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LAMB; Vll / POftMERlT A SERJEANT IV ¥HE llOTAL WEtCB WVtVfMMBf And AutbMr of ^^AJftumd of Oeeurrtneet during the late American War,*{ ** Mott men unk oafri|^t. •* O'er tiiem/and o'er their names, Time's billows okwB; ** To-morrow knows not they were ever bom ! f* Others a tlurt HWNpoHal leave behind : « like ^ flag floating, when tlm baik** iqgnlpVd I" TOUKS. DUBLIN; rRiNTEO IT J, soma, 40, south grmt eiOROE's-iTRni. mi. i i F^ i7 *t ^ 'I'i ' :^m:^. 'vn^^a iU .«s ; IIMAJ .51 ^- l\,¥ ■ jtSi* ,'t ;/L3tn.^i .?.'7.j.&.cl4a0t «V.»-l* i'tv^v-.A ^Nu^ ^^ l^y^-^ ^^^vv%v.'.^0 A:^ '^uttnvs^^^^w V » -*r<:''^t«vT <>5.«^finrWHit -n'u Ima ^w-d? -i-^U " .»7.I«JT .«nyg>.J!*SSi*- -^ '^ |b*«-««B^ \^»B^-'— .T«.'3W.1.?Vi'.n-?PJk, Y\ J.'ASIO i , ,,^ 2!^^ jipnVw of /Am Memoir ta^s letroc to offer ^inwc/^ once more to public r^tice, relying on the k^nd recaption he already experienced from a long list of gematoiua and re* spectable Subscribers^ bif whose encouragement he was en* aibled to publish his *' journal of Occurrence during tfie latfs American War" His present Pub^cqtiotiisintai^d as an accompanying volume to that wqrhy for iljte rapid sale of whichy he has to thank the enlightened and lenacne^ among his Countrymen, viz, sewr^ ^oblemen and dignified Person'^ ages, many General t^nit F^eld Officers, a number of Gen'^ tlemen belonging to the Church, trnd^tfie professions of La^ and Phj/sic, and, in shqrt, \he most distinguished and ac-^ complished individuals of both sexes in Ireland. He is happy in the opportunity of making his acknowledgments for past favours, which, although they ewpolden, ought not to make him presuming. Whateoer his circumstances may be, he is truly unambitious of ranking with the modem multitude of Book-makers, who, although sometimes men of talent and education, seldom add much to the stock of literary acqui* Titian, If asked zchy he re-appears in Print— he begs ta A 2 m It AOtSRTtSEMEKT. sqy, that the plan of his American Journal precluded him J)rom detailing many matters intimtdely connected with Trans-atlantic hostilities^ whichf he ^flatters himself his MEMOIR introduces of course and with propriety. He also expects that the perusal of his obscure adventures and experience (deriving importance from an eventful cause in which the fates of the old and new World were so much involved) will be found entertaining in general^ and edify- ing to ordinary Readers, He has laboured to give, if not the information of regular Travels, at least a correct general idea of North American scenes and affairs, and always interesting accounts and anecdotes of the prominent Actors and Officers employed pending the progress of war with the States, It has, moreover, been his endeavour to demarkthe right line of duty and behaviour which the sol' dfier,m (he ranh ought invariably to pursue f and likewise the valuable and honest conduct Becoming the humble hard- working individual in his outset and journey through life. In fne, the end he pressed in this Essay, has been to in- struct as much as possible the young and unguarded, by furnishing (he example of his own life without self -dis- guise or vanity. He ntmy lose his aim, but, even in its. faHure, he trusts his motive will be thought laudable^^^'^!^^ A^W- ,^.■^ •Vw^y^S^ V»>V*.'Vii'i\ V' ■^•■'-'^'' '-"^ ^^ '"''■■■■•^'•'•; ^riW«ij\'Vl ..>..■^r^'J}»\i■'. ■ih^ SUALIN, JULY 15, 181 L ' v.\. \l\\ \\ <.\ v-^i ^-f K . » I f.rrrt :• j ■ . m MEMOIR OF HIS OWN LIFE, •ifh .VAi'' BY K. JLAMB3 Sfc, Sfc. SfjectB, with tears in his eye^ hb woidd Say^ "Ah, in^y dear child, I see your little' breast is fired with- ,this account, i only rdate th^e Ifaiilg^ to infodh yoiir jadgment* 1 h^ve lost CMlie fine boy ahready. in fighting fojr his countty.^ Surcdy, you will never leave your father. You must stay with me and your mother; and be our support and comfort in our old days." Much fis 1 loved my Bither, and deep as these affectionate speeches sunk in my inir^d ; they had a tend^Y which he little imagined when he ^rst used them. It was from these discourses of my father that an anxious desire Was fitst naatd tn my loind for a seafaring lift. m ?■■ J If 1 t m 3P. '^ B LAMB*8 MIMOim. Our house being ccmtiguous to the rifer Lifky, I was a constant frequenter of its quays, and the f^ces xvhere the shijtphig were moored. There I soon acquired the art of climbing up the masts of the vessels. At the age of six years I began to practice the art of swimming ; but by my temerity, I was near lo«ing my life at that tender pe- riod. This circumstance occurred in the old dock, near the spot where the new Custom-house now stands. The tide was full in, and, in imitation of some grown lads, who practised these leaps, as feats of activity, I jumped front off the steps. I soon, however found, that what I had be* fore thought swimming, in shallow water, was but the paddling of a child : for I sunk like a stone, in nearly ten feet of water. Among the spectators, providentially for me, were many expert swimmers; one of whom observing that I did not rise to the surface of the water, '^ immediately plunged in, and took me up, almost dead. This circumstance, (hr from deterrfaig me fit>m going again into the water, only made me more eager to squire p^^fection in the art of swimming, in which, after smne time, I became such a proficient, that, from off the bowsprits and round-tops of ships, I frequently leaped head foremost into the river. I now recd'lect the dangers to which I exposed myself on the watery element, ' even before I had attained my ninth year! I recog^ nize with gratitude, the protecting arm divine^ and, in humble adoration of that Providence which has hitherto guided me in safety, through the progress of an eventfu) life, am led to say with the poet, r.^r r << Oft h%th the sea confest thy pow'r, x"l'* And given me back to thycommtad} " !*^!^ It could not. Lord ! my life devour, - ' . '; V ' Safe in the hollow of thy h.aid.»» It may be necessary here to ren^ark, that the dangers into which boys precipitate, in learning to swim^ might ^%r tAMb'H MEMOIR. for tlio most part, be avoided, by dioosing places, where ^rown perHons should attend, and protect them from danger, while they taught them the practice. I am .satisfied, that a knowledge of the art of swimming would bo far more useful to the rising generation, than many accomplishments which are at present taught at a very great expense. But until something of this kind is estab- lished, I may be permitted to remark, how necessary it is both for health, and safeguard against accident, that every lad, intended cither for the sea or land service, should be tauglit to swim. I wodld recommend the following rules, to all, who may wish to become expert swimmers. Throw yourself on on your back, so as to lie quite straight and stiff, suffering yourself to sink until the surface of the water becomes level with your ears. ,Your body will tlius acquire an equilibrium, and so long as you keep yourself lying at your length in this way, you will be enabled to float like a log in the watery element. Some have been saved from shipwreck by these means. A most extraordinai^ instance of escape from drowning in this manner, we have an account of in the narrative of Captain Campbell, whb sailed from Goa in the 3'ear 17SS, and was wrecked on the Malabar coast. Captain Camp> bell relates, that seeing a log of timber floating by the vessel, he left the wreck in the hope of seizing it, to float on the water by its means, but after repeated attempts to take it, a heavy sea snatched it irrecoverably fi'om him, leaving him much bruised by the blows he received from it. The following extract from his narrative is highly in- teresting, whilst it furnishes a case in point respecting the advantage of floating in the water to save life : •' Dealli seemed inevitable ; and all that occurred to me now to do, was to accelerate it, and get out of its pangs ns speedily as possible : for, though I knew how to swim, and all B tLe tremendous surf rendered swimming useless, 10 tAMO's MEMOIA. I hope from it v,6uld have been ridiculous. I therefore be* gan to swcllow as much water as possible; yet, still rising by the buoyant principle of the waves to the surface, my former thoughts began to recur ; and whether it was that, or natural instinct, which survived the temporary impreG" sions of despair, I know not ; but I endeavoured to swim, which I had not done Icyng, when I again dis* covered the log of wood I had lost, floating near me, and with some difficulty caifgfit iX, : hardly had it been an instant in my hands, when I lost it again*- I had often heard it said in Scotland, that if a man wilLthroiv himself flat on his back in the water, lie quite straight and stifle, and suffer himself to sink till the water gets into his ears^ he wiU'CMitimie to float. This occurred to me now, and I determined to tiy the experiitaent ; so I threw myself on my back fn the manneif I have described, and left myself to the disposal of Providence ; nor was h long before I found the truth of the saying — lor I floaited with hiurdly an efibr^ and began for the first time to conceive some* thing like hopes of preservation. '^ After lying in this manner, Committed to the discre- tion of the tides, I soon saw the vessel was at a consider' able distance behind me; Liveliest hopes began to play abotit my 'heart, and joy fluttered with a thousand gay fancies in my mind : I began to form the favourable con* elusion, that the tide was carrying nle rapidly to land, iirom the vessel; and that I should soon once more touch terra firnm. *^ This expectation was a cordial that revived my ex- bausted spirits : I took courage, and left myself still to the same all-directing Power that had Jhitherto preserved me, scarcely doubting that I should reach the land. Nor was I mistaken ; for, in a short time more, without ef- fort or pxeilion, and without once tuming from oif my back, I found myself strike against the sandy beach. Overjoyed to tlie htgliest pitch of transport at my provi- dentia up a 1 worn c of the denly j exchan fainted In m float foi have b to indi sleeping cases -yfr] arise fra preserve such de tends to fvl, and tention number remarks rience, J some pai let him s I was a inches lo order to much res the edge: their flat swam fas my wrists san4als ; observed feet and feet." LAMBS MEMOIR. 11 dential deliverance, I made a convulsive spring, and ran up a little distance on the shore; but w^ so weak and worn down by fatigue, and so unable to clear my stomacli of the salt water with which It was loaded, that I sud- : denly grew deadly sick, and apprehended that I had only exchanged one death for another; and in a minute or two fainted away." s . ' - In my own experience, I frequently found that I could float for several hours on the water, when tranquii, and I have been so much in the habit of swimming, that I used to indulge myself by floating until I became desirous of sleeping on the water. It is therefore certain, that in cases ivhere life is often endangered great benefit might ■ arise from learning to flb^t, if individuals drowning could preserve that presence of mind which is so necessary ia , V such desperate efforts. Every mean, however, ^hich. tends to improve the art of swimming ^s exceedingly use- ful, and the improvement of the art has occupied the at- tention of some very great men. Foremost among the number was the celelnrated Dr. Franklin. Many of his remarks are so very singular, that, although, (Irom expe- rience, I am inclined to differ from hjm with regard to some particulars, yet it may be proper on this subject, to let him speak for himself. The Doctor observes, " When I was a boy, I made two oval pallets, each about ten inches long, and six broad, with a bole for the thumb, in order to retain it fast in the palm of my hand. They much resembled a painter^s pallets. In swimming I pushed the edges of these forward, and I struck the water with their flat surfaces as I drew them back. I remember I swam faster by means of these pallets, but they fatigued my wrists. — I also fitted to the soles of my feet^kind of sand^s ; but I was not satisfied with them, nflscause I observed that the stroke is partly given by Ih? inside of the feet and the ancles, and not entirely with th^ soles of th^ i feet." B 2 12 LAMBS MCMoiir. '^ '* We httv& here* M'oistcoats for swimming, which are made of double sail-cloth, with small pieces of cork quilted iii between them." , "^ " I know by experience, that it is a great comfort to a swimmdr, who has a considerable distance td go, to turn himself sometimes on his back, and to vary in other re- spects the means of procuring a progressive motion. " When he is seized with the crampi iti'the le^ the me- thod of driving it away is to givfe the parts affected a sudden, vigorous^ and violent shock; which he may do in the air as he swims on his back." ■ '- /• • *^ During the great heats of suipmer there is no danger iA bathing, however wanp we may be, in rivers >yhich have been th«irou^hly warmed by the sun. But to throw one self into cdld spring \yater, when the body has been heated in tlie siin, is '^n imprudence which may prove fetal. I oiice kne^an instatice of four young m(^j who having worked at harvest in the heat of the day, with a view of refreshing themselves, plunged into a spring of cold wiltfer: two died upon the spot, a third the next morning, and the fourth recovered with great difficulty. A copious draft of' cold water, in similar circumstances, is frequently attended with the same effect in North America."+ " Tlie exercifio of swimming is one of the most healthy and agreeable in the world. After having swam for an hour or two in the evening, one sleeps coolly the whole night, even during the most arclpnt heat of summer. Perhaps the pores being cleansed, tho insensible perspira- tion increases and occasions this coolness." * J&ut the Doctor was not aware of the danger that might qjHji^' to persons wlio weiir their own hair, particu- larly if It should be long or bushy. I know not a surer c'^tfi^-* * In America. + VVcmayadi! Gr^ai Britain anJ Trtliui<]. •3 t Tfr-^. •» . If LAMB S MEMOIR. 13 way of catohing^ cold, perhaps a deadly ifever, than going to skep with wet or damp hair. Bathing caps, althougli they keep the hair from becoming wet, not only prevent one drief purpose of baling*, the ablution of the head ; but itoay in some iti^tances occaision serious' disorders by the action of the water operating on all the other parts of the &ame^ while it is prevented by them from ap- proaching the h^ii. To render 'evening berthing, whidi the DooWr so strongly rfccommtilds, at all safcf, it ap» pears indispensaMy necessary that the l)ather shdiitd Walk a mile' or two after he gets out of the wafe*^ arid take special care that his hair is thoroughly, dty b^i . % H LAMB S MEMOIR. - 4 the same tutie the pleasure of swimming, I returned; and loosing from the stake the string with the little stick which was fastened to it, went again into the water, where I ibund that, lying on my back and holding the stick in my hands, I was drawn along the surface of the water in « v^ agreeable manner. Having then engaged another bc^ to carry my clothes round the pond, to a place which I pointed out to him on the other side, I began to cifoss the pond with my kite, which carried lue quite over without the least fetigue, and with the greatest pleasiire imaginable. I was only obliged occasionally to kaH a little, in my course, and resist its progress, when it appeared thnt, by the following too quick, I lowered the llite too much ; by doing which occasionally J made it rise again. I have never since that time practised this singular mode of sv -mming, though I think it»not impossible to crosi in this manner from Dover to Calais. The Packet boat, however^ is still pre^rable." Indeed, I think so too: for, with all due deference to the Doctor, he, or any one, who was hardy enough to try the scheme, would find himself, I believe, in a sa4 state of jeopardy, when in a large body of water, with no other assistance. It might answer for sportive exer* cise in a pond; but farther I should be very sorry to try it. The principal art In swimming (without which every other is of little avail) is to. keep the body in d due equi- librium. The following narrative, which furnishes an instance of the presence of mind derived from a knowledge of swimming, and the preservation of life in consequence, is submitted as not amiss, in treating this subject : '^ When that rapid and dreadful conflagrtition which destroyed the Boyne man of war happened, a marine was peaceably sitting in his birth, with his wife and son, a boy about twenty months old, just beneath the place where the misfortune began, and, finding every eifurt to escape man, i took fi and bn them ii Ood gc his wife after, s arrived little w( steadine Ben. fie ffod, to from the in the I meet the and succi arras oft e\'ont ati Isle of ' the chile declared had bega leave hin Anothf from a gc occurred period w half dress, ofpleasur were ups€ unfortuna these fart Terrified terror^ an her in a fi lamb's memoir* 19 escape the flames, in the ordinary way ineffectual, the man, with the greatest composure and presence of mind, took from the pens a sheep of the captain's live «to|k, and bracing the boy on the animal's fleecy back, dropped them into the sea. There, said he, turn to the land, and God go with you. Encouraged by the man's resolution, his wife leaped into the brine, and the husband followed after, supporting his companion above water, till the boats arrived to their assistance, when they were taken up, little worse for the venture. The sheep, with Uie greatest steadiness, was seen making for the shore, with young Ben. Bowline riding upon his back, like an in&nt river- god, to the vast delight of the spectators on shore, who, from the tenderest motives, finding themselves interested in the boy's safety, rushed into the watery element to, meet the young navigator, whom they presently unsheeped, and succoured with tenderness, till he again feU into the arms of his adventurous parents. The singularity of this event attached the patronage of a most liberal lady in the Isle of Wight, who, having prevailed on the mother of the child, to leave his future fortune to her guidance, declared in the most friendly manner, that, as the boy had began his naval career on a lamb, she would never leave him till he was able to end it like a lion." Another fiict which may not appear uninteresting, I had from a gentleman on whose veracity I can depend. It occurred some years since in his own family. At the period when hoops were in fashion, the ladies used, in half dress, to wear wh^ were called taiihingales. A party of pleasure sailing dow^he river Thames to Greenwich, were upset by the violence of the current. Three of them unfortunately perished. But a lady, who had on one of these farthinjgales, was buoyed up by it on the waves. Terrified at her situation, she stirred not a joint, and her terror§ and her farthingales preserved her life, by keeping her in a fair equilibrium. She floated down a. tremendous -.ii^ 4 LAUB S MEMOIR. I',:! liili stream to Woolwich, and there was picked up by a cutter^s ' boat. In the course of the narrative respecting the loss of the Boyne ship of war, an invention which might be rendered greatly instrumental for saving lives in shipwrecks, is described by the writer as follows : << The dreadful catastrophe of the Boync, should be a warning to all captains, &£. to be guarded against similar accidents, by having on board such instruments as are most efficacious in preserving people from drowning. A recent invention, called the Colinette, has been much recommended on these occasions. It consisted of a cop- per tube in the form of a crescent, with which the expe- riment was made, weighing nearly five pounds, and is divided ii\tf> several cells, or compartments, lined with block'tin^ so as to prevent the natural air pent up from escaping; and in case of injury or accident to any of the internal divisions of the machine, it would still have suf- ficient power to float bodies. This bent tube is formed to fit the body under the arms, and iny person may fix it pn himself^ with the straps, in about half a minute. A trial of this instrum^it was made on the river Thames, October 15, 1801, Off Greenwich Hospital, in pressure of several scientific gentlemen. It was fbuad sufficient to float the heaviest person, though unacquainted with swim- ming, the wearer having his feet at rest, while the arm* were freely used out of the water. Tlus instrumeat keeps the individual upright in the water, and enables him to float on his side, back, or belly, with his hands and feet at rest, or taking a sitting posture, with his legs at right angles with his body. It may be made portable, of cop- per, tin, or leather. In cases of shipwreck, many lives that might otherwise perish would be saved, since a dozen or twenty of these instruments could facilitate the means of extending ropes to a lee shore, and thereby save a numerous crew, i f**. ^ ^ I tAMB*» iHEKOllt* n I migtit continue to dwell on thi^ thenie, liiitil I should be wholly diverted front the subject of my present memoir. Out the shipwi^ck on the English coast (Sussex) in lW9i has so many awful and remarkable cii'cumstances attending it, that I am induced briefly to mention it. " Six vessels under Convoy of the Harleqitin armed ship, Lieut. Anstriither, with a fleet of merdhant-men, (the whole 23 in number) left Plymouth with afaii* leading wind. The evening of the next day the wind began to blow^ and the ni^ht became foggy. The Hiliiec|iiin, mistaking her situation, imagined she had weathered Beachy Head, and standing^ in ^ tlM; land, the whole fleet followed her example. At 4* P. M. the Harl^in, with the six headmost ships, ran aground. The sailors were scKzeid with horror; the breakers dashed furioudy against them, bringing the vessel^ in dreadful: Contact with each other, then bounding wfth the titrokes, the instant after, with resistless violence, passed Over the decks, sweeping every thing away in their ptt>gre3S< iPhe shf'ieks of the suf'' ferers, the crackings of the tintber, the fluttering of the cent sails in the wind, the hoitling; of the storm, knd the "roar of the billows, wlwch threiltened thenl with instant death, were enough to appal the st ^^^ ^ hawser affixed to it^ was, at length, let, down from the ship, in hopes of reaphing the shore, which, after the failure .9f the two first attempts, ws^,,. by the blessing of God, cast, to its destination. 'JThe hawser, .in an instant, was firmly secured, and rendered ^tight from the vessel; by the assisistance of the people on the beach. By this means, they got a passage (but a very dangerous one) from the ship to the shore, by which the crew, and a passenger were all presented. A moat awful .scene now took place, for, though every male had been so miracu* lously landed, the ifite and two infant children of the passenger above incntioned, were- still on board. The j poor mother stood on deck, rending the air with her shrieks, and intreating that some means should be adopted for the preservation of her children. A sailor or two, | less exjiausted, perhaps, than their messmates, at the ex* treme hazard of their, lives, pushed off a boat, and at< tenipted to reach that vessel, which they had, under suchl threatening auspices, but a few minutes before abandoned.! The progress of this boat was watched by those, whol /.«■ ^' I lamb's memoir. 19 had not the preservation of their own lives more imme- diateljr to attend to, with an anxiety, which may better be conceived than expressed. For some time the general opinion was, that these compassionate sailors would be lost. The kind hand of heaven, however, guided the tottering bark to the side of the ship ; the sailors now callied aloud to the mother to descend, expanding their arms to receive her ; but this she peremptorily declined, until her children were aectired ; for the thoughts of see- ing them perish, were more than she could bear. The men, by the divine blessing, were enabled to perform their dangerous task with success; the children they lashed to their bodies, who were, with the affectionate mother, brought safe to land. They were received by the friends on the beach with tears and shouts of exul- tation, and were treated with that tenderness which their condition retpiired. A very short time after, the Har- lequin split, and was presently reduced to fragments. "The Middleback was a Prussian ship. The crew consisted of thirteen men, eleven of whom perished. The preservation of one man was very wonderful. Mr. De- renzyi a lieutenant in the 81st regiment, discovered a poor marineer in the agonies of death, sometimes be- neath, and sometimes above the surface of the billows, feebly buffeting the waves, with the hope of being yet enabled to reach the shore. Mr. Derenzy's feelings were now wrought up to the highest pitch ; ' I will save that poor man,* said he, * or perish in the attempt,' and in- stantly plunged into the sea, and for somtf time was lost to observation. In a little while, he was seen graspinpp( Paris, Thej him no himselfj if their ) purposes more tha France < Persoi instancci wave?, I bitants \ pended a to carry ASoci practised attended In lifting contusion ground, arly gua unfortuna place to carriage 1 ^d kept Mi : LAMB S MEMOIR. S5 erday f the and and to inform you, that, your behaviour has appeared to him in so amiablo a light, that he has ordered you a gra- tification of a thousand livreo, and settled on you an an- nual pension of three hundred. I write, in conacquenco of this order, to the Intendant. Continue to give oveiy ituccour in your power to those who may stand in need of it ; and oflfer up your prayers daily for your good king, who loves brave ro^n, and feels himself happy at having an upportunity to reward them. " Necker, Paris, Dec. 22, 1777. Direct. Gen. of the Finances." The young monarch's conduct in the above affair, does him no'l^ss honour, than Boussard*s humanity does to, himself Olid his country. Happy would it be for subjects, if their kings always gave away the public money for such purposcSf, .4 nd does not this authentic fact demonstrate, more than t'olumes, the guilt of those regicides who robbed. France of such 9 sovereign. • :. , Persons brought on shore from wrecks, and, in some instances, bodies thrown on land by the violence of the ^ wavef, might frequently be restored to life, if the inha- bitants were acquainted with the means of restoring sus- pended animation, and had at hand proper conveniencies - to cany these means into effect. r ^^^ i * A Society instituted for that purpose, in London j hav^ practised nearly the following treatment, which has been attended witli happy effects, in almost numberless cases. In lifting the body, greiat care is taken to save it from contusions, violent shaking, rough handling, rolling on the ground, or hanging by the heels. The head is peculi- arly guarded from being suspended downwards. The unfortunate person is used to be carried, in removals from place to place, in the arms of men, or in some sort of (:arriage laid on straw, with the head somewhat elevated, ^d kept as much as possible at ease. lamb's iMcnom. The limbs are afterwards dried with a cloth, and a moderate heat is applied, but the patient is never brought too neat a large fire. The chamber is freely ventilated, having tlie windows open to admit a pure current of air, which is fimnd of great benefit. A number of persons are not suf- fered to stop in the room, as a crowd always prevents a free circulation of tlie air> and besides, causes a confusion which cannot fail to retard recovery on such occasions. The best application of warmth is procured by keeping the patient in a bed or blanket moderately heated. Bottles of hot water are to be laid to the feet, joints of the knees, and armpits. Warming-pans, or hot bricks wrapped in cloths are nibbed over the limbs, and particulariy along the back. Young and healthy persons, are made io lie along side of the patient, and the warm inside garments of some individuals present, or the skin of a sheep fresh killed are found of much advantage to wrap the body in. A hot-bath,^ brew-house, bake-house, or any fcibric wherein warm lees, ashes, embers, grains, sand, &c. are kept, if contiguous, have proved serviceable to place the body in. But in suiih applications, precaution is required, that the desrree of heat shall not much exceed that which suits a person in health. After such a preparatory process is made, a variety of ftfimulating means are tried often with success. Blow with your mouth into the patient's lungs, closing his nos- trils with one hand, and quietly expelling the air by pressing, the chest closely with the other. One being constantly employed in this way, another should, by means of a pipe, or fumigator, (such as are used in ad- ministering tobacco clysters) throw up the smoak of tobacco into the bowels. In the mean time, rub the belly with coarse clotlis or flannels, dipped in brandy, rum, gin, or other ppirits. or with dried salt, but so as not to take off the skin. At the same time, apply to the nostrils, and rub on the temples frequently, spiriti of hartshorn, tolatili '«g tlu Whe sighing of the h be necei poral ar purpose other sti minister ascertain you may and wat< returns, j . Thisk should be if even n niany casi Humane 1 a longer where th< water, bi tobacco 81 very, but ought not I in using t applicatioi jtliem in pi I professiona laud medici J Because bl jthe surgeor Juse such pr h»ce of the hhc spur ol" *- LAMB^S MEMOIR J 95 Volatile 8{kUs, or the like, occasionally shaking acd chang- ing the position of the body. When signs of returning life bdgin to appeal", such as sighing, gasping, twitching, convulsive motions, beatings of the heart, and revival of the colour and warmth^ it will be necessary to let blood in the arm, jugular'vein, or tem- poral artery. Tickle the throat with a feather, for the purpose of exciting to vomit, and put snuff, or any other stimulant to the nose, to provoke sneezings. Ad-' minister now and then a tea spoonful of warm water, to ascertain whether the patient can swallow, andj if so, you may give a table spoonful of warm water, or brandy and water, but never before the power of swallowing returns, as the liquor might get into the lung8< This kind of treatment, as circumstantially described, should be repeatedly continued for two hours and upwards, if even no symptoms of life are perceived, as there afe many cases recorded in the accounts published by the Humane Society, when the patient has been restored after a longer suspension of the animal function. In cases where the individual remained but a short while i|ndei' water, breathing strongly into the lungs, or' throwing tobacco smoke into the bowels, have soon effected a reco- very, but although restoration prove tedious, people ought not to despair, but proceed with unrfemitting spirit in using the specified means. It is consoling, that the I applications are so simple, that ordinary persons can put them in practice, but it is highly expedient to procuve the professional assistance of regular practitioners in surgery und medicine, whenever such valuable aid can bje obtained. Because bleeding is always needful, and, moreover, that Ithe surgeon and physician will be expert and capable to luRe such precautionary and actual remedies, as the difibr- lence of the patient's case and constitutiofi may require on |l1)c spur of the moment. . h €% ''K ^'vm xr 26 tAMB's MEMOIR^ The Ftumane Society (who happily proved in^tnimcnial in saving a nmliitudc of lives, which without their exer- tions, had been inevitably lost) recommend a similar treat- ment in various other instanccH of apparent decease, viz. k^nging^, suffocation from mephitic damps and noxious A^apotirs, such as issue from coal-mines, confined air in wells, cisterns, caves, or the mist of fermenting; liquors ; as also, when persons are seized with convulsions or apo- plectic fits, and when frozen with extreme cold. It has been proved .by salutary experience, that in the timely and spirited use of these easy, althouj|;h excellent methods of recovery, fellow creatures mig;ht be frequently rescued out of the jaws of death, and it is lamentable to know, that by reason of the vulgar ignorance respecting such simple applications, which ure every where at hand, many an individual has been left to suffer an untimely and sud* den dissolution. Where cases often occur in these islands to seafaring men, and those who indulge in swimming, n skill to practice such means of restoration is invaluable, and it belongs to the affluent and benevolent of all classes, to render the operation of them as universal as possible. The following extraordinary case, published by surgeon Hall of Manchester, of a gentleman restored from drown- ing, ought to stimulate individuals to use the means pre- scribed without despairing of their being crowned with the wished for success : — r t i- f, « At Black Pool, on the 7th September, 1786, as W. Tidd,p£sq. was bathing (the weather being tempestuous, and the tide ebbing) he was taken off his feet, and by the violence of the waves, involuntarily carried out to sea, to the distance of a mile. Some gentlemen on the beach saw him, nnd declared tlie impossibility of his returning alive; and I)eing exhausted, he called out, but too late mr any holp to be given to him. He went down, and was fsirriod oiit by the tide two miles or more to sea. A purse of thirty guineas was collected, and offered to the fisher- men to the dai launchi culties, after he "Th dead, ai vital he the first minutes^ and the [Kircd, ii warm. space of the re-a the assid corps wi mented i to the ex nose an( oise wa % tho! MIy to ^cont % deg His at (V( ti. inco of In* andf sensi answ beca feet firoi '« 1 1 lamb's memoir. 27 men to recover the body, but was refused on account of the danger ; when Messrs. Morton, Fcnton, and Silvester, launched a boat, and, amidst numberless dangers and diffi- culties, brought the body to shore in about forty minutes after he ceased to call for assistance. " The body, when brought on shore, was to appearand^ dead, as there seenled to be an entire extinction of life and vital heat ; (for those gentlemen who had observed him from the first, were confident, that he had been under water fortt/ minutes). His eyes were fixed, and greatly inflamed, and the pupils much dilated. Warm blankets were pre- pared) in which he was carried to his bed, made very warm. From the boat to the bed, there was certainly the space often minutes; so that tiearli/ an /tour, elapsed before the re-animating process was commenced ; I insisted on the assistants only staying in the room. The apparent corps was dried well with warm flannels; his head fo- mented with hot brandy, and bottles of hot water applied to the extremities ; with the application of volatiles to the nose and temples. Iq about forti/ minutes a grumbling oise was heard in the abdomen, and the pulse could bo % though extremely languid, and warmth seemed gra- Nlly to diffuse itself over the thorax, but the arms and ^continued of a dead cold. In about an hour and a , "H attempted to get down warm broth by tea spoon- "^"even at this time there was not the least power of "'^Stion, and the attempt gave him great uneasiness. "**'emities continued cold and motionless,; he spoke *"*^®Stly. Mr. Silvester intreated him to take a cup of wt\ which he did not retain more than a minute, and ir<\ instant of his vomiting, he became perfectly sensiblt^^ had not the least recollection of having answerey^^^ any questions. The hands and arms became >\ ^^^^ j^ ^^^ some time before his legs and feet were ^^^ ^^ ^j^^j^ natural hea^. In two hours fro"**^®**'* his being put to bed, and too hours and D2 'w< * >l ri 1 ' * if r # ■ -^ 28 I.AMB 8 MEMOIR. IV. ffli/ minutes fiowi the lime of his drowning, w* had the high satisfaction of having this valuable gentleman restoFcd to the world/* A reverend and learned gentleman of great talent, and known integrity, addressed the public in a set discourse ibr the purpose of exciting a common interest in behalf of the benevolent body who associated under the title of the Humane Society of London, chiefly to rescue human life from drowning. The underwritten are cxracts from it. ^< One would wonder (said he) that such an institu- tion as this, of so deep importance to mankind, should appear so late in the world. Have we any thing wrote on the subject, earlier than the tract published at Rome, in the year 1637 ? And did not the proposal then sle«p for many years ? Were there any more than one or two attempts, and those not effectually pursued, till the year 1700 ? By what steps it has been since revived and car- ried into execution, we are now to enquire. I cannot give you a clearer view of this, than by presenting yoi with a sliort extract from the introduction to the 'f Plar and Reports of the Society," published two years ago.* <^ Many and indubitable are the instances of the poss' lity of restoring to life persons apparently struck with sui*^ cieatli, whether by an apoplexy, convulsive fits, no"^ vapours, sirani^ling, or dro Aiiing. Cases of this *"^ have occurred in every country. But they were cor^ and neglectcdj as extraordinary phenomena, fi'o/ '" no salutary consequence could bo drawn. " At length a few benevolent gentlemen i'**''^"" conjectured, tliat soine ^ iqast might have I , "^^^^^^j had proper means been used iii time ; and f ' J^em- selvcs into a society, in order to nii^ke a * l"Pir attempt succeeded far beyond their expect'' ' ^**".V were restored, who njust otheivvise ' P^^'shed. 1 * This discourc was wntieu in the y r78. ii:.:.l V .Sk' /■ m LAMB 8 MEMOIR. And ihoy were at length enabled to extend their plan over the Seven ProviL..e8. " Their success instigated other countries to follow- their example. In the year 1768, the magistrates of health at Milan and Venice, issued orders for the treat- ment of drowned persons. The city of Hamburgh ap- pointed a similar ordinance to be read in all the churches. In the year 1769, the Empress of Germany published an edict, extending its directions and encouragements to every case, that afforded a possibility of relief. In the year 1771, the magistrates of Paris founded an institution in favour of the drowned. " In the year 1773, Dr. Cogan traiisiated the Memoirs of thie Society of Amsterdam, in order to inform our countrymen of the practicability of recovering persons apparently drowned. And Mr. Hawes uniting with him, these gentlemen proposed a plan for a similar institution in these kingdoms. They were soon enabled to form a society for this excellent purpose. The plan is this : — " I. The Society will publish, in tlie most extensive manner possible, the proper methods of treating' persons in such circumstanqes. II. They will distribute a premium of two guineas among the lirst persons, , who attempt to recover any one taken out of the water as dead. And this re- ward will be given, even if the attempt is unsuc- cessful, provided it has 1 eon pursued two lout's, according to the method laid down by the .■jociety. III. They will distribute a premium of four guineas, where the person is restored to life. , ' IV. They will give one guinea to any that admits the body into his house without delay, and furnishes the necessary accommodations. ,:r..,' " V. A number or medical gentlemen, living near the places where these disasters comm'.Mily happen, will give their assistance gratis." ,r . , a li a W-} ft. ' Ui ■^ '"i"'.- so LAMB d MEMOIR. '^ In the sliort space from its first establishment in l^Iay, 1774, to the end of December, eight persons, seemingly dead, were restored to life. In the year 1775, forty-seven Were restored to life : thirty-t^vo of them by the direct encouragement and assist* ance of the gentlemen of this Society : and the rest by medical gentlemen and others, in consequence of their method of treatment being generally known. " In the year 1776, forty-one persons were restored to life, by the assistance of this society. And eleven cases of those, who had been restoreqi elsewhere, were communi- cated to them. " So the number of lives preserved and restored, in two years and a half, since their first institution, amounts to one hundred and seven ! Add to thase, those that have been since restored, and out of two hundred and eighty- four persons, who were dead to all appearance, no less than a hundred and fifly-seven have been restored to life ! " Such is the success which has attended them in so short a time f Such a blessing has the gracious providence of God given to this infant undertaking ! " It remains only to shew the excellency of it. And this may appear firom one single consideration. This institu- tion unites together in one all the various acts of mercy. Jt comprises all corporal (if I may so speak) and all spi- ritual benefits ; all the instances of kindness, which can be sK\vn, either to the bodies or souls of men. To shew this beyond all contradiction, there needs no studied eloquence, no rhetorical colouring, but simply and nakedly to relate the thing as it is. ** The thing attempted, and not only attempted, but actually performed, (so has the goodness of God prospered the labours of these lovers of mankind!) is no less in a qualified sense, than restoring life to the dead ! " But is it easy for any one to conceive a scene of deeper distress than this ? Suppose you are standing by. LAMtt's ^lEMOIR. in May, to life : 1 assist* I rest by of their itored to I cases of >mmuni- l, in two lounts to hat have d eighty- », no less to life! im in so ividence And this lis institu- >f mercy. Id all spi- ^vhich can To shew studied nakedly [pted, but )rospered less in a scene of \ding by? Just when the messenger comes in, and the message is delivered. * I am sorry to tell you — ^but you must know it —your husband is no more. He was making haste out of the vessel, and his foot slipped. It is true, after a time, his body was found. But there it lies, without any ( v - ' ;i lamb's memoir. IS -8 ** Nay, one poor sinner (let it never be forgotten) was just coming down iiroin the ship, when (overtaken by the justice and mercy of God) her foot slipped, and fell into the river. Instantly her senses were lost, so that she could not call upon God. Yet he had not forgotten her. He «ent those, who delivered her from death ; at least, from the death of the body. And, who knows, but she may lay it to heart, and turn from the error of her ways? Who knows, but she may be saved from the second death, and with her deliverers inherit the kingdom. " One point more deserves to be particularly remarked. Many of those, who have been restored to life, (no less than eleven out of the fourteen, that wei'e sayed in a few months) were in the number of those, that are a reproach to our nation, wilful self-murderers. As many of the desperate men, who attempt this horrid crime, are men who have had a liberal education, it is a pity but they would consider those fine words, not of a poor narrow- souled Christian, but of a generous heathen, nay, a Roman 1 Let them calmly consider that beautiful passage : — *' Then crowds succeed, who prodigal of breath. Themselves anticipate the doom of death : Though free from guilt, they cast their lives away, ■ And sad and sullen hate the golden day. O with what joy the wretches now would bear Pain, toil, and woe, to breathe the vital air I In vain ! by fate r ever are they bound With dire Avernus, and the lake profound. And Styx with nine wide channels roars around!"^ ',- /.I _r I *,, _ ■ * s ■ PlTT*8 VlROIt. « .•\ '■■:.■ '^.'U"^. '■ V- m lis* £ r 3i Lamb 8 memoir. • •'! |i : I i j » \ CHAP. 11. Author's constant predilection for going to Sta. His Father tries to dissuade him from ity by taking him to behold four Seamen hung in Gibbets. Storj/ of their Crime and Execution. Author accompanies a Mr. Howard on a visit to the Couniri/. Account of Mr* Howard's Uncle. I HAD not yet attained my eighth year; nevertheless such was my predilection in favour of a seafarings life, that it did not escape the observation of my father. He was much grieved at the discovery, and frequently laid before me in the most fond and anxious manner the dis- tresses and dangers to which sailors are exposed. Giddy, unthinking, bent on marine pursuits, this had little effect on me. However, a circumstance happened at that time in Dublin,* which in a great degree turned my mind against its favourite pursuit. It was as follows, I have mentioned that it was the usage of my father to walk with me on the b; nks of the LifFey, and the quad's of thel harbour. In one of these amusing and instructive littlel , rambles which my affectionate parent always tried to tuml to my advantage, he can'ied me (no doubt on ptirpose)| along the South-wall, and near the Pigeon-house, in the direction of the Light-house, where at present the wal is extended by that strong and beautiful work which adij BO greatly to the advantage and ornament of the citjr] Here were hung in chains, on gibbets, four criminals * 111 the year 1766. - * ,• whoso down aud ex genera the ha posure, powerf entertaj I no lor so high as a lesi A mc liondon dollars, into the • «w^in, G Andrew Cockeran chent, mj with Cap senant bi 30th Nov watch ; if aU wer^ the head The noise Glass fron sword: th manner-; H the ruffian Having Ireland, tl distant froi treasure, ai and the twc H' One LAMB*8 MEMOIB. $5 His him to f their I Mr. ^f Mu ^:. rtheless ng life, 3r. He ttly laid the dis- Giddy, le effect tat time ly mind I ha\e alk with 9 of the! live little] (d to turnl purpose) le, in thfl the wal| |hich add Ithe city J criminalsf TvhoBC drefidful offence almost appears to have called down the avenging hand of Divine justice itself, to arrest and exhibit them, as terrible examples to individuals in general. They were purposely exposed in the mouth of the harbour as a warning to seafaring men. The ex- posure, and the whole circumstance of the aiiair proved a powerful dissuasive to prevent me, at that time, from entertainii^g the desire which before engaged my thoughts, I no longer wished for the sea. The story of this case is so highly interesting that it may not be amiss to relate it, as a lesion to the thoughtless, and dissipated. A merchant ship, the Earl of Sandwich, bound to London from Oratova, and laden with wine, Spanish dollars, gold du^t and jewels, proceeded on her passage into the English channel, when Peter M^Kinley, boat- swci^in, George Gidley, cook, Richard St. Quintan, and Andrew Zikerman, mariners, conspired to murder John Cockeran, master, Charles Pinchent, mate, James Pin- chent, mariner, BeQJarain Gillespie, cabin boy, together with Captain Glass, his wife and daughter, and their ser\'ant boy. Jn pursuance of this inhuman (dot, on Uie SOth November, 1765, the conspirators keeping the night watch; and the master going on the quarter-deck to see if aU were safe, M'Kinley and Gidley knocked him on the head with an iron bar, and threw him overboard. The noise and groans of the master brought Captain Glass from below, who was murdered with his own sword : the Pinchents were soon dispatched in a similar manner^ Mrs. Glass and her child imploring mercy from the ruffians were tossed into the sea. Having altered their course and made for the coast of Ireland, they landed on the 3d December, some leagues I distant from Waterford. They then loaded a boat with treasure, and left the vessel with her ballast port opened, and the two boys who survived in her to sink, as she soon I did. One of the boys following the l^t was struck on /^ ^^ 7 36 I.AMHR MEMOIK. the head with the gunwale, and drowned — the other lad they flaw washed from the Hhip's deck Rn she overaet, and filled with water. They now flattered themselves that the deceased could not disclose their secret, or the sea give any evidence against them, and having buried 250 bags of dollars, they reserved in their posr«<^sion and for use the remainder, along with the jewels and gold. Yet after all this extraordinary precaution, their appearance and prodigal manner of living caused them to be looked on as suspicious individuals, and the ship which they thought could never stir fW>m the bottom of the great deep, rose fl'om her watery bed, and was washed near Water- ford on tlie shore. The ship so circumstanced caused much speculation, and turned the suspicions of some persons to the murderers, who had left the neighbour- hood and' come to Dublin, where they continued to pass their time in great excess and expense. In the mean iiu.e two gentlemen repaired to Dublin, in the hope of apprehending them, and having taken the necessary steps, Quintan and Zikerman were secured, and being examined apart, they confessed the commission of the horrid crime ; as also that their ruffian associates, Gidley and M'Kinley, sold dollars to the aihount of ^300 in Dublin. By the means of the goldsmith who bought the silver, M'Kinley was seized, and two men who were immediately sent off to search for the buried treasure which had been robbed from the ship, fell in with and took tlie remaining offender, Gidley, making his escape toward Cork, from justice, which seems to have followed • those murderous wretches with a swift and unerring step, 'Until all of them were brought to that conviction and awful punishment which they so highly deserved, and which even shews that an Almighty Providence, though | sometimes slow in interposing to visit the wicked for mur- der, is by no means regardless of the blood of manl dying from i/ic ground for vengeance ! '^tAMfr*8 MEMOtR. m >r lad I, and s that lio nea id 250 nd for . Yet arance looked h thej t deep, Water- caused f some ghbour- to pass e mean hope of ecesaary id being of the Gidley 1300 in bought ho were treasure ith and] ,s escape followed! |ingstep,i ion and |ed, and! though I (for mur- of manl Wh^ft I was eleve^h Veaf* lif ago, I began' **H^iiie«n?ii a 8troi|f desire to leave home. My father, eter anxious to comply with my wishes, yielded to an oflFer which pre- sented itself, and^consented thdt } should go with a friend of his to the country. This proposal was joyfully received by me, and preparations were accordingly made for mj departure to the north of Ireland. The gentleman who thus took charge of me, was going to visit his sister a Mrs. Hinds, near Killishnndra, in the county of Cavan, and some other relations which he had in the county of Westmeath. But it was to his uncle, who wis my father^s great firienJ, that I was principally indebted on this occasion. On my father's application, he recomnended me to his nephew, with the warmth of a friend,! and the authority of a parent. This gentleman, whose name was Howard, was a respectable merchant in Jcrvis-itreet. He was a man well acquainted with the world ^d all its vanities, which he happily forsook for the more sdlid enjoyments of religion, and tlie more laudable pursuitiof virtue. An account of this excellent man has l)ecn jijublished by a learned and pious gentleman, who inform^ us in consequence of his giving him to under- stand, that an account of his life and conversion might be attended with public use, he drew up a narrative which the wiiter submits, for the most part, as Mr. Howard himself wrote it, and in his own words as follows : " I was born in the county of Westmeath, irt the king- dom of Ireland, in the year 1721. My father was a reputable farmer, a person of great modesty, temperance, decency of conduct, and the strictest honesty. Though ho gave abundantly to the poor, his substance increased, lie took great pains to bring up his children, bestowing on us, what in his eyes at least was, a liberal education. " Alas ! neither his care nor his example had the desired effect on me. To lie and to swear were lessons I had but too groat a docility in acquiring. In the mean 'X ¥"B^ y:^. >» \l ¥ ss tAMB^^S MEHOm. I time, however, I made no efforts to controul my psssiun^i, but cherished thera with all my might, so earl> (with shame be it spoken) was I the slave of sin, a servant of Satan, and a rebel against the blessed God. il H^d' ,V)i^-)?>m Yorkshire. While I waited for the passage boat, I ob- served, on the opposite side, some miles to the left, a beautiful village, standing on an eminence near the river, finely adorned with trees and stately buildings. To me it seemed an earthly paradise. Better than that it proved ; for there my heaven began. I was informed that its name ,>f F, n IIH I' m 40 LAMB 8 MEMOIR. It was Ferriby, eight miles from Hull ; several of whose opulent merchants adorned it in the manner which had so strongly feasted my sight.. I felt myself, however, deter* mined to live there, and found a public house for my reception. The village fully answered my ideas ; beauti- ful beyond description, by its delightful situation and elegant improvements, where was a church served by the Rev. Joseph Milner. He was a lecturer at the High Church in Hull, where he resided, and taught the public grammar school there, and preached on Sunday mornings at Ferriby. I went constantly to hear him, though with no otiier motives than that mechanical kind of habit which disposes us to do as our neighbours. Little atten- tion did I pay to any thing that came from his lips. His sermons seemed long and tedious, worldly sorrow left no- room with me for pious meditation. I felt miserable in- deed, but had no idea of applying to that which alone could make me happy. ' *^ Indeed the transitoiy things of time and sense can make no man happy. In the time of my greatest pros- perity it was with me, as with every person who is a stranger to the grace of God, f' ** That cruel something unpossest. Corrodes and leavens all the rest." I passed some time in a distressed state of mind, reflect- ing with bitterness on my hard fete and worldly trouble. About the beginning of August, instead of going to church on the Xord's day as usual, I sauntered by the river-side to kill I Lord' IK when I was seized with a violent disorder in my head^mj^ fell down terrified, dreading I was at the eve of death, and prayed to God to spare me, which he mercifully did. In an hour's time I arrived at my lodg- ings, and in a few days recovered from my frightful apprehensions of a sudden death. But a violent head- ach ensued, the anguish of which, in a .great measure, ever. '^i tjIMIIrt MlliiOiE. 41 lasure) dissipatedi my yrixiVSyf sofoow, I conduded &dl the^ jiidgmeot o€ dod wa» vspoib mft; fop neglecting public Wi^bipj whioh L tfaerefoiio detetnuted to onut; no more. ^'l ntm paid moreattention>tb tjitf- pneachef j who^ £ ebsmvied, seeiriedi to enfei'ce his- doctrine with mttelStt eanieflifcnesfl^ aMk posiiively dodaned^ oyerandover'agtainy. tiiatf except a man be ooilverted^ be could' not see tbft kingdom! of Godi AUtbe conclusions t drew from- suehi assertions, was, tkUi too^ muchlemmng' kad- made him modi "On Sundtt^, Mhroh S8^ 1773^ raif happiile^ began^< thou^.ii apjpearedto me' a day. of^ tettor indeed; How- ever, it was the day on which the fear&f- the IjordyWbkfii isike beginning of wischntf took hold of my rebel heatt. " IVfr. Milner preached fVom these words, Martel not at'' this; for the hour is coming, in which all that are in their graves shall hear his voice, and shall come forth f thef/ that- have done good unto the resurrection of life, and t/ie^ that hofoe done evil unto the resurrection of damnation* No^ soon^ was the text delivered, than the word reached; my. heart, quick and powerful) and sharper tltati a tito-edgedi sword, insomuch that I quaked and trembled^ Vfoiet h me! thought I, for J am undone. Thevcng'eanceofGod! has at last overtaken me foRiny numberless crimes; I was; so confounded, that I knew not a word the. pr^cher delivered after giving out his text; even that I forjgot. On returning home^ I begged my host to shew me the^ text. On looking ovei* it^ I. told him, I was undone^ that- the words it contained condemned me to the resunisctiDn of damnation: that instead of doing good, I h|d||^ilt: my whole life in doing evil. Heendeavouredj^coitnbrl: mej but in vain. I now began to pray from a wounded, spirit, and humbled myself befwe God, contesd^ my sin, and crying out for mercy, if peradventure he would hear me. Cards, and various vanities which I before followed, appeared now so unsuitable to my condition, that I gave them up altogether. But how to be pardpRed for my past F T ■);■ 4f lamb's MBMOIRw I : 'I tAm, I knew not. They remained a heavy burden on my ioul. 1 retired eveiy day to a gro\e at a little distance, to pray and read the bible, a book i had rarely looked into fin* many years. I could open no part of it, but it shewed me what a hell-deserving^ sinner I -was. This in- creased my affliction, I now deeply lamented my deplcnra- ble state, and wept bitterly for my sins ; my rejection of my father's good counsel was as a dagger to my heart. I continued the whole week without hope, dreading that the wrath of God would cast me into hell, never thinking of a Saviour, bat imagining that my sins were too heinous to be forgiven. " The next Sabbath, Mr. Milner preached firom ther following words : God so hoed the world, that he gtece his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him, should not pmshy but have everlasting life. Far God sent not hut Son into the world to condemn the zsMrld, but that the world through him might be saved. He proclaimed God's most gracious pardon for the most abandoned sinner, that would forsake his sins, repent, and believe in Jesus, whose precious blood cleanseth from all sins, however heinous or numerous. God be thanked, I received some consolations from that discourse ; hope revived, and gladness dawned within me. *' Satan, enraged at my giving up all hope of my own righteousness, now cast a stumbling block in my way, in hope of stopping my progress, by filling my mind with Atheism. I was terrified beyond expression, cold drops of sweat foil from me. I arose from prayer, and ran about the gro^|k|s one distracted, struggling, but in vain, against the olasphemous injection. I was now lielplesft indeed I but that God, who i» nigh to the broken hearted, relieved ine, by fixing one of his faithful promises sa powerfully in my heart, that my atheism was instantly burned up as stubble. The promise was, seek, and ye fkalljindf a promise worth more to me, than all the LAMB S MEMOIft. m ^ '> mines of Peru, which supported me in all my subsequent trials. I was soon composed enough to renew my suppli- cations, and to lift up my heart in thanksgiving to God tor my deliverance. My soul was filled' with a pleasing expectation, that by seeking the Lord, I should surely find him. And I knew distinctly, for the first time, what is meant by resting on a divine promise. I pressed for- ward with strong desire, labttHfribg^'^'tb seo the Saviour, with the eye of faith, bleeding on his cro^s, and would have given the world to call hint hiy own. And though I wavered often through the poi^er of unbelief, yet, on the whole, I constantly fed on 'the i^roniise, seek and ye shall f.nd. The shall of the Almighty was an anchor of hope to my soul, sure and steadfast, and I was enabled to conclude that he would at length appear for my relief. ^^ Soon after this, the tempter made a new attack, and suggesting that, as I had lived to grey hairs in the ser^'ice of sin, I must, by a long course of repentance work my- self into a state of hir< the necessity of Con-cersion, Nor were my labcvi; J '^^ . ifsy wife was convinced of her un worthiness, was led to txu^' repentance, and was blessed with a sense pfthe AT *>€ C'i .t, 4^fter this she declined in health, imd departed ^im iil. . having hope in htr death, and entered into the joy of her Lord, ^he was the fiirst ripe ^iiit that God was pleased to bestow vhethe|; it was spme trtuisiei^t whim which had seized his imagination, or a solid aludiifg^ alteration^, which made him quite another man. He lived for years a shining es^ample of every diristiaf^ virtue, and had time to give us the most convincing proofii of the solidity of his conversion. His religious joy was f xiraordin^y ; his fear of God was exemplary ; his M^t f)oth foi lively ,ii steady ; jngly ev edifying of years, of joyftjl liimselfii to pour ( loved. ] assured, ] ed in it. increased iniquities asthma, a and disoi put to th But his fa it even gn had less to the word c increase, sufficiency, graces. Hi I more solid [truly admi I natural im I dissolution I Finding hi Iter, then i I be transmit I presses, ar I his expecta I Very soon Itinued inci Ipbserved, ^ Liva^f KfeMoia. •IS »» lioth for things spiritual imd "tuinpomil, was tf the inott lively nature; bb charity Vas uncenunQhly #rvelit mnd stuady ; the chastity and purity of his mafttcrs VfwreiUxik* ingty evident ; and in :genuine hwaiBity tif son), In iv«8«b edifying pattern to tiie Onifdh of Christ. For a mmiher of yean, till towards ihe eve of his life, he lived in a state of joyftil communion with his Grod. He could scairce dreds himself in a morning with sufficient haste, so eag*er was he to pour out his soul in thaidisg^iving to him whom his soul loved. His delight in public worship was, 1 am well assured, little less than rapture ; his whole soul was exert- ed in it. For a year or two before his death, his infirmities increased apace. He felt the consequence of his former iniquities in a very excruciating degree. The gravel, tlie asthma, a general debility, and a complication of paiiis and disorders, rendered life extremely burthensome^ and put to the severest trial all the graces he had attained. But his faith in the divine promises remained unsliaken; it even grew stronger and stronger amidst his trials. It had less to do with sense, and was more simply fixed on the word of God. His humility received also a very great < increase. He lost those remains of self-conceit and self- sufficiency, which had somewhat stained his brightest graces. His faith was more pure and simple, his love was more solid and genuine ; his patience and meekness were truly admirable; the more so, when one considers the natural impetuosity of his spirit ; and he waited for his dissolution with the calmest expectation of his eternal rest. Finding himself rapidly decaying, he wrote to his daugh- ter, then in Ireland, a letter which he desired might not be transmitted to her till after his decease, in which he ex- presses, among other things, the strongest confidence of his expectation of being soon called to his Father's house. Very soon after, he was seized with slumberings, and con- tinued increasingly in this state until his death. He was pbserved, amidst l^is sluniberings at times, to sing hymns^ ■'^:. r 46 LAMB J MEMOIB. and a rery little before his death, expressed his grateful wonder that God should ever take notice of such a rebel as he was. The last time I (the Rev. Mr. Milncr) saw him, after waiting some time in the room while he re- mained insensible, he suddenly opened his eyes, and looked seemingly with some peculiar meaning at me. I told him he would soon go to Jesus; to which I heard him distinctly answer, '^ I hope 1 sludl." And a little I after he was called to eternal r?st> *' His looks, when language fails, new life impart ; Heaven in his looks, and Jesus in his heart ; He feels the happiness that cannot fade, "With ererlasting joy upon his head Starts from the ilcsh, and gains his native skies ; Glory to God on high ! the Christian dies ! Dies from the world, and quits his earthly clod, ^ Dies, and receives the crown by Christ bestow'd, s. Dies into all the life and plenitude of God.'* y ■ Jtiii ffj; - \ V •J' .'• ^ x I- UiUBf MEMOIB. 47 i i ., CHAP. III. luthorf on //t.t return to Dublin endeamurs to go with the Son of Mr. JfWiam Hotmrd to America. Being dis' appointed he enters on board a Vessel going to that Country. Is persuaded by his Father to forego iha Voyage he intended. Dublin at that time badly cir- eumstanced in its Peace and Police Establislunents. Riots frequent. Author tries to know the use of t/ta Small Szoord. Account of two fatal Duels. HAVING stopped six vfee1«K in the country^ with th« pephcw of Mr. William Howard, and liein^ much grati- ied with the tour, from the ne# scenes which it afforded, ttcresting to a young mind like mine, I returned to )ublin. On my arrival in town, my attention became reatly occupied in expectation of going to North America, ki company with Mr. Howard's son, who had obtained a )nimis9ion in a marching regiment, which was serving lore. I be8ought my father to intercede with young Ir. Howard to take me along with him. But, although by indulgent parent agreed in compliance with my ardent jrishes, to mention the matter to Mr. Howard, there could no situation procured in the regiment for a boy such as I then was. I was obliged therefore to remain at home, nd the disappointment very much distressed me. But I )lved at all events to depart for America, and, in pur- liance of my determination, I seized an opportunity which Un oiH^red, of entering on board a vessel destined for [at part of the world. However, my father being ap- rised of my purpose, interfered with the captain of the ■;»it«' ii r liA»B8 MCMottt. '* I-, ,1 1; 1 "'''!« /*: sliip, paid my expeneea on board, and so prevented My intended plan of folly for a time. I remained at home a disapnointed idler, and like most boys \vho have not received the advantage, the unspeakable I advantage, of a truly religious education, became delighted with every folly that but too fatally captivate the juvenile ipind. Did youth but seriously consider half the snareii and temptations to which they are exposed, they would perceive,, that early industry and a constant application to business are, under the divine guidance, th irbest pre-| servatives. At that period, the administration of justice was greatly I relaxed in the city of Dublin* It was almost impossible | for persons to walk through some parts of the city (pof' licularly on Sunday evenings) without encountering thel most violent, and sometimes dangerous assaults. Lowerl Abbey, and Mariborough streets^ on the north side ofHiel city, and the Long lane neaip Kevin^tveet oa the seutibJ were the places for general rendezvoitft fto adjust the <' point <^* honour," in thiasalntaiy way PunctOw will <:ieasc'to commit n\urder and> suicide, and then, and then only (in the ^itfafill understanding and' right economy of human- liie> the people of fashion will be honourable in truth and principle^., noble in goodi nature and. gentle indeed. '^ The point of honour has been deem'd'of use,. To teach good manners, and to curb abuse. Admit it true, the consequence is clear, A Oarpolish'd manners are a masl(> we wear, And at the bottom,, bsrb'rous still and rude^. We are restrained, iiideed, but dot subdued '^ The very remedy^ however sure. Springs from the mischief it inttods to cure,. And savage in its principle appears, Tried, as it should'ber,. by the fruit it bears. *Tis hard indeed, irnothing will defend KI«nkiiid from quarrfels but their fatal end;; That now and then an hero must d4eease, That the mirviving world may lire in peace. Perha^rat last, close scrutiny may show The practice dastardly, and mean, and low \, That men engage in it compell'd by force : *i And fear, BOt eeuTOge, i» its proper loawe.. » I LAMB^g HKMOIIt. Ji Tke fear of tyrant custom, and the fear Lest fops should censure us, and fools should sneei;. At least to tram|Ae on our Maker's laws, And hazard life for any, or no causes, To rush into a fix'd eternal state, Out of the ^ery flames of rage and hatc^ Or send another shiv'ring to the bar, ' >Vith all the guilt of such unnafxal war, Whatever use may urge, -or honour plead, On reason's verdict, is a raad-man's deed. Am I to set my life upon a throw, Because a bear is rude and surly ? No.— A moral, sensible^ and well-bred man, Will not affront me, and no other can.'* These remar]^ arc not offered in severity, but fron ^umane motivies, which an obscure narrator of common, t int^eating occurrences, in publishing his unoffend- .j.0tlv»C£U8 LAMS*! •IlK'Offt. aht It Lord^ leral's for a ijrh to ~i^ Lordt;hip soveral times expressed wamder at lus Gndt06*t ddaj, though it was not two minutes fojr Genend D^eti'm watch above the limited hour, when he arrived, attendwl wi^ one second onlj. ^^ He bade his XiOrdship| a good morning, and hoped they had not Waited for them long; then pulled out his watch, Paid he had hit it to a point ; adding, at the sama time, that he had rather die than break his promise on such an occasion. His Lordship returned the expression with this addition, that though they had waited a little, there was sufficient time left to dispatch the business they were upon. To which his Grace replied, the sooner it is dispatched, the more leisure there will be behind. In the interim the seconds were preparing their swords, and each one loaded his adversary's pistols ; then agreed to the following terms, viz. 1, That the distance of firing should not be less, at either time, than seven yards and a half. 2, That if either should be dangerously wounded on the first discharge, tlie duel should cease, and th* wounded person would own his life in the hands of his antagonist. 3, That between th^ firing and drawing their swords, there should be no limitct? ' ne, but each should endeavour to n.^ke the first thrust. /I, That if either filiould yield, as in the second article, during the engage- ment with the sword, whether by a wound, false step, or any other means, then the engagement should cease. To which four articles they both consented. His Grace stripped otF his coat, which was scarlet trimmed with broad gold lace, when Lord B.'s second stepped in to unbutton his waistcoat, on which, with some indignation, his Grace replied, do you take me to be a person of so little honour, as to defend myself by such base means aa hiding a shield under my doublet. Gen. D'Lee desired his excuse, adding, he was bound in honour to see justice I to tlv* cause he had espoused, :iR;: I'll" - 4 •f 54 LAMBS MBMOIl. ^ ^ The same ceremonj passed upon bis Lordship, wh» ind already pulled off his coat, which was crimson with broad silver lace; and both the combatants beings now- ready, Lord B. added, < Now, if it please your Grace^ tome on,' when thej instantly both stepped into the circle. His Grace fired and missed, but £iord B., peiiiaps from more experience, knew that battjies were seldom won by hasty measures, deliberately levelled his, and wounded^ his antagonist near the throat They both discharged again, when his Lordship received a slight wound in his turn, on which they instantly drew tlieir swords, and impetuously chained each other; rather each of them meditating the death of his adversary than his own safety. In the first or second thrust, Lord B» entangled the toe of his pump in a tuil of grass, and evading a push from his antagonist, fell on his right side, bujt supporting himself with the sword hand, by inconceivable dexterity spruqg ^backwards, and evaded the push apparently aimed 'at his heart. ** A little pause intervening here, his Grace's seeond pro- . posed to his Lordship a reconciliation ; but the ardent thirst after each other's blood so overpowered the strongest arguments of reason, that they insisted to execute each other's will, whatever might be the consequence. Nay, the anjjer of his Grace was raised to such a pitch of re- venge, that he in that critical moment swore, if for the future,, either of the seconds interposed, he would make his way through his body. Thus, after finding all remon- ('tninces of saving them without efieet, the seconds retired to their limited distance, and perhaps one of the most extraordinary duels ensued, that the records of history can {produce, fairly disputed hand to hand. The parrying uPter this interval brought on a close lock, which Monsieur llarreux says, noth'ug but the key of the body can open. In this position ihey stood for, I dare say, a minute, (4riyiu^ to disengage each other by successive irrQU^hes; 4 LAMB^S REMOIR. 55 remon- retired most ory can arrying onsieur ji open, minjite, in one of which his Grace's snnord point got entangled in the guard of his Lordship's, which, in fact, his Lordship overlooked ; so thiiit this disadvantage was reisovered by his Grace, before the consequence, which it might have brought on was executed. At last in a vevy strong wrench on both sides, theii' swords sprung firoin thcii* hands ; his Lordship's flew six or ^even yards upright. ^ *^ This accident, however, did not retard the afl&ir d moment, but both seizing their thistles at tlie 8am« tiltM!^ the dnel was renewed with as much nftdefv Uood and gore, when both the seconds stepped in, and begged they would consider their situation, and the good of their future state; yet neither would consent to part, until, by the greater loss of blood,, which his Lordship sustained, in being first wounded, he* full down seiiseles:s, but in such a position, that he drew his sword out of his Grace's body ; but recovering him- self a little before he was quite down, faultered forward, and falling with his thigh across his sword, snapped it in the middle. -- . h f' I. r 21 r 66 tAMAf MBttOlK^ *< His Grace obMrving^ that he was no lotiger etiplibic of defence, or sensible of danger, immediately broke bi» own^ and fell on his body with the deepest signs of concern, and both expired before any assistance could be got, though Dr. Fountain had orders from his Grace not to be out of the way, in case he should be caUed upon that morning. Thus fell these two gallant men, whose personal hp9.verj[ history can scarcely equal, and whose honour nothing but 9uch a cause could stain." This anecdote was signed by R. Deerhi^t^ wiho, it it presumed, was his Grace's second. f How aiflictingly awful and full of sad reflectioii to the feeling heart is this case of inhumanity and horror ! It would seem that man, even when the best educated^ and the most gifted with advantages of reason and dvilioatioi^ retains the latent rooted principle eS depravity which operates in consequences the most di9afitroii&. How were two brave men thus sacrificed to their imaginary wrongs^ each of whom might have stood as- a ranpart in the defence of his country ! The foUowing melancholy story' fipom a penodicel work published in this city, I thought so appropriate on the subject of duelling, that I feel dii(pofi«d to submit it for the perusal of my readens : " Charles E > , was the son' of a reputable citizen of Dublin ; he was well educated^ and early in life succeeded his father in the respectable employment of a tradesman* On the demise of his father, the protection of his mother and two sisters, devolved on Chaises, whose amiahlei manners and social virtues, endeared him not only to hi* relations, but to an extensive circle of friends^ "Mr. £ , soon felt his importance in society; strongly impressed with sentiments of filial gratitude, he endeavoured to repay the kindness and affoction of a mo- ther, who had cherished his infancy, watched over hi^ youth, and been his monitress in manhood. His sifters Il tAllB^g ItEMOlR* m' weretheobjectiof fraternal affection; and he considered himself in the two-ibld character of their brother, and protector. Biit notwithstanding the domestic tranquillity of Charles, his hedrt languished for 'a still dearer inmate. Misd F., the daughter of an opulent merchant, sup'>> plied that deficiency; and a passion at once pul^ and rational, conducted the lovers, with heftirts throbbing in unison, to the temple of Hymen; The marriage was pro-^ ductive of felicity, and in seven years, four blooming chil- dren crowned the hopes and wishes of their parents^ - Success in business kept pace with domestic happiness, and Charles was as remarkable for his probity as a tradesman, " as his conjugal, parental, filial, and fraternal virtue^ While we conteitiplate the enjoyments, and the steady tenor of Mti E.'s industrious and temperate life, witli the complacency ever excited by a prospect of moral or natural beauty, we are animated with a generous wish^ that no unforeseen incident, may intervene between him and felicity. " On the arrival of two friends from the north of Ireland, they requested Mr. E. to accompany them through the city, to which they were strangers. Afler a fatiguing Walk, they stepped into a coffee-house, as notorious for tho - systematic gambling pursued there, as for the excellence of its accommodations* While the three friends regaled themselves, a tall, athletic young man, with a fcrociousi aspect, strode into the box where they sat, and called for a hottle of wine. He continued silent for some time, and then followed up his first intrusion, by general dogmatic assertions, in opposition to the sentiments of the friends. His natural brutality was now stimulated by wine, and he I treated Mr. E. and his companions with the utmost inso- lence, told them his name was ***, that he was a gentle- I man, and if any of them thought themselves aggrieved, they knew their' remedy. Mr. H £. who i next to the m] Pi Wv Jt'ft^ 1 M ii\ M A V' 1.* J ''.^ i i l! ^s^ rixA! V I' i ' .5 £» LAMB*8 Mtmana, • %. lotitider, and to whom his cUacourae was particularly ^rectcii^ felt irritated and shocked. He beheld before him a barbarian, ea^^erly bent on destruction; he was not himself a professed duelBsty but he could not supp|«ss bis resentment, while his heart dictated the necessit^r of his ftvoiding* a repcountre,that he might be able.to continue his protection to an aged mother, an amiiable wife, and four in« &nt clttl^n. Indignant, however, at the insolence of ^**, he replied to his defiance, that his befaariour was ike very reverse of that of a gentleman, and he would look upon him in no other light than that of an Ul-mannered intruder. Mr. *** started up, but was exposed bj one of Charles's friends^ a courageous yofing man, who, although unacquainted with the /aa>« o/^ honour, was now desirous of t warding the danger from the head^of his mar* ried friend. But Mr. *** insisted that the quarrel was^at issue between him and Mr. £.; <^ when we have Jsettksdi oiir business,'" said he, *' I will be at your service.*' There now remained no alternative, and the antagoniHti engaged to meet at a particular spot in the Phoenix Park, at sun-rise next mining. The duellist then bowed to the friends, and left the box. <^ On his return home, Charles felt his heart tortured with mournful emotions. He beheld his truly venerablo! mother, his smiling wife, and prattlii^ children, perhapg for the last time. When his mother retired to rest, Charles accompanied her to the chamber-door, and kissed her hand, on which a precious tear of filial love fell as she withdrew it ; she was alarmed at the grief perceptible in his countenance. ' What is' the matter, my son ?' exclaim- ed the good mother ; * has any misfortune happenedi.'' ' To-morrow, my dear parent,' replied he, * i hope I shall be able to explain the cause of my present inquietude.— Good night!' * God bless and protect you, my son,' said his mother, while her eyes glistened with matcnial lot e. Charles soon afterwards retired to bed,^ but not to P4^^*'9 MBMOiit. «) ilmrlf lefore 18 not issbis )f his iuelu» nirin* ice of dlook nnered tj one tVho, c^now is mar* waft'at ruposQ. The lux^rtuRi^ rof Hke issue of ^ dud, filleil liis mindufitli iapprehen^a^ |iot «o .much of the certai|ity of }M3i-soual daager, p the intral and domestic evils resHlting &om the murdiwoius ^steia of fdlae hoAour^ As a C^i^ lian, he had bis s^^rtiples respecting the ju^iceof the 9fil, and could not reconcile to his (ondcience the immoirabty .of me(^ins^an individnal in mortal ^conflict; but e& a man, bt felt still more wretched ; the idea of a final separation k&dn a beloved consort, endeared hy ^nnmerable acts of lUiidr noas, and f^rsakin^ four iittocent chUdren, <^ whom the was at once the fatbisr and protectiH*, wrung im %eaft with unutterable aag^iii^ But he must lYieet luH. anta- gonist; and h]e jbjehelid the glimmer of morning wjth \t6fr ror. He hastily arose, dressed himself, and stealing sotlly to the bed-^ide^ behMd hfs beauteod^ Ahidlia, with her youngest child-, ih sound i-epbse ; foir Amelia], unlike fashionable mothers in Dublin, S(ickted h^ OWi^ dlTspring. He bent over them, andgentty impressgd, [Wfrhaps for the last time, a kiss on the cheek of each. As he closed the cliain- ber dodr, he heard his wife turn herself in the bed, the sound of her voice struck his ear, he heard her distinct!)' articulate his name, and hurrying dovvn stairs, he hastened /into the street, where he found one of his friends, and a hackney coach waiting to convey him to the scene of combat. . " On their arrival, they found Mr. ***, with his watch ill his hand, attended by his second. ' I have been waiting impatiently for some minutes,* said he, ^ as I want to dis- patch this business, having an affair to transact with a lady, when I Ubve concluded this with a gentleman.' The par- ties then went to the ground, where twelve paces were measured with mathematical precision ; they fired, but without efiect. Their seconds, as usual, now interposed; Mr. E. declared his willingness to be reconciled, but not so the l(^^ing Mr. ***, who, with the malignant brow of an assassin, exclaimed — ' I am not satisfied, one of us must kick the bucket; I would not give a damn for a duel H 2 €i T t ^■^ LAMB*8 MBMOIB. without bloodshed t' At the second fire, Mr. *** wa^ struck by a ball in the lower jaw, which disfigured his fece, and deprived him of speech ; but his precision was still more fatal, a pistol bullet pierced the warm and generous bosom of E., who with eyes turned towards heaven, and a querulous voice supplicating divine mercy, expired on the spot. His body was conveyed to the lodgings of his firiend; but the fhtal intelligence too soon reached home, where an aged mother, an amiable widow, and four innoi cent orphaiw, exhilnted a mournful proof of th^ evils result- ing from that sanguinary system of duelling, which has for ages disgraced the civilization of Europe, and appeared ^ith circumstances of peculiar enormity in Ireland/' )..•; ** The hero who assorts his country's cause, Cli^ms and receives unqualified applause. The duellist, devotes his life and fame, j^n4 barters houoor for an «m^ty nam^,'* \ !■ U »lr; tAMB'l MfeMOIlt. VI ,y; '; ?? ri ♦jb.rjr.^ ht-r .i:Hia|i.<>^ fini) i.-'^n -fn:: •? ' V CHAP. J V. AutJtor inlistt in the 9th Regiment of Foot, Acquires a knowledge of Discipline, Suffers great prkations by means of a Noncommissioned Officer who had charge of him, Desertions were meditated in consequence of such abuses; but through fearj the meH forbore to take so rash a step. Author much tehrified at seeing nr man flogged for Desertion, Hon. Geo. Kavodoli (broiler tit the Earl of Moirfi) joins the Regiment, Account (if Afajor Bolton, Author by means of bad compant/ falls info snares in fFtUerford. ir.>rf i.'U I ILA.O now arrived at a remadkable epoch in my life; since it was that which in a great measure gave a cast to its future operations. It w^ on the 10th of August, 1773, then in my 17th yeipr, wll^n being seduced to gaui; ing by som^ eyil* companions, with whon^ I thought- lessly associated, I lost my little a}l. This juvenile stage of existence is truly critical to both sexes. Forgetful of all the moral lessons sv Anxiously inculcated in my mind by my father, I was blind to my dan^r, and united with those who became my , t^rrupters, apd worst enemies. Afraid to return aqid t^^ my father of my indiscretion^ who would have rebuhe^ ^^^ forgivwi me, I shrank ^om my best hope, parental admonition, and formed the resolution of entering for a soldier. Accordingly I went to one serjep^t Jenkins, who kept a public house opposite the lower barrack gate, and enlisted with him for the 9th regiment of fopt, which was then stationed in Waterford. On the l^ith I joined the regiment, and was put into the. I m LAMV'S MEMOIR. I I hands of a drill serjeant, and taught to walk and step out li^e a soldier. This at first was a disagreeable task to me. During twentj-one days I was thus drilled four houru each day., However, having at last rectified the most prominent appearance of my awkwardness, I received a set of accoutrements, and a firelock, and was marched every morning fn>m the barrack to the bowling gi'een, near the water-side, to foe ihsttucted rh the manual exercise. '' That instant he \b«coin(« thje serjeant*s care, |j[i9 pvpU, and I^a torotent,, and his j^st^ I, \ His awj^vard gak, his intreverted t9 ■ Ui^alpt to learn, and form'd of stubborn stuff; .' ' He yet by slow degrees puts otT himself| , Grows conscious of a change, and likes it well : ' He stands erect, his slouch becomes a walk ; '''' lie steps right onward, martial in his air,,' on a«.fi I His form and moTement.->i — ■ - ■ > •'■'• ■>** .'i j;>.u' The mOst disagreeable days of a soldier, tire th^ "Ifi which he begins to' )earn his exeircise. And it iiiel^Hi that he entertains miich regard for thds^ whot^h H Wtti. Hence the office of a drill stirje^iit, akhoa|fh ofli^ Sttht most important is not one of the mostthankftd. If th^er, without disparaging the soldier^s <^hs^cter (ah'dffcli^ irif | which, I hope, I shaB not be thought giii%y. I nrtistt oih^ that some of the old drill-sv^rjeants #et^ ^aaiiece^is&rtfyj ff | not wantonly severe. Indeed, tot^e h6tt6(it*, hhrtitttStj^y and enlightened policy of the Duke of iTdtlL, is tl^6 Mijr ipuch indebted in this particukr. Some most ^tHittj alterations in the conduct of these oncers towidrd^ th^ young recruits have been enforced, by special coikimattd^ I bis Royal Highness, and the reef uit is nO^ taught, itM obliged to learn his exercise. But h€ is taught it Witi man and a soldi^t. ' ^"^^t K ^--'^ ^^ ^^'^ " A Perl Who, Hearim With LAIIB'S' MEMdIH. out »me. louru most ed a rched ;ieen, aiiutd W.-ii \ Mt I >;.it l^oldi(nrs deHerre to to' treated at all eventfl as huipan beings, and tiot beaten like'beasts of burden ; for criitclty i» not the best means of prodtkcihg^ iihprovemcnt of tnannei-A. No doubt, the lash cannot always be withheld, but the severe exerdto or applicatioH of h to tlio back will ^U dom eradicate the inveterate vit^s of the imud depraved* Terrible severity rather excites indignation than borrow for fciultsaood offences. The military man, like the civil indi< vidual, i« won by generous treatment and huinanity. A great and good officer was heard to say, he knew a Captaiil noted! more, for punctilio and the flippancy of hit tongue^ than for ability, or the acquisitions becoming a militavf gentleman, '^ more fiunoun (said the personage abovii inentioned> Ipbr caning bis company that storromg' hidtfr moons." Tlie anecdote adds, that he commanded a ter> jeant to pay him the proper respect, declaring with, bias** pkeraous imprecations, that unless he did so to his satis- faction he would '* make a devil of him.'* The impious and unofBoer-like manner of his enforcing subordination, did not intimidate the serjeant, who, knowing he had not ofrhouse, l i such was our inexperience, and apprehension of being punished by his interference against us, that we submitted in silence. If we had boldly stated our grievances to the officer com- manding, we most certainly had been redressed. No doubt such an effect would have resulted from our com- plaints properly made. However, it is certain, that I deglinM officei tions I trust i they.li uojurt dier wi attachn of a pa sistencc vliereby it must happen that the- sol- dier will be (listressed in an extraordinary degree. What attBchment can men have to the army, if they are deprived of a part of their pay, and perceive their nppoin ted sub- sistence plundered from them by some audacious pecula- tor, but one step above themselves? Such dboVninable treatment cannot &il to render the service in general odiou9 to the privates, who, if thus disgusted and goaded, will take opportunities to desert, and will be ever insubordinate. These pemicious and disgraceful frauds have been generally owing to the indolence or caprice of the o0i^r commanding, who from carelessness, or ill-placed confix* dence, forbore to Inquire and inspect hQw the men were actually served; but the like negligence and improper reliance on individuals are highly culpable, and put i the blame entirely at the door of him, whose imperious ddty it is to have all things conducted in right order, and ivith strict justice. An anecdote appropriate in pursuing thU subject, is told of Lewis XIV, which was highly credit- able to that Sovereign. As the Monarch entered one of the towns of France, his attention was arrested by two sol- diers, who, pursuant to the sentence of a court-martial, ition, were led out for execution. His Majesty Proceeded to the' spot, the soldiers besought the ttei > ition of the royal mercy to save them. Inquiring the cause of their condemnation, he turned to them, sav- ing, " What moved you to leave my service ? were you paid ?" They 'swered, that fair and regular payments were not mad o them, and that in consequence they deserted. T' otentate immediately made inquiry, aiid finding that th^ ten had retson to complain of fraudulent deidings m the oatter of their pay, he iorlbwith pardoned . I ZrAMB^8 HEMOTir. them, and also cashiered the officers by whose connivance* or neglect the pecidation took place, while he tore their commissions with his own hand, and ordered their swcHrds to be In'okeR in his presence. This act ought to stand on record to admonish officers in command, and presiding on courts martial, how they ought to* dispense justice, when men are so ill treated and defrauded by low individuals, who, from becoming fevonrites with their superiors, com- mit abuses sometimes with impunity.. Such iU usage actually proved so oppressive, and^ nearly mtolerable to a party of our men, »vho were driven almost to abandon the service, that several of them, from continued extortion, and the hardship owing to it, actually conspired together to desert. Happily, however, jibrthem, arflter proceeding some short way in pursuance of their plot, they were induced, from apprdiennion* of the danger attending such rashness, or probably from^ the reviving energy of loyal motives, to return in timc^ befoi*e their intention of quitttng the regin^nt could be known. This salutary determination perhaps was suggested by tiro confinement of a deserter at that time who had to undergo the sentence of a court-martial. The party alluded to^ Ao doubt dreaded, that if they acted rashly as titey at first intended, a similar punishment might soon await them« selves. However, on the day subsequent to their return- kig to the barrack, after resolving: to resume thoir military { duties, the unfortunate man who deserted was taken out for punishment, attended by the entire regiment. This was the first man I saw flogged. Being at I that time (as I have already observed) only seventeen | years cf ~ge, with all tlie warm youthful emotions operat- ing within me, the spectacle made a-lasting impression on I my mind. I well remember, during the infliction of bM . punishment, J cried like a child. The non-conunissioned officer who had the charge oil VBf began* to b» fearful lest his conduct- should bgi madel •Aj- .u LAMB g MEMOIK. 67 ivance* i their iwords indon ■ig on when iduals iy com- Mearly I almost n, from to it, lowever, uance of f of the rom«- the -J before » known, id by tire undergo uded to, »y at first ] ait them- return- r military I :aken out I Being at (seventeen I 18 operat- I'ession on I Ion of bH charge o( bg, ma^l knoH tt to tho Captain of the company. He spent less of our pay, and of consequence, we were much better pro- vided. /However, he still kept us on very unfair allow- ance. Indeed it would almost have been impossible for iiie to have supported life with any degree of comfort, had it not been, that I was employed by a serjoant and his wife to teach their son writing and arithmetic. These people were very kind to me, fi-equcatly inviting me to their table ; and paying me beside. I had also plenty of writing to do for the various Serjeants and corporals, in making out their reports, &c. These employments placed me above that starvation which ray unfortunate comrades were compelled to endure. However incredible, it is a fact, that merely through fear of this man we endured all this fraud, without making that representation which must have tifectually relieved us : for our commanding officer^ Major iioiton, being strictly just as well as humane, would faavo severely punished any non-commissioned officer, found guilty oi defrauding the men. The author cherishes an interest for the honoured me- niury of this gentleman, of whom the reaicr may be inclined to receive some partieular account. ^ Major Bolton was born in the city of Dublin, com- nieticed his military life very young, and served with abi- lity in the yeai-8 1739, 1760, 1761, and 1762. He held the raul: of captain in the 9th regiment of foot, fur seventeen years *'3^e h^ obtained a majority. Having fought under jv:. i in Canada, during the entire campaign of 1776, I had opportunities of witnessing his gallantry and worth. I About the end of that year he was promoted to the Lieut. t.'olonelcy of the 8th foot, at that time on service in Detroit land Niiigra; and having taken the command accordingly, |)e was as usual, distinguished for spirit, talent, and the attachment of the men. Soon after his being appc^nted Colonel, lamented by the army and all who knew him, he was unfortunately drowned in the lakes whila coming 12 1 n 1 i m tAM^*^ klirtoik; ih "i down to Motitl^&l. Too miichiotild not be Raid in praise of Col. Bolton, ^stimaiing^ him ill his profession or in society. With dll the intrepidity arid ardour of the mili- tary character, he possessed th6 tiidst hbiiourable mind and benevolent heart. On the occasion of punishinjjf a man for desertion, of which I before gave some account, the Major attended by the oflicers of the regiment, came to see die sentence of law-martial enforced. After the third drummer inflicted his twenty-five lashes, (i. e. when the offending soldier had received seventy-five,) Major Bolton, without addressing either th . surgeon or officers in attend- ance, advanced, evidently much affected, to the halberts, in a compassionate manner expostulated wiih the man con- cerning the magnitude of his offence, and afterward ordered him to be taken down, remitting the remainder of the intended punishment, on the soldier's promise of future good conduct. Sucli severe inflictions were unusual when- ever- he commanded : he avoided flogging the men as much as possible, and only resorted to it for those great crimes which required extraordinary coercion. For the Common breaches of the military laws and duties, he used to send them some hours of the day to drill, sometimes making them wear the regimental ,coat turned inside out, i in order to exhibit them as examples of ill behaviour and disgrace. They were moreover prevented from- going on - any command, or mounting the principal guards. On jiome occasions he confined the ill conducted soldier to hid barrack room, or the, guard-house, and when his offence I deserved it, the man was condemned to the black-hole, [ and at times obliged to live on bread and water. In short,! his mode of treating the men shewed them his unceasingi strictness in preserving order and discipline, as also hisl finte feelings and dispassionate motives. ' In reflecting on Major Bolton's honotirable career, and| his manner of keeping his men correct and obedient, ti render Will easily be led to entertain a more favotirabkl I>AIIB*B MEMOIR. praise or in 5 mili- nd and a man (It, the ; to see c third hen the BoUon, attend" lalberts, nan con- ordered ir of the )f future ial when- ! men as ose great For the housed imetimcs tside out, iour and going on •ds. Ort ier to his] ia oflfencci iack-hole,l In short,! |unceasing| also his reer, and| lient, thought of military command, than probably he befinv- received from hearsay, or the reports of passing ob- servers. Individuals are a good deal possessed with sm ill founded idea of the army, thinking that mercy akicb humanity are abandoned by those who maintain the go- vernment of it. On this interesting subject I shall have) occasion to speak more ia explanation, for the purpose of undeceiving persons who may take wrong impressions. Laws in general, whether civil or martial, are made, not against the, well-conducted, but the guilty, and it belongs to me, who know from my own experience and observation, to insist that the needful coercions, which must be applied for ordering and disciplining our soldiery, are truly ex- cellent in principle, while in their operation they produce; the most salutary effects. They, as it "/ere, mould the man for duty and propriety, in general^ — they form not merely good soldiers, but good citizens and subjects to benefit the commonwealth. This I have always en- deavoured to inculcate since I ceased to serve as a military man. For the space of twenty-six years, during which I have been laboriously employed in the business of a? school-master, I have ever given it as my opinion to parents who were charged with idle and ill behaved children^ that/ sending them into some of our marching regiments, would probably school them better than if their friends expended large sums of money to educate them at home. In the truth and justice of such an argument, I think myself borne out by a variety of instances ; numbers as well as myself can bear testimony to it. There are many worthy members of the community who are ready to confess, that serving in his Majesty's armies took them t\-om vicious courses to the paths of virtue and religion. If we look around us at the world, it will be fl^enerally granted that the army furnishes a most excellent establishment to reform and regulate the lives of heedless, headstron.?, and froward young men, too tar gone in wickedness, to be educated by TO LAMB 8 MEMOm. ade against parties of men in the garrison, whose usage it was to assemble every evening to pray, and exhort each other in a religious manner; in- stead of encouraging ihe complainants, the General observ- ed, ^* Let them alone : I wish there were twenty for every one of them, and then we should have fewer courts-martial in the j;,us. Such s confident lany living brigade of guards which he commanded, and h^ liad ucv ticed the orderly and correct conduct of the men who were known to be religious. He therefore spoke from his' own knowledge of such soldiers, who were patterns in point of behaviour and diacifdine. Discipline, it is true, will not unassisted, amend the mind and furnish the understanding. In Turkey and Russia the man might learn his exerbise, and do his duty as a soldier without being able to in^prove himself in principle and virtue. It may be so in some measure among ourselves ; but, notwithstanding the vice and immorality of society, they who avoid irregular habits will have many oppoitunities and incentives to acquire good opinions; and cherish right motives. Such ideas will operate in good fruits, and thus regular habits have more efficacy than people are aware of. At present it is certain that numbers of the .privates in our regiments, to whom the military line proved the path of improvement, aro ornaments to human life. Numbers of our soldiers are conspicuous not only for general propriety, but leading truly christian lives. Of this the British soldiery on the Continent and in Great Britain and Ireland give abundant evidence. And the author is happy to say, that several of the youth, whose early education he superintended, are serving with credit in the army ; and some of them, owing' to their talents and excellent conduct, ave preferred at commissioned officers. While our regiment continued as I before described, commanded by Major Bolton (in 1774) the Honv George Rawdon, brother to the Earl of Motra, joined it, and was appointed to the command of our company. He was tlien a promising young officer, and served afterward with distin- guished credit under General Burgoyne, until the surrender of our army at Saratoga. At my return from North America, he was Major in a marching regiment quartered in Dublin, and recognized me with that urbanity and ami- able attention, for which his family by all ranks are admired. n <■ 1 LAMB 8 MEMOIS. . '■ H Major Rawdon soon after died of a fever, greallj^ rcg^stted by his acquaintance. The biog^phist who is governed bj truth has sometimes a veiy piainfiil task to perform : he has to narrate circum- stances which he could wish never to have happened ; or having occurred, to have their remembrance for ever buried firom human observation. During our stay at Waterfbrd I fell into many irregula- rities. But whatever excuse might be made for me and my companions, from the peculation by whidi we suffered, as' also our youth and inexperience, the real cause lay deeper; we were all alike aliens to ailiee, danda Louis, id stop- toward were in ltop{»ing aa, but course. Isle 6f the cap- lud'tooH or, but the shift itioii, [ed Gape captain, rescued id fexer- |hip, and Hipking- le leaks, id. The itrove tq ted, an4^ were left without any destination, fearing to be swallowed every moment by the agitated ocean. In this dreaiUid manner) tempest-tost, they were driven (torn the Idlh to the IQth February, when they struck on a ledge of roc^ about two leagues fcan land, and the yes^el was so da* maged by violent shocks that her stem opened, andey* posed them to the moat horrible alarma. Unexpectedly they arrived within gun-shot of the shore, but the over- petting of the vessel 6n her larboard side, was near prov- ing fatal to most of them ; however, those that were cast into the sea recoverod the ship. In this crisis of peril three sailors took the desperate resolution of attempting the shore in a wretched boat whieh they launch' d secretly, and were some distance iVom the vessel before they had been perceived by the suffering party they left to envy tlieir esH^ape. On the next morning, after having passed a nig^ of trealUing anxiety between horror and ho{^, they saw the risitig sun, and, after oiTering their thanksgivings and prayers to that Being whofn the raging sea obeys, thi^ enjoyed a sensible consolation at the form's subsiding;^ in^hich enabled a resolute sailor to swim ashore, in order 46 jrefit the crazy boat, and take it back to the ship. Monsitmr Viaud observes on this awful occasion—-" We faw the boat launched into the sea. It approached the vessel. How is it possible to describe the transpoi^ of the crew ? it was expressed by shrieks, by tears, and mutual embraces. This extacy however, was quickly oyer, aud took another turn Avhen it came to the point of embaiking. The boat was but small, it could not contain above a third part of our number; we could not attempt to embaik all atoncQ, without sinking it. Eveiy one was sensible of, ^he diiHcnlty, but no one would consent to wait for a se- pond pasB^e, the foar of some accident happening to pre- vent a retm'n, and the terror of lying another night exposed on the hulk, made eycrv one oijstinqte for foeixi^ taken in the first. 71 LAMB*I MEJHOIRi ** ThoM ivho had brought the boat to us called out to > me, insisting that I should take advantage of this first opportunity, as they feared it would not be in tlieir power to make two returns more ; which expression being heard by the rest excited new outcries, and desperate resolves in each to rush into the skiiT all at once. I raised my voice above the rest, and entreated silence for a moment. *■ Your clamours, your violences, (said I) but hurt your- selves, and retard your own safety. We are all lost, if you persist in going altogether, let us then determine the first passengers by lot; let us submit our fkte to this impartial decision ; and, to convince those who may bo left behind, that hope still remains with me, I will stay witb them myself, and promise to be the last person that shall quit the vessel.* , This resolution surprised and silenced them ; they consented to the proposition, and one of the sailors happening to have a parcel of cards in his pocket, they were made use of to determine the chances. Of the eleven of lis that were sticking to the vessel four were taken in, and were delivered safe on land by the other lour, who returned immediately for to carry away its com* pliment 6f four more. ^ While they were coming towards ns, I happened to perceive the stern of our vessel so loosened by the shock of the waves, tliat by the help of Monsieur Desclau and my n^roe, I separated it entirely. This wreck appeared to me as good as a canoe, to carry us ashore ; Monsieur Desclau being of the mme opinion, we ventured upon it directly accompanied by the negroe, when the other four took boat, and happily arrived at the same point of land a short time after them. " The inexpressible transport we were sensible of upon being thus far safely delivered, can bettcrbe imagined than described. The oysters that we happily found on tht coast furnished us with a truly delicious tepast, as the total privation of food we had sustained-sa iong befoiv •A'OIU U LAMBS MEMOIR. 9f |i;ave them a pecular relish. We rejoiced in our presMit Kituation, and passed a peaceable night in a profound sleq*, uninterrupted by disagreeable ideas about our further doliverance, which served to recruit our strength and Hpirits. The next day we awoke also with the same satis- iuction, but it was not of long continuance.'* The 'mate died in consequence of continued fiitigue, and the tremendous dangers they encountered, and after burying him in his clothes, Monsieur Tiand went on board the %vreck to regain some articles of value and use^ U#8uccecded in getting a quantity of gun-powder, fire* fOcks^^lanketS) and biscuits, and was hailed by the greet- ings of his fellow-sufferers ashore. On the 23d February, as the party were asleep early in the morning, tine of them awaking, perceived five natives, whom his fears madtf him magnify into a multitude. The little party terrified ^ere about running into the woods, but on the remon- strance of Monsieur Vicud, they remained. to meet those savages. Their chief ^ajd his name was Antonio, and that he resided at St. Mark's,. In the Apalachian mountains. He was accompanied by his mother^ sister, wife, and nephew, and agreed to conduct the party to St. Marks, which, by his account was distant but ten leagues. In this matter however, as they afterwards found, the savage, who otherwise deceived their expectations, misin- formed them of the distance. On the 24th they freig^ited his canoe with as much of their effects as it could hold, and six of. the party . embarked in it, Monsieur Viaud pledging himself by a promise to send back Antonio to fetch the remaining people. Monsieur Yibud, after being landed in another island nearer the American mainland, or contijient, with some difiiculty prevailed, with the savage to return for his friends who stopped behind. On the 28th February they all met again, being fourteen in number, and endeared by their terrible misfortunes as one family together. Anxious as they were to be carried .to th? 11 ^ LAkD^S MEMOtlt.. oontiitentj and haviii«^ but an ounce of biscuit eacti ti day to subsist on, the savage became averse to comity with their entreaties, until by bribes, and somewhat of com* pulsory means, they at length succeeded with him to embark pursuant to his promise at first. On the 5th of March, Messrs. Viaud and Couture, Madame La Couture and son (a boy of sixteen years, who surprisingly withstood a continuation of almost unex- ampled hardships,) Monsieur Desclau, and the negro, embarked once more. Antonio and his wife bore them company, and left their three Indian friends wiihitlie «ight individuals who stopped in the i^and. Th^jiayag^ (although at sailing he informed them, that in two days they would arrive at their destination,) took them from one island , to another of the groupe of islets which lie contiguous to the main of America^ by which sailing abouf, tiiiir sufferings were encreased ; being worn with fatigue, and a scanty allowance of bad provisickis. In this wretched pHght it occurred to Monsieur Viaud that they ought to diqtatch the treacherous Indian, who evidently meditated their destruction, and he communicated his design aecord- in^y to his companions ; but they from motives of huma- nity dissuaded him fh>m entertaining it. They were now abandoned by the Indian, and almost spent with weariness and want of subsistence, while they waded from isle to islet, often in danger of drowning in the straits between, and prolonging a woeful existence by eating some oysters which they picked up on the sands. Reduced to despent- tion, on the 92d March they i*ecoUected, tliat in a neigh' bouring island lay an old canoe, which if repaired^ might ferry theu o the continent, and they accordingly w«it to j make trial of it. After exhausting their enfeebled elfert*i, tbcy found the canoe so loose and leaky, that they omM I not expect to sail in it with safety. However, despairing j of aity other conveyance, they determined to mak'^ the I atteTi4it with it, and, in this forlorn hep<; of reaching; 1= !i ■Tfl IAMBUS l^EteOtlt. ^i day with com- im to St. Marks, it wtis r^^oked to leave Madame La Cotttiir^ " her son, and the h6grO) Until a sound boat could be sent back from the Continent to convey the oi there. In this^ misei-able emergency^ Monf.'eur Viaud goes on to conclude '■ his uncommon story as fbUotvs :^— '^ ^< On the S9th March, at sun-rise, tve set tiur canoe afloat^ iaid our prayers, stnd embarked : but we felt the pllank we stood upon bend under our feet ; our weight sunk the boat too low for safety, and we soon perceived thd water be- ginning to spring through its sideis. These appearances deprived me of all manner of hope ; in short, I stepped on shore, and peremptorily declined the voyage. Mons. La Couture pressed me to return, aiid made a jest of my apprehensions. My solicitations and arguments were to him of no effect ; he still persisted in his purpose to ha- zard the voyage, and Monsieur Desclau depart^ with him. I remained on the strand looking after them while they continued in sight ; I saw them proceed with great difficulty, and turn round a little island that was not fat- from our own, which soon prevented me from seeing any more of them. " We remained now but four persons in the whole I island, and I had the care alone of providing for tho safety and subsistance of us all. Six days had passed since the departure of Monsieur La Couture and Desclau. iTired to the last degree with my wretched situation, and [knowing of a sad certainty, that I had no one but my .self Inow to expect any relief from towards extricating us out |of our deplorable circumstances, a thought occurred strongly to my mind one morning, that I might possibly be^aSjie to collect sufficient materials together on the island, capable of floating us over some calm day or other to the ■Continent. I instantly communicated my purpose to Madame La Couture, who seemed transported at the thought, and vho immediately surmounting the natural |eeblen«ti of her sex, which her misfortunes bad augme nle«l. L I II ^ ^ V set Iter IkanA 4(t the busuMsas witbaaicuong: tigoHr ftndv •|»iirit. The toMgh rind of Uiose tree^ wl|iclb;| had dhwded 1a CouCure to strip, served us to bind tike iiiiiher together ; hut aer ivel ir«,>iatevwOTe the grosser timber, and my caft was completed about nooHk I diea set up a stick in the middle of ^^ , whteb I fiMatcned as tveB as I could, to 8^^e for a hiiuit^ to which I tied a blanket by way of aafl ; and then broke UptMarstoekihga, to fom the tiuread inio Cordage, to i^bift it as ^h0 wind might vary. These lesser matters efeaployed u veply ; I took hold ef his hand, to shake him from fai» slumber, but found him cok^ as fiiadiiie> witho^t mevemend or sensation. 1 concluded him to be dead for some mi- mttcis; but feriing his naked f^reast,. I; per«eived^ his heart i was still beating, though wilh a fe^le pulse. Madamtj La Couture came just at that instant; she &U into si swoon by his side, which I thought would have put an ^nd to her life. Her son at length b^piv to rvoover ; but thers | was no thinking of setting out on their vo^igfethis day ; both tliti n^othfer and Bon were too 111 »nd weukto attempt | it, as their dciaiths appeased to -l^; ^tlie imwediMeeoose- quence. '' I lay awake th g were , they IB their icn who lise him ived his tie same Hers put rted Otir f aBsist- :ed with he same bs, from hich had m piece- ! that the t he had iigc feces i^as ; and ore him, cried on le of the] lend us id myself 1, durir? nd I had I Lvagant rived at id, hav- nothing I solved to LAMB'i ,I|EM9|#|, 99' quit a^yhwp§y»»yh«h.m mfm^^^f S^^ (hM^ te^ pened, wiucb I w^iii a(Kia^iPf,^|pre,lpi^idy,i|Qll.ii|rlMi4» I resolved to pike t|i^ |ki|faat(^^. litei;^ iitotrfc k^ <»r« Madame ,La; (^of^ifyfc%;{i/f^i/m&>f^^ a state t/Q i^ndeilta)^ i\m vf^fge^. .; tl^af||j^ pt i$t.: Ail^iisttm > Ju9e 13; ,^e shi^ an^h<^ j^n>»lil» b4MV>M»4j 4}i^|>tkit> boat c{|rrped m'> o»8hQ|«»r wheii^faiBpifM^^weniltAand conduct j»p }mSmi Mt^iGrw^, litrnt'^ivi^^ *o£ i^t ganrisoa^ >'■ uH )■«;; ^a :r;!f ■■:,r*hiu'«:>''!v ;i'h << I «taid mi^ Mr. Gmnt liU^ tlrii^Jflstiof Jnt^ wiito I departed for |^ Yotk. .Xhis^nftiioleli mUn jfaiit Ibv the Captain of thia flhip^ toi ewis to kkn s and^ aftei! fivwg* me into hia duuige^ witk ih^ wwinestrciiKtmmeildattMB <£ friendship, pidd:l»m before-hstid fdr my paaaage^ ind ordered every accommodation aboard that might be iieee»* eary either for my use, ease, or convenience ; to which he added a portmanteau, filled with clothes and linen, which were a great comfort and refreshment to me. After fourteen days' sail I arrived at New York, on the dd of August." However extraordinary this narrative may be, I have no reason to doubt of its verity. The reader will doubt- ' less make his own comments on it. It abounds with ?.wful and surprising incidents, which mark the evident path of an interposing Providence in human affairs^ and ought to ini^ire us with a reliance thereon, even in dark and dangerous scenes. There is, however, one thing which cannot be perused without great emotion of mind, viz. the sacrifice of the faithful negroe slave, in compliance with the desperate arguments of hunger. Monsieur Viaud himself was often heard to deblare, that the memory of it haunted and rendered him always unhappy ; fur he could not fail to recollect it with the acutest feelings of remorse. In reading the relation, and considering the conclusion of Monsieur Viand's sufferings, we have to regret, that when he sacrificed his negroe at the close of them, he was not '%\ m 88 LAiiB^s MEmoiii* iMBlwpekM. £v«iilii8€ttiitiliiiedniigfbrtiiiixei«;d(iriiigf.iv]iiefi he was to long enAied'Witli tti^eligt% and sonoe precarieiis •ubostanee to iMttr, dler gaiinig a Iboi^g on the Ame- rican flonfiftent, onj^ b mre Ibflified Itnh rhh religious expectation ^T'tibM^ii^effroM'tl^ Who, often as by mirhde affoiia effebtittd lwl|y ill ther seve^t trials, and aiBiotiiif eventaof this trouMesome We* It k frottt such eventa^ ^t Ihe human n^d derives Ns firmest foun- dation of confidence. Happj are they who consider t)iem- sd^ves, amidst all periki^ under the care of that guardian mrm which wffi rttle theiii to then^ temporal and eternal wel&re. It is under the inflncnce of such dispositions that we maj dxdaim in the sublime language of the gitat Christian moralist ;-*Hi,V''' --'J^.- -T--*' •' j .** Cling there, and o^cr wrecked nature's mins smile. Whilst Tile apostates tremble in a calm.*' ' .'hI fnm- s'.'ji. .J<( a'isQjsil'.j^u!*' ui ,%i»k • M 'iJ v,U3 iiJi • I < ■ ■ i ' » ', > • ■ ,• ■ . J < I ! ' ■ LAMff^S MCMOlR. CHAP. VI ' Author returns with his Regiment to Dublin, Is made Corporal fty Lord Ligonierf the Colonel. Wew Exercise, Account of Lord Harrington. State of Newgale Jail at that time, and of the City Watch. Anecdote of Monsieur Sartine, Lieutenant of Police at Paris. Re- fections on Military Justice, ifc. Author embarks for North America. Stations of the Infantry force of the British Army at that period* IN the begfiiiningf of the year 1775, our i*eg^im^iit was' ordered for Dublin duty, aiid Lord Ligoiiier, the colonel, arrived flroiti Englatid to inspect id take the coihiiiand of it. Hisr Lbhbhip was generous, humane, and, fh>tn the excellency of his mind, ahd the affabUity of his maiiiieiiSy was greatly beloved by the iheri in gi^rieral. Some time I after his' havirig' joined the regiment', I witf'bjf^ hiiil'prb- I moted to be a corpdiul, and seiit among' .^irferal dther non-conhnissibned' officers to be instructed in the' new exercise which shortly before had tieien itltroduced^.by' I General Sir William Hont^. It consisted of a set of ma- jnoeiuvres for light' in^try^ and was'oirdered by his Majesty Ito be' practise in the difiisrent regiments; To midce trial' |of this excelleht nibde of discipline for light trdops, and endier it general, without didlay, seven companies #er^ isiembled at Salislbilry in thfe summer of 1774. His Ma- ; |c$ty himself went to Salisbury to see them, and was 'much pleased wiUi their utility, and the manner of their exbcu- lion. The manoeuvres were chiefly intended for woody pnd inlricate districts, with which North America abotindr, M 1)0 LAMB 8 MCMOm. r^i- where an army cannot act in line. The light infantry manoiuvres made use of at present arc diflcrcnt from those of Sir William Ilowo, which were done from the centre of battalion^, grand divibions, and 8ub*divi$iionH, by double Indian files. They were six in number, and well adapted for the service in America. Our regiment was instructed in them by the 33d, at that time quiirtcrcd in Dublin, and commanded by Lord Comwallis. The 33d was in a high state of appointment, and exceedingly well disciplined, by that able disciplinarian Colonel Webster, of whose cha- racter and death I gave a correct account in ray Journal of the American War, (see page 305). I never witnessed any regiment that excelled it in discipline and military appearance. The men mounted guard in a superior style. Each ccntinel, during the two hours he remained on his post, conthiued always in motion, and could not walk less than seven milcv in that time. The soldier was ever alert and alive in attention ; when on duty — all eye — all car. Even in the ccntry-box, which the centinal never entered unless when it rained, he was not allowed to keep the palm of his hand cai^eiessly on the muzzle of bis firelock, which, if the piece were loaded, was considered dangerous, and always an awkward attitude for the soldier. This soldierly character they always maintained while they served in North America. The Royal Welch fuzileers were brigaded with the 33d during the entire of the cam- paign in South Carolina ; both regiments were well I united together, and furnished an example for cleanliness, | martial spirit, and good behaviour. This in a great mea- sure was owing to the care and attention of their Coloneh,, who were unrei:iitting in trying to make their men excel in _ Tliscipline, duty, and general propriety of conduct. In eftccting this military excellence of our Brigade, Colonel (now General) Nesbit Balfour, who commanded the Royall Welch fuzileers, deserved great credit, and when he wa»| removed to the important situation of Commandant atl U^ign was J l^ord Lieut jtosei-voas j \^ Captaincy LAMBS MEMOIR. 01 intry those treof ouble lapted lucted I, and ahigii L'd, by se cha- irnal of tnesaed military )r style. 1 on bi^ valkless rev alert -all ear. ^entered ieep tlie firelock, tngerouR, This lile they fuzileers the cam- >re well sanliness, >at mea- oloneU, excel in net. In Colonel [he Royal in he wa»| indant all Charlcaiown, the men sustained a loss; for it should be mentioned to hU honour as an ofltcer, that during his short stay with us, the regiment was much improved, so much so, that we wore not in iny thing inferior to the 33d. It is here not unworthy of remark to observe, that both" in war and peace, the state of the regiment in every military point of view, and even in good morals, depends on the exertion and ability of the officer commanding, by whom the men are kept regular, stea'dy, vigilant, and active in all cases. On this subject, as a disciplinarian and experienced officer, liord Harrington, at present Commander in Chief in this . country, deserves notice, particularly for his introduction of the new exercise. When it was introduced by Oeneral Sir William If owe, his Lordship (then Lord Petprsham) commanded one of the companies detached to Salisbrry, for his Majesty's inspection, and preparatory to the gcnoral practice of it, and his Lordship's exertions contributed to give it the deserved extension and effect. A brief sketch of this distinguished Nobleman's character cannot but be gratifying to gentlemen of his own profession, and no doubt to every class of readers. Although Earl Harrington's ability and efforts to ac- complish himself in the military line, might have raised any individual to rank and honours, his Lordship had not the strong inducements which stimulate numbers, to make him proceed with ardour in the soldier's career. If he were disposed to lead a life of tranquillity at home, a title and opulent means by family inheritance awaited him. But with such high advantages, he inherited also from his ancestry a martial spirit. His father was a General, com- manded in the old horse guards, and during the late king's reign was Secretary of State, and in the year 1747, was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1770, his Lordship began toseiTO as Ensign ih the foot guanls ; in 1774, he obtained |a Captaincy in tlie 29(li infantry ; in lv70, enibarked for M 2 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I UHI 25 2.2 Hi 1.8 1 1.25 1 1.4 1.6 ; M 6" - ► 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 % ^io ^^!l I 1 lamb's moioir. NQith America, wherm High-street, and contiguous to Thomas- street. It happened in the range of my duty, to have the command of a guard there, upon a Saturday, when a cri- minal, pursuant to the sentence of the law, was to be taken from the prison to be hung at Gallows-green, at that time the usual place of similar executions. On this occasion considerable crowds collected in the adjoining streets and lanes, which, considering the local situation of the jail, proved inconvenient and very alarming to the guard. The n^ob assembled in such numbers that the narrow and confined arch leading into Thomas-street, was completely filled with people; and having but twelve men, a corporal and myself, I apprehended a rescue, as I could not confide much in the assistance of the city watchmen ; they being in gener^ infirm and altogether unfit for that severe and dan- gerous duty, >vhich must occasionally devolve on the peace officers and body of the police. It is indeed necet^sary in cities to have an efficient police establishment, particularly in a land of freedom like ours, where Uie civil power ought \ , I ■f r 06 LAiflJt's UlEM&IH, M> ' lo be armed' with every energy anrf constitutionafl dtrengfh ; tm otherwise the constitution itself provider a mJ^itrf Corrective, severe no doubt bnt indispensi'rfe, ^hen tli* )if# €tifiii0t controul and e^^ii^g^oish the spirit! of outragie) and that revolt from gfood order md public peace,^ whieh tiven in the best regulated states, inoi^e or less reMaind latent m- the insubordinate mind. It is not tod' imicl^ to retnairki thaA at tiie period I am noticing, Ireteild in geiiend, and Dublini in particular, somewhat sufl^rcd, in teaviitg^ the civil power too mucfii unarmed, and of cbu)^ e.^pdied to' tfaosci seditious rising*^ wliieli partially disturbed th^ inte- rior of the island, and at diiferertt tiiMed menM^d Diiblih' itselfj when disaftecited multitudes usbie^ t6^rtish'ibi*th frbkh' the Liberties and'suburbs,intiBrrilpt-tlie parliamciit's sitting, tmd even defy the military. This partial appearance and efibrlTof sedition very justly a^**dfcened^ the legislature and g^V«mment to provide the piolice protection', Ttjiich a( pi^« ecUt'9t>'Well'^cures the tt^nquillity of tlie city*; and' allow m<^to add also; Which made tKe dhty I Had'fio do on the da^ ofa'criminai'g execution^ to which I alluded, as^p^* IdUs lis when I had' to fight in ar ibreigh eoiuntty, atid iVhefn hundi-eds of my fellow cdmbathiil^' M' beside me; The an^aV bti^ines^ of e.^ecutiort^ is ndw hett€t dttidHed^ by hliVihgtHem ii^ the firimt df^tlte jMils^ ^tliibhV eV«h fi«iV I di«pb:j«>d>oP itvy little ^(iai«re(«' dattGiMf aM al4y<^s»vit1figifr thfe g«*rfl'tb fUt^y it* if Wai^iiWi perdMdat' itr{»t we would b€fUtid^iple. It onvcrt to ired and cans use le there- dom and ' govern- nomy of ar 1803, in Paris, mcnt beyond their expectations. One bookseller applied for 1500 copies of the Scriptures, which he said he could dispose of without delay, and it was found that the people in general were eager to procure copies of the Old and New Testaments, without confining themselves to the editions acknowledged and allowed by the Church of Rome. The following extract from a periodical publica- tion will further illustrate the barbarous and impious behaviour of the revolutionists : — " According to the report of the Prefect of the Police at Paris, to the Grand J udgc, during the last republican year, ending September 23, 1803, four hundred and ninety men, and one hundred and sixty-seven women have com- mitted suicide at Paris ; eighty-one men and sixty-nine women have been murdered, of whom fifty-five men, and fifty-two women were foreigners, strangers, or have not been owned. Six hundred and forty-four divorces have taken place. One hundred and fifty-five murderers have been executed. • Twelve hundred and ten pcrsoiis have been condemned to the gallies, to the pilloiy, or to chains;' sixteen hundred and twenty-six to hard labour, to long^er or shorter imprisonment. Sixty-four have been marked with hot irons. Amongst the criminals executed, were seven fathers, who had poisoned their children ; ten husbands who had murdered their wives ; six wives who liad poisoned their husbands, and fifteen children who liad poisoned, or otherwise destroyed their parents. During the same period, twelve thousand and seventy- six public women, or street- walkers, have been registered, and have paid for the protection of the police. Fifteen hundred and fifty-two kept mistresses are noted and known at the Prefecture of Police ; and three hundred and eight public brothels have been privileged and licensed by the Police Prefect at Paris. Since the war with England, of four hundred and seventy privileged gambling houses, one hundred and twenty have been shut up, and the lot LAMBS MEMOIB. ,\ *:> reTOnnes of the Consular Governroent, from the republican lotteries, are three millions, (190,000/. sterling) less tlu^ three last six months than the six months preceding. The account adds, that the two latter deficits are occasioned hj the absence of the English." * My observing on the state of ^ the Irish metropolis in. times past gave me occasion to contrast the then and pre*" sent police establishments, and also induced md to remark upon the police of a foreign nation at different epoch. of its fortunes and empire. In these estimates it k con- soling to know, that in this most important matter our own goTemment has provided the best improvement nnd eveiy degree of security which public and private waikiy can require. I mentioned the peril of even keeping the guard at Newgate in 1775, and the mere mention of such insecurity df the city at that time cannot fail to excite some surprise, and to afford much satis&ction to the reflecting mind at present. A circumstance which happened at another time of my mounting guard at the jail will shew what daring at" tempts used to be then made, and also the severe respon^ sibility which attached to the guard on such a duty. It was ajfterwards found that a culprit named Cunningham, a noted highwayman, conspired with some other pri« soners to escape from confinement on this night, but whether it was that their plan was not enough matured, or that they feared the guard, they postponed the mie* ditated attempt until the next night. Unfortunately for the Serjeant who relieved .me, they succeeded in the foh lowing manner. On the stairs was a door leading down to the hall, in which were two apartments, one used as a tap-room, and the other occupied by a man called Meaghan, who was employed in the two-fol^ capacity of turnkey and hangman. The door on the stairs, Wheit locked, secured all the prisoners, but an usuage was po'mitted, vijc. to indulge two or three prisoners togethff^' tAMB^g UBMOtR. 103 iblican ess ih6 . The nioned ^oUs in ndpre* remark epoch* is con- tter our lent nnd e safety ping tho 1 of such ite soma ■eflecting to regale in the tap-room, if they were supplied with money to pay for the refreshments they called for. It was a custom with the confined then as well as now, to beg from people passing the jail, by making loud ap- peals to the pity of individuals, and letting down a bag through tho grated windowi^ to receive alms ; and the collections thus acquired afforded a fund for the expendi- ture of the tap-room, at least to some of the culprits* The use of the tap-room suggested' to the fertile inven* tion of the culprit Cunningham a scheme which he con- certed with two others. Having contrived to saw their iron bcl*«« nearly through, Cunningham accompanied by one of them, asked for leave to go and take punch before the door on the stairs was finally closed for the night. Leave given, they proceeded to the room, asked for spirits, and while his comrade discoursed with the centinel, wh» had but a bayonet on his post, Cunningham brc4e off his bolts, and knocked the soldier down. The turnkey's wife (her husband lying sick of a fever in the room adjoining) rushed in on hearing the noise, and was seiaed by Cunningham, and his associate who strove to force the keys fix>m her. After a struggle, which she resisted for nearly half an hour, before they could take the key of the door on the stairs, they admitted their companion down through the door which they then locked, and next pro- ceeded to oblige the turnkey's wife to give the remain- ing key. The woman, although severely beaten , and bruised continued to refuse, 'and made the most astonish- ing resistance. She endeavoured, with calling aloud, to alarm the guard, fastened the key in her clothes, which she did not let go until some of the joints of her fingers wcs^e broken, and she had been much injursd firom the blows she received, and was at last left entirely exhausted. By this time the guard firom the cries of the woman, were alarmed and drawn up before the outer door, which (notwithstanding the obstacle of an iron chain fastened \ . • t 104 LAMB 8 MEMOIR. . diagonally across, and other strong precautions) thejr unlocked, and what was more amazing, cflTected their escape in the face of the guard, by running away through Towns Arch without be^ig at all maimed, or receiving the slightest . wound. This most extraordinary success of ruffian hardihood, no doubt emboldened Cunningham to resume his career of robbery on the roads ; by which he put himself in the way of being again imprisoned, and making that capital atonement with his guilty life to often offended justice, which sooner or later is generally found to be the catastrophe of such incorrigible and inhuman offenders. The escaping of the prisoners proved disgraceful to the Serjeant on duty, who together with his guard, was confined for it. I felt a cordial satisfaction, when I reflected tl^at this jail-breaking conspiracy was intended to take place on the day before, when I mounted guard. But it did not make that impression of thankfulness on me which it ought. I was again seduced into habits of dissipation and idle> ness, which gradually proved instrumental in rendering me less esteemed by my officers, who, previously were induced in consequence of my generally correct behaviour to think well of me. The private soldier's and non-commissioned officer's good name and moral chai-acter are most precious to him, they constitute his best property, they often, it is noto- rious, recommend him to that honourable pVeferment and rank in the army, which the sons of the nobility and gentry purchase with money ; and thus station and fortune in the service are sometimes obtained by humble meri- torious men, who otherwise must have for ever remained in poverty. At all events the soldier of regulated life and exertion in doing his duty, will be noticed and approved of by his officer?, in fiirtherance of that discipline and subordination, witliout which armies could nut subsist. *%-' -.-■.■ T LAMB^S UfiHOtS. i05 ) they I their [ivough ing the ces3 of ham to lich he >d, and life to enerally ble and il to the urd, was when I intended d guard, dncss on nd idle- |endering sly were fchaviour officer's I to him, is noto- lent and |ility and fortune lie meri- remairied life and ipproved bine and subsist, or be k^prt together. The well-behaved men in pnrsuatice of such objects, cannot fail to be encouraged, and at times promoted by their superiors; and thus the soldier in the ranks is led to cherish a principle of virtue and honour. Honour and virtue lUce names which some of my readers may consider too high for a private or non-commissioned officer, but it will be granted by individuals acquainted with the laudable economy which maintains aiid organizes his majesty's forces, that it is very properly attempted to inspire the soldiery through all the gradations of the army with an undent spirit of propriety and self-estimation. This consciousnesB of fidelity and manly dignity, awakens a^d chcfrishds ingm the uneducated life and the thousand temptations which present themselves to the numbers who ftU its regiments, it furnishes a good school for members who belong to it, in rendering them regular, obedient, and well disposed in general. To eflfectuatc rach great purposes, it necessarily applies remedies both ievere and salutary, coercion and conciliation ! Individuals tsdien fWMii (ime lowest classes, who unfortunately, mair^'- ttHnitted \y consign J judge't oneurabk ' dfended igree, be- the field jartnership civil Ufe, »Ie! it is makes love which necessary instances, is resorted s. ry, 1776; ospital ID was dis- eivini; the foute to proceed to Cork and embark for North America. I was the only soldier of the 9th obliged to stop behind in Dublin. The departure of the regiment was a source of regret, which made me anxious for health and strength to follow and embark with it for the American Continent. On the 5d of March, 1776, I thought myself enough recovered to leave the hospital, as I did, and without loss of time waited on Sir William Montgomery, our army agent, in Mary-street. Here I was informed, that the regiment was suj^osed to be en its voyage, and it was recommended to meto^ join the additional company be-. k>nging to us, employed in £ngland on the recruiting service. My relations were . urgent with me to go and stop with the recruiting parties, in order to detain me from the dangers of foreign service. But I considered that remaining aloof from it in a season of warfere did not consist with the spirit and manhood of a soldier. I resolved that I would not sit down indulging myself in the sunshine of peace and inactivity in the British idands, while my brethren and friends in arms were in the pro* gresB of fighting the battles of their king and country on distant shores. At all events I determined to repair to the Cove of Cork, and sail if possible, along with bur regiment. In the event of my arriving too late to do so, I was purposed to take my passage in some ship bound to Quebec, that I might have an opportunity of partaking in the honourable dangers which my fellow-soldiers had to undertake. While I was about leaving Dublin, a recruit for the regiment from Downpatrick was sent by our army agent, that I might take charge of him. I was glad at finding an additional man for our ranks, and, he being in the need of clothes and other necessaries, I furnished him as well as I was able, and also advanced him a fortnight's pay, knowing I should be refunded whatever I thus gav6 him. I found a place to lodge him at night, desiring him to have every thing prepai%}(l O 2 T 108 LAMB 8 MEMOIB. next day for our intended journey to Cork. I called on the morning following, but lo! our unfledged hero was flown. I was angry, and anxious. &at ke should iot have any cause to plume himself by rwrnrng tk^' Qf^ soldier so much to my expense, I put up pbicards in the most public parts of the city, advertising the desertiap, and minutely describing his person, age, and everf par- ticular whereby I thought he might be taken. And I had the satisfaction to bo instrumental in his apprehen- sion; which was effected soon after on the Qrogheda road, firom whence he was sent under a guard of »6ldie|« to the Cove of Cork, in time to embark with our toQJ^ to America* After mauling arrangements to arrest our run->«way recruit, on the 6th of March, 1776, I took a unoiiniAiA farewell o'^ my fond parents and friends ui Duhl^* The scene of parting between humble but virtuom pareilts and the child of their affections, going on such % dfsliikia^ii tion as I was then about to pursue, awakens sharp sensa^ tions which search the soul, and t^m to strain the tiei of our natm'e ! A poor &ther beholds his beWed oftjMii^ going from his lowly roof (probably never to return) and most sensibly laments that want of competence which . might keep his youthful family to prop his old agQ at home. The son himself (although his spirit is buoyant on the wings of expectation, and his foot is pressing fi)r* ward in the step of inexperience !) pauses in the warm embrace of his weeping parent, and regrets that he ever indulged the wandering idea of foi-saking domestic endear* ment and peace. The painful ceremony of separation in such a case, although it operates in a tumult of tenderness, faithfuUy exhibits the true satisfactions of our fluctuating lives — impressing us with a living seal of sorrow, that when we abandon the bosom of early aii^ction and friend* ship, we leave uur most precious pleasures behind us, and tluit home is the as>ylura of happiness here on earth. LAHl^f MBMOIE* U9 led on ro wa» Id iot k^ old m tho )sertcr, cjpar- And I prehen' f «. Thft parento d«aUiiA^ sensai ihetiea ofisprtng return) ce which, old ago buoyant jsing fi>r« warm he ever endear< atbn in dernosa, ctuating w, that Id friend* ihind us, earth. A mahincholj cloud iMiag on me al iMUving ny pafmH aid nalive pbee^ but youth and hope soo« brigbtenei »y &ee^ and induced aae to think the kbour o^ walkii^ Ught. Tbnsy after beiiig so long delayed by tb»p fo ia a >t of aiciuiesi^ I anrived at tbe Cove of Cork a rev«r, from parents, friends^and coantiy, penetrated Qiy bosom with a pang which nodiing could remove fA the moment. I was sure my fether suffered gready on my account. I was his favourite child, and I have reason to apprehend, that my leaving my parents, and pursuing n perilous line of life, proved somewhat instrumental in acederating his decease, which took place about two years after I went to serve in America. This thought frequently operated in my heart to render me indeed un- happy. However, it is one of those sad ciHisequenoes, which attend traveling, that we frequently leave our dearest attachments, and find them gone for ever in this world when we return from our wanderings. It may prove gratifying to some of my readers, and particularly to any of those officers and men at that time serving in America, who may chance to peruse this Memoir, to find an account of the stations of the di^ ferent infantry regiments of the army on service beyond the Atlantic, .and also those quartered in Europe, and the Islands at home at that memorable spoch of the Britiski annals. 44 BATTALIONS IN AMERICA, vl?. 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 24th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, Slst, 33d, 34th S5th, 37th, 38th, 40th, 42d, 43d, 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, 49th, 52d, 53d, 54th, 55th, 57th, 62d, 63d, 64th, and two battalions of the 7Ist. In Jamaica, 1st and 4th bat. 60th regt. . . In Antigua, 2d bat. of dor do. In Granada, 3d bat. of do. dq. In Minorca, 51st and 6 1st regts. Jn Gibraltar, 12th, 39th, 56tb, and 58th regt$. LAMB*! MBMOIl. Ill strated love fit Ay on reason irsuing ntal in ut two thought jed nn- |uence8y ive our r in this ers, and hat time use this the di^ » beyond and the Britisli In Ireland, Sd, 11th, 19th, dOth, 32d, SGth, O0tb; / 67th, and 68th regts. uh.^ In Great Britain, 1st and 2d bat. of the Ist ; lU^-ff^ 13th, 18th, 25th, 4^, 50th, 59th, 65th, 69th, 70thregts. and 41st invalids. -'- In America '^''^' 44 battalionR, ■f In Jamaica ■-■•a do. In Antigua 1 do. In Grenada 1 do.: - » - ' ., In Minorca 2 .^^(kk t'fp !oV5 In Gibraltar :. A.- ■-:&•.,' .ui xnr In Irelaid "r 9 dd.1 i'.ifbn'A In Britain ' 12 do. Do. Invalids 1 do. 4 1' Total 76 battali The above list is submitted as a correct ^culation of our military force and war establishment in 1776, while the British empire was about to combat, without aid, the maritime powers of Spain, Holland, and France united ; although tlte States General were then at their zenith of greatness, and France, our unceasing rival and foe, reinforced the American Colonists with her armies and a degree of impolitic hostility, which carried the contagion of anarchy and revolution home to her own subjects. From the strong confederacy of inveterate war which assailed England by sea and land in two years afler, it was astonishing how she withstood the combina- tion of its hew and manifold attack, and it is deserving of I reflection to consider how the allied assailants suffered, and were shipwrecked in their commercial and national fortunes^, by straining aU their resourced to destroy British mm T ^ lit {.amb's m&moik. fiMpflitjr tod power. Our empire rose sdperior in t1i» confikt, ■nd now continues to fight and overpower her old tnemj or every aea and shoro ) and thus we are well COMoied in tho cectatntjr of knowing that (hy wise measures tnd the inexhaustible means we possess), we can defy the European world in arms or alliance. In this our vast inqpcrial strength and ipsulftr fetability the poet's patriotic phfaMdogy i» as tndj ■ppropriate in fact as it is finely in thought and sentiment. *^ A world It ap Inarms, and thea a spot Not quickly found if negligently sought ; Thy soul as ample as thy hoyinds are small, Foulurit thtbruKt, and dar*siddy them all !**^ »') ■.HiV^JV. ';.,■' , f\-' ' !..,'>« •■.•:vsi.io?c»^-'T^, . m i voyage he forb< althoug so doin^ and occ used to and chie of this ] life, inc passage which m and con menced i n»i§:ht fit the fatig diet, too on the be seven we language > lamb's memo IB. 113 CHAP. VII. In sailing to Canada Author's regimen, of living prepares him for the Climate. Doctor Rowley's Jdriice and Prescriptions for treating Troops and Seamen on board. Description of the Banks of Newfoundland, and the Cod-fishery, SfC. Canada, an important Theatre of the War at that time. Doctor Franklin's Correspondence with General Lee respecting Pikes, and Bows and Arrows as weapons of War. Some Account of Thomas Paine, and Author's Refections on his lAfe and Writings. - IN the Author's Journal of the American War, the voyag^e to Canada has been amply detailed, and therefore he forbears to give a particular account of it at present, although he might not displease some of his readers by so doing. Travelling by sea supplies a variety of scenes and occurrences, which although uninteresting to persons used to them, abound with a degree of interest to others, and chiefly young persons. So it happened to the author of this humble work, who even at that early time of his life, indulged reflection a good deal, and while on his passage ta America, considered he was going to a world which must be somewhat new and unsuited to the habits and constitution of Europeans. In this idea he, com- menced a regimen of diet and living which he thought might fit him for the severities of Northern latitudes, and the fatigues of warfare. He of purpose used a sparing diet, took his birth under the main hatchway, and slept on the boards. Having continued to live in this way for seven weeks, he found himself (if he can rightly use such language) seasoned and suite4 in constitution for the \ 114 LAMU S MEMOIR. changes and scenes he had to undergo. lli» precaution had it8 uses, as perhaps nothing so much contributes to break down the soldier on service abroad as suddenly passing to extremes of climate, viz. from a temperate sky like ours to an apposite atmosphere, and perhaps 6'om the heats of the line to chill countries like Canada. In conveying troops beyond the seas in transports, Dn Rowley's advice to the army an^ navy deserves sti^ict attention. The Doctor observes, that during the first fourteen days of sailing, there is genei^Uy little sickness, except that usital nausea which pcr.-ions unus^ to the sea feel, but which has no ill effect. Against this sick* nese abstinence from fluids is proper ; the use of a little magnesiil aitd walking oil deck will be of service. After the voyage is continued a fortnight a ditferent diet must be taken which affects the constitution in some measure. The men instead of small beer get spirits and water, and are oblig'ed to 6at siEilted iheaf. This food and drink is i\ot ptinductive of disease. Unless the water of wTiich the grog is made be putrid, which, however, is' common as well in th6 transports as his Majesty's ships of war. The ivater may be s\Ve^tened by hoisting the butts out of the hold, and letting the contents be pumped out with a hand pump from oiie vessel to' another, repeating this method for two or tliree days before the water is put into the scuttle-butt for use. l^t is common, and attended with some advantage, to quench ht>t iron bars in the water, but much better to keep it agitated in the open air, and this, though simple, is too liiucli neglected. In the tropical climates putrid water generates malignant fevers and fluxes, and, from sleeping on the' deck, the sea-air pro- duces also pleuriiries and peripneumonies. In cold cli* mates, the practice of keeping the sick of a man of war in what is called the ship's bay, may riot be detrimeri^^ but in the hot cbuht'ries nothing bqcoiries more hurtfuL ikSi LAMB>'| M£M0IR. M5 autioif ites to ddertly iperate )erhap» iiiada. Is, Dr. s sti^ict \ie first icithess, to the lis sick- ' a little . After et must neasure. ter^ and drink is liich the •air pro- cold cli- of war rimentaT, rtfuL Doctor Rowley mentions that more men have been lost through this injudicious management, than by th^ violence of the most malignant diseases. It is then need- ful to consider the climate's heat or cold, and in general to make the patients lie in the most airy births, as a freo circulation of the air, is the best remedy against putrid and malignant disorders, by preventing the spreading of the rontagion, and a'Ei^isiing in the operation of medicine. The place entitled the vessel's bay has the worst circur lation of air, from a number of sick being kept together tliere, the stench of disease, and the noxious effluvia from the evacuations of patients. Beside, the situation is dark, and its cleanliness is but little inspected into ; while this and pure air, are it may be said, indispcnsible to prevent and cure disorders of the sea. The evils of such' bad manajgement are peculiarly felt during the summer months, in the West Indies and America, where fevers and fluxes prove &tal in a few days, rendering the' cntife habit putrid. Whatever medicine can accomplish must there? fore be done forthwith, and to save life good 'air is in^ strumcntal, which often cannot be sufficiently procured, and again is not enough attended to. Doctor Rowley forcibly counsels that the Captain and superior officers must have a due care in these necessary matters. The working of the ship, he urges, is an objection to keep patients under the half deck, and as the galley-fire is under the fbrcastle, the sick should be removed from it, In frigates he recommends the fnain hatchway births, where the ballast^ ports are fixed, or under the booms, between the .fore and main hatchways, in the place called no man's land. In large ships patients can be kept in any part where the ports are open on both sides, and the keeping of them in such proper places, could prove po inconvenience to any, except depriving the armourer pjd a few petty officers of their accustomed birtlis. ■■■;•;•.,■ p - r I Iff LAMUS MEMOIR. In explaining how diseases at sea arc created, tlio Doctor informs, that putrid fevers are caught from the smell of the bilge water, lying at the ship's bottom, '^his becomes dangerously fetid from the soft loom and muddy matter of the ballast, along with the filth thrown down by the crew. He tell us, that this noxious air acts so powerfully, that articles of silver, taken into the hold are quickly turned to a black colour ; and that the men who pump the putrid water firom the ship, in hot latitudes, are frequently taken with giddiness, head- aches, and fevers that prove fatal. Even the Surgeons attending on patients so attacked have caught disorders by which they have frequently died. Dr. Rovyley always inculcates an attention to the procuring of a free and pure air, as the best, ifnot the only preventative against such fatal attacks and destructive disorders at sea. And surely in an empire established in the ocean (an element on which such a number of our most valuable countrymen are embarked) the inquiry of the faculty, and the constant care of naval officers should be particularly devoted, in maintaining cleanliness on boafd, and making arrange- ments, both in ship-building and nautical economy in general^ to keep vessels well ventilated. No doubt, much has been done in this most interesting business, in which our vital concerns are greatly involved ; but it is not improper to remark that a great portion of advan- tage remains to be derived from the improvements made by capable artists and ship-builders, and the strict ob- servance of an healthful regimen, along with strong salutary regulations in nautical conduct and discipline in general. Every circumstance which might promote riots, quarrels, and iU-behaviour, should be precluded by wise and prudent means. As among numbers of men so coo- fined and stowed together in a ship, very bad effects, and terrible accidents may be owing to causes which at first seem unimportant. This observation is con^rmed by LAMBS MEMOIR. 117 , Uio m the ottom. m and hrown ito tho hat the in hot head- iirgeona isoidcTS ' always ind pure ast such id surely went on rmen are 1 constant oted, in arrange- nomy in doubt, busines!), but it advan- its made [trict ob- strong |ipline in ►te riots, by wise so con^ its, and at first •med by some fatal diraetersi that happened as we neared New- foundland, wLicii have been mentioned in the Journal oC. American Occurronces.* In sailing uvcr the shoals or banks of Newfouodlaiid, wi usually happens, we aaldom could behind the orb of the sun during the day. Here a thick hazy atmosphere generally ludcs the body of that ^orioui lumanary whieh in most latitudes sheds animating light, and cheers the observer's eye. This heavy obscuration of the sky renders it very hajEardous for a fleet to proceed ai in other seas together. Sometimes total darkness like midnight covers the heavens, and at such times the unceasing firing of guns and beating of drums is necessary to enable the seamen to keep due distances, and prevent the ships from running foul of each other. Thebank.« of Newfoundland rank among the stupendous prodigies of nature in the creation. They consist of a surprising range of subaqueous elevated ground or moun- tain under water, extending in a direct line not less than 330 miles in length, and about seventy-five miles in^ breath, with a variable depth of sea, from fifteen to sixty fathoms. The top of this sunken mountainous ridge, which there becomes the bottom of the sea, is covered with a coat of shells, and frequented by vast multitudes of small fish that serve as subsistence for the cod. The cod-fish consumes those inferior fishes voraciously, and multiplies in quantities inconceivable in this quarter of |lie ocean. The bank of Newfoundland appears to be hitr proper and favourite place of pasture and feeding in the )rorld of watcfs. In this submarine soil this excellent fish is fattened, apd taken in the most amazing abundance, for the markets of so many nations. And though hun- dreds of vessels, are annually laden for two centuries past from thence, uq scarcity or decrease of cod happens. The wonderful supply does not seem to lessen the quantity, ♦ See page 66; 118 LAMBS MEMOIR. SO incalculably prolific is this inhabitant of the seas. The bank is -always discoverable by means of sea-fowl called penguins, whir h never leave it. They sometimes^re seen together flockini;^ in numr)ers, but usually scattered in pairs. The seaman makes an observation, hat where the penguin is found the wave gradually changes from ceru- lean, or azure blue, to a pale coloUr, whieh he designates $nndi/ white. It is usual with ships sailing to Canada and Nova Scotia to lay to in good weather for the purpose of fishing, when iri less than an hour they often procure a sufficiency of cod for the remainder of their voyage. The method of taking the eod-fish will not be thought unin- teresting in relating it to readers in general. The hook is first baited with the entrails of a fowl, but as soon as a fish is taken the sailors open and use some parts of it for a better bait. It is indeed amazing to see (considering the depth which frequently requires a vast length of line) how expeditiously the fish is caught on these occasions. When the line is let down and allowed a few moments tc gain the bottom, the angler gently pulls it with the finger and thumb. On which, if a fish is attaclfed, a quick vibration is felt fW)m its struggling to disengage itself. The line is then drawn in, and as soon as the cod>fish rises in view it appears (from the refraction of the rays of light in the watery element) exceedingly magnified, so mvich so, that an unaccustomed observer might imagine it a sea-monster which could not be mas- tered. And, altlioush the sight is deceived respecting its actual size, a good deil of dexterity and strength must be used to haul it on board. It struggles with such violence as oflen to work from off the hook, and not seldom en- tangles itself in the tackle i»» such a manner, that the angler finds it difficult to take it up the ship's side. The curing of the cod-fish is also worthy of being mentioned. As soon as the fish is seized the tongue is cut out by one standing by for that business. A second is employed tQ LAMB^S MEAtOlR. m The ailed iseen 2d in re the ceru- jnates la and pose of cure a . The I unin-! wl, but se some ig to see i a vast ight on allowed Itly pulls fish is [gling t9 as soon jfraction jedingly jbserver jbe mas- Jcting its J must be Iviolencc iom en- Ithat the The Intioned. It by one lloyedtQ itirike off the head and pluck out the liver and entrails^ A third extracts the bone as far as the xavel, and throws the fish into the hold) where the process of salting takes phice, by putting them in layers each over the othen Between the layers a sufficiency of salt is regularly strewed^ and great care is required to apply neither more or lesj than what is wanted for curing well 5 as in either case of £l want or an excess tile cod-fish is ill cured. This fisli is found in the greatest plenty on sandy hot-, toms, but in le^ numbers in muddy situations. The best depth for taking cod is thought to be from 30 to 40 fathoms. When a ship arrives at Newfoundland, she takes her station in some bay or harbour, and is unrigged* ' A proper place is then selected for curing and keeping the fish. Huts are raised for the men who work ashore, and a large scaiTold is erected at the water's edge where the shallops necessary for the business of the fishery are made ready, and also laid by until the following fishing season. The ships which arrive the first in the bays of Newfound- land have the privilege of appropriating these shallops to their own exclusive use during the season; and the master of the vessel which gains Newfoundland first is distin- guished as lord of the harbour, and he is by general con- sent authorised to settle differences and disputes among dll who are engaged in fishing. The fishery of New- foundland has been with justice in its great value com- pared to the precious mines of l*eru and Mexico. In this trade the French used to embark, before the American war, SGI ships, which employed about 9403 seamen and I workmen. Their tonnage taken together made 97,439, I and their annual value was estimated at 270,000/. sterling. I in the same fishery in 1785, England had engaged 292 vessels from the islands at home, and 58 owned by her colonies, whose tonnage averaged at 41,990. The trade of Newfoundland at that time carried to foreign markets p9I,276 quintals of fish, and proved very profitable to the 'h v^y ' H I- :. :ra'l I -^ !,•• f \- IfiO LAMB S MEMOIR. I n then American, colonists, who, when they succeeded in establishing thembelves independent of the mother country, obtained a continuance of liberty to fish on the banks as before. At this memorable era of American independence Great Britain and the United States (taking the lowest computa- tion) employed in the Newfoundland fishing trade SOOO sail of small craft, on board of which, along with the men engaged ashore to cure and pack the fish, served upwards of 100,000 hands. Whence it must appear that this trade is incalculably valuable in its actual profits, and commercial effects. It favours the adventure of the merchant, affords the means of earning bread to numbers of individuals, and benefits the empire of the British Isles, in l^ecoming a considerable and constant nursery for his majesty's navy, which maintains (with a degree of tri- tonph and imperial means never known anterior to our own times) the povier, prosperity and peace of tliese coun- tries. While the Europcatt Continent is wasted with war, and of course disabled to follbw the pursuits of domestic business, and the advantages arising from maritime enterprize. Our voyage from what I have related of it, will be con- sidered to supply amusement and interest to a reflecting inind, in the progress of aco uiring that information which travelling affords. And the reader will perceive that, whatever might have been the disadvantages attending my education, my disposition led me to investigate the objects which passed before me, and which, no doubt, were cal- culated to awaken the attention of individuals less inqui- sitive. However, the passage to Canada afforded much novelty, and our arrival there presented additional matter for enquiry and even surprise on some occasions. It be- came at that time a theatre of important affairs in relation i to the great contest of the Colonists. Congress had been j sanguine ia the hope of annexing Canada to the unioii, ''i I ' I lamb's memoir. 121 and had authorized General Schujler on his taking the cdmmand in the northern department to raise a regiment in that province. It was determined to keep up in Canada nine battalions for the ensuihg campaign, including one to be raised in that province, and General Schuyler was directed to have constructed at Tyconderoga, a number of bateaux for the purpose of transporting the troops to the scene of action. On the first intelligence received by the Americans of the fate of Montgomery, (see my Americaa Journal, page 84,) the service in Canada was deemed of too much importance to be entrusted to Colonel (afterwards General) Arnold. General Lee, an officer standing high in the public opinion, was ordered to take the command of the army there. But before General Lee could enter on this ser- vice, the opposite extreme of the Union was so threatened by our forces under General Sir Henry Clinton, that the destination of this officer was changed, an^ he was ordered to take command in the southern department. In the hope of exciting universally in that province the sentiments which prevailed through the United Colonies, and of forming with it, a perfect union. Dr. Franklin and two others were deputed as commissioners with full powers on this subject, and with instructions to establish a free press. These commissioners were also instructed to assure the people, that they would be permitted to adopt such form of government as would be agreeable to themselves, and th^at the province would be considered a sister colony. General Washington himself then, it would seem, had determined to conquer Canada, if possible. This appears from a letter to General Lee, dated New York, May 1776, in which he says " Immediately upon my arrival here, I detached four regiments by order of Congress to Canada, under the command of Brigadier Thonipscn, and since, by the same authority, and jya CQnsequence of r' » * \ 122 lamb's memoir. some unfavourable accounts from that quarter, General Sullivan and six other regiments." In the same letter General Washington takes some credit to himself in his fevouring the preferment of General Lee to be second in command of the American forces. " General Ward (he adds) upon the evacuation of Boston^ and finding there was a probability of his removing from the smoke of his own chimney, applied to me^ and wrote to Congress ,for lea,ve to resign^. A few days afterwards some of the officers, as he says, getting uneasy at the prospect of hi* leaving them, he applied for his letter of resignation^ which had been carefully forwarded to Congress, and as \ have since learned, judged so reasonable (want of health being the plea) that it was instantly complied with." General Lee was probably apprized of hi» preferment an- terior to t^s, since we find that two months before, as soon as an account of General Montgomeiy's defeat and death was received by Congress, John Handcock, the then Pre- sident, sent the following notification of his appointment to the command in Canada. '•^ It is the desire of Congress that you should repair to Canada, and take upon you the command of the army of the United Colonies in that province." We also find Dr. Franklin on this occasion, holding a correspondence with General Lee on his being appointed to command the American troops in Canada. The Doc- tor appeared to consider the conquest of that vast district .practicable, so much so that he advises Lee about the > particular weapons and manner of warfare which he thought fit and useful on tjie great occasion. Dr. Frank- lin on this interesting subject observes to the General^ *' But I still wish with you, tliat pikes could be introduced, •ind I would add bows and arrows : these were good weapons, not w isefy laid aside : — J, ' Because a man may shoot as truly with a bow a» will} a common mubicct. LAMB 8 MEMOIR. 12S Qenerat le letter- f in his icond in '^ard (he ng there ke of his gress (for B of the ict of hi» ignation^ and a? I of health d with." nient an- 3, as soon ind death then Pre- pointment Congress you the s in that olding a ppointed he Doc- 1 district ibout the i^hich he Frank- General, reduced, re good bow a» % ' He can discharge 'Tour arrows in the time of charg- ing and discharging one bullet. 3, * His object is not taken from his view by the smoke ofhis own side. "^ 4, * A flight of arrows seen coming upon them, terrifies and disturbs the enemy's attention to his business. 5, ' An arrow striking in any part of a man, puts him fiors dti combat till it is extracted. 6, * Bows and arrows are more easily provided every where than muskets and ammunition." The observations of Dr. Franklin, however, on the subject of bows and arrows as weapons'of war, are the remarks of a philosopher, which will, make but little im- pression on experienced officers, wlic> are well aware that fighting with arrows in these times woul4 be vain and Use- less, against grape shot and the fire of musquetry. The in- vention of gun-powder and the tremendous e^ct owing to the use of ordnance in the field at present, has entirely superceded the tactics and modes, and instruments of at- tack and defence which had- been successfully practised by the ablest of the ancients. Previous to the terrible ex- perience of gun-powder, and the new arms and military arrangements originating firom the using of it, as is now done on all occasions, bows and airows obtained a pre- eminent place -with the conquerors and armies of the earth. But .these, with other weapons celebrated by the poets and historians of yore, are passed away never to return ; for the progress of the sciences and arts has powerfully found out means of manifold destruction in war, enough to consume with electric vengeance the boasted resources of the old empires^ atfd to confound the understanding and skill of the Cyruses and Alexanders and Caesars, who took wasting strides in the east and south, and west. Probably the North American barbarians in Doctor Franklin's day nsiBd the arrow and bow with as much iprce and dexterous effect as any of the ancien}^ ever did, i . 1 1 -ri M LAMBS MEMOIR. ■fh^' :^- Ahd yet we perceive them putting it gntduallj aside, as soon as the colonization of North America brought them acqu- lined soldiers, like those of Ii)urope at the moment^ the pike as a weapon would be almost useless, an4 even aa incumbrance. Its chief advantage seems to be in reustii^ ^he charge of cavaky, and so it was tried with somt partial success in the Hte rebellious disturbances of Ireland, The regular pike seems to be made to meet such ^n <^set,^ being ii^ length eighteen feet, and having a sharp carve4 knife attached near the point of it. In me^^ting the horsey man's charge, one end o'l it was fixed in the ground, and held so to receive the horse on its point. The front-ranjc of pikemen stood firm and unmoved for that purpose, and thq rear-rank mei| pndeavonred to di^tch the ridef l^ Hi# ■4 .U k 126 LAMB 8 MEMOIR. f /^ tharsi«i of tlie pike, and, if they failed, it wts attempted by meaiis of the attached knife, to cut the bridle-reins, when the horse and rider happened %o avoid the. destruc- tion prepared for them. It is somewhat surprising, that the weapon was attcpipted to Ije used in this way, and did damage to fiouie detachments of our cavalry in the late , rebellion here. However, the rebels could procure but few of the real pike or hasta^ and had they been aU armed with it, they could not prevail in any degree to withstand the grape and musquctry fire which swept away vdiole lines at once. It was at the important juncture of our arriving in America, a time big with event and interest, that Thomas Paine, of innovating notoriety, entered upon the political theatre thpre, where he made so much noise. It is remaritaUe that we find him at this time introduced for some singular <:oincidence of thinking, by his friend and •patron Dr. Franklin, to General Lee, in which he pro< ceeds ttus, viz. " The beiarer, Mr. Paine, has requested a line of introduction to you, which I give the 'more willingly, as I know his sentiments are not very different fit>m yours. He is the reputed, and, I think, the real .author of *i* Common Sense," a pamphlet that has made great impression here.^* In mentioning the name of this singular individual, I • think it will not prove displeasing to the reader to offer some remarks on his character and exertions as a Revo* lutionist. He possessed, it is notorious, sterling unedu- cated ability, the rudeness of which proved instrumental . for the wide circulation of his opinions ; but he cannot fail to be thought of with detestation, from bis total dere« liction or lack of integrity. While he abjured the Chris- tian revelation, he did not disdain to avail himself of the yilest hypocrisy, and probably, at present, after his decease, in appreciating him we cannot decide whether ft not he really wjw an infidel^ or whether he at all uttere(| v'">n iving in Thomas political . It is Luced for •iend and h he pro* :*tiuested he more different the real to offer »S unedu- Itrumc ie cannot )tal dere* the Chris- elf of the after his hether LAMB 8 MEMOIR. m W! uttere(| tfie dcniiments of his soul. When the revohdion of Ame- rica began to rage, he wrote his best and ablest work, "Common Sense." In this he took or borrowed the shield of truth from the sanctuary of our religion, and it is probaftle he was then in earnest. His " Common Sense," a good deal promoted the cause of independancc^ and gained him ccnfldence and esteem .in America beyond his value and his expectations. Buoyed by his unexpected success, he sailed in the current of revolutionary things from North America to Europe, and wickedly and wan- tonl^y thought himself able to supply incalculable atd to fiome wild reformists in the British Islands, to revolutionize that empire whkh (we piously hope) rests its foundations- of power and permanency on the Rock ofjges^ proof to invasion and seditious vicissitudes. In this perfidiousr attempt he wrote his "Rights of Man," and hie *^ Age of Reason." The former evinced him a most despicable |)oliticiaR, who totally miscalculated tlic means and finances of Britain ; and the latter in which he assailed revealed religion and moral virtue, declared him abomi- nable even as an unbeliever, while he openly classed as the basest plagiarist. He merely garbled the irreligious arguments of a Spinosa and a Hobbes, the sceptical no- tions of a Hume and a Gibbon, and the impious sophistry of the French modern school, which the ad4nirers of Vol- taire in England had translated through '^disaffection^ ct from motives of base lucre. Paine executed his ugly task in strong simple phraseology, which caught the vulgar taste, and gave atheistical and ill-founded cavillings a diffusion among the mriiltttude which they other>vise could inot acquire. This he did, it may be said, to afford assist- ance in concert to the fhctions of tiie regicides i^ Paris, Miich almost every moon consumed each the other ; and liis Parisian friends provided him with an asylum from phe just punishment which the constitution and law of the nd was about to visit him with in England. As long as^ 1^ \ K i i\t^ .if % K ■ ,*!, ! ISS LAMB*8 MEMOIR. the reign of (error lasted in France, Paiiie remained there, but as soon oa some salutary regulations began to be adopted, he was looked on as an enemy to all government. Even previous to any revival of the civil power he was imprisoned and in danger of meeting the reward of his •anguinary labours, and obliged once more to re-cross the Atlantic seas to the American shores ; where if he was •received by a few, he was despised and avoided by all wise and virtuous citizens* It does not add to the then President's, Mr. Jefferson's honour, while it publishes the evils of factious party in the States, to find Paine invited back to pass his decline there, with prsyers " for the suc- cess of his useful labours." Yet we are well assured that such an invitation was displeasing to the Americans in general, ^9 appears from the accounts of him published by an American gentleman* after his decease. His biogra- pher minutely narrates his conduct in England and France, where at length his atrocious dogmas set forth in all the outrageous tone of democratic fierceness, and his odious indecency of manners and intoxication rendered him universally obnoxious. In this deserved dilemma of low disgrace, his biographer informs us (in the underwritten extract) of his motive to revisit North America. " Wea- ried with the republic, though obstinately bent on main- taining his principles against his feelings, he now sighed to return to the United States. He knew not indeed what to do with himself. He could not return to England, where he had been wisely outlawed, and he >vas aware that he was odious in the United States. Washington j justly considered him an anarchist in government, and an infidel in religion. He had no country in (he world, and! it may truly be said that he had not a friend. Was ever] man so wretched ? Was ever an enormous sinner so| jusitly punished? He must, however, return to i > ■ * Mr. Cheethain. for^i^i In 1765 liaving iStatesJ oi «ct-of the «Dd,N€ir a royalis chesten Jniiigh c< I there, to be mment. he was 1 of his nrosB the he was id by all the then iishes the ie invited r the 8UC- lured that ericans in Wished by is biogra* id France, in all the his odious lered him ima of low [derwritten « Wea* It on main* low sighed I lot indeed! England,! yvas aware I ashingtoDI mt, and an I I world, and I Was everl sinner sol irn to tlie| United Sti^fes, ,^r he wu,poor ; the plunderers of Fiiancc having plundered, pnly for thqmselveis, lie still retained his fiurm at. N^?^ Rochi^lle) and he was sensible that, greatly increased in value,, it would abundantly supply all hi8.want8>, . ,|,,,;,,_^ . On the 13^h of Octoben 1782, he arrived at Baltimora, (inder the protection of the President Jeflforson. But it (Appears that curiosity iiiduced no body, of any distinction, to suffer hi^ approach* .While at hQtel, he was principally visited by the lower class of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland, who had there admired his ^ Rights of Man.* With. them it appears << he drank grpij^ in the tap-room, morning, noon, and night, admired and praised, strutting and stag^ring about, shewing him- sdf ,to all, and shaiung hands Madame Bonneville, whom he had seduced awayj^in her husband, with her two sons ; and whom he seeps io . Iiave treated with the utmost meanness and ty- ranny. Mr. Cheetham^s first introduction to him is thus related in his prenu^. ^' After his retium to the United {States from Franc^, \ be9fii|i^ apqi|iainteid with him on his arrival in New York, *ti»***»*r** »»**»»^ *^ As 'to the c6inpeilittttroiikb which P^ine received in America for t^lk revolutionary Writings, they apftear to be the following : In 176d, Congreta granted him three thousand dollars, after having rejected with indignation a motion for appointing him hiitoriogmplier to the United States, with a salary. Two States' only made him actual gratuitifis. Pennsylvania by an act of the legislature^ vobd him five hundred pounds currency, AndNew Yoi^ conferred on him the, estate of Frederick Davoe,. a royalist, situated at New Rochelle, in the county of West. Chester, consisting of more than three hundred acres of land,- i^n high evltivation. ? k' R 156 iAMIl'l MElToin. n. in tiic jear 1801 Ho ihtrodiiecd himself to me by letter from Washington <*ity, reqitestin)|f me to take lodgihgn for him in New York. I accordingly engnged a room in Lovett^A hotel, suppbslng him to bb 4 ^itileman, and ap» prised him of the number. On ^ix arrival, aboat ten tit hight> he wrote me h note, desiring t6 see me immediately. I waited on him at Lovett's, in company With Mr. Ceo^ Clinton, Jun. We rapped at in^ clddr: asmallfl^ve opened it within, meanly dressed, having an old toj^coiit, without an under one; a dirty silk handkcrdiief k^osely thrown round hi§ neck ; along beard of n^ore than- a week'^ growth ; a face well carbuncled, fiery Bis the setting sun,* and 'the whole figure staggering . undier a load of itiebria" tion. I was on the point of enquiring t&t Mr. Ptdne, when I saw in his countenance something of thfe portt&it^ I had seen of him. We were desired to b)^ seattid. He hr i before him. a smidl' round table, on whicli were tt bee^-' stake, some beer, a piirft of brandy, a pitchfer of water, and a glass. He sat eating, drinking^ and talking, h'lll^ as much composure as if he had lived lyith lis al]i his iVdb. I soon perceived that he had a very retentivb meAiory, and wap full Of anecdote. The Bishop of LtindalfWas almo^ (he first word he uttered, and it wad fbllOwed by infi)rm< ing us, that he hkd in his trunk a m&nudcripi reply to the Bishop's Apology. Ho.thon,> calmly mumbling his steak, and ever and anon drinking |ii$ b>rati4y Bn,d beer> repeated the introduction to. his reply, whieh occupied hjvn near half an hour*. This was dop^ withi deliberation, the ut- most clearness, aad a f)«r6&6t apprehensit^n, intoxicated as he was, of all that he repealed^ SoaroeLy a word would h(t allow- ufi. to sipeakv He alwayis,) I ; aHerwardft founds ill all cionipftnieB, dvunk or epber, m«f//ififrbo U&te&edi to, ia this regtuKi there w«re no mg/a» of ftxn With hiov n« * '-^aul i i 1> < • ) t * The author remarks that Falstaif's d6scriptioi» of pai doltTs no?« would have suited Paine'ii.^ f letter rbom in Ahd apa itten&t Oeo^ D](lf'COllt, ' Wosely a weeWi ng sun,* itteWia- r. Phlne, *d. He e ft beeir- ()f vmtcr, ^ his life, ro^nioryy y infbrm- rei rd would led to, iB , LAMB S HEMOia. cquidity^ no reciprocal immunities and iQ^^i^atit qy^ for iie ^vou^dliiteikto ibp 5^." Mr. Cheetham gives the following account or |i(iU man; ner of living after tliis time. ^< In the spring of lg04, ho retumed.to hjs farm at New Rochelle, Pur^y, having left it, takii^ with him the two llonnevilfes, and leaving their mother in the otty. No^ choosing to live upon the farm hjmHelfi ho hired o|i^ Christpphfer DericJ^ an oAd maa^^ to work it for him^ While Oerick nas husbanding the farm, Paine and the two young BoRpevilled hoarded sometimes with Mr* Wilburflp in Qold-strcet, in the city^ but .principally with Mr. Andrew Dean, at New Rochelle. l^rs. Dcaup with whom I have conver»efl, tells me that he was daily drunk at their house, and that in his few eober momenti he was always quMrelli^g with her, and disturbing the peace of the ftimily. She represent^ him as deliberately and disgustingly filthy ; as chusing ^o perform the offices of nature ia his bed I Jt is i^ot surprising, therefore, that she importuned her husband to turn him out ofU^ house; but owing to Mr. Dean's pndilection for his political writinga; J^er importunities were, for several wedis, un- availing. Const^n^ domestic disquiet very QatuntUy ensued^ which |Was encreased bj Pajjie's peevi^ness and violei)«e. One day he mn after Miss Dean, a girl of fifle«n, wttfi 9; chair whip in his hand, to whip her, and would have done 80, T)ut for the interposition nf her mother. The enraged Mrs. Dean, he was reading^ and being answered, and at the same time d^ked wheth^ she should read aloud,* he assented, and would appear to give jparticular attention. ' >-*.?.» . ^^ I took occasion, during the nights of the 5th and 6th of Jun^, to test the strength of his opinions respecting revelatibn. I purposely made him a very late visit; it was a time which seemed to suit exactly with my errand; it was midnight ; he Wad in great distress, constantly ex- claiming/ in the words above mentioned; when, after a considerable preface, t addressed him in the following manner, the nurse be? ig present. " Mr. Paine, your opinions, by a large portion of the community, have been, treated with deference ; you have never been in the habit of mixing in your conversation words of course : you have never indulged in the practice of profane swearing: you must be sensible that we are acquainted with your religious opinions as they are given to the world. What must we think of your present con- duct ? Why do you call up6n Jesus Christ to help you ? Do you believe he can help you ? Do you believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ ? Come now, answer m^ honestly; I want an answer as from the lips of a dying man, fbr I verily believe that you will not live twenty-four hour^. t waited some time at the end of every question ; lie did ^##^jN» r# ##*< *»#.*# jsr •m ^ The book she usually r«4d was Mr. I^pbart's '' Comp^. |?iou for the Alt»r." m LAIIB^S MEMOIir. :notaQ0wer, Meeasedto egcdaim in die above inannfr, Agiiifi I addrew9(l binny < Mr. F^inC) you bare not answer- ed my quefltioos; will y««i answer them? AUow ne to ask agaiflf^Do you believe ? or let me quidify the que^- ition-'-do you wish to believe that Jesua Christ is the Son of God r AAierapauseofsoaie minutes, he answered) < I have no wish to believe on that subject. I then left Jiim, and know not whether, he afterwfirds spcdie to any \per8on:Ofi any subject, though he lived, as I before ob* served, till the morning of the 8th.* *^ Such conduct, under usual circumstances, I conceive absdiitely unaccountable, though with diffidence I, ^oidd remaik, not so much so in the present instance ; for though the first necessary wd general result of conviction be a fiincere wish to atone for evil committed, yet it may be a ^uesti • .tiftJlA aa: t'AMB^i MEMOIR. 135 panner. , answer^ w me to :heque8- I the Son nswered) then left ke to any efore ob» conceive e i;^ould nr though :tion he a may be a excessive inate self' ise natural BTenty-twff cm a manttatof Chi-istliEUi devotion; and his own occasional invohintajy supplications of that Divine Personage who became an ob^ lation and ransom fiir our iBlen and degenerated species. Such an unrighteous demise, however, is dfeadfhl in the exti^me, while it eposes fallacy, hypocrisy, and prof%ine>< Aess in a colouring painful to any mind imprt^sM vTith sacred thoughts. Mow weak is man in all his boasted ability ! Voltaire rejoiced in his strength of learning, ittteliect, and genius; and, lo! the king of tettOrs fciund him on a h^d of languishing, a' trembling human cireaturej willing to give woiids, if he owned them, fin* a few months^ or even weeks of divine reconciliation, and contrite re- pentance. His vap^ admiret and disciple Pkine, not- withstanding his constant^ filthy ebrtefy, could not dbCown reflection entirely, ot put the worm of remorse to sleep by the grossest riot. If we were to make an estimate in result of Siinbelievers bred in the congregations of Chris- tiaos, we would perhkps conclude, if not with cerU^inty, at least with th(i greatest probability, • that there is no such principle as a solid satisflictory unbelief of that celestial providence in which we live, and are enlightened with reasonable andtiligious ideas! It would seem of a truth that the vanity of Idle and vicious philosophy deceives the ) s V m t4AHli*B VEfilOiR. I ( '( i ^nteitainers of it during the years ,o^.jtheir youth and spi- fitSt i^liat ih^y remain UiUcr strai^rsi to the recesses of their owv brpasts, ajid ap reco^ i|i sicknjess an^d old age from ^e phantmns of , intoxicatjng, . pleasure s^n^ ^ inental 4^Iiisjc)n tq thei^ early tenets of dcivotioHvPi; thp latejot {Hrejudiccg, pf piety they imbibied in t1^ 4*^9 pf,,i^&i^cy. H^re fi| pa£»ng^ pbsmration presses itjselfy.yiz. iii^^Lcatii^g the ifiestiinable,bei|iefit(^ vital Christianity inkSl^ in the liurturp and i^diicf^tion of the i;ising generation. If the wprd of life be4ivin^ engrafted on the bloqminjgj ^F^ fif the Christian. .£|onl. as it expands and open?, it will pcarcely become nnbelieving and reprobate in its Aiture progoess throiigH a ivorld ofevil^comipunication, in, which the imposing, advocates of sensuality foi^ a season .9pw the (ptbed se^, of gross wickedness and v^co, #o ^ tp.choak the^goodly shoots of reasoji and priQcip]i|6. . Such was the loose economy of human life in general among t]^e gay people of France, when sensual indulgence and elegant oblivion insensibly,, j^nsluiced the torrent of revolution, ;intil anarchy swept jaway the throi^eand the altar. May the British islands bp i^rarned by the awful example,, and lay the vast lesson with fear and contrition to heai^, by keeping a]live the hply fire of gospel religion, and pultiyat- ing the good fruits of evangelical virtue ! The republican treeof libeity,,, it }a wpU knowp, ,coiild not flourish in the same region widi true Christian^y,, oui^ tree of life ! To ^radicai^e the latter and pl^jt, the fpinn,er was ike diabolical aim pf the Voltairps ,and the* Paines. ,pf the highland the low deists; and theise deistical nam^ v^iU be recorded as glaring instances, pf;^lf degradatiojp andj^ui* sanceJn the annals of the f^thfi^ bisto^an, who wiU ^ave to record the rise and progress, of the FrencK revo* Kition, and the oi^er of things wl^ich at length it, tended to egtablish^in so numy states and countries of the conti- pejAt, The.historjiani, no^oubt,|jviU ^eyelope the springs ^d engines which^eS^iCted siAC^j.^^ij^anitp^ <;))a^^ an:•: s >flll098 «>a i • i I' ^ < nj'i '%' l!98 I.AHB'8 MEMP1&. hs CHAP. VIII. ^ ,„^, Surprizing loftiness and peculiar nature of Pines and C'fdars of Canada. Camdkm^s neat and useful economy as a farmer, and hwseholdt^. Account ofsonie crcil and religious usages, Canadian and French mannerf similar a good deal. Defeqt and death of General Montgomery <'f':t'^ Quebec. Dangers in carrying on the Fur Drade '^ / ' People of Montreal^ Sfc. with the Indim Tribes. Z> % . /.ow ofQudite, the St. Laurence lUcer and Fatts of Niagara. Observations on the Bear and Hat of C .ud' noi-i frener(4 Remarks an (ht toufdru and Inhabitants. ')iV\ AIl our arrivail in Canada, as H wgdb in the last Chapter observed, new dispositions of the Colonial fortes, and ap- pointments (kT o'fficers commanding, took pladeinlhe hope of overpowering^ the Royal (roops, after the sijg^nal discom- fiture which Mr. Mont^omeiy^s nrtny met at Quebec The importance and value of l!h6 (district tvas thus acknowledged by the measures bf Obhgres^ to recover it, and by the plans of the best generals and most capable individuals of Ameri<^, for the purpose of attaiiting so valuable an object. Our army therefore on gaining the American shore, had the approaching prospect of hard fighting, and due preparations were accordingly made, Previous, however, to an account of actual hostilities it may better accord with the outline* of this memoir to desciiibe the local situation of the country. An European, after disembarking upon this northern shore of the American main, is at first seized with astonbb- ment at the exceeding loftiness of the pine, fir, and cedar trees, which here acquire an ascendency sublime indeed. Of the pine tree Canada produces two kifids, the white and mmmm ^^ r<*3 LAMB*g MEMOia. 189 . : 'V^V- *ine8 and ' ecomomy '. civil and rf similar uttgomery F^t Trade m Tribes. iOtd FaUs d Rat of miAry and St Chapter is, and ap- n the hope Lttl discom* Quebec tva» thu& recover it, it capable [taining so ining the ;t of hard igly made, tsiilities it lemoir to northern astonish- and cedar le indeed. 1 white and red, which alike yield turpentine. On the upper exire- roitics of the white pine a sort of excrescence, assimilating to a mushroom in its appearance and texture, usually grows^ and this the Canadians administer as a medicine to patients afflicted with dysentery. From the red pine a greater quantity of turpentine is Obtained than from the white. The red heside is heavier, but is neither so gross or large in its growth as the white. It is observable) that where the red pine flourishes, the soil is excellent for growing com. The &rm houses here are beheld with sensations of pleasure by strangers. They are usually low buildings of stone, pleasingly whitened on the outside, and interspersed atagreeaUe distances. They mestly have but » ground floor, on which three or four convenient apartments are constructed. The humble structure of the dwellings has given ris^to a pun, viz. That the Canadians can t^ stories vdl, but seldom if ever make stories* In their habita- tions great neatness prevails. His fiuming economy is creditable to the Canadian. He is attentive in tending his cattle. The farm is not iH general laig^ grazing thirty or forty sheep, and about a dozen of cows, along with five or six oxen for the plou^. The kine are small but veiy good fonr the fiurmer's use. With siic^ moderate means the husbandman of Canada suppwis hias&imfy in competence and comfort, and, even so for back as th^ American revolution, the peojde appeared more satiefocto- rily and better circumstaiured than the lower classes of the English themselves. Instead of keeping fires in chimniesthe peojde of Canada use stoves in their apartments, which, although they may diffuse heat more e^^y* ^^^ ^^ convey a disadvtotage injurious to the health of th^ inhabitants, in produ^ng a sdphureous air in the rooms. This may be iustrumental in giving thje Canadians that sallow tinge of complexion so common among them. 6 2 W Uii no Iamb's memoir. .^■ fr In Canada the people do not in general cultivate or- chardd^ although some individuals keep these accomoda* tions so usefiil to the householder, but every farmer is pro- vide with a valuable kitchen garden. Churches are built thi^ughoUt the eottntiy, distant from each other about three leagues. The chapel or church is aWayseretted in a village, and has a parsonage or glebe-house attached, at also a school for the children of both sexes, and some ha- bitations to lodge the different uriitsm^ and mechanics, who are wanted by the villagers. These convenient usages, th^ intelligent readei^ need not be told, assimilate to the customs of the French nation, and, no doubt were adopt- ed by the Colonists of Canada in pursuance of the estab- lishments and observances in which thfey were brought up before they emigrated beyoi^d the ocean. There is, however, a striking religious custom, which probably is peculiar to Canada. In the intermediate spaces between the cfaiirthes^ large wooden crosses are raised on the road-side, ptetrallel to ihe shores of the river, about fro^ fifteen to'twerity feet in height, and broad in propdt- tion. Fronting th^ road-side square holes are perceivable in the crosses, in which images of "wax representing ihe crucifixion, or the Yirgrn Mother with the in&nt Saviofar Ipfaerannfi, are.l^t to excite sacred emotions in the minds of passengers.- These imaged are encased in glai5s to save them from the injury of the weather, and the crosses exhibit representations ^f the instruments which had been employed by the Jews iu crucifying our Lord, viz. the hammer, pincers, hails, flask of vinegar, along with other matters "expressive of the Redeemer's catas- trophe. Even the figure of a cock is not omitted in oHer to convey an allusion of St*. Pet6r^ denial of his divin« Master. This public fixed ceremonial (if sue! ai phrase be alio waWe) tie ver fails to niake the intended impres- sions on people that pass by. Every body* parsing, whether I ea foot or otherwise, stops, devoutly kueelg on the road I 3 liAMB S MEMOIR. til in all wetithers, and repeats set praj^en nrhicfa «]1 are taught for such occasions. ' ' <» The C^nadiilns have colMj^exions and feattia«i^tf1uch remind the observer of the ^French pcA^le frcm whom thej jBi^ descended. They have jwde «warthy lacei^ and, compared to the 'British, they drc \G\f of stature. They in general wear a short jacket, and in winter a« additioiml coarse frizir or blanliet coat, which thry tie about the body with a worsted sash. Instead of hats, in th» milder season they use a woollen cap, but when the cciA setsihaf^r one.' The Canadian has a constant funcy for that fashionable appendage of every Frenchman in the old inonalrchy, viz. an amazing long (}\i6ue. If e delightf in smoking tobacco, and from the years of infancy^ is seen ^tirMg th^ day, with a pipe in his mouth. The people of CanAdii subsist 6h a simple diet, mostly consisting of milk tind v^^efalbl^. This plain and humble fare has been thoug^ht'by some to 'chntribu'tc iii keeping them meagre lii their Idoks, and of II isld^d^ habit of body. But such an opinion appears not founded in fact. Thb frish in ^neral live on vegetables and milk, and yet ttiey look healtfy and Well comptexioiied/ at least con^pared' with Canadians. It is more- probable thttt th^' StOves in their houses prove detrim^^ttd to the fAdividual*s colour and'eV^n canstitut^poi, as it is eertairi,'' that the heated tliid confined ^t^i^'g^xi^ rated in (heir dwellings, produces in unnatmftrind bitd atmosplkjre, which a3wi^ attatihes t()' ^b house in ^^t Cdl^ire^on. Exkvl irt tr^land the' p^s^t's smoky cottage, it U\veti Uiuiwnl tinges' t!he flic6 to a^B^ly ind somewhat tawny hue, while individual's iii'' the skhie'n^libottrhoot^ who are betjt^r lodged, disomy a fiiir iiud rbddy appearance. It woiild indeed Se^m that tliei^ is something of difference iti the liumaji complexion in different c^ntries, which cannot* be sufficiently 'accbiinied' for. Cm the coasts of Qoihisa and the batiks of the Senegal aiid Gambia, the tor- rid poWet of the sihi no doubt, greatly contributes tv give "M J I I ?y r^^- m LAMBDA MEMOm. that shining jcttj black which the African exhibits ; jet the most capable inquirers into the laws of nature are led to think there are essential causes of complexional dispa- rity operating on the inhilbitants of fiir distant nations. ]d shmt that the burning beam of the sun is but partially instrumental in colouring the Ethiopian's skin. If we thus make an estimate of the Canadiaa, we will perhaps be led to consider his ancestor in some of Uie various districts or departments of France, where although there is a variety of climate from Normandy to he confines of Italy, we perceiv6 a similarity of complexion, which identity of colour we find a good deal existing in the Colo- nist Frenchman's face in the chill meridiails of Nprth America. The temper and manners peculiar to the French attach to the CdAadians, which is chiefly observable in the sex. The Canadian wom^i are lively, easy, good natined and obliging; their persons are neat and pleasing, althongh they have but few pretensions to beauty. Yet it is ama- zing to think how their personal defects are happily set off by some charm of behaviour, which cannot be describedy but which renders them always ^ogaging and agreeable. There is a degree of rank or quality, to which a respect- ful homage belongs among the Canadians, intitled Seigr neur or lord of the village. These individuals^ distin- liuished although humble, maintain somewhat of the old feudal authority, and actually presume more on their im- portance than a nobleman in England would among his tenantry. They nre the direct dedcendants of the French officers, who obtained debentures and became settleni, when Canada was colonized at first. Being above the business of reclaiming and tilUng their plantations, and dierishing the distinctions of the French noblesse in the vast woods of North America, they parcelled out thejr grounds, like the Generals of the feudal times in Europe) to the soldiers who followed their fortunes. The qcC^qI I#AMB*g MSIIOllt. U3 i; jet ire led dispa- ations. iriiaUj ve will of the Ithough confines y which leColo- ' North ly set oflf lescribedf ieable. respect- iedSeigr i^ distin- Uie old Itheir im- kong his French settlers, kbove the [ioiis, and in the out their Europe, he actual cultivator or tenant^ who dassed in some sort as vassal to a superior officer, possessed the land by paying a small quit rent and pecuniary fine. Of such small consideration an idea may be taken from this, viz. That a lordship in Canada bf two leagues in front, and unlimited in extent backwards (called the droit du mouUn or melarie) produced the 5d|^e«r but a trifling revenue, so trifling in amount that at present the lord is often poor, and his tenant under him wealthy in comparison. Yet high and dutifhl respect is exacted by and paid to the seigneur who reckons his lineage from the ancient nobility of France, and who claims as his' right considerate influence and exclusive privileges, which had been granted to French officers in the colonisation of the country. These lords of the soil or seigneurs are said to tie tte posterity of a particular order of nobility, who were allowed by Louis XtV, to exercise trade and commerce by seaL md kiiid^' trithout degradation or derogating fiidtn th^ honours and rights. Trading and commercial parsuiti were ooiisidered in the old monarchy altogether beneatji and imtonsistent with tiie ekalted rank and dignity of the n(^les9e ihgenetfal; andofconsequeabethetner^^aatneble- manf in fVance^ althobgh legally possessed of his title, could not class in similar respect with the other brah^hes of the peerage. However, t^ sons of mercantile peers, emigrate ing to Canada, might there presume on the rank of their fethers as they plefDs^, and avail themselves of any advan* tages in trade and business' which the country afforded to iadustry and enterprize. They notwithstanding appenrod listless to engage in affldrs of commerce, as we do net find cither spirit or capital embarked by iaerch'ants iit Canada yntil the cession of it to Englabd, and, in most cases ^inoe, the^man of business there is a British adven* (urer or settkr. But whatever dWelish of pursuing the mercantile line attaches to Canadians, they almost uaiver* sally refuse the employment of handicrafts or wwkiag m LAMBS MBMOIB. *';? artizans. The Canadian, however poor, claims some Euulred with (he family of the seigneur^ and penetrated with, a degree of pride in consequence, while he labours and tills ki^ farm, he will not condescend to employ himself as » mechanical n)an. • • uH'i 'to The capital lof Canada and all British America is Que- bec situate at the conftuence of the rivers ..St. Laurence am^St. ChaHefl. It has to boast of its inland situation in a degree thai no other city in t^ known world can do. jllthough ISO Ibagues distant from (bejsen, it derives sin- gular advantago from the navigation of the St. Laurence, ithich furnisher the city with a fresh water. hai1)our com- aiodioua enough to admit from theoctea And keep at safe aioorings 100 shi^i? of the line. . Quebec is JHiilded on.a fiiundatip^^ of ro9k consistiug of tnarblo and slate, and is tfvided.into what » now called ^: Upper and Lower. Contiguously an excellent mine of lead. Tbo c^y was CMinded iri 1608,^ when, weaflOJtc^ jthe flow tid^used to mash tike foot of the rock. Since, then<, the ^^.jJUaurence v^iusi have. subsided, as a space now: interveoee^ibetween the rock and riyor, on wfai^ has been erected a eonsidenir bly large suburb entitled dielowertowni.Jieiieatk « pitOct^ pice of about forty-eight feet high. The housea-iOf ttj^fwr and lower Quebec are nado of stone^ strong ami conveni- ent biiildings, mosily inhabited by < merchants. Thena* iural situation of tHe town renders iti defence not. difiicyilt; as wiBre it assailed by a fleet, the Upper >divi$ioi| of .tilO city stands l^yond^ the firo\«fan enemy's sliips^i which would b§ ^eat^jOxp^jsed to tk^ canon.and bombs from the ^e(va^d |rampsurts« The lower part of Quebec is .defended by a,|4Atfiwra flanl^ed :WtQl two Jlxistions, which at hi^ water andspring; tides are almost i^vel with thofi^urface of the sea.; At a short interval abovo thoso^inistiops Js a half kastion^ cut from out of the soli4 kock^: an4l>jfi^-kigher standi a large battery Surmounted by a, square tfort, ^ most regular of all the foitificatioiis^. and in .which the i LAMB^S MEMOIA. 146 some itrated iFS ami self as governor resides. The fortifications though exton^iye arf> a good deal wanting in regularity, and the ways o( C9fn- munication between the works are rugged in t|ic extreme. The rocky barrier, dividing the upper and lowei^,towni^ extends with a front steep and bold to a consldei«ible way westward, in the direction of the St. Laurence. Lower Quebec is well supplied with water, which often become icarce in the upper town. Quebec was besieged by the British in 1711 ; but without success. They, hqwever, succeeded in taking U in September 1739, when tl^ ad- mired and lamented General Wolfe, who commanded the besiegers, lost his valuable life. The town is cpnvenience4 by several quays, and a commodious place for heaving down vessels to be repaired, called Cul de sac, where the king's ships lay bye during the winter, safe from the ii-QSj^ and breakings of the ice, which prove very, hazardous to the shipping. Unless ships are thus laid up, when the teezing season sets in, they suffer great risks of damage, if not wreck from the islands of floating ice in the St. Laurence. The causeway, by which the American General Mont- gomery made his attack in 1775, does not exceed twenty- four feet in width. On one side rises a perpendicular bulwark of rock, and on the other extends a steep roc^y precipice down to the river. This entrance was defended by two strong barriers, so strong and almost impregnable, that nothing except the necessity of a desperate effort could justify General Montgomery in making his assaul^t. The event fatally proved the desparation of the attempt,, although the former barrier which the besieged abandoned of purpose, fluked the assailants with a confident expecta- tion of storming the city. ■ The Generad led his troopii with intrepicl^ty forward to tlie' second barrier, where. t^o, pieces, of .caniipn, which had been concealed, were opened upon them, and- cavised extraordinary havoc and confusion staiong the besiegers, many of whom in retreat wer« T ^ He £kiiB*r i^i^iibtft. I ^dlpitsttia ftoitt the ifock. This signal Meii g:rGa% cohfrihuted to makie the Ailieriesins desnt 'in de9psih> Of ctipturing 'Quebec, in c(m8eqaenf the eager impetuosity 6f BWti^ sailors posted there with the guns, who were proceeding to fire foiilhwitK, tiiitil stopped by the threats of the dfficers. Deceived in ^this mariner, the enenr^ advancing {ibreast, and filling ttse causeway, wks confounded and'cv)$rwhelmed with a dread- ful fire from the infierbittelty, 'whiA mti^ have caused '|iim extraordinary destfU(^tion. ^n nfeafly the same ground. Where fell Gen6rai Wolife in the ai^dur of his lionouraHe career, and the atrms of victory and affection 'Obneral Moiltgomery expired in discomfiture devotfed to the caiiiseof the'Cdlotties, but yet pitied and ev^n dpplattdedfor j Talour tfnd generous dispositions by the olSicclrs Whohi that ] great and eventful cause had made his enemies. 'His de« j cease seetned to make hosl^ilityih all its rage pause at the moment! Whatever of enmity he encountered wais buried . with his body in the grave, where cOlitehdi)ig liefoe^ dt length sleep it) the duSt, and leave the legacy of war and TCxation of spirit to thpir angry and aspiring sufTiV0n.J ?rhus at last the most terrible things wliieh have beenl acted on the blood-stained theatre of the eatth, lose the| sting of strife, and are narrated and heard '^like a'l that is told." General Montgomery's memory is desef Ved-I ly dear to America, and if on no other account, 'his'ialil being locally associated wiih that of Wolfe, his name will no doubt, be sent down by the historian to the latest pos-l terity on both sides of the ocean. Had he isUrvived ahf succeeded at Quebec, he probably would have lield a sltoj ation in the American army inferior to Washoqgtdn pnl/l 'n\ lamb's memoir. m Bspaiir bf sipdtttilstr Ktmihber , the juffi- Itaketbe rted diefe foirthwitu, eceivied m frlling thie hadread- tve caused the same ttur of Ws id affection /otfed'totlie ijilattdedfor Iwholn that s. HisAe«l ^atiBic at th< I \^a8'buiried r-hetofei at of^ar ind suiH'iVdn. have been h, lose the lihe a tale is desefved- lint, 'his tali name tvifi, latest pos- irvived an( lieldasitD ii^dn qbIv ^od lOQceover his abUitiea and popularity in the States mgh^ hgiye pised him to stations of poUtiod eminence. ^ Abmt. thre^ le«|^ues from' Quebec a nation of Indians iuliabit a vilWg^ c^Uied l^ndian LowUe. They are a good deal civilised,. an,d. v^r^ ii^enious at making bead orha-. wentft. This l^^le keQp i^n uvcoiQinoiii breed of Huntin^f Aq^ et^ual to ihfi 1^.quii4s 9.f Europe, hayipg upi^ight ears, a, darV briodjied colour, and snout lone like the irolf. 'Fhe^e dos^S are as r^o^rHablefpr fidelity as our house-dogs^ although iU*f«d 9li4 little attended to by th^ir own^rs^ ^h,Q. nevQr ttcMil^le themselves with keeping other dojnestict animals* The chief biisiness of this tribe is i^avigatiQg thei imoi^ whiph th?y construct pf the strong bark of t^e birch, sewed with tOi^U strings of the inn^er rind of tvees, W^ staunchjed ^on) leai^ing ^ilb ^ bitumenoua m^^er hke^ tB^ or pit<^h. The boughs of the hickory t^ey jjovju iAto. ribs for this pimple bo^t, which they build of ^ifipsr^nt ^jm^sioi^^ tp ^pfit^iii from ^wo tp thirty pei^ons, \\ii maiiagiag thislitUp y^sjiel the Indian uses but a paddte,^ and PYak^s way wi^ a^i^^ing expedition. It was in onp Qf theSQ Indian c^o^i^ ^hat General Sir Guy Carletoq^ accpinpaaiefl with ^n i/u There is an island in the middle pf the riVet opplMite to Montreal, in which a mill is erected with eight ^p^ir'of grinding stones, kept ip mption together by the action df a single wheel. It is, said to £ost in building it 1 1,000/. A sufficiency of water is procured for its constant working by a vast Wall of stone extending out into the bipd of the ^t. Laurence, and inaking a very acute angle with the bank. At the extremity of this curious dam, vessels pan before the streanv* while at the same time the mi}l continues to w^rk* wmmm ttfbis k($ irinw lilee an led' to nile^' an it Mpn- Wg'very ita,wtth ■/•>- iti'Mon- ,<■> iie opjfo- liff'trhete ysv etiiert iubfel' * Canada Was c8dcU to Great Britain in 1760, Mbhttibal%as almost ids 'ia)rge and considerable' a^ Quebee, but since ihieii it Kaif 'siiffei^ greaiiy hfSte. Travellers are surprisedtosee^tUo 'Inhabitants here, when retiring to rest ait night, kihdle great fires in fheh* stbi^es,* which, not to take into this abcoiini the risk of conflagrations^ Mmt conduce to loss bf lieaAth^ chiefly to JStirbpeantl) as happened to the Waiter of this lAeisioir, who, While he- served'^thcrei^ i!VdCs attatlced-with a ba^ head-ache, whfeh aliU afflicts him at intervals. Sii<^ keepiiifg of fi^Bis- ffei the houses by nti^t; wail peculiarly dangerous when the habitations welreoon- •tru'dtefd of woOd. ' ^But oflktd yeiirs theii^ dwellings^'aira of sibiie, and undoituhonty^well seiiured^ so as to be pi6oof against accidents bf bunting arid 'bilrglaiy whi^h in Lon-"^ doh; and'lai^e towns in gisneral, prOre sometliiBes-rttinoui* to the fortunes 6f families. ' "''^ <^bim H^i H!h")<->^i The plan of building used in the lot^s off Canada ttt pr^tftls well calculated for domestic secnrity from da- mag^. The house consists of one lo% ardi' of stone beneaili the roof, ami apartments sepamted asunder by Bn<^ strongly temented Walls, that tire canmit eommuni- eate ^irom one room to' the other. Beiiidej ' shbuld the roof b^ seized and even consumed with filie, the arch under it i»able'toprddftde the flame from making it^ way into the lower and interior parts of the ht iUitation. Each apart- ment is fortified by means of a douMe doori the inner of wood, rtnd the -outer sheeted with iron^ The shutt^'of the windows are alike strongly se^mired. The iron lining irffixedtb the doors and shuttevs is about half an inch ii» thickness, ' and painted green^ wlHch serves as an agreeable colour in contrast with the white appeitfimce of the houses in Canada^ •'^^'•^^•'^ . ■ ■ ' ■ '^^ t^t^-,: ' ,i ■• At November commences the 8e«ison of bustle and business among the traders of Montreal in taking homo those furs which they procure from the nations of Indians, previoasto the setting io of the winter's Hgoiu^. A short im hAuV^* M^MOlRt iceount of ike raanver in whidi ftba fiur ira/Sk ia «M-tied«ii, ilk ihti vast^ wilden^sft of Ameiica, maj aJfbrd th^ >^'^i^ i|.B«» ide», if U coftveyaiioioi^imting i&fonnstioA.^: i.. . < T W lff»vcdUsg merckaats, wbit. ,f i9iil,tlii& lodiao; districts^ lave la cMouator a variety of IprAAipa anclj perils, nvIikbL -«RKiU »«](» inoBl Cupopttfuw sbi^ik ^on, su^ a mode of ftcwapcBiig OM^fr Iwrtane, and ^bi(:)| votUuag hat ihfi. 9pici^ <^gaiii iijmlt. gieat idf^l of the fEMFtb!> imspirai^ evenihei wMckartt of jAmetk^ who. ieriimd .^ \ti to>ei«ba«k liift 9rfafy arid Iwpe* in pursainf^ it m heaniMaiHy docsw. I^hft I w ij kr takulali^ t» a oetlaintj of ai)>fl«^iag movathaa ft tenafiNrtalde coaipeteoGe hj fhei purspiit of thi9 dreajf^r Vraeasiftaveirjr fl^ar yeava^ ai|d» tlwsefora bueyod'^^^M^ tiie Wings ^avarice and adyeotare^ Ii^ braves ttie teviTjCura ffdeftth^ a^di viaitB^heniost eaYfl^e tecas^ ! So it Ui Uii^ flie geniuft of trade has done more) ioi ef^ptof^ unkooi^ arid frigHlfiA fegi«i«S( than M«r» hiim^ aftor all hit asfoimliing oxpedidoiis and invasiontii about th« wodd* Of tlH9 eiUserpriMAg ardour tirhMi i^o^essea the riicrchaBti Ijf^ whkh he tiaTels in the seas anid keeps ^mpaijiy witH^ the windflj we can fi»riB some idea^ if vfo estinit^^ tfhai my be called a floatin|^ caravan go^ tpom I^ootre^ ilttoi the uppcv hkesy having to carry cumbiajus ldfl|d9 of Iaf^icQt)^ afalic matters lot tka Indian ^raUp, throi^h for^i^ffbld rapids, and oveiJand from river to river fofr mf nQT leagues among great mountains and dee|> feresU< . The usage of individual^ engaged in tradirig for fars if to proceed in spring in eaaopanief) of froai tweoj^ to ibir^, carrying the articles watted ibr barter with the Jlidf^ns VH severallarge canoes. They take any direction of rauto in which they hope to meet^ Indian trjbe, and for ih^ purpose they mostly keep in the u[)per lakes. If, ai i^ iometimes happens, they nuss their ol^ct of ineeting VFith Indians, they return back \^ the lakes,; and shape their course Westward* The matters usually taken to give W exchange for skins are particulaarl^ spirituous lif all Wi lit wfnu(ft >WB€t in their %lsy, it is tnMni&aty with them to fUeose and'oveu ■deceit' the 'Indiffii hir^er, is the geaend 'eause'Ctf reoeat* to -Indian tout' ragie, 'Ihe^i^uouB, 'nature '«f ^oftmeying In ^sudh renidte. -and 'mountakious* tracts, where winter 'reigns 4n fdi'his r^0urs,4he' unfortimaite' tra^ier k M^eitinvolved in ft'WMJld of distressful and sometimes ttesparate^tridls'aiidihti^eK. ^From -Novemfoer^to ^^tpril ihe'longeilt'ri^ers 'are 'frf the te^f and residing in cultivated grounds must be fayoured with a far better air, and possess various means, of superior ;Comfort and pleasure during the wintery months. I'hus winter itself contributes without doors to the div<^- •ions of Canadians ; the ice furi^ishes a plcasui;e giltiund for th^jr sports, and an easy road for enabling them to . make Journies with dispatch, if not delight. The people ^f>( Il^ntreal are in the habits of postponing the time of going to Quebec on business until winter prepares the jSt. Laurence with a strong icj surface for their sledges -w 'careoles. This vehicle is fashioned in a variety of way^, according to the taste or caprice of individuals, such as the representation of some beast or fowl, and painted on the outside with fantastic portraits and picture? descriptive of the season and scenery of the country. The horses of Canada draw it with ease at the rate of fifteen mile^ en hour, so that a Canadian will go forty or fifty miles to sde a friend, and sometimes return the same day. " Eager on rapid sleds, Their vigorous youth in bold contention wheel The long resounding course." ■■ ' # The common people and persons of condition usually make this winter-chariot differently, tllie former having it level with and sliding on the snow end ice, wliile the latter construct it on runners or low wheels, which raise it from the ground about two feet. Notwithstanding the severity pf cold in Canada, which renders the St. Laurence a sheet of ice, there are hot springs which remain uncongealed, proof against the i^ tensest froiU. To save the unguarded travellqr from fall- LAMB S MSVOIB. 153^ m at tl»e iTiting antage in the pf the tyoured i^perior c div^- I gltt)UIlil them to e people I time of ares the edges -ot of ways, , such as ainted on legcriptive horses of m^«P wi lies to see Ln u?ttally [having it vhile the ch raise it la, whicb are hot It the ir from faU- ing into thorn the people of the country put lai^ l^rs or phie trees erect in the ice-bo'und beds of their riyers. The pines thus iastened by the frosts continue ^reen, and e^ngs, beasts, and birds, and of almost every object which th9 earth offers to the eye. In short the winter affords much gratification^ and even some advantages to Canadians, which they never fail to.avail themselves of. The .waters then present a stable medium to take friends and neighbours to visit, and meet at home and abroad. Th^ days ar6 much devoted to exercises and playing on the ice, and the, evenings are passed in amusing themselves within dobjrs ivith hospitable entertainments and dance?, which, after the fashion of tbeir European ancestors, the Canadians indulge in with all the heart, and that light facsinating^ spirit which appears peculiar to the French people. In April winter Aiakes a quick deptirtulre, and spring comes suddenly with warmth and those jgtenial suns, which advance and quicken the vegetable kingdom, in a mann^ almost uicredible to persons that live in the tropical and temperate latitudes. It is sutprising to witness the rapid growth of all sorts of ficuits and vegetables in the spring time at Canada. The isod is gca|^rally very good, p^« dueing wheat, barley, rye, and indeed all sorts of grain well, and in great plenty. Tobacco is a good deal culti-, rated, and i$ feuad to thrive hereof*- • N 4 f *^ ij: iSil LAUB^g MtiaioiR. 'tf this accoukt of Canada be right, the northeml/ regions of the earth are not the most uncomfortable. Pro* baMy, in comparison with the countries under and near the tropins, they would be foiAid in many cases to contribute more to the health and comfort of mankind. Howeiter, the Canadian hdl not the local disadvantage attending some cold regions. He is not obliged like the Muscovite and Laplander to couifine himself at home for days and weeks together ; as must be the case when wint^ spreads abroad the clouds and 'darkness of a long lingering night, which lasts for months, fiut even in Tartary and Liberia the native is not cast out from consolations, as many may tihink he might be. The Almighty appears to be parental in his mercy and bounty to all ; and thus Uie Siberian and American) savage possess their share of that superintend- ing goodness, which we find co-ext^nsive with the uptvorsc. The Canadian is never kept by the weather within doors^ except when it snows, which seldom happens bat at t|^ setting in of winter, when the Ikllof snow is abundant and even then constant snowing continues only a few | days. As soon as winter thus makes his entrance (jcloth' ing the land with a snowy mantle) the weather setUeay the air becomes pure^ and the sky serene. The air of Cangda is considered very salubrious,^ although ^e inhabitants are subject to consumptions, which early o^ many of | them before thejt arrive at maturity. Indi v^uals who pass that stage of hum§n hie usually s^rvive to a good old age. , X^anada, it will be easy to conceive, .afibrds the traiv^kr several stupendous, as well as picturesqufi views and curiosities, Of these the ^dkof Niagara deserve to W| particularly mentioned. Niagara river connects the north* «m extremity of Lcdse Erie with Lake Ojitario^ ^^''l about thirty miles in lengthy fi'om Fort £ri^ to Fort Nirl garo, forming a part of t|ie line of limits which. eeparat^j the United States from ^ppcr Canada. The fsdls opposite to Fort Slusber, about seven or eight miles sout LAMB 8 1II;M0VR'. m. (. Pro- nd near intribute [owBVer, ittendifig luaoovite lays and sr sprcadi ing night, id Siberia many may epai^ntal Derian and periojtcnd*: e wp*^^"^' Ibin doow, tmtattb^ abundant, )iily a few mce (|C5lotli- sctUea^ tV ofCan^ inliabitants ^ many rf k wbo pasB )d old age. he traiv^ ' \ievf» and serve to «*] 8 the north* ario^ aodx ) FortNM^ }li 8eparat«» le falls ^ miles tjout ivard of Lake Ontario. They are owing to the elevation of the ground wjuclji contains Lake l^rie above the bed of' the Ontario. This elevation is compfited at three hiin" dred Ibet in a verjr steep (dppe, or, inclined plain nearly perpendieular in sonie jpwrts. In thia way tlie cataract is causey above whic^ about ihree milesi distant, is FbrtL' Ghippewtayi to this Ibrt batteaujc can sail lyith safety, but were a boat to |iroceed farther towards the fall^, it would be in danger of a rapid absorption among the rock's, by tvhich the raging, boisterous waves ar£» broken, aud tossed with teqrific violence. Yet thi^ vast agitation is mostly confined to the fides of the river, att the mid-cuitent. although wonderfully impetuous, rolls unbroken qoid equable in its course^ so much so that some boats &t^ knowii to piake good their way to. an islet in the neigh- boLThood of the fidls^ where the river divides itdelf. The Uttemp^ to do BO is always rash in ihe.e;(irenie, for ynlesi the boat can keep the mid-current without deviating in the ]e»s% to either side, destruction is inevitalile. Bui^ being the hazard pf gaining ai|d leaving the islet, one night f^iiclttd0 , that , .^o^Q would be found foot*nardy enough to make sucli a ri^k* Vet some few individuals ve^ture, it is possible, for the saike of beholding to j^t Advantage the amazing body of falling water, as it pitdhes from t)fte projecting pr^cljpico, or probably, in most cases, from a motive of vayntity, in order to have tp boast that they once visited thas point of peril* The pitch, which the prodigious Nolume of water .acquires, appears sublime as a sight, and surprising be- yond 'any .previous idea^^hich could be entertained of it. jl^tonishroent, or rather stupefaction seizes the spectator, while he beholds an entire furious river, 74S yards wide, precipitating itself into a dreadful chasm, The huge, hoUow roar qr sound of destj^nding waters is said to pe heard generally at the distancdiff tweYity miles oh all sides, and should tlie sky be clear, more than forty miles in tiie U 2 fe . ''i:il m 1^ 155 LAMB S MElttOm. current of a favouring wind. From the shook occasioned by it a tremulous motion is corarounicated to the earth for several roods around,' and a constant to^ or mist bejclouds the boriaibn, in lyhich, if the sun ' shines, rainhpws are always seen. Sniall showers of thd Hash^ up spray also besprinkle the foliage of neighbouring' trees, and, in win* ter being congealed by the .6oId^ depend upon the l^raWehes in thousands of little icicles, or cmrystalized dews, The wateiy volume is reckoned to send down 672,000 tc(ns a minute, and the descent is calculated at 15() feet. If then we take the proportions of the weiglii of water„ and elevation or height of the fall, the increments, or accumv- jiating encrcase of its velocity and force in' descending^ cannot but make us ponder how the stony found^ions upon which it dashes down can remain unbroken beneath jiuch unceasing shocks, The philosophip n)ind, and cvei^ mathematical pr^cisipn itself in tms case, must make'& religious, estimate, and. tK)rrow. a sacred sentimeht, viz. That the mvinc ATchiiei^i,' (who created the heavens arid the eftrth in'Ahe besnhninet) made the round world 'so rasf, that its mecl^aiiism cannot be moved or broke asiindef, except by liijls own pninipoteht means.', ^ itis ptfe^idWg^pto- vifiencedi' liis actual powerfi^ agency 'is universallj^^%^f- | dence/din his wo^I^l "Ifhe majestic oi^a'ftATidiih^ldr^ '^trjibutary rivers, as they roll, declare' it to thei^cBiitineiits and islands. Aiid the loud cataract', ^ith the vijice of | many waters, proclaims ^o savage -tribe^ the Creator and Preserver ot tlie great globe they inhabit ! J. IBelow this terrible cataract are always to befoi|nd tUei Wuised and lacerated bodies of fishes, and (den liind ani- \ mals which had been arrested by the sut'tjon , oif'the ydta- clous waves, as also shattered beams and timbers absoi^tfi^d in- the same manner. ]VIariy accounts are mentioned rSti'l tivc/to fatal accidcn)ts haiu^ning to individuals at the falls, particularly the melan^lily fatd of a poor intoxicatedl Indian, who lay asleep in hi^ canoe, after he had tied it m LAMB*S MfiMOTR. t. «- . - irth for ^louds airs are ray also in win- iraA'ches 8, The WnB a feet. If iter, and scending^, Lind^ions p beneath and cveA ,t make 'ft netit, viz. m arid the m W Id so e lastiiidcf , lidiii^pW- rsallf%:*l- |jc%toeiTtS le Viiic^ of reatoif and foi|ndth9| liindani- f'the y^'\ |i6ne ' liank sonic mltcs distant af)bve Chfe ISlIs. ^quaW or wife sat ashore watching him, and hating seen by a sailor belonging to a sidp of war in the Lakfl^ he endeavoured to prevau with her to gratify his lastftA desires. The woman reluctant, ran id awakeii her Ima* band, but before she could do so, the imprincipled, inlm* man fellow, who pursued her, <:ut the rope which tied tikft canoe to -^et shore. Thus disengaged it drifted down neiir the falls, ere the unfortunate miin perceived bis 4€»peral» situation. He tj^en with his paddle resolutely attemple4 to rescue himself from the absorivng fuiy of the ei|ixQMl» and made astonishing exertions^ but finding his labow entirely hopeless, he ^t length calinly wrapped himself ia Ms blanket, and m^t precipitate dpetruction with sUflpI composure* ^ In the ahimais and (jUaBrapeds ofdai^ several liarities are percieival^le. The Cg,nadian l)ear seems wliaf ' diJSerei^t ifrbm that of other countries, He is cafter shy tban fierce, flying in most cases from . men and dog% and dan^^erous jbnly if wounded, siiid after leaving hh holll»w tpe, the residence of his torjiid state in winter^ « iiitlie futting seasop in July, when It is hazardotjs'to ijieet him. In i\\e rutting tipie he ll^ ^jil), and his flesh is foimd 80 rancid in flavour, that the Indians, who feast oil |t atoiher tiihes, refuse it then. He, however, sopnreOfiH verB and fi^ttens oh t)ie abundant fruits of the woods, whc^ he climbs the loftiest trees for subsistence, which teWfert bears' flesh not only g6.6d, but, according to the general . taste of Canadians, delicious. The bear in all the l?ttitudes far north is known tp pats tfee winter months in ajlmost a continued lethargy or torpof, 'and it is usually ihougijt that during this slumbering cir- ' j;umstance of the bear'^Kfe, he takes no sustenance. ' hi Laplandi bears choose some covered and close situation beneath the snow, where during the long night of that legion, they sleep together in numbers. This gregarioua i^ .f 1^ LAMB'» MBMOIB. im •leepiog acquires great additional warmth, and fron tbfi state 6f the country, buried under mountains of snow» and embraced with thick clouds, this animal cannot, at all aveuts tor manv weeks, go out in qufst of food( and travellers agree in their accounts of the bear*s never lining \ig any winter-store of provisions. *< Thvre throngh the jiiiny foreM hair.a%sotf>t, ''^H ttoagh twant of these shades, the shapeless Mar With danglii^ ice all horrid, stalks forlorn ; Slow.pac'd, and sonrer as the storms increase. He makes his bed beneath th* inclement drift, And with stern patience, scorning weak complifiat. Hardens his heart against assailiag want. it niivi »> f: It is mentioned' by some that the bear is a good de^ jRibfiisted by licking his ovf n greasy pawa. The in^ufal philosqpher and physician give us to understand, tl^t .lion, which in other animals, that perspire profusely, require continued regular r^airs hy eating and driniling. Probably in the more northern countries this may 'be good deal the case. In Canada, it would seem fi*om u^ infor- Qiation oi the inhabitants, that the hear is spmeiiia^s ob- }iged to leave his retreat for feeding ; but with tlu excep- tion of such occasional excursions, which we have reason to presume are seldom taken, he continues his s/umbers until winter makes its exit. Bears, it is observab]'^ r crowd together during the sleeping months, 4oubt, to Canada's being more teralpM'ate than rtions pf the earth nearer the poles. They tell in Canada of r bear which had been kept chained an entire winter, with* out any thing to subsist on, and yet it not only sujrviyed, but did nqt look unusually lean at tl|^ expir^tipn ot we> seaspn. • ♦•". mm LAMfe'l MEIIOIR. Ill f In winter is Che time for hunting and taking the bear. He is awakened from hiH uomfortable bed, (where he eovtti himself in the hollowed part of tome tree,) and tuniMl out by settii^ fire to the trunk near the ground, whick burning and filling the cavitj^ with smoke, he is obliged t# come forth to the hunters, who seldom &il to kill him eitf such occasions. The rat of North America is in gi^neral valued fer iM skin, but the species or sorts of this small animal which the trader particularly looks for are the opossum, and muffc The female opussum is said by many to receive its youi^ ones into its belly at will, after bringing them forth. Tb^ real case however is, that nature provides the animal wiA a membrane-bag which covers its belly for the purpose of keeping its off>)pring safe from injury, until they arrive ak strength and age to make the necessary provisions for their own safety and subsistance. The integument okt kgag alliid/Qd to is furnished with an aperture or hole to admit or let out the young opossums, and the dam can expaml cur contract it at pleasure. In this little phenomenon df • the animal kingdom we have an instance of the Vise and merciful econopiy of Providence, which fits creatures iik jgeneral with means of preservation, suitable with Iheir condition, and the climates of which they are natives. In this secure con(inepnent, carrying her little ones from pursnit and harm, tfie opossum often dimb^ high treeft. ler singularity attaching to the opossum is this, vii. "apes from the mountain-cat, and other climbing ani- a of prey, to the extreooest points of the branches, from which It 8i;i^peni)s itself by means of its; tail, in Stich a laanncir jtliiat its pitrsiier cannot arrest It. The musk rat is greatly e int iCanhdia. The QQc^, ^^ rivensy cafoiiaftB). romntaiiit Mtd :if»rids in this Qpi^bm'il QoUotry of Ainerica«re.all«ft(inishing, andtheIl^• .fere.i^,i4ei9 of the.{ieople.peait ilways i» dia. The ids in this indtiieve'* dwiUi niMtheiti pendbut, lof winter Idians. VL LAMB i MEMOIR. 165 has many of the local peculiarities of countries far north, while it is happily furnished with the comforts of civilized life, those comforts and blessings of society from which the Siberian and Muscovite mre greatly debarred in their back settlements on the globe. '' But what is this ? Our infSant winter sinks, IMvett«d of bit grandeur, should our «ye8 Astonished, shoot into the frigid zone ; Where, for relentless months, continual night Jlolds ei'eT the glittering waste her starry reigo. There, through the prison <^ unbounded wilds, * Barr'd by the hand of nature from escape, Wide,.roams the Russian exile;. Nought around, Strikes his sad eye, but deserts lost in snow ; And heavy .loaded groyes ; and solid floods, That streteh, athwart the solitary vast, Their icy horrora to the f roaen mun ; And ehearlcss towns far distant, never bles8*d, Save when its aonoal course the caravan Bends to the gokLen coast of rich Cathay^ With aews of human kind."— — — • ' h X2 1- \ 16i LAMB*I HEMOIR. CHAP. IX. A Soldier expires in quarters hi/ excess of rage. Arm^emt harks at St. John's to cross Lake Champlain. Cat-Jish. Migrating Pigeons. Musquitoes. A Tribe of Indians join the Army. The Indian's manner of living and warfare. Scalping. Tomahawk. Lake George. Ame- rican Snake. Farmer Hector St. ^ohn^s description of it. Account of Battles and Skirmishes previous to the Surrender at Saratoga'^ General Observations^ Sfc, DURING our stay in Canada the aniiy had sufficient time for providing to meet the enemy, and although in thus preparing the troops were much occupied in acquiring whatever efficiency training and exercise could produce, yet comparatively with actual engagements "such a season -^as a time of inactivity. In cantonments the greatest rare of the commander is wanted to keep regiments weil regulated and in order, as numl)crs of the soldiery will take occasion to indulge in disorderly habits, and so be? come worse in all respects. Means should be used there? fore to keep the men regularly and usefully employed, so as to inspire them, as niuch as can be, with good impres-^ sions of duty and ev-n moral propriety. It may be thought, that to attempt mental reformation among an army would be vain, but something in this way might be fiffected, and even salutary amendments produced whick night excite surprise. At all events strict p^cautionary measures should never be ron^itted, as from the remissness ©f command and lax discipline, accidents of misbehaviour, riot, and outfiige cannot fail to happen. A case in somQ r-x ■ ,..<) LAMB^S MEMOIR. IGS Armtfem: . Cat-Jish. of Indians ^ living and yrge. Ante- '.icription of vious to the «5, SfC. ad sufficient although in in acquiring lid produce, :h a season Ithe greatest jiments well soldiery will I, andsobe-f used there-f imployed, so rood imprcs- It may be |n among an ay might be iduced whick (ipecautionary e remissness isbehaviour, ;ase in soma Tjray iUustrative of this argument occurred while we were cantoned in Canada. A soldier^ notorious for wickedness and boisterous temper, quarrelling with one of the men, and, no doubt, knowing he could not with impunity gra< tify his rage, expired in excess of anger. Her was remarkable for blasphemous swearing and the worst con« duct, and his awful manner <^ dying made a solemn im- pression on the minds of the soldiers, lyhen they considered )iis profane life and sudden ^Icc^ase.* ^ ^^w*^rf*.r»r^nr^f* f* A case similar wit)> (})e aboye mentioned is told of J. S. private in tLs 15th light dragoons, who had co:;trapt«ed such a habit of odious cursing, th&t he was generally called Jfor/af /acAr. In this respect his conduct became proverbial, *' You are as bad as Mortal Jack,*' was a common remark. On April the 24tl}, 1794, at Cambray, while asleep in hii^tont, he dis>> turbed his fellow soldiers by making an nnusual and disnud noise. On being with dilSiculty awaked, he said, *'I have been dreaming I was reaping corn w|th my father, in a fiel4 where I once beat him, bepause he would not supply me with money ; and 1 thought that a number of venoinons creatures fixed upon me, and that a large one flying over the corn, ^k. . me by the throat. My father seeing the danger I was in, strovo to drive them away. I imagined that the earth shook, trembled and opened ; and that the venomous creature which seized mv, dragged me into an opening chasm, or pit, when the earth ira. mediately closed upon me ; and (hit day, I believe I shall be in hell!" He just related this strange dream, with which hit companions were diyerting themselves, saying, *' the devil is coming for mortalJack,*^ when the trumpet sounded for action. Instantly they roie, 3addled, mounted, and were ordered to form two deep, advjftnce and charge the enemy's infantry; which fired upon them a^ they adyanced. This was about four iq tlie morning. S. had been in various engagements, and it seems, )iad always behaved in, a courageous and soldier.like manner : )l)ut n^w appar^iftlyi his courage, for tl)^ first time^ fof soqk Mm. - ;? \ m lamb's MitUOXJI. Having wintered and remained in Canade until June^ our army proceeded toward fthe enemy for the purpose of hostile operations. We embarked at St. John^s in order to cross Lake Champlain, whieh is so extensive tn^ width that one cannot with the naked eye discern the (^posite shore. It is pleasantly Interspersed with wooded island^^ and abounds with various kinds of fish, of w%ich the cat* fish is one of the most singfular iti shape, being about eighteen inches long, and of a dark brown eolour. It is unfurnished with scales, but provided on its head, which resembles that of a cat, with protuberances of about two inches each, like the horns of a snail. These it can lift or ^»r»»*»*n****»*—» His soul being appalled by his dream, he had scarce strength jto draw his sword ; which when ^TV^, tisiMy shook in hii hand. His Serjeant observing hii pertwrbatiott, and either not- knowing, or not adrerting to the catise, thought him afraid of danger ; and threatened to accuse, and have him tried for ^l^owardtce. While he was advancing, covered by his frdt^t Inaii, a ball struck him in the body, and he fell from his horse^ Those of hfs eoropanioQs who were acquainted with his late awful dream, supposed that his fall was occasioned by fear ; but, at the close of the engagement, he was found dead from s m«sket.ball. There being a previous agreement betweeti him^ fetf and his comrade, that if either of them should fall, the iur, vivor should inform the friends of the deceased $ therefore hit somrade wrote to his father, informing him of his son's death, On the return of tiie 15th to England, S'.*s father seat a me8Sl^^, requesting that the comrade would call apou hliii, and ghrehih^ farther particulars respecting his unhappy SOU, A^«rdi<^ly h« went, and found him coiiin<^, by age, to his bed. ''Are you (said he) the yo«iag man who iiAform^d me of my son's dSeath?" "I am,'' replied the tomradft, ^'Abj" rejoined the old man, with tears, ^^he caused the deatl^of lusaiMher because she wonld not supply his ettnLvagance, he threw her down stairs, w^en she received a hurt from wh}c|i she itet^ ^r^ :XAMB^1 IIBM^IJI. 167 pose of n order , width fpponte i^ndS) tile eat* ^ about r. Iti« J, which jout two Ml lift or strength 0k in his eithprttdt i afraid cff tried for his frblit his horse, ithhi«late by fear ; id from » e'en hii«» il, Ac lur, srdfore his in's death, |a message, td gW^hiiii !Wdi what is related oC the eleetrnB eel of South America, and proves to us that the electric fluid is found to prevail in the animate a* wellas inanimate creation. The homsr of' the cat-fish ure the electric con- ductors, and from the power of the shock rec^ved-from them, it is plain they must be greatly charged with the electric fire dr principle. The flesh of tius ■ fi^ is fat and luscious, very like that of our common eel. ^ Its fins are bony and strong tike those of a perch/ ' While we passed Lake Champlainj it happened to be the season whi^it wild pigeons migrate in flocks over th« lakes tjo Canada, and iour meeting wtt)i these airy voyagers afforded us much amusement. The most of them wet* decoraited with b^aiitiful plumage, and Iheir flight mjifl recor«rcd. He was 4 viili^ lad^ I gave %. premium with him t« a shoe.taalc^«r. Hit miscooduct to bis master got him into ,pri-i «on. I interfered and rproo^red hi^;rq)^fij9e. S? then wifl^ed to change his businesiu | ^hd him fH^li^w, master and another trade, and ga?e a s^dnd premiviR with him. Abqut siji weeks after, he had A'phild laid upon \im*j I. settl^ th^e business by &Dding security ; wad 90 the foUowing Snnday, while I was at Cliurch, he got into my ip9e^,. broke open my bpx, and took out of it ten pounds,, T;hich|l^d provided for my rent. Through the^e misfortunes I w^s in.;arrears with myjandlord, who took my eticc^s j^ .this 0|b|iged me to apply to the parish which allows me three shilliDgSfi week, and I npw lire with my daughter." '■ \ i i ' t I t I- ..% !.•: 168 L^IMB'S UEMOIR. 4- be from fUr, us several of them were mach wearied, with diHicultj gaining the trees to rest on, and dropping even in the water. Oh thetc occasions 4ilie soldien*, as tlie vessels •ailed along the islands, struck them down, and picked tliem up OH thqy Mh During tfai^ migration of the ■|Hgeons the Canadians take much pleasure in; shooting them, which 'they do after a sin^lar manner. Thejr erect ladders firom the ground to the topaofthe pines,^on which the pigeons roost by night in quantities. Coming softly to the trees they fire up in tliedircction of the ladder so fixed, and succeed in taking down the pigeons in numbers, when striking a light thcjf collect the killed and wounded birds around th^ place. This time, of flight lasts about three weeks^ and affords the poorer Canadians the means of subsistence upon wild pigeons until the' season is over. In passing the lakes we frequently encamped, and at each' encampment M'cre obliged to cl^^r off |he under- wood, and cut away the small trees from about us. Ob Bucli occasions we were constantly! assailed by venemout iwarm» of rausquitoes, tSiat eould>not be kept firom attack: ing us but by the smoke and flameof large fires, which we always were obliged to kindle for banishing this noxious vermin. The musquitoe is the swarming pest of summer Inl the woods and most disti'icts of North America, and the constant assailant of the air in the tropical and warm climates of the world, where the tiny insect acquires sudi Vexing annoyance th4t the fine perfumes and blooraingf abundance of luxuriant regions are lost from enjoyhient by man, who cannot be eomfi^ndatedi for that peace and tomfort which the absence of angry and odious vermin causes to the people of colder and less delightful countries. It would seem that local advantage is accompanied by at" tendant disadvantage, and likewise local defect by supplies j of satisfaction and safety, in all the earth. One of our encampments happened at a river upon tliej jLake Champlain, which has been rendered remarkable f. 'I ■ V I LAMBS MEMOIR. 1 J60 >d, with ig even B vessel* I picked of the gtiooting [ley erect on which p softly to so fixed, numbers, wounded tsts about the means is over. >d, and at :he under- j^t U8. On I vcnemoufi om attack: , which we is noxious of summer lerica, and and warm fjiiires such I blooming ijnjoyineRt peace and ms yermin countries, lied by at* >y supplier I tr upon Iremc by Ift^an conferences at different tknes. It, is; ealltfd the river Bouquet, from Colonel Bouquet aJ^^ench officer, who commanded an expedition against aotlie of the Indian nations, and heve held a parley with themuin the waj' of pacificafJorif tvhea Canada was a Fnnitii'tbloity. OeiienQ. Burgoyne also treated with tho Indlans<^n-t)lpe sanie gvounli This aeoomplisUed ' Gommander hats' siiflered iidB^'d docnment calcolated to (K> hitn' justice, in illustirMihgi tkitf honour and humanity of his mottrdii (806 J6nrntdidf>(ho Ameitchn'War^ pft^ 186i)'' ' " -* vH^.t.ina-i .-.Ji! ')>n'>iq Imn The iCoh^reikce bei^g «(Midiid^d, (Mi^iViktiikif^f^B ordered that tUd Indians should be regated byili^u^^Uitd other refreshmbnits. ' After th^ v^^re so entertainbd > ^ihcy proceeded to perform a wdr daAe^, which may be cattedili repres^ftfation consisting df M^bdmme tfiid ' PafltomfanMtt the IhMtM fashion^ I'he recretttiditt -tiitit * ditte^iimiAtsr^f the ' Imliaiiiiiarier > ethe«xcitom0iit!Of hidlkdeUi^ 8piriti'> ^liitirn- he coneent^9:efevy'ifhifag)exbellc|Blj' ifldy with 'thfllfssdeif^ tion of {Minting^ he puvsAicii iit!«kclublv«);^Uii Aton ief glol^y «|nd ailflti thcf 'pttrk(t>Slf '4«)ptbvjafe$ldiii^ of safety: iintthi9«d«tt he Utim^»MA}mi»iir4fXi^>p«f' paratilonskbir^iiy^ifi9>fifitibt^mi^ himself scttur^ibomthfi inUasidns^iabd^ e.tt^^^Sag«^^«f >!hi<((baiik* barous fifigiiboira ifarHther dfiOpiinem^.VfWtuinoiftf^'dlkt^' fore^ lihe: indiin' indnlg^ jn i 'inMius^iMMita^ itt^ir ^diiiermiiMs beeome'SpecMicles and shows 'df wathand^ t>0kibdvwitli(|^4)fll'- jikiwft^ihia^Vllaf^l* tAifr horUM j^ttfW^, th«t (oftitbe beau in civilized society, iaittt 8t6p fHita fino geBll«n»an, and to iietonish ,4he crowd, and please liis company is no doubt, thoecific of d«Qoniio nnd distinction with the (hshianabfed of ,(^hristend6m and Oftl^CatabawB and Cretk^and Cherokeesl vt:.3%^ Indian^s mode of parrying on hostilities consists fer tlU» most part; in A<^7Awom ambus€)B4Q«> end arduous stra? tagenks, in whiohf whenithey aroiOKertakenr astonishing -eonnigetand forli^Mde we displi^ed^y ihe:combatMiM(,<:«o niMelt 9o« that th0 H^kiifWB of civilincAatate^ have mi conr «eption of 9uch Ittinwdotts enterpi!ise8,.;and>ii(tnB| dcifi«n«e ofdevdhin the most desperate and- shoeking ahapest,. in nn inJbitiAte opunlry /like North Jbaerimi they beiiiamee i l fl d jnW e ally tp4h» J8<»yel cause, being .pe9idiitriy.skilkM( jjAeupfnepsing wid'iiftercopiUng an enMij^ in Jlis most di» j||iii8edimpveQieatsand'OperelioR«i ^in ti^injg;'4rt tiii{H%' In croHHing the lakes the Indians in their canoe*, con-* tainiiig trpm twenty to thirty men each, headed our troops aa they sailed in brig'ude. One brigade repfularly followed the other, proceeding from about seventeen to twenty miles »dtty. Tiie order of pro^resn was so regulated that the next folL>n ing hriw<^ade 4jccr>pied at night the eneampment whit-ii t'ue immedialtely proceding one left in. the morning. liiiH' the Indians, the advanced corps sailed in regular Inft'tiMChlhe Royal George and Inflexible war ships com-* ing; ■ iet'tbr, totving large booms, which were used to bo thrown across two points of land. Then came the brig9 zuyl sloops, and after tbiam the first brigade, having the [Hnnaccs of Generals Burgoyne, Philips, and Reidesel^ in rearoftheni. Next followed the second brigade, and last the German brigade, whose rear was hronght up by the mitiers and folbwers of thownay, ' Although the waters of the Champlain are fire^ueittly- lAuch agitated) our array in passing finind it serene andi tranquil. At one time it afforded a delightful appearance: Undisturbed by a breeze its clear, chrystal svu'tape became like an indefinitively extended mij«ror, reflecting the hea* v^BS, and green umlvage of the trees which bordered the islands of the. lake^ while at the same time the entire avmyi moved majtoticaUy along iu p^fect order. It looked like^ some stiipoQdoup fairy. scene of a dream, which ^ waking faacy can scarcely conceive. Picture to yourself a sheet of fine water, where the horizon . interpo^od between ^i farther shore, with an army of men embarked upcHi U^; istattdn covered with, tall trees,, and.the Si^y calm aad^miU ing. One would be tempted to foi^t that the ^ment oa. whidi he sailed was often subject to storms and shipwrecftv^ and. that while its aspect was so invittrig -it became a>swi£lv medium tooanry/him tofidds of carnage and desdartion' yet sticl^ w«% in reality the case. Laket dhaoifilwti i»: v> 7 ^» LA«tB*f MBMOm. 175 led from B8, con* r troops followed [itT miles that the Mipment morning. I regukur kips com* )d ta be Jm brigs iving the ddesel) ia, , and last ip by the reijuently ^reiBc and pearaooes « became the hea« lered the tire armjF; oked like^ e waking a sheel :weeiit)i9t upoi% i^i jafikdiflftU-* meat oAi ipwffidiV a swift ihnch exposed to galea which blow in squalk fWfm the high mountainous lands on the north. On^. of these sqnaUs took our army in sailing, but without any damage, except to a small brig which was laid on her side, and saved hy cutting away her masts. Dvariag the gdle of wind we en* countered, it was feared the Indians must have peirid«d»' but, contrary to oar apprehensions, their canoes rode thi» stormt without injury. k]ni\h jii ■A^'nt, " >yi*¥k On the^h June, 1777, we assembled at Crowii Po}nt|r' within sight of the enemy, whdse watch*boat» were seem rowing aboutj but beyond the reach of our guns. Ill ^ few days we commenced operations, against Ticondflrogal^ An ample aeeount of hostile opeirationiB here being giveott^ in the author's Journal of the American W^^' he shidl confine himseif'to a few particulars at pi^esent; ' t-.^v. W '^ After the enemy retreated we maitehod down' to ti# works, and were obliged to halt at the bridgia of commu- nication which had^ been brc^en 'down. In passing tlud bridge and possessing ourselves ofthb work? we- found four men lying intoxicated with drinking, who had been left fDfire the gAns of a krge battery ow our a|>proaoh. Hidl ii^meit obeyed the commands tfiey' teoei^nedj wo nltist ^ave* suffered greet Mfjury, but they* Were* allufdd bytho^ dpportuhity of a cask of Madeifti to r even being seen. majr be thought to be estranged ^oni the soldier's bosom, fperhapfi nobody die- rishes benevolence and oitv more thaii< hodoes. He (looks around him, and sees with deep ailiction his companions and friends, some dead, and some agonized witlv nEkortal wounds; and in short, that manifold scene of suddien (daughter which Mars leaves befaiad him. Such terrible scenes cannot but harrow the recesses of the heart, 'and should victory favour the forces among • whom he tanks^ even common humanity will make him suffer son^Owful pangs for the destruction and agony of thf^ Irttive ene- mies overthrown. :■! l.',-l-..vi ^ ./.I* ;Jf1i; ■!. .:■ H'.) m - ■ It is indeed trudV tttnlizin^ to^^'ekirttei^ 4%l« heiif-tbr^ttli^ escapes which many are blessed with in batde, wWle'sortie are terribly taken off in the first onset with the eA&my. This is usually caYled the fortune of war, but suriBly a mer* cifiil and wise Providence holds the tretnbling scales of hostility, and hides numbers under the celestial wing, whil< thousands fall beside one. This idea niay not, it is true, find a cop-entinj, echo in every breast, but a reflecting mind in the^ liay of batde canaoi fail to entertain it in tom0 "^W LAMB S UBUOin. 177 eteraitf :eident, which 11 cause fe battle iginates ence, w theen- mponurj oBBtitut- i merely iiaiatanc6 ecide the thousand [idaUthe ;ht to be 30^y che- He (looks ^mpanions Uv nkCNrtal ^f sudden 5h terrible krt, fartd he tftnkfl^ sorfowfttl debtee. And after all, in consultiifg tho rccbrds of Holy writ, %ve will be fortified in the thought ' by a variety of consoling sentences, and promises expressive of the divind * protection to some of us, while the same scriptural docu- ments inspire us with sacred confidence and hope, that every thin^, at all events on such great trials and occa- sions, operate in eternal wisdom and universal good; Death itself, in all its drcadedterrors, maV thus come with a good purpose from the pavilion of Omnipotence, even to the individual who fUlls before us. However, the way in which the arm of the Almighty acti^ in hostile conflicts, is enough to penetrate us with gratituJe and awe. In the tight of Ticonderoga, Lord' Balcarres, who commanded the light iniuntiy, had his coat and trowscrs pierced with about thirty balls, and escaped with a ^ght wound, while \i ibrs ,jane battle, Lieut. Haggit, in the opening attack, received a mortd wound in both eyes by a ball, and Lieut. DougilasB of the 39th, while some of the men were taking Mm wounded from the field, was killed widi a ball, which took him in the heart. ; After the capture of Ticond'sroga, the main body of th^ army advanced to Skenesborough ^ and having stopped there three week»> to receive supplies of: provisions from Caiiadi, proceeded to Fort Edward, where it was appre- hended the enemy would make a stand, and give battle. However, as the royal army advanced, they precipitately abandoned tlie place, in which our troops made an encamp- ment.' Here anelher party of Indians jioined us, some of whom a few days after skirmished with a scoating party of Amerioans, who b«took tiiemseives to flight and crossed the river in battenux. But the Indians vrere before hand with them in gaining the shore, and took them prisoners. In tliis little attair the Indians gave an unusual instance of humanity. A brave American being lakMy wounded in the Indian ^irmish, and disabled from waShing, was carried by them nearly three miles, and ti^eated witi> great Z 178 LAMB S MEMOIR. attoAtion. It ivas suspected that the! Indians^ in order t« ingratiate themselves with GeneridBurgoyne, had recourse tosiich kind conduct.l** On approaching our camp on tbi» occasion^ the Indians raised their wnial savage yellj called the war wh 'op, and their treatment ot' the prisoners they brought, was peculiarly gratifying to the olHcera and men ' -, , of our army. They took the wounded Americ|in befiare mentioned, to General Fn^p, who interrogated liini. Bui such was his intrepid spirit that he deelined-answering any questions which were (Hit to obtain informatioii of the designs and ojierations of the Araerieafl forces. Th^cou« ' rage of this individual was truly astonishing^ Beihg ob* ligcd to undergo- the amputation of a Umb, in cdfi'sdquefhtc of his wound, it was attempted to persaade hin^. to discover :^6me of t)ie enemy's plans^ and bcin^^ t(^d that unless he -^j ='i^*ppt himself entiridy quiet he would suffer a lock^j^w, M i^ith the greatest ' 'composure^ hd ' cardlessly aiiswfved, that it mattered not, dSs he died in a gobd cai^e^ ass^ing independence fop the ceJonies !'" ^ tf ';rW! ^ -^ t/tin v m'I It was at this time and place that the lamented Mi^si M'Crea met her uritintely ahd unfortunate fate, by irie^ns of the Indiabfia^ wy fron^ that time, took occasion* to de- sert until our army was abandoned by diem:t: .' o'vuH The soldier's labour began at ^his 'period to become sQvcre in an extraordinary measure, ki marching through a difficult country, he was obliged to beotr aiburden which none except the old Roman veta>an ever bore. He cknied a knapsack, blanket, haTersrick containifig four dliy's pro* 'ivisions, a canteen: for water, and a pcojpCHrtibn of his tent ifumiturey which)- superadded to hii accoutrements^ armt Jand sixty rounds of- ammunition, made a great load and i I ..iW'<> .a: ojfT;?:Jrn? ji.ioi t>i*4»*t*»^^f 1 f * General Hurgoync, hi submittitig hi» case before parlia. fSfnt, ad^^rted to this behaviour of the Indians. fs . '.^ ^^^ ^ojinifd of Occur ::es «f the American War^ page 143»| 4 "W^ LAMBS MEMOIR. 179 nrdcr t* recourse } on thi» Uj catled liers they md men ^n before ted kini. .nsTirering oii of the 'Eh€ c»u- leitig ob- fi'sdqueijitc o discover 'UitlesB he lock^^iiW, aii8W«*edj . asa^ing :;ri.;v.v ':'• ' by riieans iionito dc- to become ng through •den which auy's pro- of his tent ienti> arms! It load and! jfore parliiu [ar,pagel45>| largte lu^ga^e, weighing about sixty pounds. The Ger^ man grenadiers, from their cumbrous armour, long clothing and big canteen, holding about a gallon, were much worse circumstanced than our men for the wearisome marches wo made. .hich they consider fashionable, viz. turning the feet inmird, so as to make the toes of each foot meet the other. When her infant sleeps, the Mohawk squaw lajs the board on the j^ound, 6r ban^s it on the bough of a tree, which she agitates to rock her little one to rest. In marchiag^ she binds the board that confines her infant on her back. During their remaining with us they were sent ou on scouting .parties ; a purpose, for which they were exceed- ingly well fitted, fw>m their own hostile habits, and their acquaintance with the country. On such excursions they frequently took prisoners, and in returning to campaUvays yelled or sounded the war-whoop as many times as they reckoned i\\e heads of their prisoners. This vociferation of the savage is a wildly modulated call, or stroiuous effort and echo of the voice. It is lifted to the highest pitch of utterance, and managed, as it were by note, to prolong its tones. The barbarian produces this powor of intonation by means of his hand before his mouth. The word itself, (viz. M lioop) is a sensible name, immediately taken from •he sound ex- Itpd. ' \ The Indian's token of couqiipst and triump'i, is the scalp or skin scared and scoopetl from the liead of his fallen foe. His manner of taking this sr.ni^uinarv tropliy is this, viz. He twists one hand in tlio hair, jaid pulls forcibly from the crown, bv which means the skin is somewhat lifted from the skull. Ht:- then f .corintes as much as covers the top of the head with his scalpin:; knif^ which he has always by him. Shmild the hair of the human victim be short, it is i^aid that *do Indian is ufled to lift the skin from the bone with his teeth, preparatory to the excoriatiun of it. HLs scajps he proserve« as menicrinls of heroism. In order to save them from wasting by |)Utr6&ction, he spread* and (;RVf'8 them upon a hoojj vviik' ligno^ftts of bapk or 4^^* LAMB 8 MEMOIB. i Ixnibs. tng per- consider nake Ike t sleeps, wbaBgs rock her oard that (it ou on e excced- and their ions they np always s as they [Kiiferation aoiis effort st pitch of trolong its intonatioa ord itself, iken from sinews, painting Ui^m red for the sake of t^w. NunMbCffl of M>ese hoops were suspended on poles at the doors of their wigwams or huts, whilo they continued in bur encamp* rocnts. One of our officers being attlratcted hj aemlog m scalp with iae long hair, offered tho Indian wko owned it a bottle of ram in exchange for it. But although ferf desirous of being served witb spirituous liquors, he omdd not think of parting with the reeking testimonial of hJ9ln<- human prowess. He appeared offend^ at the offiocar'k asking it. It is shocking to sec the deceased soldieir scalped ; but to behold one of the wounded so fcrociowd^ disfigured, is dreadful. At\cr the battle of Ticondcrog^ we found two unfortunate men that lost their scalps, amo'n^ the wounded, and were pronounced rccoTcrablc. Sttdk cases sometimes occur; but the hair never ^rows again tth the crown of the head. The tomahawk is among the principal weapdns ^ed% Indians. It is merely a small hatchet, which the sttvAgh flings from his hand with such an unerring aim, that hfe seldom fails to take down with it the enemy flying befiaifr him. The barbarian is very curious in this instrement 4Sf war, liavii^ in most cases a cup or pipe fok* his tobacco affixed to it. When he buys it from the trader, he usuafljr takes off the wooden handle ; and puts instead thereof a hollowed cane, which serves for a double use, viz. to hold when lie throws it, md smoke tobacco through it as a tube. < ' During our continuance at Fort Miller, the writer of this memoir was selected by his officers to return aloi»e to Ticonderoga, for the porposa of taking back some of oter baggage which had beeii left there. Going unaccompanied on such a solitary covte was dreary and dangerous ; biit yet the selection of one from numbers, seemed to render the man chosen on the occasion, a depositary of peculiar confidence. He therefo^re undertook t^ie duty imposed, nbt only without repining, but with alacrity. A small detach- ^^fi m{\ MS LAMB^S MEMOIR. ;3 ment if tent, could not pass unnoticed or safe bj sucfia route through the woods, a distance of twenty ntiles ;, and a sufficient force could not be spared on-th^ occasion. The lending cf a single soldier appeared therefoire the most adviseable plan ; and it was ordered by General Burgoyne, that he should, after aniving at Ticonderoga, follow the'rojal aitnj with the baggage, escmted by the recruits, and as many of the convalescents remainingat that' post as could march with it Pursuant to this arrangement, he prepared himself, taking twentj rounds of ball cartridge, and some provisions. About noon he set out, and at four in the afternoon reached our former encampment. Fort Edward, where he stopped a \7hil0 to refresh. fVora thence he proceeded with as much expedition 'as he eould make to Fort Henry, on Lake George. About eleven o'clock at night, becoming very weaiy^ he laid him down to-fileep a UtUe in a thick part of a wood. Although the day was hot, Ahe night dews soon awakened him, shivering with cold ; having rested but about two hours, and then resuming ht^ inarch for four or five miles, he saw a light on his left, and idirected his coiurse toward it. Having gained the place, tlie was saluted by a man at the door of his house, who informed him that a soldier's wife had been just taken in from the woods, where she was found by one of his family, .in the pains of child-birth. Being adititted into this hos- pitable dwelling, the owner of which wasofae of the Society of Friends, or people called Quakers, he recognized the 5. wife of a serjeant of, his own company. The woman was delivered of a fine giri soon after; and having reqoested her friendly host to allow her to dtofi' until his return from Ticonderoga, at which time he would be able to take her to the army in one of the waggons, he set out on his lonely route again. Previous to his leaving her, she • informed him that she had determined to brave the dan- ;gers of the woods, in order to come up with heriiusband; that she crossed Lake George, and was seized with the [lick rish kinr wor «ty, he I She milii mine whic AtP acrof Li and beaui and two I but a few c prodi some also h by tlu to pre Th< of wh 47th ^ the pu ishmdi rattle- to lane having climbe portun howevi ttaioin I» LAMB'i U£M0IB. 18S sack A a ; and n. The B most pgoyne, he royal and as 18 could irepared nd some r in the Edward, lence he make to I'clock at o^leep a was hot, ^itK cold ; iraing hi* I left, and aickneis of laboiir in the forest, where she must have pc« rished, had she not been providentially discovered by ihM kind-hearted people under whose re ^f she th^i was. It it worthy of remark, that the author, not long since in this city, with great pleasure, saw the female, who was bom as he before' related, in the wilderness, near Lake Gewge. She had been married to a man serving in the band of a militia regiment, and the meeting with her, revived in hi* mind lively emotions of distressful and difficiUt scenes, which {Uthough long passed, can never be forgotten by him. At Fdrt George he was provided with a boat to take him across the Lake to Ticonderdga. . • ' Lake George is situate southwest of Lake Cliamplain, and its bed lies about 100 feet higher. Its waters are beautifully clear, composing a sheet thirty-six miles long*, and from one to seven wide. It embosoms more than two hundred iskirids, aflTording nothing for the most part but a ground *of barren rocks covered with heath, and a few cedar and spruce' trees. 3n each sidei it is skirted by prodigious mountains. The lake abounds with fish, and some of the best kind, such as the black or oswego bai^ also lai^e speckled trouts. It was called Lake Sacrament by the Canadians, who in former times, were at the pains to procure its water for sacramental uses in their churches^ There are two islands nearly in the centre of it ; in one of which, called Diamond Island, two companies of the 47th were stationed^ commanded by Captain Aubrey, for the purpose of forwarding provisions over the lakes. These islands were anterior to this time, said to swarm with rattle-snakes ; so much so, that people would not venture to land in them. A batteaux in sailing near Diamond island^ having upset; the people in it gained the shore, but climbed trees for fear of the snakes, until they got an op- portunity of a vessel passing to leave it. Some hogs however, which had been carried in the upset boat re- aaioin^ on the is)a«d to which Ihey swatt, were somotiKt LAMli K Ml^MUin. to hi iArrward iiilloived by tiie o^vners, who; to reeorcr tiaoin, veiiturod iislioro. TItcy (bund tiw iiwinc exceedingly • lilt, iind) to their Hurpriifie, met but very foiv of the rattle* ituditfH wiiich bi'tbro bad been ho plenty. A hog being killfid on tlio fipot, made a good meal tor the people. It wat diHi^overcd by itn Htoniacli thai the ling tkl upon the futllo-HuakeH, and had nearly cleared the iidand of Huch noxious tenantry. The wild hog la llic uuodH) and (he Indian himnelf are known t(» (bed on Mnukes us u delicacy. The warmth of the Houthern utateti) however iu more thvourablo to the breeding oi' the Herpent tribes. There the American crocodile or ttUegutor in ft)und, and every sort oC Herfient (rom the vcorpioii to the Pine liarrai^ which \a tiaid to oxcecd all others in nise. There are but two 8er|)enta whose bites or itinga prove mortal, vix. the pilot or copper-head, and the rttttlu-HiraUe. For the bite and venom of the former, it ix •aid that no remedy or cuit' is yet discovrredi It is called pilot (rom it» being th<' Hrxt in coming from its state o( toriiLdity in the spring, and its name of copper-kead is taken from the copper-coluiired 8potB of its head. The black Biuike ia a good deal innocuous, and is remarkable only fur itH agility^ bounty, and its art or instinct of enticing birda or insects to appitiach it. 1 have heard only of one pensim who was stung by a copper-head. lie quickly swelled in a mosl dreadful manner ; a multitude of spots of difibreht hues on difteix;nt parts of his body, iilt hissed through his teeth with iuoonccivablo strength, and became an object of tciTor to ii}l bye-standers. To t)ie lividness of a corpse, he imitcdi tlie desperate force of It maniac : tlu^y hardly wove able to keep him fust, so as to 4j»unrd themselves from his attains; when in the space of two hours, death ivlicvcd the four individual from his hAUh't MEMOm^ ISO recover cedingly 10 rattle* >g being Dplo. It j(Hm tlie 1 uf Huch iiMclf are rurintU of io to the crocodile i from the exceed uU }e bites or d, und the [•uier, it i« it i» ciiUed IB Htateol id is tuken LMio black uiblo only if enticing nly of out' c quickly of Scioto dtasmtely vitb Jiaxt^' V the mo8t he (uiakcs strength, idcrs. To te force of it, so as to ic space of from his flfniggleii,* and the Rpoctatora fVom their apprehensioni. The venom of the rattlo-snako does not operate so soon, and hence there Ih more time to procure medical relief. There are several antidotes with which almost every fti* mily is provided againHt the poison of it. It is very inac^ five, and unless pursu(^d and vexed, p^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^ •s^ \ \\ fv <\^* # /*^o \ .4^ f^m ■','i"V'! #x IiAHB S MEMO.III. "! At.nlghCtlieiariner puUed <^ his boc^s artd wcfntto bed, and was soon after seized ivith a, strange sic^uiess at bis ^mach. He sivelled; and before a physician could b^ procured he died. A few days after his decease hisr^v put on the same boots, and went to the meadow to yfOf^ At>iight he pulled then^ off, ^vent to bed», and experienco4 Biroil^r sufferings of sitkness as tool^ off his fath^, f^iid deceased in the sam^ manner. A little before he expired, atdoctcMT bahie, but not being able to assign » what co«|ld b^ thef their sockets by the strength with which the snake had draw^ Mck his beadi The fali^dders. .whic^ oontained thff pois<«,.aiid seveml^of the «raall nerves were, still firesh, and adhered to the boot The unfortunate fa-^ thor and son had both been poisoned by .w^utilig* thei^. boots, in which action .they imperceptibly scratched the^i leg^ with the points of the fangs, throu^ the h(^ow of which, some of the astonishing venom was conveyed. ;.Yott.> have! no . donbt heard of their raltle, if you have not s^n^ them^i the only observation I wish to make is,«. that the. rattling is loud and distinct when they are angry ; and on, the contrary, when pleased, it sounds like b disttint con- fused xustling, in which nothing 4i8tinct is heard. In the pepulout' sdltl^monts, they are now .beixime very scarce ; fori.iihcl»ver they. are- met with, ope& war is declared- •lamb's HFiroiA. m A, to bed, »8 at bis :oul4 b^ ibiSfSiOV to yfoA» lerienced be»r, B^A e expired, opl^db^ iced bpib, ne weekft benefit oi. put them., jther two- si tbe for? n ejn'ment , dreadful nes .which. 8o fatcdy A the two. !r being ith which ixs, which. Tves were, Lunate fa'*; |iDg« the?e. ;hed theivi IhoUow ofi red. .You ' not 8^n' that tho ; and odl. itant con- '. In the f scarce; dedated against thierm ; so'thatiii a few years there wiH ib^tione left but' in our mountauns. ' The blaek snahe^ on the con-i trary, always diverts mi^,bedaitse it «xcit^ no idea otf daifgor^' l^^hdr swiftness is astonishing^, they wiH SOriidit timi^ equal that Of a horde ; at oth^ tim^s they will oHmb^ up irees in Sb^rch of our troie toads ; or glide on the ground at fnl^lMigthi On sonie oecasionelthey present thems^lvfes half in the roptile state, half er^^i^, their 6yes and their heads in the €frcct posta¥ej appear t6 great advantage ; the former display a fire which I have admired, and it is liyr these the^' ' are enabled to fkscinate birds and sqmrrehii* When they havB fia^edt tlmir eyes on an animal, thoy bo^^^ come immoveable ; only turning thoir head sometimes to tho right, ^nd sonjetimes to the left^ but still with thenc? sight inVariafaly directed to the objieet. The distrs^d^ victirrP,''^te6d Of flying its enemy, seemg to be arrested by '^onid invincible power; it screams, approaches, and then l^e«S^i^% sitting solitary ^ my at-' Mention was engaged by a strange sort of rustling noise at some distance. I looked all around, atid to my astonish-' meht beheld two snakes of considerable length, the one put^inj^ the other with great celerity through a hemp- stubble-fibld. The aggressor was of the black kind, six feet long^ the fugitive was a water-snake, nearly of equal dimensions. They soon met, and in the fury of their first encounter, tljiey appeared in an instant firmly twisted toge- ther, and whilst their united tails beat the ground, they mutually tried with open jaws to lacerate each other. What a fell aspect did they present! their. heads were compressed to a very small size, their eyes flashed fire ; and after this conflict had lasted about five minutes, the one found means to disengage itself ftx)m the other, and hurried 2 A 2 -r|i ff m .ftAMB S MOteill. toward the ditch. Its antagoniet instantly assumed a new postuFe, and half erect, with a majestic mien, overtook and attacked the other again, which placed itself in the like attitpde, and prepared to resist. The scene was un- common and beautiful, for thus opposed they fought with, their Jaws, biting each other with the utmost rage. But notwitjistanding this appearance of mutual courage and fiiry, the water-snake still seemed desirous of retreating toward the ditch, its natural element. This was no sooner perceived by the keen- and ready to start out, of their heads. At one time, the conflict seemed decided, the water-snake bent itself into two great folds, and by that operation rendered the other more than conxnonly outstretched ; the next minute the ^^^■r-^^*^ «»#V *S^ * Mr. Hector St. John Uiforms us that in his luxuriantgroand, meerly for shelter, he sewed grains of hempseed, which grew up to the height of fifteen fe«t, and tliat he climbed four feet oil one of the branching stalks without breaking it. An Eutopeaa must wonder at if not discredit the truth of such a fact from inex. prricnce of tKc great and rapid growth of plants and vegetables of all kinds in Amt-rics and the West Indies. .«.Allfi't M&MOfX. 189 new struggles of the black one puned an uhexpeclf d siipe*' rioritj, it acquired two great folds likewise, which aeces- sarily extended the body of its adrersarj iu fMropottioa as it had contracted its own. These efibrts . were aHernalx^ nkkory seemed doubtlid, indtning sosoetiRies to the oiM sidei and sometimes to the other, until at iast the stalk to which the bfack snake iasteited^ suddenly gave wttf , and itt consequence of this accident they both plunged into tfatf ^tch. The water did liot extmguish thcff vindictive rag^ for by their agitations I conld trace, though not distingaiah their nnitual attacks. They soon re^poared on the sur^ iuiOf twisted together^ ^a in' their first onsets but the blade stisike seemed to retain its wonted superiority, for its* beaiA was exactly fixed above thatch the other, whichit Bice83antl|a presslid down under the water, until it sunk exkaiistedu The victor no sooner perceived its enemy inedpaUei «£ fiuther venstance, than abandoning it to the cavrenl^ 'it returned on'Shweandl disappeared/' vn .i ii» .; . . ' The author having anrived and cohipletied hiodmsineBil at Tioonderogs^ he acoompanied the baggaige isvei ljdti» George, attended by a'mimberof seamen sent to woikllMi^ batteaux on th^ Hudson river. On his returning he caUNb with the> good Qualoev who lodged the sick wife of his ft^^^ low soldier, but to hismalonishnient was tuld that, on th»^ morrow after he left ter there in child-birth, she set oat tO> meet her husband agaioirt the wishes and repeated enfreaf*' ttea of the whole fdmily, who were anxious todelainher until his return. Slie could not be persuaded te st^^ but set out on foot with her new-born infant, and arvivvd^ safe with her husband) whom she followed with sudi>fohd solicitude. She thus gave an instance of the strength o? female attachment and fortitude which shews that the^ exertions of the sex are often calculated to call forth our' cordial admnration. In a short time the author had tbf gratification of conducting the stcn-es and baggage for which he was dispatched, in safety to ihe army, and to ^1 II ."" f^WO LAMB*t a'BMt>l«. receive the timnks of his officers, for the mannci* in whieh he executed the orders confided to him.' i'>nfi>ii li» ,!rthm7 By this ccN^veyance the f(Nrces obtained a month's prbvi^* sionS) and. a bridge of boats being constructed upon the Hudson, on the ISth and 14th September, 1777, the rotfal army crossed it, and encamped on Saratoga plain. 'Hcane the country looked like a desert — no inhabitant remained to: be seen. On the 15th the forces moved forward to an encampment, in a place called Devaco. Halting till the 17th, tturfa-oops renewed their march, rebuilding several bridges which had been broken, and encainped on a ground of considerable advantage, distant about four miles from Still Water, where the enemy stood strongly posted. On the 18th he appeared in force to obstruct the men employed in repairing the bridges, who suffered some losses. It was suspected that he designed to draw our army to action, lillerethe artillery could not engage. At this encampment! fieveral of our men having proceeded into a field ofpota-i toies, iffdre suprised by a party of the enemy that killed ablHit thirty of them. They might without difficulty be surrounded and taken prisoners, but the Americans could not veeist the opportunity of shedding blood. Such a spi•^ nt of revenge, however, had better, for the sake of huma* aity been controuled, because it ed by Generals Gates and Arnold. The General menaced him with immediate hanging unless he woul^l give the de- sired information, but he was resolute and firm in refusing, at the. . same , time observing, that General Frazer was at liberty to hang him iC he pleased. On which the General rode away, leaving him in custody, to the charge of Lieut. Dunbar of the artillery. Soon after this skirmish a tremendous fire commenced on I the centre of the line, to which the 20th, SIst, and 6Sd. regiments were chiefly exposed diuring four hours without any cessation. The greAadiers, and 24th, as also a part of the light in&n^y, were engaged betimes, until General Philips arrived at a critical conjuncture, to invigorate our troops, and restore the action in our favour. ^( Cager of glory, tind profuse of life. They bore down fearless on the charging io«8, And drove them backward. Vast was the slaughter, and the fldw'ry green Drank deep of flowing crimson.- •" A little before night set in, the enemy gave way on all Jtides, but the darkness saved him from our pursuit Diir- ciced, and fng the night we rested on our arms, and next day took a he Ameri-* position within, cannon-shot of the enemy^s lines, [h annoyed I In this fight our forces had to encounter a variety of eat ditficulties. The lojcal situation favour^ Oht adver< which J prbviJ" tponthe he royal emained u^ to an I till the jT several aground liles from ited. On employed ». Itwaa to action, campmenti d of pota-i bat killed fficulty be ,ns could Such a spi»^ of huma# to excite But tuch ise in the more san- o kindred Ins to meet party, >mmanded 1.11 if |r, page 15». 19a LAHiB^g Memoiit. ■Miefl^ who treA»led us hi numbers; ^Although wc inepulsed llitfm with lose, we ourselves were muck weakened, so that we eouM not firiUoW tke «yhunti^[es of the victoiy olit&ilied. We kept the fteld, and the possession of it wat>4ke utmost pmnt gained. The ground aflSorded on the da^ IbHowing a scene ttt^ distressiUg-^he bodies of tke slain, thrown logather into one receptacle, were< scarcely corei^d ^th tii^ clay, «id the only tribute df respect to fetlen officers was, to bwy Hhoat by themsdiires, without throwing them in tke oommon grave. In this birttle an unusuid numb^ of dfficerftfeD, as ^yur army abounded wkh young men of resj^tability at this time/ who, a^et sdvc^al years of ge- neral peac» imierior to tke Amerioaii r^v<^ution, were attracted te.taJke tke profession of atms. I^bree subalterns of the SO^]|i regiment on this occasion, the oldest of whom diid not eiceed ike age of sevente^i years, were buried tof^her. fkis last office to the fallen in i the field of battle ia attended witk affiict^g reflections to the soldier capable of indulging sober thought, who bekdldb his dearest as- sociates cut down, and probably Ms hmiougtable patrons taikisfnoil A« Tfaew>«7es beheld the kattl«*8 drteadfal strifd, ' Whciidtoth'd widi light'nings King of Terrors came, And wi(dicon8ninti}g fires battalioBSthin'd. , Ift th* opening charge three bloomtiig youths expire^ And thus conclude their promisiog career. Whose martial biaas had been form'd at home . By faraily.distinctions, education's charm, And honour's sense inspired IDrom nre to son* A gen'rona friendship join'd their dying hands, As earth!s green Tergc and warring worlds they l^t, Their voyage taking to the shores of peace, ^Jn better states where truth and worth rejoice { ' ' ^ I drop'd a tbftr fdr spldiers fltn*tt t6o soon, ^ A tjptbute sacreil to the brave dieceas^d I I wip'd the dews whrch Wet their tkdtiA cheeks, And sadly Tieir'd my country's Sacrifice, ' €>ttr «nif4re'»h«aettr, and oav Islaad's lc«f t*^ airfal the utmost ' Ibttowing In, tht«wn len officihB wing them nuniber of ng men of iars of ge- ition, tfoi-e > subalterns t of whom rei^ buried eldofboEttle dier caspable I direst as- ble patrons >s came, »S ey left, LAMB'S VBMOtfR. 193 s< Private grie& like these are the ordinary results of a severe engagement, and whoever cherishes »uch kind remem- brances cannot but sufibr in soul for the general mortiditjr of his fellow soldiers, a fate similar with whose deceas* may be his own lot in the next affair. He looks upon the high-bom, who had been educated in the lap of elegance and affluence, expiring, and afterward committed to the ground, far from his native place of opulence and affection, where dear relatives would have soothed the sufferer^s dying agonies, and funereal distinction and regard quali- fied the gloomy ceremony of going down to the tombs of his fathers. But war, terrible war in its destroying pro- gress cannot stop for such consoling attentions to even the Captains of legions-~the General himself must sometime oommingle undistinguished and unknown in the multi- tude of military sacrifices. Although the duty of interring the slain be thus a sad business to the party that does iit, the picking up the badl/ wounded, who are found weltering in their blood, and agonized for many hours without the possibility of receiv* ing surgical and medical aid, imposes a task of heartfelt trouble on the men that execute it. So it was on the next day after the fight described. Some of our soldiery were discovered alive, who had rather stay as they were, than be pained by a removal from the field. Some wore in- lensiblo, benumbed with the night dews, and weakened with loss of blood, while others seemed to have arrived at the extreme point of suffering, when a desiraUe separation of partnership between the soul and the bodj was about to deliver them from a troublesome statiBu In short, the looking after, and administering assistance to the wounded men, is truly afflicting, in a degree which description cannot sufficiently shew, and over which the feeling Individual, who witnesses it, would gladly fling a voil of humane forgetfulness, in consideration of the ivrfol accidents which overwhelm and hunible huanui B b [f 'i' I V 101 \'h MfM»ll^. my bfe'}j|t Iiuinai fi^iturc, hoive%«i^fu1l of fortitude, power, and abilitj it If such uncertainty attaches to tha lost casets how much more terribly of hoHtility to soldiers. The maa ih, full of ardour and hope, even in IT, is o%n seized by the king of terrors, <^]itrjik|i[^iiito the world of spirits I So destruction comes with nai^ip wings, and ruin rushes on like a whirl- wind, to sweep 'the best officers^ and sometimes, almost . entire batjittljo^is from their strongest foundations, as much },a;i If the Til^d of battle opened wide its fiery jaws, or as if the earth iii anger yawned to punish h^r foolish and pro* ^, fane ^pple for their buyage strifes and barbarous usages among, themselves. Taking all the results of this batde, rf we had reason (o l)oast of ^^ our advantages from it were few indeed. Ip , fact, difficulty and danger appeared to grow out of it. The intricacy of the ground before us increased at every step. Our scouting, reconnoitring, and foraging parties encountered perils uncalculated and unseen befwe. Our enemy being at home^ was well used to the places ; an4 thus possessed of every local advantage that favours a^ army. To procure provisions and forage, without sending out large parties or- bodies of s6ldiers, IieCame impdssi6U. and, therefore, the Indians tbeinselves, wlio were attached to march with and reinforce us, began to desert. Plunder and free-booting was greatly theiir object, and tobe.de- baiTcd from that, as they found themselves, they turned away from privations 4ind regular warfare, which they were disused to maintain. Of this we had evidence, for as a party of our troops posted near a wood were severely galled en the right of our line by the fire of the eneniy, the In- dians who accompanied us, seemed to hold a consultatioa ui]^ong themselves, precipitately retreated, and abandoned \\\e aijny altpgother. In tins circunistanc ^**^»* r»**^******* ♦ It has been pubHcly asserted, that thieFfench Conscripts were often since the Revbltition liiarched fromth^ departments tb* the theatres of war in Ifaly, on the Uhine, and elsewhere ; that' in the progress of mairchiiiij they were drilled and discijilined, and that thus prepared oh the spur of terrible times, they have been opposed. In those great engagetncnts which decided th« fates of Continental Europe so much, to hardy Russians and' Aiistrian veterans, soldiers trained for many years, and aftei'- ward tried and accustomed to fighting as their Itrade. h\\ thti may be well.founded in a considerable d«gree. No dbubH, piodern France, in her military career, exhibits prodigies »( I \ ii I I lll lp6. lamb's MEMOm. overpower t^e mMS of mankind, until thejare bred and used to arms. The mere spirit of loyalty alone may in- spire a man to do wonders at a moment, when he rives in the fulness of it, but when he faints with hui^(|[er, and bleeds in the misforiune of a battle, he will not, for in &ct he eannot support it. Thus it is that all new levies become unsteady, until the habit of fighting confers firmness of nerve and possession of mind ; and .above all things pre- sence of mind must be possessed by soldiers, yes, by all the members which compose the multitude of an army. Until this coolness is acquired battalions will break in panic, although very brave, and the;y(^ry fluctuations of high-mindedness, before soldiers are made by the circum;^ vr »»»»**»»»*»«»»»»»* f«neralsh}p and stupendous success to the nations of the earth. The manner, however, in which, she. took peculiar care in ofB. cering her armies, has afforded her abundant victories and laurels. Her levies were cautiously and ably used, and her becoming altogether a military kingdom, renders her a non. descript nation i^t the moment. Her conscripts, as soon as they arrived on the hostile ground, witnessed unprecedented battles, and soon engaged in desperate encounters, which gave a new martial character to the present age. All this torrent of triumph, and breaking down of ancient principalities, inspired French legions with a .Spartan spirit in the field. The raw ipaterial of war was ripened and matured in two months, more perhaps, than otiier soldiers could be for several years. — There was a tide in all this which the| ingenuity and great talents of individuals lifted into celebrated notice by the moving of the revolutionary vrave took in its flood, and unfortunately the flood.gates and barriers to resist such a vicissitude were often broken on purpose bythose who were employed to defend and keep them strong and secbre. However, the manner in which British abilKy lately prepared and officered Portuguese and Spanish recruits, affords another proof, that soldiers can be soon made fit for battles. • 1 a: iamb's memoir. m bred and B may in- lie rived in nger, and. for in &ct ies become irmness of hings prc- ire», by all ' an army. I break in tuations of the circum- >f the earth, care in offi- ctories and. id, and her her a non. as soon as precedented which gare is torrent of eSj inspired The raw mthS) more al years. — and great the moving jfortunately isitude were >d i,o defend manner in Portuguese soldiers can stance of fighting will cany one forward unguardedly, to destroy himself, and the cause he rose to fight for. Evidence was given of all this in the Colonial forces of North America; abundant proof of ^t has been recentljf offered by the Portuguese and Spanish, who pkicked up » courage astonishing to Europe, and such an unsteadi- ness would in some measure take place at home among ourselves, should we ever have to encounter an invasicm on our shores, unless it be prevented by excellent general- , ship, in disposing and using our yeomanry army, than* which Spain ituel^ if it equals, cannot exhibit a mcHPt-, spirited and stronger body of forc«8. Lord Wellington , and Marshal Beresford havo sinewed themselves almoat inimitable officers, by the manner in which they made up in one campaii^n, the new levies of Portugal, and th« Peninsula. The former great officer did not take th* Spaniards much into bis figliting lines, but kept them to streiis^then his wings in the arduous conflict of Talavera. In flank they witnessed the fighting of the British, and, had the battle been renewed next day, the Spanish troops would have been well prepared to imitate British firmness. , At Busacohe used the Portuguese as fighting auxiliaries a good deal, but did not take them down in the plains to fiico th« fury of the French cavalry and artillery. Thus it is, that at present we perceive the people of Portugal and the Pe- ninsula, are able to stand against French legions, without fluctuating in the smallest from the station they obtain. Of this they gave the bravest testimony in the battle of Albuera, in which General Beresford could rely, firom experience of their steady spirit, that they were not infe- rior to the oldest veterans of France, who fought, it may be said, in every sort of climate, on the sultry sands of Egypt, and the chill and marshy plains of Poland, in which they beat the Muscovite and Huss on the confine^ of bis own ^old kingdoms. V :f k m Tt is not insinuated (Imt the Indian and fhrofinefal vrietm improperly managed by British bflicer^ in 'North Anoieiriea, bnt the case of regiments composed of r^ritity, was consi- dered from a patriotic motive, for which the loyal reeLdet will not ask any apology for the infrddtrcirig of it hereV It is notorioas, that the Indian tribes could not, froia their habits of inveterate wildhess, be fraihed and discip" lined like Europeans. Their entire natural bias (and ardlent spirit of fisrocity arid freedom, ih a latitude of thought and actual operation, of whkh ah European can scarcely fbrm an idea) pn^dudcd every attempt and ekpectation of training th«m like o«ir sbldient. And though no such obstacles hihdeivti our ibrming a Colonial fbpce to assist us, the so doing aiMjuired perhaps insuperable «li irate of newly raised soldiers, the riflemen of the enemy were sedulous in niarkinj^ the officers and men of the Colonial loyalists, who fcnght along with us. They took down such officers in a greater proportion than before; and this misfortune, attaching to the Colonial people among u?, accelerated (heir estrangement from our cause aa4 army. A prisoner informed its, that additional coa-o «eive. fipr ,'i LAMI*S MEMOIB. m m conBi" [ redder it here* 3t, froii t discip- ias (and itude of Juropean nipt and B. And Colonial luperable eived the icy began he cause, trymen — not morir vanc6d^-? deserters hat their re forlorn It |n ihe rage wai g[aln«d in th« fight, from an idea that General jBurgoyne I^ad been shot, which was owing to the falling •f Captain Gi^^en, Aid-4e-cainp to General Philips^ froai his horse, by a wound. The Aid-die-camp rode with dm furniture, and was mistaken for the Chief Commander in the confusion of battle. The riflemen fix>m trees effected the death qi nuiubers, and the Royal Army had none ta oppose as sharp-shooters but some of the German Chas-r seurs, who wtire very few in comparison of the enemy's rifle-corps. ' ■ ,♦ Matters were drawing at this time to a crisis— -Out picquets and advanced parties were almost continuallf £ring and skirmishing, so mucb-^^o that the officers and men refreshed and slept while<,ejp6sed to the enemy** fire. All rested in their cloatht^, and the Field-offipen were always patroling. We could distinctly hear the' Americans felling and cutting trees ; and they had a pieo9 «f ordnance which they used to fire as a morning gtui, so near us, that the wadding from it sometimes strud^ against our works. General Burgoyne i was now most unfavourably posted, and a retreat, if possible, was highljt expedient. In thij idea he sent out a detechment of 1500 men, with two twelve-pounders about noon, to per- fleive, if it were practicable, to force a passage, by dislodg-^ ing the enemy, and covering the forage of the army, whick became scarce* On this important afiair he was accompa- nied by Generals Philips, Reidesel, and Frazer. Soon after the aforesaid detachment marched, the fire from both sidea became general, and numbers (^ our soldiers fell by thtt grape-shot, and musquetry of the enemy. At the close of evening the troops in action returned with precipitation into camp, pursued and galled. General Bui^yne rodo up with evident anxiety to the Quarter Guards, directing^ Lord Bellcarras, the officer commanding, to defend his post to the last extremity. The Americans rushed forward, Uiaded by Central Arnold^ with an intrepidity wkitik rii 1 Vl>1 H fi h: t''""9 soo LAMB 8 MEMOIR. ■bewed their determiniod intent to storm die eamp. But thnr General being wounded, they desisted from their object, when dark night appeared, putting her interposing mantle upon the bleeding armios. While the British lines were so boldlj attadnsd, Colonel Breyman, who commanded the Germans was lulled, as he bravely defended his post, and the enemy gtjned an opening on our right and rear. It therefore was evident in such a posture of things, that our position was no longer safe or even tenabjl^ and of consequence orders were given for quitting the ground we occupied, and ■ posting ourselves during the night on the he^hts. This movement made j|^||pwlirnt for the enemy to take a new disposition, whicM^pyed a good retreat impractica- ble. On the 8th ofOwl^r, having removed our baggage, •nd made^ due preparations, General Burgoyne offered battle, hoping to draw out the Americans on the plai% where veteran and well appointed forces must always |wevail over soldiers, such as the Colonial regpiments weii composed of. To such men wood-fighting and skirmish* tng among intersected and intricate grounds, is pecu- liariy favourable, as there experienced Generals and old •(Miers are left at a loss, and obliged to encounter un* foreseen obstacles and accidents which, demand new Bovements, and momentary measures, in the execution whereof every officer ought to be an excellent GeMnd, and every company ably, disposed for whatever the passing minute of time might bring about It is therefore plain, that the best army, so circumstanced, cannot co^opi^rate or concentrate itself with effect or advantage. Of thii^ however, the American Commanders (particularly GenenJ Washington) appeared to be aware, and to his wisely •voiding general' engagements, the final success of the Colonists was greatly indebted. To such Fabian ecMio* my Spain at present owes the prevailing efficiency of kv guerillas or desultory militia, which fritter away imp* But from their nterposing rmans was the enemy [t therefore »iir position onseqnence 9 occupied, the heights, lyto takes impractica- ur baggage, tyne offered ithe plai% nust always [ments weii td skirmish' if is pecu< ak and old counter un- jmand new execution nt Genend, rthepassiiig i«fore plain, CO •operate Of this, irly Oenersl his wisslj ccess of the ibian €Cono* efficiency of fritter awsy lAiin^s liEMOtA. m lilfe btittldions pt Bonaparte, by whom he vanquished Che hutidireds of thousands opposed io him at Marengo^ Ansterlit^, Jena, Fiiedland, aiid Wagram, on th* Dnnttbc, whietis thd vmi excitions of Atistria at length subsided, as if palsied, by his attacks. Although Geijpral Burgojrne invited an engagement, and We expected from the enemy's movements that he would engage, ho such favourable opportunity was afforded usi He however, drew Up several brigades, and cannonaded us. An hoiviti^r of our's firing short of his lines, th6 toeifiiy shouted, but another shot, sending a shell iii tentre of a large Mumii, and doing considerable damage^ huinberd fled ifttb ihe woocls, ^nd 1i6 appeared disposed to attack, as it T^as thought he iilteh^ed dt first. GUI' forces being refresherd arid pi'ovided with batteau:* fot* th& tivkt, began the retreat linder the disadvantag ' 90i IE, AM 0*9 ITEMOm. rl bvtt still, even in a^vc^sitj it was cQt^soling, tluit tlie fi dc&at3 the n^o^j^ pm'^ bable prospects of success y^ t^o affaji^, of mfula^s!. I^erhaps t.hc Anierican, stru^le peci|i,i^r]^ confirms thi{^ iiwfid idea, wJiich tends to Aijig hun^i^otion, oi^ the stur '|)endous design^ of nations, and thp, aWBsU cov^is^< oil liidividuals ; and to teach a diyiner Icsispn,. v'lfii T-hfJJfr feom an, over-ruling Providence every ability and c^'Keigs victory is derived in this sublunar state ! Tl^e reqd vij& an; i)d <;an^4 |f Oenpraj^ r his 9tMidi pf; hi^ kin^ ifhisbw^ nd spldiei;!^ \Ka3 ijpi the^ iS pf iVi^i^^v ba^njce o( ^as^ of; thft most, prOi^ iTifHla|s I n(irms tliis^ >i> the stur ;o^nsfi)l^. 0? vjfe 'CM and c^^^eigR ea^dep ma)\ nation* and c(i)ntrpi4 led: in thd ■d.wbe«.^ fidencc of that issue, which ib« yuloi's ai>d legislatws. pf Great Britain con6!« dentljf locked forward V» as th^ secessary effect of HJuf, war iirhich they maintained \^iih a suhject people, wih^ had not pvpn tbenamo of a nation. lie raised and dis<« appointed the expectations pf hk €OiMitryn)sn at hompi, ip consequfsnce of hia known, talents, and highly projiablff! a,irgunie«ts. Hi^. argum^nta and hia ai;n\)r tailed^, andr ^avQi^d the religious poptives of relianpp on that; superiq^ sceptre hy wb^ch a)one kw§^ tmU, andthe^ migjiitj^ nonoC the; parth, keep their tI^^n^ As. G^eiail J^au^ojinp'a conduct has hepn dif&rpntljp <;on6ideied bjK partiea andp^^oplpi at hpnie (applaudedb bj: tho^&ipd condemned, l^y these>> thp Writei; of this Memoii;, ■cannot be blamed in telling what he knows,, andgiving hin, lionegtaid ta illnstrate. wbat nobody, lias been abie tp dpcide. Atf iieafit), it Tf, undocidied) while spmcft pherLahpd un&ir pr all the early hopes of the campaign, bore the rpvers^f of fortune^ or it may be more propca: to- say^ the arm l»j? Providenoe' which arrested our troops at thei surrenrt der of S^ratp^a^ wit^ » gresit c^quaniniity creditable ta» them. B|ut it ought to be particularly obporved^ that> the enemy did not preserve that command of mind whicl^ usufolly dignifi^: a veteran army when victorious in. ibm field. Uhe Cloloaial fonces^ from the commander to thc^i lowest; in. the ranks betrayed an. improper exukation»i; winch lou while tliey clRimed the eredit of OTerpowerll^ tiienif, tliej were well aware that they deserved none of the laurels whi6h are earned and worn by xictors after hard fought battles. Delays, disappointments in various ways, and unfortunate failures of co-operation had brought General Burgoyne's army into a desperate labyrinth^ out of which no generalship could extricate him, thrown as he was on a wilderness, barren, and almost impassible. Thus (entangled and unprovided with means of subsistence, the British were of necessity obliged to submit on honoura- ble terms. The Americans perceived this issue of things ftt all its bearings, and their providential and even incal- culable success intoxicated them with a paroxism of jof at the moment. A Thanksgiving H^ermon was preached on the great occa- sion before the American army, and the text and sermon of the Chaplain fully set forth, that they ha4 but little to attri- bate to their own gallantry and fighting. He preached > from Joel ii. 90, " But I will remove far off from you the Northern army, and will drive him into a land barren and desolate, with his face toward the £ast-sea, and his hinder part toward the Utmost sea; and his stink shall come up, and his ill savour shall oome up, because he hath done great things." « Whatever provocation the Colonists did receive, it is «(jrtaia they , shetyed themselves desirous to push their successes farther than prudenci^ or even honourable hos- tility could justify th^m in doing. Having succeeded, and rejoicing as they were on the approaching era of their independence, as m new nation in the Earth, they ought to have checked the , spirit of inhuman resentment which Ihey too much che- rished during the war, to extinguish not only collectively, but individually, on all oceasions their enemies who aimed merely to reduce them to their former rank of i^olonial attachment and fiien^Bhip. They appfia^ t« / r^\ laureli I fought ys, and GenCTal of which he wat >. Thui mce, the honourt,- of things ven incal- im of jof jreat occa- sermon of le to attri- ) preached pm you the md barren and his stink Shalt because jeive, it i« push theit! irable ho8- were on as a new lecked the much che- ollectively, mies who T rank of Lppimted te lamb's m&uoix. 101 rejoice at the privations and sufTeringt of our troops whca prisoners. We were marched during the rigours of winter, in a cold climate* two hundred roiles from Sara- toga to Boston, and obliged to endure harsh and cruel usage which was not unknown to the American oihccrf commanding, of all gradations. Yet surely when man/ of those were British, or had formerly lived in the im terchange of amity and kind offices with British soldiert and British subjeets, it cannot but detract from their military and moral character, to find them terrible and implacable at such a time. Misfortune in general, and chiefly military misfortune is mostly used to obtain ge- nerous treatment, and in such a , case, ill-treatment conduces to no advantage, whilst it evidences the vil* motives of individuals, stooping from the rank of man* hood to heap inhumanity upon the vanquished, who giv«. up, or put by the sword, and so, are at the mere/ of a people with whom they bravely contended before. t The man of liberal and enlightened understanding .at that period would, for many reasons, endeavour to repress the cruel operation of such a vulgar animositjF and warring spirit, when warfare was soon to cease. Washington perhaps stood nobly alone in this great and good character, when there was a prospect of sheathing th■ liess the Vengeful eceiAemy Wbtch obtaiiied to embitter th6 dreary and cKfficult edbdition of otif pi'isbnerd. Ail d reflection iti result arising ftom this argument, th^ Pbet's Apostrophe to Gi^alt Britain is entirely in polili t-^ '^ Countries indebted to thy power that, tiaiab With light derived from thee, wonld smother thiaei Thy Tery children watch for thy disfrace — A lawless broody and curie thed t6 thy facet*'. \ V > lanb's memoir. ..' ? S09 i child M. diiferitig When th« iw, a calnl [idversary, 1 rektidiii given thrf ish empire Tial bank'' ;h Amerirtk ei, she hai ominion of have beeii ncrships of which lU Aihericani ndred rela^ bred with making; thci tUit^ itself, jn he tisiti olj to ^it-i mbitter ih6 jri. Ai i tment, th4 inpolilit-i^ r thiae: CHAP. X. Some Account of General Burgoynfs Lift and Ancestors. Author U marched la prisoner from ^krtUogaon thervUte td Boston, Description 6f the Towii of ffbdle^. Re» niarkable Adventures of Generals Whakt/ and Goffe, who' sat ok ihe Military Court Mch tried King Charles I. Jted io New Mngland^ and continued s&ceral t/eafs cdn» cealed at HdSikjjf.' ^Hardships and harsh treatment en- dured by the JBritisA prisoners tU Prospect-hill. Extract from Colonel Sir Archibald CamjpbelVs Letter to General Sir }f. itoweJ 'Acctiunt 6f Ghtierals Lee and Putnam, and remains of British Officers iU Bunker' s-htlt. Author made to nin the Gaunttel between iikes of American Militia near Rutland, Exetution pfdnAmeneart LoAy emd'Soldiet^' together with a British Serjeant and Pri* wrfe, j^ the Murder of the Lddys Jtusband, HATING closed the last chapter with remarks on the ihilitAry capad^ and the misrortunes attending the cam* pdi^ of Crenend Burgoyne, which gave a decisive supe- riority to the dtnse of the colonists, and prepared a highway for 6p4nii&g the gates of American rndejpendence, it will not be uneriteitainli^ to* the reieider to peruse some particular accbiiiil of* that GoAiinander, whose ability and generalship wer& evinc^ even in the most adverse scenes. As It usualiy'hiLppehs in an ' unfavourable issue of affairs, the ^Ihh^ aiid OperatifH^s of his battles were found ikult with> and thiis it is, tt&t^ose who can argue oidy from results ate peculiarly anxious to expose the faulty movements and failuires of the most excellent Generals of the world. It ha^ been contended for, Genend Bui^yne, with a great 4eat ef jttittice} that he iised ti^ military me^ns ip IMd D d ' Pa) 219 LAMll I MBMOIB. hands, ai ably and flkilfulljr ta ponsibly oould be done^ if we give him merely the credit he dcfiorved, in opposing the vast and unforttccn diflliciiUios he had to encountor. It would seem indeed that the great argument of blame to him, without due allowance on other accounts, origi- nated from his previous miscalculation of tho Colonial Conflict. It ought to be cnriHidorod in this matter, that Si like ill e.stimntc wai mtido by rainislem themsolvos, who had no adequate conception of the manner in which the American 8trujrs?le should be undertaken «nd conducted .by tliem. If they en-ed unfortunately in not ascertainlnj the evil and energy of Colonial resistance, and in not ■meelin* it with powerful promptitude, at their doors lie tlic great blame of failure at last. Certain it is, that no oRicer, however great and accomplishe£ertions. General liiu'goyno had previously obtained well-earned laurels in tho army. At the capture of Bellisle he merited .great applau?e — and also in tho Spanish war of 1762, when the Spaniards could not detach the Portuguese from our alliance, he was emihcntly distinguished as aDrigadier- General on the confines of Portugal and Spain, the present theatre whore the British namo and British natiop * derive almost ujiequallcd honour against the veteran ' soldiers of France, wiio achieved so much on the conti- nent of I^uropc. In a signal affair of which he had th9 (It red ion and command to the north of Badajox, Field- iMarr^hal Count De la Lippe, who commanded the Allies, sj)caks of him witli a degree of rapture as follows :— ' " The I'iold-Marshall thinks it his duty to acquaint th« I army with the glorious ^conduct of Brigadier Burgoyne, | who, after marching fifteen leagues v^ithout halting, took I Valentia Do Alcantara sword in hand, mado the General who was to have invaded; Alentego prisoner, destroyed ' iha Sjranish regiment of Seville, taking, three standards, a * ColoHel, raa^iy Onsets of di3lnic*iofi« aad lavoml soldioril < I ■f . LAMnS MEMOIR. ftl Th« MarHliul makes no doubt that the ^rnjy will rejoice ut^ the event, and that every one will in proportion to hii ' rank imitate «o ^lorionn an e^amplo." ' • ' -f His conduct in America lias been snfHcientfy'dwi^ni^d already, and whatever has l)cen obiocted uj^ninst him, hit talent, activity, and presence of inind were always eon-' Apicuous in the (^catest trials. After his return hom« he resigned all liis emoluments, amounting, it wa^t said, to three thousand five hundred pounds a year, and con*' tinned in retirement until his dccba^e,' which took placa in 1792, e^ccept when he used to .attend occasionnlly in' Parliament, as Mem])er for Preston*. On which occasiont he gave many specimens of elocjucnce and talent as. a statesman and elegant scholar. ,' \ ' i^he following article relating to his ancestors htis bceti publislied in a periodical work, and received as authentic.' He was son to Sir RoitHU> 'Mi ,XJnto llogep Burgoyae, 1 IB ♦«6y o*iA°^ *^« *»*:''" °^ **'' ^*'^'"^» . , , • ' ' ; All Sutton and Potton, Until the world'i rotton." €r«nersd Bui^oyne began his career in the army at an early age. On the 8th Octolier, 17G2, he hacj bis commission as Colonel, and on the 18th March. 176'^, obtained the Queen's light dragoon?. On the 25tb May, 17718, 'he was made Ma)or-Genbra], and in Sept. 1777, Lteutenant-General > when a Subaltern Officer he married Lady Charlotte Stanley, tister to the £arl of 3DS I I i t' \ m r VJ"'^ ^ 2lt LAMB 8 MBMOIR. Pei^by. Her Ladyship died without issue, while he was serving in America. ,, , ./.,.■ '.'.:;! ., i On the morning of the 17tb of October we surrendered, fnd ip the evening crossed the Hudson river from Saratoga on our march to Boston. From the outset yt'our march- ipg we experienced much hardship, sleeping in barns, and haying but bad clothing, and scanty provisions. The way before aud about us presented an uncheering appearance,' ipountainpus and barren, with little of pleasing scenery to i^muse the traveller. In our progress we crossed the ridge qf mpuntaias called Blue Uills, which begin in New Hampshire, and extend ilirough a long tract of country in New England. Hadley was tlie first place, we arived atj ^bJQh had, any local attractions to delight the eye. It is a pleasant, town of Hampshire Cqun^ Massachusetts, on the east of Connecticut river. It then, consisted of one extensive and spacious street parallel to fhe river. Hadley was celebrated as the place of retreat chosen by generals Whaley and Goffe, two of the military judges or court- inartial who tried and condemned King Charles I. and fled to AmerilSa, fearing the resentment of King^ Charles II. at the restoration in 1660, which decided me fates or fortunes of individuals, who took an active part against the unfortunate monarch. The leading partizans of the Protector Cromwell could not fail to be capitally obnoxious to the restored Sovereign after the vast afBic- tions which overwhelmed his royal father, exiled himself firom the inlieritance of the British throne so long, and filled the cup of bitterness for his relatives and firiends in general. Sixteen of those that sat in. judgment on kis father saved their lives by flight. Of whom Generals »Whaley and (iroife, and Colonel Dixwell took refuge in North America. They all had commanded in Crom weU> army, and were noted for activity against the royal person | and cause* * -.. ,, .... . .*iiv*Lict;J *W.' *»'i i. . Whaley and Goffe landed at Boston on the l^th July I tktiu'i ifEHOiii. liit -1 • . "^ while he irrcndered, m Saratoga our march- barns, and The way ippearance,' ^ sccner^ to ;d the ridge in in New )f country in e arived at| B pye. It is chusetts, on stod of one er. Hadley ■ «■ it I ' ,!» by «:eneral9 jes or court- tarles I. and inff Charles id the fates I part against partizans of be capitally B vast afflic- xiled himself long, and , ajid friends udgicnent on om Generals ok refuge in CromweU's royal person he igfthJuly 1660, having effected their departtird fVoiii' Eriglaiid, b^ a few days before Kin^ Charles IT. was restdfod tb tli^ throne, iniieli^chce of which liig^ eVeht thby had reeleivdd as they left the Kiigtisft Chahhel. ObfiTe i^ rtp6MA ttf have kept a joiirdal of every thing r^tiiarkafblii whitfi happened to them for the seven ^uccdii^di'ng yeaVs, frdnl their leaving Westminister. This jotirrtal is Said to hiVd ^\\m intotiic hands' of Governor Hut^lilhkon, Who kiSpl ft safe until it was lost or destroyed in' th6 tuMiilt^ aWd outrages of the populace iii Jioston,' on th'b pa'^iiig of the famous* stamp-act.* It was written in sHoft •ribtes'ct characters which werei casify decypliered. The G'ovdAibf, however, had made some extracts froiri it, ^hiefi wcf^ saved, and detailed in soipe publications' relatiirj^ to Aitl^ ncan transactions. ^ Arriving at Boston, tliey dfd noi <^iiA^d^6ttr to c6nc^ themselves, but eveii waited oh ^it. Eiidicot, the th^b Governor, who gave thenii k Contteoiis reception. Thejr were visited hy the principal ihh^bitkiit.^, arid coiiritehailccd by a staunch Ibyalisi of that City, viz. Coltpnel OroWd. They took their residence foiir hiiles di'stdnt frbrti BbktbH tit the vilia;ge of Cambridge. THey used to Ati(iM tit miblic wbrslii^, and liiantained 4 ^ec^ht and deVbiit de- meanour in ^enerai^ which gained the j)bpulm' te^bi iki their behalf. Beiki^ sometime insulted, th^ bffetidcr ^« called to accbtint ifor the kfouse h6 bflbircd tb thein, tihH was bound before a Magistrate to keep the pcdce in fijttif^. It is right to observe, however, that oii ihtff iirlviil no news bf the restoration had readied America, Hhd, th'ei*ijfi)ife feoin the power^l^bvernment of thfc Prbtfefctbrdte, ft Ikhttt surprising they met a kind reception frbni thb peo[ilb of ISbston, aiitW it was known to many of the inhabtt^ta that they s^it oii the trial oif King Charles t. I^oott tttth inteligeiice was brought hy ihe way of B^rbadbbs that 'id' ihe King's Judges would bfe pardbnecl, witli Ab e'iicco^tioi J. > lOil i -J * Set Authors Journal of Atnciicon Oecurre.nc«, Pa^t 11, fl4 LAMU 8 MCMOIJI. 0f seT^n, among whom Whaley and GofFe were included. On this public information the Officers of Government bX Boston, were alarmed in aHbrding them an asjlum, while compassion for the fugitives pervaded the public pn their account. They received some assurance that the General Court would continue to protect theni^ but a few advised them of the expediency of seeking a safer retreat than Boston. On 22nd November, 10'60,. the Governor called a General Court of Assistants (q ■consider the propriety of putting them under arrest, but the Court broke up without coming to any decision of the question. Finding it unsafe to stop at Boston, they sjieedily removed 150 mil^s distant to a place called Newhavcn. A discovery of their retreat being made in England on .the 7th March following, a hue and cry, as Goffe terms it in his Journal, was sent forth. And even anterior to this, soon after their departing from the village of Cam^ Widge, a warrant was issued to seize on them, but with- h\f.t effoct. At Newhaven their reception was at first .iavourable, but when the King's proclamation was mad^ known in America, they were again obliged to abscond with precipitation. On 27th March they removed to Kew-Milford, where they were known by gpme, They were therefore induced to return by night to jS^ewhaven, And were cpncealed by a Gentleman there until the SOth April. rj f.^,vU' " , News arriving that ten of the King^s Judges were executed, and the Governor receiving instructions to apprehend Whalc^y and Goffe, the country was agitated • Vith alarm, and it Iwcame unsafe for any person to harbour them. They now betook themselves to the woods, iavoured by a few secret friends, who after they had tried different places of concealment, prepared a «>ave en the side of a hilf, in which they remained from May UHk t« June lUh. They gave this forlorn jW V'{ LAlmi'g MGMOIft. S15 included, rernment asylum> e public ince that ict them, ' seeking >cr, 1G6(V istants lo irrest, but decision t Boston, > {I place ngland on rofFe terms nterior to B of Cara^ but with- as at iirst was made :o abscond imoved to e, They •("ewhaven, until the Iges were Utions to b agitated [person to 58 to the after they Irepared ^ remained fiis forlorn retreat the appellation of Providence-hill, having conti' nued undiscovered in it, altho^ the most diligent search' was made to detect them about the country, contiguous to it. It being found that tlieir friend in Newhaven had aiforded them a hiding-place, it was feared that he would suffer for so doing. On which the unhappy fugitives determined to resign themselvefi as a sacrifice to the Iloyal resentment rather than be the means of involving their hospitable protector in ruin. They even noticed the Deputy-Governor of their intention, and the scene of their concealment, but that Gentleman paid no attention to their remonstrance, and they were secretly counseled not to think of surrendering themselves. In their solitary residence ikey encountered various disasters and perils. As they once lay abed at night, a beast which loaked like a tygar advanced into the cave*s aperture, gazed on them with flaming eyes, roared and departed without doing them any damage. Having once ventured too far from tlieir dreary abode, they were actually overtaken by a Mr. Kimberly, the Sheriff, who held t|ie King's warrant, and knew and endeavoured to take them into custody, but they de- fended themselves against him with their walking sticks, and while he left them to procure assistance, they guc- treat at rrovIdeaoe-luU, but being fewid out by some \ m >,' I . ;■ \ ■■■ ■^'"1 4\ ff -^ ."■ m LAMP 8 MEMO))t, hv^ntin^ Indisntt, t,\ity bid a final adlea to it. After a yarifJty of wanderings '\n the woods they at length revi- (;it^d I^a41(^y> and were there concealed by a Mr. RuHsell^ |)ie.t^eeu fifteen and sixteen years, frequently receivinjg pecviniary ,remittances from England, and occasional ^lief.fixini a few American friendfi. Their reverse of fortune was great indeed. For several years they were prii^cipal actoi-s under Cromwell. Wlialey defeated Prince ]ft>ip>ert, Goffe once turned the Members out of the Ifpuse of Parliament, and was entrusted by the Pro- jtectPi* .V(|th ttic custody of the King. -;At Hadley they often complained 'that they were banished fr<;>m SQciety, and that their lives were misc- |ablc and bi^rd^ensome. Goife hiul married Whaley*s jdaughtor,.with whom he corres|3onded by the name of |l|||(^l(|^ith, , addressing her as Frances Goldsmith ; and iiie , coj^respoiidence was carried on as between a mother iuid pon. The following e.vtract of a letter from Gofie, l^^cribipg Whaley's secpnd , childhood, in which hs con- j|;^)ued.|l;be|ast few years of his life, is interesting : — ." Ypur old friend Mr. li. (Whaley) is yet living, liut 9pntin^es in that ^eak conditton of Which I have (brjj^erly given you an account, and I have not much to fdd. He is scarce CApablo of any rational diiM^ourse; Ms, understanding, memory, and speech doth so much ikil him, that he seems not to take much notice of any i^jn;^, that is cither done or. said, but patiently bear* jfdl tl^ngs, and never complains of any thing, though 1 ,f^ar it is ^ some trouble to him that he hath had no ^l^tter^fpr a long time frpm his cousin Rich; but he ^ji^^^ttks not ^pne word concerning, it, nor any^ thing you ^ wrote in your Ijist; only after I had read your letter* to him,^ itjejng asl^ed wl^ethcr it wai i>pt a great refro^b* ytpani to . .j|ini Co hear^ H^ch a gracious spirit breathing -i;^ ycyjr leUf.Ts, he said it was none of his least comfort- ; .^uii iftdt^ed Le icttrte speMki* of auy Uhu^ but iK auswer 7m lamb's memoib. 217 t. After ngth revi- •. RuHseily receivinj^ occasional reverse of they were ted Prince »ut of the the Pro- they were vcre misc- Whalcy's \c name of smith; and >n a mother rom Goffe, Ich he coa- ting :— yet living, iich I have not much L diiicourse ; I so much )tice of any lently bear* r, though ath h^d no ch; ^but he ^ thing you vour letter< reat refrc^n* it breathiii^ ist comfort- ; ut ik answer to the questions that aire put to him, which arc not of many kinds, because he is not ' capable to answer them. The common and very frequent question is, to know how he doth, and his answer, for the most part, is, ^^ very well I praise God,*' which he utters in a very low and weak v«.>ice. But sometimes he saith, " not very well," or " very ill ;" and then if it be further said, Do you feel pain «ny where ? To that he alwkys answereth, " no." When ^e wants any thing he cannot speak well for it, because be forgets the name of it, and sometimes a^ks for one thiijg when he means another, so th^t his eye or his finger it his tongue, but his ordinary wants arc so well known to us, that most of them are supplied without asking or making signs for them. Some help hr; stands in need of in every thing to which any motion is required, having not been able for a long time to dress or undress him- splf, nor to feed, nor ease nature either way, orderly, without help, and it is a very great mercy to him that lie hath a friend that takes pleasure in being helpful to him. I bless tlic Lord, that gives me such a good mea- sure of healtli and strength, and an opportunity and a heart to use it in so good and necessary a work; for though my help be poor and weak, yet that ancient servant of Christ could not well subsist without it ; and I do believe, as you are pleased to say,, very well, that I do enjoy tho more health for his sake. I have sometimes wondered at this dispensation of the Lord towards him, and have somt expectations of more than ordinary issue. The Lord help us to profit by all, and to wait with patience on biiD| tiU we see what end he will make us. Thus far I write for myself. I will now ask him what he would have me say to his friends concerning him.- The question being asked, he saith, " I am better than I waSi," And being asked, what I should say more to his cousia R. or any other friends; after a long pause, ha again said, ^thft Lord hath visited me in much mercy, E « M m ' I fi. ^19 I I i II' ■'■**•'■ ■•'«','• an4hehath ansvrpred his vtsitatsop upon um.*^ (I give you his ptvn wprds.) Bein? dcsjrous tp draw moreYrbin him, I proposed several ^ucstioiiH, and the sum of his answers was, that he earnestly dcsif^ the cpntiiiuauce of t|^c fejrvent prayers of ^11 friends G>r him.'* During their ^boplp at ^la^ic^y) ih^ mosf ipemoraHe Indisui war of New Enghtad took place. U was called king Philip's war. Philip Mas a powerful Sachem, and r^sjded at MoHfit-Hopc, in Rhode-Island ; Mhore he wa» poon after put to death, by colonel Church. All the fron- tier towns of New England were attacked, and Hadley of course was cxpo^e^ to Indian incursion?. The time the savages 6xe,d upon, to n^ake tb(^ assault was while the in* habit^n^ wwe assembled in the mcctlng-house, to obserye a f^t-day ; but pro^'jdentially, it had been some time a custom with th^ men, to attend public t^orship, arined. Had thp town beeu taken, the discovery of Whaley and Goffe, would have been fnevitable. The ipeu took up their arms, and attempted a dc^nce, but were soon thrown ipto confusion, where (as it is told in Boston) a stranger appeared an^on^ them, of venerable aspect, and drfifcrcnt in his appare)> from the inhabitants; who rallied, an^l dis- posing tl^e^ in the best \nilitcu;y mqnner, led them to tl|e chiu-gc, route4 th^ ludi^^ns, ard saved the ^own. In the moment of victory their deliyerer vants^ied. The inhabi- tants unable to account for the phefv>nienon; believed they |)ad beep coi^maaded by s^i aa^^l, sent from heaven for their protection. The supposed angel was Goffe,. who never bf^fore, ven- tou*ed fi^ip his cpucealmef^t. Whaley w^as then in a stAjte of second childhood. Such was their caution ii> prevent a discoye/ry pf their, r^tr^at, that the inhabitsgnts n^itht. kn^w tl^em, or who it ^as that so ^bly led them against the savages, until r the exile^ left this, trpublsome wodd ' ' '' ' 'II lamb'» memoir. ««> r I more frbin sum of his (^n^inuance ii[iemo^b|e was culled icliem, and ere he \va» .11 the fron- md Hadley ^he time the I'hilethein- , to observe )ine time a bip, arined. V^hnley and en took up pon thrown ). a stranger nd different ?^l, an^l dis- them to tl\e vn. In the [fhe inhabi* elieved they heaven for jpfope, \en- then in a cation y> inhabitants Ay led Ihem t];yubl£ome Another uneedote respecting Groffe, is still rurrent, among the old inhabitants of Boston, which proves him^ to be, v»ry ex^rt at the sword exorcise, It is thus re- latbd in a puMicatuin which was perused by the author. , " While they continued in Boston, there appeared a- braVo t1ler«) sdfhtf nt^^ % fencing-master, who on a stage, erected for that {^Wpose, walked several days, challenginff; and defying at»y person to %ht hint with the sword., At length GolTe disguised in fustic dress, holding in one, hand ft cheese wrapped up in a napkin, and in thfe other, a broometick, the end of wliieh he had besmeared in dirty, water^ ascended tlie stage. The fencing master swag- gered and bid hira begone. A rencouutei^ ensued, and Goflfe received the sword of his antagonist in the cheese, while he drew the dirty end of his stick across, the fellows month. Another pass was made, and again, received in the cheese; and the fencer's eyes were marked with the staff. A third lounge, was again received as be- fore, and the stick rubbed over the other parts of his face. The emraged roaster of arms then threw aside his weapon/ and- took up a broad sword, upon which Gofie told liim to stop^ and irdiled that he had hitheilo but played with him^ without attempting to do him harm ; if however he would eorae on with the brosKl sword, his life should pay the for- feit The fencer struck with Goflfe's manner and fearing the event, asked him who he was, adding, that he mus^ be either Whaley, Goffe, or the Devil, as no others could conquer him. The disguised conqueror retired, leaving the boasting champion to the derision of th« spectators. Hence it became proverbial in New England, in speaking of a cliampion, to say that no one could beat him, but Whaley, Gotfe or the Devi]." Whaley died at Hadley, in the year 1688. Afteij about a year tVom the time of his decease, all traditioir of Goffe is lost Tiie only conjecture that can be formud 2 EH vj hi 1 m Ml- 'ii! 2S0 lamb's memoir. is that he did not long survive his friend, and was i)ri- vately bun'ied near him at Hadley. Such wn» the wretched exile, and death of educated and respectable men who, from at first launching on the waters of strife at home, shaped their own course as out- fit casts to meet misfortune in the wilds of North America. In considering their condition we are oMiged to pause, in «« deep anxiety at the fickle fashion, and fluctuating state of human affairs in general. Whaley and Gofie embark- ' cd in the tide of Cromwell's usurpation, but when it ebbed at his decease they were left desperate. Had that domineer- ing order of things continued in England they would, no doubt, keep station and respect among their countrymen. The uncertainty and evil attending innovations on govern- ment have thus been often evidenced in the world, and perhaps no where more than in the British islands, in which individuals of great talent and consideration have frequently risked their lives and estates in ttying to effec- tuate reforms and changes in the commonwealths and kingdoms of the^^e countries. History teems with instances to confirm this argument, an argument which still appears to come home to our political feelings and vital concerns., Political agitation has ever and anon injured the isles where we live, sometimes as much as if the barriers of the ocean, in which their foundations are laid by the divine architect, were broken asunder to overwhelm us with an influx of the sea. Political agitation is still at work and demands some excellent ruling energy to quell it, in order to allow our people the blessings of civil and religious tranquillity. This is the " consummation devoutly to be wished" among us, because without public peace in the land there cannot „be popular welfare or nuch moral vii-tue to enable us To withstand the torrent . ttf vicissitude which made such vast mischief in Europe •f late. An imperial usurpation fs now probably estab- lished which eUibracss upon its bifoad basis a groupe of LAMB*8 MBMOin. S9I a was pri- ucated and \g on the irM as out- li America. :o pause, in lating state re embark- len it ebbed t domineer- ' would, no ountryraen. on govern- world, and islands, in ration have ing to effec- vealths and th instances till apj)ean al concerns., 3d the isles barriers of aid hj the srwhelm us is still at •gy to quell iffs of civil iisummation thout public welfare or the torrent in Europe iably estab- groupe of principalities from the Mediterrenean to the distant North) and strains all its stupendous efforts to ruin the British empire. Our own differences aid its great attempts in this way. It has already put down tho mighty and ele- vated the humble on the thrones of the old kings of the Continent. Some of those who at the era of the French Revolution were not superior in rank and ability to Whalcy andGoffe, class among the princes of the Rhenish confederacy, a confederacy which rose out of the ashes of the German Empire. Whaloy*s and GoilSs^s cause proved disastrous, while the fortunes of a Murat, a Massena, and others succeeded in gaining princely power and place. So the g\6ry of this world passes away, and proceeds with trembling unsteadiness, enough to tell u» that popular harmony supplies national happiness, and that private ambition usually becomes baneful to persons that indulge it to excess. The hew princes and Dukei of France afford no argument to the contrary. Thov look like the generals of the Goths at the decline of the wosterii empire, their appearance is prodigy, and they themselvci are non-descript ! If we consider the case of Italy, Switzerland, Holland and Spain, and estimate the fortunes of those who assisted^ to originate strife and change in their native countries, we will perceive the most of them shipwrecked or swept off in the very floods they lal)our- ed to introduce upon their own states in favour of Gallic domination of late, nay more, if we contemplate the exiled wretchedness of several of our countrymen nt.this day, not to mention those of them who died in abetting re- bellion and invasion, not many years ago in Ireland, we will see abundant evidence of that political phrenzy which goads individuals to injure the commonwealth and destroy themselves. Some educated and capable men of Ireland, who might have lived respectably at home by the exertion of their talents as they ought, fell sacrifices to it, while several of them are at present squanderin^j^ their timt *■ t^'i T — L&MB*8 MElNOIlti :.«>>V (' ^KB ^^K iuid tdletitft at us^lefld exiles in ike to#m ot f^rihtatiohi ol NoMh Ameiica) and sd represent to the lite the meldii- choly tragi-comtdj^ of Whaley and Gottb, nt lladley, 1««M»wh in « strange Hmd as men of ability, but ieuixsd jtiid dislUied, lest IIieHr abilities should harm th0 very okjlntM wliidi shelter tlietn from the storms of Ettro^e. ' )<'roiti HafcBey dur nrat lay to Prospect'hill, urbich ii ai>Dut 90 ttdlktt distant fi'om it, where w^ ^i>ped dtirifi^ the winter monthS) and endured hatxh iKage in dtfierbnt ways. The people of Nexir England appeared to indidge a deadly hatted again^ th^ Britidb prisoners, and re« joiced at ftny occasion to gratify it. Several of Our men werfe' ^laUied by the colonial centinels, and otx- of our ettcere WBs lihot as he rode in his chaise. Th^e are parsonages of distinction at pfeilent residing in this city, who then wei^ prismiers with me, that can bear testimony to the troth •f what IS here asserted, jon this unpleasant subject Th6 fiUowtn^ extracts from a letter to general 8ir WiHiam Howe, by lieutenat colonel Sir ArcMbald Campbell, am )|irt1ier corroboratire of it. Tlie colonel, having the com- mand Of 700 men, proceeded into Boston harbour, which Jmd been tmknown to him, evactiated by the rOyal troops^ miid of course Wought himself and his soldiery into the •nemy*s hands. He was gent to suffer close eoAfinemeirt in Concord, a smrall town 18 miles from Boston, from whence he addressed the letter in question to the corii* Inlander in chief. « I am lodged in a dungeon of twelve or thirteen feet nquare, whose sides are black with the grease and Kttef of successive criminals ; two doors m itb double lochs and bolt(), shut me- up from the yard, with an express pro- hibitioti to enttoc it, either for my health or the necessary calfa of nature ; two sraail windows, strongly grat^ widt iron, introduce a gloomy light to the apai^ment, and these are at this time without a single panie of glask^ although the leason of tie frost amd snow in aetuaHy in MntioAf s nieldii- Haak>y, it leurod 4h0 very which ii d (itlriti^ difieiient 6 indulgis » and re* men wei^ tur ottoera Bonages of (hen wei^ the trtitlr j«ct TM ir WiUiam ibell, ai« the com- ir, which »yal troops^ •y into the ifinemeixt |ston, from the coiii* lirteeA feet and Htter locks and cpress pro- BeceiMaiy ted with lament, and of gla^ laetuaUj i* ' » LAMB*f MEMOIft. foa the extreme. In the corner of the cell, boxed up with the partition) stands a neccs(«aij house, which does not seem to have been emptied since its first appropriation to this convenience of nialefhctors. A loathsome bhck- hob, decorated \vith a pair of fixed chains, is granted me for my inner apartment, from whence a felon was but the moment before removed, to make way Ibr your humble servant, and in which his litter &c remain fu this moment. The attendance of a single servant is also denied me, and every visit firom a iirieud is positively refused : In short, sir, was a fire to happen in any chamber of the goal, which is all of wood, the chimney- stacks excepted, I might perish in the flames before thu goaler could go through the cermony of unbolting the doors; although to do him justice in his station, 1 truly think him a man of humanity ; his house is so remote, that any call from within, espcially if the wind is high, might be 'long of reaching him eflcctually. I \\fiMi the honour to be, &:c. AfiClilBALD CAl^PBELIi. Concord Goal, 9ith February. 1777. The severe treatment however which colpnel sir Arc}^b9^ Campbell suffered was cl\iefly owin^ tp the capture, and confinement of general Lee, whoqi general Ilo^ve^i kept as a istate prispner. . The character of general Lee, is w^ll. known and at that period of the colonial war his mi« litary talents and his exeirtioii^s were of the first importance to the American c^yse, and, no dpubt bi^ sei^re on tl^e spur of intei^stjuig^ aflfcurs, w^s appreciated as a great a4' vantage gained by ^h^ rpyal army. America was at first incoltnpetent in the g;reat requisites of military effi- ciency. Mer troops w^re npt of coyrse ^bly or^apix^^ aiid there was a general want of experience and skill I among the oflSct*s. The loss of general Lee, who saw • i V m mm& IT 'f fS4 LAMM • MEMOIU. much service, who was capable, and enterpizing in hi:^ profosnion, could not fail to be entimated hy the colonists as unfortunate, or by the British as encouraging at tlic moment Congress evinced much anxiety on his account. His ardour and unremitting endeavours for their interests made them politically and- affectionately his friends. It was tried to effectuate his liberation by .a cartel of ex- change, but no individual of his high rank l)eing a pri< soner at that time, general Washington, by particular de- lire of congress, proposed to give six field officers for him. This overture was refused, general IIowc, urging that he must be consideicd an a deserter not a regular prisoner. From this view of his situation he was guard- ed with all that strict precaution whi(*h attaches to indi- viduals ebargcd with treui^onable overt acts. Congress from respect to general Lee and a desire of re' iiation treated the British prisoners with much se- verity. Officers were4eprived of their parole liberty, and it was publickly declared that the manner of their future treatment should in all cases be regulated by that which general Lee experienced. And thus it was that colonel Campbell was so rigorously used while impiisoned at Concord. Having introduced the mention of general Lee, a sketcli of his life and conduct may prove somewhat amusing to the reader. The author in his American Journal gave a general account of him, but at present he shall state some particulars concerning a man that made so{ eminent an appearance on the American theatre. Charles Lee was the tliird and youngest son of Thomas | Lee, of 'Dernhall in the county of Chester, and of Isa* bella Bunbury, daughter of Sir Henry Bunbury, of Stan- ney, in the same county. His father had been a colonel I in the army, and his fumily was ancient and respectable. I Mr. Charles Lee began his military life so early as thel age of eleven jfeSLn^ and pursued his professipnfd ^\|diei| I miHi ->. * • < * .^' . IW lamb's memoir. SSj sing in his I ic coloiiiiits I igingat Uie I kis account. I cir interests I friends. It I artel of ex- I l)eing a pri* I articular (le- I officers for I [owe, urging I lot a regular I B was guard- I iches to iudi- I id a desire of I ith much »e- I e liberty, and I If their future I )y that which I that colonel mpiisoned at I Lee, a sketch ?hat amusing Journal gave nt he shall hat made so leatre. n of Thomai and of Isa- ►ury, of Stan- )een a colonel d respectable. early as the sional studio with ability and attension. He knew the TiOtin and (ircck well, as also the Italian, Spanish, (ien.ian and French languages, which ho s^wke with fluency. A hall pas-cd through his body at the battle of Ticoiideroo-a, at which he caramanded a company of the 44th regiment. On returning to England a general peace was contemp- lated, and it was rumoured that Canada would be ceded. The intended cession of Canada was loudly deprqcat^d by the American Colonists, and on this occasion he, pub- lished a pamphlet, which evinced his political talent, and ably explained the importance of our retaining Canada OA a dependency of the British empire. The success of his pamphlet, made him known, and he was' compli- mented for it by Doctor Franklin, who observed that his work on that subject *' could not fail of making a salu- tary impression." In the year 1762 he bore a coloneVs commiKsion, and served under general Burgoyne in Por- tu!];al, where he distinguished himself a good deql, for which he received tlie thanks of his Portuguese majesty, and was warmly recommended to his own court, by the Count La Lippe, the commander of the allies. This era might have been auspicious to Colonel Lee, if he had hotm possessed of private prudence to advance his pro- tl'ssional interests. Here however, as if by fatality, Amcpca interfered, and he always appeared, greatly interested for the colonies. The Indian, or what was called poudiack's war broke out, and was deemed a matter of little moment by the ministerial parties. The friends of America thought differently, and Colonel Lee, produced another pamphlet by which he lost the favour of ministers.. Despairing of preferment at home, he now left his native shores, and entered into the-JPolish service. In his ab- sence he never lost sight of the colonial cause,, as his letters duiping that time, evinced that he exerted hin^elf with his majostv's ministers on tlie Coiqitinent, and with Ff ^>i \ 'fi tJ 996 LAMB 8 MEMOIR. f' • I .1 - ■ parliamentary friends in England, to promote it bjr all means. • At the breaking out of hostilites with the colonies hft did not continue an idle spectator. He still held his rank as Colonel in the British service, and received half pay. This he resided, stating his reftsoitt at large in a letter addressed to lord Barington, the secretary at war, in which he declared that whenever his majesty might call ^iin on any honourable service against his foreign and natural enemies, he would obey with alacrity and' zeal; but that he acted 'rom patriotic motives in embracing the colonial interests on the theatre of America : as he considered the measures of the British government in fliat great matter subversive of civil liberty, destiiictivc to Bfitish prosperity and ultimately iniurious to his majesty's ' power and security on the English throne. His subsequent conduct shewed that he behaved on the great occasion in compliance with his feelings, which however must be considered indiscreet, if not excited by bis disappointments. In character he always seemed impetuous and rash. His attachment to America, io competition as it was with the mother countiy, cannot be justified ; and his behaviour on the Continent of Europe, exhibits his eccentricity and restlessness t\ ith a prominent feature. It is reported that he disgusted his patron the king of Poland himselfj who became thred of such a man. His rapidity of trayelling from state to state, and hi^ fre- quent quarreling with individuals proves that his mind was not well at ease, and to hint the American revolution was desirable, as it aflTorded him a scene of activity, to dissi- pate his habitual perturbation of spirit^ and to gather laurels which, he must be aware, he could not expect to .acquire in any other portion of the earth. Ita the colo- nisd contest he embarked all his hopes ; he risked his fortuhes in it, which, if they were not opulent, were • \ LAMB 8 MEMOIR. 227 lotfc it fcy colonies he 11 held his eceiVed half at large in tary at war, y might call foreign and y and' zeal; 1 embracing jrica : as he ^emment in desttuctive ious to his lish thi-one. iTed on the ings, which t excited by rays seemed America, in itiy, cannot it of Europe, a prominent patron the such a man. and hi^ fre- lat his mind n revolution I'ltji to dissi- d to gather ot expect to tt the colo- risked his uknt, were competent enough.* They could not bo made much betttej in the success of the coloni«;ts^ and in their sub- jugation or reduction he would become exigent, if not altogether destitute, and a victim of rashness at the altar df reconciliation. He arrived in America in November 1773, when the causes of hostility were agitated with great animosity, and his writings and speeches were instrumental in arous- ing the colonists to a persevering resistance. In this attempt he visited most of the states, and was generally well received and admired for his abilities and friendiy wishes to their cause. lie o1)tained the rank of Major General from Congress, and on the resignation of Gene- ral Ward was appointed in his place second in command. On the death of General Montgomery before Quebec he was ordered to take command in Canada, but this •order was countermanded, and he was sent to a soutlurea «««»« ness were become able to withstand regular and veteran armies, and that the General had acted culpably. In conse- quence he was tried by a court-martial, first " for disob^ dience of ordere, in not attacking the enemy on the 28tfi June. Secondly for misbehaviour before the enemy on the same day, in making an unnecessary and shameful retreat. And thirdly for disrespect to the commander in- chief, in two.lettcrs, dated 28th June and first of July.** It was a considerable time before his trial took place, and in the interval of this suspense he was addressed m a letter by Colonel Laurens, one of General Washington's aid-de-canips, requirinfi^ satisfaction for the manner in whicli he insulted the; Commander-in-chief. He accepted the diallonge, chose to fight with pistols as his weapons, was slightly wounded in the side, and as he was alw.nys used to do, displayed great fortitude on the occasion. The award of the court-martial sentenced him to sus- pension for one year firom his command, and the pro- ceeding's of the military trial were confirmed by Congrefs after a debate which lasted several days. It will be easily conceived that such a decision dissatisfied and imbitteretl the irritable temper of General Lee against Congress aitd i. ! .5 • 11 m 990^ LAMBS MEMOIR. , *1 Americant in general. He was particularly ehmgcd at the psjrt one of the members, Mr. William 11. Drayton took against him, in opposing ^the considcra ion in Congress of the several charges sepemtely, instead of debating them collectively, as was done to the General's discomfiiiire> He was so chagrined that he never returned to the, tfmy, but retired, to his plantation in Berkeley county Virginia, where he often gave vent to his re- sentments in poigrnant letters, and brooded over his >* misfortunes in a rusticated manner of life. lib house ' „ had nothing of elegance, and little of comfortable commo- diousness. . His chief mental resource was derived from a little select collection of books, with which he com- bated the weariness of solitude. At lengtli his wonted restlessness began fo operate, and he resolved to be- come a resident of some niaritime town. In this idea lie disposed of his farm at Berkeley, and visited Baltimore, 'ivhere stopping a week he removed to Philadelphia and , lodged an at inii. In three or four days he was taken with ; shivering, the precursor of a fever, which put a period .fo his restless and chequered life, October the second, 1789. , At his arrival in Baltimore and Philadelphia, he was n3t visited or hospitably entertained by the gentry, but after his decease some respect appeared to be paid to his memory, and his funeral was attended by the most dis- tinguished personages. His dying was not dissimilar to the tenor of his life. He was not perceived to meet death with any apprehension of the king of terrors, and it is probable, that if he was not deprived of understanding, he certainly was ignorant of his immediate summons to another world. In the agony of dissolution his last words are said to be ^* Stand by me, my brave grenadiers I" It is not amazing that a man <^ General Lee*s tem- per should displease, and be displeased and disappointed in America, although, it must be allowed, that he was «- ' -W r^ LAMB S MBMOXE. 131 mrnged at . Drayton 3ra ion in instead of Generar« jr returned 1 Bcrkelej to lu8 re- over his lib house tie commo- rived from I he cOm- lis wonted ed to be- liis idea he Baltimore, lelphia and taken vrith it a period le second, a, he was entry, but aid to his most dis- ssimilar to neet death and it is rstanding, immons to last words liersl" ree's tem- lappointed tat he was among the prime promoters of American independence. His pride, caprice, and impetuosity were ill-fittied to enable him to supplant the American Fabitrs, n. man peen* liariy, it may be said, made to become lord of the Kscend^ ant pending hostilities in the States. That lie had warm hopes of diplacing General Washington is prohaUe, and in this view it is likely he behaved ad he did at the battle of Monmouth, which drew back a great deal from his military feme. It is not Kkely that he fell any lack of spirit or courage on that occasion, but tl^e high probabi- lity is that he fevoured the retreat and^l disorder of the troops he had under him, and his so d«hg cannot be at^^ tributed to any cause save the endjipour to cover his rival with blame. The effect of his UHhviour in tlie afiaif exposed and distressed htm in aiyntraordinary degree. So much so that it appears almo||^certain he sorely re- pented of his rash economy in America. In a letter to his si jplains that the Colonists, for^hom he sacrificed every thing, proved basely nngratefip'to him. He writes, that were it not for a '* fortunqpl' purdiase he made, mortt by lack than cunning, he'-i'tnight have htc^ged in the streets, but without much ehance of being relieved!*' On the whole, Geueral Lce*s great feature was bois^ tcrous ambition, ambition of pre«eminence in his profes- sion, which his impetuous impatience was ever a prompt means to prevent him from attaining in his native ceunfry or in foreign States. If he could controul Ms unruly temper, he had eminent qualifications, whidi, H r» fr6^ bable, would have elevated him in the tainy, Probohly his studious biass contributed to shape his fortunes in- a perverse course. The part .he took ibr the Colonies ^ay be thought enough to evince his warin atta* hntent to civil freedom, but thi» ef^imate of him' looks like a mis* ttike, if we analise his general conduct. He had political penetration to foresee ' thdt America iwould' become a sing the interests of in England, he com* ' :'i'i Ef f3$ LAMB 8 MEUOIR. -gl^ theatre of strife and war, and he regarded it as a couO' tiy in which he might be called forth as a pre-eminent actor. The circumstance of the Colonies fed this fond hope of pre-c;minence, for he could not anticipate that 9iny injdiyiduaV bof n and brought up in America, ,.would be thought of as preferable to himself to command the Colonial forces. General Lee may have been somewhat tinged with the loose ethicks which obtained in France an4 Germany ^n his day, and yet it does not appoaJT that he was completely a Revolutionist or Pcist, accprd- ing t"" ^^p French schovl of Voltaire and his, disciples, Hr , % : 3«a-de8cript chsuactcr, too capricious toibelong to any pri:.'/ and too haughty to regulate his life by syste^ii or :ruie of any sort. If he was not deistical .we aiv .^ell a^jiirod, he ^ was not entirtly, if at all, a cluristiaUf^ T»u;. ^^H^a-is fortified from considering his fluctuating pnneipies, and partufujtarly his la^t will and testament He expressly desiredt th^t he shoyld not (^be buried in any chiu'ch or church-yi^rd, or within a mile of any presbyteriani or anabaptist meeting-house.'* Urging as a reason that ?eince he resided an America *'be kept so much bad con^pany when liv^i^ thlit he did not chose to continue it when deadi.T .'^|Ie recom^ mended hia soul to the creator of all, worlds and of all creatures, who must (he ai^ued) from his visible attributes be indifffirent to their modes of worship or xsre^ds, . whe- th^r Chi-istians, Mahomedans, or Jews." ■tfU^-aim-. vt;Such was the life and decease of Cliarles Lee who classed am^oig the most singular and eccentrick men of his age, and wliose strong singularities greatly aided the erection of Cp)ipnial America, into a new independent nation in the world. While ytre stopped at Prospect-hill, w€ often took oppor- tunities to view Bunker's-hill, contiguous to it, on which a desperate action was fought two years before our ar- fivaj^ at th* place*.. On t^e summit of £unkerVhil]» LAMB S MEMOin. issi s a coun- - eminent this fond pate that a, , would niand the somewhat in France ot appeal^ t, accprd- dibcipleSf toibelong lis life hy t deistical if at all, :pnsidering is lasit will should not within a ng-house." a America thM he |^e recom-f and of all attribute! !^^8, . whe- Lee who I men of his aided the idependent )okqppor- , on which l)re oui: wr- ler'i-hilly stands a monumental stone erected to the memory of doctor Warren, who held the rank of general in ttie • American armj. It stood near the spot on whicti he fell. There were vestiges of flghtii^ which coiitd not fail to excite the sympathies of British soldiers, circum- stanced as we were. In the vault of a church at Boston, are now preseiryeii the mouldering bodies of British officers, whb lost their gallant lives in the before mentioned engagement. They must hav6 been intered without coflfins, as the skeletons were seen, hy a gentleman some years ago lying unco- vered and bare. On one skeleton hung rags of torii regimentals, and breeches of leather in a good state of preservaiioh. It looked as if recently cleaned' with pipe clay, whieli most probably was done to prepare fbk* the ck;cdst6h which proved fatal to the wearer of it. "The neshl vi-'sls entirely wasted from the bones, which presented a painful spectacle of nroftality. . The soldier of reflection might exclaim iii affectioriaie truth <^ brave but unfortu- nate men ! no kind relative was at hand to pcrfbrm the' last fond offices for you, or slied a parting tear at your untimely fhte ! The world of Atlantic waters rolled be- tween yourselves and the objects of your friendship and love at the hour of dissolution I" In a tomb were deposited the reniains of the valiant M^ajor I^itcairn of the marines, than whom no ofliccr de- parted more lamented by his friends. He was eveti re- gretted by many of those whom tiie war alone had made liis enemies, as before the revolution be had been com* ihahdaht ait Boston, and deservedly endeared to the jiihabi- tants. ^oihe years af^er his interment DqqIW Pitcairi) 6f^ Loridbh, the Major's brother, was permitted to remove His bdiies across tne ocean to lie with the asdi^ of hit MH^ik ifi his native land! r^ I 23i lamb's MEMOin.. . In the Summer of 1778, we were marched bv order of Congress from Prospect-hill to Rutland county, which is distant al)out 50 Miles from Boston.. Seeing that Congress Iiad no intention of allowing the British trbops to return to England, according to the articles of convention, and considering myself under no tie of honour, us I gavd no parole (ifiough at that time I was employed as temporary surgeon to the 9th regi- ment) I resolved to proceed privately to New York. This resolution was confirmed by my meeting at some distance from IVospect-hill, a native of America, for whom r did a kind office, after the battle of Fort-Anne^ and fi'ora whom I t1ien received an invitation to take refreshment in an adjacent tavera together with a promise of a pasport, whfch' might prevent my being apprehended hy the way^ Unfortunately there were at that time in the tavern, a few British soldiers who did some dwrnage iiji the house, and got off without paying for it. The land- lord raised the hue and cry against me, although I was in another apartment when the damage was done. He demanded a recompense of 40 dollars to repair his losses^ though a small matter, was sufficient to compensate his loss, wbicli consisted but in the breaking of a fevY drinking glasses, Having had no part whatever in the affair X naturally refused to comply, and was in consequence taken before a magistrate. However they took the law first into their own hands, as it was agreed that I should run the gaunt- let to the magLstrate's house, which was about 100 yards from the tavern. IVovidentially for me the tavern was on a rising ground, and the way I had to run was down a hill which accelerated my motion, so that I re- ceived bat few blows, although there were a number of persons aiming to strike hie as I passed. When I airived before the magititrate, he in the most unfeeling manner. LAMB it MEMOIR. S35 >v ordor of , which is lowins: the ng to the under no that time ! 9th regi- ew York. jr at some lerica, for Fort-Anne^ fn to tnkc a promise prehended at time in iie dmnage The land, jgh I was done. He his lossesy jensate liis of a few I naturallj tea before t into their the gaiint- 100 yards avern was > run was that I re- number of n I arrived ig manner^ -without hearing my defence, declared if T did not forth- with pay down 40 dollars, he would order me to the priison-ship in Boston, where I should be fed on bread ;;ipd water. I persisted Tq declanug I had no part in the outrage, and challenged any person lo come forward and prove it against me. My plea was. rejected, and to the prison ship I was told I must go, unless I paid the mulct iinroediately. This I still olijected to do. After, some consultation among themselves, it was determined tliat J should run the gauntlet again, which punishihent* I underwent of course, a number of men taking sticks in their hands, to deal blows at ipe. It was an wnpleatant atonement on my part for the transgression of others, but I f3aw I could not avoid it, I was brought to the door and held till my enemies were each man prepsiired for striking me. The w ord was given that all was ready, and I was let go fi-om the grasp of the men that held me. I therefore dailed along the line with rapidity, and being young and active^ I do think, I did not receive in uli more titan a dozen strokes by reason of their confusion and eagerness to deal blows upon my unprotected iead, which by agility and good heels I succeeded in saving. They did not pursue me, and by my rapid marching I was enabled to join my companions. However I felt my body and head sore for many days afterwai'ds. We arived iu the progrees of our march at a low'h- ship called Rutland, and wei-e confined in a large pen, which has been described in the author's Ameiican Jour- nal. We erected small sheds to shelter us, and conti- imed to occupy them from June until the ensuing No- vember. Distant about ten miles from Rutland in tlie township of Worcester, a town has been Iniilt since the expiration of the war, called JJarre, in honour of Colo- nel Barre, a member . of the llriti^sh ParliaiHcnt, who 2 G s^ tAMll> MIEJMOm. M. I • :i "fvarmly av a ^Volf that became a terror to the ^ountr^. On iUe occ^jon o^f com^atin^ the ibripidable Wolf, General Pyt^am displayed a degree of fortitude, which amounted in fact to what is frequently cajled fool-hardi- iiess; but rashness was not unusual with him, as it bc< came his ordinary economy, when the exertion of his courage was required. He went into the cave to the encounter, creeping through a dark aperture, scarcely larn^e cnoygh to adm^t his body, as he had to press him- «Qlf through it, and afterward to meet the wild beast, his pnemy uponi a subterraneous theatre of hostility, which jvas unexplored by him, but where the Wolf was at home in the darkness of his den. Notwithstanding th^ fearful odds against him, his extraordinary intrepidity acquired a novel conquest, very much to the satisfaction pf the neigh]>ouring people.* General Putnam had borne an officer's commission in the British service before the revolutionary war for seve- ral years, and served in Canada, under General WoMe. ^t the revolution he espoused the Colonial cause, and was promoted to the rank of Major General, as he was previously avoU known to possess undaunted courage and uncommon cntcrprijie. He exhibited such great speci- ipens of martial hardihood on a peril >us command which l^ad been confided to him by the British Commander, in the war alluded to, that he acquired \e)ry justly more cele- brity than a laurel-leaf as a Soldier, and his adventures €)0 that and another occasion, ivere so singular that they rannot fail to contribute to the reader's gratification, in j)erusing them. * S«e Journal of the <\ra«rifan war, page 53. I . nerica, in > town of uch notice General >r to the ble Wolf, [de, which fool-hardi- , as it bc- ;^lon of his ave to the , scarcely press him- 1 beast, his lity, which as at home iding the intrepidity satisfaction mission in r for seve- ral Wolfe, cause, and as he was mrage and reat speci- land which inlander, in more cele- adventures that they fication, in 5% ' I'Amd'b memoir. ^^7 When the French army was encamped near Ticonderoga, Mr. Putnam then a Captain, (accompanied by a Lieu- tenant Durkic) was selected to reconnoitre ihe enemy. At the very onset of this solitary enterprise, whidi WM more than a forlorn hope to those who undertook it, Captain Putnam narrowly escaped from beii^ made prisoner, and in the hurry of his retreating, mlstitking Lieutenant Durkie for a French soldier, he was on tiio point of killing him. On approaching the enemy they crept on their handA and knees in order to discover hi^s position, but to their utter astonishment they found themselves in the thickest of their foes. Being discovered they were fired on, and Lieutenant Durkie was slightly wounded in the thigh. They fled, and Putnam, who took the lead soon found himself plunged into a deep pit, where Durkie, immediately tun^bled in afler him. Conceiving himself to be pursued by the enemy, he had already uplifted his weapon to deal ^ dreadful blow, when Durkie spoke, and he reco^ njzcd his voice. They now scrambled out, and effected their escape through a shower of random shot. Thejr passed the remainder of the night in the woods, out of the reach of the enemy. Putnam had provided a little rum, which he carried in a canteen slung over his shoulders, and on lying down, wishing to refresh with it, he found the vessel empty, it being repeatedly pierced with musket-ljalis. Being soon after appointed Major, he accompanied Major Rogers on a party of observation for the purpose of watching the motion of the enemy, who lay near Ticonderoga. Their detaeli- nient was divided, and the commanding officers tobic different positions, but being discovered by the foe, they again began their march in files through the woods, the right led on by Major Rogers ; the left by Major Putnam, and the centre by Captain D*E11. The first day they reached Clear-River, on the banks of whiicb I 238 .111 LAMBi MEMOIU. ,L« •:''''r--';"'T f*~': rr ■ i\i- t^.rrf was Fort-Anne. Next morning previous to quiltii\(^ the fround Miyor Rogers imprudently made a bet with one c^ the officers, to bo decided by firing at a mark. Major Putnam. roiiDonstrated in a very pointed manner against this imprudent conduct, in the very neighbourhood of the eHemy, but as Major Rogers commanded, he could not prevent their proceedings. After this tliey continued their march in columns, Putnam in the front, D'KU in the centre, and Rogers in the rear, circuuKitauccs and^he nature of the ground rendering this dinposition advisieable. The French having received information of the expedi- tion, sent Colonel Molong, an active and enterprise ing officer, with 500 chosen men to intercept it., He was so near that he h'^ard the firing at the, mark; and immediately placed himself in ambush. Putnam at the head of his column, had just cleared his way through some thick brushwood into the open part of tlie forest, when the enemy sprung upon him with horrid yells and war- whoops firom the Indians, who formed a pact of Molong's detatchment. Putnam in one instant recovered from his surprize, calmly drew up his men, and returned the fire ; sending ofi* at the same time for the other divisions to come up with speed. D'Ell came up, and the action fiecame general and desperate. The contending parties adopted the Indian mode of warfare, which is irregular and ferocious ; for their situation precluded the possibility of ob- serving tactics. During this dreadful contest Major Rogers did not join, alledging that he fonned his men in a circular file between the other columns and Wood Creek, to prevent their being taken in the rear, or infiladed. Major Putnam was not disheartened. He found he could not cross the creek, and therefore determined to keep his ground; and his officers inspired by his braveiy and his personal exertions, encouraged their soldiers, who defended themselves against superior numbers with the most determined resolution. Sometimes thgs fought T'l LAMBS MEMOIR. aas ttiiVwhoop and uplitled tomahawk compelled the gallant Major to surrender. He was forthwith disarmed and bound to a tree. The command now devolved on D'EIl, who was bravely seconded hy a Captain Harman, but thejr were toon compelled to give way, which the savages consider- ing as a total defeat, rushed on with impetuosity and dreadful cries. The British troops, rallied at the orders of their officers, and gave their pursuers such a receptio' as caused them in their turn to retreat beyond the ground ' which the battle began, where they niade a stand, movement placed the tree to which Putnam was tied, between the fires of the contending parties; the balls from cither side struck the tree, and passed through his clothes. In this state of jeopardy, unable to move his body, or stir his limbs, he remained more than an hour, so equal and desperate . was the tight. When the battle inclined in favour of the enemy, a young savage chose a very odd way wof indulging his humour. He discovered Putnam bound and might consequently have killed him, but to shew his dexterity at throwing the tomahawk, he struck the tree several times within the smallest distance possible of Major Putuan^'s head. Wbei^ the savage finished his fierce amusement, a French serjeant more ferocious came up, and levelled his musket within a foot of tfie Major's breast, but happily missed fire. In Vain. did he claim the treatment due to a prisoner of war. The cowardly Frenchman refused the argument of htnnanlty and honour, repeatedly pushed the muzzle of bis firelock against the ribs of his tied up enemy, and at m r / 4' $IOr LAMBS MEMOIR. lengCd inflicied a severe ivound on the Major*s face. '!t^e iiitrtpidiiy of D'£ir and I^arman,* seconded hy the Valour of {beir followers^ at ]engt1i prevailed. I'hey drove ihe enemy from the scene of action, leaving behind the numBerdf^ d^O killed. As th^ conquered fled, the Indian, ^ho made Sifajor Putna*m Prisoner, came up, untied and Cook hini* o^. Having been conducted to some distance, lie was stripped of his regimentals, stocliihgs and shoes, burdened with a heavy loa'l, and strongly pinioned, his wrists being draiwn tight together witli a cord. After i^iiig taken ihaiiy miles over ttie roughest ways, the party, greatly fatigned, halted to rest, 'tka miserable prisoner was now in a dreadful state of torfui^e. HTs hands from tlie dght'iiess of the ligature were immoderately swelled ; and fiia pain became intolerable. His feet were torn, bruised, and sbleaniirig iVith l)lood. The burden he bore was too iniic^ for his strength ; and, fi-antic with torments ex- quisite beyoiid endurance, he entreated them to kill him, and tak6 his scalp, or to uhtiie his hands. A F^rerich dfftcer instantly interposed^ ordering his hands to be un- bdiind, and Fome of the lostd to be taken firom his back. 1^ he Ikdian, who claimed the prisoner, had been absient with thii wounded, but now coming up, gave him a pair of Ji/tacdsoiHy (i. e. Indian Hoots) and shewed great' reseint- ittent against his tormehters. The dtity of this chief was to attend bii the wounded, diAd itiarch vyith the prisoners, among whom Was Major ^tniCm, who now was agonized with pain from the #6tthd iti his face, whilst: the savages ^termined to roast lihii fldive ; ahd^ in pursuance of this horrid doom, they i^H &ucy in reflecting on. the wretched gcoup around him, in- which he himself sustained the most pitiful part, and thought it a scene foe apaiuter to make a dra^- ,ing ofl ' , . ' r r^ :.,.,,,. ^ The next day he> was allowed a blanlis^t and a pair of macasonSf and was suffered to proceed with the party t without carrying a loud, or receiving insult. To allay his extreme huugcr, a lillk bear's flesh mas given him; h& ' moistened and sucked it through his teeth* When the party arrived at Ticonderoga^ Maj,or Putnam was placed • under a Frencli^ guard.; and after having been examined by the compianding ofilcer,. xi:;.. Marquis de Montcalm,^ .^ was ordered to be conducted to Mootrcal, and there libe* xated to return to the English army. During the time of our remaining prisoners at Rutland, , a melancholy incident happened, which I consider worthy to be recorded. A seijeant Buchanan ceceived cash from his officen, to prx>vide shoes for the company,, but unfortu^ nately squandered itv Apprehensive of punishment, lu? went away privately, to a place about forty miles from Boston, and worked at his trade to provide as much as lie lavished, in order to make good his account. Having saved so much, he was returning to his eegiment,. and by accident, met with a soldier,, who informed him that a Serjeant was appointed iii his place,, it being concluded , that he desovted. Being so advised,, he resolved to escape to Montreal, (where he left behind him his wife and child) in the hope of obtaining pm'don by means of General Sir Guy Cadetou, then Governor of Canada. On his> route f^i*^ «»«>tf<^^^«,#^ #^^#.»» . * S(i« Author's- Jou'iial of th« American War, page 72; ./<: lamb's MEMOlIt. 34$ ^ajor said af his life, inteitained He ev^ bed group aost pitiful keadnuw* 1 a pair of , the partjt [•o allay his n him; h& When the was placed 1 examined VIontcalm,f Uherelibe- at Rutland, ider worthy d cash from mt unfortu^ shracnt, lie miles from much as he Having snt, and by him that a concluded ;d to escape and child) reneral Sir )n his* route i . . age 7% to Canada, he passed through Brookficld, and thefe, nn- happify for the parties, was noticed by a Mrs. Spooncr, daughter of General Ru^gles, who ,lie)d a command in the former provincial war. This lady was romarkaUlefor attachment to the Royal cause, although Mr. Spoonerwas decidedly devoted to the opposite interests. Their differ- ence of thinking produced domestic disagreement, and Mr.^. Spooner wickedly ^meditated tlie murder of her hus- band. She actually bribed an American young man to poison Mm, as he made a journey from home, but fearing that he might escape the ruin so plotted, she disclosed lier horrible design to Buchanan, promising him considerable property, and that she herself would accompany him from her abode, on the ccoomplishment of the murderous cen- spiracy. Her husband returned safe, and ou entering his house discovered Buchanan sitting in the parlour, at which he expressed much displeasure. Although Mrs. Spoouer was obliged to send Buchanan to seek another lodging, she secretly communicated with him, and although Buchanan afterward alledged, that he shrank from perpe- trating the murder, he actually consented in tho terrible plot, for the purpose of obtaining a share of the property which he expected would be the reward of its execution. At this unhappy juncture of inhiiman contrivance, a soldier named Brooks (whom the Author mentioned in his An«e- rican Journal to have jumped over h^ard, on t!ie voyage to America, through fear of being punished for stealing an article of wearing apparel) happenod to travel thr(»ngk the town, and from his daring clmractor, was taken by Buchanan into a partnership »^f the iiitcnded dreadful transaction. Mr. Spooner, having gone some distance from home in the day, it was determined to dispatch him on his return at night. Brooks was selected as the r^xccu-'* tioner, who waited in a convenicMit corner near the door, and actually fractured the skull of tlif» ill-HHed geiitleman, H h 2 ■■Wk .0 244 LAMB^S MEMOIR. II with a lo^ of wood, w he made his entrance. The party- then plundered the house of cash, and Buchanan, Brooks and the Amencan, departed to cUvide and spend their hooty in safety. The body hmvever was discovered thrown down iff a deep draw-well, and Mrs. Spooner, on examina- tioi>, confessed the abominable deed which originated in her own wickedness. The party who fled were followed, secured, and^ tog'ether with Mrs. Spooner, soon after broufifht to trial, and deservedly sentenced to suffer death. Buchanan was deeply impressed with the justice of the capital atonement they were doomed to make, and by his means chiefly, his guilty partners became truly penitent. Buchinan addressed letters to his officers, full of religious contriti(m, and the Author of this Memoir by desire of his officers visited them, and was present at the hour of their being executed. The awfulness of it was great indeed, and the truly contrite feelings of the culprits were calcu- lated to turn vicious spectators to virtuous and pious ways. Mrs. Spooner, however, indulged hopes to the last of escaping condign punishment, pleaded pregnancy as an argument for being respited, and seemed impenitent a good deal. One thing respecting Brooks, was son e what astonishing. Before the perpetration of the horrid plot for which he suffered, he was notoriously prophane, and almost illiterate. But during his confinement, and the interval of preparation for death allowed after trial, he attended so much to a devout perusal of the Holy Scrip- tures, that he could read the Sacred Volume with facility, explain it to his unhappy companions in an edifying man- ner, and even select the chapters most appropriate to their sad condition. The time of execution appeared marked with horror suited to the awful scene. The malefactors had to pass two miles to the gallows, and, although the former part of the day was serine and fine, of a sudden, as iiicy approached the place, the sky was covered with *■-'«■ w lamb's memoir. na Hie party I, Brooks end their »d thrown examina- [inated in followed, oon after 9er death, ice of the md by his penitent. ' religious sire of his ir of their ait indeed, ere calcu- lous ways. 18 last of icy as an tenitent a soikcwhat orrid plot lane, and , and the p trial, he oly Scrip- th facility, ^ing man- te to their d marked lalefactors lougli the Hidden, as cred with clouds, and a storm of thunder followed with copious rain, attached additional terrors to their igiiominioui catastrophe. • t t t «• The case of these unhappy individuals, no doubt^ looks extraordinary^ in deep-laid blood-guiltincss< The ^hook- ing depravity of Mrs. Spooner, twas truly surprising, and it must be estimated that her hostility to her hnsband was fostered in hatred greater than could be owing to mere political difference of opinion. Her odium of I»m must be truly cissperate, and a reflection arises. of: the -miachief frequently produced by jealousies, and janing stnfiisbe- tween the parties in the wedded state. The blessing of connubial unanimity ]» great indeed, but the misfortune of discord in the married condition, cannot be described. As in the case of the Spooners, it generates vengeful distrac- tions, and death itself in all his terrors ! This discord by degrees begets deadly feuds, and our great Poet has de- picted it as one of the immediate prominent eftects of the fall of our first Parents from angel-like innocence, when the arch-enemy having succeeded in perverting Eve'f mind Back to the thicket slunk The guilty serpent, and well might, for Eve Intent no^v, wholly on her taste, nought else Regarded ! The rupture of brotherly-affection, which ought to mnke mankind in general kindly-affectioned each to the other, pursuant to the obligations of the bond of peace, was the next mark of human degeneracy noted by the sublime bard before-mentioned, in the beautiful colouring of his pencil, whereby he sketches for Adam a melancholy ])ro8- pect of the miserable and murderous animosities of his posterity, as the immediate eort^^u«lce«i)wing to*his own ill-fated disobedience. ^^^^J^* * *.',*»*>*>*#»*-*« ^ %l .*! s ■.111 V M6 LAMft's MllMOIK. ft/'.,ni.\..' «•.' So violence Prec«eded, and opposition, and «word.la^ ' Through all the plain, and refuge none was found. Adam was alt in tears, and to his guide ' ' Lamenting turn*d full sad ; O what are these, t" Death's Ministers, not men, who thus deal death InliBmanly to men, and multiply r^'^'rv ' Ten thousand.fold the sin of him who slew i His brother : for of whom such massacre , Make they but of their brethren, men of men ? « ^' H?j^> «K^JHalfrJn:,.-«^!•^(i>;a^fl^'■ ■■l ■■ •! Jr va«t.« ■ ■ ii ^T*w>.<.>i -ytiafl' .'••.' u^ ■yen- ''^^' T-i- 5i-»ii i;^u :..a.^;^^;, 'u,.! i v'.ti- . ,»:f* I ■■ l%t]>-^ *> V / '^^-^ / ■,,,^v;.A,s- *^5j -f^'j^*.*! ':.■,,:, '* f "f^-'ftiftif-'' "; t' 'ri'! f' '•)»»' :■ 1»\ * h{-'f*T ;.■ ' m:'%^ Htl? ''■>"{**■ f> • ■^fyf'i^fi-'-'^r'^' • ■ •••.;;?•''• '■•■.'^■•' .'^■'il-li-iV- 'O-; , ■->■•■ ■ - ■, '^" i r.rtr • i.r 'fc^ ii» hoi« m ■M.nh:r'".'^'^ 'a » i ■ lamb's memoir. 'ffri^ ■^f^*-^i^ 1^7 I Altti'd'nii CHAP. XI. , Author after escaping from Confinement, Joins the British Armi/ at New. York. Account of New York, Uellgate, Cteneral Calvert. Sir Henry Clinton. Charlestown. South Carolina. Dreatment of Negro Slaves in the States. General Gates.. British Army arrives at Yorkr town. Capitulation of Lord Comwallis. '"' HAVING in my American Journal, given a detailed account of my escape firom Rutland into New York, and my entering to serve in the Regiment of Royal Welch Fusileers, I shall decline at present, to relate the particu- lars of it. It was, no doubt, truly p|easirecoming prisoners at Saratoga. ,.^j. | New York city, at that time, although much inferior to its present advanced condition, was very respi^ctable in point of commercial improvements. It i^ ^aid at present to extend more than two miles on East, River, hut is short of that Iciigth on the banks of t^e Hudson, at the confluence of which rivers this capitt^ town is built, on the South East part of York Islajid. New York probably then wiu» by the half bdow its present magnitude and im- portance. Tlie plan of the streets is not done altogether on the regular scale of the New N. American cities, vis* f(>rming in the aggregate a square, and crossing each the other at right angles. There is a want of this regularit/ in the old streets^ but those are diade since the peace in 1782, on (h.; then unoccupied grounds, are neariy pa- rallel) and intersect though jQot at right angles, from river • U m 918 LAMB^S MEMOIR. to river. The pleasantest part of the town is Broadway, occupying, the height between the aforesaid rivers, and liBving, where the fort tbrmerly stood, an elegant brick edifice for the residence of the Governor of the State. New York suffered much in demolition during hos- tilities, but since the war, the ruined parts have been re- built apon u better scale. The houses are mostly of brick with tiled rOofs. Originally the architecture was done in the Dutch fashion, bat for many years back the English stile of building has been adopted with good effect. Tiie grandest edifice of New York is Federal Uall, if for nothing else, rendered famous for having a beautiful gal- lery l^ feet deep, guarded by an iron railing, in which General Washington, at the head of the Senate and Re- presentative Body, took his oath of Office as President, at the cominentement of the Federal Constitution, ^\pnl 30th, 1789. The public buildings, are in general good, among which the College deserves particular notice. It wa» founded before the Revolution, with liberty to confer thetisual degrees granted in the British Univei-sities. Its Charter provides, that the President shall always be a Protestant, but the professors take no test in the matter of religious persuasion, and the advantao-es of the institu- tion are opened to students of all religious descriptions. It was ealKed at first King^s College, but since N. America became independent Columbia College, and it consists of two faculties, one of Arts and the other of Physic. New York being surrounded by water, is pleasant and healthy, compared to other American towns, being refreshed with cooling sea breezes in Summer, and furnished with a com- paratively better and more temperate air in winter. Its situation is favourable to trade in times of peace, but in war, it stands in need of a protecting marine fbrcd. One of the greatest inconvcmences of the inhabitants is a want of good water, there bein^ but few wells. The city is supplied for the most part fi'om a curious spring almost a ^S LAMB g MEMOIR. £19 vers, and rant brick State, iringf hos- e been re- ly of brick IS done in le English feet. The ail, if for lutiful gal- in which te and Re- resident, at ion, A pril leral good, notice. It y to confer •sities. Its ways be a the matter the Institu- iscriptions. America consists of sic. New id healthy^ eshed with irith a corn- inter. Its ice, but in jrcd. One s is a want The city is ig almost a mile distant, which is distributed to the people out of a large pump or reservoir formed for the purpose of receiv- ing it at the bead of Qneeti-street. 'rhe average quantity of water drawn daily is ilO hogsheads of tSO gallOAs each, and in some hot days of Sumitier 216 hogsheads &ave been drawn from it. It is singular that there never is more than t^ree feet depth of water in the well, which, iff about SO feet deep from the top and fbur in diameter. I arrived at this city 25th Nov. 1778, during which year we went on several important expeditions, ^nd 6ad our camp in different parts of York Island> and once near ITarlcm, contiguous to which is the remarkable Straight of Rellgate,. always attended with whirlpools and' a. roi|r« ing of the waters. The tremendous eddy is owing to the narrowness and crookedness of the passage,, where the. waves are tossed on a bed of rock extending across it, 9n4 not to the conflict of meeting tides as was heretofpre thought, because the tides are now know(i \p meet ^t Frog's Point some miVes above. Skilful pilots Have (not-^ withstanding^ the peril of the passage) conducted vessels of great burden at high water with the tidey and at Ioi« water, with a favourictg wind through it A tradition is reported to obtain amon^ the Indian tribes, that in da;|^s <|^ yore, their ancestors could step frorti rjQck to rock oiverthe adjacent arm of the sea to Hellg^te. "Ilhe horrible i^- pearance of the Straigfht,. no doubt, aug|;ested the appells^ tion given te it. Within it the whirl ef the ourreiit causey a vast boiling motion, whick.is called ^^ Potb Qn one sidfi* are sunken rocks designated 7%: Jffii^9i J^ocAv and on th^ other a point of similar dangeni deuopi^)|^d: tim Frj/iin^ Pan. :..., ,t',,r' , . I^he following Aaecdote i& related of fi i>la^ KaUji t^^ pilot of the £jtperiro^t of 50 ^Mn%/ wjbo Wok h^r thrct^gh the passage, to the great astonishment of Lord Howe. < A^ the moment of the greatest danger, Sir James Wallace, tne I i %i 1 ^n^ f. i I'i pw S5Q LAMBS MEHOriC. I' I Captain gave some orders on the quarter-d.?ck mLIcIi in nun^u's opinion, interfered with the duties of his own otl'ice. Advaitbtn^ therefore to Sir Janics, and gently tapping him on the'shoulder^ ^Ma^sa, said lit*, jou no tpeak here!' the Cajitain Mt the fuU foice of ihi brave felloir's remonstrance; and to. the extreme' sir* prise of all those acquainted t^ith the difficulty of navi- gating a ship through Hell'gatc, the Neg^ carried the Experiment safe to. New York. The addition of this ship ^a^ a most seasonable reinforcement to the little fleet under liord Iloxre. ' And so highly dixf his Lord- ship appreciaie the skill and advenfurous spfrit of the Neiro pilot, mat he settled on hini an annuity of jg30 fer life^ Had i^e Exp^fiirient taken any other but this nhtisuat rout, she would, infallibly /have fallen into the haiids of tW enemy, s^ s£e ^ftcrwardis' did i!n fehe course of the war. / ' 'A British frigate, less fbrtunate than the E^penmcnt,; Which' aiteinpte4 this passage during the wair^ was totally Ifist'' '-''''*«• ***>^*^f ^'^'*i^'***' •t*''**^ P.niM axneik itiW'"i ^^'jjo'ti • Two JVeiiich frigates blockedf tip in Kew Tork, *by the Leander 'dhd another English ship 'of 'war, gave their liAtafoiiis^ts the slip^ by piishi^g through this dangerous ^t^nii^L By which perildud dexterity in sailings they ivted an eriiionntfer with British tars. * ' .; it was about l)ib period of thfe war that Harry uatvert, £fs^i^ now LienteiHint General and Adjutant General of the Briti^ ftirides, joined our Regiment. I remember tiki ) ;Wy tiliB' serjbant appointed to the 6tst guard tifhidh ' 1 # mounted after joining; us. At thaCt early age he exhibited' specitticns of the ability and professiohai kntowledge wbkh raised him to the high rank he holds iii'ihfe' s^rvJfeft^ With the feVour of his majesty, and the attH^mem'bf' F^eld Marshal^ his Highneiss the Duke of ■ .1 I ' . ■ I lamb'^s memoir. 9jI The Aothor has derived peculiar Vantage fh>in hiii Vind condescension, in recognising hini after a lapse of j^enrs i^ince he fonght by his side, and had the gratifi'' ration of being particularly noticed by him for soldierly conduct in action. General Calvert was from the out- set of his military liffc, endeared to the men under his command, nnd it oirght to lie mentioned to his honour that he always -appeared pleased on any occasion of benefiting an old Koldier for his past services. * In the latter J)in't of 1779 wo sailed to South Carolinri under the commnnd of Sii* Henry Clinton, took the City of Clmrlestown, and leaving the command t^ Lord CofnwciTlis, Sir If. returned to New York, Sir flenry Clinton, had the best opjMWtunittes, wtiick he du'y improved of acquiring military science and ex- perience. He served as iVid-De-Camp tolVince Fcrdiuand ■of Brunswick, in several Campaigns, and thut great General held him in much estei>m, as a very promising officer. In the year 1763, we find him appointed Colonel, and in 1772 raised to the rank of Major Gen^B' ral. Having such early advantages in his profession^ and beiuff a near relative of his Grace the Duke^bf Newcastle, it is not surpiisiug that he was chosen t^-so high a command in the American conflict, in whictil>he evidenced the ardour of soldierly spirit and exceflent generalship on diflRprent occasions. To General Clhijton was particularly owing the confusion into which Gene- ral Lee was thrown, at the battle of Monmouth, | con- fusion disgraceful to that aWe officer in Anierica.^ And his retreat from Philadelphia has been applaudeo as a masterpiece of military skill, and niauGeuvre. To such rare qualiilcatious as a Commander, his humane disposi- tion and conciliating manners gave the best effect, and rendered him universally beloved by the army. „Two of his sons are at present s(>rving with di»tinguiii]i(^ 212 r.i I II i" iiiii s 9q$ hA^^M MBJfAU' nreditto Ui^immIvwp and advaiHqge to tbeir native country. i)ne holds tbertspecftabk nuik of QmartermaatMr Ge«era| of Ireland, and tke other, who ranks as Adjutant Gene- ral of Ireland, is on actual service in Spain and Furtu^.* Cmarleatowh is situated on ihe tongue of lapd formed by the confluence of the rivers Ashley and Cc«iper, "which m»ke a coaimodious harbour for ships, and meet the ocean belovr Sullivan*s-island. The agitation of the fiwdtiag tides in these rivers is great, which, with plea- sant sea breezes, renders the City peculiarly healthful com- pared with the low country in the southern districts. Charlestown is therefore much resorted to by people of distinction -from the states, and invalids from the West India Islands. The inhabitants are characterbed for hos- pitality, urbaflity and enlightened minds, and it ought to be mentioned in their praise that, during hostilities, the importation of books and all the new improvements o^' i\ie arts in the old world, were not ovAy allowed but encouraged as before. On the day of our arrival at John's Island, near Charlestown, 1 was sent on a command with the chief Engineer to explore whether or not the river was navi- ga14e for proviston-boats. We proceeded in the interior to a plantation, on which I addressed a working-slave, who actually appeared so rude and debared from civilizing intercourse, that the unfortunate human creature could not make himsdf intelligible to us in English. He seemed to converse with his fellow nogroes in a bar *«(♦*/*■»**>#** #***«* •/ * A b<*neTolpnt disposition appears to belong t« Ita Clinton family, as his father, who had been Governor of Kew York, Mas not only admired but almost iiloliiied l^ the people of that st^te. HI XA«|l*f MCVOin. 959 re country. r GeienM mt Gene- Bpain and e lOf land id Coper, and meet ion of the with pica- ithful cooi' I districts. people of the West ed for hQ9« t ought to ilities, the laments olf lowed but and, near the chief was navi- interior to hive, who civilizing ure coyld ish. He in a hai g t« H:e crnor of Awed \>y barous giberitih which evidently was never improved bjr learned men, to entitle it to the distinction of what oyg^t to be called a lai^age. The conditioo of this inhumanly oppressed race of men was tlien in several, and still continues in some of the Southern States of North America .dtstrensful m the extreme. It is honourable to the British empire to have abolished this disgraceful tyranny ii) her own territorial dependencies, and to discourage it by all means among the nations with wliom she ciulivates the relations of amity and peace. In the meridians of Africa, where these wretdied individuals n!K)d to be taV^ii and bought like beasts of burden for the West India markets, abominable crimes against humanity have been for ages past committed with impunity in further- ance of this trade in blood. The exertions of tiic Sierra J^eone company (at the head of which Mr. Witbcrforco stood like a messenger of mercy -from a better country, pleading the cause of human nature !) have regutai'ly recorded a yearly catalogue of the alluded to unuier4:i4 ful ofTencc!?;, and tlieir report opened the eyes of li^urope, and awakened tlie honest sympatliies of the in- habitants of the British islands, to heal the African'b wounds, and own the man of colour jb» a fellow bein^ and a brother. It is astonishing that a country like North America, which professes to cherish civil liberty and to asscit in and honour of human nature, would notj" othing but a sense of shame) take the example tlu olition alluded to. Some of the Northern States ive iiide(>d abolished the slave trade, but the Southeru States still keep the slavery of their Blacks as the ri^ht of their inherit nee. Time no doubt, will open the gates of mercy all the earth for the sons of Africa, but in the I' -lime the people of North America ^houM not kt^ ^hc d^ors of pii^y shut on this portian r'ir i 11: -\. '?. - 'i^ \ 26* tl 1 ft -.1 -3Jjt -i £• t-.r LAMB S MCilOlR. of their fellow creatuies. It would scetw that the heat of the Climate around the Globe by some means jH'oves instrumental to the tyrannical indolence of the ^rcat, and the inhuman ill-treatment of the humble in life. So it is even in the few latitudes which demark the States of America, by which it~ is designated North and South. In South Carolina, as well as the West Indies, the Master Planter regards his slaves as the Grazier and Farmer here does his live stock. The male negroes are valued in proportion to their bodily strength, and health, and the females arc estimated in price according to their fecundity. Thtj infant negro is the Planter's pro- perty, and when bom is worth a year's service of its mother, who is worked three fourths of the time of her pregnancy. ,, An infant slave averages in price at from 30 to 40 Dollars, and of course his value encreases as he grows in strength and years. A strong youthful negro is reckoned worth from 3 to 400 Ddllars, and a workin* wench at a rate by one fourth less than the male. Thft fii-st week of the year is used as a fair for the sale and purchase of negro slaves, some for life, others for a limited term, pursuant to the compacts of the pro- prietore and purchasei-s. They are put up to auction or public sale like horses or kine, and the Sheriff of the district usually acts as the Auctioneer or Salesman in the Suiithfield of human merchandize ! The poor negro must work in tie wet rice land* and swamps during the day under a burning sun, which his master c... hardly endure in the shade, and which ■i'.ould soon cause the mortality of white work-men so abused. The pj^nisbments of negroes are done with ferocious inflictions, which frequently prove fatal to the slave, to LAMU8 MEMOIK. Sj5 le means ce of the imble in i demai'k jsignated idles, the. izier and jgroes are nd health, iGrding to iter's pro- 'ice of its me of her rSo to 40 ; he grows nejnro is a workln* »ale. Thr^ kr the sale others for the pro- like horses lly acts a« I of human I rice landi tun, which md which 1 work-men ferocious slave, to whom death himself becomes kind in freeing him lirom his inhuman task-master, and giving him a release to where the prisoner is at liberty, and the afflicted find rcpo33. The murder of a slave is not debarred by vfhat the law provides in other countries as a penalty. The murderer is mulcted in J^50, and in the most t^gravated cases he is fined in double the amount. The following are advertisements of cargoes of slr.ves, as piblished in the Charlestown Newspapers. ^ .,;:j »ii i)«B ^ The Sale of the Ship MargaretV Cargo of 250 prime Congo Slaves will commence on board the fiai4 Ship, at Geyer's South Wharf this day, the 9^ Instant, and will be continued every day (Sundays excepted) until, the whole are Sold. ^'^ GIBSON & BROADFOftT.'* September, ^A, 1805. CONGO. ' SLAVES.- tjwfw 1 ^ The Sale of the Ship Ariel's Cargo ojf*260 very prime Congo Slaves, is continued on board said' vessel at Vanderhost's Wharf. * WILLIAM BOYD.' August, lith, ^ CONGO SLAVES. ^'**'^'* ^'*'^^ ^ The Sale of the Ship Esther's Cargo of 370 very prime Congo Slaves, is continued on board said Ship at Vandeih.ost'4 Wharf. 'WILLIAM BOYD.' . I * These three Cannes make together 880 fellow creatures on sale like beasts in a fair, in the small .city of Charlestown HI ** , ill in Pill i) K ■ I «i i 2f9u LAMfiV ll£M6ril. IPIiit ftl*C» Mfti^et is opets every day iii (fie year, «ic0(y( $Qndiay§, Aa Misfits. OibMni aild Broadfoot pious/^ «|tterve^ b^ public fltictiori, piivs[te cdntraet, or by way «f bturtar. A horse for a man, dr & m&A for a borse, iff ft cotBtmni eadtAttgtif aM thus these miseiiable ob- jismairttfyivett abotit from owner to owlief, at tbe ca- price of tbeir feflfow rtlert. Nky (fiey even become the stale of tbe g;siiie6teir, Tvbo, tvith tittconcefri, attacKes tbeir fate to the Ci»t of A die, Or t^e turn cv* a card. Tbe degrading barter of buhian beings, advertised and set to sale in the nrai-lcets^ of a country calling it- self free and friendly to huiAU liberty, looks barbarous perhtij^ to ft l^irrk or Asiatic, who, one would estimate, OWgbt to h& fUmiliari^ed to ali the gitidations of sla- tish abaseMttit in the world. The matter of tbe ad- t«ftis^nienti$ bfroughr t6 the Writer's remembrance, a few pathetic stftAKas of appropri'ate l*betry, under the titfe of tbe NfiGKO BOY. An African Prince, after having arrived in England, being asked what he had given ftn* hie Watch ? Answered, ** what I ^ill never give a^^n ; I giive a fUie boy tor itl" Wlien avarice enslaves the mind, And selfish views alone bear sway, Man turns a savage to his kind. And klood aad rapine mark hi« way. Alas ! for this poor simple toy, t sotd a hapless Negro Boy. His Father's hope, Kis ^fotli6r^3 prld^, T>Ky Msek, yet comely to the view, I tore him helpless from their side, htii gare him to a miffiaa crew, To fiends that Aft'ic'ff coast ttitfojf, I fold the hapless Negro Bojf. -K the year, ol piously »r by way f a horsC) ixfaXAe ob- at tbe ca' ecome the acHes tTieir jard. advertised calling it- barbarous d estimate, rtds of sla- of tbe ad- mbrance, a under the England, Answered, fine boy ■ifVff^- • lamb's memoib. 1257 Fr«m Country, friends, and parents torn, His tender limbs in chains confined, I saw him o*er the billows borne, And mark'd his agony of mind: , But still to gain this simple toy I gave the weeping Negro Boj/, In isles that deck the western wave, I doomed the hapless youth to dwell : A poor, forlorn, insulted slave ! A beast that Christians buy and sell ! And in their cruel tasks employ The much enduring Negro Boj/, His wretched parents long shall mourn, Shall long explore the distant main, In hope to see the youth return ; But all their hopes and sighs are vain: They never shall the sight enjoy Of their lamented Negro Boy, Beneath a tyrant's harsh Command, He wears away his youthful prime| • Far distant from his native land, ^: A stranger in a foreign clime : No pleasing thoughts his mind employ , A poor dejected Negro Boy, But HE who walks upon the wind, Whose voice in thunder's heard on high, Who doth the raging tempest bind, .^ ^ And hurl the lightning thro' the sky, In his own time will sure destroy Th' oppressors of a Negro Boy. In America, which, it may b^ said, exclrisively arro* gateii to itself the honour of popular freedom and nati- onal independence, it is Calculated there is one million of slaves, besides some thousands of JEuropean emigrants ^iio are in the habits of bartering personal liberty &r K k ''I ;.c:; \W < i^m i«Aii«*ft nfettont. a term of ypfciU iti order to lye taken acrt)8» the Atlantic to the States. On tlirt wbjetit it is worthy «f obsor- yation that it n pretended td tepresent this degraded portion of the North American pbpulation in Coii<>rofts, which amounlts (o a tyrannical modkery, makini>; the vei^ name of freedom ridiculous ;*^ for if a human be> ing is deprived of poramial liherfy) Bssuredlj he is denied or debared from the ^reat original rights of human natuit^ in all the earth. Slaverjr ia Turkey, i^g^pt and the East is much ibetter circumstanced, as there slaves arc not so numerous, and arc not 'worked so laboriout^ly, their chief em^oyment consisting in attending upon their owners. Besides in Asia and Africa, the nature, nay more the name of liberty, is a good doiil unknown. :-J.. •«*' y Strangers to liberty 'tis true, ^, , \.t , But that delight they never knew, * '■ And, therefore, never miss'd I Is it not extraordinary that the regeneration of polittca) life, whfeh America made, and makes such a loud boast of, should be worse than the old constitution of freedom, as it regards the commonwealth at large and individuals in particular in the British isles! Even an* terior to the abolition of the West India trade in slaves, slavery was banished Irom, and could not stand a moment ^#^#<»# r*4*^*^ #>#^wn. m of political such a loud onstitution of at large and jg! Even an* ■ade in slaves, ml a moment less than the yet in conse- are after uU le, Virginia -than those LA¥Q ft M£NOia. S59 on tho dioreft or soil ol* great Britain, Ireland, or tlvi» othep islands niliich claMr aJong with thuni, i^s tlio a^lgre^ate gfpitnd «f Qur flmpirfli at hoiue. Slaves cannot breathe in England, if their lungi Ueceive our air, that moment tliey are free; They touch our country and their shackles fall, 'iliat^s noble, and bespeaks a nation proud, And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate tlirou^h ev*'ry vein Of all your empire ; that where Britain's pow'r I^ fblt, mankiii^ may feel her mercy too ! tt Without detailing this cruel traffic farther I shall finish the eonidderation of it by an extract froui tho worh of an Aniericun (Jlergynian^ who cannot be sus- pected of fhbricating or mistating facta to scandalize hisi native country.* <*Muoh ha» been written of late to shew the injustice and iniquity of enslaving the Africans, so much so as to render it unnecessary here to say any thing on that part of the sulyjeot. W« cannot liowever forbear intro- ducing a ftiw observations respecting tiie influence of slavery upon policy, nionils and manners. From re- peated and accurate calculations, it has been found, that the expense of maintaining a slav«, especially if wa includd the purchase money, is much greater than that of maintaining a Freeman, and the labour of the Free- man^ influenced by the powerful motive of gain, is ati least twice as profitable to the employer as that of tho tlave. Beeideti slavery is the bane of industry. It renders labour among the whites not only unfashionable, but disreputable. Industry is the offspring of neces- sity; and indolence, which strikes at the root of all social and political happiness, is the unhappy conse- quence of slaveiy. • * Mr. Jedidiah Morse. 2 K g 260 IiAMB*8 MEMOIK. These observations, without adding any thing upon the injustice of the practice, she^ that slavery is im- pplitic. Its influence on manners and morals is equally pernicious. The nejro wenches in' many, perhaps I may say in most instances, are nurses to their mistress's children. The infant babe, as soon as it is born, i» delivered to its black nurse, and perhaps seldom or never takes a drop of its mother's milk. The children, by being brought up and constantly as- sociating with the negroes, too often imbibe their low ideas, and vitiated manners and morals ; and contract a negraish kind of accent and dialect, which they often carry with them through life. A mischief common, in a greater or less degree, in all the Southern States, at which humanity and decency blushes, is the criminal inter- course between the whites and blacks. ** The enjoyment of a negro, or mulatto woman," says a traveller of observation '^ is spoken of as quite a com- mon thing." No reluctance, delicacy, or shame appears about the matter. It is far from being uncommon to see a gentleman at dinner, and his reputed son a slave, waiting at the table. " I myself," says the writer, ** saw two instances of this kind, and the company would very facetiously trace the features of the father and mother in the child, and very acurately point out the characterstic resemblance. The fathers, neither^qf them blushed, or seemed disconcerted. They were call- ed men of worth, p(diteness and humanity. Strange perversion of terms and language ! The Africans are said to be inferior in point of sense, understanding, sentiment, and feeling, to white people ; hence the one infers a right to inslave the other. Tlie African labours night and day to collect a small pittance to purchase the.j&'eedom of his child : the white man begets his like- ness, and with much indifference and dignity of soul, sees bis eflspring in bondage and misery, nor makes XAMB*8 MEMOIR. 261 h'kht ting upon ry is im- is equally ay say in children. (livered to ;r takes a stantly as- their low contract a they often ommon, in 1 States, at ninal inter- tman," says uite a com- me appears common to on a slave, the writer, ,e company the father point out neither-qf were call- Strange fricans are ierstanding, ;e the one in labours purchase 8 his like- ty of soul, nor makes one effort to redeem his own blood. Choice food for satire! Wide room for burlesque! Noble game for wit! Sad cause for pity to bleed, and for humanity to weep, unless the enkindled blood enflame reseutment, and vent itself in execrations !" After the departure of General Clinton, and Lord Corn- wallis's taking the command of our army in South Carolina, and our marching to Camden, where we stopped some time, the whole of the adjacent country appeared to be pacified, but in fact there was no real tranquillity, as the vengeful spirit of disaffection and revolt frequently broke out. Numbers of the people who took arms and fought in furtherance of the Colonial cause, came in and obtained written protections, on their taking an obliga- tion to preserve allegiance and good order in future. On this subject it may not be uninteresting to observe that three of the above mentioned description, who avail* cd themselves of the amnesty published and granted by Lord Cornwallis, being found afterward fighting against some of the Royal troops in the neighbourhood of Camden, were taken prisoners, convicted and sentenced to suffer death for breaking the conditions of clemency which they themselves petitioned for, and solemnly pro- mised to observe. Every preparation was made for their execution, and they were actually in progress to suffer on the gallows^'which had been erected fo exe- cute them, when Lord Cornwallis benevolently inter- posed and pardoned them. It is impossible to describe their excess of joy on their unexpected escape from death : they prayed for the prosperity of the king and Lord Cornwallis, and loudly declared, that so far from continuing enemies to the British, they would risk tlioir lives and properties to promote his Majesty's empire iu the States. It was at this time, viz. 16th, August 1780, that the memorable battle of Camden Was fought, which brought 5*s Hi 1 1 'I HW « -i-J ll- i'. 9«'^ r^ S^9 tAMBft MBMOIft. General Oate» into a degree of disg^race with tlif Cnn- gresS) which whether or not he merited, scut him inli) priyacy from the militar)* profesnion during tlie residua of his life. His good fortune in the Noilh, which en< f abled him to cover General Burgo^^ne with discomfiture,, obtained for him a superioi- command in tlie South) u scene, wher^ in his tiirn, he was signally discomfited by Lord Cornwallis. This defeat decided his military career, as it does not appear he ever afler. solicited or was called to a command during the war in America. ^ lie was it is true taking measures and making disposi- tions for renewing hostilities, until he was noticed offi- ciaJIy to resign in General Green's favour. It is worthy ' of remark that Congress invariably betrayed suspicions of their General Oiticers, in the case of their being English- men by birth, as General Gates was. Were they not influenced by jealous apprehensions, one must think, they would not have displaced him for his want of ' success in the action at Camden, as his previous suc- cesses deserved for him the greatest confidence from the States.* General Gates seemed to be aware of the motives of Congress, and no doubt (although he silently retired) turned away to his private affairs in disgust with poli- tical and party distractions. He had, indeed done liis "- utmost for Jiis adopted country, aljl^ough in the instance ' of his being superseded, it refused to confide in him as .' it would in a less capable and honourable American. . ^ General Gates was considered a scholar, a soldier ^ and a gentleman. He must have received a valuable '> military education in his early youth, having acquired the rudiments and first knowledge of the profession of arms, in one of the then best schools of Europe, viz. under Prince Ferdinand -of Brunswick. He went to North America long before the revolution as a Captain in a marching regiment, and entertained such a fond par- » * See Author'0 Journal of the American War, page 303. •ir.'Cii i :^^ w LATRB'i MEMOtft. 963 the Con- him iiiii) ; resi'luQ rhich en- lomfiturc,, Soiitli) a »coiii6ted ) inilitarj licitcd or America. r disposi- ticed ofli- is worthy picioiis of ; £ngli»h-> I they not ist think, want of ^ious suc- i from the motives of retired) vith poli- done liis instance n him as lerican. a soldier valuable acquired fession of •ope, viz. ; went to Captain fond par- age 30^ liaBty for the Western Itemisphere, thaft 6n returning to finghmd he lold liis commifistofi, and proceeded back to fhp States to set^ there for lifo. It wa^ no douhft, 'W^ll for tlie 'Cokmies to havic the opportunity of f;uch an individual to ta%e oMntnand at the commencement of hostilities. His abiKties and miccess evidenced the wis- dom ot Congress in appointing him a comniand€ o^ VI 'liad «aiul«te tfte Greek and Roman name: M !¥j(VlMnk freedom's riglrts bought cheaply with my bl«od, ^i\i f>jAad die with pleasure for my csmntry^t good. Sinee the engagement at Camden, we traversed nearly 1500 miles, during which we Ibught the severe action, of GuUdford Court-bouse, wluch has h&m par^cultjo-ly i £64 LAMBS MEMOIR. detailed in tho Author's American Journal ; and on the S2d of September, 1781, our army arrived at York-town in the state of Virginia. At this conjuncture, the Colo- nial force, aided by the French under Count Rocham- beau, amounted to nineteen thousand effective men, who followed to make an attack on us in our lines. Not- withstanding the very greet superiority, (the British army consiisting of not more than Five thousand fighting men) they did not immediately attack, although Lord Cornwallie, as appears by the underwritten extract of a letter in cyphers to Sir Henry Clinton, was prepared to give battle : " I have ventured these last two days to look Gene- ral Washington's whole force in the face, in the position on the outside of my works, and I have the pleasure to assure your Excellency that there was but one wish through- out the whole army, which was that the enemy would advance." On the 30th of September the Siege commenced, and not until the 6th of October did the enemy finish his first paralel covering our whole left flank, distant about six hundred yards. On the 9th in the evening their bat- teries opened. On the night of the 11th, the enemy began their se- cond paralel, nearer to us by three hundred yards, and after making several severe attempts on the evening of the 14th, they assaulted and carried two redoubts, which had been advanced to retard their approaches and to cover our left. In this state of things, reduced in force and disabled to withstand his adversaries. Lord ComwaUis thought it would be a wanton sacrifice of his brave little army to continue the conflict, and therefore, with the advice of bis officers, he resolved to capitulate. Previous to the taking of the redoubts our army by sicknless and actual losses of men in the enemy's attacks, and in sorties, suffered 80 much that Lord Cornwallis's prospect of attaining any object by fighting, ^particularly when the redoubts were LAMB^S MEMOIR. m id on the 9rk-to\vn ^e Colo- [iochani- nen, who }. Not- tish army ing men) >rn\valli8, letter in to give ak Gene- osition on > to assure i through- ny would need, and h his first about six their bat- their se- ^ards, and evening of which had cover our d disabled bought it army to advice of ms to the ind actual s, suffered lining an}r ubts were taken, wa« hopeless in the extrtme. The enemy made great sacrifices to aggravate the evD^ of the extremity in which they pressed on us^ and for this purpose, an emu- lation was raised Between the French and Americans bjr leading them to the attack sep^raiety, to excite extraor<* dinary exertions. *^ TIk fM desc«A^ IHce torrMitft frMa tk« hills^' Audi all Bm^ Wekft Faifleen^ wet& gMiiCly ttptfUei H the fire* of « kattery of mile gnMSPf^Mch nt^rt6 vs ib&tA. the distance of 59, or QOyaitlflf. Af Ae- doMiNMMin.y Itie whose gjnt^iii' fwwvr^ Thro' »ceiie» of doatk my Soul hatk 1*4^ ^ Or turn'd anide the fatftl kouTy Or lifted up my siokiog head. In all my trays iky hand 1 oWiJ-, fhy ruling PfovWeactf f Ifetf : * ' Alsist itte 8tin ihy course' to roxt. Add stm direct" my pttlls to tflw;* II M m 1 . ti- ^!^^'- f .1 fm LAMB*8 MCMOfR. CHAP. XII. Account of General IlamUton^ and Aaron Bmr. Au- thor has an oj'er of Land to become a settler in Kentuclj^. ' Account of Daniel Boone. Kentuckj/f emigrations to it from the States, Emigrations from Europe to North America. Population and extend of the States. American Character, Armt^ establishment. Rates of pay to the Soldiery^ Salaries of Statt Officers^ Conclusion. At this advanced stage af hostilities the- continuance , of thre war had improved the Colonial armies in deci- 'j pline and steadines, and afforded their olficcrs sufficient f^pOFtuniiy t» acquire skill and capacity. These militarjr ;IUM|ui8itjon8 were evidenced in taking the above mentionp «d redoubts in particular, which was done by parties cummaiid^d by a French and aa American Colonel. •The gallantry of the American officer on the occasion was great and conspicuous, and his conduct during the war, and future celebrity amqer Amer,ica asserted her in«> dependence, was such that m account of him, it is prc- •umed,^ will be deserving of peru^ hei-e. He was aOerr ward raised to the rank of Gpneial in the army, and •hewed excellent talents as a statesman and lawyec since the revplutiour ,,^'|y(y,, ' , , The ability and character of Alexandei: Hamilton raised him to an estimation which, no man, Washington excepted, has obtained in America since the revolution. He was descended fronv a respectable Scotch family, but was born in the West Indies, and came into the British Colony of New York at ^the age of i6.* Early in life ^»#^ the British Durly in lif«' of Grange )y whom he her lias the [est Indies, land of Str and U h«r %« displayed a taste for literature, and, on his arrival, •entered upon a course of studies with such assiduity, that at the age of 19 he was qualified to take tlie de- gree of butchelor of arts, in the College of New Yprk, and to lay a foundation, by preparatory reading, for the profession -ot the law. About thit) time, the Ameri- can revolution caused him to .exchange the long robe for the »word, and his jurijicipjos instructed him to join the American arw^, . which .he entered as a Captain of Artillery. His abilities soon attracted the notice of 'General Wai^hin^ton, who nppoiitted llim his aid-de- camp. In this situation Mr. llumilton served until the peace. Though this appointment impeded his promotion, yet the gratification of possessing the confidence of the commander-in-chief was o^reatcr than his ambition for Tank. In the "history of the war, we find Mr. Hamilton rising gi-adually till, at the siege of York town, we perceive him Colonel, commanding the attack of one of the redoubts. Mr. Hamilton's conduct on that occasion was such as niarks the soldier. Previously to the attack being made, it lias been said^ that General La Fayette proposed to General Washington, to put the British officers in the redoubts to death, shoqld .the Colonial troops succeed in their efibrt, and in the issue accordingly 'that he ordered Colonel Hamilton to execute his inten- ftion : But that the Colonel peiiemptorily declined, alledg- ing that the Americans, would aiwi^s iight, but nev43r commit murder. Jt is right to observe on the inhuman infputation against La Fayette that it Jhas no good authority to gain it credit, and also that the character and life of the Marquis are sufficient to make the reader disbelieve it. The personage so charged may be Reserv- ing of blame for his revolutionary laboiurs, but after all actual cruelty cannot be imputed to him. He was brave, ,and could not, .one must think, be desirous of abandon- ing Ahe usages of war observed by civilized nations. 2 L2 ./' 26S LAMBS MEk^OIR. ■>. A Besides the dif'nassionate estimator of Washington's* measures and vii iues cannot but conclude that he would spurn such a propostil if not, the proposer himj^elf, with merited reprobation. On the peace, the legislature of the state of New York appointed Colonel Hamilton one of the represen- tatives in Congress. He now settled in the Cit^ of New York, arid commenced the practice of the Law with great abilitj' and leputation, when he was again reluctantly drawn into public life. He became a member of the Convention vvjiich framed the present Constitution of the United States, and having taken part in that measure, he considered himself under an obligation to lend his ut- most aid to set the machine in motion. General Washington was linanimously called upon bj his country to e-^ert his talents in the cabinet, and ac- cepted the troul^lesome office of President. Here as in the field of battle, he availed himself of the aid of Hamilton, whom he appointed Secretary of the Treasury. Though qualified for this situation by eminent abilities, neither he nor the President could escape the shafls of calumny. He met with those dificulties and obstacles, which Republican faction originates ; but in defiance of base opposition he advanced the trade and commerce of America, by establishing,- public credit, and introducing order into the finances. Public offices need not be eagerly sought in the United States. The income of Mr- Hamil- ton at this time was scarcely ^1000 sterling per annum, a sum inadequate to de^'ay the expence attending an •fiice of such importance. , The love of his country su- perseded all other considerations : from this motive he roiinqui^hed his practice at the bar, which might bave placed him in affluence. Having «»5tnblished a regular fasten! of fiuance, the consideration of an eucreaslng family determined him, as soon as his plans \Yere matur- ed to withdraw from the oigce. l-r\;i1^vh. -Vf '■T^ LAMB 8 MEMOIR. 9G9 iington*$ e would If, with of New epresen- Cit^ of law with luet&ntly ir of the ution of measure, d his ut* upon iif and ac- re as in i aid of i'reasury. abilities, 8ha[VH of bstacles, iance of merce of roducing eagerly Uami]' annum, iding an itry su- jtivc he it bave regular creasing ! matuv- Accordingly, in the year 1795, Mr. Hamilton resigned his office of Secretary of the Treasury, with a reputation high in the estimation of every friend to his country ; yet under the opprobrious slander of the French faction, which at that time was at the zenith of its influence. During his services in the arr^y, he became acquainted with the family of General Schuyler, and married his second doughter, by whom he had several children. « The cause which led to the catastrophe that proved fatal to his life, was of a political nature. General Hamilton is said to have dropped hints of Aaron Burr's ambitious and treasonable designs, wliich the .latter being apprised of, demanded an expluiiation and a public denial of the objectionable expressions. This satisfaction being refused. Burr sent a message to fight, which was accepted with a proviso of delay until the rising of the Law-Courts, wherein Mr. Hamilton's pro- fessional services were retained for some important suits. Having thus acquitted himself in what he owed his clients and settled his family affairs, he gave the meet- ing which terminated his life. Before the duel, he men- tioned to his second that he would not dicharge his pistol, but stand his adversary's fire, and according foil without firing, lamented by the people of all the States. Every honour which the public could pay to departed worth was offeired at his decease. A British frigate lying at Sniid^'hoolt, fired minute guns, and the French frigates off the battery had their colours lialf mast high. ., The shops in New York city were shut, and in short a general Unfeigned mourning prevailed among the in- habitants. The Coroner's inquest brought their verdict " Wilful murder against Aaron Burr Vice-president of the United States," and a Warrant was issued to appre- hend him. Burr however was enabled to escape, as the parties fought in the state of New Jersey to evade tlie law, and, by mei-ns of this evision of justice, he could ' , i' 'SI •sm LAMB 8 MEMOIR. not be taken into custody in the elate of New Yoi^ pursuant to the statute. Aaron Burr who subsequently aimed at power above liis lellow Jtizens, and meditated the disselutioji of the federal constitution, was a private or at most a noii- commissoncd officer under General Arnold in the Quebec expedition from Boston in New England. ]tle afterward obtained the rank of Colonel, and he must have possessed much talent to raise himself to the situation of Vice- president in Coni^-essu His attempt to erect lumsclf in a degree of usurpation affords an Instance perhaps of the ultimate instability of the federal union, and the Jarring interests of tlie States, which the general Con-, gress must find it peculiarly difficult, if at length not impracllcable to adjust. After the capitulation of York town the author became a prisoner again, which proved somewhat perilous to him, as he had made his escape from confinement before he joined Lord Cornwallis's army. He however wa« fortunate enougfh not to be detected in this matter by the enemy. His repeated imprisonments and escapes from confinement afforded him occasions of enterprize, and opportunity of acquaintance with the ^States, which he must otherwise remain ignorant of. His adven- tures in such way have been a good deal detailed in his American Journal. In this memoir he has confined himself to a few pjwticulars he thought interest- ing or which he foiled to relate before. He was oflen tempted by offers of advHRtoge to settle in America, which he conceived would amount to a dereliction of loyal duty and his relationship with the old world, ivhere he fondSy hoped to cultivate the society of his early acquaintance. At one time he refused the accep- tance of a debenture of land, amounting to 300 Acres, in Kentucky which then attracted v number of emi- grants, in consequence ci its being explored and settledi :r~ LAMB^g HBMOIR. 271 York merica, ction of world, of his hj lyir. Boon&, who published ioTitigg accounts of the soil and climate. Daniel Boonb, is said to have been bom in Bridge- ■orth, Somersetshire^ about llie j^ar 1750, and in early youth to h.ive accompanied his parents over the iltlantic to North Carolina, where they settled on the Ik'adken Iftiver. He entered yorrag into the British army in the States, and anterior to the f evolution had obtained ihc rank of Colonel in the service. He informs us that he net out with a few associates on the 1 May 1769, have I spent, separated from the cheerful societj- of .men,, scorched by the siunmer's sun, and pinched by the wintes'ft cold, an., instrument ordained to settle the wildemess. But now the scene is changed ; and peaca a-owns the srylvan shade." The then wilderness of Kintuckey is at pivsenl a. populous part of the Union with some respectablt town* ,i«i'^ LAMB^S MEMOin. 975 tracts klbpun- At d nerabW re stiK. ir, an4 . before !W day* Lch day ood aii4 lid, tlic id jears artment. toekhiti t his fa- a Royal fees, Mv. Indians, use, and uld con-' cts often elaiives^ wav treaty tke fol- brothec iloeplfts» society cbedby tie the idpMca, liiesent &• it town* and numerous cultivated plantations. It has a legislature of its own, and sends members to Congress. Its climate from the latitude in which it lies must be particularly pleasant, and it supplies a variety of the best produc- tions of the most favoured countries. It is reported that good grapes grow in the lands without culture, and that the Kentuckean planter wants but the skill and ex- perience of making wines. No doubt he is at present improved in that respect. Its local felicity, and sin- gular advantage in having some of the noblest Rivers im the globe, the Ohio, and Missisippi which in par- ticular enables it to communicate with South America,i and open trading enterprize with every sea, will render it at length the American emporium, if not the. fittest situation fur the future Metropolis of the New World. It is not surprising that people should emigrate from the American States to the Kentuckean vallies, although thejr do so at the certain loss of markets, such as the large seaport towns supply, for their surpluss produce. It, will of necessity take an age at least to attract any suiBcent trade inland, not to say,' the smallest portion of foreign trade to Kentucky, which might operate as a compensation to settlers for going so far back. Yet after all, the speculation of the American with a family is not amiss, who sells his plantations in some of the States to an European emigrant, and thus acquires a pecuniary capital, which lays the foundation of a valuable estate Westward for his children'^ childreif. It is certain moreo\i3r that many educated and valuable members of society have retired into Kentucky, pro- bably tired with the terrible effects of European hostility, which stirred ill blood and trouble in the States in a d^rec injurious to the permanent prosperity of the fedeial connection. And it is also true that the Kentuckean citizen is not so much an outcast from commercial intercourse as one \night e'^timate, as tlie lar^e River^ which are M m m '■■i ♦ r u^ sf4 t'Ak^% Mteibift. kediUh^ to p^ dhA i^^^, biid coniiliUiticate in tlie Way of trft4e with Ithe teUpdrt dtSfr^ However tl^e emigrfttidh <^ j^oropieskiis ^ flnr West- tvard canWt fajl f6 bie aUend^iii #itlt jjiieciitfar peril and ilisadvantage. tik all tlkfe Sl^tM tK^ buyer of lands has to iehcouhter laAii jM^bihg ri^bsi ^M pai^cblararly in Kentucky, finr wliich the landed pro^^iictor has employed the faction of Ithe poets to she^Ar it as a second Eden beyond the Atkntic. Emigration, however desirable io the needy individual, is hazardous at best to North America. Of late tlie number of disafiected men from Europe, who /caused some political agitation in the i^&tes, niade the best minded Americans desirous of shuttii^ their gates against European eraigrants in gene- ral, and thus although the British sul^ect emigrating may calculate he is going to live among people speaking his own tongue and possessing hiis own habits, he must sufier fh>m a miscalculation in some measure. The European emigrant in purchasing lands (^r land is the cliief if not the only ol)ject which ought io make an European emig^rate to America) will have to reclaim and till grounds with which he is totally unac- quainted, and for the cultiviation of which he ought to know the best chenucal processes of fanning, and yet he will but work at most for his children and posterity. The price of land contiguout^ to the large maritinv; towns is, it may be said in general, as h^h as in the like situations in the British islannce which to include ij^ such pobable risks j^nd actual csqpencet g variety of acciden^ and rois^Mrtui^ which daily happen viz. th^ piirchasiji^ gropnd^ which the uqfair seller, had no just or I<^j^ title or daim to, ^nd the nieccess^ relinqish- meqt of situationft, by i^eason of th^ bad quality of lands house in Frec'rick- it^wii Miuyland where I was confined during the rigours «f winter without an;y bedding, or covering at night '^■p. »■» \#«^ t ' kmkj iAjtt, J. •* LAHB^g USMOIR. «77 tasts of 1 on by hore on )rdinary together [lumbers specting le coasts rade has lall ship el but of ;e only a I nearly a Slave dividuals ', and in 1 arrivals ^mii^rants P294,00O rem the 388,000 ty must empire, U events, mi their and facts Vo.m th^ perilous severely e. This ''re('rick- le rigours lat night except some straw, which the centinels used to take delight in setting fire to, as I endeavoured to sleep, I found my treatment so miijerable that I memorialed the oflicer commanding to have me removed to the com<> mon jail. The prayer of my petition was granted, but I was alike ill-used, and probably would have been released by death anterior to my liberation, ha^ no^, some poor prisoners divided with me their jail allowance of provisions. No doubt the manner of treating pri- soners in general was better, although the jail economy of the States was not at that time as well ordered as at present. The States have in>provcd the best plans and regulations of the British prisons, so much so that their management of their prisoners proves even, a source of actual and moral amelioration in the mat- ter of exnmplc and pecuniary saving to the public. This satifactory advantage is derived from obliging the confined to woi-k during the time of imprison- ment, and thus the price or tbe prisoner's labour, will at all events subsist himself, nnd ..i most cases become a surplus of money saved for the commonwealth. Add to this the great benefit owing to the valuable occupation of such unfortunate human beings, which precludes them from the opportunity of contracting the evil habits which render British jails unhappily asjf/lums, if such lan- guage be right, to teach wickedness and vice as well as criminal idleness. The American in jail is favoured with a pcnetential pause, which he ma^f render instru- mental to lawful and right purposes in his future life. It not seldom fits him for recovering hisforfdted repu- tation in society. Along with such jail improvements the punishments of culprits is better than with u^ pro- portioned to offences in the States, and at the same time this lenient apportionment in the awards of crimlnsil jj justice, even ojierates more in terror to prevent thftlP commission of crimes. It is certain that perpetual irt^ irisonment at hard working, daily laboiur isQjNae terrjjjit ■! 1 i \ 278 LAIHKS lieHOIK. io most imm ihm deatf^ itself^ which tenninot^ in . « noinenrs time the terrestrial trmil^et* wd miseries pf mortqlff. The (bllowing account of the penalties and pnnishTnents of prisoners provided by the Statutes and law of the States!^ it is hoped^ wit) be deemed wojrthj of peru- saly if not iqtitation in the British is)l^)ds. Dei|th is di^pens^ with except for l^^h treason and murder ip fhci first degfep. For rery ag^vated eases of crime, 9o\Ui^ confinement 19 ip^ctcd in dark cells lor life or a limite^d tiipe. Fcm- the commission of less fis^^nt offentvm light is admitted. For inferior olTenceSy theft^ Pfttj larcei^, breaking^ of the peac^<» prowling- a^ Tagaboudsy &c. the offending parties are oblij^ed to work as trades-men or labourers.* It is a pleasing sight to behold att sorts of arttztins in a Jail working at their xes|)ective trad^) and thus in the prisons of Pcnaylva- Bia in particuj|ar, and indeed in the States in general, most hinds of manufactures are w^^ught^ 90 much sq that the idea of the impriscmi'n^nt of th^ ivorkmen is apt tobefiH^tten by strangers who vigit the jails. Those ♦ An anecdote fs told of a fashionable yo^ng man front .; * fjowp*, who IiaTtqg conunitteid some outrage in the streets «f Philadelphia had been sentenced to confinement in the city jail. On his entrance into the prison, as is nsuaL Be was asked what trade he was brought up tOy or wish to work St. He indignantly obserred that he was bred as a gentlemart, and could not or would not Conde. scend to be emplKayed as an arHzan or labourer. The officers however persi»l«d in making him choose some laborious oeenpatlo") Md on hie continuing io refuse, it is reported, they forcibly put him into a d«ep leserroir, in vvhich ^f^ A puwp, Mid having turned a cock, tlMer cepioa«Iy %0md in. He was desirad to irork at the pump, or he mnsfr m, be ^rerwheliaed and dfOW4»ed. He at kiigtk beg«B, but cpuld Ttpai master the inAi», and afif ightcd b«>gged to he ^kef> di, promtsii^ to ua^^rt^ ^ny employment which thi^ p^M thiid^^^per to us^gn for him \n ftttare. i % . ■■' ^ ' ^ ■/ mm LAMB8 MEMOIK. im at^ in icries pf ies and and law ofperu- ■ S son and jd cases I of lesi offences, nrlio^ a? [ to work ; at their i^enaylva- , general, much SQ es is apt Thos© lan from sheets it iiith« is nsual^ or wish he wa» : conde* e officers ttborioiMi ported, L0 'whicb epiouflly he m»t tit cpuld »e ^k«|> b61 broiight tip to Irades are soon ins^cted !» makf iaxge nails hy machiues erected for ibe purpose. Toe iTemalefl work at ttie the nee^ and ithe more refiractoiy of t^etaii l^t iienkjp or pick OaWuiu. t a or^r to «x* pofle the parties iliay are sbmetiines made ia wear de- grading badges. «tach as puiy coloured garments, or to have part of tlie liead stuved. In. Philadelphia the jail is regolaiijr inspected by a jail committee, who gra- tuitously undertake the office of enSoroMtg cleanli- ness in th^ chambers and among the prisoners, aad care is tak^a that they be daily supplied with aa wholesome diet, and that they do not obtain ^li- tunus liquors. Goalers of probity and examplary good conduct are selected, by whose means propriety of be* haviour and morality and piety are inculcated, and diitt 'the keepers of jails instead of bei^g cru^ and hard- hearted arc respected and loved. No corporal punisb- ment is allowed, and in short the entire .treatment of prisoners is wisely designed to eradicate vice as nueh as possible, and to make them fit lor and look forward to receive a restablishment of their credit and situations in society. It is not improper to particularize tliat the males and females, a^ also the untried and convicted prisoners are kept apart; aud even the discoursiiiig of the working narties is restricted to decent and edilyisig subjects. The iPastors of the difierant congr^atioM attend at staited times to exhort «nd Imipitove their mind% and the orderly and well conducted Are sometimes fa<- vourcd ivifli asalntary remission of the penaltiea to which they wcM sqatepoed, which operaties as a ^nremium and encoiura^^H^II^A the practise of virMe. The ill-behar- ed are debar^p*tpM labour at ^imes, ^d dbrtng the InterValt *ure rendbf^ ddlJtow Ibr their subsiataQCF Whence' it happens that they wish to be empli^gred ibr thie salie of defraying their chai^eS)> and also saving their aurplubi profits, which sometimes are bestowed on them particularly when their pcaal siifferings and senteojced i •f i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ui yi2 |2.2 •yuu V] 71 / Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 \ iV N? N> ^ 4' o V <^ S80 LAMB^S MEMOIR. # Confinements are remitted. In such cases they are re- taxtied to the commonwealth advantageously, and obtain certificates of character, which set off and even cover the stains of bad behaviour attaching to them in conse- quence of their former transgressions. Mighi there not be made much saving of public cxpence, not to say a great moral reformation in tlie multitude of offenders and malefactors, if such excellent regulations were adopted in these countries? It is well known that about a century back, the extent of country at present composing the United States contained but a few thousands of inhabitants, and that at present the same country contains upwards of five millions of people. It is thought that the great population of America, so encieascd and rapidly en- creasing, has chiefly advanced by means of emigration from Europe. Before and since the revolution, no doubt emigration has been great indeed from these countries. During the war many soldiers of Lord Cornwal^'s's and General Burgoyne's armies stopped for life in the States, and of course at a time of war, when North America was deprived of numbers of her inhabitants, such an accession was very opportune to encrease her popula- tion. The following statement as specified, and totted un- derneath, affords a schedule or scale of the American po- pulation, particularising lists of each respective State and ^ ag'gregate account of the whole Union pursuant to a census taken in 1801. Even since that year we may be aware that there is a considerable augmentation, which the reader himself can by conjecture acquire some idea of, enough to satisfy him that lite States are growing populous in an almost l|lexaifipled de- gree. The plenty of lands renders k easy to settle , he American in a little family establishment, and thus arly marriages are much encouraged and found con- enieoi. t „ * ' , :^ o ( 1 1 s* ^ i "i ( (• V. in ■^ t ^ I 5. r*. o "» V. • \ ^ n^ CO o s CO 8 (4 u» Ob o Ui v» V* s i ^2 ?: * -^ ■* s r*'* 31 ' >^ ^ a i vT \'^'-^'* 2 a 1: XT s. w> 5* » r § J* 0) 5? m in 5 2. b 6- 1 P 01 M en 5 8 !-• are re- 1 obtain n cover n conse- 3xpence, lultitudc l^ulations ack, the United ints, and wards of ihe great )idly en- uigration no doubt countries. iVis's and le States, America such an popula- otted un- jfican po- State and lant to a we may lentation, I acquire e States pled de- to settle and thujs und con- ■Sw ■fi 1^ 8 e o o •N •* •» O O Q W 00 ^ o CO -2 -I B 13 I : ■ I ■I ■ s H •ft' I a c E V. o o a. a •c § f s ^ a Amiopolis, at u e E 1 E w Mi O 9 3 Frankfort, Newberne, s a o a Charelstow Columbia, jr C3 C c eg S fcic s V d = K o o o o 00 o o 8 o 00 o , o o < o c o o o -H 80 to o - w^ 8- s ^-. O o M o o lO «o 1^ B^l ©* f^ . &» *» X e<5 o o e« O o OS tv »^ »c •HI t^ CO »H 90 80 ''f rj" c< itnn;<« were found to be in number - - - ci,^'^U,'J9.Q In 1801, by anptl\§r census then taken^ there wf re 5,305,6^8. __ , . . •-•♦r. ■ r^Jiauoriliao;.- .,- . ,.. Making an increase m ten years o» ,^ ^'^^ "-^ , 'j-^^M'^ According to this average, exclusive of the great Jnci>eas:e, of population by emigrations from fiurope Sfince (he year 1801, there must be, without including the people of Loui- siana, about seven millions of souls under llie Federal, government. If the whole of this country .were tuider im- . provement, it would accommodate, allowing 40 acres of N n 2 i!i I. • «» ^ \ LAMBS MEMOIR. land to each family, sixteen millions of families; and esti- mating the families at five individuals each, it would support 80 millions of souls. In this y/ttj it has been calculated in America, that to people all the territories belonging to the United States, including Louisiana and the Floridas, it would require three hundred and twenty millions. It is likewise computed that were the population of this im> mensely extended Republic, proportioned only to that of Great Britain, instead of six or seven millions, it ought to contain two hundred and thirty-nine millions of inha* bitants. From the previous statement it will appear that north America cojntains an immense range of lands, chiefly in ber western region, to accommodate the super-abundant popu- lation, which in time may crowd the first settled States. From Kentucky a beautiful and fertile wilderness, it may be said, indefinitely runs to the gulph of Mexico, without land-marks or owners except herds of buffaloes, deers, and roving Indian tribes. This vast tract, still a good deal unexplored, is very valuable to the States in favouring the adventurer who rejoices in fine scenery, and looks into future times for embryo States and Principalities, where his family may live and prosper as rich proprietors. Be- sides it is certain that its vastly extended area will operate well for America in precluding wars among the peopled States, and its geographical scite on the globe keeps it safe from European invasions, unless Americans themselves fall out and war each with the other. On. their unanimity the Federal Union and happiness, as a people hingets Their avarice for commercial prosperity at present menaces to originate disturbances among them, in their mingling too much in European perplexities. If they quarrel at liome, they will be guilty of the impolicy of the Indians, wliich enabled them to appropriate north America. The wise and wary American himself appears to be im- pressed with this idea, and so, however loud and restless American party may seem^ the majority of the people are LAMBDA MBitOm. SB5 md esti- ) support ulated in Bg to the »rida8, it 16. It is this im- o that of it ought of inha« bat north fly in her mt popu- id States. », it may I, without leers, and ^ood deal urtng the ooks into where ars. Be- operate peopled keeps it emseWes nanimitj i hinges, menaces mingling larrel at Indians, Ba. The be im- restless ople are adverse to war. The trade of war indeed- has got into dis- use in America, and the prudent enterprise of the merchant alone spurs the North Americati into lucrative action. At the same time it is certain that the Americitn is jctalous of his liberties and rights, and through this jealousy, he it always reluctant to embody a standing tegular army. In 1805, the States had but four regiments of the lihe. Some augmentation is since made, find at present it ^considerably, increase is meditated, which should it take place, for the purposes of actual fighting with Britain^ wiU but involve the States in incalculable difikulty, and expensively draw back their power and resources. With the understanding and ingenuity of Europe, America ranks in comparison of Strength,, but as an infant nation. She is too young and every way unequal to go to war with the grieat Eurdpeta kingdoms. A riutnerous military three kept as ai standing war-establishmeni, cannot &il to injure America in ah ex« traordinary raantier. Her militia only^ would coiistitutea constitutional force, which every State of die Union it already provided with. The militia and regulars lii*<& raised,- maintained, and paid according to the British usages 'in the like cases. ' ' r^ The following are the rates of pay to the different ranky pursuant to the American war establishment. . DOLLARS PER MONTH. A Major-General (the present highest rank) — Brigadier-General - - - - — Quarter-Master-General w - - — Adjutant-General and Inspector — Lieut. Col. (they have no rank of Colonel) — Captain - - - - - — Lieutenant - - - -^ Ensign - - - — Serjeant - • • — Corporal - • - — Private Soldier (besides rations) 166 104 100 75 75 40 26 SO 6 5 3 M S80 hamb'i memoir. Tb« l^^neral and fieM staff of the militia include the fbllowing ranks and number of Officers. Seventy Major- Gcneyals; ISSBrigadier-G^erals; eight Quarter- Magtor> Generals ; 15 Adjutant-Oenends ; 1 f 4 Aid-de-Camps ; one State Engineer; one Commissary-General oT purchase ; One Cdnmiissaiy-Gencfrat of fMtiff / IGO Brigade Miyois; one Pay-Master>General ; one Physician-Greneral ; one Apothecary-General; dne Deputy Quarter-Manter-Gren. ; on^ WaggontMaster-General ; one Forage-Master-Gen.; 2S Brigade Quartw-Mastersi iVuB ' '" The second list of Field-Officers and regimental Staff; comprehends the foUomng ranks and numbers of Officers, vi^. TGOXietttenant-GoIonels-Commadants; 1509 Majors; #32 Puy-Masters; 687 SurgeOns; 363 Suigeon> Mates; 61 S Quarter-Masters; 73S Adjutants. 7 The return of the Artillery includes 14 Lieut.-Ck>lonels; 45 Majors; I9i Captains; 251 First Lieutenants; 159 Second Lieutenants; 17 Adjutants; 16 Quarter-Masters; 755 Serjeants; 91 Corporals; 359 Musicians; 148 Gun- ners ; 62 Alarm-Men ; 6853 Matrosses. The list of Cavalry embraces 37 Lieutenant-Colonels; 70 Majors; 431 Captains; 778 Lieutenants; 399 Comets; ^ Adjutants; eight Pay-Masters ; 25 Quarter-Matters ; 1366 Seijeants; 433 Musicians; 27 Fairiers; 30 Saddlers^ 17675 Dragoons. ' ' Artillery, ■ z - ' 2109 36 ■487 ^^^^'' ' o New Hamshire Massachusetts Kh«de Island Connecticut Vermont New York New Jersey PennsyWania Delaware 1145 186 310 Caoairy. 1629 2126 57 1290 1002 1784 2382 Foot 19160 ^3316 4414 13965 13708 63744 21742 «34ia 4^J>7 1126S 273462 lule the r Major- •Mastcr- ips; one urchase ; Msyoi-s ; ttl; one ;r-Gen. ; sr-Gen. ; tal Staff; Officera- ** ' I Majors ; n Mates; !!!oloneli; nts; 159 Masters; 48 Gun- olohels; Comets ; Masters ; Saddlers ^ Foot, 19160 $3316 4414 13965 13708 63744 «1742 t34l9 ;73462 I.AMBt MEMOIR. yrotight oTcr Marjrland Viri^inia North Carolina . South Carolina Georgia • Keatacky • Tennessee Ohio District of ColanbU Mi«6uiippt Territory iDdiaoa Cavalry Artillery Artaierg, CMfidrj^^ ii; 45»r 1050 778 7i 43 81 tQ 0. 3090 938 1743 590 630 50 48 16 flBT Fodf. «734«t «106¥ 37871 39185 16650 39888 14385 8079 1895 163S 1710 6e30 17675 476608 17675 6020 Number of Militia, exclusive of Officers, in 1 those States and Territories, from which^ 500,903 returns were received at different times. \ The rates of pay to the Soldiery, are a g^od deal o|i a. jpar with those of Great Britain, but in some cases let%, although the expenoes of living in the Ainerican ciites and towns, are at least as high as in the British Islands^, , The author, for the reader's gratification^ submits als^Q an account of the salaries granted b^ Congr^ to jthe Mi-, nistry or official functionaries of the Federal Government, l^ which ^t^i^ evidiBnt, that men capable of fiUjiPg nich ardu,?/ ous situations in the State, are not compensated In propor^ tion to their troulbk and talents. And yet tl^e is no want of candidates, but as great competition as takes place ia> Great Britain for official eminence in America. In this, as well as every circumstance of civil life in the States, eco- . Domy is the American Argus, an economy after all it is which . l^JQJCi lil(£ ne from. lar alone LAHA*! MSMOlk. ' 2S9 life ihtb any llMlce, tuid therefore makin(p hia cj!:tt from milhiiy fbencfl, he httftena to elostf hl^ unassuming work. It mlg^ht hb tboUght the writer oiig^ht Xq offer some ac- count of hit subsequent life. He is sensible the humbly path of laborious obscurity in which he haii proceeded since he oeasto to be a Soldier^ carries forward little but unim- portant features, and nothing to give it a due value for. Public perusal. War, however dreadful, throws a de^^ gree of interest on this Memoir. Peace, although truljr amiable in appearance, is too silent and sedentary to attract the ciuriosity of in<|Mi8itir« human beings. The battles of York-Town, in Viiyinia, pat a period to die Author's anilitary hbeurs. In 1783^ ho sailed frosi Sandy-faoOk, and afker a lafe passage airlved at Portsmoiith. He obtained his disdiarge at Windiester, and revisited Ireland^ whei« ho wti affectionately received by an aged mother and a ftfW hind relatives. Ho thcd had to take counsel about a litie of living to earn a subsistence ; sudh is generally the result o^ a militaiy Hib. He chose to be-i come a School-Master ; an arduous occupatloii, which has enabled him for upivards of tWenty-sit ylfare, io provide for, and (^ueato a growing family, the source of satisfac- tion and solicitude, fie was discharged! without the pen- sion* usually given for past sei'vices, and beii^g frequently advised by his friends io apply for it^ in 16Q9, (twenty- five years af^ receiving his dischaige) he memorialed His lioyal Highness the Duke of Yoik, an4 was graciously favoured by an immediate compliance with the Pngrer of his petition. He submits the Memorial and its Answer, in gratitude to the iUustrious individual, wbo ao jfrqaffl^ cpndesqendad to notice it as he diid. pring his ^ U^Amk^i JitatM t^^«^^ nVMBLY SII!?WETII, ** TfTAT Miemorialist serrvd in the Army twelre years, in the 9th and 3Sd'Regtments uf Foot, eight years of which >fva!» in America; und^r the command of Generals Burgoyne and Cornwnltis; daring which time he was in Six pitched Uattlcs^ Four Sieges, several important Expeditions, was twice taken prisonor, and as often made his escape to the British Army ; viz. First, in 1778, when prisoner with General Burgoyne's Army, e escaped, with two men, whom he brought with him to Geneiul Sir Henry. Clinton,, at New-^Vork; Secondly, in 1789, when taken' with' Lord Cornwallis's- Army, he eluded the vigilance of the American guards^ and conducted under hia- command, set«n men to Sir Guy C^rleten, the then Commander in Chief in said- City, to both of whom he ggve inost important Intelligence rr. specting the enemy's Army, for which Service lie was appointed by General Birch,, then commandant of the City,, his first ClerK, and Adjutant to the Merchants' Corps of Volunteers there. « That in the battle of Camden, in South Carolina, he had the honour of carrying the Regimental Colours, and immediately, after was appointed temporary Surgeon to the Regiment,, bavitig had some Utile knowledge of physic, and'reeeiTed the appri}ba- tion of all his Officers for his care of the sick and wounded. "That at the battle of GuilfWdCourt-House, in North Carolina ; He had the heartfi§It pleasure of saving Lord Cornwallii from being taken pr^oner, and' begs leave Mith profound de- ference to state, that he w«s i^Ways choseii one of the first Seijeants to execute any enterprise- that required intrepidity, deeisionj and judgment for it^ accomplishment. " That Memorialist being now far advanced in lifej humbly 'solicits your Rbyal Highness to recommend him for a military pension,, which would smooth his declining years, and be most gvatefttlgr rccitivcdas a remuneratioo for the many tiobes he has-^ risked his life and limbs in his Majesty's service. " That for the truth of these facts, he most humbly E«fers> t» General ||. Calvert and Colonel Makenzie." ,n. lamb's MEMdm. S91 801h ^' in Cbict ab, Ute in years, hicK was >yne and I Battles^ ice takcit rmy; ▼iz. I's Army, o Geiiei al 84, when gilance of ind, »et«n ef in laid- ligence re. (ippointfd irst Clerk, there. la,, he had imcdiately* |nt^ having appri)ba- jndcd. in North !oTiiwaUis found dc- |f the first irepidity, kej humbly ] a military be most ie> he has- My wlerS' To which Memorial Vie following Amhxr tens rtccivcd. ' *'? ADJUTANT GENKRAL'S OPTICK. .x» •*^«»*the Adjutant-General informs Serjeant Rogor T^amb!, fhatthe winftl Auth(^rity ha^ been given by th«: Secretary at War, for phicfng hfrn upon the Out Pe'hsion of Chelsea Hospital, ^{speniih^ with his personal appearance before the Board. *^ H&rse.Guards, ^th Jan. 1809. •■<; ! ; , . ■ ■ . • In putting a period to l»is memoir, the author >rould offer an appropriatu reflection, which presses itself from the nspect of the times; The American struggle became a terrible prelude to th<: recent Tisscisaitudcs and existing tvaubles of Kurope. France^ ^ In various cases and views we -appear .peculiarly favoured of heaven, which siiouldbe ^preciated duly by all our people. A new rrign is about to commence, and it i«i hoped It will 'become ronspiciiAus for wise and salutary counsels, and at tiie same time carry forward th« ^lory, Ability, and honourable. prowrsA, -which so'cvidently cha« racterized our gracious Sovereign's sceptre, who will shortly fcst from the cares of a terrestrial crown, we trust, io rt'(;( ive an incorruptible one in abetter country. A characteristic of vital ex- 'Cellence belongs to these countries, which ought not to bepaKsc'-l in silence, viz. religious liberty^nd knowledge, of which the Bri. tish isles are the favourite soil. From the British itilaiids, the North American States derived their honour as a iK'oplc, and, 'what is more excellent beyond comparison, their light as chris- tians. From (he British islands, at present the wliole lapth is in ■I m MNI^'l UPHOVE. tlie progren of bein| eRlighteiw^ bjr ** th« mn pf nflU««iiiie9^'* wjiicb it b not im^> oper to uqr if, «iiid«r P«of M«9«S confidtd to the British, in order to shed it« hetlii^ ^rightneta lo. the ex. treipest isles, «nd the 994$ ^ the uorlH British Miwioi»ne« ar^ novf tmretling find preaching tli« trerlMiting gospel, it maji be said, lA attffiiify and not only m, hnt tnnilatiqg Half Vrt^ in their own languages to men of all comfrieKioiia and ds> fri p. tions, howeter distant in local situation, and differaqeed hj tht iM8gej( of civil aad savage Kfe, or l^ marMiana aad maoMrs. The British Missionary's Ubomr uf hv emhraooa th« Hlnda*, Mahoqtedao, Efhsopian, Aftlean and Indiati; in a word, ^M BriHsh Mtistonary's eflforts are bavoded mei«l7< hy the IfmiCl of the earth ! It is cakmlatod.with eettainljr, liMit the Holy Strip.' tares have heeit lately traoilaied in noro than fHhy tongaat, M cmaHQiptfte from the bondage of gross darlmesaj tribes' and M. tions of ignorant and degraded hunan baings! This w«rk ol iwsal liberty and lifjht is done by British suhjoota, and a people set dlviaelly selected to accomplish tlie schema of a nwseifbl PlrovL desi^, cannot be iK^»^ Voyage to North Attierica, regimea on board, tCK^— :ltt sent onii dangerons dutyto'nconder<^k^^^'.^ I8f; taken prisoner at Saratoga, made to run i£i» gauntly, , ^ . . 20S-^WC escapes into Ne#T6*l:, ... . 147" -^-^ — taken prisoner at T^A tow, '^ — — — has an offer of Ij^nd in Kentucky, American ChaMcter, . ' ■ Army ^tablishment, . rates of pay to the Soldiery, Salaries of State Officers, h?-% trux'M \: iffS 171 I9f 184 lb. 189 Bu8saM*s extraorditiary Narratfre," * . ~ . 11 Bolton, Major account of, . . • V 67^ Banks of Nfewfoundtaitd, deseription olT, . ~ ~; IIT British Army embarks at St. John's to cross Lake Champlklli, t60 Battles and Skirmishes of General Burgoyne's Army, . 190 British Army Surrenders at Saratoga, . . S30 WW ^4 INDEX. ^00 266 S71 BtaTgoyne, Genen), account of, . British Army beueged at York Town, Burr Aaron, account o(L ,. . Boon, Colonel, wcovp^-'^ff, ';.:,: ^^i ^' .% " " C " Campbell, Captiin, saved by floating in the water, . ' 9 Child rescued from the conflagration ofthe Boyne Ship of War, 14 City Watch in Dublin, account of, . , . 07 Canada, an important Theatre of War at that time, . 120 Can^ian'|,. nest an^^^ ufief )il ejg^|»noroy ^ ^s^i, drm^, &Ci^ J 39 ' , ' .Civil and relkidus usages, , • % •t Canajdian and French manners a good 'deal MjP!jfkC|;;i. Cat JFish in JUlfce (^jiani^^iv, ^ijl^ti|<|ii oif, 1 T > ..rr <^(|mpbeil's, C^onei^Sjir ^. ljfii\9t ^ ,0<|99TfI Howe, .. QUTek, Oenc^, wa^ui>t>>f;,',^;;^jj';^^^ qinldn. Sir Henry^acpount of,^ .,j ^^^^^^^^^ ,5 pV.f'.il Cbrlestown, account of;, . , ^^^^ ^^ / rh,;*i ! • Ct^wd'ts, l4»rdj capitttlatasat York tovn,^ , nt !^i%'^. 141 166 222 250. ?3|. 252. 265 I>(«criptlon 9t an MStrumeqt to ipTe parsons f|rcm^^(^v^Pg) 16 pirectioni iqr reooT«r|ng, drowned persons^ -^ ^^ >nt -t) Y ^* JHbUn»s Pfeaco^ud ]^pljc^4^,-t«R iii^*}>^^h'r irf-^.^. *1 Dissipation of the Ninth Regsment in the North of Ireland, 74 l3lfstress of the wounded Soldiers j^ttfjljattle,.,^!!^.^!^., 193 Dispirited temper and desortipn >o{[ thci ProvinclalSy , .195 fincutioit of ■nm American Lady, a British Seijeant ap4-,rir Soldier, . . . ,^, . . 242 Emigrations from Europe to North A||^a^, v/l • , 274 Franklin*s Doctor, account of Swimming, . 11 — — Corresponduftfe with General Loe, reipecting . Pikes, Bows and Arrows, as weapons of War 122 Fttf-tlrade, as carried on hji the people of Montreal, with the , Indians, ^^^^^^^^^^ ,.•-■. . >^r;^.a^i#^ 109 18 1 266 271 ^« f War, 14 07 120 ffr 439 > » liM » 141 iTl- 160 222 *k I, ~. 250 tfll- 251 rK - 2531 Wt- .265 •^e ' >li!- . i „« mng , 18 ■Y 21 p\n - _48 !'■ , . W and. 74 .':"}■' „193_ rlM- JiW •P^r.m.' 242 274 II :ting 122 the ; 14S imiix.: G G^iTe-,. General, vceoont •l^ailu-j^i.tr? ,*T.''.M#3ftK s'Jjtvi'f a-ifiij[ QilieS) Geperat, acc;paBt of, :^ \r..-^^:: .Oi^oa ^^acf^ilT ^ftS Humane Society in London, m(tioant of, . .. 38 Howard Mr. account of, . . ^la nt>l^.;hle»& ^'^xlsl^ Harrington, Lord, account of, 'J . .91 Hadley town, . detcr^titn of, j.t»tii'i>td) '^ytovt) .tta^i vufhtfM Hardship e;idured by. the British prisonii8jtw*fj%^l]i ('Wl'/l «Mlfl|i8 , lIeli.G«te,d«Mri()tioaot^;^x^ifi'r,*:<; bftip '»^ji'i.« /■ Scalping, Tomahawk,' •f''^^^^^'>^;^-«^'^'^^'::-n^ rndians desert fronrthe British anny,^*«T^^ ^**^ i^oJ^-^-n^ A .•»' Kentucky, emigration to tt li>om the Stofer, * *^ '"'' . Lady saved frofn dr6wn1ng-by means of hWFkrihiii^ales ' ' IS La Couture's Madam^ accountvf, » ^^j^r i"- ^ , .«..iy^. Lake George, account of; ' 1 . *tHi>n..$) n^ ^-.d^^^ T>i^ii^» Lee General, account of, '. . t' ^ ' , <-*22^' Motives why individuals make memoirs of their4ivcs, ' ' ^^^^i^ Military Justice, reflections on, ** ■ . . lOi^ Montgomery's General, defeat TUidd«ntb/J"'I''^ ^':^- H'*? Musquitoes, account of, w'*" N , . , JiW, New Military exerciJe taught the Britiril troopsj'"*' '^ "^ '' *TO New.Gate Jail in Dublin, account of, . . 97 Niagara FalPs, description of, . . . 154 New York, Description of, . , , 247 Negro, Anecdote of, . ^ . . 25ft O Observations on the Bear and Rat of Canada, , the country and inhabitaAta^ 157 ^ ir i^'i^ m r> Hurt Tl«i4't MoBiicur, ntnutrdia^f Mmtkei 4 f^ Figtoaii figip i tliii iffcCfow l4k«diMii|^aiii, account of 160 ^lltdMC, d«Mriptian ^f, /> * IMi^. Btvdon Hob. 6eoi|;t (brother to tfto Ettl #f iMit) joldl IIm Nintli RegioMotaf Fool 7|!' 1l#»lflT*t Doctor, Mkice and prtcriptioiitf lut tlittiig tvtkopf .^-.-^fndSraiiMn onboard, . •, > 114: lUAecaoni on Thoasu Paine's life and Writiagt, , 120 Rtaaini of British Oficenat &inkor'sM^il|, * S33 Swiwmiog naefal f^'^ preier?ation of lili b Shipvrreck, 9. tihipwreck on the Saiwex Coait, ^ . - ,. ^ |7: Seamen hnng in CUbbeti in Doblin, :'^ 35 Sartine Momlevr, iienteoant of |N»Ueo ai Paris, Anecdote off 07^ Stations of the lafkntiy force of the Britith Ariny, 110 Sprprisiiif loftinosa of the Pines and Ceda^ of Gmada, 1^» $t» Laurence Riter, description ^ . . • .154 Sddier expires in Quarters by excessive rage» llUr Saahos, account