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 IHi; MARQUIS OF LORNE 
 
 GOVERNOR-GENERAl^ M CANADA, 
 
 OK 
 
 AN IT OB A^, 
 
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 AND THE 
 
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 ^^r !:[1iti^i6|Kkr9 C^tTQTON ▲VD^i^ONS, YBBTXEBfl^ lii?, BAStOOUV, AND 8017TBWABK ST. 
 
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 1881» 
 
 
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 •>4' ■ . . - 
 
 MANITOBA. 
 
 The Marquis of Lorne 
 
 GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA, 
 
 ON 
 
 MANITOBA 
 
 AND THE 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 
 At (( Bfdtquct (jiccit III/ the Mothers of the Mamioi'.a 
 Cj.uj{, id WiXMi'ixi, on the 10th of Ortohcr, 1881, 
 
 to the GoVEIlNOR-GrKNERAL, 
 
 Ills Excellency spoke as follows : — 
 
 • I bog- to tliaiik y!)ii most cordiuUy for the plocisuiit 
 roceptioii you luivc given to nio on my return to Winnipeg, 
 and for the w»)rds in wliieli you proposed my liealtli and 
 have expressed a liope for the complete reeovery of the 
 Princess from the effects of that most unfortunate accident 
 wliicli took place at Ottawa. I know tluit the Canadian 
 people will always remember that it M'as iu sliaring the 
 duties incurred in tlieir service that tin; Princess received 
 injuries which have, I trust, only temporarily so much 
 
s-w 
 
 
 r-' 
 
 r 
 
 impaired hor hoaltli. Two years honco the joiirno}- I liavo 
 uiidort.'ilcen will 1)0 an easy one to aecoinplisli tliroiighout 
 its length for all, while at present the faeilities of railway 
 and steam accommodation only snffice for half of it. For 
 a Canadian, official knowledge of the North -West is 
 indisj^jensahle. To he ignorant of the North-West is to be 
 ignorant of the greater portion of onr conntry. Hitherto I 
 have observed that those who have seen it jnstly look down 
 npon those who have not, with a kind of pitying contempt 
 which yon may sometimes have observed that they who 
 have got np earlier in the morning than others and seen 
 some beantifnl snnrise assnnie towards the friends Avho 
 have slept until the sun is high in the heavens. Our track, 
 though it led us far, only enabled us to see a very small 
 portion of your heritage now being made accessible. Had 
 time permitted we should have exploriMl the immense 
 country which lies along the whole course of the Avonderful 
 Saskatchewan, which, with its two gigantic branches, opens 
 to steam navigation settlements of rapidly growing import- 
 ance. As it was, we but touched the waters of the north 
 and south branches, and striking south-w(^stwards availed 
 ourselves of the American railwa}' lines in IMontana for our 
 return. It was most interesting to compare the southern 
 mountains and prairies with our own, and not even the 
 terrible events which have recently cast so deep a gloom 
 upon our neighbours, as well as ourselves, could prevent 
 our kinsmen from showing that hospitality and courtesy 
 which makes a visit to their country so great a pleasure. I 
 am the more glad to bear witness to this courtesy in the 
 presence of the distinguished Consul of the United States, 
 
 1 fV 
 
10 J' I have 
 liroiif^hout 
 ^f railway 
 )f it. For 
 1 1 -West is 
 ^st is to be 
 Ilitlicrto I 
 look down 
 [^ cont(^mpt 
 tliey who 
 1 and seen 
 iends who 
 Our track, 
 very small 
 ible. Had 
 immense 
 ) wondt'rful 
 ehes, opens 
 ing import- 
 P the north 
 rds availed 
 ana for our 
 le southern 
 :)t even the 
 ep a gloom 
 uld prevent 
 lid courtesy 
 3h}asure. I 
 Lrtesy in the 
 ited States, 
 
 w]io is your guest this eveuing, and wlio in tliis city so 
 lionourably represents Iiis country in notliirig more than in 
 this, tliat he has never misrepresented our own. Like 
 almost all liis compatriots wlio occupy, by the suil'rage of 
 their people, official positions, lie has recognised that fact 
 wJiich is happily acknowledged by all of standing amongst 
 ourselves, that the interests of the British Empire and of 
 the United States may be advanced side by side without 
 jealousy or friction, and that the good of the or.- is inter- 
 woven Avith the welfare of the other. Canada has recently 
 shown that sympathy with her neighbour's grief which 
 l)ec()mes her, and which has T)een so marked throughout all 
 portions of our Empire. She has sorrowed Avith the sorrow 
 of the great commonwealth, whose chief has been struck 
 down, in the fullness of his strength, in the height of jiis 
 usefulness, in the day of universal recognition of his noble 
 character, by the dastard hand of the assassin. AVo hav(^ 
 felt in this as though Ave ourselves had suif(n-ed, for General 
 Garfield's position and personal worth made his OAvn and 
 iiis felloAV citizens' misfortune a catastrophe for all English- 
 speaking races. Tlie Ijulletins telling of his calm and 
 courageous struggle against cruel and unmerited afflietion 
 liave l)een read and discussed by us with as strong an 
 admiration for the man, and with as tend(>r a sentiment for 
 the anxiety and misery of his family as they have been 
 awaited and perused in the south. It is fitting and good 
 that this should be. AVe have with the Americans, not only 
 u common descent, but a similar position on this coutinent 
 and a like pro1)able destiny. The community of feeling 
 reaches beyond the fellowship arising from the personal 
 
iuterost attaolnn^ to tl.o di^mty of a lii^h oili.r sustainoa . 
 ^vitlI Imnour, aiul to tlio rov.rou.'O lor the touclor ti.s .,t 
 lieartl, and lioiu. saciv.l thouo-h tlioso hv, for Canadians and , 
 Americans liavo .'acU a connnon aim and a eonuuon idral 
 Thou..lL l,.dono-in- tovrry ditVcrcnt political Bcliools and 
 pivfcrrino- to advance l>y very dittorcnt patlis, wo Lotli 
 desire to live only in a land of perfect liberty. When the 
 ord(T whicli ensnr(>s freedom is desee-rated l.y th.« .-owardly 
 ranconrofthe murderer, or hy the tyranny of faction, the 
 blow touches more than one life, and strikes over a Avid.>r 
 circle tlian that where its nearer and imnuuliato con- 
 scpu.ics are apparent. The people of tlie United States 
 have been directed into one political or-ani.ation, and we 
 are eherisliing and developing another; but they will hud 
 no men with whom a closer and mort- livin- sympathy 
 with their triumphs or witli their trov.bl. abides, than their 
 Canadian ccmsins in the Dominion. L.'t tiii^ be so in the 
 davs of unborn venerations, and may vve nevw have a-am 
 to^'xpress cmr horror at such a <leed of infamy as that 
 which has lately caUed forth in so strikin- a manner the 
 proofs of international respect and affection. To pass to 
 other themes awakin- no nuhapi)y recollections, you will 
 expect m.^ to mention a few of the impressions made upon 
 us bv what we have seen dnrin- the hist few weeks. 
 Beautiful as are the numberless lakes and iUimitable forests 
 of Xeewathi-the land of the luu-th wind, to the east ol 
 you-vet it was pleasant to - get beliind the north wind,' 
 and to reach your open plains. Tlie contrast is great 
 between the utterly silent and shadowy solitudes ot the 
 pine and liv forests, and the sunlit, and breezy ocean oi 
 

 (' snstaiiiod 
 idor tics of 
 Indians and 
 iiiou ideal, 
 icliools and 
 s, wo Lotk 
 
 When tlie 
 lie cowardly 
 faction, tlie 
 )ver a widor 
 cdiato c'on- 
 nited States 
 ion, and we 
 licv will find 
 o- synipathy 
 >, than their 
 lie so in the 
 r have asj:ain 
 'aniv as that 
 I manner the 
 
 To pass to 
 ons, you will 5 
 IS iimdo upon | 
 ; few weeks. ; 
 lit able forests \ 
 () the east of 
 north wind,'' 
 rast is grcnit^ 
 itudes of the 
 •eozy ocean of 
 
 meadowland, voicoful with the music of hirds, whicli 
 stret(!luM onward fiH>m the neiohljonrhood of your city. 
 In Keewatin — the lumber industry and minin;;- enterprise 
 can alone bo looked for, andliere it is impossi])lc toinia^-ino 
 any kind of work wliieh sliall not produc-e results equal 
 to those uttainod in any of tlu^ o-rcat cities of tlic world. 
 Unknown a few years a -^-o except for some differences which 
 luid arisen amongst its people, we se<' AVinnipe*;- now with 
 a population unanimously joining; in happy concord, and 
 rapidly lifting it to the front rank amongst tlie (ommercial 
 centres oi the conthu'ut. AVe may look in vain elsewhere 
 for a situation so favourable and so conunanding — numy 
 as are the fair regions of Avhich we can boast. Tliei'e may 
 be some amonii' von before whoso eyes the wlude wonderful 
 panoi-ama of our provinces iuis passed — the ocean-garden 
 island of Prince Kdward, the magniiicent valleys of 
 tJio »St. John and Sussex, the nuirvellous country, 
 the homo of "Evangeline," where I'domidon looks 
 down on the tides of Tandy, and over tracts of 
 red soil richer tlian the weald of Kent. You nuiy 
 have seen the fortitied Paradise of duebec, and Alontreal, 
 whoso prospiu'ity and heauty is worthy of her great St. 
 Lawrence, ami you may have admired the well- wrought 
 and splendid provbice of Ontario, and rejoiced at the growth 
 of her capital, Toronto, and yet nowhere will you iind a 
 situation whose natural advantages promise so great a 
 future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to 
 Winnipeg, the Heart city of our Dominion. The measure- 
 less meadows which commence here stretch without inter- 
 ruption of their good soil westward to your bounihiry. The 
 
I Tim ii — r 'I 
 
 6 
 
 proviiH'c is a ^rccn sea ovor wliicli tlic simiiuor "wIikIs pas** 
 ill waves of ricli grus.scs and flowers, and on tliis vast extent 
 it is only as yet liorc and there tliat a yellow puteli shows 
 some gi;^anti(' wlieat held. Like a ^rcat net east over the 
 whole are the hands and clumps of poplar wood wlilcli are 
 everywhere to he met witli, and M'hich, no douht, wlicn 
 the 2)rairl(; lires arc mor(* ejirefnlly guarded a<:»ainst, will, 
 wherever they are wanted, still furtlier adorn the landscjqx'. 
 The meshes of this wood-netting are never furtlier tlian 
 twent}' or thirty miles apart. Little hay swamps and 
 sparkling lakelets, teeming with wild fowl, are always 
 close at hand, and if the surface water in somi^ of these 
 has alkali, excellent water can always he had in others, and 
 by the simple process of digging for it a short distance 
 beneath the sod with a spade, the soil being so devoid of 
 stones that it is not oven necessary to use a pick. No 
 wonder that under these circumstances we hear no croaking. 
 Croakers are very rare aninnils throughout Canada. It was 
 remarked with surprise by an Englishman accustomed to 
 British grumbling, that even tlio frogs sing instead of 
 croaking in Canada, and the few letters that have appeared 
 speaking of disappointment will be anumgst tlu^ rarest 
 autographs which the next generation will cherish in their 
 museums. But with even the best troops of the best arni}- 
 in the world you will find a few nuxligners — a few skulkers. 
 However well an action has been fought you will hear 
 officers who have been engaged say that there wer(^ some 
 men whose idea seemed to be that it was easier to conduct 
 themselves as became them at the rear, rather than in the 
 front. So there have been a few lonely iind lazy voices 
 
 J 
 
 ( 
 
ast cxtt'iit 
 ttli sIjows 
 t over till' 
 aIhcIi aro 
 .lit, wliciL 
 lust, will, 
 audscapc 
 fclicr tliaii 
 mips and 
 '(i ahvays 
 » of th«'S(' 
 :liers, and 
 : distanco 
 devoid of 
 )iclv. No 
 croaking-. 
 I. It was 
 stonif^l to 
 nstcad of 
 appeared 
 lie rarest 
 h in their 
 best army 
 sknlkers. 
 Avill hear 
 'ero some 
 o eondnct 
 an in the 
 azy voices 
 
 
 raihed in the strang-er press dwelling' npon yonr.diiUcnltlos 
 and ignoring; yonr trinmphs. These have appeavd from 
 the pens of men who have failed in their own eonntries and 
 have failed here, who sire horn failures, and will fail till 
 life fails thom. They are like the siddiers who vim away 
 from the best armies seeking to spread diseomlilui'e, which 
 exists only in those things they call their minds, and wlio, 
 returning' to the cities, say their comrades are deleatcMl, or 
 if they are not beaten they should, iii their o[>inion. be so. 
 We have found, as we expected, that their ttdes are not 
 worthy the credence e"(Mi of th' limid. "J'Ut're was not mie 
 pc ., 1 who had manfully faced the iirsi dilliculties — always 
 far less than those to be encountered in the older provinces 
 — but said that he was getting' on well and he was glad he 
 Inid come, and he g-enerally added that he believed liis bit 
 of Ihe country must be the best, and that he only wished 
 his friends could have the same g-ood fortune, for his 
 expectations "were more than realized. It is well to remember 
 that the men wdio will succeed hero as in ever\' voungr 
 conmumitv are usuallv the able-bodied, and that their 
 entry on their new held of labour should be when 
 the year is young. Men advanced in life and coming; 
 from the Old (Jountrv Avill tiiul their comfort best consulted 
 by the ready provided accommodation to be obtained by 
 the purchase of a farm in the old provinces. xVll that the 
 settler in Manitoba would seem to recpiireis, that he should 
 look out for a locality where there is either good natural 
 drainage, and lunety-nine hundredths of the country has 
 this, and that he should be able readily to procure in 
 Winnipeg or elsewhere, some light pumps like those used 
 
"M>af nil 'ii iwifcni»i<f lilt >i iiT 
 
 8 
 
 ill Abyssinia for tlio cusv supply of Ayatev from a doptli of 
 a few foot Lolow the surfaco. Alkali in the water will 
 neyer hurt liis cattl<s and dykes of turf and the planting of 
 trees Ayould eyery\yhere insure him and them the shelter 
 that may be required. $.300 should he his own to spend on 
 his arriyal, unless as an artisan he comes here, I tind that 
 like the happy masons now to be found in Winnipeg, he 
 can get the wages of a British Arnn' Colonel, by putting 
 up houses as fast as brick, wood, and mortar can be got 
 together. Fayoralde testimony as to the climate A\as every- 
 where giyen. The heavy night dews throughout the North- 
 AVest keep the countr}^ green when eyerything is burned to 
 the south, and the steady winter cold, although it sounds 
 formidable when registered by the tlu'rinometer, is uni- 
 versally said to be far less trying than the cold to be 
 encountered at the old English l*uritan city of Boston, in 
 Massachussets. It is the moisture in the atmosphere which 
 makes cold tell, and the Englishman who, with the thermo- 
 meter at zero, would, in his moist atmosphere, be shivering, 
 Avould here find one flanmd shirt sufficient clothing while 
 working. I never like to make comparisons, and am 
 always unwillingly driven to do so, although it seems to be 
 the natural vice of the wcll-travellfMl Englishman. Over 
 and ovov again in Canada have I been asked if such and 
 such a bay was not wonderfully like the Bay of Naides, for 
 the inhabitants had often been told so, I always professed 
 to be unable to se(> the rc^semblance, of course entir<'ly out of 
 deferences to the susceptibilities of the Italian nation. So 
 one of our party, a Scotsman, whenever in t\w Bocky 
 Mountains hn saw some grand pyramid or gigantic rock. 
 
 
 
a depth of 
 A'ater will 
 ilanting of 
 1 10 shelter 
 ) spend on 
 I tind tliat 
 inipeg, he 
 yy putting- 
 can be got 
 ras every- 
 the North- 
 burned to 
 it sounds 
 ■r, is uni- 
 'old to 1)0 
 Boston, in 
 lere which 
 le thernio- 
 shivering, 
 ling while 
 
 and am 
 fjems to be 
 an. Over 
 
 such and 
 •"[aples, for 
 . professed 
 r<dy out of 
 ation. So 
 he Eocky 
 intic rock, 
 
 k 
 
 ten or eleven thousand feet in height, would exclaim that 
 the one was the very image of Arthur's Seat, and the other 
 of Edinburgh Castle. AVith the fear of Ontario before my 
 eyes I would therefore never venture to compare a winter 
 here to those of our greatest Province, but I am bound to 
 mention that when a friend of mine put the question to a 
 party of sixteen Ontario men who had settled in the west- 
 ern portion of Manitoba, as to the comparative merits of 
 the cold season in the two provinces — fourteen of them 
 voted for the Manitoba climate, and only two elderly men 
 said that they preferred that of Toronto. You will there- 
 fore see how what is sometimes called that very unequal 
 criterion of right and justice, a large majority determines 
 this question. Now, although we are present in Manitoba, 
 and Manitoba interests may dominate our thoughts, yet 
 you may not object to listen for a few moments to our 
 experience of the country which lies further to the west. 
 To the present company the assertion may be a bold one, 
 but they will be sufficiently tolerant to allow me to make it, 
 if it goes no further, and I therefore say that we may seek 
 for the main chance elsewhere than in Main street. The 
 future fortunes of this country beyond this Province bear 
 directh' upon its prosperity. Although you may not be 
 able to dig for four feet through the same character of 
 black loam that you have here ^ hen you get to the country 
 beyond Fort Ellico, yet in its nuiin features it is the same 
 right up to the forks of tlie Saskatchewan. I deeply regret 
 +hat I was not able to visit Edmonton, which bids fair to 
 rival any place in the North-West. Settlement is rapidly 
 increasing there, and I met at Battleford one man who 
 
10 
 
 alone liad commissions from ten Ontario farmers to buy for 
 tliem at that place. Nothing can exceed the fertility and 
 excellence of the land along almost the whole course of that 
 groat river, and to the north of it in the wide strip belting 
 its banks and extending up to the Peace Eiver, there will 
 be room for a great population whose opportunities for 
 profitable cultivation of the soil will be most enviable. 
 The netting of wood of which I have spoken as covering all 
 the prairie between Winnipeg and Battlef ord is beyond that 
 point drawn up upon the shores of the prairie sea, and lies 
 in masses of fine forest in the gigantic half circle formed by 
 the Saskatchewan and the Eockies. It is only in secluded 
 valleys, on the banks of large lakes, and in river bottoms 
 that much wood is found in the Far "West, probably owing 
 to the prevalence of fires. These are easily preventible, 
 and there is no reason why plantations should not flourish 
 there, in good situations, as well as elsewhere. Px^foro I leave 
 the Saskatchewan let me advert to the ease with which the 
 steam navigation of that river can be vastly improved. At 
 present there is only one boat at all worthy of the name of 
 a river steamer upon it, and this steamer lies up during the 
 niglit. A new company is, I am informed, now being 
 organised, and there is no reason why, if the new vessels are 
 properly eciuipped and furnished with electric lights, which 
 may now be cheaply provided, they should not keep up a 
 night and day service, so that the settlers at Prince All)ert, 
 Edmonton, and elsewhere, may not have, during another 
 season, to sulf(»r great privations incident to the wants of 
 transportation which has loaded the banks of Grand Papids 
 (luring the present year with freight, awaiting steam 
 
 t 
 
I 
 
 ;o buy for 
 rtility and 
 [•se of that 
 'ip belting 
 there will 
 nities for 
 
 enviable, 
 ►veiing all 
 ^yond that 
 a, and lies 
 formed l>y 
 1 secluded 
 r bottoms 
 bly owing 
 •eventible, 
 >t flourish 
 ire I leave 
 wliieh the 
 oved. At 
 e name of 
 luring the 
 ow being 
 vessels are 
 hts, which 
 keep up a 
 ce All)ert, 
 g another 
 
 wants of 
 lid Eapids 
 ag steam 
 
 11 
 
 transport. The great cretaceous coal seams at the head- 
 waters of the rivers rising in the Ivoehy Mountains, or in 
 their neiglibourhood, and flowing towards your doors, 
 should not be forgotten. Although you have some coal 
 in districts nearer to you, we should remember that on the 
 headwaters of these streams there is plenty of tlie same 
 which can be floated down to you before you have a com- 
 plete railway system. Want of time, as well as a wish to 
 see the less vaunted parts of the country took me south- 
 westward from Battleford, over land which in many of the 
 maps is variously marked as consisting of arid plains or as 
 a continuation of the ' ' American Desert." The newer maps, 
 especially those containing the exploration of Professor 
 Macoun, have corrected this wholly erroneous idea. For 
 two days' march — that is to say for about 60 or 70 miles 
 south of Battleford we passed over land whose excellence 
 could not be excelled for agricultural ])urposes. Thence 
 to the neighbourhood of the Red Deer Yalley the soil is 
 lighter, but still in my opinion, in most places, good for 
 grain — in any case most admirable for summer pasturage, 
 and it will certainly be good also for stock in winter as 
 soon as it shall pay to have some hay stored in the vallej's. 
 Tlie whole of it has been the favourite feeding ground of 
 the buffalo. Their tracks from watering place to watering 
 place, never too far apart from each other, were every wliere 
 to be seen, while in very numy tracts their dung lav so 
 thickly that the appearance of the ground was only 
 comparable to that of an Englisli farmyard. Let us 
 hope that the entrcact will not be long before the disappear- 
 ance of the buffalo on these scenes is followed by i\\e 
 
12 
 
 cappearanco of domestic herds. The Eed Deer Valley is 
 especially remarkable as traversing- a country whore, accord- 
 ing to the testimony of Indian chiefs travelling- with us, 
 snow never lies for more tlian three months, and the heavy 
 growtli of poplar in the bottoms, the quantity of the 
 " bull " or high cranberry buslios, and the rich branches 
 that hung from the choke cherries showed us that we had 
 come into that part of tlie Dominion whicli among the 
 plainsmen is designated as " God's country." From this 
 onward to the Bow Eiver, and tlionce to the frontier line, 
 the trail led through what will be one of the most valued 
 of our Provinces subject to those warm winds called the 
 '' chinooks." The settler will hardly ever use anything but 
 wheeled vehicles during Avinter, and throughout a groat 
 portion of the land early sowing— or fall sowing— will be 
 all that will be necessary to ensure him against early 
 frosts. At Calgarry, a place interesting at the present time 
 as likely to be upon that Pacific Eailway line which will 
 connect you with the Pacific and give you access to '' that 
 vast shore beyond the furthest sea," the shore of Asia, a 
 good many small herds of cattle have been introduced 
 within the last few years. During this year a magnificent 
 herd of between six and seven thousand has been brought 
 in, and the men wlio attended them, and who came from 
 IMontana, Oregon, and Texas, all averred tliat their oiunion 
 of their new ranchc was higher than that of any with whicli 
 they had been acquainted in the south. Excellent crops 
 have been raised by men who had sown not only in the 
 river bottoms, but also upon the so-called ''bench" lands 
 or plateau above. TJiis testimony was also given by others 
 
 
13 
 
 Valley is 
 •e, accord- 
 witli us, 
 :he heavy 
 V of tlie 
 branches 
 it we had 
 [long" the 
 <^rom this 
 itier line, 
 st valued 
 3alled tlie 
 thing but 
 t a great 
 — will be 
 ist early 
 sent time 
 hich will 
 to ''that 
 )f Asia, a 
 itroduced 
 ignificent 
 L brouglit 
 nie from 
 r ojunion 
 itli whicli 
 )nt crops 
 y in the 
 h " lands 
 by others 
 
 on the way to Fort Macleod and beyond it, thus closing 
 most satisfactorily the song of praise we had heard from 
 practical men throughout our whole journey of 1,200 miles. 
 Let me advert for one moment to some of the caus(\s which 
 have enabled settlers to enjoy in such peace tlu; fruits of 
 their industry. Chief amongst these must be reckoned the 
 policy of kindness and justice which was iujiugurated by 
 the Hudson's Bay Company in their treatment of the 
 Indians. Theirs is one of the cases, in Avhich a trader's 
 association has upheld the maxim that " honesty is the best 
 policy," even when you are dealing with savages. The 
 wisdom and righteousness of their dealing on enlightened 
 principles, which are fully followed out by their servants 
 to-day, gave tlie cue to the Canadian Government. Tlie 
 D(miinion to-day, through her Indian officers and her 
 mounted constabulary, is showing herself the inheritress of 
 these traditions. She has been fortunate in organizing the 
 Mounted Police Force, a corps of whose services it would be 
 impossible to speak too highly. A mere handful in that 
 vast wilderness, they have at all times shown themselves 
 ready to go anj^where and do anything. They have often 
 had to act on occasions demanding the combined individual 
 pluck and prudence rarely to be found amongst any soldiery, 
 and there has not been a single occasion on which any 
 member of the force has lost his temper under trying cir- 
 cumstances, or has not fulfilled his mission as a guardian of 
 the peace. Severe journeys in winter, and difficult arrests 
 have had to be effected in the centre of savage tribes, and 
 not once has the moral prestige which was in reality their 
 only weapon, been found insufficient to cope with difficulties 
 
14 
 
 wliicli in America have often baffled the efforts of whole 
 cohimns of armed men. I am f^lad of this opportunity to 
 name these men as well worthy of Canada's regard — as sons 
 who have well maintained her name and fame. And, now 
 that you have had the patience to listen to me, and we have 
 crossed the continent together, let me advise you as soon 
 as possible to get up a branch house, situated amongst our 
 Hocky Mountains, where, during summer, 3-our members 
 may form themselves into an Alpine club and thoroughly 
 enjoy the beautiful peaks and passes of our Alps. In the 
 railway you will have a beautiful approach to the Pacific. 
 The line, after traversing for daj^s the plains, will come 
 upon the rivers, whose sheltering valleys have all much the 
 same character. The river-beds are like great moats in a 
 modern fortress — 3'ou do not see them till close upon them. 
 As in the glacis and rampart of a fortress, the shot can 
 search across the smooth surfaces above the ditch, so any 
 winds that may arise may sweep across the twin levels above 
 the river fosses. The streams run coursing along the 
 sunken levels in these vast ditches, which are sometimes 
 miles in width. Sheltered by the undulating banks, knolls, 
 or cliffs which form the margin of their excavated bounds 
 are woods, generally of poplar, except in the northern and 
 western fir fringe. On apj)roachiDg tlie mountains their 
 snow caps look like lingo tents encamped along the rolling 
 prairie. Up to tliis great camp, of which a length of 200 
 miles is sometimes visible, the rivers vrind in trenches, 
 looking like the covered wa3^s by which siege works zig- 
 zag up to a besieged city. On a nearer view, the camp line 
 changes to ruined marble palaces, and through their 
 
15 
 
 )f whole 
 t unity to 
 —as sons 
 Ind, now 
 we have 
 as soon 
 ngst our 
 members 
 ^roughly 
 In the 
 3 Pacific, 
 'ill come 
 Quch the 
 oats in a 
 on them, 
 shot can 
 1, so any 
 jIs above 
 ong the 
 •raetimes 
 ?i, knolls, 
 . bounds 
 lern and 
 ns their 
 
 rollinc: 
 
 1 of 200 
 renches, 
 •rks zic:- 
 imp line 
 h their 
 
 tremendous walls and giant woods you will soon be dashing 
 on the train for a winter basking on the warm Pacific coast 
 you have a country whoso value it would bo insanity to 
 question, and which, t(j judge from tlie emigration taking 
 place from the older Provinces, will be indissolubly linked 
 with them. It must support a vast population. If we nuiy 
 calculate from the progress we have ah-eady made in com- 
 parison with our neighbours, we shall have no reason to 
 fear comparison witli them on the now areas now open to 
 us. We have now four million four liundred thousand 
 people, and these, with the exception of the comparatively 
 small numbers as yet in this Province, are restricted to the 
 old area. Yet for the last ten years our increase has been 
 over 18 per cent., whereas during the same period all the 
 New England States taken together have shown an 
 increase only of 1 5 per cent. In the last thirty years in 
 Ohio the increase lias been 61 per cent. — Ontario's has 
 been during that space of time 101 per cent, of increase, 
 while Quebec has increased 52 per cent. Manitoba in ten 
 years has increased 289 per cent., a greater rate than any 
 hitherto attained, and to judge from this year's ex2)erience 
 is likely to increase to an even more wonderful degree 
 during the following decade. Statistics are at all times 
 wearisome, but are not these full of hope ? Are they not 
 facts giving just ground for that pride in our progress which 
 is conspicuous among our people, and ample reason for our 
 belief that the future nuiy bo allowed to take care of itself. 
 They who pour out prophesies of change, prescribing 
 medicines for a sound body, are wasting their gifts and 
 their time. It is among strangers that we hear such 
 
16 
 
 tlieories propounded })y destiny men. With you the word 
 ''annexation" has in the last years only been heard in 
 connection with the annexation of more territory to 
 Manitoba. I must apologise to a Canadian audience for 
 mentioning the word at all in any otlior connection. In 
 America the annexation of this country is disavowed by all 
 responsible leaders. As it was well expressed to me lately, 
 the best men in the States desire only to annex the friend- 
 ship and goodwill of Canada. To be sure it may be 
 otherwise with the camp followers ; they often talk as if 
 the swallowing and digestion of Canada by them were only 
 a question of time, and of rising reason amongst us. How 
 far the power of the camp followers extends it is not 
 for us to determine. They have, however, shown that 
 they are powerful enougli to capture a few English 
 writers, our modern minor prophets wdio, in little 
 magazine articles, are fond of teaching the nations how to 
 behave, whose words preach the superiority of other coun- 
 tries to their own, and the proximate dismemberment of 
 that British Empire which has the honour to acknowledge 
 them as citizens. They have with our American friends of 
 whom I speak at all events one virtue in common, they are 
 great speculators. In the case of our southern friends this 
 is not a matter to be deplored by us, for American specula- 
 tion has been of direct material benefit to Canada, and we 
 must regret that our American citizens are not coming over 
 to us so fast as are the Scotch, tlie Irish, the Germans, and 
 the Scandinavians. Morally, also, it is not to be deplored 
 that such speculations are made, for they show that it is 
 thought that Canadians would form a useful though an 
 
17 
 
 the word 
 
 heard in 
 rritory to 
 dience for 
 ction. In 
 ved hy all 
 me lately, 
 ho friend- 
 i may he 
 talk as if 
 wore only 
 us. How 
 
 it is not 
 Lown that 
 7 English 
 
 in little 
 is how to 
 :her coun- 
 erment of 
 :nowledge 
 friends of 
 , they are 
 iends this 
 1 specula- 
 a, and we 
 ning over 
 nans, and 
 ) deplored 
 that it is 
 dough an 
 
 unimportant wing for one (jf tlio great partios ; and, more- 
 over, such propliesios cLnlu; witli amusomeut '' the dry 
 hones " of discussion. But it is best always to tak(> men as 
 we find them, and not to helieve that tliey will ho dittorent 
 even if a kindly feeling, first for oursolv(>s and afterwards 
 for them, should make us desire to change thom. Lot us 
 rather judge from tlie past and from the present, than take 
 lliglits, unguided hy experi(>nce, into the imaginary regions 
 of the future. AVluit do we lind has hoen, and is, the ten- 
 dency of the peoples (jf this continent '? Does not history 
 show, and do not modern and existing tendencies declare 
 that the linos of cleavage amcmg tliem lie along the linos of 
 latitude ? Men spread from east to west, and from oast to 
 west the political lines, which mean the lines of diversity, 
 extend. The central spaces are, and will be yet moro, the 
 tn-eat centres of population. Can it be imagined that the 
 vast central hives of men will allow tlie eastern or western 
 seaboard people to come between them with separate 
 oiupire, and shut them out in any degree from full and free 
 intercourse with the markets of the world beyond tliom ? 
 Along the lines of longitude no such tendencies oi 
 division exist. The markets of the North Pole are 
 not as yet lU'oductive, and with 8outh America 
 <'ommorce is comparatively small. The safest conclusion, if 
 conclusions are to be drawn at all, is that what has hitlu'rto 
 l)een will, in the nature of tilings, continue— that what<^ver 
 separations exist will be marked by zones of latitude. For 
 other evidence Avemust search in vain. Our county councils, 
 the municipal corporations, the local provincial chamljors, 
 the (iontral Dominion Parliament, and, last not least, a 
 
18 
 
 poriV'ctly Tiiifotterod press, are till froo cliaiinols for tlio 
 ('X2)ression of the feuliiigs of our eitizcais. AVliy is it that 
 ill each and all of tliese reflectors of tlio tliouglits of men, 
 wo SCO nothinj^' but determination to keep and develop the 
 [)re('ious lieritaj;e we have in our own constitution so 
 capuLle of any development which the ^^oople may desire. 
 Let us hear Canadians if we wish to speak for them. These 
 puhlic bodies and tlic public press are the mouthpieces of 
 the people's mind. Let us not say for them what they 
 never sny for themselves. It is no intentional misrepre- 
 sentation, I believe, which has produced these curious 
 exanii)les of the fact that individual prepossessions may 
 distort public proof. It r(uninds me of an interpretation 
 once said to have been given by a bad interpreter of a 
 s])eech delivered by a savage warrior, who, in a ver}^ 
 <lignitied and extremely lengthy discourse, expressed the 
 cojitentment of his tribe with the order and with the good 
 which had been introduccnl amongst them by the law of the 
 white man. His speech was long enough fully to impress 
 with its meaning and its truth all who took pains to listen 
 to him, and who could understand his language, but the 
 interpreter had unfortunately different ideas of his own, 
 and was displeased with his own individual treatment, 
 when at last he was askfnl what the chief and his council 
 had said in their eloquent orations, he turned round 
 and only exclaimed : — ''He dam displeased!" And what 
 did his councillors say? "They dam displeased!" No, 
 gentlemen, let each man in public or literar}^ life in 
 both nations do all that in him lies to cement their 
 friendship so essential for their mutual welfare. But 
 
 i s 
 
19 
 
 for tlio 
 s it that 
 
 of men, 
 irelop the 
 
 tiou so 
 .y desire. 
 Li. These 
 pieces of 
 hat thev 
 nisrepre- 
 ! curious 
 oils may 
 pretation 
 L'ter of a 
 L a veiy 
 ssed the 
 the good 
 iw of the 
 J impress 
 i to listen 
 , but the 
 his own, 
 :oatiiieiit, 
 s council 
 id round 
 k.nd what 
 [ I " No, 
 ' life in 
 ?nt their 
 ire. But 
 
 ! 
 
 tliis cannot be cem(>nted by tlie publication of vain 
 vaticinations. Tliis great part of our great Empire has a 
 natural and warm feeling for our republican bretlircn, 
 whose fatliers parted from us a century ago iu auger and 
 bloodshed. May this natural affection never die. It is 
 like a love w^hich is borne by a younger brotlier to an eldc' , 
 so long as the big brother behaves handsomely and kindly. 
 I may possibly know something of the nature of such 
 affection, for as the eldest of a round dozen, I have had 
 experience of the fraternal relation as exhibitcnl by an 
 unusual number of younger brothers. Never liave I 
 known that fraternal tie to fail, but even its strengtli has 
 its natural limit, so Canada's affection may be measured. 
 None of niv A^ouim-er brothers, however fond of me, would 
 voluntarily ask that his prospects should l)e altogetlu^r 
 overshadowed and swallowed up by min(\ 80 Canada, in 
 words which our neighbours understand, wishes to be tlieir 
 friend but does not desire to become their food. She 
 rejoices in the big brother's strengtli and status, but is not 
 anxious to nourish it by offering up her own body in order 
 that it maj^ afford him, when over-hungry, that happy 
 festival he is in the halut of calling a •' square meal." I 
 must ask you now once more to allow me, gentlemen, to 
 express my acknowledgments to you for this entertainment. 
 It affords another indication of the feelings with which the 
 citizens of AViimipeg regard any person who has the 
 honour as the head of the Canadian Government tt> 
 represent the Qu.een, you recognise in the Governor- General 
 the sign and symbol of the union wliicli binds together 
 in one the free and kindred peoples whom God has set 
 
20 
 
 over famous isles and ovor fortilo spaces of ini^-lity 
 coutincjits. 1 liuvt^ touclicd in spoiikiii;;' to you on certain 
 vaticinations and certain advice j^iven l)y a few good 
 stran<;«'rs to Canadians on tlio subject of tlu* future of 
 Canada. (ientlenien, 1 Lelievo tliat Canadians are well 
 able to take care tlioniselves, of tlioir future, and tlio 
 outside world luid better listen to them instead of promul- 
 gating- Avejik and wild theorii^s of its own. But however 
 uncertain, and 1 nuiy add, foolisli may be such forecasts, of 
 on(; tiling we may be sure, which is this, that the (;ountry 
 you call Canada and Avhich your sons and your children's 
 children will be proud to know by that name, is a land 
 which will be a land of power among the nations. 
 Mistress of a zone of tc^rritory favourable for the main- 
 tenance of a numerous and homogenous white population. 
 Canada must, to judge from tlu! increase in her strength 
 during the past and from the many and vast opportunities 
 for the growth of that strength on luu- new Pr()vinces in the 
 future, be great and worthy her positiim on the earth. 
 Affording the best and safest highway between Asia and 
 Europ(\, she will see traffic from both direct<^d to her coasts. 
 AVitli a hand upon either ocean she will gather from each 
 for th<^ benefit of her hardy millions a large share of the 
 commerce of the world. To the east and to the west she 
 will pour forth of her abundance, her treasures of food and 
 the riches of her mines and of her forests, demanded of her 
 by tlie less fortunate of mankind. I esteem those men 
 favoured indeed, who, in however slight a degree, have had 
 the honour, or may be yet called upon to take part in the 
 councils of the statesmen who in this early era of her 
 
certiiin 
 V g( )ocl 
 turo of 
 ire "Well 
 iiicl the 
 promul- 
 lowever 
 •asts, of 
 (Mjuntry 
 ildren's 
 
 a land 
 nations. 
 3 main- 
 ulation. 
 itrengtli 
 •tnnities 
 s in the 
 ) eartli. 
 Lsia and 
 [' coasts, 
 ini t^ac'h 
 ) of the 
 ^est she 
 ood and 
 I of her 
 )se men 
 ave had 
 , in the 
 
 of her 
 
 21 
 
 history, aiH^ niouldino. this nation's laws in the forms 
 approved l>y its represontativ.«s. For mo, I f.Md 
 that I can be ambitious of no lii{,-her title than to 
 be known as on(> wlio admii.ist«>r.Ml it> (fovermnent 
 in thoroiioh sympatliy with tlie hopes and aspirations 
 of its first founders, and in perfect consonan,M> with 
 the will of its fre(> parliament. I ask for no better lot 
 than to be remcnnbered by its people as rejoicin- in the 
 gladness b(n-n of tlieir iiid(i)endcncc and of tlirir loyalty. 
 I dvi-o no other repntation than that which may behmo- to 
 him who sees his own dearest wishes in process of fulfil- 
 ment in their certain progress, in their nudisturb(Ml peace, 
 and in their ripening grandeur. 
 
m