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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 f ^ # % VIEWS OF CANADA AND THE COLONISTS. ;^!!; >^iAmtak,a4ilf nu^M.^X'Kt m , i,' ' We should look to that gn>.at, area niltivate'l by '^ur uwn couniry- men in our t.'i)l"niu1 posicssinn in North America - a<(»uatry in which we are united by the closest rol;itionshiii--a «'Oiint.ry to tind > ..jisunt cinployin'-nl for mir 8iir|»lus labourers-- a <'ouiitrv which still looks t,<; I'nglanii with tVt'Iings of atl'e* lion --u country whicli offers a marktt foi our matiutactiuvil goods — a countrj' subject '.o no hostile taritf - which 8u(ports our shipping —which improves tlie oomlitioQ of ou» fellow countrymen — a countrv which we may hold with signal l>enelit to ourselves, but in which wi «;ann(it uiaintain our supremacy unless we iU-e cemented to her by the closest bonds of atlection as w<^il as ot interest.' Kahi. Oh Deuby, then Loki> Stanley, In the fltfuse of Commans- IT ,1 ouniry- whicli •onstant looks f,<; niarktt taritr- 1 of our I benelit Y unless '^11 as ut LKY, EdmiiUi-^.Bib'iisiiea '':t^-A AC Bl.'ii y~il..^rh"^'-"' ..ft 1.1I'" ' i ( 1 <• ' " 'y^li,.!!!. i X>_V" ■'/■.l*«... I* t; -^'J^ .^^SiJi* te"^^ 1>V?^ ^^^' . .-iPvbr?^ , 1 '•••'f^^\N,./«'/i.<- • ■ /Vy ^i A.'-' U. U'W^'-' .17.. >••'&_ Uvjiy'-'^l ► _/. <;r i.f iif s' L.iWiiK.siK (V/..,,,,,,^ ^_ 1 ■'.■(),.„>* 'j^ %/iv '*;i.\ri\i.iTiii.\ III- .1 T ^ I, ^1 C i i N T 1 ^ •n^ i; i.42l 7-1 L«m-^i(ii-A X-i.' Biaiiic. i:j,-^n.|-.-»-I In SiUU.H.iiv Sti ' hl.-.i.. -l.'.l■^ fwwsg-jaJbS'^" .."'^'iiim hk-J. ^ S r V 1 ]•: w s OK CANADA AM) THE COLONISTS KMHRACfNQ niK KM'KHIBNv K OK AN KINIIT VKAIW' KKHJI»KN( K . VIKWS «»K rHK PKK8KM STATK, I'KOOKKHH, AND fUO.HI'ErTs OF Tin. NV ; wrrii oktaii.k.i) am* iMiVCTrcvi, I.VKOHVIATION y*>H IMKNI>IN(; KMKtRANTS. in .)AMi;s B. lUiowN, SECOND EDITION rOHKKCTKI) THKOIiOIIOUT ANI. (IKKATLV KNLAROKD EDINBURGH : ADAM AND OHAKLES BLACK. ► LONDON . LONGMAN, & CO. MBCCOLl. ^ /// Fc I- I (-.' KDIMirtiOH rUIMKf) \^^ RHHt;RT ( i AHh 1 :'V V.J,-:'. m /ii;. I "^ ■t,'-^-' I PJil'lFACK TO I'lltST KlilTlON. , V ^4* tm ' lUx'AisE of the uiicertaiutv of inforiiiatioii con- ccrnin;,^ our colonies,' remarks the writer"^' of one of the recent Atlas I*rize Essays, ^ few emis^vate till tijinga are well-nigh desperate with iheni at jiome. And then they go so tlioroughly ill-infnrnied., that there is every reason to fear tliey will return in disgust.' The abs«'nce of sufHeiently practical and de- tailed information regarding our colonies lui'^ indeed all along been seriously experienced ; and, by those well informed in the matter, is believed to be the chief cause which prevents a much more extended flow oi' colonisation. Books of travels, in a great measure composed of hasty observations, generally speaking do not satisfy the keenly practical in<|uiries of the numbers naturally desirous of being acquainted with parti- * The Rev. Joseph Angus, M.A. VI I'REFACE TO FIRST KBITION. (Milar and detailed facts. Anotlier class of works, the eonipilatioiis from those books, are necessarily similarly deficient. A third class, being written by perf^ons familiar with the facts presented, are the kind of works, -which, if moderately compre- hensive and faithfid, may be considered to be the most practically useful ; and, in the absence of other means of information (as niiglit perhaps be expected to be furnished by either tlie colonial or imperial rio vernments, or conjointly, regarding the actual and particular condition of our colonies — this descrip- tion of information having now in this country be- come a matter of increasing moment)— such sources must prove among the best aids, as they are be- lit'ved hitherto to have l:>een, in carrying forward the work of peopling England's ' noble openings for enterprise and capital.' The present publication is offered to the public as an lunnble attempt to add to the stock of general information possessed in relation to one of our finest colonies ; and concerning which, in its various fa- miliar aspects, and progressively changing circum- stances and prospects, it is natural to suppose that every sucli attempt, in proportion to the variety and value of the facts, and presumed fidelity of the views pres(^nted, will be more or less acceptably received. In addition to the gratification likely to i, I '.if;"*'^jr":jti:;tr:^ ";^:'T■••■^''''^'^ ■ *--r ■ I'liRFAOR TO FIRST EI>IT10N. Vll k be derived by the gen(».ral reader, tbere are large elasses now in tliis country whom the subject par- ticularly axl(h'(^sses. The numbers who have al- ready made (Janada their liome, and have left be- hind them, among tlieir rehitioiis and acquaintances, a share of interest in the colony; and the growing numbers, l)esides, naturally desirous of benefiting their positi(»n in life, and who look to the colonies as fields offering such a?) opportunity -cause (vanada, the nearest and most attractive of all our colonies, to be viewed with lively and increasing interest. The writer having resided four years in (Canada, and in the coiu'se of that duie travelled through a great [)art of it, both in making tours into the interior parts, and along almost its entire extent of lake and river boundjiry, from Lake Superior to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and having for his own satisfaction, and the Information of his friends, pre- served much of his observations in regard to the featin'(is and nature of the countr}^, the comforts, modes of lite, and experiences of the inhabitants, as also concernuig the general state, progress, and prospects of tlie c;olony — he has been enabled to present from full consideration, and in a familiar manner, a variety of views more or less interesting, respecting the? colony and the colonists. He proceeded to Canada in the spring of 1839, •CTw. ■trfmn-frfwtunmmf'-r'ir' Vlll PIIEFAOE TO FIRST EDITION. fl having loft Ediiiburgli in the middle of ^Farcii, sailed from Liverpool towards the end of that month, and arrived at Ne^v York on the first of ^tay, and sailing up the Hudson and through the Erie (Janal, erossed at the Falls of Niagara into Canada upon the I8th May. } laving satisfied him- self of the prospects presented by tlie country, and liking it much in other respects, but es])ecially for i\\(t proofs it aff()]'ded of possessing a Avider field and fuller certainty of rewards to active and persevering industry than in the m cither-country, he determined upon entering into commercial pursuits, and con- tinued thus enaaacd, with the same satisfaction with which he commenced, during the whole period of his residence. The part of the country rendered most familitvr by this residence was the western Peninsula of Canada, situated between the Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Hurc^n^ and containing half of the occupied j)ortinn of Canada; and though indis- putably possessing the highest character for climate and soil, yet the least known of any part, ehiefiy on account of its bt^ing out of the ordinary route of trjivellers in making their usually hasty runs into C^anada from the United States, and touching, in most instances, only at the towns of Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, and Quebec. This part of Canada has therefore been more fully dwelt upon ' ■} r-'i ' . * r ■ If PREFACE TO FIKST EDITION, IX AFarcii, 1 ■ jf that m first ^4 hrough ■1" ira into ^d him- ■|s rj, and illy for eld and 3vering rraine( id con- • j, - ^faction period ■i 'Jidered vestern m Lakes half of i v indis- climate chieHy r route y runs Liehing, oronto, part of t upon than the others ; hut, at tin; same time, to prevent any undue bias being likely to be left upon the md of the reader, although one oi' the districts is selected tV.r the fullest d^'scription, witli regard to general appearance, scenery, soils, farms, towns, amount and dcscri[)tion of population, success of the colonists, witli views of internal economy and govern- ment — such is given more as a specimen or minia- tmv view of Canada, Ijaving more or less especially reference to the colony as a whole ; and the better to preserve this general character very full illus- trative Notes and Appendix have been added.* In tlie course of the waiter's first tours upon entering Canada, as well as subsequently, having become strongly impressed that the colony ^\as very im])erfectly known in Britain, the means of comforts and the general advantages it possesses in such abundance, its steady and prosperous progress towards liecoming a nu:)st important and iniluential country — the writer experienced much satisfaction in having had the opportunity of a temporary visit to this country, to contribute what little amount of information the nature of his visit allowed him. The general reader is requested to overlor)k the observation here made for the sake of satisfying the * This plan of the first edition, has noAv been entirely set aside to give place to the more comprehensive one, adopted in the present work. i!' PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. not unnatiual curiosity of some, which is — that he lias no interest whatever in speaking well or other- wise of any part of Canada, and that in the course of collecting liis information of particular facts, lie has tlirougliout scrupulously abstained from laying liiniself in tlu^ remotest dt^gree under oblijjations to any individuals who might lie su[)posed to be l)i{issed })y ])ersonal interests in. the (3olony. The facets Ik! n^,quired to be possessed of, chiefly consisting of tlie most recent statistical infonnation, Inive been p]T>- ein*ed in a great measure from official sources in the colony ; and for the purpose of authenticating or illustrating his own observations, he had recourse to the most approved published authorities. He trusts, therefore, the views presented will be received at least as thoroughly disinterested, l^he writer only regrets, that in order to present as much as possil)le of desirable matter regarding (!Janada, in the form wliich would be most generally accessible — he should have been obliged t(» treat many subjects in a manner greatly dis];)r<:)portioned to their impor- tance. The series of Letters forming the commence- ment of the Avork was written originally for the ^ Scotsman' newspaper, at tfie request of an esteemed friend of the writer, one of the conductors of that journal ; and having been very favourably received J.\ . i.-iw (KEFAC'E TO FIRST KDITION. XI h and jjrovcd useful, an well as, it is l)elieve(l, gene- rally iTiteiestiii<:c — these letters are now ri^prmted, and it is lioped N'ot(5S eontain nuieh information both of details in regard to soil, population, and other charaeteristics of loealities, wbieh it is hoped w\\\ prove valuable to the praeti- eal inquirer, and pres,.. -isi, »*,>«/ PREFACE TO FIRST ET»TTTO.V XUl )e known contains Western ages and ■^oil^ situ- smbraces aspect of racters of r portion [ unoccu- a glance the pro- of po]Ju- (i income :;asion to rding its d public spects of t subject id them- ke of the ief notice nfluence, me, may easui'e of considr'ration. Th(? leading VKiW-* m both chapters, however bricHy dwelt upon, are rhe result of close practical ol'Sevvaiion, fmni opportunities possessed both in this eountiy and the colony ludieved to be most fav(.»arable to the study ot the subjects, and are therefore put forth for consuleration witli some de- gree of perhaps pardonal)ie eontidence. Practical suggestions addn\ssed to intending emigrants regarding [)rej)arations for the voyage, directions for travelling through the country, with other inforniution of like (hs('ri])tion, close the vobime, whicli, it is hoped, may proyr. wdiat it has been tlie v\ rit(:;r'< aim to make it, as far as its limits woidd allow, botli a desirable crvtnpauion in travel- ling to tiie colony, and a work possessing some de- gree of interest to the general reader. EiuxBURuH, November 1844. 'IIWW* If I t i, -I D e C 7 in w ^ at eaj wc sta vo] ten '«Wiiiit like th<' present been rnafh to treat tlie suliji'ct in so precise and comprehen- sive a manner. It luis been the author's aim to place the country as it is, with all its interests and leadinii; features, before the mind of the reader. S' Ed.'nbukgh, N<>vk>hu,h 1851. ' ■: i very ti'lHin,^ ic aiiiomit of iMprclu'iirfiv*: 18 lio]X' l'J)IlluN Pages v-xiii xv-xvi CIlAl'TI'U I. (IF.NKUAI, VIKWS OK AOVANTAOICS AND DISADVANTAGE OI' ( ANAUA. Advant.;i;;is nf F'roximity to F.n^fluud, and b('in<^ most easily reaoliod by th;; largest Jimnltcr of tliose dtvsirouH of Knn;^'ratiiifr... Advan- tages of ll^';d^,lly Clim.iif, KertiU> Soil, and I lnap J^and.-.Tlif many ^'ood Uoads, ( Iuu-cIk'S, ("liapcls, and thu extended meajis of Kdiication.. The field it ofl'er.s for Industry and Knterpriso... Disadvanlatccs stated... Severity and Len^^th of the Winter Season ...Severe Labour and Hardships to he I'hicoiuitered l)y Settlers on the New Lamls... Indid'ercnt Uoads and Education in the l?a( k Setticnients... I'nsetlled I'olitiral State... Views Avith rc^^ard to tiliese Oitjcct ions, from an Li j;ht Years' experience in the Colony ...Present (ioiieral Prospects of Canada... General I'lari of th(^ iucceeding Chapters of the Work stated .... Pages 1-11 CllAPTEU II. KX'TKNT AND GKNERAI. ASl'KCT OK CANADA. Extent, and (ieneral Appearante of the Country... River and (Julf of St. Lawreut. ...City of (Quebec, anil View from the llcigjits of the Citadt;!... (Character of the Northern and Southern Shores of the River.. .(?ity and Island of Montn-al, and suiTounding Country I'agcs 12-18 y ^"/ ,;'?fTH. ( IIAI'TI.Ii JFI. KXTKM AM» «iKNKK.>I. As|»K<"l OK « \N\D/\. 'pl^tT ('.m!itl}i...Afl« cnl <•♦' llu' St. Lttwrt'iuv to Kiii^'^ton ..'I'Ik' In tvrioi .mil ( (iimtrv iloin; tli.- ijttawii... l.iikf « »iiliiiit< ;iiitl Itiiv ol <^)iiiiit<'... Torunto miil the Towns on Luke < )iifjirio...SV('«*t«'rn Tt'ii in.^ula... View. IVom [{iirliiij^'ton llci^lit^, of Kak'! (Uitjirio und rtiir- rouniliu); St't-nory l»'i^'''i an'l K;ill.s of Ni!i^nru.,.S|iori'> of Lakf' Kri.' ami (onntry of lln' lnr .Superior.. St Mary's (.'hannil, and V'u'w of l.akf Su- pi!ri(»r I'ag»'s lK-31' CIIAlTKIl JV <;K.Ni:it.\l \Nl» MUNK ll-.VI, OOVF.HXMKNT, PKKRITOHIAI r)IVISI()N.S, .\NT> ADMINISTKATTON- o| lU.sTICK IN < AN AHA. Constitution of flriiiral (lovcrnuicnt... Working nf the I'rt'scnt Ut }»res()itativf Syst.cni of (iovorninott in tin- (>ilony...rn«'oni(^ and Kx])i'i.iliturp of ('anad;i...lnt<'rfst on l>t'l»t, and Uevmuc froni riddle Works... l>C!tails of (lovcrniniinf i;xpt'nditurf...(irants for the Support of i'.ihication and l'au'oiir;ii;('Uioiit of A;:;ri<'idtun'.., In- come !ind I^Npendifure < 'dinpared with pntvious Years... rerritorial Divi.sious of ("anatia...S(i}^niii»ries and 'ro\vn-.hips, Nature, and wlicii <'onstituted...New Divisions of Counties in I'pper Canada Munieipal (Jovennuent of Canada .County and Town.ship Coun- cils, Constitutions, and Powers. ..Colleftion and Rniployinent ot Taxe.s.. .Annual Census, and Publkation of Census and l*ut>lii Accounts. ..Ntm Moanl of I{e>;isiratii>n, aud Statistics in ("anada ...Administration of du.stice in Canada... Nature of the Laws, Civil and Criminal. .Old French Laws, and Feudal Tenure of T'ro{»erty hi Lower Canada. ...New Courts of du.stice in Lower Canada... NeA> dudicial Districts... fiar of Lower Crt)iada...(^ourts of .lustice in Upper (,!anada ..... Pages H3--4V J ^ ^ I I -I CONTEVTS. XIX )n .. rin' 111 II ainl Hay ol VcsU^n IV'ii- iirio iiimI ^ut lurt'.-' uC Ijiik'' till the l»lk< ii'ttlt'incnts <)1 Appfiiit li to if Lak<' Sii- DIVISIONS, A. I'ri'smt Kt' ..Income aiiIi< •s in Canada ' Laws, Civil ol 1 'roj Kitty anada...iS^•■v^ if -lustice in I'ages 33--4V • HA I'M :i: V AMol M, IIIiMJUt vs, AMI 1)1 -« Kll rioN (i| PdlUI A I ION <»l lilt < Ml.ONY. I*n>-i'ni r-'iiul itioii ui ( . :i'la...r|iiM'r and I/.vmt ( anada. I{att')* ol liuri'asi'. I't. _rrt'p*s ut >,ttKiiirii» ni l.owt r < anadu...I'".arl\ I'ro- ^jrcs-. ..f ( anada ui l< r tli' I r.'ii« li...lin r»-j|«»- luuifr Kn;;li^h ♦io- M-nnni iii ...Coni|.arali\ ■ llr-idl^ of r,nii>;i;ttloM in Cppt-r and l.ou.r I aiiada.Iii-n'a.s.- in tli» Kn^li.-li rownsliipst and CitU-s of (iowfi I ;iii.ii|:i...( liara.tfri>tit H of Ii't ni'li C.madian Population... I'.vidt iiM - "f ,\d\;iii.'.'ni«'nt...Amial.lt <^iialilit'> ol Ircn.li Cana- dians, liaily .s.ttlniriit of I 'p|i. r Canada... Itfsults and I'ro^rt'-s of lMiii:;ratioii I'ro-pfctivf iJi'tuUs .mil I'ro^rcss ol Canada.. Ki.^f and l'roi;it'.ss. from tlif l-'on.^t. of a Stttltincnt, to a hi^tiiot ..Dt'.Mripiioii of tin- Topidation t ru-ms of Occupation-^.. Natives of the \ iiriou.'^ ( onntrics...Scttlnntiit> "f I rcu« li Canadiaii> .. I',m ploymeiits and Mt liavioiir...Indian.s of (.!anada...Scttlenicid>, and c in Lnghiiid. C*"iiiditie-; of Land Lmtiloycd in lkcspe(•ti^e I'roiluctions... I'roduci' of Wheat, and (Quantity t" Kacii Inhaliitant...Coiu)iared with Initcd States... Average Prices of Land ..Prices of Wheat for Last Ten Years. ..Amount, Descrip- tion, and Lnrea-je of Stock pos.sesst il by the Coloni.sls... Dairy and other Prod. ictions... Domestic Manufactures... Lusy (,'ircunistances of the (.'olonists Pages 6ti-74 !f XX CONTEXTS. ciTArri: u vn. THE TPvADK AND GIi;Xi;ilAL ItESOl'IlCES OF CANAOA. Partiiil I''H't't:t.< of tho Kfct'iit State aiic} Changes of" Inule on the Geiier.il rrosji..',rity ol tlic «'oiin(ry... Amount and I>t scription »^f Trade with I nitod States... Low Duties nn Toa, Collet', Sugar, and Tobaico, imported from tlio ( uittMl States... Fit>ur and Whoat received from tlie Wobtern tounfrv at jNlontn ii', and Amount Exported to England in 1847 and I8i8.. .Prices and Freights... Decline of tlir Trade, and ICdV'cts on particular Cities, and on the Country generally. ..Average Prices of Wheat from 1m3'2 to 18.50 in rpper Canada... Average Price of Land and Kent of Farms., importations from other Countries into Canada... Decline in the Imports of Ljritish Man ufactures...K.\pla nation of Decline. ..Colo- nial Exports to L'nited States. ..(Jrowth and Description of Trade with the Cnited States. ..Exports ot the ( olony to England... Increase and Deci-ease of I'articular Articles... Increase in Dairy Produce... I'rices at Montreal snice lf<43...l.)e('line in the Timber Trade with Bri!ain...Some Statistics of the Trade of late years... Increased 'Trade with United Stciles... Total Values of Exports and Im]jorts of ( 'anada... (iemarks...(jenenil Resources of the Country Banks, with Amount of t.'apital emjiloyed...LlVects i»f Recent State of Trade on Dank Stocks.. .Copper Mining operations on Lakes Superior and lluron...Fi.-^herles of the (iulf of St. Lawrence — Kaihvays, present and contemplated Liiu's ... Pages 75-94 CHAPTER VITL niSTRI* XS OF LOWMf t AVAD.\. if (J m I ■I Ijower Canada com pared ^ith I 'pper Canada. ., P>o\iidaries and Ex- tent. ..Nature of the Country, and Scenery. ..The Country below Quebec... Ajjproach to (^)uebec... Falls of Montmorency. ..Quebec and ^Neighbourhood... Nature of the ('ountry and Scenery above Quebec. ..(ieueral (.'haractcristic of the Lands of the District ot (Juebec, with its Subdivisions of ('ounties...(,'harac[eri.-'tics of Three Rivers District. ..County of Cliamplain, and Iron Works of St. Maurice, District of St, Francis — Coujity of Sherbrooke, and the Fastern 'I ownships... St. Lawreiive and Atlantic Railway from "Montreal to Portland. .Portion Completed,.. Projected (Quebec and Halifax Railwav Pages 9:>-10f< \ ■ ■1 : ''''}Vf^ ' Contexts. A XI CIIAPTKK IX c on the iption (^f Agar, and 1 Wheat Amount roiglits... d (III tlie 2 to 1850 Farms... le in tlit^ ie...rol»- of Tradf ugland... in Dairv' e Timber c years .. [)()rts and ('omitr\ nt State lU Lal of St. and the ay from bee an(! s 95-lOf", DHTKJt I> «»K I-<)\VEK r.\N.\l>A. District of ^luutreal, with its Subdis iViuns of roiintii'?f...«!n'at Extent of th«- C'uiiiy of (Jttau-a...Kfei'nily constituted a New District... <\>unti<'s on tlie South Sliore of the St. Lawrcn.e... Village and Min.-ral Springs of Varenn(S...Tnwn ^>f (,'liamblv, aiid Scenerj' on tlu' irKh.>lii'u...('anal Navigation on tlu' Hiihelitii to l-ak<' Cham- j.lain.. TransportatiiHi of limber to N<\v V(irk../rravelling on Lake I liamplain. .b.uriify bt'twem New York and Mr)ntreal... La I'rairi- ..St. Lawrenee and ( hamplain llaihvay... County and Sfigni iry of l{('auharnois...I{i'auharnois Canal.... \dvantages of the New Canals to tin Navigation of the St. Lawvenee...Most cnU' {•• tlic ^VeH ^lONlllKAl, Situation ami Appearance u{' iNlontreal from the lliver.. Its Position for Trade.. Sketch oi' Past and l*resent State, and I'rospects... T'opulatioii... Improved appearand- of the i'ort and City. ..Slow .spread ol Inlniiiaiion respecting Canada... First Impressions of Montreal i'.iglueen years ago. ..Natural Feelings and Associations ofth« n''wly-ariived Emigrant. ..L.iehine and tlje other St. Law- reiue t .inals...lntei'iHr of MfMitreal... Principal Streets and the Suburbs. ..IJanks and Public Buildings... Freneh Cathedral... Other Place.^ of Worship, .'('he Mountain of Montreal... Fine Scenery... Koad round the Mountain... French Canadian Ifouises... Appearance and mannir of Living of I'rench Canadians ..F>encli Village of Cole des Neig.',^...F,ngli«U Ile-rtences, and line Orchards... Stone Quarries near Moidreal. ..Municipal (iovernment of Montreal... English anil Fieiich (.'harities... Literary lustitutions. ..Means of Education... General Features of the City. ..County and I.sland of Montreal . Pages liG-140 CHAPTER XL DISTKICTS OF IPrKll < AN.MtA. Lakes and Rivers of Upper Canada. .NeA\ Divisions of Counties, ami Present E'sc of Old Names of Districts... Description of Soil which (1 XXll CONTENTS, .'»• k 1 Hi I'redoniiiiatt's in tho Country... Account <»f the Eastern District... its Populatittu lui'l Ikosourci.'s... Description of l*(ipiilati(jn...lle- spcctivc Amounts of Land (>ccuj)ii(l and ('ultivatcd.. Amounts uiulei 'ri!la;j:( , in Pasture, and I-.mployt'd in the Production of tlic Various ( 'ri)p>...Pn)duci> oi ('ro[is...l)air\ Pr0(hicc, and Do- mestic Industry... Descri|)l ion and Anuunit of Live Stock... Number nf Propri(>tors aiul Non"l'roprietor';...()cfUpations of l'opulatibject.s of thif> .New Railway and of the Kideuu Canal Contrasted .. The St, Lawrence still Closed to Anuriran V essel.s... Advantages aiul General Prospects ol liytowu ... Population of Dalhousie.. .Account of tin; Bath- urst DiMrict-.TouMi of Perth ... Mai ble .-ind Other Quarries ...District of .Johnstown. ,.1'leasantly Situated ToAvns.. Scenery of the Thousand Island.s of the St. Lawrence.... Approach to Kiiiij.ston Pa^jces 141- l.")7 ( MAPTER XI] Drsriu< r.s of vvver <;ANAr)A. City, Fortress, and llarltonr of Kingston... Karly Settlement:^ of Upper Canada. ..Changing Fortunes of Kingston,.. [mprovements of the ('ity on being tin; Seat of (Jovernmeiit...Pri'sent State of King- ston... Newspapers in Canada... Provincial I^Mutentiary... State of (!!rime in Canada. ..Old Criminal LaAvs still in Force ..Temperance Movement... Othcial Statistics of ('rime...Class<;s of < >t1en.ces and Amount ol' Crime in Particular Localities... Criminals belonging to respective Churelies... Account of the "Midland District... Popula- tion, Lands, and Produce of ( -rops...Livc Stock, and (ieneral In- dustry of the Settlers. ..Characteristics of 'I'ownships... Value of Lands... Shores of Uay of (Juinte.. Account of Victoria District,.. 1 a- 111 r*t- CONTEXTS. XXUI >istvicr... ion. .lie- Amounts uctifju oi" and I)o- . NinnOer ulatiini... ,ge A iiluf c(;ount oi" I Uiver... the i)iil- Couiitry .Founder .Ass^ucia- iil...M;iin It... Moiv troni th(; itercourso way .irnl iiice .still Prospects w Bath- Quarries . Scenery roni'h to 141-157 s of the )f King- State of iperanee ices and ngiujj, to Topula- leral In-- ^aUie of Kstriet... ^ffinp' ^A M m Settloniont.s, ami Town of B.'lK>ville...l>istriet of T'rincf Ed- •.\ard...'i'o\vn df IMrtMn .. Prns|HT0iis ('ondiUi)n of Prince {'.dward l»i.-trirt Pages 1 08 -173 m rilAI'TLU XIII 1>I.>TKICTS OK LPl'IiR CANADA. Account of the District of X'Wcastlc.lMea.sant A.^pect of tlio Coun- try. ..Division of Old District. ..Town of ('<'bourg...New Town.s in Canada... ('liaractcri?>tii's ot Xtwcastle District. ..Trent Naviga- tion... l.and,^ and Stttl.-ments of the District...* The <>ak Plains'... riif Writer of 'The Packwnods of Canada"... Pi<:asing Scenery... Scenery nl" 'The Plains'. ..Country along the Coa.>t of Lake On- tario.. .Town of Port lIoi»e.., Progress of Settlenieid...Cidtivated Land.. Chi.intity of Land \uider Wheat Cro|), and Amount <'f Pro- duce... V'uluo of Wild and Cleared Lands. ..Account of Cnlhorne Di,strict.,.Town ol Peterlioroiigh on the Piver Otanahee...Uice Lake, and .MeavLs of Connnunication...Town.4hip of Otanahee, and Indian Sittlenient... Lands of Townships. ..Chain of Lakes and Pnirs... Population and L.inds of Colhorne... Interesting Cluiracte'^ of Country Pages 174 llMJ CHAPTER XIV. DISTlUCrS OK tPPER CANADA. The Western Peidiisida of Canada. ..N dure of the Country North of Toronto... An( lent Shores or liank^ of Lake Ontario... Height of Land between Lakes Ontario anil Huron... Table Land around the Head of the Lak •...TUiilington and Queenston Heights... Falls of Niagara. ..(Ieologi(>al f^trata of tlie Country... Lord Sydenham's Ol'Uiion of the Western I'eninsula.. Kepori of INI. IJouchette, Sur- veyor-(iem;ral... Extent uiul Population... Progress of Settlement... Rapid and Prospe.r(>us (it'owth of the Countiy...(iiro\vtli of Dis- tricts. ..Risi; of Villages and Towns... Account of the Home Dis- trict. ..Historical Assotiations.. First Parliaments of Upper Canada ...Seats of (iovernment...(,'apture of Toroido by the Americans in 1813. Changed Aspect of !Matterson the American Lakes... Situa- tion of Toronto on Lakt> Ontario... Descriptive Sketch of the City... Colleges, (Tiurches, Schools, and Peiiodical Literature... Royal Observatory ... Progress and (irowth of Toronto ... Steamers ou btke 1 XXIV CONTENTS. Ontario. ..Interior Country Nort!:: '^f Toronto... Route to Lakf 8iipcnor...l{!iilwiiy Acros.s the Neck of tli'' IVninsula t(. the Shores of l.ake, Iliiriin...l*resent Appearance of th( ( (iiiutiy...Sir Richard Jiunnyca^tJt '.s Sketrfie.s...l>ivi.sioiis of lion)!- District. ..Town^iiips of the District. ..l'()j;iiiatioii and Amount of ( ultivated Land.-^... Live St(»ck and Amounts of Annual ri-oduce.-.Sueeessful l)airy F.'irniini^.. .Average Value of Land.s... Aecount of the SJmcoe I)istrii;t ... Tom'U of Barric and ."Soiitlicrn Shore:? of Lake Huron Rages lt)l-21,5 ClIAPTKR XV. 1 ; I* ,»; DISTRICTS OB' UITEK CANADA. Account of the (rore District, Iread of Lake Ontario... City of ITair.il- ton.. Rapid (irowth of Population. .Raihvays through Western ('anada... Population, Lands and Crops of the District. Amount of Live Stock, Dairy and other Produce... ViUage and Settknnent of 7Viicaster...Towu of [)unda^...Pieturesque Situation, and In- teresting Country around ... Townships Kastward along Lake Ontario... Farm Orchards in Canada... TIk- Country westward to the Grand River... Town of Gait... Hanks of the Grand River to the Town of Brantford,.. Village <*f Pari>...(Jyp.^uni Hods.. Town of Brantford... Navigation from Htantford to Montreal.. Irulian Settlements on tlie Grand Riv^M■...E^ertionsof (Tiurches on bt-half of the Indians.. -Tlie Cotnitry along the head of Lake Ontario towards Niagara... Interior Townships along the Banks of Clrand River.. . Lands grant>'.d to the Indians of the Six Nations in 1784... Account of the District of Wellington... Well Settled and Prospe- rous Townships... Success of Gernian Settlers.,. Township of Niehol, Mr. Kergusou of Woodhills' Settlement...'! own and Townslup of k upon Fort-George near tiie iMouth of the Niagara River,.. Burning of the Town of Niagara... Old Fort of Niagara... 1 '■i'l roNTENTS XXV .■ '4' to Lake le Shores ';■■' r liichard own-jhips ■'■■, Laiifl-i... ■' fill iJiiiry Simcoo I of l.akc > 8 H)l-215 )• Tiattli's of Lunily's l.ano and (^i.'.^nston Heights... Doath ot (J.'ii.Tal Brn.k 111 Dffiiioe of Upin-r Canada... Momnncnt to his MiMiiory on <,>iioi'n.ston llt'iL;lit.-<...Kort Krit'...lJnsuc<'o.s3tul Siorm- in^ of fho, Fort by (iPTicral Urumnioiid...Uc'.solating cfVcrts of the War upon tin' « '.'iintry idoiiir tlir lrontii:r-<...]?nnnnu of Towns in til. WiiUtT of |sl.J,..(;.)iitrast»d roMiUs of l'ca.T...To\\ iishi|« of Niai,Mru...< >tli.r Tnvvnsliipsof tlu; District ..Comity nf Haldiiuand and liaiik- Mitlir (iraiid llivtr. ropuhition ami Lands of the Dks- triot...Vahu' of Lands... Hii,strict. .\j;ricultural and oiht-r I'ro- (tuce... Live Stock posses.sed by the District . . Pages :;i3o-246 if FTandl- Wcstorn .Amount lottlement I, and In- )ng Lake istward to Kiver to is.. Town 1... Indian on behalf Ontario of (irand n 1784... I'rospe- ofNichol, wnsliip of 216-231 CIIAPTLU XV 11. nr.sriiK Ts or iitkr cvnapa. Afcount of tilt! Talbot Dl.strirt...Port Dover and Harbour on Lake Krio, and Distiiet Town of Simcoe.. .Town.ship of f'barlotteville... Iron works at ,\'onnandal<'...Chai'aeteristi(s of 'i'dwn.sliips of the District.. Topulation of tin; District. ..Amount of Cultivated Land ...Jncreasc of I'opulatiou aiid Cultivation.. .Quantity of Wild Land in the District... Value of Lands.. .Quantities of Land under I'ariicular (,'rops, with Amounts of l'rodu<'e..-(JenoraI ap)ieararicc of tlio ( 'ountry...])anks of Lake Fa-ie...* Long Point Country'... Peninsula changed into an Island. ..Account of the l)istriet of Brock ..< haracteristics of Townships .Population and Lands of the District ..Liv<' Stock, IXairy, an'l other Produce... Descriptions of Population. . . District Town of Woodstock. .. Ports of the District ...Main Po;.'!, and New Railway. .(Quantity of Wild Land in the Di.strict..\alue of Lands . Images 247-255 CILVl'TEII XVHL ■ from au nt of the the War, Niagara uagara... ni.'STIUCTS OF riTKlJ CANADA. Account of the London District., 'I'he River Thames... Extent and Description of Country Watered by it...Townsldps of tin: District ...The Range I'l-onting Lake F'rie... Banks of Lake F.rie... Picture of a Settlinient in the (.!ountry Parts (»f Canada. ..Scene in the Bush... rravelling through the Bush... Road-side objects... Size of Farms, and I)eseription of Fanners' Houses. .Taste for Mowers and Ciardens.. .Ciiaracteristics and Soil of Townships along Lake F>ie.. , ir .i XXVI CO.VTENTS. Port Burwtll on Otter (>»M:!k ..Vil!a1" \\\, .S<'ttlt!Tnvrit ...llJ(isi(i(nu('of(Joloii.'rJalb(it...'riii.' I''iiturt'oi'Ciiiiada... Town of St. TtioMias.. Villagpi and llarltour of I'ort Stanley... Harbours on Lake Kric Pages 25H-271 CMAPTKIJ XIX. DTSTUIOTS OF IfPEIl CANADA. Township-* in tho interior of tliL- London I district... Townslvip of West- minster, Scotch SottU'niont...To\vnsiiip (»f Ochiwure... Story ol the Early SettUus.,, Forest and Kivcr Scenery... Nnihifjfeol ]»ehnvar(!.,. .Early Land (Irantin^' in (Canada. ..Tax upon I'nceoupied Lands... Town.shiji of London, Setthanent and Progress... Town of London ...Oeneral Appeararice, Strc^els, and Public r>uildin,i;s...Trad^ s and J'nblir Works of tfie Town... Inlan try and Artillery Mana« ks at London.., Impressions of a TraA^eller I*opulatlon of ilie Di.strict, Ajnount and Progress... Extent and Value of Lands. ..('idtivated Lands and Cvt)ps.,. Amounts and Descriptions of Annual Produce ...Dairy I'roduce and Provi.>ions...Live Stock of the District... Desciiptiou of Po])ulation..., Coloured I'opidation of African Orig'in . . .Canada the Refuge of the American Slave. . . Indian Population. . . Oneida Indians. ..Inilian Seltlements on the Banks of the Thames... Indian Hunters. ..Statistic s of Houses, Chin'cho, Schools, Lms, and Shop*i (>f the l)i.strict.,,('omparis<>n with other Districts... Public Roads antl l)istancos...(.'entral Position ot the Town of London.. Sir JauK'S Alexander's l">xperiences ... Climate of Canada... Morniug.t and Iwenings oi' Summer and Autunn^. .. T^orest Scenery Pages 272-206 .ill 4 4 ■:^^ ClIAl^TER XX. DISTRICTS OF ITppjii < ANADA. Accoimt of the Huron District... Divisions of the District, Comities and Townships... Description of Soil...Ot]icial Report of the late Dr. Dunloj), the Author of 'The Backwoodsman '...Lake Huron, and Rivers of the District... Elesated I'osition of the (\umtry over- looking the Lake... IVpulation and Lands of the District.. .Culti- vated Lant;uil(v... s '25ti 271 Scr,tl<'rs...Towu of r.odorioh, ou tl»^ Rivor ISIaitlnn(l...Towii of Stratford, op th.; Kivcr Avon. A((|iiaiutaiUMM\ itli ;i Scotch Set- tlor, Mr. .loliii Linton.. iJiijii.l (;hai\'.>vs in tlie I'rofjfres'* of ('aiifida ...S»!ttkMM»iit of 111.' I'ownslni. of lWai.'inir(l...Vi1l:igfof St. Mary's on tli( 'I'liiimcs... Operations and IKn'ounililt' Dtalings of the Ca- luidii ( (aiipany...New County <'f Unn (-...Saugecn River and llar- liour...lMm' Pronusf of thf. 'Joiuitry .... Pages 2!)7-308 I of West • ory of the ,'lii>vare... 1 Lauds... f London 'radcs and irvaeky at ' Di. strict, ^idtivated ,1 I'.rodud District... an ( )ngin Ijiilation... uimes... nvis, and ..Public ondou, . jnada ... T^orest 272-296 CllAPTKR XM. Di.STUn T.s OK rrPFn canada. Account of the Western District... General Character.., Abunilanoe of Fruits. ..Si'cnery on the I{i\er Detroit. ..Di^isions of District... ('(Muify of l.anihton... River Sydenham, CoujiUy Watered by it... Town of Saruia oo the St. < 'lair...(.'oiint> of Kent... Lamb of the County. ..Chatluun .uid Louisville on the 'rhanu's...The (Jountry l.'pwards.. .Indian Settlement of Moraviantowu... Battle, and De- .struction of Indian Village. ..Indian Chief 'IVcnniseli,..]lat11e4ield, ••uul l>eserled Village. ..Ai)penranee oi New Settlement. ...llarliour of Ronuenii, on Laivc l">ic...Ne\v P^oad, and Circuitous Naviga- tion... County of i;sse\...(Jenenil A(!vautag"s,, Climate, and Soil ...Fine Fruits.. Fown of Andierstburgh... Historical Associations ...Last \VarA\ith America. ..iMilitaiy Impnrtance of Amherstburgh tluriug the War... Port of Amherstburgh. ..Vessels and Description of I'roduce Shipped...! .Cultivation of Hemp and Tobacco... Sand- wich and Windsor, on the Detroit. ..Reminiscences. ..Population and Lands of Western District. ..Extent of Di.stricts in Canada... Live Stock and Products of Western I)' triet... Lands, Crop.s, and Produce... (Iiaracteristics of ] )i.^irK;t... Steam Propellers. ..Sketches of District.s Concluded ....... Pages f;. .)-327 ^wl <'1IAP1'KU XXIL ounties the late Huron, itiy over - ICulti- of Land.s the Dis- uccess of CLIMA i: AND SEA.SON.S OF CA.NADA. Winter in Canada. ..Sleigh Driving. ..Depth of Snow in Canada... Depth of Frost in the (Jro'.md... Sleighing Season. ..Approach of Spring... Conuneneement of Ploug]iing...Luxuri,iiiceofl'v,irly Sum- mer. ..Summer ^forniugs... Summer Weather in Canada. ..The Thermometer for duly. ..Compared with Knglain.l.,.Koyal Obser- vatory at Toronto. ..Meteorological Observations in C'anada and iu England... Temperature, of the Months at Moutreal, Toronto, and 'R . «.*•**, ><.^*M^Wl.s in the Towns... Govcrnnieid l',(hieaiionaI l.)cpaiunetd,..lve<'eiit E.^t.iblishment of Normal Schools... ['nivcrsities and Coleglate Institutions In Upper Canada... E-vpensi's of Board and Tuition... ICdueation in Lower Canada.. .(ieiKTal ronditioii of (he French ('anadiati Population... Educatinn.il fnslitntious in Lower ( \inada... Seminaries of Quebec and Montreal... L'ni versify of M'Cill College, antl High Seho(»l of Montreal. ..Goiuiral Condition, and Statistics of Churches in (Ca- nada. ..Church of England, and T'rcsbyteriiiu Denominations... Methodist and other Dencjininations... Interesting Mis.-iion for the Instruction of Fugitive Slaves in Cjnicr Canada. ..(iencral Ke- mark,^ on the subject of the Chapter .... Pages 342-354 I J c , CHAPTER XXTV. WACiES, RENTS, A^D PUK I.S OF PROVISIONS. Imperfect Information on tlio subject of the Demand and Value oi' Labour in Canaila...(ieneral State of Trades in Canada... Itate,s of Wages and other Particulars of Trades... House Carpenters and Joiners ... Biicklayers ... Stone-Masons . . Plasterers ... Painters... Blacksmiths. . .Carriage Makers. . Wheel "Wrights. . .Tin.smiths. . . Bakers... Shoemakers.. Tailors ...J 'rinters... Seamen ... Apprentices ...Female Employments... Farm Servants.. Labourers. ..Scotch Fann Servants.. .Experi(nc:es and Prospects of a Forfarshire Ploughman... Other Trades and Occupations in Canada. ..TabU of Wages Published by the Emigration Conmnssioners... Demand for Labour in Canada.... Rates and Description ol Board and :i^ 1 1 CONTEXTS. XXIX J Canada lontlis in •s of Ca- Koredt... )f Caiia- i328-;54l lADA. icalidl... Olni. 'J'd utistk's of Towtib... linicnt of ill r|)|)i*r in F.ovvt't Illation.,. M' Qucbei; Scliool of ■s in (Ja- il ions... for the rul Jle- 342-354 lxHl^,'ing in ilir Colony... Kouts ami Dest^ription of llou.s*-.-'.. I'riivs t,\' Provisions iind Vuv\ — Vnnn and IV.scriptiou of Clotljinj; 1 'ages :155- 372 CITAITKK XXV. IKK'KS AM» DESCUII'TION OF CUOWN AND (iTIfKK LANDS IN CANADA. -m Cla.s.se.s of Land- t'^r Salp in Canada... I'ric-'s and 'Forms of Crown Lanils.,.(lov'trmnfnt (irants.. < 'Icr.ijy iJcsorv*' Lands... Tiand.-* of the Hritisli American Land Company. ..Sitnation, <,)uidiry of Soil. Koads, (itncral {"'•ature.-* and other l'artifiilars...Land?' of the Canada ronipany in Cppor Canada. ..Situation and extent of tlu'ir' l.iands,..[h'soriptii-n of tlioir Priniipal Trat t...Skot<;U of the I'ro- jn-'^ss of its .Sctilf int'nt...I*rict.'.s and T<{' Cultivalid Lands, and I'ro^res.s of Settlement in Lnwei Canada... Progress very Cne'mal...l)eteetive Cultivation of French Canadians.. Prospen -us Condition of Mis- si.sc(Uoi County. ..Settlers ehieriy of British and American drigin, and (•'.xenipted from the Feudal System generally j)re\alent in Low(!r Canada "..... Pages 373--3ir2 CHAPTER XX VL Value of Rate.s of ers and inters... .smiths... prentices .Scotch farshire TabU: of )emand ard and <>.\ THE CHOICE OF FOREST 1,AM>.S, AND THE MANNEll OF SETTLLNO , AM> DKSCRll'TIOX .\ND PRODUCE OF CKOI'S. 'The Life of a liackwoodsman,' by Air Linton... How to choose Good and Diy Forest Land... Detailed Directions as to the Selection of Land... Directions for Settling upon Land...Ch'aring the Land... Erection of a House. ..First Crops... Winter (Clearing. ..Sugai Making m Spring... Preparing for Spring Crops... Spring and Sunnner n...Airival.s at Qui'licc |s51 .. t,ron<»iniial IMana^T'iiiciit of Attairs.,.l)t'\cl(.piii('iit »l" Ff'soiirces... Iniprowiiii'iit of i;oa(l> aiul otIuM' Moans (if fntcrnal ( omiuiiiiiia tinij liii|)ri'V liiieiesl^., Iiicri'a.'^fd Dutit'.s of the Colonial Otliec idjurions to Inu'icsts of Col(»ni<.!S,..Sagg<^8- tions towants a luiiu'dy.. Plan ol < olonial l{fj)rosc!iitation. liri|iorfan»'i; of Clicap Tostai^c ... l,i'>.s('r Sii;^|;'cstions rcj^fdnlinf; Inliriial ICcononiy of the < olony.. Sa\in^s 1ianks...l'ul»lir Walks and l*arks... Iniprovttd (.'onM.'tt.rics ... Improving Social Stato.. Moans of Kcli;^ioiis Worship. ..(>)iulition of Cliunho.s.,.F,(iuoati<.'n ...Coufluding Obso.rvation.s I'agos I(i4-416 in ■'■/' CIIAI*TKU XXVlll, VREPAUArioNS loi; riri', sovAdh. Supply of ClothiiiL;.. Artirlo.-^ of l'iirintiir('...'rra([<'Siiifn".< Tools. A<;rif'uitural lniplt'Ku;i)ts...IJooks and Writini;- Materials... Medi- cine Trovidi'd l)\- till' Shift... ri'tldin;j,-, Cookini^ ^r,on^il,s, and Pro- vi.sions of St.o.'rage l*assengoi ...... Avora^^o Lonji;1,li of Voya^j^^o to Quo!)oi'...r><'. (*f Disasters at Sea. ..Clyde A'essols...(i(>vernnienL information, and Pror.eeti(>n to Enii;;raiits.. Chief l'ro\ isio^,^ of I'as.sengers' .Aot...Emi;^ratiou A.L^ents in Soot- land, England, and Ireland... Kato.s of Stoerag-e and Cabin Pass- ages to Amorioa...Xew York and Liverpool l'acket-ships...Hoyal CONTENT}*. IXXI ADA Prospocts •(• isol .. ■soiiives... luiumiitii III! ation... fit' Cin.iilu I ic(|i\cnt ;»■(! Dutios cjiiiatioTi., rcganlijif; )lic Walks ,il Stato.. .I'litui/atioti ivs lit4 4l(i Tools... ils...Mft(li- , and I'ro- l\()ya;i;e to |a...ll \>\nt:< prti- Laud anil '\\ssa{i'i.'S... lea. ..Clyde iiii;rants.. ill Scot- libin I'ass- l|js...Hoyu! Mail Steam -ships... rtuK'd States Mail Stoani' Hcrew ^ mi r* to Uoatou... Direct Hailv.'jiy Coininunicati'm from Boolun r«> C.inada I 'ages 428-4iK CIIAriT.U XXX. ABmVAI. Al QUrUEf , ANI> ROUTES THROIOll IIIK IMKKIOK. Government Information and Advic*: at Quolte''....\rrival at (Quaran- tine. ..Distnibarking and Juurnfy Onwards... I Vpurtun' fnmi ()ue- "v bec-Shifi Canals of Canada... Ex tent of Direct inland (\)mnmni- cation tlin)uy;h tlie.se Canals and the Groat Lako8...1iranch Uoutes ,; through l^ower Canada. ..To the Eastern Townships... To Boston and New York.. Scenery «>f Lake Champlain...Main lloute to t Montreal and King.slon from (Quebec. .Convf^vances and Cost of I Travelling,.. Routed Througli the Great Lakes Ontario, 1 Tie, (ic. Route to Sault Ste Marie, F'oot of Lake Superior... United States Steamers on the IjakeSwlYavelling on the River Ottawa. .Branch |; Routes through C|)()er (Janada...From Kingston n[» the Ha} of If I Quinte... From Bellevilh', Cubourg, I'ort Hope, and Toronto Inland Route through Lake Sinif oe to Lake Huron... Routes through th« Western Peninsula of Upper Canada... Main Routes to London, Sarnia, Chatham, ami Godcrich... Contemplated Railways tJirough Canada Rages 429-440 CHAPTER XXXr ARRIVAL AT NEW YORK, AND ROUTES THKOUGH Tllil INTERIOR. formation and Advice at New York...Pa.ssage up the Hudson River. ..Cost of Travelling ..wScenery of the Hudson. ..Railways and Steamboats — Albany, and its Lines of Communication.. Railway to Boston... Routtis to Canada... Routes Westward to BuflFalc.The Erie Canal and Branches... Rail way to Buffalo, and Branches... Buffalo to the Falls of Niagara... Suspension Bridges across the Niagara... Route from Buffalo to Toronto... Rates of Travelling by Railway in America... Rail way Accommodation in the United States... Travelling on the Erie Canal.. Comparative Estimate of New York and St. Lawrence Routes... Travelling from Buffalo Westward and Southward... Steamers on Lake Erie... Routes from Cleveland, on Lake Erie, to the Rivers Ohio and Mississippi... Distance, Time, and Cost uf Travelling... From Buffalo Westward %y •"•W"' ■:■?''' ;»',.!:-;^ '■:•'>'>■'' ••&^^y XXXll «;oNTKXT«. to l>(!trnit...'ro I'ortu in (.juuulii... Detroit to I'ort- <>ii LnK.- Miclii^aii ...Chk'a^o through tho IlUnoiH Kivcrtothe Mi.^^issippi Aspoft of thi* Country Pact's Ul-I ::< CHAl'lKll XXXII. f VIKWS ON KMKiUATlON. Thn most I'ractu'jil Couaklfratioiirf Siij?Best(:d...Souiitlii'r DcMM-ip ur ('i)l(init's . Conilitictii anil ligration froir. I it might have ami Diffusiiin' fuul Deposits of Piiges 457-4C,') li -whence liii- ['ages 4(5(5- U'T •wing to wheirt <;eneral views of advantages and disadvantages (»f canaj>a. \ilvantii<,'fH of I'roxiiiiity to En^'laiul, uiul boiuj? most cnsily rcac.lieil by tlif Inr^rst iiiimSer of those desirous of Kinifmitint;— AtlviinlM'.'fs of Hi'nllliy Cliiuiitc. I'LTtilc Soil, :ui(l Cheap Land -Tlu! iimiiy ^'ood lloiidH, Cliurclii's, Cliaitcls, .uul the extended nicaiH of Edueatinn- -The lichl it olfers for In dustry iiiid Knierpnse— DibadvantiipeH stated- Si.verily and Tj iifcth of tli.- Wilder Season—Severe. Lahouv ,iiid llardsliips to Ije Eneountered l' Aitt*,K r^rant ; and are^ all of them, entitled to mature considera- tion, especially as, viewed from a distance, and in the imcertainty of conflicting statements, the respective value of which it is not easy always to determine. The* absence of sufhciently practical and detailed information regardinjj; our c<>lo)iies, as 1 have before had occasion to observe, in writing upon ('anada, has all along been seriously expe- rienced ; and, by those well informed in the matter, is be- lieved to be the (;hief oV)stiicle to a much more extended flow of colonization. Advantages and disadvantages of respec- tive colonies are exaggerated ; and the very natural conso- (juence is, that so comparatively '' few emigrate till things are well nigh desperate with them at ho^iie." And in this uncertainty and haste, in which people frequently enougli betake themselves to the resource of seeking a home in one • »f the colonies, that particilar one which, in their circum- stances. Avas most suitable to promote their prospects, may have, as likely as not, been overlooked, and disappointed hopes may be the ultimate result. The writer having resided eight years in Canada, and, in till.' course of that time, travelled through the great-n- part rA' it. making tours into the interior, and otherwise becoming familiar with all its int»^rests, its advantages and disadvan- tnges, he is thus enabled to speak, from experience ; and he trusts that he will ))e aT>le to do so carefully, and with candour. Those who undertake to give an account of a particular colony, are, he conceives, in a mea>surc, indivi- dually I'esponsible in a \'cry serious point of view ; as the}' may be the means of misleading individuals, to the great and permanent injury of their interests, by exaggerated statements of a country's advantages, or too lightly touch- ing upon, or perhaps altogether concealing, disadvantages. Persons themselves, too, in perusing accounts, ri" not alvays '^1 5 I nsidcra- ill the ve value ■ absence ;garding ierve, in ly expe- ;r, is be- dcd flow respec- \[ conso- 1 thing'- i in thi> ' enougli le in one circum- cts, may ^pointed and, in m: part iconiing' -ad\an- and he (1 with mt of a hidivi- as they le great .'gerated touch - mtages, I always i niOllT SPIHIT or INQUIUY. n do so with tlie fullest benefit, and may, in thi> way, la; alone to blame for future disappointment, by tlieir own over-hasty conclusions. Their hoi)es, not unfre(iuently, dwell too exclusively upon the advantages, and, if they do not altogether overlook, they do not sufficiently allow the mind to take itito account, and be prepared for, the difficul- ties and disadvantages attendant on following out their designs in a change of home. It is, indeed, <]uite true that, on the other hand, many exaggerate, for thtiinselves, fancied or comparatively trifling ditiieulties and disadvan- tages into rt.-al and overwhelming ones. Thus, reader, as well as writer, has to be on his guard, and to endeavour to bring to the consideration of a subject so important as emi- gration, a proper degree of care and caution, as well as sufficiently liberal and comprehensive vie>vs, in order that the very useful and generous spirit of enteri)rise, which should actuate all who hope to better their condition, l)e not too much ke})t in check. Could we enter on our in- «]uiry in such a spirit as this, the greatest possible amount of benefit would be the result. I shall endeavour, on my part, t') convey what information I conceive to be most generally interesting and most useful, in the most concise and plainest manner possible. Having settled in our minds, then, what weight we are to attach to the disadvantages above noticed, connected with Canada we will ))e enabled to proceed with some cleitr gene- ral views, as well as in a right spirit of inquiry. As the subject of climate is one of the first importance, calling fe the proprietor of his own laud to boot) is, 1 should say, the most happily situated, to enjoy the rest, comforts, and sociable recreations of winter. He is lord of his own hall, as of his own fields, and if he has T>een actively industrious during the proper season, he may have his stores running over ; and in this happy position of independence, the winter most usually finds the farmer's hearth in Canada. That hard labour and some difficulties are to l)e encountered by the farmer, not only in clearing the rough bush land, but in some way or other, more or less, in every stage of his progress, is only to say, perhaps, viewing this obstacle in its true light, that the man who has shown himself deserving of the comfortable position of inde})endence we have glanced at, has had the manfulness to encounter and to surmount those difhculties, which brought to him their own ample and satisfactory reward. It is only, perhaps, when reward is unsatisfactory and un- 4 A. HIOIIT VIEWS OP COLONIAL LIFE. •sphere, epared, lothiiig- g theiv it. at a I bring- ppinesrf. . The w))ack ; I larger I season subject jchanics /•es verj- le other iiy man [lis own ated, to winter, f he has he may ition of armor's icultics learing more or )erhaps, an who ition of ifuhies-. whicli reward, md un- certain, that difficulties come to he viewed as real and dis- couraging dilficulties. When i commendable and tangible «)bject is to be gained, they may be said, in relation to a resolute mind, entirely to change theii usual character. Colonial lite, in whatever direction it is sought, has its trials and hardships, hut lighter perhaps, because of the view we have, I think, proj)erly taken of thern, than those only less <»l)vious in their many diversified forms, that wear away un- profitable years, and oftentimes sicken the cu}) of existence, amid the over-crowded pursuits of the parent country at present. Persons con teni] dating the life of a farmer in Canada, must make u^^ their mind to har J»»>li«ii> 1 11 ' ■■*»«*'' 8 POLITICAL STATE CONSIDERED. l)ecn atlbrrled for supporting improved means of educatiou. Much better schools are to he found throughout Western Oanada, and in very many uf the towns these are of a highly respectable character. In parts of the back settlements, no doubt, ver-y indirterent ones may not only bo found, but families may be phiced at inconvenient distance from these. These localities, however, are, of course, matters of choice, and there being, therefore, no necessity for fjimilics {)lacing themselves in such situations, in a country Avhere land is to be had, in abundance, more favourably situated, both with respect to good schools and the advantages of religious ordi- nances. Over the greater part of Canada churches and chapels, in connexion with the leading dtmominations, are to be found, even in some of the most remote districts. The somewhat unsettled political state of the colony is now the only subject, in this introductory general view, left for consideration. There can be no doubt that unfortunate events, connected with political proceedings of the country, have, for some time back, tended to etard its prosperity. We may, however, say this for Canada, that no country, any more than the colony, is exempt from its political com- motions at times. And I humldy think that we are war- ranted in saying farther, that, perhaps, the inhabitants of the colonv have been much less to blame, in those matters which gave rise to those disaffections and commotions, than the Colonial Department of the Home Government, whose insufficient knowledge, or unwise interference, may have either remotely originated or aggravated them, I believe this to be a very general opinion, not only among the most dispassionate observers in the colony, but among the best informed and unprejudiced, in relation to these matters, in the mother country. Such a state of feeling will most likely bring about some desired changes in the mode of con- »l •i n ■ I'" f 'I 1 I V I . « ADMINISTRATION oF COLONIAL AFFAIRS. 9 irs, in most If con- •lucting colonial atKairs, that will, in all probability, it is to be hopcil, tentl L'^'eatly to advance the colony's material j)ro!Sperity, Avhile the harmonizing etfoct on contlioting party interests will not 1)3 the least of the elfects of improved arrangements at the seat of Home Goverinnent. Canada is far too ira])ortant, either as a branch of the empire, or as a large and fertile country on its own resources, to have its prosi)erity materially impeded for any length of time, or its peace disturbed, through imperfect knoyyledge hastily exer- cised, on ihe part of the Imperial Government, in inilucncing the administration of its atlairs. I'here U the mucti more hopeful consideration, moreover. Lhat at no former period in the history of Canada has the spirit of public opinion in England, shared also by the Home (government, been more favourable to indepeudeiit a(;tion on the part ol' the colony in conducting its own atlairs. And the more popular sys- tem, some time ago introduced into the working of the Colonial (rovernment, may be taken as a fair guarantee of an honest and hearty desire, on the part of Britain, to do the utmost to promote colonial interests ; while, at the same time, this large amount of independent action accorded to the colonists, so widely different from the restri(;tive policy sought to be imposed upon the old colonies of Britain — now the United States — such, so far as wo can judge, may be taken as good grounds for believing that there can be uo serious or protracted political struggle in the colony mate- rially to interfere with its peaceful progress in developing;, as it continues silently doing from year to year, its immense natural resources. There are, doubtless, a variety of views entitled to respectful consideration, with regard to the poli- tical affairs of Canada ; but as it is conceived that anythhig approaching to discussion on these would be out of place here, we have therefore purposely avoided entering more HI I 10 IMPKOVIN<* P1H)»1'ECT8 IN THE COLONY. closely into the subjcet ; and the more so, we may also add, a8, perhaps, the general views wc have ventured to offer nsay, in a great measure, he said to emhrace the entire mat- ter. Viewed ;it a dispassionate distance, these things wear a different aspect than they assimie to those mixed up with passing interests and party feeling. The prudent, industrious, and enterprising settler may Tiot feel himself called upon to join any of the mere party interests of the day ; as he may fulfil his duty to the colony as well as to himself, when occasion requires him, without his at all doing this ; and interrupting thereby, most likely, the peacefulness and prosperous progress of his 'laily avocations. The latest intelligence from Canada, while we write, up tu the middle of December last, is of a very gratifying arts of it. The various point: of information, in short, will he more or less touched upon that are most likely to be useful to those desirous of obtainhig a familiar acquaintance with the country in all its minute and special features, including those of more striking and general interest, just such as persons would naturally direct their attention to, were they themselves to proceed to the spot. That, within the limited space of a small volume, we may he unable to fulfil so large a promise to all c'asses of readers, is indeed highly probable. We shall only, therefore, observe that, having thus at least sketched a very desirable task, we shall aim to overtake as much of it as may conveniently be accomplished. ll CHAPTER II. w Mi <' 1 EXTENT AMJJ GENERAL ASPECT UF CANADA. Kxtent a)i(l General Appearance of the Cuutitry— Rivor and Gulf of St. Linvrcncr City of Quebec, iiml View from tin; nci;,'lits of tiu- Citaflel—Cliaractcr of tlic Xoi'thcrii and Soutliern Shores of tltc liiviT — City and Ishirid of Montreal. ad aurrouudiiiij Country. <'AN.iT:)A comprises a long stretch of country. Comrnencing" at its eastern extremity at the Gulf of 8t. Lawrence, and extending in a south- woster1,y direction along both sides of the IlivM:!v St. Lawrence for a distance of between wsix hundred and seven hundreossessed by Canada, yxclusive of its great waters, has been estimated by the best authority, to consist of 19G,(>00,(>()0 acres, or between two and three times the size of Great Britain and Ire- land. Its direct length from east to west is computed VL>A. Liiwvoiicf tor of the Montreal. lencmg ice, and dut one n*, aiifl >ng the thence, shores I their of this Isources The. of this jited to [aiiada, jy the jtween d Ire^ iputed 'I VAI.I.KV OF TIIF: .ST. LAWItEXCi:. r.\ at 140tt mik;s and itb l>rcadth, from north to south, from i!(M) t(» 400 miles. This vast country, situated 3(MtO mik-.-; across the Atlantic, and usually readied hy stcam-shiiw iu from twelve to sixteen days from Britain, and by .sailing vessels in from thirty to fifty days, lies betwcien the lati- tudes of U" 7i , and ^S" north, and the meridiaiis of 5 '" .'/O , find 117" west longitude. The character of the rivers and lakes of ('anada .'tamp the country with peculiar grandeur. The vast valley, which is the depository of these immen.se cullections of waters, and through which the river St, Lawrence, for a stretch <»f two thousand miles, takes its course, is on each side walled hy dlli'erent mountainous ranges, sometimes hearing close along the shore, as on the river helow Quebec ; and again, in the upper parts of the country, receding into the interior, and lea-sing extensive plains, composed for the most part of rich, alluvial soil, and i)resenting grounds suitable for al- most every description of ])roduce. Occupying a large portion of this valley, and in every direction along its fer- tile sides, watered by lal^es and rivers that feed its great reservoirs of waters, the situation of Canada, while it is thus well su'ted for agricultural and conmiercial purposes, pre- sents to the traveller, gratified by the grand and beautiful in nature, features imsurpassed in any (Quarter of the world. Tlui height of land along the northern boundarv of this valley, separates the streams which take their rise in it, and flow into its basin from those that take their rise in the great unexplored and almo.st unknow^n territory beyond, and which fall into Hudson's bay. The height of land along its southern boundary separates its streams on that side from those that have their course to the Atlantic and Mississippi. The grand expanse of the Gulf of 8t. Lawrence, exceed- ing two hundred miles in breadth, and the mouth of the t ' 14 NORTHEHPr flllOIlB, AND VIEW OF QrEBE<\ ■I river havinu; u l)rcailtli of ninety tnilcs. 1", nn l»cfittinfx ap proachus to this great country, with its magnificent ohaiii of river anil vast lalces. ('ape Ro/ierc, a ^nAd hcaUhui'l on the south shore, like a great portal, is placed at the wide en- trance of the mouth of the river. For about sixty miles upwards, the width of the river is still seventy miles ; and sixty miles further, which is between Pointo AND AUt)VE QlKllKC l.'i httin ol on tlie idc an- y miles )H ; ami onts on ) wiiltli from its itaiiiou.s iinks for reuiark- yagcr, is (4ue))e(r, lie river, )mewhat le mag- , where as l>een \ loot — lud bat- ed, tin- |als, and raudeur s consi- World. )ectator istance, mience- ead out [ills, are Jwrcnce, .'s, with their ehurch spires, and j>atcheH of v'reen woods, and small lakes, and winditi^ rivers. Turnin^r towards the s«»uth- westvvard, the eye — scanning in its projjjress the expansive )>asin formed partly hy the smilini^ Isle of Orh^ans, pn-- sontinji; thrones of .ships, timlxjr-rafts, steam-vessuls, hoats, !ind canoes, enlivenincj the mid-nver, and elusterinvf ar "und the jetties at the foot of the .sieep ruck — is attracted hy the wooded, and somewhat h(dd, rocky hanks on both sides up the river, hero clo.sing to ahout half-a-mile; l>eyond which, toward the south, alonjj: the stretch of tahlc-land, wiile sweeps of plains present, l\)r leagues upon ]eagu(;s, their dark masses of forest, with sprinklings of houses and Helds, until the dim mountains of the States of Maine and Ver- mont hound the view. Tlie rugged mountainous ridge we have uotiooil as jut- ting so boldly on the river, in the shape of Cape Tourment, bel(»w Quebec, takes a direction west-south-west, along the course of the river, for about three hundred miles, termi- nating on the river Ottawa, altout one liundred and twenty miles above its continence with the St. Lawrence. Tlu- tract of country lying bctveen this ridge and tht; St, Law- lence, which may be estimated at from fifteen to thirty miles in ])readth, is beautifully pictu residue, well watered, level, and fertile. This portion of Canada — lying along the northern shore of the river, in the immediate vicinity below Quebec, and all along upwards to Montreal, and still further extending along the banks of the beautiful Ottawa — may . be considered, especially towards this u])per and western portion, to embrace one of the choicest parts of this division of the country. The territory lying beyond this ridge, which bounds this part of Canada, is intersected by another and higher range of mountains which runs into the interior in a north- west direction, at the distance of about two hundred miles ift . •, .«.«iL,,'.' <'ji«. H ,1111*1'.: *-.-i>i«H<*!r=)rtB,(i'Sii:ift»Vi'*«Ak ur?.'-i^ »»'%■.•.,■;*'-,'; .<^, V'Sf 'I'V (i^sW' •. ' ; •' .• i,i jf{ SOCTH SHORK OF THE ST. LAWllKNCE. from the other, and forms the height of hmd hv which the tributary streams of the 8t. Lawrence are divided from those that fall Into Hudson's Bay. This territory may l>e said to be only one ^i-eat wilderness of forest, whose soli- tudes are as yet unexplored, and only occasionally tracked by wandering hunters. Thus far of the northern shore of the St. Lawrence to a little alxne JMontreal, and thence alon;;' tlie northern sliore of the Ottawa. On the south side of tht; i^t. Lawrence, a ridge com- iucnces nearly one hundred miles below Quebec ; and, tak- ing a south-west direction, and passing opposite to that city, crosses the boundary line bctAveen Canada and tho United States, and continues until it meets with the Hudson river. Beyond this ridge, at about the distance of fifty miles, is another and a higher one, Avhich commences at Ca])e Roziere, the bold headland at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and running in a direction neai'ly parallel with the rive)' and with the other chain, it terminates upon the eastern branch of the river Connecticut, after a course of nearly four hund]'ed miles. This forms the dividing ridge between the tributary streams of the 8t. Lawrence and those which flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. It also divides a portion of Canada from the territory of the United States. The general character of the country along this soutli side of the river, from Cape Roziere u))wards, to within about a hundred miles of Quel)ec, where the lesser ridge com- mences, is somewhat rugged and mountainous ; l>ut there are many fertile parts near the river, which are being well settled and cultivated, (hi the south side of this main ridge, down to the shores of Gaspe and Chaleur Bay, the country is of a mountainous nature, interspersetl with level and fer- tile spotS, some of which are settled, especially along the coast, where the inhabitants are principally dependent on the Bslieries, The country for a hundred miles )>elow Que- h ,(r4'+''.4-.' '■;*'•. KASTKU-V TOWNSHIPS OF LOWfIR CAXADA. 17 tvliich the ded from tory may hose soli- y tracked 1 shore of id thenco idge coiii- and, tak~ ;e to that , and the le lludsoii fifty mi ks, s at Ca])o Lawrence, the rive]' he eastern learly fonv tween the ivhich ilow i)()rtion of :his south :hin about Uhj^o com- iMit there leing well lainritlge, je country ll and fcr- lilong the Indent on low (^11 e- ■.^3 bee, and extending to the river Ohamdiere, a few miles above that city, has much of the l)rokcn and hilly charac- ter which it has further down the river, but with extensive tracks of excellent land, This portion, as well as for a distance of above a hundred miles further down, is, all along the banks of the river, a succession of settlements. Opposite to Quebec, the lesser ridge of mountain-land is about thirty miles fi tm the river, the intervening country l)eing a fertile plain, with several insulated, small hills covered with trees to their summits. This part of the country is a good deal settled, and a considerable portion of the land cultivated. The country above Quebec, along the south side of the St, Lawrence, to the line 45° of north latitude, which is the southern l)oundary of Canada, may bt- cliaracterised as one extensive and fertile plain, in parts agreeably broken and vmdulating, Much of this part is covered with po])ulous and iiourishing settlements. A large track of the most fertile land, and most picturesque in its general features, is divided into townships ; and being chiei^y inhabited 1)V British and American settlers, and from its being contiguous to the United States, and embracing some of the principal points of communication between the two territories, it is at present, and bids fair to continue to be, the most nourishing portion of this lower division of Canada. AVe have thus far sketched broadly the leading features of the portion of the country known as Lower (.^anada. We have seen that it is intersected by mouniainous ridges, which extend from the coast into the interior, and between which, and also sloping towards the river, lie extensive plains, which are generally pleasant and fertile. Quebec is situated four himdred miles from the mouth of the river. One hundred and eighty miles above Quebec, C i|.Ai4'llm3..'<.%l'U-.1 ■'i:i&i.k',iA'.^k\J/ttiA^i±'MiMmii-..ij^'i,id.lyiuih ^Jt)lit*.^ *),'•.■*, ^ \ .i kl *>', 18 MONTREAL AND SURROPNDINa COUNTRY I and immediately below the confluence of the River Otta\?a with the St. Lawrence, is the city and island of Montreal. The banks of the 8t. Lawrence are here presented stretched out into smiling })lains of most luxuriant appearance, in midst of which, and forming a main feature, is the garden- island of Montreal — producing grain and fruit, especially some description of the latter, in perhaps greater perfection than in any other part of the country The size of this island is thirty-two miles in length, and about ten in breadth, upon which is situated the city, covering above one thousand acres — with its quaint mixture of English, American, and old French architecture, in its streets, shops, P'nglish, American, and Scotch churches, and French cathe- drals, and spires, and ancient convents. Rising from, and lorming a sheltering background to the city on the north, is ' The Mouutam,'' as it is called, thickly wooded to the sum- mit — an elevation of between five hundred and six hundred feet, commanding a magnificent view of the picturesque and luxuriant country around, the expanse of the St. Lawrence, and the bold mountain scenery in the distance. Along the substantially built stone wharfs skirting the south of the town, and towards the broadest channel of the river, lie throngs of ships, barges, and steam-vessels, loading and imloading the natural products of tne interior, and the manufactures and other merchandise of Britain, Montreal, situated about six hundred miles up the St. Lawrence, forms the head of navigation for ocean vessels, and is the main point at which the produce of the interior arrives, in steam- boats, steam-propellers, and barges, for reshipment on board r.f the Atlantic vessels. k A In proceeding to our survey of Upper Canada, we shall devote to this continuation of our subject a new chapter. ^ ^ • Ottawa lontreal. tretched 'ance, in garden- specially erfection } of this ■j ten in ig above English, bS, shops, ih cathe- rem, and north, is the sum- hundred sque and ^awrence, long the h oi' the river, lie ing and and the Montreal , e, forms lie main n steam- :>u board we shall ipter. CHAPTER 111. EXTENT AXP (;E>fERAL ASPECT OF CANADA. Upper Canuila — Ascent of tlie 8t. Lawrence 1o Kinsrston — The Interior an i Country aiong the Ottawa — Lake Ontario and Ba\ of Quinte — Toronto and the Towns on l/ake Ontario — Western Peninsula— View from Burlington TIeiglits, of Lake Ontario and snvronndin;i Scenery- River and Falls of Nia- gara — Shores of Lake F.rn; and Country of the Interior— Detroit lliver, and the Lake and River St. Clair — Shores of Lake Huron and Settlements of the Inlerior— Godericli. on tlie lliver Maitland -Approacli to Lake Superior— St. Mail's Channel, and View of Lake Superior. Taking our departure up the river from Montreal, the broad and ample stream having its bosom diversified by several large and beautifully- wooded islands, we reach Upper Canada. Throughout the whole of this upper divi sion of the country the soil, generally, is excellent, and is not exceeded by any other part of tlie American continent. It consists, generally speiiking, of a fine dark loam, mixed with a vegetable mould ; but it is, in a great measure, so varied, as to present soils adapted to almost every species of produce. From the commencement of Upper ('anada to the head of the Bay of Quinte, on Lake Ontario, the land is spread out into an almost uniform level of great beauty, which rises only a few feet from the banks of the St, Lawrence. It is in every direction well watered by means of immerous streams, which are generally navigable for boats and canoe*, = ^--^^ ■-■ . \ 20 KIVEll ST. liAWKENCE ABOVE MONTREAL. and, at the same time, j)roseiit the most «.lesiial)le situations tor the erection of machinery. The distance l>etween iMontreal and the commencement of the great hikes, at the town of Kinfji^ston — the lower ex- tremity of Lake Ontario — is one hundred and eighty miles. The navigation of the St. Lawrence in this space is greatly impeded hy rapids, to overcome which, a series of canals I tve recently been completed, upon so grand a scale, as to .illow a class of ocean vessels ..o proceed with their cargoes to the mland lake-, so ftir as Lake Huron, or even to the foot of Lake Superior, about two thousand miles into the interior. The journey between Montreal and Kingston, formerly attended with tedious inconvenience, is now ac- complished, in the most comfortable manner, by means ot powerful and elegant .steam-boats, taking oidy partially the use of the canals going upwards, and proceeding entirely through the river in their downward trips. The scenery along the banks, enlivened by cascades, foaming rapids, and innumeralde islands, is exceedingly picturesque in piarts. The route is a favourite one of numerous travellers from the United States, in the course of summer excursions to the cities of Quebec and Montreal, and to the Falls of Niagara, Montmorency, Ohandiere, and other places of note in Ca- nada. Much of the country in the immediate vicinity of l>oth the south and north shores of this part of the St. Lawrence, notwithstanding many spots of great beauty, presents a good deal that is rather tame and uninteresting than otherwi.se — the wild-looking, shaggy woods hanging over the margin, being only relieved by the broad expanse of clear and rapid stream ca which the traveller shoots along. Farther into the interior, off the braad and level margin of the north shore — along the course of the great stream ot APPKOAfH T(i THE (.)Hr:AT LAKES. 21 tuations iceraent >wer ex- y miles. greatly f ciinals le, as to cargoes I to the into the iiigston, now ac- Lieans ot lallv the entirely scenery 'ids, and parts. roiii the to the Niagara.. in Ca- inity oi the St. beauty, ires ting langing ixpanse shoots margin [•earn ot the Ottawa, which flows into the St. Lawrence a short dis- tance above Montreal — and between the Ottawa and Lake Ontario, the face of the country, which we have noticed as being spread out into a ])Iain of great beauty, is, in parts, here diversified by ridges and bold heights, and also by nu- merous streams and inland lakes. The Rideau Canal, a work constructed by the Imperial Government for military purposes, passing through this part of the interior, from the town of Bytown, on tlie Ottawa, one hundred and twenty miles above Montreal, through the country, to Kingston — a distance of one hundred and tliivty-five miles — is almost one continued chain of natural lakes and streams. The chief link of these waters is Rideau Lake, twentv-four miles in length, forming the summit level of the canal, and being two hundred and eighty feet above the level of the Ottawa river, and one hundred and fifty feet above Lake Ontario. Having reached Kingston, at the foot "jf Lake Ontario, after an ascent up the St. Lawrence, marked by numerous rapids, the commencement of the country, along the shores of the great lakes, is found to be from two hundred to three hundred feet above the level of the Atlantic. The town of Kingston, with a poi>ulation of twelve thousand, is very favourably situated in a spacious bay ; and with its strongly- built stone fortress, upon the sunmiit of a rocky hill over- looking the town, the river, and the lake, the place altoge- ther strikes the observer as one of much strength, as well as beau<^y of situation, and may be said to form at once a com- manding and inviting approach to the gigantic inland lakes. Lake Ontario, one hundred and eighty miles in length, fifty miles in breadth, and about four hundred and seventy miles in circumference, presents, along its banks, one vast Htretch of plain, only ))artially broken by an inconsiderable ridge which runs through it, and which, coursing around 22 SHORES OF LAKE ONTAIiro AXD DAY OP QUIXTB. the head of the lake, and crossing into the United States at theFall.s of Niagara, forms the commencement of the exten- sive and fertib table-huul which Htretches westward from Lake Ontario, and situated between Lakes Erie and Huron, forms the great western peninsiihi of I'ppcr Canada. The north shore of Lake Ontario has nothing very striking in its appearance, being chiefly either com]>osed o^ agree- able slopes, level Hats, and in places somewhat boklcr, of high sandy or clayey l)anks. One of the most fertile and beautiful portions of this lake, is the magnificent inlet of the Bay of Quinte, commencing near Kingston, and forming a spacious indentation of about seventy miles, to the months of the rivers Trent and Moira. The towns of Belleville and Pic- ton are situated in this bay ; the former at the mouth of the Moira, and the latter is the chief town of the well-cul- tivated and old-settled fjeninsula of Prince Edward, formed by the near apj)roach of th(; waters of the bay and the main lake, not far from the mouth of the River Trent, near the western point of the bay. The shores of this bay a)e more diversified and pleasing in their features than those of the great lake ; and in the picturesque uook in which Picton is situated, the scenery is agree^ibly characterised by finely- wooded heights. The chief towns situated along Lake Ontai'io, are — King- ston, at the foot of the lake ; Toronto, about forty miles from the head ; and Hamilton, at the extreme head. There are, besides, the smailej' towns of Oolwurg and Port Hope, both thriving places, and agreeably situated ; the former along the very gently sloping bank, the latter in a very pic- turesque gorge, of a higher and bolder part of the lake shore. Being only seven miles apart, they have been a sort of rival towns, contending for the trade of the extensive and im- ])ortant back territory, possessing very agreeable features, ,s'H I 'if&q TE. riTY or TORONTO AND COUNTRY WESTWARD. •2:\ "States at le exten- t tird from < d Huron, •V I. ' striking > C'^' agree- r, of high beautiful I ■f ■ 1 le Bay of spacious IS of the '■'A and Pic- 1 mouth of vvell-cul- , formed 1 the main ? near the 1.; are more ' *■ e of the . Picton is y- finely- ■ — King- ty miles . There - "t Hope, former ery pic- :e shore. of rival ind im- matures. :<'■( being fertile in parts, and watered hy numerous small lakes and fine streams. These two ports of this district are situ- aied a little over a hundred miles from Kingstim, and, mea- suring distance along the shore of the lake, nearly seventy from Toronto. (Johourg has a po)»ulation of about four thousand, and Port Hope upwards of two thousand. Toronto is situated in a protected part of the shore of the lake ; a long point of laud so bending round 'ts harbour, that the a|ij)roach to it is only from the south west. The site of t}« c" s raised very slig) *''' 'tbove the level of the lake, r^uterin^^ , he spacious harbour, the appearance of Toronto, lying closely along the shore, and extending backwards, pro- duces a very favourable impression in the mind of the tra- veller as to the prosperity and importance of this part of Canada. A close mass of houses, witli several spires, ware- houses, market-houses, and public works, meet the eye : and towards the upper part of the city, fronting the lake, are the fort, houses of legislature, and several excellent pri- vate residences and public hotels. The line of wooden wharfs along the shore, with their ragged and temporary appea?*ance, serve only to remind one of the comparatively recent forest origin of this extent of progress and civiliza- tion now presented along the northern shore of Lake Onta- rio. The population of Toronto is about twenty-five thou- sand. It is at present the seat of Government, having been selected on the removal from Mula of (yanada, between the lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron. The settled parts of this great penin.sula embrace about one- half of the settletl parts of (Jpj)er Canada ; and it is esti- mated to have, at })resent, a cultivated surface Cijual to about a sixth part of the cultivated surface of Scotland. This settled, and j^artiall}/ occupied portion of the penin- sula, contains about 9,(»0(\000 acres. Such is the extent and progress of Canada, so comparatively little known in the mother country, Hamilton, situated at the extreme head of Lake Onta- rio, and recently incorporated into a city, is the chief port r>i' the important country westward. It contains a popula- tion of about ten thousand. Its situation is commodious and picturesque, being at the head of a line buy, locked irt by a stripe of land from the main lake, .with the exception of a navigable passage for steam and sailing vessels. Imme- diately back of the town, rise the agreeably wooded heights which form the commencement of the great and fertile table- land stretching westward. The view from this elevation, called Burlington Heights, is one of the finest in western Canada. The expanse of the waters of Ontario, surrounded by its forest shores, specked with towns and farm-settle- ments, spreads out to the s])ectator ; and stretching into the interior, is the mass of forest, almost in every direction bro- ken in up07i by cultivated openings, with rising villages. Clustering around, the level shores of the bay beneath, and along the slopes, and in the wooded nooks of tids picturesque eminence, are the many elegant residences and rows of wide streets of the young city of Hamilton, The bay, and the l)osom of extended lake, like a small sea — its limits lost in the distance — pr-^sent, here and there, a sailing vessel oi steamboat coasting along the shores, or crossing to the oppo- site territory of the United States, on the south ; or west- , :l i ^ RIVER AKD PALI-S OP NIAGARA. 2o :#' and isque hvide ll the [st in i\ or ippo- rest- ' 'k ward, to tho River Niapar.a. The clear atmosphere of sumiiier, anod of rough lodging rocks — Viaving now assumed their mightiest energy and fury — pour themselves, amid the in- cessant roar, and hrokeu into foam, over the eragged cliffs, and down the hundred and sixt,y feet and more, whitening the vast hroad sheet of stu])en(ious y)recipice. The circling white clouds of foam and spray dash around the depths, and, lighter as they rise, ascend like an unceasing incense, j)artially veiling the scene, amid the deep, muffled, mur- muring roar — miparting 'lius complotcness to the grandeur. Other features, too, dis[>lay the most perfect and pleasing repose. Over tho br(tw of the great white prcci])ice, and amid the light particles of ever-ascontling spray from the chasm beneath, the soft bow of the beautiful iris expands itself. Green fresh foliage cluster about the rocky cliffs ; and the eye, falling on the dejjths below, part of tho waters removed but slightly from the boiling foaming surge — and where they have ex])endcd their n.ar and turmoil — lave play- fully, in their deep and beautiful blue, in eddies, around the rocky edges of the shore, and amid the long grass and over- hanging bushes. The interest of Niagara is thus heightened by nesting, amid its features of stupendous graudeiu', others of calm and softest beauty. The banks above the Falls vary in, character as the stream does in breadth — now low, grassy, and lawn-like, again bold, high, and steep. Below the Falls, and for six miles down the river, they are bolder, loftier, more rugged, and uneven. Emerging from their restrained course of these six miles, between overhanging rocks aud a rough bed, the waters make their api)earance at the village of Queenston, with an exceedingly) light and peculiar blue. Now broad, majestic, and even in their course, for thirteen miles, b2- < '^ 1; n Sn()HI!«? OP r.AKK KlUK. 27 ! broken ng on a sd their the in- itl cliffs, liteninjj; circling depths, incense, d, nvur- randour. pleasing nd amid B chasm Is itself, and the removed 1 where e play- fund the d over- Ightened , others as the kn-like, for six mgged, )f tlvese |:»ed, the ^enston, broad, Ics, be- tween banks sloping, regular, and smooth, and a country smiling and cultivated, they join I^ake Ontario at the town of Niagara. The l>eautifiil work of art of the Suspension Kridge, eight hundred h-et across the river, between the high rocky l>ank.s, a little l>elow the Falls, is an object of nuich interest, and commands several favourable points of view. Having now parted from Niagara, we pass to the shores of liake P]rie. The shores of this lake present features very much similar to those of hake Ontario ; the banks of Lake Erieljcing generally, perhaps, especially some way up the lake, bolder and uK^re (devated, and composed cliietly of clay and sand. The more fertile parts are situated some distance off the banks, throughout the extensive plain of table land beyond, situated nearly six hundred feet above the level of the ocean. There are several good natural harbours alcng the shore, fonned chiefly by the mouths of deep creeks or streams, auer part of the lake, especially towards the mouth of the Detroit River, have a smiling and luxuriant aspect ; trees of the finest growth rise from the shore, and the wild vine may be seen twining and clustering among the branches of the lesser trees and tall shrubs along the sloping grassy banks. The shore is here covered with fine white sand. Lake Erie is two hundred and forty miles in length, and about sixty at its greatest breadth. It is not nearly so deep as Lake Ontario — its greatest dei)th being about fifty \i ."Mfi^S. and oti- situatod s of the !i sandy diii^^ nil he tt)wn ht/-five ninsuhi, at part, lit, oak, he first atinp? in larbours i south- Detroit tobacco rn shore ])eaches ((uality. y beaa- here is y who of the Kiver, finest )e seen lesser 'Ihe th, and irly M) t tiftv ) I»KTK01T UIV1:K, AM» f.AKK A.VD KIVKK ST. CI.AIK. 29 fathoms. The channel connecting Laie imagined. It Avas upon a clear, sunny day of August that the writer, being one of a party upon a tour up the lakes, entered this channel, when a scene, so agreeable in contrast to the seemingly l)oundless deep blue expanse of Lake Huron, presented itself, as still to leave a vivid and most pleasing impression, A calm, bright surface of water, without a ripple, lay stretched out farther than the eye could reach, studded closely with numerous islands, each encircled by a ring of pebbled and san *■_• --•"f .<- K'- ;]2 SUOIIES OP LAKK 8lT]>ERrOH. i with dark, dense Foliage, and stretched themselves in irre- gular course, as far as the eye could scan, along the wide expanse of water that presented no speck of navigation. The light craft of our party alone lay in the clear crystal bay at the foot of the rock. Between the lake and the rapids we had passed three or four vessels engaged in the fur and fishing trade, which were chiefly the whole oi* the rteet of Lake Superior. The shores of Lake Superior, which were at that period, several years ago, ini])erfectly explored, have since proved to be abundant in mineral resources. Many of the en terprising inhabitants of Canada having formed them- selves int(> associations, arc now engaged in mining the seemingly inexhaustible treasures of virgin copper, which are found along the shores of this lake, as well as Lake Huron. This source of wealth to the colony is likely tc |)rove of considerable imi)ortance. A short canal of three- quarters of a mile is all that is required to obviate the bcerior for navigable purpose:- with the other great lakes. The work, it is understood, will now very speedily be carried <^hrough. i \ Having tius concluded this survey of the lake and river borders of Canada, we will proceed to other geuerai views of the country by a glance at the nature of its gene ral government, its constituted divisions, amount of popuhi tion, and chief resources. ^fH t is in irre- the wide avigation, ar crystal • and ilio ed in tho L»le Oi" the CHAPTER IV. lat period. ice proved )f the en ed theni- lining the ])er, which II as Lake 3 likely tc ,1 of three- the bcl(). Members of Asseml)ly, during session, have an allovvarice for their services, and the body undergoes a new election every four years. The present number of members of the House of Assembly i> eighty-four — hcJf of which are the representatives of Upper Canada, and half of Lower Canada. These are chiefly elected by counties, a small proportion being elected by incorporated towns and cities. The cities of Montreal and Toronto elect each two representatives. Members of the Legislative Council are selected by the governor from among individuals of distinction and intiucnce in the colony. The appointment is for life, and the individuals so appointed have the title of UoaourabJe. The present number of mem- bers of the Legislative Council is thirty-eight, The mem- bers of the Executive Council or Ministry re(juire to possess seats in the House of Assembly, and retain their offices so long as they have the confidence of this popular branch of the Legislature. The present governor-general is the llight Honourable James, Karl of Elgin and Kincardine. His Lordshi}) succeeded the late Lord Metcalfe in 1847, with the exception of a very short intervening period, during which the Government was administered bv the then com- inander-in-chief of the forces. Lord Cathcart. The basis of the political constitution of (,'anada, is the Act of the Lnperial Parliament, commonly known as the Constitutional Act, which was passed in 17i)l, during the ministry of Mr. Pitt, Hi dividing the old province of Que- bec (which then embraced the whole of Canada) into the two distinct govenimeuts of Upper and Lower Canada, this 1-1 M \b PRACTICAL AVOllKINU OF THK G(>VER\MKNT. :i.') lie House operty of loM pro- ill towns Lsseiiil)ly, ices, and ira. The scml.tly i> of Upper e chietiy lecte«l by treal and srs of the )iii among- )ny. The appointed r of iiiom- ^he mem- to pOSSCJ^S )ffices so branch of Lhe Right lie. ilis 547, with 1, during hen corn- Ida, is the Ml as the liring the of Que- into the lada, this u Act of 1701 endeavoured to make full provision for estab- lishing and carrying on a certain fomi of rcpresentativi- government for each of the new provinces. The ])ractical working of the govennncnt of tiu; colony has, since then, been further ex))lained and niudified, particularly since the re-union of the provinces by the Imperial Act of 1841 . Tlie result of this lias l)een the introduction of a more harmoni- ous action and understanding between the Executive branch of the Government and the llepresentative Asseial)ly. The influence of the Assembly is, in its nature, similar to that possessed l»y the House of Commons over the fate of a ministry. No ministry can long hold office in opposition to any leading sentiments expressed by a majority of the House of Assembly. The Governor of the colony is, i)i such circumstances, in a similar [)Osition to that of the .Sovereign in relation to tlie House of Commons. When a ministry is thus called upon to resign, the Governor is alsu called u])on to form another Executive, whose sentiments are understood to be in accordance with those of the inajo- ritv of the Assembly. The forms of procedure in the (.'olonial Houses of Legis- lature are understood to be identical with those of the imperial l)odies. Bills passed by both Houses have to re- ceive the iSovereign's assent previous t<- their becoming law, either at once, through the delegated authority of the Go- vernor, or within a limited period, when the Sovereign's pleasure may be consulted on the particular measure. The bills thus reserved for the direct sanction of imperial autho- rity are comparativ^ely few. Even this limited exercise of authority, however, over the legislation of the colony, must have a proportionati; inilueuce on its character; — dependant thus on the particular opinions of the colonial minister oj' office at home, who may nut be sufficiently infonned, or If ; 1 .m ;!(; INCOME AM) KXrENDITURE -VF CANADA. may be wrongly biusscd on cortuiii measures very material ly aftV'cting coloiiial interests. The effect of this we may con- ceive to be imperceptibly almost, m some degree, to impart a less comprehensiveness and vigour to the legislation of the colony. We now approach the subject of income and expenditure of the colony. The income or revenue of Canada is chieHy derived from customs and excise duties, from public works and the sale of lands, and an impost of one per cent, on the circulation of the notes of the chartered banks of the colony. This latter item amounted, for the year 1848, to £12.473 colonial currency ; the amount of territorial or land revenue set down for that year, is £3181 ; the reve- nue derived from public works, is .£24,()r)7 ; the amount of excise revenue is £28,545 ; and that of the customs, is £304,358. Of this amoinit of custom^' duties for 1848, £190,723 was collected at the ports of Montreal and Que- bec ; and £113,(J34 at the various inland ports situated along the United States' frontier. The total amount of the income or revenue of the colony for 1848, was £379,64fi. The expenditure for that year exceeded this amount by £94,845, The expenditure of Canada, which, for 1848, was thus £474,491, includes an amount of £16*6,014, of interest on public debt. The largest portion of this debt was in- curred on accoimt of the pul»lic works of the canals of the country, which have otdy lately been couii»leted in their present improved condition. The revenue, in the shape of tolls on these canals increased very rapidly from 1842 up to 1847. The falling oft" in the traeruliturc is cliieHy )lic works r cent, on iks of the r 1848, to 'itorial or the revc- imoiint of ustoms, is lor 1848, and Que- situatecl nut of the i';]79,«4n. mount hy was thus f interest )t was in- ils of the I in their shape of 1842 up 8 will bo chapter. 116,3(39 ; arisen to I rUBLIC WORKS OF THE COLONY. 37 .£42.r».)7. The receipts or gross revenue for the series of years, may he here stated. In 1842, tlu; amount was i:24.2:i2 ; iu 1.^43, i::54,(;(>4 ; 1844, i44,4iM) ; 184'), »£41,():i9; I84f>, £r>l,4MG; and hi 1847, i'83,335. The canals, however, were not wholly completed during this full series of years. One of them, the Welland Canal, which conne(;ts Laice.s Ontario and Erie for navigahle pur- poses — the navigation being uit,erru]>ted by the Fails of N iagara — has sup[»lied only five years in tliis series of six years. This Welland Canal yielded one-third of the whole canal revenue for 1847. .Another of these works, the Beau- haniois Canal, running- along the south of the Ht. Lawrence, some distance above INtontreal, to avoid the rapids of the river, which chietly commence there, supplie,0{)0 charged towards the redemption of pul»lic debt. The amount charged for civil government is .£33,804. About £t>oO of this amount have been voted incidentally by the Colonial Legislature ; and the remainder, of £33,200, is the amount of the civil list. Of this sum, upwards of £l^ '\)0 are for the Governor's salary, and expenses connected with the office. The amount charged for the administration of li' : j it 38 LEGISLATIVE SUPPORT OF EDUCATION. justice, is i!68,nhii ; of which the sum of £24/22!) is in- cUidod in the civil list. The expenses of the Legislature are ehary:ed £'2\)^'2'M. Thi.s sum includes £47'.yS to retuniini; '»fficer,s ; £3127 for printing; and the remainder, of £20,921, is chcarged us salaries and contingencies. The sum of £15,(J<.>0 is charged for the maintenance of a provincial penitentiary ; and a further sum of £15(I0 is found, among miscellaneous items, as the expenses of a commission of inquiry into some alleged abuses connected with the ma- nagement of this institution. In connection with these items, we may here state that the^iniich larger amoimt, of £0, is charged for the ])urposes of education ; and a further sum of £Si376 for the encouragement of agricul- ture. These sums are in addition to what are otherwise raised for agricultural and educational purposes, more c- non and ut the hospi- m have stated, jome of a large 19,895, \e fall- the [)re- s. The noticed iral Re- ve, and municipal divisions of the country, a.s well jus to give some account of the municipal institutions, and of the adminis- tration of justice. Canada, although now luiitod f(»r legislative and other jmrj^oses, will, most {)rohttl)ly, continue to he viewed and spoken of under its formerly recognise;ularlv |f»ts, and address iref'isely I ascertained ; — thus, for example, A. IJ., liot 10, fir'^t Con- ocrision, Tnwnship of AVestminster, liOtKlon District, ('anada. Havinj,' thus hrietly exjihiined the nattirc of the i,'encnil .B^ovemiiicnt and territorial divisions of Canada, we come to the Mimieipal (iovernnn'Mt of the colony, hy corporation? of counties, townships, cities, towns, and villagen. Under the old divisi.iu r.f Upper Canada into districts, the hii^host inunici]»al hodies were the district councils. IW the ('olonial Act of 1^10. aliolishinjTf the districts for judicial, municipal, and other [)urposos, tlu ;»owers of those district munici|)ali- ties were transferred to counties. Townships, cities, towns, and villages have also cor[K»rate powers for their respective local purposes. The (lualiHcation necessary to he elected as a township councillor, is to he assessetl on the roll for rateahic real property, as proprietor or tenant, to the value of i*l(X>. Ail resident householders are qualified to vote a.** electors. The rnnuher of councillors elected in each town- ship is five. The elections are annually, on the first Monday in Janu.'iry. The councillors elect from an\ong themselve.'' a townreeve and dc}>uty-townreeve, who act as presiiU-nts at the meetings of council. The council appoint three asses- sors, a collector, and treasurer, for their township. The duties of this simply elected hody of a township council iire somewhat important within rhe township. The coun- cillors, among their duties, are authorised to carry out the provisions of the Act of the General Legislature for the estahlishnient and sup|»ort of common schools, constructing and repairing roads and hridges, and for regulating and, in certain cases, licensing inns an fOUNT\ MUMCll'ALlTIEy. venit'iK'c of the township. Th.- • «ro poun«l-l:eepcrs fov restniiiiin;^ and ro;^uhit,iii^ the w N'Uf^ it lurge of horses, cattle, and other tlomostic animals , fenoe-viewcrs, to settle (lisj>uteM an tv tlic niakin^j; antion that they enilirace a hijj^her ranj;'e iu regard to affairs con- nected with a more enlargiid jurisdiction — such as the county roads and Itridi^es, erection and maintenance of covuity hall, court-house, gaol, house of correction, house of industry, and also the su]»port of grammar schools. A very eommcndalde clause is made in the act in relation to this suhject of granunar school C'lucation ; which is, tliat the county councils are authorised to make permanent pro- vision fur defraying, out of the public funds of the county, the expense of the atteners for horses, io sottle t? fences h1 roatl )a«ls anil some of Canjula. le town- rs of the e county , who is unoil are :xouj>tion iiirs con I as the lance of n, house >ols. A ition to is, that ent pro- couuty, 'oronto, ramniar county [•o\ed of ility to leprived uida has and the ity still LEVYINJJ AXI) APPRonUATIoN OP TAXBt. 43 The taxes which are imposed hy the^e popularly-elected hodics of councils, are limited hy law to a certjiin amount. The value «d" each descrijition of property liahle to assess- ment is also legally fixed — the ratt*s hein^ generally under real value. The annual rolls of the assessors, hesides ascer- taining the amount of property lial>le to ho asNCSseortant jturposes of a census. The returns, after heing nuule use of l»y the collector, and trans- mitted hy him, along with the collection.-, of taxes, to the treasurer, are consolidated, and then transmitted to a de partment of the Colonial (ioveinment. along with a copy of accounts for the year in detail. These documents are thereafter j)rinted and laid hef<»ro the ('(donial Legislature. At the end of each session, they are hound up with the journals and statements of other pid)lic accounts and trans- actions, and a certain numher of co])ios tlistrihuted through- out the country. Such is the very simple and satisfacti>ry mode of j>roceduve of Canada in levying taxes, and of mak- ing known the miiuncr in which they are applied. While recording, too, from year to year, the progress of the coiuitry, it serves as a check upon public offices. In order to make the official returns of Canada still more efficient, a Board of Registration and Statistics has heen recently estahlished, who publish observations on the kind and degree of j)rogiesa the country is making from year to year. With careful returns, the services C'f an intelligent board of this nature must undoubt- edly prove of great value, both as respects the direct interests of Canada, and as extending advantages to the classes of the home population who are desirous of being acquainted with the condition of the .olonv. These municipal councils, as we have explained them, with their accompanying machinery, in relation to Upper Canada, also extend to Lower Canada. Cities, towns, and til ; 1 u 4i ADMINIRTUATIOV OF JUSTICK IN CANADA. villaj^es OTcr all <^ana< enacted in France after that ]>oriod, extended only to the colony when euregistered there. At the time of the country heinjj: ceded to England, the laws, language, and customs of the 1^'rench j)opulation in Lower Canada were guanmteed td them by treaty. The tenure of property in Lower Canada is therefore feudal, with the exception of that of lands in the townships. These lands have been laid out of late years in the district of St. Francis, and partially in other districts, where new townships have been surveyed These township lands are held in free and common socage. In order, in some measure, to remove the inconveniences of the feu.lal system in the seigniories, and to render titles to property iiiOre secure, a system of regis- tration has recently been estaldi-hed. The commercial law of Lower Canada is understood to be regulated j)artly accord- ing to the English custonj of merchants, and partly by the old French code. The crin\inal laws of England were intro- duced into Canada by 14 Geo. HI., c. M'3. No English laws passed since that ])eriod became laws of Canada, unless par- ticularly so specitied. or'unless made laws of tlie colony by acts of the Colonial Legislature. This state of the criminal law extends both to l^jjper and Lower Canada. A new act (12 Vic. c. 3S), passed in 1849 by the Legis- lature of Canada, abolishes the old Courts of Queen's Bench in the judicial districts of Lower Canada; and the offices of resident judge of Three Rivers, and provincial judge of St. Francis ; and establishes for Lower Canada a court called the .f W^ i privi- ,tion of cU law, •ing the the law , period, iie. At he laws, n Lower ;enure ol vith the ese lands Francis, lips have tree and move the )rios, and 1' regis- rcial law y accord - y hy the 10 intro- lish laws iless par- ol ony hy criminal le Legis- U s Bench offices of Ige of St. jailed the LAWS. AM) NEW COURTS OF JUSTTfE IN f.OWER CANADA. 45 Superior Court, to consist of u chief justice and nine puisne juiges ; four of these puisne judges to reside at (Quebec, four at Montreal, one at Three Rivers, and one at Sherbrooke, in the district of St. Francis. This court has original civil juris- diction throughout Lower Canada, except in Admiralty cases, and cases expressly confided to the circuit courts. Appeals arc allowed to it from the inferior courts. The old judicial districts of Lower Canada are continued, except that two new districts are authorised hv it. Tbeir names are Kamou- raska and Ottawa ; the former comprising the two counties of Kamouraska and Kimouski, frorn the Quebec district, and the latter the large county of Ottawa, from the district of Montreal. Circuit judges, when in Gaspc, are judges of the Superior Court ; and out of term, in Kamouraska and Ottawa. The circuit courts have original tMvil jurisdiction to the extent of £60 currency, that is, about ,t40 sterling. In cases not exceeding £\') currency, or not relating to pro- perty titles, the proceedings are sunnuary. Where the matter in dispute does not exceed £0 : /is., the case is de- cided according to ecjuity. In cases exceeding .£1."). appeal is allowed to the Su])erior Court. The circuit courts have sittings each month vA Quebec and Montreal, and at longer intervals in the lesser and more thinly-settled districts. The Court of A])peals, which is also the Court of Queen's Bench, by the late new act, has appiillate civil jurisdiction, and also the jurisdiction of a court of error; and original jurisdiction in all criminal matters, except Admiralty ca^es. This court consists of a chief justice and thi'ce puisne judges. The Court of Error and Ap[)eal has two terms yearly, in each of the cities of Quebec and Montreal. Ap- peals are allowed in certain cases to the Queen in Privy Council. The Criminal Court holds two terms yearly in each district, with the excei)tion of Gaspe. The Admiralty Court has it.^ sittings in Quebec. \^ ! i - 4f{ BAR OP LOWER CANADA. Conmiissioners' courts are held monthly in the countr}'^ parishes, for the summary trial of small causes, affording an easy and expeditious mode of recoveriiig j^etty debts not exceedinj^ £6 ; os. currency. The circuit judges are e:r ojjicio coitimissioners of these courts. These commissioners" courts in I^ovver Canada are of recent date, having been called into existence l\v the Colonial Act, 7 V ic. c. 19. The advocates, ))arristers, attorneys, solicitors, and proc- ti^rs-at-law, in Lower Canada, are incorporated under th' name of the Bar of Lower Canada. Barristers may act as attornt s and solicitors at the same time in Canada. Plead- ings may be written in French or English in Lower Canuda. and botli languages are spoken in the courts. Judges of the Superior Court are selected from barristers of ten years' standing, and judges of the circuit courts from barristers of five years' standing. Such, at present, are the more prominent constituted arrangements for the admmistration of justice in Lower Canada. We have now only briefly to enumerate the arrange- ments for V})per Canada. As is well known, the French laws have no jurisdiction in this division of the colony. The new provincial act, passed in 1849, 12 Vic. c. ()3, regulates the establishment of two Sujierior Courts of com- mon law in Upper Canada. These are the Court of Queen's Bench and the Court of Common Pleas ; and it also pro- vides for a Court of Error and Ap})eal. The Courts of Queen's Bench and Common Pleas are each presided over by a chief justice and two }>uisne judges. The Court of horror and Appeal is composed of the judges of the Courts of Q icen's Bench, Common J*leas, and Chancery. The Court of Chan- cery is presided over by a chancellor and two vice-''Uancel- lors. All the fees (»f these courts are paid into the consoli- dated fund, out of which stated salaries are paid to the clerks and other officials. The courts all sit at Toronto, I 4 COURTS OF JUHTIOE I.V ll'PEft CANADA. 47 country rJiiig an e>)ts not » are e,r issiuners" en called md proc- nder th' \,y act as . Plead- r Canada, ludges of :en years' 'listers of instituted in Lower arrange- e French ony. lie. c. 03, of com- Queen's Iso pro- t* Queen's ly a chief Irror and Q ;een's A Chan- •cUancel- consoli- ll to the Toronto. ■ The circuits are hohl twice a-year in each county, except in the county of York, iu ^liicli Toronto is situated, where there are three a-year. The county courts of lYptJ'' Canada ha\e original juris diction ill civil matters to the extent of .£25 curreucy, in open account, and i'.'iO in cases of notes or lulls, with trial by jury. Ap|»eals are allowed to the Courts of Queen's Bench or Common Pleas. The division courts are held in different places in each county, by the county judge, for the sunimary disposal of cases not exceeding X'lO. A jury is allowed in certain cases, though .seldom api)lied for. The Insolvent Debtors' Court is ])resided over l»y the county judge, for the relief of insohcnt debtors. The Probate Court is in Toronto, and there are surrogates in each county. The Heir and Devisee Court has its sittings in Toronto twice a-year, to determine claims to lands in Upper Canada, for whi. h no Crown patent has issued in favour of the proper claimants, being heirs, devi.sees, or assignees. The commis- sioners arc the judges of the Court of Queen's liench, the vice-chancellor, and other persons specially appointed. Then there are the <]uarter sessions, the chairman of which is the county jutlge, who, with one or more justices, holds a court four tinujs a-year for trials of petty offerees by jury. Having now given an ac.'ou\ii of the General and Mu- nicipal (Jovernment, territorial divisions, and of tl\e admi- nistration of justice in the colony, we will proceed, in a fresh chapter, to the interesting subject of population. The remotely-past, as well as recent stages and rates of progress connected with the settlement and growth of the colony, will here, among other matters, be accurately as^'er- tained and defined. i ¥ CHArTEU V. AMOUNT, PROGRESS, AND DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION OF THE (X)LONY. I'rcrfciit ropii);itii>n of Cnriiula — V\}pcr ;ut(l J^ower Caniula, Kates of Iiicroasc- ProL'iTSH of Scllli,'riiciil in [,owov Cinuuiu —Earlv l'io;/r('s.-- of Caiiudu unilci tho Frcncli — Increase under Ensrlish Govornraent — Coniparalix; Results di Emigration in T'ji[)er and l,ov rr Canada- -increase in. (lie Enirliaii Town- shiiiii anil Citie.s of Lower Canada — Cliaracferistie3 of Freneli Canadian I'opu latiou — Plvideneesuf Advancement -Amiable (^ualitiea of b'reucli Cunadiana- Eurlj' Settlement of T.'pper Canada — i^'snlti^ and Pro^'ress of Knii^ration Prospective Results and Projrrei,-* of Canada — Rise and Progress, t'roin the Forest, of a Settlement, to a District- -Description of tlie Population— Census of Occupations — Natives of the Ve.rious Countries — Settlcnmits of l''reudi Cana(liai\s, (lerinans, Dnteli. and the Coloured, or African Rare — Canada, a Place of Rcfua:e fur the AiiieriK'n Slave— Disproportion of Sexes — Kmploy meuts and Behaviour — Induuis of Canada — Settlements, and Goveruraen' f^uperinteiidenee. The population of (.'ana,00( ), The pojnilation, at present, may be estimated to Ug somewhere about what the population of Scotland ws, t'rom tlie I'.ition-— Census uts of I'vi'Tidi (•(' — C'luailM, a xes— Kmploy 1(1 GoveniracD' jmmbcrs. Illation, at t what the is century. [vs, by tho colony h.a> I4, a period [(>, a period of Uppev J The poi)ulatiou of Lower Canada was, in 1S48, estimated to be 770,000. In IH-Io it was 423,(530 ; which show.s how very much .slower the increase of ])o]>ulation has l»een iu Lower than in Uppe;- Canada. Calculating from a period of thirteen years, from 1831 to 1S44, it would appear that, for the most part, the nearer the settlements ai'o to th? mouth of the St. Lawronre, the increase in ))opu]ation is least. The increase, in the above period, in the district of (5asp<.', was calculated to be I") per cent. ; m the district of Quebec, farther up the river, 35 per cent. ; in the next district of Three Rivers, 3S) i>er cent ; in the distnct of St. Francis, 41 per cent. ; and, in the Montreal district, 34 per cent. The largest increase is iu the district of St. Francis, in which the most llourishin«j: of the eastern townships are situated. Tho land.? of the townships of Lower (Canada, as has been mentioned, not being subject to the feudal tenure existing in the seigniories, are held in the same manner as the lands of Upper Canada. From 1831 to 1 844, a period of thii'teen years, the rate of increase, in the whole of Lower Canada, was just al»oiit 3.5 ])er cent. In 1^31, the popula- tion of Lower (Canada was 011,922, and, in 1844, ()90,782. The slower rate (-f increase in the Montreal district, com- pared with Quebec, may, most pro)>ably, be accounted for by the larger migration of unskilled labourers that frequently takes place from that (juarter of Canada to tho public works of the Fnited States. The navigation of the River Richelieu and Lake <^luimplain, oiFering direct facilities from the district of Montreal to the States of New York and Vermont, large numbers of unskilled French Canadian labourers are known to take advantage of this ea.sy transit Avhen out of emidoyment. These Frerich Canadians, from their unsettled habits as labourer.^ are neither so suitable nor so inclined to farm work (even should they be able to procure it at all E II '■ '! W- AO I'110GUES3 OF SETTIiEMKXT INDEll TUB rUENCII. times rt!a;lily, in Lower Canada), ;is they are, on any omer- .,()()(). A stinuiius being now given to English enterprise in the ncNvly acipiired colony, the j>opulation, in 1784, had increased to 1J3,()0() — an increase, in twenty-tivc years, of 48,000, In ISii^thc inhabitants of Ieing an increase, in forty -one year'^. of *UO,(":H) ; and, in 1827, the numbers ro.se to 47l,H0f>, showing an increase, in two years, of 48,200. It was during thi-> period that emigratiuu (Commenced to tiow in larger numbers to Canada. Upper Canala, however, has continued to be the great field. During the next four years, from 1827 to 1831, the increase in the population of Lower S'XM 'i M' llATKS ur IXCKKASK AT PIFFEUENT PfiHIODS. Til y^ oraer- »8, with iiracter, oirig on Liid trace i1>cc:, juiit lerc were (•»:>,, wli(Mi '\i\\ civil i*i usages ; mil lister to 7()0«). Ill 1714 720, when ^larquifi |7()00, and under the (dercd to c- colony (^ Englitjh lation, ii: cnty-five X Canada tie years. 471, HOO, a^, diuing in larger •on tinned firs, iToni -)t' Lower %\ Canada was h^ss than in the two years preceding IH-JT, amonnting only to 4(>,,o(>n. The iTJcrease, during the thirteen years from Is.'ii to 1m44. has 1 n alrca«ly noticed, as having been '.^'^ per cent., hehig an annual increase of little more than 'l\ per cent. The exj. t numher added to the |>0}»ulation of Lower Canada, during these thirteen years, was [7^,H(5(>; and during the same period, the emi- gration to ikitish .\merica, l>y much the largest proportion of which was to Canada, amounted to not less than 438,200. The increase of population in Lower <'anada, during the four \ears, from IM4 to l^is, uas 70,21 "^ ; Avhile the British American emigration for tlutt period was 2(>7,H4(j. In one yciir alone, namely, 1^ 17, the numbers who left this country, chieily for Quebec and Montreal, amounted to above 100,000. The largest increase ul pros|)erit y in Lower Canada has shewn itself in the townshijis, where the lands have been held exempt by the English Government from the feudal tenure ; and in tlie cities of Quebec ind Montreal, inoth its chief commercial cities ever since ; w^m^ .52 CIlAUACTElirSTirS OF Plli^NCUl CAN AD [AX POl'ULATION. and they are only now, it is helieved, bc:j;innin^ to recover. In 184t"» ami l^i46, iMontrejil iiad made rapid progress, sind was in u highly prosperous condition. Elegant :inper Canada, it may be interesting to notice some of the distinctive characteristics uf the mass of the population of Lower Canada, who are of French ori'j:in. In many respects the French Canadian colonists, settle I along the banks of the St. Lawrence, pre- sent a singular spectacle at the j)resont day. surrounded by the more intelligent and energoti(; race of English and Americans. For the most part descendants of settlers from Normandy, estal)lished in ibe cidony previous to the Con- "juest by England, in 17")9, wo have here still very much the same sort of peoi)le clinging to their ancient [)rejudices, ancient customs, and ancient laws ; not from any strong sense of l.ieir benehcial effects, as has been well observed by a distinguished statesman who possessed privileged oppor- tunities of forming an acquaintance with their character, but with the unreasoning tenacity of an uneducated and unprogressive people, T..ey hrought with them to the stripes of farms they now < jcupy the institutions of a period more than any other in the history of their parent country. or of any other European nation, calculated to repress in- telligence and freedom of thought among a })eople, and to ^ > $4 . t TIOX. rocovur. ess, and idJcd to sr stocks state of le cftects l)eUeved, ■luints of lid eiitor- •ry much it may V>e LCteristics ihc) are of Canadian ence, pre- -uuded by lisli and lers from the Con- luvich the irejudicos, ly strong iscrved by ■ti oppor- haracter. ritcd and n to the \C a period country, lepress in- ile, and to IVFLUENfES OP OLD FIIENCTI l.VI=»TrTrTI0NS, ETr. 53 il» make them the mere passive instruments of their feudal superiors tmettcr educated youth >lis|»Iay hoth intelli>;cnce and enterprise, and, not contented with the inactive Hi. which their own towns present, the} are to he found not unfreut diffusing the inliuence (d' their energy to those they had left hchind them in Lower (Canada. The French Canadians settled along the St. Lawrence arc -listmjj'uished tor nianv amiid>h' virtues. Their mild and kindly disposition shew^s itself, irrespective of class or cduca- ti(»n ; you (ind them always sociable, cheerful, and hospi- table, and their manners are at all times, and in all cir- cumstances, throughout every rank of life, remaikable for 0(mrtesy anil real itoliteness. The less polished manners of the Fu'dish emigrants, too evidently undervaluing the (^'anadians for the alisence of the hardier (jualities they tliemselves possessed, thougli ).»eing only the more privileged in having had better means are jns (»f comfort e, ill the cities- I thus situat(!(l eni comiLry of i.f the Missis- ;, hut diffusing ad left hehind 8t. Lawrence rheir uiihl and ■hiss or educa- [il, and hospi- nd in all cir- leuiaikahle for liud manner!} .ervaluinp; the Liialities they lore privileged '111, have done aws, and lan- a certain ex- er ('Canada in »nimerce, and ill givlnpf cmplctyment to the hihouriiig chigoes among tlie vanudians. Tlieii inij«rovtd niudes i.f agrieuUnre in the t(»wn.ship settlements huvc also greatly assisted the pros- perity of lhet<»nnlry. Hut, notwithstntnling all this, it is surely to he regretted that a more kindly spirit has riot manifested itself in parlienhir eHorts to advance the intel- ligenct of rhcir less privilegetl iello\v colonists, without in any nmrked manner iloing Mojonce to their j»reiudices, or ordinary hal.it^ of thought an' feeling. Tlie groat con- trast the races ••t'll present has. it is to he regretted, ;»)• lowed very litti- !•'• done in this way, and ni tlii jurit. The l)CginninL: iiuprovenunit we have mentioneii, are, however, to som. nt hopeful. \Vc have I'ow to turn to Tpper Canada. For a period of many years after Canada had eome into the possession laced themselves near the foot of Lake Ontario, and on the shores of the Detroit River, previous to 177<» The only other in- hal>itants were tlie native Indians. Heveral years later, numbers of families who had jcsided in the rio\v United States, and who. at the disruption with Kngland, refused to transfer their allegiance to the independent government, came over into Canada, and .settled on the borders of the lakes. These individuals, the pioneer settlers of Upper Canada, were, and have since been, termed United Empire Loyalists. In 1701, when, by an Act of the Imperial Par- liament, the colony received a constitution, and was divided into the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, with ) I ;■ ■; '• t IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ /j^^ ^ <;o <»? / f/i % 1.0 !f: I.I 1^ |M 2.2 H: i;£ 12.0 IL25 111.4 — A" 1.6 <^ /a 'e^. •7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 a. \ s. iV ^\ ^ ^ \ ^'^ l\? V^ #? ^ M C/j -() RESULTS AM) P110GRES3 OF EMIORATIOX. seiiaratc leu^islatures, the amount of the white population in [Jppor Canada, was estimated at less than .00,000. In 1811, twenty years later, it had only increased to about 77,0(jO. V^ery shortly afterwards, and especially upon the conclusion of peace l>etween Britain and the United States, in 181-3, population rapidly increased in Upper Canada. In 182.">, when the advantaj^es of the colony to the home popu- lation began to attract attention, the colonists of Upper Canada had increased to 158,000. With an increasing eniigTation, the country now rapidly swelled the number of its inhalutants. In 1830 they amounted to 210,000 ; in 1832, to i2Hl,00(.) ; and, in 1834, the numbers exceeded 32O,(»00, The increase within the nine years previous to 1834 having been not less than l(>2,0oo. This was a period of great prosperity in the settlement of Upper Canada ; the advantages of the colony having been brought prominently forward in Britain ))y many intelligent writers who had visited it. The consequence of the general attention directed towards it was a very augmented flow of emigration. During the first five years of this period of nine, from 1825 to 1830, the emigration to British America was proceeding very steadily at about 12,000 a-y ear ; when, in 1830, it rose to 30,000, in 1831 to 58,000, and in 1832 it reached over ()(j,000. From this period emigration gradually declined, and was, in one year, that of 1838, so strongly marked by the political disturbances in Canada, so low as 45()0. Since then, notwithstanding the claims of other emigration fields having greatly increased, the official returns show that, in one year, that of 1847, the emigration to British America had exceeded 109,000. In 1841 the population of Upper Canada was 465,000 ; showing an increase, since 1830, of 255,000 — a jitriod of eleven years, ami including the season of political disturbances. In 1842 Upp. t Canada numbered 480,000 inhabitants, and the last census of 1848 shows the V i m '-Ml If PROSPECTIVE RESULTS AND PJIOGRERS OF CA\AT>A. .)/ Illation 0. In i about >on the States, da. In lc popu- ' lli)per jrea^iug mbor of UOO ; in xcecded ^ious to a period da ; the ninently vho had directed During to 1830, g very rose to ed over lined, ked by Since fields that, in inerica Upper 83(1, of season mbered )ws the Ln \d a amount to hiivc reached 723,332 — an increase, within the six years, of over •237.000. Should ^^-^'i colony thus continue to increase, the i)resent j]fcneration ot'its farmers may witness their adopted country possessing a population as large as the present population of Scotland. The population of the entire colony now ex- ceeds half the population of Scotland. The amount of cul- tivated land in Canada, as we shall con.e to see, now fully exceeds that of Scotland. Toronto, the ohird sized town of the colony, situated on the h^hore of Lake Ontario, where, within livinp: remembrance, there existed only an unbroken line of forest to the water's margin, has now a population exceeding that of Perth, in Scotland, by several thousands. The population of Perth is about 22,000, and that of Toronto 25,000. In many spots throughout Upper Canada, where all was forest a very few years ago, there are now thriving farming settlements, villages and towns ; and, in the instance of Hamilton, situated at the extreme head of Lake Ontario, what was a village not many years since, has now a population of over 10,0o0, entitling it to the rank and municipal piivi- leges of an incorporate*! city. Only those who have witnessed the progress of Canada for this number of years past, espe- cially in its western parts, can have any ade<|uate impres- sion, it is believed, of the extent and raj)idity of its growth. With a view to illustrate this, we will take a glance at one of the new districts fas thost west. We will see how thriving settlements rise up as the results of ordinary en- terprise and persevering industry, stimulated by the encou- ragements to accumulate property in a country where the necessaries of life are placed in abundance, within easy reach ; and obstacles Avhich press heavily on humble in- dustry in the Old World, are unknown in the new existence, as it were, which greets the settler on tb.ese western shores. ii' si % m ,f 58 IirSf: A^J) PROGRESS OF A SETTLKMENT. •/• The district of Oaiuacla which we select for this glimpse of the rise of a settlement from the forest, is ojie lying along the eastern shore of Lake Huron, in the most fertile part of the peninsula, partly surronnde*! hy the other great lakes Erie and Ontario. In 1^-27. this tract of country, lying along the shores uf the lake for sixty miles, and called the Huron trai;t, was then one great forest, broken only by several rivers which ran through it, and watered it in every direction. In J.M28 a narroAV sleigh tract Avas cut into it, and three temporary houses, or shanties, were built, for the accommodation of travellers, along it. In the same year, a tavern and two Jiouses, for the reception of emigrants, were built at the mouth of one of the rivers, the Maitland, having a basin of nearly eighteen feet in depth. This sj^ot, with its three houses in 182tS, became the nucleus of a new district of Canada. Tliis district, which was thus first settled in 1828, and had its first new Avide road cut in ls2!), con- tained a population, in 1840, of .~0()i). By a return of 1840, made from personal insjiection, these AijOO settlers possessed means, on arriving in the countr}'', amounting to , £(30,1 10 currency ; on going on the land their means amounted to <£f)8,749 ; and, in 1840, they possessed 22,000 acres of land cleared and ctdtivated ; besides 1 7<)0 acres chopped, or par- tially cleared ; 11512 dwelling-houses ; 1144 outhouses ; 850 yoke of oxen ; 2000 cows ; and other stock, consisting of horses, young cattle, sheeji, and i)igs, to the amount of 18,f378. Their means, consisting of the value of their stock and improvements, had increased to i/'242,28(). Nearly on. If of the families commenced working on land, possessed oi nothing but their own energy and indus- try; 61 of them possessed means under £10; 254 pos- sessed means tinder £50 ; and the rest commenced with means varying from ,£50 upwards This district, which I :i I>KSCRIPTION OF POPUIATION IN rrPKIl CA.VAPA. aO ;j:limpsc ig along ; part of fit lakes y, lying lied the only by in every into it, ,, for the e year, a its, were I, having >ot, with if a new it settled ■i2!), con- I of 1840, >ossessed i'G0,110 nteil to »f land s ( or par- ses ; 850 sting of lount of cir stock king on d indus- 54 pos- ed with which i' I has heen recently subdivided, and forms two new counties, Huron and l^rth, has now a population of over ii0,4o(), and occupied, in ls4s, :Ui7,!)0(> acres of land, 51.900 acres of which were cultivated, Their produce of wheat, in 1847, aniountesistenee directly from agriculture. The returns from the entire province are imperfect on this [)oint ; but most of the districts give returns, which may throw some light on the matter. AVe may turn to this dis- trict of Huron, to which we have had our attention just directed the population of which, in 1848, amounted to 20,450. The number of houses occupied was 3024^ which return (»f houses gives just about the number of heads of families, The number of persons returned as empdoyed in agriculture in this district is 3242. The nnud)er of proprie- tors assessed was 20<)0 ; the number of non-proprietors, 1817 ; and the number of lalx)urers, 55. The persons engagele for industry, and the attention bestowed upon dairy farming. The most populous district in Tipper Canada is the Home district, in wliich Toronto is situated. It con- tained, in 1848, exclusive of the city, 83,^00 ; 12,400 of whom were from Enirrland, and 43,800 were British Cana- dians. The number of coloured persons of African descent in Upper Canada was, in 1848, 5400 ; 3000 of whom were males. Upper Canada, as is known, affords a safe rcfuf^e to the American slave escaping from bondage, and numbers of the runaways become permanent settlers in the colony. There were 1080 in the Western district in 1848 ; OOO of whom were males. This disproportion of itself speaks of the manner of their co7ning into the colony — men being so much more able to obtain their freedom in this way than women. Next to the A\'estern district, tiie largest number of these coloured people are in the district of Niagara, both being frontier districts, in the most southerly parts of Canada, and both separated from the United States only by narrow rivers, the Niagara and Detroit. Tlie number in the Niagara district is 620 ; 308 of whom are males. A still greater disproportion of the sexes is shown to exist in the district of London, in whicli there are, in all, 480 — 374 of whom are males. The Home district, includhig the city of Toronto, is almost the only part of Canada in which something like a proportion of the sexes of this unfortunate and scattc) 1 race is found to exist. In the citv, which contains the largest number, there are 610 ; 236 of whom are males, a id 280 females. These people are usually em- i ■ h^. pp NATIVK IVPIAXfl OP CANADA. 03 a Ireland, id 10,400 es. There strict, re- ipon dairy Canada is It con- 12,400 of iisli Cana- dcscent in honi were I refuge to luml^'rs of tie colony. 8 ; (iOO of s|)eaks of n being so way than 1st number gara, both parts of es only by mml)er in Iniales. A exist in 480—374 |g the city in which fortunate tv, which of whom ually em- l)ioye«l in the towns as waiter* in hotels, Itarbcrs, atid generally in performing the most burdensome and lowest descriptions of labour, such as cutting up ami preparing wood for fuel. They have, a> labourers, usu;iHy great powers of enduraJice ; and when their dispositions have not been soured by ill usage, they are nu»st generally civil and attached servants. 'I'here are also sc»ine educated coloured f)ersons whose tpialifications and general condu<'t have assi.sted nuich to remove thos< ]>rciudices against the race that exist less or more all ovc-r America. With regard to the native Indians of Canada, it may convey some idea of the thinning out that has taken place among these children of the forest, to observe, that it is only on comparatively rare occasions, in most parts of Ca- nada, that the white settler meets with a straggling few, or single family or individual. There ;ire various small settle- ments of tliem scattered in dilferent parts of Canada, where, under the civilizing iniiuences of missionaries and school tea,chers, they have adoj>ted, with some exceptions, improved habits of life. sul»versive of their former wild and roving dispositions. The ])rincipal Indian settlements in Canada are, Manitoulin inland, near the northern shore of Lake Huron ; a small settlement near the head of the River St. Clair; a.id one on Walpole Isla'vl. at the foot of the same river; another on a retired part ^'f the banks of the River Thames, in the London district ; also along the l>anks of the Grand River, in the Niagara district ; in one or two locali- ties along the shore of Lake Ontario ; also on the banks of the tSt. Lawrence, between Kingston and Montreal , in the vicinity of Quebec ; and towards the mouth of the St. Law- rence, around a part of the shore of the gulf. These loca- lities on which they are settled are comparatively limited in extent, and apart from the white settlements. The In- ) ID I' 64 OUVEUNMENT CAUE OP THE INMAX8. diuns now, however, of the present i];iy, are almost, without exception, civil and quiet in their manners, liS well as gene- rally improved in many or Canada have l)een chictiy indebted to the body of Wesloyans aud to the (.'hiircli of Kngkuid for their mission- aries, aii.l those of Lower ('anuda are, perhaps, without exception, brought up in the faith of the Romish Church, under the teadiings of the French Canadian clergy. The greater nundjer of the Indians in Cana*la are almost directly under the care of the Oovernmont. There is a spe cial Government department devoted to their affairs, the chief superintendent of which is the (iovernor-Generars secTctary. Tliere are several assistant superin* -ndcnts who watch over the particular interests of the Indians, and there are Goyernraent mi-!sionaries and schoolmasters. The num- ber of Indians under the care of the (Tovernment in 184i) was not quite 13,000; the official returns give 12,818. Of these, 4054 were women, 781 boys from ten to fifteen years of age, 850 boys from five to nine, 1024 male children under four years, (J 15 girls from ten to fifteen, 831 girls from five to nine, and 1021 female children under four years. There is thus left, of the 12,818, the numV)er of 3(542 males above fifteen years of age. Besides the settlements alluded to aroimd the occupied parts of Canada, there are numbers of Indians iu the great forests along the shores of Lake Superior, and other distant points, comparatively speaking, beyond the limits of civilization. These, though much tamed by civilising influences, extending even to them in these retreats, are yet engaged, in a great measure, in their primeval pursuits of hunting and^shing. The Hudson's Bay Comj^any afford employment to numbers in the collec- tion of their furs. The stati'jns of the Company throughout 'i ^t, without ill as gene- arc rh lolly Indiiiiis in 10 l)o(iy of jir missiou- )8, without sh Church, i^y' \ . arc almost ;rc is a spe atiairs, tiie jr-GencraFs .'iideiits who 9, and there The num- ent ill 184i) 12,818. Of fifteen years Idren under ]s from five ars. There Inales above alluded to e numbers ■es of Lake jy speaking, lugli much to them in .re, in their Hudson's the collec- hroughout s fl ^1 I N 1 » I A \ i: :>I I' H • V M F. V T M . 63 the remote rofrions in which they are sitnatod, distvjhntc Kuropean floods in exchange for the [)roducc of the hunt ; and the ('om])any".s interests are exercised paternally, in some measure, over these far-scattered inhabitants of the forest. Many of tlie Indian women omph^y much of their time in fanciful head worked articles, -^uch as moccasins, and various kinds of smal] haj;s, made from prepared deer skin and the j)liant inner bark of tmcs, which they dispose of to the white hihahitants as Indian curiosities. They make also useful, as well as oniamental baskets from the ])rej)ared l)ark. The small iind very prettily situated Indian villan;e i.f Lorette, in the neighbourhood of Quebec, and not many miles from the Falls of Montmorency, is nnich notei! for this description of Indian industry. We have now brought to a close this chapter on the ])opulation of Canada. The next will give some account of the amount and description of cultivated land in the colony, with the various kinds ot produce ; and such other matters as will present the extent and nature of the country's agricultural resources. 4 n\ i CllAPTEIl VI. AMOUNT AND DESCRIPTION' OF CULTIVATED LAND, AND OK AGRICULTI HAL AND OTHER PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. Ainouut and Progress of Cultivation in Lower Ciumda — A 'lagt! Amount of Land to each Propriolor — Kmda and Quantities of I'rodufc — Decrease of Growth in Wheat in Luwcr CiUiada — Aniount and Desenplioii of Stock Mills and Fac- tories — luiproNMiig Habitaofthe ?n]iulati STOCK OF I.OWFll TANAl'V. m 1VATKI> OTHER moniil lit" Lai\il H'lif riiowtliin Mill" aiitl Fac- \ Upper Ciinadft 11(1 wit li 1^^'^'' "•" )ective Vroduc- Compared with l,iist Teu Ytiurs lie, (.'olonist3— Circuiustiuices cwltivated croy)S aiK-l |on the pro- 1 there were ^da, and, in Ijcly simllav id, namely, Id in Lower I 440 ; thtis Ithe former ly of wheat )() hushels. < i and iu \Si4, such was the iuiinense falling off, the ,(tlK) luishels ofonts were pn.duced. and over 7,-2(>0,(Kili huflhels in 1^41. Unrlcy was anulher ^rain which showed a large increase — !V.)I, hushels in IS44. The other kinds of prov neither so safe nor so productive, }^ene- rally, as iu 1 pper Canada : the climate of the upi>er country heinjj;', it would a])pear, more siutahlo botli to it and Indian corn. The extent of (hunai^ce done by the wheat tiy in Lower Canada, between the years of ls;)i iind indd, is be- lieved to have been the princii);d check to the production of wheat in tliat part of the coiuitry. Oats, barley, pease, potatoes, and hay, succeed better iji Lower Canada, and are, therefore, more generally cultivated. The total protluce, in Is4-1, in Lower Canada, on the '2,*'<02,317 acres of cultivated laud, was, exclusive of potatoes, 1 1 ,445,727 bushels ; and allowing- that two-thirds o\' this land was under ]>of.atoes and fallow, this Avould give an average crop of a fraction over twel e bushels i)er acre. A similar calculatiou applied to the produce of 1831, gives an average crop, for that year, of i'2^ bushels. Of the 7t>,44'> proprietors of real estate in Lower Canada, lo/lSb held their lands in free and common socage ; and these lauds amoimted to 1,700,})9;J acres, 54<),2r)b' acres ot which were under cultivation. The stock possessed in Lower Canada, ui lb44, was as follows: — 409,800 neat cattle, 14t;,700 horses, (102,800 sheep, and 197,900 swine. The return.s now to be stated throw some light on the gene- I I I!' II m nri'llOVlNC. IIABITH OF THE POrULATIOX. ral industry of Lower Canada. The number of grist mills was 422, oatmeal mills KKS, Imrley mills 45, saw mills 911, oil mills 14, fulling mills 153, carding mills 109, thrashing mills 469, paper mills 18, iron works 90, nail factories 16', tanneries 3e35, pot and pearl ash factories 540, other fac- tories 86. It may be mentioned, as proof of improvinf>; habits of the settlers in Lower Canada, that stores where li<|uors were sold had decreased from 857. in 1831, to 808 in 1844; taverns, of which there were 1035 in 1831, had made only the slight increase, during the thirteen years, of 171. Bnt as taverns may increase for greater accommoda- ti(m to travellers, and stores v/here liquors arc sold may oven also increase, along with a diminished consumption, the most marked feature in the returns is, that distilleries had decreased from 70, in 1831, to 36 in 1844. Tlie de- crease in the consumption of ,s[>irits in Lower Canada, is understood to be fully quite as apparent at the present time, too, as it was in the above period. The largest, and formerly the most profitable distilleries working, have experienced a very material check. These statistical facts, then, shew the extent and descriji- tion of cultivation in Lower Canada, and also assist in throw- ing some light on the progress and present condition of the •settlers. We will now turn to the state of matters in Upper Canada in regard to these particulars. Owing to neglect in taking the census in Lower Canada in 1848, we have had to fall back upon the returns of 1844. Upper Canada gives very full tabular returns for 1848, with the addition of some intelligent remarks on these, in the form of a report, by the new Board of Registration and Statistics for the province. — I It may be here stated, that this latest census, which we make use of, is understood to be taken in the beginning of 1848. and the amounts of productions returned therefore apply to I If a ■1' i 4. ^rist mills mills 911, thrashing stories lb*, other fac- improving ores where 31, to 80S 1831, bad n years, of ccommoda- sold may nsiuiiption, distilleries t. The de- Canada, is resent time, nd formerly perienced u md descrip- Bt in throw- ition of the ;rs in Upper |o neglect in tiave had to ,nada gives ion of some port, by the province. — h we make o' of 1848. re apply to ■*ii 1, INTllEASE OF f!rLTIYATET> l.ANl> JN VPPllK CANADA. <>!» the crops and general industry of 1847. Explanation oi this is the more necessary, as, to prevent confusion, ' the census of 1848,' without further remark, will generally !»«. mentioned. J The num1)er of pro))rietors of real estate in Upper Canada in 1848 liable to assessment were <)(»,()()<), which is just about one-half of the heads of families in the colony. The amount of occupied land was 8,f!i3,o01 acres, or about 143 acres to each proprietor. 'J'he quantity of cultivated land was 1,780,152 acres under tillage, and 761,768 acres of pasture land, heing in all an amount of cultivated land of 2,54(5,920 acres, or about 3^ acres foi- the support of each indivier Canada during the season of 1847 was ;}s. Od. currency, or about 3s. sterling per bushel. The average price of fall, or au- tumn-sown wheat, at Toronto, during that year, was 5s. currency, or 4s. sterling ; and spring wheat about (*d. cur- rency less. The average price of wheat at Montreal that year was 6s. 5-^d. currency. In 184S the average price of fall w'heat at Toronjt.:j|,was 4s. 3d. currency ; in 1840, 4s, 5d. ; and to lOth May 1^50, 4s. The price varied this year to the above period, from 3s. 'M. to 5s. 4d., but 4s. was the average. On December llth 1850, the price in the Toronto market was from 3s. 6d. to 3s. 8d, The average price of fall wheat in Toronto for the last 10 years is 4s. 3d. per bushel ; the lowest yearly average price was 3s. 8d. in 1843, and the highest 5s. in 1847. «il i 72 DKSCRrPTION OP STOCK POSSESSED IJY THE OOLOMSTJ^. We have now presented the amount and description of cultivated land in Upper Canada, the kinds and quantities of crops produced, the amount of the wheat crop in proportion to the population ; and have also given the average prices of land and of wheat. We thus find llpjjer Canada to Ue pos- sessed of cultivated land to the extent of 2,547,000 acres, or about one-half of the amount of cultivated land in Scot- land. And that in 1844, Lower Canada had a cultivated surface to the extent of 2,802,000 acres. Adding these amounts with what has since been brought into cultivation in both divisions of the colony, we have a much larger ex- tent of cultivated surface in Canada than in Scotland, This illustration may place in a more distinct light the present position of the colony, The other statistical matter illus- trates more in detail the general condition of the colonists, and the position Upper Canada is assuming as a wheat pro- ducing and exporting country. A few other statements may throw some further interesting light on the subject. The number of neat cattle possessed by the colonists of Upper Canada in 1848 was 5(^5,800, being an increase of (U,000 on the same description of stock in 1842, or about 12 per cent. The number of horses in 1848 was 151,400, being an increase, in the same period of six years, of 37,700, or 33 per cent. The increase of horses may be accounted for by the fact, that as parts of the colony advance from the first stages of settlement, che use of oxen in agricultural operations is superseded by horses. The increase in sheep from 1842 to 1848 was 45 per cent. ; the number of sheep in Upper Canada in 1842 was 575,700, and in 1848, 833,800, being an increase in number of 258,100. The quantity of wool produced in 1842 was 1,302,500 lbs., and the quantity in 1848 was 2,339,700, l^eing an increase of nearly 80 per cent. 1ST.*. iJOMESTTC MANUFACTURES, ETC. 73 iption of itities of ortioii to prices of be pos- 30 acres, [ in Scot- ultivatef 37,700, icco anted from the ricnltiiral in sheep of sheep 833,800, antity of quantity |ly 80 per Among other items of colonial produce, the official re- turns of 1S48 shew that there were 2,38(»,4O0 Djb. of butter, f)G8,:500 lbs. of cheese, and 9!),230 barrels of beef and pork produced for market by the farmers of Upper Canada. The 'juantity of .sugar produced from the sap of the maple tree was 3,7G4.200 lbs., or above 5 lbs. to each in0 lbs. Of domestic manufactures in Upper Canada, tho «,.. antity of 624,900 yards of fulled woollen cloth was pro icod, also 71,700 yards of linen, and 1,298,172 yards of flannel. We have in these statements some hisight ' ! into the domestic economy of the farm house ; and how tlic ,i i' winter evenings ' v the blazing log fire may pass under many :m> a roof-tree in the colony. A very agreeable view of the I?* comforts possessed by many of the colonists is afforded by the number of 4680 carriages kept for pleasure, in addition to a much larger number, used both for farming and plea- sure p irposes, and which are not liable to assessment. The i number of pleasure carriages in 1842 in Upper Canada was 1 98(), thus shewing a very gratifying increase within the six years. The comparative absence of taxes in Canada, and the ease with which property is acquired, afford every encourage- ment to the increase of comfort among the colonists. The only taxes which may be said to be known to the colonists, are in the form of the exceedingly light rates levied on cer- tain descriptions of property, and which are levied by the })eople themselves in municipal councils, already described, < ■ 1 lii iU 71 IMPUOVlNa MEANS OP COMMUNICATIOX. and also expemled by them for purposes within their respec- tive localities. The Oenenil Govenmieiit being supported, as we have also previously noticed, chiefly by very moderate customs duties. The very large increase in the number of pleasure- carriages possessed by the colonists iu 1H48, compared with 1842, may perhaps, however, be more y)arlicularly accounted for by the great improvement that has taken place in the principal roads of the country within that period. Many hundreds ot miles of main roaerity. The statistics of trade and commerce which we will glance at, will, therefore, consider- ing recent circumstances of colonial trade, be less for any comparative results, ihan to present some general view of the description and ordinary extent of the exports and im- ports of the country. a h '»< I mc. Tiie bavc ^'eeu this teiu- ,y affectc'l ; aud coiu- leso citieH, nnediatcly thus felt ast state of e towns of ho steadily iin, thau to e, in a raea- in the two of 80 per ni ployed in strate more by other ly in some ence effects consequent gland ; but he change, ihe colony of its own lives cannot :',ct on the trade and e, consider- ess for any •al view of ts and ini- -' I rUESENT riTA.VOlNG STATE OF TRADE IN CAKAl .*. t / The tiade of Canada has been much divided within the last few years between the United States and Lritain ; so much 80, that persons in England, imperfe(;tly infonned with regard to this, and only made aivpiainted with the Hritish exports, have drawn conclusions very much at variance with the actual state of consumption of imported manufactures and produce in the colony. In 1842, the customs duties collected at the inland ports of (Janada — that is, ports situated on the United States' frontier, amounted to £47,800 colonial currency. In 1818, these <'ust<»ms duties on importations from the Tnited States were to the amount of £\\'.],ih)4: colonial currency. [One iifth being deducted from colonial currency, reduces it roughly, sufficient for ordinary purposes, to sterling currency. The value of the sovereign in ( 'anada is 24/4 colonial currency. ] Of this .£113,634 collected as duties on importations from the United States, through as many as about fifty inland ports of Canada, situated along the colonial frontier, by much the greater portion of the amount, namely, i."lM.>,r)44, was on importations into I'pper Canada. The remainder of £23,0^9 was collected in Lower (Jaiiada, chieiiy at the ])ort of St. John's, situated at the foot of Lake Champlain navi- gation, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, and nearly opposite Montreal. The value of such of these imjxtvtations from the United States into Canada as paid duties, ad iHiloi'em^ varying from 1 to 15 per cent, chiefly about 7-^, amounted to £^541,243 sterling. Of the articles paying specific duties, there were 1,720,435 lbs. tea, 701,714 lbs. cofFee, and 3,001,430 lbs. refined and muscovado sugar, be- sides wines, spirits, molasses, tobacco, and salt. The specific duty on tea imported into Canada is 2-^d. currency ]»er lb. ; and the fact of tea being imported into the United States, in the country's own vessels, duty free, exi)lains very satis- fy ^ f !h i 78 TRADE WFTII THK TJNITEI) STATKS. f;u;t(>rily tho large importation ol' this artido in this way into the colony Coffee imported into the United States from the place of growth, in lliiited States' vessels, is also free of dnty. and, on being imported from the Ihiited States into Canada, is subject only to the duty of I-^<1. per lb. Siigar, M'liich is grown and refined in the I'nited States, pays a duty on importation into Canada of 27^. i'A. pur cwt. on refined, and ir)s. M. per cwt. on muscovado. Tol)acco, grown and manufactured in tho Unite*! States, pays a duty on being im])ortod into Canada of 2d. per lb. The <(uantity of manufactured tobacco imj»orted into Canada in 1848 was 1,244,5:51 lbs. We perceive by these statenieuts hoAv largely and cheax)ly some of the leading necessaries have been piiichased l)y Canada from the United States. We have here some in- sight into the means of living possessed by the colonists ; and we perceive, besides, the growing channels of trade the colony is marking out for itseli in its progress. The late decline iii its trade with Britain, and also the partial check experienced by MontT:eal autl (^Juebec, are thus in part ex- plained )>y the above statements. The goods imported from the United States, to the amount of above ,£541,000 sterling, and paying duties ad valorem of about Tg- per cent, on an average, consist very lai'gely of United States manufactures, and much of which descriptions were at one time imjtorted from Dritain. Heavy cotton manufactures, including cotton yj.vn^ leather manu- factures, and cercain descripti(ms of hardware, are largel} imported from the United States into Canada. Besides the above class of imports from the United States, the colony has received agricultural and dairy jtroduce, and tindjer, chiefly for the purpose of being passed through the country to enter England as colonial produce. In 1847 \ f .■^ this way jcl States s, is also ed States I. ])er lb. A States, . per cwt. Tol)acco, ys a duty ) (quantity 1848 was id cheaply L-hased by i some in- cohmists ; • trade the The late ial check part ex- js, to the duties cul nsist very of which II. Heavy [ler manu- L'c largeh led States, Iduce, and Irough the In 1847 OPKRATION OF IlKCENT CIIANOErt IN TRADK. ro and 1848, before the duty on foreij^n *rrn'm was lessened to it8 now almost nominal rate, considerahle (juantities were received by (,':ina»]a I'or transport to Knirland ; the canals, ship])inp^, and coiimiercial cities of the colony were thereby much bi'uclited The receipts of flour at Montreal, through the Lachine Canal and River, from the western country, which includes U]>per Canada as well as Tuitcd States im- portations, amounted in ls47 to 8{)3,li<)n barrels, Itesidea •'■) 12,700 minots of wheat. The avtsrage prices in Montreal that year were .'JO.s. ."id. colonial currency, for Hour per barrel, and (js. 5^d for wheat per hushel. The average ratcM of freight from Montnial to Liverpool were .Os. 4«1. for flour per barrel, and 12s. 8d. for wheat per quarter. The exports from Montreal that vear were 2sl,000 barrels of fluur, and 5b*l,00(i minots of wheat Th<> trade declined in 1848. Montreal received from the wosteni country that year f>45,.'500 barrels of flour, and or>f),80() minots of wheat, and exported only 150/400 barrels of flour, and 172,200 minots of wheat. The avera^-e price of flour in Montreal was that year 2Hs. ;id. currency, and wheat As. 7d. per bushel. Freights were 4s. 2d. for flour, and 10s. 2|d. per (juartcr for wheat. We here trace another chief source of the decline of colo- nial trade with England, aft'ecting also the conmiercial ca- pital of the colony. This branch of the trade, along with the principal city transactmg it, has in the meantime been checked, and many of the interests of the colony connected with flour -mills, canals, shipping, and banking, huve suf- fered. The farmers of Upper Canada, and towns chiefly de- pendent on them, have experienced least of the effects, and therefore the prosperity of the great western country of Canada goes on very much as usual. Wheat sold in To- ronto in 1840, and up to May 1850, at just about the same I H\ {'i 80 IMPOUTiH INTO CAN ADA BY 8EA. prices HA it has done for the lant ten years, with the single exception of 18-17. During the four years previoutj to 184(i prices were much higher, hut again, from Ih:}2 to IH.'jfJ, prices were much ahout the same, with the exception of KS47, as they have heen for the past ten years. The lowest average i)rices in the Toronto market, during that series of years, was lis. M. in lh43, anrice of culti- vated land in Upper Canada is 70s. lOd. currency per acre, and farms, we may here notice, generally rent, it is believed, at from 10s. to los. currency j>er acre, where a1)out 7.') pur cent, of the land is cultivated. We have already noticed the light and efjuable taxes, also some of the means of general industry ; and with these views, taken in connection with this cost of highly-fertilo lantl, and prices obtained for produce, we may thus be a})k' to accoiut satisfactorily for the steady and prosperous pro gress of the colonists, as set forth in the ofhcial statistics of the country. Besides these in\ports from the United Ptate.?, the colcny imi)orted very largely by sea; being goods chielly the pro- duce of the L;itish and Foreign W'est Indies, France, Hpain, Portugal, and Sicily. In 1841 Canada imported from ('Uba 1,159,700 lbs. sugar; in 1848 the colony's total imports oi sugar, by sea, amounted to upwards of (),525,0()0 lbs., of which upwards of 52/5,000 lbs. was refined sugar. The quan- tity of cofi'ee imported by sea was 238,900 lbs. ; and of tea. 483,500 lbs. ; of wine, 1 24,000 gallons ; and of foreign sf)i- rits. including 55,000 gallons of rum, 227,400 gallons. The number of vessels, with cargoes, and in ballast, that en- tered the St. Lawrence in 1848 was 1350, being a decrease li ii KXPOllT TIIAI>R WITH THE UNITKI) .-0() of this a.nount represent exportations of the produce of the forest, consist- ing of various descriptions of sawn timber, logs, boards, posts, staves, and sucii like. The value in pot and pearl ashes alone was £43,100. Ono item (^f sawn timber was £l''25,4(}0. The sum of £454,400 represents agricultural productions, consisting of Hour, wheat, oats, l)arle}', pease, and so forth. The value in iiour alone was ovei' £3 10,600, and in wheat o£()3,100. The amount of the exportatious in live stock, chiefly horses, Avas £54,200. Horses alone amounted to £33,400, Among other items were furs, flax-seed, grass and timothy seeds, wool, butter, eggs, and salted meats. The value in flax-seed thus exported into tlie United States amounted to £3000, and butter to £8700. The recent extent and growth of this trade with the United States, and its effects on the prosperity of Canada, is believed to be generally very little known, and much under- rated, except by comparatively few familiar with it, even in most parts of the colony itself. The duties on most of the articles in the United States tariff is from 20 to 30 per cent. Wheat, and wheat flour, and timber, of which the exporta- tious from Canarla so largely consist, are all 20 per cent. Live stock, for the {uirposes of breed, is admitted free of duty. Should these United States duties be materially di- minished, we may conjecture, from the present position of the trade, what it would then be. Etfbrts have been making by the Government of Canada, which lia.ve l>een partially sue cessful, with the United States Government, to obtain a re- duction or withdrawal of tL>!se high duties. The exports from Canada, by the St. Lawrence, now close this part of our subject. These consist of agricultural pro- 71 hi ss. EXPORT TRADE WITH ENGLAND. 83 atea from is aitiount a, cousist- rs. Ijoards, and pearl AmhaY was gricullural •le}', pease, • £310,600, urtatious in orses alone were furs, utter, eggs, as exported id biitter to le witk the )f Canada, is iiuch under- it, even in most of tbe 30 per cent, he exporta- 10 per cent, tted free of aterially di- 1; position of .een making artially sue obtain a re 36, now close lultural pro- ductions, and of ])rodiictions of the forest. Of the first class of these exports, chiefly to Britain, therjuaiitity of Hour, in 1^48, was 383,()0() barrels ; wheat, 23H,000 bushels ; ashes, 18,200 barrels ; pork, 2(500 barrels ; beef, :}40o barrels ; butter,923,700 lbs. A comparison of these exj)orts by sea with those of former years re<|uire to be taken in connection with the same class of exports to the I aiited States, in order to establish the satisfactory result expccteer. This n the timber ent(3red the evious to the essels were -)8 ; in i>i4"2 number wa> .imberrose tc lace to 14IM The nuni- iri 1850 was etly employe-i of duty "11 lade of Canadiv 44, 1845, ana [need to grow. .s duty wa^ unfavourable to Canadian tim}>er. In 1.844 a very active demand took place in England, owing chietly to the number of mills building, an feet compared with that of 1844. The exportation of red pine in 1848 shewed a further decrease on 1847 of over 100,000 feet. The (quantities, both of oak and elm, exported in 1847 shewed an increase, compared with 1844, to the extent of 593,000 feet of oak, and 372,000 feet of elm. 1848 again, however, shewed a very much larger decrease on the exports of these descriptions, c0(),0(K) feet board measure. In 1848, the amount exported at the same port had increased to 9,000,000 feet ; in 1849, to 12,000,000 feet ; and in 1850, according to re- turns just closed, this trade with the United States had in- creased to 31,770,000 feet. The exportation in square tim- ber to the United States, at the same port, were, in 1847, 310,000 cubic feet ; in 1848, 750,000 ; in 1849, 1,150,000, and in 1850, 1,()()0,000 cubic feet. Other evidences of a growing trade with the United States, besides those formerly noticed, might be given, but we have perhaps gone already sufficiently into details for the present. The prices of timber in the Quebec market during 1850 maintained themselves much better than was expected. The price of white pine, in shipping order, in December 1850, ranged from 5d. to 6^d. per foot ; the price of red pine from 9d. to 9^d. ; of oak from Is. l^d. to Is, 3d., and of elm from lOd. to lO-sd. These prices are in colonial currency, de- ducting a fifth from which gives the sterling amount. The stock of timber on hand in Quebec at the close of the trade of 1850, was very much smaller than the stocks of many years back. In 1846, the stock of white pine amounted to ] 3,000,000 feet ; in 1847, the stock was somewhat over that amount ; in 1848 and 1849, the stocks greatly decreased ; and in December 1850, the quantity on hand was only 5,000,000 feet. The quantity of white pine exported by sea during this past season of 1850 amounted to 13,040,000 feet, and of red pine, to 3,580,000 feet. I to think, I quantity he United leu, at the lounted in he amount ),(X)0 feet ; [ing to re- tes had in- square tim- •e, in 1847, , 1,150,000, iences of a )se formerly ;one already luring 1850 )ected. The iiTiher 1850, 1 pine from of ehn from urrency, de- lount. The if the trade s of many .mounted to at over that decreased ; ;d was only orted l)y 'sea 13,040,(»00 I TOTAL EXPOIITS AND IMPORTS OP CANADA, 87 We may now here state the respective values of exports and imports of Canada. For 1848 these were as follow : — Imports by sea ^2, 107,1^04 Impirts inland 851,534 Shewing the total value of imports £2,95 8,798 Exports by sea £l,749,l(i7 Exports inland 772,432 Shewing the total value of exports 2,521,599 Being excess of imports, £437,199 This shews the state of the trade of the colony for this par- ticular year, so far as that can be ascertained through cus- tom-house entries. It does not in any particular manner shew us the amount of the actual resources of the country exported, nor the amount of actual wants sup[)lied by im- ports. Such a view as this would have enableJ us more cor- rectly to judge of the actual condition of the colony. As it is, a large amount of these imports consisted of grain and other produce from the United States, for shipment to England. And again, of the exports, a considerable amount of these consisted also of grain and other produce to the United States, not however to so large an amount as the imports from that country. Taking these and other cir- cumstances into consideration, the result will be, it is be- lieved, a gratifying proof of the generally prosperous condi- tion of the colony. Its steady growth in the increase of population, in cultivated laud, and the varied resources made available by active industry, from its fertile soil, and inex- haustible forests, aftbrd cheering prospects, both to the present and prospective settlers of the colony. We have taken no account of the capital and industry employed in the towns, in particular trades and manufac- tures ; in steam and sailing vessels ; in the fisheries of Gaspe u :r'' 88 BANKINO INSTITUTIONS OF CANADA. li >i and other places ; in railways and sta^e coaclies ; in the copper-mining interests, and in the public works ; and not the least prominent item, the capital employed in hanking-. There are eight banks in Canada, besides the Bank ot British North America, which has its chief office in Eng- land, and spreads its branches all over British America. This bank, which was incorporated in 1840, has a capital of .£1,000,000 sterling. Of the eight more strictly colonial banks, four are in Lower, and four in Upper Canada. The most important of these is the Bank of Montreal, incorpo- rated with a capital of .£750,000 currency. The three other banks in Lower Canada are the City Bank of Montreal, with a capital of £300,000 ; the Banque du Peuple in Montreal, with a capital of i>200,000 ; and the Quebec Bank. The l»anks in Upper Canada are the Bank of Upper Canada, Toronto, incorporated 1821, with a capital of £500,000 ; the Commercial Bank of the Midland District, Kingston, incor- porated 1832, with a capital of £500,0(X) ; the Gore Bank, Hamilton, incorporated with a capital of £100,000; and the Farmers' Joint Stock Banking Company, Toronto. Almost all of these institutions have branches in various })arts of the country, and issue notes, payable on demand, from one dollar upwards. The least denomination of the notes of the Bank of British North Amerily soon be •e-establish ^ ^■. their formerly pruspeious condition. The latest intelligence, while we write, from Montreal, to December 21, 1850, shews Montreal bank stock t.' be rising, and that it was then in de- mand at 7 per cent, premium. The stock of the Commercial Bank of the Midland District, Upper (.^anada, was at par. With regard to the extensive copper-minmg now going on in Canada by means of associations, along the shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, the success is understood to he such as to promise that this branch of enterprise and industry will become permanent, and prove of great import- ance to the resources of the colony. The minerals along the shores of Lake Superior had attracted attention as early as the times of the old French vo>?agers. The first notice of them is traced as far back as 1H65 ; and La Hontan and Charlevoix from 1089 to 1721 ; and Carver, Henry, and Mackenzie from 1705 to 1789, suc- cessively alluded to them. The statements of Carver appear to have led to the formation of an English company on the present American or south side of the lake, which resulted in failure. In 1841 the authorities of the State of Michi- gan directed their attention to the matter, and the reports of the State geologist fully proved the existence of silver as well as copper. A joint stock company was formed, and in 1845 mining operations commenced on the south shore of Lake uperior These operations were decidedly suc- cessful. In 1848 one thousand tons of copper were procured from one mine alone, named the Cliff mine — some of the blocks of copi)er from which weighed upwards of a ton. Towards the latter part of 1845, the first location or settlement for the purpose of mining was taken possession of on the British side of the lake. The reports of dis- coveries of copper and silver, on the north as well as on the south shore of Lake Superior, very speedily led to the forma- t! 90 COPPER MIMXG ON LAKES SUPERIOU AND HURON. tion of numerous mininj:^ companies, both in Canada and the United States. In 1847, it is said that there were upwards of eighty American, besides seven or eight Cana- dian or British companies I'ormed. Much of tlie excitement which brought these companies into existence was, as might be believed, merely the offspring of pure speculation. After some loss to parties involved, and mining interests having settled down on a more substantial business basis, there are now several companies rea]»ing successfully, it is understood, the rich mineral harvests scattered along the shores of both Lakes Superior and Fluron. The operations at Pointe-aux- Mines, on the east coast of Lake Superior, have been conducted under the practical skill of Cornish miners, assisted by French Canadian la- bourers. Highly sanguine expectations are formed of the importance of these mineral treasures to Canada. Canada possesses about 500 miles of coast along ]jake Superirr, much of which has been ascertained to abound in mineral wealth ; besides, the vast interior is as yet unexplored. We have now to direct attention from the mineral wealth of the far western shores of the interior of Canada to a very important branch of industry, the chief scat of which is at the extreme eastern point of the country. We mean the fisheries of Gaspe and other places. The Bay of ^Jhaleur, the southern shores of which are situated in the province of New Brunswick, and the northern in Canada, has long been known for its extensive fishing establishments. The salmon fishery at Rastigouche was formerly carried on very successfully. The Acadian French around the Bay of Chaleur employ themselves principally in fishing. The settlement of Pashabiac is occupied chiefly by those people. There are also people from Jersey employed by a large fish- ing establishment here. The vessels employed in these H s. FISHERIES OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE. Ul ada and jrc were it Cana- citcment as might n. After ,8 having there are iderstood, is of both jast coast ! practical ladian la- icd of the , Canada I Superif T, II mineral lored. ral wealth to a very hich is at mean the '^haleur, rovince of haB long ints. The id on very le Bay of jng. The Ise people. arge fish- in these fisheries, after having made the best use of the tJumraer, proceed laden in the autumn for the disrusal of their car- goes to Brazils, Portugal, Spaiu id to various ports within the Mediterranean. Besides these li .y of Chaleur fisheries, there are the co fishermen, are called ' humpbacks,' and Usually yield, on an average, three tons of oil each. These fisheries around the shores and inlets of the gulf have very much fallen oft' of late years, to such an extent even, that instead of the (laspe fisheries exj>orting yearly thousands of barrels, the amount is now limited to hundreds. 'I he cause of this is attributed, by those who possess opf>ortunities of being most conversant with the subject, to Ix) the diminish- ing (juantities uf food for the larger sorts of fish, afforded by the shoals of smaller fish, such as Iierrings and mackerel — these being now thus very much diminished by the mackerel Ushing of the Americans, and the settlers of the coast mak- ing a practice of taking immense lf>y two stoamhoats. The stock of tliis company is uiulerstood to be one of the best, if not the best, in the colony. Tlie Montreal and Lachino Railway, which was finished about three years ago, is over a distance of nine miles, between the city of Montreal and the villa.ufc of La- chine, situated towards the upper end of the Island of Mon- treal. The ])assajjje on the river is interrupted by rapids, which impede the navigation chiefly uj^wards ; and the canal through the island, for that distance, is used principally for heavy good.s. The stock of this line declined very materi- ally in 1847, shortly after it was opened. The rapid pro- gress of the vast wostern country, upwards, together with the re-establishment of the commercial prosperity of Mont- real, will, it is believed, make this railway a profitable in- vestment, if prudently managed. The line is undoubtedly one of great advantage to the general traffic over one link of the main chain of communication with Upper Canada, and all the fast-growing countries around the great lakes. The returns of the traffic of 1H50 just closed, shew a large in- crease on the previ'as year. A continuation westward i contemplated, and very active exertions are now being madt by the chief towns and districts along the route to carryfor- ward the undertaking. The third of the railways in opera- tion in Canada is the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway, , connecting the St. Lawrence, a little below Montreal on the opposite shore, with the Atlantic ocean at the town of Port- land, State of Maine. The distance is about 280 miles, of which 130 miles are on the Canada side, and 150 on the American. A considerable portion on the Canada side is understood to be now in operation. A continuation of this line from Portland to Halifax is contemplated. In connec- tion with the Atlantic steam-ships landing at Halifax, speedier communication with Europe will thus be effected, ST. LAWHENCE A.I I tTl. ^MTI' iAiI.WAV. 93 mpany h it, in the hioh wjis e of nine ge of lift- Li of Mon- hy rapitls, I the cjinal cipally for sry matcri- rapi'i yro- ;etliei witli y of Mont- oii table in- .ndoul)tedly one link of panada, and lakes. The a large in- ivestward i being madt carry for- s in opera- ic Railway, Itreal on the wn of Port- i() miles, ot 150 on the .ada side is ,tion of this In connec- ,t Halifax, be effected, i \' lM)tli for Canada, and much ..i the ot;,.r Brit \nu'f -iin |>rovmoe.H, and for the United States. Such a \.>utlti for (Canada to the sc.i durin;^ >vinior, when navi^Mt •-■« i^ il Med by the St. Lawrence l»ein^' frozen over, will uudouhicdiy prove of groat value. The tnitlic in business and jdeasure travelling during the other seasons, will, it is expected, he al.so a considerable source of revenue to the unih-rtaking. The route is through some of the finest scenery in bower Canada — crossing the valley of the Kichelieu. anass- ing the town of London, to Windsor, on the Detroit River, to form a connection with the railways of the State of Michigan. Two contemj)lated branches are — one of forty- two miles from Hamilton to the Niagara River; another of about fifty miles, from a point westw^ard to Port Sarnia, at the head of the River St. Clair, and foot of Lake Huron. .\;tJt.V. :''!i-. ■Ot'ttV'"''*-*'' k--'l' »^-5f.^l* IN.' 94 OTHER Railway unpertakinos. The bniiuh to the Nia^^ara Hiver will form a connection with the railways of tlie State of New York. A line is about to h ti' the lon^ circMiit of Lakes Eric and St. Olair, an (Quebec. This main line along Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence is also to liave branches at various points into the interior; among these, at present, are oni; from I'ort Hope, on Lake Ontario, through the Newcastle and (^olborne districts, aud another from Prescott, on the St, I-awrence, to Bytown, on the Ottawa. The Quebec and Halifax line is one that has for some time now been contemplated, and is understood to be held in much favour by many individuals, both in Canada and in England. Two chief recommendations of this line seem to be, that it would open up the vast country between Queliec anout ronto, ^>y ^ t)tt' the le several to ho oon- i Toronto >ec. This liawrence e interior •, 3, on Lake itriets, aii I the Country, nnd Sci'iuTy— Tin loiuifry Itil.w QucIuh ~ Appnuifli to Uiic- bcc— Kalla of Montni'irt'iicy- Quobfi; aotl Nti^'liliomliooil- -Natun" o^ bi Country ami Scenery above Queliec— Oencral Cliararteristic of the lands tlie Di^triit '(('(^ueliec. witli its Su'xlnisie.ns of Coiititu s- CliarartiTisticH Tliren IliM rs District- • (bounty ■)•" CliJiinplaiiK iiml hon Wniks of St. Mai' • District of !St. Irimcis (.'oiuity of Sherbrctoko, and the Eastern Townsln;.;- • St. liiiwrenci nul Atlantic Hallway frmii Montn-al to Portland- Portion Cum- pkted— i'roji( ted (iucl)cc and llaJifa.v lluihviiy Lower Cava pa, owing to so lari^e u f.r* (portion of tluj inha- bitants being of French origin, retaining their native lan- guage, and chiefly governed by their (Id laws, and the cli- juate of the country InMng also more severe than the upj)er or western portion of the province, has, on these accounts, not been g(?nerally considered of so inteiestitig a character as Upper Canada, to which the laaia stream of emigration is therefore directed. Lower Canada, nevertheless, in many material ])oints of view, is an exceedingly interesting country, The bold and pictures<[ue features of its scenery, not only along the banks of the St. Lawrence, but on its other less known noble river, and its most beautiful inland situations, will ever claim for it a very high degree of interest, leaving even historical as- sociations connected with much of this scenery entirely out of view. It possesses also many fertile and llourishing dis- M\i\ .( s..... tff 96 BOUNDARFBa AND EXTENT OF LOWER CANADA. tricts of country, throughout which, and inhji))iting its towns, are a not inconsiderable number of prosperous and intelligent British settlers. A more particular view of this country, then, cannot be CDUsidered uninteresting. Its geographical boundaries are limited by the 45th and 52d degrees north latitude ; and the parallels of 57.50 and 80.0 west longitude. Com- mencing at the mouth of the 8t, Lawrence, and proceeding up that I'iver in a south-westerly direction, we reach the line 45 of north latitude, at the village of St. Jlcgis, on the south-eastern side of the river, l)etween seventy and eighty miles above Montreal. The territory south of this line, and upon the south-eastern side of the river, is that of the United States. The territory south of this line, and upon the north- western side of the river, commencing from Point aa Baudet, about fifty-five miles from Montreal, together with the country lying north-westward of this point to the River Ottawa, and all along the south-western shores of the Ottawa, comprises Upper Canada. All north of this boundary, then, as far as the parallel of 52, we have already named, and westward to its extreme south-west point on Lake Temis- caming, the source of the river Ottawa, comprehends the large territory of Lower Canada. The extent of its area is estimated at 205,863 square miles, excluding the river St. Lawrence, l)ut including the numerous other rivers and lakes, by which its surface is diversified, and which are estimated to have a superfices of 3200 miles. This extent gives 135,000,000 acres of land. This large country is divided into three chief districts,, Quebec. Three Rivers, and Montreal, and two lesser districts, Gaspi- and St. Francis. These again are subdivided into thirtv- six counties, and those counties into seigniories, fiefs, and townships. [Two new districts have recently been consti- •<:'»•.■. m' DA. labiting its sperous and n, cannot be uiularies are Ltitude; and ude. C'oni- 1 proceeding ■each the line Icgis, on the y and eighty this line, and of the United )on the north- int au Boy (let, her with the to the River of the Ottawa, mndary, then, y named, and Lake Temis- prehends the )/),863 square [including the lits surface is superfices of >,cres of land. Dricts , Quel'ec. itricts, Gaspe into thirty - des, fiefs, aiul been consti- COUNTIIY BELOW (JUEBEC. 97 tuted, named Kamouraska and Ottawa, the former being from two counties of the Quebec district, the latter from the county of Ottawa, in the district of Montreal.] We will now take a brief view of soiae of the more cha- racteristic features of Lower Canada — commencing Avith the country at the mouth of the 8t. Lawrence, and proceeding up the river until we reach Upper (.';iiada. We have already noticed in a previous chapter the bold and mountainous appearance of the country as we approach it from the Atlantic, and on entering the river. On both sides of the St. Lawrence, from the mouth to the neighbour- hood of Quebec, are high mountains, more or less receding from the river banks. The northern bank being of so mountainous a character, and the high lands approaching so close to the river, together with the general nature of the country, have prevented any seUlement of importance be- low the river Paguenay, \00 miles l)elow Quebec. Quebec is situated about 400 miles above the mouth of the river. The Saguenay is a magnificent river, having a course of 180 miles from liake St. John, and navigable for large ships for about ninety miles from its mouth. The scenery on the Saguenay, with lofty overhanging banks, is remarkable for bold grandeur. Much of the soil of this part of the country is said to be good, and it has been partially settled, especially of late, chiefly by French Canadians. On the south side of the St. Lawrence, near its mouth, is the thinly settled district of Gaspe. The fisheries of this district employ a large proportion of its inhabitants. From the western or upper boundary of Gaspe, and along this south side of the St. Lawrence upwards, to the east of the Chandiere river, a few miles above Quebec, is a very inter- esting and important country, fronting on the St. Lawrence for 257 miles, and extending backwards to the boundaries u i > hI . i 98 COUNTRY AROUNB QUEBEC. of New Brunswick and the United States, Unlike the mountainous region on the opposite shore, it abounds with uKtensive valleys of excellent land. Its great general fea- tures, however, especially as viewed from the St. Lawrence, are hilly and undulating. This part of Canada, for 200 miles l)elow QueVtec, presents a cheering appearance to the voyager on the St. Lawrence. There is the constant sue cession of French villages, with their prominent church spires, the telegraph stations, the white-washed farm houses, the smiling and cultivated fields, relieved by the stripes and clumps of woodland, and more so by the massy back-ground of the thickly-wooded hills a..d dark mountain tops. The eye of the voyager, wearied with the expanse of ocean for weeks past, happening to pass this scene when summer is })utting forth its soft verdure, and wdien the bright tin spires of the village churches sparkle under the rays of the clear, balmy atmosphere th?..t characterises the country at this particular season, (.'annot fail, without even the assist- ance of a lively fancy, of being most agreeably delighted. As the voyager approaches Quebec, the banks of the river on both sides present themselves under the most cheer- ing aspect. Verdant and cultivated slopes, dotted over witli villages and farm houses, gracefully undulating elevations, hills, and dark mountains, appear all to have been heaped about here with the most pleasing effect, so as both to sur- prise and delight. The Falls of Montmorency are a few miles below Quebec, on the north l>ank of the river. The height of the bank is 250 feet ; and the river Montmorency, ai)out twenty yards in breadth, rapidly runnmg over a rocky bed, and contaiuhig a considerable volume of water, issues from a thick growth of pine and other wood growing up»ni the top of the perpendicular bank, and tumbles its clcai .stream, converted into one long sheet of foam, into an 1 • ■■.'. SCENERY AROUND MONTMORENCY. !n> [nlikc iii« )uucls with eneral tea- Lawrence, la, for 200 luce to the astant sue- ent chvircli arm houses, stripes and )ack-ground tops. The )f ocean for i summer is ?, bright tin i rays of the i country at n the assist- delighted. )anks of the most cheer- ed over with (v elevations. :)een heaped both to sur- ly are a few river. The :ontmorency, over a rocky ater, issues ■(.wing up»)ii lies its clcai ,m, into ail * ; inderAted and picturesque part of the shore of the St. Law- rence. The voyager may distinctly observe this famous piece of scenery from the deck of the vessel in passing up the river. The drive from Quebec to the Falls, the distance of a few miles along the banks, is very delightful, Seen from the river, even this part of the neighbourhood of Quebec, is one rich in picturesque effect. The river St. (Charles enters the St. Lawrence just outside the suburbs ot Quebec, with its quaint, wooden bridge crossing it ; and all along the road to Montmorency is a constant succession of little French cottage-;, brightly white-washed and painted, many of them, and having their neat, well-kept patch of garden ground attached to them. The conspicuous parish church, with two or more spires, the seigneur's chateau, the roadside cross, are other objects in this view along the bank. The hills and mountainous ridges, which have more or less abruptly closed on the shore below, here, almc t all at once, recede, leaving an indented open space ; and back from the long, straggling, roadside PVench villages, is a scene of cul- tivated fields, clumps of woodland, farm houses, and villages. And in the background of all this are broken ridges of wooded hills, with wide valleys between, terminated by the bolder and lofty mountain, wooded to the very top. One or two interesting Indian villages are secluded among these clumps of woodland ; and the whole neighbourhood, as well as the famous Palls of Montmorency, attracts many visitors. On the south and opposite bank of the river, the hither- to undulating and cultivated country rises into the bold rocky headland of Point Levi, with its village, churches, and white farm houses clustering around it. The voyager now finds himself under the lofty towering citadel of Que- bec, immediately opposite Point Levi. The height of the dark, and almost perpetidicular rock, is 330 feet above the tni H ! i .J' y timber rafts, from the far western and northern for- est, and with the rest of the mass of shipping crowding under the lofty cane ; and the whole snrrounded by a country so magnificent in its features, and at the same time so smiling in many of its aspects — it would be difficult indeed, perhaps, to find any scene equal to it in any quarter of the globe. As you proceed up the river, the bold, rocky ridge, along the north bank, of which the lofty promontory of Cape Diamond is the abrupt termination, continues for seven or eight miles, terminating at its western extremity in another cape, called Cape Rouge, The woodeil and steep sides of the heights of Abraham, immediately behind, and west of the towering citadel, are supposed to be in nuich about the same state as when they were scaled by the soldiers of Wolfe. I made the ascent on ioot several summers ago, at the spot pointed out, not without a little hard climbing, but never requiring to use my hands, except to make use of the advantage of the branches of trees at times. The -t are on the wooded grounds around the open plain of Abrauam, se- veral tasteful seats belonging to Quebec merchants. AVe may now notice the general character of the country comprehended in the district of Quebec. The district em- braces a large territory, being divided into eleven counties ; then again subdivided into seventy seigniories, fiefs, and townships. And the whole, consisting of between forty and i M ( i 102 DISTRICT OF QUEBEC. fifty millions of acres of land. A very small proportion of this immense quantity of land is as yet cultivated. The whole of it is admirably watered by lakes and rivers. It possesses at least twenty-three well-known rivers runninji: into the vSt. Lawrence, eleven on the north, and twelve on the south bank. And the same number of lakes. The kSaguenay, below Quebec, already mentioned, is the principal river; and among those joining the St. Lawrence above Que- bec, are the Chaudicre, Jaques Cartier, and 8t. Anne. The general features of the country may be divided mto large level plains, uneven hilly land, and mountainous ridges. Besides its general picturesque and majestic aspect, much of the soil is highly fertile, and otherwise well fitted for cul- tivation. In the neighbourhood of Quebec the soil is of ex- cellent quality, and generally cultivated. Opposite Quebec, in the county of Dorchester, the land is also considered ge- nerally good, and is well settled, fronting the St, Lawrence. This county is watered by the Chaudiere and other rivers. Some portions of the land, further up the river, towards the district of Three Rivers, are not <|uite of so good quality, though there are much fertile land in this direction, and partially settled. The new district of Kamouraska, as has been already stated, is formed from the counties of Kamou- ra-^^ka and Rimouski. belonging to the Quebec district. The district of Three Rivers comprises five counties — Champlain and St, Maurice on the north, and Nicolet, Yamaska, and Drummond, on the south, side of the St. Lawrence. It is one of the two smallest districts of the four into which Lower Canada is divided. The number oi acres of land it possesses is estimated to be somewhat over 10,150,000. The county of Champlain, situated imme- diately above the county of Portneuf, in the Quebec district, has a frontage along the St. Lawrence of twenty-five miles. TIIltEE RIVETiS l>rSTRICT. 103 rtion of d. Thi- ers. It vclve (»i» es. The [)rincii)al ove Que- ne. The ito large .s ridges, jct, much !(1 for cul- 1 is of ex- :e Quebec, idered ge- Lawrence. Iher rivers. ', towards id (quality, tion, and |ka, as has If Kamou- rict. ounties — Nicolet, ,f the St. ts of the lUmber oi what over led imme- c district, [five miles. 1 { The country is well watered l)y the Rivers ^t. Maurice and liatiscan, besides smaller streams ; and the soil is generally good. The features of the country towards the boundaries of the Quebec district partake of a bold and diversified cha- racter; and here commences the gently elevated land that cnnni the banks of the river all downwarvis to Quebec. From the mouth of the Batiscan to the St. Anne the land- scape is very beautiful ; and indeed all along the north l>ank of the St. Lawreice the scenery is delightful. St. Maurice county i"; situated above Champlain, and has a frontage along the river, and that wide expanse of it called bake St. Peter, of above thirty miles. Some parts of this county is light and sandy, but the greater proportion of the soil is of excellent quality. The country is well watered by the St. Maurice, Maskinonge, I)u Loup, and smaller streams. The town of Three Rivers is in this county, which is ninety miles above Quebec, and where the steamboats regularly call. There are extensive mines and an iron foundry at St. Maurice, about ten miles north of the river. The iron is of an excellent quality, bringing a much better price in Canada than the common English iron. The stoves made at the works are very generally used throughout Lower Canada. Of the four remaining counties belonging to the district of Three Rivers, situated along tiie south bank of the St. Lawrence, three of them, Nicolct, Yamaska, and Drummond, may be said to possess much about the characteristic fea- tures. The face of the country is generally level, and the soil of good quality, A considerable portion of Yamaska, however, is light and sandy. The whole district of country, like all the other parts of Lower Canada we have as yet no- ticed, is admirably watered by fine rivers. The county of Nicolet is situated farthest down the south bank of the St. Lawrence, and adjoining the Quebec district. The village of hij ill 104 DTSTRTr'T OF ST. FRAiVCrS, Nicolet, on the river of the same name, is the seat of a col- lego. A Itraiich of the Nicolet, and the two rivers St. Francis and Vaniaska, water the county of V'amaska. The district of St. Francis, the smallest of the district.s of Lower Canada, consists of two co'mtiesj Sherhrooke and Stanstcad. The fonner of the.se contains however, the large amount of 1,782,400 acres, and the latter 404,4H0 acres, making the total quantity of land in the diistrict 2,lS(t,480 acres. Sherhrooke comprises one of the finest and most desir- able j)ortions of Lower Canada foj settlement. It is situated south of the county of Drununond, which lies ah^ng the south bank of the St. Lawrence, and part of it adjoins the United States frontier, in the State of New Hampshire. It con- sists of twenty- eight of the well-known Eastern Townships of Lower Canada, and of which the late Lord Sydenham, when Governor- General of Canada, spoke in very high terms. The face of the country, unlike the almost universal charac- ter of Canada in the more settled parts, is diversified by hill and dale, and has a very delightful appearance. These townshi[)s of Slierbrooke are occupied by many enterprising Anicrican and English settlers. The population of the county, including the town of Sherhrooke, amounted, in 1848, to upwards of 15,000, The amount of land in the county is 1,78*2,400 acres. The town of Sherhrooke is very agreely situate •f a col- FrauciH Ustricts oke and ;he large ^0 acres, 3 St desir- i situated tlie south le United It con- ivnships of lara, when rrh terms, a I charac- ed by hill e. These terprisino; on of the Hinted, in ,ud in the ke is very er, formed li with the Canada is Imills, and ter-power. boundary jf upwards of 13,000. Tlu' village of Stanstead is witliin about a mile of the American frontier, Thtre are many tine farms in this county, and the scenery is pictnresciue. and iho soil fertile, '"he ^^t. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway, now in course of l)eing laid down between Montrcjp^and the town of Port- land, in the State of Maine, o- tbe Atlantic, passes thiough this part of Lower Canada, and will much assist in develop- ing its resources. The railway, as has been mentioned in a previous chapter, has already been completed for a con- siderable distance from i\L)ntreal. When completed the whole way through to Portland, on the Atlantic, it is in- tended to join another more extensive line leading to Halifax, the first point of land in America at wl)ich the English mail ^teamers touch. This line to Halifax would cover a HALIFAX IIAIIWAY long distance, and much of it throughout an entirely un- settled territory. The l*ortland line l»eing carried through, along with its proposed continuation, would he also most likely to prove a formidable rival to the line hetwoen Hali- fax and Quebec. As Oi/.nada however increases in popula- tion and prosperity, boiii lines will in all probal>ility be called into active and protitable opeiation. With these further passing remarks in this place, in treating of this particular part of the country, on the j)ro- jected, and in part completed, railway communication of Canada, for tbs parpose of more closely connecting the country with her wealthier and older-settled neighbours of the adjoining States, and with the Atlantic, we shall draw this chapter to a close. The next will open with a continu- ation of the districts of Lower Canada. The important and interesting district of Montreal only now remahis to be mentioned. sly un- irou}j;h, most n Hali- popula- ility I'f .1 CHAPTEll IX. :)lace, "ui the pro- :ation of ;tiag the tihours of lall draw I, continu- •rtant and lis to be DISTRICTS OF LOWER CANADA. District of Montrrtil, with its Suli-divisions of Counties— Great Extent of the County ot Ottawa— Reotntlj coiistiluted n New Distrtrt- -Counties on Hit; SouUi Shore 1.1" t lie St iiawri'iii c -Ailiairt' .ind Miutnil Springs of Vua'nnen Town of Chanibly, and Scciier) on the Rjclitlicu- -Cannl Navi^iation on the Richelieu to Lake Clianipliun—Transjjortaliou of Timber to New York— Tra- velhii^' on lrahour twenty- five miles, and L'Assomption for ten or twelve miles. To- wards the river the country is a good deal settled, and the land good. Further oil the river to the north, the generally level character changes to a more uneven and hroken hilly surface. The chief rivers watering tiiese two counties are L'Assomption and Berthier. Berthierand L'Assomption are the name.'- also of two small towns ; the latter, twenty-four miles from Montreal, is the ^eat of a college. There are several other small towns in the counties. Passing up the St. Lawrence, we reach a small county called Lachenaye, bounded on the south-east for twelve uiiles by the River 8t. Jeao, The soil is of njixed character ; generally good, but in parts poor. [The new name of Leinster has been sub- stituted f(.>r the old one of Laclienaye.] The next county, Terrebonc, (Comprehends, besides a large territory of main- land, the very beautiful and fertile Isle Jesus, closely ad- joining the L^land of Montreal, which lies to the south of it, separated by the River des Prairies. The Isle Jesus, which is a seigniory, is twenty-one miles long, and six wide, and is connected with the mamland of the county by a wooden bridge. Another bridge connects Isle Jesus with the island of Montreal. There are between two and three millions of acres of land in Terrebone ; and the surveyed townships, which comprise only a small part of the county, are not wholly settled. The land is generally good, and well wa- tered. /, I i\»ature> >f coun- tlu' Si. triot up- uj>ic(i by t twenty- lies. To- l. and the o;cnciiilly >ken hilly iuUi*'s are 111 pti' mare ,venty-fuur 'rheie are in I J? VI p the Lac'heiiaye, c River 8t. laliy good. ., hcen suh- .'xt county, •y of main- olosely ad- south of it, esusj whieh wide, and is a wooden b the island millions of townships, iity, are not id well wa- ti OTTAW.A, A.M) NOKTII SlIuIlK oK THE ST. t.AWUKN" K. l^O The reniuiniiii^ portion of the (Ijstrict to the north of the St. liuwrcnce, ooniprisos tin- eoiiiity of Two Moiiiitiiiii.s — the extensive county of Ottawa, and the county of Vaudrcuil The county of Two Mountains is situated immediately nhovc Torrel>one, and froiit< on the liuke of Two .M'lnitain.'*, and along tlie Ottawa River for u distatice of near .seventy miles. The soil generally is of exciillcnt «|uality ; the inferior parts are stony and light, nml this character particularly applies to the seigniory of .Vrgenteuil The town.s are St. Andrews, Indian Villuge, and Kiver l)u i'hene, and the county in wa- tered hy the Rivers l)u Nord, Rouge, and l>u ('hene. The county of Ottawa comprises the renuiining portion of lj«»wor ('aruida, lying along the north haidv of the t'ttawa, from the houndary line of the county of Two Mountains, to the extreme limits of the j)rovince on the north-west. Beyond it are the territories of the Hudson's iiay Com])any, and of Indian na- tions. From the great extent of the county, the northern portion is yet comparatively little known. It i.s computed to contain no less than :^i^,4()4,ituated between the rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence, immediately above the junction of these rivers. There are many fine and picturesque situations in this county, especially along the banks of the Ottawa and the Lake of Two Mountains. The soil is generally good, and all the land is occupied, and the gi-eater proportion imder cultivation. 110 VALLEY OF THE UICIIELIEU. The county is watered by several small rivers ; its princ'i[)al villages are Coteaii du Lac, Cedars, and Vaudreuil. Among the recent signs of euterpiise in the county, is a glass manu- factory which has displayed very creditable specimens of Canadian manufacture. We will now turn to the counties belonging to the dis- trict of Montreal, situated on the southern side of the St. Lawrence. Five of these remaining ten counties thus situ- ated, lie eastward of the River Riclielieu, which issues from Lake Champlain in the United States, and coursing through the district of Montreal in a northern direction, empties it- self into the St. Lawrence at the town of Sorel, 45 miles below the city of Montreal. This river thus divides the por- tion of the district on the south of the St. Lawrence into two divisions. The five counties lying east of the Richelieu are ShetFord, INlissisquoi, St. Hyacinthe, Rouville, and Riche- lieu. This very interesting portion of Lower Canada con tains considerably over one and a-half million of acres, and the great proportion of the land is of excellent quality. Its surface is generally level, but it is in parts pleasingly di- versified by several fine mountain heights. Of these, the most distinguished are Beloeil, already alluded to, Boucher- ville, Chambly, and Mount Johnston. Yamaska and Ruu- gemont are mountains of considerable height. The country, as is almost everywhere the case throughout Canada, is finely watered, and a great portion of it is well settled Many of the settlers of these coimties being of British and United States origin, are among the most industrious and thriving farmers of Lower Canada. Their incomes are in a great measure derived from the sale of butter, cheese, pork, beef, and young cattle ; much of this finding ready sale in the Montreal market. Some fa-rmers in the spring take to Montreal cheese to the amount of £100 ; and the registrar ■ MINERAL SPUIXGS OP VARENNES. Ill )rincipal Among is maiiu- imens <>i" ) the dis- ,f the St. hus situ- sues from y through mpties it- , 45 miles es the por- rreiice into I Richelieu and Riche- uiada con acres, and .ality. Its [\ singly di' these, the ,, Boucher- and Rou- e country, [Canada, is ill settled, ritish and jtrious an(J lines are in leese, pork, ady sale in [Bg take to e registrar of the county of Missisquoi states, in a return for 1850, that he knows one farmer who laid down an acre and a-half of hops, from which, in two years, he realized X'l75 currency, or about X140 .^terline;. The same registrar states, that the incomes of many of the farmers in his county are from £'M)() t(j £400 a-year currency. The remaining counties of the St. Lawrence, and opposite the lower part of the city of Montreal, possesses a very pleasant qtuation, and has many good houses. Many highly respectable Ihitish settlers re- side in the town of Chambly and the neighbourhood. The town is a military station, and is the seat of a college, which was opened iu 182(). The founder was the liev. Mr. Mig- nault, and the course of studies is both of a classical and practical nature. Chambly now possesses also the double advantage, in means of communication with Montreal, of a plank road and railway, having their terminus ou I'le St Lawrence at Longueil. This railway is the conmiei, - it of the line which has been mentioned, named the h., ^ province. )ict\ire^><[vie The town niles from Q banks of the city of i\ haif many settlers re- hood. The lUege, which jv. Mr. Mig- ;lassical and ) the double ontreal, of a IS ou '.--.e St. nimei. "^t the S-. i-aw- terminus at The town |)rated Behxnl ngers and of One of the the foot of bank of the and tranciuil picturesqiie Major T. E sent Gover- taken much ,vver Canada, ;hc most ill- The river Richelieu is made navigable bv means of a canal of ton miles, extending from Chambly upwards to the town of St. Johns, from Lake Champhiiu to the St. Lawrence. Con- siderable ([uantities of timlter are transported by this means to the Quebec market, and large and increasing quantities are also sent this way up the river, through Lake Cham- plain, and thence through the Champlain and Troy Canal, to the Hudson liiver, for the New York market. [The extent of this timber trade with the I'nited States has already been noticed in the chapter on trade.] The general merchandise, however, transported between Lower Canada and the I'nited States by Lake Champlain, iinds its way from the town of St. Johns, situated at the foot of the lake navigation, by means of a railway of fourteen miles, to the small village of Laprairie, on the St. Lawrence, nearly opposite Montreal. The great stream of the United States summer tourists take thi;* route through Lake Champlain, one of the most pictures<[uc of all the American lakes : and the steam-boats on which are re)>uted to be among the most comfortalde and elegant boats ou the continent. The journey between Montreal and New York, by means of im- [iroved communication by steam-boats and raihvfiys, may now be accomplished in little more than twenty-four hours. The increased facilities, chielly by means of i-ailways, af- forded of late to the commercial and social intercourse between the I'nited States and Canada, will undoubtedly exercise a lively inlluence on the trading and also general interests of the colonv. The three remaining counties of the district of Montreal situated above Chambly, and between the rivers Richelieu and St. Lawrence, are Laprairie, L'Acadie, and Beauharnois. — [These three old counties are now known strictly as the coimties of Beauharnois and Huntingdon only. We retain I :'l II ii .111 ^-TCI 'r- ^if. 114 COUNTRY OrrOSITE MONTREAL. the old names and divisions for convenience.] — Lapnairie, as well as Chanibly, lies opposite the Island of Montreal, and fronts alone: the river ; and L'Acadie is situat. d in the rear, and watered along its eastern boundary b}' the Richelieu. Laprairie contains ir)2,:iOO acres, all of which lands are occupied, and the gra-dieT portion also under cultivation. The surface of the country is exceedingly level, and the soil for the most part good. Montreal is supplied with a great portion of its best hay from this county. The village of Laprairie, situated nine miles opposite, and in an upward direction on the river from the city of Montreal, is the ter- minus of the short railway of fourteen miles connecting the vSt, Lawrence with Lake Ohamjdain. The traffic in goods and passengers employs two steamboats constantly during summer, which, along with the use of the ferry, are the property of the railway company. The stock of this com- pany is am' ng the best in the colony. Besides the large stream oi United States tourists, and the increasing amount of merchandise, to and from New York, there is the very considerable traffic on the ferry, of the farmers and other in- habitants passing to and from Montreal. Near the west boundary of the county is a very indastrious Scotch settle- ment, on the Iliver Ohateauguay, vhere the land is exceed- ingly fertile. L'Acadie contains 100,000 acres, all occu- pied, but not nearly so much cultivated as Laprairie. A considerable portion of naturally good soil requires drain- ing, and part of it is stony, Beauharnois, the remain- ing county on the south of the St. Lawrence, lies south-west of Laprairie and L'Acadie, and is the extreme south-west point of Lower Canada. Its southern boundary is fonned by the United States territory, marked by the line 45 north latitude. Its north-western boundary is along the St. Lawrence, and the expansion of the river called Lake St, I, i^^ i BF:ArUAUN0I8, AXP OTHER CAXAT.S. J 1 r> ^>vairie, as troiil, anil 1 the rear, Richelieu, lands are ultivation. nd the soil ith a great village of m upward is the ter- lecting the ic in goods itly during ry, are the f this com- !S the large ing amount is the very nd other in- j the west otch settle- Id is exceetl- all oceu- prairie. A luires drain- he reuiain- soutb-west south-west is formed Ine 45 north Ing the St, :d Lake St, i Francis, This county contains 458,8(>0 acres. The Right Honouraltle E. Ellice possesses the only seigniory of this county, which compri.ses nearly half its extent. The soil, for the most part, is of good quality, and the lands settling well. The country is watered by the Chateauguay and its branches, and several small streams. The population amounted in 1848 to 321,(K>0. One of the most recently constructed of the St. Lawrence canals passes through a por tion of this county, alon"; the immediate hank of the river. A superit»r class of steamers and propellers are now con- stantly employed by means of these canals, in navigating, in an uninterrupted course, between Quebec and Montreal and the great lakes above. Passengers may thus be taken from the ship's side at either of these ports, on board of steam-vessels, which convey them, without transhipment or interruption, to their port of destination on the St. Lawrence or the lakes. This circumstance makes the route by the St. Lawrence from Britain Tiot only cheaper and more generally convenient for persons destined for Canada, but also for those destined to the Western States, such as Ohio, Michigan. Wisconsin, and Illinois. The long journey of 400 miles from Albany, through the State of New York to Buffalo, is thus avoided, with the delays and iiiterrui)tions at 1)oth places. This journey, besides, is either tedious by canal, or expensive by railway ; and strangers usually are also more subjected to fraud, from the numbers of impostors that crowd the great United States route, and endeavour both to mislead and rob the inexperienced traveller. The route by the St. Lawrence has thus several advantages. ILaving now completed our brief survey of the settle- ments of Lower Canada, with the exception of the island and city of ^lontreal, we will, in order fully to finish thih division of our subject, devote to it a fresh chapter. r:' I ill I.tt^mft^': CHAPTER X. ISLAND AND CITY OF MONTREAL. Situation and Ap))i';ir;incf of Montreul from the River— Tts Ponition for Trade — Sketch of I'iist and Prcsfiit State, nnd Vrosix-cts roimlatiou— ImprovctJ Apjiearance of the Port iirnl City — Slow spread of [nforniation rcspcctijitj Canada — First Impressions of Montreal Eighteen years ago— Natural Feel- lujrs and Associations of tlu; new !\ -ai'vived Eniigrant — Lachine and the otliev St. LawrenccCanals— Interior of Montreal— Principal Streets and the Sulnubn Banks and Puhlic Buildings— Frencl Catliedral— Other Places of Worship— The Mountain of Montreal — Fine Scenery — lload round the Miamtain- I'rench Canadian Houses— Appearance and manner of Living of French Ca muliaris—Fn'tieli Village of Cote des ^•eIges — Knglish ilesidences, and hoc Orchards — .Stont." Quarries near Montreal — Muuieipiil Government of Mon trcaJ— English and French Cliaritics — Literary Instirutions— Means of Edu cation — General Features of the (Jity — County and Island of Montreal. To the vojager ascending the St. Lawrence tiOO miles IVom its motith, the first sight of Montreal is exceedingly imposing The evidences of material prosperity, surrounded by the luxuriance and beauty of nature, rivet attention, and create interest. There is the broad amyde stream, with two or three lovely Avooded islands on its bosom, and along it> banks, gently sloping to thti water's margin, villages and farm-houses, cultivated fields, and clumps of woodland ; and in the back ground, here and there, distant hills and moim- tains, p(;aking their cone-shaped tops into the pure and tran.s parent atmos})here. Nearly opposite one of the prettiest of the islands, oc cupied }>y a garrison, and beautifully wooded, are the massive and elegant stone-built wharfs of the city, lined 4 i ti i?. ArPEAUAXt'E OP MONTREAL FROM THE KIVEfl. 117 /i L. cm fovTraile— ition rcspceting -Natural Feel- ic and the other iimUheSuI'mbf. es of Worsuil*- the Mountain- is ol' French Ca donees, ami lini •iiinent of Mon Means of Eil« Montreal. 000 miles exceedingly , surrouaded ttcntion, and im, with two |ud along it> villages and lo.iland ; and Is and uioini- ire and tran.s le islands, oc- lled, are tlie city, lin«-^»^ by ccean vessels, steam-boats, coasting, and other craft <>f every description. Running along the liVie of wharfs are suV)stantial warehouses, hotels, and puldic l)uildings. One of these is a market- house, the most imposing and commo- dious, perhaps, to be found on the American continent. It is one of the first, and 's the most cons})icuous public build- ing tliat strikes the eye of the traveller approaching Moti- treal in his ascent up the river. Rishig behind tbese ware houses and other huihlings, and skirting the banks of the river for two or t; ■.-. iiiles, are the streets of the city, with ..wS towers and spires diversifying the mass of houses, and displaying the importance of the place. Inmiediately back of the city, and wooded to the summit, is the picturesque mountain, of between five and six hundred feet in height ; its finely sloping base, luxuriant in orciiards and gardens, and sprhikled with stately seats and tasteful villas. Such is the situation of Montreal, the first city of Bri- tish America in extent, population, and wealth. Its posi- tion at the head of river navigation for the large-class of ocean ships that carry the importations of British goods to the colony, has conferred upon it these advantages. Un- til within a few years past, when the rapid growth of towns and cities of Upper Canada now enables that division of the colony to import, in a great measure, direct for itself, iVIon- treal was the great nuirket for the whole country, to which dealers from the most remote comers resorted to select their hnlf-yearly supplies from the cargoes of the spring and au- tumn tieets. Under such a state of things, JNIontreal steadily grew in importance and wealth with the increasing pros- perity and more varied demands of the colony. Latterly, however, since Upper Canada has so far outgrown its early and comparatively dependent stage of existence ; having now such towns as Hamilton, Kingston, and Toronto, with popii- 1 -I \m jHi! # 118 PRESENT POSITION OF MONTltEAL WITH IIKOAUD TO TUA1>E. lations of ten, twelve, and twenty-five thousand, there are several lar<(e wholesale houses in these places, which im- [)ort directly for their own immediate districts of country ; and comparatively few dealers have now to resort to Mon- treal for their full suj)plics. Instead of, as fonuerly, nearly all the merchiindise being opened anddistrihiited at Montreal, the Upper Canada importing houses have now their jackages transferred from the ship's side at Montreal or Quel)ec, on board of barges or steam- vessels, and in the course of from 20 to 50 hours, they may have their contents exj^osed for sale in their warehouses along the banks of Lake Ontario. Notwithstanding the transfer in this manner of a large por- tipn of the trade of the country from Montreal, this place yet enjoys very great advantages, piid is the natural seat of an imj>ortant and growing trade. Many of the Upper Ca- nada dealers still resort to Montreal ; and it must naturally continue to possess the increasing trade of the nourishing Eastern Townships, inhabited chiefly by British and Ameri- can settlers ; and can look forward to the already consider- able trade of th*^ very promising and most extensive tract of country along the banks of the magnificent Ottawa. The future progress of Montreal, according to such views, as the settlement of the country increases, must, in course of no long time, fax outstrip in real importance and prosperity the recent comparative importance it held in connection with the entire colony. Since 1847, when its commercial affairs were visited by severe depression and much disaster, the trade of Montreal has been in a lingering and unsatisfactory state. Recent accounts from the colony, however, it is gratifying to ob- serve, present the prospects of trade in a more cheering light. With returning confidence and invigorated energies — with imdeviating aiid active exertions, to develope the advau- TO TRADE. PROSPECTS. AN'I> OROWTII OP POm.ATION. 110 there are fthich im- country ; •t to Mon- rly, nearly t Montreal, r packages Quel>ec, on I'se of from !X])0se«l lor ke Ontario. J large por- , this place ;nral seat of 5 Upper Oa- st naturally ' flourishing and Anieri- dy consider- sive tract of ttawa. The k^iews, as the lourse of no prosperity connection e visited l)y of Montreal ate. Recent fying to ob- leering light, ergies — with i the advau- 'n V ■; tages of its ])osition, by oj)ening up the contemplated and improved channels of communication for enlarging its intercourse with the United States and with Upper Canada — such a city so well situated as Montreal, surrounded on all sides hy an almost inexhaiistihle extent of fertile territory, cannot possibly otherwise than experience soon a renewal jind increase of pro-Sjority. The pojjulation of ^Ntontreal, according to the census of 1848, was a little over 5.'),0()0. In l^(()0, a period when Upper Canada as a settlement was scarcely called into existence, the population of Montreal was only })000, which is just about the extent now oi the third-sized town in Upper Canada. In IHijr) the population of Montreal Avas 22,0(K), and in 1831, 27,0O(>— so that in 1848 it had fully more than doubled the amount of poT>ulation it had seven- teen years previi^ first niuile her apj)ej)ran(;r oft" the battery.' The present Hue of beautiful Avharfs was begun in 1832, when Montreal first hccanio a port of entry — funds having been granted l>y the Provincial Legislature. Yet so slow is the spread of information in the mother countrj' rcsj)ect- ii^g the condition of the colonies, an edition of a very deservedly popular work. j>ublishe]onics are :no\vn and ion circu- ry, as data the coun inii* made |ii,e of pro- and their is alread,y, The case ■ks. Com much else Aid crude years ago lahle to he deceived by cxajfjj^erated rejMtrts ; and the hulk of those who are stni^'glirig hard with tlieir lot ai home, will ratber Ihj content to .strMict,'lc on, than to remove tiieniselves whc e, as it a])pears to them, there is ho much that is uncertain. In one of the hest works that, has ever heen written on Canada fi»r the jairpose of presontinjj^ m\ich of the every- day life of the colonists, and many features of the country, there is a very vivid im]»reH.>i«m convoy<;d of a landing made ai Montreal eiirhteeu years ago. I refer to the very well-known hook of ' The Backwoods of Canada,' heing let- ters from t lie wife of an euiigrant oflicer, forming o le of the volumes of the ' Library of Entertaining Knowledge.' The accomplished and elegant writer, with whose pages ao many are familiar, arrived, it will he nmicmhered, at Mon- treal in August 1832. Her previous impressions of the place, derived from some hooks of travels, were highly favourable. But the clii'lera i.ud Just then made alarming ravages in Mon- treal ; and this circimistance, along with others, such as finding the commercial metropolis of British America with- out comfortable wharfs at whicli to land, and the appear- ance of an unsightly open ditch, in a conspictious part of the city, very naturally imparterl t<) the iniprcssions of our ob- servant laiiy traveller a somewhat sombre shade. Although the fine spirit — so remarkably perva'iing one of the most en- tertaining books ever written on any colony — assisted by a lively and elegant fancy, is every now and then presenting itself, called into activity, either by objects actually agree- able, or others, from their very "everse nature, bringing up associations even more delightful than reality. Having alluded to the difhculty of getting on .shore in the small boat which was despatched from the vessel that lay in the river, and owing to the badness of the roads, and to the unpaved, or ill paved, narrow, dirty streets, and to an open iM ii tmi 122 UXPLKA3ANT IMPUESSIoXa. I fosse or ditch, offensively presented, the writer observes : — ' I was greatly disa|)|)ointed in ray first ao(|uaintanoo with the interior of Montreal, a place of which travellers had said so much. I could oidy cojupare it to the fruits of the Deail 8ea, which are said to ho fair anrl tempting to look upon, I tut yield only ashes and bitterness when tasted by the thirsty traveller.' * I noticed one peculiar feature in the huildin;j:s along the suburb facinp; the river, that they were mostly furnished with broad wooden bah^onies from the lower to the upper storey ; in some instances they surrounded the houses on three sides, and seemed to form a sort of outer chamber. Some of these balconies were ascended by tiights of broad stairs from the outside, * I remember, wlieii a child, dreaming of houses so constructed, and fancying them very delightful ;*and so I think they might be rendered, if shaded by climbing shrubs, and adorned with tlowers, to represent a hangir)g garden, or sweet-scented bowery walk. But nothing of this kind glad- dened our eyes as we toiled along the hot streets. Every house of public resort was crowded from the top to the bot- tom, with emigrants of all ages, English, Irish, and Scotch. * The cholera had there made awful ravages then, and its devastating effects were to be seen in the darkened dwell- ings, and the mourning habiliments of all classes. * The weather is sultry hot, accompanied by frequent thunder showers, which have not the effect one would ex- pect, that of cooling the atmosphere. I experience a de- gree of languor and oppression that is very distressing, and worse than actual pain. ^ '^ * The river-side portion of the town is entiiely mercantile. Its narrow, dirty streets, and dark houses, with heavy iron -.a- i FEKLFNOS \XD A««nrlATI0N8 OP TUB EMIOKANT. \2'.\ serves : — anco with illors hiul lits of the \g to look tusted by foatiire in that they IS from the urrouncled rt of outer by flights houses 80 ;*and so I inj; shrubs, garden, or kind glad- ts. Flvery to the )»ot- d Scotch, icn, and its ned dwell- y frequent would e\- ence a de- essing, and mercantile, heavy iron II i. I nhutlors, ha\e a disagreeal>le iiiniression on the mind of a British travel Ut. The other portion of the town, however, is of a different character, and the houses are interspersed with gardens and pleasant walks.' Here are the \ery natural impressions of one landing for the first time, in one of thu most sultry days of August, at the port of Montreal, aH it was nearly twenty years ago. Newly arrivcfl from the sui)erior conveniences and comforts of Kuro])oan life, prized especially hy those who are enabled to enjoy then), the first sight of many of the rough, and sometinuis uninviting, features of rising towns and settlements \n the New Work!, convey vary naturally to the mind, not previously fortified for the c«»ntrast, .some rather desponding trains of association Whce lively hopt of future hai>pi- ness in materiul c<»n»f'<>rt and indop* ^lence, personally, or for a family, or the introcluction to j !.de of trreater usefulness, or son^c other sucli foumltil n, is not fo Vid to sustain and animate — the emigrant, n A unfrecpiently touched by the re- membrance of home scenes. « vperionces, even amid all the grandeur ol' scenery and comfortahle plenty characteristic generally of the New W orld, much of that heart-languor, or home-longing, that is so very apt to tinge all the eye dwells upon, so far removed by distance and association from long- cherished scenes, Kveu sustain one's self by every hope, there are moments when the traveller, far from home, ex])erience8 in some degree UxU very natural train of feeling. Every in- tending traveller should' prepare himself, so far as he best can, to encounter these, and to protect himself from some of its con.se((uenccs, which are sometimes found to embitter the most favoured positions. The naturally shrinking and sus- ceptible minds of females are most liable to be thus in- fluenced. On the other hand, there are many of the sex who most heroically encounter the severance of early asso- ^i M' fij 124 IMPROVED APPEARANCE OP MONTREAL. i ciatious, and prepare their minds to fulfil fu;w duties, wherever they are called on to ))erforni them. The accom- plished writer of the letters we have noticed aj)pears to be a remarkable int-tance of a wife most nobly fulfilling duty, and converting even difficulties into sources of pleasure. The first landing at Montreal to enter upon a new kind of existence, amid strange scenes and associations of colonial life, is quite suggestive, both of the extracts from the letters of 'the wife of an emigrant officer,' and these cursory remarks. Montreal has very much improved since that period of 1832. Besides the handsome stone wharfs now erected, and the open fosse or ditch then offensively disfiguring the city, being now covered over, some of the chief buildings now fronting the river are characterised by stately elegance, dis- playing enterprise and wealth on the part of the very gene- rally improved city. Houses with conspicuous balconies are still there, for +liey are mostly the commoner class of hotels or lodging-houses that are to be found near almost all the chief landing-places of travel in towns, especially of sea- ports. The vicinity of the landing-places of all the Ameri- can cities, New York in particular, is quite crowded with such houses ; and it is very seldom they present any invit- ing aspect. We have already noticed in this chapter the general appearance of Montreal from the river. The city is situated just above a slight fall, forming only a rapid current in the river, a little below the Island of St. Helens, which is o])posite the lower part of the city. This part of the stream is called the Current of St, Mary. Just above the city again, are other wooded islands, and a series o^ formidable rajrids, which interrupt navigation for the or- dinary chiss of river v ssels upwards. Large steamboats, however, descend the liachiue Rapids, so called from the name of the village situated at the head of them, towards th,' il I.ACniN'E A\l) OTHER CAXALS. I2."i w duties, ic accom- oars to be ling duty, lasure. new kind of colonial tlie letters y remarks, i period of •ected, and g the city, dings now gancc, dis- very gene- s balconies ler class of ' almost all ally of sea- the Ameri- wded witb any invit- aapter the rming only and of St. nty. This ary. Just nd a series for the or steamboats, i from the owards th-' •'■ I south-west part of Montreal Island. A spacious canal called the Lachine flanal offers every convenience to vessels ascend- ing, and thus obviating the vaj)ids between Montreal and the village of Lachine. This canal is the first link of the grand chain of St. Lawrence canals that now connects even ocean navigation with all except the uppermost of the great lakes. Vessels fitted to cross the ocean may now ascend by means of these canals to the foot of Lake Superior — through Lakes C)ntario, Erie, Huron and Michigan. A short canal of about tbree-quaiters of a mile is expected soon to J>e formed, by which they may also be enabled to traverse the vast bosom of Lake Superior. When this is accomplished, the St. Law- rence will then present an inlauil navigation for ocean ves- sels of about two thousand miles in extent. The basin and locks of the Lachine Canal very conspi- cuously dis])lay themselves to the voyager approaching Montreal ; forming, as they do, a very substantial feature at the upper end of the line of wharfs, as the large market building does towards the lower end. Jumjcdiately behind the front row of warehouses, hotels, and lodging-houses, and running j)aralie{ with it,, is the principal business street, chiefiv occupied bv the wholesale merchants. The iron- window-shutters, and, in instances, outer-door.s of iron, so much noticed by travellers visiting Montreal, as imparting to the city a gloomy a]>pearance, are adopted, as may readily be conceived to counteract the eiiects of fire, to which Ameri- can towns are so frequently subject, most pro])ably ov/ing to the greater degree of heat employed to warm the houses during winter ; and the description of luildings, generally, not being in themselves the best adapteu to stay the ravages of any large fire l>reaking out among them. St. Paul Street of xMontreal, as this second from the river is named, has now, as well as the one fronting the k 'I ! -i J r t* 111 126 IXTERIOR OP THE CITY. river, a very greatly improved ;.j)pcarance, compared witli what it was in 1832. Many of the new or improved ware- houses, dispense with the gloomy black-painted iron doors and window-shutters ; the generally more substantial nature of the buildings around, and the better precaut'oua against the visitation of large fires, being coiisiank on Avhich St. Paul Street is situated, we reach the top of the ridge on which the most conspicuous portion of the city is placed. The long line ol Notre Dame Street, of about three-quarters of a mile in length, is built along the top of this ridge, and is the chief seat of the retail trade of the city. Like St. Paul Street, and others early built when the French wholly possessed the colony, the breadth of I^otre l>anie Street is only about 3<> feet, which is just fully less than half of the ordinary breadth of the streets of modern towns in Canada One of these spaciou.^ modem streets is now the chief ornament of Mon- treal, built on the same ridge, and running parallel with a portion of Notre Dame Street. St. James Street, though somewhat deficient in length, has, within the^e few years, presented a class of buildings that would reflect credit on even the best class of English towns. Among these are the banks of British North America, the City Bank, and the Bank of Montreal. The latter especially, which occupies a central position in one of the sides of the ])ublic square, called the Place d" Amies, is a structure at once massive f "i-V'.->*rtf*--^-' ^ -Tr . T«i<':'^V -"T FRENCH CATIIKDHAL 12: nired with )ved ware- iron doors tial nature ms against ently good 68. Many 11, and they the centre )f St. Paul tial stone- sanks along the lower part of the city, so much so, that sometimes, in the seasons when the river rises high, a jtortion of this rpiarter of the city is for a day or two partially ovcrtlowod. Farther otf the liank of the river, and exteniling in this direction, in a line with a very tine wide street, named Craig Street, running parallel to St. .Fames' Street, and situated back of it, is the St. Antoine suburbs. The upper f)art of the St. Antoine suburbs embraces very many of the most agreeable ]trivate residences of tlui citizens. The Cote St. Antoine, which is a very plcturcs(|ne rising ground, situated above the principal suburb, presents a line of elegant villas, surrounded by gardens, and overlooking a scene of great beauty, including the river and the city in one direction, and the richly-woodele street, iu^ a title refculences 1 nlcasaiit el y- wooded [ whicli has Canada, are t and snug ,1 ovcbards. x\ and well Ue beautifvil f appearance n-ojectiou or IVcrfh, ja-een of the iinest d and roman- Iheight of the iiuiles fi'.'ther altr.aed and ,e — enlivened y spread out stance, ery agreeable summer and citizens aud ■ ery pleasant One very iiiio .bo Mountain, fut of the voa>l sort of higii FRENCH rAiVADIAX IIolriES. \'.V ])H}>3 between the main ejuinence and a lesser one, which is also ver^ plea>antly woodetl, :ind affords slieltor along its extended slopes for several delijxhtful residences. Sweep- ing around the hack of the nia.ji eminence, this agreeable road presents extensive views of the wiile stretch of plain, comprising the Island of Montreal — studded with farms, orchards, villages with their church sjiiros. and in the dis- tance, on either side, glimpses of the St. Lawrence, and in furthest distance, through the openings of wood, jiarts ot the bosom of the Ottawa. The houses of the French villages, for the most part, and the sui'ill ruadside faru) houses have a very simple ap- pearance. Low roofed usually — very jdainly furnished inside, but scrupulously clean, witli very frei|uently a small gartlen attached, stocked with a variety of vegetables and tlowers, in the cultivation of which the female branches oi the family bestow a good deal of attention. These houses, everywhere at ^hort intervals, lu-eak the monotony of a long road, with their stripes of pviinitively-cultivated farms ex- tending back i\'o\u them. Around the tvvo chief apartment- of the commonly small house, are a profusion of cheap prints, representing the most familiar subjects of the Catholic faith, >uch as saints and the Holy Family, and also subjects of French history — the favourite; ones of which appear to be those relating to the career of Napoleon. The small win- dows looking to the roaartments jiarchingly hot through the winter months, and is thu' very injurious to the skin and complexiv)n of the inmates. Their diet consists much of soups, hashes, ])ork, home-made liread, and tea, They are usually very frugal in their ha)»its, ;ind place much value on a little money. The Canadian nuiy often be seen trotting along, attended sometimes by one or two of his family, in their little slight cart, with ;i French pony, to the town market, with only a very few bushels of grain, and perha]»s a dozen or so of eggs, and a chicken or two, to return with a little tea, and a few yards of printed calico for a dress to the goodwife or daughter. Such is a glimpse of the hahUans of Lower Canada, se- veral of whose houses we pass in the drive around the Moun tain of jMontreal. Tliere is a very fair, though small, speci- men of a French village, al'out two miles from the city, in the direction westward alluded to. Its name is Cote dcs Neiges, Around the back of both the larger and lesser Mountain are several very pleasant English resitlences, fre- rjuently surrounded by line orchards. The apples of this j>art of Lower Canada are highly esteemed for their choice and rich flavour. The favourite sorts arc the Pomme Gri.s Fameuse, Bourrassa, and Pomme de Neige. Very fine quarries of clear bluisli grey stone, hard and durable, and yet not too ditKciilt to be well finished, afi'unl. I'UBLIC CHAKIT1E3 AND INSTITl TI0N:4. i;i;i icMjuenily s he cour- j The j^ooJ vito -frilled spinning' y sli}2;lvt in Kjt iluviiV- irreaL cast- uv'artiueiits r,tl is tliu^ he himateH. home-made theivhal>its, he Canadian jnietimes by cart, with n a very fe>v eircjs, and a a few yards ,l;uiglit«r. r ( 'anada, se- nd the Mouu- small, speci- the city, ill :i is Cote dcs ;er and losscr :sidences, fre- ,pples of tins |r their choice Pomme Gvi?, tone, bard and inishcd, atford. in the vicinity of the Arountain, ijiexhaiistible stores tor the substantial eml.elli>lu)ient of the city. The wharfs, public l)uil(iin<^s, and the ^jjreater number <>t" the modem residences of the citi/eiis <.f Montreal, arc built of this stone. The principal streets arc now also jreneniUy well paved and nuic- adami/«'d, and in instances the carna^re-way is laid with wooden blocks, closely tit ted totrciher. The streotM and shops arc lighted with fjjas, and water is publicly supplied from the river, after undergoing a process of filtration. The cit}' is under the government of a mayor, aldermen, and common cuuncilmen. Within the hist few years, one Scotch- man, one American, and one or two French Canadians, have successively been raiseie\i Nunnery, receive a large number of diseased and aged persons, and orphan and foundling children. The nuns of these institutions, as well as the priests of the Seminary of Montreal, were especially devoted in their arduous and perilous services to the Eng- lish and Irish emigrants who, several years ago, were at- tacked in such numl»ers l>y malignant ship fever on their arrival hi the colony. Their services during the alarming period of the cholera in 1832! and 1834, in Montreal, were alike disthiguished, and above all praise. Among very laudable Protestant institutions are a Bible Society, a Tract Society, a Sunday School Union, and a I i hi \ 134 MTrUAUV rXHTITUTIOIVS AND PERrODTCAl.S. French Canadian Missionary Society. This last Hocioty is vorv active and zealous in its exertions in the employ- ment of Protestant missionaries and colporteurs amoiiir the French Roman Catholic population ; and it has also an edu- cational institution, for the purpose of nmre effectually workiufj, out its purposes, situated several miles helow Mon- treal. There is a very useful and efhcient Tcimperance So- ciety in Montreal. The national societies deserve mention. The 8t. Andrew's Society is ]»artic\ilarly u.seful in the bene volent exertions of its charitable co;uniittee, especially dur- ing the loufjj winter months, in ministering to the wants of distressed countrymen. There v^ere lately five English and two French news- papers ])ublished in Montreal, besides a monthly agricultural pai)er under the auspices of the Agricultural Society oi Montreal. This periodical is conductotl by Mr. Evans, ati llnglish geutlcmar., who has published several intelligent works on the resources and agricultural state of ( mada. He is the secretary of the Montreal Agricultural 8(»ciety. There is also a well-conducted uietlical periodical published in Montreal. The English «(uarterly and monthly ]»eriodi- cals are read all over Canada, besides a large number of I'nited States publications. The Montreal merchants have a very commodious news-room in St. James' Street ; and there is another, chiefly conducted by the young men con- nected with meicantile pursuits in the city, under the de- signation of the Mercantile Lilirary Association. It has a well-selected library, and during the winter montiis, sup- ports, a series of very excellent evening lectures. There are also a Mechanics' Institution, which supports a news-room. library, and wmter evening lectures. The Natural History Society, and the Shakspeare Society of Montreal, have both very interesting meetings during the year, and give lectures (^ 1 priu.tr sniooLH and roLL;5(iE«. 13.". Society i» 1 employ- kmon.i/ the HO an odvi- [jiioc'tually elow Mon- orance So- mcntiou. u the hei»e iciaUy tudent.s, no relijjfiou.s tests being imposed. This institution, which has now been in operation for several years, is capable of conferring great benefits on Lower Ca- nada Its professors and lecturers end)r}ice gentlemen of distinguished ability. The Roman Cuthidic institutions of Montreal offer many educational advantages. The ('ollege of Montreal, under the direction of the Catholic clergy of the city, gives instruction to a large nuMd)er of young men, about two-thirds of Avhom have usually V)een day-students, and the rest yearly l>oard(!rs. The bo.itvm7te), who have \inder their care, for the purpose >!' instruction, upwards of one thousand boys. These boy^ are usually all under fifteen years of age. The higher branches of education for young la3 by .Marguerite :^ll't I3fi (IIAIIACTEIIISTK PEATLUL^ «»F M«»NTHKAJi. liour/ioois, has al)out fouitoo" i/iilar institiitidns in raiK'he.s of in- struction have l»ocn tau^'ht. Hcsitles Uu'se lionian (.'iitholic institutions tor the eter to a close. Thero is much that is highly interesting in the city and surrounding coun- try to the ob.sorvant traveller. The tide of French popula- tion moving throughout, yet the mass of it so distinct in every res[>ect from the generally more advancing English race, is a feature in itself at once novel to many, and highly suggestive to the intelligent in(j\nrer. And not less so, per- haps, arc the closely-walled, and soml>re- looking piles of old French convents and seminaries, surrounded hv the more open and showy ])ublic huildings of English taste. Then there are, too, the great Oatludral and other (.'atholic places of worship constantly open, and in whicli, beneath their stately domes, in their ilusky and s(deum atmosphere, are their priests daily officiating ; and very early, both of the sununer and win- ter moriiiijgs, many of the French pof>ulation may be observed ])assing to their devotions within these edifices. Fre*|uently enough of a morning may be seen passing along the streets I^I..\Nr» OF MoNTUEAL. 37 ' .lirter- IClltS «>1 s (tf in- !iitholic ore arc Leaoliers a^ \ory \\ yearh cational iiiitl the al of the iring the features of Moll- is much inir coun- i ]M)\.ula- stiuct in bln^lish \i\ highly s sii, per- il i OS of old the more e. Then • places ut Mr state' y icir priests |r aiul wiu- (jbserveJ re*io»i the French population testify to their almost univer.-.ally devout disposition, l>y pouring out to their places of \vorshii» in cnnsi leraMe nuuibers, and ge- nerally very well dressetl The usually large open space in front of a Krencli church, in tlie cojuitry parts of liower Canada, atlords very fair eviilence, during Sunday or holi- day services, of the very general condition of nuiterial com- fort in which the French Canadians are placed, not owing in the hast to any enterpiise they possess, hut to the pains- taking frugality of their tlisposition. The French families ha\e almost all >A' tlusm either their snug little cart and pony, or ji rahclu or light waggon ; and these vehitdes, ali>ng with saddle horses, may he observed ranged in large numbers, in these open .spacer in t'ruat of their coimtry churches. The Island of VTontreal, on account (»f its fertility and beauty, has been called the garden of J;0wer Canada. Its extent is tlurty-two miles in length, and ten miles in breadth, at the widest |>onit. This beautiful and fertile Island is si- tuated just below the coiitluence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. The county of Montreal comprises the Island, together with ail the nearest islands which, in whole or ui part, lie in front of it. The city is situate composin};' aiiil who Ithan a cen- donuiin he- ll was after- le order at li Montreal. The site of tlie present city at the period of Car- tier's visit in lorii"), was that of an Indian \ illage, named Iloehelaga. It was ajiproached through fields of Indian corn, and was of a circular form, surrounded hy three rows* of picket feuces, uoll secured and put together, and inha- bited hy a portion of the Huron trihe. The single entrance into this Indian fortification was guarded with })ikes and stakes, along with other precautions against siege or smiden attack. The cahins of these llurons were ahout fifty in nund)er, constructed in the form of a tunnel, each fifty feet in length hy fifteen in hreadth. They were made of wood, covered hy hark, and above the doors, as well as along the outer rows of pickets, there were galleries, ascended hy ladders, where stones and other nussiles were phiced in readiness, for the purpose of the defence of the village against hostile tribes. The houses contained several cham- bers, and enclosed a common court-yard, where the tire was made. These Indians devoted themselves to husbandry and fishing, .seldom wandered from their station, and appear to have been more civilised rha)i th* ir neighhours. They re- ceived Cartier and his companions with courtesy, feasted them, and exclianged [»resents with them. Cartier having proceeded to examine the mountain in the vicinity, found it, even then, as he mentions, tilled all round, and remarkable for fertility. He was greatly en- chanted by the magnificciit panoramic view, of • thirty leagues radius,' which was preseiited to him from the summit of its eastern ])romontory ; and, gratified hy this fresh discovery in the new country he had been exj)loring, he gave to f,he picturesque elevation the name of Mount Roval. A little more th{>n a hundred years after this, namely, in HUo. the present city was foimtled on the site of the old Huron village, and was first named Ville Marie. It is mentioned, fifty years afterwards, by the name of Mount Royal. Mon- '1 ll '1 i 15 140 I'OPCl.ATION AND VILLAGES. treal, at the j>eriod ol' tlic conth. At the coninienceinent of the ])resent centurv, as has l)oon already stated, the popiilation amounted only to !)'»()(» The Island of Montreal is divided into ten parishes, and, with the exception of the Mountain, and the valley of the River St. Pierre, whi(!h (Mtninicnces ahove the cit}', the sur face of country is generally level. In 1848, the island, ex- clusive of any portion of the city, contained a population of nearly if ),()()(>, scattered over its surface of ]2(),(>()(> acres. The nund.)er of schools on the island then was ahout sixty, and the nunil>er of scholars atteuding these, between the ages of five and .sixteen years of age, amounted t*t 2(»(K) Several villages, chielly inhabited by French Oanaiiians, are scattered over the island. It contains, throughout every part of it, numbers of excellent farms, many of which, particularly in the vicinity of the city, are well cultivated })y Knglish and Scotch fai'mcrs. The village of Lachinc, situated nine miles u[t the river from .ATontreal. is the head-(|uarters, in Caiuula, of the Gover- nor of the Hudson's Hay Company. The departure of Sir George Simpson, with his voyageurs in sjtring, in their canoe.f, on his annual tour as Govtsmor of the Company's territories, is a very lively scene. The gay-hearted Canadians^ Avith their coloured sashes, set off up the St. Lawi-ence, and thence u}- the Ottawa, in high spirits, their oars keeping time to their old French boat songs. Lachine, which is a small village, })artly French, partly English, is also the principal |)lacc of departure of the best class of steamers for ITpper Canada. We here take leave of Lower Canada, to conmiencc. in a new chapter, to present some detailed account of the dis- tricts of Upper Cinada. try under an«.l a (-iry ionceinent ^ateil, the ishes, aiul, ley of the ,y, the sur- isl;in(> acres. jK)ut sixty, between the jd to 2000 iijitUaus, arc • hout every [yr of ^vhich, cultivated VI J. the river >f the Gover- irturc of Sir tlieir canoes, 's territories, IS, with their id thence ny time to tiiuir luaU village, ipal i>lace ot er Canada Ironmumee. in Int of the dis- CHAPTEH X[. ni'^TiiTOTS OK vvrv.n canada. Lakes and IlivcrH of Tppcr Canrulu -N'ew Divisions of Counties, und rrcsent i;8( (if Olil N lines of l)i.-.t,rir't.s — |)csrri|)tioii t>f Soil which I'lrdomniates in the (Jounay- Aeeuiint of the Eastein D.stiuT — its I'opulatioii Jiiul Resonrcen — Oeseriptidii of I'upuhition— llesjiective Amounts of LandOeeupicd and Cul- tivated- -Aiiioiiuls under Tilla^'f, in I'astiire, and Fiuploveil in tin; i'rodue- tioii of llie Various Crops- -i'lodiicf of Crops- !>:iiry I'lodiiee, aod Domestic Induslry — Ileseripiioii and Aiuuiint of I,i\c Stoek- NuuiIht of I'roprieloi'S and ]Soii-l'nipi)it.i,is - (ii'dipatioiis cf 1' 'jmlatioii — (Jeiit-ral Use of these De laiU — Town of Cornwall --Aver;. '_'c Valnr of Land— General Nature of the Land of the histriel -Aecount of tin Ottawa District — Extensivt; Saw .vf ills on tliL (Jttaua lliver — \ iUage and Mineral Sprinjrs of Cah-(ionia — Aecount of the DalhouMf Distriet — Town xf Uytnwn — View of Surroiindiii'^ Country from the Ili^'li Hank of tinOttawa— Settlement of Hull— Founder ot tlie Set- tlement, and Narrative of Karly Advtntures — Assoeialions awakened by it— Byfown ;ind the Kiderui Canal-- Main Ohjeet of its Construction hy Du- perial GoAevi;itient — More Peaerlul Apjiearanees — Projected Line nf Railway from (he ottaw a to the St. Lawrence — Growinji Trade and Intercourse with tiie Uihied Slates- Uhjects of lliis New Rail va\ and nf the Uidean Canal Contrasted— The St. i iv-ivnce still Closed lo American Vessels — Advantages and General Prospect- ■; l?\i')u n- Population of D.Uhousit;- Account of the Batlnirst Distiut— T wn ot Perth -Ma.rbh' and Other '^inrrics- District of .Iolaistovvn--i'le;i.'anUy Situated Towns — Scenery of the Tliousaral Islands of the St. Lawrence— Approach ij Kin^^bton. Havcnc left the island of Montreal, at Lachino, and parsed the picturesque expanse of the St. Lawrence, with i':;^ wootled islands, nanid Lake St. Louis, the commencement of Upper Canada is reached on Lake St. Francis, anotlscr expanse of river, but much larger than Lake St. Louis. The unsur- H ii 142 LAKES AND RIVERS OP UPPER CANADA. passed moans of lake and river communication is strikingly characteristic of Upper Canada. In surveying its boundaries on the map, the granil features of the hikes and rivers ahjng its inland shores, and even the lesser streams and lakes that everywhere diversify its surface, and assi^^t its industry, at once ])oint it out as admirahly privile/^ed m this respect. Aloi\i;' its north-eastern boundary is the River (Jttawa, ex tending for between two hun<]red and three hundred miles to its furthest settlement, and through unoccupied tracts for a much greater < is understood to be more ])articu- larly the description in the part i<\' the country lying be- tween the St. liMwronce and the Ottawa, whicli is the firs^ now to come under our niorti «letailed notice. Upper Oanaila is generally characteriseil by a limestone subsoil, jesting on granite. Inferior lands constitute a very small proportion of the country, which, generally, almost in every direction, i^ highly fav(Airable to cultivation, j)roducing the various grains and fruits common to Knglnnd in abundance, besides others ])eculiar to this part of North America, and other warmer latitudes during summer. The inferior lands of this eastern section with which we coni- uience are those which an , in particular situations, either moist and marshy, or stony, as a general characteristic. The whole of ibis part of the country, to the commencement of Lake Ontario, as- we have before noticed, may be said to be one great table laud, of moderate elevation, interspersed in parts with ridges and pleasant heights, and with a very gentle depression towards the >\iain streams, by which it is !)oundeii, and thfs lesser ones intersecting it. The first district of Upper Canada, then, situated imme- diately above Lower Canada, and fronting the St. Law- rence, is THE EASTEKX DISTUICT. The counties situated in this district, commencing at the most easterly, adjoining Lower Canada, are Glengar^-, 8tor- mont, and JJundas. Each of these is divided into four town- ships, two fronting on the St. Lawrence, and two immediately 1 'ack of those in the interior. These townships of the Jlastern l\ I * ^ jr*«Hi^u.;»-JWv*. — : ■» ■>« nwkk-'T ▼^^■«|: 1 14 POPULATION' AND RESOURCES OP EASTRRN DISTRICT. i* District wore early settled, iuul nianv of the inlial>itants j)os- sess excellent iariiis. The population of the district in 184'-'. exclusive of the incorporated district town of Cornwall. anu)unted to 37,200. The amount of laud occuj)iod wu'^ then ■)23,100 acres, of which 11 1,()(»0 acres were cultivated. The tjuantity of wild or unoccupieil land amounted to 40.'i,400 acres. The iuhal>itant.s tdiicHy consisted of persons horn in the country of Biitish origin ; the number of these heing 27,000. There were besides, 2200 French Canadians. 3000 Irish, and 32(H) Scotch. A considerable proportion of the Scotch, and of the persons })oni in (.'aujvda of British origin, are un bushels of pease, (10,400 bushels of maize ur Indian corn. 33.700 bushels of buck wheat, and 2S«i,f!()WN OF roHNWAIil,. 14*) kl.itants pos- rict in 184'^. >t' Corn wall. )cruiiicd was e cultivated. inionnte ed oi" piTSons iil>ur of thcsf L'h Canadians. ](Vop<»rtion ot la of liriti>l. the descent! - natively early mties of Olen their anion- it •whichMl.luO ider pastnrc— wheat, 11),<;<'" :>,{){) lnu-»he)s <»f s of maize «'r s of laud ro- se crop-^ ^^«>i^ acres in tht acres in outs acres in I'uck itants of thi lbs. of llax. i lie sug;ir, ini'l »eef, and [• 'vk butter, ^^T.r.'.X' i ..vi lbs cheese, and '2&')7 barrels of pork and l»cef. Their do- mestic manufactures for the same year consisted of 47,.'>(K» yards of fulled woollen cloth, r)2,40() yards of flannel, and MMOO yardn of hnen. The live stock belonging to the dis- trict consisted of 21),0S8 neat cattle, U,14(> horses, 4H,4')7 sheep, and 2U,1H K» swine. The number of occupied houses, which may I>e taken to be also the number of htads of fa- milies, was 0250. The immber of propriut(»rs assessed was 2549, and the number of non-pro]»rietors 21 >U). The num- ber of persons engaged in prer of hoases was 213, the numl)er of proprietors assessed 1 IH. and tlie nund)er of non-proprietors 9M. The number of ])ersons engaged in professions was i'A, in trade or commerce, including handicraft, 1 10, in agricul- ture 17, and as labourers 63. The numb«>r of churches in the district, including the town, was 42. and the nund)er of schools 150. These detailed statistics, in connection with the first of the Upper Canada districts we have taken up, arc given chiefly for the purpose of affording some illustmtion of the general condi- tion of the settlers in this section of the colony, and the capa- bilities of the country. The Eaistc-ni District, although not one of the most fertile «listricts .>f U]>pcr Canada, has many actively industrious and enterprising settlers. The town of Com wall is pleasantly situated in a commodious bay on the St. Lawrence, below the Long Sault Rapids, 7s miles up the river from Montreal. It "in the township of the same name, in the county of Stormont. Mariatown, and Matilda, are the names of two very agreeably situated villages in the L ji'l I4« AOOOFNT OF TIIK OTT..WA DlflTUKT. two front towiihljips ot" Williamshurgh au\' rich black loam genci Oly throughout. The country is wa terein those further otF the river are reported to be much better A great deal of this district is thinly settled, and a grea proportion of the population are engaged in the forests )' cutting down and preparing timber for the Quebec markci The population of this district in 1832 amounted to 52;i"^ much better |l, and a gre" the forests r iucV)ec market [mted to 52'./'". ISO chiefly con la, French C'a 1 tiadiaris, and Irihli Tlie returns of lS4h show 73(^ Scotch, and 'J.'A' Kurdish in the tU-^iriot. Tlie amount of occupied land in tlie district was I:^h.o(M) acre.s — iJfJ,i'>o acres of which were cultivated. The tpiantity of wild forest laud unoccu- pied, and tit for cultivation, was 1 1 1,N»!> acres. Tin.' averaj^e price of land returned on iIk' ccusuh roll for UstH, was Xh. \h\. currency per acre for cleared, and !»s. f)d. currency for wild land. There are no larj^e towns in the district : i>nt the small district town of Ii'(>rii,'in;il in the county of Pres- cott, and the two nr tliret' villages alon^ tiie hanri cele- l>rated througliout Canada, and well known also in j>arts of the I'nited States for h> mineral spriuj^s, and is, during sum- mer, much resorted to by tourists and invalids as a retired and very agreeable watering place. The sail up the Ottawa, from M<»ntn'al through tKc tine forest scenery alonji,- the varied and pictures«|iU3 banks of thi^ nolde river, is in itself very delightful. The small villaiyrc at the sj)rings i.-^ er published during the sea.son. •II' k 4 rW «- . 4^ .a. 148 MYTOWV AM> HURRODNDrNO TOUNTR^ The next diHtrict liijM.n<»i;8iE Iihtkict. The county of Carloton is situated in this district. Its chief town, llytown m well known for its very iine situa- tion, on a high \nuiV vi' the Ottawa River, commanilinj^ a niagnific'juL view of tho surrounding^ country, including the very pii-tures(|ue Kails of Chaudiere, in the inmiediat*' vicinit\ •!' the town. The view from this high rocky Imnl* of the Ottawa extends for a ixmsidcrahlc distance up the river, which, ahovo the falls, stretches out into a smooth glassy expanse, known as Lake Chaudiere, diveifsified hy thickly -wooded islands. A very Keautiful stone and iron bridge, one of the finest structures in (.-anada, crosses the Ottawa just inuuediutely below the Falls of Ohaudiere, and towards the upper end of By town. Immediately oppo.site, ori the agreeably sloping V>;ink of the Lower Canada side pleasant apj)earance from the opposite high bank, is under stood to be in a very prosj)erous state. Many of the de- scendants 'd" the intrepid founder of the township, Mi Pliilemon Wright, are among the most respectable familic- of this j)art of (.^anaihi, and are in the possession of lar^'«- and i\\\e pro))erties. Mr. Wright, many readers conversant with the history of the settlement of C?anada may remeni ber, ascended the Ottawa from Montreal to this point in the winter of iMOi), a considerable portion of the way IteiiiL' upon the ice and snow which covered the river when tin couutry was nearly all wilderness. After Mr. Wrigla aud his hardy pioneers had passed the settlements, lIm > retiro»ank of jrc and tcwii icnts a vei.\ |u\k, i^ under ly of the do- ownship, ^Ji \v,Me families -ion of lai-^'- ,rs conversant may remoui this point in |ihe way heinj: yer when the Mr. ^Vril;l't Llements, tluv jvred away the lund the tirc" the cattle bcinK' made fast to troes, and the women and (diiltln'n consi/^ned to covered Mlei^hs — these undauntod inivcllcfM, to the aumber of thirty, I'Ctook themselves to their hiiHalo rol»cs, any in my life,' writes Mr. Wright, ' than they Hcemed to l»e — havitig 110 landlord to call npon for our expenses, nor to complain of our extmvajiiancc, nor any dirty th".'v to sleep upon, hii< 'lo sweet ground which l)el"nged t.> m .uicient Soverei'ii. Hit» a "utof their meeting an nntriorod nati\c Indian on their , , 'wy's mann upon the ice, and uf the Irdian's very friendly attentions towanls them, in guiding them through their toilsome winter march, is one of exceeding interest. Indeed, so is the whole of Mr. Wright's narrative, which is in the foini of a short paper, which wa.s receivo«l hy a com- mittee of the House of As.senddy m Lower ('anadu 'u 1H2(>, appointed to take inio coii-idenition a part of the (jovenior- Genenil's speech relative to the settlement of .to u lands in Lower (Janada. It shows how bravely haidships were « mlurod and difficulties overcome in the early »iettlenient of a country which is now among the most Hourishing and smiling pcttlements of the colony. Mr. Wright was born in New England in 17(iO, of Englij^h parents, l»elonging to the county of Kent, who emigrated to the then Kiiglish pro- vince of Massachusetts, where his father followed his fonner occupation of fanning and grazing. Mr. Wright lived there until he was ihirty-six ywirs of age, similarly occupied, imtil, in I7l)(), he determmed to change hia residence into Canada — ' having a large family to provide for.' Looking across the river from the heights on which liy- town is situated, to the more llourisLing settlement opposite, 1! J! '• ! 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // l?.r / i/.A ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■i^IlM 1125 ■^ 1^ |||||0 2 " lis IIP 18 i^ ■ 1.6 6" <^ ^3 ^^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^ ,\ \\ ^ % -f^^ *> * ^ <> <> ^ V O^ >>^ ^•^-v^^ %'' _.^ "■%^ (/a f> f\ 150 UVTOWX, AND THE KIDEAU CANAL, Jl this very singiuar and interesting little piece of local history is calculated to awaken an enlarged train of associations In connection with this great new country which has room for many thousands of such settlements. The town of BytovsTi, thus agreeahly situated on the Ottawa, had, in 1848, a population of 0275. The number of houses occupied m the town was 1019, and there were then only four houses vacant in the town. It is the district town of the Dalhousie District which is now, according r> the new divisions in Upper Canada, the county of Oarleton. Bytown is divided into Upper and Lower Bytown, rhe former being situated on the commanding rocky height overlooking the river and surrounding country which has been ncticed, and the htwer town, immediately adjoining, on a lesh elevated situation. Between the two, and issuing from the precipitous rocky '»ank of the river, the Rideau Oanal here descends by means of locks to connect its in- ternal navigation with the Ottawa. This canal, as has been mentioned in a former chapter, connects this part of the Ottawa for navigable purposes with Lake Ontario at King- ston. The canal cuts through the intervening country, chiefly by following a chain of lakes and streams by a route of 135 miles in a north-easterly direction. Considerable amount of lockage is required, as the summit of the ridge of country situated between the Ottawa and Lake Ontario is 150 feet above the lake, and 280 feet above the River Ottawa. Bytown, the lower terminus of the canal, is 120 miles up the Ottavva, above Montreal ; and Kingston, at the foot of Lake Ontario, which may be said to be the upper terminus, is 180 miles up the St. Lawrence from Montreal. One chief object in constructing the Rideau Canal, which, as many are aware, was done at great expense by the Imperial Government, was to obtain a navigable com I' MAIN OBJECT OP THE KTTtKAU CANAL. lol il history lociations has room >(i on the e nuinl>er ;hore Avere he district wording t) • Carleton. town, the sky height which has adjoining, md issuing the Uideau nect its in- as has been :>art of the |io at King- g country. ^ by a route ^^nsiderablc lof the ridge |e Ontario is the River I'tnal, is 120 ston, at the the up])er Montreal, lean Canal expense by ligable com raunication with Montreal and the upper lakes, withor.t being subject to such inteiTuption as, in the event of any difficulties occurring between England and the United States, might be the consequence of having to depend solely upon the navigation u|t the St. Lawrence, along the Ameri- can frontier. The more peaceful as]>ects which have since grown up between the two great nations, have made the policy which led to the construction of the llideau Canal to appear luuch more questionable than ever, especially considering the great cost to ICngland ; for, compared with the St. Lawrence route, its advantages to the main trade of the country between the great lakes and the ocean, would not certainly have at the time warranted the heavy outlay. To Bytown, and much of the country on the (.)ttawa, as well as generally to the immediate country through which it passes, the Rideau Canal has undoubt- edly opened up particular advantages, the importance of which will become more apparent, it is pres\uaed, as an increased population more largely developes the country's resources. Bytown is at present the chief local seat of the large lumbering business carried on in the forests along the barks of the great river on which it is situated. In connection with the contemplated lines of railway through Canada, a short one has been projected to run almost directly south from Byto^Mi to the town of Prescott, on the St. Lawrence. One result of opening up this line of communication through the country, from the (Ottawa to the St. Lawrence, will be increased facilities in carrying on the rapidly-growing trade with the United States. The small town of Prescott, which had, in 1848, a population of 1775, is situated on the St. Lawrence, sixty-two miles below Kingston, and immediately opposite to the United States town of Ogdensburgh, in the State of New York. The i|; r; . i ■ •1 i ; ■ ; j \ 'K iq ill ! 152 IIAILWAYS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. breadth across the river is aboTit a mile and a quarter, on which a steamboat is kept constantly plying. Ogdensburgh is about 400 miles from the city of Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, the great scat of the cotton manufacture of America. The Boston merchants, with their usual active enterprise, have already finished a line of railway through to Ogdensburgh, on the St. Lawrence ; and, with this pro- jected line from Prescott to By town, the trade of this part of Canada, from the villages, towns, and forests of the ()ttawa, is thus laid more fully open. This Bytown and Prescott line will also be cf advantage to the important part of the country it opens up in connection with the main trunk line running along the St. Lawrence, Should this short piece of railway be carried through, we shall have had this marked illustration of the progress of enlightened opinion, namely, — that of an enterprising people opening up their country for the purposes of trade with America, while some short time ago, the Imperial Go- vernment of the colony constructed a canal, at the cost of above a million pounds, chiefly for the purpose of avoid- ing the Americans. A lingering portion of this old jealous spirit of international policy still closes the navigation of the River St, Lawrence to American vessels, to the obvi- ous disadvantage, as it is most generally considered, of the grand leading interests of Canada, either in an agricultural or commercial point of view. We do not regret having made these digressions on the subject of Bytowr '^.t is not only, owing to its picturesque site, one of the mo^. delightfully situated of the lesser towns of Canada, but from its being surrounded by a large and magnificent country, particularly in the direction of the river — where there are regions as yet comparatively unex- plored — it must eventually become, in a more conspicuous POPULATION AND LANDS OF THE DISTRICT. 153 t 1 ^rter, on jnsburgh State of icture of ul active through this pro- this part is of the town and important [ the main through, le progress iterprising is of trado perial Go-^ he cost of of avoid- lold jealous navigation 1) the obvi- •ed, of the Igricultural tons on the |>icturcsque jsser towns large and ton of the Ively unex- lonspicuous ^1 manner thiiii at present, one of the most important, as well as most interesting, places of the country. A very little distance below By town there is a very attractive small place called New Edinburgh, which was foimded a number of years ago by the Honourable jNlr. Mackay, one of the members of the Legislative Council of Canada. The district of Dalhousie, or rather the county of Carle- ton, in which Bytown is the chief town, had in 1848 a po- pulation of ID, 200. A large proportion of this population are engaged in the lumbering trade ; upwards of HMOO were natives of Ireland ; (5200 were natives of Canada, of JJritish origin ; and over 1500 were Canadian Froich. There were 1 100 Scotch, and 520 English, The amount of land occupied was 207,400 acres, of which 59,600 acres were cultivated. The quantity of wild or forest land unoccupied was very nearly 214,000 acres. The average value of land is returned as 50s. currency per acre for cleared, and 178. 6d. currency per acre for wild land. There were in 1848 23 churches and 101 schools in the district. Situated immediately above the Dalhousie District, and fronting on the River (>ttawa, is TuE Batuur8t District. This includes the two coimties of Lanark and Renfrew. The county of Renfrew, which is the most northerly county of Upper Canada, stretches from the UMrth-westem boundary of Carleton along the banks of the <)ttawa River to Allu- mette Island, nearly opposite to Fort Willia.u, one of the Hudson Bay Company's posts. It is well watered by rivers and lakes, and the soil is understood to be highly fertile. The county of Lanark is situated immediately back, and to the south-east of Renfrew, and is also well I * -i -■\ 1 II. ) ■■' 3 % "if: ■■:'■ Vi ' ■ U 154 ACCOUNT OF BATHURHT DISTRICT. watered by rivers and lakes. The district of Bathiirst, wbich embraces these two counties, contained in 1848 a population of 2!^,4()() — nearly 16,400 of whom were per- sons born in Canada, of British origin ; (!700 were natives of Ireland ; 4(j00 natives of Scotland ; 61.') natives of P^ng- land ; 788 Avere French Canadians ; and 258 natives of the United States. The number of houses occupied in the district was 4128 ; the numl)er of proprietors returned on the census roll is 2006 ; and of non-proprietors 1067. The number of profesrional persons returned is 114; per- sons engaged in trade or commerce 175 ; in handicraft 742 ; in factories 53 ; in agriculture 3439 ; and as labourers 167 There were 32 churches ; 103 common schools ; 8 high schools ; 48 inns ; and G4 merchants' shops. The amount of land occupied in the district in 1848 was 487,400 acres, of which 107,000 acres were cultivated. The quantity of wild land was then 380,30(j acres. The average value of land returned is 4()s. 7d. currency per acre for cleared, and 6s. 8d. for wild land, Perth, which is the principal town, is pleasantly situated on the small River Tay, in the county of Lanark, and is be- lieved to be a flourit-hing place. There are beds of very fine marble in this district of various shades, from pure wbite to dark grey ; besides fine white freestone, and limestone, and granite in abundance. Rich iron ore is also produced within a few miles of the town of Perth. To add to other advantages of this district, much of the land is of good quality, and the great proportion of the settlers are thriving and industrious. Only another district now remains to be noticed to com- plete the great eastern section of Upper Canada, which com- prises that part of the country from the boundary of Lower POPULATION OF JOONSTOWN DISTUIOT. l.W atlmrst, 1848 a ere per- i natives of FiHg- itivcs of !Upied in returned ors 1067. 114 ; per- n-aft 742 ; labourers cliools ; 8 )ps. The as 487,400 le quantity o-e value of Icared, and ,ly situated and is bc- »f very fine •e white to jstone, and led within a [advantages ]ty, and the idustrious. ked to coin- rhich com- \y of Lower Canada upwards to near the foot of Lake Ontario, and l>e- tween the Rivers St. Lawrence and Ottawa, This district is the comiiarativcly old settled I)iSTRicT OF Johnstown. It com])rises the two counties of Grenvillc and Leeds, and commences immediately above the Eastern District, and fronts also along the 8t. Lawrence. Lake Rideau is situated on the north bound.iry of the county of Leeds, which is the uppermost of the two counties. Leeds is also otherAvise well watered by several fine streams and small lakes. Not- withstanding that a good deal of the land bordering on these lakes is reported to be poor and rucky, there is a crsitori— Karly Si'itlcniontH of Upper Ciirmtlv- Clianj^nii Fortinics of Kii\;;atoii--lnij)rovi'iii('iit8 of tlu' City on licing thr StMt of Government — I'rcsenfc Statti of Kingston— Newspaixsvs io Canada — Pfovuicinl Paiitcntiiiry--. State of Cnnic m Canada -Old Criminal I-nws still ni Force- TiMnpcrance Movement - Official Statistics of ('nme-- ClaHses of Offences and Amount of Cnme in Particnlai' Localities— Criminals belong- ing to Kespcctive Churcliea— Account of the Midland District — Popidiition, Lands, and Produce of Cr()i)S--Liv(! Stock, and <'jencral Industry of the Settlers— Cliaractcnstics of Townsliips — Value of Lands— Sliorcs of Hay of Quiute— Account of VictoriH District — Settlements, and Town of BcUev lie- District of Pruicc Edward- Town of Picton— Prosperous Condition of l\'inc Edward District. The breadth of the River »St. Lawrence at Kingston, at the entrance to Lake Ontario, is twelve miles. In this entrance to the lake, and imincdiately in front of the town and bay of Kingston, is Wolfe Island. It is about three and a-half miles distant from the town, measures about twenty miles long, and seven miles across, and is about a mile and a-half from the nearest point of the opposite American shore. Another small island lies opposite to the town, named Gar- den Island ; and two or three others appear in the lake to the westwar HAIlBorR OF KINiJSTON. l.'iO its .slo]>iij^ sides towanls Kingston, is composed of a very compact limestone, of a Mui'^h grey colour, anil besides haviiii^ assisted in furnishing materials for the construction of perhaps the strongest fortification m America, next to Quebec, the streets of the town have, to some extent, been indebted to it for much of their substantial and elegant ap- pearance. The largest r|uantity of the excellent blui ih limestone of which the town is built, has been had, how- ever, from quarries in and around the town. The ])rincipal British naval establishment, with dockyard, on the lakes, is also at Kingston. The harb()ur is a very fine one, ample, and well protected, with a depth of water for vessels draw- ing fifteen feet. The situation and ap])earance of the toMrn, with its high rocky fortress and spacious bay, form a fine approach to the great lakes, or rather inland seas, of this part of the country, which we have now reached. In the summer of 1784 the early settlers of Upper Cana- da, composed of the loyalists of the American Revolution, took possession of the stripe of country situated along the St. Lawrence, which was described in the last chapter, and aiso of that fertile portion westward of Kingston, along the shores of the Bay of Quiute. The allotted townships, spe- cially surveyed on this occasion, along an extent of river and lake of about l.X) miles, were thus at once partially settled ; and the clearing of the forests and cultivation of Upper Canada then eft'ectively commenced. These townships were numbered, but not named for several years ; and the settlers continued, long after they had received names by proclama- tion, to call them by their old numbers, such as First Tovn, Second Town, and so forth. During the period of hostilities on the lakes in 1812, between Britain and the United States, the town of King- ston was a place of much consequence in a military and I \\ tr i U 'I :l: ll ii i HK) CIlANGlNa PORXrNES OP KINHOTON. naval point of view ; and until within a comparatively short time ajro, it held the rank of the thir«l town in (>anada in population and commerce, Ixjinguext to Quel»ec and Mon- treal. Toronto, however, with a much more fertile and larger extent of back country, has far out.stripf)ed Kingston. In 184b the population of Kingston, within the incorporated limits, amounted to 83(iJi ; and without these limits, ami within such as properly may be called the town, the popu lation was a little over 12,()(K). Toronto, however, by the census of the same year, had a population of 23,r)0U, The seat of Government having been established at Kingston upon the union of the provnices of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841, the town then — ;just three years aftei- it had become an incorporated city — couinionced very much to improve with this stimulus to enterprise. Substantial and elegant residences, shops, warehouses, and hotels, were built. The most conspicuous undertaking, however, was a town-hall, which is believed to be the most complete and substantial edifice of the kind on the Continent. It cost the city of Kingston ^'30,000, It contains, besides two public rooni> of great size, a post-office, custom-house, com mercial news-room, mayor's court, and police-office, also shops, and a complete market-house. This singularly com- modious j^ublic building presents its massive hewn stone front along the harbour and bay, overlooking Lake Ontario. Surmounting it is a lofty cupola, commanding a view of immense extent. On the seat of Government having been removed, the in- terests of Kingston suffered materially. In a few years after- wards, however, dependmg on its own resources, it regained much of its los* strength, and is at present understood to be in a fair condition in regard to its trade and general in terests. It is a place of much activity, and has a good PRRSKNT 8TATL OV KIN(*ST'.>N. 101 < miparativcly »vu in (Janada l»oc aiui Mon- ilo and larger liii)^stou. In incorporated ,e limits, and ffw, tho popu- »wover, by the istaljlishe-d at of Upper and rcc years after ced very mucli .. Substantial id hotels, were however, was a complete and nent. It cost s, besides two m-house, com ice-office, also Dgularly com- e hewn stone Lake Ontario, ling a view of uoved, the in~ jw years after - |es, it regained Iderstood to bo Id general in Id has a good many steam and nailing vessels engaged in the river and lake navigation. Steamers ply daily <»n the St. Lawrence, during the season of navigation, to and from Montreal ; and also up Lake Ontario to Toronto, Hamilton, and inter- mediate ports ; and around the shores of the Hay t»f (^uinte. The American steamers also touch hero for the jiorts on the United States side of Ontario, and for the River Niagara. The sailing vessels are engaged in the general trade of the lakes, passing iij* to Lakes Erie and Huron, through the \\ clland Canal. There is a very serviceable marine railway at Kingston, which was constructed in IS27, for the pur- pose of drawing vessels out of the harbour for repair. It is 575 feet in length, and can acconmiodate vessels of :UK) tons. There are ten churches or chapels in Kingston, chiefly belonging to the leading denominations. Three of these are Episc pal, and two Roman Catholic. Within the limits of the incorporated city, there were in 1848 ten common public schools. The University of Queen's College was incorpo- rated in 1841, and established at Kingston, in connection with the Church of Scotland ; the system of education to be conducted as nearly as possible after the model of the Scottish Universities. Kingston is understood to have had lately five newspapers. There being neither stamp, ad- vertisement, nor any paper duty in Canada whatever, the press has every op])ortunity to diffuse its influence. The smallest farmer in the neighbourhood of his town or village, or even in the backwoods, if he is able to bring in his load or two of firewood to the printer during sleighing time, may very easily enjoy the newspaper suitable to his politics. The price of a weekly newspaper in Canada is usually about 12s. a-year ; and of the most respectable twice a- week pa- pers from ISs. to 20s. Newspapers in Canada are carried M i' ('■ i 1 i i 1| i 1 1 ' 1\ i !' 1 ;f' II i 1 J ' lii :^ ••f';:«vi>;i, 162 PROVINCIAL PENITENTIARV AT KINGSTON. by the Post Office to any part of the country on the pre- })iriyraent of one halfpenny. The loading" newspapers in most of the large towns, snch as Quebec, Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton, are generally well supported. Being usually conducted with ability and intelligence, they have circles of readers much beyond their local influence. The Provincial Penitentiary, Avhich is supported by grants of the Provincial Parliament, is established at King- ston. It is a large and conspicuous building, situated about two miles from the centre of the city, down the ^hore of the lake. It Contained, not long ago, above 400 prisoners, who are employed here on the silent system in various occupa- tions, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, and rope-makers. The sum of i,'l 5,000 currency was in 1848 voted by the Provincial Parliament towards the sup- port of this institution, besides a special amount to defray the expenses of a Commission of Inipiiry into souie alleged abuses connected with its management. Serious criminal olfences^ especially against property, may be said to be comparatively rare in Canada. The large amount of material comfort afterded to the widelv- spread population of the colony — with exceptions, mostly in large towns — allows, of course, fewer temptations to commit oflences against property than among the over- dense and too fre<|uently starving masses of the parent country. Much of the old severity of the English laws against property are still in force in Canada. The crime of abstract- ing money from letters passing through the Post Office, of which there were two cases recently in the colony, is still liable here to the extreme punishment of death. Offences against the person, originating in quarrels or assaults, are perhaps the more common class of offences in Canada, and -V„>- N. STATE OF CRIME IN CANADA. 163 m the pre- rspapers in I, Rmgston, 'ted. Being J, they have jnce. I p ported by led at King- tuated about shore of the nsoners, who nou"^ occupa- iikers, tailors, roncy was in ■trds the sup- .imt to defray I some allegeost Office, of lolony, is still Ih. Offences assaults, are Canada, anle us to ar- have, in the Itatistics, the for offences I a year, from The total 1) 1st October 1847, was 813. And with regard to the small number of offences' against the person amongst the ])risoner3 received into the Penitentiary, by far the greater proportion of such offences — principally assaults, more or less aggravate*! -are believed to be sununarily puidshed within the juri.rsdictita of the local courts). And, further, it is believed, in regard to crinies again;, t property, that it is chiefly in these cases of larcenies, frequently perpetrated by hardened and trouble- some offenders resident in the more .b^'^ w .^. y --^f*i^*^u^^ 166 CKIMINALS BELONOINd TO RESPECTIVE riirilCUES. of the colony, are greatly in favour of the improved morality of the natives of Canada. The statistics of churches to which the prisoners pro- fessed to belong, shew 178 to have belonged to the Church of Rome ; 1 67 to the Church of p]ngland ; 72 to the Me- thodist body ; 18 to the Church of Scotland ; 9 to other Pres- byterian bodies; and 12 not belonging to any church. 01 the respective periods of life in which the prisoners were — 230 were between 21 and 30 years of age ; 84 were between 31 and 40 years of age ; and 82 between 15 and 20 years of age. The rest of the prisoners, composing the number of 468 hi confinement in the Penitentiary on Lst October 1847, were in much smaller numbers scattered over the more advanced periods of life. %^ Having thus far somewhat incidentally digressed upon matters suggested by the details of our subject, and hKjar- ing more or le«s upon its general character, we shall now proceed more directly to present some account of the re- spective districts or settlements situated along the shores of the great lakes of Canada. Of the old divisions of districts of Upper Canada, then, as these divisions are still the most familiar, the first hi order, and the capital of the town of Kingston, is The Midland District The counties of Frontenac, Lenox, and Addington, embrace the limits of the old district. By the census of 1848, the population of the district, including the incorporated city of Kingston, amounted to 45,300, In 1 842 the population, according to the census then, was 34,450, shewing an in- crease during the six years previous of above 10,500, T^ve 'h. UCIIES. jd morality soners pro- thc Church to the Me- othcr Pres- ;hurch. 01 ners were — ere 1>et>veeii 20 years of iinber of 468 ir 1847, were )re advanced pressed upon tt, and VKjar- shall now of the re- le shores of anada, then, the first m is ton, embrace >f 1848, the •orated city 1 popvilation, jving an In- 1),500, T>>e ACCOUNT OP MIDLAND DlfaXRICT. k; )/ population of IH48, exclusive of Kingston, was a little over 3l),9()(). The number of houses occupied in the district in 1848 was 457.%, and the number vacant, 84. The number of proprietors assessed was 2515, and the number of non- proprietors, 1504. The rt umber of persons engaged in professions was 121, in trade or commerce, 258, in handi- craft, 911, in factories, J 50, in agriculture, 3788, and as labourers, 1()(J2. Of this population of 36,900 there were 23,600 natives of Canada, - <" British origin, 1650 natives of the United States, blOO na ives of Ireland, 1800 natives of England, and 90(i natives of Scotland. The quantity of land occupied in the district in 1848 was 434,450 acres, of which 145,350 acres were cultivated — 94,570 acres being under tillage, and 50,780 acres pasture land. The (juantity of this land under whoat, according to the census, was 25,035 acres, and the produce of which 197,175 bushels. The next largest quantity of land wa^' under oats, which is returned as being 15,044 acres, and the produce 33'-*,60f bushels. The live stock of the settlers included 29,100 neat cattle, 8570 horses, and 44,280 sheep. The quantity of dairy produce and {provisions prepared for market amounted to 35,450 lbs. cheese, 195,300 lbs. butter, and 3914 barrels of pork md beef. Of other produce and items of domestic industry returned, there were 1700 lbs. flax, a small quan- tity of tobacco, 197,000 lbs. maple sugar, 134,500 lbs. wool, 34,600 yards fulled woollen cloth, 900 yards linen, and 46,500 yards flannel. The townships which may be said to offer the most ad- vantages for settlement in this diotrict are those situated in front of the Lake and Bay of Quinte. The eastenimost towTiship of the district, named Pittsburgh, fronting on the River St. Lawrence, at the entrance to the lake, is an excep- ii n \\ 1 i i i t ■, ■ . . > . - ■ \ t I » f 1 |^.^,4■^^■.^'«*^^«>,»lW^>*lB«KW4Wi3*K>t*rfe■t*^f-*sw•i•.;l»■^■^^^ ^.I'l'V-.i'V...!^'. i".ifis'^.«,t.' yiAni^^U^Jii^iii^MUi-- a. i^ihtM- ;wu.»'N.*»u.>^« ■* * '<>-u* V' li- 170 SETTLEMENTS IN THE VICTORIA DISTRICT. laud was 187,400 acres ; and the quantity reported a* ,Vj present considered unfit for cultivation v>'a8 17,<>00 acres. The average value of wild laud was 24s., and of cleared land 47s. fid. currency per acre. Amot •' the townships best known, and most favourably situated for settlement, may be mentioned the two western- most of the front range of three along the shore of the bay. Their names are Thurlow and Sidney. The River Trent, which enters the Bay of Quinte at the south-west corner of the district, waters the whole of the Avestern side of the township of Sidney. The townships of Marmora and Madoc, in the third range back, contain large (piantities of superior iron ore. In Mamiora a bed of stone has lately l)een disco- vered, which has been ascertained by experiment in England to be very suitable for the purposes of lithography. Belle- ville, the chief town of the district, situated at the mouth of the River Moira, is in the township of Thurlow. Belleville, which was incorporated as a town in 1835, had in 1848 a population of nearly 3000. It is commodiously situated at the head of the bay, and is a very flourishing and active town. Part of the town, including the court house and jail, and three churches, English, Scotch, and Roman Ca- tholic, is on a pleasant rising ground overlooking the rest of the town, which is built close by the side of the River Moira. There are seven churches or chapels in all in Belle- ville, and two newspapers. Kingston and Toronto stages pass through it c.iily, and during the season of navigati')n a steam-boat makes daily trips to and from Kingston along the shores of the bay. There is a large lumbering trade carried on in the back settlements , and besides this timber for the Quebec market, considerable quantities of potash are exported by the Victoria district. Forming the south-west shore of the Bay of Quinte, and T. DISTKICT OF PIUXCE EDWARU. 171 ortecl a; ri.j ,nOO acres. of cleared favourably wo western- ! of the bay. liver Trent, 2st corner of side of the b and Madoc, i of superior f l)ecn disco- t in England phy Belle- the mouth of . Belleville, id in 1848 a situated at and active t house and Roman Ca- ing the rest of the River all in Belle- ironto stages navigati'm gston along »erlng trade this timber if potash are Quinte, and i attached only to the uiainland, near the mouth of the River Trent, at the head of the bay by a small neck of about a mile in width, is the comparatively old and well gettled District or I'iunce Edward, It is now the county of IMnce Edward, and had in 1848 a population of 18,(.)(H». This includes the population of Picton, the district or count} tovrn, which amounted to IGOO. The situation of this town is on the high bank of a very picturesque inlet of the Bay of Quinte. vStretching backwards from i»art of this high bank, around which the town is situated, is he fertile and well-cultivated country ; and rising closely behind another part of it are very plea- santly wooded heights, Picton in 184b, with a population of IGOO, contained 252 occtipied houses, with only nine houses vacant. The number of proprietors assessed was 103, and the number of non-proprietors 145. The number of persons engaged in trade or commerce, including handi- craft, was 135 ; in factories 38 : in [)rofesbi")ns -27 ; in agri- culture 14 ; and as labourers 78. Fuliy one-half of this population were natives of Oanada, of British origin ; 408 were natives of Ireland ; 127 natives of England ; 100 natives of the United States ; and 43 were natives of Scotland, Besides churches belonging to the leading denominations, there were three public schools in the town, with an atten- dance of children between the ages of five and sixteen years, amoimting to nearly 300. Prince Edward District or county contained, in 1848, 217,200 acres of occupied land, 104,500 acres of which were cultivated. Of this amount, 76,100 acres were under tillage, and of this again, 21,243 acres were under wheat, :\ liii iii , r'-*'T'V^^'^f'''^^ •7''(?.-*W'!'f;''>'«'*l'''^'i*';* *■""■'» ^l -..,«. .!j--'" ;f 'r^. -J^r.-i>t'>- 172 CULTIVATED LANI» ANT) I'RODUCB. the prodnco of which is returned as havint? boon 209,700 bushels. The next largest (juantity of land was under barley ; the cjuantity under this crop was tS007 acres, the produce of which amounted to O(»,r)0u bushels. The quan- tity under oats was (UCA) acres, and the produce 111),087 bushels. The (quantity under pease was ()47.l acres, and the produce i3r),9{)0 bushels. The ((uantity under Indian com was 4144 acres, and the produce was 01,720 bushels. The quantity of land under potatoes was lOOH acres, the pro- duce of which was 1H4,220 bushels. The other crops were buck wheat and barley — 1412 acres under barley hav- ing produced, according to these oflScial returns, 18,680 bushels, and 2297 acres under buck wheat, 47,500 bushels. The average price of wheat in the Montreal market m 1847, was fis. 5^d. currency per Imshel ; of oats, 28. lOd. ; of barley 3s. 9d. ; and pease 5s. 5^d. In 1846 prices were much lower — wheat having been 5s. 3^d. ; oats, Is. lOd. ; barley, 3s. Id., and pease 4s. 3d. In 1848, the season during which these products we have noticed would pro- bably chiefly arrive in Montreal — at least such portions of them as were shipped in this direction — the average price of wheat then was 5s. 7d. currency per bushel ; o..ts. Is. 8d. ; barley, 2s. 6d, ; and pease, 3s. 4d. These statements, taken in connection with the price of land, are calculated to assist in forming opinions, both on the present condition of agriculture in this part of Canada, and the degree of encouragement it offers to persons in this country to engage in itHu the colony. The settlers of I^rince Edward possessed, besides their live stock, which consisted of 14,880 neat cattle, 6067 horses, 31,400 sheep, and 8284 pigs. There were also their produce of butter and clieese, pork and beef ; besides small crops of flax and tobacco , about 114,600 lbs. of maple sugar from their woodlands : ji- - VALUE <»K LANDH IN I'RINCK KI»W.VKL» lHt,087 tvcs, and the Indian com ishels. The res, the pro- other crops r harley hav- Airns, 18,680 ',ft00 bushels. i\ market m lats, 28. lOd. ; 16 prices were pats, Is. lOd. ; 8, the season d would pro- 1 portions of Lverage price o>.ts, Is. 8d. ; h the price of lions, both on lit of Canada, >ersons in this tiers of Prince [lich consisted eep, and 8284 r and clieese, and tobacco , r woodlands : 'I wool from their sheep, and clotii, Hauuel, and linen, as the procueds of their domestic industry. The average value of wild land in Prince l'ldwarrmer returning the value of its cleared land at 12()s. 8d. y)er acre, and the latter at 1 I5s. 5d. The wild lands of both these districts are valued lower than Prince Edward. Gore, a very valuable farming district, gave no returns of this nature for 1848. The quantity of wild land in the district of Prince Edward, was, in 1848, 111,40(» acres ; and the amount returned as at present untit for cultivation, was .J6(>J acres. The num- ber of churches in the district was 26 , and of schools, 100. The number of iims 20, and of merchants' shops or stores, 34 We now take leave of this Avell -settled, industrious, and thriving peninsular district of Prince Edward, and introduce the next westward, situated along the shore of Lake Ontario — the district of Newcastle. For this purpose we will open a new chapter. n li ! * i « * ! ■ » ! 1 *. 1 i. ] 1 j j 1 ' F ] ^M ,11 ■■;t-*r- ■ ' ; ClIAPTEU X[I1 MSTIUOTS OF tlPPKR CANADA. Arciumt of the District of Newcastle -Plcasnnt AHpect of tlio Country — Divismn of 01(1 District -Tfuvii of Cohoiirf?— \c\v Towns in {'aiiiKla- riiuractcristicn olMewcasUf District — Trtiit Navi^fution— l/inds iiml Settlcincutsof tlu) Diw- trict— *Th(! Oak Plains '—Tlic Writer of • The Hack wooda of Canada '- Plcnsiiisr Scenery — Scenery of'Tlio Pliiins' — Country along the Cimst of Lake Ontiirio— Town of I'ort lloiic — Piof^resa of Settlement, —Cultivated Land — Quantity of Land under Wlu^at Crop, and Ainoiint of Produce — Value of Wild and Cleared L; ■fack <«f these being constituted into a new district named (\)lborne, This li- mited district of Newcastle is now known, since the new county divisions have been solely adopted, as the coimtic* of Northumbei'land and Durham. Northumberland eml)raceH the first or most easterly eight osed the Newcastle district, as limited some few years ago. Cobourg is the chief town of Northiimberland, and Port Hope that of Durham, The town of Cobourg is one of the pb-asantest small towns in Canada. Its situation is upon a gently rising, al- most level part of the shore of Lake Ontario. The main street, running almost parallel to the shore, some little way off the lake, is wide, mostly well built, and presents a com- fortable and cleanly appearance. The chief merchants' shops and private residences have at once a tasteful and sub- stantial look about them. You see less of the slovenly half-finished appearance here of many young Canadian towns, which have so verv much about them resemblinjj ii: ! I ' M!if m 1 17« AMOUNT AND DE8CRIPTI0IV OP POPULATION. 1^ new unfinished houses, with the carpenters still working in them. Stumps of trees start up before you at every other comer ; and })ilcs of piue boards and wooden shingles, and very rough fences, or no fences, or broken fences ; ill-finished, as well as half-finished, houses, of all sorts and sizes and pretensions, and -without pretensions — all this, and much more, usually go to the making up of most young towns in this country, marking thus their origin as being only of the forest a few years back. People are so busy building, and buying lots, and selling lots, and wit^ all sorts of specula- tions — all bent on accumulating — that they have no time, it would seem, to make things tidy around them in these new towns ; and the very roads, either blind you with dust, or entrap you, ankle-deep, or worse, into mud holes. Co- bourg, however, I have always looked upon as one of the very agreeable exceptions. The town in 184m had a population of 3513. The number of occupied houses which it contained was o()9 ; and only three houses were vacant. Of the population, 186 were assessed proprietors, and 375 were non-proprietors. The number engaged in professions was 1)2 ; in trade or com- merce, 119; in handicraft, 220 : in factories, 60 ; in agri culture, 7 ', and as labourers, 136. Nearly one-half of the population of this town — namely, 1386 — were natives of Canada, of British origin ; 952 were natives of Ireland ; 629 natives of England ; ISi^ natives of the linited States ; and 284 natives of Scotland. Of 27 coloured persons, of African descent, 18 were males, and 9 females. The town is well supplied with churches and schools. There are six churches and chapels ; and five common schools in the place receiving legislative support. There are three newspapers published in Cobourg. Victoria College, founded here, was incorporated as an academy in 1835, and as a university in -#v^ i! ION. 1 working in t every other shingles, and ; ill-finished, lud sizes and 18, and much :>ung towns in iig only ol the building, and rts of specula- have no time, them in these you with dust, lud holes. Co- 1 as (»ne of the of 3513. The Id was r)«i9 ; and llation, 186 were prietors. The trade or com- s, 60 ; in agri lone-half of the were natives of ■es of Ireland : United States ; red persons, of les. The town There are six ,ols in the place [ree newspapers nded here, was u university in T0\v*1!? 0( COnoUKO, AND INTEUIOIl COUNTRY. / t 1842, in connection with tho Wesleyan Metlu^dist Conference. The building has a stately and elegant appearance. There is also tlie Diocesan Theological Oollcge, of which the Arch- deacon of York is president. In 1812 there was only one house where the prosperous and pleasant town of Cob(^iirg now stands. And in 1827 only a very small village, of about forty houses, had grown, having an Episcopal church, a Methodist chaj>eb two inns, and four stores, a grist mill, and several distilleries. The important back and suircunding country having become, from time to time, better known, and the site of the town being agreeable in itself, Cobourg soon made very satis- factory' progress. The whole interior of this part of the country, extending through both the Newcastle and Colborne Districts, is re- markably characterised by uimibers of lakes and rivers, diversifying the face of the country, and atfording water communication, more or less direct, and of a certain limited description, from the most distant inland points, at the north-western corner of the district of Colborne, to the south- eastern corner of the district of Newcastle, where the River Trent discharges itself into the Bay of Quinte, This chain of inland waters, with its tortuous and expanded links of river and lake, may, iv course of time, be turned to much greater advantage than it now is, in developing the re- sources of the country, Where it commences, in the north- west, in the township of Sommerville, it closely approaches one or two of the rivers which have their course westerly into the River Severn, and thence into Lake Simcoe, and which also communicates with Lake Huron, This very iu- teresting chain of waters through this part of the country ia not far separated either from the streams which run north- easterly into the River Ottawa. In this direction are vast li I! !ii H. i ■ i. I 178 IMPROVEMENT OP TRENT NAVIGATION". f tracts of iinsurveyed landp, now comparatively tiuknown, and destined at some period, probably not remote, to sup- port large numbers of ])rosperou.s settlers. The improvement of the, Trent navigation, as this inland chain of water communication through the Newcastle and Oolborne Districts is termed, has long been a favourite topic in Canada, especially in the part of the country directly in- terested. Surveys and re})orts have been made, and large sums exi)enJed ; but all that is understood to be really ac- complished is, that the navigation of the Trent, with its connection of lakes and streams, has been made availjtblc — chiefly by means of timber slides, constructed to avoid the obstacles of the numerous ra})ids — for trans),)ortingthe large ♦juantities of timber that are cut and prepared along its shores. The main river of the Trent, towards its mouth, is a large stream, full of shallows and rapids. It is diversi- fied by beautiful islands ; and its numerous lak s abound with most delicious fisli, among which are the favourite maskelonge and bass. Salmon trout, too, is fou ud in parts of these waters, weighing from 30 to 40 lbs. Could this chain of navigation be thoroughly improved by means of a series of locks and short canals, there <'annot surely be any doubt of such an undertaking being materially beneficial to a large and important district of couiiiry. There are as many as about fifty townships less or more interested in the navigation of these inland waters. The townships of Upper Canada usually embrace 01,600 acres. The forests along these lake and river shores are reported to afford excellent timber ; and much fertile land will be found to exist, as the country becomes better known and settled. Some of the localities near the water have been found to be unfavoural)le for settlement, perhaps chiefly swampy and rocky, and have in instances deterred settlement. Such cases are understood ' • i t .■»■ LANDS OP THE DISTRICT. 179 It Tiuknown, ►le, to sup- i this inland vvcastle and ourite topic directly in- e, and large be re-ally ac- ent, with it^ e avaih'hlo — t<» avoid the ting the iarpre trod along- its its jnouth, ii^ \t \s diversi- lak '3 abound ihe favourite ton .d in parts Oonld this \)y means of surely he any lly beiteficial to There are as terested in the [ships of Upper |, forests along ^ftbrd excellent ,0 exist, as the Some of the unfavonrahlo ocky, and have lare uuderstoo^l ^. to be indeed rare exceptions in the .settlement of this part of Canada, enjoying us it does a high reputation as a fertile and agreeable fiirming country, and well situated for mar- kets. The exceptional eases to which we have alluded, of settlers being dissatisfied, occurred on the northern shores of one or two of the inland lakes, in one or two of these ex- treme northern townships, very partially settled, and conse- quently little known, and which are now included within the limits (jf what was lately the new distriet of Colbome. All the country south of Rice Lake, the most southerly part <»f the great chain of waters, and south also of the River Trent, from this point to its mouth, is included in the county of Northumberland. Ridges of oak plains, called ' Rice Lake Plains,'' extend along the south shores of this lake, and generally more or less through y>arts of the frontier townships. The soil of these parts is a mixture of sand and clay, in various [troportions, according to the elevation — sand prevailing in the higher lands, and clay on the lower. These oak plains, from their being thinly timbered, and m places entirely bare of timber, have usually a fine park- like eft'ect, peculiarly agreealde to the eye, in a country such as Canada is, so very generally densely covered by dark massive forest. These plains extend through the township of Murray, the soutti-eastern township of the district, and run north of Cramahe and IJaldimand, through the centre of Hamilton and Hope, and a small portion of Clarke. Not very many years ago these lands were merely spoken of as being in general caj xble of cultivation ; but that, from want of wood and water, which it was conceived they did not possess in sufficient abundance, they were likely to be, on this account, most suitable for sheep-walks. So little were they valued about this time, that they could not command more than 4s. 4 fh ■ fi ■t ; ! 5 I '1 ^ 5 ! i I i H i 1: i : II 180 LANDS OF ' THE OAK PLAINS.' currency per acre. The result illustrates the uncertainty frequently attending early and, therefore, perha])S over- has tily formed opinions in regard to the capabilities of lands and settlements, particularly in a new country such as Canada. Some settlers from the vicinity of Brantford, in the western part of the country, beyond the head of Lake Ontario, who had been accustomed to farm the oak plains there, and knew their value, on becoming acquainted with these oak plains of the Newcastle District, made a purchase of part of them, and commenced farmhig. They very soon astonished their neighbours with the success with which they cultivated the neglected oak plains, and also with the general excellence of their wheat crops produced from them. On account of the light and sandy nature of the soil, the oak plains had been looked upon as being comparatively valueless. The consequence of the fortunate discovery was, that instead of their old price of 4s. per acre, they are now reported upon good authority to bring four dollars. The face of the country throughout this part of the Newcastle District is agreeably undulating in its general features. The pages of the accomplished writer of the Backwoods of Canada are no doubt familiar to many readers ; and as this is the part of the country where the fair writer settled, along with her husband (and was not long ago still there), her fascinating book may be recurred to for some vivid pictures of the face of the country, and other charac- teristics of this part of Canada. Great improvements have, however, taken place since these sketches were penned — now nearly twenty years ago. Forests and other solitude>s have become well-cultivated settlements ; and villages have sprung up, and towns increased, so as to have very much, with the surrounding country, changed both character and aspect. uncertainty rhai)S ovcr- ities of landii try such as U-aiitford, in ead of Lake le oak plains Liaiuted with le a purchase ley very soon ', with which [ilso with the ;d from them, the soil, the comparatively iiscovery was, they are now dlars. s part of the ^\ its general writer of the any readers ; he fair writer long ago still |l to for some other charac- ements have, ere penned — lier solitude.! villages have e very much, Icharacter and THE WHITER OF ' THE BA<"KW00PS OP CANADA. 181 How vivid aiid interesting a picture ot a country is this which is presented to us in the pages of this lady emigrant. She has Vteeu describing the scenery and settlements in the ni ighbourhood of Cohourg, and writes, concerning it, pro- ct jding into the interior, thus : — ' As you advance farther up the country, in the direc- tion of the Hamilton or Rice Lake Plains, the land ri.ses into bold sweeping hills and dales. ' The outline of the country reminded me of the hilly part of Gloucestershire. You want, however, the charm with which cultivation has so eminently adorned that fine county, with all its romantic villages, flourishing towns, cultivated farms, and extensive downs, so thickly covered with flocks and herds. Here the bold forests of oak, beech, maple, and basswuod, with now and then a grove of dark pines, cover the hill", only enlivened by an occasional set- tlement, with its .log-house, and zig-zag fences of split timber : these fences are very oft'ensive to the eye. I look in vain for the rich hedge-rows of my native country The settlers, however, invariably adopt whatever plan saves time, labour, and money. The great law of experience is strictly observed — it is borne of necessity. Matters of taste appear to be little regarded, or are, at all events, after oousideratious. ' About half-way between Cobourg and the Rice Lake, there is a pretty valley l)etween two steep hills. Here there is a good deal of cleared land and a tavern — the place is called the ' Cold Springs.' Who knows but, some century or two hence, this spot may become a fashionable place of resort to drink the waters ? A Canadian Bath or Chelten- ham may spring up where now nature revels in her wilder- ness of forest trees. i l\ : n^i H W 1 1 1 J i i I r'"i ■*r"' "T ~ i~TiitTir~r — r r.k.« 182 Scenery of * the plains.' ' We now ascend the plains — a fino elevation of land — for many miles soantilj (clothed with oaks, and here and there bushy ]»ines, with other trees and shrubs. The soil is in some places sandy, but varies, I am told, considerably in ditFerent parts, and is covered in large tracts with rich herbage, aifording abundance of the finest pasture for cattle. ' A number of exquisite ilowers and shrubs adorn these plains, which rival any garden in beauty during the sum- mer months. Many of these plants are peculiar to the plains, and rarely met with in any other situation. The trees, too, though interior in size to those in the forests, are more pictures(|ue, growing in groups or singly, at con- siderable interval^, giving a sort of })ark-like appearaiAce to this portion of the country. • * • • r - » ' There are several settlers on these plains possessing considerable faruis. The situation, 1 should think, must be healthy and agreeable, from the elevation and dryness of the land, and the pleasant prospect they command of the country below them, especially where the Rice Lake, with its various islands and picturesque shores, is visible. The ground itself is pleasingly broken invo hill and valley, sometimes gentl)' sloping, at other times abrupt and almost precipitous.' Keeping the remark in view which we droppetl regard- ing the general }>rogress that has taken place in the country since these sketches were written, the reader, we feel as sured, will have experienced some degree of pleasure in thus having incidentally been introduced again into the company of one who can so agreeably and so vividly call up the lead ing features, Avith their associations, of this interesting part of Canada. A later writer ol respectability, Sir Richard of land — I here and The soil is liderably in with rich •e for cattle, adorn these g the sum- uliar to the lation. The the forests, igly, at con- .ppearaxAce to ns possessing \ think, must and dryness command of le Rice Lake, es, is visible. 11 and valley, t aj-id almost )ppeeen mentioned in a previoii> chapter, describ- ing the outlines and general aspect of the country, is situated about 100 miles west of Kingston, and about 70 miles east of Toronto, along the Jake coast. The appeaninco of espe- cially one or two of the township> of the Newcastle District from the lake, in steaming ahnig the coast, is exceedingly agreeable. The banks present miles of well settled and verdant slopes. Westward, too, of this district, extending into the adjoining Home District, the lands along tiie coast have a very attractive appearance from the lake. The harbour of Oobourg, with its long pier running into Lake Ontario, is stated to have cost in the construction upwards of £10,0(K>. First class steamboats call here daily in the course of their route between Kingston, R(X'hester, and Toronto. 8even miles west of Cobourg, upon the shores of Ontario, is the pleasantly situated small town of Port Hope. The liank of the lake here is bolder, as well as more pic- turesque in its general aspect, than the more gently sloping shore on which Cobourg is situated. There is a well shel- tered natiral harbour here, formed by the mouth of a fine stream, very available for machinery, which issues through a picturesque and wooded gorge of the bank. The principal part of Port Hope is built on the gorge or hilly bank, commanding an extensive view of the lake. The population in 1848 was a little over 2000, with ;>39 wcupied houses, and 11 vacant ones. Port Hope is the chief town of the eounty of Durham, and is situated in the south-east corner |1 ! , I: Si if! ! if ' III II , i ^t ii ' i l ai p m i i fi i if f ii ill 1 1 ■ n ^j iw Piiii n w i»ii m iii ir ( 184 TOWN OF PORT HOPE. of the township of Hope, the most easterly of the township;* of this county. The two fertile townships of Clarke aniJ Darlington are sitiiated to the west of Hope, along the shore of Lake ()iitari() Directly behind these, naming them from the most (easterly, are the three other townships of the county of Durham — Cavan, Manvers, and Cartwright. Oavau is reported to be an excellent township, and well settled. In the township of Cartwright is a small lake named Skugog, which communicates with the main chain of lakes intersecting the interior of the country. The Skugog River, by means of which this lake communicates with the others northward, is a fine stream, and naviga- ble for b(.)ats, with some interruptions that may l>e over- come. The south-western point of this inland lake, which enters the township of Reach in the Home District, is re- ported to 1)0 within seventeen or eighteen miles of the Big Bay, on Lake Ontario, in the township of Whitby, also in the Home District. There is an excellent road from Port Hope, as well as there is also from the town of Oobourg, into the interior of the Newcastle and Colborne Districts. Both towns are the depots of large amounts of agricultural products from the well settled and prosperous surrounding country. Besides Cobourg and Fort Hope, there are several thriving smaller tovvns or villages throughout the district. The Newcastle District in 1848 had, including the towns, a population of 47,400. In 1825 the population, which then included the whole country, embracing that part after- wards erected into the district of Colborne, amounted only to 9966. lu 1830 the numbers rose to 14,850, in 1832 to 21,000, in 1834 to 27,400, in 1836 to 32,900 ; and in 1841 the population of this district had increased to 41 ,950. Through- out the whole of these periods, previous to 1848, the district ' >*"— ■•i.i»v» ,:il LANDS AND CUOI'S. 185 townships 'larke an«i along the tiling them wnships of >irt Wright, f), and well small lake main chain itry. The nmunicates ind naviga- lay \>e over- lake, which strict, is re- » of the Big ithy, also in as well as interior of wns are the ts from the Besides ing smaller g the towns, ,tion, which part after- ;>unted only in 1832 to in 1841 the [. Through- the district ill includc'l what was afterwards, or ahout 1842, set apart as the new district of Colhorne. Anf 21,380, the dis- trict of Newcastle, with its foui-.-en townships, continued so to increase with its shorn dimensions, that in 1848 its own population j>rosented an increase of ahout r)50() over the pojnilatinnty of Peterborough. The number of townahi]>s is nineteen. The chief town is Peter- borough, situated on the (Hanabee River, in the north-east angle of the towu.ship of Monaghan, or Noith Monaghan, as it is called. Part of the town called Peterborough East is on the opposite or eastern side of the river in the township of Otanabee. The site of Peterl)()rough is remarkably agree- able, especially on the Otanabee bank of the river, which rises to a more commanding elevation than that on the Monaghan side. The (Hanabee river, which has its course between finely elevated and wooded banks, jjarticularly to- wards the upper part of it, is a broad clear stream, and dis- charges itself into Rice Lake by two mouths, divided by a low tongue of land. This lake is agreeably diversified by small wooded islands, and parts of its banks rise gently from the water margin. In other parts, again, the land is rather low and wet. It has several fine settlements around it. A steam-boat plies daily during summer from the shores of the lake up the River Otanabee to Peterborough in connec- tion with stage-coaches from Cobourg and Port Hope The distance from Cobourg to Peterborough is thirty-four miles, and from FNjrt Ho})e thirty miles. Peterborough had in 1848 a population close upon 2()U0. The townships of the district of Colborne, or county of Peterborough, which are situated along the southern shores of the chain of lakes to the north, and those east of the River Otanabee, and north of Rice Lake, may be said to possess, generally speaking, much excellent land. The township of Otanabee has for the most part good TOWN.SllIP OP OTANABill, kiiW UDU'' >5ETTLEMKNT. 187 only ft ^e\v jxx^h. The wn 19 Peter- ,e north -cast loua}i;han, as nvigh Kast is e township of rkahly agree- liver, which that on the has its course irticularly to- reain, and dis- ,, divided by a diversified hv se gently troru land is rather around it. A the shores of v^h. in connec- Port Hope is thirty-four erborough had 3, or county of nitheru shores Lse east of the Inay be said to land, lost part good soil, composed of loam, witu a clay 'b^ M It i« ' ' settled, principally by 8cutch, and contain iii« far hi. There are wet lands in parts, and sandy plai along te9 shore of Kice Lake, There is a small settlenieni ol ludkiiMi in this township, called Hiee Lake Settlement, twelve miles from Peterborough. Those Indians have been settled here for a number of years, and have been greatly indebted to the teachings of the Wesleyan missionaries. The missionary society f>i' this body supports a schoolma.ster among them. They po.-isess upwards houses, with chapel and school- hou.se. These Indians, who are named Mississaguas or (Jhip- f)ewas, surrendered the greater part of the township which belonged to them in 1 8 IS for an annuity of i,'740. The townshi]) i»f Douro contains much excellent land, which is situated chietly off the immediate bank of the river — the most eligible parts being untlerstood to be to- warummer, to the east of Douro, is well settled, and contains line farms. The land is generjilly g"od, with ]>arts rocky. The settlers are principally Scotch. The townships to the west of the Otanabee river, consisting of Smith, Ennismore, Emily, and Ops, contain excellent land. Ups is reported to be one of the finest townships in this part of the country. The soil is loam, with a clay subsoil, and the face of the country is generally level. The north- cast corner of the township, however, has a good deal of wet swampy land. There are wet lands also in Emily, but it is generally an excellent township of land, and is well settled. The soil is composed of sandy loam on the hills, and of clayey loam in the flats and valleys. The face of the country is for the most part level. The river, which runs ♦ t ? t ; ii ■ I i ^ 188 rilAlN Of LARHfl \N1> RIVRRfl. throu») under pasture. The lands under wheat crop amounted to 2G,730 acres, the produce of which was *27(),()()0 bushels. The next largest (juantity of land under one par- ticular crop was 10,870 acres under oat>, the })roducc of which was 242,000 bushels. The quantity of wild lanf the raean<^ lis com]>ara- this part of luents within Durham, to- satisfactory. J country has vantages and nd success of eciated. The in tracing the ts of Colborne )nea of Prince 111 exceedingly In the next Lets westward, Peninsula of CHAPTEIl XIV. DISTRICTS OF UI'VER CANADA. The Western Pciimsula i if- Cun.ul<\-- Nature uf the Coutttry North of Toronto — .Vnnent Shores or Biuikfl of Lake Ontario - Ibiglit ol Land between Lakes Ontario ami Huron- -Liljle Land anaind t!ie Head of the Lake — lUulinj^ton and Qutenston Hcit,'iits I'^lls i( Niagara Geological Strata of the Country Lord Sydenham's Opinion of the Western Peninsula— Report of M. Boucliettc, Surveyor-Oeiiia'al- -Extent and Popnlation — Pro'^rress of Settlement — Rapid and Prosperous Growili of the Country— Growth of Distnets— Rise of S'il- lages and Towns — Account of the Home District— Ilistorieal Associations — First Pavliamenis of Upper Canada— Seats of Government — Capture of Toronto l)y the Americans in IHi:^ — Changed Aspect of Matters or the American Lakes — Situation of Toronto on Lake Ontario — Descriptive Sketch of the Cily-- Colleges, (^'hurches. Schools, and Periodical Literature- -Royal Observatory — Progress and Growth of Toronto - Steamers on Lake On- tario — Interior Country North of Toronto - - Route to Lake Superior — Railway Across the Neck of the Peninsula to the Shores of Lake Huron — Present Appearanco tif the Country — Sir Richard Bonnyiastles Skeiches-- Divisums of Home District - Townships of the District — Population and Amount of Cultivated Lands — Live Stock and Amounts of Annual Produce- Successful Dairy Kiriiiiiig -Average Value of Lands — Account of tlie Siuicoc District -Town of liarrie and Southern Shores of Lake Hiuon. W E now approach the fertile western parts of Canada. The Western Peninsula of Canada — as we may conveniently term the country all westward of Toronto to the shores of Lake Huron — is, in number of townships and amount of popula- tion, the largest half of the occupied portion of Upper Canada By a gradual ascent from the shore of Lake Ontario at Toronto, towards the north, of about twenty-live miles, the i 1 i : -•I [ J 1. I ' 'II f * . ».J*"V »*••** ■»■■'■ 192 "W'EPTEUX PENINSULA OF CANA1»A. boi .cTQ of extend- ,f the British II North American possessions, and hence enjoys, in an emi- nent degree, a superior fertility of soil and milder tempera- ture of climate.' This important part t«f Canada com])rises upwards of 200 townships — eacli usually containing ()1,()00 acres — which townships constitute liftcen counties and two ridings ; and these again, of tlie old familiar divisions of U])per Canada, constitute nine districts and part of a tenth. This larger half of the occupied portion of Upper Canada thus contains upwards of I'2,0(K>,000 acres. A part of this terri- tory, situated on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, was sur- veyed and laid out into townships within the last two or three yeais. It consists chiefly of the new county of Bruce, a name complimentary to the present Governor-General of the colony. The greater part of the ^V\'stern Peninsula has been settled for a considerable period. Several of the most prosperous settlements, situated in the north-western parts, commenced within the last twenty years ; others farther south and west commenced somewhat earlier. Compara tively small stripes of country in the extreme south-west, situated chiefly along the shores of the Detroit River and about the head of Lake Erie, also along the shores of the Niagara River and around the head jf Lake Ontario, have been settled earliest of all, more than fifty years ago. Al though these w<-c among the earliest settled points of Upper Canada, th- decided and rapid progress of the -untry may be said not to have commenced until the active flow of emigration from Britain set in, within the last eighteen or twenty years. Within the last ten years, chiefly, the pros- perous progress has been very marked. In 1841, this part of Canada, situated betAveen the great lakes Erie, Ontario, and Huron, contained a population of a little over 214,000, with a cultivated surface of about 1 ; !■ i i - 1 I >■ S i 111 " ' k Mfc-i, S^A J VMfc,tn trai r-icaui. T IO«J (IKNERAI, l»RO(»REPS OF SETTLEMENT. 754,000 acres. In 1848 the oifioial returns of the census shew a population of very nearly 378,800, with a cultivate* I surface of 1,274,000 acres, beinp: an increase of population, during the seven years, of 1(J4,800, and of cultivated surface of 020,000 acres. The amount of cultivated surface of this part of Canada alone, is thus equal to about a fourth of the cultivated surface of Scotland. The amount of population is equal to about a seventh of the population of Scotland. As regards the price of lands, such does not nearly amount in oiitire proprietorship, upon an average, to the yearly rental of lands in Scotland ; and the public burdens, in the shape of taxes, are so light in the colony, as scarcely to be felt, never, at least aftbrding foundation for a single murnuir ; while, at the sametime, almost every imaginable comfort and luxury may be procured in the respectable and rapidly grow- ing towns. Such are marked characteristics of Upper Canada, ensuring, for the poorest of the po[)ulation, with health and industry, a speedy and comfortable independence. And with respect to distance from the heart of the parent country, this territory may be computed, in the measure ot time, to be as near as, within eighty or ninety years ago, pAiinburgh was to London — it having, by the best public conveyance, taken from twelve to sixteen days to accomplish the journey between the English and Scottish capitals, which time is now more than sufficient to accomplish the voyage across the Atlantic. By means of railways and steam navigation, the traveller from I^ondon or Edinburgh may now, in that time, reach the settlements along the head of Lake Ontario or shores of Lake Erie. The rapid and prosperous growth of population in thi> l;>rge peninsular portion of Canada may be accurately and authoritatively marked. By the official returns of the census, the Western District — which is situated in the ex PHOfiRESS OF DISTRICTS. lOT f the census ii cultivate" I po|>ulation, lilted surface irt'ace of this fourth of the )f population of Scothind. early amount ,0 the yearly urdcns, in the scarcely to be ngle luurniur ; lie comfort and [ rapidly grow- tics of IJppci- pulation, with independence. , of the parent the moasxire of ety years ago, ic best public to accomplish ttish capitals, [iccomplish the railways and or Edinburgh ents along tlio lulation in thi> laccurately and returns of the (ted in the ex treme south-western part of the peninsula — contained, in J 824, only fJDoO inhabitants , in |s:i:>, the nund)er had in- crejised to 10,(500 ; in 183(1, the population amounted to upwards of 17,000 ; in 1841j it had increased to upwards of 23,000 ; and in 1848, the population of this district was a little over 27,4(M). In 1841, the amount of cultivated lands it possessed was 58,G(M) acres; in 184.S the cultivated sur- face of the district consisted of 83,800 acres — an increase, during the seven years, of 25,2(.)0 acres, The London Dis- trict — which may be said to occupy the heart of the penin- sula — comprised, in 1824, besides its more recent limits of the county of Middlesex, the afterwards distinct districts of Talbot, Brock, and Huron, The population of this large district, when it existed in its fullest extent, was then, in 1824, only 17,540. In 1 83' > the population had increased to 22,800 ; and in 1834 the amount of poiMilation was 37,100. In 1841 the same extent of district coiitained a population of 57,500, being nearly three times the number of inhabitants it contained in 1828, within a period of thir- teen years. The population of the same extent of district in 1848 — embracing the then distinct districts of London, Brock, Talbot, and Huron — contained a population of upwards of n5,400. being an increase, during the seven years, of 57,900. The population had more than doubled during that short period. The district of Talbot, of itself, contained, in 1848, upwards of 19,200, being a larger amount of population than the united four districts contained in 1825. The district o Huron contained, of itself, in 1848, upwards of 20,40(_>, being nearly as large a population as the united four districts con- tained in 1830. This district of Huron contained, in 1842, only 7190. The district of Brock contained, in 1848, a population of 29,200, being a larger number than the entire four districts contained so recently as 1832. In 1841 this I !H I i I 1 198 KAPID CIIANGEa IN TUB PllOORESS OF THE COUNTRY. district contained only 15,G0(> inluil»itant.s. In 1841 the extent of country comprised within the tour districts had a cultivated surface of 207,000 acres ; in 1848 the cultivated surface of the country had extended to upwards of 438,000 acres — being an increase of 231,000 acres, or more than double what it Avas within a period of seven years. Such are illustrations of the rapid and prosperous growth of population in this part of Canada. What was forest only within the last few years, has been transformed into thriv- ing settlements — extended vistas of cultivated farms, with good roads, possessed by a contented and prosperous popu- lation. Mere hamlets have become busy towns, and small towns have become incorporated cities. In 1827, the site of the town of London, Avhich is S^) miles west of the head of Lake Ontario, contained only one or two cottages, sur- rounded by forest. In 1848 London was an incorporated town, containing upwards of 4,500 inhabitants, returning a member to the Provincial Parliament, and having one of the best Mechanic's Institutes in the colony. In 1842 the population of Hamilton, at the head of Lake Ontario, amounted to about 5000 ; in 1848 it was an incorporated city, with a population of nearly 10,000. In 1841 the population of the city of Toronto was a little over 14,000, and in 1848, according to the official census, it amounted to 23,503 — being an increase of nearly 10,000 inhabitants during the seven years, Both these cities, besides, bear evidence, in the active and gay appearance of their streets, and comfortable and elegant houses, of substantial and gra- tifying prosperity. Having thus introduced this part of Canada, which is the only part remaining to be noticed more in detail, we shall, following the order hitherto observed, now commence ,.f|i^l-rV'-T«f-'iV''TT«>' w JNTKY. I 1841 the Tictrt had a ; cultivated of 438,000 more than rs. rous growth b forest only L into thriv- farms, with erous popu- s, and small R27, the site of the head cottages, sur- incorporated ?, returning a aving one of In 1842 the ake Ontario, incorporated In 1841 the over 14,000, it amounted i) inhabitants besides, bear their streets, Ltial and gra |ada, which is in detail, we low commence lirSTORU'.VI. ASSOCIATIONS. 10!) with the next district westward of that described in the last chapter. This is one of the best settled, must prosperous, and important districts of Upper Canada — The ITomii Distkict. Approaching the capital of this district in coasting up- wards alonj; the shores of T ' Ontario, the associations of its yet brief historical ex])erience very naturally arise in the mind of the intelligent traveller. Toronto became, at a comparatively wirly period, the seat of government of Upper Canada. The first parliament of the new country met at Niagara in September 1702, and was opened by the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Ca- nada, General Siuicoe. The country previously had formed part of the old province of Quebec, whieh, in 1701, was divided into the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. During the administration of General Simcoe as first Lieu- tenant-Governor of U[»per Canada, the adnunistration in chief of British America was confided to Lord Dorchester as Governor-General. The Parliament of Upper Canada was held during fise successive sessions at Niagara, the last of which at that place was opened in May 179(5 by General Simcoe, during the last year of his administration. The next session of the Parliament of the new province met at Toronto, then styled York, ia the month of June 1797. General Simcoe having returned to England, the administiation of the affairs of Upper Canada devolved upon the then president of the council, the Honourable Peter Russell. In 1799, General Hunter assumed the administra- tion of the government, and continued Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada during six years. Toronto retained the honour of being the seat of government of the province \ip to the recent period of the reunion of Upper and Lower ii !•; ' t < li t : ' ill ■ f ; 1 = •ilk ;)t -. -^ 1 * I'- 'i M 200 rAPTURE OF TORONTO PV THK AMRllICANS, ('anada, in 1841, when the seat of the 'initcd government was ef^tablishocl for about throe yearn at i\mg.ston. Having been for about five years afterwards at M ntreal, the unfor- tunate disturbances that took place there about two yearn ago, canned Toronto to be again select*^*] ; and it i» at pre- sent the seat of government. During the hostilities that existed between England an(i America, now nearly forty years ago, and which made the great lakes situated between the possessions of the con- tending countries a prominent scene of warfare — Toronto, which was then the little town of York, was twice captured by the Americans. The first of these occasions was in April \H\ii. Such of the public stores found in the town af* could not be put on board the American Heet were destroyed, or given to the inhabitants ; and, amid the disorder and tumult that took place, the two wings of the parliament house \sere set fire to and consumed. In the last day of August of the same year, unfortunate •• Little York ' wa.- again visited by an American commodore and colonel, ' who landed without opposition, took a numlx;r of cannon and boats, and a quantity of provisions, shot, shells, and other stores, and burnt the barracks and public store-houses.' The aspect of matters, and state of feeling between the countries have greatly changed since then. A few months ago, a large number of the citizens of one of the principal cities of the United States were the honoured guests of the city of Toronto. The inha))itants, including the chief au- thorities, delighted in making the visit of their American friends agreeable. The American lakes, which presented about forty years ago a few armed schooners and other ves- sels committing havoc upon one another, and on surround- ing peaceful settlements along the shores, are now the scen(; of prosperous comnierce. Steam and sailing vessels arc , ifirj-flnr-^i;--; .Wr-^V. p ' • " (i 'i n>-^ Nf. fllTUATION OF TORONTO ON LAKE ONTARIO. 201 government I. Havinu , the unfor [i two years it i» at \>i'Q' ".nghuul and h made the of the con- re — Toronto, ice raptured was in April the town as ire destroyed, disorder and le parliament le last day of e York' wa.- colonel, ' who cannon and |ls, and other -houses.' between the few months the principal kuests of the |the chief au- eir American ch presented nd other ves- on surround- ow the scene g vessels are scattered over them, bearing Tucrchanv allow the settler there to rend the welcopie home letter, posted only a fortnight hack at London or Kdiid.)urgh. Fritnuls there, in their turn too, in the heart of the homo country, now ex[>erience the whole continent of America drawn nearer to them V)V more than one-half <^^»f its old distance — the Atlantic is not the harrier it once was. Toronto is heautifully situated on Lake Ontario, on a l>ay or harhour extending nearly two mile^ from east to t'1 west, and almost inclosed hy a semicircular peninsula, which projects a corresponding distance without the Vtasin of the harbour. This semicircular stripe of land is of a sandy nature, and h;is some trees {>( stunted growth upon it, and a light-house near the point. Oj)posite to this point of the peninsula, on the mainland, is a garrison ; and beyond this arc several of the public buildings of the city. Although somewhat level in its situation, rising only slightly from the shore of the lake, the appearance of Toronto is nevertheless striking and attractive on entering the bay, on account of the character and variety of its public buildings, more es- pecially when the delightfully transparent American atmos- phere favours the scene — as it most usually does during the greater number of the magnificent summer and autumn days on these beautiful lakes. The Indian name Ontario itself signifies the Beautiful. Toronto, which was incorporated as a city in 1834, has between ninety and a hundred streets, many of them of great length. The comfortably paved and planked portion of the principal street, King Street, extends two miles. The ( ■ ■ I : 1 i r ■ 1 1 202 DliCRIPTIVK SKRTcr' OF THE (TTY. extreme len|jjth (»f tho city alon^ the shore of the hike is upwards ot" turuc miles. The central iitnl hiisiness part of Kiiifj Street has case of the these advan- hout charge, ing's College the end of a and shruhs, the citizens |e placed on a Its of the ex- ile Governor- ICaul, LL.l)., Tresbyteriau lonto. s in Toronto. Five of these are Kpiscopal churches, one Church of Scot- land, one Presbyterian Churcli of ('iniiida connt'cted with the Free Church of Scotland, >>nv I'nitoil Presbyterian ('hurch iti ('iUiuda, or United Se<'ossion Clninh of Scotland, two llonmn Catholic, five Muthodi.-t chaprls, <»ne Congrega- tional, one Ihiptist, one belonging t" a body styleel, and two exclusively bi'longing to the coloured or African race — one of these being a Metho- dist, and the other a liaptist chapel. In Ih.jh, there were sixteen |)ublie schools in operation in Toronto. There were nine newspapers ])ul>lished in the city, and two monthly pe- riodicals — The rj)per (^ma«la Jurist, and I'ritish American Cultivator. Toronto is also disting\iishod for several sub- stantial and elegant public buildings. Benevolent institu- tions, and the national societies and clubs Jisually found in the large cities of America, are here not lost sight of in this highly prosperous city on the banks of Lake Ontario. An interesting feature of Toronto, in a scientific point of view, is the Observatory, where a series of ex])erinient8 is heing conducted on terrestrial magnetism. These experi- ments, as many are aware, (>riginated in a suggestion (»f Baron Tlumboldt, and are being now carried on in various other parts of the globe. The Toronto Observatory is under the direction of Captain .1 II. Lefroy, R. A., F. R.S., assisted by four non-commissioned officers of the Royal Artillery. The po]>ulation of Toronto in 184S amoiuited to l:J3,r)0(), The growth of Toronto has been remarkably ra[>id, particu- larly within the last fifteen or twenty years, within which periods British emigration has continued to flow largely into TTppcr Canada. In 1817, 'Little York ' contained only 1200 inhabitants ; in 182(5 the number had increased only to 1(577 ; in 1830 it hatl increased to 2860 ; and since that period Toronto has continued rapidly to increase. In 183G the po- ; ,4 » i i>«>4 STEAME119 ON LAKE ONTARIO, pulatioii amounted to about 10,000; in I842it habec amounted aggregate ton- bailing vessels, ige amounted ers, whose ton- sailing vessels. ted u}) steamers il towns alonj; ston, Cobourg, -amers also ply g, and the city Lake Ontarit). to Rochester is and Rochester e is also steam in connectioii acuse Railway, ailway between y of Albany, on r the Hudson River. Steamers jdy also daily during summer between Toronto and the Niagara River, conveying passen- gers to the prettily situated village of Queenston, within :i few miles of the world-renowned Falls. Toronto, thus, be- tween its fertile and well-settled back country, and its posi- tion on Lake Ontario, possesses signal advantages, and must continue, under ordinary circumstances of the country's pro- gress, to display rapid growth and improvement. The main road through the interior country, from Toronto northward, was originally laid out as a military way by General Simcoe, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, and opened by the troops under his com- mand. It i« known by the name of Yonge Street, and extends in a direct line northerly from Toronto to Holland River, a distance of about thirty-six miles. Holland River is a tortuous and sluggish stream, entering into Lake Sim- coe. Lake Simcoe is in itself a beautiful lake, about thirty miles in length and twenty in breadth, and diversified by several picturesque islands. From Holland Landing, on Holland River, to the small town of Barrie, on the northern shore of Lake Simcoe, the distance is about twenty-six miles. There is steam communication daily around the shores of Lake Simcoe. The descent of the River Severn to Lake Huron is not whollv navigable on account of the rapids. The distance from Barrie to Penetanguishene, a military station, and one of the best harbours on Lake Huron, is about thirty-four miics. From the narrows of Lake Simcoe to Lake }Iuron, by the nearest route, the dis- tance is only about fourteen miles. Stage-coache.s pass over this portage during summer, in connection with a «teamboat that plys to Sault St. Marie, at the foot of Lake Superior. The distance from Toronto bv this route to the foot of : > ill i 1 i 1 ) \ ! il .":*.'»» n«»'--i|ik*»Ttt*4«^-« 206 PRESENT APPEARANCE OF THE OOITNTRY. the Queen Lake, as Superior is sometimes named, is com- puted to be about 470 miles. These far-western regions of Canada, around the shores of Huron and Superior, now bid fair to bo developed to a considerable extent, on account of the mineral wealth they are found to produce. The di.-t- tance from Lake Ontario to Lake Sxiperior is much shor- tened by this route across the neck of the peninsula, com- pared with the very circuitous one around it, through Lakes Erie and St. Clair, ami the southern ])art of Lake Huron. In order to supply still further facilities of intercourse by this more direct route, and to asp.ist in developing the rich agricultural resources of one of the most interesting por tions of Canada, a railway is about to be commenced, con- necting Tort. The traveller finds himself on a broad macadamised road, all along which, on either side, is a continuous and smiling settlement — gentlemen's seats and cottages, prosperous and woll-culti- vated farms, now and then a village, and here and there a clump of the original forest. For several miles in the vicinity of Toronto, the smiling appearance of the country during summer is quite delightful. The nund)er of elegant and comfortable-looking seats and cottages convey a very favourable impression to the traveller (»f this part of Canadii Yonge Street, as this main road is called, is here so straight, that in looking along, you see Lake Outuii!) for miles from its shores, M ■'fr II Y. ned, is com- teru regions luporiur, now t, on account ^e. The dhs- i much shor- ninsula, com- bi'ovigli Lakes Lake Huron, iteicourse by l)ing the rich tercsting por micnccd, con- ilertakiiig has :,hc chapter on sverai i 'iig north .'^'^ of of thirty-six hounded, as it The traveller ll along which, settlement — ind woll-culti- lo and there a miles in the if the country iher of elegant Iconvey a very >art of Canada. [re so straight, or miles from SIR urrii.vRn BorfXYcvsTLE's sketches. 207 Twelve miles from Toronto is the village of Thomhill, a very pretty place in a hollow, with a stream meandering to Lake Ontario. It is .surrounded by farms in fine culti- vation. Fuur miles further is a village called Richm(»nd Ilill. This is now nearly half way to Lake Simcoe. We now approjich a placcj called Newmarket, through a rich undulating country, inhaliited by ])rospe7"ous farmers, and ' looking for all the world' — as Sir Richard Lonnycastlc has observed respecting it — ' very like ' dear home,' with orchards, and as rich I'orn fields and )»astures as may be seen anywhere, backed, however, by the eternal forest. It is peculiarly and particularly beautiful.' To the reader unacquainteil with the \olumes of Sir Richard lionnycastle on Canada, 1 may here take occasion to mention them, on account of the interesting sketches of the country which they present. One in reavling his volumes may indeed wish that the gallant soldier had somewhat smoothed the expres- sion of some of his opinions of men and things ; but, apart from this view of them, they aiford some truthful pictures of Canada in its present stage of progress. The parts of the country with which Sir Richard Ronnycastle appears to be best acrjuainted, are the Midland District, westward to the Home District, and the district of Simcoe, northwards to Lake Huron. Ills j-csidences at Kingston and Toronto, as a commanding officer of the Royal Kngineers, allbrded him favourable opportunities of observing much of the country. In drawing attention to tins, and another writer on Canada that has been mentioned in the course of these pages, the object in view on the reader's account is twofold. The limits of this work will not enable ua to take verv full and detailed views of every part of Canada. V>'hen par- ticular writers, therefore, have had opportunities of becom- ing familiar with some parts of the country more than i ..i' i» ij.>mtJ i|t*-..lK.«jjijiaa»'li 208 DIVISIONS OF THE HOME DISTRICT. others, the reader may be more minutely informed in such instances respecting localities by referring to these worl s. He will be more enabled thus, too, by a comparison of authorities, to acquire properly enlarged and accurate view.s of Canada, and also to test the matter presented in these pages. We shall now briefly note the most generally interesting- particulars relating to the Home District. This district formerly was composed of two counties, York and Simcoe. The county of Simcoe was erected into a separate district several years ago. The divisions of districts being now. however, abolished in Upper Canada, both York and Sim coe are simply independent counties. The county of York i.-< about the one-half of the old district fronting on Lake Ontario. That of Simcoe is the northerly half, extending to Lake Huron, with its south-eastern boundary along *bo shores of Lake Simcoe and the River Severn. The county of York, which is the more recent Home District, ai.d w^hich name we still apply to it as a matter of convenience, is divided into four ridings, north, south, east, and west. The north and east ridings, composing the largest and easterly half of the county, are situated almost entirely to the east and north of Toronto, being thus between Yonge Street Road and the western boundaries of the Newcastle anil Colborne Districts. The east riding consists of the foui- townships east of Toronto nearest to Lake Ontario. These are Whitby, Pickering, Markham, and Scarborough. There is much excellent land in these townships, and numerous well-cultivated and highly prosperous farms. Markham is one of the most nourishing and best settled townships in Upper Canada. The villages of Markham, Richmond Hill, and Thornhill are in this township. Oshawa and W^indsor. two villages on Lake Ontario, are in the lake-shore to\vn- } ake-sliore town- TOWNSHIPS OP THE DISTRICT. 209 ship of Whitby, Whitby is a very fine township. The four townships contained in 1848 a population of upwards of 24,500. The north riding of the county of York consists of eleven townships, and extends directly north of the four compos- ing the east riding. The more northerly townships extend along the eastern and northern shores of Lake Simcoe. These northern townships generally are reported to contain excellent land. The most northerly are watered by fine streams. The Black River, in the township of Rama, the most northern township, very nearly reaches the chain of lakes communicating with the Ottawa River, through the immense tract of the yet unsurveyed ar.d unsettled forest country situated to the north-east. There is an excellent quarry of limestone in the Government reserve in that township. The River Talbot, again, in Mara, the township to the south of Rama, very closely approaches Lake Balsam, the principal northern lake of the great chain in the district of Colborne, which, in connection with the River Trent, empty their waters into Lake Ontario at the head of the Bay of Quinte. The population of the eleven townships of the north riding of the county of York amounted in 1848 to upwards of 17,000. The two villages of Holland Landing and Newmarket are in this division of the county — the first named of these being situated within a few miles of the south end of Lake Simcoe, and the other in the township of Whitchurch, directly north of Mark- ham. The south riding of the county of York consists of the four townships situated chiefly directly north of Toronto, and extending to the south-eastern boundary of the county of Simcoe. Two of these front on Lake Ontario. The city of Toronto is included in the south riding of the county i! I'. < ill 'I 1 H < i I i ■ I ^*rer to the pro- vincial })arliament, and the city of Toronto returns two. Toronto is situated in the township of York, the old name of the city itself. The river Don, a stream of some depth, enters the bay or harbour of Toronto, towards the east part of the city. The River Humber enters Lake Ontario a little to the west of Toronto. The township of Etobicokd is situated to the west of York — both fronting on Lake Ontario. Directly north of these is Vaughan, and north (•!' that. King, which t;xtends to the south boundary of the county of Simcoe. The population of the south riding of York amounted in 1848 to above 44,500. This central or metropolitan portion of the county, as it may be styled, i.s the most populous of the four. This amount of population, however, of 44,500, included the city of Toronto, with its population of 23,500 — deducting which, the population of the townships alone, with their villages, would then be 21,000. Directly west of the south riding of the county is tho west riding, the remaining fourth of these county divisions. It consists of five townships, Toronto, Toronto Gore, Chirg- nacousy, Albion, and Caledon. The township of Toronto fronts on Lake Ontario. Albion and Caledon are the two most northerly townships, being situated along the southern boundary of the district of Simcoe. iVll of these five town- ships possess much good land, and large w^ell-cultivated an CULTIVATED LANDS OF THE IHJ^TRI^T. 211 Credit passes through the western part of this division or riding of the county. The range of somewhat bold hills runnhig through the nortl.crn townships of Albion and Oaledon very much enliven the face of the country, and afford fine slopes and fertile valleys. In the township of Caledon are the falls of the River Credit, in the midst of romantic and very pleasing scenery. The view of Lake Ontario, and the rich valley l^etween, from one of the hills near these falls, is very delii^htful. There is a harbour at \e mouth of the (Hwlit on Lake Ontario at which steam- ts touch. The jt^^'pulation of the five townships of the west riding of the county of York amounted in 1848 to upwards of 20/200. The gross population of the county of \ork, or Home District, was. by the official cen.sus of 1848, ni.arly 107,00(). This includes the city of Toronto, with its population then of 23,500. The population of the townships alone, with their villages, was thus about 8-i,500. The progress of population in the Home District has been remarkably rapid. In 1841 the population of the district, including Toronto, amounted to a very little over G7,000, being an increase, compared with the 107,000 inhabitants in 1848, of nearly 40,000 during seven years. In 1832, the district, which then included both the county of Simcoe and York, con- tained, in ail, only a little over 40,000 inhabitants. Seven years farther back — namely, in 182-5, the same large extent of district contained not quite 18,000, being within three- fourths of the number of inhabitants possessed in 1848 by the city of Toronto alone. The quantity of land occupied in the district in 1848 amounted to 020,200 acres. Of this amount, 364,800 acres were cleared and cultivated — 271,480 acres of which were under tillage, and 93,320 acres under pasture. The (luan- tity of land under wheat crop in 1848 was 93,085 acres — *i I, iiiji It '- ■! it ii i ^iinr^tyi^''**^""''' *^' ■' .t ii,, in* >w.iMmir it/i niimiiiii v 212 TRODUCE- OP THE DISTRICT. the produce of which, by the official retiirns, amounted to 1,451,384 bushels. The next largest (juantity of land under one description of crop was 48,619 acres under oats — the produce of which amounted to 1,520,935 bushels. The live stock possessed by the inhabitants in 1848 consisted of 0(),2()0 neat cattle, 21,700 horses, 105,000 shoe}), and 70,800 swine. The (juantity of wool produced in the dis- trict in 1848 amounted to 314,0(50 lbs. The dairy produce and provisions for market included 428,300 lbs. butter, 119,000 lbs. cheese, and 14,504 liarrels of pork and beef Much greater attention has of late been bestowed in the produce of butter and cheese in Canada than formerly. The average price of butter in Montreal market, from 1843 to 1848 inclusive, has been from 5d, to 7^d. per lb. The lowest average price was in 1844 — the highest in 1845. In 1847 the price was 7d., and in 1848 O^d. per lb. We may notice an instance of success resulting from the attention bestowed on dairy farming in this part of Canada : — In 1843 there Avas a Yorkshire farmer renting a farm seven miles north of Toronto, who more than paid his rent of X'50 an- nually from the profits of the sale of his dairy produce and calves. He kept ten cows. This individual had then been in Canada twelve years, and had come to the country with- out any means ; but so successful had been his perse verinji industry and superior skill, that he was, in 1843, con8idere(i by most of his neighbours in independent circumstances. He brought his butter and other produce to Toronto regularly once a-week, and by always having a superior article, he had a good family custom, and obtained the highest price This farmer much astonished his neighbours, about two years after he came to Canada, by producing from a fioW of tw^olve acres a yield of wheat amounting to forty bushels per acre — the land having previously been considered in- capable of producing ten bushels per acre. #- ;• . !ill AVERAfjIE VALUE OF IiANl>H. iii:i nounted to f land under r oats — the shels. The i8 consisted shoe]), and I in the dis* lairy produce I lbs. butter, >rV and beef, towed in the )mierly. The from 1843 to per lb. The t in 1845. In 11^. We may the attention Ida:— InlS-^'^ n seven miles snt of j£'">0 an ry produce and had then been country with- fiis persevering i43, considered circumstances. Ironto regularly Irior article, he highest price irs, about tvv«^ ic: from a field |o forty bushels considered m- In 1848 there were 172 churches in the Home District, 12 colleges an l:,-^th -' i . *<■—*■ II ill ■■■ 214 ToWV.*«TITPH OF TIFE DIsiiTHirT OP HIMCOE. tiinied as being considere*! unHt for cultivatioti, wa« ll>,70(i ucrcs. The average value of land returnetl was 9 Is. 2d. (Mirrenoy per acre for cleared land, and JJh.H, 7d. currency per acre for wild lanil. There were in 1848, 34 churches in the liistrict, and 73 schools, 5r> inns, and 30 merchants' sho[)H or stores. The best settled townships an* West Gwillimb\iry and Tecumseth, situated in the south-eastern corner of the dis- rrict, on the borders of tiie Home District. The next to these are believed to be Oro, Innisfail, and Mono, The two first named . i these are situated along the northern shores of Lake I^inicoe, and the last in the south-western corner of the district, bounded by the Home District on the south, iind the distr\ct of VV^ellin,u;ton on the west. The town;du]» of Oro, on tlic shores of Lake Simcoe, is a finely undidating country of hill and dale, watered by numerous streams running into the lake, with abundance of power for ma- chinery. Numerous Highland and Lowland Scotch settled in this township in 1832, Many retired and half-pav naval and military officers are settled along the shores of Lake Simcoe, The laud is generally good in these lake-shore townships, and increasing in value. Barrie, the county town, is in the township of Vespra, west of Oro. It is beautifully situated on the elevated northern shore of an inlet of Lake Simcoe, named Kempen- feldfc Hay. This bay is ten miles long, and two or three miles wide. In LS31, there was only one building and a small clearance on the site of the now thriving small town of Barrie. The voyage from the mouth of Holland River, on the south shore of Lake Simcoe, through the lake, and through Kempenfcldt Bay to the small town, is exceedingly picturesque. Through the interior country north of Barrie to Penetanguishene, r, distance of thirty-six miles, there is a military road laid out, which has been principally settled 'I %H «(rF ir'V'f'V ^' Sot'TIIERV SIIoHRS OF LAKE nFRON. 2\r, wan lt),70(' an 9 Is. id. •virrency pev rches in the lauts" nhopH Umbnry and r of the (li»- Thc next to 10. The two rthern shores cm corner of ,n the south, rhe town>hi|» ly undulatin^^ jTOUS streams lower for ma- ^cotch settled ialf-pav naval ores of Lake se lake-shore lip of Vespra, the elevated lined Kenipen- two or three luilding and a ill small toAvn [olland River, the lake, and lis exceedingly lorth of Barrie miles, there i.^ [cipally settled hy pcnsioncil soldiers. The forest trios of this part of Ca- nada are of a most ;j;i^antic growth. Sir Richard Honuy- rasthi mentions a red pine that was grnANJnjrr ntar Barrie in 1>H) which tiieasured 2r. feet in girth, itiid 20n feet in height and wliich \^'.uld have made u plauk H tect hroad. This fjcigJintic tree \\us still remarkahly healthy The country around th(; south shores of l.akf Huron is of a very interesting chaiacter. There is a good deal of somewhat hcdd moimtaiii scenery, with ft.'rtih- valleys, and fine streams. Se\erai settlements commenced around these shores a numlier of years ago. The townships of Coliing- wo^kI and St. Vincent, the most north-westerly of the dis- trict, are reported to possess much excellent land. Orilla, oue of the most easterly toAvnships on the Uiver Severn, may also he favourably mentioned. Mulmur, north of Mono, the most westerly to vnship of Simcoe, is another excellent township, of a s')mewhat hilly character, watered hy fine streams. This town>hij) possesses extensive In-'ds of marl, Mulmur is also remarkal)lc, m a scientific point of view, for certain a])))earauces of volcanic erruption at some remote period. Appearances of this nature exist in other parts of (Janada. Simcoe altogether is a very interesting district (A country — undulating in its general features, hilly, and even mountainous in nwany parts, alsit admirably watered, and possessing a large proportion of excellent land. The settle- ments around the shores of Lake Simcoe, the lUver Severn, and the fine bays of Lake Huron, promise to be among the most smiling and prosperous parts of Canada. We shall now open a new chapter with some account of the most flourishing and prosperous of the districts west- ward — the district of Gore. I ■ 1 CHAPTER XV. DrSTUICTS OF IIPPKH OANADA. Account '»t' tlic Oorc Ihstricf, hraJ of Ijukr Ontario City of IInriiilton--Rapii( Growth of i'opiiliitioii llailwayH tlnousi;ti Wi-stcrn Canada- I'oj)ulntiuii, Luiulfl and Crop:^ of the District— Amount of Live Stock, liairy nu4l other PhmIuco- -\ illaj.'c ami SctthMiicntof Ancastcr— Tuwiiof Diuulas — Picliucsquc Sirualion, and fntcrcstiiif!; (Country around — TownHliips Eastward alonji Lake Ontario J'arni Orchards in Canada— Thi: Country westward to the Grand River- Town of Oalt -Manks of the Grand River to tlic Town of Rraiitford — Villaf^c of Varis-Gypniun Beds — Town of Uranti'ord — Navijiation from Brantford to Montreal -Indian >ettlcment8 on the Grami River— Kxert ions of Churclies on behalf of tlic Indians— Tlic Conntry nh)n^r the head of Lake Ontario towards Niaj^ara — Interior Townships along the HaiikH of Grand River—LandB jji anted to the Indians of the Six Natrons in ITHl -Account of the District of Wellnijitou—Well Settled and Prosperous To« n ships -Success of German Settlers-— Townsiiii) of Niehol, Mr. Feri^nson of Woodhili's Scttle- nieiit — 'I'own and Towuship of Guelph - Population and Land!* of llic District Situated arovind the shores of the extreme liead of Lake Ontario, coiuutenciug from the western hotuidary of the Home District, and extending to the eastern boundary of the district of Niagara, are the two counties of Ifalton an^l Wentworth, embracing the portion of country most fami- liarly known as The Gore District. Hamilton, which was recently incorporated into a city, and in 1848 contained a population of nearly 10,000, is ad- mirably situated on the western shore of Burlington Bay, at "•"— -»r' *».« CITY or HAMILTON, HEAD (»F LAKB OKTAKIO. 21 adii- roi»ul»t.Joii, \miry niuJ other tuli«3— Victuirequc atvvfvri! ivlonti \'^^>' finl to tlv<' ^' ■'''"' iwn of Brftiitfurd- I Uivcr— Kxt-nioiia , 1 li,' hciul of l"iWt IJaiikB of Gruud ,^^Mshll)s Success If WoodhiU's Settle- ,id^ of flie District head of Lake [indary of the boundary of i:,f Halton and try most fami- led into a city. H),UOO, is ad- liugton Bay, at the cxtreiiit; hi-nd of Lake Ontario, forty-five miles iKtiilh- west of Toronto. The sito of this yo\in^ and Hoiirishing city is the lev«'l plain at the foot of the wooded and exeoed- ingiy i>icture8vith a scat- tering of liouse.^ along the r<>ad, and the lev 1 sandy plain stretching beyond, around the shores of the Im v. Skirting the part of the plain which is the imn\v;diatc "te of t'.3 to>*!i, are, on the one hand, the commencement of the ▼>. .../perous and well cultivated settlements along the shores towards Niagara, and, in the other direction, finely t.iUiated amviig woodland and lawn, are the seats and villas of several of the juincipal citizens. Among the number, is the seat of Sir Allan M'Nab, styled Dundurn Castle. The slopes and nooks of the wooded mountain, or range of heights, which rise imme- diately back of the town, afford also many picturesque sites for the villas of the citizens. The largest proportion of the owners of these pleasant mansions are enterprising and suc- cessful merchants and lawyers. The leadujg merchjints of Hamilton, and, I would say inc'v; '. of almost every town of Canada, are chiefly Scotchmen. IJamilton, particularly, has been much indebted to the enterprising energy and in- dustry of these individuals for its nipid growth and }>ros- perity. The magnificent view from the summit of Bmlington ll !ij .*,r*,Sw«»f' 218 STREETS A XI) DUILDINOSi. Heights, overlooking the city of flaiiiiltoa, the bay, Lake (Jiitario, and surrounding: settlements, has already been noticed in a previous part of the volume, descriptive of the general aspect of Canada. The principal street of llamilton is wide and imposing. The buildings are stately and spa- cious, and consist chieHy of extensive wholesale and retail idiops and warehouses. These are on a scale ([uite equal to the generality of those in the first towns of Hcotland or England. Similar tastefulness and display are shown in the fronts and windows of the [»rincipal shops. The banks, or bank agencies of the town have sul»stantial and tasteful buildings. The building materials of Hamilton are brick and stone. Comparatively few wooden hojists are now built in the large towns of Canada. Clay for the manufacture of bricks is everywhere abundant, and, in most parts of the country, durable building stone is to be foimd. Quebec, Montreal, Kingston. Toronto, and Hamilton — not to speak of other lesser and more western towns — have all very handsome stone buildings. ►Steamboats and stage-coaches leave daily for all parts oi the country from Hamilton. There are several large and comfortable hotels in the city. The growth of this young western <;ity, at the head of Lake Ontario, has been very rapid. In 1834 it was a very small place indeed, the popu- lation only amoimting to 210U. Its growth of late years has been so rapid, that irom 1844 to 1848, it may be said to have doubled its population. The census of 1844 returned a population of about 5000, and that of 1848 gave it verv nearly 10,000. A railway, as has been elsewhere men- tioned, is now in the course of construction from Hamilton westward tc^ the shores of the Detroit Kiver, at Windsor, op})osite the city of Detroit, in th' state of Michigan — a dis- tance of 18(1 miles, through a highly fertile, and now largely ii I'OPrLATfON OF THR DIPTRirT OF flORF. 219 e bay, Lake Iready been ptive of the of Hamilton Lely and spa- te and retail uite equal to Scotland or are shown in The banks, 1 and tasteful t(.n are brick are now built manufacture of t parts of the md. Quel>ec, r-not to speak -have all very for all parts of ■•.^ral large and uf this younK has been very deed, the popu- [\ of late years may be said to 1844 returned S ^ave it ver.v ilscAvhere nien- from Hamilton T, at Windsor, ichigan — a dis- land now largely cultivated and rapidly giovving country. This in part of the great trunk line of railway now being pushed into ope- ration by the enterprise oi the people of Canada from Que- l>ec westward, through Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton, and thence to the south-west point of the pro- vince, and, by a branch line to its extreme western point at Sarnia, at the head of the River St. Clair, and foot of Lake Huron. Another branch line, as has also been mentioned, is to extend from Hamilton to the Niagara River, a distance of forty-two miles. The present prosperous condition anviously tlie very natural results of its highly advantageous situation, at the head of Lake Onta- rio, and at the main point of entrance to the fertile, well settled, and exceedingly thriving country westward. Ha- milton is now enabled to supply the stocks of goods required by the poj)ulation of this portion of Canada, without the necessity of the country merchants having to travel, as was formerly the case, the fretjuently inconvenient distance to Montreal. As the population westAvard has been increasing in numbers and prosperity, Hamilton has a^^o been healthily- and rapidly growing. It now ranks as one of the first towns of Upper Canada. Toronto and Kingston can only aspire as rivals tu it. The population of the Gore District, embracing the coun- ties of Hal ton and Wentworth, amounted in 1848 to 67,670, inclusive of the population of [lamilton. In 1832 the population of this district, which then included much of the afterwards separate district of Wellington, amounted to less than the half of this population of (57,670 in 1848 — the in- habitants of the then more extended Gore District number- ing only 27,224. Eight years earlier — namely, in 1824, the population only amounted to 13,157. In 1841, the popula- t; i 1 ') . 1 i ) ill It ..^.J_. i— -.-_—>- -,()(I0 during the seven years. The uiimber of churches within tlie district in lvS48 was 04, and of schools U)5. The number of inns was 2o7, and of merchants' shops or stores 18(5. The cultivated land of the district amounted in 1841 to 201,919 acres ; in 1848 its cultivated surface had increased to 229,2'')r) acres, being an increase during the seven years of 27,33(5 acres. In 1841 the amount of land occupied in the district was 380,141 acres ; in 1818 the amount of oc- cupied land was 741,7(50 acres. The amount of wild land in the district in 1848 was 382,900 acres. fhe amount re- turned as unfit for cultivation was !)!)/),'')() acres. Of the 229,255 acres of cultivated land in the district in 1848, I4(i,931 acres were under tillage, and 82,324 acres under [)as- ture. The extent of land vmder wheat crop was 57,58-1 acres, which produced, according to the official retum>. 987,13(> bushels. The next largest extent of land under one particular crop was 28,(551 acres under oats — the product' of which amounted to 59(),29(> bushels. The other cro[>s in the order of their relative extent of cultivation were j)ease, • •arley. maize, or Indian corn, buck- wheat, rye, and potatoes. The extent of land under potatoes was 1589 acres — the pro duce of which amounted to 120,972 bushels. Besides these crops, and small quantities of flax and to- bacco, the settlers of the Gore District produced in 184s 13(i.(57^< lbs. of maple sugar from the equally ornamental and useful groves of maple trees u[>on their farms. Tlu,' live stock of these farmers consisted of 4(5,200 neat cattU, I LOlO horses, 68,1(50 sheep, and 11,200 swine The ipian- titics of butter and cheese and pork and beel produced fir HTIUCT. VlLLAdE AXn SETTLEMENT OF ANCASTER. 221 wmities em- l^DTV, which, rs an increase The Dinnher Lvd of schools chants' shops ed hi 1841 to had increased e seven yeai> id occupied in amount of oc- t of wihl land :ho amount re- icrcs. Of the strict in 184H, ^cres under pas- op was 5T,o84 jthcial return-. (,f land under s — the produce other crops in ion were pease. e, and potatoes, acres— the pro- of flax and t(> joduced in 184s lally ornamental l;ir farms. Tlu: 2tK) neat cattU:, Ine. The lbs. Large returns were als(» made of the ordinary domestic manufactures of woollen fulled cloth, linen, and flannel, A-moufij the interesting localities of this now well settled and prosperous district may be mentioned the village of An- caster, situated seven miles west of 1 lainilton. This was one of the first footholds of the early settlers of T^^per Canada. The country, as has been l>ef()re observed, was one vast forest [ueviousto 17S4 — the period at which points along the fron- tier began to be settled. The native Indians, and n few French emigrants, in one or two spots, were the only inliabi- tants in the country at an earlier period. Among the first settlers at Ancaster, were a number of French, and in a gar- den of this now quiet rural village, there was lately a large poi)lar tree, of above sixty year;?' growth, which is supposed to have been planted by these early settlers. Governor Simcoe, in February 1 7i>3, in the course of a tour from Niagara, the seat of government, to l)etroit, returncl by Ancaster, and rested at a log house which was lately still standing — ^a proof of settlement having at least commenced, liere at this early period. The lownship of Ancaster was surveyed in 17*.)."). The (piiet little village of Ancaster is very delightfully situated upon the extensive plain of table-land, stretching westward. The country all around is one smiling and prosperous settlement, having large and well -cultivated farms. The excellent macadamized road from Hamilton westward passes through Ancaster, Hamil- ton, on the shore of Burlington Bay, has the bustling acti- vity and progress of an American city, and Ancaster, in the more retired situation inland, has many of the characteris- tics of the unobtrusive rural Knglish village. The face of ' i i :1 t j t ' i. .^liXiiLi^'^' r^ TOWN OF DUNDAS. the country within the township of Ancaster is pleasingly diversified with hill and dale and fertile })lain6, and contains hoth limestone and freestone of excellent quality. The soil is composed chiefly of sandy and clay loams. Three miles nearer the city of Hamilton, alon«jj the main macadajnized road, is the very delightfidly situated, thriv- ing, and industrious town of Dundas, The situation is a most pictures(jue nook or ravine between two somewhat mountainous and finely wooded heights, forming i)art of the range running around the head of Lake Ontario, and over- looking Hamilton. The site of the small town, slopin- from the foot of the richly wooded nook of the hill rising behind it, has a clear and rapid stream running around its western side, and along its front near the road. There are flour-mills and other works upon this pleasant and lively- running stream, close to the village, imparting to it an air of busy industry. The town looks out upon a luxuriant valley, through which the Desjardins Canal passes, connect- ing it with the waters of Burlington Bay. Tiie press of this interesting little place put forth in 1830 a statistical account of Upper Canada, written by Dr. Thomas Rolpli. of the neighbouring village of Ancaster. Dundas in 184^ contained nearly 2000 inhabitants. The whole ^f the country around here is cxceedmgly picturesque, well settled, and seemingly [prosperous. Aloni; the road l)etween the town and Toronto, named Dundas Street, are numbers of well-cultivated farms, many of them beautifully situated, comruanding extensive views of Lake- Ontario and Erie, with the fertile country around, richly varied with wood, water, hill, and valley. Although thf farms of Canada are generally greatly deficient in the taste- ful and trim ajjpearance of those of the home country, there is yet a feature connected with the most of them in the best ^ vi"''fi . r-.. ,i,jeutvU^itm>MUi3iitu,~uk' 'W-S-" i.;jM.<»-« ■(=-v T»>ft i» ■>«.•• ».-■» 'A' r THE COUNTRY KASTWAIID ALoNti LAKE ONTAUIo. 2'2'.) w s pleasingly and contains :y. The soil oiig the main tuated, thriv situation is u wo somewlvai :\g part of the rio, ami over- town, slopin- ;he hill risinii ing around its ,cl. There are Hit and lively- Lijr to it an aiv on a luxuriant ►asses, connect- The press of |i() a statistical rhomas Kolph. |)undas in 184h is exceedingly [perous. Alonji laraed Dunda> many of them I views of Lake> around, richlv Although tbt ^iit in the taste- country, thei'f Ihem hi the besi settled districts of the colony that, in the season of autuuui especially, throws around them a comfortahle and agreeable air. This is their large and luxuriant orchards. There are numbers of these fine orchards of apples, pears, plums, and peaches, surrounding the farm> along Dundas Street. The townshi]>s along this road to Toronto, and within the Gore District, are West and East Flamborough Nelson and Trafalgar, all of them fronting on Lake Ontario or Burlington Bay They may be termed the four front town- ships of the eight composing the eouuty of Ilalton. The two eastern interior townships of the county are Esqucsing, the most easterly, situated north of the lake-shore township of Trafalgar, and Nassagaweya, north of Nelson, the next township west. The soil of these townships is generally clay and sandy loams. In parts along the lake the land is level and sjindy, and, farther back, it rises into undulating ridges, where clay loam generally prevails. T^he villages of Oakville, Trafalgar, jVelson, and Wellington Square, are in these townships of the county of Ilalton, situated between Dundas and Toronto. Oakville, in the township of Trafal- gar, is pleasantly situated on Lake Ontario, about twenty- five miles from Toronto, at the mouth of a stream, or, as it is usually called, a creek, which forms a harbour, v/here steam-boats touch on their passage l)etween Toronto and Hamilton. Wellington Square, in the next westerly town- ship of Nelson, is also on Lake Ontario, about twelve miles west of Oakville, and where Toronto and Hamilton steam- boats touch. This village is situated at the commencement of the low sandy beach which stretches across Burlington Bay, thus barring the bay from the storms of Lake Ontario. The tw o townships of the county of Ilalton remaining to be mentioned, are Beverly and Dumfries. They are situated directly west of West Flamborough — Dumfries being the i • -■^^-.iT" "liajjiTT- ■y/Wi^vasJ*^::*^ ^L-'t *«S'ii-£ •224 COUNTRY ALONG TITL GRAND RIVER. most westerly. Both are interesting townsbi])S, (/Ifering nu nierous delightful situations and much good land. In parts of Beverly the soil is somewhat light and sandy, where heavy pine prevails, which is also difficult to clear. Dumfries is a very fine township, well settled, and contains a great dciil of excellent land. The pleasant an«l thriving town of Gait is in this township, upon the hanks of the Ouse, or (jirand River, ahout twenty miles north-west of Hamilton The site of Gait is exc(iedingly pictures(iue. The slopes oj' both hanks of the river are covered with buildings ; and the small town bids fair steadily to increase in prosperity, beinj^ surrounded by thriving settlements. It received its name in compliment to the late Mr. John Gait, whose services in the settlement of the country are well known to many. The road along the fJrand River from Gait down to Brant ford, a distance of about eighteen miles, is exceedingly plea- sant. The river is clear and rapid, and during suuuner tin banks present a profusicn of wild roses ; and, instead of tho tall, heavy forest trees so prevalent in most parts of Canada, tfie timber here along the banks chiefly consists of pine, cedar, and oak of light growth interspersed among undei- wood. A good deal of the country in the neighbourhood of Brantford, and along the banks of the Grand River, consists of stretches of level tal'le-land, comj)osed of a light sandy soil, thinly timbered with oak. These are the oak plains that were noticed in the account of the Newcastle District. Situated very pleasantly on the banks of the river, be- tween Gait and Brantford, is the enterprising and industri- ous village of Paris. The site of this thriving village is tui a picturesque slope beneath the somewhat high bank of tlie river. It is the seat of several mills and manufactories and it is also noted for its beds of gypsum — a fertilizpi which is much used by the best farmers of Canada — appli-.i K. TOWN OF miANTFORD. 2^5 )S, offering nu- end. In l>fti't** y, where heavy Dumfries i.-^ a tains a great iriving town of )f the Ouse, or ,i ot* Hamilton. The jjiopes of Idings ; and the prosperity, being ;ceived its name hose services iu vn to many. It acketl in '-arrels, are shipped across Lake Erie to the American ciiv of Buffalo, The price charged at the Paris gypsum (puirries sometime ag(> was one shilling per bushel The township of Dumfries was settled in ISIH, und this gypsum, or plaster, as it \< more commonly ealled, has been long used by the farmers in tlir noighbour- liood. A ton of it Avhen ground produces from twenty -six to twenty-eight bushels, and uno bushel has Vjeen usually allowed to an acre. Brantford is a prosperous small town .situated upon a ))leasant table land formed Viy the elevated banks of the rirand River It is twenty-five miles west ol Hamilton, upon the main road leading westward through Woodstock, London. d othei' places to tlie w^estern parts of the pro- vince, rantford possesses a limited navigable communi- cation w . '• Lake Lrie, and with the Welland Canal, con necting Lake^ Mrie and Ontario, a branch «l which cjnal enters the C»nind River near its mouth. About eight years ago the first ^essel freighted from Rraiitford saihil with a cargo of wheat and other produce direct to Montreal with- out 01 ce breaking bulk, and retiu'ued treighted to iirantford with a cargo of merchai'lise, — having \»erforvned in all a voyage of between sOO and JK>'i miles. Such are the hope- ful openings l»eing made in developing the resources of the interior of this large and fertile peninsula of Western iJanada. Brantford contained in 184h lietween i^tKiQ and liOUU mh{il)itants. 1 1 is situa ted sornew here about si xty miles up the Grand River — the navigation this distance being ac- complished by means of a short canal of about three miles near pH ■ I I /UMis uvM.'hLt'.iia^i' ■•■ '^tf^'jf^f-v: i i.>>"**' 22*} INDIANHl ON Till'. HANKS OK THK OUANT) IllVER. llic tuVMi. The river it navigable to the vilhige of Duuville, .situated alumt Hve uiiles tVoin its rnoutlk, tor the lar|j;est elasH of hike ves.sels. \ dam is hole tliiowii across the river to supply a feeder o. the Wclland ('anal. The hanks oj" iho river, for nearly the whole di.staiiee towards the month from Hrantford, are very prepo.sses.sing ; hemg for the most |)art of an undulating and elevated char aeter, and exceedingly fertile. Tliey afford pleasant sites foi niunlters of industrious villages ; and the country along the left ov eastern hank of the iiver is .settled almost all the way along witli well-cultivated farm.s. There has usually been a steatu-boat kept plying during summer between Urantford and the village of Dunville, mvmv the mouth of the river. In a journey which 1 })erformed along the Itanks of the Grand River from its mouth, 1 was very much pleased with the uiieresting scenery of the rising and undidatiug coun- try, studded with villages and farm .settlements. A good deal of the lands on this river is in the pos.session (»f rem nants of the tribes of the well-known Indian confederation of the Six Nations. IJranti'ord has its luune from the re nowned chief Biant, of the Mohawk tribe. These IndiaJis. or rather remnants of Indians, as they may be termed in ;t double and emphatic sense, are here along the Grand llivei , as well as in other occupied and cultivated parts oi' America, completely tamed and sululued, so as to be eveu broken s]»i- rited, one might say, under such iiitiuences of c»ur civilisa- tion as have liithcrto acted upon them. As yet, far from having shown an average amount of our active spirit of in- dustry, thoy have, in too numerous instances, readily ae tjuired nuiny of our most degrading vices, Christianity has. however, done much for the Indians of Canada, es])ecially «>i late years ; and the once so very prevalent vice of intoxica- tion among them has grejitly decreased. I :l [VEH. of Duuville, the river to Ih.Ic (listanoe ,vcitosaossiu^ ; .•lovalcd cUur asiiut sites tot nliy a\oi»j? the -,st all the wa> Msually been a ,cou lirautlo»a at' the river, ic V)auUs of the ch pleased with uhilatin::; couu- ncuts. A good .session of reiu- u confederation uc fronv the re Those Indians, be termed ii> :> JO Grand River, arts of America. :von broken s].\- of our eivilis:>- As yet, far frou. tive spirit of in- ices, readily ae .,'hiistiauity ha^. ada, especially -i vice of intoxit^^i- C RXEUTIONM OF ('HIMU'IIKM uN DF-IIALK OF THE INIH.VN.'^. ti27 < 'ti the occasion of my jcairncy ulon;,^ the haoks of the firand Kiver I visited two or three ol the small half-vilhigu, half-farm Indiun settlements, composed of a few stniKglinj? lovv-roofeil cottages surrounded hy poorly e\jltivated patches een in the way of these Indian land.s lieing well cul- tivated and prospor»»us iarms. The situations of many of the Indian cottages along the pictures<)uo rising banks of the river were exceen visiting the hnnd)le and freijuontly rough-looking interiors of these small log huts, I found that the riHe and fishing Uicl.le yet promi- nently occupied the attention and time of these Indians on the (h-and Uiver. i found exceptions, however, uf indus- trious Indians on this river ; and throughout the occupied parts of 'Viuada, us I have had occasion to mention, there are several Indian settlements pi senting gratii'ying evi- dences of, to some extent, hopefui pi ogress. The Church of England, and the WesJeyan MethfKlist body particularly, have both shown, much commendalile zeal on behalf of the Indian.s of Cana«la ; and there is every reason to l)elieve that their exertions have been very greatly blessed. Other re- ligious bodies in Canada have most probal'ly been less able to prove themselves so eificient in this field of labour, owhig to the more limited means or system of operations. The ('hurch of England, from the powerful means at its disposal, ha.s been enabled to scatter its ])astors (»ver ahnost every spot of the colony ; and the Wesleyan Methodists, owing to their system of operations, and their large and increa-jing number.s combined, have been untiring in their labours to \\ [h v\ 'S^^sam.^ ■■uwitm*^-* ■>*■ t mat nW **»iiy-«.imi». '2-2'^ TIIK COtTNTKV A(,ON(i TflV. rCEATMJK l.AKH OVTAKIO. do ^ootl, aiit.l to augment their strength unci iniluence in the coimtry. W't; haw- alniady noticed the townshif>s ol" the ((iiiniv <«' lliilton, and have only now briefly to notice those of Went worth, m order to close our account of" the district of (lore, which embraces these two counties. The county of Went- Worth is composed of eight townships. The township ol" Ancastei, ah'eady incidentally mentioned, extends ita east- ern angle to the shnrc of Burlington Hay, at the vvesteni extremity of that inlet of J^ake Ontario, near the village of iJundas. The next town.ship to Ancaster, along the shore towards Niagara, is IJarton, which has its front wholly along Burlington Bay. This is the townHhi[» in which the city , or mountain, as it is called, is composed chiefly of Umestf Gore, on Burlijigt.on Bay and Lake ()ntario, and between the young and flourishing city 0^ Hamilton and the district of Niagara, presents altogethei a very luxuriant, and generally prosperous aspect. Almost i i i AUlO, illueucc »" 8 county «'♦* ^c ot Went ict ul (lore, ty of Wont- Lownshil* '-»*■" icb its east- the wo^tcni , he viilage of ij^ the shore •h the city of LiUry between , llei^'hts an«l ij, consists, ff»i • a suntly soil lug and pros- >ii of hei^ht>, of limestone, table hinil tain, is gcne- lext township y or iake, an. of the co\iuty of Went worth are Hinhrooke, <}liindford, Onandago, IJnmtford, and Tusearora. liinhrooke i^ situated [' a large j)ortion of land hv the Indians. The Imperial Government presented, in 1784, through Goverr»oi-ortion of the Six iNations of Indians who remained attached to Im- perial interests during the .\mericau revolutionary contest. This tract consisted of the lands along both sides of the river to the de])th of .six miles, and to the extent of ninety miles from the mouth of the river u])ward>. This allowance of land wa> gnuited on account of the services of the Indians, I in ) Mi i ! 1 ^ t I '«! 1 li II i^Ci TIIF DIXTUirT (»K WELMNOTOX. aiul as a tioinpotiHition for tht loss of their IjukIs iit thr foruior province, and now 8tatv of 7>^ ■ Vork, Thi.-. ou- fiMlcracy of Imlians, as h known, was* .fiii 'llr compose*! of only five tril»cs, named the Iroiat'on)!i. One portion of thif- Indian <;(;nfe(h)racy, during the American revolutionary contest, took the >side ot the Orown, while the other joined the side of the colonies, and remained in possession of their lands The lands along hoth sides of the ost settled and most prosperous in the «listrict The laru'c w'ell-est fanning coun- ties of Old Kngland The first settlers of the township of Waterloo were descendants of Oeiman families who removed from the State of Pennsylvania to this part of Canada about thirty or forty years ag(». There are (Several ])1easant and thriving villages in the township, iu one of which lately were two ]»rinting estaMishmcnts, each issuing a newspaper. One of these, besides printing its tiewspaper, ])rinte(l books 'in the German language These comfurtahlc and prosper- ous German settlers (d' Waterloo bestow unich attcntiou on dairy fanning. Their fhiiry ])roduce is well known for its generally excellent ipiality The township of Wilmot, to the west of Waterloo, and upon the eastern boundary of the district of Huron, was settled about twenty-six years ago by a body of German emigrants who had oVuained from the Grown a grant of 50 acres each, upon condition of making their own roads and bridges. Upon the fuililment of this condition they re- ceived their deeds, and were each allowed the first claim upon other 150 acres situated l^ack of each lot. Almost all lit '^*^'Jt,^ H^£"" .>.4p«-k.-M^*W>— ^- u^ — A. 2:J2 MK. PBROrSON op WOODHILL 8 SETTLEMENT. ttom>, coursing to the uiain stream, and watering the coiuitry in every direction. The course of the ^Irand River is over limestone rock. The tim ber of this fine towur^hip consists chielly of ma})le, elm, beech, white and black ash, basswood, and clierry. As is generally well known, this is the township which was selected V»y the llouourable iMr, Ferguson of Wood hill, and where he is n<>w comfortably settled with his family In this very pleasant and healthy part of Canada, possess- ing also a remarkaldy fertib; soil, Mr, Ferguson purchased, seventeen or eighteen years ago, somewhere al»out 8()0u acres of land situated ab>ng the banks of the Grand River. His village of Fergus, on the pleasant slope of a l>ranch stream of the Orand River, was comnienced in December i I \ IT. lanadti en- acquinng , in the ad s and mak 2;es. These V,rta1>lo cir- V-cMvltivated aiver cours- )f Woolwich )^ l)\nulries, ng tliis rivei Ctovenuiient oil of Nichol, K, is of an ex- k sandy loam, i a j^entle dc- ^as numerous |g to the nniii* erection. The \<, The tim niavl«, y^ui, wtvjihip which I of W'oodhiU, |th his family [mada, possesh- ,on purchased., ■e aV)out 8<>0'> , Grand River, |,e of a branch I in I)*^.cem\)cr Towxsnir ok <*? klph. •233 1833 — tlie year in which Mr. Ferguson returne»l to Canada after hi^ well-known tour thntiigli the country in lh31. Mr. Kcrguson's settlement i- now one of the most sniiling and ]»roh)>eruus spots of iion for his family ; and the extent of his personal intlueuce, and his example, as one of the most enterpri.sing farmers of the eoUmy, unite to make his position, in the eyes of honoural)le ambition, one highly de- sirable. How soon might the whole of <.*anada be changed into one smding farm, were ^Ir. PY-rguson's enternrising ex ample extensively followed by others in his station of so- ciety, who are n-.^w ■<] lending eoiaparatively unprofitable years in the overcrowded avenues of atnldtion in the parent country ! Canada, however, is fast becoming the pros]»er- ous aiul smiling farm anticij)atle ytrojirietors of the Ian Is whose forests their enterprise and inuhdued. The township of Guelph, situateil to the south-west of Nichol, is anotho) well cultivated and prosjK'rous township of this d;£.trict. (>uel])li, the district, or lather now county town, is very pleasantly situated upon a fine elevated plat- form, with tiie River Speed a l-ranch of the Orand River, sweeping around it. The site of this novv thriving and pro- mising town was ;i dense f«)rest previous to 1827. The stump (jf the first tree, which was cut down on St. er of churches then within the county was JJl, schools 81, inns 107, and merchants' shops or stores, 73. The amount of occupied land was upwards of r)32, 200 acres. Of this, upwards of 131,800 acres were under cultivation, The value of wild land was estimated ut 17s. fid, currency, or three and a-half dollars per acre, and cleared land at 60h. currency, or twelve dollars per acre. We now close this chapter, containing some account of the districts of Gore and Wellington. A new chapter will open with some hrief notice of the im Fott-Gt'orjtf near liie Mijutli \>\' ilu Matrar.i Kivcr- Hurnin;^ uf the Towii of Niagara — Old I'Dit of Nuijrura — Battles t>f I.uiidy's Lane and Qurcnston Heights — l)(!ath ol (ieiit-ral Hiock in Ik'fence of I'^jicr Canaila — Mdimment to iua Meuicry on (.^ueiMisluii llcii^^hts- lovt Lrie - riihMC'(u»sriil S'lonimiif of tlie Fort by Central Piuniuiond—Desolatin^ Fiffecta of the War ujion I he Country alon;4 *lie Kninticrs — Hiirninp of T'jwns in the Winter t f IHUi — Contrasted Results of lVaec--'I'o\vuship of Nia^'ari -Other Townshijia ol tin District — Couiilj of Ilaidiniaiul and Hanks of the Grand River— l'o]mlation and T.andB of the Dislrirt — Value of LandH— lli;,'hest and l.owi-st Valuf of Cleared Land 111 I'piH-r Canada- Niiniliers of Cliurclies, Schools, Inns, aial Merchants' Sho])s 111 the Distii't — Agricultural and other Produce — Live Stock possesacd liy the District. SouTii-KAPT of the Gore District, and com])risin,i> noarly the whole of the neck of lan<) bet'^in the lakes Ontario and Krie, is one of the longes-t settle"' disiricts in ll])per (Jana«la, The DiSTurrr nF XjAsiAUA. It now consists of three counties, Lincoln, Welland, and ITaldiinaud, and these emlmicc the further .-iulKlivisionis of twenty-five townships. The county of Lincoln consists of >tern boundary of the district i Hi if l'< n ij 23fi FALLS OP NIAGARA. of (iure ;in(J the river Niajrara. These tivo townships, front- ing on Lake Ontario, and partly alon^ the Niajjcara [liver, are Grimsby, Clinton, Louth, Grantham, anng the Niagara River, for several miles, very close to the world-renowned Falls. This grand feature, with other lesser ones <>f the Niagara River, has already received some notice in the third chapter of the volume, treating of the extent and general aspect of Canada We might in that j»art of the work have more fully , 1834, and have the signature of Lydia II, Sigourney. XiAGAHA. Flow on for ever, in ttiy glorious? roljo Of terror atnl of hoaiity ; (iod hatb set Ills rainbow on tliy ton^luad, and tin; oloud Mantles aronnd tliy feet. And lie doth ^dve Thy ^^)iee ofthnndoi powor to spoak ot Illin Eternally ; hi(kling the lip of man Koep silence, and upon thy rocky altar jxnir Inocnae of awe-struck praise. The town of Niagara, formerly named Newark, was — a> has been already incidentally mentioned in the account ot Toronto and the Home District — the first capital of lippei Canada. General Simcoe, the first lieutenant-governor ol the province, opened the first Parliament there on the LStli 8epteml)er 1792. The Parliament of Upper Canada con- tinued to be held at Niagara during five successive sessions. '- ^ Kvrr WM ri jrrT^r' >-^*^^r«■f r '^vryar" "*«** s'l- SETTLEME.NT or TJIE DISTKlCT «»F MAUAH \. 2.37 tho last of which was licid in 1 71)0. which was the last year (tf Genera) Simcoe's adiiiiiiistrfitire- sent United States — the first colonists of Ippcr Canada, who had reniainet in their attachment to imperial interests, entered the new colony, and settled in this district of Niagara. That noted cor[)S, known as ' I>ntler\- Hangers,'' the sul>jecc of many an hicident in the revolutionary contest, arc said to have been the first settlers in Niagara, upon thcii being disbanded after the war. In the succeeding year ul 17N.") these were followerew Jtascy. Pennsylvan';., and New York. The townships of Stamford and Willoughby. «y the Americans — the first in April, and the second in August 1813, Towards the latter end of May of that year, (jenend Dearborn and t'orumodore (^'hauncey of the American forces, made a snc- cessful attack upon Fort-George, the important, fort situated about a mile u]) the Niagara River from the point of land at the mouth called Missassaga Point, with its distinct foi-- tihcation, named Fort Missassaga. b ort-George had been strei»gthened in its works at the UA [ I ! Jl h 238 HlflTORICAI, ASSOriATIONS. commencement of hostilities, and also by the English {gar- rison luiviiig been romove«l from the oM fort on the oppc it'> vn A»u.erican si u the St. Law- hire ahaudone'i I. The goverii' is bavlxn'ous act, virh It was com i towu thus tlo- dvool, and nearly \nis, stores, au^ia- garrison of Nia •emained then in the possession of Enj^land, a^ we have saiil, liuring the con- tinuance of the war, and at the puace was restored. Other historical associations present themselves to the traveller along the Niagara River. •Situated immediately under (^nccnston Heights, the con- tinuation of the elevated ridge we have already noticed as running around the head of Lake ( )ntario, and crossing into the »State of New Y-u'k, is the village of Queenston, in the southern part of the townshi]) of Niagara. During the early period of the last war with America, the military station on these heights, overlooking the Niagara River several miles below the Falls, and above the mouth of the river* was slightly fortified. On ilUh and H(Kj. A very consiticuous and lofty colunui now stands on Queenston Heights, erected to the memory of General Brock The view from the top of this monument is very extensiv(\ eommnnding the stretch of fertile and wcli-cultivated fron tier portions of both coiuitries, with their farms and villages — ('anae completely exhausted. Next inujn ing General Rii)ley, at the head of the remnani of the Aiiic rican troops, advanced from his camp to the scene of action . but, neither j)arties conceiving it prudent to renew the on flict, the Americans retired vip the river Niagara t<» (Miij. pawa, situated above the V'Ah. They continued their raarcb to Fcrt Erie, near the commencement of the river, an Lane, the fort was strengtl.ened, and the works enlarged. In the night of the i ")th August an effort was made to storm it by the liritish forces lunler (leneral Drummoud. The successive charges and repulses were of the most desperate character. The attack, Iiowever, was defeated at all points. The Ilriti^h loss is slated to have been J^iOO killed, wounded, and taken prisoners; that of the Americans much less Near the close of the contest Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond, who conunandcd the centre column, fell pierced with st^veral balls. Another attempt to gain possession of the fort, and to drive the Americans from the province, was imsuccessful. The British forces being now weakened and suffering se verely from fatigue, exposure, and sickness, during a siege of fifty days, in a rainy season, Ocnerul Drummond }>roke U]) his camp on the evening of the lilsl .September, and fell back to the villa.iie of Cliippawa, situated a .short distance down the river towards the Falls. At the elose of this cam- paign th(i American general in command disnumtled Fort Erie, moved his army acioss the ri\er, and went into winter quarters. Such are a few of the associations connected with the war which ravaged thi;se now smiling frontiers along the Niagara River, now nearly forty years ago. The courses of defenders a-- well as invaders, then, with their marches and counter-marches, their encampments, sieges, and battles, we e almost universally — as a natural eonse'iueuce of the fierce nature of war — marked with desolation. The mills, dwelling-houses, and barns of th<) settlers were frequently i\ i 11 Ifi 3H i ;i Hi 242 R/WAQEH OK THE WAK UI'ON THK FHoNTlKl.H. burnt ; and in instances oven villiigeh anci towns were wholly destroyed. Tiosidcs the burning of the town of Niagara already mentic-ned, the now flourishing city of Bul'alo wus, during its existence as a village, con^ tining KM) houses, in \>^\'.i, taken and destroyed hy tho British anny under Oetu- ral Iliall. On its way to IkiflUlo the same force took the frontier liattery of Black Rock, and vie«troyod the village. These ravages were coinmitte>{ Niagara was ' unied • the Americans on the 10th Decen, her ; Lewiston, opposite to the village of Queenston, about seven '.niles below the Fall.", was biinied by the British ou tho i8th December ; and Black Hock and Buffalo, situatcrosperity. A smiling cultivation, and impr<.s ing farms, villages, and towns, are proofs everywhere arou:!. I of a happier state of things. Steam- boats and railways art- on every hand assisting more closely to cement and perpe- tuate this friendly feeling between the once jarring coun- tries As has been elsewhere stated, trade is largely on the increase between the people of the United States and Ca- nada, even under the restrictions, on the part of the govern ment of the United States, of a very high, and almost ]>y«- hihitory tariff. Exertions on the part of Canadn, to modif\ this tarif}', so as to increase the trade between the countries, have not yet been successful. The township of Niagara, which is situated around tiic mouth of the Niagara River, and along its banks upwards approaching nearly to the celebrated Falls, is one of the IS were whoUy m of Niapani ,f -Bui^alr) was, KM) houses, »»i ^y vntkr (iei»*'- forct took the i the vUlas'tJ- conuueuceiuent Tho town ot tve 10th Decern jueenstou, abo»ii y the Untish ou liuftalo, sitmitc'l ate at the hati-l^ l)cccmV)er, all in » ho oiiee desoliitt-a pncreasinj-MiU"- aion, and inivr-v vol•y^vherea^ou•.^l , and railways an eiuont and pevpc ,uco jarring ooun- ; is largely on tlic ,\ Slates and < u >i,rt of the govern ., and almost I'V- ( lanada to niuditv ,een the conntries. Ituatcd around the its hanks upwards^ lall^, is one of the T(»WNHUIP or MAOAUA. 243 W- most delightful spots of Upper Canaliore of Lakes Ontario and Krie, and along the l»orders of the Rivor Detroit. The >oil of the township of Niagara is composod "f and, clay, and yellow and i»lack loam. A good r, in the neighbourhood of the t'wn of Niagara. The iioavu t soil, generally, is more iii- laiul. The town of Niagara has increased very slowly. Its popidation in 1848 amounted only to ;U(»(). The other townships of the ct^unty of Lincoln, sitiiated around the south-western shore of Lake <.)ntari<', namelv. (Irimbsy, Clinton, Louth, and (Tiantham, are composed of a heavier soil than that of Niagara generally. The soil of these townships i.s chictiy clay, yellow and black loam. They are well settled, and are watered chiefly by creeks or streams which run into Lake ()utario, and allbrd ^ites for mills. The township of (irantharu, in which the Welland Canal commences on Lake Ontario, contains the flourishing towii of St. Catherines. In 1848 the [)opulatioo of St. Catherines amounted to 34(J<>. The Welland (.'anal, it may be remembered, is the connecting link of navigation between Lakes Ontario and Erie, these lakes being thus disconnected by the Falls of Niagara. The other two townships of the comity of Lincoln which complete the seven are the inland townships of Caistor and Gainsborough. The soil of Caistor is reported to be princi- ' !i| IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 £ I4S |2.0 I.I VA 1.4 1.6 1.25 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 €3 \ iV :\ \ \ ^V^ 4/^ >. '^ 6^ .c. *..;4- *......'!«; 244 OTHER TOAVNSJIIPS OP THE DISTRICT. pally liard clay, unt.l a icreat deal of the land wet aud swampy. The soil of (Jaiusborougb i,'* principally clay. It h reported to have also much vaH and swampy land, The Chippawa Creek or Wei land River passes through hoth townships. The county ofWelland is situated to the south of that of Lincoln, and fronts along the Niagara River, from below the Falls upw^ards, and along the shore of the lower end of Lake Erie. It is composed of eight townships — tliesc are Stam- ford, Willoughby, Bertie, Ilumberstone, Wainticet, Crow- land, Thorold, and Polhain, Stamford, the first najucd, em- braces within its boundaries the Palls of Niagara. The soli of the township is composed of sand, clay, and yellow loam The soil of Willoughby is chiefly a hard clay, and the town- ship is reported to have tlic other disadvantage of being poorly supplied with wdiolcsome water. Rercie, situateorted to be excellent townships, and well settled. Tiu Welland Canal passes through the township of Thorold. Ilaldimand, the remaining county of the district of Nifi gara, fronts chiefly along Luke Erie, and stretches up Uj. lake vvestward of the county of Welhmd. it has the m] vjuitage of the Grand River runni)ig through its enth-e ex- tent from north to south, the banks of which river aboun'l ill delightful situations for farms and residences, and v.)'\ brace the most fertile description of land known in Upjit-r ^irn^^ It is reported townships, .mthofthatof froivi below tbe ,.cr evid of Lake hesc are Bttuu- ,raiiiHcet, Crow- tivst naiHcd, em- 'Vhe «oi! agara. i iie and yellow loaia ay,andtlietowii- .^r-M-i- of l)eiii<: Bertie, situate.l 1 partly along tlu l%e soil is cla\ in tViis township .Vaintleet, situated ,ixU shore, conlain ,evry Marsli. The ie\Velland Canui laud, Thorold, itna last named are re ^Ycll settled. Th^ ■Hip ot IMiorold, the district of ^ia- ,] stretches np Hk' a. it has the iul- •ough its entire e%- .vhich river abound Icesidences, and ein- Ind known vv TJpF^" VALUE OF CLEAKED AND UNCLEARED LAND. 245 ^1 i df The >f Haldi .1 d ut tril compose townships, the names of ^\hieh are Canboroiigh. North and South Cayuga, Dunn, Aloulton. Sherlri'ooke, Seneca, Oneida, Rainham, and Walpole. The banks of the Grand Iliver, from the mouth upwards, display a chain of flourishing settlements. The villages and sn\all towns present scenes of l)usy industry, especially in their numerous tlour and saw mills which employ a good /leal of h\i»our and capital. Among the names of the best known of these small towns above the Grand Iliver are Dunn- vilje, Cayugii, Indiana, and Caledonia. The district of Niagara, embracing the three counties of Lincoln, Wtlland, and llaldimand, contained, in IS-is, a population of 13,100, The t{uantity of occupied land it contained was liHl.KiO acres. The ({uantity of cultivated laud amounted to 1(>2,104 acres. The quantity of wild land was upwards of 204,000 acres ; and the <|uantity of land returned as unlit for cultivation was 5)800 acres. The average value of land Avas returned as being .£() :(] \H currency per acre for cleared, and £3 : 3 ; 4 currency per acre for wild lan.nd Xew Railway— Quantity of Wild Land in tliu District — Value of Lands. Upon the western boundary of the Niagara District, stretch- ing westward along the shore of Lake Erie, is TuE Talbot District. This district consists of the county of Norfolk, and em- braces the townships of Woodhouse, Charlotteville, Wal- singham, Houghton, Middleton, Windham, and Townsend. The four townships first named front along the shore of Lake Erie. Woodhouse, the most easterly township on the lake-shore, is well settled, and contains excellent land. The soil of the west part of Woodhouse is sandy loam ; the east, rich loam, inclining to clay. The face of the country is generally un- I ' 248 PORT DOVKTl, AND TOWN OP SIMCOK. •lulatiiig, and the f^reatcr nuiiil)fr of the well-cultivated ffirms are finely situated. The villaj^e of Fort Dover, with it.s harljour on Lake Erie, is in this tuwnsliip Sinicoe, the chief town of the district, is ahout .seven miles inland from Port Dover, in the north-west corner of Woodhouse. Simeoe is well situated in the rnidst of a fine old settled country Its distance from the town of Brantford, on the main road westward through the ))rovince, is about twenty-four miles. There is an excellent planked road from Port l>over, which crosses the Orand River by a substantial bridge, and con- nects the district in this nnumer with the flourishing city of Hamilton at the head of Lake Ontario. The distance from Port Dover to Ilamilton l»y this roatl is about thirtv-nine miles. Charlotteville, the next township west of Woodhouse. abounds with excellent iron (bog) ore. A blast furnace for smelting this ore, found in this, and the adjoining townships, has been in operation at the village of Normandalo since I8'2',i. The ore yields from twenty to thirty-five per cent of iron, the average yield being about twenty-seven per cent The furnace is kept in o|>eration about ten months in the year, and when in blast, produces about four tons of iron per day. There is also a cupola furnace at the works — and castings of various sorts, such as stoves, grates, agricultural implements, and mill machinery are furnished, chiefly to the neighbouring country. The soil of the front part of Char lotteville is composed generally of sandy loam, with sonu- light clay, and the interior, off the shore of the lake, pre- sents a light sandy soil. The soil of the front part of VVal- singham, which is the nex;, township west, is of a rich loam ; the interior, being timbered generally with pine, i? rather poor and sandy. The soil of Houghton, the most westerly township fronting on Lake Erie, is composed of M LANDS ANP roPn.ATION OF TAI.HOT DISTUKT 240 ^cll-cultivated rt Dover, with Sinicoe. tlic es inlarul Ironi ho\isc. Slmcoc ettleil country the main road uty-t'ovir miles, t Dover, which ri'l, e The banks frequently present well cultivated and pleasant slopes ; and all along the stretch of twei ty miles and up- wards, frtmi the commencement of Long Point Bay down tn Port Dover, may be called one vast harbour, with its wharfs, and creeks or streams. This tract of coiuitry, known as ' Long J^oint Country ' in this district, and which more than any other part of the district was one of the early settled spots of Canada, derived its name from a si)igtilarly narrow and long point of land, now an island, which stretches out into Lake Erie U< the distance of nearly twenty miles, it is said to be not twc hundred yards wide at its broadest part, and all along its lengthened stretch each side has its narrow strip of sandy beach, and the line between is covered with trees. Previous to 1828, or thereabouts, vessels navigating Lake Erie en- countered considera}>le danger in stormy weafcher when hav- ing to double this promouiory ; and its headland was lonj^ without a lighthouse. At the bottom of the tine bay, called Long Point Bay, which it forms, there used to be a passage, when the waters of the lake were high, for boats, through a small })rook ; and when the lake waters were low, batteaux were hauled over the slender isthmus. About that perif the di.'striot arc liUmlieini, Bijiiidt'ord, East and West Zurru, Nissouri, North, West, and East Oxford, Dcrohan), Norwich. and IJuri'ord. The five first named are the most northerly range in the district, Blenheim, heing the niost easterly, ail- joining the township of Dumfries, in tiie Gore District, ani Nissouri, the most westerly, adjoining the London District. North, West, and Plast Oxford, are small township.s in the centre of the district; Dereham, Norwich, and Burford, iiie situated in the south part, Dereham occui)ying the south west corner, and Burford the south-east corner of the dis- trict. The rich and fertile soil which generally prevails in thi^ ilistrict, is for the most part loam and clay. Parts, such as the east division of the townshi[) of liurfoi'd, consist of sandy loam, not very well timbered. Much of this township .f Burford, however, is well cultivated, possessing some of tbo best farms in the district ; and the village of Burford is oti. of the most jdeasant and luxuriant little spots in western Canada Zorra possesses excellent loamy soil, and is finely timbered with beech, maple, and oak, and well watered. The population consists chiefly of Scotch Highlanders, vvlio emigrated a numlier of Aear.s ago to this part of Canada. In 1841 the township numbered 2700^ aud above 14(Hi he- longed to the Church of Scotland, The population of the district of Brock, or county of Oxford, amounted in 1848 to 29,200. In 1841, the populn- tion amounted only to 15,600, which shews the rapid increase, within seven years, of nearly 14,000, The amount of occu- pied land in 1841 was 271,000 acres, of which 02,000 were cultivated. The occupied land of the district in lS4b amounted to 380,400 acres, 105.380 acres of which wert' )pa. nEsrUIPTIUNS OF POPI'I.ATION. iia.T mill sites to tho he townshi]):! '»f aii acres — 27,;ino acres of this wert- under wheat crop, which produced, according tu the returns, 30d,oo(> bushels; l;i,SO(t ucre.^ were under oats, which produced I)72,:i<'ii hushels; 2h.sn acres wure under nnii/.c, or Indian corn, which ]>roduccd 47,4;i;> lm>hels. The uther crops, in the order of their rehitive oteni. ('"nuiicncinir witli the ne.vt in iniportance, were penso, itotatocs, harley, huck- wheat, and rye; 14 Ki acres were under jiotatoes, which f>roduced li'7,4(»") hushels. and lliofj acres were under bar- ley, whieh produced 2:i,(!N» bushels. There were in l'^fs :iO,4 lo neat cattle in the «d' dairy pro- duce and provisions prepared for nmrkit. included 107,474 lbs, butter. 11."), 1 38 lbs. eheesi;, and •'>3l*8 barrels jtork and beef. The othei' itenis of Carni ])roducts ami domestic in- dustry within the district of Brock i'l lh48, included 43!),!)():i Tos. maple sug:ir, 12r;.700 lbs. wool, 20,147 yards fullc'l woollen cloth, and 8(),o28 yards tlannel. The rcdativc numbers of th(j various descriptions of population within the district in is 4s, were 3!)8() natives of Scotland, 3()14 natives of Kngland, 2S8l natives of the United States, 2289 natives of Ireland, 181 natives of Ger- many, 1G2 Canadian French, J-'i.OOs natives of Canada, of British origin, and 41)-j natives of other cou.ntries. The coloured persons, of African origin, within the district, amounted to 123 males, and -si) females. The number of houses occupied in the district by this population of 29,21!), was 4721. The houses vacant amount- ed to 87. The nuiidicr of )nopriecors assessed was 2913, and of non-[n"oprietors assessed. 1897. Tlie j>opulation engaged in professions in the district amounted to 80, in trade or commerce 171, in handicrafts 616, in factories 135, t k 11; !' --T# 254 ToWH OP WOODHTOCK, as lal)ourwn is tastefully laid out into well fenced and cultivated fields and parks, amid patches of woods. The population of Woodstock amounts to about 1500, Ingersoll is anotlier prettily situated little town, about nine mile.=! west of Woodstock. Both are uj>on the main road leading west- ward from the head of Lake < Jntario. The nearest good port on Lake Erie for this district is Port Burwell, in the London township of Bayhaui, whicli township joins the south boundary of Dereham, beiongin;; to the district of Brock, Much of the wheat of the district at present is forwarded eastward, to be shipped either ;it Hamilton, on Lake Ontario, or at Brantford, on the Gratiil River. Woodstock is about twenty-seven miles west of Brant ford, and thence, further east to Hamilton, is an additi(»n;il twenty-four miles. The road, all the way to the head of Lake Ontario, is well planked and macadamised, and is one of the best in Canada. A railway, as has already been men- VALli: OF LANI», 2r)0 Tli«' numl>er <»f 12, iniiH 52, atnl f this flourishing sr of the townshij. town of liOiiJuu. lie luileH west <>1' yVoodstock is verv y uii'lulaiin^, pic^ rhe town consists lie, and is divided tains six churcheH spectiiblo English arcj settled in the ! limits of the very Much of the laud ;o well fenced and es of woods. The it 1500. Ingeis«'ll >ut nine miles west road loading west- riuMctl, ih ex()Cctoil soon to he in operation along this mnte, from the head of Luke Onfarir., wurttward to the Detroit and St. dair Rivers. The eing consi(hred unfit for eidti- \ation, was i;i,4(»<> a<'res. Tlio vahio of wild lanerous tli.s- trict, and close another chaj)ter. The next chapter will t)pen with the district of fiondon, one of the most important and interesting districts in Western Canada. 11 for this district is of Bayham, which )ereham, belonging heat of the wi«l ailes west of Brant- n, is an additi(»nal ^ray to the head of larai'jod, and is one already been men- |ii it CHAl'TFR XVIII, DISTRICTS OF X-PPER CANADA. Aocouut of 1 lie London '). trict— Tlic River Tliamos—K\:i cut nnd lUsrriptK n ,,i Country Watcrcid b.\ it — Townsbips of tlic District— The Ran;,'C i'r(intiiij> Luiic Kno—Haiiks cf Lake 1\ric— I'ictiirf of a Scttlfmciit in the CouiUrj Parts of Canada- -Scene in the Hush — Triiveliinir tiiroufrh the linsii— lio;id- side object > -Size of Fanas, and Description of I'lmners' Houses — Taste fur Flowers and (iardcns — Cliaraoteristics and Soil of Towiisliips alon^' !.('.■ Erie -Port Uurwell on Otter Creek- Villapre of Jamestown— Karly Siiu, raent of IJie (^ountry — Cohuiel Tii'.hol, tim Pioneer of tlie Settlement- ]'r-y. dcnce of Colonel Tulbot— The Future of Canada — Town of St. Thomas^ -\i ia^e and Uiu-honr of Port Stanley — Harbours on I.aice Kr;e. iSiTTATED directl_y west of the districts of Talhot aiel Brock, and stretching from the ru^rthern ])oundary of ilic Brock District southward to the shores of l^akc Erie, i:s The District of Lo^•l)0^. Its situation being thus nearly in the heart of the fort 11 peninsula, and enjoying the advantages of one of the tie?'. harbours on Lake Erie, it is one of the most flourishing and important districts of this part of Canada, Tho face of tht country is agreeably undulating, the land, generally, hiudil fertile, and abundantly watered by the River Thames an other streams. TI/E RIVEH THAMES. 25: II. CANADA. -FAU'iit and iHsrnptu i: ..l rid-The Range i'ronun;; Si'.itlcme.iit ill the Ciuunr; r thro\idi tire Bush- lloml luvimTs' UousCi,--T;iHU' f..r ,,1 'ruwusliips iihmt; l.At: f Jiiiiustown-Karly S..tr.i.- r (if the Settlc.meJil- l'f•^;■ Tovu of St/Vhonuib -\. l.jilce iM'it' ricts of Talboi aiu! lerii boundary of the s of Lake Erie, is sDOIi. ho heart of tbc fertile res of one of tbe l»e=t ; most flourishing anJ tula. Tho face <>f the and, generally. bi;4lily le lUver Thames ^u'\ The Thames is a river of considerable extent, having two main branches taking their rise northward and eastward of the London IJistriet. The northern branch waters five or six townships north of the town of LoTidon, where the Junction of the branches with the main stream takes place. A small stream, named the Avon, upon which the town of Stratfurd, in the district of Htiron. js situated, aujj^meuts this northern branch oi the Thames. Tho other main eastern branches of the river rising in a north-easterly tlirectiou from London, near the source of one of the branches of the Grand River, waters about as many more t(»wnships. The coarse of the main stream of the Thames from the town of London is in a south-westerly direction for about ninety or a hundred miles, when it enters Lake St. Clair, fifteen miles from the town of Chatham, in the VVestern l)i^triet. The stream is for the most part clear and rapid, until it approaches Chatham ; for several tniles above which it is sufficiently anks on each side. A good deal of the lake shore, however, grii'lually slopes towards the lake, nnd ■» esses a richly fertile soil, finely timbered with beech, ma, lu, elm, black wahmt, anart. And there is the temporary zig-zag rail-fences of these s(piare fields. Then, almost close upon each side of the wiile road of about sixty feet, and placed at intervals of a quarter mile or less, rise the settlers' farm-houses, with their huge wooden barns in which they house all their grain. Then there is the primitive, rather '■ li II i ; 1 1 i li ili^^ it 200 SCENE IN THE BUSH. rough, unmade road itsell', on which you are travellhig through this all so novel scene ; choosing betimes a more level grassy bit of this broad road for more easy travel ; now wearying your eyes on the long strange vista of the rude forest-fringed scene — now admiring a neat white painted cottage <.f an enterprising settler, with its shrubbery and Howers — again vexed, rni meeting u slovenly-looking lug- house of some equally iruloleut people, with the weather- beaten straw-hats mending, in their wa}, the broken win- dows, and the neglected children sprawl in lt about the doors. You next pass the humble little school-house, and the unpretending plain religious meeting-liouse. Here the eye falls on one slight but touchingly interestiug object — a soli- tary grave-slab, of wood, meekly rising fi'om the lowly gra\ e- raound near an old-established looking settler's homestea dd think, in affright of their impending fate. This little ' clearance,' as they call it, w hat a very med- ley ' ' nfusion it is! S^tately trees, of beech and elm, that have fallen, with their great green branches broken, sprcaLI>'G TIIROTTdir TTTK BUSIf. the future fariii and its re\\;i)'d t«» him in after years, for his? own toilsome beginnings, urid the fiunily's i>rivations and hermitage in the ' Vmsh.' Having so noted the more prominent features of the se- cluded scene, pursuing the journey, you find yourself once more between the boundary of forest close upon each side. And when, amid other thoughts, you have allowed to pass from your mind the (dearani.'c of the bold and hardy bush- settlcv. you have suddenly your attention arrested to listen to a slow rustling noise, in the distance backward, as il among the leaves high over-he;id in the forest, ft is one of the trees falling beneath our settler's axe ; the rustling among the leaves and lesser branches coutiiuies <>u the ear. and becomes more rapid and distinct ; next, a heavier crash- ing among tlie larger }»ranches as it ';oos, making way fV.i itself through all obstacles, till — )-esounding through the whole forest — the giant thundering fall-, awakening all th( echoes. Advancing onwards again between the solitary woods, your observation is restricted to note the lesser, yet not al- ways unpleasing detail, which the forest-road presents Having got into a tract of ' pine woods.' vs^e may continue for miles without seeimr a house ; there being but little in the light sandy soil, which pine trees ever hidicate, to invite settlers. Besides, the resinous roots of the pine remain so manv years in the ground until they decav, to the great annoyance of the farmer. Here v,e now have a border ul" scrubby brushwood ; younger trees of several sorts stretcLinjr along each side of the road, giving relief to th*. dark tower- ing pines, rising with their straight and nnissy trunks t" the height of from 100 to loO feet ! Some of them, as you nviy perceive by the numerous tapped holes made by the bill of the wood-pecker, like riddlings of buck-shot against the 7SI(. TKAVRLI.lNd THHOr<;H THE lU'Sir. 'ju;i ;er years, for hit* privations au«l jturcs of the se- 1(1 yourself once upon cacli slue. aUoweil to pass and hardy V>UHh iirrcsted to listen I'ackwurd, as il L-est. It is one of xo : the rustling :inues on the ear. t,a heavier crash- :, nuiklivj; ^vay fine remain so eciiy, to the groat ,v have a border of ral sorts stretching to tho dark tower- lassY trunks t" the : thcni, as you nviv iiade by the bill of k-shot against the H'i forest giants, tell both of long ago and the decay going on within the great trunks. And hear I — tiie hollow tap-tap of the strong billed bird Jjiniscdf, hoppnig pertly round and round .-^ome tall <>ld tree, in the [»ride ide of the road by the removal of a lin«' of the giant pines to a*lniit the free circulation ui" air — there is a (.'lustiTing of the wild May (dierry tree, with its' small wliite flowers in full I)lossoni. Ycung shrtd)hy pines, larches atid cedars lntersper>ed, appear above the long grass ; and liere are clunip-^ of light pojtlar, with tiny leaves fresh blown, Buttering' ui the gentle, almost still air. The more robust balsam poplar is here too, called the l-alm of Ciilead tree for the rei)Ute of its l>uds, an iufusiwu of which being esteemed as a bitter. Then, scattering among ;dl. are various sorts (^f bushes, brambles, and raspberries. A little otf the edge of the road, free from th(^ intrusion of trampling feet, there is the wild-bush lily in its pure wdiite, tinted now and then, more or less with dolicate y)each hue. And nearer to the road — shielding itself close by the stump of an old pine, that brave little tlowei, shewing itself early, and near to trodden paths — the wild violet, or heart's ease. Such are the kind of road-.'^ille objects with which, in the now interior parts of Canada, you have to gratify your ob- servation in the manner you best can as you journey along. Vou may meet at times laden waggons with merchandise for the coinitry stores onwards in the interior, or returning with loads of wheat or other prodiice, to one of the lake harbours, Or the object you meet may be an antiquated lumbering stage-coach, lurching amid the deep ruts, or wending slowly through the heavy sand of the roads, or thump thumping over the succession of round logs, laid 2fi4 TRAVKLLIN(J THIIOUOTI TlfE BUSH. •* i;rosswayH, forming the ' corduroy-roa«l ;' or, it inav bo, th.^ vehicle is winding up the side of a deej) ravine, the mo.st o? the passengers out walking, to ease the horses, and to stretcl themselves. Or this mail -stage, for such it is, with its four fine horses, may l»e scudding along upon some smooth even surface, the young driver-lad whistling and talking to his horses, calling each hy name, while he is smacknig ahoiit. and curving, in the pride of his art, his long-lash whip. Vou will meet with few foot i»assengers ; possibly a Scotch ploughman or tradesman, v'ith knapsack or bundle upon his staff, sluug over his shoulder, travelling in search of adventure or employment. < 'r you may meet a Highland family from /Vrgylcshire (there ))eing many <>f them in Ca- nada, comfoi'tably settled), trudging (;heerfidly on their way — some of them walking, some riding — to join friend.s in the colony, who wrote home to them of their well-doing, and invited thern out. The father, and one of the ehlest sons, travel a little way a-head of the rest, who, seated on tht top of a waggon above their baggage of huge chests, barrels, and bedding, are coming up behind. Is'ow this family, who perha])S in Argyleshire could only manage to scrape the barest subsistence, will, most probably — before ten years pass, if sober and persevering, and though they may have next to nothing to begin with now — be proprietors of a go<'d farm, yielding them all comfortable subsistence. The size of farms throughout Canada is generally about 2<)(> acres ; and a great many of the settlers with this size of farm have from 40 to 50 acres, and some 1(H) acres, under cultivation, with largo barns and comfortable houses. The description of houses of almost all, is that which. in the absence of brick or stone, is considered in Oana UAKHRNP. if)') f .r;(i with clay or lime, ''lio next iuipruvoinent is the squared log-house ; and u»')St c(>nifortahle dwellings the.se are, fully as much, it is said, a.^ any stone house can be. Hut the respectable frame-house is the family's ambition, in the absence of stone ; and no wonder, for with its white or stone painted apjtearance, and not unfievers, and shruKhery in the small front f)lot, it looks really respectable and pleasant. You may see such a pi(;ture fre(|uently in the towns where the houses belong to merchants, successful tradesmen, and others in easy circumstances ; but f am sorry that it is only here and there met in the country, in instatices of the more enterprising or more fortunate than the majority of their neighliours. The regret is freipiently e.\presse the two ends meet,' with the moderate j'ound of comforts, the mind has more repo.se, and the in- clination consequently greater, to cultivate the tastes and lesser pleasure-. In young and rapidly rising countries, the chances of gain being greater, and each successive step of success being but an added stimulus to the mind, it thus \ ■i >' r ' ^ m mvmw $ 2()(5 I'OllT liTJRWCUi ON OTTEH riREEK. becomes too nmeli en.ij^rossefl in liirirer views to attend to tin- detail ol" taste juui the under^rowtii of ]>lciisures, wl'ieh are attendant on more settled and older cunmnmities. ('anada, however, already is last ini[)rovin^ in this respect There was e.>.taMi>hed scver-al years aj^o, on ilio outskirts of thr town of London- — a pretty fairly stocktnl nursery l»y two intelli,'j,ent and .spirited Mn>j:lis!iuien ; and tliis (the fii'st thini^ of the kind, if J am not mistaken, in iliis western part id' Canada) now siij)plie.> the nei^hhourhooil with the most a]>proved varieties of fruit- trees, .shruhs, and iioAver,s. 80 nmeh for tliese ili^^'essions, which may have aflordetl Home glimpses of the usual a p] tea ranees and ordinary state of thing's in this new co\uitiv. \\o shall tmw notice uiojh' particularly snme of the characteristics of tli i hike-sliore townships ol this interestiiii;" lisirict of London. The s<»il of I lie town.^hii) of IJavham. the mo.st easterly of the six to\vushii>s, frontiufj^ along the shore of Lake Krie, is in parts, wdiere pine ah'tunds, \u<{ <,uite so good a^ that of th e oLliois. Ther e IS, howe ve a i''oo( 1 deal ig Otter run through Bavhaui ; and the agrci-- ably-situated village of Port lUirwell is at the mouth oi the Big Otter, upon the high hanks of the lake. This stream, at the mouth of which Fort Biu'well is situated, is navigiihlc. with a depth of twelve fecL, foi' about two miles up, whcii. there is the sjuall village of Vienna, embosomed in a wind- ing and pleasant valley. An extensive trade in sawn timber has usu [lily 1 )COU carried on upon the banks of the Otter, in supplying the opposite American frontier states Avith this article. The breadth of Lake Eiio, at this point to the town of Olevelami, in the state of Ohio, is between sixty and seventy mile; t>^->*tf*ttr»:.^to».'H.'^^iif T.AKr;-HrioRi; t«»wv'et Then iitskirts of tlti- wivsorv hy two this (the first his ^vestern part I >vith tlie most ,1 lioAVcrs. ;iv hnvo aHordcd ul ..rtlinary stato tiow notice vnori; ,\' i\\ ; lake-shore nth'U. ,hc most easteily Lorc of liiike Kiiu, so gootl as that l nut, and ilitVcieiit hio streams of the XI ; and the a;j:vei- 1 the mouth of th'' ake. This strcaui, uatcd, is navi.i,'ahlc. vo miles up, vvhoiv )OSomed in a wind- • has usually hcon ^ in supplying- ilu" this articde. The e town of Cleveland. and seventy mile.- Tlic situation of l*(.rt Ihirwell, (overlook inp- tlir lake, and on the hi^di l.iink.' of the ch'ai full >treaiii "f the \V\^ <^Uter, is exee(jdinj;Iy pleasant. The townsliip of liayhaui is coni- paiatively well mottled and eiiltivated. Ahilahide, the next township west of fijiyliain, is also pretty faiilv settled and cultivated. A eoiisiderahle propor- tion of the inliiihitants are eni^ai^ed in the tindiei trade. It poKses.scs an exeolU'iit s(dl. (,'atlish Creek, which is u dee]> full streani f < r sonii' uth, runs throuj^li this township. The village of .Janu-stown is situated near it, in a very pretty hollow. Yarnoiuth. the next townshij) west, Is much hetter settled and eultivated than either iJay- ham or iMalahide It is imleed the most populous and hewt cultivated of juiy <.\' the lake-slioie townships (d" the district. It is tind»eve well w;itered with tuie streams. The soil i.^- a \>\nrk sandv l.aui SouthwoM, in which I'ort Stanley, on Ivettle t'reek, is situated, i.s the next township. The soil of this township is marly, diversified witli sandy loam and clay alternately. In e.vtent of settlemoit and cultivati<'n, it may rank next to Varniouth. The two town- ships of iMmwieh and Aldhorou^^h. to the west of South- wold, posses.s soil of the first (piality, and are finely wooded. They are not vet -o well settlctl as the more easterlv town- ships. The well-known Colonel Talh"t, the pioneer of this west- ern part of - Lake Krie. lie first .settled here in 1803, 'at which time there Avas not a Avhite inhahitant within sixty miles on the east, and seventy-five miles on the west.' It was not until 1^^09-10, however, that the Provincial Exe- cutive were pi'evailed to lay open the country for settle- I I 'I f i J. >m 2(]H HTfJIPFNCR (»P roI.ONKI, TMfUfT. uicnt, and then only partiallv Mr. Uioharl", a (iovoni- iiu'nt (.'onunissioiier, travollltiff throii;.'h iliix part of Canai\ pony's neck, and the exquisite imagery of some of those rich portions of Spencer's Faery Queen flowing on my recol- lection, translated this far western spot of young Canada into a scene of hallowed old English ground : — I'. iT-U, a (iovorn- part of Ciuiji'la ' tlicn (Jolouial • Creek (in Bay rict) to Colonel us possible, an«l iiality.' Owing, r reserve allowed ; the surroundii'H lip han not mucli ;d to contain .Odo sstono, anil ^oo.l I, on the oecasinii e to the residence cxarn{)le, sinee \w ars ago, consider- e has undergone, This a[>ot of tbo tif\illy situated— d more reniindiii.u e, thaT\ any 1 had iner day on whii'li ing gateway lead- elf in a spacious. see, there was tlie overhanging and in«l shady recesses I the reins on my of some of those >wing on my recol- of young Canada md : — H Tin: Fi r( UK ok ianada. '2it\i ' A rthady i;;rovfl • • • Whi"iv*>n'.s li;{lit did hide' irindiiy, Mii;h wiai \ of rlu' irl\-'int' \\.\y, J'roni liir iiidM-^tv U-n-t. hIi" did ;diL,dii ; Atiil oil tlic ^'rn^ her daint\ liiid'fi did liiy. In MH'.Ti'.t slmdow, III- fnMii all men's si^fit; Fr<'in lit-r fair luiir iicr fdltt slic uiidi^ht, And iarl hi-r -itclc- aside ; lur ,uii;< 1'-* fa,'iace.' Having reached a winding of th\j avenue, 1 was led by a gentle asct-nt and crescent-sweeft i'> a \iewot the open grounds, where shee)> and horned cattle weri- grazing in ninubers, De.si'ending intu a tiat grii>sy vale through w hich a stream th»vveii, 1 cro.ssed a bridge; and on gaining the top of the opposite l>ank, a range of a tine j'ark [Uesented itself, and at its extremity, overlooking the lake, f per- ceived the dwelling id" tin; old C I ^tood some moments entranced by the scene, with its calm stilhie.>s — that fell upon the ear. While turning towards the hiunble hermit-dwelling of the man with bold heart and nerve, who had subdued a mighty wilderness, and saw growing up around him the beginnings of a new country he had aided so to plant — the flitting fancies of an imagination winging iuto the far future, presented, instead of the homely cottage, a magni- ficent mansion, and all detail in keeping with the noble- h jjij r h ■ 270 COLONEL TALBOT. looking grounds, and the grandeur of the expanded lake I thought I could conceive, too, looking along its shores, the d.staut rising of smoke as if from a mighty city. But tlie views vanished, and the regret came instead — who has not had such a regret ? — that one couM not live to see the full growth of those beginnings, he could only, when having to part with them for ever, witness the early healthiui promises. I directed my steps towards the exceedingly plain dwell- ing of the Colonel, Avho, with his man Jaftrey, 1 found at home. IMany have heard, I daresay, something of Colono] Talbot's gruff manners and eccentric habits, and we have had the kindly -hearted Mrs. Jameson represent liim more favourably. I r PORT JJTANLKY 271 } expanilcd lake aloiiii its sl\ore«. lighty city. But ustead — wlio lias lot live to see tho jnly, wlicn having 2 early healtbiui liiigly plaiix Iwetl- aftrey, 1 ^onu<\ at iicthing of Colonc) ,l.its, and we have present him more :)f gossip which, in iscs imperfect de- Lthier views. This two chief townb of ive vied with each .tc the anniversary lore have been gay I towns-people and the officers of the ■be old man him^'U' -tripped about as town of St. Thomas irrhbourhood of tlio albot Anniversary y as one specially iko-shore townships, uthwold, and occu- le steep banks of tho Port Stanley, an 1 P- !) seventeen from London. There is an exceUcnt ]>]anked road leading from Port Stanley to both towns. The popu- lation of St. Thomas may he about loOO or -2000. There are several churches, numbers of good sliops, and the agencies of two {>r three bank,'^ in the town. The village of Port Stanley, situated in the go»'ge formed I'y the stream called Kettle <'reek, discharging itself through high sandy l>anks into bake Krie, is. with its shoi)s. mills, and other evidences of busy industi'v. a bustling, li\ely jdace during the season of navigation. Substantial stone piers were erected several years ago out into the hike from the mouth of the stream, at the expense of the province ; and the amount of revenue collected at this jtortof an important and flourishing district of country has lieen exceeded only in certain years by Toronto, Kings- ton, and Hamilton, which rank as tirst-class ports in Upper Canada. The harbours of I'ort Stanley and Port Burwell are among the best along the whole north shore of Lake Erie — the best, perlia!>s, if we except the Grand River, near the foot, and tlie Rondeau, towards the head of the Lake. A steamboat runs reguiarlv l>etwee Port Stanlev and the opposite American })ort of Butialo, thus dlordiug a good means of conveyance for those who take the New York route for Canada. Travellers proceeding up the Hudson River from New York to All>any, by railway or steamboat, and thence by railway to Bnft'alo, may, by taking the Port Stanley steamer at Bullklu, find themselves, on the third day from New York, in the heart of tlic London District in Canada. Before proceeding to the townships of the interior, we shall close this chapter, and begin a new one with this fresh portion of our subject. ■f 'J I CHAPTER XfX. mSTiirCTS OF VPVKK CANADA. Tii\v)\3liips in fli(' interior of tlie liondoii Pistrict Towiislni) of Wcstminiter. Scotcli .Scttii'iiLOiit- Township of l'cl.iv\a''f - Story nf llu; ICarly Scitlirs— I'orc^t iuul Kivcr Scctn'ry — \ illiirc of l>('la\\Mri' - i'.arly I, and (ii'aiitirn,Mii Canaila— Tax upon Vnoccuiniwl Iia\hls — 'lownsliij) of London, Scttlciiicul and I'roiirt'ss — Town of London- -(icni'val Appcfirancc, Streets, and I'lil.li'- niiildni;,'8-- I'lMilcs ami rnl)lic WorUs of i lie Tow n- Infantry and Ariiiien BurnicivS at London -lininessions of a Tra^<•.lier — l'ands--('nltivated Lands am' Cnjps — Amounts and Uesenptions of Annual Produce Dairy I'l'oduer ^iiii. Trovisions -Live Stock of the District - Deierijifioi' of ropnlatiou -Colijuiii; Pojiuhilion of African Origin — Canada the llefum'. nf tlie Ajmu'ican -l;i\i - Indian I'upulation— Oneida rndians- Indian "^L'tilemeuts on the I'aiiks "i tlie Thames -Indian llniUers— Statistics ol Uousos, riiurchcs. Schools liin«, and Sliops of the District -C'omparisoo witii ofher Districts-- l*ii!)l: ''oils and Distances — f'entral I'osition of tlu^ Town of London-Sir .lann.'s .\U\ iuider's Lxi)erienees — Climate of (^aa.ida-- >L)riiings and Evf;nin}^s of m.ih mer and Aulrimn — l'"orest >ceiierv. We will now take a gUu»oc at the towiishipts in thu interim r of the (listi'iot of Londou. The banks of the great hikes and navip;able rivers wiii very naturally the first settled parts of (-^aiiada. Hitiiaiei! ah^ng the great highways of water connviiuiication, the ^vallt of roads was less felt, and the climate, tempered )»y the wide-spread surface of adjacent waters, preventing theoccu- INTERIOR TOWNSHIPS OF THE bIHTUICT. 273 IX. ■ANADA. -.To^^ls«l^p of W.-stmniUcr [,rv uf U.c Karly S.ltl.vs- (..l-Karlv l.aiul (ininlimr i" bi]. of Yomlon, SdtlcMHs; ,tr;uu:e, StnM'ts, a.ul TuMi' Un- l»r;>utry uml Aitii.n-J I'oimlntion of the Hisuvt (h.-CuUivatt'd LsukIs .mil diicc' l>!Ui-y I'vodmc uul of IMpuUilion -Colniun! ,. ,,r the Ain''ri''i>i» -hiv.- ,l,.„Hrodnotion of fruits — the peaeh and eveii the vine beinj,^ cultivateil in jiaris near the lakes, where a distance '>nly of sonic miles into the hack country would he unfavonrahle tt the attempt. S\u;h erior, lying yet luicultivated along every lake and river of '.'anada. And then, in jiarts of the in- terior again, with improved roads, large tracts are thickly ettled, weP cultivated, and nursing within their circles thriving village^ and towns. Directly hack of the six lake-shore townships of the London District are the eleven interior — Dorchester, West- minster, T>elaware, Carradoc, Ekfrid, Mosa, Metcalfe, Ade- laide, Williams, Loho, and London. ^I'ho lirst-named of these interior townshi|>.i. Dorchester, is the most easterly of the number, ;uid has usually V'ccti divided into North and South Dorchester. The north division is watered by the south branch of the Ilivt?r Thames, and has a loamy soil, well timbered with pine. The soil of .South Dorchester is sandy, and it is timbered in front with indilFerent ([uality of pine. The pine of Don^he; ter has a good market in the town of London, and is floated down the Thames during the spring [and autum 1 Hoods. Dorchester is as yet thinly settled. ii ; !j ¥ 274 TOWNSHIP OF WESTMINSTKIl. The next township to the west is Westminster, one oi' the hest settled of the interior townships, and possessing, per- ha[»s, tiie riehest soil. The soil for the most })art is of a marly loam, the surface undulating, gradually rising in places to upwards of a hundred feet or so above the level of the Thames. The north-eastern branch, and also the njain stream of the Thames, wind below the high banks along the northern boundary of the township, and divide it from the more northerly township of London, (hie part of the town. ship of Westminster is .settled almost wholly by Scotch, and receives the name of the Scotch settlement, This settlement forms the greater part of a respectable congregation, havinjj; a place of worship in the town of London, in connection with the United Associate Synod of Scotland. The townshi].! of Delaware, the oldest settled m the (li^- trict, is yet, owing to circumstances, one of the most thinlv inhabited. The sod is loam and clay, with rich liats alviii;^ the banks of the Thames. Portions are light and sandy. being timbered with pine and oak. Carradoc, further to the wcot, has a loamy soil, and well timbered with oak. .Ekfrid, south-west of Carradoc, bus a .similar .soil, well tiuihurcl with maple and oak. Mosa, in the south-west corni.i Dt the district, and directly in the rear of the lake-shore town- ship of Aldborough, is watered by the Thames running ai/ij^ its southern boundary. This township is described a.s j»i)s- sessing a soil of loam and clay, and being well timbered with maple and oak. The townships of iVletcalfe, Adeiaidt, and Williams, situated in the north-west angle of the district, possess much excellent land, timbered with ma]de, beecli, and elm. Lobo and London, the two north-easterly t' wn- ships of the district, embrace some of the richest land in the district, The soil of both is principally a rich liiaek loam and clay. They are finely wooded, and well wateno 7< : I TOWNSHU' oK DELAWAHi:. 275 istcr, one of the possessing, pti- noftt part i^^ of n .dually rising in .,bove the level of ,nd also the mait. h banks along the livide it fr«)m the .partof thetovMi- oily l>y Scotch, anil ,t, This settlement >ugregadon,havinii idon, in connectiun tlaotl. ^t settled in the - e of the most thinly ^vith rich fiats alon^; ,re light and '^andy. ■raaoc, further to the ,d With oak. Ekfrul. ^os- ng well timbered svith jt^'calfe, Adelaide, and angle uf the district, .,\ vvith maple, beech. ,,orth-east,erly t.^v,,- ,f the richest laud m .ncipally a rich l>lack ded, and well watered 1 with the River Thames and smaller streams cour.siug them in vari«»us directions. A great proportion of the site of the town of London is sandy, tiniherc"! with oak and pine. Along the bank.s of the Thames are highly fertile flats. Lobo was .settled al>out thirty years ago chiefly by Higldaud Scotch. The mahi road from London to Port Sarnia. on the River 8t. Clair, and foot of Lake Huron, passes through this townshi}). The distance from the town of Loudon to Sarnia, by this road, is sixty miles, through a highly fertile country. Among the most interesting .spots of the district of Lon- don is the township of Delaware. This township, as has heen just stated, is the oldest in the district, the first .settlers having entered it in i 1^)6. The village of Dela- ware is one of the prettiest sj>ots in all Canada. It is situated on the great provincial road, fourteen miles south- west of London, and has been the scene of many a merry pic-uic i>arty ma»ie up from the families of the garrison and the town, Connected with the hrst settlement of Delaware, there IS a dash of romantic novelty somewhat interesting, es- pecially to those who delight to j)reserve characteristic cir- cumstances in ihe settlement of a new country. Upper (Canada, as i* generally known, first began to be peo]ded in [7b4 — the whole of it then was one vast forest. Niagara, situated on that finely salubrious neck of land between the head of Ijake Ontario and the foot of Lake Erie, was, as has been already noticed, one of the first settlements ; as was also the similarly favoured tract of country some little way up Lake Erie, in the district of Talbot, familiarly known as Long Point country. These two places were among the first foot-holds of the early settlers. The next steppings forth into the intirioi Acre directed to the spot where I h 276 STORY OP THE EAULY HETTLEKfrl. now stands the plcasuntly situate] village of Ancastt-r, seven miles west of Hamilton, at the head of I ake Ontario. Soon after this first settlement of Ancaster, some members of the families who had removed there, pushing young men, conceived an evpedition still further into the country The love of adventure, and the novelty of exploring a ne\v coimtry, would readily favour the idea of a trailing specula tion with the Indians ; and off on this errand set the party westward, with some stores of tobiicco. whisky, calicoes. knives, and trinkets. Having reache IlIVKIl SOEXERY 277 ge of Ancastt'i*. )f 1 ake Outavio. r. some members pushing yc^ung into the eouTitry. ■ exploring a new t traaing specula .and set the party whisky, calicoes, so far as Oxfor.l. imes, cast of hm ic river in a canoo. the current, awav and rapid Thames, ;angUng brushwood ng its many ben«U many a lengthene.i small, \ovf, wooded Tie rising fvom the >old steeps ('f r'^l^ ic luxuriant forest, meadowdand, more lely-)>ranehing syca- usiies of alder, with ,11 \)ending over und idy stream, id tending of th-'iv pportunity sutiieieut mee of the scenery, oil, the adventurers So, fastening their they ^-t.K.l upon the >n woods— the tower- H ing forest — its far sond>re and stilly depths, vaulted by the tliick in^xTt wining branches high above, seeming like some mighty temple, the rays of nun-light here and there flicker- ing on the lower leaves of the less and bushier trees, or shooting in narrow streams down some massy trunk Our tired adventurers seau-d themselves most likely upon one of the many old fallen trees, scattertd like benches about, as if inviting to rest and contemplation withui the shady temple, 8ome of these we observe newly fallen, others mouMering, so that touching them, like a friuble clod, they scatter into powder Others again — and those the forest wanderer h.ves much — with their thick elastic coatings of dry green moss, ofi'cr an easy scat across a clear cool spring — sometimes so small as nearly to be hidden — gurgling and playing lively through its miniature course of fallen leaves, and at times having even sand and pebbles for its diminu- tive bed. Upon one of these old mo^^sy trunks our wanderers may have resteclawaro. Thi8 we may call the story of the foundation .tying of the present London I)istrict. 1 had the facts from a re- spectal'h; worthy old settlor, whose faniily were among those very first settlers of Upper Canada at Niagara, and were also among the first in the London District, The wi- dow of one of these first settlers of Delaware, one of our ad- venturous explorers, still lived not long ago near or within the village. I have he fore mo a printed report of the pro- ceedings of a meeting of the inhal)itably not more than a thousand inhabitants ill the whole township — and from what has been incidentally noticed of the thriving progress of other townships of the district, particularly Westminster, it is instructive to note, from the proceedings of these primitive settlers, how well they foresaw the effect of the lan«i-granting system, which has since, in so marked a manner, retarded the settlement and general prosperity of the y)rovince. One can scarcely fail to admire the calm and courteous temper with which the cvii is pointed out, and a remedy proposed : and were it only to plibrti this conunentary upon the character of these first settlers of Canada, we mav be excused presenting the brief extract of their proceedings, which is as follows : — ' The greater part of the lands which constitute the 1 1' i 280 TAX UPON r?((>(X;Ul'IED LANDS. township of Delaware were }2;raiitc;d many years ago to per sons not resident in this part of the province ; or are crown and clergy reserves, which Inive been, and still continue to bo, k*n insurmountable obstacle to the formation ol a com- pact settlement in it. Tn the township of Westminster, no lands have as yet been granted but to actual settlers. /Vim! if that system is pursued by tlio government, it will, no doubt, soon form a most delightful, populous, and wealthy settlement. ' The principal pwrt of the township of Dorchester, which is not composed of clergy reserves, has been granted to per- sons not resident in this part of the province ; and there does not appear to be any probability that it will be settled soon, unless men of capital purchase. ' If his Majesty's Govermuent should grant or dispose of the crown and clergy reserves to actual settleis, and the Colonial L(ft;islature should lay a tax upon the lands of a))- sentees, so as to induce them to sell or contribute to the im provemcnt of roads, nil settlers. Au [iontainover f)0,Oi''1 now th population may he state, acres of lancrv agree.. )0y situates npon an elevated plattonn, formed lu the two hranehes, the north and south, of the river Thames, already allui point of the clear and rapid river, windinjjj its course thron;.rh partially-woodcd hanks, till wo lose sip^ht of it curvin«< into the iaishy forest A still hlglior bank, on the op[)ositc side of the sojitli bnuicli of the Thames, invites the traveller into the townshi]) of Westminster. Crossing * Westnunster Hridge/ a little \\ii\ on the left, we overlook, from the elevated hank, this wonder fully prosperous Canadian town of London, so very recemly sprung from forest solitudes. An interestir jj New World scene stretches before one There i« the crowded collection of new houses, the court house, public sc^uare, market-house, mechanics' institute, stately churches, chapels, gay and spacious shops uini streets, displaying variety of active industry, entcrprisi-, comfort, and elegance. The streets, as rs most generrdly the case in the new towns of America, are laid out in per- fectly straight lines — the principal ones running east ami west, with others intersecting at right angles. Besides thf district court-house, in the public square, there is a market- house, a district school-house, and mechanics' institute, iscopal chape). erected not long ago, at the cost of al)ont ^.0(X»O, in 'xaoo of one which was burnt down in 1844. The members of the Church of England constitute a large and highly respect- able body in London and its vicinity. There are also two t ten y«mrs or so. da. It in ^crv *onn, t'oniiofl 1>> tio river Tliamcs. ill valloy or flat. )f the town. A i)\' the dear arnl {.artially-wu'Mled thr Wiishy fnre.st the south brancli the townshiji o|' i«ls aiui ustry, enterprisi'. i-s most generally 1-0 laid out in per running east hikI igles. Besides the there is a inarket- inics' institute, all estern point of the the churches and »v Episcopal chapel. ut £W()0, in piaoo The members of the iind highly respeci- There are alsn two Ml TU.VItKf< AND I'l RLIC WORKS OF TFIR ToWS. iih'A larjfe Methodist chapels in the town ; two rroshyteriaii places of Worship, one in cniiiicction with the (hurch of Scotland, the other with the Inited Assoeiato Synod ot Scotland . al-o a Roman ('ath»n^re^'atioiiriIist meet in j^'- house. >V ith re;rard to the means of education, besides the di-ttrict or grammar scliool, there are privatv ^eniinarie> and hoardmg-sehooj.s ; thus showing that tills tio\iri>hing new to\\n, in the interior <>f Canada, is attentive not merely to material i»ri>gress. The mechanics' institute is l»elieved to be one of the mv : flourishing in (^a- nada, and is in several res]»ects further advanced than any other in the colony. Besides regular lectures during the season, in conne»;tioii with a library and museum, there are .separate rooms within the spacious building, situated upon the public s«piare, for the piirpu.ses of a day .school for children. Among the ]tublic works of the town may be mentioned, two iron-foui\dnes, three tanneries, four breweries, two distilleries, cariling machine and cloth factory ; a I ige carriage and waggon manufact<.)ry ; and among the trades carried on may be enumerated, carpenters, joiners, and ci- binet-makers — these being the most numerous ; then black- smiths, plasterers, bricklayers, shoemakers, tailors, chair- makers, coopers, painters, bakers, confectioners, upholsterers, plumbers, and brassfounders, saddlers, hatters, and several others. Besides these, there are the numerous grocers and drapers' shops, watchmakers, ap; a central station for this western peninsula, about twelve or thirtecD years ago, very greatly assisted in giving an impetus U> tlii> now flourishing part of Canada. London is nuw a faNouritt, station, with both oificers and men, of the regiments stationcl in Canada. The toAvn has been twice nearly destroyed bv fire, but such has been the energy and ability of the inha- bitants that, on each occasion, the town presented shortly afterwards a greatly improved and more substantial a[>yiear ance. buildings of brick two, three, and even four storeys in height, had taken the place of the old wooden franie- houses. I have no doubt that many reading such particulars will have afterwards different views with regard to the condition of (^anada as a prosperous field for emigration. I Avas my self very pleasingly disappointed upon visiting Canafla having had little idea that the country could show so largo a share of solid comforts, with its numerous openings fo, enterprise, along with not only the enjoyments, l>ut very r->any of the luxuries and elegancies of life. A gentleman who had resided in Jamaica during the administration of Sir Charles Metcalfe, while travclliui' through Canada, in the autumn of 1 S43, and upon being in troduccd at a public meetiug in the town of London by thv Hon. G. J. Coodlure, a member of the Legislative Count'il ol the province, and an inhabitant of the town — took occasioi, thus to express sentiments not uufre(|uently suggested to the traveller upon his first arrival in the flourishing settleraeiu> of Upper Canada : — ' The time is not far distant,' observed this gentleman, ADA. station, there bcinir artillery, necessaries, but the luxuries of life They will learn that this town, which now consists of handsfma; build- ings (the one in which we ;ire now assend)led, the Mechanics' Institute, giving a stamp of respectability, intelligence, and a taste for the fine arts, of which you may be justly proud), contained but four cottages fourteen years ago. These facts will speak trumpet-tongued, an^48, has been 98,851 — the population in 1824 haviDir been 17,539, and in 1848 it amounted to lHj',490. The ^juantity of land within the present district of Lol rlon is estimated at 999, 0(H) acres. The quantit}' of thi> occupied in 184^ was 624,600 acres. The quantity culii vated was J 78,500 acres — 127,700 acres being under tillage. and 50,800 acres under pasture, The quantity of wild laml in the district, by the official returns of 1848, was 440,0(ni acres. The quantity of land returned as unfit for cultiv.i tion was 16,400 acres. The average value of cleared laii' was seventy shillings currency, or fourteen dollars per aci't The average value of wild land, twenty-five shillings cm rency, or five dollars per acre. The quantity of cultivated laud in the district m 184 1 was 101,586 acres ; and there having been 178,569 acres in 1848, shews an increase of cultivated surface, within sevon years, of nearly 77,000 acres. The apportioiunent of laiui under tillage to respective crops ii' 1848, was as follows ;— ;iioP8. re and fast-grow In <; Strict. In 18H9 tlu lot was 9060. The separate district was ,vi of the district <>\ [•on vva» the next cut In 1842 this iv-w e total popvdation 'J : population of Talbot lat of Huron -20,4 r.O. ;he county uf Middk'- aratc districts liaviu^' -,d district, contaniiuff ; and the increase (ft lid district, from 1 s24 jition in 1824 iiavmg to 116,490. resent district of Loti- The quantity of thi> The ->, 1348 bushels barley, 164,537 )>ushels pease, 147,900 bushels potatoes, h8,447 Itushels inai/e or Indian eurn, 30,538 bushels buck wheat, and 11,^63 bushels rye. Besides these amounts of produce, there were limited quan- tities of flax and toliacco. The quantity of rjiaple sngar produced in 1848, from the sap of the maple tree, was 525,000 lbs. The quantity of wool produced in the district in 184S was 232, 7oo lbs. The quantity of fulled wocdlen cloth, chi'jfly for the ordinary clothing of the farmers, was 59,500 yards, of linen 2 J96 yards, and of flannel 130,200 yards. The ({uantities of dairy produce and provisions pre- pared for market included 55,500 lbs. cheese, 351,900 lbs. l;utter, and I7.6i.>5 barrels pork and beef. This quantity of beef and pork, prepared by the inhabi- tants of the district of Lond(tn in ls48 ^vas larger than that of any other district in Uj)per Canada. The ([uantity pre- pared l)y the Home l)istrict was the next largest, having been 14,5(!4 barrels. Only two districts produced larger ,5o( sheep, and 45,704 pigs. These numbers of the res))()K,", natives of Scotland, 5272 ; natives of Ireland, 3727 ; native of the United States, 2040 ; natives of Germany, 1:^^ natives of Canada of French origin, 99 ; and natives other countries, 594. The number of natives of Scotlan in the district was the largest number in 1848 inhabitiii any other district of Upper (Janada, with two exceplinn- These were the districts of Home and Wellington— r!,( number of natives of Scotland in the Home District m i^i] TION. CoLOrRED POPULATION' OF aFBICAN ORIGIN. 2Ki 2,319 horses, 00,5 in trs of tlie res})<^.<-ti\i; ossessed by the Home Upper Canada. Tho /e stock possessed hy •2 neat cattle, 21, Ton crs. The preparation e have previously ob per Canada. of London is com iry district of I'lMiei •y, mostly all of tluii: ^raVde number .>! the districts, bom u) tlu' ,, many of wlioui. freiii ts, left the now bviiie.l heir independeiice, an 1 dony of Canada. The Jpper Canada, in th( ally, aie descended rl ,m Britam within lb: of Canada, cliietly of London in 184«, wiis r Eni^land was ;J»>'""| . Ireland, 3727 ; iKitivo es of Germany, l^v u, 99 ; and native^ ('f of natives of Sc(.tland d)er in 1^48 mhabituu [1, with two exctipiion- and Welhiigton-tliL Home L^istrict in Ib-i^ ii being 0490, and the nund^er in the \Vcllin«^ton district .')20;j. 'Che numbers of coloiired persons of African origin in the district wure 374 males, and lOO females. This disproj>or- uon oi the sexes amon^ this unfortunate race iuhabitin^ this and other parts of Canada, has been already alluded to in the chapter on ])opulati<)n, in a previous part of the work. Generally speaking, this coloured portion of the population, both in the country parts an tract they now possess on the Thames. Many of them huv Imilt comfortable houses, and are beginning to raise arouin them cultivated fields. A division of this tribe emigratci] t< Green Bay, on Lake ^Michigan, in the United States, bu the greater number, it is believed, came to Canada. Some j.ar of the tribe who remained lingering, as it were, in th Mohawk Valley, were exjtected soon after to join the part^ of their brethren on the Thames, on com[)leting the arrange ments in the women iu Canada ; the features les.s strongly marked — in mako much lighter, yet robust, and their manners frequently are soft and simple to extreme. They have an archness at times, and subdued smile, or light clear laugh, especially when together — delighting to ])arry all attempts to lead them into talk. Though few can use English like the men, who mostly have it more or less broken, and also sparingly use it, even those of the women who can, incline rather to their natural shvness and reserve. The dress of the Indian squaw very frequently is a blanket, or square of blue broa g into London iu uigl' ■^ \ \ j^pirits to dispose of their captiirc. Their wives and children usually accompany them, and several shaggy, n'A^, and lean, but sharinluoking dogs — all which, with blankets, kettles, ann the Thames, quite otf all main roads, and removed from other settlers, I can only make a rough estimate, and would say there may be some- where about a thou.sand — the Oueidas nundjering the most The number of houses occupied in the district of London, exclu.sive of the town of London, by the population of 41,1H)3, thus limited, was in 184s 7097. The number of vacant houses returned was 21 3. The number of proprie- tors asses.sed was 1744 ; and of non-proprietors assessed 2009. The numl)er of persons engaged in professions was 87, in trade or commerce 2(>2, in handicraft 758, as labourers 2S9, in factories iOo, and in agriculture 5508. The number of houses occupied in the town of London by the population of 4584, in 1848, was 822. The number of vacant houses was 13. The number of proprietors assessed was 35s, and of non- proprietors assessed, 484. The number oi persons engaged in professions was 05, in trade or coumierce 93, in handicraft 211. and as labourers 97. The number of churches hi the district in 1848 was oij, public schools 143, inns 1 13, and uierchants' shops or stores 83. The number of churches is exceeded only by four other older settled di.-^tricts of l^|)per Canada — The Home, Niagara, Newcastle, and Gore Districts, The Home Dis- trict contains 172 churches, Niagara 90, Newcastle 70, and I! •21)4 POADS OP THE DlfiTRIfT. y several older (settled districts, as also the numher of inn.- and merohiints' shops or stores. The principal roads which intersect ':he district of Lo i- don in various directions, as well as those of the other districts of the peninsula, have been much improved of lute years ; and may be said to be excellent. The main pro- vincial mail coach road from Hamilton, at the htiad ot Lake OntaJio, westward through the town of London, is macadamised and planked in the best manner. This, too, is soon to be superseded by a ry,ilway. The distance from Hamilton westAvard to London is eighty-five miles. From London, south-west to the town of Chatham, fifteen miles from the mouth of the Thames, where it enters Lake St. Clair, the distance is about sixty-five miles, along an excel lent road. Directly we-' from the central part of London to the town of Sarnia, at the head of the river St Clair, the distance is sixty miles along a good road. North to the town of Goderich, at the mouth of the river Maitland on Lake Huron, the distance is also sixty miles. And soutli from London to Port Stanley on Lake Erie, the chief ship- ping port of the district, the distance of twenty -six miles is along a continuation of the excellent planked road fion; Hamilton. There are regular mail stages between all of these places and the emigrant from Europe may approach the centre ot this peninsula by any of these five points, and if be chooses, without having had more than one dat/s inn journey from the hour in which he stepped on board the vessel at Liverpool or the Clyde. This illustrates ven distinctly the advantages Canada enjoys from its extent ot SIR JAMES ALEXANDKH's rXPEIUKNOES OF CANAPA. 29.'> ations of tliese dis- re larger than that also exceedt'tl hy he uviiuber of inn.- ,ho district of Lo'.i- thoso of th'j other ,ch improved of Uito it. The main pro- ;on, at the head ot town of London, is manner. This, too, The distance from ty-five miles. From hatham, tifteen miles :e it enters Lake St ^niles, along an excel- :itral part of Londoi; ,f the river St. Clair, ood road. North to the river Maitland, ty miles. And south Krie, the chief ship- lof twenty -six miles is t planked road from jen all of these places, [pproach the centre of points, and if he than one datfs (an stepped on board the ITkis illustrates very )ys from its extent oi m ,7r^ internal navigation. Ili-re is a most flourishing ' o\t'rliir)kiii^' llie Lake- I'opul.ition arul Liiuds of thr District — Ctiltivjited Lands and I'roduce of Crops — Kxtent nnd Value of Lands — Descriptiiiii of ro])ulation ■Miscellaneous I'rodmis of the District —(ieiieral Statistics ol I'npulatiun l'roj{ress and Success of ScUiers— Town of (ioderii h, on the River Maitland — Town of Stratford, on the River Avon — Aequaintanre with it Scotch Settler, Mr. .lohii Linton Rapid ('iiaii^res in the I'rogreHS uf Caniul.i -.Settiraiiiit uf the 'lovMislup of iJliinshard -Village of St. Mary's, on tlie Thames- -(>]>erat ions and llonournltle Dealinns of the Canada I oiu pany — New County of Uruec—Sau'^een River and Harbour — JHiie Proinis** of the Country. Ivp shall close these The Western and lining to he noticed. Situated directly north of the district of Lonihtn, and fronting along the eastern shore of Lake Huron, is the ex- tensive and fertile Dlstrict of Huron. It consists of three counties, eml)racing in all forty towu.ships. The county of Bruce, the most northerly of the three, is a comparatively recent addition to the old district, hav- in}^ been constituted during the administration of the pre- r 298 DIVISIONS OP THE IIUIION DIBTIUCT. sent Oovernor-Gencral of (■aiiada, whose family name i hears in compliment to bis excellency. The names of the eleven townships embraced by the county of Bruce art Arran, 8augeen, liruce, Kincardine, Huron, Canick, Brant Elderslie, Oulross, Ivlnloss, and Greenock. The five first named front aU'Ug the shore of T,ake Huron, Arran beiim the most northerly. The eastern boundary of Arran alsr extends to tlie north-western l)oundary of the present e\ tensive district of AVellington, or, more strictly speaking, county of Waterloo, which forms the eastern boundarv ot the entire district of Huron. The three townships \A the- county of Bruce, Elderslie, Brant, and Culross, also adjoin the w .'Stern boundary of the district of Wellington. The county of Huron, situatdl directly south of that o Bruce, contains seventeen townships, the names of which are, Ashtield, Colborne, Goderich, Stanley, Hay, Stephe?i. M'Gillivray, Biddulph, Usborne, Tuckersmith, HuUot, Wa- wanosh, Turnberry, JMonis, JNI'Ivillo}*, IIoAvick, and Grey The seven first named of these townships front along the shores of Lake Huron, Ashfield l>eing the most northerly. The other ten are situated chiefiy along the northern and eastei'n boundary of the county. Directly east of the county of Huron, and west of the county of Waterloo, or district of Wellington, is the cnuitj of Perth, containing twelve townships, the names of wluch are Wallace, Elma, Logan, Hibbert, Fullartou, Blan.sLard, Bownic, Gore of Downie, EUice, Mornington, and Korth and South Easthope. This county, which was recently forniod from a part of the old limits of tlv) (;<)unty of Huron, has its southern boundary, containing ihe townships of Blaii- shard, Gore of Downie, and South Easthope, along the northern boundary of the county of Oxford, or district of Brock. IBTRICT. DESCRIPTION OF SOIL OP THE DISTRICT. 299 lose family name it . The names of the ;oimty of Bruce arc uroii, Canick, Brant, nock. The five first Huron, Arran heinu mdary of Arran also ry of the present e.\- )re strictly speaking. eastern honndarv of iree townships ts undis- turbed in n state of nature, is generally everywhere covered with a considerable depth of rich vegetable mould. The country is watered in every direction by a variety of line streams. The principal rivers are the Maitland, the Bay- iield, the Sables, the Thames, the Saugeen. and the Avon. The three first named chiefly water the county of Huron ; the Thames and the Avon, the county of Perth ; and the Saugeen flows into liake Huron, towards the north part of the county of Bruce. There are otlier fine streams and several beautiful lakes in parts of the district. The late Dr. Dunlop, a name not unknown in Britain, as the author of ' the Backwoodsman,' and a contributor to Blackwood's Magazine — and whose strong practical sagacity and shrewd powers of oV)servation, together with his ac- (luaintance with the colony, were not unaj)preciated in Canada — has left an interesting report of the district of Huron. Dr. Dunlop at one time represented the county of Huron in the provincial parliament. The whole district of Huron — which then was limited to the present counties of Huron and Perth — may be said, to use the words of this re- port of Dr. Dunlop, to be bedded at various depths on a recent limestone formation, though sometimes this is varied with sandstone, which, however is not pure, but seems to ha\e been a stratum of sand bound together by lime. The principal timber is the descriptions already named ; and in :JU<^ LAKK HURON, AND RIVKRS OP THE DISTRICT. lesser (quantity cherry, hickory, ash, oak, hemlock aii j)ine. These descriptions of tmiber indicate, especial! the tirst named alluded to, the best quality of land, and tl quantity of pine in the district indicating rather inferi. land is exceedingly limited. This hiierior spot is believe to be a small narrow strip along the lake in the .soiit.l west corner of the district, and near the mouth of the rive Sables. ' The rivers and lake," continues the official report of 1- Dunlop, ' abound with fish, among which may be enumeratt. the sturgeon, river trout, pike, pickerel, maskononge, niul let, carp, sucker, herring, white-fish, bass, sun-fish, cat-fish and an undescril>ed species of the salmon tribe, called ; mackinaw trout. The game common to the province i found in abundance, except in two townships, Godericl and Oolborne, where every kind of it is scarce.' With re gard, however, to these advantages of Hsh and game, ai old farmer and wealthy settler is said to have well observed that a new settler can earn a quarter of beef in the tinu which it takes him to hunt for a quarter of venison. Th( fisbmgs of Lake Huron we believe, notwithstanding, nut}' yet employ profitably a great deal of labour and capital, The result of the enterprise of a single individual id the fisheries round the Saugeen islands, in the season of \.MS, Was 600 barrels of salmon, herring, and white-fish, | The district is believed to be exceedingly healthy, vvbicb in part may be owing to its elevated position, being a tattle- land varying from 120 to 3(K) feet above the level of Lake Huron, and from 480 to (JOO feet above Lake Ontario Owing to the great depth of Lake Huron, this large Ixxly of water never freezes across ; and the district, situated as it is along its banks, while it has its summer heats c< )led, has also its cold in winter tempered ; and the chmate i> HE DISTRICT. POPULATION AND LANDS. 301 h, oalc, hemlock atul r indicate, especially uality of land, and the eating rather infer im ferior spot is believerl he lake in the sonth- ;he mouth of the river le official report of Dr. ich may be enumerated 3rel, maskononge, mul- bass. sim-hsh, cat-fish. salmon tribe, called u on to the province is .) townships, Godericli . is scarce.' With re- of fish and game, an 1 to have well observed 2r of beef in the time arter of venison. The notwithstanding, may of labour and capital. ngle individual in t|ie in the season of \Ms, nd white-fish, i ;edingly healthy, vvblch )Osition, being a table- )ove the level of hake above Lake <)ntario Airon, this large body le district, situated us summer heats o )led, [\ • and the clnuate i> i thus more favourable than in other parts of America lying in the same latitude, This fertile and generally favoured district which, in 1842, contained a population of 01!M», had within the next six years — namely, up to 1848, more than doubled this amount of population. The population of the district in 1848 was 20,4.')(). The (pumtity of land occupied by the population of 1842 was 24(»,()0() acres — not <|uite •2."),0(H) of which were under cultivation. The population of 1848 — which had d' course extended over the newly-con- stitutnl territory of Bruce county — occupied not less, ac- cording to government returns, than 307,975 acres — 62,894 of which were under cultivation — 40,0(>() acres being under tillage, and 15,889 acres under })asture. The (juantity of land under wheat crop in the district in 1848 WdS 22,054 acres, which produced 305,725 bushels. The quantity of land under oats was 7468 acres, which pro- 'bleed 174,736 bushels. The quantity under pease was 1923 ;;. ^. which produced 36,540 bushels ; that undtv/ potatoes . •^■' ; Licres, producing 125,492 bushels; that under barley 724 acres, producing 13,143 bushels ; and that under maize (•r Indian corn 406 acres, producing /'113 bushels. The other descri])tions of crops cultivated in the district in 1848 were rye and buck wheat, to the limited extent of 72 acres having been employed in the production of rye, and 26 acres in the production of buck wheat. The produce amounted to 1073 bushels rye, and 451 bushels buck wheat. The quantity of wild land in the district, according to the returns of 1848, was 294,541 acres; and the quantity returned as at present considered unfit for cultivation was 1 1,541 acres. The average value of wild land in the district is returned as being fifteen shillings currency, or three dol- lars per acre ; and that of cleared land sixty shillings cur- rency, or twelve dollars per acre. "g^l^W^jjIWjg^J^- :i02 QEXERAJi STATISTIC.^ OF POPULATION. The miscellaneous products of the district of Ilurou 1848, with its population of 20,450, included nearly ;i( lbs, Hax, a small (piantity of tobacco, 194,223 lbs. rrui] sugar, and 43,71)0 lbs. wool. Besides \)',)7'2 yards fu'J woollen cloth, 1451 yards linen, and 33,451 yards flai)n The dairy produce and provisions for market consisted chie of 5549 lbs. cheese, 03,944 lbs. butter, and 2181 barrels po and beef. The live stock consisted of 21,463 neat catt 2004 horses, 17,341 sheep, and 19,'^' ^4 swine. The population of the district consisted of 7400 nati\ of Canada of British origin, 2326 natives of England, 2ti natives of Scotland, 5832 natives of Ireland, 191 natives Canada of French origin, 1501 natives of Germany, 3 natives of the United States, and 196 natives of other coii tries. The numbers of coloured persons of African mi in the district were 42 males and 35 females. The nun bar of children between the ages of live and sixteen in tl district was 5482, and the number of those on the roll of tli public schools was 2450. The number of public schools i the district was 44 ; the number of churches 15, inns 5: and merchants' shops or stores 39. The number of houses occupied in the district of lluroi in 1848 by the population of 20,450 was 3624, The nam ber of houses vacant was 94. The number of proprietor assessei the district of Huron has been a very interesting one, illus- trating as it does the advantages which Canada presents to ordinary industry and perseverance. We will take a uiance at a part of the past history of one of the townships of the POPULATION. PROGRESS AND SUCCESS OF SETTLERS. 303 be district of Hurou in ), included nearly 3(iO(i !C0, 194,223 lbs. inHplc- ides *.)!J72 yards fullod id 33,451 yards flannel, market consisted chieflv r, aud 2181 barrels pork . of 21,463 neat cattle, ^4 swine. )nsisted of 7400 native^- atives of England, 2);34 Ireland, 191 natives ol iti\es of Gern^iany, 3'iii i() natives of other couu- ;rsons of African origin J5 females. The num- live and sixteen in the f those on the roll of the ler of public schools in churches 15, inns 52, n the district of lluron was 3624. The muu. number of proprietors u'ietors assessed 181". professions wa^ 79, in raft, 506, in factorie> e 3242. on of the population oi J interesting one, illu»- ch Canada presents to We will take a ghinco f the to\Ynships of tin- • listrict. The township of Goderich, situated in the north- we; tern part of the district along Lake Huron, had in 1840 a })opulation, exchisive of the town, of aliove lOUO, in pos- session of l)etween 5000 and 6000 acres of land under culti- vation, with upwards of 140 yoke of oxen, nearly 500 cow.s, 130 horses, louo young cattle, 6(y0 sheep, and 2300 pigs" The aggregate means of these colonists on arriving in Canada, according to olficial returns, was estimated at i/'2:^,800, their means on going upon their lands at £23,600, and in l84o the value of their stock an. ing the natural harbour formed by the mouth of the r Maitland. Two piers have been built, and in 1843 vei drawinf^ nine feet water had access. A steauiboat usij plys between Goderich and Detroit, in connection with steamers from Buffalo, and the Canada ports on Lake I Mail stages run regularly to and from Loudon, a distanc sixty miles south of Goderich. There is also another portant main Une of road running in a south-easterly di tion through the district from (rodericb to the town of iiiilton, at the head of Lake Ontario. The distance t Hamilton to Goderich by this route, through the town Pundas, Gait, and Stratford, is 10.') miles. The settlem along this line, through which daily stage coaches now are very flourishing. Among the rising towns of the district is Stratford, chief town of the new county of Perth, situated on the i»a of the river Avon. Its situation is at a point where townships meet on four small hills sloping to the river, on the main road just mentioned, leading from Goderic Hamilton. There are several beautiful lakes on the j side near this Stratford-upon-Avon of Canada. As an stance of the spirited character of Stratford, which has a population of between 800 and 900, it was the first to c mence an Agriciltural Society in the district, and the anic of premiums the Society j)aid from 1842 to LS48 inclui' was upwards of ^^400. This Society, which receives its ra bers from several of the townships in the vicinity, awai premiums in 1 848 to the amount of £H0. The amount j during the same year by the various societies of the ili.>t was between ,£200 and £30(J. These facts are mentionc shew the spirit of active zeal pervading this part of Can in regaril to agricultural enterprise and general impn nient. ••a rER MAlTIiAND. the mouth of the ri\t!) uilt, and iu 1843 vessels ;. A steaiuboat Uf-uallv in connection with tlic lada ports on Lake Erie oin Loudon, a distance r>\ here is also another iiii in a south-easterly direc ierich to the town of H:s ario. The distance fruiii .te, through the towns ot f) miles. The settlement^ ly stage coaches now nii„ e district is Stratfonl, tin erth, situated on the hanks is at a point where tV.ui ^s sloping to the river, avi4 leading from Goderich t.' [lutiful lakes on the r-ii! on of Canada. As an ii. Stratford, wliich has \m 0<\ it was the first to coiii- \e district, and the amount ,m 1842 to 1848 inclusive iy, which receives its mem ■s in the vicinity, awarle. of i;80. The amount pai' 3US societies of the distric; lese facts are mentioned t ading this part of Canada ise and general improve ACQr.MNTANCE WITfr A HCOTril SETTT.ER. nor> £' I may here mention that J have the pleasure of being personally acijuainted with one of the most active and in- telligent of the settlerM of Stratford, Mr. John Linton, who has puhlished some very excellent and shrewd observations regarding the progress of Canada, in a small ]tamphlet, entitled ^ The Life of a Backwoodsman ; or |)articulars of the emigrant's situation in settling on the wild land in Canada.' Mr. Lint(m iK'longs to a respectable and intelligent class of Scotch settlers, frequently to be met with in Canada, and who have in almost every instance, where good conduct and industry were ' .sc -ucceeded well ' >;.■ ast time I saw Mr. Linton was in Montreal, durhig the winter of 1848, on the occasion of his being dei)uted by his fellow- townsmen and neighbours to [)roceed to the seat of Government while the Provincial Parliament was in session, for the purpose of endeavouring to procure legislative sanction to embody the eight adjoining townships arovuid Stratford into a separate district. As counties are now the legally recognised divi- sion«, the county of Perth has been since formed, having Stratford for the county town. It is thus that district after district grows up in Canada, just as if, we may .say, a new and more flourishing country was growing up from the old and former one, time after time. P>ery ten years entirely changes the face of the country, with its wonderful strides of improvement ; so that Canada of 1840 was so very diflerent from Canada of 1830 ; and the pro- gress of the last ten years is even more wonderful still. This may be said very emphatically with regard to these more western parts of the country. It is very marked, indeed, all above Kingston, along the shores of Lake Ontario, around Toronto, but especially in almost every direction throughout the great peninsula from Hamilton westward. imi 30t> SETTLEMENT OF THE TOWNSHJI' OF Bl-ANSHAUD. H As a striking' instance illustrative of those remark nmy mention that one of the townships of the II i District was entirely unsettled in 1H40. Not a single habitant was returned on the offioial assessment roll ; masa of forest was imhroken. But its fertile soil beautiful situation on the Thames attracting some sett its growth became so rapid, that in 1846 the reti showed a population of nearly 1300 ; in 1848 the inhabit had increased to 1900 ; and at i)resent the numbei inhabitants of this settlement may be estimated at nei 3000. The village of St. Mary's in this township of Blansi: is a most lovely spot. The north branch of the Tha here runs over a limestone bed, through beautifully dulating banks ; and the stream is clear as crystal. woods around are fine and stately, and of a description dicating the best quality of soil. There is an abundaiK limestone suitable for building, upon the site of the vilj; and flour and saw mills of the stone are erected, atiurable principles. We have said very little of the now county of l>ruce. because as yet very little detailed information has been circulated respecting it. In the leport ot" a surveyor, pub- lished several years ago, before the territory was laid out as a settlement, the country is described as most beautifully rolling, and finely vvatered with springs, which the winter never freezes. The river Saugeen — which empties itself into Lake Huron, sixty or seventy miles north of Goderich, and said to be navigable for vessels of heavy burthen f(;r twenty miles from its mouth — promises to be one of the best har- bours on that great lake. The country watered by this river, and now embraced within the limits of the new countj^, was then predicted to become one of the greatest .vheat-fields of Upi)er Canada ; and it was also at the same time very confidently affirmed by those who seemed to l»e well ac(piainted with the territory, that it would, within fifteen or twenty years, along with the then district of Huron, send as much wheat through the Welland Canal. as then passed it, of surplus produce grown on the whole Canadian side of Lake Erie. Should these statements ami affirmations approach anywise near correctness, the :S;..»f.i: ■J, ;j().s FINE I'UOMISE OP THE COUNTIIV. ■i i oomitry of the Sau^een, now the county of Bruce, will 1» come in no very long time one of the most prosperous spo of Oanacla. The established high character of the lau( of the adjoining district of Huron is some presumpti evidence, besides, of similar excellence in the lands of tli new county. The next chapter will contain an account of the on remaining district of Canada now to be noticed, which the most westerly of all. \ ■ ■( ^i -f If? OUNTKY. inty of Bruce, will bo- 1 most prosperous spots character of the lands I is some presuuiptivt; ice in the lands of this an account of the only to be noticed, whicli U CHAl'TRU XXI. i DISTRICTS OK UPPER CANADA Acrourit of Uic Western Distrirt — CJcnrml ("hnractcr — Ahnmlunn (il triiith - ScciK rj (111 the River Detroit- Divisions of Distrirt—County ot liiimtiton— River Syili'tiluini, Louutiy VVntercd by ir -Town (if Somia ou tli- St. Clair — County 'if K»'n!--I,;incls of the Cdunty -Cliutlmni and l/i.iisvilie, on Uit nianies— The Cuuiitry rpwunls — Indian Settlement of .Moraviontown— Mattlu. and l^t^struetiou ni Indian Villiijie— Indian Cliief Teeum.seli — Hattle- field, and Deserted Vdlutre— Ajif'ariini'e of New Settlement— Harbour ol Iloiiileau, on Lake Erie — New Ro.« i, and CirciMous Navigation — County of Essex- General Advantaj^es, Cliiua^e, and Soil — Eine Kruils - 'iown of Ani- her9tburt;h— Historical Associations— Lust War with Anienca— Military Im- portance of Amlier^tburj;!'. during the War - Port of Ainlierstburjili- Vessels and Description of Produi i Sliipped-Cultivation of Ifenip and Tobaroor- Sandwich and Windsor, on the Detroit — Reminiscences -Population and Lands of Western District —F^xtint of Districts in Canada — Livi; Stock and Products i.>f Western District - Lands, Crojis, and Produce — Characteristics of District— Steam PropelleiS Sketches of Districts Concluded. The remaining occupied part of Upper Osuiada now to he noticed, fonuing tho soutli-west point of the western pen- insula of Canada, and situated directly to the south and west of the districts of Huron and London, is The Western District. This extensive district, the extreme south-western point of British America, is an exceedingly interesting one. Bordering for a stretch of between one and two hundred ;n(> SrEXERV ON THE HETHOIT KIVEK. niilcs along tho chores of I.uko Krie, the l)«^troit River, L St. Clair, tho River St. (Mair, and tho most southern ] of Lake Huron, the Western District possesses a clinia coniitiired with other ptu-ts of Cunuda and British Anieri peculiarly mild and etiuable. Every description of fV ucrown in Canada is produced hero in fuller perfection ; a in the dldcr and hotter inhahited settlements along t hanks of the Detroit River, where are situated the towns Amhersthurgh, and Sandwich, and along the River Than towards the town of Chatham, the country is remarkal for numhers of luxuriant orchards, producing some ot t rinest api)les known in North America ; also pears, pf-acli ))lums, cherries, and, in instances, several varieties of graj of good ordinary size and flavour. Melons are pro<.luc in great abundance, and of excellent (piality ; and t tomato, which is greatly prized here, is much cultivat All along the banks of the above-named lakes and rive generally, especially along tho Detroit River, connectii Lake Erie with Lake St. Clair, the country presents dii ing summer and autumn the most luxuriant and sniilii aspect. The scenery of the Detroit is really charnuiig, and sliall ever preserve the remem])rahce of many pleasant ih) I spent upon its banks. In parts, as in the vicinity ( Amherstburgh, those banks are slightly elevated ; aii' though much worn away by the action of storms and oth( causes, they still display slopes or small rugged steep covered to the water's edge with trees, flowers, and shrul' and the wild vine luxuriantly clustering and twining aroun the trunks, and overtopping and bending into sort.s c fanciful bowers the bushy branches of the trees. Tho broa expanded river here, at the meeting of its deep full water with Ljike Erie, is studded with verdant wooded islan
  • (•ountry is reniurkahlc , pro'lucing some of the iea ; also pears, peaches, iveral varieties of <;ru})es Melons arc pro xrdant wooded islands. ACronNT OV TIIK WESTERN M.STKirT. :ui I. Nariod in ehinictor an*! size. This charming .scene — c^pc- cially so in one of the pure, fresh, still mornings of summer, when the AmtTican climate is the most delicious, probably, even t<> inuigme — is one of those we may yet enjoy, in a groat measure unchanged, which so enchanted the earl_\ French voyagers, particularly the accomplished Charlevoix, who, addressing the l>uchess de LesLill beauty which sur rounded it then, a century and more ago, for the busy life- stinings of crowding sails and stately itcam-vessels i assing and repa.ssing, laden with the riches of the inexhaustible west, and with its eager bustling population. Tlie Western District — stretching from the s ath-wt ^ern point of the district of Ihiion, all along the rivers f^* ciair and Detroit, and Lake St. Clair, and around t' the head of Lake Mrie. at the south western j)oint of the distr ct of Lon- don — is now divided into the three counties of Lambton, Kent, and Iv-sex, embracing in all twenty-nine townships. The most northerly of these three counties, one recently c<.>nstituted from a large and fertile portion o.'' the district. is the county of Lambton. It is situated directly west of the district of Li^ndou, now, more strictly speaking, county of Middlesex ; and has its north-western boundary along the south-eastern shore of Lake lIuro;» ; its western along tho River 8t. Clair, and its southern al •• the north part of the county of Kent, which county extends to the shores of Lake Erie. The county of LambtCf contains the ten townships of Bosan(|uet, Plympton, F'arnia, Moore, Sombra, Dawn, p]uphemia, Knniskillon, Brooke, and Warwick. The five first named of these townships front along the shores of Lake Huron and the River St. Clair. , :{i «> COUNTY OP LAMBTON. The county of Larnbton contains a larpje portion of tli most fertile lands of the district. The townships of Sarni and Moore are very i'nely situated along the banks of th River St. Clair. The banks of the up|x;r part of the St. Claii along which these townships are situated, are very delight f'ui They present in places agreeable slopes, finely wooded, ani a good deal cultivate(^ to the margin of the clear smoothlj Howing river. This county is otherwise abundantly watered. Th< River Sydenham, which empties itself near the foot of th( River St. Clair, stretches with its two branches through tin greater number of the townships of the county. The easi l)ranch, which takes its rise in the north part of the distriol of London, waters in its course seven townships, four oi which are in the county of Larnbton. The north branch, which takes its rise in the north part of tht county, liows for the most part in a south-western direction through tht. county, watering five townships. Both branches are for a short distance, navigable for large lake-going vessels — tli east branch for about nine miles, and the north branch foi about five miles from their junction with tlie main stream, which point, called popularly ' The Forks,' possesses, in addition, a navigation to the mouth of about nine miJo. The depth of water ranges from ten to twenty feet. A few miles above the junction or ' forks ' of the River Sydenluuri the land is finely undulating and heavily timbered. ^Miich of the country situated below this point is, on the other hand, low and marshy. As a whole, some of the best Ian*! in the Western District, and most agreeably situated stretches along the banks of these branches of the River Sydenham. There are other lesser streams watering thi- part of Canada, which, though not navigable, are important as sites for the erection of mills, and for other purposes- >N- TOWN OF SAUXIA. 313 I larf^e portion of the e townships of Sarnia ong the banks of the ur part of the St. Clair, ed, are very delightful )es, finely wooded, and of the clear smoothly lantly watered. The If near the foot of the , branches througli the the county. The east rth part of the district -en townships, four of 1. The north branch, •t of the county, iiows direction through the oth branches are for a ake-going vessels— tho the north branch for with the main stream, Forks,' possesses, in W of about nine miles. to twenty feet. A few if the River Sydenham ,vily timbered. Much point is, on the other some of the best hmd t agreeably situated, uanches of the Kiver streams watering this ,Vigable, are important for other purposes— i n. not to speak of the beauty which such streams lend to the landscape. Sarnia, which is the chief town of the county of Lambton, is very j)loasantly situated on a high bank at the commence- ment of the River St. Clair, near the foot of Lake Huron. Its situation at this western point of tho country, at the head of this fine river, gives promise of its continuing to be an impor- tant town, that will steadily grow with the large and fertile back country with which it is directly connected. Steam-b<»ats touch here "U their voyages to and from that portion of the Far West bordering along the great upper lakes ; and the Great Western RaiKvay, now being carried through the Western 1 eninsula of Canada, from the head ef Lake ()ntario westward, will have a terminus at the town of Sarnia. This town is luiderstood to owe its origin and nmch of the pros- perity of its gratifying progress to the enterprise and energy of a single mdividual. a gentleman well known throughout Canada, more particularly in the western part of it. The county of Kent is situated directly south of that of Laml'ton, and extends, as we have already oi served, to the shores of Lake Erie. It contains eleven townships, six of which front along Lake Erie. The names of those six, commencing at the most westerly, adjoining the district of London, are Oxford, Howard, Harwich, Raleigh, East Tilbury, and Ronmey. The remaining five townships situ- ated to the north and west, are Zone, Cambdcn, Chatham, East and West Dover, and West Tilbury. The town^iiips of Dover and W'est Tilbury front along the River St. Chtir. This division of the Western District, consisting of the county of Kent with its eleven townships, is abundantly and agreeably watered by the River Thames. The Thames courses through the interior and central portion of the county, fonning the natural }>ouLdary to its two ranges of f 314 LANDS OP TUB COUNTY OP KENT. townships, extending along its northern and southern bar The River Thames has alread_y received some notice opening the account of the district of London. The hind of the county of Kent is, fur the most pait the best ([uality, the soil being chiefly a rich clayey loam, good deal of the land along the shore of Lake St. Clair, j around the mouth of the River Thames, which flows into \ comparatively small lake, is low and marshy ArouH'l mouth of the river, and for some way up, the country | sents an extent of hundreds of acres of flat }»rairie ajipt ance, without a tree, tho resort of ducks and other wild fo- and, during the dry months of summer, cattle may be s grazing half hid among the rank vegetation. Towards town of Chatham, which is fifteen miles u]» the deep nii gable river, the banks Ijecome higher anitants, probably, liol Chatham are old French settlers, not very ambitious ^ tainly in the management of their farms. The town of Chatham, the county town of Kent, spirited place, of about 2()0() inhabitants, in Avhich a g( deal of business is done. The lands around it are of very })est description, the soil being a richly fertile bl; loam, producing heavy crops of wheat, peas, barley, Indian corn. Seven miles up the Thames from Chatham is the vii of Louisville, to which lake-sailing vessels find sutii depth of water to proceed and load their cargoes of wli or staves. There are many largo and well cultivated fai in the mdghbourhood of Chatham and Louisville, ba\ fine orchard.s attached to them. A large proportion of townships of the Western District commenced settleDi fully fifty years ago. The banks of the Thames art Chatham and Louisville upwards bear large (juantities ■«t' OF KENT. lern and southern bank-,. f.'ceivO(l some notice im of London, is, for the most part, ..t ly a rich clayey loam. A re of Lake St. Clair, uiui nes, which flows into ihi^ id marshy Around the vay up, the country ]»ro es of flat i)rairie appcar- ucks and other wild fowl . nmer. cattle may he seen v^egeiation. Towards tlie miles up the doep iiavi- ber and are richly feriik dutants, probably, below , not very ambitious oer- farms. nity town of Kcut. i> a .bjtants. in which a goiri ids around it are of the II g a richly fertile black wheat, peas, barley, an.- CHATHAM AXB LOL'ISVILLE. 31A 1 n Chatham is the villai'i ,n<^ vessels tind suflificui I their cargoes of vlie-it and well cultivated t'ariu> II and Louisville, baviui A large proportion of ck ;t commenced settlement oi the Thame.- aroim»i bear large quantities o, \ white oak and black walnut ; which timber, prepared into deals and staves, and tloated down the river, chietly to Louisville, is shipped down the country, through Lakes St. Clair, Erie, ^)ntario, and the Ht. Lawrence, to the (^'^ebec market. The passenger and goods traffic between the town of Chatham and the American city of Detroit, and the Cana- dian towns on the Detroit lliver, employs one or two steam- boats daring the season vf navigation. There are daily mail stage-coaches from Chatham eastward and westward to the i)rincii)al towns throughout the year, Chatliam was a garrison town during the outbreak, which took place in Canada in LSI}?-?^, and c.iutains barracks. There are four I'hurches aner has been usually }>ublished. Farther up the Thames, above Chatham and Louisville, the country presents appearances liighly interesting. The scenery of the Thames increases in beauty, and the lands are hnely situated, and establish the character for fertility which they have generally all along the banks of the river u[)wards. There are exceptions of some light sandy spots in a few places. .Moraviantown. an Indian settlement about twenty miles above Chatham, in the township of Oxford, near the main road to the town of London, is an exceedingly delightful situa- tion—one of the loveliest and most fertile spots one could wish to look upon in any country. It stands upon a plot of table-land, formed by a full bend of the river, which the spectator would suj»pose almost encircles it. The bank of the river along which the mam road runs is high at thi.s point, and commanomt by their pursuers, the Americans, n General Harrison. The American Kentucky and < mounted volunteers, under the command of Colonel Join upon delivering one fire, under the cover of a wood, and mediately ai'terwards, charging at full speed u]»on British forces, caused them at once to suneuder — tho^ 1 ing it impossible to resist the superior American force. ■ retreat under the circums i>nces in which they were pla The main body of the Indii, 'is were not engaged, but ol)s ing the British line routed they retreated in all haste. |>ortion of them, with the celebrated chief, Tecumseh as t leader, maintained for some time a desperate engagtii with the left wing of Colonel Johnson's mounted men ii Tecumseh tell, and their opponents were reinforced. T then gave way and fled. The body of the fallen Tecum; it is said, was disfigured and treated with indignity by s( of the Kentucky volunteers. The remnant of the tribe of the Moravian Dchiwa upon the destruction of their village on the occasion of i battle, removed to the other side of the river, in the toi ship of Oxford, where they are now peaceably and Indus ously settled. There are to this day, however, two or th Indian families still residing on the old battle-ground- cleared open grassy spot, with only some remains of orchar OF INDIAN VILLAGE. HAKIJOnit OF RONDEAU ON LAKE EKIE. 3i: Suiadain 17!)2. Tl.e first lis river was: destroy cil \>\ Harrison in 1813. This 5th October 1813, on the allage once stood, is well inder General Proctor liad Toit River, and were ever- lers, the Americans, under san Kentucky and Ohio imand of Colonel Jolmsun. ij cover of a wood, and im- at full speed ujion the ;e to surrender — tho^ tini irior American force, Of t< n whicli they were pluce'l e not engaj>;ed, but o1>isen retreated in all haste \ id chief, Tecumseh as tholr a desperate engagtnifcif nson's mounted men untii s were reinforced. Thev V of the fallen Tecmiiseh. ed with imlignity by soim the Moravian Delawar(>. ge on the occasion of t!ii> ^f the river, in the town- w peaceably and industri- ay, however, two or three le old battle-ground— iho some remains of orcharii?. being all now descsrted, save I'y these families who cling to the site of their old village. The new village on the south side of the river j)resents a much more animated and hopeful appearance, The houses and gardens are regularly laid out, and the s]ure of the church is a ]»ictures(iue as well as otherwise gratifying feature of the , ceue. The grounds around a]»pear to l>e well cultivated, and are all agreeably intersj>crsed with fine trees, imparting a pleasing etfect too seldom experienced in Canada. Farther ak»ng, upon the main road to London, the land is of a roll- ing character, an smooth, clear, and wide, with a gentle current, is stu- with beautifully wooded islands. Amherstburgh, whicli garrison town, commenced in 179M, soon after the evacuation by England of the now American city of Deti Detroit, the chief city of the State of Michigan, is .>itu; eighteen miles up the river from Amherstburgh, and i miJes from the outlet of Lake St. Clair. The French, be BUKCin. MTIJTAUV IMPORTANCE OK AMTlERSTnUKCn. 31?) icupies the nearly square boundary along Lake St t River, and itn Houth^^n. Tht townships. The hm. tone front alonp; I^ako St laUlen Iront chieliy aloii;; .isfiekl, and Mersea trout ceedhigly interesting unil ;eni District, Possessiii*: , already noticed, al(.ii<: ad around the upper i.an a richly fertile soil, tW e of any part of Canada and excellent flavour, and uced on the banks of tht Mr. James Dougall, near he cultivation of supcriir rhout Canada and in tiii X is so highly favoured in ihese banks of the Kivor gara approach nearest u is finely .situated on ili* Duth of the river, where i- ver Detroit, which is here entle current, is stiiddel \niherstburgh, which is i 79M, soon after the first r American city of Detroit ; of Michigan, is -ituatd Amherstburgh, and iiiDC Clair. The French, hefoft ? the C()n(|uest, kept a gan-i.son at this place, and afterwards the English, u]\ to 17'.) 1. During the last war with America, Detroit, with the whole territory of Michigan, was for more than a year again in tiie possession of Kngland. It was in August \>^\'2 surrendered by the American General Dull to (jicneral Hrock. After the defeat and capture of the British s(|uadron, under Conmiodore Barclay, on Lake firie, and the decisive battle at Muraviantown, on the River Thames, DetrcMt came again into possession of the United States. After Conunodore Barclav's defeat on Lake Lrie, General Proctor abandoned Amherstburgh, having set fire to the fort, navy-yard, ))arrack.s, and public storehouses. General Harrison landed without opposition towards the latter part of Soj)temb('r 1(S13. The town remained in the possession of the United States during the rest of the war, and on being restored at the peace, it has contii\ued to be main- tained as a mili' v post. Fort Maiden, situated about half a mile above th town, upon the banks of the river, was rebuilt in 18:>!), iid is at present occupied by a detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles. *V Amherstburgh. during the early stages of the last war with America, was a {)Ost of great consequence ; it stopped the progress of American invasion, and was the rallying point where General Brock concentrated his forces to proceed m his expedition against Detroit. It was also a noted place of rendezvous for the Indians who followed the British standanl. Shi{>s to carry on the war were also built here, And the fleet fitted out for Lake Erie The town of Amherstburgh now contains probably be- tween 1500 and iioot) inhal'itantfi, aboi.t llOO of whom are coloured people, of African origin, maiy of them runaway jlave.s from the Southern States of America. A considerable 320 PORT OF AMJIKUSTRURrtll portion also of the (K>piiJatiou consists of French — a ii of French having settled at an early period all alo shores of the D<:'troit, Ijalce St. (Mair, and the lower j the Iliver Thames. The township of Maiden, in A.mhersthurgh is situated, was so early settled, that ; ber of the farms have heen under cultivation since ( was in possession of the French. There is an English C Presley terian Church, and Roman Catholic Chapol town of Amherstlmrgh. The coloured African peo)»l also a small church, and the Wesleyan Methodists in; a preacher here, whose duties extend to the sumi country. An agreeable feature in this interesting.' is a public reading-room, where not only British, C and United States newspapers and other periodical! been usually received, but journals printed in Freiic German, all of whic'i are read and appreciated amor variety of residents. There is also a library attached reading-room. Another pleasing feature of this ] (Janada, is the ' Western District Literary, Philos' ;ind Agricultural Association,' established in lM42, purposes of the mutual instruction of its members, promoting the more general diffusion of educatioi agricultural, and general improvement in the district members at its commencement numbered the most i table and intelligent inhabitants. Its first transa including the 0])ening discourse of its president, Ma Lachlan, were printed and published in pamphlet fc'r Temperance Society has been some years in operation towTi, and has exerted a very beneficial influence, Several vessels belong to the port of Amherst which are employed in the commerce of the lakes, ca produce down Lakes Erie and Ontario for Montrcii bringing up merchandise. The size of these vessels is < .vitl. HTBURQll nsists of French — a numher curly ))erio(l all aloiij,' tit 'l;iir, and the lower part of ship of Mal to 100 tons burden, usually schooner-rigvfcd, carry- ing about half-a-do/en hands, and are employed in transport- ing cargoes of wheat, salted provisions, potash, raw hides, oak-staves, walnut tindx^r, au miles, to Kingston, at the lower extremity of Lake Ontario, and head of the River St. Lawrence, where the cargoes arc unloaded, and sent the remaining ilistanco of ahout 2>i' the 6rst (|uality, producing excellent crops both of wheat and tobacco. The slaves, who from time to time have effected their escape from the Southern States of America, selected, from an early period, this (quarter of Canada as a place of refuge, and are believed to have introduced the culture of tobacco into these lake- 8h(»re townships, where 'juite lately it wa.s grown in large quantities, and was estimated equal to the second quality of Virginian tobacco. The year 1821 is stated to have been the first time in which it was sent in bulk to Montreal market, yet so rapidly did the trade grow, considering the limiteMB-'l« ''(t*' *fv . da'.yt^^* i)fi. . [-»•■■* 322 TOWN OF SANDWICH. culture is still carrie la is exhibited in the Eilin i and Agricultural Society ■om the Tliver St. Clair, ami therland, a native of Urn- residence upon one of :k river. urgh, along the River De untry, the district to^vn f miles distant. It is a neat ,ld orchards and wA\ W idcgree,theair of acouutrv alt^'on a gravelly soil, oiu ,ance from the river. Tb.ri Ihapel, and Romau OathcnK sekly newspaper is also fu'' continuing the route aloDC If Windsor, situated directi; I op]>osito the American city Detroit The river here is* about three quarters uf a mile wide, and a ferry is main- tained by two steaml)ojii3 which are kept constantly croH.«- ing, encouraging a good deal of trading and friendly inter- course lietwcen the frontier countries. All the three places which we have glanced at along the Canada shore of the river DetDit — Amherstburgh, .-Sand- wich, and Windsor, have been conspicuously associateroclamation of invasion, and after one month's possession, he recrossed the riv^r, and retired into his own territory. General lirock. in co nuiand of the Canada militia, with a few regulars, and a number of Indians — in all a force of between I3i)0 and 1400 — crossed the Detroit at the same point soon afterwards, and over- awed the garrison of Detroit, under the command of General Hull, into terms of capitulation, The defeat of the British fbrces on Lake Krit% and at Moraviautown, again changed the fortunes of the war, as we have already noticed. General Harrison entered Sandwich in September 18 13, and the whole Westeni Distriet of Canada remained until the peace in the possession of the United States. Windsor was the scene of a most unfortunate affray, only «o lately as 183M, when a band of men, styling themselves * patriots,' ciossed the River Detroit early of a morning in winter, under the delusion that the inhabitants of Cana^la would receive them warmly, and with open arms join with tiiem to overturn the government of the colony. But those , 4^ 1 ■^VTT-'^ 324 POPFLATION AND EXTENT OF WESTFKN DIPTRIOT. among them who lived to return had T"f^'« on to rogre rash marauding invaHiou thoy made. 'J'V *Jgh some of i unfortunate men may have been actua<..4 ay mutiv( wild adventure or jdundei, all, it is believed, w» ro gr deceived as to the general state of pul»lii- feeling in colony at that talvc s. m District of Canada, <'ori Kssex, Kent, and h:iiiibioii. ii). This extensive i 1(5 acres, of which U;,rhK» acres. And yet this extent of connfry itrolmhly docs not contain, at this moment, more than ;i(»,0(»0 inhuMtatits. The live stock posses.sed by the population of the Western District in 1848, ccmsisted of 241)4 neat cattle, 8(H)5 horses, U),l4f) sheejN an0t) yards fulled woollen cloth, l)2«i(> yanls linen, and 37.14 1 yai'ls flannel. Besides these items of wealth and industry of the settlers of this district, there are to he taken into accoiint large quantities of dairy pro7l acres, producing M,lb(> bushels ; rye, blH aeres, producing 11,542 bushels ; barley, 'ii'o acres, producing 11,204 bushels; buck-wheat, 326 OnARACTERISTICS OF DESTRICT. 734 acres, producing 91)04 bushels ; and lastly, pot.u 4640 acres, producing 1(50,741) bushels. The avoi prices in the Montreal market in 1S48, as has 1 previously stated, were, for wheat, 6s. 7d. currency bushel ; pease, Ss. 4d. ; barley, 2s. (5d, ; and oats. Is. currency per bushel. The facilities which steam pro|)ej now afford in taking cargoes down to Montreal speedily direct, without once breaking, must prove of great imp ance in increasing the value of all agricultural prodi throughout the whole extent of Upper • /anada. With regard to the particular description of the hi in the Western District, it is believed that the quantit low -lying and wet land in proportion to that well situt and richly fertile, has very usually, by those only jiaitii acquainted with the district, been much overrated. Muc the best and most delightfully situated land in Canada i be found in this t, shall endeavour as briefly and clearly as possible to j)re> the most precise information on this subject, to wliul here devote a short chapter. The severity of Winter in Canada is very coiiininrincj ,1 comparatively few days only the degree of oohi i>^ uncomfortable. Per>ons wh:> have resideii in Canada not urifre<|Uently observe that they have experienced more disagreeable fe«hng< from the raw easterly winds of a sprinj^ or autunui trrivelling in thi^ country, than they ever did on ordinary occasions in the de{»th of winter in Canada, travellinjr in an open sleigh. This fact of open sleighs being used almost universally — the exceptions being ex- ceedingh few — throughout the whole wiiiter, is in itself perhaps* one of the best illustrations of the climate that can be brought f( rward. With good horses, and a well- heatcn snow path, which there very >«<»on is on the principal roads of the country, the exercise of sleigh-driving is the most delightful po.ssiltly to be imagined. The horses, with their tinkling bells on their neck, wuuld seem to partici|»ate as lh«;\ liouiui al« ng. in the exhiliarating effects oi' the pure )"racing ^tmo. pherc. Warm clothiiig and good heavy furs are all that are re<|uisite to ensure con)plete conifort, in a perfectly (»pen sleigh, in any oidinary weather, in the depth v\' winter in Canada. Au eight-years' residemre in the country, four years of which was m I'pper (.'anada, and four ill Lower Canada, enables me to write with perfect free- dom rcgarduig its climate. The exceptions of great severity in the weather occur only a very few ri.i es during winter, and the luimber of such diy.^ i.s -Lever ^nger than three at one time The^e days are 'ndeed vevy uobi and uncomfort- able, liefore an-i after flie.se verv cold days, which occur so seldom in a season, the wcatiier ]»re<:ent,\, its ordinary agreeable state. Many persons both m I'pper and I.ower Canada wear the same clothing thf ughout the year, which they were in the habit of wearing at liome. The depth of snow usually is from eighteen inches to two feet, the depth of frost iu the gritund fromi t#«ive tv 330 SLEiaillVa SEASON. eighteen inches. The appearance of the fleecy coverirjj the earth is hailed with much pleasure, both as the m of enjoyment, and of affording facilities to the fan bringing their produce to market. The absence of j hleighing at any time during the winter season is univers considered a loss in limiting the means both of business pleasure. The first snow, of any account, very usu falls in Lower Canada about the beginning of DecembiT, in Upper Canada about two or three weeks later. The nio of January and February are the best for good stead_y sle ing. The sleighing season is at least fully a month loi in Lower Canada than in the upper or western parts of province. The more south-westerly parts of Upper Can; such as along the shores v»f Lake Erie and the Detroit Ui have the shortest winter of all, and least sleighing. Tho i tinuauce of good sleighing at any period of the seasoi Upper Canada is not much to be depended upon, on acc( of the rapid thaws which take place occasionally, causirjn; snow almost wholly to disappear in a day or two, under tl^ fluence of the warm .soft south wind and rays of the sun heaviest of these thaws in Upper Canada takes place, periodical regularity, ni the month of January, aii' known as the January thaw. Sleighing continues with greater steadiness in Lower Canada, where thaws sufiici< strong much more seldom occur. Snow usually final I ; appears in Lower C/anada about the middle of April : an Upper Canada, especially the more western parts, per nearly about a month earlier. The balmy soft south ^ of spring visits the atmosphere then, and in a very few all traces of winter have disappeared in the new life vv now sheds its influence on all around Ploughing usually commences in Upper Canada al the middle of April. In the south-westerly parts of SON. LirXCRlANCE OF FAULY SUMMER. 331 :)f the fleecy covering to asure, both as the nieuus acilities to the fanners ;. The absence of >2;> ghing continues with lunch la, where thaws suiliciiiitly Snow usually tinally "lis- bo middle of April : and in ore western parts, perhapi he balmy sott south wimi len, and in a very few daj^ ared in the new life wliifti )und en in Upper Canada abcu' outh-westerly parts of thr * cotintrv the period is a little earlier, and in the more easterly and uortiiern districts, about a week or two later, (\attle an- usually put out t<> pasture from about the middle ol A]Mi\ to the beginning of May. They are very fre<|uentiy put out first into the woods, where they crop the tender growth. The helds afford very little good pasture for them until fitter the 1st of May. The u.sual time of taking them into shelter, before winter commences, is about the middle of November. Harvest begins usually about the 1st of August. The ;;orf?eous luxuriance of earlv summer in Canada is beyond c!e.scrij)tion. With the purest and balmiest atmos- phere, and richly fertile soil, the forests very rapidly assume all the frcslincsH and beauty of their summer green. They present, too, within their shady fragrant recessess a perfect carpeting of flowers. The sweet fresh morning air at this season is most delightful. The birds are gladly caroling their free notes. Light dews are upon the grass and Howers, and the landscape presents the outlines of its distant objects most softly and clearly defined. Should river or lake be within view the glas.sy surface is spread out, reflecting like a mirror in the still air the glories of the morning. Woode'; and the ,rs of the Royal Magncticai finada, gave the mean ttm there to be m^" 1'2 . The seiiwich, England, from the i'atory for seven years, wa> jrature at Montreal in July, and at Greenwich 85" i^T xt Montreal for July was md at Greenwich 4.V' Mi .)\ily at Toronto wi\s S.hdI'- he average was :2.(t4!), The enwich, it may be ohserAed. average for all Ei:i:lani gnetical and Mer-eoroloirii'al Canada, are exccclingly liable scientifn; infoniiatioii t, as is known, wiis foimdt'i cert with similar ones )i imihir establishments hav< ,s in the United States an! he records of the Tonrnt^ for the illustration of "li The data for Toronto for each month, which wc here present, are .lerived from the records of observations for nine years — lh40 to Ists inclnsive — and are the means by observations made every two hours, from 1st .lanuary 1^40 \ . to;V»th.June 1842, and <'vcry hour from 1st .July 1842 to 31st l>eceml>er 1^47. The data for Greenwich are derived from the records of the l("yal observatory for seven years — 1841 to 1847 inclusive — and are the means by observations made every two hours. T' e mean tempiTjiture for Montreal for each month is deriv* 1 from the registers puhlished monthly iii the British American .Tournal of Medical and Physic^'il '^cienc*' for four years — 1^4.'> to l84h inclusive. We shall commence with the month of yeptend)er, j)re- seiaing the results of these ohservations at Toronto and Montrral, and comparing them with the resultf^ of the oh- 8er\ation3 at Greenwich. The average quantities of snow and lain for the mouth at Montreal are not given. Slight night frosts have set in, in Se|)temlK!i in Upper Canada. Tho average <{uantity of snow during thi; month at Toronto was about 4^ inches. At Greenwich the average was not quite 2 inches. The niean temperature at Toronto was 57* 4»>, and at Greenwich it was 50' J)9 . The results of another .'^eries <>f observations gave the mean tem()era- ture for September precisely the same for both places. The mean lowest at Toronto was ;i2" (> , and at Greenwich it was 36' ()' The mean highest at Toronto was 8<»"5', and at Greenwich 7-' ',i . The mean temperaiuire at Montreal was 68 50': the mean highest temperature 84'; and the mean lowest :i!»" 25 . In October at Toronto the average quantity of snow from 1840 to 1847 inclusive, was 2 inches. The average (piantity of rain was not quite '■\ inches. At Greenwich the quantity of raiu in October was a little over 3 incheb. The mean u^fwww-vyr- ■ 334 NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER IN CANADA, temperature of October at Toronto was 44" 13'; at Mon 44' 53; and at (ireeuwich 4;)' ;J3, The mean highest perature at Toronto was (56 " 62'; at Montreal 61)" 75'; at Greenwich (57 ' 40 '. The mean lowest at Toronto wa 35)'; at Montreal 23" 2.0'; and at Greenwich 31." 31'. In November the averajj^e qviantity of snow at T<>t was very little over 2 inches. The average i|uai of rain was a little over 3| inches. The average quai of rain at Greenwich was not quite 3^ inches mean temperature at Toronto in November was 30' .■)() Montreal 32" 36'; and at Greenwich 44" 57'. The ii highest temperature at Toronto was 56" 26'; at Aloni 59" 25'; and at Greenwich 59" 59'. The mean lowos Toronto was 12*^21'; at Montreal 7" 75'; and at Green i 26" 50'. The colder nights and monii gs in Canada, c pared with England, have now set in, while the mean hi° 75 ; and owest at Toronto was 21' reenwich 31 'M . \ ntitv of snow at Toronto The average .luaiitity I. The average quantity quite 'ih inches Th' [sfoveniher was 35" ')<> . at vich 44" 57'. The mean was 56" 2«'; at Montreal c)'. The mean lowest at 1 7" 75'; and at Croenwid mon\. 'gs in Canada, com i in, while the mean hi-hesi 10 far as '■pper Canada is iree . '1% highest temperature at Montreal was 57" 40', at 'I .",4" 14', and at Greenwich 01" 84 . The average ijuai .snow at Toronto was very little over 1) inches. TJie a quantity of rain was a little over 1^ inch. At Uri; the average (juantity of rain in March wa< not quit. April comcKS now with it? ranch waiiuer days ;u little snow. The average quantity of snow in A Toronto was I inch. The average quantity of i very nearl)' 2^ inche>. At (rrecnwich the averaszf (| of rain in April was very little over I im;h. Tli temperature at Montreal this month was 4l'()4, it 'I 42° 12', and at Greenwich 47' 10 ', The mean ! at Montreal was (57", at Toronto 71" «2', ard (Jn 70" 43'. The mean lowest temperature at Montreal was 17" 2()\ at Toronto IH" 04', and at Greenwich :<< We now have May, with its much warmer tcni|i' The mean highest temperature at Montreal in M H5" 40', at Toronto 77" 16', and at (Greenwich 77" ;>!* here observe how very closely the mean highest tc ture of F.ngland and Upper Canada in the month • il VV !X <"A,NAl>A. JUNE, JULY, AND Al'OU^T IN CANADA. aa: ', at Toronto 24' 2l,:iTvla ij}j;hest teii)i>oratiiro ni Mun I 45" 32, au«l at drmdwiil ^^ )f snov. at Toronto in Fobn .JH fts. This month ^mvvs 'Av J uvomKe. Theuiwr H' «»() , and at Toronto lUU'.). jiturc was 42" 2»>'. The njOiii, real was 57" 40', at 'Wmiv HA. The av«!ra^e tie over I inch. Tin- m ■• iionth was 41' <)4, at T-in;:: 7 10 '. The mean hm>- onto 71" 82', ai'.UJiwiiAK .peraturo at Montreal iuAi-n. I', and at Greenwi^-h :^< '"<':< ts much warmer toniiicni'iir' re at Montreal in "Shv ^^'<- d at Greenwich 77 " .W ^^ the mean highest tcn.p.':.' ICanada in the monTb-Ola* ijproach each other — a mere fraction of a deprce of the thennometi-r of dirternice. The mean lowest at Montreal waH ',VS 20, at Toronto :V.r mm', and at Greenwich :W 79' The mean ten^peratiirc at Montreal in May was 5(5" 12 , at Toronto 52" 50', and at Greenwich 5.3" (54 . The average t tcmpcriiturt' at Montreal was 1)2* 50', at Toronto H3° 80'. and at Gr<>enwich 84" 04'. We have here the hij^hest temperature for the month of June in Upper Canada very nnu h thi- same a tn Kn^^land. Tlie mean teniperatnre approaches -till !■ ci -sely in the two coun- tries. In 'Ipper Canaihi, at T< , it was (Jo" 87, and in England, a* (ireenwieh, it w;t,M <><>** (K J. L"w.r Canada has wanner weather. The highc-t temperature in Lower Ganada. at Montreal, in June was ()(»" 7J>'. The averaj^e quantity of rain in June at Toronto was very nearly 'A^ inches. At Greenwich the ^ \ iV A \ %^ <> #> '#^ mi 338 PREVAIIilNO WINDS OP CANADA. '6 however, which will probably appear the most remarkal)le in England is, that there was not <|uite one degree ol the thermometer of a difference between the mean highest temperature at Toronto, in Upper Canada, and the mean highest temperature at Greenwich, P^ngland. The mean highest temperature at Toronto in August was 84** 41 ' ; and that at Greenwich was 83" 03'. The mean highest ai Montreal w}»,s 92" 50'. The mean temperature at Montreal was 71" 4'; that at Toronto fi5" 75' : and at Greenwich <)1<^ ID'. The mean lowest at Montreal in August was 53" ; at Toronto 45" 46' ; aud at Greenwich 45" 60'. Here we have again the mean lowest temperature of Upper Canada and of England in August, approximating to within a degree. The average quantity of rain at Toronto in August was a little over 2| inches. The average quantity at Greenwich in August was a little over 2^ inches. The prevailing winds of Canada are the south-west, the north-east, aud north-west. The south-v est, which sweeps down the valley of the M. Lawrence, over the rivers and great lakes, for about two-thirds of the summer season, carries with it a portion of the warmth of the region of the Gulf of Mexico and valley of the Mississippi. The north- east wind is damp and chilly. The north-west wind, whicli is most frequent in winter, is dry, cold, and elastic. The most sudden changes of wind are to the north-west, followed by weather clear and cold for the season. Heavy thunder showers clear up most frequently with this wind. These showers frequently precede the bard frosts which introduce winter. The longest storms of rain, and deepest falls of snow are usually accompanied by easterly winds. The south- east wind is soft, thawy, and rainy. The wind blows less frequently from the west and south, and still more seldom from due north. t remarkable ne degree oi mean highest mJ the meau \ The mean b84MI'; and an highest ai re at Montreal ienwichOl'* V.)'- )3"', at Toronto ! have again the and of England ^. The average a little over l>^ h in August was p south-west, the ,st, which sweeps r the rivers ami summer season, the region of the ppi. The north- west wind, which and elastic. The rth-west, followea Heavy thunder .his wind. These L which introduce d deepest falls ol inds. Thesouth- ,e wind blows less still more seldom LAKES AND RIVERS OP CANADA DURING WINTER. :i39 I am indebted for these statements regarding the winds to Mr. Oourlay'fi work on Upper Canada, published in 1822 : and which, with a good deal of appare- ly irrelevant matter, contains much that is valuable and intcresthig. The great lakes of Canada arc not frozen over during winter, as many persons have been led to suppose. Lake Erie alone, which is very shallow, is said to have been frozen over only two or three times within the last f<;rty years. The bays and shores of the lakes, for a considerable distance from land, are frozen ; and the ice in such situationb. and on the rivers, is thick and strong. Heavy loaded sleighs pass over it with perfect safety. There are occasionally very open and mild winters in Canada. The steanj boats on Lake Ontario, between Toronto and Niagara, not unfrefjucntly continue nmning through the whole winter. The steam- boats plying across and along the lower part of the lake, continue running most frequently until about (-hristmas. The navigation of the St. Lawrence almost invariably opens from about the middle of April to the beginning of May ; when the first steam-boats arrive at Quebec from Montreal, a river voyage of 180 miles. We have passingly alluded to the luxuriance and beauty of early summer in Canada. We have said nothing of the winter landscape, which is not wholly devoid of attractions to the close observer and lover of nature. The downy feathery snow upon the branches of the forest trees, with rows of pendent icicles, reflecting of a line morning the sun's rays from their pure dazzling surfaces is indeed very beautiful, and never fails to add to the enjoyment of the walk or the drive. The scene, in a clear bright moon-light, possesses peculiar beauties. The short but very delightful period of Indian summer, wLich occurs u, ually about the end of October or beginning ^1 '■ Ml 11 i i \\ ■i-^*«#«.^t,' K-^Jg-j 340 INDIAN SUMMER. r i:! •)f November, is a chief peculiarity of a Canadian climate. The period of its duration is variable, being from a few days to two or three weeks. The atmopphere is most uj^reeably soft, even to a peculiar and not unpleasant haziness.. The sun seems as if reluctant to dazzle the earth with his rays, shedding all over the landscape a mel- lowed light. There is a popular belief that the Indians, far to the south, are setting fire to their great prairies at thi^ time ; and that Canada is then getting a share of the dis- tant smoke. The magnificently varied foliage of the forests in autumn is universally known. There is an intermingling of richly deep and beauteous tints perfectly enchanting. The deep crimson, orange, and yellow, with every shade of brown, and, boldly relieved from all, the single trees or masses of dark evergreen of the pines, preseui, as a whole, an effect not to be described. The pure, cl )udless skies, with sharp touch of frost of a morning, and days neither too warm nor too cold, are exceedingly pleasant, and en- hance the enjoyment of the landscape. This period of the year is, indeed, very agreeable and refreshing after the enervating heats of summer. We now draw to a close this chapter on climate. We have glanced at the beauties and advantages, while we have not overlooked, it is believed, the drawbacks of the climate of Canada. The cold is certainly severe in winter, and the heat in the height of summer at times aot at all quite comfortable. The extreme dryness of the atmosphere, has even its disadvantages. The . scape has not the verdant appearance in the latter part of summer that it has m the more moist climate of England. Individuals, too, ac- customed to an English climate, experience the want of its active, bracing qualities during summer. It has, how- CHARACTERISTICS OP CANADIAN CLIMATE. :j4i ladian climate, ing from a few ?phere is most not unpleasant ; to dazzle the andscapc a mel- the Indians, far , prairies at thi>* share of the dis- the forests in an intermingling Bctly enchanting. th every shade of e single trees or •esent, as a whole, «e, cl'udless skies, and days neither pleasant, and en- 'his period of the •eshing after tht on climate, ^^e Iges, while we have cks of the climatf in winter, and the Is not at all .luite je atmosphere, has IS not the verdant ler that it has io idividuals, too, a«- lience the want ot ler. It has, how- over, quite as decided advantages. There is an absence, to a great extent, of the colds, coughs, asthmas, and rheu- matisms, that so afflict English people at home quite fre- quently. The climate of Canada, generally speaking, is favourable to health and longevity. The affliction of ague, dreaded freciuently by those un- acquainted with the country as it now exists, with its great extent of cultivated territory, and well situated, dry, and healthy towns, is confined to a comparatively few localities in the vicinity of large tracts of marshy lands. Many in- dividuals, too, inhabiting such localities never experience the uncomfortable affliction. I knew of very few cases of ague during the whole of my eight years' residence in the t;ountry, and I have visited almost every comer of it. We now take leave of the important subject of this (ihapter, which we have endeavoured to present with care, freedom, and precision, so far as limits would allow. i ,■: A . f CHAPTER XXIII. EDUCATION, AND PLACES OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP IN CANADA. f ■ ' .1' '.tl ■h State of Education in Canada— Legislative Support of Education— Provisions of the Act of Legislature — Ucligioiis Scruples Obviated — (ieiu'ial Lrgihiativc Kncouragement of Education — Statistics of Schools in Upper Canada- Nuinbers of Schools in the Towns -Government Educational DepartmcMl— Recent Establishment of TSorm!il Schools— I Diversities and Collegiate Iri- stitutions in Upper Canada — Expenses of Hoard and Tuition- -Education it, Lower Canada- (J eneral Condition of the French Caiiadian ropulation- Educational Institutions in Lower Canada— Seminaries of Q.uebec ami Mon- treal — University of M'Gill College, and High Scliool of Montreal— (JeiiPrai Condition, and Statistics of Churches in (Canada- Clmrch of England, ami Presbyterian Denominations— Methodist and other Denominations— Inter estmg Mission for the Instruction of Fugitive Slaves in Upper Canada- General Remarks on the Subject of the Chapter. ( ;■ Education has, from a very early period in the settlement of Canada, received much public attention ; and legislative efforts have been constantly directed towards its support au'l encouragement. The general diffusion of a good education has had serious obstacles to encounter in Canada, possessing a groat stretch of country thinly populated, and with comparatively slender means to plant and support the large number of schools required. A not inconsiderable proportion of the LEOISLATIVE SUPPORT OF EDUCATION. 343 11 RELIOIOUS )A. r Education-Provision* of ,..nl9 in V-ppet Canaa.- 1 Educatioual Deparl.nw. - Lr..tu-8 and Colkgiate l.- andTuitic-n^-E.l"^-'^t,oui.. Lh CauHduio VopulaUon-. L.nesofQMehcca.| .^ Uool of Monttea\-«.^'"T.. [ _ Glmrch of Kn.land an ',,,, Dcuominationa-lnt" . ;., I^nDcr Canada Slaves uv l pi)»-> iod in the settlemem btion; audlegisto-e awards its support ana education ha3 had Ida, possessing a great Ind with comparativelv the large number ot Lble proportion ot tht people themselves, too, chiefly a class of the old settlers, anf] the humble class of emigrr.nts from Britain, have from circumstances been able only very indifFcreutly to appreciate the benefits of education. These impediments have, how- ever, been gradually lessening as Canada has continued rapidly increasing in population and wealth. There are few parts of Canada, even in the most remote settlements, where an ordinary English education may not be had at a very cheap rate. Education is supported Jointly by government iind the exertions of the people themselves. In cases where parents are unable to pay, a free education is allowed to the children. The act passed by the provincial legislature in 1841, for the support of public instruction throughout Canada, provided that the proceeds of lands, already or which might be hereafter granted by the legislature, or other authority, should be erected into a permanent fund for the support of common schools. It set aside the sum of £50,000 currency a year, to be apportioned among the municipal districts, those old leading divisions of the country we have been de- scribing, such as the Home, London, and Western Districts, The district councils — those popularly elected municipal hodies which were established by Lord Sydenham — were, for the purposes of this School Act, constituted Boards of Education, and were directed to divide the lesser divisions of their districts, the townships, into more minute divisions, to be called school districts, and to apportion among these the district share of the school fund, allowing to each township a sum not exceeding £10, for the purchase of books ; and also to assess the inhabitants for building a school-house, and to make an annual report of the pro- ceedings. The townships, for the purpose of carrying on the local si a ) til 344 PUOVISIONS OF THE ACT OF LEGISLATURE. machinery of the act, elected from five to seven common - school commissioners. Their chief duties were to select a site for a school-house, appoint and remove teachers, re- gulate the course of study and the books to be used, and estalilish general rules for the conduct of schools, and com- municate them in writing to the teacher. Two or more were to visit each school in their township at least once a month ; and they were directed to report annually to the district council all matters of interest. Besides these two bodies — the district councils and ilie commissioners — there was a chief superintendent ap})ointed by the governor, whose duty was to apportion the general funds among the district, according to the number of children in eacii from five to sixteen years of age. He was also to visit the districts annually, and examine the condition of the schools, to prepare forms for reports, to address sug- gestions which might introduce uniformity into the system, and to receive the several district reports, and to submit an annual report of his own to the governor, representing the general condition and working of the system. Those warring grounds, which mostly in every country are found to throw impediments in the way of almost every conceivable system of popular instruction — the religious scruples of the various sects — are thus disposed of here ;— Whenever the inhabitants of any township or parish, pro- fessing a religious faith different from that of the majority of the inhabitants, shall dissent from the arrangement of the commissioners, with reference to any school, the dissen- tients signifying such to the district council, with names of persons elected by them as trustees, such trustees, conform- ing to the duties of commissioners, are allowed to establish and maintain schools, and to receive a share of the general funds. The value of a provision of this kind is no less TURF. seven common - were to select a ve teachers, re- to be used, ancr of public schools in operation were the Home, London. Johnstown, Newcastle, Gore, Niagara, and Midland. The Home Di.strict contained 294, the district of London 220, Johnstown 204, Newcastle 184, Gore 188, Niagara 180, and Midland 176. Other smaller or more recently settled districts .-ontained also large numbers of public schools. The Urock District contained 136, the district of Wellington 1 13, Prince FM- ward !)3, Talbot 91, Simcoe 93, Colborue 98, and Huron, the moat recently settled of all, 64. The city of Toronto contained I') public school.*!, King- •ston 10, and Hamilton (l The town of Cornwall on the St. Lawrence, in the Kasteni District, contained fi public schoolb, Prescott, further up the river in the Johnstown District, contained 4, Brockville in the same district 3, and Bytown, on the Ottawa River, in the district of Dalhousie, contained 8. The towns along the shores of Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte, such as Belleville, Picton, Cobourg, and Port Hope, contained each from 3 to .') public schools in operation. Further west the country, the towns of St. Catherines, Niagara, and London, contained from 4 to 6 public schools each in operation. The town of I/ondon con- tained 4 schools with 499 pupils on the roll. The amount of salaries of the teachers of these four public schools of this town, with a population in 1848 of 4584, was £500. This town had also seven Sunday schools, with libraries containing 1300 volumes, one of these bein,n; a public library of 600 volumes. The Government department charged with the superin- tendence of public schools in Tipper Canada, consists of a chief superintendent, and also a board, named the Board of Education. There is now also a Normal school established in Upper Canada, for the instruction and training of male :i I,; 348 OOVEnNMENT EDUrATIONAL DEPARTMENT. and female teacherH. The number of teachers trained in this Normal school during the first Hession, ending fith April 184H, was fi.'J males. The numbers during the second sessifuj, ending ITith Octol)er 1H48, were 101 males and 24 females. The numbers during the third session, ending 1 5th April 1849, were 70 malts, 32 females ; during the fourth session, ending 15th October 1840, 99 males, 21 females ; and dur- ing the fifth session, ending 15th April 1850, 92 males an. I 43 females. The Universities of Upper Canada are, the University of Toronto, formerly King's College, Toronto, with which Upper Canada College is incorporated ; the University of Queen's College, Kingston ; and the University of Victona College, Cobourg. The University of Toronto received some slight notice in the chapter containing an account of the Home District, including the city of Toronto. The University of Queen's College, as has been stated in a pre- vious chapter, was incorporated in 1841, and established at Kingston, in connection with the Church of Scotland. Victoria College, Cobourg, noticed also in a previous part of the work, was incorporated as an academy in 1835, and as a University in 1842, in connection with the Weslcyan Methodist Conference. The published charge for board and tuition at Victoria College, is £1 : 10s. per term of eleven weeks, or £30 per annum. The charge at Upper Canada College amounts to i/35, and at the University of Toronto, where the system of education is similar to that of the English Universities, the charge does not exceed £50, There may also be mentioned here, in connection with Collegiate Institutions, Knox's College, Toronto, an insti- tution of the Presbyterian Church of Canada, or Free Church of Scotland. There is a staff of four professors in this College. The number of students that attended one of the TMEST. EDUCATION IN I.OWEK CANAFM. :\4\) chors trained i»i ending Hth April ho second sesHion, and 24 fenialos snding loth April ,he fourth schsion, emalea ; and ilur- il)Oy 92 males au>l re, the Univorsit} ronto, with which the University of versity of Victoria Toronto received ing an account of of Toronto. The en stated in a pre- and establishes! at urch of Scotland. ,n a previous part ,emy in 1835, and [with the Weslcyan charge for hoard : 10s. per term of charge at Up}»er ,t the University of s similar to that of s not exceed £50. |in connection with Toronto, an msti- ,da, or Free Church professors in this attended one of the laHt seisions was fifty. There are also other ci.llcgcs and institutes in Up| er Canada, belonging to various detionjinations. The Ifnited Presbyterian (.'huroh ha.s a Theological Instittite in Toronto. The Congregational body has also one in the same city. The Koniun ('atholic body has a College at Kingston, and another at Uytowu. We have naid nothing as yet of Lower (-ana^la, in connec- tion with the subject of this chapter. The French, which couii)otie the great body of the inhabitants of Lower Canada, have, until very recently, been left chietly the superior intellectual and moral training they receive A very large proportion of the male population, as has been a.scertained, are unable to write their own names. The French colleges and seminaries of Lower Canada, founded by the Jesuits and other orders of the Roman Catholic Church, have been chiefly instrumental in training youth for the church, and the profession of medicine, and the bar. The priests and the notaries thus educated have swayed the minds of the ignorant mass surrounding them, in such cir- cumstances very much as they willed. The Canadian habi- tam have been living on the banks of the St. Lawrence much in the same state of civilization as were their ances- tors, French provincial emigrants, on their arrival in the country two centuries and more ago. Municipal institutions have been now introduced into Lower Canada, along with a 860 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN LOWER CANADA. f ' system of public education, and it is hoped that the labour* of an enlightened general government in the colony, together with the exertions of the more intelligent portion of the people themselves, will have the effect of gradually improv- ing the condition of the French Canadian rural population. It is perhaps unnecessary to give in detail the French Roman Catholic institutions in Lower Canada. The princi- pal ones are the Seminary of Quebec, founded in 16f)3, and the College of Montreal — a comparatively recent foundation. The Seminary of Quebec has l»een highly spoken of as a well- conducted establishment. The buildings are extensive and commodious ; there is a complete staff of professors and masters, the library is valuable, and the students receive an extensive course of eihication. This institution combines both the day school and college — there being, in addition to the resident boarders, a large number of the boys of the city received as pupils. The course of education inchides the English, French, Latin, and Greek languages, arithmetic, geography, ancient and modern history, rhetoric, logic. moral and natural philosophy, algebra, mathematics, astro- nomy, chemistry, music, and the art of design. The expe- rimental lecture-room possesses an extensive set of philoso- phical apparatus. The expense of boarders at this institu- tion does not exceed i>25 to ,£30 a-year. Protestants and Catholics are admitted indiscriminately ; and it is under- stood that no attempts are made at conversion. These de- tails of this Seminary of Quebec are given, in order that the state of education among the better classes of the community in Lower Canada be not too much underrated. There are several colleges in the towns and villages along the St. Lawrence of quite recent foundation. The more in- telligent and liberal portion of the French inhabitants. including clergy, acknowledge the very unsatisfactory gene 2R CANADA. I that the labour* le colony, together nt portion of the gradually improv- rural population detail the French nada. The princi- Luded in 16r)3, and recent foundation, spoken of as a well- i are extensive and ■ of protessors and students receive an istitution combines ►eing, in addition to the boys of the city [cation includes the guages, arithmetic, ry, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, astro- design. The expe- Qsive set of philoso- iers at this institu- r. Protestants and ; and it is under- version. These de- liven, in order that [tter classes of the much underrated. and villages along ion. The more in- 'rench inhabitants, [unsatisfactory gene- STATISTICS OP CHURCHES IN CANADA. 351 ral state of education, and are assisting to improve it. Bc- .xides these colleges for the male part of the population, there are regularly organized high schools for young ladies in the principal nimueries, as has been already noticed in the chap- ter giving an account of Montreal. There are several highly respectable English schools in the cities of Quebec and Montreal. The High School of Mon- treal has been already mentioned ; and also the University of M'Gill College at Montreal. The principal English schools for young ladies in Montreal have had a very deservedly high reputation both in Upper and Lower Canada. We shall now present a brief statistical statement of the religious denominations in Canada. The subject is one to which we would have gladly devoted a chapter had our limits permitted. The large and rapidly increasing field in Canada for able and faithful ministers ib far too little known and thought of in this country, and the c< nsequences has been, that the colony, generally speaking, has been rather indifterently supplied in many parts. The towns and larger number of country settlements, however, have usually comfortable places of worship ; and Canada is to a great extent highly privi- leged in having numbers of faithful and devoted preachers of the gospel. The demand for good and able ministci in the colony has always much exceeded the supply, in the present greatly advanced progress of the country this is now much more strongly the case. The Church of England has much the largest number of congregations in Canada. The number of the clergy of the Church of England in Lower Canada in 1850 was eighty- four. There are also the bishops of Quebec and Montreal. In Upper Canada there are the bishop of Toronto, the arch- deacons of Kingston and York, and, in 1850, there were 134 111 352 PRESBYTERIAN ANP OTHER DENOMINATIONS. clergy, besides from twelve to fifteen missionaries. These were chiefly travelling missionaries ; and those not so were stationed at Indian settlemencs. The Presbyterian Church of Canada in connection with the Church of Scotland, had, in 1850, sixteen ordained ministers in Lower Canada, and forty- six in Upper Canada. The Church had besides five missionaries, one in Lower and four in U}>per Canada. The number of vacant charges in Upper Canada was thirty-five, and the number in Lower Canada five. The Presbyterian Church of Canada in connectiou with the Free Church of Scotland had six ordained ministers in Lower Canada, and fifty-nine in Upper Canada. The number of vacant charges reported in Upper Canada was forty -four, and the number in Lower Canada eleven. The United J^resbyterian Synod in Canada had, in 1850, thirty-four ordained ministers in Upper Canada, and five in Lower Cjinada. This body had twelve vacant chargt> in Upper Canada. The American Presbyterians had one congregation in liower Canada, in Montreal. The Weslevan Methodist Church in Canada had 18(i ministers in Upper Canada, and twenty in Lower Canada. The Canadian Wesleyan Methodist, New Connexion Church, had forty-six ministers in Uppor Canada, and six in Lower Canada. The Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada had seventy-nine ministers in Upper Canada. The Primitive Methodists had nineteen ministers in Upper Canada. The Congregationalist denomination had thirty-three ministers in Upper Canada, and twelve in Lower Canada. The number of vacant charges in Upper Canada, in connectior with this body, was seven, and in Lower Canada two. The Baptist denomination had 109 ministers in Upper Canada. and thirteen in Lower Canada. This body had seven vacant charges in Upper Canada. The Bible Christian Church MINATIONS. METHODIST ANP OTHER DENOMINATIONS, 353 in Upper Canada, in connection witli the Bible Christian Conference and Missionary Committee in England, had fourteen ministers in ysper Canada m 1850. These were stationed chiefly aroii. the shores of Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte. The Unitarian body had one oongrej^ation in Lower Canada, in MontreaL There was one .Jewish Synagogue in MontreaL The Roman Catholic Church in Canada, which embraces the large body of French Canadian population, had, in J 850, 4f)4 priests in Lower Canada. In Upper Canada, where the Roman Catholic congregations are composed chiefly of the krish portion of the population, the number of priests, in 1850, was seventy-nine. These were distributed to the most remote settlements of the country, embracing stations am(»ng the Indians on the borders of Lake Superior, and on the Manitoiilin Islands, and borders of Lake Huron. The Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England, and the Wesleyan Methodist Church, have, as has been already mentioned, been far the most active of the churches in converting and reforming the habits of the Indians in Canada. The Wesleyan Methodist Church, of the three, has, it is believed, been the most successful. The Indian missions of this church in Upper Canada are understood to be in a very encouraging condition. There has been a very interesting mission established by the Presbyterian Church of Canada, or Free Church, in the Western District, Upper Canada, The recent law of the United States, facilitating the capture of fugitive slaves in any part of that country, has largely increased the number of coloured people in Canada, The number, in the early part of 1851, was estimated to be thirty thousand. An association was formed at Toronto for the purchase of land, in order to provide a home for these fugitives, and as a 2 a x./ i ill i«#^MMk9MMb^^,- .i U. 354 MrsSION FOB INSTRUCTION OF FUGITIVE SLAVES, ;.s 1 -{•■• means for their moral elevation. Five thousand acres were set asiiie, in the township of Raleigh, county of Kent, Westera District, — a part of the country of easy access to fugitives from American bondage, and suitable also on account of its climate for their residence, and profitable employment. A probationer of the Free Church of Scot- land, Mr. William King, agreed to become the missionary to this coloured population ; and one of the students of the college in connection with this church at Toronto was appointed teacher. In 1851, when the mission had been established little more than a year, thirty families were settled on the lands of the association, and the school numbered thirty-three pupils. Portions of the white and coloured population of the United States have assisted in maintaining this interesting mission. We now draw this chapter to a close. It will be seen from these statements that Canada, both in respect of educational and religious advantages, is, considering all circumstances, very highly privileged. In the towns and older settlements there is usually no want of either churches or schools. In new and more remote settlements both churches and schools are again thinly enough scattered. Families who properly value such privileges may, however, avoid placing themselves in those situations. Abundance of good and cheap land is to be had where religious ordinances and an ordinary English education are within easy reach. '■■ fir'-j. .-, 1 ■r i»r-;!'i'i;-'v, ' "^-cir" r:r -t-T:!'!. :?• . ■f»-.l^»'-M» ' TIVK SLAVES. thousand acres vfcre I, county of Kent, ry of easy access to id suitable also on snce, and profitable ree Church of Scot 'ome the missionary ne of the student-* i church at Toronto len the mission had p, thirty families were tion, and the school ms of the white and ,ates have assisted in plose. It will be seerj both in respect of s, is, considering all In the towns and older of either churches or lements both churches scattered. Families may, however, avoid Abundance of good ligious ordinances and bin easy reach. CHAPTER XXIV, fii Ji ^ WAGE8, RENTS, AND PRICES OF PROVISIONS. Imperfect luforninfinn on the subject of tlic demand and Value of Labour in Canada — General State of Trades in Canada — Rates of Wages and other Particulars of Trades — House Carpenters and Joiners— Bricklayers— Stone- Masons— Plasterers — Painters — Blacksmiths — Carriage Makers — "Wheel Wrights— Tinsmiths — Bakers — Shoemakers — Tailors -— Printers— Seamen Apprenticps— Female Employments — Farm Servants — Lahourers- -Scotch Farm Servants — Experiences and Prospects of a ForfarHliire I'loughman — Other Trades and Occupaticms in C'anada — Table of Wages Published by the Emigretion Commissioners— Demand for Labour in Canada - Rates and Description of Board and liOdging m the Colon -Rents and Descrip- tion of Housea— Prices of Provisions and IVel— Prices and Description of Clothing Ik proceeding to give detailed information on the subjects of wages, rents, and prices of provisions and clothing in Canada, we commence first with Wages. Much inconvenience to individuals has been the conse- quence of the indiscriminate information circulated with respect to the demand and remuneration for different kinds of labour in Canada. Persons frequently arrive in the colony buoyed with high hopes of their services being iii great request at certain high rates, which they found in- I iii - ' I 356 WAQEB AND STATE OP TUAPE8. ni ^i variably quoted in the emigration guide books they hail read. l>id they know that in most instances this sort (»f information has been handed down in stereotype from one writer to another, year after year, while the state of things within the colony all the while continued more or less changing, much less depeiidencjc w(>uld of course be placed upon it ; and they would not, on arriving in the c'>lwiiy. refuse, in their false expectations, the offer (»f modeiatc wages, and have painfully to experience this error when both their patience and means for further travelling arc exhausted. Another prevalent mistake is, that inferior description* of tradesmen suit, and find emi^loyment almost as well as the best in Canada — the colony, as individuals reason, being young, and therefore in a comparatively rude state, good workmanship is not in request. This may apply to small villages or country settlements ; but the case in regard to the towns is for the most part quite the reverse. In the principal towns of Canada, labour being usually well re- munerated, the workmanship required is not inferior to that in the best towns of Britain. Inferior hands experience difficulty in getting employment, while superior tradesmen in most branches are highly prized.. Certain trades, again, it would be well for many would they reflect, have little or no encouragement at all in Canada — such as those enga;^ed in the finer descriptions of manufactures which the colony import from Britain or the United States. Others must also have to take into account how the seasons may affect their po^'ticular branch, as the long frost in winter materi- ftUy lessens the wages of the plasterer, bricklayer, and stone-mason on the average of the year. And again, the rates of the generality of trades vary in different parts of the country, and in the same parts at particular periods. BS. » books they haci ances this sort of ereotype from (n\t the state of things med more or less f course be placed njr in the colony, offer of moderate 3e this error when ther travelling are nferior descriptious it almost as well as iduals reason, being [y rude state, good may apply to small e case iu regard to le reverse. In tin.- g usually well re- iiot inferior to that hands experience superior tradesmen irtaiu trades, again, iflect, have little or ;h' as those engaged which the colony ,tes. Others must seasons may affect in winter mater;- ,r, bricklayer, and And again, the different parts of jticular periods. WAGES A^fD STATE OF TRADES. 357 With regard to the hours of labour, it may be stated generally that they are somewhat longer, and the applica- tion iw closer, than in Britain. Tradesmen who have been long in any part of North America usually get accustomed ter of this trade is required, and chiefly in settlements that have made some progress, where the inhal)itant8 have acquired the means and leisure to su}>- Btitute more substantial and durable materials for wood. Toronto, Hamilton, and London, are towns which build a good deal of brick. Montreal and Kingston are now build- ing chiefly of stone. The rate of wages of bricklayers in Canada may be stated to be from 58. to 6s. a-day. The winter season is much against this trade, as only eight months' work in the year can be calculated upon. Stone-Masons. Very few of this trade have as yet found encouragement west of Hamilton. In that town several substantial stone buildhigs have boon erected from a neighbouring quarry. Htone, however, is now being found in various parts* west- ward. The public court-house in the town of Glodcrich, district of Huron, 60 miles north of London, is built of stone. A quarry of limestone, very suitable for building, has been sometime discovered, and considered to be almost inexhaustible, four miles from the town of London. The new jail and court-house, erected in 1843, has been partly built with it. Before the discovery was made known, the estimate for ruble stone work in foundations, dwarf walls, cess pools, &c., was ll^d. per r abic foot, and after the quarry was made known, it lessened the same description of work, about ono-half, it being then estimated at 6d. per foot. Stone from this quarry was charged to the London District 6s. 2d. per cord of 128 cubic feet, and the quarry- ing cost besides 4s. Id. per cord, and the carting for the four miles into London was 22s.; making a total cost de- ;s. WAGES AND STATE QV TUADE8. afio is required, and le progress, where ,nd leisure to 8ul>- jiterials for wood. 119 which build a ;on are now b\iild- of bricklayers in , 6s. a-day. The ,de, as only eight ed upon. md encouragement ,1 substantial stone ghbouring (luarry. irarious part? west- town of Goderich, .ondon, is built of itablc for building, dered to be almost of London. The 3, has been partly ,s made known, the ,tions, dwarf walls, •oot, and after the same description istimated at 6d. })er bed to the London ft, and the quarry- Ihe carting for the g a total cost de- livered '^ the town of 32h. 3d. Lime and sand are had in abundance, both near the town and throughout the district, as 13 the case generally all over ('anada. The best towns for masons have usually been Kingston and Montreal. In Toronto latterly there have been many very handsome stone buildings erected. The wages of masonw iu Canada may be quoted at from 4s. to 5s. a-day. The working season may be estimated to be from Ist May to L'ith No- vember. Plasterers. This trade is much required in Canada, as houses of every description, except the very poorest, are lathed and ]dastered the same as in Britain. Wages about the same as bricklayers ; and the same drawback of a long season of frost applies also to this trade. Painters. This is a good trade in Canada, and all the individuals 1 have known engaged in it have had opportunities of pros- pering. Wooden houses, besides inside painting, usually receive two or more coats of white or stone colour, on every part outside, excepting the roof. In the towns the same description of work is done as in Britain. Wages may be stated to be from 4s. to 5s. per day. Blacksmiths. This trade is one which will always employ many hands hi Canada, chielly owing to the quantity of waggons, car- riages, and agricultural implements in demand, and the number of horses requiring to be shod. Wages may be stated to be £4 a month with board, and 4s. to 68. a day without board. ! M. m ■ I 360 WAOEtJ A«I) STATE OF TRADED'. \ ^ J' Carkiaoe Makers. A few roquircd in the towns. Wage?, £^ to X3 • 10s. a month with board, and 4s. to r>3. a day without board. Wheel-Whkjhts. Sometimes paid by the piece, £l . 48. a set of four wheels. Average haruis can make two set a week, and some good hands more. Tinsmiths. Wa^es, 208. to 30s. a week with board. This trade is very much carried on in the western parts of Canada by means of barter. Travelling waggons are kept by ma.stei tradesmen, and sent loaded with wares through the country. which are bartered for furs, feathers, &c. The fur.s are sold in the New York or Montreal market for shipment to Kug- land. A great many of ingenious American machines are used in working the tin, such as for turning locks, puttiug tire together, grooving, preparing tire for wire and putting it in, turning out and setting down bottoms, all which much abridges labour. The description of tin known as 10 is chiefly used, and IX to a limited extent. Bakers. Although in the country parts people usually bake their own bread, in the towns a considerable quantity of bakers' loaves and fancy bread are used, and the trade is one which prospers well. Not so much capital is thought requisite to begin business as in Britain, many in this country just pur chasing a barrel or two of flour as required. In some of the towns, as Toronto, an assize regulates the price of bread, and 8s., 1 am informed, is allowed for baking a l)itrrel ol tiour containing 196 lbs. The Government contract for the troops , ^* rsrf " ■ rti- If Tailors. First-rate workmen may not fifid much difficulty in pro curinjf employment, but of inferior hands 1 would say that Canada is fully stocked. Jourueymcn'.s wages are V.h. lor making a drchs-coat, trousers 4s., vest 48. The work that is paid thus is of the best description, and quite as good as is required in the first towns in Britain. The master tradesmen's prices are generally 24s. to 'iha, for making a dress-coat, and (U, for trousers, and the same for vest Clothes, however, by second and third class tradesmen, are iLUch cheaper; and both women and inferior class triules- men make a good deal for the shops at very low rates; and much of this description of work is sold in Canada. Printers. The demand for printers in Canada has usually been very limited, the trade being chietly confined to newsj)ajM.T and job work. Wages vary from 288. to 40s. a week. Tk newspapers, generally speaking, with exceptions in the chief towns, do not a|)pear to meet with encouragement sufficient to cause either good workmanship, or much editorial care l)eirjir employed upon them. The sheet is usually smaller than the ordinary sized papers in Britain, the paper inferior, and a considerable portion is occupied with advertisements, and the greater number of these 'standing' ones — say for two. three, six months, or longer ; the advertisers having cod tracted for ' a square,' a half, or a whole column at so much a year. Advertisements of from six to ten lines are charged from about 2s. to 3s. for a first insertion, and for each subsequent insertion the charge is only one-fourth of thesi' rates, namely from 6d. to 9d. Longer advertisements are charged 3^d. a line for first insertion, and |d. each subse- *».■■•- IJ t-M.'r-rii-^ ^-^^iji-r EB. WAOEfl AWl) STATE or TRADES. 3tf3 h rlifficulty in pro ,n 1 wouM say that wttgcH ure IOn. tV-r [». The work that and quite as i^ood itain. The master 2MS. for making a the samo for vest lilasa tradesniei*, are [iferior class tratles- at very low rates. sold in Canada. a has usually l>cen .fined to ncwsi)a]M'r iOs. a week. Tin ceptions in the chiet agement sufficient to 1 editorial care l)eiup sually smaller than e paper inferior, an J advertisements, anJ ' ones— say for two. ertisers having con column at so much ;en lines are charged srtion, and for each one-fourth of thes*' advertisements are and |d. each subse- quent one. There are no government-duty upon advcrti«e- raentH, no duty upon ]>aper, and mo stamp, nor any sort of re- strit't ion whatever upon the publicatiKR, 365 [ to Is. 6d. each, and white ones, Is. 6cl. to 38. 6d. Maid-servants' wages may be stated to vary from £6 to ^16 a year for common servants. Younir girls on first going to service get about 4s. to Hs. a mouth, and good cooks about .£12, and in cases £16 a year. (ioo(J Scotch and English servants are much prized, and are generally scarce. Fakm-Sbrvants and Labourers. The rate of wages for common labourers is liable to great tiuctuatiors in Canada, depending naturnlly upon the extent of public works carried on at particular seasons, and the supply of hands in the country. The great number of Irish labourers that proceed to Canada have not only kept the rate of wages moderate, but have frequently occasioned much annoyance and inconvenience from the over-supply, both to contractors and quietly disposed lal)ourers. Wages may be quoted to be from Is. 6d. to lis., generally about 2s., a day. Farm-servants frequently get in the western parts of Canada from 32s. to 48s. a month, and board ; in certain parts of the country, and at certain seasons when the price of produce is low, and la^ ourers not much in demand, they are to be had at the rate of from 20s. to 32s. a month. Scotch farm-servants command readiest employment, and at the best rate of wages. 1 know many of them who have prospered remarkably well in Canada. One from Forfar- shire, who had 12 guineas a year, and oatmeal and milk in a 'bothy ' at home, came to Canada in 1841, and in a few years afterwards received in the London District 48s. a month, and board. He could save, he said, from £16 to il7 a year, and had all his plans laid out for the disposal of his savings. He intended in five or six years to purchase land for himself ; to go upon it in the ' Fall ' (latter part of III ' • u i-fcj.^ l.rf A' ' '-, -■'i^.ti n Wfco^w'a.M.1*.*. j>— ^ .. 366 WAQES AND STATE OP TRADES. autumn), cut down the sapling timber, and chop the treed during winter, and in spring he would hire oxen to 'log and * clear,' and prepare the ground for crop. Ami then whi'n he had raised straw, die, from his crops, he would purchase his own pair of oxen and cow, or whatever stock he might require. This Forfarshire ploughman first landed at New York and worked some time in the United States, but shortly afterwards removed into Canada, which country he liled well. Jle wore the same kind of clothing as he did in Scotland, and, as far as his knowledge went, he considered it about the same price. The l)cst moleskin for trousers and waistcoat that he could wish, he had from 2s. 6d, to 3g, a yard. He had better food in this country ; although he would not say but with his brose and ' bothy ' he was toler- ably contented in iScotland. There were some drawback? to Canada, he thought ; he had less leisure, such as atme?il times, and the work he considered more * fagging.' lie did not relish the men having to work about the cows so much- milking them, and attending to the dairy, putting on the fires in the morning, and preparing wood for fuel— which duties, for the most part, he had the notion belonged of right to the women. But, taking all in all, he would no? exchange Canada for Britain by a great deal. He had cheering prospects of comfortable independence. Having stated these current rates of wages, it may he as well to mention that, in parts of Canada, the workman cannot depend, in many instances, upon always receiving regularly his wages in money. Barter prevailing to a consi- derable extent, and money comparatively scarce, the master tradesman has frequently not ready cash to pay his men when required. But should clothes, shoes, or the like be wanted ^D£8. WAGES ANP STATE OF TRADES. 367 and chop the trees hire oxen to ' log )r crop. Ami then, lis crops, he would s, or whatever stock Einded at New York, States, but l^l>urti}• ch country he liked othing as he did in 3 went, he considered aoleakin for trouscrr. ad from 2s. 6d. to 3s, lountry ; although he ' bothy ' he was toler- jvere some drawback? fisure, such as at me'il •e ' fagging.' lie did t the cows so much- Airy, putting on the ood for fuel -which c notion beloiigod of I in all, he would not great deal. He had jpendence. Is of wages, it may he Icanada, the workman Ipon always receiving ■ prevailing to a consi- lely scarce, the mastci lb to pay his men whtn lor the like be wanted by a workman, his employer will give him an order for the articles upon the shopkeeper, or the tradesmen, with whom he does business, and the balance of wages in cash is paid as the employer can spare it, and when otherwise needed by the workman. This state of things is not nearly so provaleut, however, as it was formerly, and, with the im- proving condition of the country, the system of ready mouev in all transactions is more adopted ; as for all parties, of course, it is found to be most convenient and pro- fitable. Before closing these notices on labour and wages in Oanad.a, I would, in justice to the subject, call some attention to the information furnished by Government in the Report, and Colonization Circular, of the Colonial Land and Emigra- tion Commissioners for 1851. The following are the average waf^es quoted in the Circular of various trades in Upper •Canada. The rates for Lower Canada, with the exception of bricklayers and stone-masons, are somewhat less than those quoted for the upper or western division of the country ; — TRADE. Blacksmiths i Bakers I Butchers , i Brickninkers , ; Bricklayers , Curriers , I Carj)ftnters and Joiners ; Cabinetmakers i Average Wages Per Day, Without With Board. Board, S. D. S D. 5 4 4 3 6 4 3 3 4 3 5 3 9 5 3 9 6 3 6 6 3 5 Average Wages Per Annum, With Board S. D. 32 30 &'* I li^ ^1 ! I ■I \ \. .:.iSBSSB^ 368 PBMANT) FOR LABOUR. TRADE. Coopers Cooks (women) DaiiTw^omen Dressmakers Farm Labourers Gardeners (irooras Mill- wrigh ts Millers Painters Plasterers Plumbers and Glaziers Quarry men Shoemake rs Sawyers Shipwrights and Boatbuilders Stone-masons Sailmakers Tanners Tailors Tinsmiths Wheelwrights Averuffe Wages Per Day. Without Board. With Board. S. V s. u. 5 3 9 2 "a 2 6 3 9 7 again at the seven o'clock supper, with abundance of pre- serves of apples, plums, peaches, or cranberries, with coffee 2 b I' ^ iC: r^iO^-U^^jii^T&iA.^ -l*u ..U'.M»>.^"( 370 REIfTS. or tea. Meals of this description are charged usually Is, t© Is. fid. in the country rojulside taverns ; and for 2s. orgs 6d. you may bo seated at the more <'hoicely prepared talde of the town hotel. And in neither instances has one to pay extra, as the practice is in Britain, any fees whatever in country or town inn, except 'Ad. or 6d., when staying over nicjht to the person employed l)y the house to can-y luggage and brush boots. f Rents. lleiits in Canada, as is generally known, are somewhat higher than they are in most places in Britain, because there both labour and money bring better returns. On? large room, with one or two bed-closets (th j kind of accnm- modation which workmen with small families generally sliift with at first), may be had in towns in Canada from lOs. to 12s. a month, or from about £6 to £7 : 5s, a year. A respectable looking ht)use for a small family, containirig parlour and kitchen on the ground floor, and three or fo\ir bed-rooms above, with cellar and back-green, may bo statd at ,£12 a year, A convenient and elegant cottage contain- ing dining and drawing rooms, parlour, and i-cveral M- rooras, ^ith garden attached, may be had from £'A0 to i'40 or upwards. Very many people, when they settle in a new town, manage to buy their half or quarter acre lot of gronnd. perhaps for £H or £lO, and build their own house. i'lCO to £200, I would say, would put the respectable trades man in possession of a convenient and neat house, with hi> half acre for green and garden, unburdened by feu- duty or house or window tax. In the business part of principnl streets, where ground is hiq;h, rents of ordinary sized shcps, having 20 feet in front, with one or two floors jl ove, may be stated to be from £40 to about XlOO. PRICES OF PROVlSfONS. 371 larfljed usually h t^ ; and for 28. or 2s )icely prepared tallc unces has one to |»ay my fees whatever in ., when stayinj:^ dver )use to carry luggage nown, are somewhat 3 in Britain, heoau>e better returns. On* s (thi kind of accom 11 families j^^enonillv iwns in Canada from to £7 ; 5s. a year. A 11 family, containing oor, and three or four green, may be statd gant cottage contain- ur, and several M- had from i30 to i'40 they settle in a new ■;r acre lot of gronnd. ]r own house. i'lCO e respectable trade? neat house, with hi> dencd by feu- duty er ess part of principal ordinary sized shops. wo floors iibove, may 10. Prices of Provisions. I will here quote the prices of provisions in Canada a.s (•btaiued from the most reliable sources. It may be premised that economical familie.s, who have the means, usually lay in a stock of Hour, beef, pork, (fee, by the barrel or 100 lbs. before the winter commences, and also their fire wood ; which foresight saves them paying higher prices. A cord of wood, containing 12H cubic feet, sufficient to make a comfortable daily fire for a family having to use it in cook- ing, for about the space of a fortnight to three week.s, costs in the towns from 5s. to 8s. The pieces or billets of beech, maple, ash, nnd hickory timber, used for fvuil, are about four foet long, and from 9 to 18 inches in circumference, and when used for stoves of three feet length or less, these pieces are cut and split to the most convenient size. Wood is found by experience in Canada, to make a cheerful, cleanly, warm, and much more lasting fire than is generally sup- posed. The following, then, are about the ordinary prices of [trovisions in Canada. The prices are given in colonial cur- rency, deducting a fifth from which brings them roughly, for purposes of ordinary accuracy, to sterling ; — Beef ii5s. to 30s. per cwt,, or 2^d. to 4d. per tb. — Pork 15s. to 208. per 100 lbs.— Potatoes Is. 6d. to 2s. per bushel.— Flour, 20s. to 25s, per baiTel of 196 lbs. — The firs* liuality 4 lb loaf sells usually for 5d. — Oatmeal Ts. per cwt.— Butter 50s. per cwt., or 8d, to lOd. per lb. — Cheese 30s. per cwt., or 4d. to (Id. per ft). — Fowls Is. to 2s. per pair. — Eggs 4d. to 6d. per dozen. Tea may be had from 28. 6d. to 4s. per lb — Coffee, green, from 8d. to lOd. — Sugar, brown, 5d., and refined 7d. to 8d. —Rice ^d. to 3^d.— Candles 7d. to 8d.— Soap 3d. to S^d.-— i J .h it^««4tflt':« J«t> '.'-.-'>:^'/ : f 37-2 PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING. a Tolwicco lOd. The above articles, with the exception of candles and soap, are most usually imported from thi.' United States. Soap and candles are chiefly made in the country. Such articles as PiUf^jliah pickles and sauces, por- ter and ales, are a good deal higher in proportion tlian the ordinary articles of groceries. Every description of clothing is to be had in must part.t of Canada at a very moderate advance upon the old country prices. The kinds of clothing ni use at home are found quite suitable in ordinary circumstances in Canada, Soiue lighter descriptions in summer, and warmer in winter are usually worn. >' >- CHAPTER XXV. PRICES, AND DESCRIPTION OF CROWN AND OTHER LANDS IN CANADA. (.las8P8 of Lands for Sale in Canada— Prices and Tpnns of Crown Lands— Ciovernment Grants -Clergy Reserve Lunds — Lands of the British American Land Company — Sii nation. Quality of Soil, Roads, (Jencral Kealures and otli'r Ps'lirulars — Lands of the <^'anada Company m T^'^ppcr Canada— Situa- tion and extent of their Lands Description of their Principal Tract— Sketch of the Progress of its Settlement— Prices and Terms of the Conipany'H Ldudii- Remarks in Re<;ard to their Dealings with their Settlers— Settlers" Siivuigs Rank Account — Extent of Remittances firom Settlers in t^anada to their Friends in Europe — Description and Prices of Improved Farms in Upper {'auada- Registry Search as to Validity of Title— Value of Culti vated Lands, and Progress of Settlement in Lower Canada— Progress very Unequal— Defective Cultivation of French Canadians— Prosperous Condition of Missisquoi County — Settlers chiefly of British and American Origin, and "vempted from the Feudal System generally prevalent in Lower Canada. Land8 in Canada may be purchased either from Govern- ment, incorporated companies, or private individuals. The lands under the control of the Government are classified into Crown Lands, Clergy Reserves, School Reserves, and Indian Reserves, and are scattered over every district of the colony. The incorporated land companies in Canada are two : the British American Land Company, and the Canada Company. The lands possessed by the former are situated r^ 374 PIUOES OF CROWN LANDS IN CANADA. in Ijowor CVnada ; ami tlio rainula Company's lands in th« upper or western (livisi< (!^i.Riiov Rkskkvk Lands in Uppkh and L(>wkii Canada. The Crown lands, by an act of the Colonial Legislature are to be sold at a price to be from time to time fixed by the Governor in Council. The present fixed price for siuh lands in Upper Canada is 8s. currency, or about Gs. 7d. sterling per acre. This price does not apply ' to lanils ro- served by Government for non -i)ayment o.' the conditions of settlement on which they were gninted under a former system now abolished, nor to lands called Indian Reserves and Clergy Reserves, which three classes are, as well as town and village lots, subject to special valuation ' The Government Gazette publishes, respecting the Crown lands. which are to be had for 8s. currency, that the lots are to be taken at the contents in acres marked in the public docu- ments, without guarantee as to the actual quantity ; that no purchase-money will be received by instalments, but that the whole, either in money or * land scrip,' must b« paid at the time of sale. On the payment of the purchase- money, the purchaser will receive a receipt which will CROWN LANDS IN I,.)WEU CANADA. 47« IJpPEH AND li(»WER entitle him to enter upon the land purchased, and arr» -e- inents will be made for issuing to him the patent u«^ witiiout delay. (Tho * land scrip' mentioned alK)ve is paper issued by tho Colonial (jlovernment in Hatisfaction of 11. E., or rither claims for lands adjusted by this nicaiis, and which paper, bearing a certain value uttacluid by (Jovernment, and takeJi as payment for lands, is fre j 1 '^ ... ." inhtalmcnts, at intervals, of *wo years, with interest. No person is allowerown land.s ottered for .sale at 6s. (Id sterling per acre, the Colonial Goveniment have set apart settlements in both Upper and Lower (/anada, in which in- dividuals of 21 years of age and upwards, who have never obtained a grant of land from rfovernmont, may receive a farm lot of .50 acres without purchase, upon certain con ditions. The settlements in Lower Canada are upon the Lambton and Kennobec Roads, the former leading from the village of St. Francis, through Tring, to the townshif)s of P'brsyth and Lambton, and the latter, being a continuation of the Kennebec Road, from Aubert De Lisle to the Province Line. The settlement in Upper Canada is upon a road, \\hich commenced opening in 1842 at the expense of (Government, through the Crown land from the north-west angle of the township of Garrafraxa, in the Wellington Dis- trict, to Owen Sound upon Lake Huron. The road which opens up this important new territory terminates at Lake Ontario, from which Owen Sound is distant somewhat over a hundi-ed miles. The chief conditions to be observed by settlers are — ' They are to make application to the Commissioner of Crown lands, or to the agent on the ground, whenever they shall be ready to become resident on the tract to be granted, Upon giving a satisfactory account of their means of pro- viding for themselves, until a crop can be raised from the OLEROT RESERVE LAN1»8 IS CANADA ;J77 ;;roun<1, they will receive a ticket from the Oommissioner at the CrowTi Lands' Office, c'lititlinf]^ thciii to locate the land. — rpoii applioaliou to the ajjent, in the first [dace, he will forward a statement to the Crown Lands' Office, of the ap- plicunt's aj?e, fuinily, and means of settlonicnt, upon which, if approved, authority for location will issue. — Settlers will he r«^(|uiied to eh ar, and place once under crop, one-third of tho lantl located, and to reside on the land until this settle- ment duty is performed, and after one-third of the j^^rant shall have been cleared and under criip, the settler shall he entitled to his patent free of expense. The settlement duty is rciittmiM ifi« y ilw>-hips are very agreeable, being interspersed with hill and dale, river and lake, forest and meadow. The leading roads into the townships are the following : — the Gosford road from Quebec to Sherbrooke, the centre and capital of the St. Francis District, is over a distance of 120 miles. The next leading highway is from Port St. Francis, on the St. Lawrence, 00 miles above Quebec ; whence the distance to Sherbrooke is 85 miles. Forty-five miles above St, Francis, and within about the same distance of Montreal, there are two communications from the town of Sorel with the western parts of the Eastern Townships. The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway, which is to extend to Portland, in the State of Maine, already connects Montreal and Sherbrooke, and traverses much of the townships. To encourage settlers on their lands, the British American Land Company have adopted the liberal system towards purchasers, of requiring them to pay only the interest on the purchase-money annually during six years, and then allowing four years additional to pay the principal. An emigrant can thus secure possession of 100 acres of land by the annual payment of from £3 to ^4 : 10s. The result of this arrangement is said to be very satisfactory, both to purchasers and to the Company. The prices of the lands vary from 10s, to 15s. per acre, the average being 12s. 6d„ colonial currency, per acre. Improved farms, with buildings, may, besides, be purchased in any part of the townships at from i!l.')0 to £300 for 200 acres. The Company's commis- sioner in Canada is A. T. Gait, Esq., Sherbrooke ; and the (company's office iu England is 35^ New Broad Street, Lon- don. Deposits are received either on account of laud or for remittance to Canada ; and information may be obtained at most of the banks in the agricultural districts in England, I 'J\, ■% 380 LANDS OP CANADA rOMPANT IN UPPER CANADA. Scotland, and Ireland, and also from numbers of agents in the principal towns. The Company have also agents in Quebec, Montreal, Port St. Francis, and other towns in Canada. The above particulars of the terms on which the Com pany dispose of their lands, with other information relatinfj to them, for the guidance of intending emigrants to Canada, are given in a printed prospectus of the Company, oh- tained from the secretary, at the London office in New Broad Street. The writer, during a residence of about four years in Lower Canada, had many oj>portunities of being acquainted with the very favourable opinion universally entertained of the Eastern Townships. They are believed to embrace much the finest portion of Lower Canada, with, perhaps, the excep- tion of the Island of Montreal. The lands of this pleasantly situated and fertile island are, it is believed, chiefly held under the feudal system, so generally prevalent in Lower Canada. The seigniors of the island are the gentlemen of the Roman Catholic Seminary of St. Sulpice, at Montreal. ! t Lands of the Canada Company in Upper Canada. The Canada Company, incorporated in 1820, have lands in almost every part of Upper Canada, consisting of scattered lots of 200 acres each, and of large blocks or tracts. Their principal tract consists of 1,000,000 acres, situated on the south-eastern shore of Lake Huron, with a lake frontage of sixty miles. It was long known as the Huron Tract , after wards it was erected into the municipal District of Huron; and latterly, on the recent new division of Upper Canada. it has been divided, with some additions, into two counties, Huron and Perth. The new county of Bruce though con- nected with these for judicial and other purposes, and tLut* 'PER CANADA. niibers of agents in lave also agents in uid other towns in on which the Corn- information relating emigrants to Ounada, f the Company, ob- a office in New Broad 1 of about four years ;s of being acquainted irsally entertained of ived to embrace much .1, perhaps, the cxcep- ads of this pleasantly believed, chiefly held 1 prevaknit in Lo^\'or ire the gentlemen of ulpicc, at Montreal. N Upper Canada. in 1820, have lands [onsisting of scattered i'e blocks or tracts. )()0 acres, situated on with a lake frontage Huron Tract , after |l District of Huron; In of Upper Canada. 18, into two counties, Bruce though con- purposes, and tluf THTJ HURON PIHTttlCT OP UPPER CANADA. 381 associated wiih the district, foj ned no part of the district or tract. The tract or district originally consisted of twenty-two townships, namely, Honsantpiet, Williams, Stephen, M'Gil- livrav, Biddulph, Blanshard, Downie, Gore of Downie, South and North Easthopc, Ellice, Fullarton, Usborne, Hay, Stanley, Tuckersmith, Hibltert, Logan, M'Killop, Hullet, Colborne, Goderich. This last named township, contains the chief town of the same name, situated on an elevated bank of the lake at the mouth of the River Maitland, with a good harbour. The district was first settled in 182H; in 1840 it contained a population of 5900 ; in 1.842 the popu- lation had increased to 7100; in 1848, according to the official census, it had increased to 22,000, and at present the population of the Company's settlement is estimated at 2e stateil. e quotations, isposing of these lands f ten years, no money ^he rents, payable 1st nterest at six per cent hen leased, accordhvj rent has to l)r paid in le settler frooi farther rtli year of his term of red to hiin of couvert- hold, iiV)on paying the The Company miskc cr to the time ^s'hen thf unt, and thereby save- [count of the situation. mging to the Cauada id hououral)le deabngs land liberal treatment 1 a material influence in specially of late year^. |o all who ha^e disin colony. During m} Drtunities of becomiDii palings with the Com >oken of with respeci [honourable and liberal course, the Canada Company are no doubt in part inHuenced by, and experience the benefits of, the great maxim now l>emg every day more generally recognised — that private interests and those of the public are inseparably 07ie ; so that in forwarding the interests of Canada in the promotion of its colonisation, this Company most etfe«!tually promote their own. The following passages are extracted from one of the printed {)apers of the Company, from their office, Frederick Street, Toronto. ' [d order to afford every assistance to industrious and provident settlers, the Canada Company will receive any sum, no matter how small the amovmt may be, for which their lessee settlers may not have immediate want, on de- posit, allowing interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum for the same ; but it is clearly understood, that the full amount, with interest accrued, shall at all times bo at the disposal of the settler without notice. For this purpose the Company have opened an account, which is termed • Settlers' Provident or Savings Bank Account,' thus afford- ing to the provident settler every facility for accumulating sufficient money to purchase the freehold of the land which he leases, whenever he chooses to do so, within the term of ten years; but should bad harvests, or any unforeseen misfortunes visit him, he has always the amoiuit deposited? with interest accrued, at his disposal to meet them. ' Every kind of information upon Canada, and directions that can possibly be useful to intending emigrants to <,'anada, will be readily furnished, free of all charge, by applying personally, or by letter, to John Perry, Esq.. Secretary. Cauada House, St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate Street, London. ' The new printed lists of land (which may be seen in every Post-Office and store in Canada West), and any parti- 2c ! 1 I fi'' 386 THE 0ANA1)\ COMPANY. t .■ f culars. may he obtained, free of charge, upon applicatioL, if by letter, post paid, to the Company's Office at 77,001 : 13 : I were remitted through the Canada Company, by emigrants from the British Isles and (jrermany, to their friends at liome, to bring them out to the Colony. The number and amount of these remittances were as follows, viz. : — Number. Ami«)unt. Years. 549 £4,611 10 11 1844 790 7^32 10 2 mb 1.101 9,744 3 5 184G 2,081 15,742 13 11 1847 1,8^0 12,547 8 6 184X 1,798 12,575 13 7 1841* 2,441 14,307 12 8 1850 I: £77,061 13 1 upon ap{)lioatioii. s Office at Goiltricb, ick Street, Toronto, money.' ntionecl refer to iir- tiims to assist settlers ief to their friends, lids of the parties for •St and expense, thus; 1 in the biisiness/ ag more plainly aiul lan any otlier sitnilar ssibly do. Well may g so prosper that ber sre so forcibly it> ad- its colonisation. ph has attended settle- mention, that ill till' ember 1850 inclusive. emitted through the the British Isles ami bring them out t(» the reniittan<^es were a> Years. ' ' . . . 1S47 ' ' . . • i^-n' . 1850 improved paums in upper canada. 3^7 Improved Parm.s in Ujmt.r Canada. It is, as will l>o conceived, difficult to .stati; the jircci.se i)rit'cs at which improved farms can l»e pp.rohased, tin. Ikch- jitv amount of improvements, an' ^/arcicular circumstances of persons wishing to sell, having all i.o be taken into account. It mav be generally remarked, however, that such farms, say usually about 200 acres, with 40 acres, or less or mi>re. uniler cultivation, and having dwelling-house, farm huild- inf^s, and sometimes implements and stock, arc fretpiently to be bought under real value. The rmraber of farms in the market of this description arises, in many cases, from the possessor wishing to purchase a large extent of -wild or waste land for the purpose of sharing such with his grown- up family. In the greater number of instances, perhaps farms partly cultivated are to be had for about £'.l : lOs. to £6 an acre. Good bargains are frequently to be had when purciiasers are able to pay ready money. An instance I am able to mention of an Englishman who arrived in the Ldudon District, Upper Canada, in the spring of 184:5, and who purchased a farm of 100 acres, one half cleared, with a dwelling-house upon it, though not very good, a frame barn, and also some stock, for £350 currency, or about i'286 sterling, ready money. This farm is about four (»r live miles from the town of London, and was considered to be a cheap purchase. Another instance I know of is of a farm about the same distance from the town, and the same size as the above, but understood to possess a better soil, having had an offer of a purchaser for £60< ' currency, or i'493 sterling, and the bargain, though not ci^icluded when I heard of it. was expected to be. Like the other farm pur- chased for £350 currency, this one had also 50 acres cleared, with a frame barn and dwelling-house, though the latter of i't' i 1 H^ ;>- lent oi" a farm in CauaiJa. iptiou and price of fariii« this respect, accidentally mi the cohimus of the ished at Toronto. ' ii-. heading of the advertist- ageous terms, a mo^t of Haldimand, distric; fully situated, havintr 'i A saw and grist null ijacent to Grafton ana •or all kinds of jirodiicf f which are cleared ami I consists of a splendid ive qualities, is not t< There is a very excel lises, consisting of tw^' lore-room; also another a state of completion; uses ; and a tine orchiir'l |tention of any respeet- ■st quality- -the presoui i,i(.y>rleti»r leaving in consequence of its interference witli hi^ profession. Trice £UM) [provincial currency, heing CV2H sterling.] The payment to suit the p\irchaser, antl inunediaie possv^ssion may he had. For further particular.'^. iii(|uirc of Dr. Sahine, cJiemist and druggist, 54 Yonge Street, Toronto.' — [This advertisement appeared some years af,'o, and is therefore, in all prohahility, useless for any other liur))0se than the one mentioned.] \V ild or waste lands near towns frequently bring a price apparently disjiroportionate to their value, com])ared with the low price of cleared farms. This is owing, amongst other obvious circumstances, to the timber in such situations being valuable for fuel. A lot of 150 acres of wood land, within two and a-half miles of Loudon, li[)jter ('anae mentioned that each county has a Register- Office in which titles to lands are recorded. The charge for a search is Is. 6d. It is only lately that a system of registry has been established in Lower Canada. Its success in that division of the colony has been only partial as yet. The system is completely established in Upper Canada. Before leaving this important part of our subject on the lands of the colony, we will take a glance at the general value of culti\ ated lands throughout Lower Canatla. The __i f 3!>o orLTIVATF.n LANI>fl T^f LOWER CANADA. opportunity w ill ulso aft'ord us some insight into the prt'scn condition and statu ol' pro)5ress of niuch of Lower ('aniida V ■ I. ', \ I .1 '■i :l Cri.TIVATKI> T IMloc.HKHS OP SkTTLEMK.NTS IN LOWKU (^!ANAI»A. With regard to the prices of ( ultivated land in Lower (Canada, the information furnished to tin? lioard of Statistic- in ('anae depended upon as accurate. From this sourci it appears that the value of cultivated land in this divisioi! of Canada ranges chieliy from about los. u) £7 : I Os. cur- rency per acre. The Registrar of the County of Quebtv states the average value of uncleared lands in the coimtj so low as ")s. per acre, and of cleared land at from los, to 17s Hd. ; and he further states that the average rate <»f incr'-as' in the value of land during the last ten years has been, ex elusive of Quebec and its environs, a))out 2(> per cent \U mentions that new sattlers seldom remain in the county. In the comity of Dorchester, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, oppo.^ite to Quebec, the price of clcareNer tlic Bourtl of Statistics [ CounticH, is thjit ni<).,t te. From this sourci jd land in this division t ms. to £1 : lOs. cur- :he County of (^ueber ed lands in the c(.iii)t) and at from ios. to 17s verage rat© of incroaso ten years has been, c.\ ibout 20 per cent 11- remain in the county, he south bank of the the price of clcard to £10, depending on main roads, cluirchcs, uUivated land in the ,, oil the river of that al, is stated to sell a? 'he wild lands in the to £6 per acre. The ty of Yamaska, at the t. Peter, arc stated to tore ; and the Registrar value of lands in the ,hough it is not state-l rtithin what period this increased value has taken place. In the county of Kouvillo, on the south-east bank of the Richolieu. there has been an increase of oO per cent, in Millie, in consequence of extensive cle.iring. Tliis is a very premising part of Lower Canada ; the scenery is pictur- esque, and the land generally good. .Major Cam[»bell, late Cfovcrtior-Geiujrars secretary, is a sciguiur in ihi^ county, !iii(i has displayed much enter{)riso in agricultural improve- mcui.s, around his plea.^antly situated residence on tholianks of the Hichelicu. In other comities the decrease has been very trithng ; and in others the llegistrars state that land has retrograded in value ; several attributing the decreased value to the bad crops produced, most probably from the very defective modes of cultivation jiursued by the French Canadian farmers. The Registrar of the county of Sa- giienay, which is a considerable distance below Quebec, states that the mode of cultivation is very bati r n-' J- 1 U 392 INCOME OP FARMERS. .1 E 5 i : J I This county embraces a portion of the eastern townships of Lower Canada, where the population is relieved from the depressing and clogging influence of the feudal system, so almost universally prevalent in other parts of the eastern division of Canada. In 1848 Missisquoi had a populaticin of nearly 12,000, chiefly of British and American ungm. Lands uncleared, it is presumed, sell at an average of from I5s. to 20s. per acre ; the increase on the value of landt. «vithin ten years has been 25 per cent, The income of many of the farmers of the coimty, the Registrar states, is from £300 to £400 per annum, chiefly derived from the sale oi butter, cheese, pork and beef, and young cattle. Some far- mers, during the spring, Mr. Dickinson (who is the Regi.strar) also states, often take to the Montreal Market cheese to the amount of £100, and one whom he knows laid doAvn an acre and a half in hops for which in two years he realised £175. ;•. ^ ■■ « i. ; if CHAPTER XXVI. ' < ON THE CHOICE OP FOREST LANDS, AND THE MANNER OF SETTLING; AND DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCE OF CROPS. Thp Life of a Backwoodsman,' by Mr. Linton— i tow to cboosp (lood and Dry Forest Laud- I>etailed Direclions as to the Sf^lection of Land— Directions for Settling upon Land -Clearing the l/and — Erection of a House — first Crops —Winter Clearing— Sugar Making in Spring— Preparing for Spring Crops -Spring and Summer Clearing— Fencing the New I^and— Ordinary Crops cuilivatei' in Canada— Sowing time, and Average Yield ot Crops- -Canada as represented in the Great Industrial Exhibition in London— Total Annual Value of Agricultural Exports of Canada. With regard to the description of information to be given in this chapter, I shall perhaps best consult the interests of the intending settler on forest land in Canada, and ensure the fullest practical accuracy in all the various details, by bringing forward, in a direct form, the best experience I am acquainted with on the subject. I find this in a very convenient form, in a small pamphlet, entitled ' The Life of a Backwoodsman ; or, Particulars of the Emigrant's Situa- tion in Settling on the Wild Laud of Canada.' The writer of this very useful publication, wiiom I have the pleasure i it r ) I .' / h r.tialO/ee»1i,> :J94 ON TFIE CHOirE OF FOREST LAND. to know, U a settler at Stratford, in the fluron I)i^;trict, ruiv< inclu«led 'n the new county of Perth, TTpper Canada. Mr Linton li.ts been a settler in the woods or l)ush of 0- nada fur upwards of seventeen years, and is perfectly familiar with all a settler's experiences. He is an intelli}.:;ent and indus trious Scotchman, and much respected by his neighbours. t- l 'i I' I . Good and dry forest land, Mr. Linton ol)serves, is known by such variet} of trees growing on it as maple, beech, elm, basswood, ironwood, cherry, hickory, wbitc- ash, and butternut , and their growing tall, and brancLinc only near the top. If the trees are low in size, and scragfrv. the soil is clayey and cold, and inclined to be wettish. Tht- birch tree is found in such situations. This tree gro\v« healthy and strong, being often I'ound from two to three tttt in diameter, in particular spots of land inclined to be wot • It is sometimes/ savs Mr. Linton. • a mark to discover a spring of water. The birch will almost always bo fouivl near a spring. The trees which gi*ow on wet and swamp} lands are the oak, pine, hemlock, tamarack, black ash, ami cedar • ])ut the pine and hemlock are found also on dry soil Maple, beech, elm, and basswood are the kinds wbich (tnm most ni'raerous, and on good land are sui-e to bo found growing tall, and from one foot to three and four in diameter. In dry sandy plains and hills will be found the oak and pine. When the oak grows on soil not sandy, it i.« apt to be clayey ground. Besides the large trees, there is also growing what is commonly called brush, which is composed of smaller trees, from eighteen inches high to thirty foot or more. These smaller trees seem to be growing to take the place of the larger ones when the latter decay and fall rouii nences either on the banks of a large creek, or in a tract i)f land which is hilly. In this part of the country, where 1 ani settled, hilly land is not generally seen, yet in the eastern part of the township of North Easthope, there is some fine hilly land, and as it is all mostly settled, and in part cleared, and studded with farm-houses, l>arns, &c. haji a strong resemblance to parts of the old country ; and this improvement in the forest has been accomplished since 1833,' The intending settler, wishing to inspect particular lauds with a view to selection, receives from the individual pes- sessing, or agent authorised to dispose of the land, a slip of paper, with the numbers of the lots, should thero be more than one or two ; and in proceeding to inspect, it will gene- rally be of advantage to him to be accompanied by a neigh- bouring settler familiar with the nature of the laud, Mr. Linton observes, with regard to this : — « rHE BUSH. now TO SELECT OOOD LAND. 307 ' In fixing upon a lot of land the emigrant may be guided l,v tlio advice of some of the settlers in the neighbourhood ,,f the lots he is going to inSj)ect, and if there is no near neij'hl)our, he ought to ask the assistatice of the nearest settler, and such aid I have never known to be refused. In order to direct an emigrant to choose a lot of land, the fol- lowing marks may be noted ; — First, get, if possible, a lot with a small nmning stream (called a creek) on it, or a spring of water. Every lot has not a creek or spring on it. but water can be got by digging, and the well when dug .Might to he lined or walled up with stones Second, observe that tall and strong timber, free of rotten branches or an unhealthy look, grows on good land, — I mean ebu, maple, heoch. basswood, and cherry, and the other timber previously mentioned as growing on dry lan>MCf 39H DIRECTIONS FOR BETTLINO. 1 Thus much with regard to the selection of land. 1',, the next step we, perhaps, cannot do better than to Ui ur ther guided l)y the exi)erienced directions of Mr. Lintoj The emigrant's family he suj>poses to be living at the noansi village, or at a neighl)ouring settler's house, the erection a house is to be set about. Having made a selection of ,] site for the intended house, an acre or less of land is to li untier-hriiMied — that is, the small trees and brushwood ar to be cut down and piled in heaps, and then the larger tret are to bo chopped and cut into lengths, and drawn off from tli-' spot on which the house is to stand. Some settlers erect house, others a ' shanty,' but the latter ])eing so expt'di tiously done, is, in ordinary cases, most advisable. A sham\ is easily built of the logs which are cut \\\> from the feller! trees. The size of shanties has to be regulated by the nuiii ber of a family. They are freijuently from 14 feet louij; and 12 feet broad, to 18 feet by 14 feet or so. Mr. Liiitoii mi- nutely describes the usual mode of erecting one of these rough shanties ; but as he observes that, ' when the shanty or house is to be raised or built, the neighbours arc invited, and they always come willingly (for there is not one among them but had the same done to himself),' — we may, there- fore, consider it less necessary to enter into detailed direc- tions. Besides the house ' bee,' as this friendly gathering to erect the settler's dwelling is called, there are also cho[)- ping and logging bees. The settler being now supposed to be in his house, or shanty, the first matter to be attended to is to procure means of support for himself and family. Groceries, cloth- ing, and other articles, are easily got from the nearest shop or store ; potatoes from one of the older settlers, and tlour at the mill. Should the emigrant find himself thus settled by June, or middle of July, he will, if so inclined, usually n CliEABIiNU, AND PIIIST rilOPS. 390 tiiie sooner or later, fson comes. Tliis is thi- e begins to run , the trei slightly notched with an \,n auger, some little way useful tree supplies the ,r and molasses. L^xp, sold every season by tlu id village storekeeper!,, in jtail it for cash. ' Some [r. Linton, ' among the m- 1 Easthope, have made, iii gar, aud from 300 lbs. t" i,nd already chopped, an^i at hand. Thest; crop> me 0th of April to the lotti at and turnips, tu the He- |f clearing away thebnish lat lie scattered over tho setting fire to the heap.s. ■y lengths of c\it trees, is tended with considerable |e during the spring, sum- lamed in Canada. Spring calls for despatch in the Ir to have laud ready fui d. Whatever work is iK't ' LOUaiNQ,' CLEAHINa, aNP FKXCINO. 401 r.vertakcn in the way of clearing, must be left until after the crops are put in. Then there are the intervals to be laken advantage of until hay harvest, and from that until wheat harvest ; aud, again, there is tho season of late autumn or • fall.' The drawing away of the heavy pieces of cut trees that are left imburned upon the ground, being what is ' ^own by the name of ' logging' in Canada, is accomplished by means of a yoke of oxen, with a chain attached to the yoke by a hook ; and the emigrant who has a family of boys will now tiiid their services very valuable. There are settlers who have logged several acres without oxen, and some even of de- termint'd energy, have, on occasions, chopped, logged, and cleared land without any assistance, not even oxen. The usual practice is to have two, often three, persons to assist the settler in the logging field. One drives tin? oxen and gets the timber drawn together, the others pile the timber thus drawn together into heaps to be bunied. When these heaps or piles are burned, the remains that are usually found are again logged into heaps ^br the purpose of being compleiely burned. This work is termed branding. When this process of logging and burning is thoroughly done, and the ground quite cleared, the ashes aie spread over the land, aud the virgin soil is now ready to receive seed. Fencing the newly acquired land has now to be accom- pli.shed. The usual fence is a zig-zag one of the simplest con.struction, made of split rails, 11 feet long, placed one above the other, seven rails in height. These rails are split by means of wedges and the axe, from 11 feet Isngths, of black-ash, cedar, oak, elm, white-ash, cherry, oi basswood. Rails of pine, maple, or beech, are rarely used. The ordinary crops which are cultivated in Canada are fall and spring-wheat, oats, barley, pease, potatoes, turnips, 2d hi I : ■ 1 i ^: •f 402 CROPS ftJLTIVATET) IN PANAPA. I ' I ' \ iY i. (' iH ■ ■>' ifs buckwheat, and Indian corn. Hemp, flax, and tohjioco,! also cultivated to some extent in certain districts of tl country. Fall-wheat is generally sown from the 1st toll ItOtii Septemher. In some parts of Canada it in sowfi jn t| end of Aujj;ust, and in instances it is sown up to the lfi| Oct(»l)cr, The averaj^^e yield for a hiishcl to a bushel is froi 20 to 25 bushels, of (JO lbs. to the bushel, |)er acre, and m unfreqiientlj the yield is '.)() bushels per acre. Sprin wheat is usu;«'ly sown from the :^()th April to l-'ith Mu' The average yield may be stated to be from 1^ to 8i» bushe per acre. The spring wheat is lighter than tiie fall i^'inin, Oats, sown on good land, well prepared, produce usiiall from 3."» to 4') bushels per acre. Very much lari^a'r cr.! are not unfrequently produced. This crop may be sowu im 1st Aju'il to IHh Alay. Barley may be sown from I'UhMa to 4th irune. This crop produces usually from 5s to 3, l)ushels per acre. The crop of pease, which is sown ij,-ii;j! first in the spring, [>r()duces from 20 to 30 bushels jx'racn Potatoes, which are usually planted after other spriuL' or > are sown, or from 15th May to KHh June, produce, uu a; average, upon good land, about 300 bushel?; per aort Turnips are sown from 1st June to l.")th July, and pmliic readily 1000 bushels per acre. Buckwheat, sown from iJt June to 10th July, produces about 25 bushels per acre. Thi grain is cultivated to a very limited extent hi Caiiai; Indian corn or rnaize, which is planted from the 10th i 20th May, is also grown to a small extent in the ooIoe} The crop is a very productive one. Both buckwheat aii Indian corn are much used for fattening pigs. The tiot of both is also much esteemed for various domestic pu looses. The display which Canada made in the Great IiiJn- trial Exhibition in London has been the means of maki;. y- ■/fT-ff^.j^,.]-' CANADA IN THE OHEAT FXIMIMTIoN. W.i the productions of cur mapciiifiocnt an.hed officially and circulated in the KxhiUitiou, the visitor there had op- IKMtunities ot* examining the s[)ring and autiunn, or ' falT wluut of the country, along with its harley, (jats, heans of various kinds, pease, flax secM ; and, in short, everything, with many additions, which he w(mld sec in an Knglish market town u[)on a market day. TliC extent and variety of Oana^^ouroes of the colony. The total value of agricultural pro- ductions exported from (/anaila in 1840. a* ofHcially r«.'- ported, was i,'82l,GUb ; /) : 11. Of this (Jreat Britain receive* 1 to the amount of i):i2(),540 : 8 : 4 ; British North America £l05.rKSO:6:10 ; the West Indies .£l:2(;;i ; 10s. ; and the United States i:388,224 : : 9. I it t u We now close this chapter ; and open a new one con- taining some general views of the present state and jtrospects "1" Canada. * , f mdc in the Great InJu- ecu the means of making \-\ ^..^i'Ml^^i^^it^*'- (MIAPTKII WVII. VIKWS OK Tlll<; rUKSIONT STATK AND PPvOSPKlTS 01' CANADA. It A (it'iioral Views of the rnwnt State of riUKidri— Iiniirovltii^ PmsiM-cts nf -} ( olony - 1 ,iirp Kini|,'ratil KcoiioiiiumI Mnn.w, iiHMif ol AtfuuM Dfvcloitnicrit ot HcHoiircfs Iinprovcnu'iil nf KikuIk ur other M«Mn« of Inlrrnal Conmiiuiiciition Improvcmont of .\t;tu'ulliit^ Avrrioultuiiil Kilccutioii Model Farms -Aiiriiiiliuial Socictii * -I'dhtia Aspoi't ol Canada Imporli'd KiiowW djfi' ol t)it' Colony in Mritiiin i'n quont ChunjTP of (5o\rrnorH iiijuriovis to its InfnvstK - IncnaMcd DutiiM tlio Colonial Ortlci" injurious to Intcrcst.H ol Colonic."* — Suj,'}rr>tum> tii« inl ;\ llcmcds VMun ot'('(donial K<'i>ros('ntalioi\- -Importance of Cliiii;i \\h\ iiffc |,cHscr Sujri^cstions rcKurdinn Internal Kcononiy of tin '"olimv -\ii injfs Hanks— Public Walks uicl Parks- Improved Ccmetcrlc!' Impriivini Su'ial State Means of Keliifious Worship -Condition of Chur(ll('^ -Kuu eiitiou— Couelutiing ( )bservation.s. .1 .1- KsTiMATiNu ill a general manner the jtresent state of Ouniiila the view i>resente(l is very similar in many respects to thai which Scotland presenteti previous to tho spread of thm improvementsi in agriculture and internal econt)iny vvhkh followed the union with England, and the estuhlisiiuiont'i the Ilighlaud Society, and the National Board of Agricul- ture. Oonsjdcuous among the features of similarity arc com- paratively rude modes of agriculture prevailing tbroiighoat the colony — defective intelligeucc, skill, enterprise, bdiI command of capital among the majority of farmers ; th« IMIMlOVINtl I'lUMPKfTS OK TIIK roI,0?IY. uy XVII. NT STATK AN1» CANADA. ,lR_l,n|irovlii« I'rosiM'ctH of thr iirblishnicnioi itional Hoard of Agricul- irosofsiniilarityunfom- re prevailing throii},'boai c, skill, enterprise, m ajority of fanuors : tlu leaner, and not unfre^iurntly sul»htatiti)il oomfortM and mn- uMiii'iH'i's ill tlio C(»n>4tru('tion and rmv u| dwrllin^ lioiiscs and (»ut h"U!»cN j^enrrally nc^jclrctod ; hociiil inti'irourHC, and .oiMUiunicatiun \Mtli niarkotH greatly interni|»tt'd l«y the want ie?un to exert themselves ill llio cohmy. Among these are improved inter-oiirso ' ith the inti'lligenee and cntorj)risc of the mother (Mmntry, the );reaterditl"nsi(tn of general and prcdessional njudmg resulting from tliis, the cstahlishment of agritnltiiral ansoeiatioTi ;, '.}\h iiii|>rove»ient (d" maris and canals, introdnetion (d railways, ami tiie nrent faeilitics allorded to (rommeree ; and not least, the friendly spirit manifested towards the eolony hy the (loinc-country in the expressed desire of those at the head of alfairs, to eultivato more idly rij^ing eolony —as is proved by the amount of emignii ion annually flowing to it, and the consequent ties of friendship thereby arising further to ex tend the interest* — would perhaps warrant, even ♦ 34,0.'](J emigrants had arrived at Quel)ec this sciison n^''>l] on fhe20th September, being an increase of 6464 over liSt year's eini I I f : i ■^ fltif* ■-a\ . ..S_j. |» i*— 40(1 fMI-HOVEML.VT OP INTEKNAL CuMMCNICATrON. ; ' ■ were there hd other consi'fcnitions, some matters of dei atroctiiig the jnospects of Caiuula being i;lance(l at in suol manner as might possibly tend in some measure, Iiu\no\ indirectly, to accelerate its })rogress, or deepen the iutm in its [)ro^perity and nltimate rospects. First, in regard to the management of its atiairs ajtpcars to be of chief importance to the comj>aratively you: colony that the strictest economy in expenditure should 1 observed. This desire to economise, it is gratifying to kny is appreciated now more fully than formerly both by tl (Vdonial and Tmi>crial Governments. Some recent arraii;' ment.s have considerably reduced the colonial expcndltiir Next in importance appears to be a stealy attention liein observed towards jmliciously and economically (levelo|iiii the resources of the country, which, since the great caiml are now completed, would seem to be best accoiuplishti along with the completion of the great trimk lines of raihva now partly in progress, by means of attbrding good roads. A present large portions of inland territory, comprising the mos fertile lant, the degree of attention and iivelj interest which both the people and legislature l>estow oi > gration, to a corrosj ton ding date. I'o the same date 917 vessels ha ariivtid at Quebec, with an aggrt'gate tonnage of 384,? ! tons, bdnj: an increase of 73 vessels, and a tonnage of 31,474 tons ov>r tho ar- rivals of last year, to the sauiC date. — Times newspaper, Oct. 20,l»i)l CUMMUX1CAT[0N. .some matters of deiai ing mlancod at in such a some measure, Uov^ever 4, or deepen the interest tiny. Here, at y>rest'iii (.•hapters respectinij tlu than mere alhision wil vroiiiinent consi'leratii.n- s. ;cment of its atVairs ;; the comparatively youri-: II expenditure ;diouM In !. it is gvatifyinj; to knuw, im formerly I'oth hy tht s. St»me reeent arraii^f the colonial expenditure a steady attention lieih^ economically develojiin: h. since the <;reat ca;ial> to be best accoiupli>'bc'l cat tnuik lines of railway aiiordinu; good roads. At tory , eomprisinsi; the mii¥ of 31,474 tons owr the w- Ines newspaper, Oct. 20,lHiil IMPROVEMENT OV AGIUCULTIKE. 407 the subject, are all alike prominent and hopeful evidences of something being done in a matter so vitally important to the genera! j)rosperity,asare the nieansofcomnuuncation through the jtrudnctive districts of a country. The St. Lawrence and other canals have been constriicted at great expense, and unless the eiiually important tributaries of good roads bo •'U|ii>lied throughout the coimtry, these graml courses of naviifation cannot at all be expected to yield the benetits for which they were designed. Scarcely secondary to gocd roads and rove the agriculture of tho country Tn a country so maiidy dependent upon agri- culture as Canada is, it must be allowed to be a great draw- hack that there are so limited means for its population ohtaining any sort of agricultuial instruction. No finer fiohl, one might suppose, could be presented to the statesman of enlarged mind and philanthropic desires than the one wherein he could, by the exercise of jmlgment and energy, plan and put into operation a course of means whereby the productive resources of an important colony might be at least donlded ; and that colony besides made more than douhly inviting to the much wanted and superabundant population and ca})ital of the mother country. Among the most prominent means for so desirable an end would seem to be — beginning at the foundation — causing instruction in the science and art of agriculture to form a branch of education in the common schools, the district or higher schools, and in the colleges. Model and experimental faniis might be established, say in each district oi county, where first lessous and principles being fully carried out into the best modes of practice, under proper directors, such establishments would be constantly furnishing the country I < i \ i I i i ■ 1 "t**. <.^Uk»'(.il^.L 408 IMPHOVEMENT OF AORICULTURE. is iH with a supply of skilled a.i^riculturists. And, besides tli^ consideration of advancinu' the intelligence and standing oi the agricultural body generally, these pupils, either upcn their own or the farms of their parents, would be the means of diffusing more or less widely, prjtx.*tically beneficial results throughout their respective neighbourhoods or spheres of inHuenco. Periodical reports by the directors of these model establishments, setting forth the modes of practice adopted, and the results obtained, would likewise materially further the desired objects, not only hi a direct manner to the colour but by circulating in Britain information of the descri})tioi) which these reports might contain, would, by proving what can be accomplished in Canada, be serving the interests ol colony and mother country, in a manner perhaps the most eftioient. as Ixnng the most pnictical, that could be designed. Such establishments might also further be made to seivo the purpose of NTormal Schools for the instruction of teachers. Agricultural societies anecially within the last eight or ten years. A general and central association for the whole province, upon the model of the Highland Society of Scotland or Royal Agricultural Society of Kngland would appear to be alone wanting to complete this branch of the courseof means. Attention having been directed to thiswact through the medium of the intelligent agricultural writings — which, although recently supplieenefit in other respects — it may warrantably be expected, taking into account the growing spirit of inquiry and enterprise, that this material part of the nuMins at least will not long be wanting. The recent reduction of duties upon the importation into Britain of the ULTITRE. ts. And, besides the gence and standing ot >e pupils, either u|)(,n :s, would be the means ically beneficial results urhoods or spheres of .irectors of these mode! es of practice adojited. rise materially further it manner to the colour ,tion of the descri))tion irould, by proviug what dying the interests of nner perhaps the most that could be designeJ. her be made to serve the istruction of teachers. Ts' clubs fonti alreailv ^rovement in (lanada; such assuidatioiis have ►ecially within the last central association for f the llighlaiKl Society ciety of England would ete this branch of tho len directed to this want it agricultural writings within the colony, havt other respects— it may account the growing t this material part -■ 3 wanting. The recent ,tion into Britain of th.' POLITICAL ASPECT. 409 chief articles of colonial produce, has, as might naturally be supposed, greatly stimulated the di.sires of the colony for agricultural advancement. And the colonists have already Joined much upon which to rest, as encouragement and hopeful promise, for continued exertions. Canada of even ten years ago is in many material respects a very different country from Canada as it is now — so much has the tide of British oniigration, rapid growth, and other circumstances, teniicd to make it more home-like, more particularly in the social aspects of its towns and older settlements, and, in many gnitifying instances, in the in? proved modes and spirit introduced in agricultural management. The uneasy aspect which from time to time the colony assumes in political matters, may be considered to be not among the least of the drawbacks to its prosperity The cause of this may perhaps, in a great nieasu»"e, be traced to the imjterfect knowhdge i)Ossessed l)y Britain of the actual state, interests, and wants of her colonies ; and a propor- tionate defect of sympathy and understanding, resrUing freipiently in the jarring of colonial with imperial courses of action, are the consequences. The want "f more com- prehensive and detailed information concerning our colonies is one severely experienced by both colony and mother- ouuntry, and operates in most important respects to their oomuioii disadvantage. The frequent change of governors, and, in instances, the unsuitableness of appointments, have heen chief sources of the political troubles of Canailities, which have fallen upon the Colonijil-oi with the growth, in iiuni!)er and iniportance, of our cold during these past years, would seem to form another c hindrance to liritain satisfactorilj cultivatin::; colonial ( nection. It would, perhaps, be well, for the purj^ose ul lieving the colouial Minister of some share of responsiMl as also to secure other important objects, that the coldii or a particular class of them, should be called up(»n in s each a limited number of representatives or commissi^! to Britahi, wlu>, as well to the Imperial <*overnni(jiu ai the peujdc of Britain, would be t'uund greatly serviccaMt rcsponsilde authorities in communicating information, i by thus serving most important common objects, siicl measure ap})ears further to reconnnend itself hy its U calculated to cement closer the bonds of relationshiji , tween colony and empire. The bettor to secure such objects, these colonial re; sentatives might be allowed seats in the Imperial Pa ment. It would be difficult fur misgovernmeni, or serious misunderstanding, or conflict between ccloiiial imperial interests, to exist for any very inconvenient under such an arrangement — not to speak of the otln vantages which might be dwelt upon, as most likol\ among the results. Among lesser measures for the common benefit « colony and the home country, the management of the Office department, as respects the regulations and cl for the conveyance of correspondence, is one universal] lowed to be of great importance. The improvement I duced within these last eight or ten vears of conveviJ North American mails by means of steam-packets, atj 9ENTAT10N. , functions witli ^vhk-h ,ies, 5tn. Id be called up..n in senl tativcs or cumnnssi.ner.- .iperial OovernuiciU au^ and greatly servic-eubksi- ricating infornutUon. Am common objects, such a „nnend itself by its Leni^ bonds of relationshii. 1. ejects, these colonial rep tts in the Imperial Parliv ,r misgovernmeni, or aay itlict between colonial ao^l Lny very inconvenient m< tto speakof the other ad- upon,asmostlil^ehtoW , the common benefit of the L management of the Post deregulations and cbr^« I „.dence, is one muvcrsalM CO The improvenieiit m L ten vears of conveyingtM L of sUm-packets, atte-a.^ IMPOttTAXCB OP CIIKAP POSTAGE. 411 l.v the reduction of rates, and other facilities, hasi, it is be- lievo'l. hceu of marked benefit to Canada. The iiicreased eorrcsixmdence between the colony and Briiain has very niHterially furthered emigration. The annual report of the (iovcrninent Emigrant Agent at Quel>ec for 184;i, records, as ;i remarkable fact of the emigration of that year, that of the nunihcr ol •11,727 emigrants, who arriv.Ml at Queliec from Hritaiu. no fewer than three-fourths came out to their re- liitions.* This large proportion, in the greater rmmber of (•asos, it ma;, he presumed, received invitations, with infor- mation and advice from their friends through the mediuiu (if the Post-* Office — a fact fruitful of suggosiions in other respects, bearing on the important su))ject (d" emigration. I wouM, therefore, beg to suggest that the rates of postage u[>ou letters between Canada and Britain undergo still farther modification. From the success of the ex- periment of cheap postage In Britain, the su{)])osition may he hazarded that the present rate of Is. 2d. sterling upon letters to or from Canada, under half an ounce, might be re- duced one-half at least, or say to (Id. sterling. Many, indeed, hope to see a peimy postage extended over the ocean, as well as it i"" now over these islands. The boon would be a mij;htv CD •/ I'lie in every point of view, and worthy of a great nation. .\n extension of the advantages (d' cheap postage to the co- lonies in every case at all practicable, would, it is believed. I'e attended with most gratifying results. A great reduction of the recent oi)pressively high rates iif internal postage in the North American colonies has lately taken place, and will be attended, it is believed, with very great benefit to the interests of the colony. Among other and lesser means suggested by the present * I{t'l)ort of Colouiul Land and Emigration Cuiuraissioners. May 1844. i ;< ! 'li •r 412 SOCIAL STATE. It III condition of f*anaana(la, and will come to be severely lol with the increase of population, and consequent increase the price of land, and difficulty of obtaining it at all, To other matters, such as the proper constructiun of prisons, and providuig them with airing grounds, the atteii tion of the colonists might be usefully directed^ Cmwdt'ti and inconvenient burying-grounds, in the very heart al most of towns, are among or of 1843, evidenees uf t>a a paint'ul degree. In visiting the .Tail of a town in Upper Canada nut liaviiig tJhe smallest appearance of a court-yard for the prisoners to take air or exercise, the question was ask«.'redomhiates, and genuine attachment to Christianitv iu;i thus leadily be conceived to be, in many parts, an«l tn great extent, the exception. In new and rising villages. is more difficult to distinguish the points uf difiereiice, an in the towns the shades have again further blended, audtb influences of home in the older countries are more felt. This is rather a disheartening and gloomy view, hut has forced itself on the observation of many as the lam truthful one. And it goes iu a great measure to oxjjjaii why so much missionary aid is recjuired for colonists \vh( possess so substantially the means of worldly comforts. Nt doubt in quite new settlements, having a scattered popula- tion, this aid is essentially necessary, and the want of iti? frequently severely experienced ; but the cases ar(^ more frequent, I would say, throughout Canada, where a healtLv state of I eligious feeling among certain bodies is more wanted than the necessary worldly means to support Gos|)el orport (TOS|)el onli observable in all the eel in truth cetnstraiaed and as it existed— ha- js have usually fallen i' hout question, tlieoffect inriuence of which iK't empted), that the lower he more m liiiiin. rooking I'tonsils, and I'rovJHioin of Steoni(,'f< I'linHcnpTi* - Av..infc Lcn^tli of Voya>?e t(» Quebec— Rest Period of tlie Soii«on for Sailinjjfo Caii.idii— How to Dispose of Spare Funds -Inft)rinati()n upon I'artiiular Points |)reviouH to Knibarkinir for Canada— Duties of tlie Colo- nial Land iid Kmi{,'ration Coniinissioners-^- Secretary's Address. Persons upon the point of embaikini^ for ('anada, an the case — tre([uently spend very unnecessai'ily pi.Ttion of their funds, and which could with advantage |l»e spared for other pniposes upon their arrival in the lioluiiy, I would advise persons to take no greater sii[>ply (f clothing than is desirable to have for ordinary purposes. jTomeet exigencies, in case of rough weather during the [voyage, the description of clothing required for the top of a [coach, or deck of a steamboat, in cold weather in this coun- try, will be found not only suitable, 1 would say, for this purpose, but also sufficient for the ordinary winter weather »f Canada. 2 E . ^t^f*vft>^ ^^pppm^pf- 418 AKTr<'l.RH OK PURNITrRR TRADKSMEN'h TOolj*. • ! * s f Articles of funiiturc not requiiici t^r fho voyaj. likowisi- 1)0 (liHponsod with, as f'uriiituif rifal! klrklhi luul wisily in alinoHt every part of Caita«la, uii'i a* iiiuch lower than the same articloH wouM coMt (lurch;! Britain, aldiufj; the froi>(ht, an:[)erience in crossing the Atlantic woiil that every thing which is likely to encumber, and w ({uired for the journey, should be left behind. Thoi passenger, besides his two or three trunks containin^ra ordinary supply of wearing apparel, a few books, and ing materials, need have little else, except it he thj wishes to have a few trifles, which his friends or hii may suggest, to make the voyage f»erhaps a little agreeable, independent of the ship's stores. Medicine is -TRAUKSMKN fl TOoL^. I'HOVIHIONH or MEKKAGF. rASMENOEKS. •ni» uniitu.i rifttl! kin. Is im„V t of Caiia days, for the purpo.se of laying in stores. I'er.sons who provide their own provisions would 420 PROVIHIONS FOR THE VOYAGE. tlieicfore do well, 1 would say, to lay in a stock to meet nearly as may be, the period computed by Government, will save them all uneasiness of mind upon a materiul [w.j and may prevent much suUering, which otherwise might (K'casioned by a long voyage ; and the supplie>< left art of the provisions. A good conditioned barrel wi padlock, rather than a sack, is found to be best for prcsei ing potatoes. The kinds of provisions usually taken a biscuit, hard baked loaves, hams or bacon, cheese, salt bi ter ; eggs, preserved by being well greased to ei^cludc t air, and packed with bran, saw-dust, or such like ; mil preserved by being carefully boiled with loaf-siuai. ai sealed in small jars or bottles ; and tea, coftee, sugar, oa meal, herrings, with mustard, pepper, vinegar, and >alt. calculating the j)rovisions to be taken, those reijuirod to provided by the vessel will, of course, be taken int^ aoomi A few other things, which the taste or circumstances nf t party may suggest, will much promote comfort lUuiiigt voyage. Among such may l)e mentioned split pease f sou|>, Hour, suet, and a small us varied charac ter. such as Chambers's Jounial, and Information for tlic People, the Penny and Saturday Magazines, or even a few ,).M numbers of Punch, the Illustrated London News, or, it inav l>e, one or two old newspapers, will generally be found very acceptable antidotes to the ennui usually attending a voyage across the Atlantic. Many females entertain serious fears concerning the nature and incidents of a lengthened voyage ; but 1 would say, froLi personal experience and observation, that, with the excejttiun of the first few days, which may he attended less or more with some unpleasant sensations oi part or complete sea-sickness — those fears usually turn out rather airreeably to have very little real foundation. The perio — .>cre\v Sleuniers to '■oston— Direct Uaihvaj Coiumnnication from JSoston to Canada. It is of first importance to the voyager to he enabled to select a good sea-worthy ves<;el, well manned and e<(ui]>j>ed, and i)i the charge of a captain on whom reliance can ho jiiaoed as an experienced seaman, sober in his habits, and of i'jiieral good character and disposition, it may not be an oit^y matter frequently to find all these rf'jaisvte:> com- bino*«&B»tiy }^ «*««»^ 424 THE PASSAGES BY QUEBEC AND NEW YORK. Canada whose funds are limited, or who erhaps the safest, and ottering greatest choice of tirst-oi vessels. It is attended with little, if any difference of . j)ense, to those choosing the most comfortable descripti or even second-class acconnnodation ; but there is thi.stlj^ back upon landing at New York, that persons art; more Ha! to be misled by false information of designing indivi.iu,i and fre<|uently by downright impostors, than guided by t friendly information afforded at Quebec gratuitously by^ vernment. Should the traveller bound for Canada make vlioicc the New York route, the greatest choice of best vessels wi be found at Liverpool. United States vessels have usuall excellent sailing qualities, and they are generally very we managed. Strict discipline is observed among the ,>eainc by the captain and oflficers, and generally great .solriet) And all these are very material points ; for it is believed t be established that most of the disasters at sea are to be a; tributed, not so much to bad vessel.-^ or pure accident, as t causes blan;eable in those liaving the management, Amf^n] those causes are deficiency of hands, carelessness iu ih duty of the seamen in not keeping a proper outlook o watch, especially in ha7>y or dark weather, and wlion iiear coast ; and in a great number of instances, and indeed a lead ing cause, is intetnperance. And 1 regret to have in truti to add, that among the shipma^^ters of our own country thi vice exists to a most lamentable and very unsafe extent, AND NEW YORK. OOVEUNMENT PROTErTION TO EMinRANTR. 42r) who !, if any ditFerencc of e.\ comfortaVde descriptinn 1 ; l»ut there is thi.s (iinw lat persons arenion- liulik of designing indivi.iual^ stors, than guided by ti., lebec gratuitously bv H r Canada make choice ^t choice of best vessel- will ates vessels have usually y are generally very well ;rved among the seaiiioii :euerally great sobrietv nts ; for it is believed tc istcrs at sea are to be a;- or pure accident, as to io management, Amoiiji nds, ca:^elessnes,s iu the iig a proper outlook or eather, and ^vheu near a ances, and indeed a Icail- regret to have in truth of our own country this 1 very unsafe extent. The traveller who intends proceeding t(^ ("anada by the St, hawrence will find excellent vessels leaving the Clyde among the regular traders to Montreal. The Clyde, being (,n the west coast, is the Ijest [»art of Scotland to select for (leriirtnre for America. Tarties, whose nearest ports would be heith or Aberdeen, cannot always, however, find it con- vonieiit U< incur the expense and extra trouble of travelling by steam or other conveyance to (Jlasgow or (Hreenock with thoir luggage, for the sake of avoiding the more lengthened sail ami tedious passage along the east and aroiuid the north coast of Scotland ; but wherever it can be easily done, it is desirable on several accounts. Persons sailing from ports at which Government Emi- i;nition Agents are established, have the advantages of being /uided by the experience of those oflicers in the choice of a vessel, and of having every dest.'riptiou of necessary infor- mation gratuitously provided — such as regarding the sea- worthiness of passenger ships, the periods of sailing, and means of accommodation, sufficiency of provisions, water, ami medicines they have on board. The Passengers' Act, which it i^ the duty of those officer,-, to enforce, is very [•articular m protecting passengers from annoyance and in- convenience arising from the want of imnctuality in the sailuig of vessels, the non-fulfilment of bargains with ship- masters cr brokers, and for ensuring the comfort of passen- jrers during the voyage. Us chief provision,-, consist in limiting the number of passengers to be carried by each ■*hip, one person being allowed to every two tons burthen ; and whatever be the tonnage, only one passenger for every twelve superficial feet of the space between decks appointed for passengers, and the height of such space to be not less than six feet, and not having more than two tiers of berths, and also regulating the size of each berth ; also requiring ,.<&,,rff Eur 8ix copies of the abstract (d' Passengers*' Act. tugc' with two copies of the Act, may be had to be kept on U every ship to which it applies, and one copy of the Aet t produced for perusal to |)assengers on recjuest made to master of the ship. The Government Emigration Agent, stationed in 8 land, is, Oom. Brownrigg, 11. N., Glasgow and Greene those in i agland are, Com. Lean, 11. N., London, (office Lower '^* lij^mes Street); Capt. Patey, K. >J. Livi^rp (office, Stanley Buildings. Batli Street) ; Lieut. :ul on the 1st, ()th, 1 1th, 10th, 21st, and 26th of every •'lonih from the latter port, and charge about £20 for cabhi jMSsage ; and their intermediate and steerage rates are from .%. to 20s. higher than those of ordinary ves.sels. American and British vessels sail also occasionally from the <'lyde for New York. The rates of passages to New York are much about the same as to Quebec. The line of Royal Mail steam-ships sailing between •— W,! ■*M'*W>V 428 RATES OP PASSAGES. All 1 ,' liiverpool and New York direct, and to Boston, touoln Halifax, charge i'Sf), including provisions and stewurl' but without wines or lit(Uors, f(»r the passage to New \ Boston, or Halifax. The chief cahin passage \>\ steamers i.s to be £30 on and after the Hth Nov«'nilu'r i The second cabin passage by these steamers is charij-ei including provisions. The United States Mail ste;: now five in number, sail from Liverpool, ju.'^t now, on fortnight. Passage-money the same as Viy the Royal Mail These vessels sail weekly. There is now also steam nmnication between the Clyde and New York establishi the Glasgow and New York Steam-shipping (Viniii Screw steamers sail, now, also for Li\ "rpool to Hostoii; rate of first cabin passage by which i.> 20 guineas, aiu second cabin 12 guineas, including provisions and stewa fee. There is now direct railway commui.ic.iiion f Boston to Canada. CHAPTEK XXX. ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC, AND ROUTES TIIROIGU THE INTERIOR. fiovcrnmf'nt Information and Achicp at Qucl)eC"'A.JTi^ al al Quarantine— I »i»- cmburkin;? and Journey On wvirds— Departure froni (Quebec— Ship Canals ol I auinlit- Kxtentot' Direct liiiurvd ri,:\uniini(ati('n throupli tli'>.>^af,a? vvill experience much satisfaction ni having every necessary iittention shown in affording him information and advice, so far as such may be within the power of the Government Agent. A. C. Buchanan, Esq., son of the highly respected ;iud recently retired British Consul at New York, is ap- pointed by Government the chief Emigrant Agent for Lower ^u^jada, and stationed at Quebec, for the sole pur- pose of affording information and advice gratuitously to 430 bISEMBAKKINn AND JOrUrVEY ONWARDS »;migrants Kini^rant ships, upon arriving willn, 33 miles of Qucl>ec, are hoankMi l)y the authoritu'- quarantine department. The station is nn island '.t > Lawrence, iianiod Orosse Isle. A niedioaJ offieer L. amines the nhip as to the state of health of those on and any persons that may ho sick uv taken on .slmro hos|)ital. Mr. Buchanan being usually appr ised of tho ;i|i|, of vessels with emigrant . is in waiting to receivi^ tin I he rivev opposite Queltee. and either on board, n\ ^ office, No. 30 Sault-au-Matelot Street, affords all dt inf««nuation within his power. Emigrants are caiit against unguardedly relying upon statements wliicli m: made to them by individuals, who may put thein.sclv^ the'r way for the pur])08e of taking improper advnrtui tiiem. Having Mr. Buchanan at Quebec, and iho o Government Agents at the chief towns up the f uim consult, the emigrant in:iy have his doubts in cases sol and all necessary advice tendered to him freely ;ui(l irrd tousiy. One little piece of advice which may be here pressed upon emigrants is, that they ought nut to re offers of employment, however low they may supjiose rate of remuneration. They may, by doing so, suiFer convenience before receiving another offer, and by acapi a short engagejnent at once, they save their niuiHs. have an opportunity of looking about them more ;it leis and getting'' acquainted with the country. Persons aniv from Britain are apt, generally, from certain vague noti entertained, to place higher value u^jon their services t experience at some cost teaches them they can readily c^ mand. The master of the ship is bound to disembark emigra and their luggage free of expense at the usual land • rilNEY 0> WARDS DEPARTUHK FROM 1^111: UEO. 431 [la.c !i'i'> '^t i't'as<^'»'^t)^«' hours. Persons wlio ha>i! con- racLf*! for their passapc oiil/ so tar a- t^iul.ec, or ^ho rna> ^•iisea wish rather to proceed onward to Montreal )*y iim-vcs.H'l than wait the sh)wer sailing of their own ship, nil iisimlly Hnd steainorfi read)' to take them to iMonticul, .li.tanceof \X0 iniKns. SlciiiiKTs leave Queheo at least every afternoon at five lock, tonchinfC and landing' p!isscnp;ers on their way at [iiroe Ilivirs, l^irt St. Fr.vncis, and Sorel. and arriving at |l! Ill' !tl t'arly next morning. The tiu< deck [janHage is fv !)(! inirrt'ncy, or :i.s. sterling, CI ti from :\ to 12 Lir- Iff a^'i arc rated at half-jjrice. "' ahin passage. ith |)rovi.si"'ns hioluded, i^ usually < larj^cd ri\ dollars hy [hi tirst-('l!is> mail steamers. There are, however, m«t un 'luentlv opposition boats, charging lower fare than the hove Kmitrrants, however, are advised to exercise caution l»e- |[. re 8^'reeiiig for their passage, as there is great competitioii iinoiiL; thf stoain-hoat and forwarding companies ; and, riacnilly speaking, they should avoid persons v>ho crowd \)W I'uard ships and steam-hoats, ottering their services to jt {lassages, (tec. On arriving at Quebec emigrants may ^0 direct iVoin the chip's side, in which they arrive, on board 1)1 cdinnindious steam-vessels, without its being necessary jfor them to go on shore, or to spend a shilling for transport- Irg their luggage, or for any other puri)ose ; and in those ktciiui-vessels they can be conveyed to their destination, to liny of the mahi ports on the St. Lawrence or the great lakes without, trans-shipment, and with great rapidity. The patials turough which the large steamers pass between iu'.heo and Lake Ontario are 41 miles in length. The [i)!iionsion.s of the locks of these canals arc 2(>0 feet long, i;. foci wideband !) feet deep. The Welland Canal, through V] <^ /a / IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.4 M 12.2 M m 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 k^O / fA \ iV ■1>^ \\ "% \ '%'■ o^ <«» ^1? 432 MAIN ROUTE TO MONTREAL AND KINGSTOX. which steamers pass from Lake Ontario to Lake Erii miles in lenjijth ; and the locks are ir)0 feet lonj;. t{ wide, and 8^ feet deep. A complete chain of inland r tion is thus open from Quebec, not only tu the most v parts of Canada, but to all the ports of the Western situated on the great lakes. I)ireet voyages are no made from Quebec to Chicago, on Lake Michigan, ad; of about 1700 miles. This voyage is usually accdini in from 7 to 10 days without trans-shipment. Sti and screw propellers ail also direct from Quebro to 1 ton, a distance of 5B0 miles, accomplishing the ' within three days. The steerage passage for tliis di does not usually exceed 17s. sterling. ,5! i\ . Travellers proceeding to the Eastern Townships of Canada may do so by a variety of routes. One of tl direct from Quebec by the Gosford Road to 8herbro distance of 120 miles. Sherbrooke is the centre d of this highly interesting and prosperous disti^w next leading route into the townships is from ? Francis, on the St. Lawrence, 90 miles above Q whence the distance to Sherbrooke is 85 miles. Th steamers from Quebec to Montreal land passenger St. Francis. From Port St. Francis to Sherbrooke, t a mail stage three times a week, accomplishing th in one day. Forty-five miles above Port St. Frnncis, St. Lawrence, and within the same distance of Mont the town of Sorel. From this place, where stean also touch, there are two communications with the 1 Townships. One is through the village of Yau Drummondville, on the River St. Francis, where it with the Port St. Francis road ; the other is by stea to the village of St. Dennis, within 20 miles of tbe i;i KAL ANP KINGSTON ROUTES TO EASTERN TOWNSDIPS AND UNITED STATES. 433 i Ontario to Lake Eho.nj. >hips, and in the heart of the most densely peopled part of Lower Canada. The recent opening of the 8t. Lawrence and Atlantic Huilway, already mentioned in the chapter on the trade and ireiieral resources of >auada, has now, h« wever, greatly in- cmised the facilities of comnmnication with the Eastern To\^nships of Lower Canada. The traveller may now pro- ceed from Quehec to Montreal by steamer, thence cro.ss the St. Lawrence Ly a steamboat ferry to Longucil, where tlic new railsvay commences, and proceed through some of the finest hcenery, and perhaps most interesting part of Lowe)- I'anada. When this important railway is completed it will o{teii a dire(;t communication in all seasons between Lower (Canada and the Atlantic. The Atlantic terminus is the town of Portland, m the state of Maine. The length of railway will be about 280 miles, 130 miles of which rnns through Canada, and 150 miles througl; the territory of the United States. Another route from Montreal to the Eastern Townships, IS by steandjoat ferry across the 8t, Lawrence to the village of Laprairie, thence by railway 14 miles to St. John's, on Lake ('haraplain. Here the traveller niay have either stage- coach or steamboat to various points of the country. The steamers on Lake Champlain afford the most direct and ''[(cediest communication between Lower (.^anada niid the United States. The distance from Montre;ii to New York, through Lake Champlain, is 31 Mj miles ; which is now wholly accomplished by means of steamboat and railway. From Montreal to Boston the journey of 320 miles is now accom- [ilished wholly by steam, nearly 100 miles by steamer to Burlington, on Lake Champlain, thence by railway to Boston. The sail through Lake Champlain, which is a little over 100 miles in length, with an average width of 8 miles 2 F .,^p 434 MAIN ROUTE TO MONTREAL AND KINGSTON. is exceedingly interesting. The banks present pictureso slopes, studded with villages, cultivated farms, an-l pre perous towns. In parts, again, bold, wooded, and roniani hills abruptly ascend from the margin of the lake. We have now, however, to return from this digressi< which we have made in pointing out these branch rout through Lower Canada, to the main route which we left i Quebec ; and shall now continue to accompany the travell up the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. I 'r f: i i Those desirous of landing at Quebec, and of proceei ing by the speediest conveyance to IVIontreal, usuall take passage in the afternoon by the mail or other firsi class steamer. Upon arriving at Montreal next niorniiu steamers of various degrees of speed, and class of accoir modation, are found proceeding to Upper Canada. Th mail steamers leave every morning about 11 o'clock, diret for Kingston, at the foot of Lake Ontario, a distance ( 180 miles. The voyage is usually accomplished in dm 26 hours, — the steamers touching at various intermedia ports. The fare by these first-class vessels usiiallv ( not exceed two dollars steerage. There is an exoellei railway from Montreal to Lachine, a distance of mi on the route, across the island of Montreal. Before t com}>letion of the railway, this part of the journey w; usually accomplished ])y stage-coaches. Steam vesse barges, and other descrip . of inland craft proceed dire from Montreal through the Lachine Canal, Avhich w constructed to avoid the rapids on that part of the Lawrence, The ordinary conveyances from Montreal to Upper Canai are the small steamboats and barges departing every dayfroui Hi) miles Tliore is also communication l>y steamboat between Toronto aiul Oswcfjo, distance about 140 miles. All these steamers v;ouTieet with lines of railroad at Ogdensbur^h, Oswego, Rochester, Lewiston, and Qucenston ; and with steamers on the River St. Lawrence, downwards, and with ihe Ri(bjau Canal at Kingston. Between Kingston and Bytown. on the River Ottawa, a ilistauce of 120 miles, through the Kideau Canal, steamers ply four times a- week. And l»elween Bytown and Montreal, a distance of about 120 miles on the River Ottawa, there is a daily line of communication by steaml^oat There is also daily communication, by stages and steamboat, between By- town and Portage du Fort, on the Ottawa, 60 miles above Bytown. By this route u]> the Ottawa, as well as l)y that of the Bt. Lawrence, some of the most magnificent river scenery of Canada may be visited. Among the ordinary routes of travel from Kingston, westward, may be mentioned a daily line of steamers to I'icton and Belleville, up the Bay of Quinte, a distance of ■''0 miles. There are also daily stages from Belleville to Cobourg, and westward. Tiie communication V)etween Co- ^>oiirg and Port Hope, and the prosperous se Elements of the . I I " ■ ill I 43K BRANCH ROUTES TnROT;';iII UPPER CANADA. i C V 'v ' I ,H 'A > interior, is likewise daily, l»y means of stage-coach and steiii boat on Rice Lake and the River Ottanabee. From Toronto, inland, throu<^b one of the finest etween Amherstlniri and Windsor, on the Detroit River, and the town of Chathui on the River Thames, in the Western District of Cauai Steamers usually also ply to the town of Goderich, at t mouth of tlie River Maitland, on Lake Huron. V\) i Grand River, which falls into Lake Erie, from fhmvilk' Brantford, there is also steamboat communication. Brantford is 25 miles from Hamilton, at the heatl Lake Ontario ; and the best passenger route to that to\ is by daily stage for Hamilton, over one of the most pit sant roads in the country. The whole line of road h. Hamilton westward, through Brantford and Woodstock. London, has been for several years now well planked ii macadamised. The Great Western Railway, which is l UPPER CAKADA. ItOUTES Tlinounil WESTEUX CANADA. 43!) the Niagara Distiict, twi in the course of con?tructi.>n, will very soon now still fur- ther 'Icvelope the rich resources of this highly prosperous and invitinf^ part of Canii mil«)s, there is daily staj^e communication over an excellent road. From London to Siiniia, at the head of the River St. Clair, and foot of Lake Hurun, the distance is about 7<> miles direct west, over rthich there is regular mail stage communication three times a-weck. From London northwards to Uoderich, the distance is 60 miles through some of the richest land in Western Canada. There is also regular mail stage communication on this route three times a- week. From London southwards to Port Stanley, on Lake Erie, a distance of 25 miles, is also another regular stage route, over an excellent planked road. Before taking leave of this part of Canada, we have only now to niention a daily stage route from Hamilton to the town of Goderich, on Lake Huron, through Dundas, Ouelph. and other places situated in the Oore and Wellington dis- tricts, and north-west of Hamilton. The distance from HaDiiltou to Goderich by this route, through Guelph, is lol miles. The town of Guelph, on the River Speed, is 30 miles north-west of Hamilton. Tipper Canada in vii s di- rection is richly fertile, and highly prosperous. Thriving towns and villages now present themselves which were not in existence 20 years ago ; and these are now surrounded and supported by an industrious, contented, and compara- tively wealthy agricultural population. Having guided the traveller now in various directions, from Quebec upwards to the westernmost parts of Canada, and along the great lakes, we will now close the chapter, ^ \ \^ rn . * '^ii ■. ;. » * .,1 y^^ l, I' i m^-^ 'm-: 440 flONTEMPLATEP RAII.WAYfl TnaoUail CANADA. In a few years the contcnii)lated railways throiif^h ('ana will have greatly improved the means of travi;!, ;iiiVICE AT NEW YORK. ■ t i. t and advice, an association, conipofed of hi;^hly rospcrtal, English residents of New Voric, has 1>o(;n established. Kin grants, tlu'ieforo, in need of information <»r udvieo up< their arrival, with rep^ard to routes and expenses ..f irave ling, (\[c., should api)l}' to the llritisli Protective Kinijrriu Society, No. 17 K<.'ctor Street, New York, where such info niation and advice are atForded them free of cli;ir<,'o. Tl British 0(»nsul, Mr. Antlvony Uarclay, may aNu h<' cctisiiltt.' The United States GovernnK-nt have also a hoily of (V.ii missioner.s of Emigration stationed at New York for tli [)urpose of affording information and necessary assistant' t emigrants. The office of the Commissioners is in the vie nity of the City Hall, IJroadway. The importance of sue arrangements for the protection and assistance of emi,i!;rani arriving at New York may be estimated from the fact. th;i in one day, the 20th Septemher last [18.V1 ], there had n less a number than 2500 emigrants arrived at that poi from Europe. Persons destined for parts Avestward or northward New York — which dire 'tions iv.clnde the We>!tern StiiU and Canada — usually take a steaml^oat up the llu'lsu River to Albany, a distance of 145 miles. The steamers o the Hudson depart every morning and evening from Ne York — usually about 7 o'clock morning and from o to o'clock evening. The time occupied on the passage is tro] nine to twelve hours, acconling to the sailing (jualitics the boat. The boats on the Hudson are very iiiniierou from the magnificent iloating palace, which commands tir> class fares, to the smaller and older boats which ply opposition boats at rates of passage almost nnmiua The cabin tare in first-class boats is usually one dollar ai a half, or a little over Gs. sterling, exclusive of meal Meals are charged half a dollar each- Sleeping berths ( I I AT NEW YORK, SCEiVEKY Of THE HI DHO.N, 443 hoartl oi the evening boats arc usually indu'li/l in the pas- sage ni'»i>cy ^V here they ivre nut, halt a L*ny. ]>a!*t^injr through the celebratev:iy, ■1 AL TRAVELLINQ. NEW YORK AND ST. LAWRENCE ROT TES. 447 , opposite Quecnston, nu th; / is 31 miles. From Lewiston teamboat ilown the Niapra ), is 43 miles. Steaniersi sail iston to Niagara, IJarailtoTi. mada. There is a short mil listen to the Falls of Niac^an railway in America are usii- from one penny to twopcnc 3 of accommodation rienor- is only one class of niilnv States. The Amoricaii car- with us, but arc fitted up in at each end, opening upon a us proceed frt>m cnc carria;;o ) the other of a train, even icon\ inience, as is frequenilv the centre of t^ach carriajri', comfortably cushioned seiits are also well lighted, venti- eather, ay trains from Albanv to . On this railway, however, ompete with the Erie <'anal. only, for 5^ dollars. Tbi nal are from one and a halt farthings to three halfpence or are not provided. jy the ordinary Erie Canal ye stated to be about tight luently very iuconvenieutlj leir limited and inicomt'ort- of time on the way, maiie tlieni anytliing lU a satisfactory means of accommodation for families, oi ie Canal. The iuhmd voyage from Quebec; to Chicago, on Lake Michi- gan, a distance of about 1700 miles, is now accomplished, as has bev.:n already stated, in from 7 to 10 days without trans- ^hi]mienc, and at a cost of 3r)s. sterling, exclusive of meals, which will not usually exceed Is. fter day. From New York to Chicago by the speediest convey- ances of railway and steamboat, the time occupied, under the most favourable circumstances, is about 7 days, at a cost of about 41s. Od. sterling. There is to be added to this the cost and inconvenience of removal, with luggage, from the Hudson river steamboat at Albany to the railway, and from the railway at Buffalo to the Lake Erie steamboat, with the additional risk of detention, and other incidental loss of means and time. The ordinary time occupied in travelling from New York to Chicago may be estimated at from 14 days, at a cost of about 37s. 6d. sterling. The St. Lawrence route, even for persons proceeding to the Western States of America, may therefore, in a majority of cases, be preferred. From Buifalo there are daily steamers westward to the principal ports of Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Michi- gan. The chief ports of Lake Erie are, Erie, in the State of Pennsylvania ; and Astabula, Cleveland, and Sandusky, In the State of Ohio. From Cleveland there is a canal south- wards, branching off into two parts, forty n Jles south of that port — one arm reaching to Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, the other to Cincinnati in Ohio. These two places are 4Cl mile.«i apart by the river. From Pittsburgh. Portsmouth, and Cincinnati, steamers descend the Ohio to the Mississippi. From Buffalo to - >■■' •If :i '■Vl j- I i 448 DISTANCES, TIME, AND COST OP TRAVELLINO Cleveland, the distance is 105 miles ; and from Clevel; Cincinnati about 400 miles. From Cincinnati to Orleans the distance is J 424 miles. The time usually pied on tliis passage is 7 days. The length of the Ohio River, from Pittsburgh junction with the Mississippi, is about 950 miles, this point to the mouth of the Mississippi, at Bulii distance is about 1.150 miles. The eutire length Mississippi from the falls of St, Anthony to Bali/A. Gulf of Mexico, is upwards of 2000 miles. Kow is situated about 100 miles from the mouth of the The rates of passage on the steamers of the Missi may be calculated at about 3 to 4 cents, or l-|d. to -j mile cabin, and about 1 cent, or |d. per mile dccli For long distances cheaper rates of passage may be "1,1 The rate of sailing is about 10 miles down streuii about 6 miles up. From Buffalo to Detroit by steamboat, the dista about 325 miles, and the rates of passage from aboi dollars steerage, to about six dollars cabin passage. Th occupied is usually about 30 hours. Steamers ply daii, Buffalo to (Ihippewa, Canada, a distance of about 18 Also regularly, at least three times a week, to ports the Canada shore ; among others, to Dunnville, uc mouth of the (rrand River, a distance of 40 miles ; t Dover, 85 miles ; and to Port Stanley, in the Londo trict of Canada, a distance from Buffalo of about 145 Steamers ply also regularly from Detroit to Chathfi the River Thames, in the Western District of Canada also to Sarnia, at the head of the River St. Clair. The Michigan Central Railway conveys passengers across the country to Lake Michigan, thus avoidii circuitous passage through Lakes St. Clair and J ST OP TRAVELLING. CANAL AM) STEAM CONVEYANCKS. 440 les \ and from Cleveliuid to From Cincinnati to New js. The time usually occ\i ver, from Pittsburgh to n^ is about 950 miles. Kroin Mississippi, at Balize, tht The entire leu<2;th of tht :,. Anthony to Balize, un the 2000 miles. Now Urlean.- roDi the mouth of the river steamers of the Mississippi ;o 4 cents, or l-^d. to tA. per or |fl. per mile deck tare 1 of passage may he i.'btained 10 miles down stream, and steamboat, the distance is of passage from about two lars cabin passage. The tine irs. Steamers ply daily fioiu distance of about 18 iiiilo'. imes a week, to ]»t'rts aloui; lers. to Dunnville, near ilu- istance of 40 miles ; t<' Port Stanley, in the London Dis- Burtalo of about 14-") mile? om Detroit to Chatham, <'ii ern District of Canada ; anJ le River St. Clair, ay conveys passengers direct ichigan, thus avoiding the lakes St. Ckir and Huron. Steamers, besides, sail regularly up these lakes for tlie chief ports on Lake Michigan and others. The chief jmrts be- v(uid Detroit, at which steamers touch, are jMackina\\, and (Jreen Bay, and Milwaukie, and Racine, in the state of Wisconsin ; and Chicago, in the state of Illinois. The dis- tance from Detroit to Chicago is (140 miles. The time occupied in the voyage is three days. From Chicago, there is a route, by canal and the Illinois River to the Mississippi. The distance from Chiea --^ to St. Louis, on the Mississippi, is about 390 miles, 'i lie time Cfccupied on this canal and river passage is three days, and the rates of ' t^sage may be estimated at from 5 t.) 12 dollars, according to the class of accommodation. This route from Chicago extends, generally speaking, through a Hat, but not imtrequently richly fertile country. Sweeps of beautiful prairie present themselves now and then, diversified by clumps of shady forest trees, and winding streams. In other parts ut' the route, chiefly along the banks -^f the Illinois River, the land is low and swampy, and covered by dense forests. There are parts, again, of the banks of the Illinois, where the land rises, and aftbrds sites for thriving villages and towns. Having now aftbrded soiae guidance to the traveller in ^a^ious directions, both through the United States and through Canada, we here close this chapter, the last but une now of our work. In this last chapter, to which we now proceed, we have to offer some practical views on the general subject of emigi'ation. 2 G !';■ T A,>. U\.\ ». ■. CHAPTEK XXXIL VIEWS ON EMIGRATION. . l-; ^ I. :r f: Thp most Practical Considerationa fcjggcated— Sooiid Coloniaatiim ou the Laws of Domiiiid and Supply — Dangers likolj to result i Sclu .nes of Eraip^atiou Troposed, without regard to such Consit Tl\o Taupers and other Doscriptious of Persons not Wanted, irto our Colonies - Serious Want of Information respettinK Condition and Demands of our Colonies— Thf the evils connected with even a very limited emigra- tion, conducted without regard to the principles of demand and supply ; and which, if extended as has been proposed, on various occasions in certain quarters, so as to allow a freer communication with our colonies, would only aggravate evils. The great error lies in supposing that the classes of persons who are overabundant at home, and consequently least wanted, are exactly those most needed by the colony. Broken-spirited paupers, hand-loom weavers, and other persons unaccustomed, and frequently quite unfit, for the kinds of labour in demand by the colony ; as also a de- ^Tv^'-^Hf^T wrtfUMhp*-i,t ii." i*, 1.V2 I.AROK EMIORATION FROM IRELAND. <' ;; t ■■• I ! a !'■ !, :. 1* soription of Irish labourers, who eithtM- canm»t oi work, except upon canals, and who flock out to tl States and to C'anacla, and arc the cause ot soi turbanccs on account oi their large mnnhors-- very distinctly that it i.s more the want oi" in I res)»ecting the exact condition and demands «it' (.in that is experienced, than any extension of nu'iiti iindate the colonies still more with unsuitable indi\ The present exodus from Ireland, as tlie very It increasinjjf emijj^ration from that country haw heen su})plies very fully, thouj;h it would appear not, i,< first sight, evidence to corroborate the foregoing obscr which were phiced before the public, and the soun the principles they emb(Mlied, approved of in iiti qiarters several years .tgo. Had the imperial or colonial govertimcnts t;il> same care to supj)ly desirable information as has l>oJ so extensively by the relations and friends of the ] Anu^rica, a very large {)roj)ortion of the present emi, to the United States might have been directed to ourci The importance to our manufactures may be urged, other considerations, for the bone and sinew oi' a c( the working material, being directed usefully to tho raising fields specially entrusted, in the meantime a to our care to people and develope, instead of allowing through culpable neglect to be clothed and beneficial ployed by another country whose manufacturers, b hostile tariff, debar us, as much as possible, from s any direct advantages of their growth and prosperity Were authoritative, accurate, and minutely exi foi-mation extensively and periodically diffused am( classes at home respecting our colonies, this simpl* it is confidently believed, would, as applied to Can FROM IRELAND. PLAN FOB DIFFUSING COtlHKCT INFORMATION. 453 vho either cannot or will not 1 who Hock out to the I'nitd are the cause of serious %. 3i.r large nuinhers— ilhistratt ore the want of intonnation I and (loniands of our 'joloni..;, ly exten^tion of nieans to in with unsuitable iuilividuals, relaiid, as the very liirge an.j lat country ha.s l)eeii ieriji(.| would appear not to do so at ate the foregtnno- ohservations, public, and the soujidmss uf 1, approved of hi iiiHueiitial mial govenimcuts taken th, information as has been dotu and friends of the Irish in on of the present eniigratii.n been directed to our c(»lonies, ,ctures may be urged, .imoiiji )OTie and sinew oi" a countrv. irected usefully to those pro- 1, in the meantime at least ope, instead of allowinu: such, clothed and benelicially i'lu- lose manufacturers, by their ch as possible, from sharing growth and prosperity, ito, and minutely exact in- iodically diffused amoujr all colonies, this simple plan. Id, as applied to Canada at least, answer all the ends desiralde in sound colonisation. Nothing is wanted so much as this descrij)tion of informa- tion, and, until this be supplied— even should to-morrow see every war-ship placed at the i)\iblic disposal, in order to •bridge' the Atlantic, by affording free passages— -it will be in vain that wo expect a desirable and prosperous emigra- tion. With such inforn\ation — which, further to carry out the illustration of supply and demand, would ap|)tiar at houie, in the market of supply, nmch in the light of a par- ticular order or demand from the colony for certain miouuts and descriptions of population — we might hope to see the present annual amount of emigration to our colonies at least doubled, and the individuals composing it more suitable to the exact wants of the colony. And without such attention to meet the exact nature of a colony's demands, colonisa- tion can never be expe<;ted to yield the full advantages it is calculated to do, either to individuals or the colonies. The manner in which valuable information could be col- lected in Canada for use at home, miglit be suggested to be partly through the means of the present arrangements for taking the annual census, and [)artly through the means of new arrangements to Ikj provided by the several districts. Accurate descriptions of the districts might be drawn up, •somewhat in the manner of the statistical account of Scot- laud drawn up by the parish clergy, but more detailed in several respects, so as to present, for instance, the nund)ers of persons employed in agriculture, in the various trades and professions, with the rates of remuneration — the pro- bable demand, and general encouragement, or otherwise, for particular descriptions of persons — in short, such infonua- tion as the various classes of persons would themselves % .-,>r ji,^..- r ?»n - f »"=w^ ICiA SncJflESTIONS OP DETAIL. ■t 5^ • ;* r' i i 4 .. •M -jt ^', :.■ i t ' ^ i t i ' ■ i' ■'i 1 f: ( I t M': ■ ¥'l' \:'?' '/ ■ t a.' direct their attention to, were they to jirocoed to for such a purpose. Each district account might be accoinpanitid witi which would be all the tnore useful were it to pn varieties of soils, the lands occupied and unocciipu vatod and uncultivated — and those for sale, whctlu i company, or private lands, with references as to p terms. Accounts, with illustr.itive maps, such as every district might hi made, with annual correction ])lementary reports — and circulated extensively tluv, England, Scotland, and Ireland — would very greatly ] the intorestsof the colony, and meet what is so much in Britain, in order to guide the numbers of persoI)^ circumstances would be improved hy emigration, )»i because of the deficiency and uncertainty of informatii not run any hazard of failure, so long as there is lio]»i left of their making shift in their present circums Those accounts or reports might be made more unifor more generally useful, were they to be collected aiic piled under the direction of a Board of Emigration established in the colony, of which the chief Govoi Emigrant Agents would be members, and the i>rc perhaps, a member of the Colonial Exc utive. This Board might have powers to revise, condcnf publish, and also to prepare a summary or general rep the whole colony. A member of this Board, or < (flier dual well acquainted with the colony, might be establi? Commissioner in Britain, for the purpose of supermti the distribution of the information respecting the c and also to correspond with and answer all necessa <|uiries of persons desirous of special information, such commissioners of colonies not to supersede the } k. - k.«fe> ^ c^ ' OP DETAIL. DiPFraiON OF tNPOUMATION IN nRFTAIX. 45.'} ■c they to ptoooed to th(- sr Kmigration Board of Commissioners cstaMished by the Im- pcjriikl (lovernment, an(i stationed in Jiondon, they might jicrlmps he UHefully incorj)orate(l with this Board, and in lonjuiiction with them nim;h more ethciently represent the iiitort'Sts of the several cok>nies, and l>e iMiabled to diffuse iiifnriiiation in a more satisfactory manner than the ]»resent constituted Board eau be expected to do The necessary (jxpcnses of coUecting and preparing infonaati(m, and to meet the charge for salaries of an Paiiigratiou Board in Canada, and a Commissioner in Britain, might be provided from a share oi the proceeds of the recently imjjosed tax iijton unoccupied and waste lands. Arrangements such as these, whereby authoritative, accurate, and minutely detailed information respecting Canada might bo collected, and extensively circulated throughout Britain, ap])ear to be calculated more success- fully to promote the increase of a sound and healthy emi- gration than any othei means which it would be safe or desiral'le at present for Government to employ. A still further reduction of the rates of ocean postage, as lias been suggested in a previous chapter, would no doubt l»e at- tended with very great benefit to the colonies, and, even under the present government emigration arrangements, would very materially facilitate the diffusion of information, and promote desirable intimacy between the colonies and parent country. ' "tr"^*t^,.. — , ■!<:?•; 'm ' 'ty^^ ,-'.' •["' '^ -■-• L"-1 ii"-.,' . r •',■ ;. ■•,-r:' v,p ArrENDix. No I. ( ATAMXirE OF SOMK OF TIIK FCONOMIC MINK UAI.S ANI> DKroslTS OF CANADA, WITH TIIFIU l,()CA(,ITIKS* By W. K. Logan, Rsy., IVovinrial Ucologisi. Mktalh and TiiiwH Oreh. liius.--Mn(piffi('. — Miirinora, nui^o 1. lot 7, (a 1(H> ft«t litcl) r.wv^c 2, lot IH; mngo 0, lot 9; rungc !♦, lot 0. MjuIdc, range 4, lot 2, (a '2i> ft't't l)e(l ;) rango 5, l(»t 11 ; rango ♦>, lot 10 ; rang*; 7, lot y. South Slitrbrookc, ('. VV,, iMyciB' Lukr, nngo 3, lot 17, IH. 19, (a HO twt bod.) HtMlturd, raiigf — , lot — . Hull, ratigo 7, lot II : (a 40 li-i't bed ;) ran<^(i 5, lot 11 ; range ♦), lotn 12 and \',i liitihfiidd, I'ortagc dii F(»rt, a small \v.\n.-- SpccvUir. — Iwike Huron, Wallace Mmo loeation, near Wliito-fisli Hiv<'r, {u \h t'eot vein.) Mi-Nab, ranges C and I), lot t'., Doehart HIv« r, (a 12 t'e('t vein.) — Hoij. — Middleton ; (Uiarlotville : WalHingbam. V\ . Gwil- liiuslanj, ruoutli ot'tht! Holland Hiver. Fitzroy, Chats; i'^aniley, rang*' 8, lot 20 ; March, ConHtanoe Lake; Hull, range l^'lot 14- ToniplciMii, McArthur's mill ; Vaudreuil Seignior}, Cote St. r'lirtrlcH and Sae an Siible. St. Maviriee Forge.s. Stanbridge, range ~, lot — ; Simpson, range 12, lot 8; Irebunl, range 4, lot r2; Lauzon Seigm'i^ry, St. Lambert; Valiere Seigniory, junction * The quantities in the localities indicated are not in every caso of a sufficient amount to be profitably available, but tliey arc always of sufticient importance to draw attention to the localities, as a possible guide to the discovery '.] ..,-*,. i-V i" t r. i {;! ■ li « v' . .- ■ - F- ^ ; < i i H - M ml it .-. ; .;■ > ■; 458 APPENDIX. of fiiviere du Sud and Bnis. — Titanlferovs. — St. Annai lot 45, (a 5 feet bed.) Sutton, (in beds of 2 to 8 fo^-t) lots 4, 5, 6, 7. 9 ; range 10, lots 7, 8 ; range 11, lotH 7, 9. (in beds of 2 to 15 feet) range 3, lots 1,2; range 4, |i range 5, lots 4, 5. Bolton, range 14, lot 2. Vaudrein* Seigniory, north eorntsr (a 45 feet bed). Bay St. Panl, 8( (a 90 I'eet bed ;) St. Lazare, (a still larger mass.") Tiisc. — JSuJphnret. — Lake Superior, Prince's location . M; liKAi). — Svlphvret. — Fit/roy, range 8, lot 12 ; Bedfoi — , lot — . Bastard, range — , lot — . Petite Nation Sei Gaspe, Little Gaspe Cove, and Indian Cove. Copter. — tSvlphurets, dx. — Lake Su[»erior — Spai Prinee's location, a 4 feet vein, {mtrrous sulphuret, v.itli St. Ignace Island. Harrison's, Ferriers' and Menitt'K In {native copper, with silver.) Miehipicoten Island, {notir, with siliH >\ Mica Bay. Manuiinse. {i/ello)v, variegated, ; reoiis unJphurets.) Lake Huron — Root liiver, a 3 feet vi'i low sulphuret.) Echo Lake, {ijellow suljihnret) Bruci 4 feet vein, {i/elloy', variegated, and vitreous sulphurets.) \ Mine, Whitefish River, {ijellow sulphuret.) Eastetii Tow — Upton, range 21, lot 51, {arf/entiferous tielloto nvljihim foot vein. As(M)t, range 7, lot 17, {iirgenti-anriferovn i/tlh, phuret,) a 2 feet vein. Inverness, range 2, lot 4, {'varienaU phuret,) a 2 feet vein. Nickel. — Sulphuret. dbc. — Lake Huron, Wallace Mine, mentation to La Noraye and l>autraye Seigniory, (wit! pyritef<,) traces, Bromptom, range 11, lot 19, (Nickel ochre), Sn.VER. — Native, tir. — Lake Superior — Prince's lotat bunch of 4 cwt. of 3J per cent, met with, ecpial to 72 lbs, n per ton of rock. St. Ignace Island, Harrison's, Ferricrs Merritt's locations. Miehipicoten Island, north side Gold. — Native, in Gravel. — Vaudreuil Beauce Seigniory.l Giiillaunie : Riviere Bras ; Ruissean Lessard ; Riviere Tou Pins for 3 miles up ; Ruisseau du I/ac. Aubert do L'lsle niory, Riviere Famine, Aubert GalHon Seigniory, Hum Po/er's River for 3 miles up. Ri%nere Metgenuet, opposite. Gold. — Native, in rein. — liake Su])erior, Prince's lo (traces ) Ascot, range 7, lot 16, (with copper and silrer, v Oold 1 dollar per ton of rock.) vl MINERALS AND DEPOSITS OF CANADA. 459 Chemical Materials, heino sdch ah kequihk Peculiar Chemical Treatment to fit tuem foh use. Uranium. — (For glmn siaining, and porcelain jmmtinff, d'x.) — Madoc, range 4, lot 12, tracoa in the iron ore IkhI. in the t'onn of uran ochre. CnnoMiviii.—f^For f/lass staining, porcelain and oil jmtding, d-c.) - Bultoii, rang'i 7, hjt 26, a 12 iiicli h'xl oi' ckroniic iron. Aug- mentation of Ham, ranp^e 2, hit 21, a 14 iiicli bed u\' chromic iron. CoHAi.T. — (For gUiHH siaining, and porci lain painting, <(•<•.) — hajic Superior, Prinee's h)cation, (traces) : Lai<.e Huron, Walhiee Mines, (traces.) Augmentation to La Noraye and L)autra}o Seig- niory, witli nick-el, (traces.) Minoanehe, Boo. — fFor blcncJiing and decolorizing < gents.) — FWton, range 12, h)t 22; Htanstead, range 4, h»t 24 ; range 10, hit y: Tring, near eastern boundary (jii road f'roni Landjtun to St. Fraii(,'iii(s B(>auce ; Aul)eit (iaUion Seigniory, neai' I'ozer's river; St Mary's Seigniory, 3d range, Frampton road ; St. Anne Seig- niory. li«»N Pyrftes. — (For manvfacture of Copperas and Sidphur.J — Clarendon, range 2, lot 7 ; Terrebonne Seigniory, a 4 feet vein ; Augnieutation to La Noraye and Dautrnye Seignior)', a 40 feet vein ; Garthby, range — , lot — . Dolomite, witli 45 per cent.of Carbonate of Magnesia. — (For iiuunifhi-ture of Ejtsom Salts and the Magucsia of Commerce. J — Exit of Lake Mazinaw ; N. Sherbrooke, C W. ; Drummond : St, Aiiuand; Dunham; Sutton; Brome ; Ely. Durham; Melbourne; Kingsey; Shipton ; Chester; Halifax; Liverne.SH : Leeds; St. (iiles Seigniory ; St Mary's Seigniory ; St. Joseph Seignioiy. Ma(,nesite, with 83 per cent, of Carbonate of IMaonebia. — (For the name purpose) — Sutton, range 7, lot 12 ; Bolton, range 9, lot 17. Stone Paints. B^uyTES. — Permanent White. — Lake Superior, in a multituvlc of veins on the north shore from Pigeon Iviver to Thunder ('!ape ; Bathnrst, range 6, lot 4 ; McNab, mouth of Dochart. Ikon Ochre. — Yellow Ochre, /S^ninish Brown.— Walthan, Paint bake or Pond, near Harwood Pierce's Clearing, Black Kiver ; .i«W. 460 APPENPIX. MfiTisfiekl, Grand Marais, opposite^ the most nortln-rn (Jaluinet Island ; Durham, raui^f^ 4, h)t 4. Tauh}He Hi uVTE.— Ochre Vel/oin. — .Stanstead, ranirr «♦, French White — vStanntoad, raiif^o 9, h>t 13; Le<'ds, raii^'c i;; SoAPSToNE. — IFA/V*'. --Sutton, range 7, lot TJ ; I'ottdii, lot 20, very }»ur( ; Bolton, rang-e 1, lot 17 ; range 2, lot t'> 4, lot 4; range 11, lot 1; Melbourne, range 2, lot 19; 1 range 3, lot 10 ; Vaudreiiil Beauce Seigniory, range 3 on tli pure r Broughton, range 4, lot 12 ; El/.evir, range 1, h)t 21 2, lot 13, pure. SKRrENTiNE. — Greenish White. — Eastcjrn TowiiHhips, ii, too numerous to be particularised. (For the range see l\|;n Ferkuginols CtuW. - Liffht Red. — Nassagaweva, Ah Mill ; Nottawasaga, Mad River. Materials Aim'licable to the Arth. LiTHfXiRAPHic Stone. — Marmora, range 4, lot 8 ; Ruriia. John's Lake, south ol" tlie Juuetiou, and on Lake rdncliii there are probably numy exposures between llama and M.t the distance being 70 miles. Materials Applicablp: to Jewellery and Orname.m a puupo.heh. k' I? :1 % ' n Agateb. — Lake Superior — St. Ignace and neigh bouim lands ; Michipieoten Island. J aht'ER. — Aseote, n(\'ir Sherbrooke, in a bed ; Gaspe, in pe Labradorite. — Drummond, range 3, lot 1 ; Bathuist, rai lot 19. SrxsTONE. — Bathurst, range 6, lot 3. Hyacinths. — Grenville, range 5, lot 10. Ame'I'hysts. — Lake Superior, Spar Island, tand sundry ] along the neighbouring e<)ast. JtiBBOxNEi) Chert (For Cameos) — Lake Superior — Thundei JET.—Montreal. Sapphire f^^^'gess, range 9, lot 2 (in minute grains.) MINERALS AND DEPOSrTS OP CANADA. 461 -Eastern Town.ships, in plarcs (For tlic range see Miiiblt,) ui. — Nassagawey M, M c Kiinii'> iLE TO THE Arts. i>'nace and neighbouiiug Is- '., in a Led ; Gaspo, in pobbks. ••'e 3, lot 1 ; Batliufst, range 9, t 3. )t 10. iU' Island, and sunilry phicos Lake Superior — Thunder Bay 2 (in minute grains.) Materials for GiiAHss Makino White Qi'Artz Sand.htone. — Lake Huron — on tin' north sli.ire, iiiifl the Islands near, in great abundanef. Cayuga, lots 45 and 4(j/rown line, north of Tallml rond ; Duim; Vaudreiiil Seigniory, isle PfMTot Seigniory ; Beauharnois Seigniory. Pitchstoxe, Basalt and Allied Roi kh. — (For Blade (Uohh.) —Lake Superior — North 8hore and Islamls; IVIichipicotcn Island, :;n(l East eocist. Lake Huron— in lie; trap dykes of the Nnrth shor", and neighbouring Islands. Kigaud mountain; Montreal nnjimtain; Montarville mountain. Refractory Materials. Soai'j^tone. — Elzevir — range 1, lot 27 ; range 2, lot 13 ; Potton niige 5, lot 20 ; Vaudreuil I'eauce Seigniory, range 8 on the Bras; Rrougliton, range 4, lot 42. Aiun;sTiis. — Potton, range 5, lot 20. Sandstone. — Lake Huron, Island of Campment d'Ours, west side ; St. Maurice Forges. Plijmbaoo. — Grenville, range 5, lot 10, 2 veins. Manures. PiiosniATE OF liiME. — Ottawa, near the division line between We'stnicath and Koss, above the head of Moorii'-s slide , (^Jalumet slide; Burgess, range 8, lot 4 ; Hidl, range — , lot — , near Blas- dell's Mill : Bay St. Paul ; Murray Bay. (rVPsuM. — Dumfries, range I, lot 27; Village plot of Paris ; Bnmtford, range 1, lot 15; range 2, lot 10; range 3, lot 17; Oneida, lot 57, and the block next below on th(; (irand River; Seneca, lots 17 and 18, on the Grand River, and the Town plot of Indiana; ('ayuga, range 3, lots P.>, 20, 21, 22, 23. Shell Marl. — North Gwillimsbury, east point of ('ook's Bay ; Calumet Island, in a small lake 2 miles south-east from Cani])- ineut des Plaines ; ('alumet Island, I mile north-west of Des- jarain's clearijig, opposite Moore's slide, and in scleral small lakes lower down the island; Clarendon, range 1, lot 23 ; Mink Lake, west of Brondey ; McNab, White Lake ; Nepearn, on Spark's land, neur IMown ; Gloucester, Hon. Mr. McKay's land, near Bytown ; ■ '►'.t'a'lV-* ^•M(- ■-^1,-j,- '^ti^<','^nt|•I^■ '*,"?■■'''>('■* 462 APPENDIX. Art^i'iiteuil, rang*' 1, lot 3; East Hawkesbui-v, ranj^f 7 Vandrciiil SciiJ^iiioiy, rear of (vuvagiiol Point: St. Hcnoii Brule, oil Chonior's farm : Graiuli! Cote, betwf^oii St Feri> and St. Kiistaclie, on McAllistiM-'s farm ; opposite S on (lie road to St. Thereso, on iltairicli's farm ; St. Ariiuiii lots 156 and 157 ; Stanstead, range 11, lot 5 or 6 ; St. 11 \ Seigniory, Junction of Granhy and St. Pic roads; Monir .losrph ; New Carlisle, in 4 or 5 small lakes, 1 or 2 milo ii village. Grindinu .\ni> Polishing Materials. Mill Stoneh. -The localities of griinitic and syenitic li. strewed about the country, and used for mill .stoiicK, ; nuiuefons and too acridenlal to be statt;d ; these bonjilcrs , rived chiefly I'rom the granitic or gtUiiKsoid. rocks, Mhicji ra the north side of tlie Ottawa and St. Lawrence, from huh- nor to Labrador. Independent of them, various rocks /// .v and may be used for the purpose, such as — Silicious Coni/loi — Vaudreuil Seigniory, Cascades and Pointe du Grain I fti Ham, range 11, lot 10; Poit Daniel, at L'Ance a la ' Gronnlnr and Corneous Qmxrtz Rock — This rock accoii,] the st'r{)entine of the Eastern Townshi{)s (for the rang<- of see Marble.) and (x^curs in too many places to be enuincrai good sample has been obtained by the Hon. Mr. Knowlton Bolton, range 6. Granite — Stanstead ; Barnston ; Bh Hereford ; Ditton ; Marston ; Strafford ; WtuMhm ; Van Beauce Seigniory, near the band of serpentim^ (The Van Beauce stone is highly esteenn^d.) PseAido-Granid; fir Quartz gralnsj — St. Thcrese, Behxnl, Rotigeniont, Yaii Sheft'ord, and Brome mountains. Grinostoxes. — A sandstone designated as the grey band lies at the summit of the red strata of the Medina sandstone which reaches from Queenston by St. (Catherines, fcacl ntt(;s, at the Aluiueties and in Fitzroy, at Slurrefi''s Mills. Some parts of the sandstone, in Gaspe Bay, would yield grindstones, but t -.jjkX,., ■• .f r„ fDIX. Hawkesbury, ranj^f 7, lot li ■agiK.l Point: 8t. IJcnoir, (Jr;ii,j i(l(! Cote, between Si Tlier^,. lister's farm ; oppi.HJtc St H(m. uii(;b'H farm ; St. Ariii;tiKi WVst, ?e 11, b)t5or6; ,St. ihtcint!,,' ul St. Pic roads ; Monlrcal, S| tuill lakes, 1 or 2 mile^ ti(,ju tl,, HiiiNG Materia LH. of granitic and syenitic ItunlJrry used for mil] .stones, arc (,„ stated; tbese l)'ml,|,.|,s aivd, ^neissoid. rocks, which rMiig,>„i, ^'r. Lawrence, from I.nkt,^ Sup... them, various rocks /// aity ar. iich as — Silielous Coi/i/loivcnih and Pointe du Grand nctrdt. )aniel, at J.'Ance a ht Vi-jlle R(>rk—Th}H rock a(;c()ii,|iaiii»is nsbip.s (for the range of wlii,|i ny {daces to be enunn-ntt.-d. a the Hon. Mr. Knowlton t'rnm instead; Barnston ; IkvM: raflford ; Wo«/.~Augmenta- ti(in to l,a Noraye and Dautraye Seignior)^ Matkriaj,8 foh Paving. Tillvo, &( HooKrva Slatks. — Kingsey, range 1, lot 4; Flalifax, range 1^ lot 14 ; Kranipton, on the land of Mr. tjiuigley. Fi.Ao .'^■n)^'E9. — Toronto, Bivers Oedit, Little Mimico, and Eto- hireke: Fjubicoke, Biver Humber; York, East Brancdi of Biver Den; Lake Teunscamang, 7 ?iiiles Ijelow the Ualere; Bagot, at ('alahoga rapids ; Horton and < darendon, at the ( 'henaux : Sutton, I'ange 2, lot 19: Pottoii. range 10, lot 28, at Potton Ferry : Stan- i'tead, east side of Mem{)hremagog Ijakc, for some miles above the Outlet; Inverness, range 2, lot 5; Port Danie], L'Ance a la Vifdle Blildi^g Matkrial.s Granite of mperior (piaUti/, White, and Cleuvahk. — Stanstead, ranges 4. 5, 6, 7, lots 1, 2, 3, 4, [), 6 ; range 9. lot 4, to range 14, let 11 : l^arnston, range 9, lot 1 , ranges 10 and 11, lots 7 to 15 ; Barford, ranges 1 iind 2, lots 5 to 9 ; Hereford, ranges 4 and 5, lots 19 and 20 ; Marston, 1^ miles from upj)er end «>f Mi'gantic bake; Great Meganti*; Mountain, occu))ying an area of 12 square miles, about the united corners 01' Marsden, Hamp^len, and Ditton ; Little Megantic Mountain, 6 squai'e miles in VVinslow, about 1^ raih's south-west from line between Aylmer an to Esquesing, ,iud b\ .\ Ancaster: Thorold ; MMtehedash Bay; Orillia ; IJain.i and various ]iarts to IMarmora; Madoe : Btdlevilji' ; Ki MeNab ; Byto^\■n ; and varimis parts to I'lantagtMiet and I bury; Cornwall; Isle Bizard ; Beauharnois Island. ( w^aga; Montreal; Isle Jesus: Terrebonne; Phillipsbiir Dominique ; Grondines ; Desehauibault ; Be;>ii)Min I Paul ; and Murray Bay ; Upton : Acton ; W'ickham : St) Hatley ; Dudswell ; Temiscouata Lake ; (laspe ; Port Hichmond ; Anticosti Island. LiiVJii!. — Common. — In the various localities abov^- ■ ini for limestone. Ufaf/nfiiian — In the localities indicate'l t mite. Hydranlic — Point Douglas, l^ake Huron ; Cayi g! mile and 3| miles below the Village, and the (''-and Kivo rold ; Kingston; Nepean, near Bytown ; Ar^vUieuil'* NDIX. MIXKKALS AND DEPOSITS OV CATADA. 40;") [) 6 miles from foot i»i' |,ak' St I foot of Lakt' St. Knuhis lartz ( IraiuH. Whit,, i'l.„,-ahl(' , t, Yumasku, SlicHoni, M\^ |{r„i,|,. e. — Niagjira, at QiK-fision . ii.ir. ^V'l'st; Nelson; NasNajMw.'Vit, Iw B 6, lot — ; Mono; No,ra\viiM,i;,i 46; Uigaud Scipiiorv. liivi.M.o I'oiiito (.•avagnol . Isle r.iinnSi ry; BeauliariioiH Hcigninn . St [•"it/nn-. Jidfati Caoal ; IJytnwn, \-.\uu\]-. nil Rytowii, to Paiiiiicm M.i,i,| Poinl Fovtiiiio , lirtickvill,'. Mir Whito Capo, ami the lot., nt'.l |i luzoii Seigniory, at St Xl,|i,,lii>, t(>ulin Islands, along the soiitli of Lakp Hnron, from Cajic Hurj ionn parts iVoni Cahot's llcii'l tn II from Sydcnhani, l.v Euphrasia o to Es([U('sing, ;iiul l>y NcImhi 1 1 li .P>ay ; Orillia ; K'miihi ; Mar.i Madoc : Ticllfxillc : Kiiii;st(iii [irts to Plantagonrt ami liiiwki's- BeanliarnoiK Island. ( iniirli'iii 'orrc'bonTic ; Pliillipslmr;;!! • S; am ban It ; B(':'ii)M)ri Hiiy St \oton ; \Vicklia)u ; Staiistoad; \ Lake ; (laspo ; IVu't D.'iiiic; ions localities abovo "mimcraltii htnn (a. d(domite). Jlluck — Cornwall ; Pliilijisltn.igh. fJroirn — I'ackfiiliam, at Dickson's Mill. Orej/ and Motflcd—'Sh'^ah ; Pliliipsl)urgh ; St. Dominic] no ; Moiitreal. Varicffatrd. White and ^,',.ty,)__( livnville. Verd A )>tistmeaih; Beckwith ; Goulburn ; Nej)can ; (floueester; Cumberland; Clarence; [Mnn- tagoiift; Alfred; ("aledonia; Ti'Orignal ; Osnabruek ; Finch; Winchester; Roxburgh; .liongueuil Seigniory; St. Hyacinthe Seigniory, at St. Dominique ; Ste. Marie dc Monnoir Seigniory ; Riviere du Lonp Seigniory ; Riviere Ouelle Seigniory; Matan and McNiilcr, between Rivien^ Bran iie and Riviere Matan. i'KTRoi.EiJM, Naptita, &c. — Mosa, range 1, lot 29, and several spots farther down ou the River Thauies ; River St. John, (Jaspe. at the mouth, and () miles up on Silver Brook. Ahi'hai/p.— ?;nni.skillen, range or 7, lot 9. Sundry other Materia l5». MoirLniNo Sasd. — Agnsta, 3 miles above Pre scott ; Montreal ; b'Aciidie ; Stanstead. Fuller's FIvrth. — Nassagaweya,. at McKann''. Mill, Sixteen mile Creek. 'X-'K';'^^^ .'?t'-jSi,m<:-.^-itt >.',til .« v'. .' 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