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Photographic

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(^rnttxB Utittterattg
Htbrarg

KINGSTON, ONTARIO

2d 8e$9ion,

1 Ko. 35.

}t70 U

MANAGEMENT OP INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

REPORT

ON TfiB

MANAGEMENT OF THE INDIANS IN BRITISH NORTH
AMERICA BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT.

January 27, 1870. — ^Presented by Mr. Clarke, from the Committee on Indian Affairs,
oi'dered to be printed, and recommitted to the Committee on Indian Affairs.

Departsient of State,

Wmhington, January 21, 1870.

Sm : Referring to the coniiuunication addressed to you from this de-
partment, under date of April 14 last, in reply to your letter of the 8th
of the same month, requesting that our (;onsul at Fort Erie be instructed
to inquire into and report upon the treatment of the Indians within the
Dominion of Canada, their present condition and the iueans employed
to bring them into habits of civilization, I have the honor now to in-
close you the report of Mr. F. N. Blake, at that time United States con-
sul at Fort Erie, but now holding that oflftce at Hamilton, Ontario.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

HAMILTON FISH.
Hon. Sidney Clarke,

Chairman of Committee on Indian Affairs^

House of Representatives.

Consulate of the United States,

Hamilton^ Ontario^ January 6, 1870.

Sir : According to the Instructions issued from the Department of
State, in compliance with a request from the Hon. Sidney Clarke, chair-
man of the Committee on Indian Aftairs in the House of Representa-
tives, I have the honor to submit a repoii; on the condition and treat-
ment of the Indians in British North America, and tiie means used to
bring them successfiilly into the habits of civilization.

During the wars between the French and English in Canada, the
aborigines were freely employed on both sides ; but since the acquisi-
tion of the Provinces by Great Britain, the Indians have not only kept
the peace toward the government under which they live, bat have been
its faithftd allies in war, and abstained from violence among themselves.

It is now also an established ^^l*^^!*^ Indians ot Canada have

[AKAOEMENT bF

passed through the most critical era of transition from barbarism to
civilization ; and the assimilation o2" their habits to those of the white
race is so far from tlireatening their gradual extinction that it is produc-
ing results directly opposite.

The official reports of the government, published in 1869 and many
previous years, furnish cautious but deliberate and concurrent testimony
to beneficial progress in the modes of life of the Indians in Ontario and
Quebec, the provinces where they are most numerous. One of the most
positive indications on this point is their numerical increase during the
last quarter of a century.

Kecent evidence as to this w ill be found in the tabular statement an-
nexed hereto, (see Appendix A,) showing, during the last year, addi-
tions to their population i. . tw^-ity-one of the settlements, and a de-
crease only in five. In every i-ance of diminution the amount is in-
significant, except in that of the Manitoulin Island; and inquiry has fully
satisfied me that migration, and not mortality, is the cause of the ap-
parent decrease in it. The diminution in the other four tribes is in the
aggregate only twenty-three in the number of indivitlv als. Each of
these tribes are so small as to compel frequent intermaiTiages, and thus
induce disease ; and there is reason to believe that migration, and ab-
sorption into the white race, have taken place to an extent sufficient to
counterbalance the deficiencies.

In the first step from the original condition of the Indians, tlu3 disap-
pearance of the larger animals on which they depend for food and
clothing brings constant privation, and frecpient famine. Even when
not entirely ignorant of the methods of gaining a livelihood by agri-
cultural and pastoral pursuits, their ancient and hereditary hiibits ren-
der them averse to the patient toil they have been accustomed to regard
as dishonorable. The temptations and discouragement they encounter
at this period render them an easy prey to vi(!es, which not only fur-
ther demoralize, but lead them to physical destruction.

As the Canadian tribes have escaped from the sutleiings of the state
of transition, have ceased to wander as destitute Pariahs on the borders
of the civilization to which they were aliens, and have located on farms,
the natural result of enjoying substantial habitations, comfortable
clothing, and jiroper food, in sufficient (quantities, has been to render
epidemics less frecpient, and less fatal, and to check the ravages of con-
sumption, and febrile attacks conse<iuent ui)on the severe hardships
and despondency necessarily exi)erienced, when former means of sub-
sistence have been h)st and no others have been gained.

Another prominent reason for an increase instead of a diminution in
the number of these Indians is the provision made for adecpmte medi-
cal attendance upon them, by which they, to a considerable extent, es-
cape the sacrifice of life consequent upon contagious and other diseases
induced by proximity to our own race. It is the i>ractice of the govern-
mental department having the various tribes in charge, to require com-
petent medical practitioners, at periods siifficiently near each other, to
make so general a vaccination as to leave little room for fear of the vis-
itations of small-pox, by which formerly whole families were sometimes
swept away.

From year to year the progress of civilization has long continued to
advance. In various parts of the newer regions of Canada, Indians
for whose benefit lands have been set apart are evincing an increased
desire to avail themselves of the opportunity of becoming settled, and
they appreciate the establishment of schools as an additional induce-
ment lor occupying permauent homes. Education is prized among

them, because, am^iig other results, it tends to lessen the sense of infe-
riority they feel when in company with whites ; and some of the native
tribes have been so anxious to secure its benefits for their children that
they have voluntarily taxed themselves for the purpose to such an ex-
tent as under other circumstances would seem incommensurate with
their incomes.

LTudoubtedly the desire for education, an<l other favorable indications
among the lo'^'ans, are, in a considerable degree, owing to the clergy
who minister among them, and exercise their influence for the repression
of intemperance and vice Jind the promotion of industry and good order.
But moral influence alone would have proved unavailing. Tlie govern-
ment of their country has felt a just sense of the res|)onsibility devolved
upon it ; has seen the necessity of treating the Indians temporarily as
wards or minors; has assumed a friendly and painstaking guardianship
over them, and seems practically to have adopted the principle that
whatever may have been the original stipulation in purchasing their
lands, the proper measure of compensation is to place and nmintain
them in such a condition that they may, if [)ossible, as the ultinutte re-
sult of their own exertions, enjoy advantages at least equal to those of
their former state.

Among the various Indian tribes of the Dominion are to be found
some yet representing the origifial barbarism, Avliile others are scarcely
distinguishable from the European race, either in person or habits. In
other cliaracteristics they jilso present marked distinctions. Thus, in
complying with my instructions to report as to their condition, I have
found it necessary to describe, as briefly as [)()ssible, the chief nations or
comnuiiiities among them, as well as to state the laws and influences lo
whicli all of them are subjected.

THE SIX NATIONS.

Of all the tribes or bands of Indians in Canada, the confederation
known as the " Six Nations of the (Irnnd River," contains the largest
population. Tlieir historical celebrity began with the earliest exjdora-
tions of the Hudson Kiver, and their present advanced condition also
invests them with peculiar interest. In 1808 their numbers were 2,790,
and they annually increase. Tliey consist of portions of the kindreti
nations of the Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Oneidas,
wlio once inhabited the valleys on the rivers and lakes of Central New
York, inchuling the Mohawk an<l (xonesee; and were so powerful a con
feder.icy that they not only overran the region afterwards known as
Upper Canada, but carried their wjirs far an<l wide into the western
praiHes. Their young men tested their bravery and endurance by ex-
peditions against tribes occupying remote southern regions, and partic-
ularly against the Cherokees, whom they esteemed as foenuMi especially
worthy of their best efforts.

To the five nations already enumerated have been added the Tuscaro-
ras, who, although at an early i)eriod they migrated to North Carolina, are
shown by tradition and language to be of the same original stock, and,
when driven from their southern hunting grounds were admitted into
the confederacy, which from that time ceased to be '' the Five," and was
called '^ the Six Nations."

These Indians, now residing on the Grand River, are the representa-
tives and descendants of those aborigines of whom De Witt Clinton said
that they were peculiarly and extraordinarily distinguished by " great
attainments in polity, in negotiation, in eloquence, and in war." They

TlS!SESm^^^SDi!S^^mrriS^ASSSci:

form the organization wliicb, eighty years before the American Revolu-
tion, held up their union as a political model to the English colonies.

I deemed the present condition of tliese Indians worthy of close in-
vestigation. Every facility for obtaining information regarding them
was cheerfully attbrded by their courteous " visiting superintendent/'
Mr. J. F. Gilkison ; and, in company with him, 1 visited their principal
school and was present at one of their councils.

In the treaty with the United States, at the close of the Revolu-
tionary war, Great Britain made no stipulation in behalf of her Indian
allies ; and " the ancient country of the Six Nations, the residence of their
ancestors from a time far beyond their earliest traditions, was included
within the boundaries granted to the Americans ;" but official pledges
had been given, that as soon as hostilities were at an end they should
be restored, at the expense of the government, to the condition they
were in before the war began.

On behalf of his tribe, (Japtain Brant, the celebrated Mohawk chief,
whose fame has become historical and is perpetuated in the name of the
pleasant and flourishing town of Brantford, refused offers to reside in
the United States, and claimed from General Haldimand, then com-
mander-in-chief in Canada, the fultillment of the pledges. The warrior
was received with ample cordiality, and first selected a tract of land
near the lower end of Lake Ontario, in the bay of Quinte, where six
bundled and eighty-three Mohawks, who are prosperous and whose num-
bers are increasing, now reside.

The Senecas, yfho intended to remain in the United States, became
apprehensive that their troubles had not terminated, and were exceed-
ingly desirous that the Mohawks should reside so near as to assist
them, if necessary, by force of arms, or to afford them an asylum if
they should find it needful. Under these circumstances. Captain Brant
re(i nested permission to have another and more convenient territory,
and ultimately selected the country on the Grand River, flowing fi'om
tlie north into Lake Erie, about forty miles above Buffalo, as a suitable
location for maintaining a ready intercourse with the residue of the Six
Nations, and as affording facilities for corresponding with the nations
and tribes of the ui)per lakes.

The result was a fornml grant, from the Crown, of the land, to the
brejidth of six miles on each side of the Grand River, beginning at
Lake Erie and extending in that jiroportion to the head of the stream,
and this " the Mohawks and others of the Six Nations, who had either
lost their possessions in the war or wished to retire from them to the
British, were to enjoy forever." The land was purchased from the Chip-
pewas. The course of the river is about one hundred miles, so that the
territory was that extent in length and twelve miles in width. It is a
pleasantly undulated and exceedingly fertile region. The historian of
the i)eriod says : " This tract, though much smaller than liiey had been
obliged to forsake, within the United States, amply satisfied these
loyal Indians."

At the conclusion of the war, the legislature of the State of New
York manifested a desire to expel the Six Nations. No doubt this con-
tributed to increase the number of emigrants to the Grand River, al-
though, in 1784, the State, urged by Generals Washington and Schuy-
ler, who thought the proposed iK)licy was injudicious, inhunmn and un-
just, and that " a veil should be drawn over the past, and these child-
ren of the forest should be taught that their true interest and safety
must henceforward depend upon the cultivation of amicable relations

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MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

with the United States," ultimately secured all the Six Nations in the
possession of the lands they were then occupying.

Cai)tain Brant soon saw that the attractions of the fertile region he
had selected would be appreciated by the white man, who would make
settlements around it, and thus drive the Indians from the condition of
hunters to that of farmers. As a compensation for the loss of the same,
he recommended sales of a portion of the land, so that a fund might be
raised for the immediate benefit of his people, who m^ght thus also
secure a perpetual revenue. As his opinions were auopted by the
Indians, they, in 1798, surrendered 352,707 acres, which were then sold
for £44,867, in accordance with the desire of the Indians themselves,
the government having sanctioned the measure on the conviction that
it would be beneficial to them.

Other sales have been made, until the reservation contains ubout
53,000 acres.

Several of these Indians are now good farmers, and conduct their
operations on a large scale, (lenendly, the members of these nations
are well supplied with cattle, horses, sheep, and swine, and have com-
fortable habitations. Some are content to live very i)lainly ; but, al-
though they do not usually farm so well as the white freeholders around
them, their condition is much better than that of the poor whites in
large cities ; and all testimony concurs in saying that they have made
decidedly ai)i)reciable progress in agriculture within the last few years.

In going to their council-house 1 met several load^ of grain en route
to the Brantford market, and owned by Indians ; and a considerable
surplus was this year raised for sale. On the whole, although much
remains to be done in the way of improvement, these Indians are un-
equivocally in comfortable and independent circumstances.

By slow degrees the old taste or passion for hunting and fishing, usu-
ally believed to be instinctive and ineradicable in the Indian, is (lying
away. 1 was assured on reliable authority that the influence of settled
habits and comfortable homes is so great that most of the young men
have now no more inclination t'ov the chase than is found among those
of the same age in our own race.

Several of these Intlians are carpenters and shoemakers, and there
are some tailors and blacksmiths among them. Many individuals are
said to have a strong inclination for speculating — by which " trading"
or bartering horses, cattle, buggies, &c., should be understood.

Tliere are at present about a dozen instances of intermarriage between
members of these nations and the Avhites.

In several important particulars a renn)val from the immediate neigh-
borhood of Brantford, and the improveuient in substantial (iomforts,
have produced valuable results.

One of the most suggestive indicfitions of the period is that an agri-
cultural fair was held exchisively among the Indians during the present
yeal\ The New England Society contributed £20 to the fund f<n' lu'izes,
the list of which included cattle of difi'erent breeds, and was, with a few
variations, much the*same as among the whites on such occasions. The
exhibition was highly creditsible and well calculated to improve the
stock and husbandry of the Indians, an<l also 1:0 exert a cheering and
elevating influence upon them by instituting pheasant social and jmblic
gatherings; while to encourage an honorable and pleasurable pride in
having good stock antl in fostering the domestic animals, is to substitute
entirely new characteristics for those predominant among people who
think of the inferior creatures as only subjects for the chase and the
knife.

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

Tlie estiiblislinieiit of a teini>eranee society amoug these nations is
regarded by many as an omen of good hope.

About a mile from the town of Brantford we reached the Indian
school-house, established by the New England Society. It is a plain,
substantial three atory building of brick, pleasantly situated on a farm
comprising two hundred acres of fertile land. At the time of my visit
the number of children in attendance, including both sexes, Avas eighty-
two. They are taught, fed, and clothed at the exi)ense of the society.
None are admitted before the age of ten. The writing of several was
very good, and their examinations in spelling were highly creditable.
There is no attempt to confer more than a plain English education, but
provision is made for consecutive advancements to higher schools, if the
proficiency attained seems to justify them. The farmer of the establish-
ment carefully instructs the boys in the work of the farm at all seasons
of the year, taking a limited number with him into the fields and barns
on all suitable o(;(;asions, and allotting specific work to each of them,
subject to his inspection.

I regretted that horticultural instructions were not added to those of
the resident farmer. At an expense almost nominal a few ornamental
trees, shrubs, and plants would increase the attractions of the temporary
home and its lessons to the young Indians; and by adding a nursery
garden the children could also be instructed in the art of sowing, rear-
ing, budding, and grafting the fruit trees adapted to the climate. Mu<;h
present and agrtiieable interest would be excited, useful employment
would be aflforded, and permanent and practical ideas of a beneficial
kind would thus be carried to many Indian homes, and secure material
and profitable results, while the iiroductions of the garden and nursery
would nearly or quite defray the expense of the undertaking.

In addition to the common branches of education the girls are in-
structed in the ordinary household work of the farm, including spinning,
and sewing by hand and on the machine.

It was found impossible to secure attendance sufliciently regular with-
out boarding the children in the establishment. The i)arents of many
reside at considerable distances from it. It is unquestionable that the
influence exerted by the school has had a very beneficial influence on
the farm and homes of these Indians.

In this school two or three of the children were undistingnishable
from whites, and many were evidently of mixed blood. I inquired
from their teacher, who was a man of experience in other schools,
whether, in receiving instruction, there was any appreciable difference
between the children of the two races. He thought that of the two, the
Indians were the quickest.

Here no attempt is now made to teach the mechanical arts, although
at one time this was done. The project was not abandoned because the
Indian youths manifested an insufficient aptitude for such acquirements.
They preferred the independent life of farmers to that of confined and
systematic mechanics.

The same remarkable "New Engltind Society," already far advanced
in the third century of its benevolent and useful labors, maintains eight
s<;hools (see Appendix B) among the Indians of the Six Nations, besides
two more schools in other parts of Ontario. It is a close corporation,
and, in some respects, but little is known of it. By an ordiiumce issued
in 1049, during the time of the British Commonwealth, it was consti-
tuted a corporation under the name of " The President and Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel in New England." Under the same au-
thcrity " a general collection was made in all the counties, cities, towns,

MANAGEMEI

and parishes in England and Wales," and lands were purchased with
the money so collected. On the restoration the objects of the company
were declared to be not confined to New England, but to extend also to
" the parts adjacent in America."

The charter states the jiurpose of the society to be " for the further
propagation of the gospel of Jesus Christ amongst the heathen natives
in or near New England, and the parts adjacent in America, and for the
better civilizing, educating, and instructing of the said heathen natives
in learning and the knowledge of the true and only God, and in the
Protestant religion already owned and publicly professed by many of
them, and for tlie better encouragement of such others as shall Embrace
the same, and of their posterities after them, to abide and coittinue in
and hold fast the said profession."

The first governor in this corporation was the Hon. Robert Boyle,
who retained his office for thirty years, and by his will added largely to
its income, which was also increased by " other pious and well-disposed
persons," especially by a bequest from an eminent dissenting minister,
the Rev. Dr. Daniel Williams, whose name, like that of Boyle, has
become historical in New England and throughout this continent.

Not far from the chief school established by this company rises the
spire of a neat and quaint little church, the oldest sacred edifice in the
Province of Ontario. It was built by Captain Brant and his brother
Indians, who brought with them from tlui Mohawk Valley a large Bible
and a silver set of communion ]>late, presented to them by ^'the good
Queen Anne," and yet cherished as inalienable mementoes by the
nation. The bell which called them to Christian worship in the wilder-
ness of the Mohawk is yet retained for similar purposes on the Grand
River.

The council-house of the Six Nations is a new and commodious build-
ing, about twelve miles from Brant ford. In the proceedings held within
it many of the old observances arc yet retained. The chieftaincies, as
to times of peace, have been hereditary through the female line, but
inherited not by the son of the chief, but the son or nominee of his
daughter. The ancient office of fire-keeper is also continued. "The
act and the symbol of the act were both in his hands. lie summoned
the chiefs and actually lit the sacred fire at whose blaze their i)ipes were
lighted."

I found about sixty of the chiefs present. Three or four of the num-.
ber could not be distinguished from whites ; but on the whole the In-
dian characteristics prevailed, an<l indicate*! less intermixtin-e of the
races than might have been expected, after they had lived in proximity
so long. In dress, cleanliness, intelligence, and other marks of condi-
tion and character, the assemblage was jit leiist e<iual to that of an
ordinary town-meeting in a good ngricultmal region. Two old chiefs
wore gaily-colored handkerchiefs as turbans, and had loose coats with
saslu^s, but there were no other approaches to Indian costunu*.

On all occasions of ade(|uate importance, ^Ir. Gilkeson, as the visit-
ing superintendent, presides.

Before open discussion began, the chiefs "put their lu'ads together"
in small knots or parties throughout the room and consulte<l carefully.
The subsequent speakers in puldic were un<lerstood to express the opin
ions thus formed in the minor circles. The proceedings were in the
language of the Six Nations, but an able interpreter officiated when
necessary.

The ancient and admirable charficteristics of Indians in council yet
prevail. Even when highly educated, our own race seldom attains the

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BBITISH AMERICA.

ubnolutely unenibamissed fluency of liiiigiiiige, the Relf-possensed and
eu8y intonations and gestures, and the quiet and dignified courtesy
which distinguished the si)eakers. They spolce with the eUn'ated air
of men wlio respetjt themselves and their hearers. To understand the
full significance of such a S(;ene one must be an actual witness of it.

Having been informed of my object in visiting them, they ai)i)ointed
one of their number to address me. He did so through an inti'rpreter,
with equal ease, tact and courtesy; and expressed tlie most friendly
feelings and a readiness to afford whatever infornnition I might desire.
When I had said a few words in rei>ly, lie connnended me and my coun-
trymen to the care of the Great Spirit, and gave me to understand that
he was deputed on behalf of the assembled chiefs to shake hands with
me. He did so, gracefully and cordially, apparently un(;onscious that
the ju'ecedent might sometimes be advantageously adopted by assem-
blages more numerous and important.

After the fornml meeting was over, a few Indians addressed me through
one of their own number and an interpreter, inforn »ng me that they
were pagans, and yet adhered to their ancient institutions ; holding the
same opinions and jmicticing the same observances regarding religion
and the Great Si)irit as had been handed down to them through their
forefathers from time immemorial, or prehistoric. Like the other mem-
bers of these nations, they knew of the President or Great Father, and
exj)ressed pleasure in having secMi a citizen of the United States. They
assured me that although they differed on many ])oints from the jweseut
majority of the people of their confederacy, they believed that the Great
Spirit recpiired them to do right towanl all men, and said that they en-
deavored to inculcate and practice this golden rule.

The number of pagan Indians among the Six Nations on this reserva-
tion is about six hundred. Those who profess Christianity are chiefly
Episcopalians, Methodists and Baptists, but a few are Plymouth Brethren.

I returned to Hamilton more deeply impressed than before with a
sense of the capability of the Indian for civilization ; and yet more clearly
cognizant of the slow and almost imperceptible degrees by which alone
an Indian population can ever be actually absorbed by our own race.

There are also three settlements of Iroquois in Lower Canada — at St.
Kegis, St. Louis, and the Lake of the Two Mountains. Those of St.
Regis are specially distinguished as having blended some of the health-
ful elements of European civilization with the self-reliance and vigor of
their origiind and untamed life. They appear to have acquired provi-
dent habits, as well as other virtues of civilization, and are one of the
most conspicuous among the native tribes for temperate and orderly
lives, and progress as a settled community.

Although this <;ommunity is an oft'-shoot of the Iroquois stock, it is
not a member of the confederacy. It originated in efforts begun about
the middle of the seventeenth century, by the Roman Catholic church,
to draw the Iroquois into communion. Ultimately the most enthusiastic
of the converts withdrew from the body of the tribes and settled on the
banks of the St. Lawrence.

The Wyandotts, or, as they are frequently termed, the Hurons, are of
kindred origin to the Iroquois, and resembled them in wild courage.
They were the chief inhjibitauts of the now cultivated regions of the
Province of Ontario. When Chauqilain first explored the country west
of the river Ottawa, and along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, he
found it unoccupied, but also marked with abundant traces of cultiva-
tion and of recent occupation by the Wyandott tribes, who had either
been exterjuiuated by the Iroquois or pursued by them with such relent-

MANAQEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

loss liostility that tlioy rotn»ate«l until tlioir once populouH regions were
HbaiidoiitMl. Tlunr ciiief M^ttUMiuMits \v<>ro around Lake 8iincoi% and nhmfi
the Georjjjian Hay, rej;;ionH marked oii every favoraMe site with traces of
their a^frieultural iiulustry, and crowded with their jfraves. Their ]>op-
uhition was estimated at between thirty and forty thousand; and in the
earlier part of the seventeenth century the »Iesuit fathers are said to have
]>lanted their statitms amid the populous walled villaj^:es and ctdtivated
tiehls of the Wyandotts, and reckoned the warriors of their trihefe by
thousands.

In l(»2(i, Father Josejdi de la Koche d'Alleyn, when seeking? to dis-
cover the (leboucliment of the Niagara into Lake Ontario, i>asse<l thron;j;h
twenty-ei^ht towns and villages of the Altiwendaronks, wln» lived in the
territory in<;lu<ling the valley and falls of that river. The (country of the
Eries was far nuue extensive, and probably e«iually popnlous. But such
was th«' relentless nature of the aiudess war waged ujjon these people
by the Iroquois, that within less than thirty years from this mission of
Father de la Koche the whole region occupied by these nations, from
the Georgian Bay to the southern limits of the Fries, and far beyoiul
the shores of the lake which yet i)eri>etuate8 their name, was a silent
desert. All this was the result of conflict among native tribes, and so
entirely unintluenced by the white man, that it is with ditticulty we can
recover a few trustworthy glim[)ses of the Eries or the others, from In-
dian traditions or the notes of one or two missionaries whom zeal for the
propagation of the faith carried into the coiuitry of those extinct ))eoples,
long before the enterprise of the coureum des hok had led them to pene-
trate so far.

The important bearing of this brief historical sketch on the subject of
my rei)ort will be seen, on reflecting that, by the means thus recounted,
a large ]U'oportion of the vast ])rovince, lately known as Canada, was in
a considerable degree denu<led of Indians. This is one of the reasons
why the hatred and warfare, whi(;h have generAlly resulted from the aj)-
proaches of settlements by whites to Indian territory, did not arise. It
aided in giving a clear tteld for the trial of those wise experiuients which
havt» already resulted so favorably and promise yet greater success.

The Mississaquas, and other branches of the Algoncpiin stock from the
northwest, spread into the nearly vacant territory, but their influx has
to a consiilerable extent taken place since the French portion of the
white race had begun to colonize it. Doubtless this state of attairs, and
the friendly migration of the Six Nations into Canada, with the consent
and approval of rhe British government and of the Indians previously
resident in the province, have done nuicli toward encouraging the im-
perial and provincial governments to adojit and [)ersevere in a Just and
hunume policy. It seems to be the universal opinion among both raises,
that although the ordinary management of the Indians by the dounuant
power in the old provinces of Upper and Lower Canada may have some-
times been injudicious toward those who are submitted to its guardian-
ship, their substantial well-being has been sedulously kept in view.

Of the once great nation of Ilurons, or Wyandotts, destroyed by the
Iroquois, only seventy individuals now survive in the province of Onta-
rio. They occui)y the Huron reserve, in the township of Anderdon, and
were conttrmed in possession of that portion of the ancient heritage of
their race at the general partition of lands by the different tribes in
1701. In 1858, when they numbered sixty-live, commissioners appointed
by the Canadian government to in(iuire into the best means of securing
the progress and civilization of the Indian tribes in Canada, stated that
" the Indians on this reserve are mostly half-breeds, French and English.

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

Very few, if anj , are of pure Indian blood. They niuat be looked upon
as among the tribes the most advanced in civilization in Western Can-
ada. Many of them speak either French or Englisli fluently, have a
keen knowledge of their own interests, and would be capable of mjin-
aging their own affairs."

In religious belief tliey are nearly equally divided between cpnverts to
the creed and worship of the Roman Catholics and those of the Meth-
odist faith. They attend the churches and mingle with other worship-
pers at tlie town of Amherstburg, distant about three miles from the set-
tlement; and were it not for the distinctive character of the policy
adopted toward thf'n as being nominally Indian, they would " inevitably
merge into the general population, and disappear and be lost ; but only
in so far as they ceased to be distinguished from other members of the
civilized communitj\"*

At La Jeune Lorette, in the province of Quebec, is another remnant
of the Ilurons. Its members are descended from those stragglers of
their nation whom the Jesuit mi.- onaries of the seventeenth century
hunmnely guided from their ravaged hunting grounds and corn-tields
around the Georgian Bay, to the banks of the river St. Charles. In
1808 their population numbered two hundred and ninety-seven, having
increased twenty-one since the census of the i)revious year.

The commissioners who reported to the Canadian government in 1858
speak of them as a band of Indians "the most advanced in civilization
in the whole of Canada," but by the intenuixture of white blood they
have so far lost the original identity with their race as scarcely to be
considered as Indiar , Of all the tribes in Canada, they alone have lost
nearly all traces of their native language ; and, but for the pecuniary in-
ducements of the annual Indian grant, would long since have intermixed
Avith and disjippeared among the habitans of French descent, by whom
they are surrounded.

The theory of the sterility and ultimate extinction of the mixed Indian
and European races appears to be confuted by the well autlienticated
fact that the numbers of individuals in the hybrid tribes have largely
multiplied since 1844, and that tlie in(;rease yet continues. Professor
Wilson, a close observer and accurate analyst, says: "They seem likely
to survive until, as a settlement of French-speaking Canadians, on the
banks of the St. Charles, they will have to prove their Imlian descent by
baptismal register, or the genealogical records of the tribe, after all ex-
ternal traces liave disa])i)eared."

Within the last year the dicta of an eminent European ethnologist as
to the influence of the climate of our continent on our race have been
extensively quoted, and elicited ample commentaries in both hemi-
si>heres. He based his conclusions on a letter from a French ( •anadian,
who i)athetically lamented that, although he and his family heroically
renmineu French in sentinuMit, after an absence of two centuries from
the i>arent stock, they were becoming Ilurons in physical form. View-
ing the sulviect as he did, simply from a single point, and in reference to
climatic influences, the marvel of the case is magniflcently increased by
the fact that an oi)posite effect is [)roduc(Ml upon the Ilurons, who, i!i
the same period, have beeonu^ so nearly French. The savant bore uncon-
scious testimony to the existing amalgamation of the races.

The Algon(iuin race formerly extended from the Atlantic shore of New
York, through New England and the British maritinu^ proviiu-es, along
the lower St. Lawrence, and then<*e westerly along the northern shores
of Lakes Huron aiul Superior, at least as far as the Mississippi.

* Professor Wilson, of Toronto University, on Prehistoric Man, &c.

MANAGEMENT OP INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

In C.aiiada its tribes are more numerous than any otlier, and include
the Chippewas, Mississaquas, Ojibways, Pottawatomies and Ottaw-ts, of
Ontario; besides the Nippissings, Abinakis, Anialacites, Montagnais,
Mistassons, and Mohegans, in the i)rovinee of Quebec. Many of them
remain on, or even beyond, the outskirts of civilization, and are yet no-
madic tribes, subsisting by fishing and the chase, while others, occupy-
ing more favorable positions, are in an advanced condition, not inferior
to that of any other Canadian tribes.

One of the Mississaqua chiefs, sjieaking of his own tribe, the Indians
yet known as of the river Credit, though now resident in the territory
of the Six Xations, and of such (others as have become Christian, fur-
nishes strong testimony as to the increase of the genuine spirit of civiliza-
tion anion them. He said :

"Formerly the women were considered as mere slaves to dnulgery,
and hard woik was done by them. Now the men treat the women as
equals, bearing the heavy burdens themselves, while the wouu'n attend
to the children and househoUl concerns."

As the Algonquins inhabited comparatively high northern latitudes,
and the small grains were unknown among the aborigines, whose chief
crop was (H)rn, they weie probably even more essentially nomadic than
the Iroquois or the Hurons, and in even a greater degree regarded sys-
tematic and manual labor as too degiading to occupy their attention.
But wherever the experiment has been made in equally favorable condi-
tions, they show lu) less aptitude than the (»ther race for the care of do-
mestic cattle and the cultivation of the farm.

By the census of 1S50, the nund)er o^ Indians on the northern shores
of Lake Huron was 1,422, and on the shores of Lake Sui)orior, 1,240 — in
all, 2,GG2. In 18(58 they had respectively increased to 1,748 and 1,2(}3—
in all, 3,011, being a gain of 340. This small population is spread over
a country ex(!eeding the State of New Y(uk in extent, ami as yet scarcely
approached by civilization, excei)t at the posts of the Hudson's Bay
Comi>any, and at the Northern 3Iines, where a scanty poi)ulation is at-
tracted. It cannot be expected that in a wooded country, yet so sparsely
peojded, these Indians should have been induced to give ui) the habits
of tlie chase, esi)ecially as the severity of the climate greatly diminishes
the rewards of agricultural industry. Hence it may readily be inferred
that civilization is yet inchoate among them.

]\Iost of these Indians are yet [)agans. The few who have embrsiced
Christianity have chietly done so througii the exertions of the Catholic
priests. The following description of these tribes yet remains essen-
tially true. The commissioners said :

"They live for the most part by hunting and on the produce of their
fisheries, although they do raise a few potatoes and a little Indian corn ;
and they fiiul a market tor disposing of their ix'ltries and suj^plying
themselves with necessaries at the posts of the Hudson's Bay Company.
They are (piite nomadic in their habits; sehhMn living or remaining long-
in one spot, and contented with the shelter afforded by a bark wigwam
or a hut of reeds. It is (»nly during the spring and antumn, when they
conie d«)wn fnnn the high groun<ls to the border of the laUc, that they
are accessible to those who wimld urge on them the necessity of ('hris-
tianity and civilization. There is no diHiculty, therefore, in ai'counting
for the snuUl apparent results of the labors of the missionaries."

In 1850* these peo|)le surrendered the whole extent of their va.st c«mn-
try, with the excepticm of certain reserves, to the Canadian government,

* Sue Uiml'H Cuutuliuu Uud Kiver Expeilitiun, vol. 2, x>. lihj.

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

for $10,040 in cash, and a perpetual annuity of $4,400, or less than a tlol-
lar and a half apiece — the annuity being so snutll as scarcely to be worth
claiming, esi)ecially by those who do not reside in the immediate neigh-
borhoo<l of the places where payment is made. Hitherto these Indians
can scarcely be said to have parted from the possession or occupancy of
their territory. It is to be hoped that, as the white men make settle-
ments near them, and their present means of subsistence are diminished,
the Canadian government, in accordance with its traditional policy, will
make some more adequate provision for them.

So great has been the influence of the ordinary Canadian policy that
even tliese Indians maintain a peaceful character. They evince much
fidelity to their friends, and are not deflcient in honesty, except when
tliey fall under the temptation of " lire- water," which is to them nmrvel-
ously irresistible and destructive. JNIany of them are half breeds, and
the occasional introduction of whisky in defiance of the law is followed by
scenes of grejit i)rotligacy.

In 18.')(;, Lieutenant Governor Sir Francis B. Head made an attempt
to gather together all the Indian tribes of Canada on the Great Mani-
toulin Island, in the northern part of Lake Huron. The soil of the island
is stony and barren, and the (climate is too cold to meet the api)roval of
many of those whom he wished to settle upon it. Tliose Indians who
went there were chiefly from tlie wandering tribes on the northern shore
of the lake, and, by subsequent inattention and neglect, they were .al-
lowed to lapse partially into their vagrant habits in pursuit of game and
fish, instead of being actively encouraged, and invited by example and
other nu'ans to adopt a life of industry, either as fanners or mechanics.
The othcials sent among them did not exert a favorable influc ncie; and
the in*^roduction and sale of spiritous liquors, though illegal, was not
jM-ever-ted. The resident missionaries also report that great injury was
done by the indiscriminate admission of various traders, who sohl use-
less articles on credit at excn'bitant rates; and although debts cannot be
enforce<l against Indians, were i)aid by them in the products of their
toil at as low ratios as the consciences of such traders would permit
them to ort'er.

The remarks of the resident Roman Catholic missionaries on the sub-
ject of credit to In<lians convey so pointed and clear a lesson that I
transcribe them. They said:

"The following is the mode of traffic pursued by the resident traders.
During the summer and winter months, seasons when the Indians have
nothing to ex<;hange for goods, t]w traders sell them all that they re
(juire on credit. Their purchases are generally objects of but little in-
trinsic value, ami are cliosv'u by the Indians more on account of color
and form than for their actual worth; for as a rule the traders object is
more to gratify the frivolous and <'hild-like tastes of the Indian tlian to
provide for his actual wants. Objects of everyday use are sold at an
advance of three, four, or five times their original cost. When the
spring or autumn arrives, the traders get possession, so lar as they can,
of the sugar, potatoes and fish, that the Indians may have then, at ex-
tremely low prices, fixed by themselves. Their reason for acting in this
arbitrary manner is, they allege, to restore their own credit asul protect
their own interests, for they are well aware that a large nund)er of the
Indians will be unable or unwilling to pay their debts in full; and the
traders in this manner indemnify themselves by exacting, from the small
number of Indians whom they compel to pay at all, debts which in the
Indians' eyes appear enormous, and which injustice, were the trader to act
with honesty, would not amount to more than one-third of the sum claimed.

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

This credit system lias not thus far answered and can never be made to
succeed, for while it keeps the Indian in a state of shivishness and de-
peiuleuce, depriving him as it does of tlie fruits of liis own hibor, it
eventually ruins the trader. Of the many traders who deal with the
Indians we do not know of one whose atfairs can be said to be in a pros-
perons condition.

"As rejjards transient traders, it is during the spring and autumn, as
we have before remarked, that they make their appearance from every
side. But this is what then happens : The Indians who have bought
from the resident trader during the summer and winter, well aware that
if they carry him their potatoes, sugar, or fish, they will only be paying
debts alrea<ly contracte<l, without obtaining anything in return, prefer
taking their provisions to the transient traders, to whom they owe
nothing, and from whom they at once obtain merchandise in return."

The same reverend gentlemen rei)resent the two classes of traders as
e(pially extortionate, and, as one of the remedies for such a state of
things, propose that every spring and autumn a taritt' of prices should
be posted on a conspicuous place and that conformity to it be enforced.

Others have recommended the establishment of stores or shops under
governmental inspection, and where a resident ofldcial shall have a fixed
salary.

I can readily believe with the missionaries that, under such (;ircum-
stances as have been described, the Indian would always be overwhelmed
with debt, with very slight possibility of ever extricating himself from
it, and that he could scarcely be expected " to have comifort and [>lenty
in his iMMue when he is barely able to purchase articles of in<lispensablc
necessity."

But even as to this island, the same missionaries concur with other
witnesses in the testimony that a marked and satisfactory advancement
has been nuide, both in a moral aiul religious point of view, including
increased fidelity to nunriage vows, extinction of hereditary <iuarrels
between ditferent tribes or bands, and the almost total suppression of
habitual intemperaiuje. As regards habits of iiulustry, the imiuovement
is e(iually satisfactory, though it has been retarded by the want of a
fi(mr-mill, and by other causes. These Indians display nnu'h aptitiule
for the arts and trades of civilized life. Among them are masons, tin-
smiths, blacksmiths, tailors, cooiiers, shoemakers and carijenters; and
nearly all are skilled in the nuinufa(!ture of Mackina(5 boats.

The miK'^ionaries also report that if these Indians do not also display
a decided inclination and taste for agriculture, and do not i)rogress in
this respect as nuich as might be desired, it is not owing to any want of
ingenuity or necessary industry, but to the want of necessary imple-
ments, «S:c.

The native poimlation on the Manitoulin Island was, at the census of
1S(»8, thirteen hundred, nearly two hundred having temporarily or other-
wise migrated in search of emph)yment. A part of the island is iu»w
opened for settlement by the whites, and a considerable anu)unt of roads
has been nuide, in the construction of which Indian labor was used and
found to be i)rofitable.

In speaking of the Iroquois and Hurons, I have already given some
account of such of them as live in the province of (Quebec.

The Indians of this region were, in the early stages of their intercourse
with the white race, subjected to intluences essentially ditt'erent from
those of Ontario. The French nmde less etlbrt to nniintain them, but
treated them more nearly as equals and associates; and one of the lead-
ing ideas of early French coloiiizatiou was the esUiblishmeut of a new

^¥

MUammV OF IITI^IANS IN UUlTmH AMUUIUA.

Christian empire, whose people, or their ancestors, should be the con-
wrt-ed abori;;ines. Thus, it is not surprising; that, where the Indians of
this province occui)ied territory snrroun<led by that of the whiteis, they
have become Catholic and nearly French, as, in the settled porti:)ns of
Ontario, the tendency usually is to become Protestant and Anglo-Saxon.

Where opportunity offers, they prefer enji^aj^ing as raftsmen or pilots
on the 8t. Lawrence, or entering*- into the service of the Hudson's IJay
Company to laboring ste.adily on farms.

Some of tlu^se tribes now present characteristic's in marked (H>ntrast
to those of others, the chief point beinj»- that while in lineage and lan-
guage some are almost French, others, near the Lower St. Lawrence and
north of it, are yet in a state of ])rimitive and wandering barbarism.
With tlie ex<'eption of the latter, the native po[)ulatioii of (^ueb«M* is not
only numerically increasing, notwithstanding some emigration to this
country and to diiferent parts of Canada, but is advancing towards civ-
ilization and adopting agricultural occupations, and also several others
of the emph)yn»ents useful to such conununities as those of Can:. da and
tlie United States. Regular, steady, mainial labor, without ample remu-
neration, is seldom relished by those of either race whose wants can be
satisfied without it ; and there is no doubt that one of the reasons why
the Indians of Lower Canada do not take more readily to the farm is, that
the severity of the climate lU'events them from realizing more than a
very moderate reward from their lalxns on it. AVliether right or wrong,
the French population of this province is characterized rather by a will-
ingness to enjoy life as it ])asses than by the desire prevalent among cmr
own people to accunudate large material possessions, and the civilized
Indians of (Quebec have naturally been intluenced by the ideas of the
white neighbors who lived around their villages.

Under the old regime the French (ionsidered themselves the sovereign
possessors of the land, and thus in consecpienceof theinsutticiency of the
provision made for these aborigines, a moderate grant is allowed by
the government to aid in their supi)ort.

The l\ev. J. ^laurault, a resident Roman Catholic missionary among
the Abenakis tribe at St. Francis, <»vinced an intimate knowledge of
the Indians of Lower Canada, Miien he wrote the following summary:

" We have," suid he, "in Lower Canada, the ^Lmtaguais, the Tetesde
Boule, who an' true savages, and who ccmhl not possibly live as white
men do. It would be utterly useless to extend to them, for the present
at least, p'.ivileges which tliey would be unable to appreciate, wlii(th
would in no way benefit them, and which they wcmld in all probability
abuse. Hut this is not the case with the Indiansliving together in villages —
for instance, the ]Micmacs,the llurons, the Abenakis, the Iro(juois,and the
Algonciuins; these Indians are civilized; they are aware of the inferioi--
ity of their position, they know what it ought to be, and they see them-
selves entangle«l in the meshes of a net they are unable to break. In
speaking of the llurons, the Abenakis, &(?., Jmw nmny figure to them-
selves the cruel and ferocious savages of former days, scalping their
enemies and living upon human flesh! How different is this from the
true state of the case! We have nothing to fear from them; they are
savages only in name. Their nnmners, their customs, their habits,
their nM)des of eating, &c., are precisely similar to those of the Cana-
dians. They nearly all speak both French jitmI English. Tln^ Hurons
have completely lost their mother-tongue. Our Indians of to-day are
nearly all Metis or half-breeds. Here I do not know o!ie Abenaki of
l)ure blood ; they are nearly all Canadian, (rernnin, English or Scotch
half-breeds. The dress of the men is exactly similar to that of our gen-

try. The greater part oftliese Indians are as wliite as the Canadians ; and
if we occasionally meet with one of more than usually dark comi)lexion,
this is generally owing to their long journeys, extending at times over a
periotl of two or three months, exposed to the heat of the sun ; but then
a few weeks of repose in their homes suffice to remove comjiletely those
traces of exposure. Frequently I have heard visitors express their as-
tonishment, and say they had come to see Iiulians, when to their great
surprise they had found only white men.'-

The Abenakis of St. Francis, among whom the same missionary was
stationed, are now 208 in number. He says of them :

" Many suppose that our Indians are intellectually weak and dis-
qualified for business. This is a great mistake. Certainly, so far as
the Abenakis are concerned, they are nearly all keen, subtle, and very
intelligent. Let them obtain conq>lete free<loniand this inqjression will
soon (lisapi)ear. Intercourse with the whites will soon develoi) their
talents for commerce. No doubt some of them wt>uld make an improper
use of their liberty, but they would be few in number. Everywhere,
and in all countries, men are to be found weak, purposeless, and unwill-
ing to understand their own interests; but I can certify that the Abe-
nakis generally are sui)erior in intelligence to the Canadians. I have
remarked that nearly all those who have left their native village have
profited by the change. I know of several who have bought fari'us in

our neiahborhood and are now

living

in comfort. Others have emi-

grated to the United States, where they have almost all prosju'red, and
where several of them have raised theujselves to honorable positions. I
know one who is practicing with success the profession of a doctor.
Others have settled in our towns with a view to learn the difierent trades.
There is one at Montreal who is an excellent carj)enter; but here we see
nothing of the kind. Nevertheless, I observe a large number of young
men, clever, intelligent, and gifted, with remarkable talents."

Such being the result of his observations, the Kev. J. Maurault urges
the emancipation of at least all the more civilized Indians from the con-
dition of minors in the eye of the law; feeling assure<l that if they
were ])laced in comi»etition with the whites, and ahowed to hold and
dispose of their proi)erty, they would b.. found fully able to maintain
their place in the comnuinity.

The Micmacs number 4J)1, and are a small but highly civilized band
of a nation numerically stronger in New lirunswick and Xova Scotia.
They encamp along the Lower St. Lawrence, and manifest considerable
industry in making staves, barrel hoops, axe handles, and baskets of
various kinds. They usually speak English, and manitcvst much shrewd-
ness in making their baigains and coiniuehending the laws of traiU' in
relation to the market for hoops and staves and other articles manufac-
tured by them.

The condition of the kindred tribes of the ^lontaguais an«l Xaska-
pees has no pan iiel In the United States. Their special characteristics
arise fron» the {'usterity of their clinuite and the sterility of their soil.
Tliey cannot be expected to make much i>r«>gress in agricultural pur-
suits in a region where the nuiximum of labor is required and the mini-
mum of recomjiense is returned. Owing no doubt to climatic influ-
ences, these Indians were always regarded by their fellow-ab<uigines as
the least elevated of their race. They iidiabit the cold and barien re-
gions of the Lower St. Lawrence, where the water enters the ocean
after passing through the great lakes, whose shores already teem with
a civilized i>opulation. No inconsiderable portU)n of the commerce of
both hemispheres passes and repasses them. Their territory is nearer'

MAIIAU1<]MUI,'F m IIIDIIIIH IM tiUlTIUU MlMUl.

than any other part of the American continent to the European nations
which have had most influence on our national character and course.
Three centuries ago, emigrants from France took up tlieir abodes in
the neighborliood of these Indians, and the descen<lant8 of tlie original
colonists yet dwell in the villages founded by their forefathers. But
the course of civilization has been westward to more propitiims re-
gions, and has left these natives behind. Few of them have been
brought under the j>ower of modern enlightenment, although, owing to
the (ievoted exertions of Koinan Catholic priests, some settlements have
been made. It is difficult to see how much imiu'ovenu^iit can be made
in tlieir condition by nutans of agriculture unless they are removed to a
climate less rigcu'ous. It would be more easy to make tiahermen than
farmers of them.

The population of the Montaguais is 1,030, and they seem to be slight-
ly on the increase. The Canadian commissioners sa^' of them that,
" where uncorrujited by intercourse with unprincipletl traders, they were
remarkal>le for their Inmesty ; and even now it is but very seldom that
they break their wor<l or willfully violate engagements which they have
entered into. There are but few half-breeds anuMig them."

The Naskapees, who number 2,800, are of the same stock. They and
the Mistassins are cl<»thed in furs and deer-skins ; their only neapons
are the bow and arrow, and they depend wholly on the bow and drill
tor ])rocuring Are.* Scmie Catholic missionaries labor among them with
untiring zeal and lidelity, but two-thirds of them are yet wild pagans
who worship Manitous supposed to iidiabit the sun and moon. To these
imaginary deities they devote [>art of every animal they slay. As with
many tril»es further south, the sacrifice of the white dog is annually
otfere<l.

Owing to the diminution of their game, and the injury done by white
men to their tisheries, the privations of these Indians in winter are
often cpiite as great as those of the Esquimaux within the Arctic circle,
while their resources are less ample. The missionaries and others who
have been among them relate fearful instances of the last extreme to
which luunan beings (;an be driven for food.

Numerically considered, the aborigines of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, now included in the New Dominion, are unimimrtant in
comparison with those of the regi(m lately known as Canada. Alto-
gether the Indians of Nova 8cotia nund)ered l,H'Art in 1808, when those
of New Brunswick were 2,118. (See Appendix, Table A.) The govern-
ment of the New Dominion has yet obtained only a limited amount of
information concerning them.

It seemst that no progress of importance has yet been made in pre-
vailing with the Indians of the maritime provinces to form themselves
into " communities similar to those which have long existed in Ontario
an<l Quebec, where, occu^^ying farms or village lots, they enjoy in settled
and permanent habitations many of the comforts and advantages of
civilization, combined with systematic and continuous education and
the pastoral care of religious instructors."

A philanthropic ettbrt is being made to rescue these Indians from
their present unprogressive condition and bring them at least up to the
standard of the more advanced communities of the same race in the
more inland provinces, where agriculture is the main support of the
families, although as yet it is not often managed with the usual skill
and industry of white farmers. Those who are attempting to produce

* Sei.'! rt'port of t\w oonimisHioiiers.

t 8<^e repurt of the Hon. William Sprafige, Supurintoudent General of the Indian
Branch, 1868. -

this amelioration derive much encouragement from a comparison of the
present with the former condition of the Indians in Ontario and Quebec.

In the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the hmd reserve
funds, from which the usual income of the Indian triltes is derived, are
so snmll in amount that nothing entitled to the name of revenue is had
from them. Consequently, parliamentary annual grants of $1,300 and
$1,200 respectively have been made for that purpose, but as they proved
insufficient to relieve the pressing wants of the more indigent people,
supply medical attendance to the sick, and some clothing and blankets
to those who most require them, and to furnish such seed grain as
seemed to be necessary, the Hon. William Spragge, the deputy superin-
tendent of the Indian branch, Uiid the case bef<n-e Parliament during its
recent session, and such additional grants as were requisite were made.

As the territory of the Hudson's Jiay Company is not yet subject to
the laws of the Dominion, it is not included in the instructiims issued
from the department to me. To a certain extent the company has liad
a benelicial ett'ect upon the Indians, but its };oli<'y was to preserve their
existence as hunters and trappers, that they should not be gathered
together in settlemiMits for the purposes of civilization, and that their
country should renuiin a wilderness inhabited by fur-bearing animals.
Yet, by opening accounts with them, so that tliey might be, as they
often were, encouraged to have large balances in their favor, payable
on demand, or might be preserved from famine in times of scarcity, it
rendered valuable servi(;es. Criticism may well be silent as to tin; mo-
tives which prompted the rigid enforcement of laws for the exclusion of
"fire water" from those whom it would certainly have destroyed.

The company also extended much aid to missionary exertions, thereby
seemingly contributing to the civilization of the people in the beginning,
but strengthening its own influence among them. Professor Hind ex-
pressed an opinion 1 have found to be common among the Indian and
other missionaries, themselves, that "the ju-ogress of Christianity among
Indians would be riided, rather than otherwise, if missionaries were not
to receive any assistance in the form of an annual stipend from the Hud-
son's Bay Company. Perfect freedom of action in inducing Indians to
settle, in the education of Indian orphan children, and in teaching them
and the adults the blessings of a settled Christian home, as opposed to a hea-
then hunter's life, are essentially necessary before much satisfactory pro-
gress can be made.'' Yet, by bringing some of the beneflcial apjjliances
and ideas of civilization to the knowledge of the Indians, the company has
not been without in tiuence in carrying them gra<lually over the wide and
dangerous interval that separates tlie rude and primitive people of a
stone age from the foremost nations of the European race in the present
advanced period in the age of iron.

So long ago as 18(»0 no less than nineteen clergymen of the church of
England were maintained in " Kiipert's Land," at an annual cost of about
thirty-live thousand dollars in si)ecie. The Konmn Catholics, Presbyte-
rians, and the Society for Proi)agation of the Gospel, also made liberal ex-
penditures in erecting and maintaining churches as well as in missionary
work and in schools ; but these exertions told chierty uiion the settle-
ments of whites or half-breeds, and are inadequate to the great work
required in a country so extensive and so sparsely peopled.

Until 1850 it was the annual practice of the government to distribute
among Indians, in addition to the usual payments, a considerable <puin-
tity of blankets, strong cloth, kettles, tire-arms, ammunition, &c. The
Indians were ntn'er known to use anything thus acquired against the
government of Great Britain or Canada. All those Indians who had

H. Mis. Doc. 35 2

MANAGEMENT OP INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

been the allies of Great Britain in the war of 1812 were welcome to
participation in these donations, and thns the Great Manitoulin Island,
where the distribution took place, was annually the scene of an assem-
blag:e not only of Indians belonging to nearly all the tribes of British
North America, but also of so many from the United States that it was
regarded with suspicion by some of our people. The last of these gath-
erings took place in 185G, after due notice had been given to the usual
recipients. Jt was found that many of the useful articles i>resented
passed into the hands of white traders, in exchange for gaudy tritles,
or the more deleterious iire-water.

One of the chief Anglo-Canadian statesmen of the period senten-
tiously remarked that the money paid for the gunpowder tluis presented
would be more judiciously expended in schools ; and it was generally
thought by the frieiuls of the red man that the gathering itself, as well
5IS the character of the presents themselves, had a tendency to encour-
age the habits of the hunting and nomadic life from which the true
policy of the government was to wean the Indians. The government,
therefore, wisely judged that the mouej' could be more judiciously ex-
pended in behalf of the settled tribes.

So long as these presents were nmde, great attention was paid to their
substantial value. The cloth, for instance, was of good, durable quality,
and the kettles were not of iron, but of brass, they being lighter and
better suited for the purposes of - j camp and the convenience of wan-
tiering tribes. Blankets are yet presented to the aged and infirm, and
sjiecial care is taken that they are always soft, warm, of an ample size,
and of a thick and strong texture.

In each Indian settlement of importance, there is, at least, one school.
Altogether, in the different parts of the Dominion, these schools are not
less tlian tifty-three in number. The teachers appear to be selected with
due regard to the religious tenets of the tribe, and to other circumstances.
The Wesleyan IMethodists are conspicuous in promoting the diffusion
of education among the Indians, but in addition to this denomina-
tion and the New England society already mentioned, the Seminary of
M<mtreal, the Church of England, the Congregational Society, and the
Colonial Church Society also contribute, and yet aid is far more frequently
given from the funds of the Indians themselves than from any other
single source. It is always furnished when other means are inadequate.
In such cases the payments are made out of the funds of the baud at
quarterly periods, by checks from the oftice of the Indian branch. Oc-
easionaliy the s.alaries of the clergymen are supplied from the same
sources. It is also usual in some of the bands, when assembled in
council, to vote provisions for widows, the aged or infirm, and other per-
sons in indigent circumstances.

I deem the subject of education among the Indians so interesting and
important that I have annexed hereto the latest tabular statement of
the condition of their schools. (See Appendix B.)

The desire of the Indians for schools is one of the most significant
indications of the progress towards imiirovement, which, however slow,
does certainly exist. Those who are best informed in regard to them
agree in saying they so far appreciate the blessings of civilization that
even such of them as prefer for themselves the wild freedom of a sav-
age life are anxious that their children should be educated like those
of the white man. The young people entertain more decidedly than
their seniors a proper sense of the benefits of education ; and it should
not be forgotten that in this as well as in every other method of assimi-
lation to the ways of civilized man, the Indians who have adopted

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

and

Christianity are, as might well be expected, far more prog^ressive, and
cling: less to the ways lianded down to them from their forefathers than
those who yet adhere to i)aganism.

As will be seen by the abstract presented hereafter of the chief recent
legislation of the Dominion as to Indians, the management of their af-
fairs, subj>.ct to the nsnal responsibilities of the Canadian goverinnent,
is committed to the " Indian branch of the department of the secre-
tary of state," the secretary himself, now the Hon. H. S. Langevin, who
is also registrar general, being ex oj^cio^ and without additional salary,
the superintendent general. The n'lore laborious part of the duties de-
volves upon the deputy superintendent, tlie Hon. William Spragge, to
whom I am indebted for much valuable information and many courte-
sies. An accountant, a corresponding clerk and two other clerks, one
of whom is a draughtsman, constitute the remainder of the staff at
Ottawa.

There are four local superintendencies or divisions, whose occupants
are termed vice-superintendents, or commissioners, and receive salaries
varying from $1,000 to $1,100 in proportion to the extent of their duties.
Of other ofWcials enumerated in the report of 1808 there are eighty-
two, of whom one, the physician under the Grand Hi versuperintendency,
is paid $1,500 yearly. The others, being inter[)reters, medical {ittend-
ants, wardens, sextons, clerks, messengers, «S:c., receive salaries vary-
ing from $800 to $1,000.

The local affairs of the Indians are under the supervision of the visit-
ing superintendents or commissioners, who see the various bands or
tril)es periodically, and personally divide among them the annuities
and interest money, taking, in every case, the receipt of the head of
the family for the amount paid. In most of the settlements is a clergy-
nuiu or missionarj, who is usually present when the mr>ney is paid, as
also are the interpreter and chiefs. Thus the pay-lists are amply
attested.

The clergyman, also, often renders such assistance as is deemed desir-
able in procuring the census, which is taken when the payments are
nmde, and thus serves as a guide for succeeding payments or distribu-
tions, and furnishes means of providing adequate statistical informa-
tion for headquarters.

An essential part of the system is that no changes, without important
and adequate causes, are made in the officers with wlumi the Indians
are brought into communication. The Indian chiefs themselves can
only be legally dei)osed when charges of intemperance, immorality, or
dishonesty are substantiated against them ; and, ujwn a similar princi-
ple, each local superintendent holds his otlice for life, unless he trans-
gresses the rules of official good behavior. Thus the gov^ernment pos-
sesses ample control over him, and it is the interest of each officer to
(ronsult the permanent welfare of the Indians, who are shrewd judges of
character, know very well when they are treated with justice, and soon
detect any hesitation, laxity, or impropriety in their agents. Those who
are placed in the position of these Indians are naturally suspicious;
and in the Canadian trefitment of them, few points are regarded of
so much moment as thjit every (me officially connected with them must
be above suspicion, and so far as practicable unite tirmness, kindness,
integrity, and tact. The wards or pupils would soon cease to regard
the government as exercising a semi-paternal care over them if the con-
duct of the agents was not in conformity to the same standard.

In 1808, the receipts of the Indian branch were $180,738 71. Of this
amount, $41,749 09 were from sales of land and timber, $101,718 89

ikin^mmf 6\^ imm fw BRifisH irmmr

from interest on investmenta, $40,12() from annuities antl grants.
The disbursements were $155,H4« 52. On June 30, 18(i8, the sum of
$1,808,201 20 remained in tlie hands of the govennnent to tlie credit
of the Indian branch. Great care is taken to give the Indians interest
on their money to a date as near as ])ossible to the time wlien they are
paid. They examine the accounts carefully, and explanations, whenever
desired, are carefully given to them.

The character of the special payments, contingent and incidental ex-
penditufivs by the Indian branch, is so varitms, iiu;]uding those nuule for
blankets, roads, pensioners, funerals, distribution, &c., that I have deemed
it best to annex hereto (see Apjieiulix O) an account of these expendi-
tures out of the Upper Canada. Indian funds for the year ended Jiuie 30,
1808. A widely discretionary power is allowed, but the opinion is nearly
or quite universal in Canada that it is exercised with wise economy and
integrity. Where purchases are made for the Indians with their own
money, great care is taken, as in the case of presents, that without sac-
liticing to mere appearance or luxury, every article furnished for their
use shall be of sound sterling value. For instance, even in purchasing
blankets, nothing tlimsy or of bad wood is sent, and none but those of
the nu>st substantial and comfortable kind are selected.

In tJie year 1807-08 the government made three hundred and fifteen
sales of lands held in trust for the Indians, and at rates varying from
24 cents to $100 an acre; the number of acres being 17,003. The whole
of the proceeds, after deducting expenses is entered to the credit of the
Indians. Of the lands already survt^yed and surrendered by the Indians
to the government in trust to be sold for their benetit, 0,15,050 acres
remain unsold. The average value of the different tracts varies from
$4 08 to 20 cents per acre.

Accounts are opened with each band, credit being given for revenues,
and dednctions made for jiayments in such a manner as is intelligible
and satisfactory to the Indians themselves.

Commissioners appointed in 1847, by the government of Canada, to
investigate Indian affairs in that province, give the following opinion as
to th<' title to land :

"Although the Crown claims the territorial estate and eminent
dominion in Canada, as in other of the older colonies, it has, ever since
the possession of the province, accoided to the Indians tlie right of oc-
cupancy upon their old hunting grounds, ami their claims to compensa-
tion for its surrender, reserving to itself the exclusive privilege of treat-
ing with them for the surrender or purchase of any portions of the laud.
This is distinctly laid down in the proclamation of 1703, and the prin-
ciple has since been generally acknowledged and rarely infringed upon
bj' the government. The same rule has been followed by the govern-
ment of the United States, who pay annuities for the surrender of the
Indian lands, to the t^xtent of about £140,()00 a year."

It has been, and is, an established rule with the British Canadian
government, to take no land from the Indians except with the legal
assent of the band, tribe, or nation owning it, properly convened in
general council, held in the presence of an officer representing the
government. Some of the regulations on this subject are more particu-
larly set forth in the abstract hereinafter given of recent legislation.
Even the land originally allotted to the Six Nations was purchased from
its prior occupants. It is considered desirable, and the wish is usually
carried out, to secure, at such surrender or cession of territory, the
presence of some persons of well-known character and social position
who are not parties to the transaction, such as clergymen or officers of

MANAGEMENT OF IKDIANS IN BRITtSl

the army or navy. Sometimes the consideration for the land has been
paid when the conveyance was executed, but more frequently payment
has been made in the shape of annuities, at ftxe<l dates thereafter, and
equally divided anion;; the men, Avomen, nnd children of the Indian
venders. It seems that, in making; the original or early conveyances,
the Indians intended to reserve for their own use and o(!<;ui)ation tracts
of sufficient extent to maintain them, wholly or in part, as hunters. Tlius,
when game grew scarce and recourse to agri<'ulture became absolutely
necessary for their support, they foiuid the reservations from the original
cessions unnecessarily large, and have frequently conveyed to " the
Grown, in trust," su(;i» lands as they did not require. Many of these
tracts have been sold, and the sums realized from the sales, after de-
ducting a fair amount for the expenses incurred in msinagement, have
been put out at interest, which is paid to the Indians lialf yearly at the
same time as their annuities.

In conveying lands which are thus held by the government in tnist
for the Indians, the patent issues from the Crown, in a manner similar
to that followed in regard to public lands.

In most eases the lands which have been retained by the Indians are
now sub-divided into farm lots of sutlicient size, and one of tliem is
allotted to the head of each family, but they have no power to sell or
mortgage these lands, which also, like all other property of the Indians,
are free from liability to debt.

All money arising from the sale of these Indian lands is paid into
bauks to the credit of the receiver general, on account of Indian funds.

Agents are not allowed to retjeive money. The parties paying take
certiticates of deposit from the banks an<l transmit them through the
agents of the department.

Agents who have charge of Indian lands for sale are required to give
surety by bond, and to make monthly returns to the sui)erintendent
general at Ottawa.

In i)aying money from the department official checks are made pay-
able to the orders of all persons entitled to receive them.

Individual Indians are not allowed to (nit or dispose of timber on the
general reservation. It is treated as belonging to their community, and
can only be legally cut under a license from the superintendent general,
or some other officer authorized by him to give one. A bonus in cash
is usually required for the right to cut the timber. Annual ground-rent
is paid, as are also additional dues, in accordance with a tariff prepared
for the purpose.

The money realized from the sale of the timber is i)laced at interest,
which becomes part of the iuconu' of the tribe owning the tract where
the timber is cut. One half of the dues is i)aid before the removal of
the timber, and the rest is secured by bonds, with sureties, and ps>id
within six months from date. ' •

A fun<l styled " the management fund'' has l)een (jreated out of the
percentage deducted for the cost of taking charge of the Indian land
and timber, &c. From it assistance is oc(tasionally rendered to build
school-houses, or alleviate distress from such casualties as extensive tires
in the woods, or sickness ; or whenever it becomes necessary to furnish
seed-grain, agricultural implements, provisions, or other supplies.

The same fund is also used to defray the cost of medicine and medical
attendance, and in making advances for carrying on surv€\ys.

A few pensions, amounting annually, in the aggregate, to about $4,000,
are allowed by the imperial government to some retired officers of the
Indian branch, and other persons.

While the condition of pupihij^e in wliieli the TndiaiiH are settled on
iiirm» not too near tlie busy (;eiiter« of trade has undoubtedly been
hitliei'to the most favorable tor tlie In<lian, and saved some of the tribes
from extinetion, it is reji^arded in (Canada as merely the step towards the
desiretl end, and not as the proper objeet of the final policiy in regard to
them.

In 1840 that aecomplished statesman the late Lord Elftin, who was
held in equal respect on both sides of the boundarj* between Oanadaand
the Unite<l States, not only proclaimed himself in favor of withdrawuig
from the hulians all presents tending to i)erpetuate a liunting life, of
re(piiring thosct who have reservations to make roads through them, and
generally to assume their share of the duties and burdens of civilization,
and of setting apart farming lots for each family in every reservation,
but also warndy expressed his opinion that the truest interests of the
Indians recpiired that habits of independence should be fostertMl among
them, and that the period of tutelnge should be as nuich as possible cur-
tailed. Even at that time hopes had been commonly entertained, on be-
half of both races, that such an improvement might be made in the con-
dition of nniny ot the tribes as would enable them to take their places
among the onlinary population of the country, and free them from the
charges incident to a constant and careful supervision.

I have not found any single line of more distinct demarkalion between
the past and present policy of British statesmen than that presented by
a comparison of these recommendations made by Lord Elgin with those
urged forty-three years previously, A. D. 1800, by the J3uke of North-
umberland, in a letter to his friend. Captain Brant. The Mohawk chief-
tain was then engaged in encouraging the spread of civilization and
Christianity among his people, with all the power of his strenuous ex-
ertions and influential example. The duke, imbued with the barbaric
spirit of a feudal aristocracy, spared no force of words in recommending
the Indians never to be changed "from hunters and warriors into hus-
bandmen." He regarded tilling the earth as a most injurious enervation
of the young men. " Nine hundred or a thousand warriors, inured to
hardship by hunting, are," said he, " a most respectable and independent
body ; but what would the same number of men become who were merely
husbandmen ?" Happily for his own reputation ami the welfare of the
Six Nations, the Indians did not listen to these suggestions, and the
earnest remonstrances of the Duke of Northumberland remain on record
as a monument of errors otherwise passing into oblivion.

In 1857 a memorable act was passed for the promotion of the objects
recommended by Lord Elgin, and in 1858 three well selected commis-
sioners, who had been appointed " to incpiire into and report upon the
best means of securing the lu'ogress and civilization of the Indian tribes
in Canada, and on the best mode of so managing the Indian property as
to seiHire its full beneflt to the Indians without impeding the settlement
of the country," laid belVu'e the public the conclusions at which they had
arrived.

Tlit^ commissioners found that the relations of Great Britain with the
Indians had changed very materially within the flfteen years preceding
the date of the report. They state tliat the alterations were rather the
carrying out of a. system of policy i)reviously determined on, than the
results of any new ideas. The object of the system had long been to
wean the Indian from perpetual dependence on the government ; and
successive years even taen showed an increasing loosening of the tie to
which the aborigines clung. Many of the officers appointed to watch
over their interests had been removed, and the vacancies were not tilled

mmmmmmmmmtmmtmm^^^

up. T\u' nniinnl presoiits had then recently been withdrawn, and the
Indian department was iM'inj; gradually h'tt to its own resources. All
apiuehension of insubordination or warfare was even then so far at an
end that the danjrerto b*^ feared ai>i>eared to be lest, on the other hand,
the Indians, liavin;>: been a<;eu8tonied to look to their superintendents
and officers for advice, assistance, and protection in the most trivial
matters of ordinary occurrence, shoidd, on the total withdrawal of j;uar-
dianship, be too much influenced by their natural apathy, or be led to
abandon themselves to despair.

The chief ]K)int ury:ed by the coniniissu)ners was the necessity of
measin-esof coiu'cntration for the economical suju'rintendence and jirad-
ual civilization of the Indian tribes. In support of this y'ww they iu«ed,
anjonj>- other reasons, that tlie Indians vmiU\ oidy be rescued from a
8emi-savaj;e and imi)overished condition by bein^" settled on thidr own
farms as i>ermanent homes. They rejiarde*! the practice of frequent
removal as very injurious, because "the Indian, naturally averse to labor,
cannot be induccfi to exert himself, while he feelf that he may any <lay
be deprived of the laml on whicb he is located ; and while his conj^enital
restlessness is stren^theiu'd by the chanj»e of domi(rih% his jiieediness
for the nu'ans of f»Tatifyinj»- the whim of the moment is fostered by the
large sum of ready mom\y jjromised to him to gain his ac<piies(!ence in
the nu)ve. This cherishes his habit of relying on other s(MU'ces than his
own, and of imprudently contracting debts whereby he becomes the vic-
tim of the rai>a(*ious trader."

Among tlieir other recommendations was the api>ointnuMit of local
agents, to be chosen from respectable yeomen, who ought t(> instrmrt
the band to which they wouUl be attached in farming, receive no money,
nor dispose of land, but, by adding the tbrce of example to the influence
of advice, aid the Indians in their advancic towards civilizaticm. The
commissioners clearly traced the beneficial effects of a similar system,
especially in the prosperity of sonie of the tribes on the Upper Ht. Law-
rence.

.TVTot only the testimony of the <*ommissiom'rs, but ulso, as far as I
have been able to discover, that of all who are familiar with tlu^ history
and condition of the Indians in Canada, is adverse to their isolation in
small tribes or ban<ls separate and remote from each otlu'r. In such a
state th<>y are exposed to the evil influences of too freciueiit contact with
the white race, and by no means the most worthy nuMubers of it, before
they have attained the proportion of civilization and moral stamina
necessary to enable them to avoid the evil and adoi)t the better (exam-
ples set prematurely before them. Their marvelous and characteristic'
passion for what is truly to them burning an<l destroying ''lire water,"'
finds too often an opi>ortunity for gratifi<'ation. Profligacy of other
kinds is encouraged. Tliey are not respected by their white neighbors;
and the sense of self-resjiect essential to their nunal and intellectual,
and hence to their physi(*al well-being, ami kept alive when they asso
ciate more generally with their acknowledged equals, is ojjpressed and-
worn out by daily intercourse with those whom they iK'rceive to be nuue
perfectly adapted to the circun>stances to which all must conform. Va-
rious forms of disease, including scrofula, consumption, and other indi-
cations of degenerjujy, are presented, with a frequency attributable not
only to the causes already mentioned, but to the constant intermarriages
thus rendered almost inevitable between kindred.

The unauthorized intrusion of white men among the Indian settle-
ments has been found injurious to the progress of civilization. 8uch
stragglers are usually people of dissolute habits, and proselytize the

'MABIAUJilMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

Indians to vices. Hence the Canadian law proliibits all persons who
are not Indians, or intermarried with Indians, from settling upon or
occupying- Indian lands ; and under this law, the officers of the depart-
ment remove intruders.

The same law is applicable to an enervating and pernicious practice
among the Indians, of giving the cultivation of their farms to white
settlers on shares. This system has sometimes been one of the chief
impe<liments to tlie su(;cess of ladian agriculture. The disinclination of
Indians having the habits and sentiments of men who live by the chase
to adopt habits of continuous industry has its parallel among men of
our own race who have never been actcustonunl to hard labor, and leads
many to accept otters to work their farms on shares, thus taking away
the necessary stimuhis or spur to exertion by giving them an opportu-
nity of subsisting, though miserably, while leading a life of idleness.

Mr. Spragge, the deputy superintendent, unequivocally condemns
this ijractice, and says : "It engenders habits opposed to teniperateand
virtuous living, and conduces to that demoralization in a greater or less
degree which tlie absence of occupation occasions to people of whatso-
ever race and blood they may be. To etfect improvement we must then
break up the noxious system out of which so much evil grows, No true
civilization can i>revail apart from labor, either physical or mental, and
with the former must some at least of the latter be combined, in order
that with labor, skill may go hand in hand. And as regards our
present subject, that agriculture may be practiced as a science, it is im-
portant that the Indian i)eople shall be educated for it, that it be
encouraged in every ])ossible way, and that the policy to be pursued be
such as to dissuade the Indians from its neglect. The act 13 and 14
Victoria, Chap. 7(5, section 10, prohibits any persons otiun- than Indians,
or intermarried with the Indians, from settling upon oroccupying Indian
lands. Under this law, the officers of the department do remove intru-
ders; and, with a view to terminate the enervating and pernicious
practice of associating white settlers on the occupancy of their laiuls,
and giving over the cultivation of the farms to them in shares, the law
may effectually be invoked; giving, however, beforehand, due notice
to those conceriu'd, that the existing arrangements must be terminated.
At a lirst view, this may be regarded as a harsh i)roceeding. lint when
it is consi<lered that the system shuts out the younger menjbers of an
Indian family from useful emi)loynu'nt, and enforces ujxm them idleness
with its tendeiu'y to dissipation, the necessity for insisting upon the
abolition of farming on shares becomes obvious."

It is unnecessary to remark that many of the evils I have indicated
are more easily avoided on large settlements of Indians under caretul,
systematic and scrupulous supervision, than when left to the unassisted
oi>eration of laws frequently evaded among snudl bands or tribes
remote from each other and exposed to the intluenceof dissolute whites.

Until a very recent date the power ot the (ihiefs over their mitions or
tribes has been merely that of moral suasion, excei»t so far as the ordi-
nary laws of Canada, or the Indian branch of the de])artnu»nt of State,
might maintain their views. But the interference of the department
ai»pears to be never exerted excei»t for reasonable ]mrposes. 1 tind an
instance of its operation in the case of Kitchie r»ai)tiste, an Indian and
a chief of an united band of Chippe vas and Ottawas, who is officially
described as having been " for many years ])ast a ])eaceable, loyal, and
well-disposed subject, but by lawless and misguided nu»n, with force and
vioh'nce, dispossessejl of his land and of his house and improvements
theret)n," and driven to removal. A royal proclamation was issued or-

MANAGEMENT OF

iiJdian

S IN BRITISH AMERICA.

dering that he be immediately reinstated in the enjoyment of his pro-
perty, and the offenders were reminded that they " are, in common Avith
all others, our subjects, amenable and subject to the laws of our pro-
vince, and that any intraction or violation thereof will be fully and duly
prosecuted and punished according to our said laws."

Advantage was taken of the occasion to insist upon perfect freedom
of debate, by " proclaiming and declaring that at all councils of Indi-
ans, duly convened tor the transaction of business, every Indian who
may be a member of the tribe or band holding sucli council and then
present thereat, shall be permitted the free expression of his ojiinion on
anj' matters brought under consideration of such council, un«listurbed
by any interference, intimidation, or threat in respect thereof." The
proclamation was printed in the form of handbills, both in the English
and the Chippewa language, and distributed among the Indians.

By recent legislation tlie appointment of the chiefs may, if the gov-
ernor so direct, be made by popular election, each holding his place for
the term of three years; but this law does not interfere with the present
chiefs. In further pursuance of the policy of educating the Indians to
self-government, and terminatin - their political childhood, an act passed
during the present year em]>owered them to frame rules and regula-
tions on several imporU;nt subjecjts, jnovided such rules an<l regulations
are confirmed by the governor general, as may be seen on reference to
the synopsis of the act given in tliis report.

The common desire to assimilate the Indians to the other ])o]mlation
of Canada found a memorable expression in " An act {20 Vict., Cap.
XXVI) to encourage the gradual civilization of the Indian triln's in this
l)rovir«(;e," which received the royal assent 10th June, 1857. Its avowed
purpose was sdso defined in the preamble to be the " gradual removal of
all legal distinctions between them and her Majesty's other Canndian
subjects, and to facilitate the accjuisition of property, and of the rights
accomi)anying it, by such individual mend>ers of the said tribes as shall
be foun<l to desire such encouragement and to have deserved it."

The act defined who slnmld be regarded as Indians and entitled to the
special benefit of a i)revious " act for the protection of the Indians in
Upper Canada from imi>osition, and the i)roperty occupied or enjoyed by
them from trespass or injury." It enacted that every msile Indian not
under twenty-one years of age, who is able to s])e{dv, r.'ad, and wiite
either the English or the French language n'adily and well, and is suffi-
ciently advanced in the elementary branches of education, and is of good
moral character, and fr(»e from debt, may offer himself for examination
to three commissioners appointed ihv that purpose, one of whom is the
superintendent of his tribe, another its missionary, and the third an
appointee of the governor. If they reijort favorably to the a])plication
the governor may give notice in the Oflicial Cazette of the <'nfVanchise-
ment of such Indian, between whose rights and liabilities ami those of
her Majesty's other subjects no past enactments must thenceforth make
any distinction, and he is no longer legally d<'emed to be an Indian.

Provision was also nunle by which Indians over twenty-one, but not
over forty years of age, anil who can neither read nm* write, but can
speak English or French readily, and are of sober and imlustrious hab-
its, free from debt, and sutticiently intelligent to manage their own
affairs, might enter upon a state of three years' probation, with the ap-
proval of the commissioners, and at the end of that time might, with the
apjn'oval of the commissioners and governor, be enfranchised. Notice of
such enfranchisement iMMUg given in the Ofhcial (iazette.

Such enfranchised Indan would be entitled to not more than fifty acres

TWF

MAfHAUilMUNT Ol' INDIANH HH BHlTiaH AMUUiei'.

out of the land set apart for the use of his tribe, and to receive in money
a sum equal to the principal of his share in the annuities and yearly
revenues of his tribe. By acquiring the rights of a white man, he would
cease to have any voice in the proceedings of the tribe, and by receiving
the land and money he would forego all further claim to the land or
money of his tribe, except a proportional share in other lands which such
tribe might thereafter sell.

The wife, widow, and lineal descendants of such enfranchised Indian
woukl also be enfranchised, but under certain provisions remain entitled
to their respective shares of all annuities or annual sums payable to the
tribe. Such Indian would only have a life estate in his land, but might
dispose of it by will to any of his descendants, and if he died intestate
they would inherit it. His estate therein was liable for his debts, but
he could not otherwise tdienate or mortgage his estate therein.

The same Jict provided that Indian reserves or any part of them might
be attached to school districts or sections.

The a(;t of 1857 was repealed in 1850, when another act (Cap. IX,
22 Vict.) was passed respecting the civilization and enfranchisement of
Indians. This was one of the consolidated statutes, and adopted the
main provisions of the previous act, but was repealed bv the general
act of 18C8. (Cap. VI, ;i2-;J3, ^ ict. s. 23.)

In 1808, " an act" (.'U Vict., C ap. XLII) was pas.sed " providing for the
organization of the department of the secretary of state of Canada,
and for the better management of Indian and ordnance lands." This
and the supplementary enactment of the following year are liberal in
their spirit, comprehensive in the views they evolve, and so much intel-
ligence and careful scrutiny are disj>hiyed in their details that I am un-
able to comjjly with the request to give proper othcial information in
regard to the treatment of the Indians, and the measurv^s to bring them
into the habits of civilization in liritish Xorth Anu*rica, without pre-
senting an abstract of botli acts, as briefly as the subject will permit.

By the ac't of 18(»8, the secretary of state is also registrar general aiul
superintendent general of Indian affairs, and has the control and nmn-
agement of Indian affairs in Canada.

It was enacted that all laiuls reserved or held in trust for Indians
should continue to be held for the same purposes as before, but subject
to the i)rovisions of this act, and should not be alienated or leased until
surrendered to the Crown for the purposes of this act.

All moneys or securities belonging to the Indians reiuain applicable as
before, subject to the provisions of this act.

I^o land belonging to any Indians or indivi<lual Indian can be legally
surrendered withcmt consent of the chief or a majority of the chiefs of
the tribe, formally sumnumeil and held in the presence of the secretary
of state, or an ofticer duly authorized to attend such council by the
governor general i»r the secretary of state, and no chief or Indian shall
vote or be jnesent at such ctumcil unless he habitually resides on or near
the land in (piestion.

The fact of such surrender must be certified on oath before some judge
of a superior county or district court, by the ofhcers appointed to attend
the council, and by one of the chiefs then present, and be transmitted
to the secretary of state, and submitted to the governor in council for
accepthUi'e or refusal.

No intoxicating li(iuors of any kind are to be introduced at such In-
dian council, and any person who intrcxluces any such lijpuM' at such
meeting, and any agent or otticial employed by the secretary of state or

the governor in council, who shall introduce or countenance by his pres-
ence the use of su<!h liquors a week before it, or a week after such coun-
cil, shall be fined $200, half to go to the informer.

No surrender otherwise invalid is confirmed by this act.

The governor in council may, subject to the provisions of this act,
direct the application of Indian moneys, and provide for the nmnage-
ment of Indian lands, money, and property, and also of expenses of
management, roads, and schools.

A penalty of twenty dollars for each offense of giving or selling spiritu-
ous liquor of any kind is enacted, one-half to go to the informer, the
other to the governmental fund, for the benefit of the tribe in regard to
any member of which the offense was committed. Exceptions are made
in cases of sickness, if such liquor is given under the advice of a medi-
cal nuui or clergyman.

No pawns for spiritous liquors can be retained from Indians.

No presents given to any Indians, nor any property purchased by
means of annuities granted to Indians, can be liable for debt.

The legal definition of " Indians " is declared to be —

Firstly. All persons of Indian blood reputed to belong to the particu-
lar tribe, band, or body of Indians interested in the lands and other im-
movable property belonging to or appropriated to the use of that tribe,
and the descendants of such jiersons.

Secondly. All who reside among such Indians, an<l whose parents
were or are, or either of them was or is, descended on either side from
Indians oi an Indian reputed to belong to the particular tribe, band, (u*
body of Indians interested in such lands or immovable proi)erty, and
the descendants of all such persons.

Thirdly. All women lawfully married to any of the i^ersons included
in the several classes already designated, tlie children, issue of such
marriages, and their descendants.

If the secretary of state, or su(!h person as he may authorize, shall so
direct, luilians an<l persons residing on Indian lands areliabU' tor labor
on jmblic roads in, through, or abutting upon such lands, subject to
regulations similar to those regarding road labor by other inhabitants
of the province.

None but persons deemed Indians uniy settle on Indian lands or the
roads leading through them, .and all Indian leases permitting such resi-
dence are void. Special ]>rovision is made for removing sucli intruders.

In certain cases, penalties may be enforced for cutting timber or re-
moving stone from Indian lands.

Misnomers are not to invalidate writs, wan'ants, «S:c.

Sherifis, jailers, and peace officers are to obey onh'rs under the act,
and, when reasonably required, assist in the execution thereof.

In<lians have the same rights as other persons in regard to land taken
for railways or pul)lic works. The se<'retary of state acts lor them, and
money awarded is paid to the receiver general on behalf ol" the body of
Indians f(n' whose beiu'fit such land was held.

Provision is made for assimilating the laws of Lower Cana<la with this
act.

In all cases of encroachment upon Indian lands, i>roceedings may be
taken by information, in the name of the Crown, in the sjiperior courts
of law or equity.

The governor may order surveys, plans, and reports, as to Indian re-
serves.

The proceeds from the sale or lease of any Indian lands, or from the

MANAGEMENT OP INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

timber on 8iicli lands, must be paid to the receiver general to the credit
of the Indian fund.

Provision is made for conforming Indian affairs in Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick, regarding hinds and monej'S, to the requirement of this
act.

Nothing in the act is to aft'ect the provisions of the act entitled "An
act re8[)e{'ting the c^ivilization and enfranchisement of certain Indians,"
so far as respects the Indians of Quebec and Ontario, nor of any other
act when not inconsistent with the act under consideration.

Certain [jowers and <luties vested with regard to ordnance and admi-
Fcalty lan<ls in the (!omniissioner of the Crown lands are vested in the
secretary of state, and the governor general in council may apply such
powers, «S:c., to the Indian lands in Quebec or Ontario, and may repeal
su(;h onlers.

The governor in council may make regulations as to Indian lands and
timber cut from them, and impose tines for breach thereof, but without
impairing other remedies.

All onlers in council must be published in the Canadian Gazette, and
such i)ubli(';ition is prima facie evidence of such orders.

The governor in council may, at any time, assign any of the duties
thus vested in the secretary of state to any other member of the Queen's
privy coun<*il, in Canada, and the secretary of state is required annually
to lay before Parliament, within ten days after the meeting thereof, a
report of the proceedings, transactions, and affairs of the department
during the year then next [>receding.

The careful and in(!reased attention to the condition of the Canadian
Indians was further evinced by the passage of the elaborate act (Cap.
VI, 32, 'Mi Vict., 18G1>) entitled "An act for the gradual enfrancliisement
of Indians, the better management of Indian affairs, and to extend the
provisions of the act 'M Victoria, Cap 42."

By this act no Indian or person claiming to be of Indian blood, or
intermarried with an Indian family, shall be deemed in lawful possession
of Indian lan<l, unless located for it by order of the sui)erintendent
general of Indian affairs; but such land is not by such location title
rendered transterable or subje(?t to seizure, although the occupier is
liable to be ejected from the land, unless a location title be granted to
him within six months from the iiassage of this act. Proceedings of
ejectnuMit are similar to those in certain other cases.

Very strict provision is made for imprisoning any person, when con-
victed in the manner i)rovided by the previous act, who directly or indi-
rectly may, in any way, dispose of any intoxicating liquor to any Indian,
or has kei)t a tavern, or other building, where such liquor is so sold or
disi>ose<l of, unh'ss he ])ay the i>rescribed line ; and the commander of
any steamer, or otJier vessel or boat, from on board or on board of
whicli any intoxicating li<pior has been so disposed of is made liable to
a simihir jtenalty.

In dividing annuity money, interest money, or rents, no ]>erson of less
than one-lbnrtli Indian blood shall receive a share, after certificate as to
his being less tlur one-fourth Indian blood is given by the chief or
chiefs of the band in council, and sanctioned by the superintendent
general.

Any Indian <'<mvicted of crime ceases, during his imprisonment for
the same, to participate in the annuities, &c., ]myable to his tribe, and
when thus imprisomnl in the penitentiary, or other place of confinement,
the legal costs of conviction and ('arrying out the sentence shall be paid
out of money coming to said Indian, or his baud or tribe.

MANAOEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

Iiu. a women marryinioj other than Indians, and the chiUlren of such a
maiTiage, cease to be Indians within the meaning of seetion 15, 31 Vict.,
Cap. 42; and any Indian woman marrying into a ditfeient tribe or band
of Indians becomes exchisively a member of her husband's tribe, &c.,
as also do the chihlren of such marriage.

In case of desertion of wife or chihl the superintendent general may
apply the share of such deserter in annuity and interest money to the
support of the woman and child so deserted.

Where Indians neglect to provide for their sick or disabled, or aged
or infirm i)ersons, the superintendent general may so provide out of the
funds of the tribe in question.

Children of an Indian inherit his right and title held under the loca
tion laws, together with his goods and chattels, on ''condition of provid-
ing for the maintenance of th' ir najther, if living." Such children have
only a life estate, neither transferable nor subject to seizure under legal
process; but if such Indian die without issue all such property goes to
the Crown for the benefit of the tribe, after prt viding for the support of
the widow, if any.

The governor may order that the chiefs of any tribe, band, or body of
Indians sliall be elected by the male members of such Indian settlement
of the full age of tAventy-one years, at such time and place and in su(;li
manner as the superintendent general of Indian attairs may direct, and
they shall in such case be elected for a period of three years, unless de-
posed by the governor for dishonesty, intemperance, ov immorality, and
shall be in the proportion of one chief and two second chiefs for every
two hundred i^eople, but any such band composed of thirty people may
have a chief; provided always that life chiefs now living shall continue
as such until death or resignation, or until their removal by the governor
for dishoriesty, intemperance, or immorality.

The chief or chiefs of any tribe or band of Indians are bound to cause
the roa<ls, bridges, ditches, and fences within their reserve to be in
proper order, in accordance with instructions from the superintendent
general, who in case of neglect has a discretionary power to cause the
work to be done at the cost of the particular community or Indian in
default, as the case may be, either out of their annual allowances or
otherwise.

The chief or chiefs of anj* tribe in (council may frame, subject to con-
firmation from the governor in council, rules and regulations for —

1. The care of the public health.

2. The observance of order and decorum at assemblies of the people
in general council, or on other occasions.

3. The repression of intemi)erance an<l i)rotligacy.

4. The [)revention of trespass by cattle.

r>. The mainteimnce of roads, bridges, and ditches.

(J. The construction and maintaining in repair of school-houses, council-
houses, and other Indian public buildings.

7. The establishment of pounds and the appointment of pound
keepers.

The governor general in council nuiy, on the rejjort of the superin-
tendent general of Indian afi'airs, order the issue of letters patent
granting to any Indian who, from the degree of civilizatitm to which he
has attained, and the character for sobriety and integrity which he
bears, appears to be a safe and suitable pc'rson for becoming a proprie-
tor of lands, a life estate in the land allotted to him within the reserve
of his tribe, and such Indian may dispose of the laud by will to any of

7VK

t *.*-M4a MM ».i.mM in ^MMM»^ - I aixirr-wv^^^

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

liis cliildroii, and if he dies intestate as to said land it shall descend to
his children according; to the laws of that part of the Dominion in Avhich
said land is situate, and the children to whom it is so devised or descends
shall have the fee simple thereof.

Every sn(}h Indian must, before issue of the said letters patent, declare
to the suiierintendent general a name and surname by which he wishes
to be enfraiKjhised and thereafter known, and on receiving such letters
patent he shall thereafter be known by such name and surname,
and he and his wife and minor unmarried children shall be held to be
enfranchised, and all legal destinctions between them and ordinary sub-
jects cejise, except that tliey retain their right to i)articipate in the annui-
ties and other income of their tribe or band, and except as regards the
laws of the previous act as to spirituous liquors, and the law of the
present a(;t as to roads, &c.

If any enfranchised Indian, owning land as aforesaid, dies without any
child, such laud escheats to the Crown for the benefit of the tribe,*
but if he leaves a widow she has it until her death or remarriage, when
it escheats to the Crown for the benefit of the tribe.

The wife or unmarried daughter of such deceased Indian, Avho may
through tliis act be deprived of all benefit from her father's or husband's
land, shall, so long as residing on the reserve of her tribe and remaining
unmarried, receive tAo shares instead of one of the annuity, interest
money, or other revenues of the husband's or father's band.

In allotting locations and issuing letters patent to Indians for land,
the quantity of land for each shall, as nearly as may be, bear the same
propDrtion to the total cpiantity of land on the reserve as the number of
persons to whom such lands are located bears to the total number of
heads of families, Mud male Indians over the age of fourteen years on
the reserve, except in special cases to be rei)orted to the governor in
council.

If any such enfranchised Indian dies, leaving any child under twenty-
one years, the superintendent general may appoint a guardian for it, until
it attains the age of twenty-one years, and the widow of such Indian, being
also the mother of such child, shall receive its share of the proceeds of
such Indian, so long as the child remains a minor and the widow con-
tinues to reside on the land left bj' such Indian, and in the opinion of
the sui)erintendent general conducts herself respectably.

Any Indian falsely representing himself as enfranchised under this
act, is liable to inqnisonment, not exceeding three months.

Lands conveyed as aforesaid by letters patent to any enfranchised
Indian are, during his lifetime, exenq)t from seizure, and cannot be in
any way encumbered or disposed of.

Indians not enfranchised have the right to sue for debt or any wrong
and to c(>m]>el the performance of obligations made with them.

The under secretary of state is charge<l un<ler the secretary of state
with tho jjerformance of the departn)ental duties of the secretary of
state under the said act, and with the control of the enq>loyes of the depart-
ment and such other powers and duties as may be assigned to him by
the govern! a' in cimmal.

Cliai)ter nine of the consolidated statutes of Caimda is repealed.

It is enacted that this act shall be construed as one act with the act
31 Victoria, Cap. XLII.

Tlu^ two earliest of the four acts seem to have had a tendency to

*Tlio word "trilic" i.s Honu>tiiuc!s used in this report to ilonoto trilio, nation, hiuul or
body.

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

;ceiid to
I which
esceuds

declare
wishes
I letters
irname,
Id to be
iry sub-
i aniiui-
irds the
' of the

3ut any

tribe,*

e, when

ho may
sband's
inaiuing
interest

or land,
le same
inber of
niber of
rears on
ernor in

twenty-
it, until
n, being
•eeds of
ow con-
inion of

ler this

nchised
ot be in

r wrong

of state

etaiy of

depart-

hini by

If'd.
the act

lency to

detach the most intelligent and worthy individuals from their tribes and
absorb them in the white population. The experiment failed from want
of co-operation on the part of the Indians, whose general sentiment
appears to be that if members of their several communities should now
or hereafter avail themselves of permission to sell their lands, white
men of a low caste would flock in, and reside upon the reservations, and
introduce temptations to intemperance and profligacy.

The Indians who would thus be enfranchised and separated would be
men of good character and considerable intelligence, who naturally
have influence in their tribe, and enjoy in it a higher relative status
than they would be likely to occupy among the whites, who would pro-
bably treat them as inferiors. So far as I have been able to learn, it
appears that all such plans for enfranchisement and absorption are
likely to prove nugatory, and that the actual elevation of the Indians
might be better attained by considering the right to dispose of their
land as a question apart and distinct from enfranchisement, to which
either the test of property or intelligence might be applied, thus admit-
ting the most thrifty of them to the ordinary political rights of white
men, without at the sanie time offering any inducement or ()pi)ortunity
for them to renounce affiliation with tlieir own people, whose prospec^ts
of advancement would undoubtedly be injured if legislation should result
in the withdrawal of the best men from the Indian comnuinities. The
tribes would thus gradually become little more than sub inunicii)alities
or ])etty sti tes, with .some special characteristics, but in the main under
the ordinary laws of the Dominion at large.

The recently enacted plan of enfranchisement, and permitting an In-
dian to devise his land to such of his children as he may choose, tends
to strengthen i)aternal authority and the bonds of the family. It seems
doubtful if this experiment will be more effective than its predecessors,
or is better adapted to the actual state of the case. The Indian father
may not be desirous of conferring upon his children the right to dispose
of their land. But the humane motive of the enactment cannot be mis-
understood, and the result will be regarded with great interest.*

* Tilt' peculiaritii'.s of the Iiuliiin cliaviU'ter, and the special re(itiiieiiieiitsof the .semi-
eivilized oondition in Canada, appear to create ainon<r the Indians sentiments and
o]»inions sehh>n avowed, Imt wliich were admirably expressed l»y Ca[»tain I3rant, who,
in one of liis letters, said :

'•Yonr letter came safe to hand. To give yon entire satisfaction, I nnist, I )»erceive,
enter into the discnssion of a subject on which I have often Ihonj^ht. My tiionj;ht8
AS'ere my own, and beinj;' so dilterent from the ideas entertained amoni>' yonr jieople, I
should certainly have carried them with me to the «;rave had I not received your
oblif>in<>' favor.

"Yon ask me, then, whether in my ojtiniou civiliziitiou is favorable to human happi-
ness. In answer to the question it may be answered that there are dej^recs of civiliza-
tion, from cannibals to the most polite of European nations. The ([uestiitn is not,
then, whether a de;»;re(! of refinen>ent is not conducive to happiness, )»ut whether you
or the natives of this la'jd have attained this happy medium. On this subject we are
at present, I presiuue, of very ditt'ereut opinions. You will, however, all(»w me in
sonu' resju'cts to have had the advanta>>e of y<»u in forminji; my sentinu'Uts. 1 was, sir,
b(un of Indian ])arents, and lived whih' a child among those whom you are pleased to
call savages. I was afterwards sent to live among the white people, and ediu-ated at
one of your schools, since which period I have been honored nnicli bey«»nd my deserts
by an ac(puiintance with a nuud)er of principal characters both in Europe and America.
After all this experience, and after every exert icui to divest myself of jtrejudice, I am
obliged to give my opinion in favor of my own peojde. I will now, as much as I am
able, c(dlect togetlier and set befiu'e you some of the reasons that have intluenc(>d my
Judguu'ut on tlie subject now before us. In the governnuMit you call civilized, the
happiness of tlie people is constantly sacrificed to the sph'udor of eiii])ire. Hence your
codes of crime ami civil laws have had their origin ; hence your dungeons and jtrisons.
I will not enlarge on an idea so singular in civilized life, and perhaps disagreeable to

MANAOEMEiit ofr iitbU^S IM BkiftSit AMi1r16A.

The four acts have evidently been based on the conviction that if the
Indians were indiscriminately permitted to alienate or convey the lands
they own as occnpants, many of them wonld soon be reduced to a state
of panperism, while others might safely be trusted with the same rights
of i>roprietorship as the whites now possess. Individual character
asserts its peculiarities of strength or weakness among the Indians in
as marked a manner as among any people in the world. Industry, abil-
ity, and integrity are strongly developed in many members of every
tribe ; and tliese traits, like other similarities, are to a considerable
extent hereditary in certain families. Hitherto the original system of
governuiCMit by the Indians themselves, as well as the policy adopted
towards them, has tended to maintain the improvident as well as the
careful and industrious, to check the accumulation of Avealth in the
bands of individuals, as well as to prevent the extreme of poverty.
Those who are impatient of the slow progress made towards civiliza-
tion will sec reason to moderate their ardor when they retlect upon the
long lapse of the many centuries through which our own race has
attained its present pre-eminence.

A suggestion has lately been made to the Canadian government, and
is said to be under its consideration, that, for one generation, the In-
dians, or some of them, sliould be allowed to sell land, but oidy among
themselves. It has been thought they would thus by saft> degrees be
further initiated into habits of forethought ami thrift. Even this in-
termediary i)roposal seems liable to serious objections, unless accom-
panied by various restrictions, such as that no contract for sale of real
estate should be binding unless made before the visiting sui)erinten-
dant of the district where the land is, and renewed at a time when am-
ple opportunity has been given for reflection. To this might be added
an adequate legal scrutiny into the sufficiency of the consideration or
purchase money given and received for the land, and into some other
circumstances attendant on the transaction.

The Canadian commissioners of IS.IS stated, as one of the results of
their inijuiries, that they were unable to discover any reason why the
Indians should not in time take their place among the rest of the popu-
lation in Canada. A laborious arid impartial investigation, conducted
with the benelit of their observations and the additional data of the
last twelve years, has led me also to the conclusion that altliough the
Indians cannot be suddenly transformed from their original condition
of savage hunters to that of farmers and mechanics, they are capable
of civilization, and that the well-directed and persistent eiforts nnule in
Canada have been so far successful as to leave little room for doubt
that their future triumph will be complete. AVliatever may be the ulti-
mate result, those who have aided in this honorable effort may safely
be assured that their country will be known in history as having striven
to do justi(;e to the aborigines, whom the white man found in posses-

you, nnd will only observe that auionfj; uh we have no prisons ; wv have no pompons
parade of courts ; we have no written laws; and yet jnd}j;es are as hi<>hly revered
anion^ ns as they are among you, and their (h-cisions are as nineh regarded.

" Property, tt) say the least, is as well guarded, and crimes as impartially punished.
We have among ns no splendid villains above the control of our laws. Daring wicked-
ness is here never suffered to triumph ov(?r helpless innocence. The estates of widows
and orphans are never devoured by enteri)rising sharp(;rs. In a word, we have no
robbery under the cohu- of law. No person among us desires any other reward for per-
forming a bravt^ and worthy action but the consciousness of having served his nation.
Our wise men are called fathers ; they truly sustain that character. They an^ always
accessible — [ will not say to the meanest of our peojde, for we have none mean but
such as render themselves so by their vices."

11 shed,
ickod-
itlows
ivo no
)r per-
ation.
Iways
II but

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IK BRITISH AMERICA.

3sr

non of it, and that they have so far founded their empire or dominion
upon the principles of humanity and true civilization.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Your obedient servant,

F. N. BLAKE,

United States Consul.^
Hon. Hamilton Fish,

Secretary of State.

Appendix A. — The Indian population of Canada.

The Indian and negro population of Canada are not specifically enumer-
ated as such in the ordinary decennial census, but are included under
other heads, according to nativity, &c. All the tabular statements I
have found on the subject show a general increase. The following shows
the total number of certain tribes in Canada, at different periods from
1827 to 1857 :

Upper Canada.

1838 6,643

1844 6,874

1846 8, 756

1847 8,862

1857 9,094

Lower Canada.

1827 3,649

1837 3,575

1844 3,787

1852 4,0.18

1857 4,396

In 1857 the Indian census, including settled and migratory tribes, and
tribes not within reach of the missionaries, gave the following numbers
of this people :

Settled Indians in Upper Canada 9, 094

Settled Indians in Lower Canada • 4, 326

Nomadic tribes visiting north shore of Lake Huron 1, 422

Nomadic tribes visiting north shore of Lake Superior 1, 240

Nomadic tribes of the Lower St. Lawrence, not within reach of

missionaries or agents (as estimated) , 1, 000

1857.— Total ........!..... 19, 052

1868. — As by annexed statement, exclusive of Nova Scotia and

New Brunswick 20,612

H. Mis. Doc. 35 3

rrr

MANAOEMKNT OP INblANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

Conqntratirc statement of the population of the different Indian irilws and hands throu^gltoul

Canada, between the years 18C7 and 1808.

Naiiif of tribe or Imixl.

rUOVIXt'E OK ONTAItlO. !

(IhipjM'WiiH 1111(1 MniiHPf's of iluy TliaiiicA

AIoraviaiiH of tin* Tliaiiit'H

Wyaiidotts of Aiidfi'iloii

("hiii]M'waH, I'ottawatoiiiics. ami Ottawas of ;

^^ alpolo Islam!

ChipjM'waH of Siiakt^ iMlaiul

I )o. Kama

Do. Chi'iHtian Islfiiul !

MiHsiKHaKuaHofltic*', Mii(l,aiulSkn.u;o<rLakoH ;

Moliawkn of bay of Qiiiiiti'; !

MinMissa^juns «>t' Alnwi<'k i

OJibwa.vH of Samly Island

(.'bipiM'was of Saiiyiecii i

Do. Caitc ('n»(»k<'r [

('hristiaii Islaml Itaiiil on Mauitoulin Island. .;

Six Nation Indians of the (iraiid Kivcr ;

Mississa^iins (late of tho Itivcr Credit, now ;

on 1 lie ( irand Iti ver)

(ybij>l»e\v,is of Lake Siiiiei'ior

l)o. Lake Iliii'on '

Manitonlin Island Indians ,

(itdden Lake Indians, in theConntyof IJeiifrew

riiovi.\( r. UK <j(KMi:c. j

Po]Milation Population

Iro(|iiiiis of Sanlt Ste. L)nis

I»<>. St. Ui^iiin

Nipissiiii^s, Al^(ai(|uins. and Iroi|iiois of the
Lake of Two Mountains

Kiver Desert Indians

Alienakis of St. Fraii(jois-du-Lae

Do. IJeeaneonr

Hurons of Lorette

.\nialaeites of Vijjer

Mieinacs tif I{esli;r,)HelH)

Do. Maria

M(inta"nais of Point Dlen and Cliieoutinii.

I) >. Mosie and Sev»'U Lslands. . .

Do. ISetsianiits

Do. (Jrand ("asra))ediac

Do. Iliver (iodbout

\asl\a)>as of tlie Lower St. Lawrence

I'ltovixci; OK xov.v scotia.

Indians of .\nna])olis

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

("idcliestei
("lunlierland ...

Dij-lty

«Jnvsbiironj;li ..

Halifax

Hants

Kinjis ,

Liinen1)nr<r

Pietou....

(,)ueens

Sbelltnrno

Antiy;oni.sU

Yarnioutli

Cape Breton ...

Inverness

Itiebniond

A'ietoria

in IHiiT.

a.'il
:i

130

IWi

282
()(i4
212
174

steo
:j.V2

2, 77!l

204

i,2(i;»

1,74?)
I,4;»r^

ii;i

1, r>nfl

7!>7

:m7

in leOei.

ruovixcic OK xr.w niMxswK k.

Indians of Restijjonebe

Do. Sbediae

Do. Nortlninil)erland

Do. Indian Village

Do, Indian I'oint

Do. Opposite Fredericton

Do. County ( tloucoster . . .

Do. County Kent

Do. Tobiquo

Do. Dorclu'stor

tl7
27t!
170
378

li:{

200

i:j7

.V>4
7.'>

7:1

2. 8(10

oon

2.V.J
70

r^04
128
271
102

302
OKI
108
184
2!»2
34li
73
, 7!H)

205

I, 840

1,300

18.-)

l.OOl

801

(ill

3.">8

2(58

207

,-)84

7.-.

(i.">
100
110

!I0
100

50
195
110

55
180

!iO
180

70
1()0
115

410

1,000

n-2

383

128

18
5

10
12

17
1

hi
u

K(>mark8.

. ! No rctnrn.sforld(i8.
Do.

198

8
41

1(>
21

■■{

lucroaso cau8(5d by

ininiigi-ation.
Kcturns not reliablo.

No returns for ISfiS,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

hrou^hont

narki*.

usfoil8('>('.

! caused by
gi'ation.
ibt reliable.

ns for ims.

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMEKICA.

»
1

JJSSgJ.^???5SS :

?^'»?S522i:?SSS?gS5SS2i'2sSj^!:;

:!:1??S?

"^1

3;552jx«22?{S :|i::*-S2!5'»'-^?,?{'-''-Z!5S=:5S*?}i2S;}||2|f

"Si.!

;s c:f •«'-

«2

SS-'fSiJi^ssa ;«slu?;s2»s*!22=sr.!5SSs?i;:iSi:gs*|So;5

\y< AY-K "A'^

: ! ■ ■ ; :ir 1 i : ! i •

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: ; ; :

.,'... .'Cz .'.', ^ , ',

• I • •

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■

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1 1 X 2 ,»». .= ! 5- - ! I

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! Irs"-" _•" ! s a ; ;

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;::::=§ = a :ri : :

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• ■ • • = .-'?= '"Si • •

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iSfiiiiio : :§i§i§§§i§iiii§i = ii§Siif § p =^'§

:2 = = S25S= : : = = = S2.2 = i?lr,2? = ?SS = = = 2 = 2 = 22'^'i*2

|S2

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: : ; : : ii : : ; i : i

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: : : : : :.| ; : ; : ; ;

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7

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i"^ ■:•■:; y^ ;:::; ;

: = ?

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"a? a :

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Sail:

tit

r.' <- i 2 - IT ~ - ^' '" ~ ''-■" 5 • — '-.- = r • = -« ■:i rr -r i-: -^ i- t ri • . • ^ .• ■ T"

r. r s ; t; ^ -" ^ - f ~ 2 "-= - ■^ ~ -:-■-•-.•-.•-■-•--• f ^ ;*♦- i. f s

* - •< >-j ?* f^ ^ '

i;^?^ ;?.j;^i:;w;5i?C;:'^-:i'-;£>',x,>^;^.<^<;<;^j^;^«5i3s:;^;5-^

"§

_ 1

I "x

•"1 '

•f. '

: 3

jLk

'ZZ '<

•

f^ '

i-'i'

■^ tt

«>

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! 1 ; ! i i i ; 1 1 ; ! ; .' 1

ii'a ^"B

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j^.,..-.......*

•= re S r3

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5 ?

ri "ir'f

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•r K-S

■f 5

i^'^Ti-Sji^ :6'';:=Z. \J:

CC^?- 1

i1-

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= 3 - "c :
* i i X.L

.2 ?r

-/■

L. .^ ' ijj »^ +J

s''S'e'"=-'rr';-^ :^.' :7'r ;.-

llllllf

1-^

tc « iS '^ * "o

1 *-<-*

: a

aaaa«*«x ■" ...-s .—

a a a a.i:.2^

if"

3?!

ir. n X d .Z7— .- .S" -; — i.

a a

■Ij

^•^

a
a

a
O

■s a

a f'

MAWAujsMENT OF IMDUNH IN UUmHH AUESIQA.

'S4

3d ' ^»^^ :!;S)^?iiS3; :

^>^

'.?, issi'sii :

e 93

o o

a a

^ fr- s

n E S

•'""""'"^^

I 1 1 I ! >. ; I .'

i : i i :^ i : i

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• 'J

■ :ei

: a

> ..a

; o

; ;'«

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. ;^

1 '"3

; '••^

'• •' S

: :&
:=§

< >

• •a

a'V&

s ^ ' ' a

MM . .M

: ; -fc a ; i =
; l^a :.5a

"3 - *' s-s*^ a

B.2 a - a HM

■« : H a'S S a

a ' tf ^ "■ ** ^

.2 ; cs <S = J: «

sJIJssggsss

.25

; ? 5 =

»— .^ " w .^ -.'IS ■■■ (• ^^« w

^r .*" Id ^ ■■ "" ^ ^ 5* ^ ■■

\ I

' ^

• s

• ^^

;& ;;

• ■ ' t

' ,,

. -^ '

■ rt X s

iria

I GUI

^2-^i
'<»-«<= '

M^7

-.2.5;i5

" s 5 5"^

£ 2 a S
t" a ? et

•^^

— • "^ z.

•r C~ «

p.:^

££5

MANAGEMENT OF INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

Appendix V.

The foUowinj^ is instructive to those who wish to iiivestijfate, for prju;-
tieal purposes, tlie subject of the report:

/flatfincnt of HjHviot paiimcntii, vontiugvnt and incidental fxpnidiliiir bif t'le Indian Branch,
(Department of the Heeretarii of State,) dnriny the year ending June 'M), 1H()H, out of Upper
Canada Indian fundn.

Station, snporintcii- '
(Utiicy, or iliviHioii.

< "liiiracter of ilisl>iii'rt(>iii)-iitt«.

HemlfiuarttTs.

D(.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

I'ostnK*'

illaiiktts

I'ch'jji'aniM

Survey

HoailH

IN'iiHioncrs

(rrantA towanlH the fri'ctioii of srliool-

llOIIMC.M.

Law cxiM'iiMCH ami N])<<cial work

Stationery, Iiooks, liiiiiliii;;, itriiiliii;;,

anil inNtriinuMitH, Sn\*
iToscpli Wilson, aH coniiniHttioni'r lor

till! jn-oti-rtion of Iniiian lanil anil

visiting! ri'si'rvi'N.

(Jrattiity to Henry John Jone.n

Ailvertininfi

Otlice furniture, and repairs anil ilis-

liurHenients.
C. T. Dn])ont'.»* traveling expenses in

visitinji Parry Islanil, Lake Xepi]iion,

Lake SujM'rior, &e.
Traveling ixpenses of siek Iniliaus,&c.
Ottiee rent for the ajjenev

Amount
pniil.

937 59

1, ir)7 4:j

»w la

2, (M)8 71
a, •Mi,') 50

400 00
:),'>o 00

'i" II
I,'j:i5 H)

104 !)5

too 00

7 17

:)04 a4

:W7 ."50

\Ve.stern supei'in-
tenUenev.
Do...'

(.'onimission

Islanil.
Plans

on .sales on Manitonlin

H. Strong's professional services, &c . . .
J'ostage

:I7 7.-I
W 10

158 ;w

1)3 25

iiOO 00

1 40

Do..
Do.,
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..

Pensioners t 100 00

Siirvev 1 400 OO

Distri1)iitioii ,5, 57!) 70

Funeral articles.
^Meilieines and attendance

Hooks

Collins

ChajM'l stewiud

Messenger. '

i D!) 70

IIH 83

10 74

48 25

25 00

10 00

liefnnils 2, 191 00

Do.

D(K

Do.
Do.

Do.

f 'cntral and Kasfrn
suiu'riutendencv.

Do '..

■' Do

Do.
Do.

I'ostage

Distriltution

Postage . . . .'

Distri lint ion

Interest lialance

Cotlins

Pensioners

(-liurch repairs

I'ostage

ISonus on oil workings

Advertising

Distribution

Postage

Distribution

Annual allowance in resjieet to claims

on oil lands in Enniskillen.
Annual allowance in res|)ect to claims

on oil lands in Enniskillen.
Annual allowam-e in respect to claims

on oil lands in Enniskillen.
"W. 15. ISartletfs otHcc contingencies...

Distribution

Forest baililt'

Insurance upon the Mohawks' church

and parsonage.
Distrilnition

Disti'iltution.

.".0

1, ,5,)2 07

I 80

:), 043 24

00 23

17 00

30 00

15 00

7 8i»

f^O 00

5 70

.5, 4!!C. 32

2,342 17

101 110

70 43

127 37

270 98

4,090 81
95 00
39 40

1, 389 92

2, 388 32

This comprises stationei'y supplied to outside agencies.

Oi t of what fund |)aid.

Indian land management, fund.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

i Do.

Do.
I riiipjunvas of Saniiii.

Do.
Do.
i Do.

i Do.

I Do.

' Do.

Do.
j Do.

Do.
I Ottawas and Ojibewas of Man
itonlin Islands.
Chii>i)ewas of Walpole.

Do.
(.'hii)pewas of thi^ Thames
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Moravians of liie ThaiiK^H.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Vt'vandotts of .\nderdoii.

Do.
Win. Wabbnck.

Jas. Manace.

Xaiicv Maiville.

Indian land iiianageiiient I'liml.

ilohawks of Hav of Quiiite.
Do.
Do.

(..'hippewas of Lake Iliiron and

Simcoe.
Mi8sis.saguas of Uice and Mud

Lakes.

t(,-harged to principal.

35 MANAGEMENT OP INDIANS IN BRITISH AMERICA.

C. — Statement of special payments, <)'-c. — Continued.

St.ntioii, HiipeTiiitvii- \

deucy, or diviniou.

("liaracttT of disbursemonts.

('eiitTiUandF'rrt'rn i Medical norviooH.
HHiterintiMidcncy. i

I)o '.J Distribution

Do I Distribution

I»o i Distrilmtion

Do 1 Advortisinjj;

Amount
paid.

$36 00

444 20
•.i, 747 XJ

•i, 134 :k

VM 70

(Jrand Kivor supcr-
int<'ndt'ncv.

Do ■;

Tcnsioncrs : 7") 00

Distribtition | 7,647 75

Traveling t'xp»^nsi's ' I 85

Itpfuud i B 73

Advertising 140 11

Improvonnsnts I 103 00

I'ensionoi's i 75 00

Distribution 9,405 !W

Traveling expenses i 4 85

Kefund i 8 73

I'ensioners 250 00

her

Do.

Do.
Do.
!)(..
Do.
Do.

Do.

Nortliern sui«*i'iii-
tentlenev.

Do...:

('oriiwall sii]>erin-
fendcnev.

Do...".

.Allowanco for tbo celebration of
-Majesty's birthday.

Losses by fire

J. T. (iilkison's eoutingeneies

Advertising

Law ('X])enses

Distribution

Assistance to sick Indians, and medi-
cines.

Cliief, board bill attending ('ouncils . ..

Insurance

Traveling exi»eiise8 of 3 sick Indians .

I Vnsioners

J. T. (Jilkistm's contingencies

Insurance upon .saw-mill i

Distribution I 4,

Postage !

Sundry bills apnroved by tho tribe in ;
council and allowed by the superin- j
tendent general. ■

]>istributi<ui ■

470

321

.33

3f).271

!IS

100
12
.55

1.50
45
27

203
3

1*10

I'erceiitage ujioti receiiitsaiid distribu-
tion money allowed to S. Colnuhoune.

Out of what fund paid.

131 00

42 .58

l{(>lief and supftlies t 200 00

Distribution j 203 20

Distribution 2. 1.50 03

105 90

Mississaguas of liice. and Mud

Lakes.
Mississaguas of Skugng.
Misaissaguas of Alnwick.
Cliippewas of Kama.
Cliippewas of Saugeon and
Owen Sound.

Do.

Do.
Cliippewas of Nawash.

Do.

Do.
Six Nations of the Credit.

Do.

SixXations of the Grand liiver.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Mississaguas of the Credit.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Chief Tetomoiiiasundhis baud.

Ojibevras of Lake Huron.

Do.
Iroquois n!" St. IJegis.

Do.

id.

ilMuU

n auil

Iiiv<;r.

It.

l)auij.