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TO TEA CBS US, \ This Work is stereotyped^ and will ahucgfs &ts kept in prints r \» n •V J PREFACE. vVi* The political clianges that have taken place in continental Europe^ and in other divisions of the Globe^ have necessitated a complete revision of Butler's popular treatise upon Geography. In the main^ the plan of the original author has been strictly adhered to^ though the information here furnished is more varied in its character than tliat which nas appeared in former editions. A much greater number of facts are therefore given^ a circumstance that has materiallj increased both the value and the bulk of the work. Used in conjunction with ordinary atlases^ this edition will be found to serve every purpose that can be required to enable pupils, in ele- mentary and middle class schools^ to gain a thorough outline of the generalities of Geo- graphical science. IT PMPACF, By means of foot-notes^ a larger number of names of minor states and divisions are given than in any other publication adapted for junior pupils. The Index is, moreover, so complete, that it forms a gazetteer to all the principal places in the globe. The Questions at the end of each chapter will enable the teacher to catechise without the trouble of jiaving to frame queries. The author, however, advises that, if the pupils qu3stioned be able to recite the context of the information desired, every end will have been answered, while the facts are more likely to be retained in the memory than if verbatim replies were insisted upon. The volume is entirely free from theological or political bias, and is equally auapied for pupils of all creeds. ber of given junior iplete, places ▲V EASY GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHY, AVD TBI USE OF THE GLOBES. *WW^W<»^<»^^ CHAPTEB I. THE EARTH. 1. Geoorafhy is a science^ the object of which is to describe the surface of our globe^ both earth and sea. 2. The shape of the earth resembles that of an orange, being spherical, or nearly round. Half of the globe is termed a hemisphere. S. The circumference of the earth, or its measurement round, is about 25,000 miles; and its diameter, or measurement from side to side, is about 8,000 miles. 4. The globe consists of two great com- ponent parts : the earth, or land ; and sea, or water. The water occupies a much larger space than the land. 2 * GUIDE TO «5. The larger expanses of water are called oceans; the smaller^ seas. 6. The land is usually divided into five great portions, viz : — Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Oceania. 7. A gulf, or bay, is a branch of the sea running into the land. A gulf extends some way inland, as the Gulf of Mexico* A bay has a wide opening, and r^^ns only a short dis- tance into the land, as the Bay of Biscay. • 8. A strait is a narrow passage of the sea, separating two countries, as the Straits of Dover, between England and France. 9. A lake is a large collection of water surrounded by land, as the Lakes of Geneva and Ontario. 10. A river is a body of water rising in the land and flowing into the sea, as the Thames, in England, and the Rhine, in Germany. 11. A continent is a vast extent of land containing many countries, as the continent of Europe. Europe, Asia, and Africa combined, are known as the old continent, or Old World ; and North and South America are described as the new continent, or New World. 12. An island consists of land surrounded by water, as Great Britain, Sicily, and Ireland. 13. A peninsula con^iftts of land nearly 8ur« 01C00EAPHY. 8 rounded by water^ as the Morea> in Greece, or the Crimea^ in the Black Sea. 14. An isthmus is a narrow portion of land connecting a peninsula with a continent, as the Isthmus of Corinth, which joins the Morea to the mainland of Greece, or the Isthmus of Suez, which joins Africa to Asia. 15. A cape is a point of land shooting out into the sea, as Cape Horn, in America, or the Cape of Good Hope, in Africa. A lofty cape is called a promontory. 16; Land that rises considerably above the level of the general surface, is termed a moun- tain; lesser elevations are styled hills. Low land between rising grounds, is called a valley. 17. A coast is the land washed by the sea. 18. A plain is land which is nearly level. But when it is situated at a considerable eleva- tion above the sea, it is called tableland. 19. A volcano is a mountain that sends forth fire from its summit, as Vesuvius, near Naples. 20. A map is the representation of a portion of the globe on a plane, or flat surface. 21. A zone is a division of the earth, with respect to the temperature of different latitudes. There are five zones, viz ; — the torrid, two tem- perate, and two frigid. 4 GUIDE TO 22. The torrid zone, so named from its great hent, is that part of the earth between the tropics and on both sides of the equator ; the frigid zones, so styled from their being situated in the coldest regions, are those portions of the earth between the polar circle and the pole; and the temperate zones, which are less hot than the torrid zones, and warmer than the frigid zones, are those parts of the earth between the tropics and the polar circle. 29. Latitude is the distance of one place from another, north or south of the equator; longitude is the distance of one place from another^ east or west of the equator. .24. The meridian is a great circle supposed to be drawn or to pass through the poles of the earth, intersecting the equator at right angles, and dividing the hemisphere into eastern and western. 25. The equator is a great circle of the globe, equally distant from the two poles, and dividing the hemisphere into northern and southern. QUESTIONS.* 1. What does geo^aphy describe ? 2. What shape is the earth ? What is a hemisphere? • The answers to the questions throughout the book, will bt found in the preceding: paragraphs, which bear conrespondhig numbers with those annexed to the questions. OBOORAFHY. 8. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 10. U. 12. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. 22. 28. 24. What if the oircumference of the earth ? What is the diameter of the earth ? Of what is the surface of ihe earth composed ? Which occupies the greatest space* land or water ? What are oceans and seas ? How is the earth divided ? What is a gi\If, or bay ? In what way do they differ ? What is a stMit ? 9. What is a lalce ? What is a river? What is a continent ? continent composed? new continent? What is an island? What is an isthmus ? What is a cape ? What is a promontory ? What are hills, mountains, and valleys ? What is a coast ? What is a plain ? What is table-land ? What is a volcano ? 20. What is a map ? What is a zone? How many zones are there, and what are their names? Describe the difference between the torrid, the tem- perate, and the frigid zones. What is the difference between latitude andlon'^^ifude? Describe the meridian. 25. What is the equator ? Of what countries is the old What countries form the 18. What is a peninsula f 1. 2. 8. 4. 6. 6. EXERCISES ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD. Which are the four cardinal points of the map? Describe the position of north, of south, of east, and of west. What portions of the globe are in the Eastern he- misphere? What portion of the globe is in the Western ? Name the largest por^''^n of the globe. Kame the smallest poi ion of the |^obe. Is Europe north or south of Asia and Africa? b3 GUIDE TO 7. Is Asia east or west of Africa ? 8. What oceans wash the coasts of America ¥ 9. Is the Arctic ocean near the north or the south pole ? 10. How is the Indian ocean situated with ^regard to Africa? 11. Point out some of the largest islands. 1 2. What is the most southern point of Africa ? 13. How is the Indian ocean situated with regard to Asia ? 14. Which is the most southernly point of South America ? 15.. What two portions of the globe are traversed by the Equator ? 16. Where are the West Indieft situated ? 17. In what ocean are the islands of New Zealand 1 18. Is the Antarctic ocean situated in the northern or the southern hemisphere? 19. In what ocean is Madagascar ? 20. In what ocean is Australia? 21. Are the West Indies east or west of America ? 22. Name some of the islands in the North Pacific ocean. 28. Name some in the South Pacific ocean. 24. Name some in the North Atlantic ocean. 26. Name some in the South Atlantic ocean. 26. Name some in the Indian ocean. OHAPTEB XL EUROPE. 1. Europe, though one of the smallest di- visions of the globe, is the most rema kable for its civilization, its superiority of agriculture, its manufactures, commerce, arts, sciences, litera- ture^ and wealth. Its surface contains about OEOORAPHT. 3,900,000 square miles, nearly two-thirds of which form an immense plain, the remainder being hill and mountain. 2. Europe is bounded on the north by the Arctic ocean, on the west by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by the Mediterranean sea, and on Jbhe east by Asia. 3. The principal rivers in Europe are, the Volga and Oural, which flow into the Caspian sea; the Petchora, Mezen, Northern Dwina, and Onega, which flow northward into the Arctic ocean; the Neva, Southern Dwina, Niemen, Vistula, and Oder, which flow into the Baltic; the Elbe, Weser, Rhine, Scheldt, and Thames, which flow into the German ocean; the Seine, which flows into the British Channel ; the Loire, and Garonne, which flow into the Bay of Biscay ; the Douro, Tagus, Guadiana, and Guadalquivir, which flow into the Atlantic ocean; the Ssgura, Ebro, and Rhone, which flow ini;o the Mediterranean sea ; the Po, which flows into the Adriatic sea; the Danube, Dniester, and Dnieper, which flow into the Black sea, and the Don, which flows into the sea of Azof. 4. The four longest rivers in Europe are the Volga, the Danube, the Dnieper, and the Don. 5. The chief lakes are those of Ladoga, Onega, Wenern, Wetter, Geneva^ Constance, and Balaton. 8 GUIDE TO , 6. The highest mountains of F» 15. What plants are found in Europe, and what forest treesY 16. Mention some of the animals found in Europe. 17. What is the climate, and what the general natur« of the soil in Europe? What grain and fruits are commonly cultivated? GfiOOlUPlIY. 18. What is about the population of £}uu] 19. What religion prevails in Europe! ^ i 20. To what race do Europeans principdljv} EXERCISES ON THE MAP OF EtJ|iOP^ 1. Point out the boundaries of Europe, v^^ « 2. Point out Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Denm! land, Austna, and Prussia, is. Point out Great Britain and Ireland. 4. Point out Russia, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Italy, Turkey, and Greece. 6. Point out the Arctic and the Atlantic oceans. 6. Point out the Baltic sea, the North sea, the Mediter- ranean sea, the Black sea, and the sea of Azof. 7. • Between what countries is the gulf of Venice ? 8. II England north or south of France ? 9. Is Ireland east or west of £ agland ? 10. What sea separates Europe from Afirica? 11. How is Lapland situated with respect to Sweden? 12. How is Iceland situated with regard to Great Britain? 13. Which is tJie most eastomly island in the Mediter- ranean sea ? 14. Point Out the Shetland Islands. 15o How are the Shetland Islands situated with regrrd to Scotland? 16. Is France or Spain the most northemly? 17. Is Germany or France the more eastemly? 18. Is Spain or Italy the more westemly ? 19. Which is the largest country in Europe ? 20. Which is the largest island in Europe ? 21. What island lie south of Italy ? 22. Point out the chief mountains in Eun>['0. 23. Is there any communication between the Black ttea and the Mediterranean ? 24. Is there any between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic ocean? 20. Is there any between the Caspian and the Black seas! 12 OUIDI 10 CEAFTEB m. "^ NORWAY AND Sweden; 1. Norway and Sweden, situated in the north-west part of Europe, form together an immense peninsula, upwards of twelve hundred miles in length. 2. These countries are separated hy a chain of mountains, the greater portion of which are known as the Dovrefield. 8. Norway and Sweden were united into one kingdom in 1814; and Lapland, which joins Sweden on the north, is subject to the same rule. 4. These countries are remarkably cold and barren. In the most northernly parts, and in Lapland, the sun does not set for two months during the summer; while in winter it does not appear above the horizon for the same space of time. The darkness of winter, however, is so much relieved by the clear light of the moon^ and the bright shining of the Aurora Borealis, that the inhabitants are enablicd to pursue their usual out-door avocations. The long stay of the sun above the horizon in the summer is favorable to Hhe growth of plants requiring sudden heat. Barley, for instance, is sown and reaped within seven weeks. GEOORAPHY. 18 5. The chief productions of these countries are, wheat, rye^ barley, oats, and other grain. Potatoes, hemp, flax, tobacco, buck-wheat, car- raway-seed, hops, and madder, are also grown. The climate and soil, however, are less favorable to the growth of grain than in most other pak'ts of Europe. Only one seventy-fifth part of the whole country is cultivated. 6. ^he islands belonging to this country number several thousands, the principal of which are CEland, Gothland, and Lofoden. 7. In the southern parts of Sweden, nearly all kinds of vegetables grown in England are cultivated; and cherry, apple, and pear-trees abound. 8. Sweden is rich in minerals : they consist of gold, silver, copper, iron, cobalt, alum, por- phyry, and marble. 9. Cattle and sheep are numerous in Swe- den ', but they are much smaller than those of Europe generally, especially the horse. The ass is unknown. In the northern districts, rein-deer and dogs are used by the Laplanders as beasts of draught. 10. Wild animals abound in Sweden. They consist of bears, wolves, foxes, lynxes, gluttons, hares, squirrels, martens, and lemmings. 1 L Water»fowl is most abundant, especially c 14 6uibE TO the eider-duck j and in Sweden cagles> caper- cailzies^ and woodcocks are also found. 12. Fish abound in the seas of Sweden: and the fisheries in the Baltic give subsistence to many thousand inhabitants. 13. The principal exports of Sweden are> iron in bars, timber, hemp, tallow^ copper, cobalt, and alum ; and of Norway, timber, tar, and salt fish, and^ to a more limited extent, silver and marble. 14. The manufacturing industry is almost entirely confined to shipbuilding, and plnnk sawing ; but during the last few years various manufactories have been started for the pro- duction of woollen cloths and other stuffs, tobacco, sugar, cotton, leather, cast-iron, linens, watches, and ribands. 15. The chief cities of Sweden are, Stock- holm, its capital, Upsal, Gottenburg, and Carlscrona. 16. Stockholm <;ontains several fine public and private buildings. There is no capital in Europe, except Constantinople, which can be compared with it as regards its environs. J 7. Gottenburg i« the principal commercial city m Sweden; Upsal is famous for its uni- versity ; and Carlscrona is the station of the royal navy. OEOOBAPHY. 16 18. The capital of Norway is Christiania. Its chief commercial town is Bergen. 19. Lapland is a poor country, without ctties; its inhabitants living chiefly in small villages. On the western coast, they live principally by fishing; but in the interior, the rein-deer supplies them with thei' chief food, and entire clothing. 20. The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy. The crown is hereditary in the male line. The king is required to profess the Lutheran Protestant Faith^ that being the re- ligion of the country, 21. Anciently Sweden and Norway formed part of Scandinavia. 22. Norway and Sweden are the least popu- lated countries in Europe, the amount of popu- lation being about 5,500,000; or seventeen to each square mile. 1. 2. 8. 4 5. G. 7. QUESTIONS. Of what form is Norway and Sweden? Of what length? How are these countiies situated with re- gard to Europe? How are Norway and Sweden separated ? Are these countries united into one kingdom ? What other country is imited with them ? Belate what you have read about their climate. Name their chief productions. Are there many islands belonging to these countries? What fruit and vegetables does Sweden produce? i6 GUIDE TO 8. What are its chief minerals ? 9. What is said about its cattle? 10. What wild animals abound in Sweden f 11. Name the birds that are most abundant. 12. What have you read about its fish ? 18. Name the principal exports. 14. Name the principal manufactures. 15. Name the chief cities. 16. What have you read about Stockholm ? 17. What abont Oottenbnrg, Upsal, and Carlsorona ? 18. What is the name of the capital of Norway? What of its chief commercial town ? 19. Has Lapland any cities? How do. its inhabitants chiefly live? 20. What have vou read abont the government of Sweden ? What is the religion of the State? 21. What was the ancient name of Norway and Sweden ? 22. What is related concerning the population of these countries ? OHAFTEB IV. DENMARK. 1.,. Denmnrk is a kingdom lying to tbp south of Sweden and Norway, and north of the Prussian province of Hanover. Its greatest length from north to south is about H04j miles, and owing to the narrowness of the Peninsula, and the number of channels that run far inland, there is no part more than 35 miles from the sea. 2. The surface of Denmark is an almost uniform plain, rising only a few feet above the level of the sea. There are no mountains, but GEOGRAPHY. 17 fi rnuge of hills traverses the peuiusula from north to south. 8. Denmark has no large rivers. The largest is the Eider, which flows into the North sea. The country, however, abounds in small lakes, and th^re are several saline springs, some of which are much used for the pro- motion of health. 4. Denmark is an agricultural state; but one-fourth portion of the kingdom is either marsh-land or water. The most fertile parts are Jutland, and the islands of Laaland, Falster, Zealand, and Funen. 5. The natural productions of Denmark are, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, peas, beans^ rape-seed, flax, and hemp. The country pro- duces all kinds of vegetables, and many of the commoner sorts of fruit. • 6. A large portion of Denmark is covered with woods and forests, the principal trees con- tained in which are the pine, oak, birch, and beech. Many forests are, however, going to decay from want of care, and wasteful con- sumption. 7. Denmark is famous for its breeds of horses and homed cattle, and much attention is given to dairy-farming. Sheep and swine are extensively bred, and poultry of all kinOs and bees are reared. Game is abundant ^in the forests and wild-fowl along the coast. c8 18 GUIDE TO 8. Fisheries form an essential branch of na- tional industry in Denmark. Its bays, inlets, and rivers, abound in fish ; the chief species of which are, the herring, mackerel, eel, cod, salmon, and shell-fish. 9. The exports of Denmark consist chiefly of the following articles : corn, butter, cheese, tallow, oil-cake, rape-seed, salt and dried meat, whale and train oils, eider-down, woollens, hides, pitch, tar, timber, horses, and cattle. 10. The kingdom of Denmark is divided into Jutland, north and south ; and the islands of Zealand, Funen, Laaland, Falster, and Bornholm. 11. The chief cities and towns of Denmark are, Copenhagen, Odeuse, Elsinore, and Aal- borg. 12. Copenhagen is the capital of the king- dom, and it is situated partly on the eastern coast of the islands of Zealand and Amak, on the southern extremity of a gulf in the Baltic channel, called the Sound. It is one of the finest capitals in Europe, and is celebrated as the scene of a great victory gained by Nelson \n 1801, over the Danish fleet. 13. The established religion of Denmark is the Lutheran Protestant, but all sects are tole- rated. Much has been done for the education of all classes. There is a university at Copenhagen, and schools are commoil throughout the country. eiOGBAPHY. 19 14. The government of Denmark ii a limited and hereditary monarchy. All laws are first passed by the legislative assemblies, termed the Bigsdag, or Diet, which consists of an upper and a lower house, and are afterwards sub- mitted to the king. 15. Iceland, the Faroe Isles, and Greenland, and the islands of St. Croix and St, John's in the West Indies, belong to Denmark. % 16. Iceland, which contains Mount Hecla, and the Geysers, or boiling springs, is remark- able for tie coldness of its climate, and its volcanic character. Greenland is noted for its whale fishery. 17. The population of the kingdom is about 1,500,000, or 115 persons to the square mile. 18. Considering the latitude in which Den- mark is situated, the climate is mild, but humid and foggy. 19. The Danes belong to the Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic race. QUESTIONS. 1. Where is Denmark situated ? What is its length, and what is the greatest distance of any portion of the land from the sea ? 2. What have you read about its surface ? 8. What have you read about its rivers and lakes? 4. What have you read about its agriculture ? 6. What are its natural productions ? 6. What have joa read about its forests? 20 GUIDE TO 7. What cattle are roared and bred in Denmarlc ? 8. What fish abound ui Denmark ? 9. What are its exports? 10. Eow is the kmgdom divided ? 11. Wliat are its chief cities and towns ? 13* What have you read about Copenhagen ? 18. What if* the religion of Denmark, and in what state is education in that kingdom ? 14. What is the government of Denmark ? 16. What foreign islands belong to Denmark ? 16. For what are Iceland and Greenland noted 7 17. Wha* is the population of the kingdom 18. What is the climate of the country? 19. To what race do the Danes belong ? CEAFTEB ^. RUSSIA. 1. The Russian empire is of vast extent. It consists of Great Russia, in the centre and< north; Little Russia, in the south-west; the Baltic provinces; new Russia, in the south;, Polish Russia in the west; Poland; Eastern Russia ; and the Caucasian provinces. 2. The Russian empire is bounded on the north by the Arctic ocean, on the south by Tartary, the Black sea, Persia/the Caspiau sea. Independent Tartary, and China; and on the west by Norway, Sweden, Prussia, and Austria. 8. Russia in Europe, is bounded on the north by the Frozen ocean ; on the south by* GEOGRAPHY. 21 the Black sea, Turkey, and the sea of Azof; on the east by the Ouralian mountains, and the rivers Don and Volga ; and on the west by Swe- dish Lapland, the gulf of Bothnia^ the Baltic sea, md Prussia. 4. The area of the whole empire of Russia is about 7,700,000 square miles, and this large surface may be considered as one vast plain^ there being no eminence in the country more than 500 feet above the ground, except the Oural mountains. The plains are covered with bogs, swamps, forests, and woodless uncultivated tracts, called steppes, several of which are fully one hundred miles in extent. 5. The principal rivers are the Volga, which flows into the Caspian sea; the Don, which flows into the sea of Azof; the Dnieper and the Dniester, which flow into the Black sea ; the Dwina and the Petchora, which flow into the Arctic ocean ; and the Vistula, which flows into the Baltic. In Asiatic Russia, are the Obi, Irtish, Yenisei, and Lena, which flow into the Arctic ocean. 6. The largest lakes of European Russia are Ladoga and Onega ; and of Asiatic Russia the Caspian, Aral, and Baikal. 7. The climate of Russia is varied. In the northern parts the winter is dreadfully severe. The spring and summer are very brief, and the transition from cold to heat, and from heat to 22 GUIDE TO !!li cold is remarkably rapid. In the mora southern provinces, however, the winter, thoiigch severe, is brief; while the summer is hot and long. 8. Kussia produces large quantities of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, and in some parts, millet, Indian corn, flax, and hemp. Tobacco is also cultivated in the south to a limited extent. On the steppes, sheep and oxen are reared in large numbers. 9. There are few fruit-trees of importance in Russia, and kitchen gardens are not much attended to; but potatoes, cabbages, turnips, carrots, and water melons, are widely grown. 10. The forests of Russia are very extensive, indeed, so much so, that one- third part of the country is wood-land. In the southern parts, however, there is a great lack of wood, and turf is used as fuel. Fir and birch trees abound in the northern, and the lime tree in the central, forests. Their produce consists of timber, fire- wood, tar, pitch, pearl-ash, and pot-ash. 11. Every domestic animal known in Eng- land, except the rabbit, is found in Russia. About the steppes, goats are very numerous; and in Lapland, a great portion of which country belongs to Russia, the rein-deer is kept. 12. The wild quadrupeds are the bear, wolf, elk, deer, beaver, sable, ermine, and fox. 13. Fish is plentiful in all the rivers in OEOQaAVHt. 2S Russia, as well as in the White and Arctic seas. The whale, walrus^ narwhal, seal, and dolphin^ are caught in the Polar Seas, and the sturgeon in the larger rivers. 14. Serpents and lizar^ls are common in the steppes, and locusts abound ; among noxious insects may be mentioned millepedes, scorpions^ and scorpion-spiders. Bees are found wild in the forests. 15 Russia is rich in minerals : they consist of gold, silver, platinum^ copper, iron^ salt^ coal, and marble. 16. The chief cities of European Russia are St. Petersburg, its capital, Moscow, Odessa, Nishni-Novgorod, Archangel, and Riga; in Poland, Warsaw ; and in Finland, Abo. 17. In 1703, St. Petersburg consisted only of fishermen's huts, in the midst of a morass. Peter the Great had this morass drained, and on it he founded the capital of the empire. It is stated that in making the foundation the lives of 100,000 men were sacrificed, from over- fatigue and exposure to the inclement weather. The city is situated on the river Neva, and it is the seat of the imperial residence. 18. The commerce of Russia is very exten- sive. Its chief exports' are, wheat, fur, mats, feathers, flax, hemp, linseed, hemp-seed, oil, tallowi hides, wood, bristles, timber, metals, &i 6uiDii TO linen^ cordage^ sail-cloth^ spirits^ fish^ honey, wax, and wool. 19. The government of Bussia is an abso- lute moDarchy, the laws depending wholly on the will of the sovereign. The succession is hereditary, but the reigning monarch, styled the Czar, has the power of appointing his suc- cessor. 20. The established religion of Russia is that of the Greek Church, but every faith is tolerated. In Asiatic Eussia, however. Ma- hometanism and Paganism prevail. 21. Education is at a very low ebb in Bussia, though it has of late years greatly im- proved. The upper classes are, however, highly educated; There are six universities in the empire, the principal ones being situated at St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kasan, and Kief. 22. The Russian empire comprises abo^it one-seventh of the land of the earth, and about one- thirteenth of the entire inhabitants. 23. The population is about 66,000,000. QUESTIONS. 1. Of what does the Russian empire consist ? 2. What are its boundaries ? 8. How is Bussia in Europe bounded ? 4. Relate what you have read about its surface. 6. Name its chief rivers. 6. Name its chief lakes. u_ GKOGRAFHT. 25 ^^Jf ■ 7. I 8. )S0- ■ 0. on 1 10. 1 IS ■ 11. rled 1 12. uc- I 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 28. Describe its climate. What com and cattle does Russia produce ? What have you read about its fruit-trees and regc* tables ? 'W'hat are the products of its forests ? What have you read about its domestic animals? What wild animals are found in the country ? What have you read about its fisheries ? What reptiles and noxious insects are found in Russia ? What are its minerals ? Name the chief cities. What hare you read about St. Petersburg ? What are the chief exports of Russia ? What is the government of Russia ? What is the establishsd religion in European Russia f Whit religion prevails in Asiatic Russia? . What i? the state of education in Russia? What proportion of inhabitants and land does Russia possess, when compared with the entire globe ? What is the amount of population ? CHAPTER VI. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1. England, Scotland, and Wales, form a large island, and one of the largest in the world. In union with Ireland, another large island, it forms "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.'' 2. England, the largest division of Great Britain, measures 430 miles in length, from the M GUIDE TO Lizard point in Cornwall^ to Berwick-upon- Tweed^ and 300 miles in widths from St. David's head, in Pembrokeshire, to the east coast of Essex. 3. The most northern extremity of Great Britain is Dannet head, in Caithness ; the Lizard point, in Cornwall, is the most southern ; Lowestoft Ness, in Suffolk, is the most eastern ; and Airdnamurchan point, in Argyll, the most western, 4. The surface of the island contains about 83,827 square miles; of whtph the northern parts of Scotland contain about 26,074; and the southern, or England and Wales, the re* mainder. 5. England is bounded on the north by Scotland, on the south by the British channel, on the east by the German ocean, and on the west by the Irish sea. 6. Great Britain is divided into counties, 40 of which are in England, 12 in Wales, and 33 in Scotland. 7. The chief rivers of Great Britain are the Thames, Ouse, Trent, Medway, Severn, Wye, Tyne, Mersey, Tay, Tweed, Spey, Clyde, Eden, Tees, and Forth. The longest river in England, is the Thames, which runs a course of about 200 miles ; and the largest river in Scotland, is the Tay, which is 110 miles long. 8. The principal lakes in Great Britain arcj GEOQBAPHT. 27 Loch Lomond, Loch Awe, and Loch Ness in Scotland; Windermere, Ulleswatei, and Der- went water, in England ; and Bala iu Wales. 0. The chief capes are the Land's End and the Lizard point, in Cornwall; Elamborough head, in Yorkshire; Yarmouth, on the most eastemly point of England; the north and south Forelands^ in Kent; Beechy head, in Sussex; Portland pointy in Dorset; and Star pointy in Devonshire. 10. Though Great Britain does not contain such mountain ranges as many parts of conti- nental Europe, it exhibits a greater variety of surface and soil than any other European coun- try of the same extent. Its principal mountains are, Beu Nevis (4373 feet), and Ben Macdui (4300 feet), in Scotland; Snowden (3571 feet), in Wales; Sea Fell (316G feet), and Hellvellyn and Skiddaw (each above 3000 feet), between Cumberland and Westmoreland ; and the Peak in Derbyshire, and Cawsand Beacon, in Devonshire (each 1800 feet). There are also smaller ranges of hills, such as the Malvern, in Worcestershire ; the Cotswold, in Gloucestershire ; the Mendip, in Somerset- shire; the Downs, in Sussex; the Wolds, in Yorkshire; and the Chiltern hills, in Oxford- shire. 11. In early times, England was overrun with woods, like the wilds of America. The Mil 28 QUIDE TO bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, roamed through its forests; herds of stags ranged through its woods ; roe-bucks bounded over its hills, and the wild bull ranged in its marshy pastures. The scene is now changed. Of the sixty -nine forests existing in the time of William the Conqueror, four only now remain : namely,, the New Forest, in Hampshire; the forest of Dean, in Gloucestershire; Sharwood forest, in Nottinghamshire; and Windsor forest, in Berkshire. 12. The only wild quadrupeds in England now are the fox, badger, marten, otter, hedge- hog, hare, rabbit, squirrel, dormouse, mole, and several species of the rat and mouse. 13. In domestic quadrupeds England abounds, and they 1are too well known to need enumeration. There is no other country which produces such superior breeds of horses, oxen, sheep, and hogs; its domestic fowls are also equal, if not superior, to those of any other country. 14. The minerals of Great Britain are coal, iron, lime, tin, copper, lead, salt, black-lead, slate, and fullers' earth. These are of the utmost value, not only to their owners, but on account of the large amount of labor that is employed in collecting, and in preparing them for consuming markets. 15. The climate of England is generally GIDOGBAPUY. 1^3 humid, but temperate and healthy, and is es. pecially favorable for vegetation. The sur- rounding oceans moderate the heat of summer and the cold of winter. The soil, except in the mountain districts^ yields a plentiful return for an outlay of industry and skill; and during the last quarter of a century, very great im- provemei Is have been made in agriculture. 16. The bays, estuaries, and rivers, of Qreat Britain abound iu fish, and the fisheries are a source of wealth and employment to thou- sands of its inhabitants. 17. England possesses many natural and artificial curiosities; among which may be mi^ntioned the Peak, in Derbyshire, a limestone mountain, containing an extensive natural cavern ; the Cromlecks and Druidical circles at Avebury, near Marlborough ; and Stonehenge, upon Salisbury Plain. * 18. The English are an inventive, indus- trious, and persevering race of people, much distinguished for the energy of their character. They excel in literature, and in the arts and sciences, and are as much renowned for their naval and military skill, as for their commercial and manufacturing enterprise. 19. The English generally belong to the Teutonic race, but the inhabitants of Cornwall and Wales formerly belonged to the Celtic family. d3 80 GUIOB TO 20. The population of Great Britain has more than doubled since 1801. It is now about 25,000,000. QUESTIONS. 1. Of what countries is the United Kingdom of Great Britain composed ? 2. What is the extent of England? 8. Which are the most southern, northern, eastern, and western parts of England ? 4. How many square miles does its surface contain ? 6. How is England bounded ? 6. How is it divided, and how manycounties are there in England, in Scotland, and in Wales ? 7. Name the chief rivers of Great Britain. 8. Name its principal lakes. 0. Name its chief capes. 10. Name the principal mountains and hill-ranges in Great Britain. 11. What have you read about the forests of England ? 12. What wild quadrupeds exist in England ? 18. B>elate what you have read about its domestic animals. 14. Name the minerals of England. 16. What have you read about its climate and soil ? 16. What about its fish ? 17. What curiosities have you been reading about ? 18. What is the general chf racter of the English people ? 19. To what race do they belong ? 20. What is the population of Great Britain? OBOOKAPHY. »1 OEAPTSB VII. CONTINUATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1; The cities and towns of Great Britain containing more than 90,000 inhabitants are, London, the capital, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Bristol, Plymouth, Newcastle-upon** Tyne, Bradford, Hull, Portsmouth, and Shef- field. Z, London, one of the largest, and most populous cities in the world, stands at the head of the navigable tideway of the river Thames. As a town, it is known to have existed nearly two thousand years, but few of its buildings are more than two centuries old. 3. The most ancient specimens of architec- ture are parts of the Tower, the Temple church, Westminster Abbey, Westminster Hall, and the churches of St. Bartholomew the Great, and St. Mary Overy. 4. The most remarkable jpublic buildings of London are, its bridges which cross the Thames, St. PauPs Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, the Roy? I Exchange, the Corn and Coal Exchanges, the Post Office, the Custom House, the Bank of England, the Tower, the Foreign Office, the I c'^ II ill , 82 GUIDE TO Mansion House, the Guildhall, Somerset House, Buckingham Palace, the Monument, the Duke of York's and the Nelson columnsi the British Museum, the National Gallery, the Railway Stations and Hotels, the Hospitals, and the Theatres. 5. London is renowned for its charitable institutious. Many hospitals and almshouses are erected for the sick and needy, and there are numerous asylums for orphans, and cha- ritable establishments for the purpose of iu- struction. Societies connected with education, science, literature, and the arts, are also nu- merous and important. 6. As a mart for the world's produce, Lon- don stands unrivalled : its port receives ships from every quarter of the globe, trading in all kinds of foreign produce and merchandise. The coasting trade of the port of London is also very great. 7. Liverpool, the second seaport in England, is on the river Mersey, in Lancashire. It is also the second commercial town in the king- dom, although about two centuries ago it was only a small fishing hamlet. Its docks and quays extend along the banks of the river for upwards of nine miles. Birkenhead, situated on the opposite coast of the Mersey, is also celebrated for its dock accommodation. 8. Bristol, in Gloucestershire, a city, and the OBOORAPHT. 83 third seaport r\ England, situate at the junc- tion of the rivers Froroe and Avon, has been long noted for its wealth and trade. It pos- sesses numerous manufactories of soap, drugs, dyes, glass, and metallic and other wares. Among its notable public buildings are the Exchange, Custom House, Council House, and GuUdhall. 9. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in Northumber- land, is a prosperous, commercial, and manu- facturing town. Its chief export is coal, which is supplied from the vast -coal districts of Northumberland and Durham. Its manu- factures are glass, soap, pottery, glue, chemical preparations, cast and wrought iron, ma- chinery, &c. 10. Windsor, in Berkshire, contains a splen- did castle, .which is celebrated as being the residence of the Sovereign. 11. Hull, the fourth seaport in England, is the great outlet for the manufactures of York- shire and Lancashire, which it exports to the Continent. It is also the principal seat of the northern whale fishery. 12. Manchester, a place of great an- tiquity, and the first manufacturing city in England, is remarkable as being the centre of the cotton trade. Its other manufactures are various and extensive, and it has recently become celebrated for the manufacture of 84 CUIDE TO steam ei^gines^ and locomotive engines for railways. 13. Birmingham, the second manufacturing town in England, is celebrated for its brass imd iron works. The articles it manufactures fvre principally buttons^ buckles, toys, trinkets, jewellery, swords, fire-arms, grates, fire-irons, nails, steel pens, and plated and japanned goods. It is crowded with workshops and warehouses, but contains many handsome streets, and several elegant public and private buildings. 14. Leed» is noted for its manufacture of cloth, blankets, carpets, and other woollen fabrics. 15. Sheffield, in the west riding of York- shire, ranks next to Birmingham for its me- tallic manufactures, such as plate and plated goods, knives, forks, scissors, agricultural im- plements, surgical and mathematical instru- ments, carpenters' tools, printing types, &c. Its establishments for grinding and polishing cutlery are extensive and curious. 16. Cunderland is chiefly occupied with ship-building; and, as a seaport, it possesses more ships than any other port except London. 17. Coventry, in Warwickshire, is an an- cient city, noted for its manufactures of ribbons, anci watches. !*■--*: , OEOOBAPHT. 36 id. Derby' is famous for its laces, silkti, hosiery, and china. 19. Kidderminster, in Worcestershire, is Ci^lebrated for its carpets. 20. Portsmouth is the principal station for the British navy. The straits between its harbour and the Isle of Wight form the road- stead, or anchorage, of Spithead. 21. ' Plymouth is the second naval station in England, and a thriving commercial port. Its harbour is capable of containing two thousand ships, and at its mouth is the famous Eddystone lighthouse. 22. Bath, one of the best built cities in England, is a place of fashionable resort, noted for its medicinal waters; it contains many public buildings, as well as charitable and other institutions. Cheltenham is also a fashionable town '^squally noted for its medi- cinal waters. 23. Brighton is an elegant modern town and watering place, on the coast of Sussex : and, like Margate and Eamsgate, in Kent, is much frequented by Londoners in the summer, for ba'ihing and recreation. 24. York, on the river Ouse, one of the most ancient cities in England, is the seat of an archbishopric, and contains a splendid cathedral. 30 QUIDS TO 25. Winchester is, likewise, a city of great antiquity. Parliaments were anciently held here, and it was the occasional residence of royalty. Its cathedral is among the most noted in the kingdom. 26. Canterbury, the seat of an arch- bishopric, is of very early foundation. It con- tains a magnificent cathedral, at the altar of which Thomas a Becket was murdered, in the year 1 1 70. 27. Salisbury Cathedral is noted as having the tallest spire in England, its height being 404 feet. il "" ii QUESTIONS. 1. Kame the chief cities and towns in England. 2. On what river is London [situated ? How long haw that city existed ? 8. Kame its most ancient specimens of architecture. 4. Name its most remarkable buildings. 5. For what is London renowned ? 6. For what is it unrivalled? 7. Relate what you have read about Liverpool. 8. What is the situation of Bristol, and for what mann* factures is it not«d ? 9. Where is Newcastle-upon-Tyne situated ? What are its exports and manufactures ? 10. For what is Windsor celebrated? 11. What have you read about Hull ? 12. For what is Manchester remarkable, and for what has it recently become celebrated ? 13. What articles does Birmingham manufacture ? What 4iave you read about its buildings ? N ( GEOGRAPHY. 37 14. For what is Leeds noted ? 1 5. For what is Sheffield noted ? 16. What have you read about Sunderland ? 17. For what is Coventry noted ? 18. For what is Derby famous ? 19. For what is Kidderminster celebrated ? 20. What celebrity has Portsmouth ? 21 . For what is Plymouth celebrated ? 22 For what i^ Bath fatnous? For what is Cheltenham noted? 23. Wh'at have you read about Brighton, Margate, and Ramsgate ? 24. What have you read about York ? 25. What have you read about Winchester ? 26. What have you read about Canterbury ? 27. For what is Salisbury Cathedral noted ? CHAPTEB VDJ. CONTINUATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. '1. The establisbecT religion of Great Britain is that of Protestant Episcopacy. The Church ^ of England is acknowledged and protected by the state ; but every sect enjoy.s toleration. 2. The Church of England is governed by two archbishops; those of Canterbury and York. The province of Canterbury con- tains twenty-one bishoprics, and that of York, eeven. Every parish is under the care of a 38 GUIDE TO i clergyman, who is either rector, vicar, or per* petual curate. - 3. The government of Great Britain is a limited and hereditary monarchy, consisting of king or queen, lords, and commons. These three estates constitute a parliament, and their joint concurrence is necessary for enacting, annulling, or altering any law. 4. The house of lords is composed of peers, whose rank is hereditary, and thirty bishops, four of whom represent the Irish Church. The house of commons consists of members chosen by the householders of counties, cities, and boroughs, of which they are said to be the re- presentatives. 5. In Great Britain, as in most countries, the number of soldiers forming the regular army varies, according as the time is that of peace, or war. 6. The navy consists of upwards of six hundred vessels of various classes; but they are not all in commission, except in times of danger. British ships of war have proved a strong bulwark of defence to thr country and its colonies, and the English navy is un- rivalled. •7. There are six royal dock-yards or arsenals; Portsmouth, Plymouth, Sheerness, Chatham, Woolwich, and Deptford. 8. At Greenwich, near London, is a hos- GEOGRAPHY. 39 pital that was long used as a home for old and disabled sailors, who had served in the navy; but this building is now only partially used, as the majority of the pensioners receive an an- nuity, and reside elsewhere. There is a similar establishment at Chelsea, for soldiers. 9. The revenue of Great Britain amounts to about sixty-five millions of pounds sterling; and that of our Indian Empire to about thirty millions. 10. The chief manufactures of Great Britain are those of cotton and woollen stuffs, silk, leather, iron, cutlery, hardware, earthen- ware, china, glass, lace, hosiery, straw-plait, soap, candles, jewellery, &c. Their yearly value may be estimated at £200,000,000. 11. The English language is Saxon in its origin, but it has been rendered more copious by the addition of words derived from the Latin and the Greek. 12. The universities of England are those of Oxford, Cambridge, London, and Durham. Oxford contains twenty colleges, and five halls : Cambridge contains seventeen colleges; and London and Durham, two. 13. The principal islands of Great Britain are, the Isles of Man, Anglesey, Wight, Scilly, Jei'sey, Guernsey, and Alderney; all of which may be considered as integral parts of the kingdom, 40 GUIDE TO i 14. The colonies^ or countries under the rule of Great Britain^ are more numerous and extensive than those possessed by any othet nation ; and it has been said with truth, that the sun never sets on the British empire. The possessions consist of Hindostan, Ceylon, Malacca, Penang, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Aden, in Asia; Cape of Good Hope, Caffraria, Natal, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Gold Coast, and St. Helena, in Africa ; the dominion of Canada, British Columbia, Vancouvei'^s Island, Hudson's Bay Territory. British Honduras and the Bermudas in North America; British Guiana and the Falkland Islands, in South America ; Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbadoes, Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Bahamas, &c., in the West Indies ; and the greatest portion of Oceania, in which is included Australia, Van Dieman's Land, New Zealand, and Labuan. 15. The railways of England form a re- markable feature of the country. They have effected not only a complete change in the system of travelling, but they have greatly increased commercial enterprise. 16. The chief railways, all of which com- mence at London, are the Great Northern, the North Western, the Great Western, the South Western, the South Eastern, the Great Eastern, the Brighton and South Coast, the London GEOGRAPHY. 41 Chatham and Dover, and the Midland. These are styled trunk lines, and other lines which join them, are called branch lines. 1. 2. 8. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. QUESTIONS. What is the rejiigion of Great Britain ? How is the Church of England governed V Of what consists the English government ? Of whom are the Houses of Lords and Commons composed? What have you read about the British army Y What havo you read about the British navy ? Name the royal dockyards. What particular establishments are there at Green- wich and Chelsea ? What is about the revenue of Great Britain ? * What are its chief manufactures ? • *^ '«• - Of what is the English language composed ? Name the English universities. e Name the principal islands of Great Britain. Name the chief colonies : (i.) ot Asia, (ii.) of Africa, (iii.) of North America, (iv.) ot South America, (v.) of the West Indies, (vi.) of Oceania. 16. What effect has railway travelling had on England ?. 16. Name the chief railways from London. . CHAPTEE IX. * • I WALES. 1. The principality of Wales, ancientty called Cambria, is situated in the west of Eng- fi3 4% GUIDE TO ^ I 1! land. It is about one hundred and forty miles in length, by one hundred in breadth. 2. Wales is bounded on the north by the Irish sea; on the buuth by the Bristol channel; on the east by the counties of Cheshire, Shrop- shire, Herefordshire, and Monmouthshire; and on the west by the St. George's channel. 8. Wales is divided into twelve counties; six of which are in the north, and six in the south. 4. Wales is a very mountainous country, especially towards the north. Its chief moun- tains are Snowdon, and Cader Idris, in Car- narvonshire; and Plinlimmon^ between the counties of Montgomery and Cardigan. 5. ' The island of Anglesey, anciently called Mona, was the chief seat of the Druids. It abounds in copper, and contains some silver mines. 6. The most populous town in Wales is Carmarthen. 7. Swansea is a prosperous trading port, and is much frequented for sea-bathing. 8. Milford, in Pembrokeshire, is noted for its fine harbour, which is capable of coutaiiiing one thousand vessels. It also contains an extensive dockyard, in which some of our largest ships of war have been built. x 9. There are numerous remains of ancient OIOORAPHT. 48 castles in Wales^ the largest of which is Caer- philly. 10. The most wonderful construction in Wales is a suspension bridge over the Menai strait. It is five hundred and sixty feet in length and separates the island of Anglesey from Carnarvonshire. QUESTTONS. 1. « What 18 the extent of Wales ? 2. What are its boundaries ? B. Into how many counties is it diyided ? 4. What are the names of its chief mountains? 6. What is the island of Anglesey noted for? 6. Which is the most populous town in Wales ? 7. Which is the chief trading port ? 8. For what is Milford noted ? 9. What ancient remains exist in Wales ? 10. By what means are the Menai straits crossed ? EXERCISES ON THE MAP OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 1. Bow is England separated from France ? 2. What is the most southernly point of England ? 3. Point out Plymouth^ the Isle of Wight, Portsmcuth, Brighton, and Dover. 4. Point out the mouth of the Thames, and the mouth of the Humber. 6. Point out the Wash, the Sol way firth, and the British channel. 6. How is the Isle of Man situated in regard to the Isle of Anglesey ? 7. Which is the more northemly. Shields or Sunder- land? 8. Which is the more southernly, Appleby or Stockton? HH 44 GUIDE TO 9. It Durham north or south of Carlisle t 10. On what river is York situated ? 11. Is Hull north or south of York ? ' 12. Is Leeds east or west of Hull ? - 18. How is Liverpool situated with regard to Man- chester ? 14. Which is the more northernly, — Sheffield, Man- chester, or Derby ? 15. What town is built on the Trent ? 16. Which is the more northemly, Birmingham or Coventry ? 17. Point out Lincoln, Leicester, Norwich, Yarmoutii, and Cambridge. 18. Is Harwich inland, or on the sea coast ? 19. How is Gloucester situated with regard to Buckingham and Oxford? 20. On what river is London ? 21 . Near what channel is Bristol ? 22. Point out Guildford, Canterbury, and Maidstone. 23. Point out Bath, Wells, and Salisbury. 24. Which is the more northernly, Winchester or Chi- chester ?• 26. Which is the more westernly, Dorchester or Exeter? 20. Which is the more northernly, Launceston or Taunton ? 27. Into what channel does the river Severn empty itself? 23. Are Worcester and Hereford east or west of tho Severn ? 29. Trace the line which separates England from Wales. 30. In what island is Beaumaris ? 31. Point out Cardigan bay, St. David's head, and Pembroke. 82. Trace the line which separates England from Scot- land? 38. What seals east of England? 84. What sea is west of England ? \ 85. What is the name of the channel to tho south ? OEOORAPHY. 45 CHAFTEB X. SCOTLAND. 1. Scotland, formerly called Calecionia, is boiiiiderj on the north by the Northern ocean ; on the south by EnglaiKl; on the east by the German ocean, or North sea; and on the vest by the Atlantic ocean. 2 Scotland is two hundred and seventy miles in length, and one hundred and seventy- five in breadth. 8. Scotland is divided into thirty-three counties, six northern, fourteen midland, and thirteen southern. 4. The chief mountains in Scotland are the Cheviot hills, which separate it from England, and the Grampian hills, south of Inverness. Ben Lomond, in the latter range, is more than three thousand feet above the level of the sea; but Ben Nevis, in Invcrnesshire, is the highest mountain in Great Britain. 5. The lochs, or lakes, of Scotland are very numerous; the chief nie Loch Lomond, in Dumbartonshire, Loch Awe, in Argyleshire, and Loch Katrine, in Perthshire. 6. The chief firths, or arms of the sea, in Scotland, are those of Pentland in the north; 46 GUIDBTO Hi. si Solway, in the south ; Dornock, Murray, Tay, and Forth, in the east; and Clyde, in the west. 7. The largest. river in Scotland is the Tay, which falls into the German ocean below Dundee. It is said to convey a greater body of water to the sea than any other river in Great Britain. 8. There are many islands to the north and west of Scotland. To the north are the Shet- land islands, forty-six in number, more than half of which are inhabited ; to the south of these, and separated from the mainland of Scotland by the Pentland firth, are * the Orkneys, twenty-six of which are inhabited; and to the west lie the Hebrides, which are said to amount to three hundred, but most of these are very small, and uninhabited. In the firth of Clyde there are arlso the two islands of Allan and Bute. 9. Edinburgh's the chief, and the second largest city in Scotland : its origin is ascribed to Edin, a king of Northumberland, in the time of the Heptarchy. One of its most re- markable buildings is Holyrood house, formerly the palace of the Scottish kings ; and the old parliament house still exists. It contains a flourishing university, which was founded by James VI. of Scotland, and is the seat of the supreme courts of justice, and of the chief schoQl of medicine for North Britain, • ' 0£OGItAPIlY. 47 10. Leith is the port of Ediuburgli^ Avitb which citv it is connected bv a road of a mik in length. 11. Ghisgow, the most populous and tlie greatest manufacturing and commercial city in Scotland, is situated on the river Clyde, in Lanarkshire. Its chief manufactures are those of cotton and silk; and it has many lar^e establishments for printing calico. The public edifices are for the most part handsome, and its university is much celebrated. 12. Aberdeen, the third city of importance in Scotland, is situated on the eas^ coast, at the mouth of the Dee. It is a flourishing sea- port, and the seat of a university and of ex- tensive manufactures, especially cotton and wool. Ship-building is also carried on to a considerable extent ; the Dee fisheries are of an extensive nature, and much granite is quarried and shipped to London. 13. Paisley, in Renfrewshire, is noted for its manufacture of shawls, cotton, thready gauzes^ and velvet. 14. Greenock, on the firth of Clyde, carries on a considerable trade with America and the West Indies. 15. Dundee, situated on the firth of Tay, in Forfarshire, is a sea-port, and the principal seat of the linen manufactures. r 'fii:;i: * I. H 48 GUIDE TO 16. Perth is celebrated for its manufacture of ginghams^ shawls^ handkerchiefs^ &c. 17. Kilmarnock is noted for its woollen manufactures. 18. Dumfries has large manufactories of hosiery and hats. * 19r Inverness is celebrated for its salmon fishery, and for its manufactures of cotton and wool. Culloden, in the vicinity, is noted as the place where a battle was fought in 1746, when Charles Stuart was defeated by the Duke of Cumberland. 20. Saint Andrew's, once the ecclesiastical metropolis of Scotland, is noted' for its uni- versity, and foi^its manufactures of canvas and linen. 21. Scotland has an order of clergy of its own : its religion is the Presbyterian, as intro- duced by the reformer, John Knox, in 1560. 22. The government of Scotland is the same as that of England. In 1603, Scotland became subject to an English monarch, and in 1707, the t\To kingdoms were united, under the title of Great Britain. 23. Agriculture flourishes in Scotland, the Scotch system of farming being considered the best in the world. The soil is, however, for the most part very poor, \ 24. In addition to the branches of roanu<* G£OQ&APH¥. 49 )0. the and inder * the the for lanU' facture before alluded to^ iron is found and smelted in the counties of Lanark^ Renfrew, Ayr, and Stirling, and spirits are distilled in large quantities in various localities. 25. The mineral wealth of Scotland consists of coal, iron, lead, and building stone; but marble, roofing-slate, plumbago, and precious stones are also found. 26. Its principal exports consist of cotton and linen goods, saiUcloth, sheep, oxen, coal, iron, and fish. 27. The fisheries are exteasive, and are prosecuted with great industry and success. 28. The climate is humid and ccld, but it is not subject to the 3ai je extremes of tempera- ture as continental countries in the same lati- tude. 20. In Scotland there are five universities ; and education is general and good, except in remote localities. 30. The population is about 3,000,000; being lOO inhabitants to a square mile. 31. The Lowland Scotch people are of the Teutonic race; the Highlanders are of Coltic origin ; and the inhabitants of the Orkneys, Shetland, and Hebrides, are of Danish or Nor- wegian descent* • 50 QUIDS TO QUESTIONS. 1. What was the ancient name of Scotland, and whftt are its boundaries ? 2. What is the extent of Scotland ? 3. How is it divided ? 4. What are its chief mountains ? 6. What are its chief lochs or lakes ? 6. What are its chief firths? t. Name its largest river. 8. W hat have you read about its islands ? 9. Name its chief city, and relate what you have read about it ? 10. What have you jead about Leith ? 11. Where is Glasgow situated, and for what is it noted ? 12. Where is Aberdeen situated, and for what is it cele« bratcd? 13. For what is Paisley noted ? 14. With what countries does Greenock trade ? 15. What have you read about Dundee ? 16. For what is Perth celebrated? 17> For what is Kilmarnock noted ? 18. What manufactures exist at Dumfries ? 19. For what is Inverness celebrated, and what plac-e of note is there in its locality ? ,20. For what is St. Andrew's noted ? 21. What is the religion of Scotland, and by whom, and when, was it introduced ? 22. What is the government of Scotland, and in what year and in whose reign was that country united to £ng- land? 23. What is tlie position of agriculture in Scotland ? 24. What manufactures are carried on in Scotland, in addition to those previously mentioned? 25. What minerals are found in Scotland ? 26. What are its principal exports? . \ 27. What have you read about its fishenes 1 GEOGRAPHY, 28. What is its climate ? 29. What is the state of education ? 30. What is the population ? B] . To what races do the Scottish people belong? 5i OHAPTEB X. IRELAND 1. Ireland^ which is an integral part of the empire of Grqat Britain, is separated ft cm En«:land and Scotland by a branch of the Atlantic Ocean, called the. Irish sed, or St. George's channel. 2. It is about three hundred miles in length, and two hundred in breadth. 3. The country is divided into four pro- vinces : Munster, in the south; Ulster, in the north; Leinster, in the east; and Connaught in the west. 4. These provinces are again divided into thirty-two counties; namely, six in Munster, nine in Ulster, twelve in Leinster, and five in Connaught. 5. The chief rivers of Ireland are, the Shannon, the Black water, the Lee, the Barrow, theNore, the Suir, the Slaney, the Liffey, the Lagan, the Bann, and the Foyle. 6. Its chief lakes are Lough Neagh (the 62 QUIDS TO largest in the British Islands), and Loughs Erne, Killarnej, Corrib, Mask, and Allen. 7. Bogs are a feature peculiar to Ireland ; the chief of these is the bog of Allen, which extends across the centre of the island over a large part of King^s county, and the counties > of Kildare, Roscommon, and Meath. B. These bogs; or morasses, are supposed to occupy nearly three millions of acres, and they serve to supply th^ inhabitants with peat for fuel. 9. The chief bays and harbours in Ireland are those of Belfast, Dublin, and Wexford, on the east; Donegal, Sligo, Galway, and Dingle^ on the west ; Bantry, on the south ; and Cork and Waterford, on the south-cast. 10. Cape Clear is the most southernly point of the island, and Cape Malin the most noith- ernly. 11. Ireland is not remarkable for its moun- tains. Its surface is less rugged and more fertile than that of Scotland, and more undu- lating than that of England. Its highest' mountains are Macgilly cuddy's Reeks (3,415 feet), Gurrane Tual (3,400 feet), and the Galtee, and tie Wicklow (each 3,000 feet). 12. Among the chief antiquities of Ireland are its numerous round towers, which vary in height from thirty-five to one hundred and OSOGBAPHT. 58 "^ tee, and in and twenty feet. It is not known with any cer- tainty for what purpose these towers were built. 13. There is a great natural curiosity in the county of Antrim, called the Giant's Causeway. It is composed of pillars of hard black rock, termed basalt, which are ranged in close contact with each other, and stretch into the sea about six hundred feet. These pillars are pentagonal, or five-sided, and seem to have been produced by crystallization. 14. Frosts are rarely severe in Ireland, and thunder-storms are less violent than in Eng- land. The prevailing winds are from the south and west, and these are usually accompanied by a genial atmosphere. The mild humidity of the climate gives to its verdure a* peculiar bright green hue, a circumstance that has obtained for it the name of " The Emerald iHle.'^ 15. The productive powers of the soil of Ireland are not well developed; but its pastures are rich, and a large quantity of agricultural produce is exported. 16. Its chief exports, beside grain, are oxen, sheep, swine, potatoes, eggs, butter, feathers, hides, wool, flax, linen, spirits, copper ore, and beer. 17. The mineral products are coal, copper, lead^ sulphur^ slate, marble, gypsum, fuller's »3 64 GUIDE TO ;i !ri earth, and granite. . Mineral springs exist in almost every county. Small quantities of gold and silver are also found ; but the mines and quarries of Ireland^ like its soil, are not fully worked. 18. Agriculture is in a backward state, and manufactures do not thrive ; but the fisheries are in a prosperous condition. ^' ■' f: il ill , .i.ii QUESTIONS. 1. How 18 Ireland separated from Enffland and Scot- land? 2. What is its extent? 8. How is it divided? 4. How many counties are there in Ireland ? 6. Name its chief rivers. 6. Name its chief lakes. 7> Give some account of its bogs, and name the chief. 8. What extent of surface do they occupy, and for what are they useful ? 9. Name the chief bays and harbours of Ireland. 10. What are the names of its two chief capes ? 11. What have you read about its mountains ? 12. Give some account of its round towers. 13. What have you read about the Giant's Causeway? 14. Relate what you have read about the climate of Ireland. 15. What do you know about its cultivation ? 16. Name its chief exports. 17. Name its minerals. 18. What is the state of its agriculture, manufactures, and fisheries.? S i mOOftAPKT. 56 dst in ies of mines re not .e, nnd sheries id Scot- ;hief. for what ray? mate of Feft&nd i OSAVIBB ZI. IRELAND CONTINUED. !• The most important towns in Ireland are, Dnblin, KiDgstown, Cork, Limerick, Belfast, Londonderry, Waterford, Galway^ and Armagh. '2. Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland, situated on the river Liffey, is considered one of the handsomest cities in Europe. It is the seat of an archbishopric, of the Supreme Courts of Justice, and of a celebrated uni* versity. 8. Dublin is the second sea-port in Ireland, and carries on a large export trade in poplins, linen, beer, and provisions. 4. Kingstown, situated on the bay of Dublin, is a fashionable watering-place, the mail.packet station for communication between Holyhead and Liverpool, and a convenient port for vessels of large burthen. 5. Cork, situated on the river Lee, in Munster, ranks as the second citv in Ireland. It carries on an extensive steam communica- tion with Dublin, Bristol, and Liverpool. Its exports are chiefly cattle, grain, butter, cheese, and other provisions. M. QVIPB ^TO 6. Belfast^ the chief town and sea-port in the north of Ireland, situated on the river Lagan, is chiefly inhabited by the Scotch, or their descendants; and is the grand seat of the manufacture of linen and cotton. It has also numerous distilleries, breweries, tan-yards, and corn-mills, besides manufactories of iron^ glass, soap, candles, &c., for home con- sumption. 7. Londonderry, an important city and sea-port, situated on the Foyle, is noted As having sustained a memorable siege against the forces of James II. in 1689. 8. Waterford, situated on the Suir, is a sea- port, and carries on a very extensive export trade in provisions. It contains several breweries and distilleries, and manufactories of glass, starch, and blue. 9. Galway, Wexford, Drogheda, and Newry are also sea^ports, from whence provi^ons are principally exported. 10. Armagh is an inland city, noted for , itatlinen market. Its archbishop is the primate of all Ireland. 11. Ireland i^ governed by a viceroy, styled lord lieutenant, who is appointed by the British Government, 12. In 1800, the Irish parliament was united with that of Great Britain ; and Ireland '^ QKOGKAPHY. R7 is now represented in the Imperial parliament by twenty -eight tenipjral and four spiritual peers, and hy one hundred and five members of the House of Commons. 13. In the House of Lordu, the temporal peers are elective representatives for life; the archbishops sit in alternate years, and three of the bishops annually in rotation. 14. Ireland is ecclesiastically divided into four provinces, and thirty-two dioceses, which are governed by two archbishops and ten bishops. The established religion is Protestant ; but the greater part of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. 15. The Roman Catholic Church establish- ment consists of four archbishops, and twenty- three dioceses. V .» 16. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is divided into two sections, each of which is goverued by a Synod. 17. The clergy of the Established Church are supported by the income derived from church Ihuds and tithes : the Roman Catholic clergy by dues paid by the people ; and those of lite Presbyterian Church by parochial sti* peuds, and Gcvcrnmeut grants. 18» Education is deficient^ but improving. There is oue university, one Roman Catholic 58 OXJIDl TO college^ and the Qneen^s colleges at Belfast, Cork, and Galway. , 19. The IrisTi people belong to the Gaelic division of the Celtic race. 20. The population of Ireland is about 6,000,000. QUESTIONS, Is ^ttme the chief cities of Ireland. 2. What have you read concerning Dublin ? 8. What are its principal exports ? , 4. Where is Kingstown situated, and for what is it famous? 6. Where is Cork situated, and what are its exports? 6. Where is Belfast situated? What manufactures are carried on there ? 7. Where is Londonderry situated, and for what is it noted? ^8. Where is Waterford situated? What does it export ? What are its manufactures ? 9. What other sea-ports are there in Ireland, and what are their principal exports ? 10. For what is Armagrh noted ? 11. How is Ireland governed? 12. How is it represented in the Legislature ? 18. For what period are the Irish peers elected ? 14. How is Ireland ecclesiastically divided ? What reli- gion is established by law ? 15. Of what does the Roman Catholic establishment consist ? 18. How is the Presbyterian church governed ? * 17. How are the ministers of the different churches in Ireland supported ? OeOOBAfHT. 69 18. What ig the state of education ? How many uniT«f sities and colleges are there ? 10. To what race do the Irish belong ? 20. Whatis the population of Ireland I OHAPTEB Xn. FRANCE. 1. France is the most westernly countiy of Continental Europe, except that of the Spanish peninsula. It is bounded on the south by the Pyrenean mountains; on the west by the Atlantic ocean; on the north by the English channel and the Netherlands; and on the east, partly by the Rhine, and partly by Switzer- land. 2. France is about 660 miles in length, by 615 in breadth, and its extent of sea coast measures nearly 1200 miles. 3. France has many noble rivers, the chief of which are the Loire and the Garonne, which empty themselves into the bay of Biscay ; the Rhone, which empties itself into the Mediter- ranean; and the Seine, which flows into the English channel. • 4. Other rivers of secondary importance are the Maese, Sadne, Moselle, Alier, Om,B, Cher, Charente, and Somme. 60 dUlDki TO 5. The chief canal of France is that of Languedoc, which pursues a course of 126 miles, and connects the bay uf Languedoc with tie Garonne, near Toulouse. The canal de Briere connects the Seine with the Loire, and the canal du Centre joins the Loire with the Rhone, 0. The chief inlets of France are a vast extent of the bay of Biscay, and the gulf of Lvons, in the Mediterranean. Most con* spicuous , among its headlands and capes are those of La Uogue and Gris Nez.. 7. The principal mountains of France are the Vosges, on the south-east; the Jura^ on the borders of Switzerland ; the Ci venues, towards the centre of the country; and the Pyrenees, bordering on Spain. 8. The general character of the soil of France is fertile ; and its climale, especially in the south, is mild and genial. 9. It produces corn, and fruit in abundance. The chief productions of the country are wheat, rye, barley, maize, buckwheat, potatoes, beet- root, flax. 8nd hemp ; esculent roots, and table vegetables of every kind, are common. The vine, and the mulberry tree are extensively cuJii- vated, the former for makinji wine and brandy, and the latter for feeding isiikworms. Among other fiuiis are the orange and lemon, and every kind of fruit grown in our own country. ilpii \ are ., on the GXOOUAVUY. 61 Its forest trees are the oak^ elm, ash; beech; poplar, larch, juniper, cork, and pine. 10. The domestic animals of France are, for the most part, similar to those of Great Britain. Its wild animals are more numerous and varied. Among the latter are the wolf, wild boar, chamois, wild goat, roe-buck, marmot, ermine, and hamster. 11. In some parts of France, considerable attention is given to rearing poultry. The singing and other birds are, with a few excep- tions, the same as those in England. Game is abundant, and wild fowl are taken in great numbers on the sea coasts. 12. The coasts of France abound in fish of various kinds : the herring, mackerel, and pil- chard fisheries have their seat on the coasts of the English channel and the Atlantic ; and the tunny and anchovy fisheries, on the Mediter- ranean. 13. France is not rich in minerals, though there is found, in limited quantities, granite, lignite, porphyry, variolites, marble, slate, stone, gypsum, chalk, sandstone, mill-stones, lime- stone, iron^ silver, gold, lead, copper, antimony, and oxide of manganese. Coal of an inferior quality is also found in the extreme northern part of the country, but the pits are not numerous. Mineral springs exist in abund- ance. iitiP^I: I tm V ■» , li es GUIDE TO 14. France is divided^ for administrative^ civile judicial^ and ecclesiastical purposes, into eighty-nine departments. Each of these de- partments is under the government of a prefect, and is subdivided into circuits. The names of the departments are usually derived from some ??atural feature of the country, as a river, or chain of mountains. 15. The government of France is an heredi- tary and almost absolute monarchy, presided over by. an Emperor. There are also two chambers, viz., the Senate and Legislative Body ; but their powers are veiy limited. The members of the former are appointed by the Emperor, and those of the latter are elected by the people. 16. The religion of France is Roman Catholic. Every religion is tolerated, and ministers of all sects are paid by the govern- ment« 17. France ranks next to England as a manufacturing nation. The articles best known in commerce are silk, lace, linen, wine, and brandy ; its other manufactures are broad-cloths, cottons, clocks, watches, nor^ celain, cut glass, hardware, hats, and household furniture. 18. Paris, the capital of France, is situated on the Seine ; it is one of the largest and finest cities in Europe, and is second only in im- 0B06RAPHY. 68 portance to London. It abounds with magni^ ficent buildings, among which may be men- tioned the cathedral of Notre Dame^ the Luxembonvg Palace, the Louvre, the Bourse^ the Chamber of Deputies, the Mint, the Corn Market^ and numerous oth^r erections of great elegance. The city is surrounded by a wall, with detached forts^ each of V7hich is occupied by a garrison. 19. Paris has been the scene of many revolutions, and has often been captured by foreign armies. Scarcely a city in the world, except Rome, has undergone so many vicissi- tudes as the Parisian capital, or whose streets have been so often traversed by victorious enemies. * 20. Lyons, the second city of France, owes its wealth and splendour chiefly to the extent of its silk manufacture. . 9*1, Marseilles is the Mediterranean port, and the centre of the Levant trade. 22. Eouen, the capital of Normandy, is associated in English history with the name of Joan of Arc. It was here that she was impri- soned by John, Duke of Bedford, and here it was that she was tried and executed. This city is the principal seat of the cotton manu- facture in France. .23: Orleans, situated on the Loire, is cele- brated for its siege by the English, which was ill ! ' -fli ' i-l 1 GUIDE TO relieved by Joan of ArC; for which victory she was styled the Maid of Orleans. 124. Lille is noted for its almost impregnable citHdel; Strasburg for its lofty cathedral ; and Mantes as being the place where the edict, which gave toleration to the Protestants, was passed by Henry IV. ; Bordeaux as the chief port fur the exportation of wines and brandy ; and Mimes for its Koman antiquities. S5. The foreign possessions of France are Algeria, and parts of Senegambia, in Africa; Pondicherry, and Lower Cochin China^ in Asia ; Cayenne in Guiana; Guadaloupe and Mar- tinique, in the West Indies; and New Caledouia, the Marquesas^ and Society IslandSi in Oceania. 26. The French navy is^ next to that of England, the greatest in the world. 27. Education in France is defective^ but improving. 28. Agriculture in France does not take a high rank, and the implements used in tillage are of a very primitive character. 29. The inhabitants were originally styled Gauls, and they belong to the Greek, Latin, and Celtic races. V 30. The population of France is about 87,500,000. OSOOEAPHY. 1. 2. 3le 8. nd 4. 6. VOQ 6. f no 7. Liei 1 8. lyj "9. \ 10. 1 11. are 12. ca; 1 18. )ia; ^ 1 14. [ar- I 15. lew I 16. ids. 1 ^' # 18. t of 19. 20. 21. but 22. 23. 1 24. ke a lage 26. 26. 27. vied 28. itin. 29. 80. )0U( QU1STZ0N8. What is the situation, and vhat are the boundarief of France? Whatisitsexteat? Name the ohiei' rivers. Name the secondary riren . Name the chief canals. Name the chief inlets. Name the principal mountains. What is the general character of its soil and climate ? Enumerate the chief productions of France. What have you read about its animals ? What have you read about its birds ? In what parts are its fisheries carried on ? What are the minerals of Franco ? What have you read about the divisions of France 7 What is the form of government ? What is the religion of France ? For what manufactures are the French noted ? . What have you read about the situation of Paris, and its public buildings ? For what is Paris noted in history ? What have you read about Lyons ? What about Marseilles ? For what is Rouen associated with English history? For what is Orleans celebrated ? For what are Lille, Strasburg, Nantes, Bordeaux, and Nlmes noted ? What are the foreign possessions of France ? What is the position of the French navy ? What is the state of education in France ? What have you read about its agriculture ? To what race do the French belong ? What is the population of France? • s OUXDl 10 11 '■ :' h II ^ f 1^ !n y «... CHAFTSB ZnL AUSTRIA. 1. The Austrian empire consists of a num- ber of kingdoms and states, seven of which are German, one Polish, and five Huna;?.nan ; and these states are again divided into nineteen governments. 2. The German states, which have, however, no connection with Germany, are Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, Styria, Illyria, Bohemia, and Moravia. 8. The Polish state is Galicia. 4. The Hungarian states are Hungary, Transjlvania, Servian Waiwodeship, Military Frontier, Lnd Dalmatia. 5. The length of the Austrian dominions is about 800, and its breadth about 500 miles. Its surface is about 230,000 square miles. 0« The climate of Austria is mild, genial, and healthy. The soil is distinguished for its pro- ductiveness, and the land is generally well tilled, except in Hungary, where agriculture is neglected. 7. A large part of the Austrian empire is occupied by mountains, the chief of which are GEOGRAPHY. tbe Ilhsetian Alps, the Carpathians, the Silesian Moravian range^ the Glatzer-Gebirge, the Beisen-Gebirge, the Sudetes, the Ore moun- tains of Saxony and Bohemia, the Bohemian Middle and Forest mountains^ and the Moravian mountains. 8. The principal rivers of Austria are the Danube, the Save, the March, the Wang, and the Theiss ; they abound in fish, and iu some streams the pearl-bearing mussel ii t'uuud 9. The lakes are numerous, the largest being Balaton, Neusicdel, and Zirknitz. 10. The productions of Austria consist of every species of grain grown in England ; and in addition, rice, maize, tobacco, pepper, mns- tard, and ginger. More than one-third of the soil, however, is occupied by woods and forests; but in the lowlands of Hungary and iu Lower Austria, wood is very scarce. 11. Great attention is paid in Austria to the breeding of horses, horned cattle, sheep, goats^ and swine. In Bohemia^ large quantities of poultry are reared. 12. The wild animals of Austria are nume- rous. They include the brown bear, wolf, lynx, wild boar, deer, and chamois. The golden eagle, vulture, heron, laud tortoise, and leeches are also found. 18. Austria is rich in mineral productions, among which may be mentioned gold, silver, 68 GUL^E TO copper, iron, native steel, lead, quicikdilver, calamine, zinc, cobalt, antimony, soda, coal, precious stones, marbles, and salt. 14. Among the chief cities of Austria are Vienna, the capital; Pesth and Presburg, in Hungary ; Prague, in Bohemia ; Graetz, in Styria; and lunspruck, in the Tyrol. 15. Vienna, the capital, situated on the Danube, is one of the handsomest cities in Europe. Its public buildings, palaces, churches, &c., are very numerous. It is chiefly inhabited by the nobility and attendants on the court, persons in public offices, and those who usually provide for the wants and luxuries of a metro* polis. It is the chiof seat of the empire for the manufacture of silk, cotton, porcelain, &c. ^16. Prague is a celebrated city, chiefly re- markable for its religious foundations. 17. Presburg is noted as being the place where the treaty of peace was sighed in 1^03, when Austria signed her exclusion from Italy. 18. The manufacturing industry comprises the production of linen, hardware, cotton goods, woollen cloths, paper, and glass^ all of which articles are largely exported. 19. The established religion of Austria is Eoman Catholic, but every sect is tolerated. i9f T)i6 empire of Austria is a limited ^n. ..■ OSOQBAPHT. 69 monarchy, presided over by an emperor, the Reichsrath, or council of stat e, and beventeen provincial diets. 21. The state of education is moderately good, except in Hungary, where it is greatly neglected. 22. The population is about 33,000,000, or 140 persons to the square mile. 23. About half the Austrian nation belongs to the Sclavonic race, and the others to the German, Finnish, and Greek Latin races. QUESTIONS. 1 . Of what does the Austmn empire consist ? Into hotr many states and governments is it divided? 2. Name the German states. 3. Name the Polish state. 4. Name the Hungarian states. 5. What is the extent of the Austrian dominions ? 6.. What climate does Austria possess ? 7. Name its chief mountains. 8. What are the principal rivers ? 9. Name the largest lakes. 10. What are its productions ? 11. Relate what you have read a'lont its cattle and poultry. 12. What have you read about the animals of Austria ? IS. What minerals are found in Austria ? 14. > anie its chief cities. 15. '/nat have you read about Vienna? 16. Fgr what is Prague celebrated ? r 70 GUIDE TO 17. For what is Presburg noted ? 18. What are the principal articles inanufactuicd iii> at'id exported from Austria ? 19. What is the established religion of Austria? 20. What is the government ? 21. What is the state of edacation ? 22. What is the population ? 28. To what races do the Austrian people belong ? i OEAFTEB 217 SPAIN. 1. Spain is bounded on the north by the Pyrenees and the bay of Biscay ; on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic; and on the south and east by the Mediterranean. Its greatest length is 600/ and its greatest breadth about 500 miles. 2. Spain is a very mountainous country. The principal ranges are the Pyrenees, the highest of which, Maladetta, attains a height of 11^424 feet; and the Sierra Nevada, of which Mulhacen is the highest, its altitude being; 11,660 feet. 8. Its chief rivers are the Douro, the Tagus, the Guadiana, the Ebro, and the Guadalquiver. 4. The most prominent capes are those of Ortegal, Finisterre^ Trafalgar near Gibraltar^ and Gata. GEOORAPUT. 71 5. Its bays are those of Biscay^ and Betanzos, in the north; Cadiz and Gibraltar^ on the south ; and Carthagena and Alicante on the east. 6. The Palma^ or Balearic^ isles, viz.:-— Majorca, Minorca, Iviza, Cabrera, and For- mentara, in the Mediterranean, belong to Spain. 7. The climate of Spain is different in different parts. In Andalusia, Catalonia, and Valencia, it is often extremely hot; in the middle provinces it is temperate ; while in the northern provinces the wintiers are very severe. 8. The soil of Spain is, in the south, very fertile, but it is not properly cultivated. It produces wheat, maize, barley, rice, and other kinds of grain, besides olives, pomegranates, grapes, figs, oranges, lemons, all descriptions of gourds and vegetables, cork, hemp, flax, and cotton. Much of the table-lands are only sandy wastes, which, however, produce a peculiar grass called esparto, which has recently been largely used as a substitute for rags in the manufac- ture of paper. Among wild trees are the sweet-acorn oak, the kermes oak, and the sumach tree. On the mountain offsets there are several large forests of timber trees. 9. Spain abounds in metals and minerals. Its mines yield gold, silver, iron, copper, quick- silver, lead, tin, calamine, bismuth, cobalti n QUIDS TO N alum^ vitriol^ and sulphur ; ooal and marble are found in some parts^ and also several varieties of preciou3 stones. 10. The domestic animals of Spain^ are chiefly sheep^ horses, asses, and mules. In the mountains are wolves, bears, lynxes, wild boHrs, wild cats, and martens ; porcupines are numerous in some parts; chamelious are found near Cadiz^ and monkeys exist on the rock of Gibraltar. 11. Anciently, Spain was divided into four- teen large provinces: it is nov divided into forty-nine smaller ones. 12. The chief cities of Spain are Madrid, the capital, Barcelona, Seville, Valencia, Ma- laga, Grpuada, Cadiz, Cordova, Saragossa, Carthagena, Xeres, and Palma. 13. Madrid stands on a range of small hills rising in the middle of the plain of Castile. It contains many splendid buildings, and its royal palace is equal to any imperial residence in Europe. Public promenades abound in the city, and outside the Alcala gate there is an amphitheatre, in which people assemble by thousands to witness the brutal spectacle of bull fighting. The circunoference of the city is about five miles, and it is surrounded by a brick wall, twenty feet high, which contiffns fifteen gates. , 14. Barcelona^ the second city of SpavA/ GEOGRAPHY. 73 hills It •oyal ;e in the IS an by le of [ty is >y a L8 and once the capital of Catalonia^ is a place of commerce and the principal seat of the Spanish manufactures. 15. Seville is noted for its cathedral, and as being the seat of the largest tobacco manu- facture in Europe. 16. Cadiz is the chief commercial city and sea-port, and contains one of the strongest naval fortresses in Europe. * 17. Salamanca is noted for ics university, and its vicinity is celebrated as the scene of a great victorv gained by Wellington over the French, in 1812. 18. Toledo is the ecclesiastical metropolis; Granada, containing the Alhambra, formerly the palace of the Moorish kings, was, until 1492, the favored capital of the INIoors ; Cordova is noted for its cathedral, which was once revered as a most sacred Mahometan temple ; and Vittoria, Talavera, Badajoz, and Trafalgar are famed as places where the English forces obtained vic- tories over the French. 19. No country in Europe equals Spain in natural advantages for commerce ; but owing to the indolence and gaiety of the people, it is far behind any other country in commercial im- portance. 20. The chief exports of Spain are wines, wool, raisins, lead, quicksilver, oranges, lemons, nuts esparto grass and barilla. 11 74 GUIDE TO 21. The manufacturing industry of the nation is in a depressed sta':e, a result mainly attributable to the monopoly enjoyed by the government in a variety of trades. Catalonia is the only province in which manufactures are extensively carried on. 22. The government of Spain is a limited monarchy. It comprises a king or queen, and the cortes. The latter consists of the senate, ap- pointed by the sovereign, and the chamber of deputies, appointed by the people. 23. Spain once possessed numerous colonies, but at present only retains the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, and part of San Domingo, in the West Indies ; the Canary isles off the coast of Africa ; the Philippine and Ladrone islands, in the Pacific ocean; CeUta in northern Africa, and Fernando Po, in the gulf of Guinea. 24. The independent neutral republic of Andorre, with a population of about 14,000, situated in the Pyrenees, is protected by Spain ; but the administration is conducted by twenty- four consuls, who are elected by the people. 25. Gibraltar, a fortified sea-port and gar- rison, occupying a promontory in the south of Spain, is in the possession of England, It is celebrated for its almost impregnable fortress. 26. The national religion is Eoman Catholic, and other religions are not tolerated. V OBOORAPHT. 75 in 27. The country is overrun with bands of lawless banditti^ and a great laxity of morals prevails, 28. Education is very defective, but eflforts are being made to improve it. There are two universities, vi:^., those of Salamanca and Valladolid. 29. The Escurial, situated about twenty-five miles from Madrid, is the burial-place of the Spanish monarchs. It comprises a palace, a monastery, and a church, and is one of the lar- gest buildings in Europe. 30. The population is about 16,000,000, or 88 persons to a square mile. 31. The Spaniards belong to the Greek- Latin race. ity. Igar- Ihof [t is }S. )lic, QUESTIONS. 1. What are the boundaries, '^nd -wIim. the extent of Spain? 2. Name its principal mv.jnt'tiT 'angc* 8. Name its chief rivers. 4. Name its most prominent capes. 5. Name its bays. 6. What isles belong to Spain ? 7. What are the features of its climate ? 8. What is the character of its soil, and what docs the land produce ? 9. What metals and minerals are there in Spain ? 10. Relate what you have read about its anLmals. 11. How was, and how is, Spain divided ? }2. Name its chief cities. h irli! 76 OTTTDE TO 18. Belate what you have read about Madrid* 14. What have you read about Barcelona ? 15. For what is Seville noted ? 16. For what is Cadiz famous ? 17. For what is Salamanca noted? 18. What' have you read about Toledo, Granada, and Cordova? For what are Vittoria, Talavera, and Badajoz famed ? 19. Relate what you have read about its commerce. 20. What are its chief exports ? 21. What is the state of manufacturing industry in Spain ? In what province are the manufactures principally carried on ? 22. What is its government? 23. What colonies does Spain possess ? 24. What have you read about the republic of Andorre? 25. To what country does Gibraltar belong, and for what is it celebrated ? 26. What is the national religion ? 27. What have you read about the banditti, and the state of morals existing in the country ? 28. What is the state of education? How many univer- sities are there, and where are they sitnatea ? 29. What is the Escurial, and where situated ? 80. What is the population ? 81. To what race do the Spaniards belong? CHAPTEB XY. PORTUGAL. ^ - Portugal is bounded on the north by the aprxnish province of Galicia ; on the cast by the Spanish provinces of Estreiuadura, Leon, and Andalusia; and on the west by the Atlantic ocean. ii(!i: QKOGBA.PHY. 77 the the I and ntic 2. The principal rivers of Portugal are the Douro, Tagus^ Guadiana^ and Minho ; but they all have their sources in Spain. 3. The soil of Portugal is, for the most part, light and shallow, but it is very favorable to the growth of the vine and fruit trees. Agri*. culture is, however, greatly neglected, and oxen are used as beasts of draught. 4. The products of Portugal are corn, rice, hemp, flax, honey, wax, oranges, lemons, and almonds. 5. Its mineral productions are similar to those of Spain ; and so are its birds and ani- mals. [See paragraphs 9 and 10, pages 71 and 72.] 6. The principal manufacture is wine, but a limited quantity of coarse woollen cloths, linens, silks, jewellery, paper, and cotton, are also produced. The exports are almost entirely confined to wine, wool, and salt. 7. Portugal is divided into six provinces. 8. The chief cities are Lisbon, the capital, and Oporto. 9. Lisbon, the principal sea-port, was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1757, the efi*ects of which are still visible. Oporto is famous for its commerce in port wine. 10. The government of Portugal is a limited monarchy, and consists of a king, and the cortes, h3 78 GmOETO ■'■i in It , ^ or national assembly, comprising a house of peers, and a house of deputies. 11. The religion is Roman Catholic, but all sects are tolerated. 12. As regards education, it is extremely defective. 13. The Azores, the Madeiras, the Cape Vcrd islands, Goa in Hindostan, Macao in China, Timor in Oceania, and some settlements on the east and west coasts of Africa, belong to Portugal. 14. The climate is healthy, except in the vicinity of salt-marshes, and near some parts of the banks of the rivers Tagus and Mondego. 15. The population is about 4,000,000. 16. There are extensive forests of oak in the north, of chestnut in the centre, and of aea- pine and cork, in the south. QUESTIONS. 1. Name the boundaries of Portugal. 2. What are its principal rivers ? 3. What is the peculiarity of its soil ? What is the state of ajrriculture ? . For what purpose do the For- tuffuese use oxen ? 4. What are its productions ? 5. What minerals, and birds and animak, does Portuj[al produce ? 6. What are its manufactures and exporfi?? 7. How is Portugal divided ? 8. Name its chief cities. \ 9. What have you read about them ? GEOGRAPHY. 10. What is its government ? 11. "What is the state religion ? 12. What is the state of education in PortngM ? 13. What foreign possessions belong to Portugal ? 14. What is the nature of the climate ? 15. What is the population ? 16. What have you read about its forests ? 79 Itate *or-» igal CHAFTEB XTL ITALY. 1. Italy is one of the great natural divisions of Europe. It is bounded on the north, north- east, and north-west by the Alps; and on all other parts, by the sea. 2. Italy includes the Sardinian States, Lom- bard y, Venetia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Romagna, Umbria, Marches, Naples, and the Papal States. 3. The chief rivers of Italy are the Po, which flows into the Adriatic ; and the Arno and the Tiber, which fall into the Mediter- ranean. 4. The chief gulfs and bays are those of Venice, Naples, Genoa, Gaeta, and Taranto. 5. The mountains of Italy are the Alps, in the north; the Apennines, which extend through the centre of the Peninsula ; and the 80 GUIDE TO f |i n Tolcanic mountains of Vesuvius^ Etna^ and Stroraboli. 6. The principal lakes are Garda, Come, Maggiore^ Lugano, Iseo, Perugia, Bolseno, and Celano. 7. The climate of Italy is various': in the north, frosts and snow are common ; but in the south it is so warm that tender exotic plants thrive in the open air. The low lands are so unhealthy that they are not inhabited. 8. The products of the country are corn, rice, wine, maize, oil, silk, and fruits of every kind. The vine grows all over Italy, but the best wine is made in the south. Agriculture is superior in the northern plains, moderately good in Naples, and defective elsewhere, 9. The principal cities and towns of Italy are Rome, Turin, Milan, Genoa, Venice, Parma, Florence the capital, Leghorn, Pisa, Naples, Palermo, Messina, Catania, Lucca, and Padua. 10. Rome, the capital of the Papal territory, has, for two thousand years, been one of the most celebrated cities in the world. It contains three hundred towers, as many churches, twenty-eight gates, six bridges, and numerous ancient monuments,. as baths, obelisks, amphi- theatres, aqueducts, fountains, catacombs, Pagan temples, statues, and triumphal arches. Saint Peter's church is the largest in all Christendom, GEOGRAPHY. 1^1 and the Vatican, the residence of the Pope, is a large pile of buildings containing four thou- sand four hundred and twentvstwo rooms. Rome has been frequently ravaged by invaders, but it still remans a magnificent city. 11. Florence, the capital of the kingdom of Italy, is noted for its galleries of paintings and antiquities. 12. Leghorn is the port of Tuscany, and the chief comraerciul city in Italy. 18. Pisa, on the ArnOj is remarkable for its leaning tower. 14. Naples, the most populous city of Italy, is celebrated for the beauty of its position, being situated on the side of a lofty hill, which ex- tends in a semicircular form round the bay. 15. Palermo, the capital of the island of Sicily, is a magnificent city. On the same island are Messina, a flourishing sea-port, with a fine harbour, and Catania, a city that has frequently been destroyed by earthquakes, and by the eruptions of Mount Etna. 16. Near the city of Naples stood the two «itks of Herculaneum and Pompeii, which were buried in the lava that issued from an erup- tion of Mount Visuvius, a.d. 79. Pompeii has to a considerable extent been rescued from its ashes, and the streets and buildings have been laid open to view. I I 82 ^f GUIDE TO •rfl l!- ! t 17. Venice is built on a great number of * small islands, which are connected by canals and bridges. Communication is carried on almost entirely by water, in peculiarly built boats, termed gondolas. The streets are only a few feet wide, and entirely preclude the possibility of either riding or driving. St. Mark's Square, 550 feet by 230 feet, is the largest open space in the city. It has been styled the city of palaces, from the number and elegance of its buildings, which are a mixture of Eastern and Gothic architecture. In the middle ages, it was a great commercial emporium, but its trade and manufactures have greatly decreased, though they are now improving. 18. The manufactures of Italy are various. In the Papal States the chief are woollen cloths, silk, paper, leather, cotton, wax candles, hats, catgut, and liquorice. In Tuscany, the prin- cipal are silk and silk-stuffs, woollen caps, hemp, and linen cloth, thread, paper, bonnets, leather, glass, wax, coral, ironware, alabaster ornaments, marble, olive oil, lamb-skins, and china and delf ware. Similar manufactures prevail all over the country. 19. The governn^ent of the Papal States is an elective monarchy, the Pope being the ab- solute sovereign of both church and state. The government of Italy is a limited monarchy vested in a king, a parliament appointed by the monarch, and a chamber of deputies elected by the people. GEOGRAPHY. sd IS. ' 20. The religion of It ily is the Roman Catholic^ but the king tolerates all sects. In the north education is greatly promoted ; but in some parts it is much neglected, more es- pecially in the Papal States. The fiUe arts Bxe, however^ much cultivated throughout the kingdom. 21. The wild animals existing in Italy are the wild boar, lynx, chamois, wild goat, porcu- pine, and tarantula. 22. The forests of Italy are not extensive. The chief forest tree is the chestnut, and in some districts its fruit is the principal food of the peasants. 23. The minerals found are iron, marble, and sulphur. 24. The population is about 26,000,000, or 216 to the square mile. 25. The Italians belong to the Greek-Latin race. 1. is 1, 2. 8. b- i6. 4. 5. ^y 6. by ' ed 7. 8. QUESTIONS* How is Italy bounded ? What states does it include ? Name its chief rivers- Name its chief gulfs and bays. "What are its chief mountains ? What are its principal lakes ? What is its climate ? ' What are its products? What is the state of It* agriculture? i 84 GUIDE TO 0. Name some of its chief cities. 10. Relate what you have read about Rome. 1 1 . What is the capital of Italy, and for what is it noted f 12. V7hat have you read about Leghorn ? 18. For -what is Pisa remarkable ? 14. For what is Naples celebrated ? 15. What is the capital of Sicily ? What have you read of other towns on that island ? 16. What have you read about Herculaneum and Pompeii ? 17. Give some description of Venice. 18. What manufactures exist in Italy ? 19. Describe the nature of the Papal government, and the government of Italy. 20. What is the religion of Italy, and in what] state is education? 21. What wild animals are found in Italy ? 22. What have you read of its forests ? 23. Name its minerals. 24. What is the population of Italy ? 25. To what race do the Italians belong? CHAPTLii XVII. HOLLAND. 1. Holland is bounded On the east by Ger- many, on the north and west by the German ocean; and on the south by Belgium. It is about 200 miles long and 120 broad ; its whole area being nearly 13,600 square miles. 2. Holland is part of the great plain of J, ;,j^,i,-, . I GEOGRAPHY. ^h of Europe. It presents to the eye an even sur- face, intersected by nu.nerous canals and dykes. These canals are necessary to drain the land, and render it fit for cultivation ; but so much water readers the country unhealthy, especially to foreigners. In winter, the frosts are very severe, the rivers and canals being so universally frozen over, that the natives skate from place to place. 3. The principal rivers of Holland are the Rhine and the Maese. The most important canal is the North or Helder Canal. The chief lake is that of Haarlem, which is twenty- eight miles in circumference, and is formed by the current of the Rhine; its average depth of water being six feet, while the mud is not less than eight feet deep, 4. It seems probable that Holland once belonged to the ocean, although the most ancient accounts of it represent the land as occupying a greater area than at present. During the last three centuries, more than 1,250 square miles of land have been reclaimed from the sea. 5. The dykes of Holland are constructed to prevent inundations from the sea, and are formed of clav, masonrv, and wood- work. Some of them are thirty feet hiofher than the land which they protect, and their tops are used as carriage roads^ 6i 6UiDB M ■-T- ^ ■ I 6. Though the surface of Holland is flat, its scenery is enlivened by pleasing objects. The canals are usually bordered with trees, and the meadows are luxuriant and green, and well stocked witn cattle. Villas and farm- houses, and numerous windmills for grinding corn, cutting timber, and draining lands, are scattered over the country. 7. The domestic animals of Holland are, horses of a very large breed; horned cattle, remarkable for their size and beauty; sheep, and swine. Hares and rabbits are abundant ; domestic poultry is extensively reared; the rivers are well-stocked with fish, and wild geese, storks, snipes, and woodcocks, exist in large quantities. 8. Wild animals, forests, stone, and minerals are not found in Holland. In most of the provinces there are brick earth and potters' clay, and bog iron is occasionally met with. 9. The commerce of Holland is very ex- tensive. Its chief manufactures are linen, spirits, and ship-building. The distilleries of Geneva, or Hollands, have long been celebrated, and the sugar refineries are very extensive. ' 10. The chief cities of Holland are the Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Leyden, and Utrecht. 11. Amsterdam, the capital, stands on a series of islands on the south bank of the Y, a OEOORAPHY. .87 the and pfulf of the Zuyder Zee, the connection between which is made by about three hundred bridges. The city, built entirely upon piles driven into the soil, is the greatest commercial emporium in Europe, except London. It is also cele- brated for its ship-building and diamond cutting. The city does not contain any build- ings of great note. 12. Rotterdam is the chief Dutch port fre- quented by the English. Leyden and Utrecht are noted for their universities. The Hague, a large and elegant town^ is^ from its being the seat of government and the residence of the court and foreign ambassadors, sometimes styled the capital. 13. The religion of Holland is Calvinism but all religious sects are tolerated. 14. Education is general throughout Hol- land ; but no person can open a school without being qualified by examination, and obtaining a license. 15. The constitution of Holland is a limited and hereditary monarchy ; the legislative power being vested in the king and the states general. The latter consists of two chambers, one of which is appointed by the king, the other being elected by the people. 16. The foreign possessions of Holland comprise Java, the Moluccas, and parts of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1.25 1^ IM |2.5 £ us 112.0 II 1.8 U 11.6 •^F ^/ /^ %-V^ 0} Photographic Sciences Cjiporation \ M rv 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 6^ *^^ 6^ ^ 88 QVIJXE TO Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and Timor, in the East Indies, and^Guiaua, in South America. . 17. The population is about 3,500,000, or 260 persons to the sqmire mile. 18. The inhabitants are called Dutch. They aro noted for cleanliness, and their philan- thropic disposition is displayed in the number of their charitable institutions. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Holland bounded? 2. Describe the surface of the country. 8. Name its principal rivers, canals, and lakes. 4. What is it supposed that Holland once was ? 6. Descrih| the dykes of Holland. 6. Describe the scenery. 7. What have you read about its domestic animals, its birds, and fish ? 8. Does it contain wild animals, forests, or minerals, and if so, what ? 9. What have you read about its commerce and manu- factures ? 10. Name the chief cities of Holland. 11. What have you read about Amsterdam ? 12. What have you read about its other cities ? 13. What is the religion of Holland ? 14. Ill what state is education ? 16. Describe the constitution of Holland. 16. What are its foreign possessions ? 17. What is its population? 18. For what are the Dutch people noted ? \ the I. or ^hey lan- iber s, its anu- GEOGBAPHT. 89 CHAPTEB ZVin. BELGIUM. 1. Belgium is bounded on the north by the Dutch part of the province of Limburg, and by North Brabant and Zealand ; on the south- west, and south, by France; on the east, by Rhenish Prussia; and on the west, by the North sea. 2. In early times, Belgium formed a part of Gallia Belgica, a subdivision of ancient Gaul, which was conquered by Julius Caesar. It has since been under the dominion of different powers. From 1814 till 1830, it formed, with Holland, the kingdom of the Netherlands, but in the latter year it was recognized as a sepa- rate kingdom. 3. The general surface of Belgium is flat, but in the south-east it is hilly. 4. Its principal rivers are the Maas and the Scheldt ; but it is watered by other rivers of less note, as the Sambre, Lesse, and Ourthe. The country is also intersected with canals. 5. The climate of Belgium is, for the most part, humid and foggy ; its soil, though fertile, consists chiefly of clay and sand, and it is interspersed with numerous heaths and swamps. Agriculture is carried to a very high state of perfection, and wheat, rye, barlev, oats, buck- i3 00 GUIDE TO wheat, hemp, flax, madder, hops, artificial grasses, turnips, carrots, parsnips, and potatoes, are extensively grown. 6. Among its timber trees are the oak, chestnut, larch, elm, hornbeam, ash, walnut, fir, and poplar; and fruit trees of all kinds are cultivated. 7. Its mineral productions are considerable. They comprise iron, lead, copper, zinc, marble, coal, and stone for building. 8. The domestic quadrupeds of Belgium are chiefly horned cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep ; and the wild animals are the wild boar, bear, and wolf. 9. Belgium is divided into nine provinces : namely, Liege, Namur, Hainault, South Bra- bant, East Flanders, West Flanders, Antwerp, and parts of Limburg and Luxemburg. 10. Its chief cities are, Brussels, the capital, Antwerp, Ghent, Mons, Namur, Bruges, Ostend, Liege, Louvain, Malines, and Tournay. 11. Brussels is built upon the river Senne, and contains many public fountains, which supply the inhabitants with water. Its chief buildings are the royal palaces, the Hotel de Ville, and the Palace of the Fine Arts. Near the city is the field of Waterloo, memorable for the victory . gained over Napoleon I. by the Duke of Wellington, in 1815. Its manufkc- ture^ are lace (the finest in the world), carpets, gold and silver lace, and printing. GEOOBAPHY. 01 'I lich lief de ear for the /t ■rac- 12. Antwerp, a sea-port on the Scheldt, is the great military and naval dep6t of Belgium. It contains the arsenal, and a cathedral, which has the highest tower in Europe. 13. Liege is noted for its manufactures of cannon and fire-arms. In the neighbourhood are numerous coal pits. 14. Ghent, the ancient capital of Flanders, is built on a series of twenty-six islands, which are connected by one hundred bridges. It is a place of commercial repute, and is a seat of manufacture for lace, cotton, and linen, though numerous other branches are carried on. 15. Ostend possesses a fine harbour, and carries on a large shipping trade. 16. Bruges, one of the oldest towns in Belgium, contains, a fine cathedral. It is a commercial citj^, and in the thirteenth century was one of the greatest trade emporiums in Europe. Within its walls, various manufac- tures are carried on. 17. Belgium exports coal, flax, hemp, lace, woollens, linen and cotton goods, hardware, machinery, cattle, and horses. 18. The manufactures of Belgium are im- portant, and include hats, stockings, calico, linen, gold and silver lace, paper, paper hangings, porcelain, hardware, cutlery, fire arms, and various chemical preparations used in the fine arts. 9£ GUIDE TO 19. The state religion of Belgium is the Roman Catholic^ but all other sects are tole- rated^ and their ministers paid by the state. Great attention is paid to education. Schools everywhere abound^ and there are universities at Ghent, Liege, Louvain, and Brussels. 20. The government of Belgium is a limited monarchy, vested iu the king, a senate, and a house of representatives. 21. For its size no country, except England, has so many railways as Belgium ; and, next to England, it is the richest in coal of any known country. 22. The population of Belgium is abbut 4,750,000, or 370 inhabitants to the square mile. . 23. The Belgians are mostly of the Teutonic race. 1. 2. 8. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. QUESTIONS. , How is Belgium situated ? What have you read about the changes which have taken place in the country, and when wjts the present kingdom recognized? What is the general appearance of the country ? Kame< its chief rivers. Describe the climate, the soil, and the general objects of cultivation ? Name its principal timber trees. Name its mineral productions. Name its domestic quadrupeds and wild animals. \ GEOGRAPHY. ud 0. 10. 11- 12. 13. M. 15. How is Belgium divided ? What are the names of its chief cities ? What have you read about Brussels ? Where is Antwerp situated, and for what is it noted V For what is Liege noted ? What have you read about Ghent? What does Ostend possess, and what trade docs it carry on ? 16. What have you read about Bruges? 17. What are the exports of Belgium ? 18. What are the manufactures of Belgium ? 19. What is its religion, and the state of education ? 20. Kelate what you have read about its government ? 21. What have you -read about the railways and coal- fields of Belgium? 22. " What is the population of Belgium ? 23. To what race do the Belgians mostly belong ? \ CHAPTEB XIX. SWITZERLAND. 1. Switzerland, the most mountainous country ip Europe/ls situated between Germany, Austria, France, and Prussia. Its greatest length is about two hundred and ten miles, and its greatest breadth one hundred and forty. 2. Switzerland is celebrated for the beauty of its scenery, which consists of mountains towering one above the other, many of them capped with snow; valleys of the richest ver- dure ; glaciers, or lakes of ice and snow : pre- M GUIDE TO cipices, mountain torrents, and some of the most beautiful lakes in Europe. 8. The mountains are the Alps, the highest of which, Mount Rosa, is 15,206 feet above the sea level. 4. The chief rivers of Switzerland are the Rhine, the Rhone, and the Aar. Th<& most celebrated lakes, are those of Geneva, Con* stance, Neuchatel, Lucerne, and Zurich. 5. The climate of Switzerland is very un- certain, and subject to violent changes ; but in general it is very healthy. The mountainous parts are excessively cold and unfavorable to vegetation ; but in the valleys, the soil is fertile, and the air so temperate, that the vine grows luxuriantly. 6. The agricultural productions of Switzer- land comprise all sorts of grain, which are cultivated on the lowlands, but the quantity produced is insufficient for the national wants. Vegetables of everj description grow abun- dantly. Its chief fruits are the grape, apple, pear, plum, /»herry, mulberry, chestnut, walnut, olive, fig, peach, almond, and pomegranate. The highlands of Switzerland abound in tim- ber trees, and the Alps furnish a rich supply of summer pasture. 7. The domestic animals of Switzerland are similar to our own, and cattle-rearing and dairy-farming are extensively practised. The OiOOKAPHT. «IS bear, wolf, wild goat, chamois, marmot, vulture, and eagle, are found in the mountains. The lakes and rivers abound with fish. 8. The minerals of Switzerland comprise silver, iron, lead, and zinc, and limited quan- tities of marble, porphyry, alabaster, and rock« salt. There are numerous mineral springs, much frequented by invalids in the summer, and in the valley of the Ehone many salt springs exist, the principal of which are at Bex. 9. Switzerland is a Federal republic, divided into twenty-two states, called cantons, each of which is independent of the other, but all are united in one confederation, or alliance for mutual protection. The general concerns of the " Republic are managed by a diet, composed of representatives from each state. . 10. The chief cities of Switzerland are, Berne, the capital, Geneva, Basle, Lausanne, Zurich, and Lucerne. 11. Berne is a handsome city, almost en- compassed by the river Aar. Basle is situated on the banks of the Ehine; and Zurich on the borders of a lake of the same name, Geneva, at the western end of lake Geneva, is the most important town in Switzerland ; it is the seat of a university, and is noted for its manufacture of watches. Lausanne, on the ' borders of Germany, is a place of resort, and Lucerne is situated on the river Reuss. 90 GUIDE TO 12. Switzerland is celebrated as a manu- facturing country. Every canton has its pecu- liar branch of trade. Watches and jewellery are made in the west, and cotton and silk in the north; but through all the cantons, the natives pursue some branch of industry iu addition to agriculture. 13. The exports consist of cheese, agricul- tural produce, watches, jewellery, toys, and cotton and silk goods. 14. As regards religion, three- fifths of the cantons are Protestant, and t\7o-fifths Roman Catholic ; but each canton is allowed to profess its own faith unmolested. 15. The Swiss are a well-educated people. There are universities at Basle and Zurich ; colleges at Geneva, Berne, and Lausanne ; and elementary schools in every canton. 16. Military tactics are much studied in Switzerland, and, as there is no standing army, every young man is traiaed to arms. A Federal Military Commission is issued every three years, for the purpose of inspecting the troops ot the various cantons, and the military schools, 17. The population of Switzerland is about 2,500,000, or 165 persons to the square mile. IS. The Swiss are, for the most part, of the Teutonic race ; but in the west and south they belong to the Greek-Latin. GEOGRAPHY. 97 QUESTIONS. 1. How is Switzerland bounded ? 2. What are the natural features of the conn try ? 8. What are its mountains ? Name the highest. 4. ^Mention the principal rivers and lakes. 6. Describe its climate. 6. What are its agricultural and vegetable productions ? 7. What have you read about its animals ? 8. What are its minerals? What have you road about its springs ? 9. What is its form of government, and how is it divided ? 10. Name its chief cities. 11. What have you read about them? 12. What have you read about its manufactures ? 13. What are its principal exports ? 14. What religions are professed in Switzerland ? 15. What have you read about its education ? 16. What is the peculiarity of its military arrangements f 17. What is its population ? 18. To what races do the Swiss belong ? OHAPT£& XX. GERMANY IN GENERAL. 1. This territory is about 580 miles lonpf and 550 miles broad. It is divided into North Germany, South Germany, and Luxem- burg. The first comprises twenty states, which are known as the North German Confederation, and the second is divided into six states, each of which is independent of tlie other. 9d OUIOB TO 8. North Germany consists of The kingdoms of Prussia and Saxony ; The Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwe- rin, Oldenburg, Saxe Weimar, and Meck- lenburg- Strelitz; The Duchies of Brunswick, Anhalt, Saxe Meinengen, Saxe Coburg-Gotha, and Saxe Altenburg ; The Principalities of Waldeck, Lippe-Det* mold, Reuss (younger line), Schwartzburg- Souderhausen^ and Schaumburg-Lippe ; The Free Cities of Hamburg, Lubec, and Bremen. 8. South Germany consists Oi The kingdoms of Bavaria and Wirtemburg; The Grand Duchies of Baden and Hesse ; The Principalities of Reuss (elder line), and Lichtenstein. 4. The chief states of North Germany are Prussia, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Oldenburg. 5. The principal states of South Germany are Bavaria, Wirtemburg, Baden, and Hesse. 6. Luxemburg, of which the king of Holland is grand duke, is unconnected with either North or South Germany. 7. Germany is watered by several thousand streams, including fifty navigable rivers, the most important of which are the Danube, the Rhine, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Oder. OBOOBAPHT. 09 8. The moua bains of Germany Are the Erze- birge, betweea Saxony and Bohemia; the Eieseu Qebirgei betweea Prussia and Bohemia ; the Black Forest, which separate the basins of the Rhine and the Neckar; and the Hartz mountains^ between Rhenish Prussia and Hanover. 9. The winters of Germany are very severe^ yet its climate is generally mild, and in some parts sufficiently warm to be favorable to the culture of the vine. In the northern districts, however, the soil is poor, and sandy, and much interspersed with heaths and morasses. 10. Among the wines of Germany, those produced from the vine cultivated in the valleys of the Neckar, Maiuje; and Rhine, are very celebrated. 11. Germany ^yields great quantities of silver, iron, lead, zinc, copper, q xicksilver, tin, coal, and salt. 12. There are many hunoi ids of mineral springs in Germany, the chief of which are at Aix-la-Chapelle, in the Rhine district; Wies- baden, and Seltzers in Nassau; and Baden Baden. 13. The manufactures of G ermany are linen, cotton, and vooUen goods, porcelain, paper, leather glass, beer, toys, clocks, and hardware. The staple raannfacture is that of linen. 100 GUIDE TO M.l 14. The commerce of Germany has been greatly promoted by the ZoUverein; a com- mercial alliance among several of the states^ by which the duties levied upon different com- modities have been lessened and equalized. 15. The Germans are ingenious^ indus- trious, and hospitable. As a body, they are fond of domestic enjoyments; and the higher orders are attached to the sports of the field and the forest : hunting the wild boar being a favorite amusement. 16. Education is greatly promoted in all parts of Germany; the universities are nu- merous, and a taste for music prevails among all classes. 17. The government of the confederate German states is under the control of Prussia, but each state has an independent jurisdiction over its own internal affairs. 18. The religion of the inhabitants of Ger- many is partly Protestant and partly Catholic : the former prevailing in the north, and the latter in the south. 19. The constitution of the different petty German states is generally monarchal, and the succession hereditary. 20. The principal towns of Germany are Perlin, Hamburg, Munich, Breslaw, Dresden^ Cologne, Frankfort, Leipsic, and Hanover. OEOOBAFHY. 101 lus- are jher ield ^ iga I Si. The exports of Germany are wool, timber, corn, linen, toys, clocks, and provisions. 22. Very extensive forests exist on the mountain plains, and nearly one third of the country consists of forest land. 23. The population of Germany is about 87,000,000, or 177 persons to the square mile. 24. The Germans belong, for the most part, to the Teutonic race, but in the eastern portion of Prussia there are also many Sclavonians. \ QUESTIONS. 1. What is the extent of Germany ? How is it divided ? 2. Name the kingdoms of North Germany. And the Grand Duchies. And the Duchies. And the Prin- cipalities. And the Free Cities. 8. Name the kingdoms of South Germany. And the Grand Duchies. And the Principalities. 4. What are the chief states of North Germany ? 5. What are the principal states of South Germany? 6. Is Luxemburg connected with either North or South Germany ? 7. By how many rivers is Germany watered? Name the chief navigable rivers. 8. Name the principal mountains. . 9. What is the climate of Germany ? What is the nature of the soil in the northern districts ? 10. In what districts are its most noted wines made ? 11. What metals does Germany produce ? 1 '£, Name the chief mineral springs. A {J. Name the chief manufactures. 14. How has commerce been promoted in Germany ? 15. What is the general character of the Germans ? k3 102 GUIDE TO 16. What have yoc read about their euacation and universities? 17. Give some account of the government of Oermany . 18. What is the religion of the Germans ? 19. What have you read about the constitution of the petty states ? 20. Name the principal towns of Germany. 21. What articles of commerce are largely exported ti'om Germany ? 22* What is the proportion of forest land ? 23. What is the population of Germany ? 24. To what races do the Germans belong ? CHAFTEB ZXI, h; PRUSSIA. 1 . The Prusian dominions consist of twelve provinces, viz : — Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, Saxony, Westphalia, Khine Province, Prussia Proper, Posen, Hanover, Schleswig- Holstein, Hesse- Cassel, and Nassau. Its length is about 800 miles, and its breadth 440 miles. • 2. The country is generally very flat, and it forms part of the great plain of Europe. There are, however, several mountain ranges, but none of them attain a greater altitude thru 5000 feet. 3. The chief rivers of Prussia are the Vistula, the RhinC; the Pregel, the Elbe, the Oder, the Weser, and the Ems. The lakea are numerous, but small. GEOQRAVHY. 108 \' 4. The soil of Prussia produces nil kinds of grain grown in central Europe. Agriculture is moderately good, especially in Hanover. The vine is cultivated in llhenish Prussia^ but fruit is not much propagated. There is an abundance of timber, but the chief forests are in Eastern Prussia and Silesia. 5. The climate varies. It is humid along the Baltic, cold in Silesia, mild and temperate in Hanover, and in Prussia Proper the winters are very severe. 6. The metal and. mineral productions of Prussia are salt, amber, coal, alum, vitriol, saltpetre, alabaster, basalt, granite, porphyry, marble, slate, freestone, chalk, lime, porcelain- clay, pipe-clay, silver, copper, lead, iron, zinc, cobalt, arsenic, and calamine. Its precious stones are the onyx, jasper, agate, and cornelian. 7. The domestic animals of Prussia are those common to all Europe. Of wild animals, there is the stag, fallow-deer, wild boar, hare, rabbit, wolf, lynx, bear, beaver, badger, polecat, otter, and ermine. 8. Domestic poultry of all kinds abound; and of wild fowl, especially geese, there are numbers. Among birds of prey are the eagle, sparrow-hawk, and kite. 9. The chief cities of Prussia are, Berlin the capital, Konigsberg, Dantzic, Cologne, Magdeburg, Hanover, Frankfort, Aix-la-Cha- oelle, and Breslaw. 101 GUIDE TO t t % CHAFTEB XXIIL GREECE. , 1. Greece is divided into ten governments, called Nomoi; viz., three in Hellas, five in the Moren, and two in the Islands. It is 210 miles long, and 160 miles broad. ?, It is bounded on the north hy European GEOGRAPHY. 119 itfl \ i:s amo rca, 11 ts, " the 210 >ean Turkey ; on the south and west by the Mediter- ranean ; and on the east by the ^gean sea. 3. The mountains of Greece are numerous ; but none of them are above the snow hne. The principal are Pantadactylon/ Liakoura, and Oeta. 4. The rivers of Greece are mere brooks, and untiavigable. The chief bays are those of Lepanto^ Egina, Nauplia, and Koron. 5. Its soil is fertile, and its climate, except in swampy parts, is warm and delightful. The forests are considerable, and its fruit, corn, and vegetables, are those grown both in Europe and Asia. 6. The islands of Greece are Corfu, Cepha- Ionia, Znnte, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Gerigo, and Paxo, known as the Ionian islands ; and Negro- pont, Andro, Tino, Naxia, Santorini, Milo, Zea, Paros, Antiparos, Syra, Skyra, Salamis, Egina^ Hydra, and Spezzia. 7. In ancient times, Greece abounded in celebrated cities, but at present Athens, the capita], is the only city of note. There are remains of antiquity existing in this citv, which travellers behold with wonder and admiration. Among these may be mentioned the Acropolis, the Parthenon, the Pnyx, the Theseum, and the harbour of the Piraeus. Athens is chiefly remarkable for the archi- 120 OUISGTO 1 \ ■ 1 I 1 i j»j W- • 1 tectural ruins of its former greatness, but it has of late years been considerably n'oderniscd* 8. The Greeks are a commercial people, and transact a large earning tnide between the ports of the Mediterranean and the Black sea. Their manufactures are unimportant, but they export large quantities of raw agri- cultural produce, olive oil, cotton, silk, wool, figs, and currants ; and from the Ionian islands, wine and currants. 9. The domestic animals are neither nu- merous nor of good breeds. Asses are the only beasts of draught employed, and the sheep and goat are the only animals from which dairy produce is made. Of wild animals, the bear, wolf, jackal, Mild boar, and deer, are found. 10. The religion of Greece is that of the Greek Church. Much superstition prevails, and education is very defective. 11. ' The government of Greece is a limited monarchy. 12. The population is about 1,250,000, of which one-third inhabit the islands. ' «• 13. The Greeks belong to the Greek-Latin race. QUESTIONS. , j \. 1 . How is Greece divided ? What is its extent ? 2. How is it bounded ? r A: « . geog1ia1»hy. 121 3. What are its principal mount^iins? 4. Name its chief rivers and bavs ? o. What have you read about its fertility and cultiyation 7 (5. Mention its islands. 7. Itelate what you have read about Athens. 8. What is the principal trade of Greece, and what are its exports ? 0. What have you read of its domestic and wild animajs ? 10. What is its religion ? What is the state of education ? 1 1. What is its form of government ? 12. What is its population? What proportion of the inhabitants live in the islands ? 13. To what race do the Greeks belong ? S V*, .n: CHAPTER XXIV. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 1. Turkey is an Empire, situated partly in Europe and partly in Asia. Turkey in Europe is l)ounded on the north by Austria and Russia, and on all other parts by the sea. It is about 7:20 miles long and 690 broad. 2. The Turkish empire in Europe is divided into nine provinces, which are subdivided into fifteen g:overnments, called Eyalets. The pro- vinces are Roumelia, Thessaly, Albania, IBul- p;ar!a, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Monte Negro, Servia, and Roumania. 3. The chief mountains of European Turkey 122 6XJIDB TO :w '■■i .■i'4 1 Iff \n if .''ill nre the Balkan, the De«poto Dagh, the Pindus, and the Dinaric Alps. 4. The chief rivers are the Danube, Aluta, Save, and Pruth ; the pviiicipal $;ulfs are thuse of Saloniki and Cassandra; aud the strhits those 0^ Constantinople and the Dardanelles. 5. The clini^ite of Turkey is salulirious, and its soil is rich and fertile, but badly cultivated. The northern provinces produce corn and the ordinary European fruits in abundance; and the southern produce oranges, fi^s, almonds, pomegranates, rice, and the sugar-cane. 6. The Turks are generally indolent and ignorant, but they carry on a considerable trade in raw silk, cotton, carpets, and leather, though their manufactures are principally for home consumption. 7. Constantinople, the capital of Turkey, situated on the Bosphorus, presents, at a distance, a picture^que and beautiful appear- ance. It contains a number of gilded mosques, or Mahometan places of worship, and many public buildino^s, the most conspicuous among them being the Seraglio, the palace of the Sultan, which is three miles in circumference. 8. Other chief towns arc Adrianople, Buk- harest, Serajero, Belgrade, and Sophia. 9. The religion of Turkey is Mahometanisro^ of the sect of Omar, but the majority of tho inhabitants are of the Greek Church. OEOORAfUY. 123 ing 10. Education is very deficient, the lowei orders bein^ almost wholly devoid of iiistrucnoii Lenniiug is confiiied priiicipHliy to luw and theology, as the lawyer must he skilled in the Koran, and the divine be learned iu the law. Recently, however, education and the fine arts have been sedulously cultivated. 1 1. The government of Turkey is despotic ; the power of the Sultan being only restraiued by the ordinances of the Koran. 12. The mineral productions of Turkey are unimportant, but there exist mine.s of lead, salt, and marble ; and gold is found in small quantities in the Roumanian rivers. 13. The habits of the Turks are Eastern. Every man is permitted to hhve four wives, and no Turkish ladv is seen in the streets unveiled, the only visible piQes of its phief mountains ? f 4. ' 6. 1 ' 6. 7. n . . 8. 1 r 9. L 10. ■H 11. IH • 12. 11 13. 14. pi 36. ll- •1 ' '1 1 1 124 CTJIDETO Nnino its rivers, pulfs, and 8traits. What have you read about its diinnto and soil? What luniiufartnres exist in Turkey? Describe Constantino|>le. Nam*' its other chief towns. What is the rel gion of Turkey What is the state of education What is the character of its government? N\ hat are the mineral pvcductions ? Wliat have you read about the character of the Turks ? W hat is the population ? To what races do the Turks belong ? CHAFTEB XXV. • ASIA. 1. Asia, the largest of the great divisions o£ the globe, is situated to the east of Europe and Africa. It is peculiarly interesting as having been the first abode of the human race, and the land where occurred most of the events recorded in Scripture. 2. The extent of its surface is more than four times that of Europe, its greatest length beiifg about 6,700 miles, and its extreme breadth upwards of 5,000 miles. 3. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic ocean; on the south by the Indian ocean; ou the east by the Pacific ocean; and on OKOGRAPHY. 125 IS oC and igth reriie the idiiui id on ' ^ • \ the west by Europe, the Black sea, the Medi- terranean sea, and the Red sea. 4. Asia consists of a number of countries, the principal of which are Asiatic Turkey, Asiatic Russia, Persia, China, Arabia, Afghan- istan, Japan, Beloochistau, Hindostan, Further India, and Turkestan. 5. This continent was anciently divided into Asia Major and Asia Minor ; the former was the most extensive and occupied all the eastern portions ; the latter being a large country, extending in a straight line from the bay of Issus to the eastern part of the Euxine sen. 6. The surfacfj of the land is extremely diversified, and though Asia contains the highest mountains in the world, it is, for the most part, Hat. In China, Iliudostan, and Further India, the soil is very fertile; but in the north there are immense' steppes and morasses, and \a\ the south-east and north-west extensive sandy deserts prevail. 7. The chief mountain ranges are the Himalaya, which separate Hindostan from Tibet and Tartary; the Altai, which divide Russia from China ; the Thian-Shan, or " Celestial/^ and the Kwan-Lun, which form the north boundary of the great tabJ'^-liiud of Central Asia; the Belur-Tagh, which separate China on the east from Kooudooz and Kafristan on the west; and the Ala Tagh ~ h3 120 GUIDV TO between the Euphrates nnd Mount Ararnt. There are also the niountnins of Armenia^ Taurus, Lebanon, Caucasus, Elhourz, Hindoo Kosch, SolimHU; Oural, Ghauts^ Yablonnui^ and those of Further India. 8. Considering the extent of the continen of Asia, there are few volcanoes; but iu the Asiatic islands they are numerous. Iu Kamtschatka there are nine ; in Java there is a groat number, and iu the Thian-Slian moun- tains there are two^ those of Peshan aud Hochew. 9. Earthquakes are frequent in the volcanic regions, and occasional in Turkey. 10. The plains, steppes, and table-lands of Asia are gigantic. Nearly the whole of the north- west part forms the vast plain of Siberti and Tartary, which occupies an area of upwards of 7,000,000 square miles. In China there is a plain having an extent of 210,000 square miles ; the plain of Iran, in Persia, covers an area of 1,700,000 square miles, and that of Tibet more than 7,600,000 square miles. 11. The plain of Siberia is in the north a frozen morass, and in the south it assumes the character of steppes, and produces a coarse herbage; the Chinese p'ain is fertile; the Iran )»lain is a sandy desert, and that of Tibet is sterile and cheerless. » 12. The seas, bays, and gulfs of Asia arc I, OEOOnAPHT, 127 aro the pea of Kari, and the gulf of Obi, in con- Dv.'Ction witli the Arctic ocean ; the 8*»»w of Kumtschatkn, Okhotsk, and Jannn, t!ie Chira 8e>i,aii(l the Yellow sea, and theguU'sof Anfulyr, Tartary, Tonquin, and Siani, which are con- nected with the Pacific occmii ; the Arabian sea, the Ked sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the gnlfs of MnrtHban, Caml)ay, Cutch, Persia, Suez, and Aknba, in connection with the Indinn ocean ; and the Levar.t, the At'chipehigo, the sea of Marmora, the Black sea, and the sea ot' Azof. 13. The stniits are those of Behrinjrs, Corea, Perouse, Mahicca, Sangar, Formosa, Pnlk's, Ormns, Bab-eUMandeb, the Dardanelles, and Constantinople. " ll. The principal capes aro Sievero Vos- tochnia, or North-east cape; the Enst cape, Lopatka, Cape Romania, Ne»;rris, Coniorin, llas-al-had, and Baba. North-east cape is the most northern point; East cape the most eastcrnly ; Romania the most suutliernly ; and Baba the most westernly. 15. The rivers in Asia are nnmerous and larjje, though they are not so long as some in America. Running into the Arctic ocean are tlie Obi, witii it"^ tributary, the Irtish; the Yenisei, with its tributJiry, the Aiiirara; and the Lena, with its tributary, the Ahlan. Flowing into the Pacific arc the Amoor^ the Hoang-ho, r" I / I; a OK ill ]i m 128 GUIDE TO the Yang-tse-Kiang, the Si-Eiang, the Cam- bodm^ and the Meinam. Falliug into the Indian ocean are the Irrawady, Burrampooter, ^ Ganges, Mahanuddy, Godavery, Tapty, Ner- budda, and the Indus. Emptying themselves into the sea of Aral are the Amoo and the Syr; flowing into the Caspian sea are the Oural and the Kur ; running into the Persian gulf are the Euphrates and Tigris; falling into the Dead sea is the Jordan; and on the table- land is the Yarkana. 16. The principal salt lakes of Asia are the Caspian sea, which is the largest lake in the world, the sea of Aral, the Dead sea, and Lakes Van and Ooroomia. In addition to which there are numerous lakes distributed over Siberia, Tartary, Armenia, and Asia Minor. The only important fresh-water lakes are those of Baikal, or the Holy sea, and Balkash. 17. The Asiatic islands are Ceylon, the Andaman, the Maidive, and the Laccadive^ in the Indian ocean ; Saghalian, Formosa, Hainan, Singapore, the Kurile, the Japan, and the Loo-Choo, in the Pacific ; and in the Mediterranean, Cyprus, Rhodes, and the islands of the Archipelago. 18. On the table-land, the north plain, and in the south-west countries, there is a great scarcity of wood ; but in other parts there are numerous forest trees. In South I GEOGRAPHY. 129 -■». Siberia, the fir, birch, and willow thrive; ^lanchoriu is the region of oak; and in Hiii- dostwn and Further India the teak and other oaks, and the banyan, cocoanut, areca, talpa, and other palms spread their broad leaves, while ebony, sandal-wood, satiu-wood, and rosewood trees attaui perfection. 19. The vegetation of Asia varies con- siderably, according to the difference and nature of the climate and the soil. In the north, trees become dwarfs, and vegetation decreases at every step eastward. The vine, olive, orange, lemon, cherry, walnut, peach, and apricot grow wild. Pineapples arc so abundant that they are considered without value, and many plants and flowers now held in iiigh esteem in Europe were introduced from Asia. 20. The land produces rice and maize in the south, millet and barley in the north, and wheat m the centre. The coffee shrub is cul- tivated in Arabia, Malaccji, and Ceylon ; tlie tea plant in China, Japun, and Assam; the vine in Turkey, Persia, and China'; cinnamoa and cloves in Ceylon; sugar in Bengal and other countries to the east; the date-palm in the south-west; indigo, peppers, cinnamon, and nutmegs in the islands or" the Archipelago; and the olive, orange, lemon, tamarind, and mul- berry, in various localities. ^1. Rice is tlie principal article of foo4 it) 130 GUIDE TO i :!: the hot and well-watered countries of the south-east; and in the hot ano drv countries of the south-west, dates are chiefiv consumed. 22. The domestic animals of Asia include all the ordinary ones known in Europe, and, in addition, the one-hunched camel in the wet^t and south-west; the two-hunched c^mel and the j»ak in the centre; the elephant and the Brahmin ox in the south ; and the reindeer in the north. 23. The wild quadrupeds found in the south are the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, .panther, jackal, several varieties of deer, antelopes, oxen, and apes. In the central regions are found the djiggetai (a sort ot horse), ass, musk, sheep, goat, antelope, wolf, and jackal ; and in the north the sable, ermine, fox, sea-otter^ polar bear, reindeer, elk, wolf, and glutton. The lion is also occasionally met with in Hindostan. 24. The Asiatic birds are numerous, and have beautiful plumage, but they are destitute of song. The more showy ones are parrots, parroquets, peacocks, and gold and silver plieasants. On the plains of Arabia the ostrich is found, and in the vicinity of the lakes, herons, cranes, storks, pelicans, and wild fowl abound. 25. The reptiles of Asia include crocodiles, froj^s, toads, phameleons, fresh-water tortoises, GISOGKA^HY. 131 of snakes^ and serpents : of the latter, the pythoti is the largest, and the cobra- de-capello the most venomous. 26. The insects are abundant, especially in the south, where locusts and mosquitoes seriously interfere with the comforts of Europeans. 27. The greater part of Asia is within the temperate zone, but the continent is so extensive that it comprises numerous climates. It is cold in the north, wet and cold in the east, dry and hot in the south-west, and wet and hot in the south — where the year is ^divided into two seasons, hot and dry. In the central, north, and east parts, the extremes of both heat and cold are experienced. 28. All the useful, as well as the precious metals, are found in Asia. They include gold, silver, platina, tin, lead, copper, iron, quick- silver, coal, and salt^ and diamonds and other precious scones. 29. As a manufacturing peopk the Asiatics are not famed; though Hiudostan has gained reputation for muslins, China for porcelain, Persia for carpets^ and Japan for japanned ware. 80. The system of travelling by caravans prevails over a great portion of the continent, especially in the central parts, ^nd in other districts where there is no water communi- cation. 132 GUIDE TO 31. A large portion of the inhabitants ttre nomadic in their liabits, i.e. suhsistinjjj by tendinjj cattle, and wandering for the sake of pasturage. 32. Religion in Asia is various. Chris- tianity prevails in Asiatic Russia, Mahom- eUnism in Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Independent Tartary, and Tur- key; Brahminism in Hindostan; and Buddhism in Further India, China, Japan, Mongolia, Tibet, and Corea. 33. The population of Asia is abjut 600,000,000. 34. The Circassian race is found north and west of the great table-land, and south of it to the Ganges eastward; the Mongolian on the great table-land, east of it, atid south of it from the Ganges; and the Malay in the ex- treme south. 1 QUESTION 1. Where is Asia situated ? For what is it interesting ? 2. \Vhat is the extent of its surface? 3. How is it bounded ? , 4. OF what countries is Asi." composed ? 5. How was it formerly divided ? ' 6. What have you read concerning its surface and its soil? 7. Name the chief mountain ranges. 8. State what you have read about its volcanoes. 9. Where are e^'ihquakes frequent* and where oeca- ■ional ? GEOGRAPHY. 183 bing md its 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 83. 81. Give some description of its plains, steppes, aad table- lands. Mention the principal plains and their peculiarities. Name the chief neas, bays, and gulfs. What are the Asiatic straits ? Nams the principal capes. What have you read about its principal rivers? Name the principal streams, and the oceans into which they fall. Name the principal lakes. What are the Asiatic iJands, and \rhere are tbey situated ? Describe its wood-lands and forest productions. What have you read concerning its vegetation ? What are the principal products of the land ? What food is principally used by the inhabitants of certain districts ? Name the domestic animals of Asia. Mention the wild quadrupeds. « '! '' What have you read concerning its birds ? ' ' ' ' - Name the Asiatic reptiles. Are insects abundant? Name those which are obnoxious to Europeans. In what zone is the greater part of Asia ? Describe the variations of its climate. What metals are found in Asia ? ■»>'•' ' For what manufactures are the Asiatics famed ? What system of travelling prevails in some districts ? Mention the particular habits of a portion of tho people. Is there any universal religion established in Asia ? Where does Christianity prevail ? Where Maho- mctanism 't Where Brahminism ? Where Budd- hism ? What is the estimated population ? To what races do the Asiatics belong ? occa- 134 QUibJti TO CHAPTEE XXVL ASIATIC RUSSIA, ' 1. Asiatic Russia includes Siberia, o5\e of the most desolate regions of the world, and the Caucasian provinces. It is a vast tract of country extending from European Russia to the Pacific ocean. Its length is about 4,000 miles and its breadth nearly 1,900 miles. 2. The principal mountains are the Ouralian, Caucasus, and Altai; but the surface of the country is for the most part flat. The greatest part of it, however, has never been traversed. The shores of the Northern ocean are barred by almost perpetual ice ; and much of the interior consists of extensive steppes, which are only inhabited by nomadic tribes. The south- ern parts are alone fit for cultivation, and they are rich and fertile. 3. Wild animals abound. Among them are the reindeer, ibex, elk, wild hog, bear, wolf, fox, and sable. 4. In minerals Siberia is rich. The varieties found include gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, sulphur, talc, asbestos, malachite, rock- salt, red lead, alum, and precious stones. 5. The inhabitants of Siberia are mostly GEOGRAPHY. 1S5 \e of I the :t of ia to 4,000 alijui, )f the eatest ersed. arred f the h five outh- l they jm are wolf, irietiGS ,, zinc, ), rock- mostly employed in hunting, fishing, and mining. Fully two-thirds of the land is sterile, and in the remaining portion agriculture is but litic practised, 6. Furs, metals, and precious stones are exported in large quantities to Europe ; and the minerals, and fur-producing animals are a source of great wealth. 7. The capital of Western Siberia is Tobolsk ; that of Eastern Siberia, Irkutsk. Each is noted as a commercial town, and the former carries on a large trade with China. 8. The Cj acasian provinces, of which Georgia is the chief, comprise several distinct tribes, all of which speak different languages. The inhabitants, who are acknowledged to be the handsomest people in the world, are for the most part brave and lawhss mountaineers. Some tribes are nomadic, and others live whollv by plunder. The latter, in marauding expedi- tions, carry off men and women, who are retained an, or sold for. slaves, unless they be ransomed by their friends. 9. Russia claims the sovereignty of the Caucasian provinces, but the inhabitants do not acknowledge it', supremacy. The native princes have for a long period sustained a con- test with those they consider their oppressors, but their eflPbrts to maintain independence have not been successful. The conquest of these 136 GVIDB TO r ni 1 I I'l S I 1 « • I S.I provinces \iy Russia may therefore be considered complete. 10/ The religions in Asiatic Russia embrace the Greek Church, Mahometanisra, and Pa- ganism. 11. The population is about 8,000,000, half of whom iuhabit the Caucasian provinces. QUESTIONS 1. Of what eountries does Asiatic Russia consist? What is its estimated extent '! What is a peculiar feature of Siberia ? 2. Name the principal mountains of Siberia. Describe the surface of the country. 8. Mention the names of the \tild animals that are found in Siberia. 4. In what products is Siberia ri«:h ? Name the minerals. 5. What are the principal occupations of the inhabitants ? What have you read concerning its agriculture ? 6. What are the sources from whence the inhabitants* great wealth is derived?' 7. Name the capitals of Western Siberia, and Eastern Siberia. For what are they noted ? 8. Of what are the Caucasian provinces formed ? What have you read relative to the inhabitants? 0. Relate what you have read respecting the sovereignty of the Caucasian provinces. 1 . What forms of religion are professed in Asiatic Russia ? U. VVhMt is about the population of Asiatic Russia? What proportion of that number belong to the Caucasians i OBOGRAVHY. 187 CHAPTEB ZXVII. ASIATIC TURKEY. 1. Turkey in Asia is about 1,400 miles in length, and 900 in breadth. It is bounded on the east by Persia ; on the west by the Mediter- ranean ; on the north by the Black sea and the Sea of Marmora; and on the south by the Persian gulf and Arabia, 2. It is divided into six provinces, viz. : — Anatolia, or Asia Minor ; Armenia ; Kurdistan ; Al Jezireh, or Mesopotamia; Irak-Arabia; and Syria, \vhich includes Palestine. 3. The soil and climate present many varieties. Some of the mountains are, at their summits, covered with snow, whilst their sides are clad with the vegetation of temperate regions, and the valleys below produce the fruits of tropical climates. 4. The islands belonging to Asiatic Turkey are Cyprus, in the Mediterranean ; and Rhodes, Scarpanto, Scio, Mitylene, Nicaria, Samos, and Patmos, in the Archipelago. 5. The principal rivers are the Euphrates, and the Tigris, which fall into the Persian gulf; the Yeshil-Irmak, and Kisil-Irmak, which flow into the Black sea the Meudereh^ and the nS i,' ■ J 138 GUID£ TO Ghiediz, which run into the Archipelago ; the Jordan, which discharges itself into the Dead sea; and the Jihoon, Siliun, and Asy, which empty themselves into the Mediterranean. 6. The chief lakes are the Yan^ and the Dead sea. 7. The exports, for the most part, consist of natural produce, and include silk, — which is extensively cultivated, — oil, medicinal plants, gums, wax, dried fruits, gall-nuts, cotton, wool, goats' hair, leeches, dye stuffs, sponges, leather, and drugs. 8i The manufacturing industry is rapidly improving, but the articles produced are mostly manufactured for home use. Thev consist of silk, fine, cotton, Turkey leather, firearms^ and sword blades. 9. The commerce of the country is extensivo but the greater portion of the sea trade is in the hands of Europeans. The Armenians and Jews are, however, most enterprising, and have opened extensive business relations with China and the west of Africa. Considering the fer* tilitv of the land, the varietv of the climate, and the ready access it has to the sea-coasts, its ajrriculture, manufactures, and commerce shmld b« far in excess of what they now are, 10. The roads and canals are few, and communication is mainly carried on by mean? of camels and caravan t GEOGRAPHY. 189 11. Minerals of nearly every kind are found iu the mountains. 12. The country is divided into eij^hteen eyalets, each of which is presided over by a pacha, appointed by the sultan. 13. There are many nomadic tribes in Asiatic Turkey, the most notable of which are the Kurds in Kurdistan, the Turkmans in Anatolia^ and the Bedouin Arabs in Syria. 14. Most of the circumstances related in the Bible occurred in Asiatic Turkey; Irak- Arabia is celebrated as contiining the ruins of Babylon ; and Palestine is noted as being the Holy Land. 15. The principal towns of Turkey in Asia, are Aleppo, a place of commerce; Damascus, the oldest city in the world, noted for its silk, cotton, and sword blade manufactures ; Smyrna, celebrated in Scripture as the seat of one of the "seven churches," and now an important sea-port; and Bassorali, the great emporium of trade for Eastern produce. 16. Among places rich in historic inciflent are Jerusalem, the capital of ancient Judaja ; Bagdad, formerly the residence of the caliphs; and the ruins of Ninevah, E['hesu^, Palmyra, and Baalbac. 17. The population is about 16,000,000. It consists of Syrians, Greeks, Armenians, Turks, and Nomads. AH these are politically ««■♦ 140 OVIDZ TO j ,i i m\ jj I' i ! 1 1 1 i 1 1 ,1 i . opposed to each other, and the latter frequently rebel against the government. 18. The religions that prevail are Mahome- tanism and Christianity, and there is also a sect known as the Druses, living on Mount Lebanon, who are as much opposed to the Christian as to the Mahometan faith, QUESTIONS. 1. What is the extent of Turkey in Asia? How ii it bounded ? 2. Into how many provinces is it divided ? Name the provinces. 8. Describe the nature of its soil and climate. 4. Name the islands belonging to Asiatic Turkey. 6. Mention the principal rivers. 6. Name the chief lakes. 7. Of what do the exports consist ? 8. What is the state of its manufacturing industry? What are the principal manufactures caiTied on ? 9. What have you read concerning its commerce ? 10. How is communication mainly carried on between different places J? 11. What is related about its minerals ? J 2. How is the country divided, and by whom is itf government conducted ? 13. Name the principal Nomadic tribes. 14. What peculiar interest is attached to Asiatic Turkey? J . 15. Name the principal towns, and for what they are famed. 16. What places are rich m niscoric incident? 17. What is about the amount of population ? Of what peoples does it consist? What is said about their feelings towards each other ? 18. What religions prevail? Wiiat 19 related about one exceptional sect ' ^ •lOORAFHT. HI itf one OKAPTEB XXVUL ARABIA. 1. Arabia is a large peninsula, joined to Africa by tbe Isthmus of Suez. It is bounded on the north hv Asiatic Turkey ; on the south by the Arabian soa ; on the east by the Persian gulf; and on the west by the Red sea. 2. It was formerly divided into Arabia Petrsea, or the Stony, in the north-west; Arabia Felix, or the Happy, in the south ; and Arabia DesertH, or the Desert, in the centre. But it is now separated into six districts, viz. i-— Iledjaz, Yemen, liadraraaut, Oman, Lahsa or Hedjar, and Nedsjed. S A large portion of Arabia is within the torrid zone. Its climate is the driest in the world, and is in many parts very unhealthy. 4. Arabia is celebrated for its noble breed of horses, and among its other domestic animals are the camel, ox, ass, zebu, goat, and s^heep. Its wild animals are the panther, hyaena, jackal, wolf, rock-ji^oat, fox, musk-deer, antelope, ga- zelle, vjild-ass, and monkeys. Its birds in- clude the eagle, vulture, hawk, ostrich, pelican, pheasants, pigeons, and fowl. 5. its mineral productions are silver, iron, bfisalt, blue alabaster, emerald, and onyx. m «^:i>l Ml^ If l| J. ; : * 1 '11' li, 14d GiriDE TO (5, In Arabia there are no navigable rivers, or large lakes, and the country suffers greatly from the want of water. Communication is made from place to place principally by camels. 7. The general aspect of the country is a vast and arid desert, intersected in the centre . with a range of mountains. With the exception of a few fertile spots, at wide intervals, the only productive land is on the sea-coast, where there are some flourishing settlements. 8. Only a very small portion of the land is cultivated, and agriculture is in a very back- ward state. The tilled land, however^ produces coffee, — the best in the world, — dates, dcurah (a kind of millet), wheat, barley, tobacco, indigo, sugar-cane, tamarinds, spices, acacia, balsams, gums, fruits, senna, and castor-oil. 9. The exports consist of coffee, gums, drugs, and pearls. 10. Manufactures can scarcely be said to exist in Arabia, though in Oman various ar- ticles are produced in a most crude manner. The Arabs obtain most of their necessary articles from other countries, in exchange for produce. >, .. 11. The government is nominally patri- nrcliul, i. «., being presided over by an old man, or elder, whose authority is regulated more by the sentiments and habits of the people than by any stated policy. In reality, however, there GEOOBAPHr. 143 are a number of independent tribes, each having their own princes. The Iman of Yemen is the most powerful, but his authority is very limited. 12. The religion is Mahometanism of the strictest kind, though in some secluded parts there are idolaters who worship fire, and the sun and other heavenly bodies. 13. The most important, places in Arabia are Muscat and Mocha, important sea-ports; Mecca, the birth-place of Mahomet, which con- tains a celebrated mosque that every good Mussulman is expected to visit at least once in his life ; Medina, which contains the tomb of the prophet ; and Aden, a steam-packet station, between Bombay and Suez, which has been in the posse«s*^n of England since 1838. 14. The population is about 12,000,000. For the most part the inhabitants lead a frugal and abstemious life, depending for subsistence upon their flocks. Porcupines, weazels, rats, lizards, and locusts form a portion of their food, with thin, half-baked millet cakes. The greater portion live in tents made of camels' hair, and they wander about from place to place. Ian, by by ^ere QUESTIONS. 1. How is Arabia Joined to Africa ? How is it boi'iided ? 2. How was it formerly divided? How is it now sepa- rated? H4t GUIDE TO 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. In what zone is the largest portion of Ai*abia ? What is the nature of its climate ? For what particular breed of animals is Arabia cele« brated ? Name its domejitic animals, its wild animals, and its birds. What are its mineral productions ? Is Arabia well-watered ? How is commnnication be- tween place and place mainly conducted ? What is the general aspect of the country ? What is the nature of its soil ? What is the state of its agriculture, and what are the products of its land ? Of what does its exports ^^onsist ? What have you read about its mannfactiires ? State what is related concerning its government. What have you read about its religion ? Name the most important places in Arabia, and for what they are noted. What place in Arabia belongs to England ? What is about the number of its population? What have you read concerning the habits of the people ? CHAPTEB XXIX. PEIISJA. • '" 1. Persia, comprising: an area of about 500,000 square miles, is bounded on the west by Asiatic Turkey; on the north by Trans- caucasia and the Cnspian sea ; on the east by Afghanistan and Beioochistan ; and on the south by the Arabian sea and the Persian gulf. 2. It is divided infco ten provinceSi viz. : f ,:.-■ GKOOfiAPUY. 145 bout west *ans- [t by the Isnlf. VIZ • • Azerbijau^ Fars^ Ghilan, Irak Ajemi, Kerman, Khorassan, Khoristan^ Kohistan^ Majauderan^ and Thabaristan. 3. The surface of the country is greatly varied. There are lofty ranges of mountains, numerous rivers and lakes, extensive plains, fertile valleys^ various table-lands, and a vast desert, which occupies one-third of the whole country. 4. The climate of Persia presents the extremes of heat and cold. In some parts, however, it is very salubrious, while in others it is peculiarly unhealthy. 5. Some parts of Persia produce an abund- ance of corn, but in consequence of there being but little water, agriculture does not flourish, except in the immediate vicinity of lakes and rivers. The most delicious exotic fruits are cultivated, and poppies and roses are largely grown — the formar for the preparation of opium, and the latter for otto of roses. 6. The domestic animals include those most common to Europe ; and, in addition, the camel and a celebrated wool-producing goat. The wild animals are the lion, leopard, tiger- cat, hysena, wolf, jackal, antelope, and wild boar; and among its birds are the blackbird, thrush, and nightingale. 7. The minerals of Persia include gold, ■'Vi nt I- pfi, Mi 146 GtlBE TO silver^ precious stones^ iron^ lead^ salt, bitumen, and naphtha; but mining operations are not properly conducted. 8. The principal cities of Persia are Is- pahan, the first commercial city in the empire; Teheran, the capital^ and residence of the shah ; Tauris, where is carried on a large trade in silk ; and Shiraz, noted for the beauty of its gardens, its splendid bazaar, and for the tombs of the celebrated poets^ Hafiz and Sadi. 9. The manufactures of Persia are im- portant, the luxury and splendour of the great affording an extensive demand for fine fabrics and works of ornament. The Persians excel in the manufacture of dyes, in brocades and embroidery, and are noted for their carpets and silks. They also produce cotton and woollen cloths, camel and goats' hair stuffs, leather, paper, porcelain, and steel- ware. 10. The inland commerce is carried on by means of caravans ; the sea-trade of the ^outh is mostly in the hands of the English, and that of the north in those of the Russians. 11 . The Persians are gay, lively, and active ; ostentatious in manner, profuse in dress, and generally considered to be the most learned people of the East. 1 Z. The population is about 9,000,000. , 18. The government of Persia is despotic, ^f . I QSOGRAPHT. 147 under a shah^ whose subjects are considered as his slaves. 14. The religion of the Persians is Ma- hometanism ; but there are some Christians^ and also a number of Guebers^ or fire-wor- shippers. QUESTIONS. 1. What is the area of Persia, and how is it bounded ? 2. How is it divided ? 8. "What variety does its sui-face present ? 4. What is the nature of its climate ? 5. What are its productions, and the state of its agriculture ? 6. What have you read about its natural history ? 7. Name its chief minerals and metals. 8. Name its principal cities. 9. What are the manufactures of Persia ? 10. How is its inland commerce conducted, and by what nations is the northern and the southern trade mono- polised? 11. What is the character of the Persians ? 12. What is about the number of the population ? 13. What is the government and religion of Persia ? 14. What religions are followed in Persia ? CHAPTEEXXX. BELOOCHISTAN. 1. Beloochistan is bounded on the west by Persia; on the south by the Arabian sea; on I ma H': I h !! 148 GUIDE TO the east by the frontier of Hindostan ; and on the north loy Afghanistan. 2. The surface and climate are very diver- sified : in the mountains the cold is intense^ while in summer the heat in the plains is scarcely supportable. There is throughout the country a great scarcity of water. 3. The domestic animals are similar to those in Persia, but the wild animals are more numerous. 4. The minerals of Beloochistan are gold, silver, iron, lead, copper, tin, antimony, brim- stone, marble, salt, and saltpetre. 5. The inhabitants are chiefly nomadic, and half barbarous. They are divided into an immense number of tribes. They reside in tents and are a race of lawless robbers. The country is governed by sirdars, or chiefs, who nominally acknowledge the supremacy of the khan of Kelat, but virtuallv each tribe is independent. 6. The religion is Mahometanism of the Soonee faith. 7. The population is about 2,000,000, and Kelat is the principal place. QUESTIONS. t 1. How is Beloochistan bounded ? ^ 2. Give some description of the surface of the country. OEOGRAPHT. 149 id on iiver- :ense^ ns is it the 8. What are its domestic, and its wild animals ? 4. Name its chief minerals. 5. What l^ave you read concerning its inhabitants, and what are their habits and religion ? 6. What is the religion ? 7. What is the estimated population ? Name the chief place. ar to I are gold, brim- c, and ;o an de in The , who bf the 36 is Df the ), and ntry. CHAPTEB XXXI. AFGHANISTAN. 1. Afghanistan is bounded on the north by Turkestan; on the south by Scinde, Beloo- chistan and Bwhalpoor; on the east by the Funjaub ; and on the west by Persia. 2. The greater portion of this country is mountainous, though it also comprises a large surface of lofty table-lands. In the valleys of the infierior mountains there are some beautiful and fertile plains, which produce cotton, rice, millet, maize, turmeric, and sugar- cane. In the higher lands, fruits, herbs, and forest trees peculiar to Europe, grow wild, and all kinds of grain are successfully cultivated. The system of agriculture practised is of the rudest kind. 8. There are numerous rivers, which more or less partake of the character of mountain torrents. o3 I h i ml 150 GUIDE TO 4. The climate is very variable, as within 'he compass of one day's journey, a tropical '•egion and a perpetually-frozen country may be visited. It is, however, generally healthy, except when visited by the simoom, which is a hot dry wind that blows from the interior deserts. 5. The animals of Afghanistan are like those of other Indian countries ; and, in addition, there »s a peculiar sheep that have tails of solid fat, twelve inches in breadth. 6. The exports comprise iron, madder, assafoetida, fruits, raw silk, gum, <;opper and brass vessels, tinsel thread, spices, indigo, dyeing materials, horses, and white cloth. 7. Communication is carried on bv camels m the plains, and by mules and asses in the mountains. 8. The religion is Mahometanism ; but Hindoos and Christians are tolerated. Edu- cation receives much attention, and in almost every village is a school, usually conducted by a priest. 9. The inhabitants are a hardy, inhospitable race, much given to predatory warfare, and evincing a decided contempt for the occupations of civil life. 10. The chief towns are Cabul, which con- I 1 GEOGRAPHY. 151 hut Edu- linost d by itable tains a vast bazaar, and the tomb of Baber, said to have been the founder of the Mogul empire ; and Candahar and Herat, where are manufactured silk and woollen stuffs, and sword blades. 11. The population amounts to about 6,000,000. 12. The government of Afghanistan is nominally presided over by a shah ; but the chiefs of Cabul, Candahar, and Herat, all claim to be independent. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Afghanistan bounded? 2. Give some description of (i.) the surface of the country, (ii.) its vegetation, (iii.) and of the state of its agii- culture. ' 3. What is the character of its rivers ? 4. Describe the nature off its climate. What is the simoom ? 5. Name its animals ? 6. What articles does it export? 7. How is communication carried on from place to place ? 8. What is the prevailing religion? Arc other sects tolerated ? What is said about cdi cation ? 9. Describe the peculiar characteristics of the people. 19. Name the chief towns. 11. What is about the amount of population ? 12. What is the nature of the government in Afa;hauistan con- <*;• 152 GUIDE TO CHAPTEB XXXn. >n ' I, A a "\ TURKESTAN. 1. Turkestan^ often called ''Independent Tartary/^ is bounded on the north by Asiatic Russia; on the south by Persia and Afghan- istan; on the east by the Pamir table-land; and on the west by the Caspian sea. 2. It is divided into several independent states, the principal of which are Khiva, Kokan, and Bokhara. 3. The people are mostly nomadic. Those inhabiting the north and north-east are known as the Kirghis tribes ; and those residing in the south are styled Usbecs, or Turcomans. 4. The government is despotic, and each state is ruled by a khan, or ameer. 5. Agriculture is but little practised, except along the river banks. The greater part of Turkestan is desert land, and both wood and water are^ scarce. In the fertile districts, corn, maize, cotton, and delicious fruits are culti- vated, and the silk-worm is extensively reared. 6. Weaving in silk and cotton is practised in the south, and some steel goods are manu- factured. '\ G^dkA^tiY. 163 indent Lsiatic 'ghan- -land; indent Lokan^ 7. The exports consist of raw silk, cotton^ wool, lambskins, and horses ; the latter animals are considered very fine, and their flesh is occasionally eaten. Communication is principally carried on by means of caravans. 8. The principal towns are Bokhara, one of the chief commercial emporiums of Central Asia ; Khiva, noted for its great slave market ; and Ourghenj, the entrep6t between Bokhara and Russia. 9. The population is about 5,000,000. ' 10. The religion is Mahometanism. Those mown in the each [except lart of id and corn, culti- ;ared. ictised lanu- QUESTIONS. 1. How is Turkestan bounded? By what other name is it sometimes called ? 2. How is it divided ? ' 3. What are the customs of the greater portion of the inhabitants? By what names are different tribes known ? 4. What is the government ? By whom are the people roied? 5. Give some description of (i.) its agriculture, (ii.) its surface, and (iii.) its products. 6. What are its manufactures? 7. What are its exports? How is communication princi- pally carried on ? 8. Name the principal places of note. 9. What is about the amount of population » 10. What is the religion? ' J- ■..J— i-W^ 164 aVIDBIO ■, ^ ■t, :! OEAPTEB XXXITL HINDOSTAN, or INDIA. 1. Hindostan is bounded on the north by Tibet j on the south by the Indian ocean ; on the east by the Birman empire^ and the bay of Bengal ; and on the west by AfghanistaUi * Beloochistan, and the Arabian sea. 2. Its length is about 1,900 miles, and its breadth nearly 1,600 miles. It contains 1,500,000 square miles, of which 900,000 be- long to Great Britain, 500,000 to tributary states, and 100,000 to ^independent states. 3. The tributary states are very numerous ; and, including those known as the Hill* states^ number fully four hundred. The independent states are Cashmere, Nepaul, and Bhotan, and the French and Portuguese possessions. 4; The chief mountains are the Himalaya^ in the north, and the Ghauts, in thp east and west. Its chief rivers are the Ganges,, the Indus, Nerbudda, Godavery, Kistna Houghly, and Cavery. 5. Hindostan possesses mimy table-lands and valleys of great fertility. Its chief pro- ductions are rice, cotton, sugar-cane, opium, GEOGRAPHY. 155 th by n; on bay of aistan, I, and ^ntains lOO be- ibutary lerous ; * stateSj )endent m, and malayat ast and »es,. tbe oughly, le-lands ief pro- opium, palm, cocoa-nut, tamarind, guava, mango, pineapple, oranp^e, lemon, melon, pomegranate, pepper, spices, and various kinds of grain. Agriculture is, however, very defective. 6. Thj chief domestic animals are camels, horses, oxen, and sheep, the latter of which have hair instead of wool. Its wild animals are lions, elephants, tigers, leopards, hyaenas, deer, jackals, monkeys, &c. Serpents, scor- pions, locusts, and mosquitoes abound. 7. Among the mineral productions are various precious stones ; the diamonds of Orissa and Golconda being the most celebrated. ^ 8. The manufactures consist of shawls, muslins, calicoes, and silks. The Hindoos especially excel in weaving, and in working ivory and metals. 9. The commerce of Hindostan is con- siderable ; but it is mostly in the hands of the English. The exports consist of raw cotton, silk, wool, hides, jute, indigo, dye stuffs, sugar, coffee, rice, opium, oil- seeds, saltpetre, pepper, pearls, and diamonds. 10. Communication between place and place is chiefly carried on by means of the great rivers, as there are very few roads. In the north-west provinces, the camel is the beast of burthen, and in most other parts the ox. The elephant and the horse are only used for ridingi and in war. If iw'ia 166 GUIDE TO ■'N.,. ii': V^ I 'a \:k: I 11. The British possessions are divided into three presidencies^ viz. : Bengal^ Madras^ and Bombay. These are under the govern- ment of a governor-general, who is aided by the governors of Madras and Bombay, all of whom are appointed by the English crown. 12. The presidency of Bengal, of which Calcutta is the capital, includes the provinces or states of Bengal, Bahar, Allahabad, Oude, Delhi, the Dooab, the Punjaub, Berar, and Orissa; but for administrative purposes, it is divided into four provinces, viz. : — ^Bengal, North-western, the Punjaub, and British Burmah, in Further India, each of which is presided over by a lieutenant-governor. 13. The presidency of Madras comprises the provinces of Malabar, Ci rears, and the Carnatic. 14. The presidency of Bombay includes the provinces of Scinde, Sattarah, Aurungabad, Kandeish, and Gnjerat; and the island of Ceylon, which has a distinct government. 15. The most remarkable cities of Hindostan are Calcutta, the capital of Bengal and of the British Indian empire ; Benares, a sacred city of the Hindoos, resorted to by pilgrims ; Hyderabad and Golconda, noted for their diamond cutters; Allahabad, the capital of the North-western provinces; Delhi, the ancient GEOGBAPH^f. 157 capital of the Mogul empire; Juggernaut^ remarkable as a place for idolatrous worship ; Lucknow, the capital of the late kingdom of Oude; Madras, celebrated as an emporium of trade; and Bombay, which possesses a fine harbour and is the chief ship-building and naval station. 16. The British territories are governed by English laws, presided over by governors [see par. 11], whose power is almost despotic. They are subject to the control of the Secretary of State who manages the affairs of the Indian empire. The seats of government are at Cal- cutta, Madras, and Bombay. 17. The population is about 190,000,000. 18. The religion of the Hindoos is for the most part that of Brahmism, but Buddhism and Mahometanism also exist. The govern- ment, however, gives to each sect the greatest amount of religious freedom, though it has endeavoured to suppress the system of self- immolation that was once greatly practised by idolaters. 19. The British government maintain an army of about 200,000 men in India, of which about 80,000 are British troops. The Tribu- tary states also pay and furnish 100,000 men, if required to do so. The native soldiers, styled sepoys, are officered by Europeans. m\ t ■ 158 GUIDE TO QUESTIONS. 1. How is Hindostan bounded? 2. What is its extent ? What proportion of the territory belongs (i.) to Great Britain, (ii.) to tributary states, and (iii.) to independent states ? 3. WHat have you read about the tributary states and the independent states ? 4. Name the chief mountains and rivers. 6. What is the nature of the surface? What are its chief productions ? 6. Name the principal domestic and wild animals. 7. Mention the mineral products. 8. What are the principal manufactures ? 9. What have you read about its commerce and exports ? 10. What is related about its facilities of transit ? 11. How are the British possessions divided ? By whom are they governed ? 12. What provinces are included in the presidency of Bengal ? How is it divided, and by whom are the divisions presided over ? 13. What provinces are comprised in the Madras presi- dency ? 14. What provinces are included in the Bombay presi- dency? What is related about the government of Ceylon ? 15. Name some of the most remarkable cities of Hindo- stan. 16. How are the British territories governed ? 17. What is the estimated population ? ♦18. What have you read about the religion of the country ? \ 19. What is related about the Indian army ? ' 1 GEOGRAPHY. 159 its 3HAPTER XXXIV. FURTHER INDIA. 1. Further India^ or India beyond the Ganges, is bounded on the north by the eastern Himalaya ; on the south by the gulf of Siam and the straits of Malacca ; on the east by the China sea ; and on the west by Hindostan. 2. From north to south it is about 2,000 miles, and from east to west nearly 1,200. 3. It is divided into the Birman empire, Siam, Annam, Lao, Malay States, Br.'tish Pos- sessions, and French Possessions. 4. The country is traversed from north to south by lofty ranges of mountains and vast rivers, which, at certain seasons, overflow their banks. Mauy houses are therefore built on piles, and c^^hers are made to float like ships. tho BIRMAH. 5. The Birman empire occupies one-fourth of the peninsula beyond the Ganges, and is about 950 miles length by 220 in breadth. 6. It is a mountainous country, containing very fertile and well -wooded vallevs. The soil W ft is, however, imperfectly tilled, and a great portion of the land is not cultivated. Its 160 GUIDE TO I t K r forests are well-wooded, and in them bees swarm to such an extent that their wax forms an important article of commerce. 7. Its wild animals include the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, wild cat, bear, otter, deer, hog, ape, and buffalo. Among the reptiles are found alligators, lizards, tortoises, and turtles; its birds are varied, and espe- cially remarkable for the eli^gance of their plumage. A small white elephant, peculiar to Birmah, is much valued, and when domes- ticated is used in royal and religious pro- cessions. 8. The mineral products are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, tin, petroleum, amber, - marble, precious stones, sulphur, coal, &c. 9. In every description of useful and orna- mental manufactures, Birmah is backward. 10. The chief exports comprise cotton, feathers, ivory, horn, gums, teak-wood, stick- lac, bees-wax, precious stones, and birds^-nests. 11. The chief towns are Ava, the capital, and Ummerapoora. 12. The government is despotic and he- reditary, and the religion that of Buddhism. 13. The population is about 3,000,000. . ■ ( SIAM. 14. Siam is situated in the heart of the '; ' GEOORAPHT. 161 la- le- peninsola, between Hindostan and China. It IS about 900 79¥;8 long^ and 400 broad. 15. A large portion of the surface of the country is mountainous, and there are extensive swamps and jungles. The climate is salubrious^ except in the mountain distiicts, which are subject to fevers; and the soil is extremely fertile near the banks of rivers. 16. The vegetable^ mineral, and animal productions^ and its exports^ resemble those of Birmah. 17. The Siamese are noted for their clean- liness and order. They belong to the Mon- golian race, and tbeir disposition is peculiarly humane. They delight in music and poetry, are fond of dancing and wrestling, and their puppet-shows are the most perfect in tlic world. 18. The chief towns are Bankok, the capital; and Ythia, or Siam. 19. The government is despotic, and the religion. Buddhism. The temples are noted for their magnificence, and for the gigantic statues they contain. 20. The population is about 6,000,000. ANNAM. - ' ' 21. Annam occupies the east portion of a promontory to the north-east of the MaUiy peninsula. From north to south it is about pa 162 I'' QUIDS TO M :i- '■. 970 miles, and in breadth varies from 400 to 85 miles. -^^'v , 22. The northern part is called Tonquin; the south-east, Cochin- China ; and the south- west, Cambodia; the latter province being partly tributary to Siam. 23. The surface of the country is that of a beautiful landscape, comprising charming val- leys, which run up into the slopes of well- cultivated hills. 24. The soil is, for the most part, very fertile ; but agriculture is most defective. 25. The vegetable, mineral, and animal products, and the exports, resemble those of Birmah. Its elephants are, however, the largest in the world ; and from hence the Chinese principally obtain the edible birds'- nests, which are esteemed as a dainty. In Cambodia is found the celebrated gum, gam- boge, which is much esteemed as a pigment. 20. The chief towns are Hue, the capital of Annam; Kesho, the capital of Tonquin; and Saigon g, the capital of Cambodia. 27. The climate is healthy, but variable. 28. The population is about 6,000,000, aad the religion Buddhism. LAO, OR SHAH STATES. ^ 29. These consist of a number of smaU Q£OGBAFHT. 168 states ; those in the north being tributary to Birmah^ and those in the south to Siam. 30. They are mountainous, well wooded and watered ; their valleys are fertile and under cultivation; and iron, lead, tin, and precious stones are found. MALAY STATES. 31. The Malay States occupy the most southern portion of the peninsula of Further India, and comprise an area of about 45,000 square miles. 32. They are traversed through their centre by a mountain chain. The valleys are well watered ; but the soil is not distinguished for fertility. 33. The products are timber, bamboos, sago, caoutchouc, cinnamon, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cloves, cotton, indigo, horns, ivory, and tin. 34. The government is despotic, and the religion Mahometanism, with a mixture of Paganism. 35. The population is about 400,000, and the people are not^d for their love of adventure, war, and plunder. BEITISH POSSESSIONS. 36. These consist of Aracan, Pegu, the Tenassarim provinces Assam and the Straits Utf -I r i! 164 GUIDE TO Settlements^ which form part of the presidency of Bengal. 37. Aracan^ situate to the south-east of Bengal, •comprises about 16^500 square miles. It is mountainous, and contains extensive forests. Its exports consist of honey, wax, ivory, drugs, gold, sapphires, and rubies. The population is about 300,000. 38. In Pegu is Rangoon, a seaport, and the capital of British Birmah, which contains a celebrated temple; and near the ancient city of Pegu are about 500 naphtha wells, which yield about 500,000 gallons annually. 39. The Tenassarim provinces are moun- tainous, and comprise about 33,000 square miles, on a slip of territory between Siam and the Indian ocean. 40. Assam, sit'tated to the west of Bengal, contains an area of about 21,100 square miles, and a population of 750,000. Much of its land is under cultivation, but the greater part of it is soft and swampy, and the climate is unhealthy. Tea has latelv been extensivelv cultivated, and silk and lace are prepared for exportation. The moral character of the Assamese is said to be exceedingly depraved. 41. The Straits Settlements contain a population of about 250,000. They comprise Malacca, Wcllesky Province, Penang, and Singapore. GEOOBAFHY. 165 iles, its part II a n'ise and 43. Malacca, connected with Si am by the isthmus of Kraw, comprises 1,000 square miles. Its surface is mountainous and is covered with extensive forests and marshes. It produces fruits in abundance, and rice, sago, timber, pepper, gums, and ivory ; but grain is scarce. Its minerals are tin and gold. 43. Wellesley Province is on the west coast of the Malay peninsula. Its area is 100 square miles; its surface is undulating, its climate healthy, and its products are rice, sugar, pepper, cocoanuts, cattle, and poultry. 44. Penang, or Prince of Wales's Island, the seat of government of the Straits Settle- ments, in the straits of Malacca, comprises 160 square miles. It is well wooded and hilly, and its products are similar to those of Wellesley province. The capital is George Town. 45. Singapore, an island near the south coast of Malacca, 27 miles long and 11 broad, is said to be " the paradise of India, the home of plenty, and the abode of health.^' Its sur- face is low, undulating, and well wooded; it carries on a vast trade, and is an emporium for goods from all parts of the globe. 46. The French possessions comprise Lower Cochin- China. p 166 QUIDB TO ! h 1 I! I! QUESTIONS. ^ FTJRTHEB INDIA. 1. Hov is it bounded ? 2. What is its extent? 8'. How is it divided? 4. What have you read about its mountains and rivert f BIBMAH. 6. What is its extent ? 6. Describe its surface. What is stated about its soil and its forests ? 7. Name its wild animals. 8. Mention its minerals. 9. What is the state of its manufactures f 10. What are its exports ? 11. ITame its chief towns "* 12. What is its government, and its religion ? 18. What is the estimated population ? 8IAM. • 14. How is it situated ? 16. Describe its surface, its climate, and its soil. 16. What are its vegetable, mineral, and animal pro** ductions, and its exports ? 17. ^or what are the Siamese noted ? To what race do they belong? What is their disposition? In what do they delight ? 18. Name the chief towns. 19. What is its government, and its religion ? 20. What is the estimated population ? 1 ANNAM. 21. How is it situated, and what is its extent ? 22. What names are given to certain parts of the country ? 23. Describe its surface. 24. What is the nature of the soil, and in what state is its agriculture ? GEOGRAPHY. 167 soil pr(H 1 ' 25. Name its vegetable, mineral, and animal production;?, apd its export??. "What is stated about its elephants, an esteemed dainty, and about a celebrated gum? 20. Name its chief* towns. 27. What is the nature of its climate ? 28. What is its population ? LAO, OR SHAH STATES. 29. Of what do these consist, and to what countries are they tributary ? 30. Describe their surface, the nature of the soil, and the mineral products. MALAY ST\TES. 81. What is their position and extent? 82. Describe the surface. 33. What are the products? 34. What is the government, and what tlic religion? 85. What is the population, and for what are the people noted ? BRITISH POSSESSIONS. •;; SO. Name the provinces. ' . * 87. What have you read about Aracan ? 38. What is stated concerning Pegu ? 89. What is the nature and extent of the Tenassarim provinces ? 40. What is related respecting Assam ? 41. Name the Straits Settlements and their population. 42. What is stated about Malacca ? 43. What is related concerning Wellesley Province ? 44. Give some description of Penang, By what other name is it known? 45. What have you read about Singapore ? 4C. Of what do the French possessions consist? "11, if": I 168 OUIDB TO m 1 ( f 11 i CHAPTER ZXXV. CHINESE EMPIRE. 1. The Chinese Empire^ situated in the south-east of Asia^ comp];ises an area of about 5,500,000 square miles, in which are included China Proper, and the tributary states of Manchooria, Mongolia, Corea, and the Loo Choo islands. CHINA. 2. China Proper is estimated to be 2,000 miles in length, and 1,600 in breadth, and for ( administrative purposes, ie divided into eighteen provinces. 3. The surface of the country has not been fully explored by Europeans, but it is supposed to be a level, fertile, and highly-cultivated region, varied by mountain chains of considerable magnitude. The eastern half is, in the north, a vast plain, and in the south a hilly region; the western half being mountainous, and con- taining the Yun-lin ranges, the summits of which are, many of them, covered with per- petual snow. 4. The rivers are distinguished for their magnitude and extent. The Hoangho, or yellow river, and the Yang-tse-kiang, or blue river, OEOGBAPHY. m run parallel with each others and water the central regions. Their tributaries are nu* merous, and equal in size some of the principal streams of Europe. Communication princi- pally takes place by means of the various water- courses. 5. The lakes are numerous^ the largest being the Tong-ting and the Poyang. The former is 200 miles in circumference^ and the latter 90 miles. 6. The climate exhibits the extremes of heat and cold. The southern provinces ex- perience the former^ and the northern pro- vinces the latter. 7. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the Chinese, and their main object is to cultivate every spot of ground, so that it may produce the greatest profit. The chief objects of cul- ture, are rice kuC the tea-plant; but in the north the ordinary F ^''opean grain is grown; in the south, m^ Vbervy trees; and cotton in the centre; to wh ch u'?:y be added tobacco, camphor, su^-j-i^ »ie, id rhubarb. 8. The mineral productions include copper, rock-crystal, lapis lazuli, rubies, quicksilver, iron, tin, sulphur, coal, alum, nitre, gypsum, salt, gold and silver in small quantities, and kaolin. The latter is a porcelain earth, which has enabled the Chinese to gain a univer- sally high reputation for their beautiful ware « known as " China/' . iro OUIDB TO 9. The domestic animals are the horse^ sheep, pig, dog, camel, elephant, ox, and mule. In consequence of the density of the population and the high state of cultivation of its land, wild animals are almost extirpated. The tiger is, however, found in the forests of Yunnan, and wild cats in the southern woods ; and, oc- casionally, bears are seen. Bats are numerous, and birds abound, the plumage of some of the latter being extremely gorgeous. Serpents of various kinds and tortoises are common, and locusts are so abundant, that they frequently injure the growing crops. In no other country is fish supposed to be so plent 10. Two public works of China, tae great wall, and the great canal, are so remarkable that no other nation can produce a parallel to either one or the other. The great wnli, built about B.C. 200, for the purpose of preventing the invasion of the Tartars, is upwards of 1,400 miles in length; it varies from 15 to 30 feet in height, and from 15 to 20 feet in thick- ness. The great canal is more than 700 miles long, and is so beautifully graduated that it is wound round elevations without the necessity of using numerous locks. 11. The manufactures are important. They consist of porcelain, silk, nankeen, carving in wood and in ivory, filigree and lacquered v are, Indiau-ink, and paper. The mechanical >kill GEOGRAPHY, 171 of the Chinese is very great, and they display remarkable ingenuity in carving. 12. The exports comprise tea, porcelain, raw and spun silk, sugar, rhubarb, embroidery, lacquered ware, and carved ivory goods. 13. The manners and customs of the Chinese people are peculiar, and their whole system of life is a routine of parade and cere- mony. They have a hatred of athletic amuse- ments, and are not cleanly. Females are totally excluded from general society, and the feet of many of them are compressed into so small a compass, that they cannot walk with either ease or grace. 14. Literature is cultivated to the greatest extent ; and knowledge is the only passport to political power. In art some progress has been made, but science remains at a standstill. 15. China, it is stated, contains upwards of 400 walled cities. The chief places, however, are Pekin, the capital; Nankin, noted for its silk and nankeen manufactures ; Canton, an extensive sea-port ; and Hankow^ said to be the Birmingham, Liverpool, and Sheffield of China rolled into one. There are also other large places, each having a population exceeding 500,000. ^ % 16. Hong-Kong, a barren, mountainous island, with a population of 120,000, is in the 172 GUIDE TO possession of the Euglish, as is also the penia- sula of Kowlootij on the mainland. 17. The government is despotic. The em- peror's authority is greater than that of any other potentate, and there is neither nobility nor priesthood, or other privileged body to share with him any respect or influence. Oppression *is, however, rarely practisf^d, and the monarch is said to be the " Father of his people." 18. There are nine classes of mandarins, who manage the affairs of state. Each man- darin exercises absolute control over those who are under him, and a portion of his duty is to preach to the people in accordance with in- structions given to him by the Imperial court. 19. There is no established religion, and congregational worship is unknown. The mul- titude believe in good or bad spirits, who preside over the mountains, rivers, and other natural objects, or over their doors, hearths, &c. The tenets of Confucius are those followed by the court and the upper classes ; Buddhism is the religion of the masses; and there are many followers of Taou and of Mahomet. 20. The population is estimated at about 400,000,000. V TRIBUTARY STATES. 31. Manchooria, a mountainous country, If ' GEOGHAPilY. 173 comprises an area of about 84^000 square miles. It contains some extensive forests, and possesses a climate in which the extremes of temperature are experienced. Its inhabitants are principally nomadic, but agriculture is practised in the south, where ginseng (a favorite drug of the Chinese), and rhubarb are culf.i- vated. On the east coast pearl fisheries exist, and on the neighbouring land fur-producing animals are found. 22. Corea is a well-cultivated and thicklv populated country, governed by a king, who every four years pays a tribute to the emperor of China, and to whom he also submits his public acts for approval. The silk -worm is extensively reared, and agriculture is success- fully practised. No intercourse is held with Europeans, and trade is principally carried on with the Japanese. 23. Mongolia is an extensive region between the Chinese empire and Asiatic Russia. It is for the most part a vast and barren table-laud, inhabited by nomadic tribes. There are, however, fertile spots, on which large herds of camels, horses, and sheep are reared. Water and wood are very scarce. It is governed by princes, styled khans, who pay tribute to the emperor of China. The trade is confined to China Proper, but the Mongols realise profits by carryin;:^ goods between llussia and China q3 ■ i 174 GUIDE TO i III ■■ I . li r 1 '8 ^ If 24. Tibet is a large and mountainous couatry, on the highest part of the great, vdhle- land. It is peculiarly barren of vegetable pro- ductionS; but teems with animal life; its wild animals and birds being very numerous. The principal domestic animals are the yak or grunting ox, the goat, and the sheep. The latter is used as a beast of burthen in the high passes, and the goats^ hair is exported to Cash- mere for the purpose of manufacture. Minerals are found, but in consequence of there being neither coal nor other fuel, they cannot be worked. The religion is Buddhism, and the Dalai Lama, or high priest, is considered the incarnation of Deity. The government is pre- sided over by a Chinese viceroy. 25. The Loo Choo islands are a group in the North Pacirtc ocean, lying to the south of Japan. There are thirty-six islands, of which the Great Loo Choo is the largest. The climate is said to be the most delightful in the world, and its fruit and vegetables are of the most exquisite character. The inhabitants are di- minutive, but strong and athletic, and their disposition is peculiarly lively, gentle, and amiable. They have, however, a great oti'. jection to strangers. QUESTIONS. CHINESE EMPIRE. 1. What is its situation, and its area ? Nu.^? tary states. trir>ii- GEOGRAPHY. 175 Q^d CHINA. 2. What is the length and bieadth of Chiua Proper? How is it divided ? 8. What have you read about the surface of the country ? 4. For what are its rivers distinguished? What is re- lated about tlieir tributaries and the waiti-ooursos? 6. Name the largest lakes and their dimensions. 6. Describe its climate. 7. What is stated concerning its agriculture ? 8. Mention the mineral products. For what is its por- ce:ain cai di famed ? 9. Give particulars of what you have read respectiiif; (i.) its domestic and wild animals, (ii.) its bii'ds, (ill.) its reptiles, and (iv.) its fish. 10. Mention the names of its two remarkable public works,^and give some particulars concerninor tlicm. 11. What are the principal manufactures? For what par- ticular skill and ingenuity are the Chinese noted ? 12. Name the exports. 13. What is related about the manners and customs of the Chinese ? 14. How is literature cultivated? What is the existing state of art and science ? 15. What is stated about the cities of China ? Name the principal places. 16. Name the British possessions in China. ^ 17. Givfi some particulars of its government. 18. What is mentioned about the Mandarins ? 19. Give some description of the religion of the country. 20. What is the estimated population ? TRIBUTARY STATES. ' 21. What is related respecting Manchooria ? 22. Give some particulars of Corca. 23. Describe Mongolia, and state where it is situated'.' 2L What have you read about Tibet? 25. State some ])articular.s of the Loo Choo islands, and of their inhabitants. 176 GUIDE TO CHAFTE3 XXXVL JAPAN. 1. Japan is an extensive empire^ consistin of several large islands, situated at the eastern extremity of Asia, in the North Pacific ocean, the largest of which, are Niphon, Kiu-Siu, and Sikok. The whole area is about 260,000 square miles. 2. The general aspect of the islands is rugged and irregular, presenting almost every variety of mountain, rock, and hill, interspersed with plains of considerable extent. Earth- quakes are of frequent occurrence, and volcanic eruptions are sometimes most disastrous in their results. 3. The climate is variable, the extremes of heat and cold are experienced. 4. The animals are not numerous. ^Oxen are used as beasts of burthen, and their milk is not utilized. A large buffalo, resembling a camel, is also used for draught. Horses are few, and are only employed on occasions of state. The dog is a sacred animal, and though cats are numerous, rats and mice abound. Boars, hares, deer, and foxe? are found, the latter being viewed with abhorrence, as they are regarded as being ani- mated with demons. Birds and reptiles abounds, and tue rivers jue well stocked with fish « ! GEOGRAPHY. 177 1 6. In the vegetable kingdom the country is especially rich, and it includes both exotic and European plants. Fruits of all kinds are cultivated, the flowers are varied and beautiful, and agriculture flourishes. 6. The minerals comprise iron, gold, silver, copper, salt, nr^^Iitha, agates, cornelian, and jasper. On the sea shores pearls and ambergris are found, and in the sea various submarine plants and corals. 7. The Japanese are an industrious and meclianical people. Their chief manufactures comprise silk and cotton weaving, porcelain, lacquering, paper- making, and working in metals. They have, however, but little know- ledge of ship building, and their houses are rudely, constructed. 8. The exports principally consist of silk, tea, and copper, and the internal commerce of the country is very great. 9. The government is nominally despotic, and is presided over by an emperor, styled the Tycoon. His power is, however, exceedingly limited, as the real executive are the dairnos, or feudal princeS; who raise armies and administer justice in their own possessions. There is also a spiritual emperor, termed the Mikado, who is acknowledged to be superior to the Tycoon, though virtually he has no secular power^ J" I' 1 178 GUIDE TO I ' ■r T i 10. Ths religion is Buddhism, but another, named Sin- Sin, signifying "Faith in Gods,'' which resembles the Greek and Roman mytho- logy> exists. In this country there are nu- merous monasteries and nunneries. 11. The chief towns are Jeddo, the capital; Yokohama, the residence of Europeans; and Miyako, the former capital. 13. The population is unknown, but is variously estimated at from 30 to 50 millions. QUESTIONS. 1. Where is Japan situated, and what is its extent ? 2. What is the aspect of the surface of the country? What is related concerningf earthquakes and vol- canoes ? 8. What is the climate ? 4. What is stated respecting its animals, birds, reptiles, and fishes ? 6. What have yc i read about its vegetable kingdom, and the state of its agriculture ? 6. What are its minerals ? What is found on its sea^ shores, and in the sea ? 7. What is related concerning the industry and manu- factures of the Japanese ? 8. What are its exports ? 9. What have you read about its government ? 10. Give some description of the religions practised. 11. Name the chief town. 12. What is the estimated population ? V OEOGEAPHY. nr CHAFTEB XXXVII. AFRICA. 1. Africa^ one of the great divisions of the glohe^ is bounded on the north by the Medi- terranean sea ; on the south and west by the Atlantic; and on the east by the Bed sea and the Indian ocean. It is united to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, a tract of low sandy laud about 75 miles in width. * 2. Its area is about 12,000,000 sqfiare miles ; its greatest length being about 5,000 miles, and its maximum breadth nearly 4,600. 3. Africa has not any considerable opening from the sea into the land, and it is less watered than Kny other great division of the globe. Its chief rivers are the Nile, Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Rio Grande, Zaire or Congo, Gareep or Orange river, the Zambesi, and Shary. 4. Most of the rivers overflow their banks at certain periods, and saturate the surrounding countries. Many small streams do not reach the sea, but discharge themselves into lakes, or are lost by absorption or evaporation. 5. Some of the lakes are very large. The principal ones are Tchad, Nyassi or Maravi, Ngami, Tanganyika, and Victoria-Nyanza. w^ I ■ if 1« : ? 180 GUIDE TO 6. The seas^ gulfs, bays^ and straits of this continent are the gulf of Sidra^ in connection with the Mediterranean; the gulf of Guinea^ the bigb^ of Benin, and the bight of Biafra, in connection with the Atlantic ; the Red sea, the Mozambique channel, and the bays of SofftJa, Delagoa, and Algoa, in connection, with the Indian ocean ; and the straits of Gibraltar, and of Bab-el-Mandeb. 7. Serra is the most northernly cape, i Agultas the most southernly, Guardafui the most easternly, and Verd the most westernly. 8. The chief mountains in Africa are the Atlas, in the north-west; the Kong in the west; the mountains of the Moon in the centre ; the mountains of Abyssinia in the north-east; the Drakenberg in the south-east; the Laputas in the east, and the Nieuwoeld in the south, There are no volcanoes on the mainland, but nearly all the adjacent islands are volcanic. 9. The islands are Madagascar, one of the largest in the world, the Comoro, Mauritius, Bourbon, St. Helena, Ascension, Fernando Po, St. Thomas, the Cape Verd, the Canary, and the Madeiras. 10. The northern part of Africa is, for the most part, a gigantic plain ; the southern an extensive table«land; and the centre a rasi GEOGRAPHY. 181 desert occupying one- fifth of the entire con tinent. ii. Aft more than three parts of Africa are within the torrid zone, it is the hottest and driest of all the great divisions of the globe. It has only two seasons, one dry, the other rainy. The east coast is less hot than the west. 12. A great portion of the soil is barren; but where well watered it is extremely fertile. In the deserts there are small tracts of fertile land, called oases, and in the south are nu« merous steppes, styled karroos. 13. The forests are not extensive, except on the great mountain ranges and in Senegambia, Guinea, and Soudan. The trees comprise the the date, palm, oak, cassia, acacia^ baobab^ sandarach, coffee, and chandelier. 14. The chief products are dourah, wheat, date, maize, rice, banana, yam, ground-nut (a kind of bean), pulse, olive, cotton, wine, sugar- cane, coffee, tobacco, oranges, and indigo. 15. The principal known minerals are gold, iron, copper, and salt; but other descriptions are also met with. 16. The domestic animals include ths camel, horse, ox, goat, sheep, and dog. The wild animals are numerous and of peculiar species ; they comprise the elephant, lion, tiger, panther, leopard, hyaena, civet-cat, jackal. ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t 1.0 I.I 1^128 |2.5 ■ so ■^" I^H Vi mm Sf |« WHO 18 L26 iU 11.6 V] 71 .^\.V J5V v: V /^ Photographic Sciences Corpv>fation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 '<6 ^ \\ \ ^4S 182 GUIDE TO ichneumon, elephant, two-horned rhinoceros, zebra, quagga^ hippopotamus, giraffe, antelope, buffalo, chimpanzee, and various descriptions of winged mammals. » 17. Among its birds are the ostrich, bus- tard, flamingo, parrot, guinea-fowl, ibis, vulture, and falcon. 18. The principal reptiles are the crocodile, python and other serpents, and the chameleon. Insects are numerous, and include the scorpion^ locust, and termite, or white ant. 19. Africa contains no great kingdoms or empires; agriculture and manufactures are of the rudest kind, and commerce receives but little attention. The people are very low in the scale of civilization, and slavery exists in almost every part of the continent. "X. 21. The exports are very limited, and con- sist principally of gold ^^ory, and slaves. The latter are mostly prisoners of war, taken by the petty chiefs, who practise a continual war- fare against each other, for the purpose of acquiring men. 21. Africa was ori {finally peopled by the descendants of Ham, the son of Noah. In the north, and in the European colonies, the people are chiefly of the Caucasian race, while in the south, and in the centre, the inhabitants are principally negroes. \ GEOGRAPHY. 188 £2. The population is unknown ; but it is estimated to be about 62,000,000. 23. In the northern half, and on the east coast, Mahometanism prevails. Fetishism in the southern half, Christianity in the European colonies, and a corrupted form of that faith in Abyssinia, in some parts of Guinea, and among the Copts of Egypt. A fetish, or god, is any animate or inanimate object, specially set aside by an individual to be worslkpped. 1. 2. 8. 4. 5. G. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. QUESTIONS. How is Africa bounded? Bynirliat is it united irith Asia? What is its area ? Is Africa well watered ? Name its chief rivers. What are the peculiarities of its rivers and streams ? Mention the principal' lakes. Name the seas, bays, gmfs, and straits. Name (i.) the most northernly cape, (ii.) the most southernly, (iii.) the most easternly, (iv.) the most westernly. Mention the principal mountains, and their geogra- phica? position. What is related about volcanoes ? Name the African islands. Give some description of the general surface of the continent? In what zone is Africa principally situated ? What have you read about its seasons ? What is related respecting its soil ? What is stated about its forests and forest tre':s? Name its principal tro,^ 3. Mention its vegetable porducts. 16, Name the chief minerals, iSi .' . GUIDE TO 16 M^at are its domestic, and its wild animals ? 17. Name the principal birds. 18. Wliat are its chief reptiles and insects ? 19. Does Africa contain any great kingdoms or em p' res? What is ihe state of its agriculture, manufactures* commerce, and civilization ? ^ 20. What are its principal exports? What is related in reference to slavea ? 21. By whom was Africa first peopled? To what races do the inhabitants principally belong? 22. What is the estimated population ? 28. What have you refkd about the religion of its people ? What is a fetish ? • 4 CHAPTEB XXXVIII. EGYPT. 1. Egypt is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean sea; on the south by Nubia; on the east by the Red sea, and the isthmus of Suez; and on the north by the Libyan deserts. 2. It is divided into Bahari, or Lower Egypt; Vostani, or Middle Egypt; and Said, or Upper Egypt. 3. As rain very seldom falls in Egypt, there is no cultivation except in those parts which are reached by the overflowing of the river Nile, or where water can be artificially con* veyed. On the land, which is subject to inun- dations, all kinds of corn are gro.vn; and on GEOGRAPHY. 185 np'res? ictures, lated in at races people ? by the Nubia; imus of deserts. Lower d Said, >t, there s which he river lly con- to inun- and on those tracts which are artificially watered, rice, sugar, cotton, indigo, and various dcscrip^ tions of exotic fruits are cultivated. And among its trees and plants are the cypress, linum, papyrus, sycamore, aloe, lotus, and date palm. 4. The climate generally is uniformly salu- brious, and so remarkably dry that when rain falls it is viewed by the inhabitants as almost a miracle. The country is not, however, very healthy, as the plague and ophthalmia are indigenous diseases. The ravages of the former are much increased by the filthy habits of the people. 5. The minerals consist of marble, salt, natron, saltpetre, red granite, and emeralds. 6. The animals found in Egypt are tigers, hyaenas, wolves, antelopes, apes, black cattle, horses, asses, hippopotami, . and ichneumon ; among its reptiles are the crocodile, chameleon, and the cerastes, or horned viper; and its principal birds are the ostrich, eagle, hawk, pelican, and ibis. 7m The commerce is considerable, and is principally carried on with England. The exports are chiefly confined to corn, beans^ raw cotton and silk, gums, ostrich feathers, and manufactures of goats' hair. 8. The manufacturing industry is at a lery low ebb, and all branches of industry »nd ii3 WKM 186 GUIOI TO private enterprise are materially restricted^ iu consequence of the viceroy being sole manu- facturer and merchant. No person is allowed to manufacture any article »for sale, and all goods not proceeding from the government stores are contraband. The manufactures are pottery, cotton and woollen cloths, military accoutrements, carpets, and red caps. 9. Communication between place and place is made by means of the Nile, and by caravans across the deserts. Since the establishment of the overland route, a railway has been laid down between Alexandria, Cairo, and Suez, and Egypt may be said to be the high road from Europe to India. 10. Egypt is distinguished for its vast remains of antiquity^ large portions of which bear no marks of decay. Most worthy of notice among these are the sacred ruins at Thebes, and the pyramids, the largest of which, Cheops, is 460 feet in height, and covers eleven acres of ground. 11. The population, about 5,000,000, is composed of Copts, Arabs, and Turks. Euro- peans are styled Franks. / 12. The chief city is Cairo, the capital, con- taining numerous beautiful mosques, a fortified- castle, and Joseph^s-well, which is sunk to a depth of nearly 300 feet through a solid rock. A celebrated slave market is held here and OBOOJIAPHT. 187 Bome manafactures are carried on. Alexandria is a large town, the chief port of the counti^, and the residence of the European consuls ; in its neighbourhood are the famed obelisks known as Cleopatra's needle and Pompey's pillar. Suez is important as being a port in direct communication with India. 13. The government is despotic^ and is ruled by a hereditary pacha, termed viceroy, who, is nominally subject to the sultan of Turkey, to whom he pays tribute. 14. The Mahometan reli^*^on prevails, but other creeds are tolerated. Christianity is pro- fessed by about one-eighth part of the people. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Egypt bounded? 2. How is it divided ? 8. What hare you read about the cultivation of its veil, and its vegetable products? 4. What is the nature of its climate ? To what diseases are its people particularly subject? 6. Name its minerals. 6. Name its animals, reptiles, and birds. 7. What is the nature of its commerce, and what are its exports ? 8. What have you read about its manufactures ? 9. How is communication principally carried on ? What is stated about a railway ? 10. For what is Egypt distinguished? U. What is the estimated population? Of what peoplt is it composed ? What are Europeans styled ? il M Hi 188 GUIDE TO 12. What have you read about Gairo^ Alexandria, and Suez? 18. What is the nature of the government ? By whom is the country ruled ? To what monarch is the viceroy nominally subject? 14. What is the i>revailing religion ? What proportion of Uie popiUation are Christians ? OHAFTES ZXZ Z. NUBIA. 1. Nubia^ containing an area of about 300^000 squane miles^ is situated between Egypt^ the Nile^ Abyssinia^ and the Bed sea. 2. It h for the most part a desert country^' except in those districts which are watered by the overflowing of the Nile. The climate is hot, yet remarkably healthy. 8. Agriculture is practised in a very pri- mitive manner, where the soil is fertile; and dourah, barley, French-beans, lentils, water- melons, indigo, dates, senna, coffee, and tama- rinds are cultivated. The commerce is confined to slaves and senna. 4. In the deserts, cattle, sheep, and goats are reared, 'and its wild animals are similar to those found in Egypt. 5« The country contains a number of ruins Ml! !in;ll GEOGRAPHY, 189 of ancient temples, columns, and . pyramids, all of which are covered with hieroglyphs. 6. Nubia, and the adjoining countries of Kordofan and Sennaar, are governed by a number of petty chiefs, all of whom are tri- butary subjects of the viceroy of Egypt. QUESTIONS. 1. What is the area of Nubia, and how is it situated ? 2. What is the general surface of the country ? Describe the climate. What have you read of its agriculture, vegetable pro- ducts, and commerce ? What is related about its animals ? What ruins does Nubia contain ? 0. What countries adjoin Nubia, and by whom arc they governed ? 8. 4. 5. CHAPTEB XL. ABYSSINIA, 1. Abyssinia is situated to the east of the Red sea, and to the south of Nubia, and is supposed to occupy an area of about 27,000 square miles. 2. The surface of the country is, for the most part, an elevated table-land, divided by 190 GUIDB TO il two mountain ranges, and having large desert tracts in the vicinity of the coast. d« The seasons are only two, the dry and the rainy ; the latter continut^s from April till September, and is succeeded by a cloudless sky and vertical sun, which are again followe by remarkably cold nights. 4. Very little is known respecting this country, and though it has been represented as fertile, and containing more wild animals than any other nation, the experience gained by the English expeditionary army in 1868 did not coincide with the statements made by former travellers. 5. Coffee grows wild, and corn, dates, and tamarinds are cultivated. The exports consist principally of ivory, gold, and slaves. 6. The government is despotic, presided over by a number of chiefs, \. ho are nominally subject to a king. But the various tribes are ' continually at war with each other^ and^ vir- tually, they are independent^ 7. The Abyssinians are low in civilization and morality ; and, though professed Christians, their faith is a mixture of Paganism, Judaism^, and Christianity. The population is about 3,500,000. \ OKOGllAPllY. 19L QUESTIONS. 1. Where is Abyssinia situated, and what is its area ? 2. Describe the surface of the country. 8. What is related concerning its seasons and its cli« mate? 4. What is known respecting its fertility and natural history ? 6. Mention some of its vegetable products, and its principal exports ? 6. What hare you read about its government i T, What is the state of civilization and religion? What is about the amount of population ? OHAPTEB XII. BARBARY STATES. 1* The Barbary states form a general divi- sion of Africa^ between the Mediterranean sea on the norths the Sahara in the south, Egypt on the east, and the Atlantic ocean on the west. 2 It is divided into four states, viz.j Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, in which is included Fezzan and Barca. 8. The area is about 650,000 square miles— the length being about 2,600, and the breadth varying from 140 to 550 miles, 4. It is, with the exception of Egypt, the most fertile country in Africa, and produces an abundance of corn^ wine, sugar-cane, cotton. 1911 GUIDE TO tobacco^ citrons, melons, oranges, figs, almonds, and dates. 5. The prevailing religion of the states is Mahometanism, MOBOGGO. 6. Morocco is a mountainous country, con- taining many fertile valleys, an extensive plain, and a number of small rivers. 7. The vegetable productions include wheats maize, millet, barley, dates, olives, sugar-cane^ tobacco, cotton, and numerous plants and exotic fruits. The pasturage is very good, and large numbers of cattle are reared. 8. The minerals comprise iron, tin, copper, antimony, and salt. 9. The manufactures are woollen, cotton, and silk fabrics, carpets, red caps, leather, saddlery, chip-baskets, and earthenware. ] 0. The exports are wheat, hides, olive-oil, gums, wax, wool, honey, dates, indigo, shawls, and carpets. 11. The population is about 9,000,000, formed of what are called Moors. Jews are very numerous, and all the mechanical industry of the country is performed by them. 12. The chief towns are Morocco, the capital, Fez, Tangicrs, and Tafilet. 6E00ftAt>tiy, 103 Id. fthe government is an absolute des- potism^ under n sultan, vrhose power in un< limited. ALGERIA. 14. Algeria, a French province in northern Africa, is about 600 miles in length, and in width varies from* 100 to 800 miles. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean sea ; on the east by Tunis ; on the south by the Sahara ; and on the west by Morocco. 15. The surface of the country is, for the most part, an extensive table-land, intersected with several rivers. It is beautifully adorned with rounded, insulated hills, overlooking rich valleys. On the hills are European and exotic fruit trees, and oak and chestnut trees ; and on the plains are large plantations of white roses. 16. The climate is healthy anr' :mperate in the north, except when the south wind blows. 17. The vegetable products are rice, wheat* millet, barley, dourah, maize, cotton, and sugar-cane. ' 18. The mineral kingdom produces copper, iron, lead, silver, 'gypsum, marble, and lime- stone. 19. The domestic animals are oxen^ goats, ) i 194 GUIDB TO asses^ mules^ horses^ and camels. The wild (luadrupeds comprise lions, panthers^ leopards, antelopes, boars^ and porcupiaes ; serpents and venomous insects abound. 20. A considerable trade is carried on in ostrich feathers, hides, wax, and cattle. Manu- factures are defective, and principally consist of carpets^ blankets, and woollen and silk goods. 21. Algiers is the principal city, and it has •> a fine harbour capable of acccmmodatiug about 350 ships. TUNIS. 22. Tunis chiefly consists of a large penin- sula, stretching into the Mediterranean sica in \ a north-easternly direction, and contains an area of about 32,000 square miles. 23. It is highly favored as to natural beauty and fertilityj is well-watered by the river Mejerdah, and produces large quantities of dates and grain, and also indigo and cotton. 24. Its mineral products are silver, quick- silver, copper, and lead; but mining operations are not turned to profitable account. ; 25. Its manufactures comprise soap, leather, and silk, woollen, and linen fabrics. 2.6. The domestic animals are camels^ horses, and buffaloes. 27. Tunis the capital, is a place of great GEOGRAPHY. 195 trade^ is well fortified^ and possesses a large basin, capable of harboring ships of war. In the vicinity are the ruins of the once celebrated city of Carthage. 28. The government is nominally subject to Turkey, but virtually it is governed by a Bey, whose power is absolute. TRIPOLI. 29. Tripoli, the most eastern of the Barbary states, including the countries of Fezzan and Barca, presents a varied surface of fertility and ' barrenness. 30. The climate is, for the most part, salu- brious, except when the sirocco wind blows. There are some lakes and numerous mountain torrents, but no rivers. 31. Among its vegetable productions are the date tree and the lotus plant, while grain, fruity and vegetables of all kinds are cultivated. 32. Manufactures are very defective ; they include carpets, leather, earthenware, potash,- and sacking. The exports are, however, more numerous, and comprise wool, drugs, hides, leather, salt, ostrich feathers, gold dust, ivory, gum, dried fruits, sheep, cattle, and poultry. 33. The chief city is Tripoli, which carries Xm an extensive caravan trade, and contains I [ ■h m 196 GUIDE TO a number of mosques and spacious baths and caravanserais. 34. The government is nominally subject to Turkey, but is ruled by a pacha who has despotic powers. QUESTIONS. BABBABT STATES. 1. How are the Barbary states bounded ? 2. How are they divided ? 8. What is their area ? 4. Is the land principally barren or fertile ? What are the vegetable productions ? 6. What religion prevails in the states ? MOBOCCO, 6. Describe the surface of Morocco? 7. What is said about its vegetable products ? 8. Name its minerals. 9. What are its manufactures? 10. What are its exports 1 11. What is about the population? By whom is the mechanical industry of the country canied on ? 12. Name the chief towns. 18. What is the nature of its government ? ALOEBIA. 14. Where is Algeria situated ? What is its area ? How is it bounded ? To what c6untry does it belong? 36. Describe the general surface of the country? 16. What is the climate ? \ 17. Name its vegetable products. 18. What are its minerals ? G£OGIU?HT. 197 and jt to has eit aie is the 9 19. Name its domestic and its wild animals. 20. What is the state of its trade and manufactures? Name the principal articles of trade and manu* facture. 21. Name the principal city. TUNIS. 22. What is Tunis, where is it situated, and what is its area ? 23. What is related as to its fertility ? By what river is it watered? What are its yegetable products? 24. Name its minerals. 25. What are its manufactures ? 26. Name its domestic animals. 27. What is the principal city, what does it possess, and for what is its vicinity noted ? 28. How is it governed ? 29. What is the estimated population? TBIPOLI. 30. Where is Tripoli situated, and what other countries doos it include ? 31. What is the nature of the climate? How is it watered? ' 82. Name its vegetable products. 83. What is the state of its manufactures, and what goods are principally produced ? 84. Name the chief city, and describe what it contains. 35. How is ii* governed ? How ig? CHAPTEB Xin. S AH AH A, OR, THE GREAT DESERT. , 1. Sahara, the most extensive desert in the world; stretches nearly across the continent of ' s8 ff ■:i! 198 GUIDBTO m i ! AM^2L, and contams about 2^500,000 square miles. 2. The eastern portion is known as the Libyan desert^ and the western as the Sahtl. 3. Vegetation exists only on its borders^ and in the oases^ which are small fertile tracts scattered at wide intervals. 4. Nearly all the inhabitants are nomadic^ except those inhabiting the caravan routes and the larger oases. 5. The whole of the desert has never been explored^ and in crossing it travellers are subject to many vicissitudes. They are fre- quently robbed, or, losing their way, die of thirst or hunger ; or they may find the springs dried up; or they may be buried by a sand- storm, or sufii^ocated by the burning simoom. 6. The* desert takes one hundred days to cross between Fez and TimDuctoo^ and it is crossed for the purpose of carrying on a com- merce in salt, gums, and ostrich feathers, between the centre and the north of Africa. » 7. It is peopled by Moors in the west ; by Tibboos, or negroes in the east; and by Tuaricks, descendants of the Berbers, in the centre. ^ SENEGAMEIA AND GUINEA. 8. Senegambia and Guinea are extensive III 'I!! i< I'! GEOGllAPHY. 199 re«;ions in Western Africa^ principally inliu- bited by negroes. 9. Senegambia is composed of a number of tribes, the principal of which are styled FoulahS| Yaloofs^ Mandingoes, and Serrawollies. • 10. Guinea is divided into Upper Guinea .and Lower Guinea, each of which is subdivided into four kingdoms, viz. : — in Upper Guinea, Ashantee, Dahomey, Benin^ and Biafra; in Lower Guinea, Loango^ Congo, Angola, and Benguela. 1 1 . The coast of Upper Guinea is also known by the names of Sierra Leone Coast, Grain Coast, Ivory Coas;^ Gold Coast^ and Slave Coast. 12. The climate is^ for Europeans, more deadly than any other, and the low-lands are so pestilential as to have gained the name of the " White Man's Grave.'' 13. Agriculture and manufactures are of the rudest kind, and the principal products of the land are the yam^ banana, rice, palms^ maize, dourah^ ground-nut, and beans. 14. Considerable commerce is carried on in slaves, gold, palm oil, ivory, gums, and cowries, the latter of which is a shell, used in lieu of coin in Africa and in portions of the East Indies. 15. The domestic animals are few ; but wild 200 GUIDB TO I -tif I '■■ animals^ reptiles^ and birds^ are of the most varied descriptions. 16. The English are 4n possession of the colony of Sierra Leone^ settlements on the Gambia, some forts on the Gold Coasts and the island of Lagos; the French possess the islands of Fort St. Louis, Goree, &c. ; the Dutch some places on the Gold Coast ; and the Portuguese, numerous settlements in Lower Guinea. 17. Much of these countries has never been explored, especially between Lower Guinea and Cape colony. The interior is aifficult of access, and su[.posed to be barren, and thinly peopled. 18. The governments are despotic. In Senegambia, the powers of the chiefs are par- tially controlled by public opinion ; but in Guinea, the most barbarous tyranny is prac- tised. 19. The principal places are Abomey, the capital of Dahomey, where the king resides in a palace guarded by about 1,000 amnzons ; iSenin from whence about 4,000 slaves are annuallv exported, and which contains a famous market for dog's flesh, bats, lizards, ajid roast monkeys ; and Abbbokuta, a modern town, inhabited by liberated slaves. 20. The religion is Fetishism in its worst form ; and human sacrifices are common. In the districts belonging to the Portuguese, there ' GEOGRAPHY. 201 prevails a semi-Christianity^ combined with idolatrous practices. * QUESTIONS. SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT. 1. What is the extent of Sahara ? 2. By what names are the eastern and vrestem poi'tions known ? ' 8. What is stated about its vegetation ? 4. What are the habits of the people ? 5. What have you read concerning the desert, and tho vicissitudes to which travellers crossing it are subject ? 6. How long a period is occupied in crossing the desert, and for what purpose is it crossed ? 7. By whom is it peopled ? SENEOAUBIA AND GUINEA. 8. Where are Senegambia and Guinea situated, and by whom are they peopled ? 9. Of what is Senegambia composed ? 10. How is Guinea divided, and subdivided ? 11. By what other names is the coast of Upper Guinea known ? 12. What have you read about the climate ? 13. What is the state of agriculture, and manufactures ? Name the vegetable products. 14. In what goods is a considerable commerce carried on? 15. What is related about the domestic and wild animals? 16. Name the possessions belonging to foreign countries, (i.) England, (ii.) France, (iii.) Holland, (ir.) Por- tugal. 17. What is supposed to be the character of the unex- plored district, and where is it principally situated ? 18. What is related about the governments of the people? 19. Name the principal places, and their characteristic^* 20. What is stated about its religion 7 202 GUIDB TO CHAPTER XLIIZ. SOUDAN, OR NIGRITIA. 1. Soudan, or Nigritia, is a general name given to a vast undefined region of Central Africa. 2. It consists of a number of Negro states, the principal of which are, Bambarra, Timbuc- too, Borgoo, Howsa, or Empire of Fellatahs, Bornou, Kanem, Mandari, Begharmi^ Dar Saley, and Darfur. 8. The country is fertile, except in the east ; agriculture and cattle rearing are prac- tised ; and "lyeaving, tanning, and metal- working are conducted in the rudest manner. 4. A considerable trade is carried on in slaves, gold dust, ivory, and ostrich feathers ; and, in many parts, cowries and indigo are used instead of money. 5. The governments are despotic. The sultan of Howsa is' the most powerful chief, and the king of Bornou is second in rank. 6. The prevailing religion is Mahcmetanism, but Fetishism exists in some states. The people of Soudan are more civilised than those of Seuegambia and Guinea, OEOORAPUY. 203 EAST COAST OF AFRICA. 7. On the east coast of Africa there are several large districts of country, the political features of which are almost unknown to Europeans. 8. The principal ones are the Adel, Ajan, Mocaranga, Monomotapa, Mozanabique, Natal Co;ist, Sofala, and Zanguebar. 9. Adel is a small kingdom to the north of Abyssinia. It consists principally of deserts, and is inhabited by Arab tribes. 10. Ajan, to the south of Abyssinia, is, for the most part, a sandy and barren country. It produces a celebrated breed of horses, and exports gold, ivory, ambergris, and slaves, 11. Mocaranga is bounded on the east by Mozambique, and on the south by Sofala. Its climate is temperate, its soil fertile, and its people more civilized than any other in Eastern Africa. 12. Monomotapa, or Benomotapa, is sup- posed to consist of a number of 'independent states. 13. Mozambique, extending from Cape Dal- gado to Delagua Bay, is the principal Portu- guese settlement in Africa. It is fertile, and produces wheat, maize, rice, sugar-cane, indigo, coffee, ivory, hides, and horns. Sheep are ex- tensively reared, and it possesses some valuable gold mines. ^04 GttDE TO 14. Natal Coasts or Port Natal, is an English settlement, comprising an area of about 18,000 square miles. It is generally fertile, and is well watered and timbered. Cotton, sugar, coffee^ wheat, beans, oats^ and tobacco are cul- tivated j indigo grows wild, and its minerals comprise coal, iron ore, and building stone. 15. Sofala, belonging to the Portuguese, is bounded on the north and west by Mocaranga. It was formerly a place of great commercial importance ; but since Mozambique became the capital of the Portuguese settlements, it has sunk into insignificance. 16. Zanguebar, a term signifying the country of the blacks, is vaguely applied to a large extent of country between Mozambique and the Red sea. The interior is unknown. The heat is excessive, and its climate unhealthy for Europeans. Its exports are rice, sugar^. ivory, gums, and fish. 17. The prevailing religion of the people inhabiting the countries of the east coast of Africa is Fetishism in the south, and Mahome- tanism in the north; but in the Portuguese settlements a corrupt form of Christianity is^ practised. CAPE COLONY. 18.' Cape Colony, or "The Cape,'^ in tha possession of England, is an extensive tract of CKOOnAPllY. 205 iglish 3,000 ud ia iugav, e cul- nerals Le. ese, is ranga. aercial me the it has g the ied to a mbique known, healthy sugar,. people joast of ;ahome- ftuguese anity i»^ in chff tract of country in Southern Africa, containing the settlements of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal [see page 204], and British Cafiraria. 19. The surface is varied, and comprises mountains, fertile plains, steppes, and forests. Near the coast the land is watered with numerous rivulets, but in the interior there is a scarcity of water. 20. British Caffraria consists of the land of the Hottentots and Cafferland, the inhabitants of which live bv cattle-rearing, hunting, and plunder. The habits of the Hottentots are of the most degraded nature, and they take the lowest rank among mankind* The Caffirs are less barbarous than the Hottentots, and they understand tanning and metal work. 21. Wild animals are almost exterminated from the settlements ; and on the plains cattle and sheep rearing is extensively pursued. •22. The vegetable products are grain, of all kinds, the vine, and numerous plants and flowers, distinguished by the elegance of their forms and the brilliancy of their colors. Minerals are not numerous, but copper is abundant, and gold is occasionally found. 23. A considerable export trade is carried on with Great Britain in wool, hides, skins, wine, and provisions. 24. The religion is, Christianity among the 206 GUIDE TO Europeans^ and Fetishism among the Caffira, while the Hottentots have not any notion of religious worship. 25. The principal places are Cape Town^ a halting place for vessels trading between Europe and the East Indies; Constantiaj the seat of the wine manufacture ; George Town and Graham's Town, in Cape Colony; Peter- maritzburg, in Natal ; Klaarwater, in Hottentot land; and Kurreecharee, in Caffirland. 26. Beyond the limits of the English settle- '' ments are three independent states, colonised by Dutch boers, or farmers, who emigrated from Cape Colony. These are known as the Orange river, or Boer state. Free state^ and the Traus-Vaal, or Dutch republic. QUESTIONS. SOUDAN, OR NIOBITIA. 1. Where is Soudan situated ? 2. Of what does it consist? Name the principal states. 8. What is related concerning its soil« and its agiri- cuiture, and manufacturing industries ? 4. In what goods does it carry on a considerable trade I What are used in some states in lieu of money ? 6. What is the nature of the governments ? Name tha two most powerful chiefs. 6. What is the prevailing religion ? What is the state of civilization of Soudan as compared with the natives of Guinea ? EAST COAST OF AFRICA. 7. What is there on the east coast of Africa ? 8. By what names are the principal districts known ? geoohaphy. 207 0. What is related about Adel ? 10. What is stated concerning AJan ? 1 1 . How, is Mocaranga bounded ? What is the nature of its climate, and the character of its people ? 12. Of vhatis Monomotapa supposed to consist? 18. What have you read about Mozambique? 14. To what country does the Natal coast belong? M hat is related about the character of its soili and its vegetable, and mineral products? 16. To what country does Sofala belong, and what is related concerning it ? 16. Wiiat have you read about Zanguebar ? 17. W lat are the prevailing religions ? CAPE COLONY. 18. To what country does Cape Colony belong ? Where is it situated? Name its settlements. 19. Describe the surface of the land. 20. Of what does British Caffraria consist? How do the inhabitants live, and what are their habits ? 21. What is related about its animals ? 22. Name its vegetable and mineral products. 23. What are its exports ? 24. What is stated concerning its religion ? 25. Name the principal places. 26. 'Name the states beyond the English settlements. By whom are they peopled ? CHAPTEB XLIV. AMERICA. 1. America, one of the great divisions of the earth is bounded on the north by tiie 203 GUIDE TO .-i 111 Arctic ocean; on the east by the Atlantic; on the south by the Antarctic; and on the west bv the Pacific. 2. It consists of two peninsulas^ North America and South America^ which are joined together by the isthmus of Panama^ or Darien. 3. Its greatest length is about 10,000 miles^ and its greatest width is, north of the equator^ 3,100 miles, and, south of the eqaator, 3,250. 4. The mountains, cataracts, rivers, lakes, forests, and plains, are distinguished by their vastness, and are on the grandest scale of magnificence and sublimity. 5. Volcanoes are more numerous than in any other continent, and out of 270 active ones known to exist, 190 are on the continent^ or adjacent islands. 6. The temperature of the climate is gene- rally lower than in corresponding latitudes in the Old World. In the temperate zone the changes are sudden and violent, and in the torrid zone the extremes of drought and wet are experienced. In some localities, rain seldom falls; in others fearful hurricanes are frequent, and the low parts of tropical countries are very unhealthy. 7. The soil is generally fertile, except in the extreme north and south. Its vegetable products are more varied and luxuriant than ia I GEOGKAPHY* 209 ); on west • sTorth oined alien. miles^ aator, J50. lakes, their Je of any other part of the earth , and the continent is particularly rich in minerals. 8.. The wild animals are peculiar^ and in- ferior to the corresponding species of the Old World. Birds are numerous, and many of them are distinguished for the splendour of their plumage. Reptiles are met with in ahundance, and the rivers are well stocked with fish. 9. There are several hundred islands in the Atlantic*, the Pacific ti the Antarctic J, and the Arctic § oceans, the majority of which, however, are uninhabited. lan in 3 ones ;nt^ or gene- des in e the n the d wet rain is are utries ipt in etable lan iu * The islands in the Atlantic are Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's, the Bermudas, and the West Indies. The latter includes, among others, the Bahamas ; the Great Antilles, consisting of Cuba, Hayti, or St. Domingo, Jamaica, and Porto Rico; the Lesser Antilles, divided into the Leeward, the chief of which are the Virgin, Guadeloupe, Antigua, and Dominica; the Windward, the principal of which are Martinique, Barbadoes, and Trinidad ; Joannes ; and the Falkland. t The islands of the Pacific are the Patagonian Archi- pelago, of which Wellington is the largest; Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, Galapagos, Vancouver, Queen Charlotte's, Prince of Wales's, Sitka, the Aleutian, and Kodiak. J The Antarctic islands are Tierra del Fuego, Staten, Desolation, South Georo[ia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, Graham Land, and Trinity Land. ^ The Arctic islands are Greenland, Iceland, Cockburn, Southampton, North Somerset, Prince of Wales's, Banks', Prince Patrick, Melville, Bathurst, Cornwallis, and North Devon. t3 210 GUIDE TO 10. The population is about 70,000,000» of whom it is estimated 38,000,000 are of European descent, 9,000,000 are Indians, 6,000,000 are negroes, and 7,000,000 are a mixed race« QUESTIONS. 1. How is America bounded ? 2. Of what does it consist ? 8. What is its greatest length and breadth ? 4. For what is the surface of the country distinguished ? 5. What is related about its volcanoes ? G. What have you read about its climate ? 7. What is the nature of the soil, and of its vegetable and mineral products ? 8. What is stated about its animals, birds, reptiles, and fish? 9. Are the islands numerous ? In what oceans are they situated ? Can you give the names and positions of any of them ? 10. What is the estimated population ? f c/HAFTEB XLV NORTH AMERICA. 1. North America contains an area of about 7,500,000 square miles. It presents a coast line, which is computed at 22,800 miles ; and its form is so irregular that it produces the GEOGRAPHY. 211 peninsulas of Aliaski and California on tLe west; and Yucatan, Jlorida, Nova Scotia, and Labrador on the east. 2. The capes are Point Barrow, the most northern j Prince of Wales, the most western ; Farewell, Chudleigh, Charles, Race, Breton, Hatteras, Bathurst, Tancha or Sable, Catoche, Grkcios a Dios, St. Antonio, Corrientes, St. Lucas, Cod, and Mendocino. 3. The straits are those of Davis's, Barrow's, Hudson's, Belleisle, Bahama channel. Windward Passage, Mona Passage, Magellan's, Le Maire, and Behring's, which latter separate America from Asia. 4. The seas, 'bays, gulfs, and inlets are Baffin's bay, Hudson's bay, James's bay, Chesterfield inlet^ gulf of St. Lawrence, bay of Fundy, Delaware bay, Chesapeake bay, gulf of Mexico, bay of Campeachy, Carribean sea, bay of Honduras, bay of Panama, gulf of California, Queen Charlotte's sound, and the sea of Kamtschatka. 5. The principal lakes are Superior, Huron, and Michigan, the largest in the world; and Erie, Winnipeg, Little Winnipeg, Athabasca, Nicaragua, Ontario, Champlain, Great Salt, Great Bear, Deer lake, Great Slave lake, and the lake of the Woods. 6. The rivers are the largest in the world The principal are the Mississippi (4,400 mile^ 212 GUIDE TO I w ]ong), the Missouri (3400 miles), Arkansas^ Mackenzie, Coppermine, St. Lawrence, St. John, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Rio del Norte, Eraser, Columbia, Colorado, and Sacra- mento. 7. The mountains are remarkable for their lengtb and height. The principal ranges are the Kocky, Stony, or Oregon ; the Cordilleras ; the Alleghany, or Appalachian; the Ozark; the Californian, or Sierra Nevada; Cascade; and Mount St. Elias. Volcanoes are numerous, r 8. The forests are the most extensive on the globe, and contain trees that are distinguished for their variety and height, or for the dazzling beauty of their blowers. 9. The plains, or steppes, which are also styled " prairies '' and " savannahs,'* are very extensive. They are desolate, dreary, and destitute of trees. In the summer, vegetation is completely scorched by the burning sun ; and in the winter, intensely cold winds prevail. 10. The wild animals consist of the polar and grizzly bears, the puma, wolf, fox, New- foundland-dog, beaver, racoon, elk, bison, musk-ox, moose-deer, rein-deer, big-horned sheep, mountain goat, marmot, opossum, and porcupines. Domestic animals are the same as those of Europe, from whence they Have been introduced. Reptiles and insects are numerous ; and fish abound along the coast and rivers. ' I 111 I GEOGRAPHY. 213 t' 11. Of birds^ about 500 distinct species are foupd — 400 of which are peculiar to the country. The carrier pigeons often fly in such large flocks as to darken the country over which they pass. 1^. The vegetable products include maize, all kinds of grain, millet, pimento, cocoa, vanilla, tobacco, various medicinal plants, coffee, sugar, potatoes, and cochineal, the last two of which grow wild. The fruits are usually of the nut kind, but pine-apples, apples, oranges, lemons, and peaches, arrive at a high state of perfection. 18. The minerals include gold, silver, tin, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, and precious stones. 14. The political divisions are the United States, British possessions, Danish possessions, Mexico, and Central America. 15. The inhabitants are of various races. There are the aborigines, or copper-colored Indians ; the negro of Africa ; the Circassians, from Europe; and the Esquimaux (probably Mongolian), in Labrador. * QUESTIONS. 1. What is the area of North America? What is the extent of coast line ? What does the irregularity of its form produce ? . . - 2. Name its capes. 8. Name the stiaits. 4f l^i^me ihQ seas, ba^s, gulfs, and inlets. .< I 214 GUIDE TO 5. What are the principal lakes ? 6. What is related about its rivers ? Name the prin ilpal ones. 7. For what are the mountains remarkable ? Name the principal ranges. 8. What is related about its forests ? 9. What have you read about the plains 10. Name the wild quadrupeds, and mention what f:» stated about its domestic animals, reptiles, and fish. 11. What is related concerning its birds ? 12. Mention its vegetable products. 13. What are its minerals ? 14. How is it politically divided ? 15. To what races do the North Americans belong ? CHAPTER XLVI. THE UNITED STATES. 1. The United States comprise the eastern portion of the North American continent, south of the British territories. It is about 2,700 miles long and 1,600 broad, and is divided into thirty-five states *, one district f, and six territories {. ''*' Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Dela- ware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Neveda, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont^ Virginia, and Wisconsin. t Columbia. X Colorada, Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington. OUOOBAPHY. 215 2. The surface of the country is varied; it consists of mountain ranges,- -the principal 01 wnich are the Alleghany, or Apalachian, — and of extensive valleys, and plains*. The land is well watered, and the soil is, for the most part, fertile. 3. Agriculture is extensively practised, and maize, grain of all kinds, cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar-cane, potatoes, flax, and hemp are cul- tivated. The manufactures are varied, ex- cellent, and similar to those of Great Britain ; while the cod, whale, seal, and herring fisheries are very important. 4. The commerce of the country is consider- able, the exports and imports each exceeding £65,000,000 annually. The imports princi- pally consist of manufactured goods, while the exports are chiefly raw produce, and comprise raw cotton, tobacco, wheat, maize, flour, rice, timber, and petroleum oil. 5. The internal communication is generally good, though, in some parts, it is very defective. In addition to the numerous rivers, there are 3,000 miles of canals, and 30,000 miles of Taihvavs. 6. The government is a federal republic, consisting of a president and a congress; the latter is composed of a house of senators, and a house of representatives. The president and the senators are elected every four years, and 216 GUIDE TO the representatives every two years. Each state, however, has the power of framing its own laws and form of government. 7. The army and navy are very large; the former comprises a militia force of upwards of 2,000,000 men, and the latter is, in efficiency, second only to that of Great Britain. 8. There is no establish'id form of religion, and the ministers of the various sects are sup- ported by the voluntary payments of their followers. The Friends, or Quakers, are very numerous in Pennsylvania ; and, in Utah, there is a peculiar sect, known as the Latter-Day Saints, who practise polygamy. 9. Education is good and general ; grammar and elementary schools are very numerous, and there are many universities. 10. The population is estimated at 31,000,000, or about ten persons to the square mile. -The major portion of the inhabitants are of British descent, though a large quantity are of German or French extraction. The aboriginal Indians are gradually decreasing, and do not now number more than about 400,000. The chief tribes of these are known as the Creeks, Cherokeea, Sioux, Choctaws, and Chickasaws. 11. Slavery, which existed until recently, has been entirelv abolished, and all the stiitea are now free. OKOORAFUY. 217 12. The United States were orijrinnlly colonized by the English, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth,' and thev continueti under the dominion of Great Britain until 1782, when, after a seven years* war, they established their indepeudeuce. 13. There are 46 towns, each having a popul:ttion in e^Lcess of 20,000. Tb3 most important places are Washington, the capital ; and New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and New Orleans, great commercial emporiums. QUESTIONS. 1. Where are the United States situated ? Whut is their area? How are they divided? Can you mention the names of any of the divisions ? 2. Describe the surface of the country. ' 3. Give some account of the agriculture, manufactures,' and fisheries. 4. What is related about their commerce, imports, and exports ? 5. What is the state of internal communication ? 6. Give some account of th6 government of the United States. 7. What is stated about the army and navy ? 8. What have you read concerning its religion ? 9. In what state is education ? 10. What is the estimated population ? From whnt nations are the people principally descended? What is stated about the aborigines ? 11. What have you read about slavery ? - , U 218 GUIDE TO 12. By what people were the United States first colonized ? In whose reign was it? When did they establish their independence ? 18. Name the principal towns. i . ! : i i CHAPTEB XLVII. BRITISH NORTH 'AMERICA. extends from the from the United It comprises the includes the pro- New Brunswick, Edward's Island, Bay Company's and Vaucouver's 1. British North America Atlantic to the Pacific, and States to the Arctic ocean, dominion of Canada, which virKjes of Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia; Prince Newfoundland, Hudson's Territory, British Columbia, Island. 2. The surface is principally composed of table-land, plains, marshes, and vast forests, which are intersected with 'inconsiderable mountain ranges, large rivers, and extensive lakes. The climate is Severely cold in winter, and excessively hot in summer. 3. Its vegetable products are forest trees of numerous varieties, wild fruit-bearing bushes, beautiful flowers, and gourds of various descriptions, and the ordinary grain grown in Europe. In some districts hemp, flax, and tobacco are cultivated, while sugar is made I ! GEOGRAPHY. 219 from the raaple tree, and beer from the spruce fir. The niineraU inclurle gold, iron, copper, lead, tin, silver, marble; and lithographic stones. 4. Timber is the principal article of* trade, bnt larore quantities of barrelled beef, pork, flonr, wheat, butter, pease, petroleum, pearl- ash, potash, fish, and furs, are exported The commerce is great, and its fisheries are impor- tant ; but its manufactures are inconsiderable. 5. Communication between place and place is principally carried on by means of the rivers, lakes, and canals. Ordinary roads are not numerous, but there are several good railroads. In winter, the common mode of travelling is by sledges. 6. The population is about 4,000,000, the greater portion of which are of British origin, but in Lower C'lnada the majority of the people are of French descent. There are some aboriirinal Indians known as the Chippeways, and Mohawks, ^ . 7. The reli<>*ions are Protestant and Roman Catholic, the former prevailing among those of British origin, and the latter a.nong the French. 8. The government is presided c)ver ^y a viceroy, appointed by the British crown, and two houses of parliament. The senators of tli3 upper house are elected for life, and the members of the house of commons are eiecced W: > I if ' , -i : 'I ti \ 220 GUIDE TO periodicnlly by the people. Eneh province is controlled by a lieutetiant-<^overnor, and besides returning members to the dominion paili^.mcnt, has a provincial legislative as- sembly consisting of two houses, wiiich is vested with the power to make laws for the province. 9. The principal places are Ottawa, the capital of the dominion; Montreal, a com- mercial city on an island in the St. Lawrence ; Quebec, on the same river, a strongly fortified city with a fine hjirbour; Toronto, the seat of a bishopric; Halifax, in Nova Scotia, a large trading port, and the principal American station of the British Navy ; and St. John's, New- foundland, the centre of the cod fishery. 10. Labrador is an extensive district to the east of Hudson's Bay. It is a cold, unproduc- tive country, thinly populated with Esquimaux. 1 1 . The Hudson's Bay Territory is a vast tract, occupying nearly 8,01)0,000 square miles. It is simply used as a hunting ground for fur- producing animals, and is thinly populated by Indians, and by Europeans who are connected with the Hudson's Bay Company, an incor- porated trading association. 12. Nova Scotia is a large narrow peninsula 300 miles in length, and is joined to New Brunswick by an isthmus. It is the centre of QBOORAPHT. 221 the cod fisheries. Coal is found in abundance^ and wenving, cardinof, wood-sawingf, tanuiiij?, distilling, and brewing are practised. lU winters are very long and severe. 13. Cape Breton is a mountainous island, separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow strait, called the Gut of Canao. Its population, about 35,000, are mostly employed in fishing. 14. New Brunswick, which adjoins the United States in the west, is very fertile, but its principal surface is covered with forests, and its trade is almost wholly confined to the ex- portHtion of timber. Its fisheries are extensive ; cattle rearing is practised; and it produces iron, coal, and manganese. 15. Newfoundland, an island ou the east side of the gulf of St. Lawrence, contahis abolit 36,000 square miles. The population is esti- mated at 100,000, who are mostly employed iu the cod, seal, and salmon fisheries. Its waiters are very severe. 16. Prince Edward's Island is about thirty- six miles long and twenty broad. Its fisheries are important, and ship-building is carried on to a large extent. Timber is abundant, the soil is fertile, grain is cultivated, and coal and sandstone are found. The principal place is Charlotte Town. 17. British Columbia is an extensive tract of almost uninhabited country, on the north- i !■:■, 222 GUIDB TO w; h-iii if -t- ;i west coast of No»*th America. Its climate re- sembles that of England, and it nroducea the usual crops of that country. Fur-bearing animrds anl bears are its principal wild animals^ and the rivers and lakes abound with fish. Its minerals are coal and gold. The inhabitants are princi[)^dly adventurers from all parts of the world, who have emigrated for the purpose of gold-digging. The administration is presided over by a government appointed by the British crown. The chief place is New Westminster. IS. "Vancouver's Islanii is separated from the mfiinland by the gulf of Georgia and Queen Charlotte^s sound. It is 300 miles long by 75 broad. It is mountainous, well-wooded, possesses fine harbours, and produces coal ; its inhabitants live principally by fishiug and hunting.' The chief place is Victoria. QUESTIONS. 1. Where is British North America situated? Of what does it consist ? 2. Describe its sui-t'ace and climate. 3. Name its vegetable and mineral productions. 4. What is related about its irinciital articles of trade, its exports, and its manufactures. 5. How is oommuiiication between place and place principally c(mducted. 6. What is the estimated population, and of what peoples does it consist ? ,^ 7. What are the prevailing religions 8, Describe the government. GEOGAA.PHY. 223 9. Name the principal places, and for what they are noted. 10. What is related about Labrador ? 11. Gire some description about the Hudson's Bay Territory. 12. What hav^ you read about Nova Scotia? 13. Where is Cape Breton situated? What is its popu- lation ? ♦ 14. What is stated concerning New Brunswick ? 15. Where is Newfoundland situated '' How are its in- habitants employed ? Describe the climate. 16. What is related about Prince Edward's Island? 17. Give some description of British Columbia. 18. What is stated about Vancouver's Island ? CHAPTER XlVm. MEXICO. 1. Mexico is bounded on the north and north-east by the United States ; on the south- east bv Guatemala: on the south and west bv the Pacific ; and on the east by the gulf of Mexico. About one half of the countrv is situated in the torrid, and the other in the temperate zone. 2. Its surface mav be rejjarded as an enor- mens ridge, raised by volcanic force, and the greatest portion consists of elevated plains in- tersected by valleys. There are five mountains^ zu GUIDE TO two of which, Orizaba and Popocatepeth, ^ittaiii altitudfts exceeding 17,300 feet; earthquakes are frequent. 3. It is divided into twentv-five states * and one territory, t Hnd it contains an area of about 1,000,000 square miles. 4. The soil is, in some parts, fertile, and in others arid. It produces all kinds of European and exotic fruits and vegetables, various me- dicinal herbs, and all kinds of forest trees, including cedar, brazil-wood, and mahogany. Agriculture is much impeded by the scarcity of water, and artificial irrigation is much re- sorted to. 5. The climate is hot, temperate, or cold, according to the elevation. The warm districts are unhealthy for Europeans, 6. The domestic animals are similar to those of Europe, and though the wild animals are numerous, there are few beasts of prey. Innumerable herds of cattle are found in tiie savannahs and woods, and their skins and fat' form important articles of commerce, llep- * The states are Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Yu- catan, and Campeachy, on the gulf of, Mexico ; Chiapa, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacan, Colinia, Xalisco, Cinaloa, and Sonora, on the Pacific; and inland, Cliihuahur, Da-« rango, Cohabuila, New Leon, Zacatecas, Aguas Calientes, San Luis Potjsi, Guanaxuato, Queretaro, Puabla, Mexic0| and Tlascala. t Lower California. GEOGRAPHY. 225 *ittaiu es are ,* and abuut and in ropean LS me- trees, ogany. sarcity ich re- r cold, Lstricts ar to nimala prey, m tiie ind fat' liep- sco, Yu- Chiapa, Cinaloa, ur, Da-« ilientes, Mexico, ti1eS| of various 'descriptions, abound; and singing birds and birds of prey are common. Bees and the cochineal insect are reared, and pearl shells are found in the gulf of California. 7. The mining industry is very important, but not properly conducted. Silver appears to be inexhaustible J gold is found, and copper, lead, and iron exist in large quantities. Its manufactures are unimportant, its commerce is decreasing, and its exports are principally confined to gold, silver, copper, cochineal, jalap, indigo, logwood, mahogany-wood, hides, and salted provisions. 8. Its internal communication is wretched in the extreme. There are only a few roads and navigpble rivers, and no canals, goods being transported chiefly on the backs of mules, or of Indians, 9. The prevailing religion is Roman Ca- tholic, but great superstition prevails, and some of the Indians are idolaters. Education is very defective; and murders and robberies are of common occurrence. 10. The population, about 8,000,000, is composed of several races, the greater portion of which are Indians. • 11. The government is a republic, con- sisting of a president, a senate, and a house of representatives; but it is in a most unsettled state, and the constitution has been several i I,;, J > 4 ne GUIDE TO ill 111 ■1:1 jtimes altered since Mexico became an inde- penflent state, in 182:?. 12. The principsil towns are Mexico, Gua- dalaxnra, Fuebla, Guanaxuato, and Queretaro. The chief ports are Vera Cruz and Acapulco. QUESTIONS. 1. How is Mexico bounded? In what zones is it situated ? 2. Describe its surface. Name its principal volcanoes. 3. How is it divided? What is its area? Can you name any of the states ? 4. What is the nature of its soil, its vegetable products, and its agriculture ? 5. Describe the climate. 6. What have you read concerning its natural history? 7. What is stated relative to its mining industry, its manufactures, and exports? 8. How is communication curried on from place to place ? . 9. What is the prevailing religion, and the state of education ? 10. What is the estimated population, and of what does it consist ? 11. What have you read about its government? When did it become an independent state ? 12. Name the principal towns. CHAFTEB XLIX. DANISH AMERICA. * 1. Danish America comprises Greenland, the most northern country of the western hemisphere^ and the island of Iceland. , GEOGRAPHY. 227 inde- Gua- retaro. ilco. es is it ;anoes. jSLii you products, story ? stry, its ;o place ? state of hat does * When mland, western 2. Greenland consists, for the most part, of mere naked rock, or masses of ice. The east coast is inaccessible, but the west coast is much resorted to by foreigners for whale and seal fishin$r, although it contains an immense num- ber of floating icebergs. On the north there is supposed to be an unknown ocean. 8. The climate of Greenland is most severely cold in winter, and excessively hot in summer. Its animals are white hares, reindeer, dogs re- senibliiig wolves, arctic foxes, white bears, and fur-bearing animals. Birds of prey and sea« fowls are plentiful, and its seas abound in whales, seals, sea-cows, sword-fish, porpoises, turbot, cod, and haddock. 4. The population is only about 7,000, and the houses are simply holes dug in the snow, which are protected from the weather by a roof laid upon walls which only rise a few feet above the surface. The chief towns are Julianshaab, Christianshaab, and Uppernairk, the most northern town in the world. 5. Iceland is a mountainous, volcanic island, consisting of bare rocks, glaciers, lava, nume- rous volcanoes, and hot-water springs. There are very few trees, and almost the orly vege- tation is S'^me pasture huid which furni>hes food for large flocks of sheep. Among the minerals* are sulphur, chalcedony, rock-crystal, and the double refracting spar. 223 GUIDE TO 6. The climate of Iceland is severely cold, and though fogs are frequent it is not un- healthy. The fox is the only inrfigenous wild animal, but reindeer and bears are sometimes brought on the ice drifts. Birds of prey are abundant, and swans and eider-ducks frequent the lakes and marshes. 7. The exports of Iceland are fish, oil, tallow, butter, wool, eider-down, feathers, and furs. Manufactures are not practised, as each household is supposed to be able to provide for its own wants. 8. "the Icelanders, are of Norwegain de- scent, and number about 50,000. They are comparatively well educated, and their religion is that of Lutheran Protestantism. The capital of Iceland is Reikiavik. QUESTIONS. 1. Of what is Danish America composed? 2. Give some description of the surface, and the eastern and western boundaries of Greenland. 8. What is the climate of Greenland ? Name its animals, birds, and fish. 4. What is the population of Greenland ? In what des- cription of houses do the people reside ? Name the chief towns. 6. What is stdaiiufactures, and physical features ? For what is it noted ? 8. De:j(;ribe its internal means of communication. 4. Name the chief towns. 6. What is its religion, and the nature of its education and government ? CHTLI. 6. How is Chili boundeost pnrt, mountainous and very fertile; they are suljject to eartliquakes and fearful hurricanes; and, in the lowlands, the climate is very unhealthy in the rainy seasons. 4. The agricultural industry is very im- portant, and sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, all- spice, ginger, tobacco, cotton, yams, plantains, manioc, maize, bread-fruit, pineapples, and cocoa-nuts are cultivated. 5. There are no manufactures of i mportance, and the prt^paration of sugar into molasses and rum, tobacco, and of are the principal processes carried on. 6. Copper is found in Cuba, but llie mineral products iuQ few, and tli:^y only exist in &mall quantities. * The principal islands are Jamaica, BarWadoes, Trinidad, Antigua, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Doiniuica, Tobago, and the Bahamas, belonging to Great Britain ; Cuba and Porto Kico, belon>iing to Spain ; Guadeloupe and Martinique, belonging to France; Cnracjo;?, belonging to Hollaiid: Santa Cruz and St. .John's, belonging to Denmark ; St. Thomas's, belongir^ to America; St. Bartholomew, bt^longing to Sweden; and San Domingo, the eastern portion of which bclo »s to Spain, while the western portion forms the Indepijiident republic of Uayti. British Honduras and British Guiana orm portions of the ofUdal British West Indies, though nal Islonging to the West Indian islands. GKOORAPIIY. 249 7. The exports comprise sujjar, molasses, rum, coffee, cocoa, all-spice, j^iii;^:!', tol)acco, cotton, mahogany, lojj;\voo(l, and turtles; and from Cuba, cojiper and hides. 8. The principal places are, in Cubar Havannah, the capital, Puerto Principe, ani\ Santiago; in Jamaica, Spanish Town, the capital, and Kiuj^ston; in llayti. Port au Prince, the capital; in Porto iiico, San Juan, the capital; in Barbadoes, Bridgetown, the capital; in Martinique, St. Pierre, the capital; and in the Bahamas, Nassau, the capital of New Brunswick. 9. The population is nearly 4,000,000;* education is very defective, but improving; and the religion is Protestant in the English, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish ishmds, and lloniau Catholic in the others. 10. Negroes and niulattoes form five-sixths of the popuhition, and slavery is now conftned to the Spanish colonies and to Ilayti. 1. 2. QUESTIONS. Of what does the West Indies consist? How are they situated ? How are they divided ? Can yon name the principal islands, and the countries to which they bek»ng? * The Spanish subjects number about 2,000,000 inha- bitants, the British about 000,0:0, the French, 250,000, the Danish about 5ii,000, tlie Dutch about. 40,000, the tiwedish about 10,000, and the Haytian about 600,000. 1 ' 'I , 1« 250 GUIDE TO 8. Give some description of their general snrfaco and climate? 4. "What vegetable products are cultivated? 6. What pi o. esses are can led on ? 6. Name tln' principal mineral, and the island in which it is found. , 7. Of what do the exports consist? 6. Name the priticipal places, and the islands on which they are situated. 9. What is the estimated population ? What are the prevailing religions ? 10. What is related about slavery? CHAPTEE LVII. OCEANIA. 1, Oceania, the fifth gre«at division of the earth, consists of the continent of Australia, and thousands of islands, \ym^ between the coast of America, and the straits of Mahicca, the Chinese sea, the channel of Formosa, and those parts of the sea to the south and east of Japan. It is divided into MrJaysia, or the Indian archipelago, in the west; Australia in the south ; and Polynesia in the east. MALAYSIA. 2. Malaysia, comprises n larjjje number of islands, the principal of which are Sumatra, Java^ Borneo, Sumbava and Celebes, in the GEOGHAPHY. 251 yo and which I which Eire the I of the tralia, n the \lacca, a, and 3ast of ar the ilia in her of (rnatra, la the Siinda srroup; Amboyna, Gilolo, Cerani, Band a, Ternate, Tidore, Timor, and Batchian, in the Moluccas, or Spice Islands ; Luzon and Mindano, in the Philippines; the Sooloo Islands^ and Labuan. 8. Most of the Malaysian islands are mountainous and volcanic ; the climate, except in low swampy parts, is salubrious ; the soil is fertile, and vegetation luxuriant;* the forests are extensive; wild aimals are numerous ;t minerals are abundant,} and water plentiful, the principal river being the Benjarmassin, in Borneo. 4. The Malaysian islands are more popu- lous than those of the other divisions of Oceania. The people are, for the most part, j very ferocious ; they are fond of commerce, * The principal wild quadrupeds are the elephant, rhinoceros, babyroussa, tapir, tiger, buffalo, pongo, ourang- outang, and large bats. The birds are remarkable for their plumage, and include the cassowary, bird of para- dise, parrot, parroquet, and cockatoo. Among the reptiles are crocotliles, pythons, and chameleons. t The vegetab'e products include palms of various kinds, camphor, sandal -wood, gutta-percha, ebony, teak, bamboo, upas, pitcher-plant, rice, pepper, clove, nutmeg, sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, ginger, mango, guava, &c. X Diamonds are found in Borneo; gold, in Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, and the Philippines; copper in Sumatra, Celebes, and the Philippines; lead, in the Phillipines; iron, iu tjuiall quantities, in nearly nil the islands; tin in Banca; sulphur in Java; and salt in Celebes and Java. r :$i mh l;| i 1 i'-' 1 1 ; it't .. ' M ... I Ml 'ill 25.2 GUIDii TO are much addicted to piracy, and exhibit very different dejijrees of civijzation, while, iu some parts, cannibalism exists. 5. In Malaysia the inhabitants belong to the Malay race, and the prevailing religion is Mahometanism; but many of the peoples worship large idols styled maraes, and also offer up human sacrifices. 6. The greater portion of Malaysia is sub- ject to Holland, by whom it is iijoverned, partly by its own officials, and partly by native princes, who pay tril)ute. It possesses Java, Sumbava, the Moluccas, most of Sumatra and Celebes, and parts of Borneo and Timor. All the Phili[)pines belong to Spain; Labuan is in the possession of England ; a part of Timor belongs t) Portugal; the Sooloo islands are governed independently by a sultan ; and there are several minor independent states. 7. The commerce is considerable, and nut- megs, mace, cloves, pepper, coffee, sugar, rice, tin, gold, cigars, edible birds'-nests, indigo, and sago, are exported. 8. In Java there exist vast ruins of temples and idol statues; and in it is a celebrated poisonous valley, which soon kills any creature that breathes its air. 9. The chief places are, in Java, Batavia, the capital, and a commercial emporium; Sourabaya, Surac£irta, the residence of a GEOGRAPHY. 253 nut- rice, , and :avia, Lum; )f a tributary emperor, and Djocjocarta, the resi- dence of a tributary sultiin ; in Sumatra, Palembang and Padang; in Celebes, Macassar; in Borneo, Benjarmassin and iSarawak ; and in Luzon, Manilla, \Yhere there is a building in which nearly 2,500 persons are employed in the manufacture of cigars. AUSTRALIA. 10. Australia consists of the continent of Australia, or New Holland, and the inland systems of New Zealand, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Isles, Queen Charlotte's Isles, New Hebrides and Norfolk Island, the islands of New Caledonia, and Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land. 11. Australia ^iroper, the largest island, and the smallest continent in the world, is about 2,400 miles in width, and 1,400 in breadth; comprises the colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, South Austrjilia, Queensland, and West Australia, or Swan River. 12. The surface contains some inconsider- able mountain ranges, fruitful hilly districts, barren plains, and numerous rivers, the largest of which is the Murray. The country has not been fully explored, and its interior is un- known. 254 GUIDE TO \h.u I . 1 !' I 13. The climate is genernllj dry, except during the short rainy seasons. Although it is subject to great changes of temperature, and the summer heat is very great, it is re- markably salubrious and conducive to long life. About every sixth year there is a season of great drought or wet, the one succeeding the other with peculiar regularity. li. About one-eighth of all the known vegetable products are peculiar to Australia. The trees are mostly evergreens, with hard, horny leaves, which grow horizontally instead of vertically. The forests present a dreary, monotonous appearance, and the gum trees often attain an altitude of 200 feet. Few edible fruits or vegetables "Are indigenous, but maize, cotton, and European corn, fruits, and vegetables have been successfullv introduced. Agrijulture is not, however, extensively prac- tised, and sheep and cattle rearing is the most important employment. Indeed, sheep are so abundant, that large numbers are killed and boiled down for their tallow. 15. The wild animals are not numerous^ but peculiar, in consequence of their mostly having a pouch. The principal of these are the kangaroo, opossum, and wombat; the dingo, or wild dog, is a great enemy to the sheep flocks, and the ornithorhynchus is a remarkable animal. Among its birds are the emu, black ^ GEOGRAPHY. 265 jrouSj lostly Ire the lingo, I sheep Ikable black swan, lyre, and laughing jackasa ; and recently Englisli song-birds have been introduced. 16. The mining operations of Australia are important; the gold mines of Victoria and New South Wales, and the copper mines of South Australia being among the richest in the world. New South Wales also produces coal ; and, in some parts, limestone, clay, sandstone, gypsum, and roofing-slate are found. 17. The commerce is very considerable: and the exports consist of wool, gold, copper, grain, flour, spermaceti, train-oil, and tallow. 18. The chief places are: in New South "Wales — Sydney, the capital, a well-built com- mercial city, possessing a fine harbor; Para- matta, at the head of Port Jackson ; Windsor, on the Hawkesburg; and Newcastle, where there are coal mines. In Victoria — Mel- bourne, the capital, a large, thriving port, described as the ugliest, worst built, richest, and dearest town on the globe ; and Geeloiig, a thriving port of Port Philip. In South Australia — Adelaide, the capital, on theTorrens; and Port Lincoln, on Spencer gulf. In "West Australia — Perth, the capital, on river Swan ; and in Queensland, Brisbane, the capital, on the river Brisbane. 19. The population, exclusive of the abo- rigines, is about l/> 50,000, more than half of .It ,11- 1 256 GUIDE TO i i irni which inhabit Victoria; about 370,000 New South Wales; 140,000 South Austraha; and about 20,000 West Australia. 20. There is no established religion, and all sects enjoy the greatest toleration. Education is fair and improving, and the government of each colony, except Western Australia, is ad- ministered by a governor and two houses of parliament; and the government of Western Australia, by a governor and council. The governors are appointed by the English crown. 21. Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, an English colony, is an island situated to the south of Australia, containing an area of about 27,000 sqiare miles. Its surface and soil are gre.itly diversified, agriculture is much practised, and Its climate is salubrious. Corn, flour, po- tatoes, wool, timber, and oil are exported. Its government is the same as that of South Australiji, and it was formerly an English penal settlement. It possesses mineral riches, but they are not much worked. Its principal places are Hobart Town, on the Derwent, a thriving town, much engaged in the whale fishery; and Launceston, on the Tamar. 2*2. New Zealand, an English colony, con- S]6v» of two islands, North Island, or New U*««tjr ; and Middle Island, or New Munster. A range of mountains passes along the centre of GEOQKAPHT. 257 1, an > the bout 1 are ised, po- lls outh enal hey are wn, and kon- few A of both islands ; the soil is fertile, forest trees are abundant, and the climate is humid and almost unvariable. Agriculture is extensively prac- tised, and wool, corn, potatoes, salt pork, gum, timber, and gold are extensively exported. The aborigines, called Maories, are a warlike race, and tattoo their bodies. The govern- ment is administered by a governor, a legislative council, and a house of representatives. The chief towns are Auckland, the capital, on the Waiho, or Thames; Wellington, on Port Nicholson, possessing a good harbor ; Nelson, on Blind Bay ; and Dunedin, on Otago Harbor^ a very thriving port. 23. Norfolk Island, in the South Pacific ocean, belongs to England. It is about five miles long and two broad, and was, for many years, used as a penal colony. 24. New Guinea, New Britain, New Ire- land, Solomon's Islands, Queen Charlotte's Islands, and the New Hebrides, are a series of islands and independent states in the Pacific ocean, which are principally inhabited by negroes; as is also New Caledonia, which belongs to France. POLYNESIA. 25. Polynesia includes the Ladrone, Pelew, Caroline, Feejee, Friendly, Navigator's, Cook's, Society, Austral, Marquesas, Sandwich, Easter, z3 I r 258 GUIDE TO I:' \A and Low Archipelago systems of islands. Many of these islands are supposed to have been formed either by volcanoes or coral insects. 26. The inhabitants of these ishiuds are, for the most part, savages, who are governed by a feudal system, in which one class governs another class, through a number of gradations, up to the sovereign. 27. The Marquesas and Society Islands belong to France ; and at Taheti or Otaheite, in the latter group, sugar, cocoa-nut oil, and arrow-root are prepared for exportation. The Ladrones are in the possession of Spain, and the others are independent. 28. The Sandwich Islands are more pros- perous than any others in Polynesia. The inhabitants who, ICO years ago, were unculti- vated savages, have made, through their intercourse with Europeans, rapid strides in civilization. The government is a limited monarchy, modelled on that of England ; printing has been introduced, and schools have been established in which the English lan- guage is taught. Commerce is considerable and increasing ; native vessels and native sailors trade with China and the north-west of America, and provisions and sandal-wood are exported. Honolulu, the capital, in the island of Oahu, has a good harbor, is much resortefJ to by English and American whale ships, anJ is the largest town of Polynesia. GEOGRAPHY. 259 QUESTIONS. 1. What is Oceania? How is it situated? it consbt ? How in it divided ? Of what dotJ 2. 8. 4. 5. G. 7. ■\ 8. 9. MALAYSIA. Of what does Malaysia consist ? Name some of its principal islands. Give some description of (i.) the surface, (n.) climate, (iii.) soil, (iv.) vegetation, (v.) forests, (vi.) wild animals, and (vii.) minerals. Name the principal river, and the island on which it is situated. Can you give any particulars of its vegetable products, its wild animals, and its minerals ? What is related concerning the population of the islands, and the character of the people ? To what race do the peoples belong, and what is the prevailing religion? By what country is the largest portion of Malaysia governed? By whom is t!:e government ad- ministered? Name the possessions belonging to (i ) Holland, (ii.) Spain, (iii ) England, and (iv.) Portugal, and those that are independent. What is related about the commerce? Name the exports. What ruins exist in Java, and for what is a certain valley celebrated ? Name the chief places in Malaysia, and the islands on which tliey are situated. AUSTRALIA. 10. Of what does Australia consist ? iii 11. What is the area of Australia proper, and of what colonies is it composed? 12. Describe its surface. Name its largest river. 13. What have you read about its climate? 14. What is related about its vegetable products, its agri- culture, and its sheep ? 200 OUIDB TO GUOGUAl'ilY. 16. Name its principal wild uuimals and its birds? Foi what arc its animals peculiar? 16. Name its minerals> What is stated about its go mines ? 17. What is the nature of its commerce, and of its exports? 18. Name the chief places, and the colonies in which they are situated ? 19. What is the estimated populatiou ? 20. Describe its religion, state of education, and form of government. 21. Give a description of Tasmania. 22. What have you read about Now Zealand ? 23. What is related concerning Norfolk Island ? 24. Name the Independent Stat in Australia. State in what oceans they f^.re biLuate( . CONTENTS. PM0 AalboTff 187 Aar, river . . . . 04, 85 Abbeokuta 200 Aberdeen 47 Abo S3 Abomey 200 Abyssinia 189 Abyssinian mountaiiiS .. 180 Acapulco 220 Adel 203 Adelaide 255 Aden 40, 143 Adrianople 122 Adriatic .-^ea .. .. 7» 8> 70 iEgean sea 119 i£tna, mount.. .. 8, 80 Atf^haiiistan.. 125, 132, 144, 148, 149 AMca .. . .. ..179 east coast of .. .. 203 Aguas Calientes .. .. 224 Agultas, cape .. .. 180 Airduanmrchan point .. 26 Aix-Ia-Cliapelle .. 99> 103 AJan 203 Aiemi 145 Akaha, gulfof .. .. 127 Alabama 214 A la-Tagh mountains .. 125 Albania 119 Aldan, river 127 Aldemey 39 Aleppo 139 Aleutian islands . . . . 209 Alexandria .. .. 186, 1 87 Algeria . .. 64, 191, 193 Algoabay 180 Aliaski peninsula .. .. 211 Alicant bay 68 Alier, river 59 AlJeziruh 137 Allahabad 156 Allan 46 Alleghany mountaini .. 919 Allen, bog of C9 "~~~^~" , lake • • • • • • 69 Alps, the .. 8,07,79.94, 108 Altai mountain* .. 12S, 134 Aluta, river 133 j^mak IS Amazon, river 230, 344, 345 Amboyna 350 Amciica 307 Central . . . . 230 North .. 308,310 South .. 208, 230 American West Indies . . 348 Amsterdam .. .. O. 80 , New .. .. 344 Amoo, river 138 Amoor, river 127 Anadyr, gulf of . . . . I27 Anatolia .. .. 137, 130 Andalusia .. .. 71* 70 Andaman islands .. .. 128 Andes mountains . . . . 330 Andorre 74 Andro 110 Angara, river 137 Anglesey, isle of .. 30, 42, 43 Angola 100 Anhalt 08 Annam .. .. 150, lOl Antigua .. 40, 300, 348 Antilles 347 Great .. .. 300 Lesser .. .. 309 Antiparos no Antrim 63 Antwerp .. .. 00, 01 Appalachian mountains .. 313 Apennines, the . . 8, 79 Arabia.. 125, 129, ViZ, 141 Deserta .. .. Ul Felix 141 gulf of .. .. 117 .:* 262 CONTENTS. ji"' , ,1 ^i! i;; 1 ! Arabia Petrrea Hi Arabian sea .. 127, H^* ^7 Aracan . .. 103, \6i Aral, lake .. .. 21, 128 Ararat, mount .. .. I'iQ Arber mountaina . .. l 90, 93 Buenos Ayres .. .. 240 Bukharcst H3 Bulgaria .. .. 8, 31 Burmah, British .. .. 15(J Burrampooter, river .. 128 Bute 46 Bwhalpoor 149 Cabrera 71 Cabul 160 C jj*>»r Idria, mountain . . 42 CadiiZ 72, 73 ■ ■ hay of .. .. 7* I: Pi 264 CONTENTS. page Caerphilly .. .. .. 43 Cafflrland 206 Caffraria .. ,. .. 40 .British .. .. 2«i6 Cairo 186 Caithness 26 Calcutta .. .. ' 156, 167 Caledonia 45 , New 64, 263, 257 California .. .. 211, 214 , gulf of 211,225 , Lower .. .. 224 Califomian mountains .. 212 Callao 235 Cambay, gulf of .. .. 127 Cambodia 162 , river .. .. 127 Cambria 41 Cambridge ?.9 Campeachy 224 ' , bay of .. 211,224 Canada, dominion of 40, 218 Canary islands .. 74, 180 Candahar 151 Candia 8 Canso, gutof .. .. 221 Canterbury .. .. 36, 37 Canton 171 Cape Breton 209 , description of .. 3 Colony 200, 204, 206 of Good Hope . . 205 , the 204 Town 206 Verd Islands .. 78,180 Caraccas 233 Cardigan .. .. .42 Caribbean sea .. 211, 232 Carlscrona 14 Carmarthen 42 Carnarvonshire .. 42, 43 Camatic, the .* •• 156 Caroline islands .. .. 257 Carolina, North .. .. 214 .South .. .. 214 Carpathian mountains 8, 67 Carthage 195 Carthagcna 72 bay .. 71, 72 Cascade mountains .. 212 Caspian sea 7, 20, 21, 128, 144 Cashmere .. .. 154, 1/4 Caseaudia, gulf of . . . . ] 2:1 Castile ^2 Catalonia .. 71* 73. 74 Catania .. •• bO, 81 Catoche, cape .. .. 211 Caucasian mountains 126, 114 Caucasus .. 20, 134, 135 Cavery, river .. .. 164 Cawsand Beacon .. .. 27 Cayenne .. .. 64, 344 Celano, lake 80 Celebes 88, 250, 251, 262, 263 Celestial mountains .. 125 Ceuta 74 Central America .. ..220 Asia .. .. 126 Ce))halonia 119 Ceram .. . .261 Cerigo « II9 Cevennes mountaLis . . 60 Ceylon .. 40, 12i., 129, 166 Champlain, lalie .. .. 211 Charente, river . . . . 69 Charles, cape .. .. 211 Charlotte Town .. .. 221 Chatham 38 Chelsea 39 Cheltenham 35 Cher, river 69 Cheshire 42 Chesapeake bay .. .. 211 Chesterfield inlet .. .. 211 Cheviot hills . . . . 45 Chiapa .. .. 224 Chicuimula 230 Chihufihua 284 CbUi 232,237 Chiloo .. .. 209, 237 Chiltem hills .. .. 27 China 20, 123, 126, 129, 131, 132, 168 sea .. .. 127, 159 Chinese empire .. .. 168 Christiania 15 Chrtstianshaab .. .. 227 Chudleigh, cape ., ,. vil Chuquieca itiG Cinaloa 2. 4 Circars 15 > Clear, cape 52 5 Clyde, ^rth .. .. 46, 4;' Clyde, river .. .. 26, 4i Coast, description of . . 3 Coblentz .. .. .104 r»«« • • 92 73. 74 80. SI • • 211 126, 134 134, 135 • • 154 • • 27 64, 244 • • 80 252, 263 • • 125 • • 74 • • 229 • • 125 • • 119 t flSl • e 119 • • 60 129 , 156 • • 211 • • 69 * • 211 • • 221 • • 38 • • 39 • • 35 t • 69 • • 42 • • 211 • • 211 • • 45 224 • • 230 • • 284 23 2,237 209, 237 • 27 i2g . . OONTENTS. 265 132, l68 127, 159 .. 168 .. 15 .. 227 .. «11 .. ii6 .. 2.4 .. 15> . . 52 '. 46, 4'/ 26, 4; Lochabanlb& .. .. 236 Cochm.Cbina .. 162, 165 ^ Lower .. 64 Cocicburn island .. .. 209 Cock's islands .. .. 257 Cod, cape 21 1 Cotiabuila 224 Colinia 224 Cologne .. 100, 103, 104 Colombian Republics . . 232 Colorado 214 river .. .. 212 Columbia 214 , British 40, 218, 221 Columbian archipelago .. 247 Columbia, river .. .. 212 Como, lake 80 Comorin, cape .. .. 127 Congo 199 river 179 Connaught 51 Connecticut 214 Constance, lake .. 7,94,113 Constantia 206 Constantinople 9, 14, 122 .straits of 122, 127 Continent, description of . . 2 Copenhagen .. .. 9, 18 Coi»permine, river .. .. 212 Cordilleras mountains .. 212 Cordova .. 72, 73, 240 Corea .. .. 132, 168, 173 , straits of ., .. 127 Corfu 119 Corinth 3 Cork .. .. 52, 55, 58 Cormoro islands .. . 180 Cornwall .. .. 26, 29 Cornwallis island . . . . 209 Corrib, lake 52 Corrientos, cape .. .. 211 Costa Rict .. .. .. 229 Cotswold hills . . . . 27 Coventry 34 Crimea 3 Cromlechs, the .. .. 29 Cuba .. 74, 209, 248, 249 CuUoden 48 Cumberland .. .. .27 Cura9oa 248 Cuzco 235 Cutch, gulfof .. .. 127 pave Cyprus . .. 128, 137 Dahomey .. .. 199, 200 Dakota 214 Dalmatia 66 Damascus 139 Danish America . . . . 226 West Indies . . 248 Dannet head 26 Dantzic .. .. 103, 104 Danube, river 7. 67, 68, 98, 109, 111, 113, 122 Darango 224 Dardanelles, the 122, 127 Darfur 202 Darien, isthmus of . . 208 Darmstadt, Hesse .. .. 114 Dar Saley 202 Davi>'s straits .. .. 211 Dead sea .. .. 128, 138 De Briere, canal . . . . 60 Dee, river 47 Deer, lake 211 Delagoabay 180 Delagua bay . . . . . 203 Delaware . .. .. 214 — bay .. .. 211 river .. .. 212 Delgado 203 Delhi 156 Demeraru 244 Denmark 16 Deptford 38 Derby .. 35 Derbyshire .. .. 27, 28 Derwent, river . . . . 256 water .. .. 27 Deso'ation island .. ?09, 243 Despoto Dagh mountains 122 Devon, North, island .. 209 Devonshire 27 Dinaric Alps, tlie .. .. 122 Dingle . . • . . 52 Divi- ions of the globe .. 2 Djocjocarta 253 Dnieper, x'i :'cr .. 7, 21 Dniester, river .. /, 21 Dominica .. 40, 209, 248 Donegal 52 Don, river .. .. 7, 21 Dooab.the 156 Dornoch lirth .. .. 4O ill 104 A a 266 CONTENTS. 1 i 1/ Dorset 27 Douro, rieer .. .. 7, 70, 76 Dover, straits of . . . . 2 Covrefleld mountains 8, 12 Downs, the 27 Drakenberg mountains .. 180 Dresden .. 100, 106, 107 Drogheda 56 Dublin .. .. 9, 52, 65 D'lmbartonshire .. .. 45 Dumfries 48 Dundee .. .. 46, 47 Dunedin 267 Durham .. .. 32, 39 Dusseldorf 104 Dutch Republic . . . . 206 West Indies .. 247 Dwina, river .. 7, 21 Earth, description of . . 1 Easter islands . . . . 257 Eastern Russia . . . . 20 East cape 127 Indies 88 Ebro, river . . . . 7, 70 Ecuador .. 232, 233, 234 Eden, river 26 Edinburgh .. .. 46, 47 Egina 119 , bay of .. .. 119 Egypt 184 , Lower . . . . 184 .Middle .. .. 184 , Upper .. .. 184 Eider, river 17 Elbe, river 7. 98, 102, 106, 115 Elbourz mountains .. 126 Elsinore .. ., .. 18 Elster, Black, river .. 106 , White, river .. 106 Emerald Isle 53 Empire of Fellatahs . . 202 Ems, river 102 England 25 English channel .. 2, 59, 6l Ephesus .. o. ..lag Equator ,. ., .. 233 — , description of . . 4 Eric, lake 211 Erne, lake 52 Erzgebirge mountains . . 99 Essex 26 Esssquibo 244 E^tremadura «. .. 76 Etna, mount . . 80, 81 Euphrates, river 126, 128, 137 Europe 6 Euxine sea 126 Falkland islands 40, 209, 243 Falster .. .. 17. 18 Farewell, cape . .. 211 Faroe islands .. .. 19 Fars 145 Fegee islands . . . . 257 Fellatahs, empire of . . 202 Fernando Po .. 74, 180 Fez 192 Fezzan .. .. 191. 105 Finisterre, cape . . . . 70 Finland 23 , gulf of . . . . 8 Flamborough head . . . . 27 Flanders, East . . . . 90 , West . . . . 90 Florence .. .. 80, 81 Florida .. .. 211, 214 shore .. .. 247 Forelands, the .. .. 27 Forest of Dean .. .. 28 Forfarshire .. .. .. 47 Formentara 71 Formosa 128 channel .. .. 250 , straits of . . . 127 Forth, river .. .. 26, 46 Fort St. Louis . . . . 200 Foyle, river .. .. 51, 66 France ... 59 Franconia, Lower , . . 108 , Upper . . 108 Frankfort ,. . 100, 103 Frazer river .. .. 212 Free cities .. .. 98, 115 - — states 206 Frencj I West Indies .. 248 Fi'eyberger, river .. .. lOS Friendly islands .. .. 257 Frigid zone, description of 4 Frome, river 33 Frozen ocean . . . . 20 F'mdy, bayof .. .. 211 Funen 17» 18 Further India 125, 129, 132, 156, 159 CONTENTS. 267 191 pngt .. 76 80, 81 128, 137 6 .. 125 209, 243 17, 18 .. 211 .. 19 ., 145 .. 257 .. 202 74, 180 .. 192 195 70 23 8 .. 27 .. 90 .. 90 80, 81 211, 214 .. 247 .. 27 .. 28 .. 47 .. 71 .. 128 .. 250 127 4fi 200 66 59 108 108 100, 103 .. 212 115 206 248 lOS 257 4 .. 33 .. 20 .. 211 17, 18 129, 156, 169 26, • • 51, 98, Of Ga^ta, bay of Galapagos . . ■ islands Galicia Gallia Belgica Galtee mountains 66, Galway Gambia nver p«Ke 79 209 234 /6 89 52 58 40 179, 200 128, 132, 154, 159 80 .. 179 .. 7, 59, 60 62, 55, 56, Ganges, river Garda, lake . . Gareep, river Garonne, river Gata, cape 70 Geelong Geneva , lake of Genoa -, bay of 95, 2, 255 96 94 80 79 Geography, science of . . 1 Georgetown 244 George Town .. l65, 206 Georgia .. .. 135, 214 , gulf of . . . . 222 , South . . . . 209 German Confederation . . 97 ocean 7, 26, 45, 46, 104 Germany in general . . 97 , North .. 97, 98 .South .. 97, 98 Geysers, the . . • ■ 19 Ghauts, the . . 126, 154 Ghent 90 , 91, 92 Ghiediz, river ■ • 138 Ghilan , , 145 Giant's causeway . . • • 53 Gibraltar 70 ,7a 74 • • 70 , straits of .. • • 180 Gilolo • • 251 Globe, the . . • • 1 Glasgow 46, 47 Gloucestershire 27, 32 Goa • • 78 Godavery, river 128, 154 Golconda 155, 156 Gold coast . . 40, 199, 200 Good Hope, cape of 3, 40 Goree 200 Gothland 13 Gottenburg . . 14 Gracios a Dios, cape 211 G»aet» 68 P«ge Graham Land .. .. 200 Graham's Town .. .. 206 Grain coast 190 Grampian hills . . . . 46 Granada .. .. 72, 73 , New . . 232, 233 Great Bear lake .. .. 211 Britain .. .. 25 desert ., .. 197 Russia .. .. 20 Salt lake .. .. 211 Slave lake .. .. 211 Greece 118 Greenland .. 19, 209. 226, 227 Greenock 47 Greenwich . .. .. 38 Grenada .. .. 40, 248 Griz Nez, cape .. .. 60 Guadalaxara .. .. 226 Guadaloupe .. 64, 248, 209 Guadalquiver, river 7, 70 Guadiana, river . . 7, 70, 7^ Guanaxuato .. 224, 226 Guardafui, cape .. . 180 Guatemala .. 223, 229, 230 Guernsey 39 Guerrero 224 Guiana .. 232, 233, 244 , British .. 40, 244 , French .. .. 244 , Dutch .. 88, 244 Guinea .. .. 181, 198 , gulf of .. 74, 130 , Lower .. 199, 200 , New .. .. 253, 257 , Upper .. .. 199 Gujerat 156 Gulf, description of . . 2 Gurranee Jual mountains 55 Haarlem, lake . ..86 Hadramaut 141 Hague, the .. .. 86, 87 Hainan 128 Hainault go Halifax (Nova Scotia) . . 220 Hamburg .. 98, 100, 115 Hampshire, New .. .. 214 Hankow 171 Hanover 16, 99, lOO, 102, 103 Hartz mountains .. .. 99 Hatter as, cape .. .. 211 Havnnnah ,. .. ,, 249 I \ 268 CONTENTS. i Hawkesbiirg, river . . . . 255 Hayti .. .. 209, 248, 249 Hebrides, New ,. 253, 257 , the .. 46, 49 Hecla, mount . . 8, 19 He4jar 141 Hedjaz 141 HeltJer canal .. .. 85 Hellas 118 Hellvellyn mountain . . 27 Herat 151 Herculaneum .. .. 81 Herefordshire .. .. 42 Herzegovina 121 Hesse 98, IH Hesse Cassel .. .. 102 Hill, description of . . . . 3 States, the .. .. 154 Himalaya mountains 125, 154, 159 Hindoo Kosch, mountains 126 Hindostan 40, 78, 125, 129, 131, 132, 148, 154 Hoang ho, river .. 127, 168 Hobarttown 256 Hochew mountain .. .. 126 HoUand 84 , New . . . . 253 Holy Land 139 sea .. .. 128 Honduras .. .. 229, 248 bay .. .. 211 , British . . . . 40 Hong Kong .. .. 40, 171 Honolulu 258 Hooghly, river .. .. 154 Horn, cape 3 Hottentot land .. .. 206 Howsa 202 Hiiamanga 235 Hudson, river . . . 212 Hudson's bay .. 211 territory 40, 218, 220 straits .. .. 211 Hue 162 HuU 31, S3 Hungary .. 66, 67, 68, §9 Huron, lake 211 Hunter, river .. .. 113 Hyderabad 156 Hydrrv 119 Iceland, 9, 19, 200, 226, 227. 228 IllinoiB 9 A JUyria 66 Independent Tartary 132, )i2 West Indies 248 India 154 , Further 124, 129, 132, 156, irjQ Indiana 214 Indian archipelago .. .. 250 ocean 12*, 127, 128 Indus, r ver .. .. 128, 154 Innspruck 68 Inverness .. .. 45, 48 Invemess-shire .. .. 45 Ionian islands .. 119, 120 Iowa 214 Irak 145 Arabia .. .. 137, 139 Iran, plain of .. . 126 Ireland .. .. 25, 51 , New .. .. 253, 257 Irish .xea . . 8, 26, 42, 49 Irkutsk 135 Irrawady, river .. .. 128 Irtish, river .. .. 21, 127 Iseo, lake 80 Island, description of .. 2 Isle of / nglesey , . . . 39 Man 39 Wight .. 35, 39 Ispahan 146 Issus, bay of .. .. 125 Isthmus, description of . . 3 Italy 79 Ithaca iig Iviza 71 Ivory coast 199 Jahde, river 113 Jamaica .. 40, 20g, 248, 249 James's bay .. . . .. 211 Japan .. 129, 131, 132, 176 , islands of .. .. 128 , sea of .. ,. 127 Java .. 87, 126, 250, 261, 262 Jaxt, circle of the .. .. 109 Jcddo 178 Jersey . . . . , , . . 39 , New 814 J' rusalem .. .. :";; Jihoon, river .. ., im. Joannes island . . SOf! Jordan, river ,, .2 32, 34, 39, 63, 87 Londonderry .. 55, 56 Longitude, description of.. 4 Loochoo islands 128, I68, 174 Lopatka, cape .. .. 127 Lough Allen 62 ■ Corrib .. .. 52 Erne 52 Mask 52 Neagh .. .. 61 Louisiana 214 Louvain 92 Low Archipelago islands 257 Lower Austria .. .. O7 — Bavaria .. .. ji08 — — Cochin ClUua . . 138 Lowestoft Ness .. .. 26 Lubec 98, 115 Lucca 80 Lucerne 95 , lake of . . . . 94 Lucknow 157 Lugano, lake . . . . 80 Luxemburg .. 90, 97, 98 Luzon .. .. 251, 253 Lyons 63 , gulf of . . 8, 60 Maas, river 89 Macao 78 Macassar 253 Macgillycuddy's Reeks . . 52 Mackenzie, river .. .. 212 Madagascar ISO Madeiras, the .. 78,180 Madras .. .. 156, 157 MadredeDios .. .. 243 Madrid .. .. 9* 72, 74 Maesa, river .. . 99, 85 /• ■•-■"■ Magdeburg lOS Magellan's straits .. 311, 84S Maggiore, lake .. .. 80 Mahanuddy, river . . . • 138 Maine 314 , river.. .. 109,11* Majanderan 1*S Majorca 71 Malabar I6d Malacca 40, 129 164, l65 , straits of 127, 1«9. 250 Maladetta mountain . . 70 Malaga 73 Malaysia 250 Malay peninsula .. 161, l65 states.. .. 159, l63 Maldive islands . . • . 128 Malin, cape 52 Malines 90 Malvern hills . . • • 27 Manchester .. 3., 33 Manchooria .. 168, 172 Mandari 202 Manilla 253 Man, isle of 39 Mannheim 113 Map, description of . . 3 Maranham 246 Maravi, lake .. . 179 Marches 79 March, river .. .. 67 Margate 35 Marlborough .. .. 2() Marmora, sea of 8, 127, 137 Marquesas islands 64, 257, 258 Marseilles 63 Martinique 64, 209, 248, 249 Maryland 214 Martaban, gulf of .. .. i27 Mask, lake 52 Massachusetts .. .. 214 Mauritius, the .. 40, 180 Meath 52 Mecca 143 Mecklenburg. Schwerin 98, 112 -Strelitz .. 98 Medina . .. .. 243 Medway, river . . . . 26 Mediterranean sea 7, S. 69, 60, 61, 6 J, 70, 71, 79. lit "iO, 125, IIA, 37 Meinam, river .. .. 128 Mejerdah 194 COlfTBNTS. Melbotune .. Melville Island Memel Menai strait .*. Mendereh. river Mendip hills.. •• JJf ndpcino. capo '.' Mesopotamia Messina Mexico ^ > grulf of rr — » New.. Mezen, river Michig an .. rrrr — » lake Michoacan . Middle island Milan .. Milford Military frontier Milo .. M|na,lake .*: Mindano Minho, river.'.* Minnesota Minorca Mississippi Missouri Zrr~, — ' ^^ver Mitylene Miyako Mocaranga Mocha Modena Molucca islandi Mona .. ~~ — ^ passage Mondego, river Mongolia Monmouthshire Monomotapa Mons Mont Blanc " Montgomery . Monte Negro [ T" — -- Video Montreal mSSTviT''""!^"^ °' "'^ Moravian mountain's 271 Morea Morocco * ' Moscow Moselle, river" Mosquitia .. Mosquito Mount iEtna'.'. ' Ararat Hecla l-ebanon Rosa ,. ■ — Sorata 2 ■ St. Elias ,, Vesuvius 9 Q o. ^_ V •• 203, 204 100, 109 SI, 85 .. 256 .. 113 46 • . 253 •• 143 3. 8. 18 101, 192 23. 24 59 .. 339 • • 339 8, 80 • • 126 8, 19 • • 140 94 • 230 '• 2la 8. 8, 80, 81 Munster \7. ~» New Murg .. Murray, firth " Muscat ' ^^ Namur Nankin Nantes Naples Nassau 5;^ (Bahamas.) - r -.coast.'.' Nauplm, bay of " Navigator's islands" geagh, lake ;.' Nebraska Neckar.circl^'ofth'e r. , 7> river Ned^ed Jfegrais, cape" NegTopont .. Nelson Nepaul Nerbudda river Ness, lake Netherlands .'.* ^euchatel.iakeof Neusiedel. lake *^eva, river 3' 9. 79, 80, 99, t • 90 171 64 81 79 102 .. 249 40, 205 203, 204 •• 119 •• 257 • • iig 61 •• 214 •• 111 99. Ill, 113 •• 141 •• 127 •• 119 • • 257 •• 154 128, 164 .. 27 59 • 94 67 7, 23 272 CONTENTS. ,'i .1 • '. u\ I Neveda 214 New Amsterdam .. .. 244 Britain .. 263, 257 Brunswick 218, 220, 249 Caledonia 64, 253, 257 Newcastle (Oceania) .. 255 upon-Tyne 31, 33 New Forest 28 Newfoundland 209, 218, 221 New Granada . . . . 232 — >— Guinea .. 253, 257 Hampshire .. .. 214 Hebrides .. 253, 257 Holland .. .. 253 Ireland .. 253, 257 Jersey 214 Leon 224 Mexico 214 Munster .. .. 256 Orleans 217 Russia 20 Newry 66 New South Wales . . 235, 255 Ulster 256 Westminster .. .. 222 World, continent of 2 York .. .. 214, 217 Zealand 40, 253, 256 Ngami, lake 1/9 Nicaragua, lake .. .. 211 Nicaria 137 Nidda, river 114 Niemen, river . . . . 7 Nieuwoeld mountains . . 180 Niger, river 179 Nigritia 202 Nile, river 1/9 Nlmes t)4 Ninevah 139 Niphon 176 Nishni.Novgorod .. .. 23 Nore, river 51 Norfolk island .. 253,257 Normandy 63 North canal 85 Carolina .. .. 214 Devon island . . 209 East cape .. .. 127 Northern Dwina, r? ver . . 7 ocean .. 45, 134 North island 256 sea 8, 17, 45, 80 ' Somerset island . . 209 Northumberland •• .. 83 North-western proviiices 166 Norway 12 Nottinghamshire .. .. 28 Nova Scotia 211,218,220 Nubia .. .. 184, 188 Nuremburg .. .. ;. 110 Nyanza, lake .. .. 179 Nyassi, lake 179 Oaxaca 224 Obi, gulf of 127 , river .. .. 21, 127 Oceania .. 2, 40, 04, 250 Odense 18 Oder, river . . . . 7, 98, 102 Odessa, 23 CEland IS Oeta mountains .. .. lift Ohio 214 Okhotsk, sea of .. .. 127 Oldenbiurg .. .. 98, 113 Old World, continents of 3 Oman .. .. 141, 143 Onega, lake of . . 7, 21 river 7 Ontario 211 , lake .. .. 2, 21 Ooroomia, lake .. .. 128 Oporto 78 Orange liver .. 179, 200 Oregon 214 mountains .. .. 313 Ore mountains .. .. 68 Orissa .. .. 165, 156 Orizaba mountains . . . . 224 Orkney islands .. 46, 49 Orkneys, South . . . . 209 Orleans 63 , New 217 Ormus, straits of .. .. 127 Ome, river 69 Oronoko, river . . . . 244 OrtegaK cape .. .. 70 Ostend .. .. 90, 91 Otago harbour . . . . 257 Otaheite 258 Ottawa 220 Oude 156, 167 Ouraliau mountains {see Uralian) Onral, river .. .. 7 128 Ourshenj 16t CONTENTS. 278 Ourthe, river .. .. 80 Ouse, river . . . . 26, 38 Oxford 30 Oxfordshire VJ Oz^rk mountains .. .. 312 Pacific ocean 74, 124, 127 Padang 253 Padua 80 Paisley 47 Palatinate, the .. .. 108 Palembang 253 Palermo .. .. 80. 81 Palestine .. .. 137, 139 Palk's straits .. .. 127 Paima 72 — Isles 71 Pnlmyra 139 Pamir table-land .. .. 152 Panama bay .. .. 211 — , isthmus of 208, 233 Pantadantylon, mountains 1 19 Papal states . . 79, 82, 83 Para 246 ParagTiay .. .. 2S2, 241 Paramaribo 244 Paramatta 255 Paris 9, 62, 63 Parma 79, 80 Paros 119 Patagonia .. .. 232, 242 Patagonian archipelago . . 209 Patmos 137 Paxo 119 Peak, the .. .. 27, 29 Pechan mountain .. .. 126 Pegu 163, 164 Pel ew islands .. .. 257 Pekin 171 Pembrokeshire .. 26, 42 Penarig .. 40, 164, 1 65 peninsula, description of .. 2 Pennsylvania .. .. 214 pentlanM firth . . 45, 46 Pemambuco 246 Perouse, straits of . . .. 127 Persia .. 20. 125, 131, 132, 144 Persian gulf, the 127, 128, 137, 144 Perth IS ( >ceauia) .. .. 2£6 Perthshire .. .. .. 45 Peru 232, 234 Perugia, lake . . . . 80 Peru, Upper . . . , , , 236 Pcsth TS Petchnra, river .. 7* SI Petermaritzburs •• .. SO0 Philippine islands 74, 951, Sfi2 Philadelphia 317 Pindus mountains . ..133 Pirasus, harbour of •• 110 Pisa 80, 81 Plain, (tescripticn of . . 2 Plinlimmou, mountain . . 42 Plymouth .. .. 31, 35, 38 Point Barrow •• .. 311 Poland .. .. 30, 33 Polar seas 33 Polynesia .. .. 350, 357 Pomerania 103 Pompeii 81 Ponfiicherry 84 Popocatepeth mountains 334 Po, river . . . . 7» 79 Port-au-Prince .. .. 249 Jackson .. .. 255 Portland Pohit . . . . 37 Pert Uncoln . . . . 356 Natal 304 Nicholson .. .. 357 Porto Rico 74, 209. 248, 249 Port Philip 255 Portsmouth .. ..31, 35, 38 Portugal 70 Posen 102, 105 Pctosi 336 Foyang lake 100 Prague 08 Preffel, river •. .. 103 Presburg 08 Prince Edward's island 209, 218, 221 of Wales' cape .. 211 island .. 209 I'atrick island 165, 209 PrDinontory, description of 3 Prussia .. 98. 100, 102 , Proper .. 102, 165 Pnith. river .. . ..122 Puebla .. .. 224, 226 Puer o Principfe . . . . 249 Punjaub, the .. 149, 156 Pyrenees, the 8, 59, 60, 70, "4 Quebec ,. .. 21H. JW Queen Charlotte's island 809, 263, 287 £74 CONTENTS. '^ t' II i m puffc Queen Charlotte's sound ail, 222 Queensland .. .. 253, 25a Queretaro .. .. 224, 226 Quito 23J Race, cope 211 108 35 164 127 no Red sea . . 129, 127 Reisen.Gebirg 8 mountains 67, gg Rachelberg:, md^ntains Ramsgate Rancoon Ra-'.al'had, cape Ratisbon Reikiavik Renfrewshire Reuss, Elder Line . . ——.river , Younger line Rhaetian Alps Rhine, Lower — — , Middle province 47. 2, 7, 59, 85, 98, 99. 102, 104, 109, 113, , river 94. 95, • • • • , Upper Rhode island Rhodes .. .. 128, Rhone, river . . 7, 60, Riga , gulf of Rio del Nortd, river Grande, river . . Janeiro River, description of Rocky mountains . . Romagna Romania, cape Rome 9> 63, Rosa, mount Roscommon Rotterdam Rouen Roumania Roumelia Russia Eastern Great ■ in Asia Little . . New .. .. -^ JPolish.. ,» ,, 228 49 98 95 98 67 113 113 102 114 113 214 137 94 23 8 212 17!) 24(5 2 212 79 127 80 91 5'2 Kf) 63 121 121 20 20 20 131 20 20 20 Sable .. Sacramento, river Saghalian Sahara, the . . Sahel, the S&id .. Saigong SHlamancEt .. Salanus Salisbury plain Saloniki, gulf of Salt Lake Salzburg Sambre, river. . Samos .. San Domingo.. Sandwich islands Sangar, straits of San J08U Juan Luis Potosi Paulo Salvador Santa Cruz . . Maura. . 191. 73. 7i, 257, Santiago Santorina Sadne, river Saragossa Sarawak Sardinia Sardinian states Save, river . . Savoy Saxe-Altenburg Coburg-Gotha -Meiningen . . 240, 229, 238, G7, -Weimar Saxony .. 98, 99, 102, Sea Fell mountain .. Scandinavia .. Scarpanto Scha'iraburg-Lippe .. Scheldt, river •• 7, 89, Schwartzburg-Sonderhausen Schleswig-Holstien. . Scilly isles Scinde .. .. 149, Scio Scotland .. 25, 26, Segura, river Seine, river . . 7, 59, 60, 211 212 128 197 198 184 162 74 119 3ff 29 122 211 60 89 137 24h! 'J.'b 127 229 249 234 246 230 248 119 249 119 69 72 253 8 79 122 8 98 98 98 98 10(5 27 15 137 98 91 98 102 3!) 156 137 45 7 62 CONTBNlo. «75 "3, . 211 ,. 212 . 128 91, 197 .. 11)8 ,. 181 ,. 162 7* 119 .. 3« .. 29 .. 12'2 .. 211 .. 60 .. 89 .. i:»7 71. 218 . 257, "-'^ . 127 .. 229 240, 249 .. 224 .. 246 229, 230 .. 248 .. 119 238, 249 119 89 72 253 8 79 67, 122 8 98 98 98 98 102, 106 27 15 137 98 1 89, 91 sen 98 102 3[) ^49, 156 137 1 26, 45 7 |60, 62 pare Seltzers 99 Seiiet^a!, river .. 179 SeneKambia 64, 181, 198, 200 Sennaar 180 Senne, river 90 Serajero Vl-2 Servii 8, I2i Servian Waiwodeship . . CtJ Severn, river 26 Seville 7'-'. 7^ Shah states 162 Shannon, river .. .. 5i Shary, river 179 Sheerness 38 Sheffield .. .. 31, 34 Sherwood Forest . . . • 28 Shetland Isles .. 46, 49 Shetlands, South • ... 2U9 Shropshire 42 Siam 159. 160 , gulf of .. 127, 159 Siberia 126, 128, 129, 134, 135 '■ Eastern .. .. 135 — Western .. .. 135 SicUy 2, 8, 81 Sidra, gulfof. 180 Sierra Leone 40 coast . . 199, 200 Nevada •• .. 70 mountains.. 212 Sievero Vostochnia, cape . . 127 Sihun, river 138 Si- Kiang, river .. .. 127 Sikok 176 Silesia 102, 103 Silesi'in mountains . . . . 67 Singapore .. 40, 128, )64, 165 Sitka 209 Skiddaw mountain . . . . 27 Skyra 119 Slaney, river 61 Slave Coast 199 SUgo 52 Smyrna 133 Snowden mountain.. 27, 42 Society islands 64, 257, 258 Sofala 203, 201 bay of .. .. 180 Soliman mountains .. 126 Solomon islands . . . 253, 257 Solway Firth 46 Somerset, North, island . . 209 Somersetshire .. 27 Somme, river .. S9 Sonora 224 Sooloo islands .. 251,253 Sophia 123 Soudan .. .. 181, 203 Sound, the 18 Sourabaya 253 South America . . 208, 230 Southampton island . . 2og South Australia . . 253, 25& Carolina .. .. 214 Southern Dwina, river . . 7 South Georgia . . . . 309 Orkneys . . . . 309 Shetlands .. .. 209 Spain 70 Spanish Town . . . . 249 Spanish West Indies .. 247 Spencer gulf 255 Spey. river 30 Spezzia I19 Spice islands 351 Spithead 3S St. Andrew's 48 St. Antonio, cape .. .. 21! St. Bartholomew .. .. 348 St. Croix ig St. David's Head .. .. 36 St. Domingo S09 St. F^ de Bogota .. ..333 St. George's channel 42, 49 St. Helena .. .. 40, 180 St. John river .. .. 212 St. John's .. 19,220,248 St. Kittis 248 St. Lawrence, gulfof 211, 221 , river 212, 220 St. Lucas, cape .. .. 211 St. Lucia .. .. 40, 346 St. Petersburg .. 9, 23, 24 St. Pierre 349 St. Thomas .. .. 180,248 St. Vincent . . . . 40, 248 Star Point 27 Staten island. . . . 209, 243 States of La Plata .. 232,239 of the Church . . 8 Stettin 104 Stirlingshire 49 Stockholm .. .. 9, 14 Stonehenge 39 Stony mountains . . . . 313 Strait description of .. a E>a A^o. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 1.0 I.I 21 12.5 no |: 1^ U*: 12.2 IIIIIM ■WUu ly^ L25 II 1.4 ■7 /2 Photographic Sciences Coi>jration 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ V 6^ ^ ^ iU (30NT£Nt8. Straits of Dover .. 3 -——settlements .. .. Ifl* Strasburgr 04 S^romboU mountain .. 80 Stttttgwd in Stjrria 66, 63 Soabia 108 Sudeteamnnntains.. 67 Suez 143, 186 1 gulf of 127 , Isthmus of 3, 141, 170, 184 Suifolk 26 Suir, liver .. .. 61, 66 Sumatra 88, 250, 251, 262, 2A3 Sumbava .. .. 2K0, 252 Sunda islands .. .. 250 Sunderland 34 Superior, lake .. 211 Suracarta 252 Surinam 244 Susquehanna river . . 212 Sussex . ..27 Swan river .. .. 253,256 Swansea .. 42 Swedish West indies' '.*. 247 Switzerland 93 Sydney .966 Syra ilQ Syria 137« 139 Syr, river 128 Tabasco .. .. .. 224 Table Land, description of 3 Tafllet 192 Tagtts, river .. 7, 70, 7f, 72 Taheti 258 Tamar, river 266 Tamaulipas < 224 Taiavera 73 Tancha,cape 211 Tanganyika, lake .. 179 Tangiers 192 Tapty, river 128 Taranto, bay of . . . . 79 Tartary 20, 125, 126, 128 , gulf of .. .. 127 ■' Independent 132, 152 Tasmania .. .. 253, 256 Tauris 146 Taurus mountains .. .. 126 Tkiy, Firth of .. 46, 47 -—, river i6 Tchad, lake 179 Tees, river 26 Teiieran 146 Temperate Zone, description of 4 Tenassarim Provinces . . 163 Tennesse 214 Temate 261 Texas 214 Thabaristau 146 Thames, river 2, 7, 26, 89 Thames river (Oceania) •• 267 Thebes 186 The Cape 904 Theiss, river 67 Thessaly l*il Thian-Shan mountains . . 126 Tiber, river f9 Tibet 126, 126, 18S, 154, m Tidore 261 Tierra del Fuego .. 209,248 Tigris, river .. 128, 137 Timbuctoo .. . .. 200 Timor .. ..78* 88, 261, 362 Tino 119 Tlascala 324 Tobago 248 Tobolsk 136 Toledo 78 Tong.Ting lake .« 169 Tonquin 162 , gulf of .. .. 127 Toronto 320 Torrens, river .. .. 366 Torrid Zone, description of 4 Toulouse 60 Toumay 00 Trafalgar, cape .. 70* 73 Transcaticasia .. 144 Trans. Vaal, the .. ..306 TVansylvanIa 66 Trave, river 116 Trent, river .. .. •• 26 Trinidad .. 40, 209, 248 Trinity Land 309 TripoU 191. 196 Tunis 191. 194 Turin 9. 80 Turkestan .. 125, 149, 162 Turkey 30 in Asia .. 125. 187 ~— — Europe .. 131 Tuscany . . 79» 81* i3 OON'IENlS. ill 4 168 9U 851 au 145 I, 89 857 186 804 67 I'n 185 19 , 17* . 851 19,848 «, 187 , . 800 U, 883 . 119 884 848 185 73 169 168 187 880 855 4 60 90 0, 73 . 144 . 806 . 66 115 86 ,848 809 1, 195 I, 194 80 9. IW 80 5, 187 181 II, •• Tweed, rirer 36 lyne, river 86 1>rol 66, 68 UUeswater, lake 37 Ulster 51 New 956 Umbria 79 Ummerspoora .. .. 160 Upper Bavaria .. .. 108 Franconia .. .. 108 Uppemairk 837 Upper Palatinate .. 108 Peru 336 Upsal 14 Uralian mountains 8, 31, 136, 134 Urug;uay .. .. 333, 340 , river .. .. 340 Utah 3M Utrecht .. .. 86, 87 Valencia .. .. 7i» 7^ Valladolid 7* Valley, description of . . 3 Valparaiso 338 Vancouvers* island 40, 309, 318, 323 Van, lake .. 138, 138 •— Dieman's Land 40, 353, 356 Venetia 79 Venezuela .. .. 333, 83.1 gulf of .. .. 347 Venice .. .. 80, 83 — — bay of .. .. 79 grulf of .. .. 8 Vera Cruz .. .. 323, 326 Verd, cape 180 Vermont .. ..314 Vesuvius, mount 3, d, 80, 81 Victoria 333, 353, 355 Victoria-Nyanza, lake . . 179 Vienna, 9, 68 ViUal'.eal 341 Vim^nia 314 Virgin islands .. .. 309 Vistula, river 7, 31, 103, 104 Vittoria 73 Volcano, description of .. 8 Volga* river .. .. 7, ^l Vosges mountains.. .. 60 Vostani 184 Waag, river 67 Waiho, river 857 Waideck 98 Wales .. .. 35, 96, 41 Warsaw 8S Warwickshire .. .. 84 Washington .. .. 814, 817 Waterford .. 53, 55, 56 Welleslev Province.. 164,165 Wellington 957 island .. 309, 948 W jnem, lake 7 Weser, river 7* 98, 103, 113, 116 West Australia .. 983 Indies 19i 40, 61, 7** 909^947 Westminster, New . . .. 998 WesTmoreland .. .. 87 Westphalia 108 Wetter, lake 7 Wexford .. 53, 56 White Elster, river . . . . 106 ' sea 88 Wicklow mtuntaini .. 69 Wiesbaden 99 Wight, isle of .. .. 85 Winchester 86 Windermere, lake .. .. 97 Windsor (England).. .. 88 ——'— forest .. 98 (Oceania).. .. 955 Windward islands .. .. 909 passage.. .. 911 la'g .. 98, 108, 110 Wisconsin 914 Wolds, the 88 Woolwich 87 Worcestershire .. .. 88 XaJiaco 924 Xeres 79 Yablonnoi mountains . . 1^6 Yang-tse-Kiang, river 138, 168 Yarkana, river .. 198 Yarmouth 37 YeUow river I68 sea 137 Yemen.. .. .. 141,148 278 CONTENTS Yenisei, river Yeshil.Irmak, river Yokohama York .. , New Yorkshire y, river Ythia .. Yucatan Ynn-lin mountains Zacatecas Zaire, river 21, 127 .. 187 .. 178 36, 37 214, 217 27, 33 .. 86 .. 161 211, 224 .. 168 M4 170 Zambesi river .. .170 Zaniruebar 304 Zante 119 Zea 119 Zealand .. ..17, I9, 39 Zealand, New 40, 2S8, S56 Zirknitz, lake ,. .. 67 Zollverein .. . .. £00 Zone, description of .. S Zurich 9A* 98 , lake of .. .. 94 ZuyderZee .. ., .. 8/ Zv/ickau 10^ COBHXB'B HI8T0&ICAL LXBRABT. Comer's Histoncal Library^ AND OP WHICH 150,000 Volnmer have been sold, comprising a complete History of every Nation in Europe. 'Uniformly printed, each eeuntry in a separate volume; with Illut- tranonM from Historical Subjeett, elegantly engraven on Steel, from deeign* by Gilbert, Franklin, ^c. and an accurate Map to each Volume i well bound in cloth gilt, and lettered. C9MMBNCINO WITD THB BARLIBST rSRIOD OP AVTHBNTIC RKCORP* AND BROVOHT OOVfN TO THK PRB8BNT TIMR. AUlJUJUUUU'y -^^=*«;^ The object of these Works — peculiarly suited to Schools and Families — ^is to furnish the reader with a faithful history- of each nation, from the earlier periods to the present time, interspersed with an accurate account of thd PEAN ft SON, I.UDtiAT? HIjU^ LONDOIT* COBKEB*S HIBTOEICAL LIBRABT. religion, Qustoms, national charaeteristics, itates of civUi- vation, and domestic habits of the people, in yarions periods of their history; to attract the attention of the rising generation by purity of language and clearness of detail; and thus render easy and pleasant the attainment "^f a knowledge of the leading erents of History. it It u f ' ! Corner's History of England and Wales, From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Adapted to Schools and Families. By Miss Corner. New Edition, with Table of English Sovereigns, their relationship and progeny, from William the Conqueror to Victoria, and Table of Lineal Descent of Queen Victoria from the first Ring of England ; also a Pictorial Genealogy of the Monarchs of England, containing 95 distinct pictures, printed in coloured ink and folded. Steel engrayings from designs by eminent artists. A Map of England and Wales, by W. R. Gardner. Chronological Table and Index. Examination Questions, on separate epochs and reigns. Strongly and handsomely bound in cloth, gilt, price 4s. or, without the Questions, 8s. 6d. Upwards of seventy fine thousand copies of this work have been •old. The press, generally, has spoken highly of it, and recommends it strongly ; and the testimony of experienced teachers proves that it is a work whicli merits the pruse which has been bestowed on it. " It is important that liistory meant for young Englishmen should be flree flrom political poison, and this book wUi be found unftAcep- tional on this score." — British Banner. Corner's History of Scotland. From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. By Miss Corner. New Edition, enlarged and improved, with Chronological Table and Index, Questions, and modern Map. En- f ravines on steel, by Davenport, from paintinjrs by ohn Gilbert. Cloth gilt, 3s. without Questions, 2s. 6d. In £ngUsh schools, in Ireland, in America, and in Britisli colonies and dependencies, the chief objection to most school Histories of ScotJand is that they are compiled by natives of Scotland, and exhibit a strong national, religious, and political bias. Unwarrantable an the J^^*^**— ^— ■»— ^' ■' »■ I—— ■■■■■!■■■ ■»■ ■■IIMIII W III I ■»■ I. II.IMI— — II ■ » — ^^M^.^^ DEAN & SON, LUDGATE HILL« LONDON. COBHEB'B HI8T0&I0AL LIBRABT. ofatjectlon is, in many insUnces, its existence is a fact which cannot bt ignored. Such an objection has never been urged against Miss Cor* ner's History. The work has, nevertheless, been liighly commended by the Scottish press, and it has been since its first appearance a popular school book in Scotland, and a favourite reading book in Scottish families. *' We have perused this history with much interest, delighted with the ease and perspicuity of the style, and the clearness and force of the narrative." — Edinburgh Chronicle. ,/' Corner's History of Ireland. From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. Hy Miss Corner. New Edition, enlarged and improved, wrth Chronological Table and Index, Questions, and modern Map. En- gravings on steel, from paintings by John Gilbert. Cloth gilt, price Ss. or, vrithc t the Questions, 2s. 6d. The history of the sister island of Great Britain is replete with in. terest to aU classes of readers, and with instruction to the young. No ..over of the " Emerald Isle " could desire a better School History of Ireland than this. With admirable tact, the author has avoided— even in the use of distinctive terms — everything calculated to offend any party, religious or political. It is almost impossible that a history of Ireland could be more impartially written. *' The historical facts, always correct, are detailed in plain and concise language. This is one of the best class books in Ireland for young people." — Limerick Standard, Corner's History of France. From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. B7 Miss Comer. New Edition, enlarged and improved, witli Chronological Table and Index, and Questions. Map by Becker, with scale of British miles and French leagues. Steel en- gravings by Davenport, from drawings by Franklin. Cloth gilt, price 3s. or, without the Questions, 2s. (jd. For eight centuries the history of England has been incidentally connected with that of France; and the history «>f France is in no degree the history of modem civilization. Miss Comer haij taken care to avoid as much as possible too tedious a ietail cf wars and politics, which coiifuse and fatigue the youthful mind. " We look upon Miss Comer's work wita ^eat interest, as being peculiarly adapted to the minds of young people." — Sonconformi$t, PEAN & SON, LUDGATB MILL« LONDON. r.. WSSEBJn HXSTOBIOAL UBRAKT. ^^»i^M^— ^i—.^— —»——»— ^—»~— I «» •• Corner's Histories of Spain and Por- TTOAL. From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. By Miss Corner. Map of Spain and Portugal. Steel engravings by Davenport and S. Smith, from drawings by Franklin. I^ew Edition, enlarged and improved, with Questions appended. Cloth gilt, pricu Ss. or, without the Questions, 2s. 6d. The advantage of publishing these two histories in nne volume will be apparent to every teacher. Miss Comer has been singularly for- tunate in making this volume one of the most pleasing of her historical library . There are but few school histories of Spain and Portugal, and it is not too much to say that there is not one written in so interesting and accurate a manner as this. The histories are brought down to the year I867. " So concise and plain as to be at once adapted to the capacities and volatility of young people, while they am useftil compendiums for adults."— -l^mes. " Miss Comer gives a clear and striking account of the difltarent kingdoms that at various times were founded in Spain."— fAndurf A Review, Corner's History of Greece. From the Earliest Period to the Roman Conquest; with a Sketch of its Modem History to the Present Time. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. By Miss Comer. New Edition, with Questions to each chapter. Map by Becker. Chronological Table and Index. Cloth gilt, price 3s. " This work is ably written. An immense amount of information is given perspicuously and interestingly, the best authorities have been consulted, and the results of their learned labours have been appro- priated by Miss Corner. Bit she has acknowledged her obligations, and constant reference is made to the works of Grot«, Thirlwall, Words, worth, Smith, he &c. Thus the reader or the learner becomes familiar with the names of the principal authorities on the subject which foi the time engages his attention." — Spectator. *' Remarkably clear in its arrangement, while the simple and easy style in which it is written, peciUinriy fits it for popular use."— Engliehwoman'a Magazine. ^^ P^AN & SON^ LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. COBKIB'8 flI8T0BICAL UBftABT. Corner's History of Rome. From the Earliest Period to the close of the Empire. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. By Miss Corner. New Edition enlarged and improved, with Map of the Empire, and Chronological Table and Index. Questions subjoined to each chapter. Constant Reference to Au- thorities. Cloth gilt, price 8s. 6d. " Miss Corner's Historj of Rome will assuredly ere long supersede all the Roman histories at prijsent used in schools i it is well written, ami the historical facts elicited by the learned labours of Niebuhr, Ar- nold, &c. are made to take the place of the fabuloua accounts which have hitherto passed current as authentic history ; at the same time the popular early legends are not omitted* but their doubtfU nature is pointed out."— Weatmituter Rniem, " An excellent feature in this history is the continual eflbrt to open out to the Toimg: reader the household life and social customs of Mie Romans, tot without this, andtnt hiatoiy can liaTe no rtaUty for children."— i?tfiitfali«fial TinMt. gilt. se."- Corner's History of Germany, and the AUSTBIAN EMPIBE, from the Earliest Period, with a continuation to the Treaty of Luxemburg. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. By Miss Corner. A new Edition, revised and enlarged, with Chronological Tablu and Index, and Questions for Examination, to which reference is made by figures in the text. An accurate Map, and finely-executed Steel engravings b^ Daven- port, from paintings by John Gilbert Cloth gilt, 8s. 6d. The author undertook the compilation of this work with a full knowledge of 'the difficulties to be overcome in writing a History of Germany in an abridged form. It is no easy task to narrate chronolo. gically in a lively manner the history of a number of States more or less connected with each other, yet having distinct as well as conunon interests. No one who reads this volume wiU iitiagme that the writer had difB.c\ilties to contend with. " We do not know of a more agreeable or instiuctive present for youth." — Times ^ DEAN & SON. LUDGATE HILL, LONDON OOBN£ia'S HISTOBICAL LIB&ABY, Corner's History of Italy. '^^ From the Earliest Period to tlio Establishment of the King- dom under Victor Emmanuel. Adapted to Youth, Schools, and Families. By Miss Corner. Engravings on steel from designs by J. Gilbert, and a Map. Cloth lettered, price 2s. ttd. Italy is now, in an historical point of v\ ;w, one of the most intereatinf kingdoms in existence. The publishers have devoted to the HMory 0/ Itniy the volume of Comer's Historical Libraiy which formerly con< tained the History of Italy and Switzerland. The book has been carefully revised, and flrom page Ul it has been entirely re- written. ** Written with fxeat care and ability."— JuAn Bull. **A veiy useful educational hoiik."~-Uterarif Oaxette. w An Abridgement of the History of ENGLAND, from the Invasion of Julius CsBsar to the death of George the Second, by Dr. Goldsmith. Revised, corrected, and improved, with exercises at the end of each chapter. Also a continuation of the Wif- tory to the beginning of 1826, by John Dymock ; and extended from his continuation to the year 1856. With the Heads of the Sovereigns, by Bewick. Price 3s. 6d. Of all the various editions of the Abridg:ement of GKddsmith's His. tory of England, none have been so long and so deservedly popular as this, by Dymock, to whose " continuation" the history of thirty years has been added. It may be well to state that well-compiled exercises are appended to each chapter. Rodwell's Child's First Step to the mST'^nT 07 ENGLAND. New Edition, revised and corrected, with a Continuation by Miss Corner. Illus- trated with engravings after John Gilbert. Examiuaticn Questions, Chronological Table, a Chapter on the Principal Events during the reirn of each Sovereign, ^' the Co:itemporary Sovereigns of liurope, and Notable Personages who lived in each reign, by Edwarc? Farr. Price 2s. 6d. bound in cloth. DEAN & SON. LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. lOUCATIONAi. ■^pofc moOMBn CORNER'S IDSTOBICil UBBIBT, 136,000 Volomeiliafe been loMi coMraiuM* ' ,. ^« object or Cheaa Wni^ k. pMiodi o/thairhii. W .CJ ^^„il^. ^^ IJ MIST. 09 INOLANO. "It b iM^oruai ikai htotorr M«aBt tor ye«B| ■ifUAMM tkoaU b« frtf »o« >«Uttcsl poiMB, m4 *1« ftook wui b« Io«b4 mMiMMlonabU th« ttUntlon of tb« rlaiog g enarfttloD bv parity of langutg* and oUaraeM or detail; and tliui render eaev and Rleaaant the ^tainment of a uow. idge of the leading e?enia of Hiatorj. CORNER'S HISTORY OP ENGLAND AND WALES ; New BditioB, broaght down to preaent date with Chroiiologioal Table and Ind4x i Sa. 6d. oloth, letured ; or bound ap with Queetiona on the Hietonr.ia. UluatratedwitbaMap, Hlatorfoal IngraTlnga, and a 0«> Baalogy of the IControha. CORNER'S HISTORY OF IRELAND; New EdiUoB. with Chronologioal Table and Index; ta. 6d. oloth, lettered ; or boond op with Qaeationo on the Hiatory, Sa. ninatrated with a Map, and three Hiatorioal EngraTinga by J. Oilbart CORNER'S HISTORY OF SCOTLAND; New EdiUon. with Chronological Table and Index; fla. id. cloth, lettered; or bound ap with Qaeationa on the Hiatory,3i. ninatrated with a Map, and three aiatoiioal Engramgi by J«hB QUbaH '(rivi<^: Dm AM li 8eM L^natfau* Uiil. LoodoA- I ooRNina iioMi. '^iioi?/'',' "story oit" fe. ^^ Map, a.^ y^ flSSillT ^'** ^ ..'^T. by J. ]rSS^"»'*<«» «»»«> »ra ^:;r!>^ « tf* uik ^99, HUl. HItT. OP QRIIOI. " Htmwkablf cltar la Its amuBianieot, whUt tbo limpleaadaMyttjl* tn which It U wrlum, pMBlUrly Am It for popalftr vM.'—MHgUHlr wpNMin'f Magnaim, v.ORN£R'S ACCURATE HIS- TORY OF Oii£E0£; ftom to- oepted authoritiet, Engliih and Foreign; aa Grote'a History of Oreeoe. Smith'a Oraek and Roman Antiqaltid, ThirlwaU and Worda- uorth'a Oreeoo, Smith'a Mythology aid Biography, Annala of Oom- maroe, oommeadktion of oort to Mat th«m lata ••act. Thia ToluKe, har Hlatory of Qraeee, It written wlthgrtat eltar&Mt and flaeaeyi the tebulottt tulea whleh dielltara to maay piefiMiedlr AUtbeatle hUtorlee of the Greeks ere dlecarded. We cordially reconuneaA thla work for the sshoel-reom or IkaailF oir8le.--tfe«Ml ircroU. CORNER'S >• HISTORY OF FRANCE, to preaent time: with Chronological Table and imdes ; Sa. (id. oloth, lettered ; or bound op with Questions du the History, 9*. "Wu Ooraer arP**n to be «n eseeUeat hUtorUun for the eehool roon. She aar* rates with flaency and eleameM, and la a concise and liTely manner, the leadinir fluls •o as to convey the spvlt of history, and Indicate the cnaracteristics of the people andthe country, as wsU as the rulers aad Isnwus charaetois." ^v-,^ I Diur Ik 8«ir« > « Ladgata Hill, London. NItT. OF QIMIAIIV. '•▲ItOMtiMT Wt 40 Mt know or • man mimaMc or iMtnutlfo ff ri iot fcr yoatli."--I«HMt. "Tho AatliorMi ooB^Ptri IB loofuco raiiod to hot rwi4on tho roraitt of tho la- borloM roooorekw of otkot ■OhOlf."~ H l H ll M 0W l «OH|. CORNER'S HISTORY OF DENMARK. SWEDEN, k NOB- WAT; U. 0d. elothJtttOT«dx with fi Map, and two Hiatoil«y Sa- graflnf a, bj J. rraaUin. CORNER'S HISTORY OP ITALY 9a. 6d. elofh. 1«ttmrad : Wflh • Vi^, and thraa oloffant Hmotimi M^ fravinga, Ljr Gilbert CORNER'S HISTORY OF HOLLAND k BELGIUM; Sa.Od. eloth, lettered : with a Map, and two Hiatorlcai£ngraTiaf8, bj Joha GUbert CORNER'S HISTORY OF GERMANY k THE OBRMAN EMPIRE; a New Edition, with additiona, bringing the Hiatory down to the preaent time, a Chro- nological Table and Index ; 3a. M. sloth, lettered. With a Map, and three Hiatoricai Platea. CORNER'S UNITED KING- DOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND; price 10a. M., demf 8to. handoomehr bonnd, with gilt edgea, fit for a Preaent; ^ ^ElcTen Platea of lUaa-^ ^ \r*%. ^^tniXon*. and three ^ *->«^ 7^ ^. ilapa. V mvr^ iS'J>) %' ^*^ UKiK It ^". Mia. v^^ .1: I' i ; ■f ■ m '1' ^ wwAirs tmuM am lEAIIM kill. IkM •dittott. Is.. ko«M lalMtktr. PRITTY PRIMER. ▲ first Book for GklUrMk Msur SBgravlBis. vtt*9 MIWMm THE FIRST HISTORY OF ENGLAND THAT SHOULD BE PLACED IN THE HANDS O^ A CHILD. Third Edition. By Miss Comm-B; Author of the " Play Orumnar," " Etery Child's History of England," &e. in Eight Division*, each embellished wiOi four pages of platea, price Od. each, and printed in a large type, aa followa :— I. An interesting desoriptidn of Hm Ancient Britons, and their CiTih»ik> tion by the Roman*. 8. The Conquest of the Bom*n* and Briton* by the Saxon*. 9. The Life tnd Time* of AII!e«d tiM Great 4. The Nonum Conqneai^ 5. The Feudal Time*. 0. The Manner* and Condition of the People of Eoghmd in the Middl* Age* 7. Ditto, fn thd Ifith end ITIli ; and 8. Ditto, in the 18th and lath eentii> rie*, to the prsBsnt time. Handaomoly bound in daHi, gilt edge*, for a Present, Ss. Od. ; or without th* twenty- fly* page* of Plat**, S*. .6d.. in tloth. .^^>$^ 4^': Dban h Sow, , Lttdgate Hill. London. n THE AmomMIBAl. Ik* tls lane Maim of tb* Btait oo tke Quomonlc nio- jMttoB, by Sir /. Lv»»vn, fobUihad by th« Society oif ^Mtal Knowledge, haro PHMd Into the haadi of BiAM ft Sow, who h«Te re- dwed them from 18e. to n. 64. Am eet plain, or If*, oolonnd. EVERY CHILD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND ; with • Map, and Qaeatioiw to each CUpter. Par- tienlarly anited for Yoohg Children and for Homo and Infant School Boodinff. li. aewed; or wi^ the Map eolonred, and boond in oloth, la.6d. Bj Dr. Edwabd Fabb.^ PAPA AND MAMMA'S EASY LESSONS IN OEOOBAPHT; or Elemanta of Geography in a new and Attractive Form. By Amma Mabia SABOB4MT, Author of" Bible Oeogmjphy." Embelliabed with many UliutrBtions ; and a Com* panion to Miaa Comer'a "Play Oranunar." EVERY CHrLD»t HISTORY OF OltEECE. Adapted for the Junior Classes, from Miss Comer's History of Greece, by Edward Fart, Auth«ir of "Every Child's Hi8tor> of iL Rome." " France." &c. la. or i/t boand in cloth. Wi^i a Map, and Questions to each chaptor. EASY GUIDE TO GEOGRA- FUY. Bt CHi.aLii:a BuTLKB. A new and couciso description ^ A ^^. ofthe five great division! j— ^ %T^ ^^ of the Globe ; the /tf^ JfuO '<^\(e^ DmuK k Roir Lndsate HilL Lon i- H •irAt.lllTLUt tA8Y QUIDS TO OIOQRAPHY. "For jrcnaf pmpU, thU U oM or the b«n •lementarr (eogrmphieal workf W0 nava ever mat wlth/'-CWIi*. doms, Mid •Utos iat* wiuoh they Uf ditldsd; th« •ommeroe and prinofpal prodnotion* of theaereral •ouEtne*. and tbe nomlrar and tlbarmat»nMot of thetr inbabitantt. la. Od. bound in cloth. ■ Or with 8«Ttn GlyphogmAilo Mapa, and the Uaa of tha OlooaiL Sa. boPAd in olot]^ EASY GUIDE TO USEFUL KMOVLEDOE. B7 CHAnLaa BoTLim. ContataBing, in. the form of an eaay and familiar Cateohiam, Hm neireat and moat naefdl infbr* maCion eonneoted with the Arte, BoienoeB. and the fariona Fheno- Bena of Natore. Far the use of 8cho<^8ndFBmlItea. New^ditioo, •ORtetad ; la. Od. bonad in alotb. THE CHURCH CATECHISM EXPL^nrED, WITB eCBIP.. TUBS FBOOFt. BjtheBer.B. MovTOOMBBTf M.A., author o# "Ohriatian Poetry," "Omnipr*- aenee of the Deity.'' Pllee 9d^ 18ino x/tu^iy, fi jp. A. larger Edition, with Sap. plement on the Artiolea, Prayers, iwm la., bound in eloth. ^-Jf s^>ti il DwUKk§9Wt. ,LadfaiaMm.: ''0^"B^/?Sk. ""TOW ^Hfs%?r^"-D« SCRIPTURE of^^^y'-D'S HISTORY <<^K\. WW J!* ^^^'^ page, in"^ m? ^"^ ;^r«^ C*^ ,fV\ r i}:. m If f M taMBi «• tef« • JVfWU* PW9 Alt MMM, f ■IWMM AM Cf MM •iiiiri umi puf t ni umi rani. •m tmtot la...lMr wh«* liJ UnU PIAY8 FOR UHLE AOTORI. By MiM OoBMiB acd A. OBOwaui&ii. ««ri«f liU ]«t. 1. BBAUTT AND THE BBAST. Oloitrttod, !•. gut t. WHITTINOTOM AND HIS OAT. niaitntod, prle* la. gilt cdgM. t. OIHDERBLLA * HIB 0LA8I SUPPBR g0rU9 iht find, iUtutrmitd ly Ji. WHr 4. OHILDBEll IN THB WOOD. ninttntod, prl«« It. gilt cdgM. f. PU88 IN BOOTB. Oloitntti, prle* Is. gilt t. MOTHBB 00O8B. Chutntai, yri— li. gilt •om* litttt •blldnn Ihtl yoa kaow MO dng, or in Jut bekiiuiiiig to play •B tha piano f than aid Uiam by pra- aanta n tha following. Thay baar tha titia af **NUII8IIIY RIORIA- TlOMf POR THI YOUNQ * 0000." 1, uHa-Bo-Paap : t, UtMa Boy BIna ; 5. littta Goody Two-8hoaa; 4. Littta Bad Biding flfood ; i, Gindaralk; 6, Whittington and hia Oat ; any ona poat naa far la. Baan cob* prlaaa atng and mnaia, ' la, and portrait in aaloiin. Dkan & Son. , l,nd :7i'^ D«Air fc *ojr. ^^•^*»*«illU.LoSfl5' Ii. tUTIHHU WUU, llmo.ili«. SlzoftUiBMrtM 'an p«bliah«d; m4 Mmh«. J>i4ii * Son trmti that la th«M JoTtnll* Books thof h»T« ■MO««do y\:,^^^ DbamIcSov, l.adfratA Uili, LondoBi ^^ w s^-