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ROSSITER WORTHINGTON RAYMOND
A MK.MOKIAL
ri liLlSIIKU BY
The American Institute of
Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
Edited nr
T. A. RICKARD
Office of •: ►' .Secretary
ENGINEERING SOCIETIES BUILDING
29 WEST 39TH STREET
NEW YORK, N. Y.
/
TN/A^-Ti-^R^
CopYRIDHT, 1920, BY THIl
American Institute or Minino and METALLUHairAL Ehoineers
VBa ifAPi.B rumtin roHK VA
:/~S:r^'
P' EFACE
Thin incinorial volume in inciint (o nerve an a p<'nn!i' nt reccjrd of tlio
wrviees rendered hy U«w«iler W. Uiiyinorid to the Aiiierirtiii Institute
of MiniriK Knuiiu'ern and to the iiiiiiiiiK profewHion. The der>eription of
thi" Mettiorial 8erviee and i he formal biography are reproduc«-d from the^
official bulletin of the Institute. The volume wouM have In-en larger
and more comprehenKive if Dr. Haynion«l had not outlived three of his
most <iiHtinKui»4hed eontemporaries, Clarenee KinK, Jami^ I). H Rue, and
rt. F. EnmionH. I'ortunately one of hi.s oldest friends, Dr. Ly> a Abbott,
has added greatly to the value of this memorial by eontribu ,j? an inti-
mate account of his work for Plymouth Church. Mr. Janii .-. F. Kemp,
Professor of (Jeology in Cohunbia I'niversity, speaks for the gcHiloxical
branch of the mining profession, although he writes also on other phases
of Dr. Raymond's life. Mnjor Arthur S. Dwight, a nephew of the Doc-
tor, represents the metallurgical bra;.- of the pr<ifes.«iion in both its civil
and military capacities. Mr. Charles W. Cicxxlale, of the Anaconda
Copper Miniii;? Company, touches upon the litigation in which Dr. Rjiy-
mond took a leading part. Capt. Iloljert U Hunt has been twice j.-isi-
dent of the astitute and was one of Dr. iiuymond's most valued col-
leagues. Dr. Henry M. Howe is Profes'^or of Metallurgy in Columbia
University and Ukcwise an ex-president of the Institute. Mr. Alfied 11.
Belling!. r is a grandson of Dr. Raymond; his contribution expresses the
feelim^s of the young people for whom Dr. Raymond was ever willing to
spend his time, his talent, and his love. To Mrs. Bellinger, Dr. Ray-
mond's daughter, the reader will be grateful for ji biographic si ' -h
which suggests that the literary inheritance is siibject to nt) Salic law. o
her I am indebted for much wisely sympathetic and keenl. iiitelli^^.it
assistance iu the preparation of this volume.
T. A. t^.tkahd.
Sa.v Francisco,
A ugust 12, 1920.
172926
CONTENTS
Memorial Service '^"j
Brief Biography of Dr. Raymond 14
Biographical Sketch, by Elizabeth D. R. Bellinger 18
Reminiscences by Lyman Abbott 31
Reminiscences by James F. Kemp 43
Reminiscences by T. A. Rickard 53
Reminiscences by Arthur S. Dwight 64
Reminiscences by C. W. Goodale 68
Reminiscences by Robert .V. Hunt 71
Reminiscences by Henry M. Howe 73
Tribute by Alfred R. Bellinger 75
Jamesand Jim: Two Boys, by R. W. Raymond 76
Job on Mining, by R. W. Raymond 89
Lawyers and Experts, by R, W. Raymond 94
Memorial Service to Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond
At the New York Mbetino, February 17, 1919
All technical sessions were brouRht to an end in time for the members
to gather in the Auditorium as the Institute paid its tribute to Dr
Kossiter W. Raymond. In opening this meeting. President Jennings
''We have gathered here to render our tribute of honor and affection
o he memory o one who was for 47 years the guiding genius of this
institute. One of its founders, and at that early day one of the foremost
m his profession, he saw it grow from infancy to the great body it is to-
day At the beginning, as now, its membership comprised the leaders in
geology, mining, metallurgy, and technical education. Because so many
were qualified to lead, and because ambition is an essential qualifica-
lon for leadership, the most momentous of the problems coming before
hem for solution was the selection of the one to whom they could confide
the care and direction of the institution which was to record their pro-
ceedings and to stand as an enduring monument of their accomplish-
ments. Their decision would determine whether the members of this
group of leaders were to be cooperators or competitors-associates with
a common purpose or rivals for individual advancement
The selection of Rossiter Worthington Raymond for vice-president
president, and finally secretary; his retention in that office for 27 suc-
cessive years; his elevation to the office of secretary emeritus and to
honorary membership, constitute a testimonial greater than any honor
that we can offer to his memory. In holding these exercises today
we simply voice our confirmation of the wisdom displaved by his col-
leagues in placing in his hands the guidance of their enterprise "
l>v fh. n r"*^ Kesolutions, prepared by Dr. A. R. Ledouxand pa.ssed
by the Directors, were then read:
"The Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engi-
neers would place upon its minutes its profound sense of loss and sorrow
m the death of Rossiter Worthington Raymond, Ph.D., LL.D., secretary
enieritus of the Institute. Both as one of its founde;s and as its ic^
r( tary for 27 years, his was the guiding spirit of the Institute for more than
a generation.
1 ""'•!i'"»K *'"' «''™''"'' '»*»'•♦■ "f t'»« '""X P"iod, it miglu ul„M,..t have
been said that the Institute wa.s Dr. Raymond-and Dr Raymond he
nstitute. When,, with the progress of growth and .levelopn ent gr a
.•hunges were .ntn,duced. Dr. Raymon.l acquiesce,! in rhes.. i„ „pi'e o
some misg. angs, such as those with which a father might contemplate
i MRMOHIAL SERVICE
tlu' cineiKcine of his child from the careful supervision of the home;
but as st'cretary emeritus for the past eight years, he was always ready
with "aluable advice and helpful suggestion.
"His presence at the annual meetings was aii inspiration, which his
rare abiUty as a speaker further enhanced. Among the most ersatile
of men of genius, among the most distinguished as a mining engineer—
a scholar, editor, and auti ority on mining law, yet to his personal friends
he revealed a simplicity, a loyalty, and a steadfastness which held his
intimates and bound them to him in spite of time and change.
"With his death there closes an epoch in the history of American
mining and metallurgy. The Institute thereby loses one of its great
leaders, but his example will Hve as an inspiration to those who survive,
within its councils, and his name will be long an inspiration for many who
knew him only through our Transactions and by his other writings."
Mr. T. A. Ri.-kard was appointed editor for the Raymond memorial
biographical volume.
Afterward, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh University,
and one of the two survivors of the 22 who attended the first session
of the Institute, was introduced.
Address of Dr. Drinker
A friend, whom we loved, has gone from among us. He was a man
who by his genius dominated any jsembly in which he stood. He
was a teacher of teachers, a leader in all the many lines in which his
energetic able personality led him.
Of his eminence as an engineer, and of his abihty, learning, and sur-
passing power in argument and presentation as an expert and as a lawyer,
I will not speak — the tributes paid him by Mr. Rickard and Mr. Ingalls
are so well studied that they should stand as the record of our friend's
professional reputation. He was a wonderful man in the absolute ab-
sence of pretense in all that he said and did. If Raymond said it you
could rely it was so — and his mind was so encyclopedic — his learning
so vast, that association with him was an education, intensive and broad.
It was my privilege to know him for a life-time. We were associated
with the founding of our Institute at Wilkes-Barre in May, 1871. I was
then a young fellow just stepping out into practice from college training
under Rothwell in the Lehigh School of Mines, and Rayn.ond and Roth-
well, Coxe and Coryell, the men who organized the first coming together
of the Institute, were men in the leadership of the profession, earnest,
enthusiastic — early exponents of the profession they dignified and, in
fact, introduced into this country.
From the beginning, Dr. Raymond's trained mind, inexhaustible
energy, and wonderful aptitude of expression, enhanced by his personal
charm of manner, meant everything in the early setting and development
MEMORIAL SERVICE 3
of our Institute, windi has grown into such a power in the engineering
progress of our land.
We all pay tribute to Dr. Raymond's recognized ability and power of
leadership— but there are today but few of ug left wJio can personally
turn and look back over a half century of acti-.al association with hin., a
precious privilege filled with memories of a man of whom it may well be
said, he was typical of "Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are
honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatso-
ever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good i port", for he was
of virtu^-and we may well, in thinking of him, think of these things.
Dr. Raymond was generous in his enco iragement and aid to younger
men. I can personally, with all my heart, echo the words of Ingalls i-
his recent splendid tribute to Raymond where he speaks of having in hi
early association with the 'Engineering and Mining Journal' looked on
Raymond as "a guide, philosopher, and friend"— trite words, but
never more aptly, or better, or more truthfully applied.
Dr. Raymond's history has been recorded, and his engineering record
has been and is being given by men far better fitted than I to do technical
justice to so large a subject. It is for me as one of Raymond's many
friends and admirers, one of his old friends, yet speaking from the stand-
point of one younger than he and ever looking up to him as a leader aad
teacher, to pay tribute to his personal quaUties that so endeared him to all
who were privileged to know him. I owe a great personal debt to him for
encouragement and aid to me as a young man, and I am moved to speak
of It only as an instance of what was common to so many, for he was ever
ready with counsel and cheering words of uplift and practical suggestion
to the younger men who came under his observatiou, and in this he
typified in person what our Institute has done as an association. Found-
ed as it was by n^en of large heart and human sympathy, such as Ray-
mond and Eckley B. Coxe, the Institute, particularly in its younger days
when our membership was small, and the friendships engendered among
members were intimate and common to all, did, -nd indeed has ever
continued to do, a great work in giving to young engineers who came into
Its fold opportunity for betterment by association with older and eminent
men, with an opening for the publication antl discussion of their engineer-
ing experiences and theories. In the development of this practice, and
as the able editor for many years of our Transactions, Dr. Raymond
ever showed his kindly sympathetic helpful nature, and the men— and
their number i.s legion— whom he so aided, pay triljute today to his
moiiiory with loving gratitude and appreciation.
Ho was a wonderful man in his faculty' of doing so well so many
different things.
Did his record rest only on his professional work as mining engineer
metallurgist, and mining lawyer, his friends might be content, but he
MKMORIAL HERVICIS
was not euiiteitt with ttuH. Dr. Hillis huH told uh in his beautiful tribute
to our friend, of Dr. Raymond's leadership in religious work in Plymouth
('hurch, and how after Mr. Beecher's death Dr. Raymond was asked to
retire from his engineering and editorial work and take up the pastorate
of Plymouth Church (and how beautifully his reply reflects Dr. Raymond
in his si "erity, good judgment, and never-failing humor). Dr. Raymond
said that the providence of God, through his fathers, had lent him certain
gifts, and by His providence guided him into an appointed path; and
now that his life journey had been two-thirds fulfilled, he did not believe
that the Lord was going to return to the beginning of that path; and
revei'se Himself; and he would, therefore, follow the way appointed to
the end of the road.
Ard in Plymouth Church and th( iriendships he made and cherished
there, we can see how, while laboring for the good of his fellow-men, and
for their souls' good, he yet rested from his professional work, and took
pleasure and solace in his touch with the Church .»nd Sunday-school in
which his heart delighted.
His addresses in the Church, of which many have been published,
show a vivid and ever-fresh and inspiring flood of wise help ful admonition
and teaching — and his annual Christmas stories to the Sunday-school
children — fifty in all, ending with the one given on Sunday, December
29th, only two days before his death on December 31st, are a unique and
l)eautiful illustration O-' the faculty he possessed of using his great gifts
for the young. The fiftieth and last of his Sunday-school addresses
is as vivid in interest as its predecessors, among which those ■ ho read
them can never forget the delicious talks chronicling the woodhcuck who
inhabited the Doctor's garden at Washington, Connecticut, and who is
introduced with the words, "At our place in the country, where we
spend five or six months of the year, we have, among other fascinating
attractions, a woodchuck of our own. That is nothing very remarkable.
The whole region is full of woodchucks, and the difficulty is not to have
one.* * * Our garden is not far from his hole on the lawn, yet he never
ionies into the garden — for vhich reason we call him Maud, after the
iatly in Tennyson's poem. That lady did come into the garden; but then
she was invited. If the gentleman had sung to her, 'Don't come into
the garden, Maud', or even if he had never mentioned the garden, I am
sure she would have stayed away politely, just as our Maud does," —
and then the address goes on with Raymond's never-ending sen.se of
humor, delicioiisly cnnphasizing the wise words on current events and
international j-oliti s that are voiced by the woodchuck in his conference
with his host.
As Ingalls has well said. Dr. Raymond was one of the most remarkable
rases of versatility that our country has ever seen — sailor, scldier, engi-
neer, lawyer, orator, editor, novelist, story-teller, poet, biblical critic,
MEMORIAL SERVICE 6
theologian, teachor, chess-player — he was superior in each capacity.
What he did lie always did well.
In his writings and poems bin ever-present wnse of hiunor shone
out — and yet always there was an adumbration of wise reflection or
suggestion— of t<>n u direct emphasis of ailvier on current questions of
the day. In his wonderful story of 'The Man in the Moon', published
over forty years ago, and doubtless reflecting some of his own personal
expe'riencee as an officer in ihe Civil War, Dr. haymond recorded in his
inimitable way what today may well be read as a prophetic utterance
on the folly and the wickedness of the World War, in his account of the
way that the opposing soldiers in the ranks came together on Christmas
Day, and how a sentiment in favor of peace spread from the ranks to
the peoples concerned until the generals in charge of the w«ir, and the
governing authorities of the countries concerned, awakened to the folly
of the contention in which they had been striving and came together in a
peaceful solution.
The story is an immortal one, and those of you who have not read
it, have a great treat in store when you find it. 'The Man in the
Moon — A War Story'.
Dr. Rayn. nd's home-life was ideally beautiful and loving. On
Christmas Day just passed this Uttle poem— so characteristic of him,
and so expressive of the love he bore Mrs. Raymond, accompanied his
gift to her of a bond :
'Tis strange. Oh Lady ! fair and fond
Of me (as likewise I of you) *
That there should he another bond
Between us two !
V'ou do not need this thing to make
Your life more full of hope and i-est,
And yet sometimes you well mij;ht take
More interest!
And there is nothing better serves
For weary hearts and hands to droop on.
And stimulate exhausted nerves
Than a good coupon.
Dr. Raymond suffered a great sorrow in the loss of the son of whom
he was so justly proud, a loss that he bore with a man's fortitude, and
in which he was upheld by the faith and hope that his life so strikingly
exemplified. That he should have been first taken, leaving here the wife
to whom he devoted so many years of loving care, is a part of that great
mystery into which we cannot look, hut she at loai^t ha.s the comfort of
the memory of her knight as one "without fear and without reproach"
—a iJayard among warriors — a Sir Percival among knights.
Dr. Raymond belonged to many societ'»8 and his abilities received
MRMORIAL HKRVICE
due rpcnRnition in many honornry tit low from w)iii>lieH, univerHities, and
collegen. AmniiK thoin it was the ploasurp and honor of Lehigh Univer-
sity to confer on Dr. Raymond in June, 19(Mi, the firnt Doetorate of Law«
ever gninted by the inHtitution. When, in 1905, I wan asked by my
fellow alumni of Ix-high to lay aside my professional work and take on the
responsibility of the presidency of Lehigh University, it was to Dr.
Raymond I went for advice on my course. He urged me to take it
up and during the years smce then I have reason to be grateful' fo'r his
steady counsel and support, and his vLsits to speak to our student body
have ever been welcome and uplifting.
He, and our honored Dr. Drown, and I had a close and common bond
in the association we all three had with Lehigh, and I know of no words
more fittingly applicable to Dr. Raymond than those he spoke of Dr.
Drown at the time we laid the foimdation of Drown Memorial Hall on
our Lehigh campus. Dr. Raymond said: "How well I remember that
sunny afternoon at Philadelphia, when, in the sacred stillness of 'God's
Acre', ringed with the noisy life of the metropolis, we buried in flowers
and evergreens the body of our beloved friend, while overhead, branches,
like these, waved their solemn murmurous benediction, and all around us
white fingers pointed upward, mutely saying, 'He is not here; he is
risen!' — and in our ears sounded that deep, dear message of the Spirit,
chanting how the blessed dead rest from their labors, while their works
do follow them !
"Methinks we do not always perceive the full meaning of that mes-
sage. Too often we interpret it as saying, 'They depart; they cease
from their labors; and the work they have done takes their place, as their
only representation on earth, as all that is now left of their fruitful
power'. Surely, this is not all. To rest is not to cease; to follow is not
to remain behir d forever separated from the leader, but rather to abide
with the leader, though he be on ihe march.
"Our human experience is not without interpreting analogies. We
know what it is to rest from our labors for a few happy summer weeks,
laying upon other shoulders the daily burden and upon other hearts the
daily anxiety, yet still in forest solitudes or up shining summits or by
the boundless sea, carrying with us in a higher mood our work — weighing
it more accurately, because we are not too tired; seeing it more clearly,
because weare out of the dust of it; realizing its proportions and purpose,
because distance gives us a perspective view; tasting its full sweetness,
because its bitter cloudy precipitate has had time to settle; and renewing
our high ambitions for it as we renew our strength for it. We rest from
our labors, but our work goes with us, inseparably — only now we bear
it, not as weight, but as wings.
"So, it seems to me, we are to think of our absent dead; they rest,
but do not cease; they go on, and their work goes on with them. Indeed,
MEMORIAl. HGRVICB 7
the interpretation is yet deeper. To my ears, the Spirit says 'Blessed are
they who have labored so earnestly ' to deserve the rest of a higher
sphere of labor, and who have left behind them works which deserve
to follow them, and to receive, even in that higher sphere, their continued
remembrance and interest'. "
How more fittingly can I close this tribute to the memory of our
beloved friend than by these his own words, spoken of a friend dear to
him, and honored by us all — words that today we may cite as a requiem
and fitting thought of Rossiter W. Raymond himself, loved by us, whose
name will go down in the annals of our Institute as that of a super-man
of many parts to whom we owe much.
Address of T. A. Rickard
"Brethren" — it was thus that he addressed us on an occasion that
many of you will remember: in 1893, at Chicago, at the closing session
of the International Engineering Congress. Otner men, representing
other nations, had spoken — some of them in poor English — before he was
called upon to reply for the arts of mining and metallurgy in America.
When he said " Brethren", the audience was startled into lively attention,
which was maintained throughout his speech; for then, as always, he
knew how to reach the minds of men, and their hearts too. I remember
his saying that those present had taken part in numerous scientific
discussions; that they had evolved new ideas and had discovered new
principles, but that they had done something much better: they had
" discov^ercd one another". So saying he put his finger on the distinctive
feature of all such conventions. His mode of salutation also reminded
those of us who were his personal friends that he was an evangelist as well
as an engineer, and that he could instruct a bible- class in Job or St. Paul
with the same power of exposition as he could deliver a lay sermon on
mining or metallurgy. Indeed Rossiter Raymo id was a deeply religious
man, and no sympathetic understanding of his oxtraordinarily versatile
character is possible without appreciating this fact. He was not only a
prominent member of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn ; he was superinten-
dent of the Sunday-s?hool for 25 years, he led in prayer-meeting and in
bible-class, he interpreted the Old Testament during the period when the
so-called higher criticism was undermining the faith of the churches, and
he aided Henry Ward Beecher in steering his congregation through the
storm of biblical exegesis that crossed the Atlantic forty years ago. The
eminence that he attained as a religious teacher is measurable by the fact
that when Beecher died the trustees asked him " to give up his work as
editor, lavyer, and mining engineer, and take the pastorate of Plymouth
Church", as recorded by the Rev. Dr. Dwight Hillis. He declined the
honoi-, thinking it better "to give his Hfe and strength to the vocation
of an interpreter, chronicler» guide, and assistant to engineers, rather than
8
MEMORIAL HERVtCK
to that of a creative an«l conHtructivt' leador". I quote the wordH he
hiiii8elf used on the oi-cnsion of the dinner (•clehratinK hi.s 7()th liirthday.
Not many in the mining profesHion knew this phiiMe of iiis ehnnieter,
althnuKh liuri'nK his journeys through the West he would occasionally
take the pulpit in some MiiiiiuK coniinunity anii surprise a coiiKreKation
that knew him only as the most distinguished of the experts engaKcd
during the previous week in an imoortant ap<>x litigation. I have spoken
of the part he played in the history of Plymouth Church, but his deeply
religious nature was never so brought home to nu* as when his son Alfred
died in 1901. He was a son of whom any father might feel proud; gifted
anfl amiable, and on the threshold of a brilliant career. When he died
Dr. Kaymond proved, if it were nece8.sary, the sincerity of his religious
convictions, for his glad way of spiniking of his departed son showed his
confitlence in a future ■■ union. I never saw a more (onvincing expres-
sion of the Mief in immortality than in the attitude of Alfred Ray?nond's
father and mother. It were improp<'r for me, therefore, on this occasion
to speak of the passing of our honored frierd in a lugut)rious strain. I
shall speak of his life and career as an inspiring memory to be treasured
as a heritage of our profession; and in doing so, I shall abstain from
flattery. To extol the honored dead with honeyed words is an imperti-
nence, llossiter Kaymond's career was so rich in performance as to
require none of the insincerities of conventional biography.
To the profession, Dr. Raymond's work as secretary of the American
Institute of Mining Engineers was the outstanding feature of his su-
l)remely u.seful life. When the Institute was Tounded, in 1871, he was
elected vice-president, with the understanding that he would perform the
duties of president, which David Thomas, by reason of his age, could not
discharge. Thus from the beginning Raymond was the real president,
and, on the resignation of Mr. Thomas, r w months later, he became
president in name as well as in feet, thereafter to be elected again and
again, until an amendment to the rules, proposed by himself, provided
that no president cjuld serve more than two years. Soon afterward,
in 1884, he became secretary, a post that he held for 27 years — until
his retirement from active service in 1911. He was secretary emeritus
until the end.
The duties of the .secretary included the editing of the Transactions.
For this he was well prepared. He had been the writer of successive
volumes of the 'Mining Statistics West of the Rocky Mountains'; 1 ^
had been editor of the 'American Journal of Mining' for one year, in
1867, and for the seven following years the editor of its successor, the
'Engineering and Mining Journal', of which he continued to be a.s.sociate
editor with Richard P. Rothwell until they had a friendly disagreement
over the 'silver question' in 189.3, after which he withdrew from editorial
responsibility, becoming a 'special contributor', in which capacity he
MEMORIAL HKRVK'R
aHMJHted th«' t'ditora that Hiiccccdcd Rothwell. Thiw he t(M)k u notable
part in the (IpvolopuH'nt of technical journalism in this country; but I
n-Kanl his share in the early editing of the 'Journal ' as important chiefly
iM'cauae it was a training for his life-work, that of wcretary of the In-
stitute. It is noteworthy that as the owner of the' Journal' in its early
(lays he found the work of writing and editing far more to his taste than
the management, for in financial affairs he was t(K) kindly to Ik* a shrev
business-man.
As .secretary of the Institute he pi-rforuied divers duties; he invited
written contributions and revi.s«'d tluin Iwfore publication; he organized
the meetings; he was the administrator* In course of time his ebullient
personality so dominated the Institute that he was allowed a free hand to
do as he thought fit. Presidents came and went; although nominally
secretary, he exer, ised complete control. The personnel of the iward of
nuinagement, or 'council', of the Institute changed from year to year,
but Dr. Raymond managed its affairs, practically without let or hindrance.
The Institute became identified with him. For a period longer than a
generation he was the mainspring of the activities of the Institute, its
presiding genius, its chief spokesman. Those who participated in the
meetings of ten or twenty years ago will retain a vivid impression of the
way in which Dr. Raymond stamijed his individuality on the organization.
C'ourteous and friendly to all, resourceful and tactful in steering the
discussions, witty and eloquent whenever he rose to hi .eet, he was the
managing director of the proceedings; he gave point and distinction to
them; he infused them with his keen enthusiasm; he lighted them with
the brilliance of his mind. His versatility was unlimited. All knowledge
was his patrimony and nothing human was alien to his understanding.
Whatever the subject of a paper, he could add something to it; nay more,
on many occasions when some new phase of geology or engineering was
presented for disrussion, he would rise to supplement the «;peaker's
remarks and show himself so well informed on the subject as to eclipse
the specialist. Ho did this not unkindly, but nut of super-t bundance of
knowledge and siieer exuberance of spirit. On the other hand, no
member engaged in preparing a paper for the Transactions failed to
obtain his whole-hearted assistance in collecting the necessary data or in
hunting for the needed references. When the meml)er's manuscript
arrived, the Doctor went through it with painstaking care. Before the
use of the typewriting machine came into vogue, and even after, he would
send letters in long-hand of as much as ten pages, explaining or suggesting
improvements in the text. As a beneficiary of his conscientious industry,
I can testify to the instruction in the art of writing that he gave to those
who contributetl to the Transactions. He was a delightful helper and a
stimulating teacher. If jiny criticism is to be made, I venture to suggest
that he over-edited; that is to say, the writings of the inexperienced
10
MKMliHIAL HKKVU'IS
wvrv m much roviwd nn to Iw pracli«ttlly re-writti-n l)y tiiiii. He would
tuko the halM)ttko(l priMluction of a wini-Iitorate enninetT ami Bubjort
il to the warmth of hin intellectual conibuHtion until it emerged a whole-
some biscuit. I recall a valuable metallurgical |>a|M'r, written by a
professor now recogniwd as an authority, that was so full of Ciennan
itlioniH that Dr. Raymond had to r»'-write it. Shortly liefore the Colo-
riido m(>eting of 1890 I persuaded a Cornish mining engineer to contribute
u paper on the lode-structure of Cripple Creek. He was a keen observer,
but a poor writer; when the pa|)er arrived it was quite unsuitable for
publication. Dr. Raymond showed it to me and said, "What am I to
do with this?" I replied, "Don't accept it". "No", said he, "that
would not Ih- fair; we asked him to write it". " Yes". I said, "but I am
responsible for asking him ; let me lick it into shape." " No", he insisted,
"that is njy job, I'll see what I can do with it." He did, and he did it >»}
thoroughly that my Cousin Jack friend obtained credit for an informing
and well-written contribution to the Transactions. The result of such
revision was to lessen the value of the paper as scientific evidence. The
authenticity of the testimony, it seems to me, suffered by Ixiing given
through the mouth of a skilled advocate. On the other hand, this over-
plus of editorial labor gave the Transactions a level of style that no other
technical society could claun either then or since. All technical writing in
the English language has felt, and long will continue to feel, the inspira-
tion to excellence that he gave while editor of the reference library that
we call the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
He left iin enduring mark on the jurisprudence of mining. A keen
observer and ii clear expositor, he achieved distinction as an expert
witness in the litigation arising from attempts to apply the law of the
apex, a 8ubj«'<t (»n which he wrote a series of essays that exercised a strong
iiiHuence on the interpretation given by the highest courts ♦- that Con-
gressional statute. In the first big case in which he took part, the famous
Eureka-Richmond lawsuit, he gave the term 'lode' a definition that not
only swayed the decision in that controversy, but influenced all later
mining litigation. On one occasion he was invited to address the United
States Supreme Court on a point of mining law, and his exposition is said
to have been accepted by the Court in its subsoqTjent opinion. At that
time he had not qualified as a lawyer, but in 1898 he was admitted to
practise in both the State and the Federal courts. Five years later he
was appointed lecturer on mining law at Columbia University.
As an expert witness, he was, a.s he said of Clarence King, approv-
ingly, "an honest partisan". He used the gift of exposition with great
effect when addressing the jury, under (over of giviii}? evidence. I recall
the explanation of the formation of mineral veins with which he began his
testimony in the Montana-St. Umis case. Fortunate was the jury that
had the opportunity of listening to such a ft.s(inating lecturer. He was
MKMUHIAL HKHVlL'K
11
not only an ubli- witnvtM-in-chief and cxtrcuidy di'Xterous in circunivcnt-
ing croiw-i'xainintttion, hut hv wan a great K(>nrral. H' wa« quick to
r«TOKnu(> the important featureH of a case an«i nkilful in iianthallinK hiH
forces to the diHconifiUire of the enemy. In forcnnic duek he dit.ilayed
characteriHtic wit and vernatihty. TWh legal practice wan a Houroc of
honor and profit to him, hut I venture to Hay that he helped geology more
in other ways.
In 1868, when only 28 yearw of age, he was appointed U. 8. Conimis-
tuoner of Mining Statistics, and in that capacity he visited the mining
districts of the West, which was then at the beginning of an era of wide-
spread exploration. He was quick to appreciate the economic value of
geology and to utilize the opportunities for study afforded by his official
travels. In 1870, he was appointed lecturer on economic geology at
Lafayette College, which appointment he held for twelve years.
When he Iwcame secretary of the Institute he transferred his keen
interest in economic geology to the Transactions. As secretary, he
p<'rHua<led the engineers to record observations made underground, and
at the same time he induced the officers of the Geological Survey
to present their scientific inductions to the Transactions in a form
that rendered them attractive to the mining profession. Thus he brought
the official geologist into touch with the mine-manager and consulting
engineer, greatly to the advantage of all. He also did much to diminish
the self-sufficiency of the Survey and to lessen the shyness of the so-
called practical man. By his understanding of geology, his knowledge
of Western mining conditions, and the zest with which he pursued the
application of geology to mining, he aided greatly in exciting intelligent
interest in the genesis of ore deposits. The Posepny volume proves that;
so does the volume dedicated to the memory of his frie- ' Emmons. In
1893, he translated Posepny's treatise from the L.orman into his
own vigorous English, and organized a discussion that enhanced the
value of the original paper. By means of another treatise, by Van
Hise, presented to the Institute seven years later, in 1900, he gave a
fresh impetus to the sti'dy of ore deposits, the general result being to
make the mining geologists of thi:, country the leaders in a branch of
study in which Europ<'aii scientists had theretofore held pre-eminence.
On his skill as a writer it is pleasant to dwell. He wrote out of the
fulness of a rich mind, an alert imagination, and an abundant vocabulary,
aided by the knowledge of several modern languages. He knew not
only how to select le mot juste, but also how to weave words into ingenious
phrases and to construct balanced .sen^ ices, following each other in
logical order within well-proportioned paragraphs. He liked to number
his paragraphs, in order to emphasize successive points at issue. He
wrote with pen or pencil, usually the former, because i* " , less rigid and
therefore less fatiguing to the fingers. He did not like to dictate any-
12
MKMOKIAI' SKRVKE
thiiiK except ordinary correspondence, hut he roiiK". dictate a long article
or legal testimony, punctuation included, with remaricahle clearness
and continuity. He wrote easily, with all the joy of the practised hand
and the disciplined brain. He twitted one of his contributors with
having "an inveterate fluent profuseness of speech" and the happy
victim protested that the phrase exactly fitted him, not the lesser writer.
He was fluent and profuse, but not to redundance or verbosity; on the
contrary, his style was marked by force and consecutiveness, and, not
infrequently, by those "saber thrusts of Saxon speech" that are the
delight of the critical.
His literary ability was partly inherited from his father, Robert
Raikes Raymond, who was editor successively of the 'Free Democrat'
and the 'Evening Chronicle' at Syracuse, New York, from 1852 to 1854,
and later professor of English in the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
anti prinipal of the Boston School of Oratory. It is also a safe surmise
that Rossiter Raymond owed much of his fine feeling for the language
of Shakespeare to his daily draughts from that well of English undefiled,
the King .James version of the Bible. There is no better s.-hooling in our
language than familiarity with The Book. A third aid to the cultivation
of a goo<l prose style was his frequent exercise in versification. The
expression of simple ideas in verse by means of short words is excellent
training for the effective construction of logical sentences in prose;
moreover, the sense of rhythm incites assonance. On his return from
life at the German universities, he brought with him many old folk-songs
and student-songs, some of which he adapted to Sunday-school use.
Thousands of children sang his hymns with delight because he knew
how to present pretty thoughts in simple guise. That he could write
serious poetry we know; for example, the lines to the Grand Canyon
engraved on the silver tray that formed part of the gift presented to him
on his 70th birthday. He wrote merry rhymes for our Institute meetings
and for other occasions of a similar kind, making good-natured fun for
himself and his friends. This playing with words in rhyme and rhythm
gave him facility ( i" expression in the more serious business of prose, and
also in public speaking.
He was a delightful speaker. Our profession has never had a more
elcxiuent spokesman. He seem(>d as little at a loss for ideas as for words;
his enunciation was clear, he had a resonant voice, and his gestures were
natural. Owing to his retentive memory and easy delivery, it was
difficult to distinguish a .speech that he had written from one that was
exlem|)ore.
At any gatlnTing he w.-is in(livi<lual — a distinKuislied figure. The
wearing of a lilack silk cap and an old-fashioned way of trimming his
beard jj.ive him a striking a|)|)earance. Clear eyes, wide apart, an aqui-
hne nose, and a scpiare chin indicated inuvgination, perception, and de-
MEMORIAL SERVICK
13
termination. His military training had taught him to stand upright.
His pose was that of a captain of men. When he made a humorous hit
he wouhl tilt his head and smile, as if eager t(» share the fun with his
audience. He never touched anything without giving it human interest.
He found
"Tongu<>s in trees, l)ooks in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good in everything."
Rossiter Raymond exercised an immense influence* in his day and
generation — nay more, two generations felt the force of his personality.
How he stimulated his religious co-workers has been recorded by the
succes.sors of Henry Ward Beecher. Both Lyman Abbott and Dwight
Hillis have testified to the courage that he imparted to them during the
troublous times of Plymouth (,'hurch. To the geologists who broke the
trail for the scientific investigations of a later day he was a guide, philoso-
pher, and friend. Such men as Clarence King, James D. Hague, and
S. F. Emmons have recorded their gratitude for his support and advice.
Among his engineering contemporaries were scores to whom he was an
ever-ready source of information, a wise counselor, a cheery friend —
for them he did many unselfish and kindly things. To those of us who
were young when he was at his prime he was the very embodiment of
scientific attainments. We looked up to him as the exemplar of effec-
tive writing and polished speaking, the pattern of engineering culture,
the leader in everything that concerned the welfare of our profession.
As secretary of the Institute we found him a lovable man, full of natural
kindness and that h"lpfulness, without condenscension, which the young
appreciate so keenly when shown by a senior whom they admire. We —
for I was one of them — found him an inspiring leader and a loyal friend.
Loyalty — yes, that was one of his qualities. It got him into trouble
more than once, for in friendship, as in apex litigation, he was unmistak-
ably partisan. He stuck to his friends through thick and thin; he gave
them the benefit of the doubt if they did wrong; he championed them
when they were set upon. Lucky was the man on whose side he fought.
He was pre-eminently a publicist and an educator; he dechned the
pastorate of Plymouth Church to become the pastor of a bigger congre-
gation; he resigned his professorship at Lafayette to be a teacher in a
bigger school; he was the dean of the mining profession in the United
States. For fifty years the force of his personality was felt among the
men that were organizing and directing the mining industry of a conti-
nent; for fifty years he did not fail to write a (Christmas story for the
children of his Sunday-school; he was a friend to the old and to the younj?.
Age could not witiier him nor custom stale his infinite variety. He
influenced those that today are influencing others; his spirit still moves
among men. Blessed be his memory.
E3S^
Brief Biography of Dr. Raymond
Ro8.nter Worthington Raymond, Ph.D., LL.D., mining: engineer,
metallurgist, lawyer, and author, was horn in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 27,
1840, the son of Roliert Raikes and Mary Anna (Pratt) Raymond;
granilson of Eliakim and Mary (Carrington) Raymond, of New York
City, and of Caleb and Sally (Walker) Pratt, of Providence, Rhode Island.
He was of English descent, his earliest American ancestor on the
paternal side, Richard Raymond, having emigrated from F^ngland to this
country and settled at Salem, Ma.ssachusettp. in 1632; while on his moth-
er's side he was descended from well-known New England families. His
great-grandfather, Nathaniel Raymond, was an officer in the Revolution-
ary army; and his grandfather, Caleb Prj,n, served in the war of 1812.
His father (born 1817, died 1888), a native of New York City, was a
graduate of Union College in 1837, editor of the Syracuse 'Free Democrat'
in 1852, and the 'Evening Chronicle* in 1853-4, and afterward profes-
sor of English in the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and principal of
the Boston School of Oratory. His mother (born 1818, died 1891) was
a native of Providence, Rhode Island. They were married at Columbus,
Ohio, in 1839, and Rossiter was the eldest of a family of seven children,
of whom four were sons.
He received his early education in the common schools of Syractise,
New York, and in 1857 entered the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, of
which his uncle, John H. Raymond (afterward president of Vassar College),
was then president, graduating from that institution, at the head of his
class, in 1858. He spen* .he ensuing three years in professional study
at the Royal Mining Acauemy, Freilierg, Saxony, and at the Heidelberg
and ^^unich universities.
Returning to the United States in August 1861, he entered the Fed-
eral army and served as aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain, on the
staff of Major-General J. C Fremont, by whom, during his campaign
in the Valley of Virginia, he was officially conmiended for gallant and
meritorious conduct.
From 1864 to 1868, he engaged in practice as a consulting mining
engineer and metallurgist in New York City; and in the latter year
was appointed U. S. Commissioner of Mining Statistics, which posi-
tion he held until 1876, is.suing each year 'Reports on the Mineral Re-
sources of the United States West of the Rocky Mountains' (8 vol.,
Washington, 1869-76), several of which were re-published in New York,
with the titles of 'American Mines and Mining', 'The United States
Mining Industry', 'Mines, Mills and Furnaces', and 'Silver and Gold'
BTOGRAPHV
16
These reports contained deseriptions of the geoioRy, ore deposits, and min-
ing enterprises of the United States public domain, discussions of metal-
lurgical processes adapted to American conditions, and observations and
criticisms concerning the practical operation of the Federal mineral-
land laws of 1866 and subsequent years. In 1870, he was appointed lec-
turer on economic geology at Lafayette College, which chair he occupied
until 1882, and for one year during that period gave the entire course on
mining engineering.
In 1873, Dr. Raymond was appointed United States Commissioner
to the Vienna International Exposition, and as such delivered in Vienna
addresses in the German language at the International Convention on
Patent Law and the International Meeting of Geologists; and an address
in English at the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute in Liige, Belgium.
From 1875 to 1895, he was associated as consulting engineer with the
firm of Cooper, Hewitt & Co., owners cf the New Jersey Steel & Iron
Co., the Trenton Iron Co., the Durham and the Ringwood iron works,
as ell as numerous mines of iron ore and coal. As president of
the Alliance Coal Co., and director of the Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre
Coal Co., as well as a personal friend of Franklin B. Gowen, he
became acquainted with the inner history of the memorable campaign
against the ' Molly Maguires', and has since been known aa a fearless
opponent of all tyranny practised in the name of labor. His articles on
'Lal)or and Law', 'Labor and Liberty', etc., published in the 'Engineering
and Mining Journal' at the time of the Homestead riots, attracted wide
attention and for these, as well as similarly frank discussions of the opera-
tions of the Western Federation of Miners in Montana, Idaho, and Colo-
rado, he received special denunciations and threats from the labor-unions
thus criticised. While connected with Cooper, Hewitt & Co., he also
assisted Abram S. Hewitt in the management of C •'^'.er Union and for
many years directed the Saturday Evening Free i'opular Lectures on
science, etc., which constituted the beginning of what has since become
a vast lecture system in the city of New York.
From 1885 to 1889, he was one of the three New York State Com-
missioners of Electric Subways for the city of Brooklyn, and served as
member and secretary of the board, preparing its final report, which was
generally regarded as the best statement of the problem of municipal
engineering and policy involved in the distribution of electric conductors.
At the close of his official term as Commissioner, he became consulting
engineer to the New York & New Jersey Telephone Co., which position
he retained for many years.
In 1898, Dr. Raymond was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court
of New York Stale and of the Federal District and Circuit Courts, his
practice being confined to cases involving either mining or patent law,
in the former of which he was a leading authority. In 1903 he was
"^"fasrwi-wev-Tr
l<i
KIor.KAPHY
lecturer on mining law at Columbia University, New York. He had
also delivered numerous addresses at other coIlcKes and universities,
including Yale, Cornell, Pittsburgh, Lehigh, Lafayette, Union, California,
the Worcester Polytechnic, and the New York College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
An original member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
he served as its vice-president in 1871, 1876, and 1877, president from
1872 to 1875, and secretary from 1884 to 1911. In the last capacity he
edit^'d 40 of the annual volumes of Tran.sactions, to which he liberally
contributed essays, especially pertaining to the Federal mining laws,
as well as other articles of importance.
In 1911, Dr. Raymond resigned his position as secretary of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers, of which he was after that
time secretary emeritus.
Dr. Raymond was the editor of the 'American Journal of Mining'
from 1867 to 1868, of the same periodical under the title, 'Engineering and
Mining Journal' from 1868 to 1890, and thereafter was a special con-
tributor to that journal. In 1884, he prepared for the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey a historical sketch of mining law which was sul>se-
quently translated into (lerman and published in full Ly the 'Journal des
Bergrechts', the only periodical in the world devoted exclusively to the
subject of mining jurisprudence, and for whi; h he received high praise.
In addition to the official works previously mentioned he was the
author of 'Die Leibgarde' (1863), a German translation of 'The Story
of the Guard' by Mrs. Jessie Benlon Fremont (1863); 'The Children's
Week' (1871); 'Brave Hearts' (1873); 'The Man in the Moon and
Other People' (1874); 'The Book of Job' (1878); 'The Merry-go-
Round' (1880); 'Camp and Cabin' (1880); 'A Glossary of Mining and
Metallurgical Terms' (1881); 'Memorial of Alexander Mining Law'
(1883-95); 'Two Ghosts and Other Christmas Stories' (1887); 'The
Life of Peter Cooper' (1897); various technical works and papers on
mining law, as well as numerous addresses and magazine articles, and
contributions to several American dictionaries and encyclopedias.
In 1909, in collaboration with W. R. Ingalls, he contributed to the
first Pan-American Scientific Congress, held at Santiago, Chile, a paper
on 'The Mineral Wealth of America', and at the second congress, which
assembled at Washington, D. C, in 1915, he was represented by a paper
entitled 'The Value of Technical Societies to Mining Engitieers'.
'The Conservation of Natural Resources by Legislation' was delivered
in 1909 before a joint meeting of the four national engineering so. ieties.
In 1916, Dr. Raymond published a volume of poems, entitled 'Chris-
tus Con.soiator atul Other Poems'. At the time of his death he was at
work upon a history of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,
which he hoped to finish this year.
mtan
BIOGRAPHY
17
la 1910 th(^ 7()th birthday of Dr. Raymond was celehrarfd hy a
(li»n«>r at which all hranchos of the cnginoeriiiK F""«>'"<'««i<">. *h«' scientific
and learned societies, and the prominent institutions of learning; were
represented. On this ofcasion the gold medal of the Institution of
Mining and Metallurgy was awarded to Dr. Raymond "in re(OKnition
of (<minent .services and lifelong devotion to the science and practice of
mining and metallurgy, and of his numerous and valuable contributions
to technical literature".
In 1911 , during the visit to Japan of members and guests of the Ameri-
can Institute of Mining Engineers, Dr. Raymond received from the
Mikado the distinction of Chevalier of the Order of the Rising Sun,
fourth cla.s.s — the highest ever given to foreigners not of roypl blood —
"for eminent services to the mining industry of Japan". Those services
consisted in advice and assistance rendered in America to Japanese
engineers, students, and officials throughout a period of more than 25
years.
Dr. Raymond was an honorary member of the Society of Civil Engi-
neers of France, the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institution of Mining
and Metallurgy of Great Britain, the Mining Society of Nova S otia, and
the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers. He was a fellow of the
Americ an Association for the Advancement of Science, and of the American
Geographical Society, a member of the American Philosophical Society,
the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the Ameri-an Forestry
Association, and various other technical and scientific organizations both
at home and abroad. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Lafayette
College in 1868, and that of LL.D. from Lehigh University in 1906. On
the latter occasion, .speaking as an adopted alumnus of the University,
he delivered to the graduating classes an address on ' Profes.sional Ethics '
which has been widely quoted and approved.
In February 1915, Dr. Raymond delivered the commemorative ad-
dress on the 150th anniversary of the foundation of the U'liversity of
Pittsburgh, and received from that Institution the honorary degree of
LL.D.
On March 3, 1863, at Brooklyn, New York, he married Sarah Mellen,
daughter of William R. and Mary (Fiske) Dwight of that city. Of their five
children two survived to adult years; Alfred (born 1865, died 1901), an
architect and engineer of thorough training and great promise; and
Elizabeth Dwight (born 1868), since 1892 the wife of H. P. Bellinger of
Syracuse.
He died suddenly, of heart failure, at his home in Brooklyn,
on the evening of December 31, 1918, and was buried in Greenwood
cemetery.
■WB
RnHanevw"
Biographical Sketch
Bv Elizabeth D. J{. Bellinc.bk
IlosHiter Worthington Raymond was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on the
27th of April, 184(). His parents were of Enghsh stock, settlors in
Connecticut and Vermont. The gifts that he inherited from them made
a fine equipment for his life's work, hut that which he wrought with
them was all his own.
His father, Robert Raikes Raymond, was a many-sided man. After
his graduation from Union College at Schenectady, New York, in 1837,
he had worked at journalism, studied law and then theology, preached
in the Baptist pulpit for several years, returned to journalism, and at
last taken up the work of teaching, first in the Brooklyn Polytechnic
and afterward as principal of the Boston School of Oratory. He had a
genial presence and great charm. He could sing and act and read and
reiite, and his fund of spontaneous wit was inexhaustible. He was an
eloquent orator in his younger days and a graceful speaker always. He
had the fire and sparkle of genius in all that he did, and the ups and
downs of elation and discouragement which often accompany these.
He was a thorough student and interpreter of Shakespeare, and there
are people still in Brooklyn and Syracuse who remem))er his dramatic
readings with keen appreciation.
Rossiter's mother was Mary Anna Pratt, of Providence, Rhode
Island. She was highly educated for her time, and was by nature a
student. She was proficient in mathematics, in music, and in lan-
guages, and kept the love of study all through her life to such a degree
that it was no rare sight even in her very latest years to see her going
upstairs at bedtime with a book in French or Itahan under one ai n and a
dictionary — in case of need — under the other. Her prc^sence was a
quiet one. She was an indefatigable worker at whatsoever her hand
found to do, either in the way of household duties or hospitalities, and
she was possessed of a power of concentration often mistakable for
absence of mind. She always knew where things were, antf also where
they belonged, which is different; and in consequence of this valuable
faculty, and because of her clear dispas^sionate judgment in all per-
plexities, she was leaned upon and referred to, not only by the hou.sehold
Init the larger family circle as well. If I should say that Rossiter received
briiliaiicy from hi.s father and steadiness of purpu.se from his mother,
that would imply what is not true — that his mother was not l)rilliant
and his father was infirm of purpose; but it is fair to say that what was
18
flB^
'om
■HHS"
■ 'k-K-MF-
rEv
RLIZABETH D. R. RRTXINGGR
If)
'temperamental' c-ame from his father, and that his mother endowed
him with the dogged devotion to routine whii-h stood him in sueh good
*>icfu\ throughout his Hfo.
Sf)on after Ilossiter's birth in 1840 the family moved from Cincinnati
to Hamilton, New York, where his father tooic a two years' course in
theology at the Madison University. Just one item concerning the
babyhood of the little son came to light in a passage of a letter written
at that time by his young mother to a school friend of hers. But the
item, though small, is significant. She wrote: "Rossy is a plain child,
but he is very wi.'M'".
The years from 1842 to 1847 were spent at Hartford, Connecticut,
and during this time the little boy was unfolding with unusual speed.
His grandmother Pratt was wont to gaze gravely at him, as he sat ab-
sorbed in some child's mystei/, and say: "You'll never rear that
child". This mournful prophecy is scarcely to be wondered at when one
confronts the dreadful fact that he had mastered the Greek alphabet
and finished the first Greek primer by the time he was six years old.
Bui in after years, he himself used hotly to deny that this was preco-
cious, arguing that "Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta" was just as easy as
" Ena, Mena, Mona, Mi" for an interested baby with a parrot's m >ry.
He applied that theory long afterward upon his own grandson, who
electrified the neighbors, at the ripe age of four, by talking of quartz
and uornblende in the dusty country-road, and exclaiming over the
"mica in the river" when it sparkled in the sun.
If Hartford might be called the cradle of little Rossiter's scholar-
ship, surely Syracuse saw the beginning of his human enthusiasms,
the budding of that trait of ardent, headlong, uncalculating partisanship
of his fellow-man — especially his fellow-man in trouble — which en-
livened and colored his whole life. For it was at Syracuse, between his
seventh and his sixteenth year, that he grew into the knowledge of the
slavery conditions which induced so many good citizens, foremost among
them his own father, to defy the fugitive-slave law and operate — with
much skill and secrecy, but the clearest of consciences — the 'Underground!
Railway' that led from bondage to freedom over the Canadian border.
One occasion he often recounted; it happened probably when he was
eleven or twelve and his brother Charles two years younger. A fugitive
slave was in hiding in the Raymonds' house, and the two boys were
allowed to go into the kitchen with their father when he went to interview
the poor fellow. For the benefit of the curious and not too sympathetic
children, he drew the man on to tell of his separation from his wife, and
from child after child in succession, and at last said- "But, of course,
it isn't as if you were white. Surely you negroes do not feel about your
children as we do about ours". The humble rejoinder. "Oh, Massa,
we does love 'em !" brought forth a burst of hearty weeping from the
20
IIKXiHAPirK Al. SKKTCII
b«iys, atid it is safe to my that that path of u-ichs to thi'ir h«'artH wa«
ii«'V»'r cloHod aKuiii.
Syracuse also was lh«' .sc»'rH» of imich boyish dcvclopiiKwit of act-oin-
plishmonts. CampinR and tramping and playing Indians (their boat
was named 'Ayacanora' for the lM«aiitifid savage in 'Westward Ho!'),
private theatricals in the barn, and story-t«'lling and guessing games in
the evenings, to say nothing of impromptu charades in which the elders
of the family were stars— these were excellent ways to sharpen youthful
wits, as well as to build happy memories for aft.r-lifp. An apprecia-
tive nature such as Rossiter's could not fail to profit enormously by such
well-springs for his mental and spiritual thirst; his young soul blossomed
abundantly.
When the family went to Brooklyn in I856, it was in truth a home
going, for Robert Raymond had been born there, and his eldest sister,
Mrs. John Tasker Howard, with her husband and children still lived
there. She faithfully maintained her father's lifelong habit of holding
prayers on Sunday afternoons, and to her house, accordingly, all the
memlH'rs of the big and increasing circle were wont to repair at 5 o'clock
every Sunday. Into this big gathering, also, came Henry Ward Beecher,
often, as a welcome member, and the atmosphere he brought with him
gave the simple household service something of the spirit of Bethany.
To all the children and young folks of that fortunate family, and to
Ros.siter not least, the affairs of the Kingdom of Heaven were as vital
and interesting as their school doings or their plans for the vacation. He
had now become a student at the Brooklyn Polytechnic, where his
father was professor of English literaturv .nd rhetoric, and his uncle.
Dr. John Howard Raymontl, the first president. In May 1857, he
joined the nienjl>ership of Plymouth Church, when its own great life was
of but ten years' standing.
Another interest was beginning for Ro.'ssiter — or 'Ros", as he was in-
variably called— in his friendship with the Dwight family. There were
several young people in the household, but the youngest, Sarah Mellen,
was nearest his own age. She was an animated enthusiastic s hoolgirl at
the Packer Institute, and her family circle, like his, was wont to have its
good times all together, regardless of age. Ros, at this period, must
have been particularly charming, with dark curly hair, keen and merry
eyes, and a deep dimple in his chin. He escorted Miss Sally to many a
meeting of the Zetalethean Society at the Polytechnic, where he exer ised
his youthful eloquence in debate, or his learning in the reading of literary
papers. The romance was begun, even though undeclared and perhaps
unrecognized, before he was graduated, at the head of his cla.ss, in 1858,
ami .set .sail for Europe on that famous clipper ship, the 'dreat Western' of
the Black Ball Line. He used to enjoy telling the story of the series of
disasters that the good ship encountered, and how at last "with half a
t:U/.AHKTii l>. H. KKLUN(iKK
21
rift, und hulf a crew, an<l on hulf aliowun o of water, she finally ci .iwlcd
down through the Irish ('hannel to Liverpool, a surprise to her under-
writers". That this youth, "in search of his fortune", should have
opened his rareer by becominK third mate to a clipper ship in distress
was, to the end of his days, a source of romantic delight to him.
He studied at the universities of Munich and Heidell)erg and the Min-
ing Academy of Freilnrg, and acquired, besides a good theoretical founda-
tion for his profession of mining engineer, a thorough love and knowledge
of the German language both techni al and literary, and a numl)er of per-
manent friendships from among his American fellow-students, notably
that deep and sincere one with the late Judge John H. Boult of San
Francisco, which retained its pristine boyish enthusiasm to the very last
time they met.
One month's holiday he took in the summer of 1859, with a party ol
six other American students, on foot in the Tyrol. Many a reminiscence
of the 'Seven Jolly Gentlemen' enlivened his memories afterward, and
u glance into his diary for that month shows the multitude and variety
of his enjoyments: mounti scenery, arguments political and philoso-
phical, jokes, raillery, chess, and song. He had already developed that
capacity for fellowship in fun and in earnest which characterized him
always.
In the winter of 1860 he started on foot to Italy to join some members
of the Howard family who were sojourning at Florence. On the way
down, crossing the Austrian frontier, he was arrested as a spy and found
himself involved in a serio-comic adventure, at the olimax of which he
was obliged to <leliver a speech — a sonorous patriotic speech in praise
of liberty, in purest Ollendorf — somewhat thus: "Am I a German? No!
Am I an Austrian? No! Am I a Frenchman? No! Am I an Ameri-
can? Yes (Cheers. Viva America!) Are you Germans? No! Are
you Austrians? No! Are you Frenchmen? No! Are you Itali-
ans? Yes! (Viva Italia! Cheers)," and so forth and so on; whereupon
the group of (laribaldians, his listeners, were so fired by his oratory that
they restored his pass|)ort, procured for him the best seat in the diligence,
an«l sent him on his way with afdamation. In after years, when he was
besought to write out the account of this amusing episode, he used to say,
with a twinkle in his vyv : " Ah, don't make me write it out ; if I do that, I
can never again tell it with embroidery!" I can testify, however, that
the "embroidery" never varied through many tellings, unless it lie that
.sometimes he remembered more Ollendorf than at others, according to
his mood.
In Florence he was welcomed by a lively company of friends and
(ousins. The original group had been augmented by the presence of
Mrs. Harriet Beecher St owe and several of her own young people, and
for a time also by Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Rossiter
22
UKMiKAl'HICAL MKETCII
slmrod tlioiiwanderinns (hrouKli Floroncc, Home, and Houthi'rn Italy, and
in the old town of Halcrno, near NaplcH, they wen^ dotainiHl for several
days by heavy rains. There, to iM'Kuiie the tin>e, an evening of ki"!! ral
contributions was proposed; one of these was a [MX'ni by Hossitcr on the
Bay of Naples; another was a story by Mrs. Stowe, which she afterward
develo|HHl into the exquisite medieval romance, 'Awnes of Sorrento'.
After their return to Florence, our young student's holiday was over and
he went back to Germany; the Stowes departed to Paris, and the How-
ards visited V<'ni<v and Milan; and there their brilliant and Iwautiful
daughter, who hati Iwen in truth the princess of the party, fell ill of fever
and died. The news, reaching Hos at Freilnrg, .smote him with all the
force of a first great experience of grief, and his verses, which up to that
time had Iwen elalwrately jocular or ponderously philosophical, acquired
, a touch of tenderness, which afterward was always to l)e found in his
religious piH'try.
In 1861 the Civil War broke out, aiul he sailed for home in the sum-
mer of that year and secured iluty on the staff of Major-deneral John C.
Fr6mont, with rank of captain. His service was largely secretarial, but
by no means exempt from hardships and dangers, and he was officially
commended, during the campaign in the Valley of Virginia, for gallant
anti meritorious conduct. One unprecedented pieceof official duty fell to
his lot, of whi h he used to tell with relish. One day when he was in
command of the camp, in the absence of the ranking officer, a bashful
couple made their apix'arame from the fastnesses of the mountains, in
search of a minister to jx'rform for them the marriage ceremony. They
were (lis; oaccrted to find the country in a staf< war; there were no
ministers to l)e had, nor indeed any magistrates; ; i the swain stared at
his sweetheart and she stared at him, utterly at a lo.ss as (o the next step
to take. The appeal of the situation was not to be resisted, and Captain
Raymond came to the rescue. Upon a I;irge and impressive sheet of
fool.s-cap paper he created a document, setting forth that whereas there
were no ministers of the Gospel in the vicinity, and whereas the nearest
ujagistrate was many miles away, and whereas the commanding officer of
this post was absent, and whereas this couple had made a long journey
from their homes for the purpose of being joined in matrimony and
appearetl to be detennined to go to housekeeping in any ca.se, therefore, he,
the undersigned, et;-., etc. The < eremony was duly i)erformed, and the
confiding bride and groom trudged back, rejoicing m their wedding
cert if 'it e.
Since his return from a' road, he had l)ecome engaged to Miss Sally
Dwight, and in 18G3, v.Iu-n he had quitted the army, they were marrieil.
He brought his young wife into the big household, which included his
parents, his grandmother Pratt, and his two sisters. Professor Raymond
was so vivid and dominant in the social life of the family that one is
KI.I2AUKTII l>. K. UKLMNUKIt
23
toiupUMl to wonder how hiw son found opportunity to develop bin own
|M<n*onality om he did; but the truth remsinH that from 1863 until 1888
when ProfeBHor Raymond died, these two men lived ahnost continuously
together, ard' ♦ masterful, argumentative, op<'n-hearted, consulting
one another !.„.». ^ually, and devotedly proud of one another, and withal
iiH distinctly individual as if each were sole master of a separate world.
It was in the same year in which he was married that he went into
partnership with Dr. Justus Adelberg as a firm of consulting engineers
and metallurgists in New York. The next five years wan a period of the
most intense absorption in work. He had a faculty of banishing com-
pletely from his consciousness all ideas, impressions, and even sounds
that were not connected with the matter in hand. Mrs. Raymond used
to tell of him that once when she had Iwen recounting something with
great animation, she suddenly perceived that he was writing, and ex-
claimed: "Oh Ros, am I disturbing you?" To which she received the
amiable reply: "No, my dear, not at all; keep right on talking, but don't
ask any questions!" He had a little work-room in the attic known as
'the den', which was faithfully untouched by arranging hand or duster,
and more than once some especially urgent piece of work carried him past
meal-time and l)ed-time, and sometimes through the night. One of the
strongest traits in his character wss his passionate joy in a job. He
confronted it with delight when he began it; he looked upon it with some-
thing very like love when it was achieved. As he always preferred to
share his enjoyments, so in Jiis work there was no exception to the rule.
He told somelxxly beforehand what a big thing he was about to tackle and
he told 8omel)otly afterward that it was successfully done. It did not
seem to be praise that he needed, nor a chance tr twast; it was a hearty
taste for human sympathy — a sense of team-work that enhanced his
pleasure.
In 1868 he was appointed United States Commissioner of Mining
Statistics, and from then until he relinquished the i pointmentin 1876 he
.s|)ent many weeks every year in extensive trips west of the Rocky Moun-
tains. During those years he was busy also in many other ways, for his
interests were multiplying fast. From 1867 to 1890 he was editor of the
'Engineering and Mining Journal', the details of which enterprise are, I
think, recounted elsewhere. In 1871 he had assisted in organizing the
American Institute of Mining Engineers at the historic meeting at Wilkes-
Barre. From 1870 until 1882 he was lecturer on economic geology at
Lafayette College, and in one of those years he gave the whole course on
mining engineering.
Throughout his long absences from home he kept up a lively corre-
pondence with his home circle, and his letters never dwindled down to the
"expect me on the 5 : 1.5; love to all" type of the usual busy worker.
On the contrary, his letters were full of descriptions of l)eautiful country,
-TTufW -»»«^j
24
liKHlKAI'HU'Al. HKKTCII
HccounfH <»f liiN (iwn doiiiK** an<l tlu- p«>()|)l<> hv nii't, rhyim-H, jok(>«, uiid iil-
wavH KH-af cntfuwiaMn for hJH work. HIm iijoinorii'H of thow (la>M. which
inuMt hiivc Ihi'ii ho full of har(l«hip.s and fatiRUCH ami tlifficiiltics, s«'«>m lo
have retained for him the keenest ze«t all throuRh hiH life. He talked
of fheni as a young man taikn of his prankn at colleKe, and, indeed, iill
hiH enjoymentH wen- like a Imiv'h in their »impli(ity.
In 1873 he wan appointed Unite*! Stat<»H Commifwioner to the Vienna
Intertmti(mal pAposition. In the eourne of hin viHit he delivered ad-
drewten in (lerman at the International Convention on Patent Law, and
at the International Meeliim of (leologiBts, and one in Knglish at the
meeting of the Iron an<l Steel Institute at Lif^ge, Belgium.
In lS7r» he iH'came a.ssoeiate<l with the firm of ('(wper, Hewitt & ( 'o., own-
ers of the New Jersey Steel & Iron Co., the Trenton Iron Co., the Durham
and the Hingwood iror; v. rks, and varioiw coal and iron mines, as their
consulting engineer. He (ontinued with them until 1895, and for all
l»ut two of these years he sjK'nt hi.« summers in a house on the Cooper &
Hewitt estate close to the Durham iron works, in Pennsylvania. Those
nineteen sea.sons at Durham Woods are gl«)rified in memory for a thou-
sand reasons, but chiefly. I think, for the fact that Dr. Raymond came
back from the city every Friday night and stayed until Monday morning.
Therefore the week-end was a time of holiday, and he had leisure to
share in the fun. He was a dating and skilful driver and loved nothing
better than to pilot a big wagon-load of singing laughing young folks
over the incomparable hills of Bucks county or along the sparkling Dela-
ware at the foot cf the Nockamixon cliffs. In the evenings there was
always .something afoot. As ever, it was Professor Raymonci who v ai
leaderof the revels— I had almost said Lord of Misrule-— but Dr. Raymond
joined the games or led-the applau.se. In the impromptu games, such
as Twenty (Questions and Crambo — this lasi, a rhyming game — he t(M)k
part, sometimes under protest; the young people would invade his study,
which was not tjuite .so solemnly sacred a.s the Brooklyn 'den' and <lrag
him away from some iift-over of < ily work; but when once his blood was
up. his only rival was ' s father, and the frolic always ended in jwals of
laughter. The game of die.ss hardly beloi.gs in the list of his diversions,
.so serious was his devotion to it.
There was always a great deal of singing: hymns, college songs, and
the latest operettas, and his excellent voice was available for tenor or
bass, according to the needs of the occasion. Sometimes he was at the
piano; he had a good touch and a natural gift for harmony, but having had
no training he played entirely by car.
His ((Miiiect ion with Cooper, Hewitt «.V( 'o.,i)rought hun m (onlastwith
many phases of the coal and iron industry and into an intimate under-
standing of the Ial)<)r conditions of that ju'riod. .\s presideiit of the Al-
liance Coal Co. and director of the Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., as well
f J y- -flT.W^
KMZARRTM 0. R. BRI.LIVOKK
3A
M throuKii hill acquaintance with Franklin B. (lowfn. he came to know
a k'mmI ileal alMtiit the ' Molly M liKuireH ' and the vigoroiw cainpaiKn aRuinst
them, anil thene thinK^, actinK on that winie Mfunly imrtisannhip to whi h
I have referred before, produced in him an antaKonit«m against the tyranny
of some laliororKanizationnovei i heir own niend»erH that endured through
luH whole life. For Iuh outMfM)kenn<'«rt he wa»< not loved, particularly
hy the lalmr-union.M in Montana, Idaho, and Colorado; he nueived mon-
tlian one threatening letter.
He had many loyal fricndR among the niinern and furna?e-men at
Durham, however, from Jerry at the foundry, who spoke of him aa 'the
nia«ther' to Ephraiin Weeder, the PennHylvanian Dutchman, who calleil
him 'RoHHy'! One instance of a<imiraticn amounting to eulogy l)e-
lame a classic in the fanuly. There was to Ik' a Sunday-school picnic in
the little settlement at the Rattlesnake mine vrhere the Welsh and Cornish
miners lived; Dr. Raymond went over on horseback to take part in the
'exenises', carrying with him wveral volumes of his s'ories as a donation
to the Sunday-school library. Old Willy Bray, superintendent of the
Sunday-8( hool anil also of the mine, introduced the honored guest in a
complimentary speech, which ended thus: "Ami I)e8ide8 knowing all
al)out iron mines and coal mines and blast-furnaces, and all almut the
Bible, he writes stories; and he has brought with him some of his story-
books to give to our library; and I'm not going to tell you what's in 'em,
for you'll read 'em for yourselves, but I'll say this— how the mind of
man can spring (ground among such matters, God knows and I don't!"
During his years with Cooper, Hewitt* Co., he served for njany seasons
as manager of the free Saturday-night lectures at the Cooper Union, which
involved hi? invariable attendant e in the lecture-hall once every week,
besides the arranging of lectures and securing of speakers. Sometimes
he himself was the lecturer. These duties, and his work from 1885 to
1889 as one of the three New York State Commissioners of Electric
Subways for the city of Brooklyn, and his subsequent position as con-
sulting engineer to the New York & New Jersey Telephone Co. made him
a much rarer social factor in the city family-life than in the country—
except for the stimulating table-talk, in which the honors between him
and his father were about even— but his activity in Plymouth Church
through all these busy years kept him in close touch with the interests
and joys and .sorrows of his friends, as indeed he always was, no matter
what form of work alworbed him. I cannot undertake to tell of his multi-
farious doings in the Plymouth life and especially the Sunday-school.
He had given himself to these things soon after his return to civil life in
1863, .ind with him to belong to an organization did not mean merely
going to its meetings; it meant teachers' meetings for conference as to
methods of stuuy, .social gatherings to promote acquaintance, and a
thousand other things. In this case too it brought into being the cher-
'■l'IS'.^ '-tttik
^fWT*- J i ^ •Hfryjgjnr
[ ■ ^u^aj^ !
2(i
niOORAPHlCAL SKBTril
isliod ciiHtoni of writiuK tlio aniiuul Christmas story and reading it himself
to the sfhool on the Sunday nearest to Christmas, which l)ecame quite
as dear to liim as to the school itself. Later, he took in hand an adult
l)il)l<'-class, the projects for which were always in his thoughts so that
<>ven in his sununer vacations he was constantly planning what subject
he would take up next with the class, or what he would recommend to the
class for home reading. He understood truly how to espouse a cause —
to love and cherish it, and to keep house with it.
In 1H98 he was admitted to the bar of the New York State Supreme
Court and of the Federal District and Circuit Courts, confining his ca.ses
to those concerning mining law, on which he had Ix'come an authority,
and patent law. In 1903 he was lecturer on mining law in Columbia
University. He also delivered many addresses at other colleges and uni-
versities — Yalo, Cornell, Pittsburgh, Lehigh, Lafayette, Union, California,
the Worcester Polytechnic, and the New York College of Physicians
and Surgeons.
He was, of course, deeply concerned from the first in the growth of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers. In 1871, 1876, and 1877 he
served as vice-president, and as president from 1872 to 1875. In 1884
he becan>e secretary and so continued until 1911, after which he was
see retary emeritus until he died. Forty of the volumes of the Trans-
actions represent his editorial work, and they contain also many special
articles contributed by him.
In the summer of 1899, in connection with a (^olorado meeting of the
Institute. Dr. Raymond, with a party of some twenty friends and guests,
made an extended trip through the West in a private car. It was on
that triptiiat he had his firstglimpseof the Grand (^anyon of the Colorado;
it was to him an overwhelming spiritual experience. He had seen many
splendors in both old countries and new, but I think none enriched his
treasury as did this unearthly vision; and that is why I cannot pass it by,
even in this slender narrative. It was his chief characteristic, perhaps,
that all his emotions, grave or gay, were .so spontaneous that he never
felt any incongruity in going swiftly from one to another. Tears and
laughter alike were frankly unconcealed, and yet I think these transi-
tions did not impair his dignity. Whatever mood was uppermost was so
genuine that it could not seem ill-timed.
In 1909, in collaboration with W. II. Ingalls, he contributed to the
first Pan-American Scientific Congress, held at Santiago, Chile, a paper
on 'The Mineral Wealth of America', and at the second congress, as.sem-
bled at Washington, in 1915, he was represented by a paper entitled
'The Value of Technical Societies to Mining Engineers'. 'The (Conserva-
tion of Natural Uesouries by Legislation' was delivered iH'fore a joint
meeting of the four national engineering societies.
fmm
KLIZABETH D. R. BELLINGFR
27
In 1910 then' was a (linncr at the Plaza hotel, New York, in honor of
Dr. llayniond's 70th birthday, at which .ere gathered representatives of
all brunches of onjjineering, members of many scientific societies, and shin-
ing lights from various departments of life, and, what was most notable,
all attending from motives of personal friendship. He was awarded
on this occasion the gold nedal of the British Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy "in recogf..;^'. nt i„^.inent services and lifelong devotion to
the science and pract? ( of miniiiK iu-t metallurgy, and of his numerous
and valuable contrib'.'iu'ix to te<ht cal literature". He was presented
al.so with a handsome ^i":\-'vr' of sil" er, on each piece of which was en-
graved a picture representing soiu. phase of his varied career; and with
the silver a sumptuously bound volume containing many letters of con-
gratulation and affection, and the names of the hundreds of subsi ribers
to this beautiful token of friendship.
In 1911 he took Mrs. Raymond with him to Japan, in a party of
members and guests of the Institute, and during that visit the Mikado
conferred upon him the Order of the Rising Sun, fourth class, "for
eminent services to the mining industry of Japan". These services
(onsisted of advice and help given in America to Japanese engineers,
students, and officials, over a period of more than 25 years.
In 1913 he and Mrs. Raymond celebrated their golden wedding an-
niversary at Atlantic City with a quiet gathering of their nearest rela-
tives. It was characteristic of all such occasions that, while the younger
people flattered themselves that they were presenting this celebration as
a surprise to the chief personages of the day, it was discovered when they
sat down to dinner that there were verses for each one of the party, pre-
pared by Dr. Raymond. At this point I desire to say a word as to his
home verses. Much has been said at different times as to the simplicity
and sincerity of his religious poetry, which had no irregularities of meter
nor obscurities of form, but embodied his thought as lucidly as any prose
could do; and his after-dinner rhymes read at various Institute banquets,
with their professional hits and-their fantastic puns — worthy of Thomas
Hood at his wildest — are well known ; but his home verses, written for
Christmas gifts, birthday greetings, and a hundred other things, full of
'local jokes', love, philosophy, and boyish absurdity — these have a
neatness and felicity of phrase which was the height of his unconscious
technique. In speaking of versifying, to one of the Durham young folks
once, he said : "If you have a good strong line, save it for the last. The
reader will never notice a little 'padding' if you hide it in one of the earlier
lines; but your dimax ought to be as crisp as the snap of a whip". It
would be difficult to find any rhyme of his, however trivial, that did not
wind up in triumph. An excellent example of his dainty workmanship
is this verse for a Valentine's Day party.
28 BIOGUAPHU'AL SKKT(^H
A Valentine, they say,
Is u nort (if Iriiil lover
WliDiii (ine ni.'iy throw tiwiiy
Wlien the experiment's u\<t.
On these conditions, I pray,
'I'iike nie, tlioufch soon we sever;
I'd ratlier l)e yours one day
Than anyone else's forever.
Nay, I will ko further in it,
And make my utteranee stronger; —
I'd rather be yours one minute —
Than even yours any longer!
In Fehniiiry 1!>1"), Dr. Uayiiioiul delivered the coniineinorative
address on the loOth anniversary of the foundins of the Universitj' of
Pittsburgh, and received from that institution the honorary degree of
LL.D. He had previously received the same distinttion from Lehigh
University in HK)() — the first honorary degree ever conferred ))y Lehigh —
and many years l)efore, in 18<>8, he had received the Ph.D. from Lafayette
( 'ollege.
This is, perhaps, the point at which to record the Hst of his member-
ships. He was an honorary member of the Society of (^ivil Engineers
of France, the Iron and Ste«'l Institute and the Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy of Great Britain, the Canadian Mining Institute, the Mining
Society of Nova Scotia, and the Australasian Institute of Mining Engi-
neers. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, and of the American (leographical Society, a member of the
American Philosophical Society, the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences, the American Forestry As.sociation, and various other tech-
nical and scientific organizations both at home and abroad.
All the phases of the War, and especially after the United States had
at last joined in the cau.se, were followed by him with intensest interest.
There was many a spirited meeting of the Neighborhood (.'lub in the
little C'onnecticut village where he spent his summers, when he contributed
extracts from his overseas mail or glowed with excitement over the stir-
ring readings of others. Whether he listened or spoke, he always infused
a thrill into any assemblage to which he came and in which he took part,
by the animation of his mere prest "le. His country pastor said of him,
in his addre.ss in Plymouth lecture-room at the funeral services: "No
minister had a better listener than we ministers had in Dr. Raymond.
He was a genius at listening; it almost seemed to me, in our little church,
I hat he listened out loud, v e were so crtmpletely conscious of the intensity
of his following our thought, or going ahead of it". His neighborly
relationships in this little New Tngland village were many and varied.
Political discussions with anyone who would pick up his gauntlet, chess
KMZABKTll I). K. BBLIilNCiKK
29
with the ininisUT, Sunday afternoon talks in the Congregational chureh
on the (Jreen, and tireless reading aloud from novels, newspapers, and
magazines, any day and all day, just as long as there were listeners—
these give but u dry account of the spirit and vitality that bubbled like a
perpetual spring through all his days. Even at the dinner-table, at
the mention of any moot point, he would jump up and charge upon the
bookcase, bringing back a dictionary or a volume of the encyclopedia
and making room for Reside his plate as though there were not a
nurnent to spare.
It was nearly C^hristmas when he and his wife and sister returned to
their city house in the fall of 1918. His annual Christmas story had
yet to be written, but the fact that it was to be the fiftieth acted as an
irresistible spur upon his energies, and he achieved it just before the
arrival of the two or three remaining members of the family not in France.
He welcomed them heartily and confided at once to one of them that he
had written not only the usual Christmas story but several rhymes for
Christmas (tomorrow), he even read some, in confidence, because it
seemed such a pity to wait a whole day!
His Christmas Day was filled with tranquil satisfactions; two or three
overst>as letters of recent arrival to lie re-enjoyed with the newcomers;
some accept able gifts and books; the rhjmes aforesaid ; about at cribbage;
and a few friends dropping in at odd times during the day. The next
day was very like if. On the evening of Friday, the 27th, he delivered an
address on the spiritual influences of the war at the Plymouth prayer-
meeting, which was a-counted one of his best and most ringing speeches
by the friends wl.o heard it. He had confessed that day to Hn'ling
not quite well, and when, upon starting off to Plymouth Church, someone
commiserated him fr)r having such a task before him. he made the re-
joinder he was so fond of making: " If Fm to go down to the church and
do the Lord's l)usiness, He will have to take care of my ailments, for I
really can't attend to both". In the same spirit he was equal and more
Ihan equal to his happy mission on Sunday morning, and went off to
Sunday-school to read his fiftieth story and preside over his bibie-.-lass,
returning all in a glow of pleasure later with an enormous sheaf of ,50 red
ro.ses presented to him from the children. All that day was a day of joy
to him, lit with the satisfaction of these two recent tasks well accomplished
and the pleasure in other people's plea.sur(>. It was not unlike many
and many other Sundays in his life — indeed it was a striking type of his
particular style of Sunday, for upon analysis it would have shown dearly
enough that the source of his delight was in the depths of his own nature
and in the lavish outpouring of his own energy. Is not this a foretaste
of "having life more abundantly "? On Monday he rested as the doctor
bade him «lo, and that day and the next were the only instances of his
even seeming less well than usual. The end came swiftly and most
30
•qOGHAPHlCXL SKKTCH
iM'iUilifiilly. Ho .'ia<i .htii in (•(WiVi-rsatioii, off ami on. until early ovon-
inj?, antl had discoursfd at ..onu> length on the stibject of Gounod's niusie
with one of the family who was going to the opera, when a sudden
accession of pain interrupted him— and he was gone. All his departures
through life were like that; eager conversation to the last minute, then a
" Well— I must l>e off"— and if one reached the window soon enough, one
might perceive him swinging down the street, his characteristic hands in a
ready-to-use attitude just showing from under the cape of his overcoat.
It is impo.ssible to resist the feeling that this last departure, like the others,
was in eager quest of fresh and inspiring work elsewhere.
Reiuiiiisceuces
Uy Lyman Abbott
Kossiter W. Raymond was born in 1840, studied abroad at Heidel-
berg, Munith, and the Frcilxjrg Mining Academy; served as lieutenant
and captain on staff duty during the Civil War; became an editor and
special contributor of the 'Engineering and Mining Journal'; for three
years was the president of the Anierican Institute of Mining Engineers,
and for 27 years its secretary; held degrees from Lafayette (.'ollege and
Lehigh and Pittsburgh Universities; was honored by election to scientific
societies in France and Japan; attained such emincnc^e in his chosen pro-
fession that he was admitted to the Bar as an attorney and counselor
that he might argue a mining case before the Supreme Court; was a
public speaker of both charm and power; wrote some ent^'rtaining short
stories and some verse which has much charm both in its musical phras-
ing and in the strength and tenderness of its message.
For over sixty years he was a meml)er of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn,
and dedicated his varied abilities from the very first to its service. During
my pastorate we worked together in intimate personal relations and in this
paper I confine myself exclusively to what I know of him as a Christian
and a church worker. My personal friendship antedates 1887 and con-
tinued to the day of his death, but others K'tter qualified than I will
speak of his abilities and servic es in other relations, as engineer, orator,
scientist, and author.
Henry Ward Beecher died in March 1887. In the fall of that year
I was invited to take pastoral charge of the church as 'stated supply'
while the church was looking for a permanent pastor. This invitation
came to me in the first instance, if I retolle.t aright, verbally through
Dr. Raymond. On my intimation that I would undertake the service
reciuested of me if the desire of the committee from whom it came was
confirmed by the church, the matter was put b-fore the church officers and
as a result I received from Dr. Raymond the letter given lielow. Mr.
Halliday, mentioned in that letter, had been for some years Mr. Beecher's
assistant and on him had devolved much, perhaps I should say most, of
the pastoral work. Mr. Townsend was a brilliant preacher in the Metho-
dist church, holding conservative views on all biblical and theological
questions; after Mr. Beecher's de;ith he h.vl preached a sermon in Ply-
mouth Church on the Jonah story, emphaaizir >>e im portance of accepting
its literal interpretation and unquestionable accuracy a.s history. Ply-
mouth Church, though radically congregational in its government, was
31
• lane*'.
»2
KIlKiUAI'IIICAL HKKT«'IIKS
(•sst-ntiiilly ii union church in its theology iinil its si)iritual iifo. It hud in
its origin ii(lo|)t(Hi a creed, hut the acceptance of this creed was not re-
quired as a condition of membership. The only condition was a sitnple
covenant of loyalty to Christ and the acceptance of the Bible as a guide in
the (christian life. It contained memlxrs of every type of theological
I )elief from Unit arianism to high ( 'alvinism, and from Quakerism to Episco-
pacy. The conservative memlM'rs of the church were delighted with Dr.
Townsend's sermon and wished to hear him again. The knowledge of
these facts is necessary to the understanding of Dr. Kaymond's letter,
which follows:
Oct. 14, 1887
My dear .Mr. ,\M)<)lt:
Thf Boiird of Deacons la«l ninht adopted by a vote of .iiibHtantial unanimity (one
negative vote from a good brother whose function is always to vote '\o' on every-
thin|{) and without a word from any quarter not tlioro\iKhly cordial to you pe.-sonally
— tlie advice of tlie .\dvi.sory Committee, as contained in the document I (javc you
(in which, however, after consultaticm, I erase<I the word 'pa.stor' and made it
read 'temporary supply', 'filli;iK the pulpit') — iind appointed Mr. Halliday and my-
self a committee to curry it out. The collapse of the e.\p<Tted opposition was amus-
ing, but not di.scredit.ible to the opfMsing brethren. It had been largely based on a
ii iscimception, and not at all on perscmal opposition to you. I found out that they
thought this was a 'deep nuive' to prevent them from hearin'^' thi.> or that man whom
they wantiHl to hear, and particularly Townscnd, the hero of the Jonah sermon. So
I explained elaborately beforehanil that this arrangement was incended to facilitate
the hearing of other ministers without embarra-ssing suspicion of candidacy — and
then 1 "threw a tub to the whale" by proposing that Town.send shoidd be sent for,
and saying I woulrl like to hear him t(M», although I would frankly confess that if that
one sermon represented fairly his views of Scripture, he couldn't be my pastor. This
brought out good-natured protests t.iat they didn't necessarily want him for pastor
but only desired to hear him again. So it was settled :
1. That you should be a:iked to begin the first Simday in November ((communion
service in the morning); that Townsend should be invited for the second Sunday,
morjiing and evening, and that (if he accepts) you should then go on regularly there-
after. .-Ml of which we will talk over and .settle tletails
Can you come to my ofhce at, .say, 4 p. m. t ulay en rimle for BnK>klyn'? We can
then have a talk iiefore Halliday and I invite you formally or exchange notes with
you Even if we have not settled all details by tonight, I shall still wish
to make the annoimceimmt of the arrangement as proposed and probable, so that I
can get into the papers the communication of the Advisory Committee, which sets
forth the requirements of the Plymouth Church pa.storate and will check some re-
actitmary tendencies that are jis yet only afloat and have not crystallized.
^ o\irs
1!. W. Raymo.nu.
I Kivp this letter substantially in full because it strikingly illustrates
one pha.se of Dr. Raymond's character. He was a man of strong convic-
tions, not easily swerved from the path he had marke«l out for himself.
But he was ;ilways a 'good mixer'; he habitually respected the opinions,
•I ".-«rc<fj
ty^js ■S.'-7JB=9^ -MM"'' S-.'ntflF^
LYMAN APBOTT
33
prejudiccH, and cvtn (he iniioranccH of flioN*- who clisaKrcod with luin;and
he had the skill to sunonder minor points in order to secure important
results. In fact, Dr. Townsend was sent for, came, and preached a
sermon in which he laid stress on the doctrine of Eternal Punishment
which Mr. Beecher had explicitly disavowed and which, at least in the
form in which Dr. Townsend presented it, was probably held by only
a .small minority of the church membership. It brought all the memJ)ers
of the church to Dr. Raymond's conclusion that he could not be the pastor
of a church educated under Henry Ward Beecher's ministry, and he was
not again invited 'o what ^ad been for forty years Mr. Beecher's pulpit.
I cannot better indicate the problem which confronted Plymouth
Church on the death of Mr. Beecher than by quoting a few sentences
from an address which I delivered in 1910, at a dinner given to Dr.
Raymond on his 70th birthday :
When, in 1887, 1 was asked to fill for six months the pulpit of Henrv Ward Bet^cher
and then afterward called to be his bi ccessor, I entered upon what 1 reeognized to be
a very difficult task. He was a great orator— I think the greatest orator of American
history — and 1 am no orator.
He had built up a great rhureh filled with his enthusiastic and devoted admirers.
I came to it a comparative stranger. The demand for sittings had been so ^reat that
the option of hiring pews at the regular rate was auctioned oflF, and the premiums were
devoted to carrying on the work of the- church, and were sufficient for that purpose.
With his death this auctioning off of pews came necessarily to an end. Up to the time
of his death, Plymouth Church was always filled, and even crowded. For the first
year of my ministry it was never crowded, and was rarely really full.
1 went to Plymouth Church with the ebb tide. But it turned and became a flood
tide; the money raised for the work of the church was greater than it had been under
the old regime; and the church work went on. When I came, men were saying-
men in Plymouth Church and men outside Plymouth Church— that it was impossible
to maintain it in its old locality; that we must tear it down and build smaller, or move
away and all that.
This was not done; yet the church is still going on; and what J want to say to you
ladies and gentlemen, is that 1 did not change that tide. It was changed by the loy-
alty of the lay members of Plymouth Church, and among them all there was no man
more loyal or more serviceable than Dr. Kaymond
In the spring of 1887, l)ef ore the church had recovered from the .shock
of Mr. Beecher's death and was perplexed by problenus and divided in
counsels, but united in loyalty to its pastor's memory and to all for
which he had stood during the forty years of his pastorate, a Plymouth
League was organized, largely by the efforts of Dr. Raymond and on a
plan originating with him. All the members of the church and congrega-
tion were invited to l)ecome members of this League; most of them did so.
The League was divided into different denartmcnts, each assuming a
specific function. It brought home to all the meml)er8 of the church some
sense of individual responsibility for the various phases of the church
activity, such as its prayer-meetings and its three Sunday-schools, so
iV-_.3F"^>»»i
^TT^
.jm
34
lUOOKAPIIICAL HKBTCIIEH
tlmt when I caiiH" lo tin; chuifli in tlu' fall I found, not a (lisorRunizpil
and M'attoicd nicniluTshii), but a uniti'<l working body, held together not
only by past memories but also by fut ure hoiK>s. This Ix-ague Iweame the
soeial organization of the ehureh, brought the widely scattered congrega-
tion together in monthly meetings held in the Sunday-school r(M)m and
parlors, introduced the meml)ers to one another, furnished some enter-
tainment, generally provided by the young people, and rendered an
inestimable service by converting a Sunday audience into a ('hristian
family. Not only in the organization of the League but in the arrange-
ments of the programs in the earlier years of its existence — and often
persons from outside the church were invited to contribute to the pleasure
of the evening— Dr. Raymond took an active but not prominent part.
He kept him.self in the background, though always by his soeial qualities
a lea<ling figure in the life of the evening. Later we organized local
gatherings of this League at the homes of church members in different
parts of the city. Partly due to Dr. Raymond's directing activities,
and still more to the inspirational effect of his example, Mrs. Abbott
and I had rarely any other duty to perform than to go care-free to these
social meetings of the League and act as host and hostess.
A more difficult problem was presented by the certainty that the
church would have no more premiums from pew-rents to use in the sup-
j)ort of its work. Some of the church memlwrs believed that some of
that work must l)e discontinued, a pohey of retreat which none of the
leaders in the church ever entertained. Some proposed that for at least
the first year the auction of pews should be continued and bidders be se-
cured who would pay the premium necessary to carry on the work. The
plan which was finally adopted was largely worked out by Dr. Raymond.
It was a form of what has now come to be known as the 'envelope plan'.
Plymouth Church was one of the early churches to adopt this plan,
though it had been previously initiated at St. George's (Episcopal)
( hurch in New York, l)y Dr. William S. Rainsford. The feature on
which Dr. Rjiymond laid the greatest empha.sis and which proved emi-
nently successiul, though it was adopted with a good deal of hesitation
and misgiving, was a practical application of Christ's counsel in the
Sermon on the Mount, "When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand
know what thy right hand do<4h". Onlj one jK-rson in the church, the
treasurer of the fund, knew who were the contributors to this fund or
what any individual contributed. P^very contributor was given a
number and the treasurer kept ail his accounts in his books with these
numbers. The appeal for funds was made only to the loyalty of the
church nu'udM'rship. not ut all to 'icir approbativeness. A Church
Work Committee was organized to which was entrusted the collection
and administration of the fund thus secured and a general supervision of
the various forms of the work of the church, and Dr. Raymond was nuide
LVMAN AllBOlT
85
tiu' first wcn-tmy of this eonunittcc. It was lurRcly Dr. Ilaynjoiid's
fiiith in his fellow-inon, his oxccutivr ability in orjcanizinR if. and, by his
first report, furnishinj? an admirable precodont for his successors in
office to follow, that ^ave this plan its success— for from the first it was a
success. The free-will ofTerinRs of the congregation provided for our
church work in that very first year nearly double the income that there-
tofore the surplus from the pew-rents had furnished. That this standard
was well maintained during the subsequent years was 'argely due to the
inspiring influence of Dr. Raymond and the tireless efforts of his coadju-
tor, H. W. B. Howard. •"
More important than his social and executive contributions to the
life of Plymouth ( hurrh were Dr. Raymond's contributions to its in-
tellectual and spiritual life. When his interest in biblical studies was
first awakened I do not know. His father was a Baptist minister, and I
suspect the son's interest was early inspired by his father's interest.
When I came to Plymouth Church, it is perfectly safe to say that he
knew more about the Bible, especially the Old Testament, than most
mmisters do. Whether he made use of the Greek or the Hebrew in his
biblical studies I do not know, but he was thoroughly familiar with the
German language and with German scholarship, though never poisoned
with the curious German ambition to discover something to say that
nobody had ever said U'fore. Before I had come to Brooklyn, Rossiter
W. Raymond had given a course of lectures on the Old Testament which
had such attractive power that tht; lecture-room of Plyinouth Church
was filled on Sunday evenings by an audience which came to hear
him while the church was crowded with a congregation gathered to hear
Mr. Bcecher on other themes. Mr. Beecher's service to the church and
to the country by his advocacy of evolution and subsequently of the so-
called higher criticism, when both were either ignored or condemned by
the great body of clery in all denominations, was at the time well known,
though now too generally forgotten. His sermons on 'Evolution and
Religion' were pubHshed in 1880, and his sermons on bible studies, in
1893. I have always Ijelieved that the inspiration for his attitude on
both these subjects came largely from Dr. Raymond and Thomas G.
Shearman. Certainly he had no more faithful and loyal supporters in
this campaign for a larger and freer interpretation of the Bible.
Dr. Raymond had what biblical scholars generally lack— imagination.
To him the Bible was literature, and the rules of philology and grammar
are not of themselves sufficient for the interpretation of literature. To
understand Milton or Browning one must know something more than
the ol.l .Angln-Saxon language or the rules in 'Murray's Grammar' or even
those of 'Blair's Rhetoric'. Dr. Raymond could see the truth in poetry
or fiction as well as in history; and when he was through with his careful
analysis of a historical pa.s.sage, he could himself visuaUzeit and so portray
:)(i
nitXillAPllirAb SKETCIIKS
if tliiif others coiild slmic liis viHion. He was ii«»t rontciiiptiioiis of
truditions or convent ionw, l»Ut lie wiis not hoiiiul by tlicin. Ho was not
Ciller to reject ii view iKMiuse it hint In-en conunon, l)iit neither did its
commonness prevent him from rejecting it if better scliohirship showed
it not to l»e true. This quahty made him a rare inti'rpref(>r of S(ri|)ture
and ecpiipped him for two other services whii li he rendered to and through
Plymouth Chunii.
I'ntil the death of Thomas (J. Shearman called him to the suiM-rin-
tendency of the Sunday-school, Dr. Raymond carried on a large and
interested I )il de-class. Hut perhai)s more important still was the spiri-
tual service ho rendered in his prayer-meeting talks. Th<>se were appar-
ently spontaneous, hut his biblical scholarship, his vivid imagination,
his genial humor, and his warm heart made them always interesting and
often of unique value. I wish that they could have Im-oh taken down and
published in book form. They would have contributed a very real
addition to our devotional literature. They never were taken down,
and though 1 do not think that the presence of a short-hand writer in the
prayer-me(>ting would have made any difference to Dr. Raymond, it
wouKl have stricken with dumbness some of those accustomed to take
|)art in what was a very free family gathering, and he would have l)oen
one of the first to oppose such a plan if it had been propo.'-od.
It would, however, ) ' aps, be possible to make a selection of his
C'hristmas stories. Iv.e' hristmas he wrote and read to the Sunday-
school a story, a service which he rendered without a single break for
50 years. The last story read a few days before his death was his fifti(>th.
The.se were not stories with a moral; nor were they mere contributions
to the entertainment of an hour. The moral was in the story, not ap-
p« aded to it nor drawn from it. The fiftieth I have not .seen; the forty-
ninth- — Christmas li>17 — was an exciting story of adventure, sure to
inspire in the boys and girls who heard it the spirit of courage and of
patriotism.
One other asjM'ct of Dr. Raymond's church life I have left to the last,
because it is the most important; and yet about it I can say practically
nothing, iH'causo about it I know nothing exc<'pt its existence. His house
was almost as much a pastor's house as mine; indeed, I am inclined to
think ho did more pastoral work than I did. His home was a spiritual
centre. (Jo there almost any evening excr>pf Friday, when ho was
always at our prayer-meeting, and I w()uld find some young people,
perhaps only one, perhaps half a dozen, perhaps in frolic, jM-rhaps in
group conversation; but (piite as prol)ably, one talking quietly with Dr.
Ilaymond and another as quietly with Mrs. R,iymnnfl. Both husband
and wife had the rare faculty of drawing out the secret exporionees of the
yoimg, even of the shy. Of course, I did not know what was the subject
of the.se personal conforenco.s, though sometimes those who had been put
r.VMAX ABHOTT
37
on their way told inc Rrat.'fiilly iifttTwanl. aiid o.-casionally Dr. Raymoiul
would consult with ni.' n'spfctinu; tho counHPl hi- liad Riven, or wouIm
Kivc, in sonw rxc.'ptional lasi'. In my corrcspondrn.c I find the co; v
of a lonu letter written one Sunday afternoon l.y Dr. Raymond to an
inciuirer. dealing in a spirit of perfect frankness and fairness with that
ever-rx-rploxinK (piestion: How can we reconeile the existeneo of sin and
sufferinR with faith in a just u id benevolent Creator? This letter,
written to one |M>rpIexed soul, is quite lonn enough to 1h> a .sermon and
num. thoughtful than many sermons. Dated shortly after I came to
Plymouth C'hunh, I suspe.t Dr. Iliiymond sent it to me. that I might
know the sort of quest ioning I would have to meet in the minds of my
.-ongregafion. From it I (luote one paragraph In-cause it illustrates not
only the thoroughr;ess of his thinking and the conciseness of his style,
but also a fundamental axiom in his religious phil(.sophy— the moral
freedom of num.
The p<)8?il)ility of wilfully wrong clioic.-, not thp choice itw'lf, jh the neccsnary result
of frccloin. The iM-nalty of mx i« not confined to the winner. Pain i.s not punish-
ment. Hulf our difficulty iirises from our persistent belief timt it is gj, or ought to be
We talk about people suffering more th,..n they deserve; we want to km)w why the
innocent sh.nild sulTer with or for the guilty. " Wl,., s.nnod, this man or his parents,
that he was born blind?"— And we cant accept the answer, "Neither" .\11 the
physical, and even mental pain of the worl.l is , ntirelv separate from guilt I
doubt whether guilt .i-s such incurs even .Kpiritual pain. The penalty is not pain, but
death, and the pain comes when the benuinl)ed spiritual life begins to prickle a8 it
wakes up.
I shall not attempt to add to this already long papc-r any analysis of
Dr. Raymond's charact^^r. I have never l)een inclined to practice vi-
visection on my friends either for my own entertainment or for the en-
tertainment of others. But I nuiy jot down here a few features in his
character partly illustrated by some extracts from his letters.
He was an omnivorous reader. Everything was grist that came to
his mill, but not everything was equally profitable. He did not grind up
the cob with the corn. He knew how to kwp what was worth keeping and to
throw away the worthless. His mind was not stored with ui assorted and
useless knowledge. What he knew he transformed either into experiences
or into tools that he could use a.s needed. "He was always an eager
listener", .says the Rev. Rol)ert E. Carter of Washington, CJonnecticut,
which was Dr. Raymond's country home, " No minister ever had a better
listener than we ministers had in Dr. Raymond. He was a genius at
hstenmg; it almost seemed to me, in our little church, that he listened
out loud, we Were .so completely conscious of his following our thought
or going ahead of it".
And he listened as eagerlj when he disagreed with the speaker a.s when
he agreed with him. Mr. Beecher was brought up in the old individualis-
6S
HIOdKAPHICAI. HKKT(MK«
tic «ch«H)l of )N)liticnl oconoiny and wii-ioUijiy. My stu<li«'H huii U-tl me
in II iliflFt'icnt <tir(>ction, toward a Uirnvr powiT of KovcriiiiKMit, iiiiil tnwiinl
!i larncrfiiMcliori of nuvcrnim-nt. In the stMiolonitiil splicn' I WiiM nitinitiK
(•(•untf-r to the soiitiinciit of the (hurrli, unit to the o|)iiiiMii of Dr. Uay-
niond. But the diffcrrncoft in opinion never interfered with our friendship
or weakened his !4U|)port for liis pastor. Hix attentive listeninn and cor-
dial support xave nie eouraxe when without sueh inspiration from him and
others I thiniv my courage woui<l have faih'd.
Ka^er to receive, he was equally eager to impart. Hi vork was his
joy. I do not think he had to spur himself to work; n«'nerally he hail to
holil himself hack from it. His mind was fertile and produced spontan-
eously. Perhaps his hahitual mnn\ health was |)artly due to this spon-
taneity, but it was partly due to a wise conscietuiousness in making his
activities subject to the laws of health. At one time I had written him
a cautioniriK letter, fearing from what I had heard that his enthusiasms
were leading him to overtax his physical machine; he replied:
1 Clin iihiKwt rejoice in my iiifirinitic«, if tlicy cull fortli nuch prccidiis fcsttiin«my of
iitTcct innate wilicitiiilc n« your note of yesterihiy. Hut 1 ciinnot buy the luxury of
synipiitliy lit tlie prire of deceit ; and so I hasten to tell you that I am in the hands of
Dr. (i. , who is a close (luestioner and ot)8erver, and ac prudent a counsehir as one
can well be, without becoininf; an alarnuHt. . . Let me a.s8ure you that 1 do
honestly hold my bcMly a.>* a iniM, and watch it as an ennineer watches his cnKine, not
satisfied without knowing the eau.se and meaninK of every squeak in the nuichinery.
On the other hand, I eonfes,H that I do not call in a machinist to take apart and tinker
the rods and valves on every possible (X'casion. My perscmal experience is that health
is the cure for illness — and that loo niueli doctorinK is almost as bad as too little.
Spontaneity of service was characteristic not oidy of Dr. Raymond but
of his whole family — indeed it was characteristic of Plymouth t'hurch.
Rarely did ^ "sk any meml)er of the church for any specific service and
receive a u. .ination or an excuse. I venture to turn aside from this
purely personal narrative' to in.sert here a letter of Dr. Raymond's son,
Alfred, not now living, for nothing from his father which I find among my
papers better illustrates this spirit, equally characteristic of father and >f
son, which made Plymouth .so truly a "working church".
February 25, 1891
My (h-ar Dr. Abbott;
I have just received your kind invitation and the enclosed card of topics. Yes,
inde<'d. I accept with gladness and thank you for asking me! I am a yfuing disciple
and have not yet been subjecteii to the deeper and more trying experiences of the
Christian life, except through sympathy. Hut I have exp«TieneiHl the joy and sweet-
ness of Christ's U)ve, and I should l)e fiJ.se and unworthy if I could not testify, however
humbly, to its richness and power. May 1, then, choose March i;{, 'Christians not
Orphans', .John xiv: 1.5-31'?
Yours sincerely
.Alfred Raym()m>.
■ Xfctrt^'i
.*.*-ti
l.YM.\X AnnoTT
39
Hiiiiinr i.H not only oil fo rc<Jui«' fhr frictioiw in fhc inuthiiM'iy of lift,
and inak*' it run HnuHit Jily, hut it iH iil»o u linhtemT of individunl bunions
iukI h nrvM prcm'rvafivi- of health. "A m.rry heart .ItM-th k"«><I lik«' u
iiuMlieine", sayM the proverb. Dr. Itayniond loiiibined with hiH «pirit
of wrviee, hiH eareful scholarMhif), mul Ium eiierRy in .iction, u merry
heart. The American Board of Foreign .MiH.sion» had iK'iomo in 1H91
a storm centre. Its foreiRu necretary n-fused to wend any candidate.^
abroad unlenn they were (piite sure that no one would Ih' saved in an«)ther
life who had not in this life heard of Christ and accepted Him. The
Board sustnin.'d hiiri. It was a self-pi-rrM'tuatinx board and the only
way in which this policy could In. chauKcd was through public opinion.
Some foruK.r contributors were inclined to withhold their contributions
until the policy of the Bo.trd wh.« chauRed. That was the view which
Dr. Uayniond and many in PI.\ mouth Church were inclined to take;
others, with whom I jiRrwd, wished to continue to Rive a liln-ral support
to the missionaries in th<. foroisn field and trust that public opinion within
and without the church, would inspire in the BoanI a more liberal the-
ology. As a resul* if sonu. correspondence Ix'tween Dr. Uaymon<l and
myself I received fmm him the following cl ., »'t..ristic letter:
,, , ^ ,. Noveint)er 30, 1891
.My dear Dr. .Abbott; /
.ytcr a prolonncl MtniRKlc witti my conscipncc, it has orcurrpti to me that I can
justify myself in sendinn you the within theck of $50 for li.e Ameriean IV.ard, pro-
vided I Htand ready at the same time to Rive an<.ther $.50 to some holy and zealous
Brahmin or Hu.l.lhi.st who will undertake to preach against the doctrine of damnation,
and not oppo.s,. .ulvation. As I don't know any such apostolic heathen, 1 can keep
llie $.50 until h.- turns up -which conscience admits to be an incidental advantage
worth cori-.ji|t'ration.
>'ours truly,
R. VV. Raymond.
The habit of set.ing the humorous side of even the most aeriou.s prolv
lems of life is probably temi)eramental; but it was certainly delilM>rately
developed by Dr. Raymond.
" If there be joy in the world", says Thomas h Kempis. "certainly the
man who.se heart is pure, po.ssesses it". Dr. Raymond believed that
there is joy in the world and that CK)d means his children to possess it.
Joy which the Puritans regarded as a temptation, if not a sin, Dr. Ilay-
mond regarded as a duty. Not to joy in the Lord, he thought the sign
of an ungrateful heart ; to joy in the Ix)rd, the sign of a filial heart. He
believed in the customary n.creations of American society, such as music,
dan-ing, cards, atid the theatre. He wa.s as good a play-fellow in vaca-
tion as he was a work-fellow in term time, but he habitually took his
pleasures in moderation, and it cannot_l>e trtithfully said that he was
always ecpially moderate in his work.
40
lil(l(;HAPHU AL HKKTCHES
But iiiKtead «»f trying l<> speak for him, let me Rive him the opportu-
nity to speak fdi himself. AmouK my letters is a loiiK typewritten one
of eight pages, sent to Mrs. Abbott in 1889, in whieh he gives some ae-
eount of an 'outing' enjoyed by him and his wife in an exeursioji through
the Far West. In (ompany with congenial ccmipanions— a trip in whieh
"the petty cares of baggage, quarters, time-tables, tickets, meals, etc.,
were largely taken off our minds by our paid agents and servants; and the
fatigues and im onvenien- es of long railroad-travel were transformed into
rest and home-comfort by our special car, the l)eautiful, commodious,
and beloved lolanthe". From this letter I quote the following frank
expression of one pha.se of Dr. Raymond's character:
My four youiiK men, Kullunt iiiul active niul full of fun, with the constant undertone
of rendy unselfish service and ehivalrir devotion which makes a hoy-gentleman ir-
resistihly charming, were not more youthfid in their high .spirits than the oldest of the
company. What mooning poet wished he were a hoy again? What mad adventurer
wasted his age in sj-ekin'' the fountain of youth? The thing is so ca.sy if one only
knows the secret. If you want to Im' a hoy again, why, just l)e a boy again — and
hehave accordingly! If you would diink from the fountain of youth, take one step
up stream, and tlicre it is. (iet right down on your stomach and drink!
These are not more figures of speech. I know hy personal experience, as to tem-
peraments like my own, and now once more hy this exceptionall.v thort)Ugh confirma-
tory observation, as to temperaments of all kinds, that it is possible to lay care aside
like a garment, and to renew the soul by a baptism of youth. What if we do have to
put on our clothes again? Shall we therefore never bathe?
I yield to the temptation to ;idd here one other paragraph from this
letter Ix'cau.se it illustrates a fundamental phase of Dr. Raymond's ex-
perience. He never thought that piety and gaiety were incongruous.
He felt toward his Father in heaven as he wished his children to feel
toward him and was as ready to see humor in a prayer-meeting as to see
stupidity in a theatre, if it were there.
Friday night, the Deaconess and I went ilown to pray?r-mecting. There were
.'{0 or 40 present. Mr. H. led the meeting »vith simplicity and appropriateness, and
spoke on the subject of the .Sunday-school lesson, which w,%s .Samuel and Saul. When
there came the 'dreadful patise', and nobody would speak, I got up at last and by
an amazing tnur lie force (for which I ipi'te admire mys«!lf ) managed to cimnect Saul
with the (irand Canyon of the Colorado, after which 'there was fire-works' for a
while. Brother S., who followed, had a hard time getting hix thought hitched on to
my rear platform (th(! lolanthe usually tolerates no attachment to her observation
balcony). But he made the connection, with bold naireie, somewhat thus: "When
I hear about such things as Brother R. has described, and think of the wonders I
have seen myself — Innddcrs, and — and — other such things, I feel to exclaim, ' What
a great country this is — and what are we doing to win it to (Christ?' hrethrrn, it seems
to me sometimes a.H if we were not doing as much for Christ as we might be a-<Ioing,
considering what a great country we live in: etc.. etc." The vision of Brother S.
wandering through the va.st solitudes of the Grand Cany(m, like a roaring li<m, seeking
whom he might convert, touched me— on the funny-bone of my soul. Well, after
S. \mA redeemed the (irand Canyon ivs far as was temporarily pr.-iotioable, T. S,
LVMAN ABBOTT
41
red€!fiiied the meeting with a lovely prayer that mixed heaven and earth, souls and
scenery, canon iind canyon in just the right kind of blessed confusion; and afterward
there was lots of handshaking, and it was good to be there.
The most distinguishinj? intellectual characteristic of Dr. Raymond
was his versatility; his most distinguishing spiritual characteristic was
his lovablencsa. In Plymouth Church we never thought of his degrees;
he was never called Dr. Raymond; he was 'Ros Raymond', or simolv
'Ros'.
But what is it that makes a human being lovable? Paul says that
"for scarcely for a righteous man will one die; yet perad venture for a
good man some would even dare to die ". We all recognize the diflference
l)etwcen a righteous man and a good man; we respect the one, we love
tho other— love him despite his faults— yes !— love him often because of
his faults. But what constitutes the difference? Why did the American
people call Theodore Roosevelt, 'Teddy'? They never called William
McKinley, 'Billy'! Why did they call Abraham Lincoln, 'old Abe',
though he was only 56 years old when he died? They never called
James Buchanan, 'old Jim', though he was 70 years when he retired
from the presidency. Jesus Christ said, "And I, if I be lifted up from
the earth, will draw all men unto me". Is the secret of lovableness the
spirit of loving, rejoicing, self-sacrificing service?
Whatever that secret is, 'Ros' Raymond possessed it. It was this
lovableness which made him a leader in the church. When he rose to
speak we wanted to agree with him. When he proposed a plan we wanted
to adopt it and make it succeed. His plans were generally wise; in his
speeches he always had something to say. If his plans had generally
miscarried and if his speeches had been empty sentiment, he would have
ceased to be a leader; but it waa the quality of goodness pervading the
speech, the quality of goodness inspiring the plan, that made us eager
listeners in the one case and eager followers in the other.
This lovableness was the characteristic of his piety. It was without
awe but not without reverence. What do I mean by that? Both look
up— awe with fear, reverence with love. Dr. Raymond illustrated the
text "Perfect love; casteth out fear". He had Uttle occasion for the
doubtful virtue of submission; for perfect consecration never has occasion
to submit. He who can say with the Psalmist, " I delight to do Thy will
() Cod ", does not submit to that will. Whatever the service to which his
Father calls him mav cost, he delights to do it; the greater the cost, the
greater the opportunity to show his love to his Father. Dr. Raymond's
spirit of Uf(!-long consecration to hia Father's will found characteristic
expression in a favorite phrase of his: "If you cannot do what you like.
I lieu like what you do '. The spirit of c«)n.secrotion to the will of another
makes tasks joyful that would otherwise Im^ difficult, disagreeable, or
dangerous. It enables us to walk through the Valley of the Shadow of
s2
BlOORAPlIICAIi SKETfirES
Death, iK^cause the Fathersuniinons us and companions us. It enables us
to glory in tribulations, because His spirit is within us and His love is shed
abroad in our hearts. To this expression of consecration to the Father's
will, which I lx?lieve to lie the key-note to Dr. Raymond's character, he
has Riven expression in a lyric which he wrote for the Plymouth hymnal,
and which was one of our favorite prayer-meeting hymns. With that
hymn I bring to a close this simple, fragmentary, sincere tribute to my
dear friend and inspiring fellow-pilgrim and fellow-worker.
Thou, who art inspiring
My yrarning and desiring,
.\nd hearest always when I pray!
Hoar only, whatsoe'er 1 say,
'' Dear God, Thy will be done,
.\nd Thine alone!"
1 could not joy in praying.
My heart before Thee laying.
Did I not know I cannot move
The wiser purpose of Thy love!
Dear God, Thy will be done.
And Thine alone!
Such dread, my f.aith o'ertaskiiig,
W^uld silenec all my asking,
How should I dare ii ^tingle hour
To borrow Thy aiiuighty power?
Dear God, Thy will be done,
.\nd Thine alone!
Ix!t not my selfish crying
Disturb Thy love's replying!
I shall not mourn the things 1 miss
if Thou but make me sure of this;
Dear God, Thy will be done
.\nd Thine alone!
Reininisceiites
Br Jameb F. Kemp
Doctor Kayniond Riaduated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
m 1858, and was then somewhat over 18 years of age. The Polytechnic
Institute IS the old-time school for the higher education of the boys and
young men, espvcially in that portion of Brooklyn known as the 'Heights'
the old part of the city, on the hillside above the East river and between
the two early ferries, Fulton and South. In it was, and is, Henry Ward
Beecher's world-famous Plymouth Church; in its earlier days, just as now,
the centre of liberal thought; of great-hearted, generous living; and of
out-spoken patriotism. In time, as is related elsewhere in this volume,
Dr. Raymond took his place in the congenial church community and
contributed his share to the maintenance of its traditions. By way of
contrast, a few blocks away was the church of the Rev. Dr. Henry M
Storrs only less famous than Mr. Beecher. Dr Storrs was scholarly,"
formal, correct, and orthodox. His church was called the Church of
the Pilgrims, so that the interesting and striking phenomenon was pre-
sented of two absolutely contrasted colonies of New England religious Ufe
and thought, each presided over by a graduate of the same little Massa-
chusetts college, and each planted in the ok' Dutch settlement of Brooklyn.
In the Polytechnic Institute the sons of Brooklyn's families were fitted
for college, and, as is not so generally known, were also in fewer numbers
carried along to degrees in arts and engineering. Doubtless for good
and sufficient reasons, Rossiter W. Raymond, 18 years of age, turned
away from the Polytechnic and from i.-e other institutions whose courses
of education ahnost without exception iu those days were made up of
"reek, Latin, and mathematics, and sought the training in science to
had in the universities of Germany.
The contrast between the closing years of the 'fifties and the conditions
today in Germany is nothing less than tragic. Then Germany typified
.o the eager young minds on this side of the ocean the land of honest
industrious folk, profoundly musical, idealistic in temperament, and un-
trammeled in their search after truth amid the lehrjreiheit of theiruni-
versities. Bismarck had not yet started by his wars of the 'sixties, and
above all by the one of 1870, the simple and honest folk of earlier days on
the course of evolution to the Hun and the Boche of today. When,
therefore, we picture to ourselves the educational surroundings into which
with high hopes and bright anticipations went the wonderfully versatile
iniiHl and engaging personality of young 'Ros Raymcmd', we must banish
from our minds the sickening exhibition of recent years.
43
44
BIor.RAPHlCAL SKETCHES
In 1859 wo find him matriculated in the University of Heidelberg,
the one which more than any other typifies the jo>ous yeare of youth,
filled with its bright ideals for the future.
Alt' Heidellierg Du feinc-
Du Stadt am Ehrwi reich-
Ain Neckar uiul jini Rheino-
Kein and'ro i« Dir Klcii'li-
We nmy not easily reproduce in its entirety the learned faculty of those
days, but we do recall that in its lecture-rooms the famous Bunsen taught,
best known as chemist, but really no less influential as geologist. In the
decade of the 'fifties Bunsen had made his famous journey to Iceland and
had studied not alone the geysers, so as to leave us his theory regarding
their action, but also the vast exhibition of volcanic phenomena and ig-
neous rocks. As a result, and aided by the many analyses of igneous rocks
from Asia Minor by Abich, he developed his views of two fundamental
magmas, the normal-trachytic and the normal-pyroxenic, from which
by mixtures of different proportions of each, and by the fusing-in of sand-
stones at the one extreme and of hmestones at the other, all the varying
grades of igneous rocks were supposed to be developed. We may well
imagine tlie eagerness with which broad generalizations such as these
would b( grasped by so absorptive a mind as that of our young Herr
.StudiosiiK h'erum Naturce. In 1860 Raymond moved to Munich, the
'comfortable' city, asits inhabitants like to describe it. Franz von Kobell
was then professor of mineralogy — and of him 25 years later Professor
Ciroth, his successor, said to me that von Kobell was "poet, painter, and
musician, as well as mineralogist". If so, he must have been a sympa-
thetic teacher of young Raymond, who was himself, if not painter, at
least poet and nmsician.
Although we have in mind in this sketch to stress especially Dr. Ray-
mond's work in geology and related branches of science, yet perhaps for
a moment we may leave the straight track for a side-path. In the late
'sixties and early 'seventies I was a small boy up-town in Brooklyn and wiis
sent to Sunday-school by a pifU's mother w'th the same regularity with
which Sunday came around. Along with other boys of liki; age I used
lustily to sing the Sunday-school hymns. They formed, indeed, a very
important part of the exercises. There were two that especially appealed
to us and that we most of all preferred to have the superintendent give
out. The words of one began, as I recall:
Morning red, inurninft red,
Now the shadow.s all are fled.
Now the sun in cloudles,s glory
Tells anew the wondroiiN story.
The air was a simple and beautiful one, like a folk-song, which had .'ome
down through generations.
JAMKKt F. KEMP
45
The second air was more in the nature of a chorus and when once it
was started, it fairly s»nK itself. The hoys liked it letter than any other
hymn set for thorn. The words ran:
Fur out on tiw <le!*_liitc ofoan-
Th(< ''lilor Hftils the sea —
Alon mid tho ninht and the tempeHt
Where niiiny diinKerH \te.
^'et never alone is the Christian
Who lives by faith and prayer —
For (Jod i« a friend unfaihng
.\nd Ciod is everywhere.
Both these hymns were written by R. W. Raymond, and probably
not a few other members of the In.stitute in this way first learned to know
the name that afterward became much more familiar, when they took
up mining engineering and geology.
In 1885-'86 I was working in geology in the university at Munich,
and ilong with my old college-mate and dear friend 'Billy Clark', morf
gentrally known as the late Professor William B. Clark of Johns Hopkins,
I went to the meetings of the University Geological Society, whose mem-
bership consisted of professors and students. The professors would at-
tend for the early scientific part of the evening, and then go home, while
the students remained to 'rub ' a salamander or two of the beverare which
has made old Munich famous. One evening when the later exer ises
were well along and the young Bavarians had begun to feel just a little
subdued and melancholy, they all started singing an old-time student
song:
Irh iri'in uichi img soil eg bedeulen
Dans ich so Iraurig bin
The air had an extraordinarily familiar ring. I racked my brains to
recall where and when I had heard it. And then Uke a flash I was back on
the benches of the Sunday-school on Washington avenue, Brooklyn,
singing with all my might along with other little kids,
Far out on the desolate ocean
The sailor sails the sea, etc.
And I knew where Dr. Raymond had found the air, for had he not been
a student at Munich 25 years before.
At the close of his year at Munich, Raymond moved to the time-
honored Mining Academy at Freiberg and added his name to the rolls
of the Anglo-American Club, where may be found the signatures of so
many of the mining engine* and geologists who came to the fore in tho
United States in the next thirty years. Bernhard von Cotta was then
Professor of Geology and had just brought out his invaluable treatise on
'Ore Deposits', which was translated into English by Frederick Prime,
46
niOOHAPIHCAIi SKETCHES
Jr., and piibliishcd in Now York ten years later. ProfcsHor voi. Cotta
was notable as a genial and kindly man, and one who took a warm pirsoa-
al intere.st in his students. Of him, and of Professor (iaett ch'uatin n
mining and the author of an exeellent text-hook, Dr. Kayniund uaed to
speak in warm appreeiation in later years.
But trouhloi's times had developed in the home country, and so,
at the close tiis year at Frerberg, filled with the lore of mining and
geology, Dr. Raymond returned to New York, and, as we all know,
enlisted in the army and was on the staff of General Fremont.
In 1864, on retiring from the service, he began practice as a mining
engineer and metallurgist, as partner in the firm of Adelberg & Raymond.
The German educ'ation of both members of the firm led to connections
with others of similar training which are worthy of remark. Hermann
Credner, later Professor of Geology in the university of Leipzig and Direc-
tor of the Geological Survey of the important mining kingdom of Saxony,
was in their employ during his wancUrjahre in America. Our revered and
beloved fellow-member in the Institute, the late Anton Filers, was with
them. At this time an endeavor was made to establish a body of mining
engineers of unquestioned standing who could be called upon for thor-
oughly reliable reports amid the speculation following the close of the
Civil War. The members of the American Bureau of Mines furnish an
interesting list today. The Bureau issued at least one valuable publica-
tion, a study anil report upon Ducktown, Tennessee, by Trippel and
('redner in 1866. Dr. Raymond also found congenial vent for his irre-
pressible intellectual activity in editing the forerunner of the 'Engineering
and Mining Journal', and in recognizing in its pages science, especially
geology, as well as engineering.
But his great service during these years to mining and geology arose
with his apointment as Conmiissioner of Mining Statistics, succeeding j.
Ross Browne, by whom the first two reports were prepared. In the
reconstructive period following the Civil War, a period which has so
many interesting parallels with the one in which we now Uvc, Congress
had turned its attention to the resources of the Rocky Mountains and
the Pacific Coast. It sought to spread reliable information and gather
statistics and descriptions that would bring support for the development
of mines. The precious metals were the ones naturally and inevitably
sought in these remote conununities, but indications of copper and lead
were not lacking, nor was it .so very many years before the old Germania
smelter was built in the Salt Lake valley to treat the lead-silver ores of
Bingham and the Cottonwoods.
From 1868 to 1876 we see Dr. Raymond spending six months in each
year traveling up and down, back and forth, across the almost inaccessi-
ble Western country gathering up the accounts of mines and prospects
and systenjatizing them by Territories and States, and under each bv
JAMKS r. KEMP
47
mining di«triet«. In sonic instuntcH the notes and dtstriptions remain to
this day almost the sole records of many of the camps; and to them the en-
gineer, on starting for examinations, must often ref<>r. Only a few years
ago I desired to look up all the old records on (Jold Hill and Clifton in
western Utah, before going there for the study of some interesting con-
tact-zones, and could find no records of the camps except in Raymond's
reports. Many miles of desert cut them off from the larger settlements;
but many miles of desert had not prevented the energetic Commissioner
from securing and recording the main facts of the prospects. One only
needs to picture the endless and almost trackless billowy mountains of
Idaho; the lofty ranges of Colorado; the burning deserts of Utah, Nevada,
and Arizona; the remote valleys and peaks of Montana; and the vast
extent of the Sierra Nevada and the Coast ranges, in order to realize that
Jason and his Argonauts, searching for the golden fleece, had a very
easy task compared with that of the U. S. Commissioner of Mining
Statistics west of the Rocky Mountains.
Of course, there were helpers. Chief among them, and the principal
worker in Arizona, was Anton Eilers, who brought to the task the tradi-
tions and training of the old mining academy of Clausthal, even as Dr.
Raymond did those of Freiberg. Now, when we read the beautiful
tribute paid by Dr. Raymond to his old friend at the memorial services,
the account of which Karl Eilers, the son, has so thoughtfully and appro^
priately preserved for us, we realize that the tribute was based on long and
intimate association.
The reports of the Commissioner were not all made up of the details
of mining camps. The closing pages of each volume contain papers of
general interest and of scientific or technical value. His very first report,
while officially devoted to the regions west of the Rocky Mountains, has
a paper by James W. Taylor on the 'Mineral Resources East of the Rocky
Mountains'. In the volume for 1869 is an unsigned one, presumably by
the Commissioner himself, on the 'Relations of Governments to Mining. '
It is naturally followed the next year by one on the 'United States Min-
ing Law', in which Dr. Raymond compiled the draft of a bill. He also
contributed an article on 'Mineral Deposits'. In the report for 1871
we find a paper on the 'Origin of Gold Nuggets', and in the one for 1872
a contribution by Dr. Raymond himself on 'Electricity and Rocks,'
read originally before the Troy meeting of the Institute in November
1871 . The report for 1873 contaias a geological map of the United States
prepared by C. H. Hitchcock and W. P. Blake for the census reports of
the time. In the volume for 1875, the 'Geology of the Sierra Nevada in
Its Relation to Vein Mining' is discussed by Amos Bowman, after an
introduction by Dr. Raymond, who speaks sympathetically of the timeli-
ness and vahie of generalizations such as those set forth. In the last of
the volumes, that for 1876, the impressive review by Abram S. Hewitt of
4H
UI*)(1HAPIII<AI. .SKKTCHKS
'A Centurj' of MiniiiK hikI Mt'tallurmy in tlie I'liitcd States' is re-printed;
it was one of the eoiifributions that nuuked the eeh'hration of the first
hiuxiretl years «»f the Hepnhhe. A nunilM'r of teelinieal pu|M'rs brings
the volume to n elos«'.
With the completion of the eighth report the seiirs was (iise(mtiniu><l
under its old name, and the field was afterward eovered hj- the annual
reports of the Direetorof the Mint. In large dejjree, however, 'Haymond'a
Reports' were also the forerunners of the annual volumes on 'Mineral.
Resources' of the U. S. Geological Survey which began in 1882 — six
years later.
Beginning with 1870, and for 12 years thereafter. Dr. Raymond was
lecturer on economic geology at Lafayette College, where his friend
Dr. Drown, the secretary of our Institute in its early period, was pro-
fessor of chemistry. In one year, we learn, Dr. Raymond gave the entire
course in mining engineering, a branch that had received nmch attention
at Lafayette from the proximity of the anthracite mines. The con-
nection with Lafayette gave Dr. Raymond the title of 'Professor', by
which we .sometimes find him addressed or described. Surely for the
discussion of ore deposits and useful minerals to classes of young men, a
teachei has rarely brought such preparation as had been gained by Dr.
Raymond in his European training, his years as Commissioner, and his
varied practice as an engineer.
In 1871 the American Institute of Mining Engineers was organized
with Dr. Raymond as one of its moving spirits. We understand at this
late date, after nearly fifty years, that he wrote its constitution, and we
are interested to observe that the members were to be " all professional
mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons
actively engaged in mining and metallurgical engineering, geology or
chemistry". ( ieologists and geology were obviously in the foreground
of Dr. Raymond's thoughts when he formulated the professions from
which the Institute would draw its membership, and the science had
warm sympathy and much fostering care from him in all his connection
with the subsequent development of the society. The greater number
of his own special contributions to the Transactions, beginning with his
paper in the first volume on the '(Jeographical Distribution of Mining
Districts in the United States', are geological. The most important
and far-reaching in their influence are the .series beginning with the review
and summary of the Eureka-Richmond case (Trans. VI, pp. 371-393,
1879), and discussing the apex law, its applications and successive inter-
pretations. This pioneer and precedent-establishing litigatif)n led to a
broad and non-technical interpretation of the three-fold phrase of the
statute, "vein, lode, or ledge', .such that even a characteristic geological
formation, with recognizable boundaries stich as a limestone a.ssociated
with ores, would <'ome under the meaning of 'lode', or something that led
JAMEH F. KEMP
49
the miner in his search for (»rc. Probably there is no escape from this
interpretation of the law, niu< li an we may dephtn; the uncertainty cast
upon tith's, I fie necessity of introducing K«"oiogical interpretations, and
the enilless series of hiiKious disputes which still stretch away into the
future. Since retroactive legislation is out of the question, we realize
more and more stnmjtiy that combinations of conflictinj? interests into
larKe operating companies furnish the reasonable way out.
To Dr. Raymond's keen analysis and ability to go to the heart of a
problem, and to his preparation both on the legal and the scientific side,
we owe the invaluah'^' list of papers in the Transactions in which from
time to time he followed up the evolution of the apex decisions and com-
mented upon them. His years of travel as Commissioner and his personal
famiharity with Western camps, habits of thought, and customs made him
pecuUarly fitted for the discussion of this theme.
The Chicago E.xposition of 1893, celebrating, although a year late, the
fourth centenary of the discovery of the Western World, furnished a
fitting setting for a great meeting of the Institute. By a fortunate
coincidence a year or two More, Franz Posepny, the veteran Austrian
mining geologist, had sent to the secretary of the Institute a remarkable
manuscript in German, on the 'Origin of Ore Deposits'. For ten years
Posepny had lectured in the Mining Academy at Pribram, Bohemia. In
the late 'seventies the investigations of Professor Fridolin Sandberger, of
the University of Wurzburg, upon the relations of wall-rocks to the min-
erals of their veins, and his dv velopment of strongly emphasized support
for the old-time theory of 'lateral .secretion', had aroused much interest
in the general topic of the origin of ores. The Freiberg geologists, repre-
sented in this instance by Alfred Stelzner, the professor at the Mining
Academy, were naturally opposed to these views and supported the theory
of uprising solutions. Face to face every day with deep fissure-veins in
several successive series, each cormected with an outbreak of igneous
rocks, the Saxon geologists even as early as Agricola had favored these
views. The quaint and curious thesis of Werner in the closing years of the
18th century, that the fissures had been filled by precipitation from an
overlying ocean, was but a temporary departure from the well-nigh
inevitable interpretation. Hence, between Sandberger the 'lateral
secretionist' on the one side, and Stelzner the "infiltration ascensionist "
on the other, a vigorous controversy raged. As a test case Pribram was
selected, and some special investigations were conducted in its deep shafts
and drifts. So much interest was aroused that Posepny was in the end
called from the Austrian mining-school at Leoben to lecture and study for
ten years at Prihr.im. The essay that resulted wa.s sent in the original
German to Dr. Raymond for the Transactions of the Institute. From
its original draft, written, as he has told us, in script like a copper-plate
engraving, he transcribed it into English, which we may add was written
50
niOORAPHICAL SKETCIIKM
ill lii» liitiul ill M-ript ii«i I«>hm like i-opiMT-platt* ciiKruviriK than wuMPo(ie|i-
iiy's. Few HUthors in a foroiftn ♦ongtie haw had transhitora at once so
Kiftcd with the coniinaiHl of a suiiji'ct and with such nra«'«> and felicity of
expn'Mxion. The roMult was not only an int(>r(>8tinK sunuimry of aukillod
ol>8erver'« vii'ws, hut a iniiMterpiectc of lucid KnKl '^h.
Around the essay gathered a serij's of i'Xtreinely valuabh> and import-
ant contributions and discussions, accumulated under the guidiuK hand
of the secretary of the Institute. All were afterward eilited and grouped
as a whole in the separate volume brought out by the Institute and now on
the book-shelves of every mining geologist. To Dr. Kaymond we owe
a great debt for the preparation and issue of this book.
Then followed fifteen years extremely fruitful in new ideas. The part
played by igneous phenomena, whether in the way of direct magmatic
crystallizations or of after-effects; the contact-zones and their elucidation;
th«' actual processes of replacement and the changes in wall-rocks; the
phenomena of secondary enrichment; the restriction in depth of the
meteoric ground-water — one fundamenal question after another crowded
to the front. Dr. Raymond, sitting in his secretarial office of the In-
stitute and with his encyclopedic grasp of what was passing, was fully
alive to the interest and importance of it all, and conceived the idea that
a second volume under the immediate oversight of Samuel Franklin
Emmons would alone adequately summarize the rapid evolution of ideas.
At Dr. Raymond's request Mr. Emmons undertook the task, selected
the papers, wrott? the very valuable introductory review, and alas, passed
away just before the manuscript went to press. The volume thus became
the Emmons memorial volume, and took its place on every mining geolo-
gist's book-shelf beside the Posepny volume, whose second edition had
also become a memorial. Both these volumes we owe primarily to Dr.
Raymond, and I may here express the debt that geology as related to the
problems of mining owes to him.
In his editorial capacity as secretary of the Institute ind in his con-
tributory relations with the 'Engineering and Mining Journal', Dr.
Raymond was brought into personal connections with many young
writers on engineering themes and scientific subjects, not alone on geology.
A word of acknowledgment may be recorded of the help and encourage-
ment so often and so generously extended to them. Not only in the
subject-matter, but in grace and lucidity of expression, are not a few
indebted to him. Technical education dws not always add the gift of
clear exposition to soundness of knowledge. Sometimes the man of
action soems thereby unfitted for imparting to others the fullness of his
own command of a subject. Sometimes, however, the conciseness and
beauty of the mathematical and exact sciences that are the baais of en-
gineering, exercise their proper influence on the habits of mind of him
who has been trained in them. F. Hopkinson Smith, who could write
JAMKH F. KKMP
fil
tin- MMwt fhaniiiiiK talcs <if Amrricnn life, aixi tranxfer to caiivaa, with a
fucilp and delicatf tour*', the beautiful viflta« that cauKht hi>« «•>•«•, wiwan
•■riKiin'cr an«l builder of light hciUNes on danKenuM and wcll-niKh inac-
cj'Hsible rwfH: Frank DenipHter Sherman, whose deliRhtful verwcshave
charmed many thouriandM of readcrH, was my own clu-sH-mate in the engi-
neering school, and taught the calculus and the principles of enginiH-ring
construction to students of architecture: Clarence King, mining geologist
and engineer, was a writer of almost uncqualed charm and a judge of
works of art of exceetling discrimination and skill: a dozen t\;ptain« of
industry could l)e named who have developed in later life, as they have
acquired the means with which to gratify their tastes, a similar sound
and discriminating critical taste in works of art: Rossiter Worthington
Raymond, with all his grasp of engineering and science, amid his busy
life in active practice and in the office of the Institute, was story-writer,
poet, musician, and was responsive to the call of what we idealize as Art.
But he had also the saving grace of humor and could see the amusing
side of things. One characteristic incident will bring to a close this
little tribute.
In the final decade of the eighteen hundreds, there existed in New
York a little dining-club of 25 scientific men from the colleges and schools
of the city and vicinity and from civil life. It was called the Lunar
Society, and during the eight working months of the year had a monthly
dinner on the evening of the full moon. The club had been organized
by H. Carrington Bolton, the chemi.st, who had written a life of Priestley,
the di.scovcrer of oxygen, the very interesting Englishman, half theolo-
gian, half man of science, whose later years were pa.s.sed and finally
closed at Northumberland, Pennsylvania. Toward the end of the seven-
teen hundreds, Priestley had lived at Birmingham, England, and along
with Boulton and Watt, the builders of the steam t-ngines of the day;
William Murdoch, the inventor of gas-Ughting; Erasmus Darwin, the
grandfather of Charles Darwin; and a few others of less extended fame,
had formed the original Lunar Society, which perforce had dined at the
full-moon because otherwise they could not see their several ways to their
homes. The presiding officer in each of thest^ clubs, although a century
apart in time and three thousand miles apart in meeting places, was
called the Man-in-thc M : At the New York club, after a good dinner
at Clarke's famous restaurant on Twenty-third strwt, the Man-rn-the-
Moon called upon the mcmlMTs in turn, beginning on his right, forsome
bit of interesting experience that had come up in their scientific work or
reading since the last dinner. Discus.«ion usually ensued of an exception-
ally stimulating character, and seldom was a topic mentioned without
developing some vnt at the table who could speak upon it with authority.
To one of the dinners I took down a copy of that rather rare book,
the. first edition of Thomas Macfarlane's 'Coal Regions of North America',
.V2 IIIodHliniK \l. HKKIrifK.s
piililislicd ill IS73. The In-t • liHpiii iM'fnri' ihf apiM-ii.lix is iJcvoted to
Novji Sroti.M. Tlif author ii i uis luit to havi' viMitod Nova Sfotiu hiiii-
wlf, but from tlw wntink;-> iiu: reports of others he hud Kiiiiicd ii most
iitifortiitiate iiiiprcsHinh >f lli< 4<iul st-iuiis. Tlis i-toHJUK paruKraph ri'uds
an follows:
"To one who taki'> mily a uiiliiarian view of f la- Nova Sciitia rcnion,
there must occur a fiH-liiiK of regret that in some of its lo(aliti«'S its fM'uiiK
of roal are so unfortuiiutoiy suljdividi'd into thin sheetx too small to work,
and in other places disposed in ma--ies inconvenieiitiy large, uncertain
and irregular in form. D r r, wt i:ike a higher and more thoughtfi:^
view of the sul)j«'ct, we will iK^rv' the malevoleiire of that Providence
which, in its apjmrent angi r, inn .sut merged iK-neath the ocean so niuch
that might have lM>nefited ir lace, oi caused it to Im' eaten away ttu nigh
countless ages by the action n!' ifu wiives, leaving <.nly poor fragments to
tell us of the much largei f.ur ""r-: ttiat 'lave 'n'en removed. Her (■( «=•
cannot doubt but that the imi !i in i; "ocks, ii.s well as its soil, was "urs*'!!
for our sake, and that far bii'K in the geological ages there was built up
by a Being, who saw the end from !h< ix>l' ininj.' a mutilated plaiut as a
lit habitation for a fallen race."'
The members of the Lunar Society were greatly entertained li\ the
paragraph, and Dr. Hayinund, who was a uember of the socieiy. bor-
rowed the book and took it home with him The vievv> advanced were
naturally esp<'cially interesting to a metnln'r of Henry Ward He<'cher's
church. .V week or two afterward there appeared in the Kngineenng
and Mining Journal' one <>t the Doctor's inimitable sign- i < ijiiorials, in
which he merrily commented on the pa.ssage, md showid how naturally
a supporter of one type of orthodoxy in Peiiiisy'vania could understand
how the Blue Noses of Nova Scotia, supporter:- of another type, hail
come under the wrath of the Deity, lie finally made t!. i>oint that the
argument had not been carried to its legitimate conclusion, l)e<au.«'e the
author had apparer tly overlooked the fact that in Ni w York State.
where there was much abominable heresy, there niun no coal at all!
' The pii!i>Kra|)h was edited out of ttio two suIwimiuciU nlilions of this pxtremeiy
valuable aiul jiii[M)rtant trciitisp.
l'>. -WT
Ht'ininisfemvs
Hv ■'" A. Mk'Kaiik
Karly in ixMi on my x-.ay Ironi New Zi-altuicl t" im w »iith«'r I
had Inrii callii iiv iiiy fatht-r to t:(ke cha'no of u Ki<»up ol niirM'H mar
Alli'iiioiil in till >U'p«rtni< itoHht' Is«'n', I r l<>d at thf office of the Anicri-
«-un IiiMtituto <>i \fifiiiiK EiitUM'crs, whu /h( 'i \^ - {i< nirik'd at 13
HurlinK i^lip. Ix'lor Wall -trw-t Mv nurnose in calliiiK w.. Ic make the
aif- laintu n of -ccrotiin., l>r. h . «», id, with whom I ha<l U'cn in
citrrt-poii' ricp, whii. in Au -al b
of xh
ion
i of 1
f»>»^<)n of my fii-^t confn
AlorRan mim- prcser*
On be -iR ushered u,
two Kontleiii'
anwe togrc* i
"Which one
vv foil
.Ik
kIb, a^
Australia?"
iiition to
I at the
•>< into
I con-
lu-nioHt
ire you:
knew what he meant;
Rickards I was; for at tliat time our
answered
(luce you
la-sesof
Kaoiin?"
Ml the
with
not
hi^
repres»'ntatives in thi Institute. '
whereupon he said: '' Then let nie inti
1. .c just been discussing t lie origin of th'
i« ri Hill lode. What is the .source ■
product of deeoiiiposition from thi
neiss". Thus I iiiad«' my first atqu.
Ish' I am proud to have won later, li ,
ill inti itely until five or six years subsequ
the Transacfions, a piifjer i
Clevelaiid i. eting in Iun<
.1 cheerful i >m overl. iki
versatioji. Mrwof them, .
l>olit< !'• ilHl. 1 th<
( lora*iti I 'a! tornia
li *'ishetl ' ;iiow
f;.!nily h; it r ,,r
promptly Ai^^tr
to Mr. Kiuaioi
kaolin m the Bro.
I rep ><|; It is
vviUl- k, whn '>
t vo nun w -
begin to kn
first nieetiiii-
''>t»ra Frj»n* i .sent t' Dr. Raymond, for the Transactions, my (on-
tribuliong on 'J a (Jardette: The History of a French (Jold Mine' and
'The In-ndigo ' oldfield ', the latter the first of three papers on the famous
•?ld i»i ing district in Victoria, Austraha. These were presented at the
eefings in Octolx^r 1891 and Febru; r,- 1892, respectively. Within
tiiree yea- -18! to 1894—1 contributed lune papers to the Transactions.
This lit! act ivify was due in no small measure to the encouragement
Jfiven by lary, in whom I found not only an editor of extraordi-
nary abilit. r a friend rich in stimulating helpfulne.^fs.
My 8(!cond (all at his office wa,s in January 1892, about nine months
after the first visit. I had come fiom France to New York to serve as
assistant to the late George Cowland, who was acting as consulting engi-
neer to H. H. Warner, of 'Safe Cure' fanie, a promoter of engaging per-
sonality and, as I found later, of fluid integrity. At our second meeting
53
54
BIOGRAPHICAL ('KKTCHKS
Dr. Raymond montioncd that Emmons had made tho criticism that I was
not sufficirntly careful in orienting my geological drawings. The Doc-
tor bul)Wed over with cheery Humor and pertinent information. I made
the most of my privilege to discuss his editing of njy contributions and to
gain from him suggestions helpful in my next writing.
In the summer of 1892, while at Prescott, Arizona, I received a letter
from Dr. Raymond stating that a Mr. Dunn had written to him from
Australia charging me with plagiarizing his Idea.son the structural geology
of Bendigo; in short, Mr. Dunn claimed that my explanation of the lode-
structure had bwn taken from him, without acknowledgment. When I
read the first part of Dr. Raymond's letter I was dismayed, &s might well
be supposed, for this was a bolt from the blue. On reading further I
found compensation; for the Doctor proceeded to say that I must not
worry, tlie charge was refuted by the internal evidence of the text, the
character of which afTord(>d strong disproof of any such accusation. He
enclosed a copy of his reply to Mr. Dunn, defending me even before he
had received my denial. It was a striking proof of his confidence in my
scientific sincerity, and it is worthy of record as testimony to the generosity
of his mind. I wrote at once to disabuse him of the idea that Mr. Dunn
was a man of no con.sequence, explaining that E. J. Dunn was a veteran
geologist and a high scientific authority. At the same time I wrote to
Mr. Dunn mj-self and told him that if he would withdraw his imputation
I »vould explain how he had been misled and I would meet his criticism in
a friendly way. Among the 'Errata' at the end of Volume XX of the
Transactions will be found a note, by the secretary, dealing with this
incident. I need not go into it further, except to add that four years later
Mr. Duim cabled to me from New Zealand, offering me an appointment
ius engineer to an important mining enterprise, and, when declining it,
I was able to express my hearty appreciation of his good-will.
At the Chicago Exposition mw^ting in 1893 I had my first opportunity
of watching Dr. Raymond in action, of observing how he managed the
sessions and guided the discussions. His speech at the closing session
of the International Science Congress, a foregathering of scientific men
attracted by the Exposition, was in his best vein. The preceding speeches
had ))een rather dull and several of the representatives of foreign coun-
tries had matle the mistake of sp«'aking had English instead of good French
or (lerman. Hence it w;is a relief to listen to an accomplished .speaker
like Dr. Raymond. He arrested the attention of the audience at the
start by saying, not 'Gentlemen', but 'Brethren'; and then, explaining
that he had 'oeen called upon to respond for both mining and metallurgy,
he likened himself to the camels conspicuous in the Exposition grounds,
l)ecause he harl to "hump himself two ways", and .so gave a humorous
touch that put everybody at ea.se. Reviewing the proceedings and sum-
marizing the results of the international gathering, he placed his finger
T. A. RICKARD
55
on the significant fouturt' of the conference, telling his audience that
while they had brought forward new ideas and uncovered new principles,
they had done even bettor, for they had "discovered one another".
In 1895 I was established as consulting engineer at Denver. Busi-
ness was dull, so I was delighted to receive a letter from Dr. Raymond
asking me to Ik; his assistant in an examination of the Drumlummon
mine, owned by the Montana Mining Company, an English corporation.
He .offered me a fee larger than I would have asked as a principal, and
I mention the fact to illustrate another phase of his generosity. It was
agreed that he should pick me up at Denver. When he arrived I ar-
ranged a luncheon in his honor at the Denver Club. The party included
Thomas B. Stearns, Henry T. Rogers, Dean Hart, Dr. W. A. Jayne,
Richard Pearce, and my brother Forbes. I knew that Mr. Pearce, who
is now 82 and living near Liverpool, had had a falling out with the Doctor.
The incident was characteristic. When Mr. Pearce was president of
the Institute in 1889, he was presiding at a meeting, at Denver, to which
the secretary was late in coming. The president waited for the secre-
tary; he delayed the opening of the proceedings for ten minutes or more,
expecting the Doctor to arrive at any moment, until it seemed proper to
wait no longer. So the session was started with the reading of a paper,
and this was hai '</ begun when the Doctor walked into the room
carrying his dossier of papers and looking black as a thunder-cloud be-
cause the president had dared tu begin the meeting without him. Un-
fortunately, the two distinguished gentlemen did not come to a friendly
explanation on the spot, and a coolness ensued. Mr. Pearce had told me
the story, with regret. It is more than likely that the Doctor had for-
fotten all about it, but Mr. Pearce, a gentle man, felt uneasy lest the
feeling of annoyance might have survived even after many years. When
our luncheon was coming to a close I decided to propose the health of
our honored guest, desiring to bring him to his feet and being confident
that he would make a delightful speech. As I was about to rise, Mr.
Pearce, who sat on my left, said, " Mr. Rickard, will you allow me?" I said,
"With pleasure". He rose and proposed Dr. Raymond's health in a
charming little speech, conveying a friendly greeting, to which the Doctor
rt>sponded in a similar spirit. He made a speech worthy of a bigger oc-
casion, reviewing his early experience in Colorado and his CMitact with
men prominent in the development of the local mining industry. Cordial
relations were restored between the secretary and the ex-president, al-
though none of the other guests understood the significance of their
fraternization.
Next day the Doctor and I took train for Butte, going thence to
Marj'sville. Dtiring the journey we played chess; for he usually carried
a set of chess-men; at other times he studied chess problems or re^d fiction.
He was fond of Anna Katherine (ireon and Gaboriau detective stories
50
HKXUIAI'HICAI, KKfcl CHKS
and othor light literature, because they afforded him mental relaxation.
He talked a good deal and always interestingly, having an extraordinary
fund of diversified knowledge. Among other matters I touched upon the
early days of Leadville and the Chrysolite deal. The older men in the pro-
fession will recall the fact that the Doctor was mixed up in a mining
scandal arising out of an over-valuation of the Chrysolite mine, nearly
forty years ago. When I first went to Colorado, in 1885, that affair
was quoted as a blow to the profession bt-cause it had hurt the reputation
of an engineer so distinguished as Dr. Raymond. The Chrysolite wa.s
a rich silver mine and was the cause of much stock speculation on the
New York mining market. An engineer whose name I forbear to men-
tion' — let us call him Blank — was the manager. He had been a junior
when Raymond was a senior at Freiberg, and the Doctor had been a
good friend to him at the Mining Academy and afterward when Blank
started his career in the West. The Doctor was engaged to examine and
report upon the Chrysolite. He went to Leadville. As he trusted
Blank, he accepted his statements about the quantity of ore in reserve,
and did not sample the mine thoroughly. One large block of ground
appeared to be solid ore and its appearance was confirmed by the man-
ager's statements; so the Doctor made a highly favorable report, which
caused quotations to rise in New York. The luct was that the block of
supposed ore contained a large core of limestone, as was known to the
management through a cross-cut, the position of which had been hidden.
When later the truth became known there was a slump in the shares and
Dr. Raymond had to submit to severe criticism. Much to my surprise,
when I touched upon the subject during our journey to Montana, he
said nothing against Blank. Apparently he cherished none of the re^
sentment that would have seemed natural under the circumstance
Some years afterward, in 1902, he was approached by a famous mini
engineer, then engaged in the promotion of mining schemes, with a
view t -^ his writing reports, on the understanding that the sampling should
be uojK! by younge • men. He asked me, at Philadelphia, what I thought
abyut it, and I urged him not to con.sider the proposal for a moment.
"Remember the Chrysolite", I ventured to remark. The truth is that
in business matters he was too trusting and too generous to succee<l,
especiallj' when dealing with persons unhampered by scruples of con-
science or a Hens<< of honor.
On arrival at Marysville we were the guests of R. T Bayliss, the gen-
eral manager for the Montana Mining (^o., Lt«l. ('harles W. (Joodale,
consulting engineer to the company, was there also. The graci«>us hos-
pitality of Mrs. Bayliss and the company of such men : Bayliss, Cood-
ale, .ind the Doctor made the dinner at the end of the day's work a
' ( Hill pn>iiiptc(l to tliis rL'tifeiiW! Im.-vuujm: 1 fi-cl sure tliul Dr. Uayiiioud wuuld Imvn
wuthed it.
T. A. RICKAKn
57
(leliKhfful sfM'ial function. As th«' Do(!tor's assistant I did most of tlie
physical examination of the mine, and when, ut thp ond of a week, the
inspection was coniplet<*d, we coUah .rated on the report. Our duty was
to make suRKcstions for th(> further exploration of the mine, which was
showing signs of impoverisiiment, hasing our advice on geologic evidence,
particularly of a structural character. If I recall correctly, we made five
recommendations, three of which the Doctor was kind enough to accept
from me. When the report was finished, he insisted upon my signing it
with !iim, so that it became our joint report. Again he proved his gen-
erosity, for it was a great honor to me to have my name coupled with his
in a report that was to go Iwfore an important financial group in London.
Our stay at Marj'sville was made memorable by his vivacious conver-
sation. The evenings were spent delightfully. He proved himself adept
in whist, aa well as a remarkably good chess-player. Indeed, in chess he
achieved distinction; for example, he was selected as one of five to play
against Pillsbury in a contest at Brooklyn; he once drew a hard-fought
giime with Steinitz; and in 1908, when a passenger to Europe on the
'Oceanic', he led a group of players who accepted a challenge for a match
by wireless telegraphy from a fsimilar group of passengers on the 'Cam-
pania'. The team he captained won, thanks to his leadership.
In 1900 Richard P. Rothwell asked me to join him in the editorship
of the 'Engineering and Mining Journal", but when I discussed the matter
with Dr. Raymond he advised me against the step. When later, at the
end o.' 1902, I went to New York to take up the editorship of the 'Jour-
nal, which had passed, on the decease of Rothwell, into the hands of
James H. McGraw and then into those of the late W. J. Johnston, I
received a cordial welcome from the Doctor. Just at this time, unfor-
tunately, he had to take a holiday in Europe, to correct the bad jflFects of
over-work,, so I missed his guidance when I first took the helm of the
'Journal'. During the three or four months while he was absent I
edited many of the papers that appeared in the Transactions and on his
return I accepted payment in the agreeable form of a number of back
volumes of the Transactions, so as to complete my set. He was still a
'special contributor' to the 'Journal' and enriched its columns with an
occasional letter or signed article. In 1903 he became interested in a
controversy over the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell,
and took up the cudgels in behalf of his friend Bernhard E. Fernow, who
waF . iirectw of the College and is now Dean of the similar college in
the 'rrl'. rsity of Toronto. The Governor of New York had vetoed
furth jtate aid to the College of Forestry and it was claimed by Pro-
fessor Fernow's friends that he had been influenced by a group of bankers,
who objected to the logging operations near Saranac lake because they
interfered with their shooting. Dr. Raymond sent me a letter on the
subject, for publication, with the statement that it would be followed by
III
58
Binr.RAPHICAL SKRTCHE)^
six more. It weeiued to me to b<* uiiMuitable for publication in the 'Jour-
nal', and, upon ronsultinn the late Frederick Hobart, of Brooklyn, who
had been a fairhfiil assistant to Rothwell, as afterward to me and to W.
U. Ingalls in turn, I learned that the controversy was of a locally po-
litical chai alter, n-ndering it undesirable in our columns. It had nothing
to do with mining, even indirectly. After consultation with Hobart,
I wrote to vhe Doctor stating that I could not see my way to publishing
hi., series of letters on the subject.' My declination was couched, of
course, in terms most friendly and respectful, but ho was so annoyed that
it was a long time l)ofore he would write again for the 'Journal'. He
did not like criticism or opposition — nor do any of us. for that matter.
I remember his asking me if I had seen a certain artiile tjf his in
'Cassier's Magazine'. I replied, " Yes, I enjoyed it very much". Where-
upon he exclaimed, " You fould have had it, if you had not turned down
those forestry articles of mine". I told this story one day to a mutual
friend, who was quick to ask how I would like to nave an article of mine
'turned down'. Then I remembered how, in 1904, I went to Dr. Ray-
mond, as secretary of the Instituf", to offer a paper discussing the recom-
mendations of a committee of the four engineering societies on standardi-
zation of abbreviations, symbols, punctuation, etc., in technical papers.
These recommendations had been printed and circulated with the current
pamphlets of the Institute.* He demurred to publishing my criticisms,
because he thought it inadvisable to start a discussion on the subject,
the Institute — or he as secretary-editor — having no desire to impose its
style on anybody. I accepted his decision cheerfully and later the
rejected paper becume the groundwork of my little book on technical
writing, published in 1908.
During the three years of my editors, p in New York I wa.s on the
council of the Institute for a time and also a member of the first board of
directors when the Institute was incorporated in 1905. The council,
including the president, vice-presidents, managers, treasurer, and secre-
tary, numbered 18, but the average attendance at the meetings was only
five or six. Those not present would be informed by the secretary of the
decisions reached in council and would send their approval by postcard.
Dr. Raymond 'ran the show'. If any of us disagreed with his plans, he
overwhelmed us with reasons in support. We recognized the futility of
opposition, and, it is fair to add, we appreciated his thorough grasp of
the position. As my office was not far away, I was a steady attendant
at the meetings, and I found them interesting, simply because Dr. Ray-
mond never was anything else.
' In a recent letter to me Pnifefcmir Fernow !«»>•» that he is a]ai{ 1 did not publish
the letters, "for it would have been of no use and would simply have made ba<l blood
for him".
» They will be found in Vol. XXXV, pp. .342-340.
T. A. RICKARD
59
At one of the last ineetinKs that I attended, in the spiinR of 1905, the
question of placing advertisements in the Institute bulletin was broached.
I objected to the proposal, whereupon tlic late (JeorKe W. Maynard,
half in fun, suRRested that my interest in another publication — the
'Journal' — was at the bottom of the protest. The Doctor interjected a
friendly correction, saying that there was no doubt of my loyalty to the
Institute and no reason for impugning the sincerity of my motives.
Nothing was decided at that meeting. Before the next one was called
I went on a short visit to London and, being a member of the council of
the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, I attended a meeting at which,
it so happened, this very subject of advertising was brought forward.
The council of the Institution decided that it would be 'bad form' to sell
the pages of its bulletin to advertisers, .so the proposal was tabled prompt-
ly.* On my return to New York we had a ;neeting of the Institute
council at which the subject was again brought forward by the secretary.
I objected again, and was supported by the late A. A. Blow. (Again
the prefix 'late'! It is saddening to realize how many of these old
friends have crossed the range.) I suggested that the step was too
serious to be taken by the small proportion of the council there present
and that a fuller attendance was desirable before committing the Insti-
tute to such a radical departure. Dr. Raymond concurred. Soon after-
ward I left New York. In December of the same year, there came to me,
in San Francisco, a circular stating that by "unanimous agreement" of
the council, it had been decided to insert advertisements in the bulletins.
I wrote to the Doctor, protesting that the decision could not have been
"unanimous", because I was opposed to it, and Blow also. He repUed
that soon after I had left New York he had called a special meeting of the
council, there had Iwen a large attendance, he had explained at length the
reasons for accepting advertisements, and he had done this so convinc-
ingly that everybody present had acquiesced, and if I had been there I
also would have acquiesced! I appreciated tho humor of the position
and accepted it without further demur. This expression of confidence
in his ability to persuade me if I had been present was characteristic —
and the chances are that he would have persuaded me, by the eloquence of
his argument, against my better judgment. He had a way with him!
I recall a delightful day— a Sunday, in April 1902— spent at the
Doctor's home at 123 Henry .street, Brooklyn. Robert M. Raymond'
' The council of the Institution has chHnKe<i its mind since then. In April 1919
it "decided to luld iin advert i.>(enient section to the Bulletin" in order to increase its
n-veniie. This departure was "undertaken with reluctance" hut was considere<l to
he "justified by the altered conditions brounht about by the War".
- Who is thstantly related Ut ihe Doctors family. .\t the time of the Revolution
their ancestors were cousins; but Robert Raymond's ancestor remained loyal to
King GeorRC and moved into Canada, while the Doctor's ancestor supported (Jeorne
Washington. So Pn)feHsor Raymond was bom a Canadian and became an American
by self-deterniinution.
II
m
HionRAnirif al sketcuks
(now I'lofessor of MininK in Colunilmi UnivcrHity) and I crossed the
KiLst Hiv<>r in f inu' to iit ti-nd the services at Plymouth Church, in company
with the Doctor, Mrs. Riiyniond, aiul Miss Susan Raymond. We
heard \\u' Rev. Newell DwikIiI Hillis deliver a powerful .sermon. After
the mid-day dinner we went to the Sunday-school, which was directed by
Dr. Raymond. He had heen suiwrintendent of it for 25 years and had
resinned s<>veral years before, but the death of his successor had caused
him to resume the duties of the position. He also conducted a bible-
class, which Robert Raymond and I joined. It was immensely interest-
ing. Th<« Doctor's 8ul)ject was the life of St. Paul. He began where he
had left off the Sunday before, as if the break had been a minute, instead
of a week, and poured forth a wonderful story, characterized by humor,
erudition, and religious sentiment. When five o'clock arrived, the
ringing of a bell call(>d a halt, the bible-classes stopned, and the Doctor
left us promptly to ascend the rostrum and conduct the closing service.
The hist hymn sung that afternoon was one that he had composed.
Then we returned to the house and later accompanied the Doctor to the
house of his aunt, a distinguished old lady, Mrs. Howard, where it was the
custom for the Raymond kin to foregather at a prayer-meeting every
Sunday. Then followed the informal evening meal, or 'supper', after
which, I remember, the Doctor read one of Kipling's jungle stories,
'Rikki-tikki-tavi', delightfull> . More good talk followed and finally he
sent us back to the Brooklyn Bridge terminus in his brougham. The
incidents of the day illustrate his versatility and suggest how entertaining
he could be at any time or place.
More than once when I asked the Doctor to give me ten minutes of
his time he would explain how busy he was and then talk for half or
three-quarters of an hour. This .seemed inconsistent. One day, meet ing
his brother, Colonel Charles W. Raymond,' I asked him if he had been
to see the Doctor. "No", he repUed, laughing, "I don't care to be
used as a sounding-board". "How is that", I asked. "Well", he
replied, smihng, "when I go to see him he says he is awfully busy and
then keeps me for half an hour talking about some old subject in which he
happens to be interested, and which does not interest me". I laughed
with him, and recognized how I also had been ^asantly hoaxed many
rimes. When I would telephone to him asking for a few minutes for
consultation, he would reply that h^- was terribly busy but could give me
five minutes if I came ngiit away. Upon my arrival at hi>> ()ffic«> we
would consume three minutes in settling the matter in hand and then I
S<K)n after the dute of thi.s incident, in 1904 he retired with the rank of UriKii-
dier-Oenera! A-^ rhftirmtir. ,*f ;!:•:• liuard <;f EiiRinrrns .Tr;itr(! r.y thr iVnnsyivi.iim
Railroad Company, he siiiwrvised the design and .•on.stniPtion oif the tunnels under
the Hudson, the Eiwt River, and the honrejjth of Manliattan, as well as the Rreat
Pennsylvania Terininnl in New ^■(lrk,
g<B'^T_2fliE»3fliL^X "t**ir
T. A. RICKAHI)
61
would find myw'lf tuking a minor part in a convcrHution that would last
for half an hour before I would remind myself of my duties elsewhere.
He was simply thinking out loud on the subject that happened to be in his
mind and on which he had l)een writing when I arrived. He had used
me as "a soundinR-board", as the Colonel said. That simply meant
that he would l)e so full of his subject as to bubble over with it, if inter-
rupted in his work by a cail. This is an excellent scheme for preventing
waste of time when a visitor arrives; in most instances the visitor fails
to detect the expedient and goes away under the impression that
had a good talk! As I write it, I can imagine the Doctor giving h; *
chuckle.
May I revert to my recollections of Dr. Raymond as editor of the
Transactions of the Institute? What he did for me he did for others;
therefore, I venture to record my own experience in the matter. The
effect of his teaching, as conveyed by the editing c." .iianuscript and the
explanations accompanying such revision, was far-reaching. The mining
profession stood much in need of such teaching and the engineers that
benefited from it will ever hold the secretary in grateful remembrance.
He not only revised our writings with painstaking care but he did some-
thing even more helpful: he would write long letters, in his easy flowing
hand, six to ten pages, explaining why he had made certain corrections.
He would give the benefit of his own wide liiiowledge and suggest addi-
tions or amendments of a character often vital to the value of the paper.
My correspondence with him— voluminous and much valued— was des-
troyed in the San Francisco earthquake-fire, so I am unable to quote
detads illustrating his method, but I do remember his reference to "the
inveterate Hucnt profuseness" of my style, whereupon I gave him the tu
quoque with a smile. The only time that we disagreed over his treatment
of my manuscript was when he returned one of my contributions— the
paper entitled Tlie Cripple Creek V^olcano"— without correction. The
gal ley-proofs and the original manuscript arrived together; I was quick to
notice that the latter \va.s entirely free from marks of revision. The
editor had failed to edit. I wrote a respectful letter protesting that I
expected the benefit of his criticism. He wrote back something compli-
mentary alwut my not needing such assistance, whereupon I told him
that my chief reason for sending my writings to the Institute was to
obtain the help and protection of his editing, and that if I did not receive
it I wouhl divert my contributions to technical magazines, which would
pay me for them. I returned the manuscript and the galleys, milking my
point, thanks to his friendly concurrence.
He was a mast eflfective speaker. Injcause he always had something
to say and knew how to say it. His memory was extraordinary. In
in04 when the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain held its annual
' In \'"l. X.\X. piiKi- 3(i7, of th«' Triinsactions.
i
62
IIIOGKAI'IIICAL HKBTCIIKM
inceting in New York, ho was a«k(>ti to Iw one of the Hpeakers at a banqtiut
Kiven at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel. The banquet was on a Wednesday;
on the previous Monday he sent nie, as editor of the 'Journal', the text of
his 8p<'ech, which he had written on the Saturday previous. I sent it to
the composing-room and had the proof of it in my pocket when present
at the banquet. If he had l)een unable to deliver it, everybody would
have known that it was written out beforehand, because it went to the
printer, as part of that week's issue (October 27, 1904) of the 'Journal', a
day before it was to be delivered. While he was speaking I compared
his phrasing with the proof in my hand. It was verbatim, even to
interjections that seemed to be born of the impulse of the moment. For
instance, he refecred to King Edward, and, apparently on the spur of
the moment, he interjected, "and may God bless him, as God blessed
his sainted mother", a sentiment that elicited instant applause. Another
similar interpolation referred to producers and consumers; he exclaimed,
" Whom God hath joined together, let no man put asunder" The speech
wiis most successful, of course; but he made a mistake, and it is one made
by many less clever men. When the speech as written had been spoken,
he made a fresh start, adding the equivalent of twenty or thirty lines.
'1 he chairman, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, rather discourteously, I thought,
interrupted him, so that the effect of the speech was marred. Coming
out of the dining-room the Doctor said to me, "How close was it to the
text?" I replied, "Perfectly". He continued, "But I ought to have
stopp(>d". " Yes", said 1. In preparing the memorial address, I had
written that his extempore speeches could not be distinguished from those
that he had "memorized". His daughter, Mrs. Bellinger, to whom I
read my address before delivery, suggested that "memorized" should be
replaced by "written", liecause when he wrote a speech he did not have
to memorize it consciously: the act of writing it served to memorize it.
This retentive memory was a great help to him in public speaking.
At our Institute meetings he was usually .called upon to make the
sfK'ech in which the visitors thanked the residents for their hospitality.
This happened so often that once he demurred. It was at Aspen. Sev-
eral of us in turn had l^een requested by the chahnan of the committee
on arrangements to express the thanks proper to the occasion; each in
turn suggested that the Doctor ought to do it, because we knew he could
do it best. When he rose to respond, he began with an apology for »»
apparent disinclination to perform the gracious task. He was asked U>
speak so often, he said, thit he was reminded of the Civil War veteran
who had told his little boy so much about his own performances in the
War that the boy exclaimed: "Pop, couldn't you get anybody to help
you nut down that rebellion?" When he made a witty or humorous
point, he would smile and give a Utile chuckle, joining in the merriment.
Another story. The Doctor was called "vindictive" sometimes, by
T. A. RICKARD
03
thotw whom he engaged successfully in controversy. He was a skilful
(httlectician, and unhappy was the man whom he countered in contro-
versy. Somebody asked Clarence King if Raymond wa8 not vindictive
Kmg di-murred, suggesting that he was only belligerent. To illustrate
the distinction he told the following story:
"Not long ago I was going up the trail from Silverton to the Silver
Lake mine and I met a long train of mules carrying sacks of concentrate.
Each mule had his tail tied to the halter of the one behind him, su that
he was prevented from bringing his heels into action— all except the last;
a*- I came abreast of him on the narrow trail and prepared to pass, I
thought I saw a wicked look in his eye, so I said to the packer or mu'le-
skmner, 'Is that mule vicious?' 'No', he replied, 'he ain't exactly vicious
but he's kmd o' versatile with his hind hoofs'. The Doctor was versatile
—with his pen— undoubtedly, but he was a kindly man, a generous man,
and if he used his pen so that it touched more than paper it was in the
joyousness of combat and the exuberance of mind— not to hurt, but to
make good his argument".
He h?fl the ability to digest a mass of information quickly and to
present it in attractive form. He could master a new subject with
wonderful facility. This enabled him to give public lectures on a great
variety of topics. For instance, George W. Maynard told me how one
day he asked Raymond to dine with him on the following Thursday.
"Thursday?" he replied, "No, I can't do it; I have to lecture on 'Storms'
at the Cooper Union next Thursday". Maynard said, laughing, " What
do you know about storms?" "Nothing, but I'll know all about them
by Thursday". He did; he went to Washington, discussed the subject
with the experts of the Weather Bureau, and returned in time to deliver
a lecture that proved to his audience that he knew all about storms that
was worth knowing. He accumulated knowledge as a kitten laps milk.
He could correlate facts so that they became living knowledge. He was
an educator.
1
Roiiiiniscriicvs
Hy AkTHVK M. 1)W KIHT
Thr Krcaf 'Icbt that the niininn fiiRiiMHTH of Aint'riru owe to Dr.
Uayiuond Hha \kh}i\ widely nTORnized and acknowlodKod. Hih untirinn
literary activitios iw writer aiul speaker in molding the thought, promot-
ing the fnH> ex<'hangeof technical idea** and experience, stimulating and
aiding the naturally silent ones to speak or publish their experience, have
Iwrne rich fruit in the long line of technical volumes, which show through-
out , the traces of his unerring touch; the eight volumes of the 'U. 8.
Mining Statistics' (1860-76), the early volumes of the 'Engineering and
Mining Journal', whi<h he edited, and the forty annual volumes of the
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Taken in
s<'(iuence, these form an almost comjjlete history of the development
of mining and metallurgy in America during the period of his professional
life.
He often said that he looked upon the Transactions as his proudest
and most enduring monument, but sometimes when he thought of his
fellow engineers who were wrestling with the practical problems in the
field, and sensing the joy of material accomplishment and success, he would
remark rather wistfully that he feared he hadn't done much, after all.
Such a feeling of temporary depre-ssion might be expected occasionally in a
man who, to use his own words, had deliberately chosen " to give his life and
strength to the vocation of an interpreter, chronicler, guide, and assistant
to engineers, rather than to that of a creative and constructive leader".
It is to that phase of his self-foigetful professional sympathy and generous
encouragement of his brother engineers that I direct attention. Mr.
Rickard in his first i)rief conmient on Dr. Raymond's death in the Janu-
ary 11,1919, i.ssue of the 'Mining anu Scientific Press', placed his finger un-
erringly on perhaps the truest index of Dr. Raymond's professional
achievements, when he said: "He influenced the men that now influence
others"
As a lucmlMT of his family, it was my privilege to know personally
many of his contemporaries in that brilliant group of pionwr mining
engin(H>rs and metallurgists who set the standard of the profession in
those early days, and who have now all passed on — Clarence King, Arnold
Hiiguc. ('. A. Stetefeldt, S. F. Enmions, the Janin brothers, and others,
while later I was thrown into intimate business relationship with more of
the Mine >?roup, Anton Eilei-s, my first master in the practical art of
metallurgy; and Otto H. Hahn, his superintendent at Pueblo; also Franz
Folir ;ind August Rahl.
It hould be remembei il thai up to about 1880 most of our mining
ti4
AKTHlTt ». DWKiHT
60
.•iiKiiiwrH were irainetJ in t».« »,ininK Hohooln of (Jcriimnv. mid m latv m
188.5 whon I w..„t Wp«t to.ir. Kilorn' HmrltiiiK plant at piieblu, ( Jolorado.
nearly all fh.- active .ngincHTH in Ih.Hi mininR and wncltinR lineo were
graduatoH »f KhmIhtk an.l ClauHtha.'. The American inininR whool.
were only jiwt heRinninK to make their preHence felt, alHu.UKh their
Kra< uufeH were M.njn to lH<come more numerous, and finally to exert a
predominating influence on the profession.
This naturally made three groups or generations of engineers that
prohted by Dr. Raymc.nd's influence, and it is well known that many
careers were profoundly shaped by his ever-ready counsel and sympathetic
Two captains of industry under whom it was my pleasant lot to
wrve, Anton Eilers ar.d August R. Meyer, ow(-d their favorable start
in professional work to Dr. Raymond's int<>rest and practical aid, and
years aft<.rward gladly acknowl«.dg..d their debt of gratitude Mr
hilers iHH-ame a clos«. an.l life-long friend; Mr. Mever «,.|dom saw him
agam, but he retained always a lively sense of appreciation, which he
expressed to me, when I came to know him well, many years after
Two rather trivial incidents may be worth the telling, not only as
chara-tenstic of thi.s helpful phase of Dr. Raymond's activities, but also
as throwing a side light on the early experienc es of these two interesting
pioneers m the smelting business, who were widely known as representing
the iMJst types of technical and business success.
While a student at the Mining Academy at Freiberg, Saxony Mr
Meyer had taken particular interest in the newly developed Parkes pro-
cess for the desilverizution of argentiferous lead, and had availed himself
of special opportunities in the German metallurgical works to gather
data for a scientific paper on the subject. On his return to his home at
St. Loms, Missouri, with no very definite ideas as to what he should do to
begin the practice of his profesfiion. he wrote to Dr. Raymond, then one
of the editors of the 'Engineering and Mining Journal', to enquire if the
Journal would purchase his article on the Parkes process, for puWication.
He met with a sympathetic response, some editorial suggestions as to
improvements m the style of the paper, and a counter-proposal that if he
did notactually need the money, he would find a larger audience and more
professional credit by allowing it. publication without compensation
in the then forthcoming volume oi Raymond's 'Mining Statistics', for
which, as usual, there was a most inadequate Government appropriation
To this proposal the young man readily consented. Soon after its pub-
lication, Mr. Meyer decided to seek his fortune in the West, and natur-
ally turned to Dr. RajTnond for advice as to where he should go, and how
he should get in touch with the right kind of jHH.ple. He was furnished
with a generous supply of letters of introduction, among others, one to
Dr. Eisner of Denver, a welKknown figure at that time, and in charge of
eft
liKHiRAl'MK AL MKKTC'HKH
thp U. H. AHHiiy-< >ffi< !• lit that place. On prcscntiiiK thin IfttiT of in-
trwluctioii und ixplttimrin that hv wa8 in wari-h of ii jol>, )w wan at oiiim"
a^kftl if li«' wa« any relation to tin Meyer who had written an article
on the FarkcH i»ro<etw in the la«t volume of Kayniond'H report«. He
replied with due nuMle«ty that he was hiniwlf the author, and waM in-
formed that he wan just the iiian for a job that waH vacant at Fairplay,
C'olorutio. He w.'nt there, secured the iMwition, and soon Iwcanie an
important factor in the enterprise, which later led to his participation in
the oiH-niiiK up of the rich new leail <U«trict of lieadville. It may U-
interest ing. in passinn* to mention the fact that Mr. Meyer was the man
who suKgested the nanu- of Leadville at the miners' meetinR called to
organize the tlistrict. A great smelting enterprise developed under his
genius for organization, and Mr. Meyer Iweaine one of the mont recog-
nized leaders in the industry.
Mr. Kilers came to this country in iS59. fresh from the Mining Acad-
emy of Clausthal, full of enthusiasm and hojK', Init with al»olutely no
ac(iuaintances or connections t.o ensure him a chance of suitable work.
After pursuing every available avenue that might lead to a position, he
found him-self at the end of his resources in New York; for, with superb
confidence in his future, he had marrie«l mnm after coming to this country.
With his characteristic good senn' he took a temporary poHition in a
store to tide things over, and one day when he was waiting on the custom-
ers he overheard a scientific friend of the proprietor exhibiting a fine
specimen of a rare mineral. Kilers sidled up to the group, managed to
join the conversation, and a.st<inislied the scientific visitor by correctly
calling the name of the mineral ami intelligently discussing it. The
visitor questioned him, learned that the bright-faced young clerk was a
trained mining engineer, and promissed to mention him to his friends,
AdeU)erg & Raymond, who were then conducting a consulting business
in New York and employing a number of young mining engineers on
examination work of all kinds. Dr. Raymond liked the young man, who
was about his own age, and after his abilities had l>een demonstrated,
chose him as his own particular assistant, and afterward made him
Deputy U. S. Commissioner of Mining Statistics. The wide acquaint-
ance with the mineral resources of the United States that Mr. F^ilers
gained at this jwriod undoubtedly had much to do with his subsequent
successful career, and the literary training he acquired while working so
ilosely with that kindly but unerring <ritic, Dr. Raymond, gave M r.
Kilers the command of the English language manifest in his technical
writings and marking his speech.
I shall not .attempt to recit* in detail the st^^ps of Mr. Eilers' progress
to wealth and fame, except to say that, once he got his foot on the ladder,
he climlwd it himself. In his travels through the mining regions of the
West, he saw the possibilities of developing the silver-lead smelting in-
n^^'m.. '09
AWTiuu w. I 'Hiirr
«7
.t.wt,ry ,,. wl.i,.|, Ik. <I«v«..mI wmt of hi. mfiv,. lif,- an.f in wh..h h.wa^
a,knowNMl«.. us the d.-an. Ho ir wa«. ...or,, tl.an a..y otU.r. - ho hu"
N .tu....l s,..o.,nh,. pnanples |.,r n.l.-of.f h..,„h n...fhrMlH. and p,. t^d out
th,. w,i> for .1... .volution of IIk' modern AinerirHr, pra.fi.-o of I,. , gmelt-
H,. .„.v,.r forgot l.„w h,. had Imn-,, holpod i,. hin early Htrug l.s an.l
"' paHs,.d on th.. .nofit to others. Hi.s plants won- not Hwe< -nkZ
but ra.n.,.« n.hooU. H« M-lec-ted hin .tuff on th. principle ,„«, he
h«n.hle.t ..mayor's a-HiHtant w»« in lino for promotion to mana^r a„d
r^*? .*'!:"'''''• '•"^'"'^ ^- ««y"«""'» Karl Kilers. Paul Ben.n«.r
rank M. Sm.th, Phil , ;. Monn.an, Howar.i F. Wierum, and olhTin
unnfl.:'""' T"'J'" '"■■»'«"-"- ^-» thi. ...ntinuo..; chain of hH^
ul .nfluen«. wluoh started with Dr. Raymond, although all of uh Z
Sit'. "" " '''■ ""^"""' '"''""'' '"^^'-" -'
In h.y own .a^., the debt ia t.n, gn-at to calculat.. It runs baok ink.,
the vague nhadown of n.y earliest recolle-lions. w.th son.o of the roman^I
of luH early oxper.en«.8 as soldier, travel.-,, an.l n.iner in the golden days
o the 'Aest reflect<.<J in these childish ...e.,,ories. It was lUrwH ha
always set the pace in the merrymaking, and the lessons in holor and
<lu y were part c^ the introduction to the ix.autiful and joyousThings
of the world. The Ia.st word I had fro... hin. was charactirL.e of tW„
bappy ,...x,ng of f..„ and d.-.-p feeli..g. I was i,. France when the news of
.. death reache.l .ne. only ... w..ks after the Arnusti.. and he
joy. s prospc-et of soon ,vt..rn , ,,„„:. . -«. di,nme<I by the thought thai
he would ..ot X. there with his ,< l.a .v . o..e. A fortn.ght later re
■an.e a belated l..tter fron. over t . <a. ... ,.ging n.e this last me. ... , '
x'ned.ctio.i : <».<.' i
" We art. long Ix-hind i.. news fro,., you. I wonder whe; , , ^. .ye
all lHK.n paralyzed by Victory, same as us? We dassn't say . ..ord for
5::^rr ::j:^^ ''-'" ' ^^-'^ ^ - - -^^^«« ^^^ >- 1^-
• . ' ^»i TT..**"' l"^^'^ '"■*' «°'"*^ *" '•*'♦ ""» «f*«''- " while and after a fash
.on! What Oh, what a time we shall have, piece by piece, in we^Ltg
th,.,,., .n vulgar fractions, as they come dribbling home' *
'•I fc.r you engineers will have to stay behind for a while and clean
L.; ' u7[ T'f " ^^''V"''^' *''"• •^^'^^^ f""" »he coast to the
V h , '^ n/^V«wcop ,x,rfc.ctly .lean, and now has to l,e followed up
w.th salvage harhnniy! " *^
<'Thi.^ i« a wi = :xnd deep Thanksgiving joy that we are having todav
and we feel the presence-of our beloved a//-tho«e who are phy H^k:
ab^ont, .n «„, 'ov..r there'. (Jod bk.s them and us, all gathid t^
got her under h,.s One Blessinfr'' K»i"treu lo-
' ■?ieiH'*^;:i-s'?3aEiBE
>'CfaBlJ
Hciiiiiiisceuct^s
By C. W. r.OODALB
My ttciiuaintauce witli Dr. Raymond Ix'gan in 1876, when I was
I'liH'tod a member of the Institute, and attended the Philadelphia meet-
ing, and the excursions to the coal mines and steel works of Pennsyl-
vania.
The Institute received a large addition to its membership in that year
of the 'Centennial', 214 new names having been added to its list, making
a total of 613.
Some of Dr. Raymond's characteristics impressed me at that time:
his cordiality and helpfulness to new members. This friendly spirit
was an important factor in the growth of the Institute in its early years.
The members who attended excursions of the Institute had opportuni-
ties to become well acquainted with the Doctor in a more personal way.
In the litigation connected with the Drumluinmon mine atMarys-
ville, Montana, which began in 1889 and ended in 1909, it was my good
fortune to be associated with Dr. Raymond as a witness for the Montana
Mining Co., and during one of the trials in 1893, which required several
weeks, the Doctor occupied his leisure hours in translating Posepny's
paper on 'Ore Depohits'. In this, a.s well as in other incidents of his busy
life, he confirmed the statement, "So true it is, that it is not time that is
wanted by men, but resolution to turn it to the best advantage".
After the first important trial in the above-mentioned Utigation be-
tween the Montana Mining Co., Ltd., and the St. Louis Mining & Mill-
ing Co., a suggestion was made by the management of the former com-
pany to the latter, that a conference between engineers selected by both
.sides might result in a compromisi'. Acting on this idea, the Montana
company named Dr. Raymond, who was much pleased when he learned
that Prof. William B. Potter, a former president of the Institute, had
l)een selected to represent the St. Louis company.
D)'. RajTuond arrived at Marysville in April 1894, and a few days later
he learned indirectly that Prof. Potter was in town. Believing that Prof.
Potter would want to look into the question first under the guidance of
the St. Louis management. Dr. Raymond awaited notice from him that
he was ready to take up the question. But no such notice was received,
and it was soon known that Prof. Potter had left the town. In reply to
a letter from Dr. Raymond, Prof. Potter stated that as Dr. Raymond had
arrived first, it was up to him to make the first call, to which Dr. Raymond
replied that he "was not aware that any .'» o'clock tea etiquette prevaile<l
in the Montana mining camps".
OS
C. W. GOODALK gg
Thug an effort to bring alwut a settlement of the controvcrey failed
and 15 yeaw more of litigation followed, with great rosts and much an-
noyance to both sides.
In the following incident we see Dr. Raymond's contempt for a bad
pohtical appomtment. In July 1887, the Institute had meetings at Salt
«^ i-^I!?.^".**^'^'' """^ "^ ^-^^ P'^*«*"* incidents in the latter city was
a delightful uncheon tendered by- the Blue Bird Mining Co. on one of
itslowerlevels. Afewweeks before,onthe 13th of June, the Butte Miners'
Union had marched in a body to the Blue Bird mine, where the Union
thlrh .t^"" recognized, and demanded the privilege of sending men
through the nune, for the purpose of 'rounding up' the miners, with the
avowed mtention of compelling them to march back to town and to join
the Union. The superintendent refused, whereupon the Union threat-
ened him, and, among other pleasantries, threw a rope over his head,
i- aihng to get any protection from the sheriff's office, the management had
^rfrj^T n" ""'f " '""^^^ °"* ^^^'' P'**"- The leader of the
r^fYnn ^f\t' °^: ''!'^ "^^ *'"'' ^^^ '''■**«'■ «f *•»« day, justified the
" Vn^H T^*^ '" *"' ^^'^' *"^ '" «""«'°" *« th^ roP*". he said:
Nobody saw the rope thrown, but it got there just the same".
«ven hwr"'-.-^''""* °VIl^ ^°'*""*' "^^*^« i" Butte was a banquet
Cluh ^r K '"""' *°*^ ^'"°^ '''^ * «"^*' '»*" «»' ''PP^^ring at the
^.lub, where he again took great glory for the miners over the Blue Bird
outrage. Institute members who were present, among them Mr. E. G
h^f s nMh '■"'"". T glorification of an indignity suffered by one of the
men Dr R*^^ ^' !! K T *?° *" **°"""'^ '^''^^' °^ ^^' organization.
thT fnlP r?""* ^"^'^ °^ •*' ^"^ "^^^ ^"^"i''^^ "^l^""* Penrose, and
the following facte came out: The Territorial legislature, a few years
^ n^H t .K^'T'* * '*'"' '"^"""^ * ^^'- Arbitration Board, to he ap-
tTli^'lf r £'''"T' u "' l"'™'^'" ''■'''" *^" employing class, one from
the ranks of labor, and the third Was to be impartial and disinterested.
^ r''*''-"?'" ""^ ^PPO'nted Penrose as the third member of this Board
and the wisdom of the selection may be judged from the following quol
ationsW Penrose's own paper, the <Butte Mining Journal' In r^
ferring to the Blue Bird incident : r »ai , m re-
reac'hlJVSt'Z'r.T!? '" *'" T""'""^ "^ *'"' hofetinK-works. and as they
al^„t thtl » c f ''^ *PP-08ch, fH,me one in the rear noticed apiece of rone
about three or four feet long, lying near the trestle. In a spirit of miScf t wm
taken up. t.ed mto a noose and carelessly thrown into the air and .hS suZ
by accident, upon the head and shoulders of the superiMtenden;.'' ^ ' ^
Editorially, Mr. Penrose said:
70
BIOOHAPHICAL SKKTCHKS
The Doctor cotitrihuted to fho 'EugincerinK jiihI Mining Journar
some editoriiil correspondence on th«' nmnifest unfitness of Penrose as
an impartial arbitrator, and, among oilier caustic remarks, said:
"Aiul when S.IIIU' funny Mlow, whi> ailviMiatcs such ixTfommnces, is appt)int<'.l
to !vn inifMirtivii' r.fficc hv the CJovcrnor, why nhouldn't all truly (tixMl-nnturpd poopl»
sniilinnly iwk the (rt>v(!rnor what in the name of Opf-ra llouffp he means by itT"
Oi' course, Penrose replied, and, in closing, evidently thought he >Md
clinched the argument by saying: "Mr. Raymond can gM to ;"
to which th:> Doctor replied:
"ITie olega.it editorial in the 'Butte Mining Journal' eonrluH^ with the decl»ration
that ' Mr. Raymond can go to — . ' This appears to he a kind t/ free pa»«. iwuMl l>y
an agent of ths line. As Mr. Raymond has no me for it, Mr funnwc imd brtter
keep it. The time may come when he will be glad of a blank tM'kt-t U> , anywh^-f*
out of Butte, although for the preHent he does not ne*d nwh md, since, in hii> gr«>:t*
character of Impartial Third Meml>er, he is entitled to travel aA the public cxpcn«f
He also made use of the following scor efc i tin r woretn:
"This is the 'episode' which was 'long ago settled', when I visited But ^o, a month
later. 1 should be f;lad to know how it was settled. Were the actors in the outrage
expelled from the Miners' Union, or otherwisr disciplined? Was the eleciion' of
prisoners under duress declared invalid? Was Mr. Penrose in jail, or on bail? On
the contrary, st) far as I could Iftam, n<ithiag whatever had been dowe; except that the
blatant demagogue wlio had insulted public decency, imperiled public safety, and
defied public justice with his mccn<!iary nhnldry, hud Ix-en selected by the dovemor
as satisfying the words .if the -'tatute:
' 'And the third .shall be i citineri who wi^' iu*t probably be directly interested in any
dispute t>etween employers and emplo -eeK'
"Mr. Penrose may think, or prof««« in Inn iu iise-pa|HT lo think, that tlii--^ prepo.-*-
terous appoint nient wttled' all epit-id**"' </f hi.s previous career. To nie, it »ppe«rod
thi.t the affair liad 'settled' like any other nanty precipitate, to rise again on the Ami
agitation of the waters'. The fast m, inerr •.sittimg' won't ;!.. for Penro.se. He ouglit
to be filtered out .-uid .hrown away
Rom
misoonrps
By Koiikkt W. Hint
It i« my priviloKc to have known Dr. Raymond for many years, and
our HffpmnUinre (and I may claim friendship) Ijegan and continued in
connection wit,h the American Institute of Mininn Engineers. There was
a fjrilhaftt coterie of men identified with the formation and the early days
'Jf the Inatitut4.'H history. Th^ were men of social as well as of scientific
tastes, and were naturally drxrn UmMher; their intercourse sparkled
wth wit and humor in the niidirt of the mwe serious con«iderat.ion of
the subjects that int^rcst^d then.. Thone who were fort.unate enough
t^ enjoy the friendship of Sterry Hunt. Persifor Fraaer, Eckley B. Coxe
rhomiis Drown, Alexander HolUy, J. F. HolUpwy and others of that
flay, with Dr. Raymond alway.-* .me of the most ^^mmnt, wer* t« \ye con-
gratulated upon their gor,d fortune, and to thow aT •• who still live,
the memory of that intercourse is among our mof* /4i#rished recolkw-
tion.s. They were great men all, f)Ut none greater than Dr Ra>Tnond
He was the pcr.-.onification of culture, of retainment, nr.d application
Few men have pos,.es,sed so great and detailed knowledge of so many
subjects, and yet few.r who had all of that knowledge at their immediatie
ccanmand.
As an illustration of Dr. Raymond's wonderful ability to present
technical subjects to the non-technical mind, in not only a clear but also
an attractive manner, I recall the meeting of the Institute at Troy, New
York, ,n October 1883. I was the president; Troy was my home, and
naturaUy I was anxious that the meeting should be a professional success
but also that the Troyans should form a goo<i opinion of an Institut^
meeting. It must be remembered that the Institute was but 12 years old,
and had not then taken the commanding position among technical socie-
ties that It .so .soon attained. Communities among whom Institute
meetings were held did not always distingui(«J. t^-tween the various kinds
of engineers, and sometimes, as a. Baltimore, "xpressed the hope that
the VLsitmg nuning engineers would not inaugurate another strike. At
all events, the committee of arrangements and I were anxious that the
I roy meeting should start m not only a dignified, but also an attractive
manner. At that time, Martin I, Townsend was one of Troy's most
distinguished citizens and a pleasing orator. He was .selected to make the
welconung .-uldn'ss at the first meeting, and, to follow the president's
repb\ we felt that w'> ought to have a presentation of some scientific
subject m a popular and attractive manner. Dr. Raymond suggested
that he would give a brief talk upon The Law of the Apex'. I admit
that I felt skeptical, but 1 had all confidence in Dr. Raymond, and it
71
t«
BIOORAPHICAL SHrTfHEK
wan rto arranK^- K*- Rave ow (rf the most dplightfiiUr instruetive
adtln'sw'a to which I have ever listeBwl, and. ueedlww to say, captured
\tt*^ audi»'H<»'. With that aiispiciow *«tart, the Troy meeting wan a
liiuMy wi»Te!4Hf«l on*'. Later Dr. Ilaymoiid cliilKtnited lii« siM>ecli into a
carrfully prepared paper -hich is in the Trunsactions as having been
prei«»'nt*id »t the Troy
In Jaly 1905 it w >rtune to Ix- with the members of the In-
stitute, Dr. liaymo, .ecretary, on tlieir visit to Alaska and the
Klimdike, where we wci. .«e quests of the Dominion government. In
July 190t», the Institute went to England and S otiand as the guests of
the Iron and Steel Instittite; this lasting two weeks, L)eginning with a
joint meeting with our hosts in London. After a week's rest, tliere
followed a trip across the Channel to Dusseldorf, as the guests of the
Association of German Iron & S.eel Manirfacturers. In October 1911, the
Institute accepted an invitation from its Japanese members to visit that
country; and we who went found ourselves practically the guests of the
Japanese government. All four of those trips were most succe.ssful,
and as it happened that I was at the,se times either the [jresident of the
Institute, or delegated by the council to act as such, I was thrown into
closer relations with Dr. Raymond during the visits than would have
happened otherwi.se.
Dr. Raymond not only commanded the respect of our host«, but also
won their esteem. He never made an address that did not present
matter for thought and displayed so intimate a knowledge of his subjects,
and the national or local conditions b<'aring upon theni, that thereby
greater weight was given to his suggestions and (onclusions. The
Mikado de<'orated him, and som(> of his Japanese friends and admirers
presented him with a valuable piinc of silver, illustrating Japanese art
and skill.
Those who have only known the In.stitute during these later years
can fonu but an imperfect idea of the .^t mggl<>s and labors in' ident to its
earlier life. While it has been successful from the day of its organization,
it has l>eeix so only through the unselfish devotion of those who founded
it ar«i their younger associates and successors. In my judgment, the
Institute has accomplished a greater work m bringing into harmonious,
and therefore mutually helpful relations, the mining and metallurgical
interests of America than any other organization. It was the first to
secure the hospitably open door to mine, mill, shop, and factory.
For nearly 50 years the Institute was a large part of Dr. RajTnond's
very life. He gave to it the l)e8t of his !>est, uiid from so iloing, it became
the hM-der for him to transfer some of the burden to others, but the
Ameri«-an Institute oi Mining Engineers (no imitter what may be its
future naaie) will always 1m> Rossiter VVorthington Raymond's greatest
nionumem .
Reminiscences
Bv Hbnby M. Howe
Rossiter WorthinKton Raymond was extraordinarily brilliant wittv
Hoquent, and versatile. With him you at once felt yoLel T^the p^'
^ce of an uncommon and most interesting intellect l^LveltT;
•owld have made him shine in any calling. vematmty
In stalling to write of him, the memory of the first time I s»w h.m at
.i.s trwpfi aed fiear as yesterday.
He anW Egleston were the striking figures of that gath«-ing each
-^mg as a f..l to the other. Egleston's splendid and u^Uftrng enthu-
ri, To Zr T'T^". ''^ ™"'"" ^""''^ '^ thLedluh all
llV I ' "'^ '"^^ ''^^'•" th'^ Ponderousness of his thought
and spj^ech a^amst which he struggled as a burden of the flesh He
urged h.sth,>.^hts on an anvil which ever rang true, but with aTamme
so unw eldy ^^ '^ enhance the effect of Ra.vmond's brilliant epigra^ his
mas oHy shor, .uts of reasoning, his silvery eloquence his 'Sg t
tuitions, and m«# of all his extraordinary mastery over langu^e It
was th.s that gave him his eloquene, his charming Ityle, his wU^nd h
■ontrov.rs,al power. Perhaps he never shonemore brilliantly than when "
STdt thlu" r 'u *'' "u 'l.""*"^' ''''' "^^ ^«"'^ ^«f-d a position so
(hffi,,ult that h.. hardly would have adopted it on sol,er second th««ht
Here he .showed lumself r»»e ma.ster of every device of eloquence and^t<^
nc, mclud,ng sophistries so adroit and so skilful as to ral our a^ir^,"
or our exasperation accordmg to our point of view. One of thC cTo^t
and dearest to h.m is said to have exclaimed in despair, "T^7Jr.^
say so, Ros, the more it isn't so". ^^
But these were only the delightful prank.s of his exul*r«ru intellect
u mt eliectual romps, for, in fact, he was e^entially moirt »«o« and 'i^:
t^'raL^r: ""^"""''^ '''^''-' -' " '--' >•— ^- -^^
Shining as he did as an intellectual leader of our guild, he often «(i»ed
to have Htrayed into it hy accident, to have pa,sserbv he , Im.T^^
■mnKstry an.l the law, in whK.h his g.fts might' perhaps have b'^ll
on greater d.st.nct.on. Hi.s religious activity at Plymouth ( "htS ^
on the same high plane with hi.s professional work, in which indeedlT
excelled as a persuader and exhorter.
So too, his devotion as hnsl,and, fatJu-r, and brother knew no bounds
Greatly as he delighted in things intellectual, he was moved even mot
73
71
UIOGRAPUICAL HKHTrHEM
by sympathy, affection, and sentiment, a man rather of the heart than
of the head.
Looking baek on this rare figure, who played so brilUant a part in
our work, this leader, preaeher, writer, orator, stimulator, wit, contro-
versialist, biographer, and lover, each of us may well say:
"Take him for all in all,
I shall not look upon his like again."
^^e>u;^^,-.
A Tribute
Uv Alfkkd K. -Bblumoer
' I have no deniro to attempt any complete picture of my grandfather •
I want only to tdl you of the way he appealed il a youn« man My chief'
He could talk, and talk well, on an endless variety of subjects His
traLrrr 'f™'''' an inexhaustible mine of anecdoteCd ill"
tration. He was forever producing some tale of his younger davs oui^e
z::v::^ rl'^'z^r ':k ^-^ beyond'hisX:; Xr
ame iZl n R u ''''; ^"'^J^'**" "^^''^ ^"«aK«d his attention. When I
^k forwari to r "^'.l ^ T^!"^ "' '""^««' °"« "^ '^^ ^^'^^ ^^ngs to
Mn ri t h.T' t''^* r "'^u^ Grandfather's new mterest this time.
U might be the Greek philosophers or the distribution of anima's the
pected and something which he could make fascinating even though T
knew nothing about it. After I had gone to the little Ln^Lroom he
wouJd come m with a book and we would talk into the small halT^^
ome more virtuous memlK.r of the family put an end to theXussbn
It was always rather discouraging to me that, after such a night S-
H« l^^!''^ ^■"J"'" •"*' "'^' ^"''"'^' '° "''^^ ^''''' f"*- '"« interest in people was
a great a., his mwrost in science or law or philosophy. HrgreateS
virtue a. a companion of young men was that he never conLcendeH
It never appeared to occur to him that we were not his Cr Hhe
happened to d.H«,gr«. it was as he would with a man of his own age and
never with any assumption that he must be right and we wrong Z^^
he was our senior. Those who appreciated bim most did not alwa^
agree with hmi by any means, but the disagreement never sto^ be lee^
wi h ki^JrrndsT ' '" ""'^ ^'''"^"^ ^' ^" '^-^^^ differen^Hf opinL"
with his friends, however overpowering he might l,e in arguing the point
gcne":ti:ri'd:;;Sh" " ^ r"^'^* "^'^^ the sins of The yoC
g. neration. I dou.)t if he was much interested in sin; at least he was far
too wise to try to repress when he could inspire.
Jw7- 'T^' T"'"""'' ^^ "'•^' grandfather: filling the pulpit here or
at Washington; drowsing over the chess-i^oard, long ago whT it" J
ously learned to mate with a king and qiH^n; expour^ngT^e po^t^;
mence among mining engineers; tyrannising ov^ ttTon^Tn Tt
Uie dmner-table. But my best and ^iron^L.,nJliZ^\Z.^
hj. .« the supreme interpreter to a younger general*;a of Z l^i^^oJ
7i
JAMES \i\D JIM: TWO BOYS
A Stokv «)K thk Coal Mines
Bv KoKHiTEH W. Raymond
CHAHTKH t
Mr. Makk Moklky wuh tlM>HU|K'rint<'ndent «>f two institutionH, the
Khony coal mine, and thi> Sunday-wchool attondod by the children of
the miners.
In his capaeity a.s Sunday-ttch<H)l Huperintentlent, Mr. Morley took
much interest in a bright ytMinR fellow, who paid such Ame attention to
cverythinK that was said by his teacher, as to be quit^- an exception to the
average Sunday-school wholars. Om- day he stopjwd by the class to
which this boy belonKe<l. and talked with him awhile. When praised
fi.r his attentiveness the Iwy laughed and said. "Well, you 8e«>, sir, I have
to learn it all here; and most of the others, they can learn afore they
come".
"Can you rcmd?" asked the sup*'rintendent : "haven't you got a
l)ook?"
"Oh, yes, sir! I can read", replied the boy; "and I've got a book,
imt it air he ri^ht kind."
Sonu !>; internipted the conversation here — somethinR is always
interrupting a Sunday-school superintendent, you know— but the boy's
words kept ringing in Mr. Morley'smind; and when ('hristmas came, not
long afterward, and he had the pleasure of giving a prize for constant
attendance and good l)ebavior to this very boy, he handed him a Testa
ment, with the remark, "This is a book of the right kind, for a boy oi thv
right kind". Moreover he made up his mind to inquire further al out
that lK)y, and watch his progress carefully; but h«' never »rot beyond
finding out that the l)oy was an orphan, whose father had Imvu ki'led by
fall of rock in the mine. His name was James, and he seentcvl to be
about fifteen years old.
Soon after this, Mr. Morley became interested in another l)oy t.i
about the same age, whom he found in a very different place. He also
was an orphan; and if his name was not James, it came pretty near, for
it 'vas Jim. But lK«for(> I tell y«m about Jim, I must give you some
notion of the place where Mr. Morley found him. Sunday-sch(tol. 1
trust, is so familiar to you all, that you do not need a particular at co.iiit
of that; but a coal mine may l)e a very different <ase— though, imWd,
the first Sunday-schools were held in places not unlike mines; namely, in
7(>
KOH8ITKR W. RAYMOND 7-
So h,.r.. .s a loctur.. „u tho subjeH, .nado u« «hor( a. poHHible You
know a tolosoopo h„s to .. drawn ou. a littlo if o„o i. fo^ anyth^,";
throuKh .t; and all yon .-an a«k of a story or,HpvKla«« is th^ IhonZ
nght focuH ha« boon reach..!, tho <lrHwin,-out Thall ^top.' ' ^'" '''
Coal 18 foimd in JkmIs, or seams, which lie in the rocks as a slice of ham
hes m a sandwich. Sometimes these beds are nearly horizontal sor^^
jmes they are tipped up. Now, there are three ways'ofTttC he hit
tha ,8 m a sandwich. One is, to eat the whole sandwich, ham ami sT
tn t^t /.. '"""^ ''"'''''" ""'• ^""«'y P^"P'- '«o- The .second '
TJf'i.- 1 J "' ^ ''''^ ^^''^ ^^^'^ ^""^ ^'^^«"t disturbing the brea^
And this thu-d way, which nobody ever thinks of taking with a him"
Handwich, .B the only way that can be practised with thl Zt «and
wiches m the rocks, the coal-beds. We have to take out the coal with
the use of picks and drills and hammers an.l gunpowder amJ'et the
rock alone as far as possible. So you .see, although the 'dge o tt
coal may snow at the surface of the ground, just as the edge oUhe hl^i
Hhows in the sandwich, yet, before we have proceeded far wi^h our dr
a mi;;. ' '" '"^ '^'^"^'''^^ ""'^^ «^°-^' -^ *he hole we C made t
f h/"'^' \^r """. '''"' **'•"«' *° '^ ^♦^^"ded to in coal mining First
there must be a safe way kept open by which the men can go in und come
out, and the coal can !>. brought to the surface after it is LLe f^mTtl
bed. Secondly, something must l>e done to keep the rock overhead Lm
ailing on the coal, after it has been broken, and crushing ami bui^ n"T
whatismore™
them, rhirdly, he water thatcollects intheminemust be got outTfTt
or It wi 1 gradually fill up. Fourthly, the mine must be wntltei tha;
s, supplied with good fresh air. This is more importan^fn ta Ini^L
than anywhere^else m the world; although it is im^rtant eveiywZrr
-even m Sunday-schools. I sometimes think that tf all SunlTlhool
upenntendents were also, like Mr. Morley, managers of ^Ifrntes
they would care more about ventilation; and I am sure thev wouTd
know lH.tter how to go to work and get it. For there rnothfngTlJ
makes people learn and remember like a great danger. If y^u k^^w ha
unless you had your lesson perfectly you might be suddenly s^ruSTlead
lit le ^-daehe, - f , ^^ere the les.son was. or lose your bo;' loulS
you Well, that 18 the way they studv and pra-tise ventilation J.^
of hves. So you may well imagine that they try to get their lesson well ;
7S
J\MKH \N» JIM
ttud 1 think tliey tould touch aonie things to the very .nKt-nioun gentlemen
who build IwclliiiKH tuid fhtircht^.
But 1 must Ko bark a lilll<- j»«t t / hint to you how the othtr ticceMiiry
thiiiKH I hav«' nainod air wcurod. For Kfttinn in and out of \Uo mine
we 8«inu'timoH use long tunnels, U'ginning in valleys, and running into
the hillH. But often it is neeeawary to make pits, or shafts' m they are
called, like great vleep wells, going down at an angle into the ground with
the coal, or straight down till they reach it. Then at different levels
horizontal halls, called gangways, are cut out in the coal; and from these
halls the workmen dig chambers, or 'breasts' as they are called, bringing
the coal into the halls, loading it in cars, ;ind carrvinir it to the tunnel,
where it is trundled out, or to the shaft, where it is lioisted out, to day-
light, or, as the Cornish miners say, 'to grass'. 'Clo to grass!" is an
expression which we sometimes hear Iwys use, when they mean to be very
contemptuous; but if, after Iwing for hours in the darkness and dirt of a
coal mine, you had ever come out at last to see once more the sunshine
and blue sky, and the green earth, you would think 'going to gra-^-s' a
thing not to l)e despised.
If you imagine a big hotel, with a hall in the middle, having a long
winding staircase and an elevator, and then on every story halls going
away on either side, and bedrooms opening out of these, you will get
some notion of the shaft, gangways, and breasts of a mine. Only in the
Ebony coal mine, to which my story refers, the central hall, or shaft, was
inclined; and consequently the bedrooms, or breasts, were tilted like
state-rooms on an ocean-steamer in a storm. This was all the better:
for, when the men loosened the coal up in the breasts, it rolled right down
to the gangway of its own accord. In all the gangways there were rail-
roads, and the cars full of coal were drawn by mules to the main shaft.
Here thi-y were hoisted by means of u long stiu^l-vvire rope, wound up by
a mighty steam-engine which was stationed in the shaft-house at the
top. The mules lived down in the mine. They had a stable there, and
seemed perfectly contented, though they saw no other light than the
smoky niinei-s' lamps K*'ally they were quite comfortable. — no changes
of weather, no changes of work; only one serious annoyance, namely, the
rats, which would ge'. into their mangers after the corn, and, not satis-
fied with stealing a part of their food, woidd bite their noses, to prevent
them from eating altogether. But mules can bite, as well as rats; and,
although the war went on, l)oth parties seemed to thrive. Nothing
suffered seriously l)Ut the corn.
The shaft, the gangways, and to some extent the bre-.i-<ts or chambers,
were protected against the failing in of the rock by stout timbers. The
water was raised from the lower levels by means of great puinns, op -rated
by the steam engine on the surfac >. But when it had been rfiised half-
way, It was delivered into an o'd tunnel that went out about a (juarter ,^f
ROM8ITRR W. HAYMOND
79
n« eHHary, Huh old tunnol wan the mail ,,ntry to it; now it mu. um-d for
nothing exft'pt to earry away water. wiMtuwuior
I muHt t..|| yo„ a littl. more almut the ventilation, and then the lectur*.
wdl Jk. done, an<l th-, Htory will In^Rin again in earnest.
A« I Haid before, coal mines need to he mor.. thoroughly ventilated
^an any other place, which me. have to enter. The rein is, Jhlt
besides the burnmg and smoking lan,pe, and the breathing and sweating
of men and annnals. which make the air unfit to breathe, the coal S
produces very dangerous gases. The principal ones a o the 'blaTk
damp' and the 'fire-damp'.
.»«"'h'"';1^'K^.'' *''"^ ***^ pf'il<>«ophers call carbonic acid. It is the
fn thaJtnn"-. T '" T'^r*'"'' '"^' "^•''' '» '« ^'^ «-' ^« ^rLk
m that fonn, ,t » not good to breathe. A little too much of it in the air
wTnoT^ilrn in i^'"^'^' *"' " '"-' '''' ^"« "'"^*» ''^ ^^^'^ ^
Fire-damp, on the other han.l, is somewhat (though not exactly) like
H. ga. we burn .n our houses. It takes fire ea«,ly; and when enough of
.t gets mixed With ordmary air, it may explode, or 'blow up', just a^
ZnZmZ ""^ ;n'""^ ''"^ "'^" ^ «"«-^"'-"- ha; LL len
open untd the room is full of it. After burning, or exploding, the fire-
damp leaves behind another gas. called the 'choke-damp', which 1^
almost as bad. It will not burn, but it stifles people like the biack-iamp
One thmg is very fortunate for the miner-fire-damp and choke-
damp are lighter than common air; and so they float along th'op of the
gangway, over his head, while black-damp is heavier than common air
and lies along the bottom. So that, if there is not too much of them aTd
they are not starred up and mixed together, there may still be a^^er of
air fit to breathe m the middle of the gangway, though the gases aUhe
t.p and bottom are poisonous. How would you like to crawl along a
dark hall, knowmg that if you carried your head too high or too low yo^
might faint away, and never ' come to ' again ' ^
tho^n?* ^""^ "ir^r* ^^'"'' ***** '^''' '' '^' '"•''•"^'•>- «««t« oi things with
he miner. On the contrary, a vast current of fresh air is conSan ly
orced through the mine by engines and blower, to sweep it clear o?aS
these noxious gases. It is only when by some accident to the machinery
this current is stopped, or when by some sudden fall of coal or rXa
quantity of the gas, imprisoned in the coal, much greater than can be
immediately cleared away, rushes into the mine, thaTsuch terrTble firo^
explo.sion., etc as we read about become possible in any weCgulated
by Mr. Morley. The pure air was drawn through the mine in a perfect
breeze, by a huge revolving fan run by steam at the top; and ^ wel
was everything arranged, that although in former times the Ebo^ 3
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80
JAMES AND JIH
had the reputation of being a very 'fiery' mine, and many men had
been bailly Hinged or even killed by the little and great fires and explosions
that had taken place the.-e, yet for several years before the time of our
story there had not li(»en a single accident of that or any other kind.
There was not even a safety-lamp, except the one which Mr. Morley or his
foreman carried when they went exploring into some parts of the old
workings where the fresh air could not so freely pass. A safety-lamp is a
sort of lantern, so constructed that it will not immediately set fire, as u
naked candle would do, to the fire-damp around it. But it gives a dim,
dingy light, and the men don't like to use it; and they are only too likely,
when they fancy there is no danger, to open the lantern, and get the light
out, so as to see better. Mr. Morley used to say he would rather pour
so much fresh air through the mine, that safety-lamps would not be
necessary, than risk some great disaster from such carelessness m their
use.
One thing more, which brings us around very gracefully to our story.
With all the apparatus and all the pains taken to n- ^ke a current of good
air, it was not always possible, without special aid, to ventilate the
breasts. These I have compared to bedrooms. Now, you know a bed-
room, with the window shut tight, and only a hole over the door, will
not be well ventilated. Some people appear not to know that, but I
trust you are better informed. In the Ebony mine they connected their
chambers, or breasts, as fast as they could by a sort of back entry as an
air-passage; but while they were excavating or digging out a new breast,
and before they had any rear connection for it, the air needed by the
men had to be blown in to them. This was done by means of small
revolving fans, looking somewhat like a patent churn, with a boy to turn
the crank. As long as the men were at work in the breast, the boy
turned that crank, and the fresh air was forced up to them from the gang-
way through a tin pipe. They were out of sight; but they would soon
know if the fan stopped, by the dim way in which their candles would
burn, and by the feeling which the bad air would give them.
One day Mr. Morley was passing along a gangway opposite a new
breast. Even before he had reached the spot he had heard the whirring
of the fan. But when he got near enough to see clearly he stopped short,
gazed for a moment in wonder, and burst out laughing. The boy whose
business it was to keep the fan going had contrived a very comical way
of doing it. He had placed a piece of board so that he could lie on it,
taking care to have the end for his head considerably higher than the other.
At the lower end of this board stood the circular box containing the fan,
and the crank-handle projected over the board. This arrangement being
complete, the young inventor had tied one of his feet to the crank-handlo
and then laid himself flat on his back on the board, in which position he
was turning the crank luxuriously with his foot. His hat was perched on
R088ITEB W. RAYMOKD f<|
the front partof hin head, a« ladies' hat« are 8ometune« worn. In the front
of th.8 hat wa« hooked, according to miners' fashion, his little t n la^p
and by Us fbckering light he was reading a dime-novel. The boTriThe
c^uw'L *'' ""' "T ''' ""'' "•^'^ '''"'-^"«^- I" fact, nc^hing twt
which he showed when ho heard the superintendent laugh.
^ Hallo! said Mr. Morley, "who are you?"
" Jim," repUed the boy, laying down his book, and putting his hands
under his head a„d never stopping for an instant [he ste^adySn^^^^^^^^
oot and leg He paid no attention to that part of his body , and it s Jmi
to go of .tself, as ,f .t were a machine with which he had kothiiTda
That leg of yours will get bigger than the other", mi,] the Tuperin.
tendent, " if you give it so much exercise." euperm-
■X^hange 'em once an hour," replied Jim. '• D'ye think I'm a fool?"
Mr. Morley laughed again. Then he said more gravely, "I don't
know about th«, my boy; it looks a little lazy. I'm afr J you forge
the fan sometunes. That won't do, you know'' ^
the.^'''a;E''.'"rH'^- "^^ '"^"P*'J- "^y ^«« '« "P '" the b^ast
there ask hun And his manner said, plainly enough, "If he is satis-
wtmelnTlt^r'tr"- "^l' ^^^^^^ ^^^^ Sense whei^eno^
hlT ^ ij^ *'*"*^ *"""' "^ '^™ «"^' **»»* the head miner in the
1' S "^ . .u"" ^*° '^'**°*«' ^^ ^*« P'^d himself by the company
according to the amount of coal they got out. And, moreovS the
miners when afterwa- i questioned, declared that Jim iaveTeL more
air and steadier than any boy they had ever hired « »««" more
The superintendent determined to make friends with this grimy, smart
boy; so he continued the converaation, saying first, " You are right tTe"
If the men get air enough. I don't care whether they get it by Sg-pow7;
or hand-power". Then he added quickly. "HowdoyoulikeyoiLXr
The head of it's gone, and the tail of it's gone", replied Jim '-Ind
I can't make nothin' out of the middle." F eu jim, and
"What makes you read it, then?"
''Why, a fellow must read something, mustn't he?" Mr Morlev
stood a moment, wondering what kind of book, not too dry, and yet no^
said. What do you do when you are not reading?"
"Bats!" was the unexpected reply. "Want to see 'em? Well I
expect you can't. They don't come out for company. But they'll
come out jast enough when I whistle for 'em, if I'm alone. TW t old
Abraham Lincoln behind you now"
Mr. Moriey turned quickly, but Abraham Lincoln had vanished ■
Do you knov/ all the rats?" he a«ked in surprise vanisned.
"Sixteen", said Jim. "Won't have any more. The 'sociation'.
full. ^Notvittles enough to go round. When'any of the^t c^mTldl-
82
JAMBS AND JIM
ing about, I hit 'era on the nose, and make 'em go away. Say, do you
think sixteen rats, if I shut 'em inside, like a squirrel in a cage you know,
could run that fan?"
The supprintendj'Ht fairly roared at this idea. "Woll, well!" he
exclnimod; "you'll be an engineer some day, if you keep on. That's
the first use I over heard suggested for rats in a mine."
"Oh, they're good for more'n that!" said Jim, sitting upright in his
animation, but still churning away vigorously with his machine-leg.
"Perhaps they couldn't turn the crank, but they know a heap of
things. You ought to see Abraham Lincoln climb a post when he'iS
afraid of the black-damp. You see, he's so Uttle, that if he staid down in
the gangway the black-damp would drown him, sure. So he climbs a
post. Tell you another thing. Them rats go out of the mine whenever
they're o' mind to, and they don't go up the shaft, neither. I tried to
make Abraham Lincoln tell me the way, — tied a string to his tail, and let
him run, and followed him. No use; he just ran under a cross-tie, and
there he staid till I was tired out waiting. But I'll get it out of him!"
"Probably the rats use some of the old passages and air-ways", said
Mr viorley carelessly. " You know they can go through places where
the ground is so caved and crushed that a man couldn't pass." But Jim
shook his head. "Abraham Lincoln won't go where it ain't safe for a
man", said he positively. "He's too smart. But I'll have itout of him !"
"I must be getting along now", said Mr. Morley. "I am sorry I
can't stay longer."
"So be I", replied Jim, "it eases my leg."
" Wouldn't you like to have me bring you a book to read next time I
come— a book that will tell you all about the machinery of the mine, and
the black-damp and fire-damp and after-damp, and perhaps about the
mine-rats too? Though I think you know more about th<;m now than
any book can tell you".
Jim's eyes shone out of his grimy face like lights in a very dark gang-
way. "Is there books like that?" he said under his breath. Then,
looking ruefully at his dirty hands and clothes, he added, "Spile it".
" But I will give it to you; and you may spoil it and welcome, if you will
only read it. Good-by". And the superintendent, much interested and
amused by his new ac.aaintance, strode off along the gangway. Jim
looked after him until his Ught was lost in the distance; then he picked
up the fragmentary dime-novel, and tore it into small pieces. "I'll
be an engineer some day", he muttered, "that's the very word he said.
He was making fun, but I ain't !" .\nd with that he lay back on his board
again, keeping up all the time the ceaseless revolutions of the fan, .md
whistled for his rats. Abraham Lincoln was the first to appear. "< >ld
fellow", said Jim, "whatever you know, you've got to t.ell me. Just
make up your mind to that!"
CHATTER II
Mb. Morley had a number of copies of just such a book as he had
described to Jun-a simple and interesting account of the operations of
mining, made expressly for common miners to read, so that they might be
better prepared to deal nith the difficulties and dangers of the business.
1 he very next day he put one in his pocket, and was fully repaid for his
gift when he handed it to the boy, and aaw the eager delight with which
kJZT'^ \. l^ u^'^^ "^** '' '^' "«^* ^"^ «^ book for the right
kind of boy said he kindly; and as he said it he remembered that he had
recently used the same words in presenting the prize Testament to that
other boy, the bright James of the Sunday-school. Jim reminded him
somehow of James too; though his manner was different, and his looks-
well, there is no such thing as looks in a coal mine. Folks all look aUke
there, they are so dirty. But Mr. Morley took occasion to say, " I wish
you would come to our Sunday-school, Jim; you would find it very pleas-
ant there. I gave a Testament only last Sunday to a boy of your size
as a reward for his good behavior. Perhaps you might earn a Testa-
ment too. Don t you think you could come?"
Jim may have blushed, or looked embarrassed; nobody could have
told, you know, on account of the coal-dirt on his face. At all events
he hesitated a moment, and then replied, "I don't need no Testament"'
1 he superintendent was too wise to tease him, preferring rather to gain
his confidence, and trusting that he would then be able to influence him
Now his only reply was, "Nobody in the world can say that, Jim"'
rhen he dropped the subject, and they had another long and queer
talk, in which Mr. Morley thought he gained quite as much inforniati- n
*L Tu* *° ^''^- ^°'' ^^ *^ ^ wonderfully observant, that
although he was ignorant of many things which most people know, he
had found out a great many things with which abnost nobody else was
acquainted; and when he got a-going, he kept up his end of the conversa-
tion uncommonly well.
Not only that day, but many times after that, Mr. Morley stopped
to chat with Jun, and was amazed at the way the boy learned
and remembered all that was told him. The littJ 3 book about mining
he knew before long by heart; and his shrewd questions and arguments
about It showed that he had turned over and over in his mind every word
W ihi, Tn/ ?!? ^'' :^«*y '' *° '^' f*"' keeping time with my
leg this way: 'B/acft-damp is heavier than common air; /ire-damp and
It T/I"'' '^^*'«'-;, t"^'^^ if you waul to yet good air, look in the
mtddle of the ,o«ffway!' " The way he chanted this passage, emphasiz-
83
84
JAMES AND JIM
ing the syHahles that inurkod tlic time, was vory ludierous. "Then",
he added, "I talk it over with Abraham Lincohi!"
So matters went on until Christmas came again. All through the
year Jim hail defeated every attempt to get him to Sunday-school.
But the day Iwfore Christmas, Mr. Morley said, "Now, Jim, you and I
are such good friends that we ought to exchange presents. My gift to
you is that I am going to promote you to better work and bettei nay,
and a chance to learn something alwut mine-engineering. And your
gift to me must be this: when the Sunday-school children come to my
house tomorrow, you must come too. Tb-re's no work in the mine,
you know."
Jim was so overcome with the promise of promotion, that he could
scarcely speak; but at last he managed to say that he would come; and
the superintendent departed in high delight, to think that he had at last
conquered the strange reluctance of the boy. " I. wonder what he will
look like", he thought, "with his face washed!"
But, alas! Mr. Morley was dooned to disappointment. In all the
merry company that gathered at his house on C iristraas Day, he saw no
Jim. James was there; oh, yes, of course! The superintendent was
almost angry with James for being such a good boy, and coming so
regularly, while that queer, eager, ambitious, interesting, dirty Jim could
not be persuaded to come even once. Then he reproved himself for
such injustice, and remembered that, although he had smiled on James,
and shaken hands with him occasionally, he had never taken the pains
he once meant to take to really get acquainted with him. Jim had
proved so very fascinating that he had rather lost sight of James, par-
ticularly as he never met him except at the school, where there were so
many others also to claim his attention. So now he approached James
to make amends; but Jim was in his mind, and his first remark was,
"Do you know Jim?"
"Which Jim?" said James, as though there were a great many Jims,
and some of them were disreputable fellows.
"Jim that runs the fan in the east gangway of the Ebony", replied
Mr. Morley, adding, as he saw that James hesitated, "Perhaps you
don't like him, but you would if you knew him better. He's very soci-
able with his friends".
"Rats", said James and continued with great deliberation and
propriety of pronunciation, as if he were determined to impress his
superior education upon Mr. Morley's mind. "No, sir: I do not think
that I like him altogether."
The superintendent turned away completely disgusted. "What a
prig that boy is!" he said to himself. "He has been praised too much.
I wish I bad him down m the mine a while. I would rub him well with
coal-dust, and take a little of the Pharisee out of himl
R088ITBR W. RAVHOXn
85
All that day there were no aigiu of Jim. But the next day, when
Mr. Morley entered the east gangway he heard from afar the sound of
the fan, and knew that Jim was at his post. Determined to show his
displeasure at the broken promise, he walked by without stopping;
but aU the satisfaction he got was in hearing an unmistakable chuckle
from Jim. That vexed him still more; and he walked on, resolved not
to turn back. But suddenly Jim called sharply to him .■—
"Mr Morley! don't go into the workings at the end of the gangway!"
. ..,1?.*"™ *' ^^"^ "* *»*•*« <^ *^»«1^- -^"n was evidently in
earnest. " Why not?" he asked.
"It ain't safe", returned Jim eagerly. "The rats all came out of
there this mormng. There'U be a fall of coal before long, and maybo a
rush of nre-damp.
The superintendent stood a moment, thinking. "I must go there
and see for myself", he said, "whether there is any danger. But I wil'
get my safety-lamp, and then go around by the upper gangway and so
down into the old works.-See here, young man, what did you mean by
breaking your promise?"
But Jim would give no answer, except, "Don't go in there, Mr.
Morley!
"Nonsense", said the superintendent. "I must do my duty. And
when I come back I will make you tell me why you broke your promise."
And with that he returned the way he came, ascended to the surface,
prepared his safety-lamp, and descended once more into the mine. But
he did not pass Jim's post.
An hour elapsed, and all went on as usual. Jim lay on his board
treading away at his fan; but he was restless and anxious, Ustening and
watching. Several times he whistled for his rats, counted them, studied
them, studied their manner, and peered about to see if any strangers
were among them. But the last tune he sounded his call the rats were
gone. Only faithful old Abraham Lincoln responded; and he appeared
to be divided in mind between affection and the desire to fly "No
you don't!" quoth Jim, and, seiang the venerable sage, popped him'
into his pocket. *^*^
Then suddenly there came a terrible crash in the distance, as of
faUmg rocks; and after it an explosion still more terrible; and after the
explosion a rush of wind. The lights were blown out; and the men
hurried in the darkness to the shaft. Quick! lest the choke^amp over-
take us! In the shaft, fortunately, there wa^ pure air still descending.
JIk w^^y '' ^^^^ '"""^^ ^ ***'' ^P' »"d gathered at last all saf.
and thankful.
But presently some one cried out, "Where k Mr. Morley?" They
all looked at one another in consternation. The crowd of women that
had been waibng, and then rejoicing, as their husbands and brothers and
8fi
JAMBH AND JIM
sons caiu(> up safe, now Ix-KAn to ni rti anew, wringinK their hands for
the brave young engineer. There v rapid questions: "Who saw him
last? Where did he go?" and, as it became clear to all that Mr. Morley
was yet in the mine, the faces of all the men grew stern. There was no
lack of volunteers. Even the women made no objections, but waited
for the men to choose who should descend into the shadow of deiitt.
Four of the best miners were swiftly chosen, and as many mo»^ pre-
pared to follow them if necessary.
Silently the party disappeared down the shaft, being lowered in a
car by the engine. After a dreadful half-hour of suspense, the signal was
given from below, and the car was hoisted again. Only the four men
were in it. They had found the gangway crushed together so that they
could not penetrate into the part of the mine wh • they might expect to
discover Mr. Morloy. And the stifling after-d which the big fan on
the surface was sucking out of the mine, told ^o too plainly that when
they should find him he would be past help.
But the boy Jim was here an hour ago. Where is he now? Long
before even the first descent of the miners, Jim had disappeared. Run-
ning with all his might down the hill, he reached the mouth of the old
tunnel. The air was drawing inward. "Thank God!" cried Jim, and
lifting his lamp pushed boldly into the silent, lonesome darkness, hurrying
through mud and water, until he came to the place where the v/hole of the
tunnel was filled by a great water-tank and dam built up to the very roof.
"There must be some way around", he muttered in his perplexity.
"The air gets through, and the rats — Ho!" he shouted with a sudden
inspiration, as he jerked Abraham Lincoln out of the pocket where that
old fellow had been comfortably snoozing through all the tumult, "Now
I'll get it out of you!" He tied the rat's forefeet together, set him down,
and watched his movements closely. Abraham hobbled back a few
yards, and stopped at the foot of a post which he could not climb with his
fettered feet. It bore the scratches of many a former scrambling rat.
Jim looked up, and saw the dim opening of an old air-way. That was
enough. With a wild hurrah he clambered up, and, crawling through
a narrow passage, then a second and a third, found himself at last in the
old workings near the scene of the explosion. He paused a moment to
recall what he had learned of the dangerous gases among which he would
have to move. The current of fresh air which had accompanied him so
far was almost spent here. Ahead of him were probably masses of the
deadly after-damp. Around his feet he could already notice a shimmer-
ing reflection, as if from some kind of water, thinner than common water.
" It is the black-damp", h«' said to himself; "I must move softly, and not
stir it up. As for the fire-damp, I must take my chance of that. It
was probably burnt up by the explosion. But I'll keep my head and
my light low down. ^For if you want to get good air, look in the middle
of the ^oTjgway'."
KOSNITKK W. R 'MM)
87
The finest poetry that ever was written would not have been so
hm forlorn hope. Once he called aloud, but heard no answer. The
a.r wa3 growing worse; his lamp grew dimmer and dimmer. At last it
went out; but, while the wick wa« still a glimmering coal, he flung the
amp forward as far as he couJd, and by this means got a last glim,L of
lUst al th!; I r'; ^"lu'T '''•^"^'^ * «'*'* *'"^^"'»= f«^ »>« had seen,
just at that last instant, the form of the man he had come to save In
another minute ho was at the spot, and felt in the darkness the face of the
supenntendent He was not dead: he moved slightly. "Sitting up!"
said Jmi admiringly. "That's just saved his life. He got all the Xi
air there was!" But then- .^ no time to lose; for the good air wassca'e
and not very good either. Jmi put the arms of the unconscious superin-
hol b^T"? r^' ""^ '"'?^'°« ^'"^^'^' «° '^^' both theirVaces
ba^t^h ^.k" .**"*,* P'"''^"' ^^y'' °' *•'' •^^"•'^d his burden pick-a-
ack through the darkness, with a step as sure as if it were daylight.
I would be a fool", thought he, "if I couldn't get out the way I got in'"
It was not easy getting down to the tunnel; but the air was growing
better and Jun s courage revived with it. As he lowered Mr. Morley in
he soft muddy bottom of the tunnel, and followed after him, ho felt a
fnendly „.bble at his leg. Abraham Lincoln had been clean forgotten
hilf Ik "'^" '"^«f*Jo" ^K^in- old fellow!" said Jim, as he pocketed
knoltgl" '" " """" *"" "^ "'•^* ^°" ''"«"' ^°^ '* ^^ worth
Thus it came to pass, that, just as the group of despairing peoole at
he mouth of the shaft received the report of their explorinrp^ty
V saw a handkerchief waving away down at the foot of the hill (N B
^ was Mr Morley's handkerchief. Jim didn't cariy such an article
-h^vTonn"? r*'''" • t"? 7^7 *^" ^''' ^*«^^ ••"°"«'« '•«*«hed the spot
• hey found Jim, famted dead away across the unconscious body of the
supenntendont, and a hoary old rat, with his front paws tied together
sitting on Jmi, and contemplating the scene with much perplexity '
b range to say, Mr. Morley got well first. In a day or two he was
about again, as strong as ever. But Jim had gone through ^omuc"
exc. tement and exertion that the doctor kept him in bed for a long ti^e
So t happened that Mr. Morley, whose fir«t walk out of doors w^to
visit the boy who had so bravely and skilfully saved his life, foundlim
at home and in bed^ On the coverlet before him lies the book which t^
^ZTrtllfn.: ?"kTI*'' ''"' ^"' ^'^^^^y' -hat does thi
JT\~ 1 Tostam,.„t which the superintendent of the feanday-school
f?om .•;' r «'" •• "'"" "-''to'-hing ..till, there i« James smiling
from the pillow bo Jmi was James, and James was Jim, all the tiTel
I hope you'll forgive me. Mr. Morley". says he. " I began it in ^n
f'H
JAMKM AND JIM
yuu sec, becaust! yuu didn't know me apart! But I never meant to keep
it up so long — only at last I got afraid to tell you. And you know now
why I said I didn't want no Testament — because I had one already!"
"My two Christmas gifts have indeed rome back to me", Hays the
superintendent.
"Yes, sir", replies James. "If it hadn't been for both of 'em I
couldn't have done it. You see, I learned out of this one just how to act,
and all the reasons for it, and" —
"And out of this one you learned?" asks the superintendent, putting
his hand on the Testament.
Jim stretches out his feeble arms, and throws them about Mark
Morley's neck, and this is what he whispers :
"'Greater love hath no man than this, that a mail lay down his life
for Us friend!' "
JOB ON MINING
Bv H. W. Raymond
viow Tf ^ K 7"*."*' P^--***?*' th« 8UKge«tion o,' a somewhat different
used as a thread upon which separate poems are stnin* TKi- • 11
In Job these poems are often com petitivt— that m Fnh ,..^a
fa Mnsidcrcd .imply . ' h7~rd t„ f,fl .' j ^'" I^" °" ^'"''»"
Prom the Minin, ,„H Sci.Miflc p„„., ip,,, 7_ , joj '■
SB
m
90
JOB ON MINING
Koltl i«4'«ling to !)»• refined (»« tliHtinguiuhtil from 'fine gold' or plaeer
gold, which neede«l no Mulwequent treatment), iron ore» and braun ores
are won underground. The miner preiwe» to the very Jniundary of the
d.-irkne^s, iind Metinh«'s, to that hmit, the roekM a«ilark uHdeatli. Dtmn
aiul away from human alMMles he ninkH \un nhaft, in which, forgotti-n by
the f«>«'t that paxH overhead, he wwingw «UH|M'n(h'«l. AJnive him, the earth
proiluccH food; but >mdergroun«l, plougheti by fire, it ha« gems for grain,
and gohl for cloils in the soil. His trail is invisible even to the keen-
eyed birds of prey; nor has it ever lieen traveled by prowling Iieasts— even
the liold lion, who goes fearlessly everywhere.
2. Surface mining (Descrilxul in the following thre<< verses).—
Again, the miner attacks the hard ro<'k, overturning even the mountains
by the roots, and cutting new channels, to lay bare the river-J»e«l8, in
which his eye discovcrw every precious part iclo. He prevents the st reams
from leaking, and he brings forth the hidden treasure.
The rest of the poem declares ihat Wisdom can neither be won, as
wealth is won by mining, nor even purchase<l with the products of human
enterprise. The list of such things as cannot buy Wisdom coniprises:
(lold; silver; gold of Ophir (apparently placer gold of very high grade,
possessing a special value) ; precious onyx and sapphire; gold wrought into
cups; cups of crystal, ornamented with gold or coral; pearls; and Ethio-
pian topaz. Finally, it is declared that the price of Wisdom cannot be
"weighetl with" (or valued with) pure gold; that is, it has no legal-
tender standard of value.
The particular gems, especially the ruby, named in the King James
version, must be accepted with some hesitation. The revisers suggrat,
instead of 'ruby', either 'red coral' or 'pearls', ('orals and pearls are
quite appropriate to .'\e poet's purpose, since they may be considered
as the protlucts of a sort of mining in the sea. Sapphires may also have
been found in alluvial deposits then, as they have been found in the
Montana placers. And it is not impossible that they might have been
discovered in veins underground, as in the Jenks corundiun mine of
North (Carolina. But it is highly improbable that this was then an im-
portant source of supply for them.
The foregoiiit< paraphrase is justified in the main by either the text or
the margin of the 'revi.'^ed v-.Tsioi.'. Where it differs from both, it is
based upon good authority . The chief defect of the King James version
which it corrects is the absurd rendering of verse 4: "The flood breaketh
out from the inhabitant; etwn the waters forgotten of the foot; they are
dried \y,y, they are gone away from men". This totally destroys the
meaning and continuity of the poet's d<'scription, which the revised
version measurably restores. But both versions miss the magaificent
contrast l)etween the farmer's crops above and the agriculture of the
miner 1m>Iow.
ROMMITKR w. HAVMUND
91
From the ♦ nHlation given almvo it apiio&n-
2. That Kol.l Hilv.T. iron, an.l 'b' ..«• m-r,' ohtaiiwd m hi^ -lav hv
nmunK. f..ll..w,Ml Uy n...tallurKi..al tn.a.mont--d„,.htl<^ a "m^h. «: Ju i^^
ti«n hy fuKion with rarlwn. mpii niim
3. ThM the relatively Huperior finenem, of placer roI,! wa« well known
«nd eonHequently. that no 'refininK' of gold, an it occur- in natu« «J:
Ioye<l with «.lver, wa« practiced. The 'refining' of other gold wa- prot
aWy only a crude tu«ion of minerals contain^ "free gold
4. That underground mining was don. y sinking 8huft«. in which
:;^:'rirr"'''''''-"--^»- -gdrL'-.^hehTur
Z :;""'•"" '^^"•.»>-™' - -t « -ientific' percept on deduc*:
tion or prevision, .t .n simply « natural superstition.
Htrels il'"."^,'? "VT *''*^' ''T "^ '•^ '^ *" '"^"'^^ the diversion of
sWv ver^ I, ' 1'^"""^' '°'" **•" P"'P°«^ «' '.ar-raining'. Pos-
«.bly verse 11 may indicate the employment of colur^ams to lav bare
Hmgle auriferous bars, without diverting the whole streT ThewhJe
mg mimense labor upon the execution of crude methods.
were recolil'n'' '^"k"' T"^ T'^7 ''^' °°* *° ^ ^^'^'^^'y id««tified.
were recogmzed as objects of industry and commerc.^ and that their
market value, as well as that of gold itself, was increas^ by the art?sUc
work of lapidaries and jewelers. ^
Onhir Ind V?h- '°""""*'' '." '"f P'^"'"^" ^^'^ '"»«•' ^^inental, so that
and prt" "'* *"" "'"^^^^ trade-mark., indicueing special quality
9. That rock-crystal (not, in ir.y judgm- ;. gla^s, though this rend-
carved and then adorned with co.. , gold, etc. This is not evidence of
sTmlT: ''"'':' ''*" ""'tallurgical art. Whatever could ll done |^
8 mp^e patience and manual skill has been repeatedly done by primitive
t„be«, ,g„orant of the principles of the mechanical arts; and many'lXte!
rxperiments intl"" "*''"" '"^^^ ^" «^P'^ '"^^ ^-^^^ -' "-^ of
Jeered rL.lM'' * ^**' *™""'»* "^ ""'"'''^y '«»d, therefor*, re-
ected results. Numerous instances of ancient art, offered as proof that
the earb^ peoples knew in some respects as much, and in oTher ^pect
Tkn; ?; "*' 1""' "!*' ''^"" ""'^^^ *^« *-»• The modern art in3ves
a knowledge of conditions .and mco"s, and consequent abiliVy lo ac!
oomplish with certainty the end desired. I. other words, i^s S^ .on «
measured, m inverse proportion, by the number of 'rejctiors'whc"
92
JOB ON MIMNG
incurs in practice. Thus estimated, I ani convinced that the 'lost arts'
of antiquity, concerning which so much has been rhetorically said, are
not worth finding.
l-'urther than I have goni in the aliove deductions, I do not think
it safe to go. But another highly important question remains. What-
ever may he fairly shown as to the existing state of mining and other
arts by the twenty-eighth chapt<>r of the Book of Job, what is tlie historic
|)eriod thus illustrated?
Unquestionably, this book depicts a very ancient, patriarchal age.
Yet it is almost equally certain that its theme, argument, and literary
art lielong to a much later age. Without discussing the problem in
detail, I may here observe that the most reasonable solution appears to
leading scholars and critics to be that the drama was written .t least as
late as 750 B.C., though it describes the social conditions of a much earlier
period. Its high literary art and structure favor this hypothesis, which
is, per se, l)y no means unreasonable. Historians and poets habitually
describe scenes and characters of ages long before their own. Nobody
dreams that Homer was a contemporary of Achilles or Ulysses, or that the
Bible story of Abraham was written in Abraham's time. There is,
therefore, no inherent improbability in the notion that the author of
Job clothed his relatively modern didactic message in the drapery of a
patriarchal age, long past.
Such a literary artifice, however, cannot possess first-hand archaeologi-
cal authority. We do not adduce 'The Idyls of the King' as direct evi-
dence of the customs of the period of the Round Table. We can only
accept such works as second-hand authorities, valuable in proportion
to the learning and care exhibited by their authors. The best of them are
not wholly free from anachronisms. Even Thackeray's 'Esmond' is
said to contain one word not used at the time of which it gives an other-
wise perfect picture.
This test, applied to the Book of Job, reveals very few possible ana-
chronisms — and most of these are doubtful. Its chief anachronism is
international — namely, it places in the setting of a patriarchal age the
discussion of problems which did not trouble the patriarchs; and it
includes in this discussion conceptions and suggestions which belong to
a much later and more couiplex state of society. But, aside from this
pervading feature, it presents a wonderfully consistent and probable pic-
ture, in which, with our present critical apparatus, we can find almost no
flaws.
Among these possible errors of the historical imagination, however, we
must recognize the picture of mining, metallurgy, arts, and commerce,
given in the twenty-eighth chapter. In most other respects, the age of
Job seems to l)e conceived as older, even, than the age of Abraham ; and
since we now know, through the code of Hammurabi, that in the ti.ne of
ROS8ITKR W. RAYMOND 93
Abraham (Hay, 25()0 B.Cl.) there was a settled and e,«„plex system of
industry rnd law, we cannot positively declare that the po^ ^ alof Job
might not fairly present the features under consideration ^
Nevertheless (for reasons that cannot be fully stated here) these
catures must Ih.. regarded as inconsistent, to some extent with the ^
tremely snnple, nomadic civilization otherwise set forth inVea^ulness"
of detad, by the Book of Job. At all events, we cannot, ^ith^os t ^e ce
^BcTor ttt''"' "!: *"*'^"r '""^ *"-^ period 'earlier' than ;:;,
whi» 1, . P'^""^ '^ '""P'y "^^^ «on»« picturesque detjdls to
what we know already about the arts and commerce of the time of Sol^
mon, 250 years earher. Whether the author of 'Job' was, or was nT
ZZ rnS;:',*'"^ '"^i^^f "^ ^"*° *•'« ^'^^ -ons'tructZ of a
dMant antiqmty, he cannot be fairly regarded as the "f.,t writer" on
LAWYERS AND EXPERTS
■ There was a man who hnd Krown uld
In (Itftging prospect holes for gold.
Uight often in bis pilgrimage
He dreamed he had the long-sought ledge ;
Yet every time, with spirit saddened,
He was obHged to own he " haddened",
And every time he cried, " You bet
I'll hustle on and find her yet!"
At last he struck it; staked a claim;
Laid out a townsite round the same;
Sunk, drifted, stoped and crushed away,
And showed tha thing would surely pay.
Fondly he thought that nevermore
He would be luckless as before.
Alas, his troubles were not ore!
One dismal day his happy labor
Wiis interrupted by a neighbor,
Wlio cooily told him doubts had risen
Whether the ledge was "his" or "his'n".
And challenged him, without excuse.
His legal "apex" to produce.
"Apex! Wliat's that?" he cried in woe.
"I cannot tell you", said his foe,
"But 1 presume the lawyers know.
And this much I can say is true :
Without it, all is up with you;
Nor is the apex all. You see,
Y'ou must have ' continuity',
And side and end lines, suited (|uite
To fit your 'extralateral right';
And it is further understood
A tunnel in the neighborhood
Will make your title far from good.
Then, other lodes may make connection,
TakiuK the space of intersection,
Or even unite with yours, and so
Gobble whatever is below.
Sure, many such things may combine
To make your mine not yours, but mine.
If you don't buy me, fear the worst!"
' Lines read in response (o the toast, 'Lawyers and Experts', at the banquet given
to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, at Sa» Frjincisco, on September 27,
ISIW.
LAWYERS AND KXPBhTH
That miner eloquently cureed,
And said, "I'll see you— eltie where finit".
Thus was begun the famous case
That filled the journals of the place,
And thither called a mighty host
From all the wide Pacific coast—
A dozen lawyers on a side.
And eminent experts multiplied;
Maps of the biggest and the best.
And models till you couldn't rest;
Samples of rock and vein formation,
And assays showing "mineralizatioi.",
.\nd theories of that or this,
And revelations of 'genesis",
And summings-up of sound and fury
Poured out upon the judge and jury.
No matter now which party lost —
It took the mine to pay the cost;
And all the famous fight who saw
Beheld, with mingled pride and awe.
What science breeds when crossed with law.
95