IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. *^*". ^0 1.0 I.I 11.25 |50 ~^~ H^S 1^ ^ 12.2 114 11.6 n /: ^'^ ^ 7 /^ '•b^ r CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. El D D n Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Tight binding (may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serrd (peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure) L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont filmdes d partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant iliustre la m^thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 \^ On a -O >\.i^C^ c^ THE IRON INDUSTRY. What it is to Great Britain and the United States. WHAT IT MAY BE TO CANADA. **tEo »raw Infcrcnccft^ U tbc »}wat bu0lnc00 of life/* -John Stuart Mill. with oompllments ot CANADA IRON FURNACE CO., LTD., MONTREAL, AND RADNOR FORGES, QUE. ■( THE IRON INDUSTRY, -BY CiEO. i:. DRUMMONn, Vui-Fresident Coirnii Mining Associa/ion of O/irhcc. mmmmmmmmm KKAIl AT llll: ASM Al. MKITIM; OI niF, CKNKKAI. MIMM, ASsi i( I A 1 K .^■ | 'F <,iri-.lll:( , MnN I KlvAl . JAM \KV UIM. 1804. THE CANADIAN IRON INDUSTRY. " There i» a tide in the allairs of men \\ hich taken at the Hood, leads on 'to fortune • Omitted, all the voyage of their life, Is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea are ue now afloat, And we must take the current when it serves Or lose our ventures.' ' These lines apply with peculiar force to Canada, in the present .stage of her Iron Industry. Kvents are transpiring from day to day in the neighboring Kepttbhc, whtch demonstrate that the Iron Industry of that great coutUry has now reached such magnificent proportions, under the wtse protective policy, .so well maintained for the past forty years, that .American iron masters are able to com- pete on equal terms with the world. History repeats itself. .As with Hngland at the middle of I his century, so now with the L'nited States. Her Iron In dustry has reached that stage when the Government of the country can constder the question of a reduction in its protective tariff, with comparative safety to the Industry it.self. Here in Canada, the Iron Industry, still in the pioneer stage, although under Cxoxernment encouragement, showing an increase in actual output of over ioo% in the past two years broadening out day by day. making a place for itself in the homo market, and in the face of many difficulties displacing gradually the products of .American and British furnaces, finds .tseh. at the most critical stage of its existence, threatened by a premature demand for a reduction in the current protective duties, whtch, if acceded to by the Government, will surely pre- vent further progress, if indeed it does not altogether annihilate the Industry, by exposing it before it is vet established to the hostile competition of foreign producers, particularly to the competition of .\menc■■n^ u ■ -emen, who have of late been the I i mmmammjgsggga THK IKON INDISTKV. chief, if not the only competitors for our most important terri- tory, vi/., the markets of Western C'anachi. To produce Pij? Iron, tiie basis of all subsequent stages of the Iron Industry, a ver\ heavy initial expenditure has to be made in the prospectintj, securinj^, and developing- of mines, woodlands, lime stone quarries, railways, shipping docks, etc., necessary to ensure a constant supply of raw material. The establishment of the plant itself demands a heavier outlay, in proportion to the value of the product, than is required for the production of any other staple. It is the experience of almost every iron master, that in the early period of iron making in all countries, the work is more or less of an experimental nature, and as it must be carried on upon a large scale, and if unsuccessful the investment becomes worthless, the risk of ruin to the first adventurers is great. It has necessarily resulted from these causes, that to start an Iron Industry on an important scale, in any country, how- ever favorable its apparent natural conditions, state aid, either by a direct bounty, by a heavy protective duty, or by both com- bined, has been found necessary, and it is those countries where this has been effectiially done, which are to-day the large producers of iron, not only supplying their own wants, but also those of other countries. To deal with this question intelligently, it is well for Cana- dians to review, as briefiy as the importance of the issues will permit, the history of the establishment and successful develop- ment of the Iron Industry in other countries, and particularly note the broad liberal policy of protection under which (Ireat Britain and the United States alike built up the greatest and most successful iron industries of modern times. The national importance of the question will perhaps in some measure excuse a lengthy reference to the splendid equip- ment in furnace plant, shipping docks, and other accessories necessary to economical working, now possessed by our power- ful competitors in the neighboring Republic. John Stuart Mill says: " To draw inferences is the great business of lile." In the light of what has been accomplished by wise administration in other countries, particularly in Cireat Britain and the United States. Canada may be guided as to TIIK ]KOS IN1>ISTKV. g the bestaiid surest course for the early development of the great mineral wealth with which tlod has blessed her. Iron is perhaps the Almij^hty's jj^-reatest metallurj^ical g\h to man. Its use can be traced to the very earliest ages. Hiblical and secular history abound with mention of the use of iron hy the forerunners of our race. Tubal-cain, born in the seventh generation from .Adam, is described in the 4th Chapter of Genesis as "an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.' In the time of .Moses, the l^gyptians seem to have been engaged in the manufacture o\' iron, as referred to in the 4th chapter o( Deuteronomy, 20th verse : " But the Lord hath taken you and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out ot Mgypt." This expression again occurs in I. Kings, \ iii. and 51. Swank, in his admirable " Iron in all ages," savs : "The Hgyptians, whose existence as a nation probably dales from the second generation after Xoah, and whose civilization is the most ancient of which we have any knowledge, were at an early period familiar with the use and manufacture of iron. Iron tools are mentioned by Herodotus as having been used in the construction o\' the pyramids. In the sepulchres of Thebes and .Memphis, cities of such great antiquity that their origin is lost, butchers are represented as using tools which antiquarians decided have been made o( iron and steel. Iron sickles are also pictured in the tombs o\' Memphis and Thebes, and various articles of iron have been found, which are preserved bv the New York Historical .Society, and are probably three thousand }ears old. Herodotus in the 3th Century before Christ speaks of the Chalybians as " a people oi' iron workers." The Persians and their northern neighbors, the Medes, made iron and steel long before the Christian era, and so did the Parthians and other .Scythian tribes. .Ages ago Damascus, the capital of Syria, manufactured its famous swords from Indian and Persian steel. It may be assumed as susceptible of abundant proof that the knowledge of iron, if not of its manufacture, was common to the people of .Africa long previous to the Christian era. The 6 THE IKOX INinSTKV. decay Of the Iron Industry of these ancient countries probably contributed towards the ruin of the Empires of the East, and as Swank says: -With the fading away of Asiatic and African c.vihzat.on and magnificence the manufacture and use of iron in Asia and Africa ceased to advance." Following the march o( civilization the Iron Industry took root m the West, and has contributed in a ^orv great measure to the wealth of the two most powerful industrial nations of modern times, Great Britain and the United States. GREAT BRITAIN'. The history of the British Iron Industry dates back to the days of the Roman occupation, as evidenced by the tact that m Kent, Sussex, Gloucester, Vorkshire, and many other parts of England large quantities of iron cinder, as old as the Roman era. have been discovered. This has been further proved by the finding of Roman coins, potterv and altars in connection with the cinder. From the days of the Romans down to the middle of the 17th Century, the furnaces and forges of England were operated altogether with charcoal as a fuel. Aided by the protection to native iron maugurated by Edward HI. during his reign from 1327 to 1377. the Iron Industry made very good progress In the .4th century the ironsmiths of England had bmught the trade to a fine art, aiding thereby to establish the present mdustnal pre-eminence of England ; locks, kevs, hinges, and bolts produced during that period having ne'ver since been equalled in beauty of design. In 16,5 it is said that there were 800 furnaces, forges, or other mills making iron with charcoal, of which Dudley a few years later estimated that about 300 were furnaces, the weekly product of which was about 15 tons each. The charcoal Iron Industry seems to have reached its height towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth, when the trade became so prosperous that instead of importing iron as she had hitherto done, England began to export it in considerable quan- tities, in the shape of iron ordnance. The extent of the THE IRON INDUSTRY. 7 operations, however, began to exhaust the forests of Enghind about the beginning of the 17th century, and the British Parlia- ment had to give its serious attention to the question. In 1740, the production of pig iron in Great Britain was only 17,350 tons, her Iron Industry at this time having been almost destroyed by the decreasing supply of charcoal. About 1730 mineral coal, in its natural state or in the form of coke, came into notice as a substitute for charcoal. The iron ^rade of England and Wales at once revived, while that of Scotland may be said to have been actually created by this new fuel. Great improvements were introduced in the furnace plmts of Great Britain, and the Industry from that date forward advanced steadily. In 1787 the British Government adopted a strong Protective Tariff for their Iron Industries, the duty on pig iron being placed in that year at 67 2 per ton, with higher rates for manufactured iron. This duty on pig iron was later on in- creased in 1819, and again in 1825, and the Protective Tariff in this department was maintained down to the year 1845. The effect of the introduction of mineral coal, and of the protective duties levied on foreign iron was most beneficial. The Industry at once showed strength, and from that date con- tinued to grow rapidly, until in 1796 there were 104 furnaces in England and Wales producing 108,793 tons of iron, and in Scotland 17 furnaces producing 16,086 tons. In 1820, the total production had reached 400,000 tons ; in 1825, 581,367 tons; in 1840, 1,396,400 tons ; and in 1854. 3,069,838 tons, this quantity being then estimated as fully one- half of the world's production of pig iron. In 1889, Great Britain's production of pig iron had reached 9,321,563 tons of 2000 lbs. This, with a population estimated at 38,000,000. giving the enormous production of 495 lbs. per head. Of this output Great Britain herself consumes 250 lbs. per capita. In considering the progress made it is well to remember the various Acts of Parliament enforced from time to time by Eng- land to protect her national Iron Industry, by preventing the emigration of her skilled artisans to other countries, by guard- 8 THE IRON INDISTRV. ing' against the sale of her inventions to competitors, and by the imposition of Customs duties upon foreign products. For instance, while the growing scarcity of wood for the supply of charcoal convinced the Ciovernment and people of England, as early as 1750, (before mineral fuel had come into use,) that it would be to their advantage to allow the free ad- mission of iron in its rudest form from the American Colonies, and that as a matter of fact they passed an Act, in that year, setting forth that it would be of great advantage not only to the colonies, but also to the kingdom, that the manufacturers of England should be supplied with pig and bar iron from the colonies free of duty, yet they so fully believed in protecting their own home industries, that the same Act that made the rudest forms of iron free of duty (because England was unable to produce the material herself), contained the following clause : " That pig and bar iron made in His Majesty's colonies in America ?)iiiv he further inunufactun'd in this kingdom, be it further enacted .... that from and after the twenty- fourth day of June, one thousand seven hundred and fifty, no mill or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or any plateing forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, shall be erected, or after such erection continued in any of His Majesty's colonies in .America, and if an\ person or persons shall erect, or cause to be erected, or after such erection continue, or cause to be continued, in any of the said colonies, any such mill, engine, forge or furnace, every person or persons so offending shall for e\ ery such mill, engine, forge, or furnace, forfeit the sum of two hundred pounds of lawful money of VJreat Britain, and it is hereby further enacted .... that n ery such mill, engine, forge, or furnace, so erected, or continued contrary to the directions of this .Act shall be deemed a common nuisance, etc., etc." By the Act in question tireat Britain undoubtedly en- couraged the production of pig and bar iron in .America, by exempting them from duties to which like commodities were subject when imported from any other country, but she did this simply because she had not until that date found a fuel sub- stitute for charcoal. .A glance at the .Act will moreover show- that she imposed an absolute prohibition upon the erection of steel furnaces and slit mills in any of her .American colonies. X'arious other restrictive .Acts of Parliament were passed in THK IKON INOrSTKV 17S1, 17SJ, 17S5 and 1795 to prevent the exportation to foreij,ni countries of maciiinery and tools used in tiie manufacture oi iron and steel, and to prevent skilled mechanics from leaving Eni^-land. For example, an Act in 1785, 25 Geo. Ill, c. 67 : "To pre- vent, under severe penalties, the enticing of artificers or work- men in the iron and steel manufactures out of the kingdom, and the exportation of any tools used in these branches to any place beyond the seas." The penalty provided in this Act read : " If any person or persons shall contract with, entice, per- suade, or 'endeavor to seduce, or encourage, any artificer or workman concerned or employed, or who shall have worked at, or been employed in the iron or steel manufactures in this kmg- dom, or in making or preparing any tools or utensils lor such manufactorv, to go out of Great Britain to any parts beyond the seas (except to Ireland), and shall be convicted thereot . . . . shall for every artificer so contracted with, enticed, persuaded, encouraged or seduced, or attempted so to be, for- feit and pav the sum of live hundred pounds of lawful money of Great Britain, and shall be committed to the common gaol . . . . there to remain without bail or mainprize lor the space ol twelve calendar months, and until such forfeiture shall be paid, and in case of a subsequent olVence of the same kind, the person or persons so again olTending shall upon a like con- viction, forfeit and ray for every person so contracted with, enticed, persuaded, encouraged, or seduced, or attempted so to be, the sum of one thousand pounds . . . • and shall be committed to the common gaol, as aforesaid, there to remain without bail or mainprize for and during the term of two years, and until such forfeiture shall be paid," In addition to these restrictive measures, a glance at the protection afforded to the British manufacturers o( iron Irom 1782 to the close of 1S25, will demonstrate to Canadians the fact that luigland owes her greatness in the Iron Industry very largely indeed to the protection granted to her native industries in the early years of the trade. Quoting from Scrivenor's History of the Iron Trade : " I'rom 17S2 to 1795 the duty on foreign bars was £2 i() 2 per ton. It rose to £{ 4 7 in i7q7. From i7i).ooo pounds. u i«55- 185(1. '^57- 1858. . 1 8()o . i8bi . . iS(->2. . 1863. . 1 8(14 . . 1 8(13 . . 1866. 18(17. i8()8. . nSrxj. . ICS70 . 1H71 . . 1 87-'. . •H7o . i«74 '875 1876 1877. 1.S78, 187c). 1880. 1 88 1 . 1 882 . , 1 88 ^, . . I S84 . . 1885. ■ 1886. . 1887. ■ 1888. . i88<). . i8()o. . Aiithiaciii' ami iiii.\i.(l nnthnnitL' and coke. ■ 339.4:>5 381,866 • 443. "3 390,385 3<".4j;o , 47'.74,S •! 519,211 ■ 400. -'-'9 • 470,315 ■. 577.<'38 j^ 084.018 j: 47M.558 '' 74i).,<67 : 7*t8,()38 8i)3,ooo , 97 M 50 i 1)30,000 ■ i 956,(108 l,'.3' 3.070,875 4.21)5,414 4-4 5,178,122 5,146,972 4.580,613 4,529,869 6,305,328 7. '87,206 7,208,507 '*^.5i'>,o79 0,307,028 Duty on I'ij; Iron III all tiii(l>. 30 per cent. 30 '• " .>o " " 30 " " 24 ■• •• ; 24 •• " 24 •• " 24 •• '• S6.00 |ier ton. 6.00 " " 6.00 " " 9. 00 " " 9.00 " " t).oo " " 9. 00 " 9.00 " c) 00 " " 7 00 " 6.30 6. 30 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.CK1 6.27 6.72 6.72 672 6.72 6.72 6.72 THK IKON" 'XDISIKV. '3 In an able article, " From Mine to Furnace," Mr. John Hirkinbine, Past President, Am. ist. M. \i. recently said : "The following remarks concerning the progress of the Pig Iron Industry, and a prophecy as to its future, appeared in Vol. XV of tiie tenth census, thai of i8cSo, \vhi.:h is presented here to show how much more rapidly tiie Industry has developed than was then anticipated would be the case eight years :igo, when it was written. "'In 1866 the United States had reached the production of Great Britain in iS;,^, that is to say. she was then 31 years behind the latter country. In 1SS4 she was about 21 years behind England, and at' the same rate of increase for both countries the United States will be about 15 years behind England in the vear 1900, and will reach and pass lier in icj^o. The production 'of Pig Iron of each country for that year, as determined from the equation of their respective curves, being a little over thirty million tons.' "The facts are that in iHgo the I'nifed States passed, and has since that time led Cireat Britain as a producer of Pig Iron." In a paper read at a meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, in October 1S90. by its then President, Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, lie showed a comparative rate of increase in population and pig iron production in the United Slates tor six decades, and brought out the striking conclusion that the pro- duction of pig iron has alwavs increased more rapidly than tiie population, and that the ratio is an increasing one. Between 1S30 and iSho thj production oi iron increased twice as fast as the population. Between uS6o and 1890 it increased four times as rapidly, in reality over four tinv?s, thus proving that the national wealth continues to grow from decade to decade, at a rate of acceleration oi' which the world afi'ords no previous example. Inasmuch as during all this lime the United Stales have imported iron in addition to their n.iiive production, it follows that the consumption per capita has also increased more rapid- ly than the population. In 1855, according to careful calculations made by Mr. Bir- kinbine, the United Stales was consuming iron at the rate ot 1 17 lbs. per head, whereas in 1890 the consumption had increased to rather more than 300 lbs. per head, the whole of which, for th^ 1 '4 THE IRON INDUSTRY. first time in the history of the country, was beinjr produced within American borders. Mr. Birkinbine, in .speaking of the present and future of the Iron Industry, deplores the fact that part of the development has^^been brought about by real estate speculations, which he rightly conjectures will exert a restricting influence in the neai future. He is however of the opinion that, trouhK'^'^f ''''^■°" f°^^ "°/ '''"'"'"•' ^'^^ industry, or if labor seems to h. ""■"'"' •^"■''"■^"'" '''''^' the development, there seems to be no reason tor expecting that the Pig Iron Industry will remain dormant, but xve may rather look for a nearb h rhK-'/TVi'^' "''"'^ '-"' "?' ^'^Piration of 25 vears will pro- babl> make the annual requirements of the United States in pie iron, or Its equivalent, amount to between tweniv and twentv- nve million gross tons." ' ^><="i^ These figures Mr. Birkinbine states are the result of a care- ful study of statistics, taken in connection with an intimate knowledge of the present state of development, and a personal acquaintance with the pos.sibilities of various portions ot the country. He says, ^ i'7''T/m"' ^!,.*'"^^« of depression like the present, pre- ceded and followed by others of unusual activity, bur we may conhdently look forward to a material advance, perhaps ire"ter than es, mated but certainly much n,ore pronounced than was believed possible ten years ago." IRON ORE. The following figures taken from the " Report of Mineral Industries in the L'nited .States" a: the nth census, ,8c)o. will give some Idea of the magnitude of the Iron Industry of the United States. ^ In 1S89 the production of iron ore in the United States including Red Hematite, .Magnetite, Brown Hematite and Carbonate, amounted to .4,5'«,o4i gross tons, of a total value The total capital invested in the ore mines in the same year .s given as $109,766,199. This is all expended within the country on the native ores. In addition to this iron ore was imported in the same v,-ir Iron, foreign countries to the extent of 853,373 tons, valued at msm THE IRON IXOLSTRV. With reference to foreign ore imported into the United Sta- tes, Mr. Birkinbine in his " Production of Iron Ore," 1892, says, "While the United States has large deposits of iron ore of all kinds, widelv distributed throughout the various States and Territories, still" the low rates of wages in foreign countries, and cheap water transportation rates, have admitted con- sider:>ble quantities of iron ore into this country, m spite ot a specific dutv of 75cts. per ton, which is collected on all iron ore imported, 'in tlie vear ending December 31st, 1892, iron ore to the amount of 8o6,s8s long tons, valued at 81,795644 or S' ^T, per ton. was thus imported. All ot this iron, however, is consumed near the ports of entry, and much ot the ore entering the port of Baltimore is unloaded direct trom the vessels to the stock piles. This is also the case with one Pennsylvania furnace. All the iron ore imported from Cuba is taken from i le mines operated by American companies. Until 1892, but one com- pany was mining and shipping ore from Cuba, but last year a second enterprise was represented by actual shipments, and 1 89-, is expected to add at least one more active corporation to the list of Cuban mines. It is significant, in looking over the list of imports for 1889, to find that whereas Cuba supplied 243,253 tons, of a value ot S535.524. the Provinces of Quebec, Ontario. Manitoba and the North West Territories combined, supplied (be it remembered under equal conditions as to the tarilT) only 4,091 tons, of a total value of S10.O97. Again in 1892. statistics show that whereas Cuba supplied 307,1% tons, valued at 8618.221. Quebec. Ontario, .Manitoba and the North West Territories supplied only 8,bo(5 tons, British Columbia 2.749. a total export for all Canada of 11,355 tons, valued at 8^7,340. Spain was the largest supplier of ore in 1889, sending 298.508 tons, of a value of 8(121,481. These statistics prove that up to the present time Canadians have found it impossible to compete successfully against the negro labor of Cuba, and the cheap labor of Spain in supplying iron ore to the American market. The question Canadians have to ask is whether under uniform free trade Canada can hope to improve her position as against her Cuban and Spanish competitors. This seems highly improbable. All the facts 1 6 THli IRON IMirsTKV. point to one conclusion, viz., that Canadians must turn their attention to smehing their own ore for the home market. EQUIPMENT A\n SHIPPING I ABILITIES. The equipment ot the American mines and furnaces sur- passes in excellence that of any of the European nations, and the facilities they possess for cheap transportation of ore from mine to furnace is unrivalled. The shipping docks at Mar- quette, L'Anse, and St. Igiiace, Mich., are worthy ot special notice. These docks have been constructed at a heavy cost by the railways which penetrate the interior, for the special purpose of facilitating the handling of Lake Superior ores at the minimum of cost, and they furnish a very striking example of the fore- sight and enterprise of American railroad men, who perhaps more than any other class, realize the national importance of the Iron Industry. These terminal facilities consist of shipping docks, with elevated railroad tracks from 35 to 47.3 feet above water level. By means of drop bottoms the ore is dumped from the cars into pockets, thence to be discharged at will by means ot iron chutes let down into the vessel's hold. By this system the ore is rare- ly, if ever, handled, from the time it leaves the mine until it reaches lower lake ports. The total investment for docks, specially equipped for hand- ling and shipping iron ore is placed, by so good an authority as Mr. Birkinbine, at approximately 84.000,000 in the year 1889. KKCEIVlNf. nOl. KS. Of equal importance is the system of receiving docks, special- ly erected for the purpose of handling ore to blast furnaces, or at points from which railroads radiate to blast furnaces. These docks are oi' various types, generally furnished with swing boom derricks operated by steam power. Bv means of these derricks iron buckets are lowered into the holds of the vessels. After being filled with ore by the navvies the buckets are raised again, and swung to the point where the ore is to be deposited, or if for distant points, into hoppers, thence to be discharged into cars. The buckets dump automaticallv at the m THE IRON INDUSTRY. 17 point desired, and reti'rn to the hold without detaching from the machinery. It is estimated that the capital invested for receiving- docks fully equals that mentioned for shipping Jocks, and that one such receiving dock alone costs, equipped, fully $Hoo,ooo. The investment, although large, is well spent, for by means of these facilities it has been found possible to handle quantities of ore, which could not have been moved in any other way, while the cost of handling has been reduced to a minimum. Mr. Hirkinbine gives the following data as to the cost of handling ore by the new system of receiving docks. " The expense of shovelling ore into buckets in the holds of vessels, varies from 10 to 15 cts. per long ton, the rate being controlled by stevedores, vhile with the improved apparatus at some of the docks, this ore in buckets is lifted from the vessel, carried back 350 feet, and dumped, at a total cost, including labor, wear and tear, interest, fuel accounts reported, of from I to 1.5 cts. per ton. "With 21 men in the hold of a vessel carrying 2,000 long tons of iron ore, the entire cargo has been stocked in 17 hours. Other instances are mentioned where with 28 men 2,200 long tons were similarly handled in 15 hours, and 2, 100 long tons were handled by 18 men in 17 hours. " In using these improved apparatuses in loading from stock piles to railroad cars, it is not uncommon to have a gang of men shovelling into buckets, and loading the ore on cars at the rate of 8 or 9 tons per man per hour." In addition to these unrivalled facilities for economical handling of raw material, the American furnaceman works under most advantageous circumstances with regard to the large output of his furnace. .As an example, one of the furnaces in connection with the Edgar Thompson Steel Works, of Pennsylvania, recently pro- duced the remarkable output for a single day of 623 tons of iron. In a week one tu' nace stack in connection with this company produced 3,203 gross tons, and in a month one stack produced 12,800 gross tons. That is, in one month, one of these furnaces produced fully as much as twenty-five years ago would have been turned out in a year, from the best and largest of the American blast furnaces I I l8 THE IKON IXDl'STRY. With such splendid facilities for economical working, with ample capital, and many other benefits accruing from a long continued policy of protection, the American Iron Industry stands to-day in a perfectly safe position, the trade (aside from the ordinary periods of depression common to all industries) bound to increase in volume, the whole future of the industry linked with the life of the nation. CON'TINKNTAL STATES. Following the example of Great Britain and the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and other Continental States established, and still maintain, high protective duties with most beneficial results in many branches of the Iron Industry. Germany's case is especially worthy of mention. On the 14th May, 1882, Bismarck, in a speech before the German Reichstag, said, " The success of the United States in material development is the most illustrious of modern time. The American nation has not only successfully borne and suppressed the most gigantic and expensive war in all history, but immediately afterwards disbanded its army, found employment for all its soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt, gave labor to all the unemployed of Furope, as fast as the\ could arrive within its territories, and still by a system of taxation so indirect as not to be perceived, much less felt. Because if is uiy deliberate jiidgmeiil tliat the prosperity of America is mostly due to its system 0/ protective ta7('s, J in\i>e that Germany tias iioiv reached that point where it is necessary to imitate the tariff system of the United States." Bismarck gave to Germany a protective policy with some- thing of a permanent character, and the result has been the building up of a great national industry in that country. In 1834 Germany and Luxemburg, included in the Zollve- rein, produced only 110,000 metric tons (2,204 'hs.) of pig iron. In 1881 Germany and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg pro- duced 2,914,009 metric tons (2,204 lbs.). In 1890 the produc- tion had increased to 4,637,239 metric tons. This increase in pig iron has been accompanied by an enormous increase in the output of coal and lignite. ?2JJJJJg*!i THK IKON INDISTRY. »9 As an illustration showinjj Germany's progress in the manu- facture of basic steel, in 1890 England produced 503,400 tons of basic steel, Germany, Luxemburg and Austria produced i'695'47- tt)ns. CANADA. Canada's " Natural fitness " for the successful establishment of the Iron Industry is beyond question. The earnest work performed by the Geological Survey of Canada, and by private prospectors, has well established the fact that throughout a very large part of her vast territory (three and a half millions of square miles in extent) she is rich in iron ores of almost every variety known to metallurgy. Commencing at the Atlantic seaboard, Canada can claim in lAPH HRKTON Extensive deposits of Brown Hematite, Magnetite and Spathic ores, lying side by side with coal fields of great magnitude. NOV A StOTIA. The Limonite, Specular and Spathic Clay iron-stone and Hematite of Pictou county, Specular ore in Guysboro county. At Londonderry an immense vein of anchorite holding Brown Hematite. Between Truro and Windsor numerous deposits of Brown Hematite often highly manganeferous. A range of l-'erro-forous strata extending from Digby to Windsor, embracing Red Hematite and Magnetite of Nictaux and Clementsport. Throughout the whole of this district mineral fuel and fluxes occur in close proximity to the iron mines, affording exceptional facilities for economic furnace practice. M:\V UKINSWUK. Magnetic and Bog Ores, with coal fields at Grand Lake and elsewhere, and a plentiful supply of hard wood for charcoal purposes. 20 THE IRON INDUSTRY. giKI5EC. The Bog and Lake Ores of this province are probably the most extensive deposits of a like nature in the world. The ore bearing area extends from the borders of Ontario in the West, to Gaspt' in the East, and on the other hand from the Eastern Townships to the Laurentian Range of mountains, embracing the historical Three Rivers ore district. Good deposits of Magnetic Ores are found throughout the Province, especially in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, Leeds, Sutton, St. Jerome, and in Pontiac County. An inexhaustible growth of hard wood, j-uitable for the manufacture of charcoal is everywhere found in close proximity to the iron deposits. Limestone for flux is most abundant throughout the Province. ONT.\RIO. Vast deposits of Ore exists throughout Ontario from the Ottawa Valley to the head of Lake Superior. The ore is of many varieties, Magnetic, Red Hematite, Limonite, Specular, and occasionally Bog ores, all more or less rich in metallic iron. At the recent World's Fair in Cliicago, Ontario exhibited no less than 120 samples of iron ore taken from her various mines, all these samples averaging 60 and over in metallic iron, and many of them exceptionally free from impurities. Most notable among the localities sending exhibits were the Ottawa N'alley, including Lanark, and the Kingston and Pembroke Districts, Madoc and other points in the County of Hastings, Haliburton, Coehill, and other locations in the County of Pelerboro, East Algoma, Thunder Bay District, including Atak-Okan Range. In the matter of fuel, Ontario, like her sister Province Quebec, possesses most extensive forests of hard wood, admir- ably suited for the production of charcoal. She is also rich in fluxes. MAN'ITOBA. Deposits of Magnetic and Bog ores on Lake Winnipeg, with an abundant growth of hard wood suitable for charcoal in the vicinity of the mines. THK IKON INinSTKV. 31 BRITISH rOl.lMHIA. While the work of exploration has necessarily been limited, yet the Maj^netic ore deposits at Texada Island, and Cherry Creek Hluff are already fairly well proved by actual work. The ore frop- these mines has found a market at Tacoma, Wash., U. S. British Columbia is very rich in both coal and wood, the outputs of her collieries at Nanaimo, Wellington and Comox showing a steady increase in tonnage. Raw Material. While in the actual work of provir.g and developing her mines Canada has up to the present accomplished com- paratively little; yet the careful preliminary explorations al- ready referred to make it most evident that in raw materials Nature has unquestionably endowed Canada with everything necessary to success. Market. Satisfied as to the possession of raw materials, the next most important question for Canadians is a market for the finished product. All facts and figures go to prove that for many years to come Canada's natural market for iron products lies within her own borders, side by side with her mines and forests. According to the best authorities, Canada uses to-day up- wards of 250 lbs. of the products of iron per capita. This on a population of say five millions means, roughly speaking, an annual consumption of boo.ooo net tons. In his report of the "Bureau of Mines of Ontario" for 1892, Mr. Arch. Blue estimates the consumption to equal (after making all due allowance for waste in converting pig iron into finished iron and steel) say, 604,252 tons for 1891-92. To better realize the accuracy of these figures, it must be remembered, for instance, that Canada possesses to-day not less than 15,000 miles of railway, standing high among the nations in this particular regard. When her 15,000 miles of railway line is laid with standard 72 lbs. rails (the rail of the future) she will have at 113 tons per mile, in round figures, 1,500,000 tons of steel rails. The average life of a rail is 15 years, therefore renewals are T 22 THE IKON IXnrsTKV. being made continually, and asja matter of fact the Dominion is using in this department alone, 100,000 tons of the product oi iron annually. During the past year one of our great Trans-Continental Lines alone imported 36,000 tons of steel rails. The Canadian Railway Companies, if they follow the exam- ple of their American rivals, will heartily support the production of steel rails from Canadian ore by Canadian labor. The revenue to be obtained from the carriage oi raw materials to the furnace, and of the rinished product to the market, as well as through an increased passenger trafiic, will more than com- pensate for the extra price the\ will be called upon to pay for rail equipment during the first few years of the industry. All the rails used in Canada to-day are of foreign make. As a further illustration, the Rolling Mills at Montreal, Hamilton, Swansea, New to themselves) with all the raw material necessary for the manufacture of bars and other finished iron. It is not improbable but that a comprehensive arrangement on some such lines would result in the rolling mill companies considering the question of going into blast furnace work on their own account, with most beneficial results to the whole Dominion, or they may adopt the course of erecting plant tor the manufacture of steel billets and puddled bars from Cana- dian pig iron. In the face of many difficulties the pig iron industry has continued to make creditable progress since 1S87, and especially has this been the case within the past two years. At the close of ihe calendar year i8qi, the total production of pig iron in Canada was only 23,891 tons. Within 18 months, that is to sav, at the close of the fiscal year .892, the output .lad increased to about 51.000 tons for twelve months, a gain of upwards of 1 10 . Sixty thousand tons will be a ta.r estimate of the output to the close of the present fiscal year. The following will show the furnaces now in blast, with capacity and output : LONDONDKRRV IRON CO.. LON'DONDKRRV. N. S. Description of Pliint, with Capacity. Thirty-six thousand acres free hold land, Ore Mines, vield from 50,000 to 70,000 gross tons. Limestone Mines, yield from 12,000 to 15.000 gross tons. Railwavs^-about 12 miles. Company's own property. Two Hl'ast Furnaces Capacity about 40,000 gross tons. One Rolling Mill -Silent, capacity about 8,000 gross tons. OnQ Pipe Foundry ^Silent, capacity about 5.000 gross tons. Number o^ men emploved about 350. Maximum number which has been employed when running all departments full, 807. Make of Pig Iron i8i)2 -28,052 net tons. Ore charged (partly bought )-tH,430 net tons. Coke charged 41 ,00(1 net tons. Coal charged (all bought) -1,74° "^t tons. Flux 14,907 net tons. 26 THE IKON INIJLSTRV, The Londonderry Co. purchase from outside sources a very larfje proportion of their ore and coip/y The company controls 8,500 acres of hard wood lands, yielding principally yellow birch, beech and maple. This land is situated 15 miles from the furnace. 28 THK IKON INOISIKV. One Blast Furnace 55 tt. high, 11 ft. bosh, built of red brick. Capacity 5,000 ions charcoal iron per annum. Charcoal Kilns 19 Beehive kilns, capacity 50 cords each. This Company has barely commenced operation. So far only 700 tons of iron have been produced. Working full blast how- ever it will give employment to 300 men in the woods, mmes, and at the furnace. JOHN McDOlG-ALL & CO.. DRUMMONDVI LLK, QUK. On's—\^og ores secured within a radius of 1 j miles of Drum- mondville. Charcoal Fuel— Soft wood, principally balsam and spruce, secured in practically the same district as the ores. Two Furnace Stacks Both built of stone, 35 ft. high. Capacity about 6 tons per day each; 200 men employed. At present the whole of the output is used in the manufacture of car wheels at the Company's Works in Montreal. The campaign is therefore largely regulated by the requirements of the car wheel department. THK CANADA IRON FURNACE CO., LTD., RADNOR FORGES, CHAMPLAIN, P.Q. Ortw- Bog and Lake. The Company control 100,000 acres of ore bearing lands in the districts of St. Maurice, Three Rivers, Vaudreuil, joliette, St. Ambrose de Kildare, Point du Lac, Gentilly and Beaconcour, including the important deposits ot lake ores at Lac-a-la-Tortue and Lac-au-Sable, which the Company hold in fee simple. Also magnetic iron mines at Sherbrooke, St. Jerome, and other points in the Province of Quebec. Wood Supply— Vx^Q hold and royalty rights on hard wood lands extending throughout the country north of Radnor Forges. The supply of wood is practically inexhaustible. The Com- pany's location at Grandes Piles securing to them practically the "Key" of the St. Maurice River, and the control of most valuable hard wood lands on either bank of the river for seven miles of the navigable waters of the St. Maurice. The wood is principally hard maple, birch and beech. THK IKOX IXmSTKV. 29 Charcoal Kihis~.\ battery of 1 1 kilns on the furnace prop- erty at Radnor Forges, capacity 55 cords each. A battery of 14 kilns at Grandes Piles, capacity 55 cords each. Charcoal also made in pits in the Swedish manner. Limestone 6>«^//-n'— The Company owns what is perhaps the most imp~ortant limestone quarry in the Three Rivers dis- trict. This lies within 50 yards of the furnace. Raihvavs—A railway line from Piles Branch. C. P. Ry.. to the furnace. This together with switches is three miles in extent, all the property of the Company. Car Wheel Shop^\.oc-A\i<\ at Three Rivers. Furnace \ron shell, height 40 ft., bosti 9 ft. diameter. Crucible and bosh from mantle down is encased and protected with a Russel Wheel & Foundry Vo. water jacket. The furnace is complete with all modern accessories. Hot blast stove, Drummond pattern. Sleam and water power. New Weimer blowing engine, also complete auxiliary plant, blowing engines, steam "and force pumps ready for use at any moment should the permanent plant become disabled. Capacttv J^o tons per day of high class Charcoal iron, specially adopted for the manufacture of chilled car wheels. This iron stands an average breaking strain of 63,000 lbs. per square inch, the test being on standard bars i x 12. During 1893 the Company produced 7423 net tons of charcoal pig iron.' Thev made all their own raw material, not alone tor the production' of the quantity of iron named, but also for sufficient stock to provide for a largely increased output during the present year, 181)4. The average number of men employed is (150, with about 400 horses. During the winter months when the Company require to cut all the hard wood necessary for the year's production of charcoal, and when they take delivery of a great deal of the ore made during the summer months, they often find it necessary to employ a staff of upwards of H60 men, with about 530 horses. Of the large staff ofn-u. at least three-quarters are drawn from the ranks of the farmers and habitants, and the operations are carried on by them over a very large territory. Politicians will do well to notice that each and every one of the Canadian blast furnaces are located in rural districts, and 30 THE IRON INDUSTRY. that in a very peculiar degree the pig iron industry is one closely identified with the interests of the farmers. The coke furnaces of Nova Scotia draw a large proportion of their employees at mines and furnaces from the farming class. In many instances the farmers take work in the mines, while other members of their families look after their agricultural interests. The charcoal iron furnace especially may well be classed as a farmers' industry. For example, in the case of the Canada Iron Furnace Co. already cited, out of a staff of 850 men employed at the present time, 700 at least of the employees are farmers or habitants, who work for the Company during the winter months and in their slack seasons, between seed time and harvest. These men find that the arduous work of clearing their land is no longer unprofitable, as it has been in the past, but that on the contrary they are now able to derive a very good living from the earliest days of settlement by supplying wood to the ch?.rcoal kilns. Another ready source of employment is the raising of ore on portions of their own and neighboring lands, which would otherwise be wholly unproductive. The successful re-establishment of the Charcoal Iron Industry at Radnor Forges has greatly improved the condition of the farmers of the historical Three Rivers district. They now find steady and profitable employment on their own land at all seasons, a steady market for their farm products, and ample work for their horses. During the present season the Canada Iron Furance Co. are using in their camps and ore fields upward of 500 horses. So per cent, of which are the property of the farmers. This close identity of interest between the farmer and the manufacturer is also characteristic of the work done at Drum- mondville, in the Province of Quebec, and will no doubt prove equally true with regard to the operations of the Pictou Charcoal Iron Co. at Hridgeville, N. S. it will be largely in the interest of the farmers of Ontario and Quebec if the Charcoal Iron Industry is allowed to grow and prosper. What has been possible in the case of Sweden is equally possible for the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, where the raw material and the market lie side by side. In 1890 Sweden had in blast 154 charcoal iron furnaces producing 456, 102 THE IRON INDISTKY. 3' metric tons, an industry of which that nation may well be proud. The utilization of the hard and soft woods of our forests, at present waste material, would be uf incalculable benefit to the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and above all to the agriculturalists of these provinces. Next to the farming class the Railways of Canada would perhaps be the greatest gainers by the establishment of an iron industry. In the case of the Government Railway, the Inter- colonial, it is safe to say that the combined operations of the Londonderry Iron Co., the New Glasgow Iron, Coal & Railway Co.. and the Nova Scotia Steel & Forge Co., furnish one-fifth of all the freight business of the railway in question. The Piles Branch of the Canadian Pacific Ry., on which the works of the Canada Iron Furnace Co. are located, is perhaps the best paying piece of line possessed by that great Trans- Continental road, and this is very largely due to the fact that every pound of raw material inwards to the furnace and finished product outwards to the market contributes to the revenue of the Railway Co. It is quite plain that any policy that would serve to cripple these iron industries loill be severely felt by the Railways. Perhaps the greatest difficulty that has stood in the way of the advancement of the Canadian Iron Industry up to the present time, has been the uncertainty of the taritT, and political cries of "Commercial Union," "Unrestricted Reciprocity," "Free Trade" and " Revenue Tarifl" have served to frighten capital- ists, so that Canadian iron masters have found it very dilViciilt to obtain investors for the carrying forward of the work on a proper basis. When the difficulties are all considered it is remarkable that the Industry has :eached even its present stage. The United States at the present time presents an example of what uncertainty regarding tariff changes will do. During the past six months business has been completely demoralized in the iron trade of the Republic by the fear of a possible change in the duties. This in face of the fact that both parties in Congress are known to be more or less protectionist in theory and practice, the difference being only one of degree, whereas in Canada politicians are most extreme in their views, and the battle against protection to native industries has been waged in and 32 THE IRON INDfSTRY, out of Parliment during all the term that the so-called National Policy has been in existence. With such a neuclus as the existing establishments aflford, with unlimited supplies of raw material, and possessmg the best of all markets -a home market- the Canadian Iron In- dustry cannot fail to expand rapidly and safely, probably as m the case of the United States much more rapidly than the population, if only the Government of Canada will establish conhdence in the minds of capitalists by, in some manner, giving a degree o permanency to the present protective tariff. Minor details w.I from time to time require adjustment, but the broad principal of protection to an industry for which Nature has so eminently fitted the Dominion, must be endorsed by both Government and opposition, giving a fair period of time in which to secure a full development of the industry, so that it may meet, on something like equal terms, the opposition of its pmverfu competitors in the United States and Great Britain Without this the industry will be restricted, and in time of depression such as at presait, the iron masters of the United States will simply unload their bankrupt stocks into Canada, with the end that a healthy Canadian industry will be an utter impossibility. It is a notable fact that during the past four years the increased outputs of the Canadian furnace has led to a decreased cost of production per ton of iron, and Canadian makers have now forced foreign agents to lower their prices fully S3.00 per ton from prices asked four years ago. A well maintained tariff for some vears to come will have exactly the same tendency as it had in the United States, viz., to strengthen and expand the native industry to the point where Canadians can control the emire trade of the country, and yet sell to the consumer at as low a price as any foreign competitor can do in his own country. LOCATION. The question of a proper location of Coke and Charcoal furnaces will be settled by the natural fitness of each Province Nova Scotia, possessing as she does a great wealth ot mineral fuel, must continue for some time to come to produce the coke THE IRON INDUSTRY. 33 iron required by the country. It may be urged that she is far removed from her best market, viz. Ontario. However, Nova Scotia is in as good a position in this respect, and ought to be in regard to freight rates, as her present greatest competitors, viz., the furnaces of the Southern United States. Within the past two years Nova Scotia has made great progress in the erection of modern plants and improved appliances. She must continue on this course, for the time is past when iron can be successfully produced without improved appliances both in construction and modern methods of operation. The blast furnace must meet the consumer's wants, in quality of iron and technical knowledge and administrative ability must be joined together in Nova Scotia just as in the United States to secure the increased output, and high quality of iron which the times demand. Quebec and Ontario will afford a splendid field for the development of the Charcoal iron industry, and this depart- ment will become more and more important as the forests of the neighboring Republic and Sweden are depleted. It is hardly feasible under existing circumstances to success- fully establish coke furnaces in either Ontario or Quebec, inas- much as these Provinces would have to depend upon importing their supply of fuel from the United States. Such an industry would be of little value to the Provinces or the Dominion inas- much as by far the largest proportion of labor required in the manufacture of iron is that connected with the mines, both coal and iron. Certainly the Government would not be warranted in granting a bounty for the establishment of an industry contributing as largely as this would to the labor of our most important competitor, the United States. There is a reasonable hope that in due time Nova Scotian coal will be profitably coked at Montreal, and other centres of population, through the utilization of by-products. When that time comes, Ontario and Quebec will be in a position to operate blast furnaces economically with mineral fuel, the product of Nova Scotian mines, thereby adding another link to strengthen the confederation of the Canadian Provinces. For the immediate future the charcoal iron industry offers the best and surest field of operation and investment to the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. A full and unbiassed investigation into all the facts concerning 34 rilK IKON INOrSTKV. the successful establishment of the iron industry in other countries, and of the circumstances attendinj^ the work already- done in Canada, leads to the following- conclusions: First That the Canadian iron industry has greater and more just claims to the good will and support of the Government and people of Canada than perhaps any other of the great industries of the country. In tobacco, sugar and cotton, splendid progress has been made, yet these industries, whilst of unquestionable benefit to the country, all contribute more or less to the labor of foreign countries, by using raw materials of foreign growth, for which nature has not fitted Canada. The iron industry is altogether different, being purely Canadian from raw material to finished product. Nature has richly endowed Canada with everything that goes to make success in this special line of enterprise. It rests with the Government and the people of the Dominion to foster the industry to a perfect development. Second — The Dominion Parliament must immediately adopt a course that will give confidence to investors, by demonstrating that the protective tariff and bounty will be well maintained for some time to come. The Government must rectify judi- ciouslv anv errors that mav have arisen, and must seek at least approximately to grant a uniform protection to tabor, in li^hatex'er Inanch of the industry it may l)e emfiioyed, be it at the mines, furnace, rolling mills, iron foundry or machine shop. Third — The Provincial (iovernmonts must take steps immedi- ately to enco!.rage by every reasonable concession the develop- ment of the iron industries now within their respective borders. In Quebec and Ontario every facility should be granted by the Provincial Governments in the way of privileges for the clear- ing of hard and soft woods from Crown lands. This course will not only strengthen and build up the charcoal iron industry, but will bring about a rapid settlement of Government landj. Hitherto settlers have avoided the forest lands of the East, in favor of the more easily cultivated prairies of the West. Establish the Charcoal Iron Industry in Quebec and Ontario, and the settlers will find a sure and profitable return for labor expended in clearing the wobd, an inducement that will make THK IRON INOISTRV. .'.t the buslilaiuls of these Provinces more attractive than the prairies of the West. The section of the different provincial mininj^ laws, providing^ for a proper expenditure in the development of mining loc-uions within a given time, should be strictly enforced, and if possible the obligations made even more stringent than at present, so as to ensure a fair amount of work being done promptly, and prevent as much as possible the " locking up " of valuable mines by speculators. Where the owners of locations are too poor to carry on the work of development in a proper manner, then the Provincial Government should do so by some equitable arrangement with the owner. For this purpose the Provincial Legislatures should vote in each year's supplies a reasonable sum ot money. This would serve to bring about a business-like development of some very valuable mines that now lie dormant, and must in time bring a very profitable return to the Government by the settle- ment of Crown lands. Further, it would tend to prove to capitalists that the ore supplies are all that they are claimed to be, and ample for all requirements. The Provincial Governments require to deal with the whole question in a business-like manner, strictly enforcing laws that will tend to an early development, but at the same time thev must be heartily in accord with the Dominion Government in granting every legitimate encouragement and facility that will tend to build up so valuable an industry. Fourth—Canadian bankers, capitalists, and men of afl'airs generally will do well to give the native industry more attention in the future than they have in the past. .An industry that is peculiarly Canadian in every branch, drawing all its wealth from Canadian soil, is surely worthy of their legitimate support. The fact that the earlier iron industries of this conntry failed to succeed under the most adverse circumstances is no reason why, under existing conditions, undeniably more favorable, the industry cannot be made a thorough success, not alone afford- ing a great field for the safe investment of capital, but indirectly benefiting other existing Canadian industries and interests, aiding toward increased population and national wealth. T ^ .36 THE IRON INDUSTRY. Let the Canadian Government and people go steadily onward, and by every energy and sympathy build up great national industries and interests, neither doubting themselves nor their resources, but rather cultivating in every department of trade and commerce, and in the hearts of the people, that national pride in national products so characteristic of Englishmen and Americans. Following such a course Canada must soon develop not only in her Iron Industry, but in every department of national life. T ^