^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 v^ ^ mm wn U£ 12.0 I.I •it ! u u „ ^J»" O / FllOlDgFEI[M] ^Sciences QirpQPaKon ^^^ 33 VMST MAIN STRHT W«UTIt,N.Y. 14SM (716)«n-4S03 '^^ \^^ ^ 1l ^ V CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIViH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notas t«chniquaa at bibliographiquaa Thai toth Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographicaliy uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha rap/oduction. or which may significantly changa tha uaual mathoid of filming, ara chackad baiow. D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura ti9 coulaur I I Covars damtcgad/ Couvartura andommagte Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rsstaurto at/ou palliculte □ Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua lourad maps/ Cartas gAographiquas an coulaur Colourad ink (l.a. othar than blua Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I I Colourad maps/ I I Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ nn Colourad plaiiaa and/or illustrations/ D Planchaa at/ou illustrations an coulaur Bound with othar material/ RalM avac d'autras documents Tight binding may causa shadows or diatortion along interior margin/ Larellure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoretion may appear within the text. Wltenever possible, these heve been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaitfes pagee bianchea ajouttoa lors d'une restauration apparaiasant dana la texte, mala, lorsqua om*i 4tait possible, ces peges n'ont pas Ati fllmtea. Additional comments:/ Commentairee supplAmantairas: L'Institut a microfilm^ !e mellleur exemplaire qu'il lui a At* possioia de se procurer. Los dAtaiis de cet exempleire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normeie de filmage sont indiquto ci-dessous. D D D n n D D D Coloured pagea/ Pagea de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtea Pages restored and/or lamir.ated/ Pages restaurtea at/ou pellicuites Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dteolorAes, tachettes ou piqutes Pages detached/ Pages dAtachtes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print variaa/ Quailt* InAgaia de i'impreasion Includea supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppMmentaire Only edition avaiiabW Seule MKion disponible Pages wholly or pertially obscured by erreta slips, tissuee, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pagea totaiement ou partiellement obscureies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont At* filmAee i nouveau de fapon i obtenir le mellieure Image possible. The I pass ofth fllmi Origl begl( the I sion. othe first sion, or ill The I shall TINli whic Mapi diffe entin begii right requi metli Thie item is filmed at tha reduction ratio cheeked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de riduotion indlqu* cl>deesou8. 10X 14X 18X 22X 28X 30X v' H auiP^ 12X ItX aox "MX 3IX TIm copy filnrad li«r» hat bff«n niproduc«d thank* to tha ganaroaity of: ThtNoraSeolia UgialatiM Ubrary L'axamplaira film* f ut raproduit grica A la g4niroait4 da: TiM Nova Scotia LagislatiM Librwy Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaidaring tha condition and laglbiiity of tha original copy and In Icaaping with tha filming contract apacificationa. Laa imagaa auhrantaa ont §U raproduitaa avac la plua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da l'axamplaira film*, at an conformity avac lat conditiona du contrat da filmaga. Original copiaa in printad papar covara ara fiimad baginning with ttia front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha bacic covar whan appropriata. Ail othar original copiaa ai i fiimad l)aginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sioh, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraasion. i.aa axamplairaa originaux dont la eouvartura mn papiar aat ImprimAa aont f limAa en commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprasaion ou d'illuatration. soit par la aacond plat, aalon So caa. Tous iaa autras axampiaffaa originaux aont fiimia m% commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraasion ou dlllustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad f rama on aach microfiche shall contain tlia aymbol — »■ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Un daa symboias suivants apparaftra sur ia darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la aymbola — ► aignifia "A SUiVRE". la symbols V aignifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charta. ate, may ba fiimad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly included in ona axpoaura ara fiimad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many fram«w aa required. The following diagrama illuatrate the method: Lea cartas, planchaa, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAa A das taux da rAduction diff Aranta. Loraqua la document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aaui clichA, 11 eat filmA A partir da I'angle aupAriaur gauche, de gauche A droKe, et de haut en baa, an prenant la nombra d'imagea nAcaaaaira. lias diagrammea auhranta iiluatrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ fe < > f ^ <- W' , •' -v ft" V >t ■V" ^" .3P « • \/ I V ■ ^ 'I' ^' V^ L^' i >•<. . ■■ .' f I. >. s » ^V, /; yi-;" ' f ' n ■;^ .*^ .-■• ^ ;> 't (N ^. t V /i '• 4 » ^ I '•. tklf-o HI V^ r-K .ViSs ,'.'«Ji.'-\'', « t •? .»!■ Vv(t, V ;*«». 'i'V v: '- .M ^! r:..P. s^r' ^ V. ■ - ►■■ ijr^ TO -hie ''^^^ G^DUATINQ pLASS OF THE M.B0ICAL DEPARTMENT . OF T^KE ^MfVEl^ITT OF j^ :.:.,■-, ?. '- ■ Hf: J --^ BY W. F. MolsrUTTi M.D., iLR.q.P., Efl., Etc.,, Etc. PrQfMS^of Prtncii)!^!^ sod-pr^ctice-of M«dteme» ^tmi*, D«p>, University of Galifornia. 'A) > ). ' 1 ■■■ ■ #1 [Rkprinteo FROtifi TrtK "WAsTkRN Lancbt," Decbwbbk, <879t] **''»'«' "1 1, ■■ ^ J.l W^vv^ kLi-rM "W::> '/ '^^tS! 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Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, and Members op the Graduatiko Class: — We are here in obedience to a time-hon- ored custom. Since the morning of time, the dawn of medical education, it has been the custom for medical colleges to hold what are called graduating exercises. Tliat is, when the medical student has studied the prescril)ed time , ".nd passed the neces- sary and satisfactory examinations, the !» '-nds of the college as well as those of the professors and studt nts, are invited to see the graduates receive their diplomas. The custom is a pleasant and a profitable one, and one which we propose to pass on down the stream of time to our successors, as we have received it from the hands of those who have gone before us. I have said that the custom is a pleasant and a profitable one, that is, it is pleasant to the student and profitable to the teachers. To the student it is simply a pleasing guarantee that his friends are interested in the advent of his new birth. He asks no sym- pathy, needs no encouragement and wants no moral support. To him " distance lends enchantment." To him ' ' Golden and grand The hills of Fame in the dim distance rise All spangled o'er with triumphH, ami ho feels That he can mount them with an earnest (read, And wreathe a fadeless chaplet for his brow." To him, failure has not yet been dreamt of. "He scorns the timid word;" alreadv he sees his name so fixed on Time, " That all the future cannot blot it out." To us, who are years out on our journey towards those alluring, spangled hill-topa, and have learned the narrovvness and crookedness and steepness and roughness of the road, and have learned that " The best laid schemes o' mice and men Gang aft a-gley, An' lea'e us nought bnt grief and pain For promised joy," ':*• V-7-. '\r^. ' 4 1 ^ &I your presence and sympathy are profitable. We thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for the interest you manifest in the Uni- ver^^ty of California; we thank you for the interest you manifest in the young men whom we have labored hard to render worthy of your sympathy, encouragement and support. We have done our duty by them faithfully, honestly and conscientiously. And in committing them to your care, let me remind you that the quality of the article demanded, in a lai'ge measure,, governs the quality of the article supplied. If you demand intelligent, high- minded, honorable and conscientious physicians, and will admit none other into your families, on behalf of the President and Medical Faculty of the University of California, I pledge you my word of honor that we will furnish you material in our grad- uating classes to supply your demand. If you want ignorant pretenders, advertising charlatans and that human scavenger, that social cancer of modern society, the abortionist, your de- mand will create the supply. And if, perchance, a graduate of medicine should fall a victim to your gold, remember that the murderer is one of your own making. We disclaim him ; he is no longer of us; he has sold his birthright. But when you con- template the atrociousness of his crime, remember that it is the social condition of the times that created him ; therefore mix your righteous indignation with mercy. It has also been customary, at the graduating exercises, for one of the Faculty, or one of the graduating class, to deliver a short valedictory address, the subject matter of which is left to his own choosing. This year that pleasing duty devolves upon me. I might occupy the time in advising the graduates as to their future ; but I believe that they are leaving their lecture- rooms and their teachers with but one determination, namely, to succeed in their profession, by diligence, persevei-ance and integ- rity. Or I might address the class upon the duties and respon- sibilities of the profession they have chosen. I am afraid, how- ever, I would mar their pleasures of hope, that " pledge of joy's anticipated hour, " that "charm of life's bewildering way," that guide "that bids them steer to Glory's bright career," in whose " sweet garden grow wreaths for every toil, a charm for every woe." Their duties are onerous, their responsibilities sacred ; but I am sure, from an intimate knowledge of them, that they will not neglect the one or fail to appreciate the other. 3 I have chosen as a subject upon which to make a few remarks, one that I hope will be as interesting to you, ladies and gentle- men, as to the graduating class. It is this : I want to say a few words to you on behalf of our little children, on behalf of the future men and women of this great republic. I want to tell you that about half of all the deaths of this city and of this country are of little children under five yearn of age; that of all the deaths that occur in the United States, about twenty-five per cent, are due to preventable and unnecessary causes; and should and could be prevented — making in all nearly 200,000 un- necessary deaths annually. This showing is a terrible commen- tary on our much-lauded scientific attainments and modern civ- ilization. No physician can practice medicine for any length of time, without asking himself whence this terrible and unneces- sary destruction of human life, this untold misery and suffering, this wail of agony extending over the whole length and breadth of our land — mothers weeping for their little ones and refusing to be comforted; their homes laid desolate, their hearts torn asunder, by an affliction they will carry with their gray hairs in sorrow to the grave — •' Ye who say we have a child in heaven, Who've felt that desolate isolation sharp Defined in death's own face; who've stood beside The silent river, pleading with outstretched hands For some sweet babe r.pon the other bank. That went forth where no hnnian hand might lead. And left the shut house with no light, no sound, No answer, when the mourners wail without. What we have known, ye know and only you." When he casts about for an answer, the answer is echoed from every house, every street, every school, and every pulpit. Igno- rance, apathy and avarice; ignorance of anatomy and physiology; ignorance of the chemistry of digestion; ignorance of the laws of health and of hygienic and sanitary science; ignorance of the laws that govern the generation and propagation of contagious diseases; ignorance of the laws of political economy. Think of the wisdom and policy of a nation allowing thousands of children to dio annually — children who might grow up with all the love of country which becomes a citizen to the manor born . And while these 200,000 unnecessary deaths occur annually, it spends money and forma societies to import foreigners, many of whom are not only ignorant of. but inimical to, its institutions. No sooner do they land upon our shores than they attack the corner-stone of our republic and its system of education, with a seeming desire to drag the national standard of intelligence to a level with their own ignorance. Their riots and lawlessness cost more than would be required to save and raise ten times the number of educated, intelligent and law-abiding citizens. I do not advo- cate a protective tariff on the manufacture of our own citizens. I believe that every man has a right to select the climate or country that suits his fancy; but I do maintain that if it costs a nation less to raise a better article than to import a poorer one, it is good policy to raise the better article. How shall we ac- count for this ignorance and apathy on these important and vital subjects? We answer, false notions of what constitutes educa- tion, the diffusion of superstition for knowledge, and the desire to accumulate w^ealth, even at the sacrifice of life and health. What are many of the best universities in our land doing? Requiring a young man to spend the spring-time of his life in learning to translate a few pages of Greek and Latin; teaching him that the knowledge of the construction of a Latin sentence is of more importance than a knowledge of the construction of his own body. Sending him out into the world without the knowledge of self-preservation, where he falls a victim to ac- quired or preventable diseases long ere the spring-time of his life reaches summer. And see our young women, spending the morning of their lives in what ? In fitting themselves for the duties that sooner or later must devolve upon them V Are they obtaining knowledge that will enable, them to preserve their own health and save their offspring from misery, disease and death ? They never hear the word offspring from their teachers. They do hear, however, much about the necessary preparations re- quired for one of the learned professions and universal suffrage. Or, perhaps, they are destroying their health and laying the foundation of disease in the acquisition of accomplishments, while they are left to commence the care of their child as ignorant of its physical and moral nature as the child itself. I know all about it. I have seen the poor, helpless mother grappling with the new problem a hundred times, and a hundred times I have seen the experiment end in disaster and death; in the death of, to her, the most beautiful rosebud that ever blossomed in the garden of the world; and in filling her own heart with a cup of sorrow that will retain its freshness for many and many a coming year. mm 6 Do not suppose that I am o])posecl to the higher branches of education, or the acquisition of accomplishments and esthetic culture. I hope I can at least appreciate the benefits of the one and the beautie?, pleasures and graces of the other. But I do claim that we should teach the essentials tirst ; that we should possess the necessary knowledge to jireservc our health and con- tend intelligently against the invasion of our homes by those in- sidious, terrible and death-dealin;,' enemies, the acquired and contagious diseases I am glad to see that the University of Cali- fornia is teaching anatoujy and physiology in its collegiate course; and I hope it will not be long boloro some of our wealthy men will endow a chair for the teaching of sanitary science and the prevention of contagions diseases. This would be an important step in the right direction, and one that would soon make its influence felt on our coast by saving hundreds of lives and untold misery. We are not likely soon to forget the last year, when that de- stroying angel, yellow fever, held high carnival in our Southern States, when the groans of the dying and the wails of the living pierced every ear, from the Gulf of Mexico to Maine, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. To set sentiment aside, not to speak of the widespread mortality and sutl'ering, it cost the nation some $27,000,000. Incredible as it may seem, that reeking cesspool of corruption, that death-generating slough of pollution at Memphis has been allowed to remain undisturbed, and the necessary atmospheric conditions may give us another carnival of death. Probably, if a few thousands of the $27,U0O,OOO had been spent in teaching a better knowledge of contagious diseases, it might have awakened the survivors of Memphis to a realization of the sanitary condition of their city, and have proved an excellent investment. Let us look at our own cit3^ How many of the annual deaths can be prevented by projDer sanitary regulations, and a better understanding of the physical and moral training of children! How important would be the appointment of a competent sani- tary engineer to inspect the erection of all new buildings and insure their proper hygienic condition, thus protecting the in- mates against the rascality of plumbers and the avarice of land- lords! We should have our sewers properly built, well-ventilated and an inexpensive method of flushing them out with salt water frequently during the summer months. In case of scarlet fever. ^. 6 how easy a matter for the Board of Health to have a card placed upon the house where the disease exists, as in the case of small- pox; with a few simple regulations in regard to the care of the child before it shall be allowed to mingle with other children or admitted into the schools. How vast would be the results in the saving of expense, suffering and life. Let me invite your attention to the dwellings of the poor. The man of all men living who commands my sympathy is the poor, honest laborer who strives to give his children a better education than his own has been, and to make of them honorable and useful members of society, but who is compelled from cir- cumstances to rear them in crowded, filthy alleys, where the very air they breathe is reeking with physical and moral death. Such families, and their number is legion, should have a rapid and cheap transportation to our beautiful and healthy side-hills, where they would have a better opportunity to rear their children to fill positions of honor and trust, rather than to raise them to fill our prisons and houses of correction. Let me say that I hope you will all interest yourselves in that noble work that has already been commenced, namely, the free kindergarten schools. Leav- ing sentiment out of the question, it will cost less to gather up these little waifs and save them from disease and crime, than to subsequently provide them with hospitals, and to convict and punish them when they have been added to our criminal element. Let us inquire what our brethren the clergymen are doing to prevent this wholesale destruclion of children. Are they using their vast influence to assist us in popularizing sound knowledge in regard to preventable diseases ? I am sorry to say they are not. Too often they to assuage the mother's grief, attribute the death of the child to supernatural causes and to divine purposes, when the death was one that should have been and could have been prevented. The words are spoken in kindness, but a few remarks on the unfortunate causes of the death might be the means of saving hundreds of other children. To ascribe all deaths as necessary to fulfill a divine purpose would do for a hundred years ago, when the lightning's flash, the peal of thun- der, the roar of the cataract, or an epidemic of contagious dis- ease, Avas accepted as evidence of an offended deity; but it will not do for 1879. We hope the time is not far distant when the schools of divinity will require for their students instruction in Sdnitary science. -."KiJ 1. ';'«». rv?," .SJ'... L«.'V«EBi'SL 9.w?"^,'^ i*^»»'"^**fTi'\'^f Jl* It is not enough, then, for us to acquire the necessary knowl- edge to protect ourselves and our own children from disease; we must also provide for the children who are left without pro- tection and without care. Let me quote A MOTHER'S PLEA FOR THE INFANTS' HOME. Pity, help the little children Who eujoy no father's caro, And o'er whom a tender mother Never breathes a loving pr-iyer. Who will hear them, who will heed them, As they perish one by one. In this world of joy and beauty— Underneath the blessed sun ? See ! they perish near God's temples, Where a loving Saviour stands Bidding all to help in mercy- Will you heed tlie Lord's commands ? ^ Hear the wailing of the children— O, it breaks my very heart When I see that in our city Women do the murderer's part ! Ears as deaf and dull as adder's Catch the babies' famished cries; Eyes as pitiless as Herod's Watch their dying agonies. Blood is on thy skirts, city ! Blood of many a little one ! God in judgment will require it- He will make His justice known. Are they sinful little children ? Outcasts to be flung aside- Trodden underfojt or tortured— Victims of our greed or pride ? Sleep, yes sleep, in peace, O mothers, With your darlings safe in bed; Do not dream if those pooi infants, Outcast, starving, dying— dead. Let not their pinched faces haunt you. Nor their forms all bruised and scarred — Why your happiness and comfort By such visions grim be marred ? 8 m What to you are starving iufi.iits, If your own are amply fed V What to you are pain and torture Falling on another's head ? Mothers, sisters (in whose bosom God's great love has found a place), Hasten to the rescue — hasten As ye prize the Saviour's grace. Rich men, help us in your bounty, Give us freely of your store ; Fruit you'll find most richly, surely, When your gold avails no more. Again, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for your sympathy and presence. And now, gentlemen of the graduating class, on behalf of the President of the University of Calif rnia, and on behalf of my coadjutors, your teachers, I bid you good bye as medical students, and extend to you the right hand of fellowship, welcoming you into the ranks of professional life — into the ranks of a pi'ofession which has ever been foremost in the practice of those virtues which the other professions teach; a profession whose whole lifetime is one of unceasing duties and sacred trusts. May the duties and the obligations confided to your care be performed with intelligence, with courage , with honor, aiid in kindness. In whatsoever community you may cast your lot, may that commu- nity be the wiser and the better for your influence. Never miss an opportunity to encourage sound education or to instruct the people in the laws that govern the generation and propagation of contagious diseases. And, abjve all things, be kind and -r'on- siderate to the poor and to the outcasts of society. Theirs is a har'1 lot. They seldom fail to appreciate your kindness, and too often the doctor is the only one to whom they can turn for sympa- thy. And, gentlemen, when life's battle is ended, and you have crossed that mysterious sea that divides the two eternities, and bive landed on the shores of the " sweet bye-and-bye," may the herald of that shining land welcome you home. May the herald of that shining land announce your arrival as of men who never wavered from the right, as of men who stood in proud pre-emi- nence, high over all; in their sympathy, in their humanity and in their charity for their fellow-men.