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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. errata 1 to s pelure, on d n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 wm CANADA'S PROBLEM. BV EI^NKST HEATON, B.A., Barrister - at - Ijaw. TORONTO ; THE WEEK PUBLISHING CO., Ltd. Contents. . I'AiJE. The Ontario Educational .System ... 5 TariflF and Colonization 17 Colonization a Practical Science ........ .... 22 Comparative Colonization ......... qs Government Colonies •....,.. i ....,...;. . , 41 The Gentleman Colonist ..... . .'' ... . . , . 4^ Canada rs. Barnardo et a( ka Assisted Immigration ........ ; .., (j- Colonial Clubs 7(j Criticisms ...... SI ElTlltcl. Page 8, line 22, for 18()7 read 1877. Page 35, line 7, for rest read past. Page 3G, line 27, for elief read relief. Page 42, lino 24, for The only read One. Page (52, line 21, for rad read read. Page 80, line 22, for heritages read heritage. Preface. ]j^EW public ({uestious, if any, are more important to a new country than how to increase and how to retain its population. The labours of Canada in this respect have been compared to the occupation of the daughters of a certain mythological king, who were popularly supposed to have spent the greater portion of their lives in pouring water through a sieve ; and we cannot deny that while we have been pouring into the top of the reservoir, we have not been cai'eful to watch or counteract the real causes of drainage from the bottom. To the lack of co-operative sympathy between the depart- ments of our Government and the sacrifice of public to party interest, assisted, no doubt, by our peculiar geographical position, this evil must be attributed. Canada has shared the experience of all the British colonies in the disproportion of the cost of immigration to results ; and public appreciation of this fact has been shown by the substantial decrease in the Dominion grants for immigration pui-poses. And yet, the great importance of successful colonizatioji from Great Britain to Canada would not appear, now, to be any less appre- ciated on either side of the Atlantic, if we may judge from the recent remarks of the Regius Professor of History at Cambridge University, the President of the Bank of Montreal, and others, who have expressed themselves on the subject. Professor Seeley, writing under the head of "Greater Britain," says : — "When we speak of over-population, of exhaustion, of the de- crepitude of an old country, is it not evident that the framework of our thoughts is always the British Isles, that the Straits of Dover and the narrow seas limit our view ? Should we not otherwise say that England is, for the most part, very thinly peopled and very imperfectly developed, a young country, with millions of acres of virgin soil »'":!? '■! 11. PUEFACB and mineral wealth as yet but half explored ; that it has abundant room for all Englishmen, and can find homesteads for them all, for the most part in a congenial climate and out of the reach of enemies ? " Sir Donald Smith in his address at the last meeting of the share- holders of the Bank of Montreal, spoke as follows : — " It behooves us to put forth every possible effort in aid of the revival of prosperity. This, it appears to me, can well be done by encouraging the settlement of our vast, practically unoccupied, terri- tory in the North-west, for surely two or three hundred thousand is, indeed, a sparse population for a district capable of maintaining millions in comfort and independence What is wanted is a well-conceived system of emigration from the United Kingdom and other countries of Europe, and we have every reason for believ- ing that money judiciously spent in this way would be refunded to us ten-fold." The present would then appear to be a most opportune time to take a broad view of the situation and to make a critical examination of our system. It is the object of these papers to examine the leakages, present and prospective, in the over-production of a city-bound population by the Provincial Educational departments and the threatened dange- of a one-sided tariff" policy ; to emphasize the necessity of a clear un derstanding by the general public of the principles involved in the conduct of colonization, to point out the mischiefs arising from ignor- ance of facts, and to advdbate, in the place of haphazard settlement, the management of infant colonies by experts appointed by the Government, to serve as an objective point for the conduct of mission- ary work, in the interests of intending settlers, by permanent Associa- tions of the people under Government direction, in the place of Coloni- zation Companies, irrc onsible agents and amateur effort. Is it not true that colonization has been left largely in the hands of Land and Railway Companies, schemers and philanthropic amateurs, and that, all the world over, the work has been associated with mis- conception, misrepresentation, failure and fraud ? la it not true that in Great Britain the interest in colonization, with the increasing problems of the unemployed, is constantly spread inw and becommg more keen, that money, both private and public, is ready for wise expenditure in the cause, but hitherto, so far as con- certed action goes, the results may be summed up briefly in talk ? ■■ . -jif<:itt?.flp^i(a^:^'ippti^77.j»*^,-iy^-«::fl*.i»; ,.?»■ -y^' ='■ j-Bjiv,*':*^ PREFACE 111 Is it not true that our Patriotic Societies possess a great power of usefulness both in the judicious attraction of immigration from abroad and the conduct of Home Colonization from the cities, but, owing to the want of direction and the lack of an objective point for their energies, their interest in the work has been mainly confined to assisting stranded immigrants to return to their friends ? The blank wall of indiflFerence which must be met by every move- ment of a popular nature, in this case does not appear too formidable, for the material is willing and ready to hand. All that is needed is organization and a clear definition of the lines upon which work should be directed. Erxest Hkaton. Goderich, Ont. 24th June, 1895. s The Ontario Educational System, FROM THE TAXPAYER'S POINT OF VIEW.— I. The Educational System of Ontario, as a system, has deservedly won wide-spread admiration. With our free schools almost at every door, our High Schools, and, to crown all, our Provincial University, it is the proud boast of Canadians that every man, whatever his means calling or position in life, has equal access to the fountain of knowledge and an equal chance of rising to the highest position in the State. The system has now been long enough in operation to enable us to measure it by its results. What do we see ? The Province, in the last fifteen years, has gradually and surely been losing all the characteristics of a youthful coun- try ; the farming industry is not being extended as it ought, not because all the government lands are taken up, but be- cause those who have been l)orn and bred as farmers, having once tasted of the sweets of learning will no longer work with their hands, and face the hardships of pioneer life ; while in the case of the few who do return to agriculture, the more shrewd farmers are beginning to see that the young man, as a result of this higher education, to use their own expression, " gets a bee in his bonnet and becomes no good." In nearly every town and city in the Province there is at least one-third more professional men than are needed, whose services, therefore, are practically worthless and a source of waste to the country, by the withdrawal of men from the class of — 6 — producers. British Coluinljia and our North-West, the natural field for our restless and dissatisfied population, which, at one time, afforded scope for those win* could not find room for occupation in Ontario, are filled to overtlowing with men seeking employment in professions and the nicer occupations, while, in the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in almost every town, we find lawyers, doctors and clerks, educated at the expense of the tax-payers of Ontario, who, hy reason of that education, with a refine- ment of irony, have been forced to leave their relatives and country to earn their daily bread. This statement some may think, perhaps, an exaggeration, but we are >)ound to confess we believe it to be fully support- eel by statistics. Tlie total number of Patents issued by the Provincial Crown Lands' Department in 1892 was 352 ; and taking the years from 1889 to 1894 inclusive, it is estimated tliat in the former year there were 2,300 doctors, and about 1,400 law- yers practising in Ontario, while, at the end of 1894, the number of practising doctors had increased by 22.5, and of lawyers V)y 383. During this interval 840 students had • passed the final examination of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and over 700 lawyers had been called to the Bar. What, then, happened to the surplus who could not find room in Ontario ? At the present time there are in Calgary, with a population of 3,000, 28 lawyers, which is scarcely suggestive of room for more. But the writer received some light upon the question, some few m.onths ago, when, in a small town of 6,000 inhabitants, in the Western States, he found practising their respective professions six lawyers and two doctors who had been educated in Ontario. It is also significant that during the year 1894, when the United States were swept by a financial cyclone, which prevented many from venturing upoij^an unknown and precarious sea, in spite of the general business depression prevailing in Ontario, the numbers of the legal profession increased by 132. ._ 7 — o: There are some, no doubt, who, while recognizing; the trutli of all that wo say, will deny that tlie present condition f things is to ))e attributed to the Educational System. For the satisfaction of all, we may, with advantage, examine the details of the machinery to see if there is any unnecessary tendency in the direction we have intimatefl ; for the greatest mischiefs can frecjuently be traced to the most insignificant Ije- ginnings. I^et us take the report of the Minister of Edue drawn from actual experiences and the hard uncompromising facts of leal life. First of all, it is most important that we approciato the significance of our geographical position. We are apt to congratulate ourselves that we are following the broad, liberal spirit of the age, and to (juiet all misgivings by the thought that, if the result of education is to disturb the even balance of society, and to unduly swell the ranks of certain occupations and certain walks in life, the law of supply and dsmand and the inexorable demands of the stomach will, sooner or later, after, it may be, a little suffering, loss of time and wasted energies, restore the social equilibrium, and the triumph of education will be seen in the more intelligent and productive efforts of manual labour. The farmer will not throw away his harrow when he dons the academic gown, but will quote his Virgil and Theocritus to his horses in the field. This is indeed a condition of things that has attrac- tions for us all, and, if Canada were an isolated island, it might perhaps })e feasible : but what, as a matter of ftict, is the action of the young Canadian, who cannot find occupa- tion in the so-called higher walks of life 1 Does he undergo this little suffering and pinching of the stomach 1 Perhaps he does, but he does not return to the plough. He quietly, too often, it may be with mistaken judgment, walks over to the United Sta^" and is swallowed up in the waters of strug- gling oblivio) perhaps in a few years shines forth as a brilliant exam^^ie of success, exceptional, it may be true, but such as to prove a beacon to lure others to follow in his foot- steps. The attraction of the smaller body to the greater is a natural law, and a certain drainage from Canada to the — 12 Uiiitod States is inevitable. Tt is, therefore, all the more iiieunibent on our CJoverninent to guaid against this danger in the conduct of the lives of her youthful citizens. Tt is necessary to realize that the laws of existence are more imperious than the demands of culture. Greatly as it is to l)e deplored, the stress of competition in these days is such that, until the compulsory attendance at school shall be extended to a later age, the great majority of young men cannot afford to spend their ivhoJe time, after the age of fifteen, in any form of education which has not a direct market value, and as the world grows older, and competition becomes still more keen with the general spread of education, this tendency is likely to increase. It is noticeable that, with very few exceptions, the successful business men both on this continent and in Europe have entered business at an early age ; the advantages of this early special training is recognized by the huge business concerns in New York and Chicago, where boys are taken in at a very early age to do the more menial and rudimentary work, the higher grades of workers being furnished from this source, by gradual promo- tion, to the highest positions, and it is now no longer possi- ble, as it was a few years ago, for an outsider to obtain any footing except on the lowest rung of the ladder. In view of these considerations, and taking into account the natural tendency of a parent to overestimate the abilities of his son, jind to be guided by the beneficent direction of a paternal government, apart from all question of public policy, does it not seem almost a cruelty to encourage a young lad, without respect to his attainments, to neglect the more material con- siderations of life and to devote his timi to such studies as French, trigonometry, Greek and Science, as an offering on the shrine of general culture 'i All boys have not an equal capacity or love of learning ; it is most important both to the public and the taxpayer, who foots the bill, that there should be some method of paternal discrimination, that the level of education in each — 13 oaso should l)e unaided with a view to the iv^v and ability of tlio pupil and the actual conditions of real life ; in other words, that we should not expend a thousand dollars on a ten cent boy. The truth of this principle has for some years been recognized in the chief English Public Schools and pro- vided for by a policy of superannuation, whereby any pupil who does not come up to the current standard is forced to leave the school. There are many citizens, too, who recognize that in manners and refinement, and even the coirect pronunciation and the use of English, the teachers of our high schools are often sadly deficient, and, on this account, would prefer to send their children to be taught at a private school, under the influence of a man of culture ; but by the multiplication of high schools many well-to-do people, more careful of their purse than the gentlemanly training of their sons, take advantage of the enforced liberality of their fellow tax pa}'- ers. Consequently by the limitation of the number of avail- able pupils,tlie interests of all private enterprises are seriously prejudiced, and many are thus deprived of the advantages of superior training near at hand, which they are willing and able to pay for. Lastly, we cannot afford to neglect the fact that, if Canada is to develop, it is by means of the capital which Provi- dence has given her— her natural resources ; and by instilling into her sons the doctrine that this is the work which they have to do ; and by filling the ranks of producers to meet as nearly as possible the actual requirements of the country. All these considerations must be borne in mind when we say that the general diffusion of public education is for the public good. It is always more easy to pick holes than to mend them, and a critic would deservedly subject himself to ridi- cule if he had no remedy to suggest for the weak spots which he has been careful to lay bare. As a possible remedy, therefoi-e, for some of the difficul- ties, which have to be faced, we would connnend to the care- 14 ful consideration of our Jiuthoritios thn a(lviinta;i(es which Hii^ht Jiccruo from so^ue of tlie followin*^ chanji^os in our edu- cational system : . . - FivHt. — That no man should be permitted to te.ach in the public schools under the ai^e say of twenty-on(5 ; that the minimum salaries of the public school teachers sliould bo raised ; and that every teacher should Iw subjected to a more severe training and be compelled, as in Prussiii, to pledge him- self to serve as a teacher in the Dominion for at least three years, under a sutVicient penalty. Parents would thereby be assured of a better class of teachers by the raising of the dignity of the profession and young men would not be allured into the already overcrowded walks in life by the prospect of an immediate remunerative employment to be used as a stepping stone to something else. Second.— The introduction of technical or industrial training into our high schools. Third. — -That after the age of fifteen the pupils' fees in the high school shall be so fixed that each pupil may be self- maintaining. It is a (question of consideration whether a difference should not be made between boys and girls, as young women are not affected to an ecjual degree by the considerations arising from stress of competition, and the refinement and womanly education of woman is of direct benefit to the state in the proper bringing up of children and the civilizing influ- ence they have upon men. Fourth. — In order to provide for the education of men of ability, who cannot affbi'd to pay the regular fees, the pre- cedent, long established by the English Public Schools and- universities, should be adopted, and a liberal system of scholar- ships instituted, whereby a clever boy may receive a free educa- tion from the time he leaves the Public School, through the High School, Universi^^iy, School of Science, or any profes- sion he may select. This will not only prove a great incen- tive to work, but also provide a safeguard to the State against any chance of losing the services of a man of — 15 superior endowments by reason of his parents' inability to pay the cost of education ; a much more sensible and eco- nomical plan we submit, than the method of indiscriminate free education, at present adopted, in order to avoid such a catastrophe. Fifth. — That the Public and High Schools, so far as the general education of boys is concerned, l)e restored to the position originally intended for them, the standard of the Public Schools being raised so as to supply a complete course in rudimentary education, and the High Schools conducted more nearly on the lines of a Grammar School, as a prepar ation for the Univeisity. Sixth. — That by occasional illustrated lectures, both at the High Schools and Universities, the attention of pupils be drawn to the agricultural resources of our undeveloped coun- try, and at the same time the true conditions, chances and prospects of business and professional life be laid before them. It raiy be argued that this does not come under the head of P^ducation ; although we must admit that for the student at the most critical period of his life such information is of the greatest importance and it may be the means of saving many citizens to the country by leading her young men to a wise choice of occupation. This suggestion we propose to deal with more fully at a later date under the head of Coloniza- tion. Seventh. — In oi'der that our young men may be encour- aged in the accjuisition of culture and higher education with- out being forced to leave their daily l>usiness, and those whose better judgment leads them to enter into busin(!ss at an early age may not be deprived of the advantages of a more advanced education, every possilile encouragement be given to the University Extension System, lately adopted }>y Toronto University, and, in addition to this, in connection with our M(;chanics Institutes, a regular course of extension lectures and examinations be p?*ovided on the level of our High School System. 16 — It is not without a certain fccliiif,' of (liffidonoe that we have made tliese criticiwinH and suggestions. For everyljody nmst be conscious that our System of Education, as it stands, is the result of infinitely more conscientious thought and study, than we have been able to give to the subject, and it is not likely that the difficulties we have pointed out, can have entirel}- escaped the notice of those to whose province these matters peculiarly belong. There are two sides to every (juestion. The remarks we have made may be taken as a crude ex parte statement of the vieNvs held by a large section of the tax-payers who are anxious to be satisfied that their money is spent in the interests of the country and to be in- formed of the wide principles involved, which necessitate the subordination of more apparent considerations to the symmetrical perfection of our Educational System. Tai-itf iiiul Colonization. It ia strange that although popuhition and capital, which follows population, are recognized as the two main desideratunis of a new country, in the reported speeches of the present political campaign, we have seen no direct refer- ence to the relation that the tariff' (question bears to the all- important interests of colonization. It has fre(i[uently been observed that the tide of popula- tion throughout Western Civilization has for some years been steadily flowing from the country to the cities. The growth of this movement appears to have been cotemporaneous and parallel with the spread of education and the increasing facilities of communication, the one affording the desire, and the other the opportunity. At the same time the movement has been further stimulated by the fall of price in the pro- ducts of the farm and the consecjuent lowering of the profits to be made in the occupation of farming. In Canada we find no exception to this rule. In 1881- the urban population composed 22.8, in 1891, 33.2 of the total population of the Dominion. It is well known that work is not nearly so plentiful in the cities as the applicants for work : it is evident tliat, with the continued spread of education, the movement to the cities must increase and the standard of ability necessary to ensure success must be con- stantly rising. At the same time, all will admit that the man, who is only so far successful as to make a bare living, enjoys a more healthy and pleasant life in the country than in the crowded back purlieus of a great city. This is indeed the great problem of the age. We may try to ignore it, we may try to defer the consideration of the — 18 — 'luention to a more convenient season, but some day it must he faced — and solved. We ha^'e a sliarp remindef every year in the demand upon our charity. It is safe to say that in the last two years hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent in charity in both Montreal and Toronto. While in New York, it has been stated that the enormous sum of 822,000,000 was expended during' the winter of 189:5-4 in the maintenance of the unemployed. In Canada, as we are well aware, the movement has a further significance, for it is chiefly from the surplus population of the cities that our citizens drift to the United States. We cannot change human nature ; the speculative possi- bilities of city life must always hnve ; .n attraction to a large number of men. It is evident, then, that we must first find employment in the cities, which will again stimulate the in- dustry of the farm, and we must further supplement this by the publication at regular intervals of the real condition of the labour market and the spread of accurate information respecting employment in the cities side by side with the education of the young, by the scientific conduct of home colonization among our own people and the intelligent im- provement of both the social and profitable sides of country life, in which field indeed, if we may believe the reports of the experiments lately made at Halle, in Germany, electricity . would seem in the near future to be destined to work a transformation. These are as yet unexplored fields, but it is gratifying to note that under the protective policy of the Canadian government, between the years 1881 and 1891, the amount of wages paid increased over $40,000,000, while the number of men employed in manufactures increased over 112,000, a population which, it must not be forgotten, directly or indirectly, gave employment to a host of mer- chants, artizans and professional men. On the other hand free trade, we are told, will give us activity in the carrying trade, cheap living, low prices and low wages. Activity in the carrying trade will bring ad- !;i I 19 railway companies ; cheap living will be appreciated by our .salaried citizens, but it will facilitate the movement from the country to the cities in search of occupa- tion without affor(lin<^ employment. Low wages and low prices will, we submit, through change of mind or of country, gradually empty the Dominion of many of the advocates of free trade. What draws a man from one country to another f What leads young Canadians to go to American cities 1 The pros- pect of a higher wage or a higher connnercial profit. Not one man in ten ever calculates on the cost of living, although this, indeed, is recognized by our Canadian Banks who make an extra allowance to the clerks in the branches in the American cities. And so, with increased high wages under a high tariff (Jovernment in the United States and the low ering of prices in Canada, we )nay expect that country to draw more young men from Canada and to attract a greater proportion of the emigrants from Europe. Another feature appears to have been overlooked by our political economists : While under free trade the markets of Canada will be thrown open to the world, the tariff wall of the United States still remains unlowered, unless, indeed, the people of the United States, who have not been persuaded by the public spirited example of Great Britain, should be so impressed with the intelligence or magnanimity of theCan- adian voter, as to follow his example. Just as, under the stress of the McKinley Bill, many of the manufacturers of England, who are largely dependant upon the American market, came across the Atlantic to make arrangements for the transfer of their factories and men to the United States, and as under a Canadian protective policy, American manufacturers have in late years established branch factories to catch the Canadian trade, a movement which is gradually growing as the Cana- dian market becomes appreciated, so, under a free trade policy, it will pay the Canadian manufacturer to move his establishment over the border, in order that he may have access to the markets on both sides of the line, and the am- 20 l)itious }x)r(Ier towns iti tho United States will gladly pay a l)onu.s to cover the co.st of moving. If the farmer's son, educated at the public expense, now finds it dirticult to se- cure employment in the nicer occupations in Canada and is inclined to look abroad for a means of liveHhood, he will then be able to hesitate no longer, for, the factory hands fol- lowing their employers, they again nmst be followed by the merchants and professional men, who are dependant upon them for a living. The existence of parties appears to be necessary to carry on the Government of the country. The rough hewing and shaping has been completed, anil in a country with no foreign policy and an eminently democratic Government, little re- mains to be done, but the work of development and admin- istration. The Opposition partits, therefore, lx)th in the Dominion and Provincial Houses, find it difficult to discover any public (luestion, outside of (luesticis of expenditure and religious strife, which they can make a party issue. To this we must attribute the persistent and protjean character of the tariff policy now presented to the country. With a revenue tariff, annexation to the United States, and Com- mercial Union already rejected by the people, and free trade as it is in England, now placed before us, every phase of the question would appear to have been exhausted. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that there is no force which, in late years, has retarded the prosperity and development of this continent so much as the uncertainty of tariff, and there are few questions of public interest more complicated and more difficult for the masses, or, for the matter of that, for the most educated to understand, which is, indeed, amply 4i-;, .,.. rmmmss^^mM^^^^^^s^^s^^s^^s^s — 21 ~ wouhl be the j^reateat Ixioii liotli to Cuniulu iiii.l the United States if this (juestiou couhl be eliminated from the domain of party politics, if some general outline could be accepted, and the details settled by a committee representing both of the great political factions. It is not within the scope of our subject to dilate on the impossibility of raising a sufficient revenue in Canada without a protective tariff,on the absence of ^malogy between the conditions of England and of Canada, on the distinc- tion between Free trade and Fair trade, and on the grow- ing feeling in England in favour of protection, first evif decrying the Dominion in their writings and public speeches both in the country and out. At any rate, to this policy of theirs must be attri))Ute(l in some measuie, th(? fact that upwanls of half a million of inimigraiits have in (en years passed through Oanaroductive oi most far-reaching results. Let our Government at Ottawa and the Provincial Educational Departments proclaim a truce, and, together with the educational authorities in England, carefully con- sider the best means of turning to an international advan- tage the opportunities afforded by the organization of young people in schools. The suggestion of the Valparaiso schoolmistress, as we have said, is a valuable one ; but we need hardly point out, that, in the interests of Canada, the exchange of letters shoul'^ be between our Canadian schools and the schools of (Jreat Britain, and between the schools in Ontario and the North-West and those of oui- Eastern Provinces. One dis- tinctive merit in this proposal, which will commend it to the public, is that it necessitates little or no expenditure. We are, therefore, in the position of the man, who has every- thing to gain and nothing to lose. In the work of keeping alive the interest in coloniza- tion, a useful example has been afforded by the periodical magazines of the English church missionary societies ; a noticeable feature in which is the element of personal news. The establishment of a monthly magazine upon these lines, dealing with colonization matters entirely, and representing the interests of the Government, the C. P. R. and the other numerous interests concerned, would afford a means of com- niiunication between the settlers and their friends in the Old Country, and furnish a valuable addition to the present sup- ply of emigration literature. A journal, too, of this description would be received in Clubs and Reading rooms, where pamphlets would be thrown aside. • I 28 We cannot refrain from some remark upon the inaotiv ity, in past years, of our Provincial governments, with pei- haps the single exception of C^uehec, in the work of coloniza tion within the province, and the absolute repudiation Vjy our Dominion Government of any interest in moving population from one province to another. The efforts of the C. P. R. have been mainly directed to the agricultural population of Ontario , but there has been no attempt to reclaim our population from the cities and towns in the East, no introduction of im: igration literature as " Readers " into the schools of Nova Scotia, New Bruns- wick or unfortunate Newfoundland, no attempt to check the draining of population by the unnatural forcing of higher education in Ontario, no talk of " assisted ' ir igration at home. "Back to the Land" is the cry now in Great Britain. Home Colonies have been established for the city unemployed in England and the array of literature on the subject is formidable. Without let or hindrance the population of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick drift to the United States, and the soup given by Toronto and Montreal only serves to afford a breathing time to seek for occupation in some city across the line. It will, no doubt, be said that each Province can more than attend to the wants of their own citizens, but the fact remains that they have not done so. Moreover, experience has shown, however illogical or untrue it may be, that to a restless and unsettled population, the farthest fields have always seemed the greenest, and opportunities near at hand have been despised. Conse- quently inter-provincial colonization appears to be a neces- sity. A citizen saved is worth many immigrants gained. It would seem to be far wiser and more economical instead of paying $100 to secure a single permanent immigrant from Europe, to give free to our native born Canadians the best and choicest of our crown lands and to lend them all the money that they need for the purchase of all necessary stock and supplies. We have lately spent large sums of money to recover prodigal Canadians from the United States, many of I — 29 — whom have been allured thither by misrepresentation, mis- conception and coloured statements. Here is a splendid op- portunity to embody the experiences of these men for the use of immigrants passing through the country and of our surplus city population, in order that they may be led to agree with us in the belief that colonization, like charity, should beusiness and agricultural pursuits. In the latter, except for social reasons, men are not so often brought into contact with their fellows ; and Canadian wheat, grown by a Cockney, will fetch as high a price as that of equal (quality grown by a native born Manitoban. — 30 — We have seen notable examples of the success of coni- hination in the settlements founded by Germans, IcvJanders, Mennonites and Norwegians. It is, indeed, a matter of ne- cessity among foreigners, who cannot speak the language of the country, and it is certain that for the English speaking tenderfoot there is no small attraction to a particular com- , luunity in the knowledge that he will there find neighbours witli whom he has a bond of union and sympathy in the tra- ditions and associations of former days and a similarity of tastes and habits formed in early life. Only those who have tried it can explain the hardships arising from uncongenial surroundings. This principle has been fully appreciated by a few private individuals and companies, who have ))een en- gaged- in colonization work. But while the formation of col- onies on a local or social basis has proved to be a powerful attraction to settlers, the colonies formed on this plan, com- posed of English speaking settlers, do not, so far as we have been able to ascertain, appear to have proved an unqualified success. As examples of failure, or at least of doubtful suc- cess, we may (juote the Rugby colony in Tenessee, the Close colony in Minnesota, the John Bull colony in California, the Welsh colony in Patagonia and the Australian colony in Chili. This may be due to the fact that the English race are slow to give up ideas and habits formed in their previous life and to adapt themselves to the conditions of a new coun- try, a characteristic which is necessarily accentuated in settle- ments formed upon this plan. The work of utilizing with safety this principle of social attraction is greatly facilitated in Canada, for we have tlie two ends of the chain already formed. In Dublin, Glasgow and Liverpool are government agents, in touch with the people in the districts under their charge, while, in Canada, we have in active working order different patriotic societies, such as St. Georges', 8t. Andrew's, St. David's and St. Patrick's. The question now arises, how can we put life into the connecting links and keep in constant activity the chan- nels of communication 1 '^EllSj^ifi.'iivd.V' — 31 — Objections have from time to time been niised against patriotic societies on the ground that the man who comes to settle in this country should l)ecoine a Canadian and cut himself adrift from old associations, and that these societies prevent assimilation. But human nature has been too strong. The exigencies of business competition have proved a sufficient incentive to make the new comer assimilate for all business and social purposes, and no Eng- * lish, Scotch or Welshman, who has come to Canada, will say tiiat he has suffered in material progress from the fact that he has met his own countrymen at occasional convivial meet- - ings. These societies are no more objectionable than the numberless benevolent societies with which the country is honeycombed, and not nearly so harmful as the custom now prevalent among Canadians of carrying Dominion politics, with an absolute disregard of principle or reason, into the noanagement of provincial or municipal affairs. Hitherto, our patriotic societies have confined themselves to benevolent work and the assij;tance of poor countrymen. The addition to this useful work of the duties of colonization will give them a special importance and usefulness in the development of the Dominion. The proposal should not be unaccept- able to their members, for every man in Canada is directly - and indirectly interested in the success of colonization. The work of putting life into these Bodies lies with the Government, the C. P. R. and other large corporations hold- ing land in the country, and the principle of life is Cash. The great power for usefulness that they possess cannot be denied ; the emigrant that comes to friends is the most likely to remain, and emigration literature, published under the auspices of the patriotic societies, would be received by their respective countrymen with a confidence no government could secure. In view of our abandonment of assisted im- migration, and as a further proof of the importance of stimu- lating the power of social attraction, it is interesting to note that the United States Commissioners report that no less than sixty per cent, of all the immigrants to the United 32 — States go to that country upon tickets that have been pre- paid for them l)y their friends. We need not, at tliis stage, discuss tlie details of any possible arrangement between the government and these societies. If all parties once realize the great mutual advantages to be gained, ther(^ appear to be no serious difficulties of organization to be encountered. By nuvking use of the magazine which we have before advo- cated as the organ of each society and b}' the insertion of items of current interest in connection with the newly arrived settlers and the growth of colonies, settlers will be led natur- ally to send copies home for the information of their friends, and the judicious distribution of the magazine and other pamphlets could be further proinoted by following, as far as possible, the methods adopted by the Chicago colonizers. Following the analogy of the patriotic societies, we would urge that every possible encouragement be given to the forma- tion in our North- West and inOntaiio of a society composed of settlers from the further Eastern Provinces Something may be done in this way to counteract the constantly increaaing ties of attraction to the United States. On the same principle of social attraction it has been suggested that an organization be formed, composed of the more educated classes. It is well known that the great drawback that the prospect of permanent settlement in a new country presents to the average man of education is the fear that he will there not find men of etjual intellectual calibre with whom he can exchange ideas. The destiny of a large percentage of our university graduates endowed with mediocre ability and without interest in busi- ness circles, is to eke out a bare existence in the lower ranks of the professions, for all the connecting links between our universities and the outside world lie in this direction. Year by year the diriiculty of finding employment for such men is likely to increase ; the channels of life, like the channels of trade, subject of course to the compulsion of necessity, soon become fixed and difficult to divert. It is most important, therefore, that some link should be established between our J — nn nducatioiml <'Hlal»liHhinents and the a<;tive world of proflucers. To eft'oct this, it is necessary to have some tangihlject, to which the iiiterest of our schohirs may be attracted. Among university men, both in Canada and (Jreat Britain, and among English ])ublic school men, there is esprit de cor/>s, wliich, if once set in motion, would soon take shape in an organization of this description, and the periodi- cal reports of their progress in the university and school magazines would effectively keep in motion the channels of communication. The principle of social attraction gives, as it were, a com- pound import.ince to the question of the selection of settlers ; for we may reasonably assume that each immigrant of the higher grade;; leaves behind him a number of acquaintances in similar circumstances to his own, some of whom may be persuaded by his example to follow in his footsteps. It is unfortunate that in ihis respect we are, and must always be, at variance with the Old Country, for while Great Britain is naturally anxious to get rid of her surplus popula- tion from the lowest level, we are equally anxious to draw from the middle. Our Government, as the result of experi- ence, has for some time ceased to look with favour upori assisted immigration ; but, irrespective of this policy, the work of importing the poorer class of immigrants is occasion- ally undertaken by philanthropists, whoso efforts, unfortun- ately, too often, from lack of experience, do not redound to the benefit of the country, or the colonies they attempt to found. Many complaints have from tim^ to time appeared in the press that our immigration agents in Great Britain do not use an}' discretion in the selection of immigrants. Those who have least to leave behind are most easily persuaded to emigr9,te. Human nature is human nature, even among immigration agents. So long as the agent has no personal interest in making a selection, we cannot expect any noticeable change in this respect. Certain conces- sions are made by the Canadian Pacific Railway and by the Government to immigrants, and by virtue of these we are — M — in ii position to dictate ; ut aii} i.itr w«> ai-c in a {losit^ioii t.o demand, as a condition for tlioso eunctissioiis, that the iinnii- ^mnt should make a sworn statement of his circumstances and th(! remunei-ation of tlu^ at^ent nii.i;ht he fixed on the basis of a jmm' capita connnission of bonus on a Klidirij^ scaU^ accoi"din<^ to th(! financial starulin^ of the settler. Our great prairies, with the civilization they imply, represent not oidy a huge national investnu^nt, to wJiich each man indiiectly contributes, but a trust foi- g«MHM*atio!is yet to com(% the conduct of which (hunands tlu^ united wisdom of the b(!st thought and practical expi^rience thr country can supply. The attraction and absorption into our system of the population of other countries cannot bo successfully con- ducted without a due recognition of the many sides and weaknesses of human nature, and a clear appreciation of wide principles only to be learnt l)y practical experience. The responsibility is felt to be a personal one by many thoughtful citizens interested in the growth of the country ; and interest in the subject, though perhaps often vague and uninttilligent, is widespread among the people. The dithcult- ies and inadeitut for c}u;iip land upon tliis continent hii8 1)0011 hrouj^ht vividly before us by the rush of Hottlers from the Eastern States to Oklahoma and the Cherokee ►Strip Our land is admitted to b(^ oijually productive, in- deed, more so, than the land of the adjoining States of the Union. Our form of government and our institutions are undoubtedly superior. The present condition of the United States and Australia is our opportunity, although it is true that in Europe both the United States and Canada are commonly known under the name of " America," and it is not improbable that through this fact Canada may suffer by the shadows of her neighbours misfortunes. It only remains for us to establish the reputation that by the wise expenditure of money and the application of forethought and method we offer better prospects for the settler than he can find elsewhere upon the contipent. This once accom- plished, we may expect that a large portion of the flow of immigrants, which in the last few years have passed through Canada, will remain with us, and that the full tide of emigration will turn to our shores. m ,^'f" The Gentleman Colonist. The ** gentleman " colonist is a conundrum to Canadians. Brought up in an element of luxury, accustomed to share in the social deference paid to his father, abHt)lutely unversed in the elementary principles of life, with an educa- tion adapted to the life of a country gentleman, and a fixed determination at all hazards to farm, he has breathed a dif- ferent atmosphere to the young Canadian of the farming class, who, accustomed to work from early boyhood, is, at the age of fifteen, quite capable of taking care of himself and looks upon education, not so much as a matter of course, a natural and necessary stage to he passed through, as a stepping-stone, which, if rightly used, will attbrd an escape from the farm, liefore leaving hcmie, the young Englishman pays a premium, apparently to anyone who will take it from him, to place him upon a Canadian farm, and u})on arrival in this country, he pays an additional sum to a fannei- for the privilege of working, at an age, when the young Cyanadia?) will be earning, if not i livelihood, as much as he can. We will not enlarge upon the abuses of the farm pupil system, for the subject has been discussed nd rtnitfteum, an«l the Birchall murder is not likely to be forgotten, either by Canadians or Knglish people, for some time to come. Tt is curious to note the effect of the revelations that crop up from time to time. While tlie Press indulge in hysterical screams of abuse, the Government, with greater dignity, state in their emigration pamphlets that it is not necessary to pay a pre mium, and that the Government agents, without undertaking 49 any reHponsibilit} , will do their Ixz-nt to Hiui eiiiploymenl for young men : and the St. George's Society in Toronto lately, after a lengthy (liscussion, decided that, if young men do fall intt> the hands of dishonest })eople, it is their own fault for not cominunioating with some of the Government agents in an English port. This is all that has been done, so far, in Canada, to cope with the e^il. In the meantime, the British parent (juietly pursues the even tenor of his wa}' ; and yeai- by year the same mistakes and the same follies ai-e perpetrated as if they had ne\er been heard of before. The gentleman colonist may be divided into three classes : those who won't work, those who will, and those who can't. While differing thus in character, they have this much in commorj. that nearly all need more or less super- vision on first arrival. Very few of them can earn their own living for the first year, which, apart from learning any trade, is usually fully and well occupied by the process of being broken into the ways of the country, and in earning and making known to others their own capabilities. Hither- to, ninety per cent, have co>ne out, as we have .said, with the fixed intention of farming. Under these circumstances, it is equally foolish and ineffectual to attempt to frown down the farm pupil system, until we can supply an ad(- luate sub- stitute. It is true tiiat the combination of money v^ifcli ignor- ance of the world constitutes a prey which attracts the ever- watchful shark, but that the system is capable of good has been shown by some excellent and honest work both in On- tario and the United States. All, howevei', are agreed that the time has come to take active steps to prevent a repetition of the frauds and abuses which have existed in the past. Before prescribing the remedy, it is necessary to make a careful diagnosis of the case, and we may, with profit, ex- amine the weak points of the farm pu})il system as it stands. The services of an agent are only sought once in n life- time. As a consecjuence discrimination too often comes only after actual experience, and is rendered the more difficult nl il! — 50 — by the activity of dishonest agents and by the fact that honest men are sometimes thoughtlessly maligned bv worth- less pupils. The agent must not only be honest, but discreet. Sufficient care has not always been taken in the selection of the farmers with whom pupils have been placed. Many young men, brought up as gentlemen, have been sent to a class of farmers, .vho are ignorant and incapable of under- standing the feelings of a gentleman. Again, the contracts made by the pupils are most injudicious. They not only bind themselves to live with a man, whom they have never seen and know nothing about, for a whole year, Ijut they pay their premium, often an exorbitant one, in advance, which not infrecjuently is forfeited before the twelve months are ended. Two or three months are generally sufficient to enable a bright young fellow to find his feet and to earn his own living, and it often happens that, by the end of that time, the pupil finds that he is cap- able of earning wages or that he has mistaken his vocation. The prevention of abuses-- in the pupil systt n, it thus appears, can only be secured by the interposition, be- tween the farmers and the pupils, of a body of uncjuestion- able honesty, and of sufficient standing, to at once com- mand and retain the confidence of the public. We would suggest, as the only possil)le remedy, the formation of a parents association in Great Britain, with a strong infiuential directorate. The agents employed by this association shoald be paid a salarj' out of the fees received from the pupils, and make an annual report to the head office in London ; while by having the contracts care- fully drawn between the association and the farmers, providing for payment to the farmers through the association by the month, instead of in advance, the pupil would have a reasonable assurance of receiving fair treatment and a valuable consideration for his money. An attempt to provide a substitute for the farm pupil system is now being made in the Western States. We have 51 — before us the prospectus of a company to engage in horticul- ture and a number of industries subsidiary to horticulture. The company owns a residential club house in which the young men will be gathered together, and a practical instructor is provided for the younger members, the purchaser of a cer- tain number of shares being entitled to receive a deed of an orchard of ten acres. The experiment is novel and it will l»o interesting to see how it will succeed. Such a plan could not be worked upon Canadian farms under the present system of farming, but it might be possible in connection with horti- culture or market gardening. The proper conduct of the farm pupil system must, as we have said, lie with the British public, but our Government can do much in the meantime, not T)y attempting to frown down a system, which, at piesent, is the only means of provid- ing for a wide spread want, but by pointing out the flangers to be avoided, by warning parents to employ no agents, who cannot produce satisfactory testimonials fi'om their pupils, and by the active prosecution of all swindlers. To arrive at a true solution of the difficulty, we must go to the root of the matter. If the sons of English gentle- men are to make successful colonial citizens, they must be brought up in harmony with colonial life and colonial insti- tutions. At least seventy-five per cent, of the boys that take up farming on first arrival, are to be found after two or three years in all sorts of other occupations all over the coun- try ; and thus the most important years in a boy's life are .ibsolutely thrown away, a most serious consideration in these times of increasing competition. Many a good and useful career is spoilt by this break in the connection between the period of education and the settling down to work, and by the sudden plunge from the care of parental supervision to unrestrained freedom in colonial life. Aftei' a certain age a boy's habits and ideas become fixed, and before he can suc- ceed, at any rate in business-life in a strange country, these must be changed and remoulded to be in touch with the life around him It is most desirable, therefore, that a boy m ^» — 52 — should receive at any rate some part of his education country in which he are several schools in Canada of well reputation at which an English boy in the is destined to make his living. There earned and established could profitably finish his edxication. Among these we may mention the schools at Port Hope and Lennoxville and the Kingston Military Col- lege : of these three, perhaps, the most suitable for our pur- poses is the College at Kingston. Although ostensibly an insti- tution for military education only, by the report of the Com- mandant, dated June, 1 89,'3, we see that its graduates are to be found in the church, la w,medicine,agricultui'e,civil engineering, commerce, railway management, in the ditterent departments of the civil service, North- West Mounted Police, Canadian permanent militia and* Her Majesty's regular forces : to these we ma}"^ add railway and canal construction, mining, and the United States hydrographic survey. Here, then, is a school, which will at once commend itself to the British parent, and the military discipline would be most desirable for many of the young men whose cause we are pleading. We submit that, instead of paying premiums as farm pupils, money would be far more wisely expended in tuition fees at a Canadian school. The boy will be under safe and wise supervision, make friends who ill be useful to him in after life, and, together with his education, without loss of any time, gain a knowledge of the country, and find out for what occupation he is best suited. < It is unfortunate that, by the terms of the Act of Par- liament, regulating the conduct of the Kingston College, as amended by a recent Order in Council, cadetships are limited to British subjects between the age of fif- teen an(i nineteen, whose parents, or themselves, have resided in Canada for three years preceding candidature. The reason of this, no doubt, is that the College is mainly supported l)y Canadian taxpayers ; but, from the Canadian taxpayers' point of view, we can see no [tossible reason why the cadetships shttuld not be thrown open to British subjects, irrespective of any limitation of residence in Canada, provided 53 tliat the fees are fixed at the cost of maintenance, and there is an understanding that the pupil shall remain in Canada. We sincerely hope that the matter will be brought before the notice of our Government, and that the regulations ma}^ be amended in this respect. Apart from all question of humanity the subject has a national importance which is not generally appreciated. The present condition of things is a reflection on our national in- telligence. Moreover, these young men are, most of them, well connected ; they have, many of them, a large circle of ac- quaintances among an influential class in Great Britain, whose good will and good opinion it is most desirable that we should retain, for it is to Great Britain that we look both for our capital and the bulk of our colonists. The statements of the young colonist are often accepted in an offhand manner without ([uestion, and if he should not be successful his failure is sometimes unfairly attributed to the country. This has been fully appreciated both by the officials of the C.P.B. and the experienced managers of Land Com- panies in the United States, none of whom express themselves as particularly interested in encouraging immigration of this class, for a bad settler is far worse than no settler at all. At the same time, all admit that the gentleman colonist, who is a success, is the very best. The matter, indeed, not only affects Canada, but it is of the greatest importance to Great Britain, where every year the number of those, who are forced to leave their native shores to make a living, is increas- ing. It is to l)e hoped that an intelligent discussion of the subject may lead to some permanent and satisfactory solution of this difficult question. Canada vs. Bai'iiardo et al. THE PLAINTIFF'S CASE. There are twenty-three societies and individuals engajj;- ed in the work of bringing juvenile immigrants from Great Britain to Canada, who receive two dollars a head for every child not taken from a work-house or a reformatory. Under these auspices, in the year 1S94, no less than 2,720 were brought out, of which number Dr. Barnardo is responsible for one-third. In addition to the children brought into Canada through these Benevolent Associations, large numbers have, in past years, been imported from the work-houses and public insti- tutions of Great Britain. These immigrants are, from time to time, distributed throughout the homes of the Canadian people, they play with their children, and, no doubt, many eventually marry in the country. Dr. Barnardo's Homes are famous through- out the civilized world, and it is well known that the boys brought out by him and similar agencies are drawn from the slums of great cities, and rescued from an element of vice, dis- ease and crime. Moreover, under the Juvenile Offenders Act, a magistrate has power to commit a boy, upon conviction, to the reformatory at the expense of two dollars a week to the county, in which the conviction was made. It is officially reported, as some counties are realizing to their cost, that juvenile crime is on the increase in Canada, a matter for grave and serious concern, when we consider that the great 55 — majority of criminals have been convicted before tlie age of twenty-one. The consideration of all these facts suggests, with a forcible significance, the theories of hereditary taint and environment as affecting character, with which, if we have no scientific knowledge of the subject, most of us are more or less familiar. It is not unnatural, therefore, especially if we accept these theories in their entirety, that the possibilities, which can be conjured up, of the influence, that might be exerted by even a few cases of hereditary' and incurable criminals, with all their descendants, an ever increasing element, working like leaven among our people, should result in adverse criti- cism, and, without accurate information as to results, should create a general feeling of unrest. Professor Goldwin Smith and the late Mr. W. H Howland, at one time, expressed, in more or less strong terms, their doubts as to the wisdom of encouraging this class immigration, and Mr. Moylan, ex-inspector of prisons, in his report, dated June 1892, referring to this class of immigrants as " Cockney sneak thieves and pickpockets, street arabs from Whitechapel, Rother- hithe and Ratclifte and other like haun.s of vice," and *' youthful imitators of Fagm and Bill Sykes," says " these pests gathered from the slums of St. Giles and East London, after short terms of so-called probation in a certain notoriously mismanaged refuge, are periodically shipped out to Canada as immigrants deserving of encour- agement and support," and ends up with a recommendation " that efl^ectual means be adopt <'d to prevent mistaken philan- thropists, abroad and at home, aiding and encouraging the transplanting to Canada of exotics, so upas like, and so un- suited to the soil and moral atmosphere of the country." About the same time, whether as the result of this report or not we do not know, the City Council at Toronto seriously discussed the advisability of petitioning the Government at Ottawa to prevent the importation of boys and girls from these Homes. - ' 56 Here then was an opportunity too tempting to be missed by the intelligent observer, the everwatchful newspaper man and the smart otlicial. The poor little waifs, in happy ignorance of the commotion they were causing, were branded with the mark of Cain. Every isolated instance of juvenile crime was at once put down to the proteges of the philanthro- pic Doctor and his fellow-workers. The prejudice passed all bounds of reason ; and so in 1898 when a boy named Walter Hill was convicted of poisoning his employer at Brandon, the Grand Jury stated, in their presentation, that he had been an inmate of the Barnardo Home. An astounding, and apparently wilful, we had almost said malicious, misstate- ment, for it was a matter of common notoriety that the boy was born and brought up in the neighbourhood of Brandon. His parents were well known there and were among the wit- nesses at the trial. As might be expected, a paragraph ap- peared in almost all the principal eastern papers under such headings as " Murdeied by a Barnardo Boy," in which it was stated that young Hill was one of Dr. Barnardo's boys. It is hard to ^ay where the mischief ended. The effect on public opinion may, perhaps, be seen reflected in the re- marks of Dr. Macdonald, the member for East Huron, who, at a meeting of the Select Standing Commitree on agri- culture and colonization at Ottawa, in 1894, is reported to have said : " These children are dumped on Canadian soil, who, in my opinion, should not be allowed to come here at all. It is just the same as if garbage were thrown into your backyard and allowed to remain there." But the height of absurdity was not reached until this year, when an American official in the immigration department at Buffalo has been attempting to gain for himself a cheap notoriety by masquer- ading in the public press with the statement that the chil- dren brought out from the Rescue Homes in England are the illegitimate offspring of British aristocracy. In view of the fact that the question touches ths homes and inmost hearths of the Canadian people, and taking into consideration the results, which might follow from a relaxation ^!R^??^?^J^^^sIB 57 — of the most scrupulous care in the selection of children brought out, it may be argued, with some show of reason, that a prima facie case is made out against the waif, and that the onus lies with those who bring these immi- grants into Canada, to prove that the morality and liealth of the Canadian people is not thereby preju- dicially all'ected. Apart from all we have said, it must be re- membered that zeal and a philanthropic disposition are not the only qualifications necessary for those, who are entrusted with the work ; for, if the exercise of care is necessary in the selection of children brought out, no less discretion is requi- site in the selection of those people in this country, to whose care the physical, moral and spiritual welfare of the children is entrusted; a good home for one child may be a very hm\ one for another, and there is in every connnunity a class of peo- ple who are inconsiderate, if not actually cruel, to those, who are placed in a subordinate position. Again, it may easily be imagined that the number of desirable homes willing to receive this class of immigrants is limited, antl it is most important that the supply of young innnigrants should not exceed the number of those (jualified to take charge of them or conflict with the operations of the Children's Aid Associa- tions, formed under the Children's Protective Act, passed by the Ontario Legislature in 1892, for it may fairly be argued that the dependant children of Canadian parents have the first claim upon Canadian foster homes. The case of the adverse critics has rested upon theories and possibilities, and has been supported by evidence chiefly remarkable for language, forcible, indeed, but unsupported b}^ the citation of any statistics or actual facts, although it is only reasonable to suppose that isolated instances of fail- ure, which, however, prove nothing, may have been brought to their attention. # The case of the waif must depend upon facts and results, and evidence of careful management by the different Bene- volent Associations. Space compels us to defer for further consideration the — 58 — defence of the internattonal application of a system, wliich, in England, Canada and the United States, lias been recognized as the true solution of perhaps the most ditticult of our social problems, a cause, which has enlisted in its service the active sympathies of many promincmt njen, including ]x)rd Shaftesbury, Froude, Charles Kingsley, the Buxtons, the Earl of Meath, Earl Cairns, the Manjuis of Lome and Lord Aberdeen, and wliich many years ago aroused the ardent enthusiasm of Her Majesty, the Queen. THE DEFENDANT'S CASE Is the increase of juvenile crime to be attributed to the importation of children through the English Homes ? The Deputy Minister of the Interior has stated that, in his opinion, the percentage of convictions among the children of this class is less than two per cent. Mr. Massey has placed the maximum afc five per cent. Professor Goldwin Smith and Mr. Howland after investigation both stated that they believed the children to be carefully selected. Mr. Moylan, whose official statement attracted so much attention, upon be- ing called on to defend the adverse position he took in relation to such immigration, was obliged to confess that, although he lived at head quarters, he was unable to quote statistics in confirmation of his opinion respecting the English Homes. He denied any intentional reference to the Barnardo Homes, to which his remarks were popularly supposed to apply, but he failed to ^xplain what particular Home was *' so notor- ious" for mismangement. It must be borne in mind that not a few boys find their way from England irrespective of these Benevolent Associations, and it has been suggested that Mr. Moylan may have drawn his deductions from that class with- 59 — i: out (Jue enqu'- y as to (heii* connoction with those Homes. In- spector Stark of the Toronto Police Force, speakin<^ before the first conference in Chikl Saving work in Ontario, made the following statement : " During the summer of 1891 in Toronto we had an unusual series of crimes. From July until November there were 213 convictions for serious crimes, chieHy burglaries. There was some discussion in a section of the press at the time as to what proportion of this crime was attributable to those children, who had been brought out from the Old Country, and, taking an interest in the subject, I looked it up. Of the 213 convictions, 195 were boys under twenty ranging from that down as low as seven years old, of the 105, between the ages of fourteen and twenty, sixty-eight were born in Canada, twenty-seven in the Old Country and ten in the States. Of the twenty-seven born in the Old Country not a single one had been in any of the Homes engaged in the work of bringing out children." At the same meeting, the chairman. Judge McDonald, of Brockville, said : " I have been on the Bench for twenty years and a good many children have been brought before me from time to time. I do not remember to have ever seen before me on a criminal charge any of the girls that have been imported in connection with this work. I have seen some of the boys, but I have not the slightest hesita- tion in saying that there is not half as large a proportion of those boys brought before the court as our Canadian boys. I have made enquiries from others, and what I have been able to learn bears out my experience." Several others spoke in the same strain. In confirmation of this Mr. Massey, in a letter to the writer, says : " My observation and knowledge of these lads leads me to believe that they are as pure, if not purer in morals, as the average Canadian boys. What our city bred youths don't know in the way of vice and immorality these boys imported from the Homes in England cannot teach them." This unprejudiced evidence is further confirmed by Miss Rye, who informs the writer that of the 4,000 girls she has placed in this country through her I — 60 — Niagara Home, during twenty-six years of patient and ardu- ous laljour, only two have found their way to the peniten- tiary, and b}'^ Mr. Owen, Dr. Barnardo's Toronto agent, who says that the proportionate number of convictions among boys from the Barnardo Homes is considerably less than one per cent. Statistics would, therefore, appear strongly in favour of the waif, so far as results go. People talk glibly of the doctrine of hereditary taint, often confounding it with environment, as if it were an established scientific principle ; and yet of all the witnesses examined before the Commission appointed to en(i[uire into the prison and reformatory system of Ontario in 1891, who may be regarded as experts, only one held the extreme doc- trine of hereditv. Nearly all said that the children of the worst criminals, if removed in time from the evil environ- ments and properly educated, may be saved. Might it not be argued that the children brought out through well managed Homes, who are rescued at an early age, are brought into contact with good men and women, and are given a good school education, in which religious instruction bears a con- spicuous part, have an advantage at least over the children of many of the poorer classes in our cities ? Now, let us investigate the conduct of this work ! It is not every person that can l)»ing young immigrants to Cana- da, for any one desirous of so doing nmst first obtain the authority of the Minister or High Commissioner, and this authority is not given without careful enquiry. The children are carefully inspected by (jualified medical practi- tioners before embarking in Great Britain, or again at the Canadian ports. Each Home in Canada is inspected once a jear, and those in charge of the Homes are reminded now and again, in little matters, that they are being closely watched by the Government agents. To Mr. Owen and Miss Rye we are indebted for much inter- esting and valuable information respecting the management of the Barnardo Homes and the Home at Niagara, the de- tails of which, though to many of our readers they are doubt- ' 61 loss familiar, we feel bound shortly to discuss. Tn both of these agencies the standard of eligibility into the English Home is destitution. Only a small percentage of those in training in the English Homes (Dr. Barnardo is now educat- ing and training nearly 5,000 young people), and these the flower of the flock, are sent out to the Homes in Canada. Both Miss Rye and T)r. Barnardo assert that they have many times more applications than children to fill them, all of which are carefully investigated ; special attention being given to the adaptability of each child to its future surroundings. "We have further confirmation of the demand in this country for these young immigrants and the confidence of the farming class in the success of- the system by the large demand for children from our Provincial reformatories. Consequently there does not appear at present any danger of the supply exceeding the absorbing capacity of the coun- try. A written contract is made with those who take charge of the children, providing for the boy or girl being properly maintained, cared for and sent to school for the period re- quired by law, and paid a proper remuneration for tl (^ir services, and the proper fulfilment of the contract and the welfare of the child so placed out is carefully watched by experienced agents, who make surprise visits from two to four times a j'ear, making a full report, which is carefully record- ed, and in each case boys or girls who appear not to be likely to make good citizens and who may become a burden upon the country are shipped back to England. Except in one solitary instance there has never been a second conviction recorded against a Barnardo boy and he has been returned to the Old Country, and the only two girls from Miss Rye's Home during the whole twenty-six years of her operations, who have been convicted, were, as soon as possible, returned by her to Great Britain. Miss Rye and Mr. Owen, although overwhelmed with their duties, so far as our experience goes, spare themselves no trouble in supplying every possible information in their power to those, who express a wish to be informed in regard I — 62 - to the details of thoii- work ; iiiid it does sooni cxtraordiiuiry that iiitolli^eiit people siiould aUow themselves to be carried away by a prejudice, without takiiij^ the trouble to make en- (juiries as to facts. We cannot do better than refer those of our readers, who desire to bo informed on this subject, to the exhaustive and most interesting information given by Dr. Barnardo in his evidence before the Commission we have before referred to, both as to the management of his own Homes and to the care exercised in the selection of children imported into Canada by Mr. Quarrie Miss Macpherson, Mr. Fegan and Mr. Stephenson. Is there no other way for accounting for the increase of juvenile crime? An eminent United States authority says: " There is a melancholy tendency in the present day of youth crimeward. More than one-fifth of the criminals in our State- prisons are mere boys, ranging from twenty years downwards to the child who has not reached his teens." It is not pre- tended that this tendency in the United States is caused by juvenile immigration. Colonel Baker, the Minister of Educa- tion for the Province of British Columbia, in an able paper recently rad in Toronto, pointed out that in France, Aus- tralia, New Zealand, and the United States crime increases daily as the increase in godless schools. Others have attri- buted this tendency to the freedom and want of restraint characteristic of all new countries. We all know that popu- lation is drifting year by year in larger numbers from the country into the city. Poor people, who are compelled to work all day to maintain their families, have not the time to exercise a proper supervision over their children, who are thus left to the temptations of the street. The highest authorities on penology tell us that parental neglect is one of the most fruitful sources of crime The most casual observers cannot fail to note both in Canada and the United States the growing laxity of parents in the treatment of their children, the increasing want of reverence and respect for authority, and the dissipation of home intluence in the cities where it is most needed, by the tendency among the better if ]:' , 1 — 63 — classcH to break up the hoine circle, the old people .seeking iimuseinent in societies and lodges and the young in the excitement to be found in the strcetH and places outside the home. The unreasoning prejudice, which overlooks family short- comings to place the blame of moral retrogression upon the back of others, is not altogether surprising, for the infor- mation of the public has been derived almost entirely from the newspapers, whose editors, in catering to the feeling of nervous alaruj, largely created by themselves, have directed their energies to the suggestion of general deductions from reports of isolated instances of failure ; reports which, we have seen, have not always been correct, and, when correct, have done an incalculable amount of harm, especially in cases of se- fiuction of girl immigrants by publishing the facts to tin* whole community and thereby rendering reformation moi'e dif- ficult. Upon the same line of reasoning, backed by the evidence of Judge McDonald and Mr. Massey, we jould argue with greater force in favour of allowing only angels to alight upon our shores, and smothering every Canadian child at its birth. And we could push this argument further home by reminding our readers that there is no Miss Rye or Dr. Bar- nardo to ship the young Canadian backslider out of the country. Such a policy indeed would be entirely consonant to the wishers of the Labour-party who would stop all immi- gration into the country. ' The careful conduct of juvenile inuriigration within proper limits may well be said to be more beneficial to the interests of colonization than the more expensive immigra- tion of adults, for they have nothing to unlearn, they grow up in touch with the manners and customs of the people, and, what is not less important, the boys, or most of them, as Mr. Rowland pointed out, remain in the country, taking the place of the farmers' sons, who crowd into the cities, while the girls fill a crying and widespread want for domestic servants. Nor must we forget that, while the Canadian people recognize the necessity — 64 of beinfi; just to themselves before they are generous to others, ohey are not insensible to the broad claiins of human- ity and they cannot but admire the noble work of those men and women who have given their lives and fortunes to the cause. "We do not think the intelligent public will hesitate long in giving a verdict, but there are points which still call for serious consideration. Although no bonus is given, there does not appear to be any restraint upon the importation of boys and girls from houses of correction in England. We do not know that every person engaged in the conduct of this work is as worthy of support as Dr. liarnardo and Miss Rye. We have no reason, it is true, to believe anything to the contrary, and we could easily satisfy ourselves if we took the trouble to go to each individual or agenc}^ and make enquiries, but we have not the time. We have no eas^ means of knowing from year to year that the supply of young immigrants is not greater than the supply of suitable guardians. The lack of proper information, as we have seen now that attention has been drawn to the subject, has given rise to prejudice. The continued spread of this prejudice may work great harm to the country and to the interests of the waif, for those people who are most careful in the conduct of their homes, the most desirable guardians, are most easily affected by it. Juvenile immigration has hitherto been sup* ported by the private fortunes of those engaged in the work,- assisted when necessary by private subscription. The bonus of two dollars a head, grsmted by the Dominion Government, is a very meagre contribution, but, in the face of any wide- spread adverse statement, this bonus could hardly be i-aised, even if it were thought to be wise, and private contributions will become more difficult to obtain. Everything would seem to point to the necessity oi a comprehensive treatment of the subject, that 'vill »"aise the question for all time out of the sphere of danger, prejudice, and ignorant suspicion. The methods of Miss Rye and Dr. Barnardo have been eminently successful. Their regulations 65 would appear fully to protect the interests of the country, and it would be diHicult to suggest any improvements. These methods and regulations, we submit, should be, so far as is practicable, impressed by law upon all the agencies engaged in this work. The public would then have an assurance that their interests are in all cases e(|ually protected. It is most important that the people, and especially the press, should have before them accurate knowledge of the manner in which juvenile immigration is conducted and the results of the operations of each agency. This information could be effec- tual ly provided by an annual report issued by the Gov- ernment embracing a statement from every agency containing statistics of the number of innnigrants brought into the country, the number of applications received for these children, and the number of immigrants placed out from each Home in this country. These figures would sliow that the importation is not excessive. To these we may add the number of pupils returned to the Homes, with causes for return, the number of convictions with the percentages in pro- portion to the total number brought out and the number of pupils returned to England. This will proxide evidence of care in the selection of both children and guardians. The danger arising from the importation of hereditary criminals, assuming the doctrine of hereditary taint to be true, could be met by pioviding for a special report by the prison authorities of each case of convic- tion of this class of immigrants with discretion to the Govern- inent, after inspecting his history, to retjuire that such child should be retui-ned to Great Juitain at the expense of those who brought him out ; for, if there be any hereditary taint, it would show itself in the child, while still under the super- vision of the Home. Such a course, we imagine, would not only be eminently satisfactory to the most squeamish opponent of the waif, but would be gladly welcomed by the different individuals and societies engaged in the woi'k, for the cause, in which they are interested, cannot but be benefitted by the fullest light 1 ~ 66 — of publicity. That something should l)e done and done at once must be patent to all, for has there not been a danger of the authorities at Ottawa being forced by suggested petitions, unconsidered oHicial reports, and the opinions expressed by certain members of the House into taking some overt action not in the best interests of the country ? The cause; whether of philanthropy, colonization, or the moral welfare of the country is too important to be left any longer, without ade- ({uate protection, to the tender mercies of wilful jurymen, sensation-hunting editors, half-informed members of Par- liament, Toronto Aldermen, and Yankee buffoons. I Assisted Tmniigration. The <^ioat international prohlem of Great Britain and her Colonies is' how to ])rin^' to the surplus land of the new countries the surplus lahour of the old. There is an eleniant of irony in the tliourial to make sui'cessful colonists ; that, while men are reijuired to spread information and to organize in England, there are numbers, of statesmen, clergymen, editors, philan- thropists and leaders of lal)our organizations ready to give their name, influence, and energies to the cause, whose useful- ness is, to a great extent, lost from lack of organization ; and that, although money is required to provide for transportation, the purchase of supplies and the early maintenance of set- tlers, sufficient for tliis purpose is spent every year by muni- cipalities and charitable associations in a man.i. '• that lias a tendency to pauperize the reci})ients, or at the Ik it to aflbrd only temporary relief. Upcm this problem many brains are now working ; but it is impossible to arrive at a successful solution of the ([ues- tion until we realize the actual conditions that prevail in the Colonies and the lessons to be learnt from tlie experiences of the past, until we fully understand the axioms, upon which the piobleui is based, 08 It nifiy, ]>(M-li;i])s, tlioii sorvo a useful purpose to enuiuor- afc some of tlie more iuiportaiib eoiisider-at i<»iis l»eariii<^ upon tliis sul>jeet, the truth of wliic-h may now l)e said to he gener- ally i'ecH)gnizeci. It is true that tliere is a demand for temporary labour l)oth in Ontario and, dui'ini>' lia)'\'est time, in the North-West, which camiot always he readily supplied, hut it is a eomuion complaint that there are now too many farm labourers in the Nortli-West working foi* their board during the greater part of the year. And in the last two years able-bodied men, unal)le to obtain work, have ap])lied to the St. George's Society in To- ronto for assistance to n^turn home. It is also true that a' good man entering into the competition of the ranks of those looking for permanent labour can generally find an opening, yet in all })robability he may disj)lace some native of weaker calibre, who nnist seek foi' employiiuMit elsewhei-e, and who, if he be successful, by the princi})le of social attraction, may draw others from the country. Again, assisted immigration is not generally looked upon with favoui' l)v the people of Canada, for statistics of all new countries show that the im- migrant is, by natui'e, restless and a very uncertain (piantity. And, though many of the most successful colonists have started without a dollar, ])overty in purse, especially when drawn from a city population, is too often associated with poverty of character. Discrimination is difficult. Success d(;pends not only o?i the capacity for work, but the power of adaptation to new conditions. The want of discrimination in the selection of settlers has contributed more than any- thing else to the failure of attempts at colonization by com- panies and individuals in the past, and it is not uiniatural that tlie Colonies shoukl be unwilling to assume tlu^ i'es])on- sil)ility of a helpless population and the burden of a social [)robleni which does not belong to them. It is on this ground that the })rojected Salvation Army Colony of GeiuM'al Booth has aroused so much hostile criticism ; and we may ])resume that th(>se reasons have been mainly responsible for the al)andoninent by the Ca?iadian Government of the policy of giving assisted passages to immigrants to this country. 09 From this i-(»u,i,'li cnuirioration of facts, the trtitli (»f whi«-li, we think, all w ill admit, assisted hy the i-casoiiino- ,,f common s('ns(^, \v(» may evolve tlii' following axioms for our guidance : — 1. The risk entailed in the loaning of money for assist- ed iinmigrati(m, gener-ally speaking, must be horne i)y those, wJio ai'e chietiy interested in lessening their conti'ihut ion to charity and in provicHng employment for the families who are in want or dependent on the connnunity. 2. Innnigrants, who are thus assisted to emigrate, jnust not })rejudi(;e the labour market of the country, to which th(>y are sent : thev must be self-maintaining and make their liv- ing oti" the land. .■{. Immigrants must be carefully selected, due regai' unemployed in the city of Liverpool, issued in 1S9I, the Liverpool unem- ployed are divided into two classes. Class A : " Those steady and cai)able men and women, who could, and would, i-eally do work if they could thid it " ; and Class B : " Those who, fr'om one cause or another, are incaj)able of doing, or refuse to do 1 — 70 — sto«a the cost. . . It is worthy of consideration whether' the parish authorities might not advantageously exercise their powers to take some land and establish a labour colony for the pur|)Ose of setting them to work, not only for their innnediate relief, but with a view to their ultimate emigration." VVe have (|uoted at length from this report not only to show that there is i\ large class of desirable immigrants, who 11 71 - 1^ Cfinnot emigrate without assistance, l)ut also to point out that thfee iTuportant ])riiici[)les aie now reeo^ni/ed in Eniflund, viz. : that it is only the best men of the elass who should be assisted to eniii^rate, that previous a<^ri(;ultural ti-ainini,' in Knj^'land is both desirable and praetieable and tliat a fund for this purpose can be supplied by public subsi-ription and municipal and parish authorities in Great Britain. The ([uestion of self-maintenance off" the land W(^ have discussed before under the head of (Joverimient Ccjlonies. Our problem may then be narrowed down to three broad questions : — 1. Can money be advanced foi" tlu> assistance of colon- ists upon a business basis ? 2. To whom is to be enti'usted the woi'k of or<,'anization and selection of settlei-s in Great Britain 'I 3. To whom will l)e entrusted the no less important direction of settlers in Canada ? That money can be advanced for immij^ration purposes upon a business basis has been demonstrated by the experience of the Dominion Government who advanced $100,000 to the Mennonites settling in the North- West. In this case the money was lent upon the personal security of a com- mittee of five, chosen from the Mennonites already settled in Ontario, as it might he reijuired. The Mennonites coming from Russia appointed a committee of five, who in turn were responsible to the Ontario committe, each individual being responsible to this committee for the amount he bor- rowed. 'J he whole of this loan has now been repaid with interest, after thirteen years. A few were obliged to mort- gage their lands to repay the money lent. Of the old and incapable, a few were unable to repay the amount of their loan. These gave their farms to the committee and obtained their living in other ways. A few are now being supported by the Societies' poor fund. The personal obligations of settlers may be further supplemented by the security of the land, which, of course, by scttlenuitit and cultivation, in- creases in value ; but it is evident that the r(;i)ayment of the V - 72 - money thus advanced must depend upon character, thrift, and th(; natural de.sire inherent in avcrai^e humanity tor in- (Jependence. It is objected by some that the iunni^rant from Great Britain cannot accomplish what tlie Meiuionites liave done. This remains to be seen, but we do not believe it. Tf such is the case, and the burden of debt would be too great, a provision could be made, for tlie repayment of a portion only of the money lent. It will be patent to everybody that the success of any permanent system of assisted inunigration operating upon these lines must depend largely upon the work of ti-aining, selection, and organization in Great Britain. There are some who advocate that this should be left with the Salvation Army. There is this much to be said for General l^ooth's creation as an agency for colonization : That it is in touch with the unemployed ; as an organization it has been a won- derful success ; it possesses the elements of cohesion, and with the home colony at Iladleigh tlie greater i)art of the nuichinery in Great Britain has already been perfected. But must all its settlers wear the red ribbon and beat the drum? We cannot, here, entei" into a discussion of the religious side of the (question, for, though it is peitinent to our subject, it will lead us too far afield. A more serious objection is that there is no guarantee that the necessary experience and discretion will be brought to bear in the selection of immi- grants at home and their direction in this country. More- over, the problem is a national one ; there are other agencies besides the Salvation Army, of which one of the best known is the Home Colony Association with their training colony at Kendal ; from the Department of the Interior at Ottawa we learn that there are no less than fc^rty-five individuals and associations at the present time engaged in assisting people to emigrate from Great Britain to Canada, including those interested in Juvenile Immigration. We want the picked men from them all. The successful conduct of the work is fi-aught with dilliculties and depends upon uniting the experience of settlers in this county with accurate I 7:i — knowledge of the unemployed at home. Disconneeted or individual ellort is sometimes aroused l)y motives of a personal nature which would \)G lost if mer^'ed in a comprehensive organization ; Ijut it has this inherent drawback, that the experience brought to bear is necessarily limited and nien trained as leaders in the dilHcult work of colonization are not always available ; it is better for the country to have no colony at all than one whose want of suc- cess is likely to prevent others from coming. We have our patriotic societies in Canada, whose atten- tion, we have advocated, might be actively turned to coloniz- ation and its many problems. Is it not possible to organize a counterpart in Great Britain of an e(iually broad and semi- national character in sympathy with the patriotic societies here ? We have a brilliant example in a remarkable movement lately inaugurated by the Chairman of the United tStates Irrigation Ccmgress for transferring the unemployed from the overcrowded cities of the Eastern States to the irrigated lands of the West. This movement, which is led by a number of prominent Bostonians, including Dr. Everett Hale, Robert Treat Pain and Fiank B. Hanbovn, and has been started in the interests of the colonists, and not of any rail- way or land company, has recei\ ed wide and most favourable notice from the Boston and New York papers and New Eng- land press, and enthusiastic meetings have been held *in Boston and other cities, A prominent f(;ature is the estaVj- lishment of colonial clubs in the cities, as a centre for all necessary information, and for the distribution of literature. In connection with these clubs it is proposed to establish a regular board of writers and to form a fund, upt)n the analogy of the Building and Loan Associations, for the assistance of indigent colonists. Are there not signs of a similar spirit in England, at present disconnected but active? We have seen a system of lectures on the colonies before working men's clubs started by Sir John Seeley ; the active efforts of Lord Brassey in assisted colonization in our 11^ I ill 4 Mi - 74 — Noith-Wpst Hio woll known; und ni;iny c'IfM-ji;yin«'n aiui others are dfilivorini; ufratiH loctiircs upon Canadji and (Jioat J'ritain. A prominent man nnd a good organi/er are wanted to start the ))all rollini( and foini a permnnent workinj]f association from the elements vvliieh lia\e hitherto found exj»i<^ssion in little mors sulliciently strong incentive for continued effort. Our (experiences with the Crofters of Skye, at Killarney, and Bord iJrassey's colonists on the Bellwood Farm, would go o show the wisdom of adapting settlers to occupations for which they are best suited anrl of associating the less ex- perienced with those, whose exaniph; and experience will be of assistance to them. We have before advocated the foi-ma- tion and management of infant colonies by the Govei'nment. It would not l)e difficult for the Government to set aside a portion of the land adjoining these colonies for the purpose of assisted immigration. It will, of course, be necessary to elaborate the details of some form of constitution after the manner of the Mennonites, with a connnitteo of head men to keep the sub-colony together, assist with advice and at- tend to the. collection of monies advanced to the settlers. — 75 — At tlie start, however, the resident OoverniiKint agent would he al)le to oversee and render any assistance and ad\ ice that may be necessary. It is possible that some of the conclusions we have drawn may be disputed and, perhaps, some of our premises called in (juestion. The proper treatment of the subject, we fiankly admit, re(|uires a more extended knowh^dge than we possess of the unemployed and how to approach them, and a more intimate ac(|uaintance with the details of (^xpeiience in past attempts at the building of colonies from this class. Th(^ importance'of the (juestion is admitted and a more oi" less int(!lligent interest in the subject is widespread. The solution of the problem has been delayed fi'om Lhe fact that it rests upon the right un lerstanding of principles involving knowledge- of human nature and familiarity with the condi- tions of life in two counti'ics, principles too widely discon- nected and complicated for any one man to master without the devotion of some yoars to the study. The lives and for- tunes of human beings and tin; solution of this y)roblem are too important to be iriade the subject of experiment, without taking every possible precaution that wisdom can suggest. At the same time thought and activity have been discouraged by the consciousness that any ellort may result in nothing but an ephemeral and curious interest among a few. The public conscience in England has of late years grown more sensitive to the necessities of the uiuimployed, and the problem of how to fill our country is evei' present to the minds of the CaiuuUan people. If others more able should be led to demonstrate that a comprehensive system of assisted immigration is a possibility, a most important step will have been accomplished. The authorities in both countries might then deem it worth while to appoint a commission to collect evidence^ from experts on the ditferent questions involved, upon which a practical and permanent scheme of colonization could be based. V ii Colonial CJubs. The Colonial Clubs of MaHwichussettH, to which we refer- red in our last paper, are worthy of something more than a passing notice. The interior migration of the United States has received but little public attention, yet it is estimated that two per cent, of the population from the Seaboard States move westward every year. The American mi'j^rant, like his fellow-sufferers in Europe, has hitherto becm left to the mercy of Land Com- panies, Railway Companies, and agents of all sorts, whose one and only object is to sell their lands and secure future custom- ers. As Dr. Everott Halo, writing in the; Jioston Comnwn- fcenlth, says: "George Holyoake spoke with the greatest earnestness on the subject when he was in this countr}'. He said that every village in England was Hooded with advertise- ments of rival railways, offering their lands to English emi- grants, but there was no official statement of any sort to which people could be referred, by which the}"^ could judge how far the statements in these blatant advertisements were true. He said that the emigrant from England arrived at the pier in America absolutely ignorant of the country to which he came, and there was nobody in America who cared to give him disinterested information. So far as the personal conduct of emigrants from the East to the West goes, the arrangements of the Mormon Church are the only organized ai-rangements. You can see, on a steamer wharf sonjetimes, the agent of the Mormons, waiting for a party which is coming from England ; he is going to take if ■ ■i 11 them to Utah. But it' u, person is so unfoitunaie that he is only a Christian, and not a member of the Church of the Latter Day Saints, he must just fight his way among a hord(5 of leeches who want to get all his money l>efore he is out of the sound of the waves of the sea." The formation of the first Colonial Club in Boston marks a new epoch in the history of colonization. It is the first organized attempt to form a popular system for the conduct of colonization in the interests of the Colo- nist. It is not the intention to take up land, but the object of these Associations is to collect and dis- tribute accurate information, to afford some such mutual assistance as has been rendered by tho Chatau([ua and other reading circles, which have been so success- ful in the United States, to expose dishonest agents, and to overcome the evils of haphazard settlement, by rh-awing in- tending emigrants togethei*, and as far as possible, by organ- ization, to make the rough path of the Colonist more smooth. How the idea would be received in England it is hard to say. The American people are ({uick to take up anything new, and the more comprehensive a scheme is the more they like it. The members of the Cohmial Clubs include clergymen, labour leaders, members of the press, and generally the class of men who are in touch with those people, who want to move from the congested centres to the more promising fields of a newer country. At present enthusiasm appears to run strong, and under an aggressive campaign, headed by the Chairman of the United States Irrigation Congress, the movement is rapidly spreading to other centres. English people, on the other hand, are slow to move, but the cry of their unemployed is louder, and the existence of forty-five societies and individuals engaged in the unprofitable work of assisting settlers to emigrate to Canada may be taken as evi- dence that there is a strong under current of interest cap- able of direction, and that the people of (Jrcat Britain are not less alive to the difficulties attending emigration than their cousins across the water. — 78 Tf ponnanent success is once assured in the United States, it will alloi'd an object lesson of international iinpoi- tance, for, b}!^ the convincing lojjic of i< .suits, we are forced to the conclusion that oloni/a, ion by tlie Government, unaided by popular organization, is not a success, and that unassociated eflbrts by societies or individuals are j^enerally doomed to failure. To explain dearly the importan»o of the movenuMit if may be necessary to point out some of the details of practical work which might be taken up by these Associations it (Jreat Uritam. We won id suggest the following: (1) I o provi» emigrate by the formation of Associations on the lines of tlie liuilding and Loan Co- oj)erativ«i Associations for the loaning of money for emigra- tion to its ri.cmlxMs with a subsidiary or guarantee fund ci^unpostHl of charitable contributions lo be applieil t»> the cost of management ami U> guarantee tlu^ r(^[>ayment of jirincijiie and int«»rest on cacli shai( subsciibed ; (!') to a})point men of known ex])erieiice and ability at Home and in each Oolony to wriu; in pamphlet form respe(-ting the Colonii,e(i that all these objects are necessary to place the conduct of colonization on a business footing, and tli.it to carry tlunn out tlu; organized assistanc(» of the people is a ♦•e-tessary complement to the work of the (jlovurn- ment. The CJov eminent on their part cou'd inat«!rially aid and encourage the operations i»f the Colonial Clubs, by t!ie forma- tion of Colonies on the Jines w«.' have advocated, thereby ■9 iiftui'liiiL,' a safr nhjeotive point for theii- operati<»ns. If one such Colony \v(M"e a succpss, Mm prost ii^c would attach to others; history would icpcat itself; and, with the systematic nianRCjenient of Associations in (licat I»ritaiM To furnish funds to desirahle settleis who need assistance, ininiii^iants would pour in by ship-loads to this country. Money, of course, will be needed for current expenses and the payment of permanent otticials ; but use mij^ht well be made of the ai^ents of the Colonial (Jov<'rnnients, audit is not unreasonable to sui)j)ose that if Coh^nial Clubs were formed in Great Bii tain, they would receive suHicient financial support from both the British and Colonial Governments and the railway and steamship companies who will \n^ directly benefited, and that from the sauie sdurcc^s encouraijement will be «;iv<'n for a sp(!cial line of literatures for distribution. Many, no doubt, will take shares, as an investment, for the benefit of a nec^dy emigrant. TIk; repayment of a loan to an (Muiijrant miijht Ite ij>iarante(»d in some cases by the municipality to which he belongs. Tin* selection of settlers wouhl be wisely left to repriiscuilativesof tlie i^uaianlee fund. It may, perhaps, be objected that, the work of Colonial Clubs in Clreat Ihitaiu must of necessity be extendeuld seem, ho\vevn dilVerent countries in the attraction ot" settlers is apparent only. The inclination of settlers and the climate and conditions of each country vary. A man who would (louiMsh in one country mi«j;ht very possibly be a failuins in anotlu'r, und(;r conditions Uhh favourable to him. Certain it is that Canada need not fear any comparison and can only be benefiteii by enlistinj^ the sympathi(\sof those prim- arily interested in other countries in the <;enei'al conduct of -iw^wiW/iir*' m^m — HO — coloni/a+iDn arul V)y tlio lessons to l»n loarrit l»y comparative colonization. The existence of a Repatriation Society among the French Canadians in Montreal may be accepted as an indi- cation that interest might be sufficiently strong amoiig Canadians to form associations of this nature in the older provinces, for Lh(5 conduct of honu; colonization and the retention of our population iu the country. To tliosT who are interested in Imperial Federation, and realize the n« cessi- ties of the unemployed and the astonishing ignorance in the Old Country, even among the educated classes, respecting the resources of the outlying portions of the Empire, the incen- tive given to study and literature on these subjects and the opportunities afforded for the distribution of information by the establishment of Colonial Clubs in Great Britain will appeal with an irresistable force, for the Greater Britain, as outlined by Professor Seeley, can never become an accomp- lishe^d fact, until the difficulties attendant on the cost of transportation and the obtaining of accurate and definite information are overcome, and those, who are crowded out and down, have free and safe access to the homesteads that are their heiitaijces i. ■ ; Appendix. The following letters from the Commandant of Kingston Mili- tary College, the British Vice-Consul at Los Angeles, the Headmaster of Warwick School, the Headmaster of Rugby School, the Chairman of the U. S. Irrigation Congress, and Sir Wm. C. Van Home, may be of interest to our readers. They have been selected from a num- ber received by the writer upon the first publication of these papers in The Wee/.- : — Kingston, Ont., gth May, 1895. I have read with much interest your article on " The Gentleman Colonist." There can be no doubt it would prove of great advan- tage to Canada, and personally to the class of young men aHuded to, were they to arrive in this country at so early an age as to natur- ally become Canadians in feeling and experience ; nor is it less doubtful that your suggestion, that they should complete their school education in the Dominion, is one admirably adapted to the case. Since you make allusion to the Royal Military College of Can- ada as an institution well fitted to receive such pupils, it may be re marked that the Cailadian military system vitally depends upon the general prevalence of military training amongst its civil population. Its aim is to avoid the enorr.ious national waste in the maintenance of a standing army, and to substitute instead a militarily trained people. In this connection, your allusion to the Royal Military College is one which claims every consideration by the Government ; for at this institution alone, in Canada, can the education suited to the objects be secured at the present time. All its graduates, while trained as military students, are efficiently educated as civilians. The military, disciplinary and physical courses are calculated to exercise a most beneficial effect on youths about to enter on active colonial life— their own masters. Your reference to the great risks attending " the sudden plunge from the care of parental supervision to unrestrained freedom in colonial life." is specially worthy of attention by English parents. But, as well pointed out by you, these risks disappear if lads are prepared to enter colonial life by completing their school education in this country. wm^>'s-:ti'-SM''.-:..'i:r-ir7-'t>if'. ■ -r.^ ■■ ^ ^jy-..- .:.v...^^^-. ^ :M.^^:mf^:f^-',., u^':.^«^,^^rj^ — 82 — I trust that your endeavor to counteract the great national evil consequent on the system of irresponsible emigration agencies, may meet with success, and that you may receive the hearty and active support of such an association of English and Canadian well-wishers as may put an end to the contempt which now generally attaches to the mention of " gentleman colonist " in Canada, Yours very faithfully, D. R. CAMERON, Major-General. 1 .' • 1 Los Angeles, Cal., 29th May, 1895. Your articles in The Week entitled " Colonization a Pr ctical Science " deserve the earnest attention of every one interested in a problem, which, viewed either from the Home or the Colonial point of view, IS one of the most important of the day. The British Government pays large sums for printing and dis- tributing consular reports from all parts of the world, and the London and Pr^^'incial newspapers publish copious extracts from these reports, the result being that many desirable emigrants are attracted to foreign countries, many of whom would otherwise have settled in Canada, Australia or some other British Colony. If these consular reports accurately represented the conditions of life in the countries, from which they are sent, less objection could be taken to these pictured attractions of foreign countries. As a matter of fact, however, the instructions to consuls for the preparation of such reports preclude reference to political matters and matters likely to be offensive to the residents of the place, to which the consular office is accredited, and, in consequence as guides to intending emigrants, they are somewhat misleading. A few years ago. Her Majesty's Consul at Galveston stated, in effect, in one of his reports, that he could only recommend the scum of Europe to settle in the State of Texas, This of course he had no right to say. And at the request of the United States Government he was transferred to another country. This incident suggested to me ihe desirability of having independent trustworthy reports from all the countries, to which emigration is directed, emanating from an unbiassed authority and dealing with the points likely to interest new settlers, and that these reports be published from time to time at stated intervals in one of the great London papers. Such reports, prepared by special corres- pondents ; de.iling in an interesting way with the social life of the people, the opportunities to make money, the causes of failure of such wrecks as they may find, whv se failure does not appear to be due to their own misconduct ; the characteristics of the men who have been successful, recommendations as to the classes of settlers :lfk1!li,:,.V'My: V. :■'?'■ " ftHlgy.^ywMwg — 83 — wanted in each place ; advice to settlers, what to do on arrival, to whom to apply to for advice, whether to rent or purchase land, what books to read to obtain more detailed information and other similar matters would, if unbiassed and tairly accurate, be invaluable to in- tending eniigrants and to the British Colonic^. Since writing the above, I have received a copy of The Week containing your views on the Gentleman Colonist. Your opinion that boys should be educated in the country in which they are to live, is entirely in harmony with my experience here. I might refer you to the following paragraph from my report on this district for the year 1890: "Thesons of professional men, retired officers and all that large class of English gentlemen, who have received a fairly good education, and yet are not specially fitted for any profession or occupation, are not likely to succeed and should not be encouraged to come here. It is down right cruelty to educate a boy at a public school in England and then send him to California with a few pounds in his pocket to shift for himself. The chances are that he will soon sink to the level of a waiter in a restaurant, or a farm laborer, or some similar position, . . . As a rule they do not succeed as well as comparatively uneducated Englishmen of the lower classes." It is much the same in Canada and I understand in Australia, and I have come to the conclusion that English professional men, blessed with a number of sons, for whom they are unable to provide, should be advised to send them away at twelve or fourteen years of age, instead of eighteen or twenty, to finish their education in the Colony or country, in which their parents have determined to start them ; three or four years at school will teach them the habits of the natives and they will then have a fair start in commencing for themselves. Yours sincerely, C. WHITE MORTIMER. Warwick School, June 5x11, 1895. Your article in The W:ek which I have seen touches upon a matter which is of both national and imperial importance. We at home much need definite and reliable imformation about the colon- ies and the openings they offer. We too often obtain information that IS too general to be useful, or so much overcolored as to be mis- lead"ig. An attempt such as yours to suggest means by which reliable information concerning (ireater England may be obtain- able deserves well of the community I wish you success. Yours very truly, J. P. WAY. — 84 — ""**»N«MB»^r3^i School House, Rughy, 6th Junk, 1895. Thank you for the article in The Week, which I read with much interest. I should be ready to co-operate in any way that I could ; but my experience is that school masters are seldom consulted by parents before they decide to send their sons to the colonies ; and unless you can get a number of p>3ople interested in Canada to start the association which you suggest, I do not see how it is to be formed. I had at Cheltenham, last term, an excellent lecture on Canada by a gentleman specially deputed for this purpose by the authorities there, and should always be willing to welcome him, or others of the same type, who would be likely to interest the boys as well as to fhrow light upon the best course to be pursued by mtending colonists. I do not doubt that what you say in your article about the hap hazard way in which young Englishmen come out to Canada, and in- which money is wasted in useless premiums, is perfectly true ; and anything which can be done to prevent fraud and en- lighten parents must be of use. I doubt whether your suggestion about education in Canada is possible. Boys, as a rule, who go out to the col'mips, are those who have failed in competetive examinations for the army, etc , or who have discovered at a late stage in their school life that they are not likely to succeed ; boys, in fact, of the age of 17 or 18. I am afraid that it would be found difficult to subject them to the discipline of a school ; certainly I should not care to be the school master ! Believe me, very truly yours, H. A. JAMES. CHICAGO; June 21, 1895. Replying to your inquiry I would say that we will develop the Colonial Clubs upon the same general plan as that of the Chau- tauqua system, with courses of reading and lectures. Chautauquans study the history of ancient' Greece. Members of the Colonial Clubs will study the resources and industrial and social possibilities of their own country. The aim of the Colonial Clubs is to educate the masses and show them the way to new and better conditions. My hope is that ultimately not less than one million people will be enrolled in these clubs, and that they will lead to the spontaneous formation of many successful colonies. The literature will cover a wide range, and will present, not simply agricultural possibilities, but all the varied resources and conditions of the western half of our continent. ■ — 85 _ We shall have a board of lecturers representing the various West- ern States and the various local clubs will have an opportunity to listen to this verbal presentation of the tubject as well as to read the literature. Members will pay an initiation fee of 50c. or ifi.oo to maintain the organization and provide permanent exhibits in leading cities. They will then pay the actual cost of the literature. To understand precisely what the Colonial Club system will lead to it is necessary for one to understand all the hopes that are being upbuilt on the basis of our new colony life, with its organization of , industries, with its individual independence based upon the produc- tion of each family of what it consumes, with its charming social possibilities arising from neighborhood association made possible by the small farm unit and the grouping of families in villages. Beyond agriculture will come diversified industries and in the end we shall have a system in which the average man will realize independence and equality as never before was seen in any age or country. Yours very truly, WM E. SMYTHE, Ihe lU- ins lbs ;ir ses is in of Ke, Ihe lit. The Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Montreal, 25th June, 1895. I have read with much interest your article in The Week on " Colonial Clubs." You may not be aware that, so far as emigrants for Canada are concerned, they are not exposed to the same difiiculties as you men- tion in the case of those landing at New York. We have organi- zations on both sides of the Atlantic to attend to this, and we have active and well-informed men whose duty it is to meet the incoming ships and to look after the immigrants all the way to the North- west, if necessary. This function of the Colonial Club would, I think, be quite unnecessary. In the case of Canada, the same want of official information has not existed that was spoken of by George Holyoke with regard to the United States, for until quite recently, at all events, an ample supply of official information has been furnished by the Dominion Government, which has been at our disposal and at the disposal of everybody else interested, and has had a very large circulation, through the steamship agencies, all over England and the Continent and through other channels. So far as my own experience goes, work of this kind is much more effectively done by those having a direct interest in the matter than it is ever done by volunteer organ- — 8C) — izations. A good many volunteer organizations have, in one form or another, attempted to promote immigration to Canada, but in the end they have always fallen back either upon the Government or the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for the essential part of the work, and I do not think they hrtve, all together, done much good. Schemes for assistance, formed on something like the lines of build- ing societies, have also been tried, and I think in every case the money has all been lost or absorbed in expenses or in some other way. The Government, with a false idea of economy, has dropped out of the immigration work, and although a great deal of the money appropriated in past years for this purpose has been frittered away without much result, the entire cessation of the efforts of the Govern- ment IS, and will continue to be, most seriously felt ; for the Can- adian Pacific Comp. \y cannot afford to carry on the work single- handed, and its advertising publications lack the authority of a Government document Something much more effective than Colo- nial Clubs would, to my mind, be clubs for pounding into the heads of the Ministers at Ottawa a sense of the importance of doing what is necessary to settle up the country. The narrow-minded view which seems now to be taken of this important matter is most dis- couraging. All who, like yourself, can write and have access to the public press, can do the country the greatest possible service by clubbing the Government until something is done in this matter. Without the lively interest and earnest effort of the Government at Ottawa, very little can be accomplished by individuals or associa- tions. Yours very truly, W. C. VAN HORNE. « :*,-'-ai if»' '.'i -^fn^KS ^^arstsuisatrjm \ 1<