value of about $23,000,000 annually, and imports to the amount of $130,000; of the exports about §18,000,000 is in cotton. There is also a large com- ^^ti^ ^ merce w i t h V > ' «* the ports of ■:Tf;^.- , .i > jnji^ t .J. ' jiuJ ■ '• iji.i J iujv -rm auMMi t h C UlUted States. T h e manufactures as compared with the com- merce are un- important. They consist principally of fertilizers from phos- phate ob- tained in the vicinity. The wholesale trade in dry-goods, boots and shoes, hats, caps, clothing, etc., is extensive. There are 12 banks, and 3 railroads terminate here. There is also a canal which connects with the Santee River. An atmosphere of interest, such as attaches to no other city of the South- ern land, will always seem perceptible to the stranger in Charleston. This is due to the important events, that, forming the overture of a long and terrible war, had their scene of action here. The .scars of those days are still visible in many portions of the city, and to a still greater extent down the harbor, where the shapeless heap of stone and brick still gathers the mold of Time, where the gallant band that held Fort Sumter passed through their " baptism CHARLESTON. inal storms cannot any- n of South Columbia, ,'stoii, is tilt' , wliicli is a jpcr Rivers, Luitic. The ut lo miles. :c comprises the amount .■re is also a 1 r g e com- crce \v i t h e ports of le United ates. T h e anufactures i compared ith the com- ercc are un- nport ant. hey consist rincipally of : r t i 1 i z e r s om phos- li a t c o b - lined in the icinity. The h o 1 e s a 1 e is extensive. ■ also a canal (f the South- ion. This is r and terrible •e still visible 1 the harbor, lold of Time, eir " baptism i«ap VIEWS IN AND AROUND THE CITY OF CHARLESTON, S. C. 1, Institute Hall. ISfil. 2. Characteristic Street Scone. .3. City Hall. 4. Enst Battery Promenades 5. Eiitrauce to FortSumtor-reKiBteringnamPs, G. Intoriir of ];ort tiuuiter. 7. Fisherman's Basiu. H. Furt Suiiitur, I ^^-4 iM> "i 'rmm'm^m^ri i' 1 1 i'^' >i;n ; 140 PICTURHSQUK SKKTCHKS OF AMERICAN FROCiRKSS. of fire." Charleston has nearly outgrown her chastisement, and turns her scars to account by attracting tiiousandn every winter who might otherwise never enter her borders. A single day, Ici'-'iircly arranged, will enable the stranger to see all that is notable here. The battery, where many of the finest homes of the city front on the harbor, is a shady, well-kept place. St. Miciiael's spire, always open to visitors, gives a superb view of the city and harbor, with the surf breaking beyond historic Morris Island. The Mount I'leasant & Sullivan's Island Ferry Company run frequent boats to Sullivan's Island, where I'*ort Moultrie Stands. A small boat will take the curious stranger over to l-'ort Sumter. Just beside the gateway of I'ort Moultrie, enclosed by a small iron railing, is the grave of Oceola ^)ften incorrectly spelled with an " s"), the Seminole, who once figur«;d so prominently in national history — an implacable, proud, thoroughbred Indian, who died a prisoner within these walls. Magnolia Cemetery is well worthy of a visit. The Magnolia Gardens, upon the Ashley River, about 20 miles from the city, is one of the most lovely snots in the South. It is reached either by the daily excursion steamers or by train. We cannot too strongly urge the visitor to Charleston to devote a day to this lovely retreat whose beauties no illustra- tion coulil adequately portray. A jilcasant side trip may be made from Yemassee, the junction of the Augusta & Pc)rt Royal Railroad, while r/i route between Charleston and Savannah to Port Royal and the ancient city of Beaufort; the former has developed a large shipping trade within a few years, and the latter enjoys the advantage of a good hotel. Population of Charleston in 1886, 63,000. CITY OF SAN ANTONIO. San Antonio is a city of Texas, 1 10 miles southwest of Austin. It is one of the oldest Spanish towns in America. No city in the Union is so peculiarly interesting as San Antonio. There are seven Catholic churches, in which services are held in the English, Spanish, French, German, and Polish lan- guages. Mexicans jostle against Indians, and John Chinaman washes the linen of the commercial traveller. Visitors can eat at night on the plaza the strangely-made dishes prepared by the natives of Mexico. Strangers, while making purchases of curiosities in the shops, wonder at the massive thickness of the walls, and hear, with surprise, that 200 years ago or more the Spanish troops found shelter there from the attacks of the Indians. It is a strange country, within five days' rail from New York, and when travellers pause there a little for rest, while en route for California and Mexico, they will find that it is unnecessary to visit Europe in quest of those quaint old vestiges of a past generation, or those' strange sights which the new world of the North does not afford. : i:ss. turns her otlicrwise all that U : city front ys open to f breaking n's Island t Moultrie rt Sumter. 1 railing, is linole, who lie, proud, Magnolia s from the tiicr by the the visitor no illustra^ ion of the Icston and former has enjoys the X). • It is one ) peculiarly >, in which Polish lan- .vashes the i plaza the igers, while e thickness lie Spanish ; a strange jause there find that it s of a past ^orth does CITY OF SAN ANTONIO. »4I It is the county scat of Bexar County, Texas. It is situated on the San Pedro and San Antonio Rivers. It is probably the most icnportant place in West Ti'xas. The [jrincipal business streets are Commerce and Market, which run par.illel from the principal scjuarc The business portion has been mostly rebuilt since i860. About one-third of the population are Germans, and one- third Mexicans. It comprises three divisions, the city proper betwec-n the rivers; Alamo, which is east of the San Antonio River; and Chihuahua, which is west of the San I'edro River. Alamo is mostly occupied by (iermans, while the Mexican quarter is in Chihuahua. In the city proper there are many fine business buildings. In the Mexican quarter the houses are mostly A STREET IN SAN AN'IONIO. built of stone and wood, and are only one story high. There is a public park on the banks of the San Pedro. The city contains an arsenal, a Roman Catholic Cathedral, College, and Convent, a Court-house, and banks. It is a centre of trade for the outlying country, the principal productions cf which are wool, cotton, hides, and cattle. It has very important and growing manu- factures, and considerable water-power. The manufactures include extensive flour-mills, breweries, ice factories, etc. Invalids find the climate of San Antonio very desirable, as it is mild and genial. The place was settled by the Spaniards in 1714. The population at the present time is 25,000. In the Texan Revolution of 1836 it was the scene of i yNf iii' iiii ■^■1 HI: I- 142 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OK AMERICAN PROGRESS. the massacre of the Alamo, when a garrison of 1 50 men, led by Colonel Travis, and including David Crockett, was surrounded by several thousand Mexicans, and after a heroic resistance killed to the last man. CITY OF JACKSONVILLE. Jacksonville, Florida, is situated on the St. John's River. It is a flour- ishing city and the metropolis of the State. It is much resorted to by Northern invalids on account of the salubrity of its climate. In Jacksonville everybody seems on the move. Its street-corners are built up with hotels, and shops, and ticket-oflices. It is a mart, and the sick man muse needs partake of the BAY STREET, JACKSONVILLE. excitement if he stops here. Perhaps he needs diverting ; if so, let him stay. If rest is sought, he will do better to go up the river to some of the smaller points. Jacksonville has a score of hotels and a legion of boarding-houses. One-half of the population waits upon the other half. Bay Street, extending for a mile or more along the river, is built up closely, some of the structures MP GRESS. ilonel Travis, id Mexicans, It is a flour- by Northern e everybody 3, and shops, artake of the CITY OF WILMINGTON. 143 being large and costly. The hotels are chiefly of wood. The population of the city in 1880 was l8,ooc ; in 1886 it is estimated at 25,000. It is a growing city, and great excitement prevails in the winter, when the place is full of invalids, not only from the North, but from various parts of the globe. Tallahassee is the capital of the State, and has a population of 4,000; St. Augustine, 3,000. Key West is built on an island of the same name ; the population is about 7,000. Pensacola has a population of about 5,000, which is about the same population as Fernandina contains. The productions of Florida consist of lumber, cotton, rice, cocoanuts, tobacco, sugar-cane, arrow- root, hemp, flax, coffee, oranges, lemons, bananas, limes, olives, grapes, and pineapples, which grow in great quantities and are of very fine flavor. Among the oilier products may be mentioned Indian corn, beans, sweet potatoes, peas, Irish potatoes, barley, buckwheat, hops, etc. Ma.iy of the people of the State have grown wealthy on the cultivation and export of oranges and other fruits. The manufacture of what is known as " Key West cigars " is an important industry, and has done much for the people of Key West. Game and fish are to be found in great quantities in all parts of the State. In the forests, rivers, and swamps deer, wild turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, and other game abound in great quantities. On all the coast can be found green turtle, oysters, sheepshead, red fish, and mullet ; and in all of the inland waters can be found fresh-water fish in great variety. Sponges of a fine quality can be found in gr^at quantities along the reefs, and are a considerable part of the trade. The pasturage of the savannahs is unexcelled, cattle requiring very little attention, and are seldom housed in the winter. Key West was nearly destroyed by fire in the spring of 1886. let him stay, f the smaller irding-houses. et, extending he structures CITY OF WILMING-TON. Wilmington is the principal commercial centre in Delaware ; it is a port of entry and *^he largest city in the State. It is situated at' the junction of Christiana and Brandyvvine Creeks, 28 miles from Philadelphia on the Phila- delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and is the terminus of the Wil- mington and Reading, and the Wilmington and Western Railroads. The buildings are mostly of brick, and the streets meet at right angles. Among the public buildings are the City Hall, Post-office, Custom-house, the Library and Institute, the Opera-house, and a large hospital. The city was incor- porated in 1832, and first settled in 1730. It has about 50 churches, numerous public schools, academies, banks, newspapers, a good fire department, police system, gas works, .horse-cars, etc. The manufactures consist of iron steamships, railroad cars, locomotives, car- riages, paper, powder, agricultural implements, machinery, cotton and woolen goods, flour, boots and shoes, leather, and bricks, which are pr^' uced in great quantities. The annual products of the various factories have been estimated at $30,000,000. 144 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. r^r Wilmington is a very 4iandsome city, and has many picturesque water views. Its commerce with local cities is extensive. Its foreign exports and imports are mostly conducted through Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. Population, in 1870, 31,000; in 1880, 42,500; in 1886, 60,000. CITY OF MOBILE. Mobile is the only seaport and the largest city of Alabama. It is situated on a beautiful plain, on the west side of Mobile River, at its entrance to Mobile Bay, which opens into the Gulf of Mexico. It is 1 4 1_ miles -from New Orleans, and 180 miles from Montgomery, the capital of the State. The city, which is elevated 16 feet above the highest tides, rises gradually from the river, and is laid out with fine, broad, shaded streets. It was originally settled in 1702 by the French, and for years it was the most important place in the Louisiana district. It was visited by famines and \:y epi- demics. At this period the settle- ment was lo- cated about 8 miles south of its present site. In 1706 the women of the place, be- ing dissatis- fied with In- dian com as the principal article of food, revolted. This was known as the "Petticoat Insurrection." The place was nearly destroyed in 171 1 by a hurricane and flood ; the people then decided to move with their effects to a more desirable location, and selected the present site of the city. In 1763, at the Treaty of Paris, the city was ceded to Great Britain. After remaining in the possession of the British about 20 years it was ceded to Spain. In the ' War of 1812 it was surrendered to General Wilkinson. It was incorporated as a city in 18 19, and during the Civil War was in the possession of the Con- federates. Admiral Farragut with his fleet sailed up Mobile Bay in August, 1864, and the renowned engagement with the forts and the enemy's fleet took place ; the latter was destroyed or captured, and the forts surrendered. The remaining fortifications were carried by assault, and early in the following year the city surrendered. Mobile is lighted by gas, has numerous lines of horse railroads, and several railroads connect it with all parts of the country. It has a fine Custom-house mmm MOBILE. iRESS. CITY OF NASHVILLE. '45 :sque water exports and , New York. t is situated :e to Mobile lew Orleans, ty, which is •iver, and is in 1702 by e Louisiana istrict. It 'as visited y famines nd by epi- emics. At liis period he set t le- lent was lo- ated about ; miles south if its present ite. In 1706 he women of he place, be- ng dissatis- ied with In- lown as the 171 1 by a effects to a In 1763, at •emaining in ain. In the incorporated of the Con- y in August, /s fleet took dered. The he following 1, and several Custom-house and Post-office, City Hall and Market-house, theatre. Odd Fellows' Hall, cathedral, 30 churches, 4 orphan asylums, several hospitals, a medical college, St. Joseph's College (a Jesuit institution), a Convent of the Visitation, and Academy for Young Ladies. Mobile has several ship-yards, foundries, and cotton-presses. The chief business is the export of cotton, timber, and naval stores. Mobile Bay is a handsome sheet of water, about 30 miles in length and about 12 miles wide; vessels drawing more than 16^ or 17 feet of water can- not reach the city except at high tide ; but improvements are now being made to a depth of 22 feet and 200 feet wide. Its cotton trade is only exceeded in the South by New Orleans, its exports of cotton for one year amounting to nearly $6,000,000, while its total exports were nearly $7,000,000 ; the imports are over $500,000 annually. There is a line of steamers between Mobile and Liverpool, and numerous vessels and steamboats engaged in the river and coast trade. Its traffic in naval .stores and lumber is extensive. Its exports to foreign ports last year in lumber and timber were $617,000, and the value of rosin and turpentine product last year was $1,027,166. The city extends along the river five or six miles, and runs back about a mile and a half. Population, 1886, 40,000. CITY OF NASHVILLE. Nashville, the capital of Tennessee, is situated on the Cumberland River, 235 miles from its mouth, with steamboat navigation of over 400 miles above the city. It was made the State capital in 1826. The State House is a very handsome building, built of Tennessee stone, quarried within 300 yards of the building. It is located on an abrupt eminence in the centre of the city. It is 112 by 239 feet, and is 206 feet to the top of tower. The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1845, and first occupied by the Legislature, October 3, 1853. The total cost was $1,500,000. The architect and the chairman of the Building Committee were by act of Legislature buried in vaults constructed within the walls of the northeast and southeast corners. Nashville is a handsome city, built on a series of hills affording ample drainage, and is noted for its enterprise, almost unparalleled growth since the war, and the culture and hospitality of its citizens. It has a very advantageous and well-arranged system of railroad facilities, and is the largest commercial city in the State. The amount of capital invested on January i, 1884, in the four leading cities in the State was $10,865,000, of which Nashville had $4,995,500, being nearly double either the others. There are 2,670 business firms and companies^of which 708 are engaged in manufacturing. The whole- sale trade of the city gives employment to about 700 commercial travellers. There are 120 incorporated companies and 10 street-car lines. There are employed within the limits of the post-office carrier delivery— not including railroad shops — about 5,300 mechanics and skilled workmen. During the year 1883, $1, 212,000 was invested in machinery within the above-mentioned limits. i iff i«ap ■P ■afliiiision was ice, Ii.inbor, ; imports, load three balance on $3,737,2CXD, iver side is 733 by the to take the 8, and held le late war, Sherman in only. The f foundries, e an obelisk i monument a Statue of the Union, veral banks, r> 1796 (loss, :e and Fira t, reinforced :sts of pine, berry. The jrain, maize, t articles of i deer-skins. 00. orgia. It is )rtance, as it : of the con- phenomenal ■ the South." ime recently )mmodations CITY OF ATLANTA. 1. Ponce de I^on Spriug. 8. U. S Custom Houso and Post Offleo. 3. In the Commercial Quarter. 4. Union Depot. 5 Pcaohtrce Street. 4 I't ISO PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. ■'! of the city. Its streets are laid out, or perhaps we should say wander, with i freedom from relation to the cardinal points of the compass, which should make Boston envious, but they are bright, wide, and shady streets. There is not a prettier avenue anywhere in the land than Peach-tree Street, wiiich bears the same relation to Atlanta that Euclid Avenue does to Clevelav.d. The surrounding country, besides being rich in grain and cotton, contains gold, iron, and other valuable minerals. Atlanta was destroyed by General Sherman, November, 1864. The large negro population and the heavy traffic in cotton are almost the only features which proclaim Atlanta as a Southern centre. As the city has been chiefly rebuilt since the war, the prevalent styles of architecture are modern and pleasing. The United States Custom-house and Post-office is a handsome structure in the heart of the city. Upon Washington and other leading streets there are many large and costly churches of several denomina- tions. After the war, Atlanta speedily recovered from almost complete ruin, aiid within two years had as great a population as when the war began. It became the capital of the State in 1868. Among the public institutions are the Oglethorpe University, the North Georgia Female College, the Atlanta Medical College, and the Atlanta University for colored students. From the high ground occupied by the McPherson Barracks, in the north- western portion of the city, a very fine outlook upon the city's environment may be had. Not far away is Kennesaw Mountain, the scene -of much sanguinary fighting, and away to the north are the pale outlines of the Tennessee Mountains, famed through the names of Lookout, Mission Ridge, Chiclcamauga, and Chattanooga. Within the limits of the city and in its immediate vicinage are many huge yellow mounds, portions of the cordon of defences which extended around the city, upon which the grass has never grown. Atlanta is built on an elevated plateau, 1,100 feet above tide-water, and is singularly dry, cool, and healthy. Atlanta, unlike her sedate sister cities of the South, owes her rapid growth and commercial importinca to her favorable position and her great spirit of enterprise. Her railroads have direct lines to all sections of the country. In the Iv, t ten years it has grown rapidly, and given great impetus to the new industries of the South. It has vast cotton-mills, and immense iron rolling- mills ; these give employment to a large number of persons. Population, about 52,000. CITY OF ROCHESTER. Rochester i.s a commercial city and port of entry, situated on both sides of the Genesee River, 7 miles south of its entrance into Lake Ontario. It is the capital of Monroe County. It is 230 miles from Albany. It is located on an elevated site, which covers about 17 square miles. Its streets are shaded, and generally from 50 to 100 feet wide. It is the terminus of the . 1 1 ■■•i iRESS. dcr, with i lich should . There is reet, wiilch Cleveland, m, contains by General ; almost the the city has itccture are it-office is a 1 and other I denomina- te ruin, and began. It itutions are the Atlanta 1 the north- snvironment le -of much lines of the ssion Ridge, ' and in its the cordon 3S has never e tide-water, rapid growth reat spirit of country. In s to the new iron rolling. Population. in both sides itario. It is It is located s streets are ninus of the CITY OF UTICA. »5i Rochester & Pittsburgh and numerous other railways. It is crossed by ^he Erie Canal and the New York Central Railway. Owing to its advantageous iituatiun it hay grown very rapidly ; by means of the Genesee it has easy access to the lakes, while its railroads and canals give it communication with the fertile coun- try by which it is surrounded ; besides, it has an immense advantage in water- power. The numerous falls of the Genesee River within its boundaric; amount to 268 feet in perpendicular height. The upper falls of the Genesee, a cataract of 96 feet, are in the centre of the city; a mile or two below are two other falls, one 84 feet and the other 25. The river runs through a deep, gorge 120 fget high. As a result of this immense water-power it has become one of the principal markets of the flour trade, and has some of the largest flour-mills in the Union, besides numerous other extensive manufacturing establishments. Rochester was settled in 18 10, and incorporated as a village in 1817. It was first laid out by Nathaniel Rochester, an American pioneer. It was incorporated as a city in 1834. The city is very handsome and well built. The canal crosses the river on a fine aqueduct containing seven arches. Main Street is the principal thoroughfare and promenade. It is in the centre of the city, and crosses the river, which is spanned by a substantial bridge. Among the principal buildings may be mentioned the County Court- house; the City Hall, with a tower 175 feet high; the high-school building, the Powers block, and the Warren Astronomical Observatory, the finest private observatory in the world. The University of Rochester occupies large buildings in the eastern part of the city. It was founded by the Baptists in 1850, and the grounds, consisting of 23 acres, are beautifully laid out. There are about 70 churches, a fine public school system employing over 200 teachers, nearly 50 public and private schools, a theological seminary, an athenaeum, hospitals, and reformatory. The nurserj' trade of Rochester h^s assumed vast propor- tions, and is not surpassed by that of any other place in the world. Mount Hope Cemetery is beautifully laid out, and is an ornament to the city. The population of Rochester was, in 1820, 1,502; in 1840, 20,191; in i860, 48,243; in 1870, 62,386; in 1S80, 89,363; ai.d in 1886, 115,000. The city expenditures in one year were $1,078,038, making about ^lo-per capita. CITY OF UTICA. Utica is a city of New York and county seat of Oneida County. It is situated at the junction of the Erie and Chenango Canals on the Mohawk River. It is 95 miles west-northwest of Albany. The city, regularly and handsomely built, rises from the south bank of the river on a gradual eleva- tion, the ground generally being level. Among its buildings are a city hall, United States Court -ho''se and Post-office, opera-house, public halls, 34 churches, large hotels, banks, cotton-mills, woolen-mills, a State lunatic asylum. Catholic and Protestant orphan asylums, academies, and schools. m m w. 152 IMCTURESQUK SKETCH F.S (W AMERICAN TROGRESS. Tlicrc arc 1 1 newspapers and periodicals, of wliich 2 are Welsh and l German. In 1813 it had a population of 1.700. It was incorj)orated as a city in 1S32. At thi- period of the Revolution Utica was a frontier tradinj^-post^md the site if Fort Schuyler, Iniilt to },uiard thr settlements a^^ainst the h'rench and Indians. It is connected with various parts of the country by the New York Central, the Utica & Hlack River, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroads. Its principal business street is very handsonK!, and contains fine substantial blocks of buildin^^s. It impresses a stran^jer with bein;^- a live, active pi. ice. It covers a larK'<: extent of territory. It has numerous public parks, a public library, and a mechanics' association. It is the centre of a rich dairy and farminnr district; it is the lar^'est cheese market in America. Its manufactures consist of clothin}.-, steam-engines, bouts ;!nd shoes, pianos, agricultural implements, cotton and woolen goods, carriages, carpets, etc. Population, 1880, ooo; 1SS6, jn^oo. CITY OF GALVESTON. Galveston is the most important commercial city and seaport in Texas. It is situated in a count)- of the same name on Galveston Island, at the open- ing of Galve-ton Hay into the Gulf of Mexico. Its harbor is the finest in the State ; it has 14 feet of water over the bar at low tide. The bay extends north to the mouth of Trinity River, a distance of 35 miles, and is 12 to 18 miles wide, and is a very handsome sheet of water. The island of Galveston is 28 miles in length, and about 2 to 3 miles wide. Its average elevation above the sea level is only 5 feet. The streets of the city are straif'it, spacious, and eh gant ; and its principal buildings— the Roman Catholic University of St. Mary's, tl.e Roman Catholic Cathedral, and the Episcopal C;iurch— are large, imposing edificjs of brick in the Gothic style. Galveston has 18 churches, 2 libraries, a convent of Ursuline nuns, a medical college, an orphan asylum, hospitals, over 10 m.iles of street railway, and a number of schools of various kinds. It has railroads connecting it with all parts of the country, and is connected by steamship lines with Liverpool, New Orleans, New York, and the coast towns of Texas as far as Mexico, and by sailing vessels with countries in Europe, Mexico, the West Indies, and South Amer- ica. The principal trade is the shipping of cotton (over 40 acres of ground are devoted to cotton presses and warehouses), hides, grain, pork, and beef. The foreign exports in one year amounted to nearly $18,000,000, and the imports to about Si, 000,000. The city has good wharves, several ship-building yards, foundries, machine-shops, gas-works, railroad shops, daily and weekly news- papers, savings and national banks, etc. The island of Galveston was, from 1817 to 1821, the haunt of the pirate Lafitte, who was dislodged in the latter year. Plenty of Vegetables and tropical fruits grow all the year round. Population in 1870, 13,818; 1880, 26,000; 1886, 45,000. Viqp 1 I German, ity in 1832. )st, c Episcopal Galveston il college, an I number of parts of the few Orleans, d by sailing south Amer- f ground are [ beef. The the imports ilding yards, weekly news- m was, from in the latter year round. ^mm galvkston. t'' •! lii.ll B: 154 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. CITY OF DAYTON. Dayton is one of the most prosperous and wcaltliy cities of Ohio. It is situated at the junction of the Miami and Mad Rivers. It is connected witii Cincinnati, o:^ the Ohio, by the Miami Canal the distance bein^; 52 miles. In tlic variety and extent of its manufactures Dayton stands foremost amon{^ Western towns in proportion to its size. I'ine water power is suppHed by tile river. The population has very r.'pidly increased. In 1850 it amounted to 10,976, having; almost quadrupled within the preceding 20 years; in 1853 it had risen to 16,562, showing an addition of more than [,0 per cent, in three years; in i86w it amounted to 20,482; and 1870 to 30,473. It owes its pros- perity chiefly to the great number of railroads centering here, among w'lich are the Atlantic & (ireat Western; the Cincinnati, Hannibal & Dayton; the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis; the Dayton & Union; the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis, and several others. It has a fine Court- house, a Public Library, several newspapers, 53 churches, a Catholic Institute for Hoys; a National Home for Disabled Soldiers and Sailors, situated in fine grounds, and other institutions. Many of the private residences are very handsome, and have elegant grounds. The streets arc broad and well paved. It is in the mid:;t of a rich agricultural district, m which limestone quarries abound. Population, 1880, 38,000; 1886,45,000. CITY OF WHEELING-. Wheeling is the largest city of West Virginia, a county seat, a port of entry, and the capital of the State. It is situated on the left bank of the Ohio River, at the entrance of Wheeling Creek, 60 miles by rail and 92 by river, below Pittsburgh. It is the largest commercial city between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh on the Ohio River. It e.xtends 5 or 6 miles along the river on both sides of the creek. The city is built at the foot of the hills which rise to the Alleghanies, and is the terminus of the Baltimore and Ohio, and of the river division of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh, and numerous other railroads. The great national road here crosses the Ohio, over which is a wire suspension bridge, 1,0 lO feet long. Its manufacturing establishments are very extensive, and consist of iroa foundries, glass works, blast-furnaces, forges, macnine-s.hops, paper-mills, cigar factories, flour-mills, ship-building, etc. About 500 vessels belong to the port. Large quantities of bituminous coal are mined in the hills in the vicinity. The public buildings consist of the Custom-house, Post-office, and United States Court Chamh.rs, which are combined in one ; the State-house, the Opera- house, and Odd Fellows' Hall. It has a public library, a college for women, and several charitable institutions. It is the centre of an important trade. The place was first settled in 1772, and incorporated as a city in 1806. Population in 1870, 20,000; in 1880, 31,000; in 1886,40,000. }RF.SS. CITY OF K FADING. -SALT LAKI'. CITY. '55 if Ohio. It s connected cc bcini; 52 Ills foremost r is supplied it amounted ars; in 1853 ent. in three vc^ its pros- mon^; which Jayton ; the Union ; tiic a fine Court- )lic Institute uatcd in fine :cs arc very well paved, one quarries CITY OF READING. RKADrNO is a city of Southeast IVnnsylvani.i, on the left bank of the Schu>ll a r« 04 O w a a CO :?; M u •-• CITY OF RICHMOND. 159 ment of great interest is that which marks the grave of President James Monroe. Here also lies General J. E. B. Stuart, who commanded Lee's cavalry during the Rebellion ; while hundreds of Confederate dead rest within the cemetery. A drive to Libby Prison, and the score of lesser points famous in connection with the war, will prove a pleasant and instructive item oi travel. The fine Capitol Square, located in the heart of the city, contains 8 acres. Within the bounds are found the prominent and shapely structure of the State House, and the famous Washington Monument, as well as the statue of Stonewall Jackson. The city is regularly laid out and built, and surrounded with beautiful scenery. The Capitol is a stately building. Among the manufacturing estab- lishments, which give employment to nearly 6,000 hands, are large iron-vvorks, machine-shops, foundries, sugar refineries, flour-mills, carriage-shops, tanneries, tobacco and cigar factories. The Tredegar iron-works, covering 1 5 acres, were employed for the manufacture of cannon during the existence of the Con- federacy, and are now among the most important iron-works in the country. The flour-mills are among the largest in the world. There are 10 insurance companies, 4 national banks, 6 State and savings banks. Richmond, when only a small village, in 1779 became the capital of the State. Richmond was founded in 1742. In 181 1 the burning of a theatre destroyed the lives of 70 persons, including the Goveraor of the State. It was here that the Convention to ratify the Federal Constitution met in 1788, and it has since then been the scene of many great political gatherings. On the 17th of April, 1861, the State of Virginia seceded from the Union, and in July follow- ing the Confederate Congress met in Richmond, and made it the capital of the Confederacy. General Joseph E. Johnston at this time had 60,000 Con- federates under his command in Virginia, and from this time until the close of the war Richmond continued to be one of the principal points of attack by the Federal army under Generals McDowell, McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, and Grant, and defended by General Lee with a large army and formidable lines of fortifications, until the seizure of the lines of supply by Generals Grant and Sheridan compelled its evacuation after a series of sanguinary battles, April 3, 1865. During the evacuation of ApriJ 3, 1865, over 1,000 houses in the business portion of the city were destroyed ; the loss of this and other property destroyed amounted to over $8,000,000. Imme- diately after the close of the war rebuilding was begun, and proceeded rapidly. Spring Hill and Manchester are connected with Richmond by five bridges across the James River. Manchester is a busy place, and contains two large cotton-mills. A short distance from this famous city are several battle-fields. Two fine public parks are respectively at the east and west ends of the city. The celebrated Libby Prison and Castle Thunder (military prisons) are now used as tobacco warehouses. St. John's Episcopal Church is celebrated as the place of meeting of the Virginia Convention which decided the attitude of the Colony in 1775, and in which Patrick Henry made his celebrated speech, end- I i6o PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. ing_" I know not what course others may take ; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death ! " This church v. as also, in 1788, the place of meet- ing of the Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. Numerous lines of railroad intersect at Richmond. Regular Imes of steamers connect the city with Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York Since the recent improvements in the river, vessels drawmg 19 feet of water can load and unload at the docks. A canal round the falls gives a nver navigable 200 miles, and a canal and several railways enhance its commercial importance. _^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^ ^,^^ hxisiness section has solid and hand- some structures. The private residences are mostly surrounded by fine awns and gardens. The river has much picturesque scenery. The State Library contains about 50,000 volumes and many fine historical portraits. The Custom- house and Post-ofifice occupy a fine granite structure. Near the Medical College can be seen the Brockenbrough House, which was occupied during the war by Jefterson Davis as his official headquarters. The population of Richmond at the present time is about 70,000. !f ! wmmm^Bf. 3RESS. le, give me ice of mect- lar lines of 1, and >iew ig lo feet of gives a river commercial d and hand- y fine lawns :ate Library rhe Custom- the Medical ipied during opulation of CANADIAN CITIHS. CITY OF MONTREAL. i^r*. 8- .», I^'ONTREAL is the great commercial metropolis of Can- ada, and the largest city of British North Amer- ica. It is in the Province of Quebec, situated on the Island of Montreal. This island is formed by the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers, and is" separated from the mainland by the Back River, or, as the French prefer to call it, the Riviere des Prairies; it is 180 miles southwest of Quebec, and 200 miles northeast of Lake Ontario, 406 miles north of New York, and 310 miles northeast of Toronto, 3,200 from Liver- pool, and 600 miles from the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Situated at the head of the ocean navigation of the St. Law- rence, Montreal has naturally become the depot for the exports and imports of all the Canadas. Its harbor admits vessels of 3,500 tons, and is 3 miles in extent. It is lined with wharves for a mile and a quarter, and is, from its inland position (90 miles above the influence of the tides), perfectly safe. At the same time, the obstruction to vessels sail qj further up the river, caused by the rapids, has been surmounted by magti,.vent canals. It is in immediate connection with the vast lumber country acijoining the former river and its tributaries. While navigation is open, an extensive daily traflfic is carried on by steamers and sailing vessels of every description with Lake Ontario and the Ottawa district, as well as with the lower St. Lawrence ; and the ships of several ocean steamship companies keep up a weekly communi- cation with Liverpool, while at the same time the harbor is constantly crowded ■with vessels from other foreign ports. After the navigation of the St. Lawrence is closed (December to April), the ocean steamers find a harbor at Portland, Maine, which is connected with Montreal by a railway of 292 miles. This line belongs to the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and crosses the St. Lawrence at Montreal by the celebrated tubular Victoria Bridge, the length of which, including its two abutments and 24 piers, is above a mile and three-quarters. By the lines of the same com- pany, Montreal has railway communication with Upper Canada, the Western States, and Lower Canada, while the Intercolonial Railway opens up com- TOunication with Halifax and St. John. Several other lines, including the Canadian Pacific, afford communication with various parts of Canada and the United States. The position, therefore, of Montreal as a centre of commerce (161) fli / r62 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. is perhaps unequalled, and its rapid advance in consequence has placed it, within the last few years, among the first commercial cities of the American continent. The most conspicuous building in Montreal, which is also ont of the finest churches on t'.e npuEBE^^^ continent of America, is the Roman Catholic Cathedral. Built in the Gothic style of the thirteenth century, it comprises seven chapels and nine aisles. Its bells are famous, one of them being ranked among the five largest in the world. It accom- modates 10,000 people. It has numerous turrets and two imposing tow- ers on the main front which are 250 feet in height ; and its chief window is 64 feet high and 32 broad. There are several other Roman Catholic churches be- longing to the order of St. Sulpice, to whose members chiefly Mon- treal owes its founda- tion, and who still hold the seigniory of por- tions of the island on which the city is built. Adjoining the cathedral is the Seminary of St. • Sulpice, to which a large addition has been built within the last few years at a cost of $40,- 000. The city contains also some of the largest convents in the world. The general wealth, indeed, of the Roman Catholic Church in Montreal has grown enormous, in consequence of the increased value of the property given to it during the early settlements. The Church of England has a Cathedral erected at an expense of above $100,000, which is very chaste in style. St. mmm RESS. CITY OF MONTREAL. 163 > placed it, 2 American )iu' of the hcs on t'.e f America, an Catholic Built in the le of the century, it iven chapels aisles. Its imous, one :ing ranked five largest . It accom- ,000 people, rous turrets posing tow- main front 250 feet in d its chief )4 feet high )ad. There ither Roman lurches be- the order of :, to whose hiefly Mon- its founda- ho still hold )ry of por- le island on city is built, he cathedral linary of St. • which a Ion has been 1 the last few :ost of $40,- world. The il has grown rty given to a Cathedral 1 style. St. Andrew's Church, the most important belonging to the Church of Scot- land, is also a very chaste specimen of Gothic architecture, and cost about $5o»ooo. At about the same cost the Methodists have built a handsome church in the florid Gothic style. Besides the Roman Catholic College on Sherbiooke Street, St. Mary's College of the Jesuits, and a Baptist College, Mon- treal possesses an important university under the name of McGill College ; founded by a bequest of the Hon. James McGill in 181 1, erected into a university by royal charter in 1821, and reorganized by an amended charter in 1852. Montreal is supplied with water by magnificent works, which cost about $6,000,000. The water is brought from the St. Lawrence, above the Lachine Rapids, by an aqueduct 5 miles long. The eastern suburb of Montreal, now incorporated as one of the wards of the city, called Hochelaga, was originally the site of an Indian village of the same name, discovered in September, 1535, by Jacques Carticr; and it is from his admiring exclamation at the view obtained from the neighboring hill that Montreal (corrupted from Mont Royal) derives its name. The westernmost permanent settlement which the French obtained in Canada, it was, under them, merely an outpost of Quebec, and continued to be such, under British rule, till 1832, when it became a separate port. Since then, the rapidity of its progress has been marvellous. The annual imports are about $100,000,000, and the exports §90,000,000 ; the latter consist of flour, lumber, grain, furs, fish, oil, etc. The principal manufacturing industries con- sist of flour, type foundries, woolen and cotton goods, steam-engines, various kinds of iron-ware, tools, cordage, rubber goods, paper, furniture, etc. Montreal has its French quarter, as well defined as that of New Orleans, and its English quarter. The active centre of the French population surges around Bonsecours Market, a huge and stately building fronting upon the river, and up through Jacques Cartier Square. Upon Notre Dame Street, at Jacques Cartier Square, stands the Nelson Monument. The splendid mansions on Sherbrooke Street are chiefly occupied by English and Scotch merchants. Along the side of the " Mountain " there are magnificent mansions, which command a grand view of the surrounding country. The " Bonaventurc " is a " union " depot, and from thence arrive and depart Grand Trunk trains, the Central Vermont, Southeastern, and other lines. The North Shore Line has its depot (Quebec route) at the other end of the city, fronting on Notre Dame Street. Montreal ii a festive town ; is very proud of its battalions of volunteers, and takes keen delight in the achievements of its lacrosse and snow-shoe clubs. The mid-winter carnival is now a fixed institu- tion ; and it is really a fact, that to see the city under its most favorable con- ditions, one must visit it in January or February. The stranger who wanders along the business streets, if observant, will note the air of soKdity imparted to the structures. They are largely built of stone, and look as though they might endure for ages. McGill University ranks as one of the leading educational institutions of the Dominion. Its fine buildings and extensive grounds are located in the upper portion of the city. mmm i64 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. The great Allan liners give dignity to the water-front views, and the vessels of half a dozen lesser lines are clus'.ercd along the wharves. In 1840 the popula- tion of Montreal was 27,000; in 1850, 53,000; in i860, 88,000; 1870, 105,000; 18S0, 125,000; 1886, 160,000. CITY OF QTTEBEO. ll'V: tn.i (jJFnEC is a fine commerc 1 ci . 1 the Province of Quebec, Canada. It is considered the most imports, ii »;;.i' y position in British North America. It is situated at the junction of ili ■■'■ . L, .tvrence and St. Charles Rivers, on a steep ridge or promontory formed by the > rs. It is 180 miles northeast of Montreal, 500 miles northeast of Toronto, 578 miles north-northeast from New York, 360 miles from the sea, and 2,070 miles from Liverpool. The Grand Trunk Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Quebec Central Rail- way, connect it with the systems of railroads in Canada and the United States. It is being connected with the Lake St. John Region by a railway of 180 miles, of which 90 are completed. In 1534, under the patronage and direction of Francis I. of France, the navigator, Jacques Cartier, started from St. Malo with three ships upon an ex- ploring voyage, entering the river St. Lawrence upon the festival day of the saint of that name, and upon the 14th of Septem- ber reaching the bold promontory where the citadel stands, under the shadow of which he found the Indian village of Stadacona, a name popular with the people to this day. Nearly a century later, in the year 1608, Samuel de Champlain appeared upon the scene, and Quebec had its real beginning. *-_T^^-'''_;2 ^?- r -B-ii^^^^SSSf \ Champlain also found and named the Riche- ^^^^mSb^S^^^P^^ 1 ''^^ ^'^^'■' ^^*^'' Cardinal Richelieu, the founder of the trading company of " One Hundred Associates," under whose direction he operated. He also found the Ottawa and the American lake that still bears his name. He introduced the order of the R^collet Friars into Canada, and these were followed quickly by the more powerful and enterprising Jesuits, who toiled with that heroic ardor which has the mainspring only in faith, among the Indians and settlers, uniting the clerical office with that of the explorer. In 1663 the population of Quebec was but 800 souls, and about this time Louis XIV., the reigning monarch, assumed control of the colony of New France, and the trading company lost its prestige. It continued to be the centre of French trade and Roman Catholic missions in North America till 1759, when it fell into the hands of the British by the memorable victory of Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham above the city, — Wolfe, the English com- mander, whose character, portrayed so vividly in the " Virginians," has wmm RESS. CITY OF QUIilBEC. 165 vessels of 10 popula- ), 105,000; anada. It 1 America, ivcrs, on a orthcast of from New The Grand ntral Rail- ted States, ^ay of 180 < ranee, the ipon an ex- of the saint of Septem- ' where the V of which tadacona, a this day. : year 1608, upon the beginning. the Riche- helieu, the ' of "One 3 found the oduced the quickly by leroic ardor • lers, uniting ut this time )ny of New i to be the America till e victory of nglish com- nians," has charmed the readers of a generation. lie came to extend the dominion of the British crown. Wolfe and his veteran Highlanders and Grenadiers scaled the precipitous heights, and fought upon the Plains of Abraham against the soldiers of Montcalm, and the tourist of to-day sees behind the superb Dufferin Terrace a unique monument, probably the only such shaft in the world, in joint memory of the two opposing generals who fell upon that day. Fifteen years later, Arnold, the destined traitor and b^ti' noire in the history of the Revolutionary period, coming down the valley of the Chaudiere, and Mont- gomery by Lake Champlain, joined in the siege of the city. Montgomery was killed at the first assault, and Arnold's subsequent efforts were abortive. Quebec remained the chief city of Canada till the Hritish settlements in the west were erected into a separate province, when it became the capital of Canada East, now forming the Province of Quebec. Quebec is the Gibraltar of America, and its picturesque old-v. lu ' "ttle- ments, its impracticable streets, its landmarks of history still abi.iida and its un-Anglo-Saxon ways attract the attention of the tourist Th ; i ..lied portion of Quebec is triangular in shape and three miles in cu "ference. The wall is pierced by five gateways; three of these communica with the lower town. St. Louis Gate, now a beautiful Norman struct re, leads to the battle-field, while St. John's Gate is the outlet to Heaupor*. i' ot. Rochs. The gate by which strangers enter the upper town from trains and boats was removed some years ago to facil- itate travel. The leading attrac- tions within the walls are the Ursuline Convent, the Seminary, the great Laval University, the English and French cathedral (Basilica), and above all, the out- look from the Dufferin Terrace. The highest point of the city is Cape Diamond, on which is built the citadel, about 350 feet above the water. From this point it extends or slopes down to the river St. Charles. The upper and lower towns are so named on account of the differ- -^-«i - - -«"*"— ence in elevation. Quebec is only , ^>^^._^»__^»^w»i second to Montreal in Canada in the importance of its commerce. About 600 vessels enter the port annually from the Atlantic Ocean, and as many pass in front of the city to go to Montreal. It is one of the great lumber and timber markets of North America. The imports amount to $8,000,000, and exports $13,000,000, annually. Ship-building is conducted on an extensive scale. The chief industries are the boot and shoe and the leather manu- factures. It has lines of steamers connecting with Liverpool, Glasgow, and I wmm i66 I'ICTURHSQUK SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. London, and numerous lines with the gulf, coast, and river towns. The view from the citailel of ijuebec is one of the most magnificent in the world, and tiie scenery in its neighborhood, amidst which are the Falls of Montmorenci, adds greatly to the attractions of the city. It contains a seminary for the educiition of Catholic clergy, established in 1636. Quebec is the seat of a Catholic archbishop, who is now Cardinal Taschereau, r .id an Episcopal bishop, whose respective cathedrals are among the finest sjiecimens of church architecture. The Church of Scotland and other denominations arc also represented. Population in 1 87 1, 59,699 ; 1886,75,000. CITY OF ST. JOHN. St. John, the capital of .St. John County, is the commercial metropolis and largest city of New Hrunswick, Canada. It is situated at the mouth of the river of its own name, 190 miles northwest of HaliDix. The harbor, which is protected by batteries, is good, and accessible to the largest vessels at all 'iV! .;l f ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK. seasons of the year. The entrance of the river into the harbor is through a rocky gorge, about a mile above the city, spanned by a fine suspension bridge, 640 feet long and 90 feet above the water; also by a cantilever railway bridge, completed since 1885, by which a direct line of travel is established, as formerly all passengers and baggage had to be transferred from the Intercolonial Rail- way to the New Brunswick Railroad by ferry. The streets are wide, and meet -•^•^»^1I"»" iF.SS. wns. The lit in the c Falls of contains a Qiicbet is lu, rod an sjjcciincns nations arc metropolis 2 mouth of rbor, which :sscls at all is through a ision bridge, Iway bridge, , as formerly olonial Rail- ie, and meet CITY OF KINGS rON. 167 at right angles. Some of thorn are cut 30 or 40 feet deep through solid rock, the city being built on a rocky peninsula, slanting down to tliL water. S'licc the great fire the buildings constructed are mostly brick or stone. The principal public buildings are the Court-house, the Insane Asylum, Post-oflfice, City Hospital, City Hall, Opera-l.ouse, Academy of Music, Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, the Harracks, the Mechanics' Institute, and the Penitentiary. The city has a fire department, a police force, a system of water-works, gas, horse-cars, a fire-alarm telegraph, about 40 churches, several schools, banks, academies, orphan asylums, newspapers, good iiotcls, a Natural History Society, a His- torical Society, etc. The city is governed by a Mayor, and eighteen Aldermen. It is con- nected with the New England States by the New Hrunswick Railroad, and with Nova Scotia by the Intercolonial Railroad. In June, 1877, a fire destroyed the greater part of the town, and caused a loss of about $12,000,000. The principal indust.-ies are ship-building, fisheries, and the lumber trade. The manufacture of machinery, boots and shoes, cotton and woolen goods, leather, carriages, edge-tools, paper, iron castings, steam-engines, etc., is carried on to a considerable extent. The exports, which aver^j,- annually $4,000,000, are principally lumber shipped to Europe, the West Indies, and the United States. The imports arc about $8,000,000 annually. Population in 1871, 28,805 '< 1886, with suburbs, 55,000. The population of St. John County is mostly of Irish descent. CITY OF KINGSTON. Kingston is a city in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It is situated on the northeast shore of Lake Ontario, where the waters of the Canadian lakes issue into the St. Lawrence. Distant from Moritreal 19S miles, from Toronto 165 miles, and from New York 274 miles. It was occupied by a FVench fort from 1673 till 1758; it began to be settled by the British about 1783, was laid out in 1793, was incorporated as a town in 1838, and as a city in 1846. On the union of the two Canadas, in 1840, the seat of government was established at Kingston, but was removed again in 1845. The harbor of Kingston affords a most imposing and effective picture. In the midst of the scene a storm- washed Martello tower rises from the water, and beyond it is a 5;ranite battle- ment, upon the mainland behind which rises the shapely form of the City Hall. The public buildings of Kingston are all excellent examples of archi- tecture. Across the channel is Wolfe Island, which is connected with the city by a ferry. Upon a prominent hill to the right is the large defensive work known as Fort William Henry, and near it the Military College, which is the West Point of Canada. There is a decided military air to Kingston, due to this fact. The Thousand Islands begin about Kingston, and continue for some 50 miles down the river, and steamboats run daily from the city to the popular summer resorts among these Islands. fi'liR a-wmmm i mm mm m m^mmeammum-mmmmmmmm* l6 5 I'lCTURKSQUr: SKI/rCIIKS or AMKRKWN PKO(iRKSS.. The sliip-biiildiiifj of Kiii^;stoii is second in Canada only to that of Quel) -c. TIr,: Can.idian l".nt;inc & Mahint'ry Company ni.iniif.ictiin-s railway roll .i,j. stock on the most approved princii)les. He^ides it there are several la;;.;G foundries for the manufacture of engines and locomotives, of ai;rieultu:al implements, cd^^e-tools, axles, nails, etc. There are also lar^'e tanneries and breweries. Besides its outlets by water, Kingston communicates with all parts of the country by the (iraiul Trunk Railway, which passes within 2 miles of the city, and connects by a branch with the wharves; and by the Kin^jston and Pembroke Railway, which connects with the Canada I'acific. The shops and oflfices of the Kin},'ston and Pembroke Railway are in Kin^'ston. Ne.xt to Quebec and Halifax, Kingston is the most important military position in ' ,1 iw KINGSTON FROM FORT WILLIAM HENRY. British America. Queen's University and Colleffc at Kin}:jston is one of the most popular and pro[;ressivc of the f^reat educational institutions of Canada. It was incorporated by royal charter in 1841, for the education of a Pres- byterian ministry, and has since instituted the additional faculties of law and. medicine. Theic arc also a Catholic institution called Rej^iopolis Collej^e, the County Grammar School, and the common schools, besides sever.1l private academics. The Provincial Penitentiary and the Asylum for the Insane, and local hospitals and homes for the poor are situated in the city. In 1862 Kings- ton became the seat of the new English bishopric of Ontario. Many beau- tiful homes adorn the suburban avenues. Population in 1871. ^2,407; 1886, 20,0CXD. KKSS.. of Qucb^'C. \ay roll i;.;- jvcral la:;;c at;ricultu;al niiciics and ith all parts 2 miK's of jc Kiiij^ston The shops II. Next to position in ^•1 ■■ 'T^ • ' one of the 1 of Canada, of a I'rcs- s of law and. CoUcfjc, the I'cral private ; Insane, and 1862 Kings- Many boau- 2,407; 1886, CIIY OK TORONTO. CITY OF TORONTO. 169 Toronto, a port of entry ami tlic capital city of the Province of Ontario, Canada, is sitiiafid on the north shore of Lake Ontario, 105 miles from Kingston, ai\il jJcj milis soutlnvi'st of Montreal. It is connecti'd with Canada and the Unitetl States by the (iranil TriinU Railway and numerous other lines. Its intlustries are extensive, and consist of iron foundiies, rolling-mills, car-shops, brewi'ries, distilleries, machine-shops, carriage f.ictories, soaj) works, tanneries, boot ami shoe factories, llnur-mills, cabinet-ware, ami iron rails. It is over 2 miles in length between east and west, is bounded on the south by the Hay of Toronto, a spacious iidet of Lake Ontario, and is ll4 miles broad from south to north. 'I'he situation of Hic town is low ami flat. 'I'he most elevated ciuarter— the (Jueen's I'ark in the west, containing the University, TORONTO UNIVERSITY. Observatory, and handsome private residences— bchig only from 100 to 200 feet above the level of the lake. The harbor or bay is a beautiful sheet of water, about 5 miles long and I mile in width. It is separated from the lake by a long, narrow .strip of land, except at its entrance. It is capable of accom- modating the largest cssels that navigate the lakes, and is defended at the entrance by a fort, mounted with the most efificient modern ordnance. Toronto has much th( appearance of an English town, and is distinguished for the number and beauty of its churches, many of which are surmounted by handsome spires. The principal are St. James' Cathedral (Anglican), a noble edifice in early English, erected in 1852; St. Michael's Cathedral (Ri.T-an Catholic); Knox's Church and St. Andrew's (Presbyterian) ; the Metropolian (Methodist): and the Unitarian Chapel. Toronto is the fountain-head of rhe Canada school system, and its educational institutions are numerous and well appointed. The University, charmingly situated in the well-wooded Queen's m. 170 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN" PROGRESS. Park, was inaugurated in 1843. Trinity Colli ge and the Upper Canada College have numerous students. Knox's College, recently built, is the Presbyterian theological hall. The University Park, with its beautiful monument to the volunteers who fell at Ridgeway, and the Horticultural Gardens, are frequented by all classes of the community. There are also the Normal and Model .Schools, in the first of which teachers exclusively are trained. Attj,ched to the University is the Observatory. There arc many benevolent iiistitutions and handsome official buildings. It is the seat of the Supreme Courts of the Province, and contains the Legislative buildings, the Government-house, the Custom-house, and the Post-ofifice. There are two Irrge theatres in Toronto. During open navigation magnificent steamers ply in all directions on the lake. The exports arc manufactured lumber, flour, wheat, and other grain. The name Toronto is supposed to be of Indian origin. The town was founded in 1794 by Governor Simcoe. It was incorporated in 1834, was burned by the Americans in 1 81 3. and suffered severely in the insurrection of 1837, on which occasion iL w'.s the headquarters of the rebellion, as also from fire in 1849. Population in 1870, 56,000; 1886, 80,000. :|- !' m CITY OF HAMILTON. Hamilton is a city in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It is situated on Hamilton Bay, formerly Burlington Bay, at the west end of Lake Ontario. It is 38 miles from Toronto, 378 miles from Montreal, and 43 miles from Niagara Falls. It is an important railroad centre; the Hamilton & Port Dover, the Great Western, and the Hamilton & Toronto all radiate from this point ; while she has by the great lakes and rivers water communication from Chicago, Duluth, and Fort William at the West to the Atlantic. It is situated in the midst of the finest agricultural district. In 1840 the population was 3,000; six years later the population was nearly 7,000, and a city charter was obtained. This rapid increase is due to the railroads and the grain district in which it is situated. Its manufacturing establishments are exten- sive, and comprise steam-engine and locomotive works, large iron works, car works, foundries, clothing, sewing-machines, etc. The last census of Canada, taken in 1881, shows that the capital invested is nearly one-thirty-fourth of the whole capital invested in manufacturing industries throughout the whole Dominion. The merchants of Hamilton organized a Board of Trade in 1845, which has done much for the prosperity of the city. Imports, 1885, $4,095,032. Since 1881 several new factories and workshops have been built, including a cotton factory, running 12,000 spindles. The mills and plant of this company cost $475,000, and their output last year was nearly 2,225,000 yards of cloth, and 225,000 pounds of yarn. These mills employ 390 hands, their annual pay list being $104,600. A new rolling-mill, established bit year, has a capital of $50,000, and employs 30 hands; annual output, $175,000. New and larger mmm OGRESS. Canada College ic Presbyterian )nument to the , are frequented nal and Model Attached to cnt institutions e Courts of the ment-house, the tres in Toronto, ons on the lake, grain. The town was d in 1834, was e insurrection of on, as also from It is situated on ,ake Ontario. It Ics from Niagara Port Dover, the 'rom this point ; nunication from c. It is situated '. population was d a city charter s and the grain nents are exten- ; iron works, car ;nsus of Canada, -thirty-fourth of ghout the whole e in 1845, which 1885, $4,095,032. )uilt, including a of this company yards of cloth, their annual pay , has a capital of New and larger wp CITY OF OTTAWA. 171 shops have been erected for the chief engine works of the city, and a new factory has also been built by the Wanzcr Company for the manufacture of their sewing-machines. Since 1861 that company has made in Hamilton 1,500,000 sewing-machines. Their business extends to all countries of the world. Their output of machines has reached 1,500 per week. The city has 33 churches, 7 banks, and a large insurance company; a Young Men's Christian Association, and a fine public school system, with 5,000 pupils and 100 teachers. The Collegiate Institute and Training College has 600 students, with 15 masters and teachers. There are also 5 separate Catholic scliools in Hamilton, and a Methodist College for. young women; numerous charitable institutions, the Hamilton Association for Investigating Natural History, Botany, etc., and private institutions for commercial and business training. The assessed value of property last year was ;^4,ooo,ooo sterling. Population in 1886, 41,000. CITY OF OTTAWA. Ottawa is the capital of the Domit\ion of Canada. It is situated in the Province of Ontario, 88 miles above the junction of the Ottawa River with the St. Lawrence. 450 miles from New York, 126 miles f/om Montreal, and 95 miles from the city of Kingston. It was incorporated as a city in 1854. CHAUDIERE FALLS. Prior to this it was called Bytown, in honor of Colonel By, who constructed the Rideau Canal iiv 1827. The scenery in the vicinity is very beautiful, and not surpassed by any in Canada. In the neighborhood are three magnificent cataracts. The first of these is the Chaudiere Falls,. on the Ottawa River, at the west end of the city. The falls at this point are spanned by a suspension bridtje, connecting Upper and Lower Canada. Its great industry is lumber, its immense water-power being made use of in numerous saw-mills. The I 172 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. imports arc about ;£^5oo,ckx), and the exports nearly ;^ 1,000,000, annually. In 1858 Ottawa was selected by Queen Victoria as the capital of Canada. The erection of magnificent Government buildings was commenced in i860, the Prince of Wales laying the foundation. The Parliament buildings are prob- ably as fine as any in America. The principal railroads are the Canada Central lines and the St. Lawrence & Ottawa. It is connected by '-.tcamer on the Ottawa River with Montreal ; the Rideau Canal connects the city with Lake Ontario at Kingston. It derives its chief importance from being the seat of the Government. The natural .beauty of its surroundings and its fine architectural structures attract the tourist. Population, 35,000. Is 5 i i If n. CITY OF HALIFAX. Halifax, a seaport and city of Canada, and the capital of the Province of Nova Scotia, stands on the southeast or outer coast of the peninsula. The har- bor is one of the finest in the world. It is entered from the south, extends north- wards about 16 miles, and terminates in a magnificent sheet of water called Bedford Basin, is spacious enough for the entire navy of ICngland, and offers all the year round easy access and safe anchorage to vessels of any magnitude. Lines of steamers ply between Halifax and London, Liverpool, the Con- tinent of Europe, New York, Boston, and the West Indies. It is the great centre of trade for the Maritime Provinces of Canada. A large stone grading dock is now being constructed which can accommodate the largest class of ocean steamers and war-ships. Halifax with its suburbs extends along the slope of a hill, and is over three miles in length, and averages about a mile in width. There aiC many beautiful residences on the Northwest Arm which runs from the harbor three miles inland. The dock-yard, covering fourteen acres, is one of the most ex- tensive in the British Empire. A number of British war-ships are generally moored off this dock-yard. The city is now the stronghold of the Imperial Army and Navy in North America. All the entrances to the harbor bristle with batteries armed with the heaviest ordnance, and garrisoned with British Artillery. The principal edifices are the Custom-HW-STONE FALLS. ipm^ f^ttl/imimf THE YELLOWSTONE REGION. tit them are nearly 4(X> feet in height and over 30 feet in diameter. Some of them after being cut down have been estimated to be 2,500 years old. The Yosijmite Valley was first visited by tourists in 1855, and was not known to white men until 185 1. At the present time thousands visit this beautiful region annually, and come away impressed with its grandeur and sublimity. THE YELLOWSTONE REGION. The Yellowstone River rises in a beautiful lake of the same name high up in the Rocky Mountains, and receiving numerous branches from the south, flows northeasterly through the Territory of Montana, and empties into the Missouri River, in the northwestern part of Dakota Territory. It is 800 yards wide at its mouth, 1,000 miles long, and navigable 700 or 800 miles. The region of the Yellowstone and its source was for the first time explored by parties from the United States in 1870-71, and is one of the most wonder- Cul spots on the earth. Making their way up the river through the grand scenery of the Rocky Mountains, the explorers came to a district of a square mile in area, filled with hot springs in active operation, which cover the hill- sides with a snowy white deposit like a frozen cascade. Three or four miles around were occupied by springs which have ceased to flow. They are about 6,000 feet above the sea, and are already resorted to by invalids. This was but the beginning of the wonders. Next they came to a terrific rift, 2,000 feet in depth, with a river rolling in its deeps, " a grand, gloomy, terrible place." At the head of this cafion are the Tower Falls, with a sheer descent of 400 feet. The Grand Cafion, however, throws this into the shade. This fearful abyss is 3,000 feet in perpendicular height, and to one looking up from the bottom, stars are visible in broad daylight. The ravine is full of hot springs of sulphur, sulphate of copper, alum, steam jets in endless variety, some of most peculiar form. The grandeur of the cafion is at once heightened and diversified by the Upper and Lower Falls ; the latter one unbroken sym- metrical expanse, 350 feet in height. Between this fall and the lake lies a region full of boiling springs and craters, with two hills formed wholly of the sinter thrown from the springs. Further on is a valley containing about 1,500 geysers, some throwing up immense columns of water. The beautiful lake from which the river issues is situated 7,427 feet above the level of the sea. In 1872 the region at the source of thr Yellowstone, 65 miles long by 55 miles broad, including the Grand Cafion and the lake, was reserved by Congress from occupancy, and set apart as "A PUBLIC PARK OR PLEASURING- GROUND for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." The Upper Falls of the Yellowstone are one-fourth of a mile from the Lower Falls. The Upper Falls flow through a grassy, meadow-like valley, with a calm, steady current, giving no warning until very near the falls that it is about to rush over a precipice 140 feet, and then, within a quarter of a mile, again to leap down a distance of 350 feet. The exploration of the Yellowstone region was made by the officers of the i8o PICTURKSQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 'i*i:- United Stat^-'s Corps of Engineers in 187 1, under the orders of Lieutenant* General Sheridan. Their report was the first wiiich made known to tlie world the wonders of tiiis beautiful region, which was known as the "Great Divide." It is comprised in the Territcjries uf Montana and Wyoming, and is in the geographical centre of North America. The vast reservation covers 3,^78 square miles. Many of the mountain ranges are at an elevation of over 10,000 feet above the sea. The most convenient route for tourists has been from >Jorinne on the Central Pacific Road to Virginia City, Montana; from this point to Fort Ellis, and to Bozeman at the upper end of the Gallatin Valley, which is only 3 miles from Fort Ellis; the next point is a Crow agency, about 25 miles distant, and then south by the Yellowstone River to the great falls. The scenery after reaching the Yellowstone River is probably the finest in the world. Among the most sublime, impressive, and picturesque scenery is the " Devil's Slide," projecting 1,000 feet into the air. As we proceed, Gardiner's River, or Warm Stream Creek, is met where it flows into the Yellowstone, 15 miles from the Middle Cafton. We have now arrived at the hot ..,jring3 district. Here can be found the largest spring in the country, with a basin 40x25 feet; from this basin great quantities of carbonic acid gas arc dis- charged through several openings. There are smaller basins and terraces which contain water from this spring of different degrees of temperature; these basins are gracefully curved, and vary in color from a rich yellow to a bright red, creating a beautiful efTect. We now cross the " low divide " between the valley of the Yellowstone and that of Gardiner's River, and the steep entrance to the Great Caflon is reached. The gloomy and forbidding aspect of this place has gained it the name of the " Devil's Den." The river rushes with great force and rapidity through this narrow gorge, and shoots over an abrupt fall of nearly 200 feet ; and after a series of cascades and rapid falls, leaves the caflon with a sudden fall of nearly 400 feet, after which it gently pursues its course over a rolling prairie for many miles. The sides of the Great Caflon are more than 2,000 feet high. vVe next arrive at a new hot spring. This is very remarkable for its extraordinary " mud geysers," and a " mud volcano," which has a crater 30 feet deep by 25 feet in width, and in a constant state of ebullition ; one of the geysers spouts every six hours. Yellowstone Lake is 8 miles from these geysers; its shore line is over 300 miles; it is 30 miles long, 15 miles wide, and averages about 25 fathoms deep. Numerous hot springs exist almost in. contact with this lake, and a new system of hot springs are to be found about lo miles from the Yellowstone. The entire district appears like a vast lime- kiln in active operation. In the main eastern part of the Madison River are several beautiful springs. The one of greatest interest is the Great Geyser Basin. The geysers are all named ; two are kn„wn as "The Sentinels," one on each side of the river. The geyser known as " The Well " spouts to a height of nearly lOO feet. The " Grotto " is a formation about 100 feet in circumference and 8 feet high ; it spouts or plays to a height of 60 feet several times a day. The " Giant " Geyser is probably the most remarkable in this "K RESS. TJcutcnant- o tlio world :at Divide." id is in the overs 3,j78 over lo,ocx> i been from ; from this atin Valley, cncy, about : great falls, finest in the enery is the ;, Gardiner's ''ellowstone, hot ..jjrings nth a basin ^as are dis- md terraces :mperature ; yellow to a Yellowstone :at Caflon is ained it the md rapidity -ly 200 feet ; h a sudden er a rolling ; than 2,000 Tiarkable for has a crater :ion ; one of s from these miles wide, st almost in. [ound about a vast lime» in River are ireat Geyser itinels," one spouts to a 100 feet in > feet several kable in this i p IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I I l£ III 2.0 1.8 % { 1.25 U 16 ^ 6" ► ^ ^* « "9W K^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^■^ ,* CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ■• yi Mji. ' : if.k"l^ i i.-iWT!J ' J' ! | i " wni ! iWt»^mUH.W S «»i J» • ' -Wi'lS ' JU.JJmJ-g ' ,';:' \ M\'v Att% '"iTTta- % \ mm A' ■ NIAGARA FALLS. ..\^.. ^IaO^ NIAGARA FALLS.— THE NEW STATE PARK.' 183 extraordinary group ; it stands on a mound, and has a crater 5 feet in diameter, and throws a large column of water 130 feet into the air, continuing each time it exerts itself for an hour and a half. Twelve miles distant from this point is "Castle" Geyser, consisting of a chimney 120 feet in diameter at the base, 60 feet at the top, 12 feet high, with a 3-foot opening. This extraordinary geyser is situated on a platform 100 feet long by 70 feet wide, and sends a column of water to a height of over 250 feet. It works at intervals, and its time of active operation is about an hour. Another geyser, which plays with great regularity every three-quarters of an hour, has on this account earned the name of "Old Faithful." It throws a stream nearly 150 feei in the air. There are many other geysers, and the district is drained of its not water by the Firehole River, which flows into the Madison. The writer of the Govern- ment report said of the country in question : " No other locality, I think, can be found which combines so many attractions both of ciimate and scenery." In summer the atmosphere is pure and clear, and is undisturbed by storms. The Act of Congress which reserved this region as a national park, stated that it was " reserved and w 'hdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale, under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people," while by the same Act it was placed under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, The Park is 65 miles by i;5 miles. NIAG-ARA FALLS.-THE NEW STATE PARK. There is probably no more beautiful sight in the world than the Falls of Niagara, and a sketch of the Falls and the surroundings cannot fail to be of interest. The illustrations ac- companying this sketch are engraved from photographs, ind are de- signed to give an accurate idea of the grandeur and sublimity of Nature's great work. The Niagara River flows from Lake Erie northward into Lake On- '^"E MORSE-SHOE FALL. tario. It is 36 miles long, descending 334 feet between the lakes. It is tliree- quarters of a mile broad at Lake Erie ; but as it flows on, it becomes several 184 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. miles wide, making room for a number of islands, the largest of which, Grand Island, is \2 miles long, and from 2 to 7 broad. At the foot of Grand Island, which reaches within ly^ miles of the Falls of Niagara, the river is contracted to a breadth of THE BRIDGE LEADING TO BATH AND GOAT ISLAND. 2 V •/2 miles, and grows narrower as it proceeds. By this and by the descent in the channel, which is about 60 feet in the mile above the Falls, are pro- duced the swift currents known as the Rapids, in which the river, notwith- standing its great depth, is perpetually white with foam. At the Falls, which arc 22 miles from Lake F.ric, the river is divided by an island contain- ing about 75 acres, called Goat Island ; but in consequence of a bend in the channel, by far the larger portion of the water is sent down by the Canadian side. On this side, therefore, is the grander cataract which has been named the Horse-shoe Fall, but no longer bears the name appropriately, as the precipice has been worn from a curved into a somewhat angular shape. The separation caused by Goat Island leaves a large wall of rock between the Canadian and American Falls, the latter being again divided by an islet at a short distance from Gopt Island. This fall is from 8 to 10 feet higher than the Horse-shoe, but only about 220 yards broad. A little above the fall the channel is divided by Bath Island, which is connected by bridges with Goat Island and the Ameri- can shore. A small tower, approached from Goat Island, has been built on a rock over the brow of the Horse-slioe Fall ; and from this the finest view on the American side may be obtained, the Table Rock on the Canadian side giving the completest view of the entire cataract. The Falls can also be seen from below on both sides, and every facility is given for viewing them from all TABLE ROCK, HORSE-SHOE FALL. Wi': ' >GRESS. which, Grand Grand Island, is contracted a breadth of 5 miles, and )\vs narrower it proceeds. this and by ; descent in e channel, ich is about feet in the e above the Is, are pro- :ed the swift rents known the Rapids, which the ;r, notwith- \t the Falls, land contain- bend in the the Canadian m named the the precipice "ock between i by an islet FALL. anadianside also be seen lem from all NIAGARA FALLS.— THE NEW STATE PARK. 185 the best points, while magnificent hotels, Canadian and American, offer their inducements to the tourist to stay till he has received the full influence of the scenery. The river is crossed about 2CX3 or 300 yards below the Falls, where it is 1,200 yards broad. The current is lessened for about a mile, but increases again as the channel becomes narrower and the descent greater. Between 3 and 4 miles below the Falls, a stratum of rock runs across the direct course of the river, which, after forming a vast circular basin, with an impassable whirl- pool, is forced away at right angles to its old channel. The celebrated wire suspension bridge for the Great Western Railway, with a road beneath for vehicles and foot passengers, c-osses the river ly^ miles below the Falls; it is 800 feet long, 40 broad, and 200 icet above the surface of the water. This process of wearing away goes on gradually still, a large projection on the Canadian bank, known as the Table Rock, having partly fallen off in 1863. The Horse-shoe Fall is above 600 yards in breadth, and about 154 feet in height. The water is so deep that it retains its green color for some distance below the brow of the precipice ; and it rushes over with such force that it is thrown about 50 feet from the foot of the cliff. One may thus, having donned an oil-skin dress, cuter 2 or 3 yards behind the curved sheet of •water ; but the spray is so blindmg, the din so deafening, and the current of air so strong, that it requires a tolerably calm nerve and firm foot. The village of Niagara depends chiefly on the pat- ronage of the visitors to the Falls for its prosperity. The entire domain, secured by the State for a public park at an expense of one ar»vi a half millions, amounts to 106 acres. By this large acquisition the State now owns the most remarkable park on earth. By reason of the changes made no one who has heretofore visited Niagara would recognize it in its new drtr.s. The construction at Falls View on the Canadian side, of a glass pavilion, 400 feet long, to be called the " Crystal Palace," will be commenced at once. The promenade will be twelve feet higher than the present terrace in use. On the American side, diagonally opposite to the entrance to Prospect Park, a urge and beautiful Opera House has been built. The design of this building is a TERRAPIN TOWER, HORSE-SHOE FALL, FROM AMERICAN SIDE. I i NIAGARA FROM NEAR QUEENSTOWN HEIGHTS. i86 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. marvel of modern architecture. A new steam yacht and ferryboat called the " Maid of the Mist " has been launched at the foot of the inclined railway, and adds a novel effect to the cafton scenery. Numerous other improvements, particularly about th-j ri- parian homes along River Street, arc being effected, so that Niagara pre- sents a totally new appearance Ji vastly grander and more pic- turesque than has heretofore been witnessed at this favorite resort. Since the opening of the new park, making it free to all, the number of visitors has largely increased. A walk around the approaches of Niagara at the present time is a blissful experience compared to any attempts in other years. The American side presents a long array of shaded green terrace unobstructed by old fences and broken-down buildings, while opposite the full picture of Goat's Island, strongly contrasting, with its wild beauty, numerous variety of trees and underbrush, looks like a freak of nature heretofore unseen. Bath Island, once loath- some and hid- den with old mills, bursts forth in a carpet of green. Niagara has numerous ho- tels. Champlain made the first map of the place (n 1603. The waters of Lakes Eric, Superior, St. Clair, Huron, Michigan, and several smaller lakes flow into the river ; it has a constant supply winter and summer. The river has a descent of 104 feet in 7 miles between the foot of the Falls and Lewiston. Its course is between perpendicular walls nearly 300 feet RIVER NIAGARA, BELOW THE FALLS— THE CANADA SIDE. ROGRESS. yboat called the led railway, and improvements, particularly about th-j ri- parian homes along River Street, arc being effected, so that Niagara pre- sents a totally new appearance vastly grander and more pic- turesque than has heretofore been witnessed at this favorite resort. Since the opening of irgely increased, ime is a blissful American side ' old fences and Island, strongly nd underbrush, id, once loath- CANADA SIDE. ply winter and the foot of the nearly 300 feet NIAGARA FALLS.— THK NEW STATE PARK. 187 high. From Lewiston to Lake Ontario the chasm gradually diminishes to 30 feet. It is claimed by geologists that this great chasm has been formed by the action of the water throu'^h countless ages on the limestone strata. Large ■ja '*^,7I r ^'i'liW^' V '-rt* it-,. . ^•*H«^^*a^i> NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. portions of the edge of the precipice on the American side gave way in 1818, and portions of the Horse-shoe Fall gave way in 1828, and at various times since then other portions have broken down. It is estimated by an eminent authority that I foot of the precipice at the Falls wears away each year. Niagara pre- sents a scene of great sublimity and grandeur not only in sum- mer, but in the winter, when the ice in the river presents a wonderful scenic effect, We advise all lovers NIAGARA RIVER -THE WHIRLPOOL. and is visited by thousands from all parts of the world of the beautiful and romantic in natural scenery to visit Niagara, believing that they will derive the same pleasure from an acquaintance with its won- ■ :■«» 188 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. derful scenic attractions that the writer has enjoyed. At every point new and varied scenery greets the eye, and the deafening roar of the waters is grand and impressive. The marvels and beauties it reveals will long be enshrined in the heart of the visitor. This remarkable wonder of Nature has now become so widely known and so highly appreciated that it ratiks as one of the greatest attractions of the American Continent. Its wild grandeur and beauty must be seen to be appreciated. No words can describe it and do it justice. It is no wonder that the tide of travel has set toward it from all directions. Its profound and sublime fall of water causes the visitor to specu- late on its wonderful formation. THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. The St. Lawrence River is the volume of the overflow of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Its course is in a general northeasterly direction. From the point of its ddboiicher from Lake Ontario to the crossing of the 45th parallel at Cornwall, it forms the boundary line between New York State and the Province of Ontario, Canada, a distance of 85 miles. For a further distance of more than 400 miles it leads through the Canadian Prov- ince of Montreal and Quebec. The final 200 miles, or nearly all of that portion below the city of Quebec, is practically a vast sound, varying in width from 6 to JO miles. The ever-varying 'eatures and the constant change of vista alTorded the voyager, overflowing at every turn with unexpected instances of those combinations of water, land, and sky which we recognize as beautiful, make up the charm and glory of the Upper St. Lawrence River. Much has been said by a multitude of writers concerning the rapids of the St. Lawrence, down which the large and staunch passenger steamers daily perform their exciting and apparently perilous descent. These rapids are seven in number, and are divided by intervals of smooth waters and broad lakes. Between the passage of the Long Sault and the Lachine there is an interval in voyaging down-i-.tream of about five hours; the return is made by all craft around the rapids through a series of costly canals. The St. Lawrence was originally known as the Great River of Canada, and was also known by the names of Cataraqui and the Iroquois. The name it now bears was bestowed upon it by the explorer Jacques Cartier, who first penetrated its mouth upon the festival day of St. Lawrence. The steamboat express, which is a part of the through route via the St. Lawrence River to Montreal, leaves Niagara Falls over the Lake Shore Division of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, arriving at the thriving town of Clayton, where close connection is made with the steamer for Alexandria Bay and the trip down the St. Lawrence. Through sleepers arrive here every morning, also from New York, which is only 11 hours distant via Utica and Albany. All lines of steamers stop at Clayton. If you come from the West, you will be on board the steamer at Clayton ROGRESS. !very point new )f the waters is lis will long be nder of Nature ;hat it raiiks as :s wild grandeur :scribe it and do ward it from all visitor to specu- Lakes Superior, al northeasterly 1 to the crossing ; between New 85 miles. For Canadian Prov- of that portion in width from change of vista :ed instances of le as beautiful, r. e rapids of the steamers daily lese rapids are ters and broad ine there is an irn is made by of Canada, and The name it irtier, who first route via the le Lake Shore arriving at the the steamer for rough sleepers I hours distant Tier at Clayton .1 if! II r Mf ■ I.!' I fiii! I : 'I'.'i ;'tf .m J THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. 191 just as the sun has fairly thrown off the rf)sy drapery of his couch, and touch- ing at Round Island, Thousand Island Park, Central I'.irk, and Alexandria Hay, within the next hour you will find the pretty skiffs or convenient steam yachts of scores of cottages waiting to capture and bear away among the islands their happy, newly-arrived guests, and you are indeed fortunate if you are numbered among these. There is a strange <;nchantment in the stilly mornings here. The city, its pressing cares, its hurry, heed- less, and often heart- less strife for su- premacy, seem far away, and as unreal as a troubled dream that is past. Some- times the voices of nature hint to us that here is the true life to lead — that all else is dross and a delusion. Dawn ushers in the beginning of the through traveller's trip down the river, and he makes up his mind whether or no the vaunted Thousand Islands are all that they are claimed to be. First, let it be understood that all of the land you can see to the left is made up of islands, one overlapping the other along the distance until they give the impression of being con- tinuous coast line. Not so; they are threaded by many devious and charming channels. As Round Island is approached the graceful proportions of the large hotel in its centre are revealed through interstices in the dense foliage along its shores. From this point there is a charming succession of pretty, brightly- painted cottages all along the cliff-like frontage of the island. Each year witnesses the rearing of scores of costly and beautiful villas upon coigns of vantage, and island fvroperty appreciates rapidly in value. After passing Round Island we have a fine view of Thousand Island Park and the clustered islands in its vicinity. We soon enter the narrow precinct of the American channel, which for several miles separates Wellsley Island from the mainland. BETWEEN THE ISLANDS. 192 I'ICTURIlSQUi: SKETCH KS OF AMKKiCAN PROGRESS. Rock Island is on the right, and beautiful cottages arc here, there, and every- where. At the lower end t)f Uensiuore Hay, wliich indents Wellsley Island at this point, are the "Seven Isles," a most romantic spot, which one must needs explore with a row-boat to discover its hidden charms. " Bella Vista," a large anil costly pl.ice, is now noted upon the right, distinguishable by its square tower and ultra-modern style of architecture. Perched upon the cap of a cliff ON THE ISLANDS. stands the villa known as " Louisiana Point." The tall tower looming above the trees of a mid-stream island ahead is the large villa upon Comfort Island. Within easy hail down-stream is Nobby Island. It hides modestly behind Friendly Island. To the west of Nobby Island stands Welcome Island. A pretty cottage stands in its centre. A notable property passed by the steamer just before reaching the " Bay," and the last in the channel, is that of Mr. Albert B. Pullman, of Chicago, known as Cherry Island. As the steamer rounds up to her dock at Alexandria Bay, the wealth and variety of picturesque surrounding, in which the natural and artificial are so t'*». [lOGRESS. Irtc, and every- ;y Island at tliia !)ne must needs a Vista," a large c by its square the cap of a cliff looming above Comfort Island, nodestly behind ame Island. A by the steamer , is that of Mr. the wealth and artificial are so — - - I ' H ^^-l ,,^;«^ ROUNO ISLAND PARK. ! l!l Illf y"'Jl*J.f 1'*»1H>J-."I. ' ■H i gk wi ' a i . ' ij p i i " — THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. 195 happily blended, almost bewilder the new-comer, whose imagination must be vivid indeed if he has conjured from the recesses of expectation anything half so beautiful. The huge and shapely hotels loom up close beside the water, and sable reprcscntativos of each lay in wait for the coming tourist upon the wharf. In the foreground of the accompanying picture of Alexandria Bay is seen the famous Thousand Island House, Charles P. ^lemes, manager. Round Island, occupied as Round Island Park, is located in the centre of the American channel 8 miles above Alexandria Bay. One hundred and fifty acres of land, beautifully diversified by sun and shade, are contained in the island, every portion of which has some special attraction. The entire island is under the management of " The Round Island Park " C'- mpany, a stock company with a capital of $50,000. The hotel is modern, and well conducted. There are no two sunsets just alike at Round Island. Each day brings some special beauty. The going down of the sun, as it sinks upon the green Canadian hills, realizes the finest phenomenon in nature, save only that of light it.=df. Whether the declining orb drapes himself with the purple and gold of a royal couch, or sinks amid the teau and sackcloth betokening a coming storm, he is always grand in his leave-taking. Men in all ages have con- templated this phenomenon with awe and admiration — f.ven to adoration. What a place for a moonlight row ! What enchanted islets to thread between, if one but knows the way ! In midsummer there are veritably but five hours of darkness upon the St. Lav/rence. At 10 o'clock the sunset yet slains the western sky ; and soon after 3 there are manifest tokens of the coming of another day. The Methodist organization, known as the Thousand Island Park Asso- ciation, began its operations in 1875 by the purchase of a large territory at the head of Wellsley Island, aggregating 1,000 acres. Thousand Island Park now stands, with its 300 tasty cottages, as the most extensive of the denominational resorts upon the river. The new hotel, erected last season, is a large and costly structure, which must aid greatly in advancing the interests of the park. As at Chautauqua, a regular programme of the season's exercises is announced. It is a mooted question if the islands which dot the broadened river in front of Alexandria Bay look their prettiest at sunrise or eventide. Far away the camp-fires begin to twinkle out of the mellow purple gloom, and the merry sounds of human occupancy float out from the island homes. It is an hour of repose which even the w rdy wrangling on the dock concerning the " catches " of the day can scarce disturb; but wait, a finer thing is yet to come. Take supper and come out half an hour later. Now, displayed against the black masses where the islands stand, beneedh the lingering stain of the sunset, are a score of devices, wrought in twinkling lamps; here an anchor, there a star, a harp, or initial letter. Far up toward the cap of the lofty tower upon the Thousand Island Hous^ glows the white heat of an electric lamp, and along every cornice through the garden below and over among tie rock and verdure of the illuminated Crossman House, a thousand lamps and torches dance in the eddying night-wind, each tiny flame caught up and reflected on every (! ^ m —1- 11 T ■■')! ■ ijijiyywiwtFwiwiiawpa^pii ly wmi^ 196 PIC rURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. ripple of the deep black stream ; and as we gaze and admire, the night is pierced by the swift flight of rockets, which mount into the dome of heaven, and, shattering there, scatter particolored stars far out upon the silent tide. The largest and most costly, if not the most picturesque, of the many hundreds of cottages along the river are found in the vicinity of Alexandria Bay, many of them being within an easy row of the dock. The passing voyager, who only looks at these places from the steamer's deck, can have but slight idea of the loving care, even extravagant outlay, lavished upon many of them. One of the best-known properties in the vicinity is " Bonnie Castle," the property and favorite home of the late Dr. J, G. Holland. It is said that the final words of that genial and popular writer, who died in October, 1881, after a joyous summer at " Bonnie Castle," related to his life here, which had "BONNIE CASTLE." extended through five summers. " It is to me," he said, "the sweetest spot on ea-th." He then went on to speak of the constant, all-winter longing he felt, almost counting the days to the approach of the time when he could escape the weariness, or as he expressed it, the " incessant grind," of the city to this delightful home. Dr. Holland is also credited with the mot : " We stay in New York, but we /he upon the St. Lawrence." Over beyond the islands which shut out the western horizon, when looking from die Bay, is Westminster Park, which occupies an extensive domain upon the lower end of Wellsley Island. This park, like others upon the liver, is under denominational influence, being of Presbyterian bias. The hotel, known as the Westminster, is composed of two roomy buildings. In Poplar Bay one finds a commoHtous dock, and a semicircle of bright and pretty homes. Just here is the entrance to the weird Lake of the Island, a large pond hidden t ROGRESS. ire, the night is dome of heaven, he silent tide, le, of the many ty of Alexandria k. The passing ck, can have but d upon many of ' Bonnie Castle," It is said that n October, 1881, here, which had e sweetest spot nter longing he when he could nd," of the city mot : " We sfajy >n, when looking ve domain upon ion the liver, is he hotel, known Poplar Bay one ty homes. Just ^e pond hidden THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. 197 away in the midst of Wellsley Island, to which access is had through a narrow and precipitoi ^ channel. This pond or lake is two miles in length and nearly a mile in width. On leaving Alexandria Bay for Montreal, scattering islands, many of them quite as wild as when the white man first voyaged here, arc passed all the way down to Brockville, where the Thousand Island system terminates in a group called the "Three Sisters." Brockville is a substantial Canadian city of 10,000 people. It is 125 miles from Montreal by the river. The reader will note the large number of fine private properties along the rugged river front, both above and below the town. Immediately opposite is the American town of Morristown. Fourteen miles beyond, the Canadian town of Prescott and the American city of Ogdcnsburg stand vis-a-vis upon the banks of the river. A railway connects the St. Lawrence at this point with Ottawa, the Canadian capital. Ogdensburg is the focal point of three lines of railway, and a depot for a vast transhipment of grain and lumber from the West. It has an energetic population of nearly 12,000 largely engaged in manufacturing and internal commerce. Five miles below Ogdensburg is Chimney Island, where vestiges of French fortifications still exist, and immediately below are the first of the series of rapids, the Gallopcs, and shortly thereafter the Rapide de Plat is met. Neither of these swift places is especially exciting, but they serve as a preliminary to the great Long Sault (proncnced long son), which is next in order. A long reach of smooth water intervenes, however, during which we pass the small American town of Waddington and the attractive Canadian city of Morris- burg. Just below this place is the battle-field of Chrisler's Farm, where an engagement occurred in 18 13 between British and American forces, while the latter were marching to the capture of Montreal and Quebec. Over upon the American side is Massena Landing, whence a stage connecting with a steam ferry runs to the fine old medicinal resort known as Massena Spring3, which, aside from its picturesque and healthful location, the excellent Hatfield House, and good fishing, boasts of remarkably strong and potent sulphur waters. At Dickinson's Landing, the boat, which is well fitted for her daily task of breasting the wild surges of the rapids, turns in the swift current, and a mile ahead the passengers see the white, stormy waters of the Long Sault stretch- ing from shore to shore. Now the real fun begins. There is a sudden hush to the monotone of the steamer's pulsations. We are in the grasp of the current. Extra men are at the wheel, and others are aft in charge of a spare tiller. If you are inclined to be nervous now, remember that steamers have been going down here ever since 1840, and no passenger vessel has ever been wrecked in the rapids. The first plunge is over a cascade at " the cellar," and is exhilarating. We are no sooner into the vast expanse of broken waters than fresh sensations await us. Look at the shore ! Heavens, how we slide along ! Now across our way a vas«- green billow, like the oncoming surge of the ocean upon soundings after a nor'eastcr, disputes our passage. It is of the beautiful green where the sunlight shows through its wedge-'ike cap that 198 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. one sees upon the coral beds of Nassau, or at the deep centre of the Horse- shoe Fall at Niagara, or in drug-store jars. It does not rise and fall, advance and recede. It simply stands there forever, a vast wall of water through which we cleave our way with a fierce, brief struggle, only to meet a second, a third, a fourth like wave beyond. The rapids are about two miles in length, but there is a continuance of reasonably swift water for several miles further. The actual figlit between the boat and the angry billows is over in less than three minutes. The important town of Corn- wall, where sev- eral large fac- tories are lo- cated, is shortly seen upon the Canadian shore. After leaving Cornwall we bid good-bye to American soil, for here the in- ternational boundary line intersects the river. Four miles belo ,v Cornwall the Indian vil- lage of St. Regis is noted on the right shore. We are now on the broad Lake St. Francis, which is about 25 miles long. We pass the village of Lancaster on the left shore of the lake, when we arrive at the river once more. It dashes off impetuously just after leaving the village of Coteau du Lac, and carries us headlong down the " Coteau Rapids," which are about 2 miles long ; then the " Cedars," 3 miles, and the Cascades, the village at the foot of which is Beau- harnois ; and now a second lake is met, as if the river dreaded the final plunge down the famous Lachine. Lake St. Peter is 12 miles across the village of Lachine. DOWN THE RAPIDS. 1 'ROGRESS. re of the Horse- and fall, advance f water through meet a second, a a continuance of ight between the boat and the angry billows is over in less than three minutes. The important town of Corn- wall, where sev- eral large fac- tories are lo- cated, is shortly seen upon the Canadian shore. After leaving Cornwall we bid good-bye to American soil, for here the in- ternational boundary line intersects the river. Four miles below Cornwall the Indian vil- lage of St. Regis is noted on the right shore. We are now on the broad Lake St. of Lancaster on more. It dashes ac, and carries us :s long ; then the »f which is Beau- i the final plunge )ss the village of I!! I ■1 1 -|i.y H P I f . .. |i I! WATKINS' GLEX. Total Ascent, Soo fcgt. WATKINS GLEN. 201 :iOKGE, S' GLEN. it, Soo fciff'. We are now in sight of ihe great city of Montreal. The village of Lachine is simply a picturesque suburb of the city. The reader may ask why the curious name, La Chine (The China), is applied to this point. It is said that the earlier voyagers believed that the St. Lawrence opened a way to the Pacific, and therefore to the Flowery Kingdom. From the deck of the steamer the passenger may see the bold outline, standing out against the sunset, of a huge stone watch-tower, and if closo enough the crumbling remains of two stone forts, built to protect the settle ments along Lake St. Louis from the savages. Onward forges our speed}- craft, and ere long the troubled waters of Lachine are seen far ahead, a snowj- breastwork across our path. The lake is again a river. We are abreast the village of Lachine, where the canal from Montreal debouches into the St. Law- rence. The muddy Ottawa pours its tide into the pure blue waters in which we have voyaged since morning, as the Missouri pollutes the Mississippi. We are drifting steadily down toward the rapids. The bell signals " go ahead," and the Indian pilot, who has come aboard from a skiff, takes supreme command at the wheel. A little while later and we are in the vortex ; the current grows swift and swifter ; all the mighty outpouring of the stream is pent up in a single channel ; all the bosom of the river is covered with reefs and rocks. The boat heads this way an'i that ; down we plunge, and onward straight toward a rocky islet ! Which sic' ? Just as destruction seems immi- nent, the vessel sweeps round to the right, and shoots like an arrow between two sunken ledges. We are through, and can look back up the watery hill, we have descended, and admire the courage of the men who first navigated this wonderful channel. The once marvellous Victoria Bridge comes into view. In a few moments we steam beneath it and swing around the dangerous shoals that bar the terminus of deep-water navigation, and heading up-stream are speedily at the lock, within which, as the steamer rises to the upper level, the passengers are landed. In Montreal, an account of which is given elsewhere, the Windsor, stately and American-like, plays an important part in the pleasures of spend- ing a portion of each year upon the grand and changeless St. Lawrence. It is the memory of happy days in other years when the picture of care-free hours has includ-^d our warmest friends, the whole framed with the exquisite environ- ment of the islands, which solaces us for the cold and cheerless days of winter which must intervene before we can again take up this ideal habit of life. All indications point toward a brilliant future for the island region and the tour of the river. WATKINS GLEN. This beautiful Glen is situated west of and partly in the village of Watkins, Schuyler County, N. Y., near the head of Seneca Lake. It is 20 miles from Elmira and 40 from Geneva. It is on the Geneva & Corning Rail- road ; also, on the Northern Central Railroad, which connects at Canandaigua 202 PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. with the New York Central Railroad. It is also reached by a line of steamers running from Geneva to Watkins, over Seneca Lake, touching at all points.' Ihis is a delightful way of reaching the Glen from the north, as the scenery of this beautiful lake is equal to anything on the continent. The word Glen gives but a faint idea of the gorge; it is a marvellous rift in the mountain, which appears to have been made by some stupendous earthquake. The Glen, with its dashing, flashing, cascading stream, is a really wonderful natural curiosity. It is not properly a glen, but a numerous succession and variety of glens. At every turn there is material for a wonderful picture. It is one of Nature's reservoirs of eternal coolness. Even in July and August the air is cool, fresh, and bracing; laden with sweet odors, the f grance of many flowers. It is renowned the world over for its wonderful scenery It is as well worthy a visit as the Falls of Niagara. The total ascent of the Glen is about 800 feet. Looking upward, what a sight bursts upon us ! Towering and irregular cliffs of dark rock, angular and sullen, rise one above another till they appear to meet in the clouds, and seem to forbid approach. At numerous places in the Glen we pause, and wonder how it is possible to go much farther, the way appears impassable, and the distance so inaccessible ; but as we advance the path always opens, and gives far more interest to the ascent than though we could clearly mark our way before us. Minnehaha is one of the numerous beautiful cascades; it is irregular, yet full of_ grace. The water, broken several times in its fall, is dashed into foam and spray, which forms a brilliant contrast to the dark, rocky surroundings About 100 feet beyond Minnehaha is the Fairy Cascade, which, with one graceful bound, leaps into Neptune's Pool. For sublimity and grandeur Cavern Gorge IS probably unsurpassed by any in the Glen. Near this beautiful cavern is another, known as Cavern Cascade, which leaps 60 feet in a single column from the rocks above into what is known as the Grotto, which is a dark, damp, weird cavern. After emerging from the dark chasm, we see before us silvery cascades, quiet pools, and moss-garnish°d walls, overarched by stately forest trees and thick shrubbery, with a broad light flooding the distance; and far above •through the emerald foliage, like a web of gossamer, is seen the beautiful iron bridge spanning the Glen. The beauty of the foliage is very impressive, and the vegetation is almost tropical. From this point along the verge of the gorge is a " new " pathway, with a fine stairway, broken by platforms recently erected, and which leads to the building known as the " Swiss Cottage," now a cottage of the Glen Mountain House, the only hotel connected with the Glen, which is located on a sort of natural shelf, 100 feet above the level of the stream, and 200 feet above the level of Glen Alpha, overlooking The Vista, and nestling among the trees and shrubbery. Thousands of feet of pathways and many of the stairs are cut in the solid rock. A few rods above the Mountain House is situated Hope's Art Gallery which was built by Captain J. Hope, late of 82 Fifth Avenue, New York and contains a superb collection of more than 100 of his finest and most celebrated PROGRESS. line of steamers, ig at all points. , as the scenery The word Glen n the mountain, uake. really wonderful 1 succession and rful picture. It uly and August he f grance of 1 scenery. It is It of the Glen is us ! Towering >ove another till . At numerous le to go much ressible; but as St to the ascent is irregular, yet ishcd into foam y surroundings, hich, with one randeur Cavern this beautiful eet in a single itto, which is a ilvery cascades, arest trees and and far above : beautiful iron mpressive, and e verge of the forms recently Cottage," now ;cted with the ve the level of erlooking The nds of feet of s Art Gallery, 'lew York, and lost celebrated ':) 1 attmtmMWih 1 II m&!^mii^^^^^i^^' ^^^B W'^-''Vf- flFr^Mm 1 r^aT^"^tt^i^Hr .^Er -^SHHM^^^^HI , B-^*^ M? ■flJfc.^WBHr'^lWi^^^Tff^^^fc'wH^ r . "^^V^^^^H^Bfl • f ! Hi^H^iL;' l^n^BH 1 1 ^/;- %:"/^j§^ 1 V;^ %, "^^^L m .^hb''^' 'y^Q^^^HJ^^^^L ■ i H, V ^nnffitt 1 ' W >''"^-^4i?^pl i|i *• ^r|f'""-1 aHi^'' ■ •1 '^"^•* 'k ■ , ■ ■ Jip^^.'i * ,i (1 ^ ^^-3^''^--^ ■' ^^T ■''■ I! 1 iB— • . '■-'•" ' jfe- j ^-i' ■ HF^"'"^'' ■ *',' ^^^ ' '■,: 1 1 1 1 1 1 j ' <^^^lt*- ^^^^ ' "^^ J ~^ *— 1 ^_ "^i^^a^lyy* ^ iS"^ ^^— ^r^ **^TI^^^ ^*'* 1 i * J , '"^ ^ ^ ^^a^^^MBB'P^^^^^^ ULKN MOUNTAIN llOUSi;, WAI'IvINS OLEN. - . "^ WATKINS GLEN. 90S paintings. From this point Sylvan Gorge is not far distant. It is considered one of the wildest, most beautiful, and interesting portions of the Glen. A .succession of little rapids and cascades leap into Sylvan Gorge, of which the upper termination is called the Sylvan Rapids, and they glide and dance very beautifully through their irregular rocky channel. Here we have a delightful bird's-eye view down through Sylvan Gorge, with its many windings and mysterious recesses. Looking upward we find ourselves in Glen Cathedral. All attempt at description fails, and words are inadequate to paint a picture that would do this subject justice, or convey to the mind an idea of its grandeur. The Cathedral is an immense oblong amphitheatre, nearly an eighth of a mile in i..igth. Here the Glen is wider than at any other point; the rocky walls tower to a great height — over 300 feet — and arc richly tapestried with mosses and clinging vines, and crowned with lofty pines and other evergreen trees. The floor is composed of a smooth and even surface of rock; the vaulted arch of the sky forms the dome. In the upper end the Central Cascade forms the Choir, and, as it dashes from rock to rock, sings continual hymns of praise to the Infinite Power that created this mighty temple. Central Cascade has a beautiful fall of about 60 feet, and while far above, projecting through the trees, is seen Pulpit Rock, close by is the Glen of the Pools, so called from its great variety and number of rock basins. Situated near the upper end of the Cathedral is a large and beautiful pool, called the Baptismal Font. The Grand Staircase, which Is close by, is 170 feet high. We have to ascend this before we can reach the " Poet's Dream," which is a very mag- nificent scene, and affords new phases of magical beauty like the ever-varying changes in a kaleidoscope. The Triple Cascade is considered by many to be the finest in the Glen. As its name indicates, it is composed of three portions, one above another, each different in form from the others, and forming a beautiful combination. Just below the Triple Cascade, on the south side, ." little brook leaps over the brow of a great cliff nearly 400 feet high down into the Glen. The water does "^"^ ''^'''^^ CASCADE, not descend in a smooth sheet, but in a myriad of tiny threads and drops, forming a sparkling crystal veil, behind which our course leads. This novel cascade is known as Rainbow Falls. The space between the fall and the cliff 2o6 PICTURKSQUn SKrTCIIES OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. is narrow, but siiffici'.'ntly wide to allow free passage. In the afternoon, fronn June to September, when fair weather prevails, the rays of the sun fall into the j;or^je, and the enraptured visitor, in lookinjj throu^jh the veil, beholds two most beautiful rainbows, a primary and secondary— a siyht that, once enjoyed, can never be forjjotten. Glen Arcadia well deserves its name, for a more beautiful scene cannot be imajjincd. It has been called " The Artist's Dream," where all the beauties of the other ylens, silver cascades, and crystal pools, light and shadow, sharp angles and graceful curves, foliage, sky, and rock, mingle and produce a picture that more resembles an ecstatic dream than anything that^ can elsewhere be found. Other scenes of great beauty or interest are IMuto Falls, on which the sun never shines ; the Arcadian Fall, which is a beautiful cascade, falling into a kind of natural grotto, and at its foot is a beautiful basin ; Elfin Gorge, which is a scene of wondrous beauty; Glen Facility, at which point the most im- portant of the great natural beauties of the Glen terminate ; but many visitors go half a mile beyond, to see the mag- nificent new iron bridge of the Syracuse, Geneva & Corning Railway Company, which spans the Glen at a height of 165 feet above the water. In our de- scription we have passed through 2^ miles, and are now 600 feet above our starting-point. "THE RHINE OF AMERICA." The Hudson or North River is one of the most beautiful and import'int streams of America. It rises in the Adirondack Mountains, 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, and runs south from the vicinity of Lake George to New York. Above Troy it is broken by falls and rapids ; from this point to the bay, 151 miles, it is a tidal stream, varying from a third of a mile to two miles in width, and navigable for steamboats and sailing craft. Much of the scenery along the Hudson is magnificent. Its head-streams are the outlets of many mountain lakes in the northeastern portion of the State. At Glens Falls it has a fall of 50 feet, and soon after, taking a southerly course, runs nearly in a straight line to its mouth. At Newburgh, 61 miles from New York, the river enters the Highlands, which rise abruptly from the water to the height of 1,200 to 1,600 feet. Here the scenery is of great beauty and grandeur, and is KAINUOW FALLS. R OGRESS. afternoon, from le sun full into cil, beholds two a primary and , once enjoyed, serves its name, :ene cannot be 1 called " The all the beauties ;r cascades, and shadow, sharp /es, foliage, sky, oducc a picture ecstatic dream n elsewhere be great beauty or i, on which the Arcadian Fall, ade, falling into , and at its foot in Gorge, which s beauty; Glen t the most im- tural beauties of it many visitors to see the mag- lilway Company, :er. In our de- feet above our 1 and import'int l.,ooo feet above George to New lis point to the lile to two miles h of the scenery outlets of many rlens Falls it has •uns nearly in a r York, the river o the height of grandeur, and is n i*i: h Si -Tr«j-(w«5p> THE RHINE OF AMERICA." 209 iidmired by all travellers. Several of the heights are crowhed with the ruins of fortifications built to prevent the passage of British ships in the War for Independence. Here was the scene of Arnold's treason and the sad fate of Major Andr^. Emerging from the Highlands, the river widens into a broad expanse called the Tappan Zee. Below, on the west bank, on the New Jersey shore, rises an almost straight and perpendicular wall of trap-rock, from the river's brink to a height of 300 to 500 feet, called the Palisades, extending 15 miles to a point opposite the upper portion of the city of New York. The VIEW OF THE TURK'S FACE ON THE HUDSON. river is here from one to two miles wide, and here it flows into Ntw York Bay. Its whole length is nearly 300 miles, and its principal tributaries are the Hoosic, Mohawk, VValkill, and Croton. The steamboats which ply on the Hudson are among the finest and fastest in the world. Some are more than 400 feet long, are fitted up with great luxury, and attain a speed of 23 to 24 miles an hour. The Hudson River Railway runs along the margin of the river on the east bank to Albany. By this river, and the Erie Canal, the West Shore, and several other railways New York is connected with the great lakes and the West. The river is named from the English navigator who dis- covered it, in i6o> "If 4B» GOVERNMENT STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES Countries and Form of Gov'm't, Present Rulers. Population and Square Miles. Receipts and Expenditures. Imports and Exports. Great Britain and (j„een,Victoria I. ^ !!. At" ; ^.^ (Enip'ssoflndia) Const'l Mou'chy. ^ * COLONIES. Governor Gen'l, Marquis of Lome, Canada, India, Australia, United States.' Republic. Germany. Oonst'l Mou'chy. France. Rt'l)ublic. Governor Gen'l, Marquisof Ripou Five Provinces. Five Governors. President, Chester A. Arthur Emperor, Wilhelm I. President, M. Grevy. p 35,24n,(U)r) SM IL'1,571 P 4,352,080 SM unasc't'iued P 252,500,000 SM 810,542 R $420,207,4t0 E 415,509,020 R $23,232,427 E 24,850,034 R $325,998,010 E 315,820,789 P 2,700,000 R $79,637,540 SM unasc't'iued E 93,225,575 RuNsia. Czar, Ab'lute Mou'chy. Alexander III. Italy. Oonst'l Monchy. Austria — Hung ary. Coust'l Mon'chy. Spain. KinfT, Humbert I. Euiperor, li'raiiz tloseph I. Kinfj, Const'l Mon'chy. Alphonso XII. COLONY. Cuua. i'liptain General. P 50,152,860 SM 1,993,509 P 42,500,000 SM 208,024 P 36,905,788 SM 204,030 Sweden & Ifor'\ Oonst'l Mon'chy. KinpT, C) iiu- II. P SM P SM P SM P SM 1» SM P SM 82, 330,854 8,138,541 28.209,620 114,380 37,741,473 240,000 R $360,782,292 E 178,204,140 R $148,239,138 E 232,839,138 R $581,000,000 E 547,800,000 R $435,548,300 E 469,121,791 R $287,163,000 E 283,34(»,50l) R $394.!)58,3(in lii 430,238,20: t 10,3.']3.2!)3 R $103,347,097 193,172 l,414.r)(lS 72,000 0,338.703 393,750 E 150,."»29,840 It E R $43,057,930 E 31,495,000 I $2,950,147,825 E 1,432,072,330 I $86,489,747 E 87,911,458 I $224,280,715 E 324,598,705 I $230,893,913 E 200,149,785 I $753,240,125 E 898,152,891 I $973,200,000 E 705,375,000 I $981,509,400 E 680,129,800 I $395,450,000 E 418,406,000 I $244,105,023 E 225,128,904 I $302,900,000 E 329,y25,0(K) I $88,000,300 E 100,890,000 I E I $102,8.>'j,;il0 E 80,021,810 •United States. Cotton raised in 1881, Pensioners receiving an annual average 5,737,257 balo.s ; Cotton Seed, 2,725.195 tons j pension of $107.01,208,830. :D STATEij >d es. Imports and Exports. 4J0 020 I $2,950,147,825 B 1,432,072,330 427 034 I E $86,489,747 87,911,458 010 780 I E $224,280,715 324,598,705 540 575 I E $230,893,913 200,149,785 292 ,140 I E $753,240,125 898,152,891 ,138 ,138 I E $973,200,000 705,375,000 ,000" ,000 r E $981,509,400 680,129,800 ,300 ,794 I E $395,450,000 418,400,000 ,000 ,500 I E $244,105,023 225,128,904 ,3(in ,20:t I E $302,900.(100 329,y25,0(K) ,0!»7 »,840 I E 1 E 888,000,300 100,8!»0,00« ',930 ),00() I E $102,8arj,;il0 80,021,810 ;oh1, 2,725.195 tons j ^30. COMPARED WITH PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF THE WORLD Public Debt. Miles of B.R. and Telegraph. Regular Army aud Navy Peace Footing. Grain and Potato Production in Bushels. Postal Department. $3,813,518,460 $199,125,323 $754,978,810 $462,760,515 $1,920,477,693 $88,385,022 $4,815,337,109 $2,421,417,934 $850,000,000 tredcemable, depre- ciated to 7 per cent. $2,420,000,000 $2,287,193,399 $2,504,571,684 $86,901,184 RR T RB T RR T RB T RB T RR RB RR T RR T RR T RB T RR T RR T 17.945 23,156 6,891 10,994 8,615 18,209 4,338 26,842 93,671 107,103 18,089 33,600 15,205 36,970 16,715 42,595 5,191 14,391 11,471 30,403 4,203 8,190 858 2,790 3,826 10,078 A 138,835 N 58,800 » Vessels, 238 j A N V 2,000 189,597 A N V A A N V A N V A N V A N V A N V A N V 27,498 9,538) 139 f G 391,546,0^1 P 80,293,201 G P 64,000,000 8,730,458 445,462 86 15,905 522,058 51,750 > 258 J 974,771 30,194 J 'iJ89j 736,502 40 » 06 ( 16,140 305,825 6,369 ) 08( 90,000 15,179 > 139 J 70,050 10,270 » 255 i G 2,697,962,456 P 170,092,000 G 878,211,425 P 892,616,343 G 708,973,575 P 634,209,718 G 400,000,000 P 380,292 G 201,547,109 P 6,356,016 G 542,811,1C5 P 374,216,230 G 1,5.33,670,545 G 129,443,085 P 29,090,724 L 1,176,000,000 PO 44.61» L 1,089,739,17T L (^,000,000 PO 3,«T8 L 90,704,&6S PO 2,358 L 90,632,911) PO 1,75.1 L 39,165,913 Tobacco, 2,349,082 tons. I . 1 1 ; , '1 1 1 i f GOVERNMENT STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES Countries and Form of (iov'm't, Present Rulers. Population and Square Miles. Receipts and Expenditures. Imports and Exports. Switzerland. Republic. Belgium. CouBt'l Mon'chy. Netberlands. Ooust'l Mon'chy. Turkey. Ooiist'i Mon'cby. DEPENDENCY. Egypt. China. Patriarchial Monarchy. Japan. Ab'lute Mon'chy Hexico. Republic Brazil. Oonst'l Mon'cby. Argentine Re- public. Federal Republic. Greece. Jonst'l Mon'cby. Portugal. Oonst'l Mon' JOO I Not given. E " " I $32,719,064 E 64,910,017 en. I E $70,804,125 07,172,180 439 439 I E $32,904,032 28,711,527 125 218 I E $29,000,000 31,000,000 415 289 I E $81,752,900 102,029,250 305 284 I E $44,060,205 00,497,425 000 000 I E $29,101,400 17,992,000 004 ,143 I E $34,040,000 20,520,000 ,000 ,000 I E $53,744,310 42,576,810 COMPARED WITH PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF THE WORLD. rnblic Debt. Miles ofB. II. ami Telegraph. Ueguhir Army and Navy. Peace Footing. Grain and Potato Production in Bushels. Postal Department $6,120,780 $351,667,293 $338,680,000 11,289,565,000 $411,820,700 Never given, i European Loan ) \ $3,135,000 ( $363,725,677 $l'i4,700,000 #407,716,027 #57,068,979 $58,572,730 $387,659,575 $46,798,190 UK T KB T RR T RB T RR T RR T RB T RB T RR T RR T RR T RR T RB T 1,609 4,020 2,072 3,144 1,390 2,190 1,300 15,040 1,500 5,200 r>- 24 220 1,791 1,000! 10,140 y A N V A N V A N V A N V A N V 119,440 p None. ) ^^ " i 46,383 172 > 10 1 65.113 5,914 { 122 J sw.oon 83,000 1 IWi f 15,000 270,000 N Not givfii. V 38 36,777 5,551 27 A N V A N l,711t 4,313 1,439 4,819 1,540 750 2,300 968 1,650 A N V A N V \ 24,830 15,000 4,130 > 41 f 8,227 991 » 27 1 (} P G P A 12,118 N Not given. V en. ) 2U A N V 34,874 3,470 » 44 ( A 35,727 N Not given. » V 62 C 82,001,000 363,551,584 6,318,200 00,803,441 29,192,400 53,909,455 G 17,473,280 G 79,791,040 G P 7,485,728 18,390 G P 14,479,258 3,785,041 G P 27,564,583 14,625,690 PO L PO L PO L 790 65,374,640 585 63,641,094 1 299 61,720',077 PO Not given. L 2,648,000 PO L 3,744 22,912,038 PO L PO L 140 3,066,630 616 10,470,152 PO Not given. L 20,088,128 ;i! GOVERNMENT STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STA1'I':8 Oountries and Furiu ot'Gov'ui't. Present Rulers. Population ami Square Miles. Receipts and Expeiidiiurt's. IriiportH iiid Expoiis. Bolivia, liupublic. Ohili, Republic. dolumbia, Ooufed. RepubPc Oosta Rico, Republic. Bouador, Republic. Hawaii, Saudwich Isl'ds. Goust'u Mou'cby Guatemala, Republic. Hayti, Republic. Santo Domingo, Republic. Honduras, Republic. Salvador, (San Salvador.) Republic. Peru, Republic. President, P Nicolaf '-omjiero. SM President, Domingo iSanta Maria. President, R. Nunez. President, Tomas Guardia. President, Jose de Viutimil la. King, Kalakaua I. President, J. Ruiiua Barrios President, General {Salomon. President, F. de Moreno. President, M. A. Soto. President, Rafael Zuldivar. President, Moutero. P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM 2,0S0,0(»(> 530,200 2,650,000 124,084 2,951,353 320,235 1,146,000 248,312 57,985 6,740 360,608 44,800 650,000 28,000 250,000 20,591 376,410 58,168 R $2,920,547 J<: 4,505,6(;4 R $27,(593.087 E 24,777,360 R E R E R E R E R E R E R E R E $4,910,000 8,634,571 $3,819,211 3,904,657 $1,853,600 2,688,000 $1,780,080 2,196,006 $4,505,523 4,428,298 $4,194,998 4,023,687 $853,258 740,428 $969,8r.4 950,000 I $5,000,000 E 5,600,UUU I $22,740.0*0 E 37,771,440 I $10,787,034 E 13,711,511 I E I E I E I E I E I E 482,422 R $3,272,740 7,226 E 3,122,063 3,050,000 432,297 R $38,900,000 E 54,600,000 $3,110,290 6,187,062 $6,000,000 5,371,912 $3,073,000 4,968,000 $2,217,000 3,918,912 $7,971,000 8,474,t.00 $1,745,054 l,54ii,809 E $1,305,000 I $22,294,542 E 4,583,53ti I $27,000,000 E 4r>,000,000 D STATES (I 1 (iportH iiiil Expoi 1 s. 547 504 I E 95,oo(),un(» 5,000,UUU 087 iOO I E $22,740.0*.O 37,771,440 000 571 I E $10,787,034 13,711,5U 211 U57 I E $3,110,290 6,187,062 000 000 I E $6,000,000 5,371,912 080 000 I E $3,073,000 4,908,000 523 208 I E $2,217,000 3,918,912 91)8 087 I B $7,971,000 8,474,t.00 258 428 I E $1,745,654 l,d4ii,809 8r.4 00») E $1,305,000 740 003 I E $22,294,542 4,583,538 000 OUO I E $27,000,000 4"),000,000 ■ - ■■^* COMPARED WITH PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF TllK WORLD. I'ublii; Debt. Milesoflt. R, ami Telegrapb. Uegular Army ami Navy IViuc Footing. (jiaiii aiul I'urato I'rnductioii ia Bu.shelH. Postal Department. «i:u),(K)o,ooo $77,054,238 $19,971,219 $12,000,000 $18,350,400 $388,900 $3,877,384 $14,000,000 $3,780,000 (Repudiated.) TJR T RR T RR T RR T RR T RR T RR T $1,678,009 $2,078,885 $281,340,083 ER T RR 31 475 1,049 4,450 46r 1,620 74 193 70 210 none, f 39 none, f 1,100 Army, Navy, Vessels, A V 90 1,000 A V A V 2,350 008 A V 1800 » 22 J 3.000 900 1200 G 10,000,000 3,200 6,828 4,000 1500 4,070 PO 20 Letters 299,678 3l6 THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. [1620 OUR COUNTRY'S ACHIEVEMENTS. 'HE earliest settlement that remained permanent in the United States was at Jamestown, Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh, who was at one time a great favoiitc of Elizabeth, the Queen of England, was very much intere.sted in making a settlement in America, and expended a vast amount of money to forward his plans. But his colonics always failed for .some cau.sc or another. Sometimes the colonists would return in disgust at the hardships which they had to endure. One colony was murdered by the Indians, and when help came nothing but ruins could be found, and one colony was lost, and its fate is unknown to this day. At last, in 1606, a grant was given by the king to a company who could colonize any part of America claimed by the English and trade with the natives. Under this grant, a company of one hundred and five men set out for Virginia in three vessels. One-half of this number were gentlemen of broken fortunes, some were trades-people, and some were footmen. There was not a farmer or mechanic among them. There was one man in this band who was a born hero and leader, — John Smith. They came to the James river and laid the foundation of a set. tlement, which they named Jamestown, in honor of the king. Here were planted the seeds of the first settlement that took root and flourished. The colonists, unaccustomed to toil, worked manfully and erected their homes in the wilderness, and planted their v/heat. When the summer came, the supply of food was low, and many of the settlers died from the heat and hardships; but winter brought them better climate and abundant supplies of game and fish, with a good harvest of wheat. Smith set out to explore the country, was captured by the Indians ; and after puzzling them for a time with the mysteries of the pocket compass and the art of writing, was rescued f'-om death by Pocahontas, the young daughter of the Indian chief, Powhatan, who had decided to kill him. When Smith returned from his captivity with the savages, he found his colony on the very point of breaking up. Only thirty-eight were living, and these were making preparations to leave. But the return of their leader inspired them with nevf hope, and they resumed their work. New colonists joined them from England, but they were of a class known as " vagabond gentlemen, who had packed off to escape worse destinies at home." The reputation of the colony was so bad, that we are told that some, rather than come to Virginia, " chose to be hung, and were." These were the undesirable subjects whom Smith was obliged to rule with an authority that none dared to question. But unfortunately for the colony. Smith was obliged to return to England to procure surgical treatment for an injury cai;sed by an r.ccidental discharge of gunpowder. In six months the colony w-s again reduced to sixty men, and AiLHr. [1620 ENTS. permanent in the ;inia. Sir Walter reat favorite of was very much in America, and orvvard his plans, cause or another. disgust at the •ne colony was ime nothing but it, and its fate is nt was given by ize any part of kvith the natives, and five men set of this number ere trades-people, nic among them, id leader, — John ndation of a set- :ing. Here were and flourished, nd erected their hen the summer :tlers died from tter climate and jf wheat. Smith dians ; and after compass and the oung daughter of 1. When Smith alony on the very lese were making :d them with nevr >ined them from itlemen, who had ion of the colony ame to Virginia, e subjects whom ired to question, rn to England to :ntal discharge of sixty men, and 1733] THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 217 were making ready to depart, when Lord Baltimore, their new governor, came and prevented them. Once more the settlement was saved on the very verge of dissolution. Years of quiet growth followed, and a better class of emigrants came. There was a great demand for tobacco, — a new plant unknown to Europe until Sir Walter Raleigh introduced it into England ; — and the colonists found it growing in Virginia, and learned its cultivation from the natives. It was in extensive use among the Indians, and regarded as a medicine. The use of this plant spread in England very rapidly, and creati d a demand for its supply, and the Virginians found it a most profitable crop to cultivate. In the absence of money, tobacco became a medium of exchange among the colonists. Salaries of officers and ministers, fines in churches and State were paid with it. In a few years after the first settlement there was a written Constitution. They had a House of Parliament chosen by the people, and a governor sent out from England. The Episcopal church was recognized as the State church, and the colony was divided into parishes. A college was founded, and the Indians were friendly. The first white child born in /merica was here baptized by the name of Virginia Dcre. Pocahontas went to England with her husband, a young colonist by the name of John Rolfe, where she was kindly received by the queen, and made the recipient of many favors; but she died at Gravesend, March, 1617, just as she was about to return to America with her husband. She left an infant son, from whom some of the noblest families of Virginia descended. THE SEHLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. LITTLE more than two centuries ago, the part of the United States we c?.ll New England, was one vast forest, with here and there a little clearing where a few Indian families made their temporary home, and raised their scanty supply of corn. But it was destined to become ,the abode of hardy and devout people, who by their {industry and frugality were to lay the b-'sis of a mighty nation upon the broad foundation-stones of civil and religious liberty. A noble band of men who were denied the liberty of worship which they desired in their own land, resolved to escape from England to Holland to find the freedom denied by their own countrymen. Mr. Robinson, a wise and good man, had been their minister, and after straggling bands of Pilgrims, as they were called, reached Holland, their pastor joined them. They remained here eleven years receiving additions, from time to time, from those who were anxious to be free from religious oppression. Then it was decided to establish 2lB THE AGE OF DISCOVKRY AND SETTLEMENT. [1620 a new State in America whore they could be free to worship God, and not fear iiny alliances with the nations around them. Enough money was raised amonj; them to equip and send one hundred of their number to the new world. A ship called the Mayflower was chartertd to take them across the stormy Atlantic. On a morning in July this vanj^'uard of freedom knelt on the sea-shore at Delftshaven to listen to the prayer.4 of their pastor, and receive his parting blessing. The vessel was of one hundred and sixty tons burden, an old hulk which would not now be considered safe for a coast-wise trip in fair weather. After repeated delays, the expedition set sail in the early part of Sep- tember, 1620, and after a long and stormy voyage, dropped her anchor in the waters of Cape Cod Bay on the i ith of November of the same year. It was a cold and barren coast which met their view, with low sand hills devoid of any vegetation except long grass and low dwarf trees. The Pilgrims hesitated so long about the place to begin a settlement, that the captain threatened to put them all on shore and leave them. They went out to explore, and finally chose a spot where they decided to found their colony. They landed on the 22nd of December upon Plymouth rock, and began the Colony which they called by the name of the city in England which they had left. Here they were in an unknown wilderness, the winter upon them with scant supplies and no shelter. But they worked manfully to build their little town, sadly hindered by the severe cold and the death of their comrades, who fell around them. They erected nineteen houses, sur- rounded them with a palisade, and then on the hill they erected a building which served the double purpose of a fort and a church. The severe winter passed, and when the spring came their numbers had been sadly reduced by death ; but now the health and spirits of the survivors began to improve. The little band had signed a civil compact in the cabin of the Mayflower before they landed, in which they formed themselves into a government, and chose John Carver as their governor. They acknowledged King James as their sovereign, but were emphatically a self governing commonwealth. They had known enough of the despotism of Kings, and were quite sure that democracy could not be any worse, and they had faith to try the experiment. From this small beginning came the establishment of self-government over all the country. For some years, the difficulties which beset the infant colonists were well nigh insurmountable, but their faith failed not, and after a time prosperity came to them. Each summer new additions were made to their number, of men and women who had caught the spirit of religious freedom, and sought to find here an asylum from the tyrannies to which they were subject in their old homes. Thus New England became the place of refuge to many of the wearied victims of persecution, and seemed a paradise to those who were MENT. [1620 God, and not fear send one hundred wer was chartcrtd uly this vanj^uard to the praycra of IS of one hundred be considered safe jarly part of Sep- her anchor in the ime year. It was nd hills devoid of a settlement, that hem. They went :d to found their ymouth rock, and : city in England lerness, the winter 'orked manfully to and the death of leteen houses, sur- erected a building The severe winter sadly reduced by n to improve. of the Mayflower I government, and d King James as monwealth. nd were quite sure faith to try the jf self-government colonists were well a time prosperity mber, of men and nd sought to find subject in their old e to many of the D those who were I73JJ THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 319 dcniiil the right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, WIiuIl- congregations with tluir pastors came to swell the number. The men were stout of heart and patient in toil, and their industry and labor brought them comfort. They were simple in manners and plain in dress ; their wants were few and these were supplied by the harvests of the autumn, by their success in hunting and fishing and by the flocks they i.iiscd. The women carded, spun and wove the wool. The men felled the forests and built houses and vessels, erected cities and formed new towns in the woods. The ships they built crossed the ocean and carried tluir freights of timber, fiih and furs. Commerce sprung up and prosperity smiled upon the settlers. They early made friends with the Indians, and one of the most plc.isant episodes in the early days of the Colony was the visit and friendly aid of Massasoit, a chief who lived at Sowansee, now Warren, Rhode Island. He came with his brother and sixty warriors to the little settlement in March, 1621, the spring which followed the first severe winter in the new world. He made a league of friendship with the English, and for forty years was their staunch friend and protector, never failing them in all th / dangers and hardships. His influence saved the little band from destruction by the Narragansets. Two years after his visit the old chief was taken very sick, and would have died if the governor had not sent him Mr. Winslow who used simple remedies which effected a cure ; and in his great joy and gratitude he said, " Now I see that the English arc my friends and love me, and while I live I will never forget the kindness they have shown me." The ki'idness of this Indian was of great value to the Colony as long as he lived, and he was highly respected by them. 1 he Colonists of New England paid great attention to the subject of education, believing that it was of vital importance to the preservation of the State and Church. In a few years schools began to appear, and a law was }>assed that every town of fifty freeholders should maintain a common school, and every town of one hundred, must sustain a grammar school. Some tolerably qualified brother was chosen and "entreated to become school, master. " Harvard College was established within fifteen years after the Pilgrim fathers landed at Plymouth. Twenty-three years after the landing, there were twenty-four thousand white people in New England. Forty-nine wooden towns, and four Colonics namely, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Haven. There seemed at first a desire to scatter widely, push out into the wilderness, form new settlements and set up self-government, each for itself. But this separation could not long exist for there were other human beings in the wilderness beside the white settlers, and these had a prior claim there. Within calling distance there were Indians enough when aroused and com- bined to drive out all the colonists. And beyond the frontiers were French and Dutch settlements.' So it came to pass that the four Colonies were forced to form themselves for mutual protection and encouragement, into a band called "The United Colonies of New England." This was the first confed. i 'I 320 THE AGK OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. [1620 :" I i eratiofi in a land which was destined afterwards tc. establish this form of government on a scale the world had nev<;r seen before. Nor was this done any too soon, for there were troublous times to come, and these carner.t Gnd- fearing men found that they would need all the strcnjjth which a united assistance and a common bond Wf)uld bring. Massasoit was dead, and all the efforts of the English to Christianize and civilize the natives had produced but littK" effect. THE INDIAN WAR. 'I IK great Indian Apostle, Rev. John Eliot, was the pastor of the church at Ro.\bury. lie was moved by pity to carry the Gospel to the tribes around him, and for this purpose learned their language, and translated the Uible by means of an alphabet of his own. He preached to them in their own tongue, and many became converts. lie even attempted to establish a college for the Indian youth, but was obliged to abandon this undertaking on account of their natural love of idleness and strong drink. They would not work. They could indeed be taught to rest on the Sabbath, but they woulc' not labor on the other si.x days. This was a great cause of hindrance, but in spite of the general discouragement, there were many noble exceptions, and the hold whfch Christianity took upon those who accepted it was never wholly lost. In the Indian wars which arose, the converts were never found fighting against the English, but usually united in aiding them. At length came the short but bitter war with King Philip, the younger son of the old chief, Massasoit, the friend of the colonics. Even his enemies wil! acknowledge that this savage chief was a hero. The noble old chief who bad been faithful to his early friendship with the English, had two sons, whom governor Winslow had named Alexander and Philip. Alexander had. succeeded his father, but had died, and Philip had become chief. He was noble-hearted, patriotic, and filled with good sense. He was a statesman as well as a warrior, and at first was friendly to the settlers. But he saw that the whites were crowding year by year upon his domain ; still he kept the treaties which his father had made, and even submitted to grave insults from the white men. There came a time when he could endure this no longer, and he arose in war against them. The war spread throughout New England, and the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts united to meet them. In a week the Indian chief was driven out of his beautiful home on Mount Hope, Rhode Island, and went a fugitive to other tribes, arousing them to vengeance. The whites thought the war was over, but it had just begun. The powerful tribes of the Narragansets joined in the' war. The Indians avoided the white troops, and carried on the iMnNT. [1620 iblislj this form of Nor was this clone these earner.t God- h which a united to Christianize and hn Eliot, was the He was moved by ,'s around him, and a^je, and translated his own. own tongue, and ^eii attempted to )ut was obliged to heir natural love of work. They could »ut they woulc* not a great cause of couragement, there which Christianity er wholly lost. In ; were never found ted in aiding them. the younger son of :n his enemies will ; old chief who had ad two sons, whom I. Alexander had. me chief. He was was a statesman as But he saw that the he kept the treaties e insults from the jre this no longer, d throughout New etts united to meet : of his beautiful fugitive to other >ught the war was f the Narragangets , and carried on the i;j.il THK AGK OK UlSCOVKRY AND SKTTLKMI.N 1. 231 warfare, after their savage fashion, by plundering towns and villages, and killing defenceless women and children. Whole villages were wiped out, and no one could feel safe. The fields, the homes, the churches, the very beds of the poor colonists were liable to be attacked without w; 4, and a general massacre of all would follow. Out of one hundred towns /e were entirely destroyed, and more than forty others were more or less \ ulered. Josiah Winslow, with a brave band of settlers, captured the principal fort of the Narragansets, which stood where South Kingston, Rhode Island, now is, and destroyed it. Their chief, Canonchet, was soon afterwards taken, and offered his life if he would submit ; but he proudly refused. When he was condemned to death, he said, " I like it well ; I shall die before I speak anything unworthy of myself." The close of iC/5 brought an end to the war. King Philip saw that he could not prevent the other tribes from making peace, and the most of his own warriors had fallen. When he heard that his wife and child had been taken by the English, he exclaimed in his anguish, " My heart breaks ; now I am ready to die." He was shot in the swamp by a traitor Indian, and his body given to Church, the captain of a party who were pursuing them. According to custom, the head of I'hilip was severed from his body, and carried on a pole to Plymouth, where it was set up in sight of the people for a number of days. The body was quartered and hung on trees. In this way did our enlightened ancestors retaliate upon the Indian warrior and statesman, who labored and fought for the rights of his tribe. There were now scarcely one hundred of the Narragansets left, and their last Sachem, the sole survivor of the family of Mas.iasoit, was carried to Hermiula and sold into slavery. Annawon was the next in command over the Indian forces after tho escape of Philip, and the same captain, Benjamin Church, who had taken the head of the king to Plymouth, was sent to capture him. Church became separated from his company, and had or ' one white man and five friendly Indians when he heard where Annawor. id his band of fifty warriors were encamped. These men succeeded in sur rising the chief, and taking him a captive to Boston, where he was put to death by the English, after he had surrendered all the royal embleiTJs of Philip. The whites had no excuse for this act of wanton cruelty. WmSimmrs'T^ rKmsmawmsm 222 THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. [1609 iriili SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. ENDRICK HUDSON, an explorer in the employ of the Dutch, had discovered and sailed up the river which bears his name, in the year 1609. Three or four years after the Pilgrims had landed at Plymouth, the Dutch West India Company resolved to establish a ^ ^ trading post with the Indians. They sent out a ■'v'^f" settlement in 1623, which located on Manhattan island at the north of the Hudson, and built a town which they called New Amsterdam. They grew rich and numerous, until a war broke out with the Indians, who drove the settlers to the southern extremity of the island, and they built a wall across the island where Wall Street is now situated. The war came to an end, and for twenty years after there was a time of peace and prosperity under the government of a wise and sagacious man, Peter Stuyvesant. While his government was not faultless, the city flourished under it, and a continued flow of emigration came in from Europe. In the year 1664, when Peter was away from home, an English fleet appeared in the harbor to demand the territory in the name of their sovereign. Charles II. had given his brother James of York, a large tract of country, embracing the land on which the Dutch city stood. Peter at first was willing to fight them single-handed ; but the English settlers would not fight against their king, and the Dutch, who remembered some of the petty tyrannies of Peter would not join him. At length he yielded to the entreaties of two ministers and many of the people, and the city of fifteen hundred inhabitants quietly passed into the hands of the English, and its name was changed to New York. With this city the Dutch also gave up their settlements in New Jersey, which they had tak ':n from the Swedes, and so the English had the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts Bay to Georgia. ''"ii_.„„.. ■MILNT. [1609 )RK. ;r in the employ of 1 up the river which I. Three or four at Plymouth, the ved to estabUsh a rhey sent out a 1 Manhattan island town which they id numerous, until the settlers to the built a wall across :d. The war came as a time of peace vise and sagacious ernment was not continued flow of ;n Peter was away nand the territory > brother James of lich the Dutch city 1 ; but the English , who remembered .t length he yielded e, and the city of Is of the English, ty the Dutch also id tak^n from the Massachusetts Bay 1733] THE, AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 223 THE LAND OF PENN. ILLIAM PENN, the son of an English admiral, who had won many noted victories for the Crown, became a Quaker, to the dismay of his friends, just at the time a brilliant future spread out before him. At first the father was furious and turned his son out of doors, hoping that hunger would soon cause him to recant ; but the admiral relented and restored him to favor, father died, soon after the reconciliation, young Penn is possessions, and among the rest a claim for $80,000 due the admiral from the king. Penn, who had formed in his mind a design to establish a settlement in America for the persecuted members of his own sect, offered to take payment of the kinr.; in land ; and Charles was ready enough to bestow upon his subject a vast region stretching westward from the Delaware River. Penn then came to America with the noble purpose of founding a free and self governing State, where, as he said, he could show men as free and " as happy as they can be." He proclaimed to the men who were already settled within his territory, " Whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire, I will comply with." He was true to his word ; and when they sent representatives his people met them and a Constitution was framed. Penn confirmed this arrangement. He also dealt honorably and kindly with the Indians, and bought their lands of them, and in return they rf;spected and loved him. The conference with the natives was held under a large elm which stood in the forest where Philadelphia now is, and a monument marks the spot. All was to be " openness and love," and " no advantage was to be taken on either side." For long years the Indians recounted the words of Penn, and the blood of a Quaker was never shed by an Indian on the soil of Pennsylvania. The fame of Penn's new State went abroad to all lands, and it grew very rapidly with grave and God-fci^ring men, who came from all parts of Europe. During the first year, two thousand persons arrived, and Philadelphia became a town of six hundred houses. A few years later Penn returned to England, and reported that " things went on sweetly with the P>icnds in Pennsylvania: that they increased finely, in outward things and in wisdom." The settlement of Pennsylvania was founded in 1682, Il!!!l)! mm 224 THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. [1620 Nil' SETTLEMENTS IN THE OTHER COLONIES. >HE thirteen original States were .Virginia, Massachu setts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Connecticut was settled by men and women from Massachusetts, in two colonies. One came through the wilderness and settled in Windsor above Hartford ; the other came by water and settled in New Haven. Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, a minister of Salem, who declared that the State had to do with the " bodies and goods and outward estates " of men. In the domain of conscience God alone was the ruler. He was banished and went to Rhode Island, where he obtained a grant of land from the Indians and laid the foundation of a new State. He founded the city of Providence and proclaimed that his settlement was to become a " shelter for persons distressed for conscience sake." And so has it ever been. New Hampshire was settled by colonists from Massachusetts, of which it was a part from 1641 to 1679. Delaware was named in honor of Lord Delaware, who came to Virginia to aid the colony at Jamestown, in 161 1. It was first settled by the Swedes, in the year 1627, and passed, as we have seen, into the hands of the Dutch and then to the English. Penn annexed it to his new State. In the year 1703, it was returned to its former condition as a separate colony. Maryland was first settled in 163 1, by a band of adventurers from Virginia, under one Captain Clayborne, and received a charter from the king making it a distinct province, named after the queen, his wife. New Jersey was first settled by the Dutch in 161 2, and then by the Swedes and Danes. It afterwards passed into the hands of the English when they took possession of New York in 1664. North Carolina was permanently settled under a grant from King Charles II., in 1663. John Locke, the celebrated Scotch metaphysician, wrote a code of laws which were in force in this colony for twenty-five years. South Carolina received its first well-defined settlement in 1663, under a charter from Charles II., when a number of English noblemen built a city at Port Royal, and established themselves -in a government. The city of Charleston, named in honor of the king, was founded in 1680, and thereafter the growth of the colony was very rapid. Geo>'gia was the latest of the colonies, and the farthest south of any of the English possessions in America during the time of colonial history. It was settled in 1733, when General Oglethorpe founded the city of Savannah. He obtained a charter from Charles II. of all the land between the Savannah River and the Altamaha, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. It was MENT. [1620 LONIES. rginia, Massachu ^lew Hampshire, Jew York. North and women from came through the Dve Hartford ; the en. illiams, a minister d to do with the of men. In the 2 ruler. He was e obtained a grant ndation of a new e and proclaimed helter for persons it ever been, lusetts, of which it ) came to Virginia led by the Swedes, ands of the Dutch State. In the year olony. adventurers from trter from the king ife. , and then by the : the English when from King Charles Dhysician, wrote a five years. nt in 1663, under a ;men built a city at ent. The city of 1680, and thereafter :st south of any of :olonial history. It : city of Savannah, ween the Savannah ific Ocean. It was '733] THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 225 designed to be a refuge for the deserving poor and for Protestants suffering persecution. Parliament voted $50,000 to aid in carrying forward this noble enterprise. One hundred and twenty persons came in the first expedition under the leadership of General Oglethorpe, and were kindly received by the Indians. The next year a hundred Germans came and were assigned a place, which they in gratitude named, Ebenezer. They were steady and industrious and eagerly applied themselves to the raising of silk and indigo. The fame of the colony spread through Europe and attracted large numbers. Thus was planted on the eastern shore of the continent a chain of English colonies like a vanguard, which was in time to conquer the wilderness and fill the land with busy towns and thriving villages. The hum of machinerj' was to be heard along its water-courses. Its hills were to resound to the whistle of the shop and locomotive. The wharfs of its cities were to be crowded with commerce from all parts of the world, and a stream of emigration was to pour in from all the crowded nations of the East, and an empire would be erected upon the foundation that these feeble col lies were laying. Each distinct, with no common bond but the slight allegiance to a distant sovereign, they were to become united in one mighty compact, and together give the world its highest example of a free government of the people and for the people. These earnest men buildcd better than they knew, and shaped the destinies of the unborn millions who should come after thenu BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. m COLONIAL FEID. FTER the establishment of the colonies which stretched along the Atlantic coast from the Penobscot to the Altamaha. and owned allegiance to the English king, there came a period of formation and growth in which they developed their natural resources and established their commerce, built colleges and seminaries, and grew in all things which increased th •> prosperity and strength. The Indian tribes were subdued, the forests were cleared and cities and towns sprang up as if by magic. Manufactories were built and agriculture was flourishing. The colonies were left alone by the home government and allowed to direct their own affairs. In some cases a Governor was sent from England to rule the colony, but the laws were enacted by representatives chosen by the people. In others the people had the right to elect their own Governors. They regulated their own commerce and internal trade and directed their own taxation and system of religion and education. We will take a hasty glance at the condition of each colony during this period. In New England we will find some things that may surprise us. The early settlers had been a religious, sensible people, but when they left Europe there was a universal belief in witchcraft. King James had written a strange book on Demonology, in which he said that to forbear to put witches to death was an " odious treason against God," and the people were no wiser than their king. The superstition spread to America, or "was brought thither by the ship- loads of emigrants who were flocking over the sea to find a home here. All at once it burst out like a fearful scourge in the little town of Salem, Massachusetts, now a fine city. There was here a minister by the name of Parris. The daughter and the niece of this clergyman fell ill of a strange nervous disorder. The doctors claimed that they were bewitched, and the minister set out at once to find out who were the offenaers. Three old women were suspected, and taken into custody. From this the mania spread, and every one became alarmed and suspicious. No one was safe. Witches were supposed to ride in the air at night. Even the beasts were not safe, and once a dog was solemnly condemned to death for taking some part in a satanic festival. The prisons were filled with the accused, and many were put to death. The town of Falmouth hanged its minister ; and the wise and intelligent were no more secure than the low and ignorant. The wild panic lasted for a es which stretched Penobscot to the the English king, ,d growth in which ;s and established minaries, and grew >■ prosperity and ibdued, the forests p as if by magic. ; flourishing. The ent and allowed to Governor was sent vs were enacted by ers the people had ley regulated their lirected their own colony during this y surprise us. The ;n they left Europe d written a strange to put witches to ;ople were no wiser ihither by the ship- l a home here. All le town of Salem, The daughter and order. The doctors out at once to find ispected, and taken ane became alarmed ;ed to ride in the air dog was solemnly :ival. y were put to death, wise and intelligent Id panic lasted for a 1775J THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 227 whole year. Those who confessed that they were wizards or witches were set free for the most part, while those who denied it were judged guilty and hanged. Many refused to buy their life by falsehood and miserably perished. The delusion spread wide like a forest fire, until the whole colony was filled with terror. But the reaction came as suddenly as the outbreak of the mania. The Governor put an end to all the persecution, stopped the prosecutions, dismissed all the suspected, and pardoned the condemned ; and the General Court proclaimed a fast. They entreated that God would pardon the errors of the people " in the late tragedy caused by Satan and his instruments." One of the judges with bowed head stood in his pew in a church in Boston while a paper was read asking the prayers of the congregation, that the innocent blood which he had shed in error might not be laid to him, or the country. The Salem jury asked forgiveness of God and of the community for what they had done under the power of a strong and general delusion. Reverend Mr. Parris was obliged to resign his church and leave the town a broken man. The error of New England had been great and lamentable, but her repentance was deep and sincere. Strange as was this wide-spread delusion, there is another chapter in •colonial history none the less strange. The very men who had come across the ocean to find religious liberty, in their turn became persecutors and bigots. They had discovered that the restraints laid upon them for conscience' sake were unjust and grievous, and while they claimed toleration for themselves they had not learned that others had as good a right to think for themselves. After a few years of cheerful religious liberty there began to arise strange .- '-: ■ 330 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. t«755 demand the charter of the colony ; it was hidden in the hollow of an oak tree» afterward known as the Charter Oak. While the colonies had as yet no thought of separation from the Old Country they were still in the presence of a common enemy. The French had taken Canada and the present State of Louisiana, and thus were stretching down from the north, and up from the south, a line of trading posts and settlements, which was a continual menace to the western frontier of the colonies. The French were inciting the Indians to attack the English, and there were constant incursions upon the pioneers who were moving westward from the coast. Sooner or later the trial of strength must come between these rival forces. The French claimed the Mississippi River and the fertile valley of the Olv' >. To establish this claim, they sent three hundred soldiers into this alley and nailed upon the trees leaden plates bearing the French coat of arms, and drove out the scattering English who had ventured there. The English, on their part, had given large grants of land to a trading company, who agreed to colonize the valley, establish trading relations with the natives, and a competent military force. This was in 1749, and then the two nations were preparing for war. The home government left the colonies to carry on the struggle for themselves. Virginia raised a little army and appointed a young man of twenty-one, in whom they had great confidence to command it. His name was George Washington ; a name destined, a few years later, to become famous over the whole world. He started for a fort on the Ohio, to hold it as an out-post against the French, but after toiling on in the pathless forest for six weeks, he received intelligence that the French were coming towards him with a force far out-numbering his. He halted and built a fort, which he called Fort Necessity, because his men were half starved while building it. Nor did they build it any too soon ; for the French attacked the fort, and after a brave resistance, Washington was obliged to surrender, upon honorable terms, and return to Virginia. This campaign was honorable to Washington, but resulted in no especial advantage to the colonies. This contest between the colonies of French and English was going on for a year and a half before war was declared between the two great nations. But the English were aroused to the necessity of doing something to secure the rich Ohio valley, and they sent Edward Braddock, an officer of distinc 'on, with two regiments of soldiers, to aid the colonies. He began his campaign in 1755, with two thousand troops. He had learned the best rules of war in the broad battle fields of Europe, but was perfectly unacquainted with the rude tactics of the West. Wash- ington was invited to join his staff, and the young man eager to retrieve his loss in the former campaign, assented. The English general started on his march, June loth, to reach Fort Duquesne, on che Ohio, the great center of French power in the valley. Ohio was the objective point of Washington in his former expedition, and was deemed of great importance. This fort had been built by the. English and taken from them by the French. lk;:iiamin [«755 : an oak tree, rom the Old The French I thus were le of trading Item frontier the English, ivere moving 1 must come pi River and y sent three leaden plates English who rge grants of ablish trading s was in 1749, : government f twenty-one, was George lous over the ■s an out-post for six weeks, 5 him with a ich he called r it. Nor did :, and after a lorable terms, in no especial :s of French was declared Dused to the ind they sent of soldiers, to lusand troops, f Europe, but Vest. Wash- retrieve his tarted on his reat center of Vashington in This fort had h. IkMijamin 1759] THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 331 Franklin told General Braddock that " he would undoubtedly take the fort if he could reach it, but the long slender line which his army must form on the march would be cut like a thread in several pieces by the hostile Indians." Hraddock " smiled at his ignorance." Franklin offered no further opinion, but performed his duties of collecting horses and equipage for the army. The young aid-de-camp, Washington, offered some suggestions based on his experience, but the general would not listen to any advice fror a provincial subordinate. No scouts were sent out, and the commander did not know how near his unseen foes might be. He was marching along a road twelve feet wide, when suddenly an Indian war-hoop burst upon the air, and a murderous fire opened upon them. The battle lasted three hours and General Braddock was killed. " Who would have thought it ? " «aid the dying man as they carried him from the field. Washington was the only mounted officer who remained unharmed, while the regulars, seeing their general fall, fled in confusion. But young Washington rallied the provincials and covered the retreat of the regulars with such a desperate defense that the Indians did not follow. One half of the entire force had been killed, and the remainder returned, disheartened and broken, at the end of a disastrous expedition. War was now proclaimed between France and England, and the siege of Quebec by the English General Wolfe followed. This was the crowning achievement of a long and tedious war which established the English in possession of Canada, and saved the Northwest to the Anglo-Saxon crown. The English fleet came to Quebec in June, 1759, with a large force. Captain Jarnes Cook, the famou.'« navigator, who had been the first to sail aroun J the world, was in charge of one of the ships, and General Wolfe had command of the army. The citj was divided into an upper town, on the height'j of Abraham, beyond the reach of the guns from the fleet, and a lower town, on the banks of the river. The lower town was quickly reduced, but the upper town held out against any attempt of the English. But the enthusiastic young general was not to be baffled, and carefully searched the coast for miles around. He found an opening where a path led up to the heights above, and here Wolfe resolved to land his men, lead an attack and capture the French position, or perish in the attempt. One night in September, he landed his men silently, and they quietly clambered up the high hill, while the sailors contrived to drag up a few heavy guns. When the morning rose the whole army stood on the Heights of Abraham. Montcalm, the French commander, was so taken by surprise at the presence of the enemy, that h t refused to believe the first report which came to him. But he lost no time in forming his line of battle, and made a fierce and bloody contest with his unexpected assailants. Both generals fell in the conflict, Wolfe dying happy at the thought of the F:. 2nch defeat. As his blood was flowing he heard the shouts, " They fly ! They fly ! " He raised his head to ask, " Who fly ? " " The French," was the answer. "Then I die content," said the hero. The French General died thankful he was not i "■■-T ■ ''-^ii' ■ ; i: I 1 f, 232 THE COLONIAL I'KRIOD. l«755 compelled to surrender to the English. These men died as enemies, but after-generations blended the two names upon a common monument, which marks out to posterity the scene of this decisive battle. The French made an ineffectual attempt to regain Quebec the following year. In due time the French surrendered Canada to the English ; at the same time, Spain gave up Florida to England ; and thus the English held undisputed possession of America from the regions of perpetual ice and snow to the Gulf of Mexico. All these contests with the savages and the Frencl. had fallen with heaviest weight upon the colonists, although they had received some assistance from the home government in the latter part of the struggle. The colonies had poured out their blood and treasure without stint and were loyal to their King. They were proud of the mother country, and were willing to do their utmost to support the honor of the Engli: H flag. A hundred and fifty years had passed since the settlement of the feeble colonies on the Atlantic coast. They were self-sustaining and prosperous and their increase in numbers and ■wealth was most remarkable. Thousands were coming every year to seek their fortunes in the West. America opened her wide arms to the oppressed and offered them the blessing of liberty and comfort. The thirteen coic lies had increased to a population of three millions and were upon the eve of a mighty struggle. L«755 3 encmicB, but numcnt, which ; French made n due time the Spain gave up I possession of f of Mexico. n with heaviest :issistancc from le colonies had loyal to their ing to do their and fifty years Atlantic coast. 1 numbers and r year to seek I the oppressed lirtecn coii. lies n the eve of a Tl WAR OF DIDEPEIENCB. THE GATHERING CLOUD. T may be a natural question to ask, how it came to pass that in the short space of ten or twelve years the affection and respect which the colonies had for England, which they still fondly called " home," were changed to hatred and a desire for separation ? What cause had been at work to sever the bonds of attachment, and awaken the mighty spirit of resistance which spread all over the country? For generations they had spoken the same language, and had a common code of laws, while glorying in the . history of the past. England was the model in all things, and to be an " Old ; England man " gave one a prestige and position among the colonists; while all yielded a willing obedience to tier laws. They were governed, as Benjamin Franklin had said, " at the mere expense of ink and paper." Money was voted without grudge by their assemblies, and all the relations between the colonics and the home government were of the pleasantest kind, and such was their love for England that " they were led by a thread." But a wonderful change was wrought in the public mind, and the aroused people resolved in their public gathering by the most solemn compact, that they would not use any article of English manufacture, or engage in any transaction which would bring money into the pockets of the English. They tarred and feathered ^.ny person who expressed friendliness for the British, 't.T^/ivMiiVi, m,, .fc- ^^'^^^ '-'■" - ^Aiii te>i iif^M t'-Hr-lli'-fid 234 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. ["775 and burned the acts of Parliament by the common Ijangman. They firoil upon the kinjj's soldiers, and resisted the authority of the king's government. In fact, the thirteen colonics were in open rebeUion and armed resistance. What had caused this wonderful change, and how were three millions of obedient subjects taught to despise and fight against the very men whom they had before regarded as fellow countrymen? The answer to these questions can be suuuned up in one scnti nee. The persi.stent ignorance and folly of the English government, urged on by cupidity and a desire to wring out of the prosperous colonies a rich revenue to replenish the depleted treasury of the country that had become exhausted in the expensive wars of Europe, wrought all this evil, and lost to the English crown her richest possessions in the western world. The result was that a new nation was formed that was destined to become the leading power of Christendom, but it would have been better if she had gone in peace, and thus not engendered an animosity that lasted for two generations, and led to two disastrous wars between men of the same language and religion. We come now to the story of this struggle. England had shown for many years a disposition to govern her American colonies in a spirit of harshness and undisguised selfishness. The interest of England was the chief object, and not the good of the colonic:. No foreign vessels could land in American ports, and woolen fabrics could not be taken from one colony to another. At one time the manufacture of hats was forbidden. Iron works were prohibited, and up to the last the Bible could not be printed in America. The colonies had borne the expense of their own governments and defenses, but now the long-continued struggle had left the treasury of England very low, and Parliament came to discuss the propriety of taxing the colonics for the benefit of the home government. The eager eye of Lord Greenville was searching for something newto tax, and he .saw that America was growing rich and powerful. The English officers who had served in the West, had brought back the most glowing accounts cf its resources and prosperity. The English merchants were already envious of their increasing wealth. When the House of Commons passed their resolution setting forth their right to tax the colonies, not a single voice or vote opposed the measure. Thereupon an act was passed imposing a tax upon silks, sugar, coffee, and other articles used in the colonies. The Americans remonstrated, and claimed that taxation and representation should go together; they were willing to vote what money the king might require of them, but they would not pay taxes when they had no voice in laying them. But Lord Greenville, who thought the Americans would finally submit, persisted in his course. The act called the Stamp Act was passed at the next session of Parliament in 1765, this required a government stamp on all legal documents. Benjamin Franklin told the House of Commons that America would never submit to this, and no power on earth could enforce it. Nor could England long misunderstand the position of the colonies upon this .I-,-' /•?.«-- rrvj^.-.g.- * — *"'*fr' ■•- '*' ['775 n. They firod *s government, ncd resistance. ■CO millions of ;ry men whom i.swer to these ignorance and desire to wring I the depleted pensive wars of wn her richest ew nati(Mi was jristendom, but not engendered disastrous wars ow to the story 1 her American The interest of r;. No foreign I not be taken c of hats was he Bible could se of their own ;le had left the is the propriety nt. The eager ax, and he .saw fficers who had iccounts of its ady envious of s passed their single voice or imposing a tax :olonies. The entation should might require voice in laying finally submit, s passed at the It stamp on all Commons that ould enforce it. onies upon this ,;65] TlIK WAR OF INDErRNDF.NCE. question. Everywhere in New England riots were raised, and the Stamp Act was denounced. The stamp distributors were obliged to resign. A universal protest that they would not eat, drink, or use anything which came from England, was passed by the citizens everywhere. The act came in force November 1st, 1705, and on that day the bells tolled, and the people appeared as if some great jiublic calamity had fallen upon them. Not a stamp was sold in America, but business went on all the same, merj were married, and bought and sold their goods. The courts were held and all the functions of government went on ; but all this was illegal because it waa done without stamps. Yet no serious harm came of it. The English were astonished, and some demanded that the Stamp Act be enforced with the sword, but the British merchants feared the loss of their trade with the colonies if this were done. William Pitt, afterwards the Earl of Chatham, joined with the merchants and caused a repeal of the law the very next year. Hut stupid old King George never ceased to regret " the fatal repeal of the Stamp Act." The first inter-colonial Congress was raised during this excitement. It met at New York, but did little else than agitate and discu.ss the situation of things. It accomplished a good design in sho' Jng the tendency of Union between the States. The approaching crisis was delayed for a little time by the repeal of the . Stamp Act. But when the feeling in England was .stormy against the colonies, Charles Townshend, the virtual Prime Minister of England, during the sickness of Pitt, proposed to levy various taxes on America. All his proposed measures became laws. The most obnoxious of them was a tax of three pence a pound on tea. This act was passed in 1767. The Americans despaired of justice and right from the English Parliament, yet they hardly dared ^o think of open separation, but already the most thoughtful among them were becoming fixed in their opinion as to what the issue would be. They protested, they appealed, they held large public meetings, and everywhere the people were inflamed with a sense of their injuries, other laws restricting the liberties of America were passed by Parliament, and the people resorted to the last step in the solution of the fearful problem. Riots were raised, the foreign officials were resisted, and public meetings were held to deliberate upon their grievances. English troops were sent across the ocean to preserve order. Their presence was galling to the citizens, who could r-„ brook this restraint upon their liberty. The press, the pulpit, and the assemb" ^s of representatives in all the colonies were bold in their utterances against the tyranny of the old country. The General Court of Massachusetts, called on their governor to remove the soldiers, but he was powerless. The governor called upon the court to raise money to maintain the troops, and they took infinite pleasure in refusing to Ih. •*:. 236 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. [177s raise money for that purpose. Then came the Boston massacre, in which the troops fired upon the citizens, and killed and wounded eleven persons. This inflamed the zeal of the patriots still more, and tlie entire populace was aroused. The people again demanded the removal of the troops from the city, and the trial of the soldiers for murder. This was complied with, and two of the soldiers were found guilty of murder, by a Boston jury. Parliament now wavered in its treatment of America, and removed all the duties, except the small one on tea. But they had mistaken the feeling of their colonics. It was not the amount of the tax to which they objected, but the principal of taxation without representation. In the spring of 1773, ships laden with the taxed tea, appeared in the bay of Boston. The crisi.4 has now arrived. Although it is Sunday, a council was called in the exigency. If that tea is landed, it will be sold and liberty will become a by-word in America. Samuel Adams, a man of .strict integrity and powerful eloquence as a speaker and writer, was the true leader of the revolt in Massachusetts. He was one of the first who saw at the outset that there could be no stopping- place short of 1 dependence. " We are free," he said, " and want no king." He assumed the leadership of his fellows, and was worthy of the trust. They hoped Liiat the officers of the East Indian Company, in whose employ the ships were engaged, would send them back, but they refused. Days of intense excitement followed. Public meetings were held constantly in an old building, Faneuil Hall, afterward known as the cradle of American liberty. One day the debate waxed hot, and the people continued together till night-fall. Samuel Adams announced, "This meeting can do nothing more to save the country," and with a shout it broke up. The excited crowd hastened down to the wharf, led by fifty men disguised as Indians. This band of disguised men, rushed on ship board, broke open the boxes of tea, and poured their contents into the harbor. The crowd looked on in silence, and not a sound was heard but the striking of the hatchets, and the splash of the ruined tea in the water. That cargo of tea would bring no taxes into the English treasury, that was certain. This was the night of December i6th, 1773, and was the first move of the colonists toward open resistance. Then they waited to see what might be the next move of England. Lord North was then Prime Minister of the English Crov/n, and he determined to deal harshly with such men. The port of Boston was closed as a port of entry and sailing for shipping; a heavy fine was imposed for the destruction of the tea. The charter of Massachusetts was revoked, and the governor was ordered to send political offenders to England for trial. In spite of the remonstrance of Lord Chatham, and of Edmund Burke, these measures became laws. Four regiments of regulars were sent to Boston, under the command of General Gage. The Americans held a day of fasting and prayer. More than this, they organized military companies, and began the process of equipment and drill. While all this was going on in the northen provinces, the other Colonies were not idle, but Massachusetts received ^CJU^ajAfcrf *| Mr'-:.. .-^m!.2w [1 775 :re, in which the n persons. This 'e populace was troops from the nplicd with, and jury. removed all the n the feeling of h they objected, appeared in the t is Sunday, a will be sold and eloquence as a ;sachusetts. He be no stopping- want no king." the trust. They hose employ the Days of intense an old building, berty. One day till night-fall, ig more to save crowd hastened . This band of xes of tea, and m in silence, and he splash of the lo taxes into the December i6th, ssistance. Then I Crov/n, and he on was closed as imposed for the evoked, and the d for trial. In nd Burke, these sent to Boston, a day of fasting nies, and began [oing on in the :husetts received r 1775] THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 237 the heaviest blows of vengeance. An invitation to all the Colonies to meet in General Congress at Philadelphia, on the fifth day of September, 1774, was sent out by the sturdy Representatives, who met in Salem, M issachusetts. Twelve States sent delegations to this Congress. Georgia, the y oungest and most southern of the thirteen Colonies, alone stood trembling upon the verge of the perilous enterprise. The first General Congress of the American States, met in Carpenter's Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, on the 5th day of September, 1774, agreeable to this call. The regular business of the Congress, began on the 7th, and was opened v/ith prayer. In all their proceedmgs, decorum, firmness, moderation and loyalty were manifested, and the delegates voted to adiourn to the loth day of the following May, unless the English Crown in the meantime should redress their grievances. But King George was blind and stubborn. Lord Chatham said in open Parliament c the men who formed this Continental Congress : " For solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion under such a complication of circumstances, no nation, or body of men can stand in preference to the General Congress in Phila- delphia." Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was President, and Charles Thompson, of Pennsylvania, was secretary of this body. George Washington, Patrick Henry, John Routledge, Richard Henry Lee, John Dickinson, and other men of that stamp were there. Washington assures us that this Congress did not aim at independence, but a removal of wrongs. The time was ripe for open resistance, and the patriots of Massachusetts were busy in the autumn and winter of 1774, in making preparations for war, and uniting the people to meet the storm that was sure to come. L-AXJUJl.. 338 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. [1775 THE BURSTING OF THE STORM. O alternative was now left to the colonists, and they saw that they must fight for their liberties or forego them altogether. Throughout the State of Massachu- setts, where the heel of the oppressor was planted the heaviest, the most active preparations were in progress. Minute men were drilling, and stores of arms and ammunition were being collected in central places, where they would be considered safe from seizure by the British. The press and the pulpit vied with the rostrum in their bold defiance of the aggression of the soldiers. Fathers and sons were urged on by their wives and mothers, and the spirit of freedom incited them to deeds of danger and sacrifice. The officers of the English Government were insulted, the soldiers defied, and the laws set at defiance. Such was the condition of things when the spring of 1775 dawned upon the conflict. This is regarded as the first year of the long struggle of seven years which was to test the strength of the young country' in her contest v/ith the victorious armies of English warriors who came fresh from the battle-fields of Europe. General Gage, the commander of the British forces in Boston, had learned that a large amount of military stores were secreted at Concord, eighteen miles away. He decided to send an expedition to seize it in the king's name. He sent eight hundred soldiers upon the errand. To prevent the tidings from being carried to the patriots the general forbade any one going out of Boston. The troops were silently landed at the foot of the Common, where the tide then reached, under the pretence of learning a now kind of drill. Doctor Warren, afterwards killed at Bunker Hill, made arrangements with his friend, Paul Revere, to carry " the tidings to every Middlesex village and farm." Young Revere escaped from Boston in a small boat just five minutes before the guard was stationed to prevent any one from leaving the city. He was to notify Hancock and Adams who were at Lexington, and to arouse the people all along the route. Revere waited on the Charlestown shore until his friend should learn how the British were to proceed. He was to hang a lantern in the North Church tower, " one if by land and two if by sea." At the instant the twin lights appeared upon the tower, be dashed off in the darkness and spread the tidings. He reached Lexington and warned Hancock and Adams. Then he proceeded toward Concord, but was arrested by a British guard, not, however, until he had communicated the news to a friend, who carried it forward. The British .crossed the Charles River and marched all night, and reached Lexington just as day was breaking. The minute men were called by the [1775 onists, and they jerties or forego te of Massachu- was planted the vere in progress. ;s of arms and central places, seizure by the the rostrum in jldiers. Fathers lothers, and the jer and sacrifice. re insulted, the Such was the lawned upon the long struggle of '^oung countr>' in Triors who came '775] THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 239 in Boston, had ted at Concord, :o seize it in the id. To prevent forbade any one the foot of the f learning a ncwr