GOMPBNDIUM N A OF THE HlSTORy OF CANADA AND OF THE BRITISH NORTH AilRiCAN PeOVINCES BY Tne ClirisUan Brothers. m^mt^mmmmKm 80, COTTK 8TH1EET. ■••TiM«'"»*'*—'*»— r>«. ti t«u»«i B< « Entered, accoftHRg io Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thoueaud eight himdred and S£ventj-thref-, by EpiiRiSM Gagnon, in the Office of the Miailat^)? of Agrkmltur*. PREFACE. The object of this little work is to facilitftte to begbners the study of our national History, which is, at the same time, very interesting and important In its compilation, we have kept ill mind that they lor whom it is intended, are still very young, and, accordingly, we have endeavored to be as simple^ exact, elear, and precise as possible. Among the many facta we had to relate or point out, it is quite possible that we have neglected some of a sufficient importance ; but we are confident of having omitted none of those that are essential. Moreover, addressing ourselves to young children, one maj"" easily understand that we were bound to mention only the principal events ; and these, in the aimplest language. The History of Canada whioh we are to publish soon, will contain the other striking ooourrenccis, ^hich could not h« inaortad in this oxkaot l!^B.¥Jr4C)ft, Tlio o'Jx'jc'histical me.thod offer?? tlift ^.^eatf^flt advantage.-?, wl'iioh w^ deaied by thoKe oaly wlio luWQ never l-.au:^ht. H-ace. wo bave rtdopUid it, botli to comply with tho ,r*;,ir.oratoJ desires of meji wolJ. fikiiicd ir.i theart of fceaobiog, MS wfiii as to follow our ewii prscaal o^s^perience It hns beoa eaid witb trutb, tliat Geo^raDliy rmd Ohronoiogy aro the two eyes of Hiatory ,^ thia ia th(3 reason why w« itayo iinserted th-a rrioot iraportan.t dateH* ajflcr baviajr^ revised them caiefuiiy. Uonoeniki<,^ the goograpkioal part, w a would take tba liberty of sugi^estrng to the teacbcrs wlio \mi.sted of ihrei') vessels : ono of about 120 tone, cabled tho Grande Hermire ; the r^econd of 60 tons.^ called tlio PctUe Uir* mine; aod the tl'ird of 40 tons, eaiied the Emenlkm„ Q» On v^hat day ditl this expedition setcut ? A. On the 19th of May, 1635. Q. What happened tu them, on the Ist of August ? A. A tempest oblip'ed them to take ahelter in a port situated at the entrance cf the gulf, then O'dled tho Gulf of Canada, Q. When did Cartier re-enter the gulf he had e^Lplored the preoeding .^ear ? 14 mSTOET or CAKADA. A. On tbe 10th of August, the feast of St. Lawrence, he sailed up the gulf which he namc4 af _er this 8ainf , <^. Where was C artier on the 15th of Au- gust ? A. He stood before the Island of Anticosti which he named Isle de V Assompiion^ on account of the solemnity of that day. ). Whither did the fleet afterwards pro- ceedl r A. The fleet ascended the river and oast an- chor near an island which ho named Isle aux Couares, from the great quantity of haael-trees (coudriftrs) found on it. Q. Wha^ other island did (Jartier meet farther up ? A. He met a far larger island (Orleane) which he named Me de Bacchus^ on account of the great quantity of wild grapes he found on it. Q. What prompted Cartier to hasten his ascension of the river ? A. The desire of reconnoitring the country, and specially, of seeing the village of Hoche- laga, fio much spoken of hy the two Indians whom he had on board with him. Q, Having reached the up*^** eud of Orlean« Ial0nd, what did he do 7 •>t\.^..'/u'ii^L.. A, Having found there a small river that appeared convenieat t^) shelter hig verfSols, Caitie? casfc anchor, and njinied it Ste. Crolx^ finoe called fit, Charles Biver. ■^ Q, What visit did ho receive, as sood as he arrired there ? A. He .received the visit of Donaoona, chief of a neighboring Indian village, called Stada- eona. Q. Whea did Carfciei' set out from Stada- cona for Hochelaga ? A, Ho set out ou the 19th of Septtmiber, on board the Emcrillon^ with the adventurers that aocompauied him, fifty maritiors, aud two skiffs or boats. Q, Haring arrived at the kko now called St. Peter, what was be obliged to do ? A. The JEmerillon being unable to advance further, Cartier armed the two boats, loaded them with provisions, and proceeded on his disooverip. 2. When did he reach Hochelaga ? . He arrived there on tho 2d of October. Q. What did ho on the following day which was Sunday ? A. Having lefl eight sailors in charge of the b^fttdf he went with tho gentlemen atid the .„iM^j'iw;i Id tilSTORf OF CAVAt)k. other PTiilors to visit Hocbelaga, bcing^gtlidcd by three Inclirjns of that. villn|»;e. Q. How (Kil Carticr describe the village ? A. He suid that it was nearly civcular^ and enclosed by three pnlisades, containing about fifty hnts, each fifty puces lon«f by i}3urteea wide, all made in the fbrxxf <)£ a funnel. Q, WLc.t did Cai'tier and hia suite, after their vi.^it to Hoohelaga ? A. Fearing for tho safety of the Fm^rilbfif they returned to her on the eaine day, Q. After having reached tho Enurlllon at Lake St. Peter, what was their next step ? A. They descended the stream as far aa Three Kivers, Q. When did they reenter the^ Harbor of Ste. Croix ? A. On the 11th of October. Q. To what trials had Oartier and his meat to submit during the winter ? A. They had to suflPcr mucli, not only from the severity of the winter to which tfe^y were unaccustomed, but alao from the scurvy by which they wore nearly all attacked. Q. What did Carticr, in tho spring. A. On the 6 th of May, he departed for France with two of his Vdssebi abaadoning the H hm BOUtAL. It third for want of sailors, aud readbed St, Malo on the 16th of Jaly. Q. With whom was Franoe at war on. his return ? A. Franeewas at warwith-SpaiD.A."' CHAPTER 11. Fnya^^De Robervai, 1541, to the Marcnda 4e la Roche f the Becona viceroy f 1578. Q. Peace having been restored to France what did Francis I, do 7 A. Francis I. ordered a n«w expedition for Canada to be prepared, and appointed Jean Francois de la ^que, Sieur de Eoltrvalf Lieu ten ant-General. Q. To Vhom was the command of the expe- dition confided ? A. To Jacques Carticr, who had previously received the domination of Captain-Genej'ul, and Pilot-Maaterofthe Vessels. • Q. When did (Jartier set sail ^ A. On the ^8d of May , 154 1 . 2. When did he arrive at 3te» Croix ? . On the 23d of August. Q. What did C^rtier, wifihing to give bis shipsaWtter abellar than in t^ Std. Croix Harbor? ii fiI8tOR» or OAJ^AtA. A. He ascended the river aa far as Cap Rouge ; that place afforded his vessels a greater security, and was more suitable for the estab- lishmen t of a colony. Q. Wbfit did ho do with two of his vessels ? A. On the 3d of September, he despatched them to Franco with information to the King of what had been coniaieaced, and of the non- arrival of Do Boberval. Q. What did Cartier, after the departure of the fihips ? A. jEle caused two boats to be prepared, and ascended the rivet a second time to Jlocheluija, in order to examine the rapids, so as to po ready to make further explorations in the following spring. Q. Wliat precaution did CartLertake, oa liis return to Charlesbourg-B.oyal ? A. Som^ signs of hostility on the part of the Indians determined hira to have his forts }n readiness, and to be continually on the watch.^ Q, What determiuation did Oartier take, at th^ reopening of navigation ? A. He resolved to embark again for JPraooe ; for, th^ colonists na^ become disooumged by the molestations of the Indians, and at the Qoa-arrival of De Roberval. Q. Whom did be meet at New&andlaiid f 01 ROBIBTAL. 19 A. He me^ De Boberyal wl^o was bringing, on ))oard of tliree large vessels, two huDclrea person^ of both jezea, atnoDg whom were a few Doblemen. Q. When did De Boberral reach Charles- bourg-Kojal ? A. Jl£f arrived there in the month of Jolj, 1543. Q. What happened to thia colony, 80oa^£ter its Arrival ? A. It was visited by the scurvy, which car- ried off fiity persons. Q. What order was givei^ to Oartier^Bhortly after his arrival in France i A. As Francis I. could not send the assist- ance demanded by the colonists, he ordered Cartier to tindertake a fourth voyage taOanada, in order to t)ring \>&Gk. De Eoberval and the remnant of his colony, Q. Wha^ were the general features of Can- ada, when 4rst discovered by the French ? A. Canada was then wholly covered with thick forests. Q. \Y'hat tiations then inhabited Canada ? A. Divers tribes of Indians, who differed ■lightly in their character^ maonera. andoos- toms. The chief tribes were the Iroqpiois, Hurons, and AlgonquinSt 20 HISTORY OF OAKADA. CHAPTER ITL Froiu the. Marquis dfi let i?ocA«, 1 57B, to the foundation ^f Q,U€beCi 1608. Q. Who was the second lieutenant-genera! and viceroy of Cuaaaa ? A. Tha Mar.juisi de la Roche, & Breton Lord, fio received his titles from Henry III, in 1578, and the pame were confirmed by Heory IV., in 159B. Q. To whom did the Marquis resign bii« oon^mission T A. To Pierre Chauvin, a mapter-mariner, who obtained at the same time the exoiujUTe tight of the fur-trade. 0. Who was the puccessor of Clw»uTiu ? A. Be Chates, who was the Governor of Dieppe, and a tuan of great merit, in 16G9. Q. What means did he take to establish a colony in Canada ? A. He {brmed a society composed of mer- chants and noblemen. Q. To whom did De Chates give tha^oom- mand of his vcsaeli? ? A. To Pe Pontgrav^, a navigator of St. Male, who was charged by the King to coutin- ^e the ezplocation of thaiax|^ river of OaQ- Q. Whom did Dq Chates associate with Th Pontgrav(j ? A. Samuel de Ohamplain, a distinguished captain of the French navy, born at Brcmage in Saintonge. • Q. What newa did Porrtgravd and Cliam- plain Icari), at their return to Honfleur? A. They heard of the death of De Chafes, who had heen unable ta accompany their expe- dition. Q. Who succeeded De Chatos ? A. Pierre du Gas, Sienr de Montei, a Hu- guenot nobleman. Q. What did De Monte, in autumn, 1605 ? A. He left the oonmumd to Pontgray^, and returned to France. '.^ SEOOBrB KtOCH- neii TH» Forrn/tiON or (ju£BKa, 160B. to •nxB OHAFTEIl r. Ft\m the fmmkition of Quebec, ie08, to the fonaaUktu of the MonPmft)if:.y- Compcmy, 1621. Q. What did Henry lY. grant to De Monts i A. He granted hira the. excsluslTe tight of tho fur-trade for the epaca of quo year^^comm^u- Qins in jMnuaiy, 1608. Q. Who coiumauded the tyto ships »ent to Canada by Do Monts ? A. One vfsxH commattded by Pontgravi^, the other hy Cliamplain. Pontgrav^ stopped at Tadoussac, and CJhampiain, fcund for Quobeo. arrived there on the 3i of July. Q. Where did Ohamplain land ? A. He landed at the point called by the Indians Kehcc. Q, In view of knowing th» country, what did Ohjunplain in the spring of 1609 ? i i)c kOMTfr—omifFULQr. 2^ A. iETe accompanied a party of Harons and Algonquins that were going to fight with the Irocjuois, Q. Whilst Champlain was laying the foun- dation of the colony in Quchec, what befell D0 Monts in Paris ? A. Dc Men t8 was such an object of jealoney to tho Bretons, Basques, Normans, and others, that they prifvailed npon the King, for the second time, to revoke the oommifision he had granted hi no. (^. What did Champlain on lefcming this ? A. He went to Franco with Pontgrav^ to ascertain who should be the owners of tho con- structions in Quebec, made at the expense of De Monts and his associates. Q. Tq whom did ho confide the gorernnuBiit of the colony during hi^ absence ? A. To Captain Pierre Chauvin, Q. How was Champlain received by Henry IV. ? A. He was favorably reoeived. Q. What was done by De Monts and his associates, being unwilling to abandon the colony ? A. They armed and provisioned two ships for Canada, uncler the oominaad of Ponlgrav^ ' .^tjgA^g^Ejwn,. atid ChamrsmtTi, TLey armad a* T«»d0aflBao on the 26th of May, 1610. O. In. wliat <';ondition did Cliamplaia Ead bift lit fie colony*? A. Ho found it in healthful ngot, Q. In what year did the Jeauite »mT6 in Acadia ? A. In 1611, on the 12th of June, Fathers Mas80 and Biart urrived at Port-Royal, in order to learn the dinlects of tlie country, and preach the Gospel to the Indians. Q. Vv'^hat did Cham plain, when he heard of the tragical end of Henry IV. ? A. He iBet out immediately for Frances iCftving the command of the colony to Duparc. Qa What did De Monts* Company, in the spring of 1611? A. Determined to maintain their privilege by a last effort, they armed «ome vessels, and Champlain as well ao Fontgravi^ started once more for Quebec. Q. What did Champlain project, on his trnvai at Quebec ? A* He *reoted a fort near St„ Louis Rapids (Laohine), 90 as to secure his discover ies and protect commerce. Q. Where did he iiftarw»]rd0 go ? A. Hedesoeoded to TtwlouMJM, wki^m hd embarked for Fiance with Fontgrftv^, <5ti ihfi llth of AiiEfvist., and reached La Rodbeile on the 10th of September, 1611 . Q, What was ChamplaiiiV objeei in thu voyage ? A. Cham]iain'* object vm k) find a patron who would support the claims and icturresta of tho coloiay. O. What pfttroa did he find ? Ao Charles do Bourbon, Connrfe of SoisBOnii, who, through zeal for Edigion, willlinglj m- oepted the offer. Q. As Charles de iBonrhon died shortlj^ftor his iiomiuation, who succeeded him ? A» Prince Henry de Conde^hia Tjepliew. Q. When did Champlaln retam toQaebee? A, On the 7th of >Iay, 1613 after an .abaeooe of nearly two years. Q. Whither did he go, shortly after hifl arri- val at Quebec ? A. He went to 8t. Louis Bapids^ where h« expected io meet the Indians from the West. Q. What did he do, desiring to explore the western parts of the country ? A. Bh ascended the River Ottawa, called the great river of the AlgonquinB^ -m lir as its SOOiWJS. 2$ BISTORT or OAXALJu Q. What resolution did he tftto&j on hit return to St. Louis Eapids ? A. Convinced that ho could do nothing in the country during the winter, he resolved to go to France, where his preseaco<3ould be useful in the interests of his colony; bo, on the 26 th of Augustj he embarked at Tadotieaac for St. Maio. O. What did Ohampiain in France ? A. He presented a report of his voyage to the King and the Prince of Conde at Fontaine- bleau, and made them accept his scheme of forming a good and powerful company, whose resources would permit them to pursue and ameliorate the colonization already commenced. Q. Wat did he, after the formation of the Rouen Company r A. He proceeded to exeeute his long-d^red project 01 bringing over zealous missionaries, who would revive and sustain the faith of the colonists, and preaoh the truths of the Gospel to the Indians. Q. When did he set sail for New France ? A. On the 24th of April, 1615, he sailed firom Honfleur, bringing over four Recollet Fathers. Q. Which of these fathers remained at Qaobeo? A. Father John Dolbeati. Q. Whither did tho otiiers go ? A^ Eager to exei^ise their jseal for the ealr*- tioa of th3 Ifiiiaasy Fathem Jamaj and Le Caron went to 8t. Louia P,.apida. Q. Whither did Champlaini go, shortly after his arrival at Qaebeo ? A. He went to St. Louis Rapids, where he found samo Hurons who invited hini to accom- pany them on au expedition against the Iro- quois. Q' What waa tho result of the expedition ? A. Champlain vas grievously wounded, and the HuroDS returned with loss and confasion. (J, To what had Oliamplain then tc Bubmit? A,. Ho had to submit himself to spend tho winter among the Indians. Q. Whither did he go, at Uie opening of navigation ? A, He went to Quebca, where h^vartiTed on thellthof July, 1616. Q. Did ho rtimai n. bag there ? A. No , having »ot out on tixQ 20th of July, acoompanied by Fathers Jamay and Lo Oaron, he arrived at Tadoossao, where he embarked for France in Pontgrav''-t;45?'a*;v»s-''*? so BIBTOftT Of OAXADA. decree uniting tiie two companies in one, and granting to the Montmorency Company the sole privilege of the pdtry traffic. Q. What measure dia Ohamplain take, in the fall of 1621 ? A. He sent back to France two families who had done nothing to clear their land, though they were in the country for more than two years. Q. What did he, in the winter of 1621-22 ? A. He made new alliances with some savage tribes. Q. What did the Iroquois at this news ? A. They divided themselves into two parties, one of which attacked the French at St. Louis Rapids, and the other, the establishment of the Recollets, at Quebec. Q. What new missionaries came to Quebec, in 1624 ? A. Father Nicholas Yiel and Brother Gabriel Sagard, first historian of the Huron Missions. Q. By what event was the year 1624 ren- dered memorable in Quebec ? A. By a great religious solemnity celebrated in fulfilment of a vow made in honor of St. Joseph, who, on that oooasioD, was chosen firit FfttroD of New FruMe. OHAMFhAlW, SI Q. What determination did Champlain tak« on seeing that the Campany was not only satu^ fied with leaving the colony without defenoe, but also neglected to provide Quebec with the necessary provisions ? A. He resolved to return to Franoe with his family. Q. When did he sail from Quebec ? A. On the 15th of August, 1624, after having earnestly reoonimended the works of the public buildings, and of Fort St. Louis. Q. Who commanded the colony in his absence ? A. Emery dc Cadn, who was at the same time the chief clerk of the colony. Q. What did the Duke of Montmorency^ tired of the continued contests between the two parties of the Company of Canada ? A. He ceded his viceroyalty to the Duke of Ventadour. Q. Who were the first Jesuits that oame to Canada ? A. Fathers Charles Lalemant, John de firebeuf, Edmund Masse, and two lay Brothers. Q, What did Champlain, on hearing that De CaSn annoyed the Catholios so far as to desire that they ahoold anist at the prayers of S2 BISTORT or 0A9ADA. A. In conjunotioD with Father le Oaron, he made known his oomplaints against De CaSn to the King, who appointed De la Ralde to replace him. Q. How did Ohamplain find the works of the colony, when he returned to Queheo, in 1626 ? , _ A. He found them in the same condition they were in at his departure, two years previous. Q. What was then his first care ? A. His first care was to get the Fort 8t. Louis and the other public buildings finished. Q. What did King Louis Xllt. and his minister, Cardinal Richelieu, resolve, on hearing that the Company did not fulfil their engage- ments ? A. They resolved to suppress it, and form a new company that would lay the foundation of a French Catholic Colony, agreeably to Hie intentions of Francis I. Q. When was the new company, known by the name of Company of Ont MtmdMd Associates^ formed ? A. On the 29«h of April, 1627. Q. Te what did the now waafKmj^ Mnd itdelf? A. The new ooapaof bo«Dd Haalf to mnA OHIUPLAIN. 33 annually to New Prance two or three hundred oolonists, who, after fifteen years, should numbor at least 4000 French Catholics. This contrncr b^an in 1628. Q. What took place shortly after the form- ation of this company, which promised^) much for the future of the colony ? A. War was declared between France and England. Q, Did the war affect the colony ? A. Yes; England sent a fleet of eighteen vessels under the conimand of David Kertk, a French Huguenot, to take possession of New France. Q. Which two places were taken by Kertk, in the beginning of 1628 ? A. Port-Royal (Annapolis) and Tadoussac. Q. What did Kertk afterwards ? A. By message, he summoned Quebec to surrender ; but, upon the firm refusal of Champlain, he withdrew without molesting the French, Q. How did Kertk indemnify himself for his failure ? A. By surprising a flotilla laden with BuppUcfl, sent by the new company to Quehoc. Aft6r a oonteat of aix hours, the vessels were captured. *"-='<"fi' Q. Whfet waft don« on tho followiiag ywr, lf»29 ? A. An En^Jflish fiquadron, oominarided by t}^o Kertk brothers, appc-ired bi^fore Quebec ; and, as no supplies had yet arrived from France, Ohanipl-iin w.ih obliged to oapitv^ate on the 20th ;i July. Q. What did Champlain learn on is arrival in England, on dw 20th of Ootober, 1629 ? A. Ho heard that a treaty of peace had been siY'ned between France atid England, two months previous to the oapiiulatiou of Quebe( Q. Whom did he visit in England ? A. He visited the French ambassador, ;» whom he presented a memorial of what Ir- bcf^n done, toi^'ther witli in^ original of the oapituiutiofl ol iiuebeo, OHAPTBRIII. F'rom the restitution ofCanndti and Acadia to- France IG.'Vi, to the fr) ..i-ifioit oftkti, Monireai V^jm^any^ U4U. Q, What '^i'^. the French government, .ifter the arrival o? Ohamplaui at Paris, in 1629 ? A. The French cov^^^nmetit sent an .imb;;s.sj to demand of E ,^iJkii^ Iht restitution • of Acadia and Oanadii. MOMTRBAL OOMPUfT. M Q. What was the result of thin measure ? A. On the 29th of March, 1632, at St Germsin-on-Layo, a treaty was signed by whiok the Kinir of Ens^iand promised to restitute to his Most Christian Majesty, all the plaoei occupied by the English in New France. Q. When was Quebec restored to France ? A. On the 13th of July, 1632. Q, What did the company in 1633, aft^r assuming all its privileges ? A. Knowing the aeal and experience of Champlain, the company again confided to him the government of New France, with more ample powers, Q. When did Champlain return to Quebec T A. On the 23d of May, 1633. Q. What means did Champlain take, to turn away the western Indians from trading with the English below Quebec ? A. He established a trading post od an island which he called Richelieu. Q. What did he, in the following spring ? A. He sent La Yioletto to establish another tradingpofit at Three Rivers. Q. What favor was bestowed on the colony; towards the elose of 1635 ? A. The endowment of a college at Quebec, under the direction of the Jesuit Fathers. H ' HlflTOaY OF CAyfAhk, Q. By what event was tb« oolony thrown into TnoMrrurj|r ? A. By the death of Champlain, on Ohrintmaii djvv, 1636. Q. Who aucceede'^. Q. How^id the year 1 650, ao fata! to New France bj the destrtiotioa of tha Harons, terminate ? A, It tenninatcd by the nomination of Be l..auson vis Governor-Genera!, m place of Mr. d'Aillcboust. Q. What did a large band of Iroquois, on thelSthof June, 1651 ? A. They attacked so ue Frenchmen at Point Sfc, Charl(»8, near Yille-Marie ; but they were repulsed with great slaughter by De Maison- neuve. Q. What did they a^aia on the 26tb of July ? A. Two hundred of them begieged the hospital of Viilc-Marie, but they were obliged to i'otreat fihainefully before a body of sixtoen ;.cn cornra^wded by Major Lambert Olosse. il HI8TOBT or OAJWADA. Q. What mournful loBB did the^oolony make on the 17th of August, 1662 ? A. The loss of Du Plessis Bochart, G-over* nor of Three Rivers, who, with fifteen of his men, was killed ia an engagement wi(ti a band of Iroquois. Q. Wlmt happened to Father Buteuz, as he ascended the St. Maurice to visit the Attikamegrues ? A. The Iroquois masaaored him and his guides. Q. What did five hundred Agniers, towards the end of August, 1653 ? A. They came to Three Rivers, and cut off, for some time, all intercourse with the station. Q. When did they oease their aggressions ? A. On the 6th of November, they sued for peace, and obtained it. ^ Q. When did De Maisonneuys, who had gone to France to obtain a reinforcement, arrive in Canada ? A. He landed on th« 27th of Ssptamber, 1653, with one hundred soldiers levied in Anjou, Maine, Poitou, and Brittany. Q. When did Yille-Marie really become m colony T A- After the arrival of the soldiers. m^M Q. W ho was the suocesaor of De Luuson, iii the government of Canada ? A. Visoount d'ArgeiiPon, who la.nded at Quebec on the 11th of July, 1658. Q. How wua the Catholic Church in Canad'i benefit-(jd befon; the arrival of d'Aigenson ? A. By the arrival of four ecclcsinstics for the rniBsion of VUle-Mane, sent by the V^enc- rable Mr, Oiier, Foundor of the Setninary of St. Sulpice. . Q, What did d^Argonsou learn, on the day foilowinp his arrival at Quebec ? A. He learned that some Algoncjuins had been recently ma{ subdue the Lroquois. 1»X TRACY — OS conncKixxF. 61 0, When did he arrive at Quebeo ? A. On the 30th of June, 1G65, with a few companies of the OarigDun regiment. Q. How was the Mxirquis receired at Quebec ? A. He was received by the entire population, amidfit acclamations of joy and the ringing of bolls, and then conducted to the cathedral, where the Bishop, robed in his pontificals, awaited him surrounded by his clergy. 6. What reinforcement did the colony receive shortly after the arrival of De Tracy ? A. The military force was increased by the remainder of the Carignan regiment, with its Colonel De Sali^res. /L 2, Who else accompanied them ? . Do Courcelles, appointed Govemor-Oen- erftl ; Mr. Talon, Intendant; several artisans, tad a f);reat number of families. Q. What were the first cares of the viceroy, sfUr this reinforcement ? A. To secure the colony againt the inroads of the Iroquois. Q. What means did he take ? A. He immediately caused ihn^ forts triQ8. The Dutch and EngliBh neglected no opportunity of trading liquors with the Iroquois. Q. What became of the Carignan regiment ? A. A few companies went back to France, but the greater number preferred to remain in Canada, Largo eeigniories, chiefly on the banks of the Richelieu River, were granted to tho officers, which they leased out to their soldiers. Q. What institution was founded by Bishop Laval, in 1668 ? A. The little Seminary of Quebec ; the great Seminary bad been founded five years Q, What act of justice did De Courcelles execute upon three French soldiers who had murdered an Iroquois chief, after having made him drunk ? A. Ho had the three assassins killed in presence of the Iroquois who bad come to accuse them. Q. What epidemic made some ravages in Canada at this time ? A. Tho small-pox^which earrieJ off a large number of Indians. Q. In vhat year was Quebec mn.panied them ? A. Mr, Perrot, who «Mtme aa Governor of Montreal, to replace Do Maisonneuve who had resi|L'ned. Q. What is et id of the conduct of tbe popu- lation of Montreal, at that time ? A. Father Charlevoix eays i " The Island of Montreal resembled a religious community, btHjause, from the beginning, particular care was taken to admit but exemplary l^ersons. " Q. What did De Couroelles project, in order (Oppose a new barrier to the Iroquois ? A. He projected the building of a fort at a plaoe «alled Cataratpif now, Ban^ston. ^;- |.'- CHAPTER IL PnfmiheJifBt adminUtration o/De FrontmttCy 1672, to that of De DenonvUle, l68o. Q, By whom was De Oourcclles replaced f A, By the Count do Frontenac, Lieutenant- General of the King's army. He landed at Quebec in the beginning of the fall of 1672. Q. When did I)o Frontenao cause the fort projected by De Courcelles, to be built ? A. In the year 1673, and gave it his name. Q, What was the conduct of De Frontenao in the government of the colony ? A. He was soon at variance not only with •everal members of the Council, but also with the ecclesiastical authorities concerning the sale of HquorS) which occasioned so many 6oandalou3 disorders among the Indians. Q. What mission did the Intendant Talon ^>ye to Jolliet and Father Marquette, in 1673 ? A. He sent them to ascertain whether the large river, so much spoken of by the western Indians, emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, or into the Paci&o Ocean. Q. Relate in few words the voyage of Jollitt ;^nd Father Marquette. filSTORT OF CANADA. A. These two intrepid voyagers, after many difficultioSj jLuchedtho Bay des Puants, now called Greciri Bay. Directed by some ladiaus, they entered the Fox Eiver and proceded as far as the Wisconsin into which it empties. They then sailed until thy met with tho large stream of which the Wisconsin is but a small tributary. After pa^isin^ the moutha of the Missouri and Arkansn, they went no further, •onvinced that they had disoovered the large river called by the Indian^? Michisipi (^Father of waters) f and that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, Oil their return, Father Marquette remained nmongst the western Indians and died two years after, at the early aqo of 38 years. Joiliet pursued his way to Quebeo without accident until he arrived at the St. Louis Rapids, when his canoe upset and his manuscripts lost, barely e6oapin|f» with his life. Q. What project did De Frontenao form during his govern n) en t ? A. He formed the project of exploring thtt interior regions of the new continent Q. Who ottered himself for this great enter- prise? A. The Chevalier de la Salle, an aoiive and learned gentleman, offered himntelf, incited by i>B LA BA»R«. 01 the desire of becoming rich, and of rendering his naniG illustrious. Q. Whero did De la Salle go at first ? A. Ho weot to Citaraqui, the seigniory of which had been granted him on condition he would rebuild Fort Frontenao in stone. Q. What were bis subsequent acta ? A. He constructed the first vesaels that have sailed on Lakes Ontario and Erie, buiit Fort St. Louis on the western bank of the Mississippi, and descended tho rivnir aa far as the Gulf of Mexico, which he reached in August, 1632. Q. What did the Frc^nch Court on hearing that Governor Frontenac and Intendant J)u- cheeneau disagreed ? A. The French Court recalled both to France. Q. Who was appointed to replace De Fron- tcnac ? A, Lo F^vte de h Barre, an ancient marine officer. Q. When did he arrive at Quebec ? A. In the summer of 1682. Q. What did De la Barr«, in 1(584 ? A. Ho undertook a war agaipat tho Iroquois and went aa far as Lake Ontario at the hoad of 130 re^ilars, 700 militia, and 200 Indians. Q. What was the retult o thi* expedition ? 6S aiBTOBT OT OAJTADA. A. Tlid resalt was not honorable for th« Gk)veruor, on aoeount of the weakness showed in the treaty of peaoe oonoluded with the Iroquois. CHAPTER III. From tht administratitm of De Detumviilty 1685, to the second adminUtraiion oj FrontenaCf 1689. Q. WTio was the suooessor of De la Barre ? A. The Marquis de Denonviile, a colonel of dragoons, who had given proofs of l^is comw^ aad ability, and from whom vigor and firtiinoss oould be expected. Q. To what was the first aUention of the new jjovernor directed ? A. Tho new governor took measures to a^oeriaia the real state of affairs with the Iroquois. Q. What did De Denonville in 1686, while preparing an expedition against tho Iroquoi.s ? A. He sent the Chevalier dc Troyo with a company of 80 men, to recover the posts taken by the English at Hudson Eay. Q. Relate the perfidious conduct of Dc Denonvilio towards some of the Iroquois ohief:^. hit t>BiioyintLt. 6i A. 'iSliider divers pretexts, ho intioed to Cataraqiii a number of Iroquois chieft, ha^l them seized, bound, an«! brought to Quebec, find thence carried to France to work in the King'sgalleys as conrictg. Q. What did the Governor at the beginning of 1687, after having received the reinforcement expected from Fiance? A. Ho prepared to carry on war with the Iroquois. Q. By whom was thi» expedition command- A. By De Benonvillc himself. Q. How many men went on the expedition, and whence did they ctai t ? A. The total number of men was 2000, of which 300 were Indians. The little army set out from the Island of Ste. H<5]ene, on tho 13th of June, embaiking on 200 boats ©r canoei», Q. What happened to the little army, after having marched through two narrow passes ? A. It was briskly attacked by 800 Iroquoib while engaged in a third pass, but the enemy was repulsed with a loss of 60 of their warriors. Q. What fort did De Denonvillo construct to secure his victory over the Iroquois ? A. He oopitructiOd Fort Niagara, leaving I# KlBTORr or OAXTADA. there a gatrison of 100 men under the'4X)mmaQd of Chevalier de Troye. Q. What did the Iroquois, as soon as the €K>yernor had returned to Quebec ? A. They renewed their hostilities. Q. Was the treaty of peace demanded by the Iroquoiu concluded ? A. No ; for, excited by the perfidious lan- guage of a Huron chief, 1500 Iroquois made an attack on a village in the Island of Montreal, during the night of the 5th of Au'];ust, 1689, and massacred men, woinen, and children, setting fire everywhere, and carrying away 200 prisoners whom they burned in their villages. Q. What was the French population of Canada in 1688? A. It numbered only 1 1249 souls, or a little more than 12000 by adding those of Acadia. Q. What event caused some joy to the colony amidst all these difficulties ? A. It was the return of Bishop Laval, who oame to terminato his career in the midst of his flock in danada. Q. Who was the successor of Bishop Laval ? A. Bishop St. Valier, who arrived at Quebec few months after Bishop Laval (1688). pn moKvnrAo 2^ 61 CHAPTER IV. From the second adminislratwn of De /Von- iencuCy 1689. to the jpeac^ of Rymficky lu97. Q. Who was the successor of De Denon- ville ? A. Do Frontenac, who came a second time us Governor of Canada, landing at Quebec on the 12ih of October, 1689. Q. Whither did he go on tho 28th of the same month ? A. He went to Montreal, which had recently been ravaged by tho Iroquois. Q. What did the new Governor, on hearing that De Denonville had given order to raze Fort Frootenao or Cataraqui ? A. He immediately despatched ii convoy o- 25 boats to bring a counter-order to Comman- der de Varennes. ij. Was the campaign of 1689 unsuccessful in all parts of Now France ? A. jSTo ; the Algonquina who were the allies of the French, made tho English suffer a humiliating defeat in Acadia, and d'Iberville, with his companions asserted the honor of the Frenoh flag at Hudfioa Bay. ^t visTOftt OP dxiixbA. Q. Whit did De Prontenao, to oompt^ Fitli tho intcniionsof Louia XIV. ? A, ilo carried on a war with New York and New England during; tho winter of 1689-90. Q. How did he divide tho expedition ? A. Into three parts, attacking the Eogliab at three places at the earae time. Q. What was the success of this expedition ? A. The French gained many advantages over the English, and took possesaloa of several cf their forts. Q. What was the effect prod»v3ed by these inctirsions into New York and New England ? A. Far from intimidating the inhabitants of those provinces, they excited them to make greater efforts ta drive the French out of Can- ada. Q. What did the English colonists in 1690 ? A. They armed a fleet of seven vessels under tho command of Chevalier Phipps. The fleet sailed for Acadia and took Port- Royal, Lahavo, Chedabucto, and mostly nil the posts established there by the French. Q. What else did the English colonists, the samo year ? A. They sent another fleet of 36 vessels, bearing 2000 men under Admiral Phlpps, to niiiko the conquest of New France. DK FROKTENAO H^ <5 Q. When did the fleet ai livo bfiforo Quelle T Ao On tbelGthof Ootob-. Q. How was it received ? A. It met Bucli a spirited rosistanoe, that, after four days* bombard nient» Phipps was obliged to weigh anchor, having lost COO wen, 10 vessels, few cannons and other war materials, Q. What niovonient|ind Generiil Winthrop to make, while tho fleet was besiegiiig Quebec? A. General Winthrop, at the head 3000 English and Iroquois, )had to make an attack on Montreal, but failed in tho attempt. Q. What did tho Iroquois during the glimmer of 1690 ? A. They made several incursions into the colony, and killed a great number of inhabi- tants and soldiers, among whom were many skilful officers. Q. Where was De Courteraanchc sent, ^fter the departure of the English fleet ? A. He was sent among the Hurons and Ottawas to inform them of tho defeat of the Boglifth, so as to revive their wariiko spirit. Q, What happened in May, 1691 ? A. One tJiousand Iroquois encamped at the montb of the Ottawa River, whence they dispemed in the environs of Montreal, 64 BISTORT OF OAITADA. Q. How did De Oaii^reB, Governor of Mont- real, act on this occasion ? A. Uniting seven or eight hundred savages to the BVench, he fiustainod a rude attnck with the Iroquois at Prairie de la Madeleine, and succeeded in routing the enemy. Q. What did an English squadron of five vessels, in September, 1662 ? A. It attacked Placentia in Newfoundland, which had but an ill-conditioned fort, scarcely any war material, and garrisoned by only 60 men. Tho cannonade lasted five hours, but with such little success that the squadron, at last, wei^hod anchor, Q, What success did the Engliph obtain at HudHon Bay, in tho spring of 1693 ? A. Three of their vessels captured Fort iSte, Anne, which was defended by five men, while the English numbered forty. Q. What was the success of the French at Hudson Bay, in 1694 ? A. D'Iberville, accompanied by his two brothers Serlgny and Chateauguay, with 120 Canadians, capta^ed Fort Nelson from the Enrrlish. Q. What did the Iroquois, in 1695 ? A. They made inoocsionis inta aeveral parts of the^iolony. Q. Wliatdid De FronteDao imdflruke, in Ihe spring of 1696? A. He undertook a grdatezpedition »gunsi the Iroquois. Q. What did the Iroquois at the approach of the French ? A. They withdrew into tho wilderness. Q, Whilst De Frontenao ravaged the country of the Iroquois, what did d'lberville ? A. D' Iberville oaptured an English vessel of 24 cannons, without losing a single man^ and took Fort Pemmaqaid by capitulation. Q. Whither did d'loerville go from Acadia ? A. Ho went to Newfoundland, where he took from tho English the fort and town of St. Johns, with mostly all the posts they held on the Island ; and, with a handful of panadians, made six or seven hundred prisoner^. Q. Whither did d*IbervUle go from New- foundland ? A. Ho went to Hudson Bay, where, with a vessel of 50 guns, he had to combat against three English vessels, one of which was larger than his, and the others carried each 3t2 cannons. Q. What was his success ? A. He sunk their larger vessel, captured a second, •nd obliged the third to take flight. 66 HI8T0RY OF CANADA. Q. What project had been communicated to l>e Froncenac, by the Court of France, at this time ? A. The project of taking possession of the whole of New Eoi^land ; but, in this he was unsuccessful. Q. What put an end to the hostilities with New England ? A, The peace of Ryswick, which had been concluded between the powers of Europe, towards the end of 1697. CflAPTER V. From the p«(tce of Rystoickf 1697, to that of Utrecht, 1713. Q. What loss was made by the colony, in November, 1698 ? A. The loss of Count de Frontenac, who died at 78 years of age. Q. Who Eucoeoded De Frontenac ? A. The Chevalier de Calli^res, Governor of Montreal. Q, For what was the year 1701 remark- able ? A. For a general peace signed at Moatre^i, by deputies fro in various Indian tribes. Q. Was this much desired f»eaoe. of Ioi)g duration ? A. No ; for in 1703, England hnvinc: declared war against France, their American colonies soon began to quarrel also. Q. Whom did the colony lose, in 1703 ? A. De Callicres, who aiod at Quebec, on the 26th of May. Q, Who was the successor of De Calli^res V A. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, Grovernor of Montreal. Q. What was the first policy of the new Governor-General. A. To maintain peace with the Iroquois, which was menaced by the declaration of war between France and England. Q. Wh^t attempt was made by the English in 1704 ? A. The attempt of taking possession of Aoadia. Q. What force did they send for this pur- poee ? A. They sent out a fleet of 10 vessels, the largest of which carried 60 guns, and the smallest twelve. Q. What was the issvie of this expedition ? A. The BngUsh were unsuocessiiil. 68 HIStORT or CANADA. Q. What loss had the French to sustain, in 1704 ? A. The English captured one of their vessels, named " Seine^ " which had on board Bishop de St. Valier, successor of Bishop Laval, a great number of ecclesiastics, several private in lividuals, and a cargo estimated at £1,000.000 sterling. Q. What did the English undertake in 1707 ? A. They undertook the seizure of Port-Bojah but failed in their enterprise. Q. What did the French, elated by their success at Port-Royal ? A. In 1709, they resolved to march against the English establishments in Newfoundland. Q. What was the result of their expedition ? I Mr. de St. Ovide, at the head of 169 men chosen from among soldiers, sailors, militia, and Savages, took by assault St, Johns, the Emporiun of the English, defended as it was by 90O men. Q. What did the English Fesolve in 1710 ? A. They redolved to drive the French oat of Acaidia. Q. What force did they send agaioat that provioce ? A. They sent out a fleet of 34 flails, oarrjing 3500 men exclusive of the sailors. Q. Wh'it wag^ the result of that expedition, commanded by General Nicholson ? A. Port-Royal which had but 300 men to oppose the English, resisted with vigor for a few days, but was, at last, obliged to capitulate. The name of that place was then changed to that of Annapolis. O. What did the EngUskafter their sucoess in Acadia ? A. They undertook the conquest of Can- Q. What was the result of their enterprise ? A. The fleet which they directed towards Quebec, met with a violent tempest on the St. Lawrence. Eight of their largest vessels were wrecked, and about 900 men perished in the Waves. Q. On hearing of this disa&ter, what did Nicholson, who was then marchinff towards Montreal, at the head of 4600 men r A. At the news of the destmction of the English fleet, Nicholson retreated. Q. Which tribe annoyed the western parts of Canuda, whilst peace reigned oo the Kanks of the St. Lawrenoe ? to HIBTORt 01* CAHAtA. A. The tribe of the Out8g«ini0, known under the name of Foxes. Q. What did Du Buisson, commander of Fort Detroit, when he heard that these savages had planned the destruction of the French po«»te ? A. He diligeatly sent information to all his Indian allies^ who immediately joined him at Detroit. Q. What was the issue of the seyenl com- bats with the Outagamis ? A. The Outagamis with their own allies lost over 2000 warriors. Q, What orders did the Governors-Oenera! of Canada and New England receive from their respective sovereigns, in 1712 ? A. They received orders to ceaso all hostili- ties in their respective colonies, because an armistice had then been signed by France and England. Q. Where and when was this treaty of peace signed between France and England ? A. At Utrecht, Holland, in 1713. Q. What was France obliged to cede to England ? A. She WIS obliged to cede Acadia, Xcw- loundland, and Hudson Bay ; andio abmdon DB TAITDRIU1L. 71 her pretensions over the coiiBtries of the Iroquois. CHAPTER VI. From thp, peace of Utrecht, 1 713y to thai of Ai.clo'ChapeUe, 1748. Q, What did the French undertake after the cession of Acadia to England ? A. They undertook the foundation of a well-fortified town on a good harhor, in the Island of Cape Breton, called hy thorn Isle Royale. Q. What name did they give the town ? A. Thay called it Louishourg. Q. What did De Vaudreuil in 1714 ? A. In concert with Begon, Intendant of Canada y he made all endeavors to ibrtify the country and augment its population. Q. What advantage was derived from the peace of Utrecht ? A. Tt pcniiittcd the Governor- General to have the fortifications of Quebec continued in 1720, after the plans of Mr. Chausscgros de Lcry. Q. What did the English, in the month of Auajust, 1724 ? 72 ftlaTOBT 07 OAVADA. A- Two hundred and eighty of them, Rupported hy a bf^nd of Iroquois, surprised an AbeuaquAg villapro, at throe o'clock in the morning, and luassaored every man, woman, and child. Q. What happened to the French vease) " ChameuUj " on her way to Quebec, in 1725 ? A. This veaeel, which had on board 250 passengers, was wrecked on the ooast of Isle feoyale, near Louishjurg, whare all wer« drowned. Q. What other loss had the colony to sustain, the same year ? A. ThclossofJDe Vaudreuil, who died on the 10 th of October, after having goveraed Canada for 21 years. Q. By wbom wad he temporally replaced ? A. By De Lonsrutuil^ovemor of Montreal. Q. Who succdeded l)e Vaudreuil, in the govommont of New France ? A, The Marquis de Beauhamais, who arrived at Quebec towards the end of August, 1 726, with the new luteuidantjyir. Dupuis, who replao- ed Mr. B^on. Q. What loss had Canada to deplore, in 1727? Au The death of Bishop de St. Valier^ who died »t the Gonerftl Hospital of QoebtM). Q. Who succeeded Bisbop de St. Valier Y A. His coadjutor, Bishop de Mornay. Q. As Bishop do Mornay was detained in France on account of infirmities, who was appointed his coadjutor ? A. Bi?hop Dosquct, who was consecrated with the title of Bishop of Sainos. Four years later, he becauie Bishop of Quebec by the demise of Bibhop do Mornay. Q. What did De Beauharnais, in 1728 ? A. He undertook an expedition again t the Outagamis, who were again pillaging and killing the Indian allies of the French. Q. What did he find on arriving in thetsoun- try of the Outagamis ? A. He found it deserted, the Indians having fled away at his approach. He then set fire to their huts, demolished their fortifications, and returned to Canada. Q. What fort did ho erect in 1731 ? A. That of Crown Point on Luke Cham- plain, having in view to obstruct the incursions of the English. Q. What malady ravaged the colony in 1733 ? A. The smftU-pox. Q. What happened in the colony, firom 1733 to the siege of Louisboarg in 1745 ^ t4 BisTotilr or ca^aDa. A. No event of great importance took place J however, tho brothers De la Vcrendrye wade great explorations in the West, and, after twelve years of travel and hardships, reached the Rocky Mountains in 1743. Q. What did Bishop Dosquet, who, on account of ill health, had been absent for several years ? A. He resigned his see, on the 25th of June, 1739. Q. Who succeeded him ? A, Bishop de I'Aubcrivicre, who died at Quebec, on tho 20th of August, 1740, eight days «ftcr his arrival, a victim of the care he had bcBtowed on the sick during the passage. Q. Who replaced him ? A Bishop Henri-Marie Duhreuil de Pont- briand, who arrived at Quebec on the 30th of August, 1741. Q. What was the principal event of the year 1745 ? A. The siege of Louisbourg, and its surren- dpr to tho English. Q. What force had been sent against Louir bourg ? A. A fleet under the command of Commo- dore Warren, conposcKl of four ships of war, and several troop vessels bearing 4000 soldiers. ^ft MirBARVAIS. Ti Q. What did the French povcmncnt on bearing of the BOrrcnd ?r of Louisboun? ? A. In June, 1746, the French governuient sent out a fleet under the command of tha Duke of Anville,%to recover Louisbourg and Cape Breton. Q. Was the expedition successful ? No, for the fleet had scarcely loBt sightof the French coast, when it was assailed by so violent a tempest, that the vessels were driven asunder. The Duke of Anville reached Che- bucto (Halifax) about three months later with only seven of his vessels, Q. As the Duke of Anville died three days after his arrival at Chebucto, who replaced him in the command of the remaining fleet ? A. Mr. D*Estourmel who, shortly after, killed himself with his own sword under the influence of a burning fever. Q. What determination did De la Jonqui^re take after replacing d'Estourmel ? A. He determined to go and attack Port- Royal ; but, having heard that an English squadron was sailing towards America, he hast<3ned his departure. Q. What happened to him near Cape Sable ? A* When near Cape Sable, a violent tempest t€ HISTORT or CANADA* diBpcrscd the few vessels under his commandy wliich obliged him to return to France. Q. What did the English after the disaster of the French fleet? A. They went to attack Dc Ramsay at BeaubasiJiiQ ; but, on the 11th of February, 1747, they were completely beaten, and obliged to surrender at discretion to a handful of Canadians and a few Savages. Q. What resolution did the French govern- ment take, notwishstanding the ill success of the first expedition againt Louisbourg ? A. The French government resolved to make new efforts to recover that town and all the stations they had lost in Acadia. Q. To whom did they confide the new fleet they equipped ? A. To the Marquis de la Jonquidre, appoint- ed in 1747, Governor-General of New France, as successor of Dc Beauharnai:^. Q. What was the issue of this new oxpodi- tion? A. The fleet which was composad of 3§ vessels laden with troops and provisions, and of 6 ships of the line, was met on the coast ©f Galicia, Spain, by an Knglish fleet of 17 ships of the line. Mr. do la Jonoiiiero fought brave- DE LA OAUSSOyNliRE. 77 ly, but the disproportion of his arraamcnt obliged hiJii to yied to tho enemy. Q. Who was tho adniinistrjior of C mada, during the captivity of Do la Jonquiero ? A. De la Galissonnicire, who had been appointed to replace him adinierim, Q. What did De In Galissounidre, as soon as he assumed his office ? A. He took evrry means to. know exactly tho state of the country he had to frovern, and then, constructed or repaired many forts in which he left a certain number of well-drilled militia. Q. Which was the most important event of the year 1748 ? A. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, by which England gave back to France what she had taken from her during the war, notably, Louis- bourg and Cape Breton Island. CHAPTER VII. Prom the treaty of Aixla-Chapdle, 1748, to iht administraiionofthe Marquis de Vaudreuilf 1755. Q. By whom was Cnna da ^ovenifcd, shortly ifter the xtxmiy of Aix-k-ChApelie ? 78 HISTORY or OANiJ>A« A. By the Marquis de la Jonqui^re, who, having recovered Lis liberty in 1748, came to take possession of his government on the 2d of September, 1749. Q. What CO II plaints were made against the Governor-General by the colonists, in 1750 ? A. Until 1750, the Canadians had no ocoa- sion of accusing the governors or intendanta with peculation and bribery in the adminia- tratioa of the finances ; but from this date, corruption began to exhibit itself in most of the publio officials. Q. After the death of De la Jonqui^re, who replaced him till the arrival of his successor ? A. Charles Le Moyne, the second Baron of Longueuil. Q. Who was sent from France as sucoessor of De la Jonquidre ? A. The Marquis Duqaesne de Menneville, with the title of Governor-General of Canada, Louisiana, Cape Breton, Isle St. Jean, and their dependencies. He arrived at Quebec two mouths afner the death of De la Jog- quidre. Q. What was the fiwt oare of the new governor ? A. His first care was to drill an4 disoipltOf brQITEflNEDEMENNEriLLE. 7'J fhe troops and militia, being persuaded that [Kjaco could not be of long duration. Q. What were the pretensions of the En- glish, at that time ? A. They pretended that the valley of the Ohio was part of Virginia, and they resolved to expel tho French from it. Q. To whom did they confide that mission ? A. To a young man twenty-one years old, named George Washington, who was then a major of the Virginia militia, Q. What were tho French doing during that time ? A. They were erecting, at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg. Q. What measures were taken by the Governor of Virginia, to expel the French from the valley of the Ohio ? A. He levied a regiment which he confided to Washington with the commission of Lieu- tenant Colonel. Washington set out in the month of April 1754, at the head of two companies, to go and occupy the contested territory. Q. Being informed of his movement, what did De CcntrecoBur, the commander of Fort So fittSTORT OF CAlTAl>A. A. He despatched De Jumonvilie to wim* xnoa Washington to withdraw. In order to protect his meDsenger from tho hostile Indians, Do Contrecoeu? gave him an escort of thirty-five men, mostly alH Canadians. Earl/ on the morning of the 2hth of May, they found themselves surrounded by the l?oop9 of Washington, who immediately began to fire upon thorn. Do Jumonville fell with nine of his mon, though they wero bearing a parliamentary flag; the others wore made prisoners, with the exception of one, who escaped and brought the sorrowful news to the fort. Q. What did De Contrecoeur, on hearing of the deplorable cud of his messenger ? A. On the 28th of June, he sent De Villiers, a, brother of Jumonville, with 600 Canadians and 100 Indians, to avenge the death of his brother, and repulse the enemy. Q. What was the success of De Villiers ? A, He attacked Fort Necessity with such vigor that, after two hours* combat, Washington was obliged to capitulate, though he had 500 men and nine pieces of artillery. The French had only two of their men killed and 70 wounded. Q. What did the French and English governments to support their respective colonies, in the spring of 1754 ? A. Both countries sent out & squadron, whioh arrived about tha same time ue&r ikb brinks of Newfoundiaad. JbtTQiriBKlB DB M«rftTBtlt.T.fi* 81 f " Q. What happcDod to tlievesfiele *' ^/aV/> and *' 2>^», " which a Rtorm had separated from the French squadron ? A. Thej were captured by tho Engli^jh squadron, but ouly flTtcr a spirited rosistanco. Q. What plan hud the English forme J in 1754, at the arrival of Geaeral Braddock in Virginia ? A. They had resolved to attack Canada in four several places at the same time. Broddoi3k*3 divisJOD was to march on Fort Dnquesno j Shirley's, on Kiagara \ Johneoa's, od Crown Point j ana Monkton'8, into Acad) a. Q What waa the success of Moidtton, who oomniancled 3000 men ? A. In 1755, ho took possession of al! the French establishments in Acadia. Q. What was the conduct of tho Anglo- Anierlcans in that campaign ? A. Their conduct wub unworthy 4jf aoivii' iised nation. Q. How 80 ? A. The Ando-Americau 2;enerals invited the unfortunate Acadians to a mass meeting in the church of Grand Prc^, feigning to hava important news for them fron) the kin,<>: o^f England. Ai Boon as the church was iilled, they had it surrounded by their troops, and ,-*;.- f.il** 82 flISTORT OF CANADA. Yv.iiih ail tliH inmatea pri^onoiu Tliey tbeii crowded men, women, and children in vesFels, and dispersed tbeni throughout their divers colonics from Boston to South Carolina, casting them on a foreig-n land without breud or pro- tection. By this uworthy treatment, they wished to punish the Acndiftiis for their attaohmenfc to France, their mother- eonntry, rts Ont;\no U!id Gbouaguen^ 113 cannons, 5 war vessels, 200 bontn, a large quantity of'provisiona and TTtr materials, and made IGOO mea prisoners. Q, What "wus their success^. in the campaign of 1757? A. ijeaded by Montcalm, they became masters of Fort Wil i.niivHenry, at the southern extremity of Ljike Geor2:e. Q. What rorce had Montcalm to oppose the Anglo- Am eric auSj in the spring of 1758 ? A. Montcalm had but 6000 men to oppose 40000 that the An^^lo- Americans had confided to Oenerid Abcrcromby, besides a reserve of 20000 nuuiia. Q. WL.-it lo^'Hei'. were Bustaiiied hj the French iii 1758 ? TUB VATTDttiSUIIi — KONTOAXW.. B6 A. They lost LoiiiBbourg with the Island of Cape Breton, Sf.. Jolin'3 Lsland (Prinoc- Edward'vs), and B'orts Frontenac and Du« Q. What was the <;ofnluot of the garrison of Louisbourg, in this struggle ? A. For ne;rrly two months, the garrison, composer) of 5600 sodiers, niilifcia, Jind Savup-cs, maintained their position with incrediblo oneriy asrainst nioro thfin 12000 .'oidiers and marinora under the orders of General Amher&il; and Admiral Boscawen. Q. Wliat force had I^ort Fronteiiao, wheti takfjii by the English ? A. Thut fort was defended by only 70 :nen. under' the command of Be Noyan. Aficr two days, they had to yield to General Bradstreot, who attacked theuj with 3000 mer). Q. How did the French lose Fort 3>u- quesne ? A. De Ligneris, who coumianded, hearing that Gf-'oerai Forbes antl Colonel Washington, with an army of 6000 men, were comiDi» to intcst the fort, withdrew with his mon w Fort Machaiilt, after blowing up Fort Duqiiesno. Q. Were not the French pomewhat indem- nified for the losses thev had ^-ust.iined ? A, Yos, for Montcalm with 3(i00 men d«?- 8$ fllBTORT OF C AH ADA. feated 16000 Englishmen under Aborcroroby, at Oarillou, on ib) 8th of July, the samo year, Q. What was the plau of England, ^'-^r the campaign of 1759 ? A. England, being infbra\ed of the distrosa of Canada, ref5olved to attack the country at three &sjveral points. Q. What force had Canada to oppose the 40000 troops, supported by 20000 reserve, that the Anglo-Americans could muster ? A. Canada could send against thera but 5500 soldiers,, with the militia and a few bands of Savages, Q, When did Wolfe's fia^nt appear before Quebec ? A, On the 27th of June, Q. What was done for the defence of Quebec, in expectation of the coming ifleet ? A. A succession of intrenchments was thrown up along the coast of Beaaport, from the city to the Falls of Montmorency, Q. Of what did the French army consist ? A. It consisted of about 12000 men, of whom 3500 were regulars, the rest, militia and Indians. The garrison of the city composod of its inhabitants, was not over 650 men. DB YAlfDRKtJlL — MONTCALM. Bl Q. AVLieve did Wolfe land a part of bis troops ? A. He landed th3 brittle ? A. Passing th,ou:!;h the city and ero-jsing St. Charles River, the arn^y withdrew to the cam p of Be lu ro r t. Q. What did De Vaudreuil, after this dis- astrous event V DE VATTDRKUIL. SO A. He hftld a council of war in order to dcviso the best nicaD» in such trying err- cum.vtaDcefl. The rennlt was that the troops should go and encamp at River Jacques C artier. Q. When Pc Levis heard of the defeat of the army on the plains of Abraham, whither did he go ? A. Ho set out for the camp at Rivw Jacciues Crniicr, where he arrived on the 17th of September, and there took the conimand of tho army. Q. What representation did he make to tlie Governor ? A. He represented to him that either tbe city should be destroyed, or by a prrimpt victory, prevented from failing into the hjiiwk of the enemy. Q. Whtit eonowful news did he receiye, as his vrji-guard wab about ^^o cross St, Charies Bivor ? A. He was informed of the capitulation of Quebec. De Kamesay, the comTwaiider of the ciity, hadoaplttil;*- ted ou tho ev©5 notwithi-taKding tha iirm eij ectation ia which he tvns ot'nn apj roj:iu:iit© iueoor ; ho did it even iKifore the hnglish bud a eingle batt^iry ia readiness t» •stcrm tiio city. Pe LeviB could not rAstraij) biff iwiigt^- W irrSTORT OF CANaDA. Q, WhfJt were the UmriB ofcapitnktion V A, It "wiis a^^eed tluit tJio parriaon should fcvoouate the city with tha honors of war, ar.d be eu Larked as coinfof table .ig nofvible for Frttnc(3i ; that the iiihiibitants should kc^-p [K>fwe88ion of thoir goods, their religion, nud fihoi'ld ru)t he trnneported, as had boon done wiih the Acadiaos. Q, How much of tbe English army pafcopulation of Canada, when it passed under the En<.'lish domination ? A, Itconsisted of about 75000 French, and 8000 Indians, mostly all Catholics. Q. When was the conquest of Caaada coniinned ? A. On tho 10th of February, 1763, by the treaty of Paris. Q. How did Eoghind deal with Canada, af\-er the treaty of Paris ? A. After tho treaty of Paris, England b^an^ to dismember Canada. *' Q. How was the remaining portion of Can* ada called ? A. It was called the Province of Qnebeo. Q. Was England aatisiied with paroeUing Canada ? A. No, Bhe wiahed u\m to lu3poM nor kwii on the people. /'..., '^-^m' :i> ♦4 UISTOEf <>■•' OA.NADA. Q. Him so ? A. By the pmclHTiriti >tjs nf th) T'li of Ootobsr" ju(d of the ITih of Docembcr, 1763, Gooriro TIL, o-'i his own authority and without tlie croncurrenco; of pailiiment., aboiishcd tbf^ French law3, nridi Babstituted for them those of Eiijuvl. Q. Who was samerl by the pnxiia;n>in')'i Govemor-GeQCfnl of Caaada ? A, Oenerai Marraj''. Q. How did General Murray fulQl ihe ordcra ho had just rooeived ? A. Bj forming a nc^ Courr'ii which. \iV.\i him^ielf,w«a.luv^^.^ted with 5 Q, What else did Murray, to conform to the instniotions hi had received from Eusriand ? A. He convoked an As.sembly of the Tcpre- sontativea ol'the people; but, the Canadinna having refuse'} tQ take the tost oath, as it Was contrary to the Oatboiio Faith, the Assembly was dismissed without hol(]*mg a eession. Q, What did the English representatives, who were dissatisfied ? A. As the Governor would not let them proceed alone ia the affairs of the goveniment, they became so irritated, that thoy acoai-ivn! Murray of favoring the CathaUc?i. They Bttcceeded evea to have him recalled to Eaglaod. Q. By what was the adminiBtration o^ Murray marked out ? A. It wag marked out by th-j rise of the WeKtem Indians, who had at their head Pon- thiac, a dintingaished Ottawa chief, and aw eaemy to the Euglishr Q. What was the result of this revolt of the Indians ^ A, At first, the English lost several of their fortified places near the great lakes ; bu', Uie Indiana liaving been beaten at Bushy Run near Pittabturg, they^ at last, sood for f/oaoe 96 HlSTOItY OJI* OAKUiA, wliich was granted thom at Chouagiien, in 1766. Q, Wliat tvent drew tlie attention of the CaTJU dianri at, that time ? A. Tlie an ival of the uew Bishop of Quebec, Joan 0!ivi(T Biiund^ who had been eouseora- tcd in France^ Q, By whom wns Gf^neral Murray replaced ? A, By General Carleton, in 1766. Q. What did General Murray on arriving at London ? A. He gave to the ministers of the govcrn- n)cnt the census which he had taken in 1765, to pif.ve t}vr\t there was not in Canada one Protr«tnnt to 150 Catholics, and that it was a or3'ing injnstice to exclude the latter from hoiviin*.'' offi^'.es in the government. Q. V\1iv;t was tho policy of Englnnd towards the Canadians, after the arrival of Carleton ? A, Kn^and's policy was more just and libera!. Q, What was the cause of this chan«;e ? A. This change was occasioned by the fear which England had of losing all her American posse&vSPonB, for her other coloniea had assumed a tinea teniug attitude. OiELlTOW. 9t CHAPTER 11. From ike Quebec Act, 1774, to^heCmisiitu- iional Act^ ).19l, Q. Wfaat ineaeure did the Bntish Parlia- rrient take, in 1774, at tho ne^vs of the rebellioua moveroent of the /Vmericnn coloiiies ? A. The British ParliMnjent pa&sod a law, called the Quebt'oAcf^r^orgiiiiiziugihogoyevn ment of Cauad/i. Q, Wbafc were the features of this law ? A. This new law extended tho boundaries of the Province of Quebec : it dispensed th« Catholics from the test oath, and gave them the full enjoyment of the privileges grafted them by the terms of capitulation. This Act, moreover, restored th'^' former citII l>iw^, aiul left ©very onu jfreoto will^is own property j it:, Jikcwi&L, oonfirmod thoEnglisU criminal law.^j^erid cf^tabli^hed a Legislative Couijci! to b© composed ofiKV. Jr63 than 17 nor more thaa 23 QieuiWs'* either Cat.e» t in a niostcriti- oal state.. Had tho Oiinadians tMtied v. ith tho /im eric ant?, it is likely that tbe Eijgligh domination wouid have ceas- ed in North America. Q. What did the people of Mootreal, after the departure of General Carlcton V A. They subDUtted to Montgomery. 100 tlATORT or CAlTAbA. Q. Whitber did the latter proceed, A<*ter- WiiVLh ? A. He ii]ar«3he'J on to Quebec. In the lirst days of September, ho etood beforo the city ^i the head of about 1200 men, after having been rejoined by General Arnold's corps, who had como through th^ valleys of th« Kemnebec and Chaudii^ro riverg. Q. What did the Americaus attempt in the igiight of Deoemb'er 30th ? A. They attempted to take the city by storm, bat were received with so much vigor, that they were obliged tp retire after having lost their chief, General Montgomery, who was killed with many of the principal officers, Q. Upon whoEQi did the command of the Airaerican army devx)hfe, after the death of Montgomery ? A. It devolved upon General Arnold, who re- moved to a distance from Quebec, while waiting for assistance from Congress. Q. What did the Americans, having receiv- ed a reinforcement headed by General Thomas ? A. They renewed the siege of Quebec, in March, 1776 ; but their batteries did not cause any damage. Udi. and Carillon, after having fict iiro to those of Chftmbly and fit. John. Q. What waa iho success of the English on Lako Charaplain, on tho ;l3th of October ? A. Thek Jlotilla, commondc^l by Captain Princ^lo, cornpletoly dofcatecl, within range of tho butteries of Forb {St. Frederick, the Ame- rican flotilla under General Arnold, Q. What did General Burgoyno, in the spring ofl 777? A. IIo invaded New York at the head of 9000 men ; but, aiYer having had Bome suacesa on Lake Ch:uii plain, ho was fceaten afe Benning- ton and in the neighborhood of Albany, Q. Wliat Was he compelled to do after these reversea ? A. Ho Yfm obliged to retreat upon the heights of Saratoga, where ho was soon after surroundod by superior forces, and, on the 16th of October, forced to surrender with, his re- maining 5800 men. Q. What \f as done by Governor Carloton, in tho mean tivno ? A. He convoked again the Legislative Council which had be«n unable to assemble the preceding year. Q. What ineasure» were adopted by th« LegislutlTe Council ? A. The mo»d <3«neral ETaldirnaiid, rv ^Viss by birth, came to roolrice hira in th« government of CnuMdA, in Juiv, 1778. Q. ilo'v dvi Btvldiuiand pi:'Tcrn Cnnada ? A. Ha governed iLe country with d'.^jx)tism and terror. Q. Wh.it w;.3 tbe .st'^to of th'? contest between Krt/i'Uid and tho robiilliona colonio.^i ? A. AidvMl by the Froiicb, wlio dccl:^rcd in their fuvor, tbo Aiiienccns had some success over tho Ji(en at Cowj-vewSv Omldfofd, and Eutaw^piings. Q: What did Lord CornwailiS; after the last battlo ? A. Having co'lecled all hit; foroes, be favti- fiod liimsoif in York ton • but, beiog ib-oom baHieged by the anriy of W&Bliington^ n^)d ft body of Freiiob troo];s undor the IVIarqaijj ben Tbi* Jfcfl?: violorj Mtured definitively tb.<» »B(!«p«tiGeneral Hamilton, ifh* i?as replaced on tlie following jear by CJdlori«l Hope. Q. Who governed Canada after Ooloaeil Hope '? # A, OenCTal Carleton, iu quality of €kr/erm;r General of the Briush Provinoos of isortii America, He arrived at Qaebeo on the 2lM of October, 1786. Gener li Carlelonhad rm»rsi\y bettnr<)ls«;i( tv i\n p«wr* »ge, tinapr tht^nuuriO of Lor-.l Dorchtater. Q. Wlmt did the Canadian population .ink C'f tho laiDei'iai Parliumenfc V A. Tho Canadian population Bo!ioit«4 "With irmch earnest ncs3 the reformiitioft cf their pol I lical i n « ti 1 u t; ions. Q. What did Lord Borcheater At i)\u request ? A. Flo eimrgod the Lce;isl«tifc Council t« inquire into the administr;U'.oa of justice, Eiiiitia, police, oamtiieroe and eduoaiioo. Q. When did the Imrerittl Parliamwat take 10r> liiSfOHT OJ- OAKAl>A, i?ito ooriFidorntion ihe petltiou oftho Canadian?^ ft>r a rf'pi cficutativo ^ovenmionfe ? A, Iti 1791, Tlif^ ln)p»3nu'i Act which Kvuntod this kind o*'govei-miicr)t,Bepu rated die country into two p^'uvinco!?, Upper and Lower C;jnada- Thia )av7 created an 'KhoUva Chamber in caoh province. Q. Onu^wiiJf^ny nietabers were th (5 Legis- lation Counci}, anU AsseiiibJy composed ? A. The LegislatJA^o Couiicd for Lower Can- ada^ cooBlfctcd of 15 members appointed by (be King; and 50 niPrabers, telected by the people, formed the Asi^cmbly, Q. How iijiDiy Ibrms of goveri^mfnt had been giveu to Oanada fiince IToO ? A. Four, in the sonce of nOBU^HlftTIR. 109 perties and civil rigkte, and the introduotion of trial by jury. Q. What was adopted by th© Legislutui-e of Upper Canada, in 1793 ? A. The abolition of Biavery. Q. In what year was tho seat of government of Upper Canada removed from Niagara to Toronto? A. In J 796, by Governor Siracoe. Q. What did the Legislature of Lower Canada, in tlie {sessions of 1792 and 171)5 ? A. The Legislature imposed a duty upon liquorg* and groceries, bo as to raise the pubiio revenues to a level with the expenses. Q. What were the revpnues of the Province, at that time f A. The revenues of the Province at that time, were from eeven to eight thousand pound«i, whereas, the expenses were about £25,000. Q. Who, for the thircl time, came to Canada in quality of Governor-General, in 1793 ? A. Lord Dorchester. ' Q. What orders had he revcived from En- gland i A. He had received orders to appoint a new Executive Council composed of nine members, four of whom were to be Canadians, and to per- mit the Bemiaary and religious communities U0 HISTOET OF CAHADA. to perpetuate themselves according to the rules of their ini=ititution. Q. What were the chief operatioas of the session of 1795? A. The regulation of ;'ents and other sei- gniorial charges,thelegali7.ingof the money tised in tho country, and tho converling of sterling monoj intoa ? A. Thoy >«er^ noon after ge'j at liberty. Q. What beoaine of tlio law leapectiisg A.. II. was adopted, and received royal aano- tion. Q, Id what ^car was Cmig recalled ? A* In ISll. CHAPTER tl. From the arrwal of Sir Geirgf* PreroH, 1311, to Ms depart are, 1 S 1 5. Q. WliO was tlie successor of Craig ? A. Sir Gcorcje Prcvost, Governor of Nova StJOtia, who iauii« A. H u etickavor o<1 111 conciliate th« 'iWideJ pHTtios, and to •win over the Canadi.'iiJH by uliowing nn entir« coMlidcncij ia tlicir lidoiity. Soor\ lifter, the grcu.'Kt synipi^tby exisiiMi betweon him and iho peopie. Q. How did lio |)rocee(l towards the clcr^ ? A . Thinking tha t the clergy woro ill disposed fcowurds the Governor, on atconnt of the impru- dent utteinpld of Oraiff, Mr^Prevost touk evr.ry raerins to gain over ihoir favor ; and» for ihia purposo, bud several interviews with Bishop Q. What ncwB was heard in the month of June, 1812 ? A. Tliat tbo United States had declared war wiih Greo.t Britain. Q. Why did the United Statos declare war with England ? A- England being dioa at war with France arrogated to lierself the right of yisitinjj; for- eign vessels, in order to ascertain wliet her they had on board any of her deserting Bailors : &hc had oven the protcnsicn to hinder Anior- iean vessels from entering the northern porU of France and the. Netherlands, which sho hrf^ld b]o(ikaded. Having tindared the«a outrages for moi» than fif« years, the Ainer- nm »Koat«K i ftrroAi*, 115 ^ ieans, ait laut, to.k np arms in ffQp]:»or» erf tKeir Q, VPTiat «ie;i.siir«a were iTOxntxliatK^ij taW I7 Mr. Ficv.}Mt? A, Though ibe Parliament of L(»wer Oaoada b:td beoci in BOirssiou during ih(^ Wijter, yet, ho convoked it a, secofui tiino, ond libfiniliy ob- tained all ho asled for the dcfonc^ of the Province?. Q. What woi-i dort at the Bam« timo in Upper C'lnadfi? ^ A. The. Parliament of Upp«r Can ad a adoptf^jd iiruihir njo.isr.resj for the dofcnco ot tho couatry. Q,. What^us thus population of Canada ?*t this time ? A. The population of I^owcr Canada wa« about 200000, and that of Ifpper Canada 80000. Q. What were the prinoipal eventa in th« cumpaign of 1812 ? A. Jn the. first place, the British troops capturnd Fort Michiliraakinac fro?n the Am>e- ricunsi i>nd, on Ihc 25ih of July, compelled tho American Goucral, Hull, who had shut himself up in Foiit Detroit, to surrender with his »rmy of the West. Shoi^'y after, at Qnecnstown, the central America" army, ©ommaoded by Van Renpe- 116 HJSTORT OF (iKinA. Ifier, Tru*< throv^n into ?o]vod to carry on the war with vigor, and iipxin divided their foroea iiito three anmies,. Q. V7h;3t wa« the r<>f?nlt of the campaign of the Brilisk Geuerii), Proctor, in tho West ? A. After some puecesHi pver the AHiorioana, cOT)!tnnDd(d by General Harrison, lie was com- pletely defeated at Moravian Town, on the 5th of October. Q. Were not the Americans siiocessful cisewixere ? A. Yes ; after a %ht of four hours on Lake Brie, Qoinmodore Perrjy. wiith 9 vewaele -aod 54 guns, compelled tho British ftohlla of 6 vosBcl/i and 63 puns, to siirrfii.ler nt A^nericuna wevo driven from their pcsitjon, uud two of their generals made piisoners. Q, Wlwt van done }ty CMieral Prevott, At tho lower end of Jiuke Onturio? A. J-'rofitini^ of tho jibsenco of the American flcpt, he uttackeo! Saokett'B Harbor, but was repulsed. Q, How was the CMtnpaign on Lako Ontario teuuio^ifed ? A. V>y flie victory of Commodore Chauncy over ili.j Biitihh (.'oinm?».n jer, Yeo. Q, What did the Americans after these Ruccoast'3 ? A. They eoncentrat:^'] their forces, and inarched towards MoQliv^al. 11^ niB'i*OHT oy C4UAWA. Q. Were I hey B«os presented to the Imp^ rial Parliament, in- 1822 ? A. A bill lor the union of Upper and Lower Canada ; but it wasrejcict«d at it»«60- \md, reading. Q. Who had ].resented the bill ? A. The Engiith Kariy. wlioso hostilities i^ainst the French OiniadianSj combined with the desire of dommeer-ug over them, inoreased dailv. Q. What were the diief articles of ihie bill ? A. The bill giwo a far greater rcpreeentation to Upper Canutja than io Lower Canadu, it proscribed the French iangu ji^e, and I'cstricted the liherty of worship and the rights of the representatives over the publio revenues. In ft word, the |jiil was ieducin<^ tlso French Canadians t'.^ the revolting condition of Ireland* Q. What did the whole popuialion, on hearing (his news? A. The peoplo hastened to protest; ct«c^ getically iigain«t «u meM«ure bo adverte to tLfcir intoteetft. Q. What did tho Ho a so of AifiOfluhiy of Lower (^•i]\^({^^ at tho session of 1826 ? A, Tho Houao voted tho eubsidiea in the pamo laannor as tho precedin:^ ly^ii^ that ii?, chapter by chapter, uxA hoc iu detail ; on (lie folio?? in«2; day, the (lovernor prorogued ih;^; Assembly. Q. Wiiat did the Earl of DalhoQ^^ie, after some time ? A, Ho appealed to the people by a goneral election. Q, What effect did the dissolutioQ of tho la,']t Assembly produce ? A. It produced a great agitation, which in- creased still moro by tho publication of an address, en«;a,<:^ing the people to re-eleot the members of the majority, Q, What happened at tho convocation of tho new Parliament, iri November., J.827 ? A. The Governor refused to confiroi the election of Mr, Papineaa as Speaker of the House of Assenjbly, and prorogued the Parli Aftiperiai gov^MTiiJient, to fuciljtottj a reconoiliatioii of iha panioa ? A, Tbo.Earl of Daihousio waj called tn tlio govemviient of Ibo jEusk Indies, and Sir Jamos Kcuipt, Lieuteri-ant-Governor of Nova Scotia, replaced him lifc Quebec, xvbcrc lio arkive:! on tho 2d of Beptembcr, 1828. Q. How did Sir Jaraes Scrapt proceed ? A. Ho kept a noatial position pet.woen the H)usoat)d the Council; he immedtately ap- proved tho ehictiou of Papineavi as Speaker, and g.avo full liberty to tho Assembly to dis- pose of ?.]). the money allowed to the Oro^;m by the Imperial Parliament, except the snlarieiJ of the judges! and tlio {governor. Q. By when), was Sir James Kempt re- placed ? A. He was replaced by Lord Ayh^er, who arrived at Quebec on the 13th of October, 1830. Q. What was tho conduct of Lord Aylmer, at tho commencement of h^a administration ? A. JIo loiight to coDciliat.^ tho ^parties ] but hi» ondeavorsfVere counteracted by tho baleful influeitico Which w;;3 insensibly pushing thij M()U;>e b'jvond the limits <^^* r^rudeooe. iU tustimnT 0)t OASiii^ Q. What hap'f«ned at Monaff*>*V tein^ tja« eliicldon of ono iiiemb^.rj on t)b.« 21 st of M^fy, 1832? A. A riot took place iirwbicK throe Caaadiuns wcr« killed by the Brld-sa troons. Q. Aftor thofao troublo«^ of Muutreal, what epidemic taragGd the country? A. Tho d\oiera broki^ oufc'for the jBrst time ia Canada, and iiiado foarfiil ravaj^es, parti> caiarl^ at Qciebeo, tvhero it oanied off lh(2 ten th pa rt of tho population. Q. V/hafc waa done by the Housft of As- sembly ia ita ^session of 1834 ? A . After lon^ and violent debates, the House adopted aeeriea of 92 rc:?oIuUons^ coaiprising z'i thd grievanoea of the oftho km ^ and inatitiv iionf* of tlie 45011 Mil V. Q. "Wliafc vr').-4 tf( no )jy the «cw .A^-)Semblj» at ittf ecsgsiou c-f j/cbraary, 1 835 ? A, Tbo HoubC rrotostecl against the isj)ee<"-h tnadG Itj Lord Ay;i..epat tho close of tho pro- cocding eessioD, and leoewed all itrt deniundiii; bufe the Governor being csiasfHjrated^ prorogued tlio PwrljamoTik. Q. What liappmied, to Lord Ayliuer, in the WieaTi time ? A. Ho was recalled, and succeeded by Lord 0<)>;foid, who arrived at Qa£l>o<3 ca tl;.o -Wth of August, 1835. CHAPTER TV. From4he^arriml of the Royal Ornnfmmim^f 1835, to iht Onion ofOu two Ckinadat^ iSii. Q. WitLwhti title di4 Lorn Qosford^^«ui to OfKCiiuiA F 128 irj:«K:-e»T aw akv^WK A. LoTtl (km^trd t^umt to CftoikcU wiih tJb« titl»3 of Royal ihm^iiimmy^f , uid k:m tooQuy- pftjBitxi by Sir Ckixiofc. Grtj wid Sir JainNW Q. ^liat, wan bo oommifwievia^: to do ? A. He w)3 U*Tj«, whioh vx»si, i»ppftrr*fion, Q. What was done after the prorogation of the Legislature ? A. The chiefs of the popular party wcu^ throughout the country and formed secret as- sociations in every locality. At a meeting, representing six counties, held nt St. Charles, an appeal was made to the people. Q. How did the people answer the appeal ? A. The people rose in rebellion in several counties around Montreal ; but, after having beaten the roisuiar troope at divers plaoos 1 10 VIBTORT OP ClNiJ>A. not-ab.y i\t ChxvMy and St. I)eniH, they were defeatciTl at iSt. Ciiarltvs and St. KMStacho. Q. What Trsis done at the sa^iio time In Upr>er Canada? A. Mr. McK^nzie., at the head of the rebels, WMfi defeated near Toronto, nud obliged to tako refuge in tho United States. Q. What was the result of the rehftllious morenicut of 1837 ? A. Lord John Russell presented to the Im- perial Parliament a law for the Buapenaiou of tho Constitution of 1791; it p«ia^d after a lon;i^ discussion, Q. Who temperftlly replaced liord Goafbrd, in tiic month of February, 1838 ? A. Sir John (Jolborne. Q. What orders were giten to Sir John Colborno t A. Tho enforcing of tho last ir»entioD«d law, and the forminini('diatcly !L!;avo in his rosijii^nation, and em- barked fir Europe with hid fujoiiily, on the iBt of Novoniber; IS38. Q. To whoija dill Lord Durham leate the gof^rnment ? A. To Sir John Colbortie, who held iho office till the arrival of Lord Sydenliaiu. Q. What was douc after the departure of Lord Durham ? A. The political refupjees in the United States, in conjunction with fouso A'ncrican^', organized a new revolt in the two Cuaadas at the same time. Q. How were the partial insiiit«ctioH», tha> broke out at divers points, toi minated ? A. They were Boon choekftd by Sir John Colbornc, Who marched ;.t < he head of nearly 8000 men, bearing with him tho incendiary torch, and Icavin^^ after hiiu but ruiaa ana H^ ashes wlierever he piisscd. Q. How were the prisoaerft tukeo -during the imoixeetifitu dftalt witib ? A. Oolborne had them senficnoed by a ©ourt martial ; 89 were condemned to death, 47 to transportation, and all their goods confiscirted. Q. By whom was Sir John Coiborne repla- ced ? A. By the Honorable Charles Poulett Thomp- son, who wa8 sworn in as Governor-General of all the British Provinces of North America, on the 19th of October, 1839. In the follow- ing year, he was made Baron of Sydenham. Q. What suggestion was made by Lord Durham, to the rainistftrs of the Imperial gov- ernment y A. Lord Durham suggestjed the propriety of uniting the two Canadas. Q. When did the Bill of Union voted by the Imperial Parliament i-eceive the Royal sanc- tion ? A. On the 23rd of July, 1840; but was put in force only on the 10th of Februai^, 1841. Q, What policy brous;ht out the Bill of Union ? A. The same policy that brought out the Constitction of 1791, that is, the pi-osely tiling of the Ftench Canadiang, aud ihe aunihil^itioD of the Catholic religion. Q. What was the state of Lower Canada, at the unioQ of the two proviucos ? Jl At the epoch when thia gieat act of m- jostioa was ooosummated. the populatiou, o(»a- moroe, agriculture, and industry of lK)w»'r Canada bad made immenso progress. TiOwtr Canada whoiodebt was very slight* waaobligdJ to b«ar the burden of the debt of Upper Caoaday wbio% amounted to orer one miUioci doUari. The population of Low9r Canada which, In 1791, wa« 126000^ now numbered £70 times as much. In 1844. the year th« first eeoeus was taken after the Union, Lower Canada contained 524000 French Canadians, and 1 56000 Bnglksh and strangers t the whdle amoanting te 691i)40, of irhioh 573000 were Catholics. There were also 76000 property holders and 113(H^) honsea, whli^ shows that alamst a^ty family held pro- party. THIBB EPOCH. fBOM TBS ITNIOK, 1B41, TO TJHC C«srSBK&4p Tioir, 1867. CHAPTEE FIBST. ^^rtmihd UnMfk, 1844, to the <«mtwi of fjord Elffin, lUI. Q. What priuoi pal fd^fturc^ did thti Ac-; of Union introdooe in the pQlitiaai oaafftitotiun of the oountrj ? IM XlStOET Of OAlUtU. A. The most important w« re : ftrstlj, the intrf>cloction of Virtspotuible govern tv cut, that is, formod of men sitting in the Legislatii re, « ud res- poTj^iWe to the House of Assembly for their official acts, as well as for their advice to the Governor; secondly, the concession to the depu ties of the people of the right of controlling the public revenues and expenses. This was granting, at a late hour, the rights wMch ha4 toen acquired on baooniing english subjects, and for ih« obtaining of which, many of our countrymen had strug- gled for a. long time in the former House of Assembly* acd others had shed their blood on tii-f field of battle. Q. Who was chosen by England to head this new government ? X. Lord Sydenham, who had t?iken an ac- tive part in the union of the two provinces, and who arrived at Quebec, on the 19th of September, 1839. Q. Did the legislatures of Lower and Upper Canada willingly accept the Act of Union ? A. Yes ; the council of Lower Canada oom- posed of men, in great part, sold io tho govern- ment, readily gave their assent after a single int«i-view with the Governor ; and the House of 'Upper Canada, finding therein its interest, . did the satne after a few deys' discussion. 1 Q. Whfire wm the fint \mitsd Parliament of)«fted T A. At Kingston, on the 13tii of Jane, 1841. Q. What was acoompliiiluid iu the firsi se»> aioD ? A. The fonBdations ofourmoflt important civil in8titutioD3 were laid down, eepeoially those relating to the mimicipal syet^) papiilar e'J^ication, currency, duties, &c. Q. How was thi3 memorable session oloeed? A. It was closed amidst universal regrets, on account of the loss of Lord Sydenham, who died of a fall from his hocse, on the 19th of 8ei»terober, 1841. Q. What sum did England rote in aid of the public works, and to consolidate the debt of Canada f A. England voted the sum of £1500000 Nteriing to the credit of the Province. Q. Wlio was the successor of Lord Srdcn A. Sir Charles Bagot, who arrived at tht new capital, Kingston, in January, 1842. Q. What made the government of Sir Charles Bi.got remarkable ? A. The inauguration of the new responslbie find constitutional government. Q. How was the LegiBlature divided when Bir B^got arrived ? A. It was divided into two puaiija^ OM IH mfosr or camama. of which, called the Tornf, eoo^t rtther to flatter the government, than to enter into the tnio intrrcsisof the people; and the other, cnllcd the Brform, wished for a frank and liberal application of the constitution, the fall practice of re8[)onsible government, and the general welfare of all classes of people, while, at the same time, thej showed respect for the part J in power, Q. \yiiat epiriirexisted then in the Legie* lature ? A. There existed a spirit ofbtrife and bit- terness, which might have become fatal to the whole country, ha4 not the Governor known how to prevent its baleful effects by hie wise temperament. Q. What was the conduct of Sir Charlee Bagot , with regard to the two parties, that were quar- relling about the government ? A. Sir Charles Bagot acted with much prudence by calling to his council the chiefs of the reform party, who had in their favor, the superiority of luimber, talents, and principles. l!vro 4«|»aiieg cauany remarkable for their taltnta, tnnT^y, and TH>litt«ai knowleciige vere ehosen to form the Cabinet; the/ were Messrau Bolivrt B«Ldwin mad I*. £L LkfontaiM. Q. Who was f«ent to replace Sir Be^t, •IB OtUmUBS MKtCAZJ'B. lit who had asked hia reoaU ou aoeouat of 11! health ? A. Sir Cbarleis Metoalfe) who arriTed at Kingston on the 26th of May, 1843. Q. Mention some of the remarkable oeoxir- rences under the government of Sir 0. Metcalfe, A. The ministers Baldwin and Lafontaino gave in their resignation, the Parliament was dissolved, new elections were made in the fall of 1844, a new ministry was formed, and the seat of government was transferred from Kingston to Montreal, in 1844. Q. Why did Baldwin and Lafoutaiiie reftign their ministry ? A. Beoauso the Governor had taken the liberty of giving out public employments with- out taking the advice of his councillors, and also, for lii8 having refused to sanction some of their ministerial measures. Q. What was the result of the new elections ? A. They gave a majority to tho policy of the Governor. Q. Was any of the insurrectionary chiefs of 1837 elected ? A. Yea, Dr. Wolfred N son, one of th^ chisef leaders, was elected. Q. Am Lord Metcalfe was obliged to return l.ld JIliTORT OP OAKAOi. to Fitis^and on account of iil hoaltli, who sue- ox)d'3td him in 1845 ? A, Lord Cathcart, Commander of tho forces. II J governed till the arrival of Lord Elgin in J mijary, 1847. CHAPTER IT. From the- arrival of Lord Elgiriy 1847, to the Confederation^ 1867. Q. What mea'^nre was adopted by Lord Elgin, at the commencement of his adminie- tration ? A. He made an appeal to the people by new general elections, which gave a marked preponderance to the reform party. Q, How did ho form his cabinet ? A. He formed it with tho leaders of the feforn\ party, and under his able direction, the LafontiineBaldwin ministry adopted the most important measures. Q. What made the legislative session of 1849 remarkable? A. It was the passing of a law to indemnify the Lower Canadians for the losses they had jiiistainod during the troubles of 1837-38 ; thi» Uw wa?> modelled «n a similar one "votad LORP BL6IN. 13^ before in favor of the Upp«r Oanadiaiis for the same reason. Q. What was t-ie conduct of tbe enemies of tho frovcrament towards this law ? A. This law exasperated the enemies of iho government to sucli a degree, that they j^ave themselves up to riotinji;, insulted tho Gov- ernor on tho publio roads for having Banr^- tioned it, burned the parliament buildinpj with its two precious libraries, and plundered several of the principal buiidin!' Monireal in 1852 ? '4 In 1S52, Montreal wa{» dorasiated hf sey- 140 HiirroitY ow oahada. cral deftlructhe fires, the mott dreadf^il d which took place in July. Q. When arid by whom was the Laval Uni- vendbB' founded ? A. The Laval University was founded in 1852» by the Directors of the Seminary of Quebec. Q. When w«s it inaugurated ? A. It was inaugurated in 1854, in presenoe of Lord Elgin, who had labored hard to ob- tain from the Queen a most liberal Charter. Q. What modification was introduoi;d in the Legislative Assembly, in 1853 ? A. The number of its members, which was then 84, was raised to 130, 65 members for each province. . Q. By whom was Lord Elgin replaced ? A. By Sir Bdmund Head, in the month of December, 1854. Q. What were the principal Acts of the Le^slaturo sanctioned by Lord Elgin, and which contributed powerfuJly to the prosperity of the country ^ A. Among these Acts, the first in impor- tance were those that aboliihed the seigniorial rights, 1854, secularized the reserves of the Protestant clergy, aided the Grand Trunk Company to build their several lines of rail- W^^y, and those that referred to the reciprooity nn iMnriD ibaa. 141 treaty with tho United Stateo, e(molac[<)d in July, 1854. Q. Which were the principal eventa-of the year 1855? They were : firstly, the arrival, in July, of the Capricieusey a n'ench corvet, in the waters of the; -Si. Lawrence ; secondly, the joyous Bolemoisation on the 8th of Decemhor, hi honor of the dogma of the Immaculate Con- ception, by the catholics of eyery city arid town throughout the country j and thirdly, the civic celebration occasioned by the taking of Sebastopol. Q. What important modification was intro- duced into the government, in 1856 ? A. During this year, the Legislative Coun- cil was made an £lectivo Chamber. The old members were to remain councillors for life as fornierly, but the new members were, thereafter, to be elected by one of the forty-eight electoral divisions newly formed. Q. What was the principal event of the year 1858? A. The selection made by Queen Victoria, of Ottawa as a suitable site for a permanent seat of govcjrnmentc Q. Was there anything remarkabl<» in the pum»erofl86Q? iiJ BTflTOAT or CAKADi. A* Canada and the other Britith PfOTiinseB, ^cro honored by the vi^it of the Piinoe of Walcw. Q. Who was the successor of Sir Edmund Head ? A.. Lord Yipcount iMonck, in 1861. Q. What event bronght the country to tha brink of a '^ar with the United States, in 1861 ? A. The arrest of Mason and Slidell on bourd of tho Euglifch steamer Trent. Q. What c^cct did tho prospect of a war with the UniUd States produce throughout Canada ? A. It produced an intense excitement, and caused a prompt orgjinijzation of nuineroua corps of volunteers whi«"h, a few years later, 1806, 1870, rendered great services by checking the incursions of the Fenians. Q. What took place in 1864 ? A. A spirit of antagonism between the populations of Upper and Lower Canada hav- ing arrived at a crisis, the government could operate no longer. Q. What new plan of gov^mmentr was then deviffcd ? A. A plan which proposed to leave to. each province th« management of its own locaj 9t» iomt YOtTNO. 143 affairS) wLile, to a general governniout, it designed to leave matterfl common to all. Q. What provmcea wore invited to unite into a Confeoeration ? A. The two Canadas, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince-Edward's Island, and New- foundland; but the two last nicntioned pre- ferred to jkeep their own autonoiuy. Q. Where was the new Federal CoDstitution franoed ? A. The new Federal Constitution was framed in 1865, at Quebec, where the delegates of each province had assembled. Q. Whea waa the Confederation, or new Dominion of Canada, finally recognized ? A, It was recognized by Royal proel»mation on the 23d of May, 1867. It was inaugurated on the 1st of July following. Q. Which provinces entered the Confed- eration ? A. Upper Canada, now called the Province of Ontario ; Lower Canada, called the Prov- ince of Quebec ; and tho Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova gcotia. Q4 Who Bucoeeded Lord Monk, with the title of Governor- General of the New Do- mmiou of Canada. A. Sir John Toang, in 1868. i-^ RnrroBT Q. When did the DoTDimon of Canada niftke tho acjqBlsifion of tho North-'W( J(t ? A. Ou Oio Ibfc of July, 1870. Q. When did the Province of Mnnitoba, fora)od our of the Notth-Weeti joia the Con- fcdoratjon ? A On the 1st of July, 1870. Q. When did BritiBh ColumbiA join t!k% Confederation ? A. On the 20th of July, 1871. NOVA SCOTIA, From it8 Biparationfrom N€»Franeej4n 1710, to 1870. Q. When did Nova Scotia, or Aoadia, fal under tho power of England ? A. Tn 1710, by the surrender of Port- Royal, its c ipital, to General Nicholson. Q. What befell FiaiMje in 1713, by the treaty of Utrecht ? A. Weakened by her oontinnal ware, Prance was obliged to give up to England not ouiy Acadia, but also Newfoundland and Hudson Bay Territory, cesemog to bersetf only Cape Breton lalano. »**siaM<«ws»'> Q. WKat did tlic Fi euch after their Iom o: A, Th y {brtifir?d Louisbourg, in ordur fli protect ihcir possej^sioiv^ iu Cape Br^^t^on. Q. What beouxno of tlio Island of Cap# BrotiDn ? A. It became a very important fi^jhini* sta- tion, aud Louiebourg continued to be ita capital. Q. What did the British colonies, on hear- ing of the iasurrcction of the garrison of Louicibourg ? A. They resr^lved to take advantage of thii circumstance to inv:ido the country. Aj\ cx» pedition Was immediately organiaed and placed under the comniuiid of General Peppcrcll. Q. Whence did Poppercll get wiai ? A. lie net eail from Boston, and, on the 5th of July, 1745, arrived «t Ctuibo, where he was joined by four English vessels under Commo- dore Wnrren. Shortly after, they appeared before Loulsbonrg, which capitulated after a Biego of foity-nine dajs. Q. What did the Cwiadian gorentment, alarmed at the fall of this well fortified place? A. The Canadian government demanded suooor fronx France, intending to ret ike the whole of Acadia. A fonuidable expedi^oo Upapid progress. Cape Breton waa then pnnexed to Nova Sootia, and two years later it formed a county. Q. What became of Prine>d-Edwtrd's Is- land, in 1 770 ? A. It was aeTered from Nota Sootia«, and became » eeparata colony, Q. Dill pot Nova 8cotia reoeiye an inoreasa of population, at the end of the American Revolution V A, Yes, towards the end of the American Revolution, about 20000 royalists from divera States, Came to nettle in Nova 6cotia. Q. What was done in 17S4? A. All that part of Nova Scotia north of the Bay of Funay. was eevered from the proT- ince, and formea into a aeparate colony, called New BrunswioL Thf same year, Cap« 160 msTORT Breton also foriced a separate goTernmenii with Sydney for its capital. Q. What happened from 1784 t 1867 ? A. The events of thia period aro of a pacific nature, and relate chiefly to the internal prog- ress of the province. Q. Mention some of the principal events of this period. A. The principal events of this period were i the visit of the Prince William-Henry, after* wards William IV., to Halifax, in 1787 ; the opening of a high way from Halifax to Pictou, in 1792 ; the organization of thetnilitia, in 1806 ; a line of stages he tween Halifa:* and Windsor, estahlished in 1816; the reunion of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, in 1820 ; tho efforts made to protect tho fisheries on its coasts, in 1820 ; the admission of the Catholics to the enjoyment of the uame civil rights with the Protestants, in 1823 } the dissolution of the Executive-Legislative Council, and tho ;iomi- nation by the Crown of an Executive Council of 19 members, in 1838; tho introduction of A responsible government, in 1848; the re- vision of the puhlio statutes, in 1851 ; the visit of the Prince of Wales, in 1860 ; the Corv v^ntion of the colonies, in 1864, for the con* frideratioD of a plan of confidderatiou of all th^ 6» irtir BRTJlfSWIOK 161 British ProTiftccs of Korth America; the meeting of the delegates of Nova »Sootia, New Brunswick, and Canarila, «t. London, in 1866 ; the jaspinsj of the Bill for tho Confederation oiP the Provinces by the Imperial Parliament, and which received, the Royal eaDCtion, on tho 28ih of March, 1867. NEW BRUNSWICK. From-itsMeparationfrom Nova Scotia, tn- 1 784, to 1870. O. What was the population of New Bnine- wicK, at the time of its separation from Nova Scotia ? A. The fopulation was 11457 inhabitants. Q, Who WPS it3 ^rst Governor ? A. Thomas Carleton. Q,. What was the principal event of 1786 ? A. The sitting of the first IjGgislotivo A^- gcmbiy at St. John, in the month of Jr.nuary. Q. What change took place two years later ? A. Fi edericton was chosen to be the seat of govemment, and has continued so up to tho present time. / /^ i HiatoRlr Q. When wns- Governor Carleton rectdled to England? A. Iq 1803, after having governed the Pro?- incc for nearly twenty years, Q. How was this Province administered, after the departure of C?irleton ? A. It was adrnin^'stercd until 1817, hy offi- cers called presidents. Q, Did not the Province get an increase of population, in 1815 ? A, Yes, a considc i able number of soldiers, disbanded from the Britii?h army in America, came to settle in this Province. Q. WhoBUcceeded Carleton as Governor ? A. Major-General O. S. Smith, in 1817, who was replaced by Major-General Sir Howard Douglas, in 1824. Q, What was the population of New Bmng- wick in 1824 ? A. Its population was about 74176. Q. What Invent took place in 1825 ? A. A J argo fine devastated tho whole coast of Miramichi, over an area of 6000 square miles. About 500 persona lost their lives, and the destruction of property amounted to abott one luiilion dollars. Q. Who succeeded Sir Pouglag^ in the gov- ern men t of the ProTince 7 oy VKW BBimiwioK. lU A. Sir Archibald CampbeU, in 1832. 2. What happened in 1837 ? , The city of St, John was visited by a conflagration that destroyed 115 houses, the value of which was not less than one million dollars. Q, Which was the most remarkable event of 1842? A. The settlement of the boundary ime be- tween Mainatand New Brunswick, by a treaty between England and the United States, nego- tiated by Lord Ashburton. Q. What were the subsequent events until 1867 ? A. The chief events of the Province until 1867, were : the exploration and the planning of a railway between Halifax and Quebec across new Brunswick, in 1845 ; the intro mo- tion of a government like that of Quebec, in 1848 ; the visit of tho Prince of Wales, who was cordially received by aR classes of people, in 1860 ; the aending of delegates to the Con- vention of Quebec for the Confederation, in 1864 ; and lastly, the admission of New Bruns- wick into the Confederation, in 1866. 1 54 HISTORY PRINCK^MDWARITS ISLAND. FromitBteparation from New FrancCrin 175^, to 1864. Q. When was this Island ceded to England ? A. Prince-Edward's Tslund was finally ceded to Englind, together with Capo Breton, hy the treaty of 1763, and, at the^ime time, an- nexed to Nova Scotia, Q. What was granted to the Island, in 1770? A. The Imnerial Parliament granted the Island a separate government, and Walter Patterson was appointed its first Govci-nor. Q. What sort of constitution did it receive, in 1773? A. It received a constitution similar to that?* of the other British Provinces of North Amer- ica^ except Canada. Q. OF what was its government composed ? A. Its government was compo.«ed of a Lieutenant-Governor, assisted by an Executive Council combined with a Legislative Council, md a Hon so of Assembly of 18 members. This Constitution wus tnodiSed ia 1851. Q. What happened iu 1775 ? or rfttKO»lDWABO^fl ISLiJrlD. ibt\ A. Two American cruisers, finding the tslarid without protection, attacked and pill.')pr- ed Charlottctown, takins:, at tho same time, the Governor and tho other public oflicers as prisoners. Q. When did the Island receive the name of Prince-Edward ? A. In tho year 1800, in honor of Prince Ed- ward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, Q. Who wa8 the successor of Walter Patterson, in the government, of the colony ? A. General E. Fanning, in 1786. He was replaced by Colonel Desbarres, in 1805, Q. WliP.t was the conduct of Charles D. Smith, Buccessor to Desbarrea in 1813 ? A. Hi« tyrannical proceedings exasperated the colonists to euch a degree that tbe Imperial government was obliged to recall him in 1824. Q. What was done during the administra- tion of Colonel Ready, successor to Charles Smith ? A. Under the administration of Colonel Ready, tho Catholics were set on an oqoaltty with the Protestants. Q. Who succeeded Colonel Reau^ '* A. SirA. W. Younjr, in 1831.' He WM succeeded by Sir John Harvey, in 1836. Q. What waai!$e of An* 160 WfSTOST. sembly waUTicils wei eeparated, nnd a responsible government established, witli a Logifilativa Assctubly of ^0 members; in 3 860, the visit of the Prince /)f Wales; in 1864, Newfoundland eent two deputiei to the Conventiott of Quebec, but the Legi-Blature afterwards adjourned the question. NORITS WEST TEKRlTORTSr Prom its tteparaticn from New France, in virtue of its surrender to England by the Treaty of UtredU in 1 7 1 3, fo 1 8 7 0. Q. What happened in 1784 ? A. Jn 1784, the North-West Company of Canada waa formed. This Company carried on its trnde chiefly In the North-West, via L^^ko Sup^^riur towiirds the Pacifio Oeean^ Q. What irai doii« by the North-West Company ? OF THB KORTHfr£BT YBRRITORT. 161 A. Tbe Company caused several explorations of the cotmtry to be madec Q. Enumerate these explorations. A» la 1.793, Sir Alexander Mackenzie made a Vr^yago from Canada across the Booky Mouniainaad far e.H the Paoifit9 Ocean^ and discovered Frazer ^irer. He al^erwarda dis- covered ani explored Mackenzie River. In 1811, the astronomer Thompsom discovered thochief branches of the Columbia River, which he descended as far aathe Paoifio Ocean, Q. Whal arranp;emenfc tfaflJ made in 1821 7 A. The two jrival companies, viz, : the Hud- son Bay an 4 the North-West, were united into one Company. 0. TV^hat did Lord Selkirk, the same year ? A. He established a Scotch colony at lied River. Q, What other colonists went to settle at Red River, iix 1823 ? A. A certain number of French Canadians. Q. How was Hudson Bay Territory di- vided t A, It was divided into Bev«ral distrfots, having in all four depots and 112 forts or RUtions. Q. When did the Confedemtien of Oacuida r;ake the acquisition of the North- West ? 163 meroRT A. On the let of July, 1870. Q. WTiat portioa was tbea detached to form a new province of the Confederation ? A. Red River, uader the name of -the Province of Manitoba. VANCOUVER'S ISIJLNI) AND BBltlSH COLUMBIA. Q, Bjrwhom was Vancouver's Island dia covered ? A. By Captain Vancouver, towards the year 1792. Q. By whom was the North-West explored in 1806 ? A. By Simon Fraser. Q. Bv whom was Vanoonrer's Island settled r « A. By the Hudson Bay Company, who laid the foundation of the town of Victoria, in 1843. Q. Who was its first Governor ? A. James Dougfas, appointed bythe-Hud son Bay Company. Q. What did tho British government, in 1859 ? Of ftftlTIfiR OOLUXaiA. i 6d A. The Britkli government made Tanoou- ▼er's jTsland ftnd Britiah Columbia two dlBtinot colonies, having fMMh its proper limit^y but uodcr the name government Q. Who WM appointed Oovernor of both colonies ? A. James Douglas. Q, When wfts a Qov«ntorappoi8v*iedtoca:.h colony ? A. Inl86S, awpeoialQtjveraorwaSi^ppoint- ed to eacfL Q. What ,namf» was-i^ven ttive and Legis- lative Councils, and a House of Assembly. Vanoouver'ta Island and BrivLtti Oolambui^ w^rodividtd into elootoral dif Iriots^ Q, When did Vanocuver'iS Island and British Columbia enter into the Confederation of Canada ? A. On the 20th of July, 1871, under tha >% name of the Vn vinoe of British Columbia. UTTBODtroTioN — Early voyages, principal di«oov- tne&j and conquests ia AmericA . • . • * FRENCH DOMINATION. FIRST KPPCK, Chapter I.— From the arrival of Jacques Cartier in Canada, to tb« iiominatioa of De Koberval as ^iicero Y- ( 1 5341 541).. CiUFfBu II. — From De (loberval, to the Marquis de la Roche, «eo- ond viceroy,(l641-157^). . (iaiPTJscr Illr— From the Marquis de la Roc^ e, to the foundation of Quebec, (Uv78.1608) .. SECOND EFOCH« CEimsa L— From the foundation of Que- bec, to the formation of the Montmorency Co. (1603- 1621) GH^LPTijft lie— From the fornjation of the Monfmorwucy Co. to the restitution of Canada and Acadia to France, (1621- 1632) dUFTMr *.IIL-*From the restitutioa of Can- ada & Aaadiek to Fr«Qo«^ 17 20 22 29 to the formation of the Montreal Co.(1632-I640),. 54 Otiwrm IV.— Prom the forination of the Montreal Co. to the admi- nistratioQ of De Lauson, ^ (1640-1650).... 37 ^iusmn T.— From the adminietratiott of De Laufon^ to the fornaa* tion of the Supreme Coui** cxl, (165^l{)€3)„ ^ cJai^iTER, L-*From the establishment of the Supreme^ Council, to the first adminiBtration of DeFront€nac,(1663-1672). 48 CiUPTBa IL-*-Prom the ^ret adminiatra- tion of Do Frontenao, to that of De Denonville, (1672-1685) 55 GHiLPTiB IIL— Prom the ftdminifitration of De DeaODville to the sec- ond adrainistjatioa ef De Frontenao, (1 686-1 689). . . 58 CliiPTaA nr,— From the eeconcj adminis- tration of De Frontenac, to the peace of liyawiek, (1689-1697) 01 Otumm V*«-P]rom the peace ©fRjBwJck, tothatof Utreoht, (1697-^ .1 CBUPTua VL— From the wao« of Crtrwhl, to that ofAiX'IarChat)elle. (17134748) ....! 71 CHAPTER VIL— From th« peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, to th« admiuia- tration of the Marquiade rrr Trrxr ^^a^'^reuil, (1748-1755)... TT * CgAPtaa vni-.-Protn ^ho admkiatratiott of the Marquia do Vaudreuil, to the capitulation of Moat* real, (1755.1760) 83 BI^GLISH DOMTKATION. FIRST EPOOH. CHij»TER I.~.5Vom the oapitulatioi!^ of Moatreal, to th*> Qiiebdc Act, (1 760- 1774) 91i Oa^iPTEa II.-*Prom the Quebeo Act, io the Conetitiitional Act, (1774171)1) __^: 91 SECOND EPOCH. GHiJPTEa i.--Froni.the Constitational Aot, to the administration of rr „^'^^'^^'^^«vost,(U91 1811) lot