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fn the annexed map, t.'ic p,irti 
 not heretofore known to us. 
 are delineated from the Ru/Iian 
 and Jajwnefc maps and charts j 
 ^ efpjcially lome difcoveries 
 * made in confcquence of the 
 fearch after the north-weft paf- 
 fa^e. But the long iiorth-eaft 
 point, beyond Spitzberg, is 
 Ikctchcd only from reafonable 
 conjetSlures. 
 
 In this map names are given 
 to fuch parts as had not obtain- 
 ed till now any proper one.— 
 Thus the Arftic regions are call- 
 ed liyperboreaj a ternr. adopted 
 from the antients : The ealtern 
 part thereof, including Green- 
 land, &c. is here called Afpe- 
 rofa, from the exceeding afperity 
 of its furface as well as its cli- 
 nate. Perhaps, fome would 
 choofe the Greek word Thracia, 
 which fignifies the fare} but to 
 prevent iniftakcs from a fimila- 
 rity of names, Afperola is here 
 preferred.- The more weftern 
 part, of Hyperborea, is named 
 Hyperia, which fignifies far 
 weft J and the middle portion 
 thereof is denominated Polyne- 
 fia, from the great number of 
 iflandsof which it almoft wholly 
 coniifts. 
 
 The reglt^n above Callifor- 
 nia, is here called Fucafia, from 
 the real or pretended difcoveries 
 ofDe Fuca} and the immenfe 
 ttaih from thence to Hudfon's 
 Bay, and the Allegenny moun- 
 tains, arc named Polimnia, as in 
 a manner intirely compofed of 
 lakes and meadows, which that 
 word implies. Anthofia, to the 
 fouth of Polimnia, fignifies the 
 fame as Florida, but founds bet- 
 ter, as is the cafe with regard 
 to Mexicanea, here propofed 
 for New Mexico. 
 
 As to the names of Apalach, 
 AziJia, Tegeila, and Accadia, 
 they are but the former ones, 
 now in this map reftored. 
 
 The alterations propofed for 
 the limits of the Old Englilh 
 provinces are chiefly as follow : * 
 1 . To join New York to New ' 
 England, and call the whole 
 Ncanglia. 2. To make the river 
 Podce, the boundary between 
 S. and N. Carolina. 3. To take 
 from the latter and from Virgi- 
 nia, what ever lies; between 
 James's and Koanoake rivers, , 
 and to ercft it into a province ' 
 or rather a pj-ovincle, to be call- 
 ed Jacobea, from king James I. 
 In whofe reign, and in this very 
 part, the Englilh eftablilhcd 
 their firft colonics ; the capital 
 to ha James's town; and this 
 with the other two to be confider- 
 ed as fo many provincles; al! 
 lhr€6 COiTipuhiig tiic one grcai 
 province of Carolina i juft in 
 the fame manner as was now 
 propolal with refpeft to New 
 York and New England. 
 
As the eaft and wcdJivilionk 
 of Maryland are entirely Icpa- 
 ratci! and disjoincil fronn each 
 other by the tnighty Iny of Chc- 
 fepcak i |>crhaps it would be a 
 more natural diltribution, if the 
 weft part of Maryland was 
 united with Virginia, and the 
 eaft part toPenfy Ivania, and both 
 with New Jcrfey, to be called 
 cither from the CJrcck won! Mc- 
 0ia, or the Latin Mideafia, Imth 
 implying the miildlc, unlefs the 
 name which the Indians give 
 thereto be preferred, vi?.. To- 
 carrihogon \ which ligniHcs not 
 only the middle, but alfo moll 
 excellent: and may as well as 
 Allegenny (which fignilies cnd- 
 lefs) be well enough adopted for 
 the omen's lake, and be thought 
 on that account therefore very 
 eligible names. And for a like 
 omen's fake, the cajiital ofall j)ur 
 colonies might be i ailed" Sebn lie 
 (from whence Sebaftia, the namll 
 of the regions thereon depend-^ 
 ing) and the iituaiion for it, U)th 
 as moft central, and as moft con- 
 venient for commerce and cor- 
 refpondence, is certainly the 
 narrow neck of land on the fron- 
 tiers of Maryland and I'enfybM- 
 nia, which feparate the two grc.it 
 bays of Chelepeak and IWaware 
 from one another. And there 
 it is where the chief bilhopric 
 of ail our colonies vould nioft 
 conveniently be fixed i and 
 \vhich, being but on the very 
 borders of Maryland and Viiti- 
 fylvania, might eatily be pur- 
 chafed from the proprietors of 
 Ihefe two provinces; if the 
 crown Ihould not make even arj 
 acquifuion cf the whole j which 
 ought by all means coniillendy 
 with juftice to be done ; and at 
 which the inliabitants of both 
 provinces would very much re- 
 joice ; as thoie of the Carolinas 
 did, when the crown purchaled 
 the property of thofe countries. 
 
 It none of thefc fchcmes are 
 brought into execution ; then, ;i 
 it would be ill judged to ered a 
 bilhoprick in a place the im- 
 mediate fovereignty whwreof UAfJ 
 not in the crown, the feat ef 
 it muft be at Giouceftcr, ia 
 New Jerfey, about five miles 
 down the river Delaware, be- 
 low Philadelphia, and happily 
 enough (ituat&l ; a there is a , , 
 fine creek in the river. ju(l there 
 abouts, fenced in by an ifland, If 
 which renders it a place of mull I 
 fecurc anchorage, and is gen< - fl 
 rally ufcd as fuch by velleis n.i- *| 
 Vigating that river. Perhaps to<;^^ 
 fome might think the billiopricl# 
 beft fixed there, for the fake off 
 the old adage, jlsfure as Cod it iW 
 Ur.uafter. But if the govern 
 njcnt was determined by ai:) 
 fuch confideration, it w./uld U 
 eafy to found a new Gh'^tfia 
 any where cire. 
 
 V 
 
^M 
 
 mmm 
 
 
 they are Dut mu *w*.-.— 
 now in this map reftored. 
 
 The alterations propofed for 
 the limits of the Old EngliOi 
 provinces are chiefly as follow : 
 1. To join New York to New 
 England, and call the whole 
 Neanglia. 2. To make the river , 
 Podee, the boundary between' 
 S. and N. Carolina. 3. To take(^^ 
 from the latter and from Virg»-[ 
 nia, what ever lies betweeri 
 James's and Roanoake rivers 
 and to ere6l it into a province 
 or rather a pxovincle, to be call 
 ed Jacobea, from king James I 
 ill whofe reign, and in this verj 
 part, the Englifh eftabliihe^ 
 their firft colonies; the ipitai 
 to be James's town; aud thj 
 with the other two to be conlidej 
 ed as To many provinclesj aj 
 three compofing the one greJ 
 province of Carolina-, juft j 
 the fame manner as was nc^ 
 propofed with refpe6l to NCfmf=mm 
 York and New England. ^^ 
 
 zi — 
 
i^^^Vi^ 
 
 T 
 
 t H 
 
 SOME 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BRITISH DOMINIONS 
 
 : iiu 
 
 X^ i 
 
 BEYOND THE 
 
 ATLANTIC. 
 
 [Price 2 s. 6 d. fm:idJ\ 
 
 ?«iir-. 
 
mm 
 
 t\\ 
 
 o ^ o /, 
 
 
 
 rs. 
 
 li 
 
mm 
 
 mm 
 
 I 
 
 1 51 r 
 
 SOME 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 BRITISH DOMINIONS 
 
 BEYOND THE* 
 
 J T L J N T I C: 
 
 CONTAINING CHIEFLY 
 
 What IS moft interefting and lead known with 
 rcfped to thofe Parts : 
 
 PARTICULARLY, 
 
 The important Queftion about the 
 NORTH WEST PASSAGE 
 
 Is fatisfaaorily difcufled: 
 
 WITH A LARGE MAP; 
 
 IN WHICH 
 
 The faid fuppofed Passage, and all the Arctic 
 Regions, are more fully delineated than ever before: 
 
 f 
 • I 
 
 % WILLIAM DOYLE, L.L.B. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for the Author, by J. Browne ; 
 Andfoldby W.DoMviLLE, at the Royal Exchange; 
 W.FLEXNEY,oppofite Gray's Inn Gate, Holborn ; 
 S. Bladon, inPATER-NOSTiR Rovv J J. Almon, in 
 Piccadilly; J.Ridley, in St. James's Stre'et ; 
 J. Fox, in Westminster-Hall ; and M. Thrush, 
 JjAlisbury-Court, Fleet Street. 
 
o ;,) :j 
 
 ADVERTISEMEisrf. 
 
 THE Title Page, if attended to, Will fuffincntlyinfornl 
 the Readers, that they arc not_ to expedt in the fol- 
 lowinp- work a full and circumftantial accoun of all the 
 parts therein treated of; but only fuch V^'^^^^^l'^,^'^ 
 ioi\ curious and interelllng, and Icaft known or attended to. 
 The obfervations abot.t th?North WeftPaiTa.e, iti.fec^d^ 
 will be found more entertaining ^^d futisfi^^ory, tha^i any 
 -hinc that as yet has appeared upon the fubjedl : Perhaps, 
 indmUthev will be thought almolldecifive. 
 
 1-hc Reader, however, is reqod^ed to obfervc, that the 
 account oi' D^ Fonte's voyage to dxfcov,^jlus ^9^^^!^^ 
 Pafl-agehcrc infertcd, is copied from^^"«^«f«*»°"l 
 which i. not indeed in a very^goodEnghnxftile; though fo^^ 
 the moft pait clear and intelligible enough; ^"d therefore 
 
 it is hoptd. thai any i"^P^°P"^^y."^'=XfZt okS^ 
 b-cbiervcd in copying 'th»t narratavr, ^all Hot be obji^t- 
 
 ednra Vault to the author of this trad : He chofe to give 
 the korv in De Fonte's own wordE. ^'^^^hej than leave the 
 leaft doubt upon the Reader's miad. With regard to h„^, 
 ^cnMefs and authentidiy thereof; ^^b^^";,^^^^^^,'^";:,^^ 
 fe/^Sintv, perhaps, might ha^^ arifen. -had he P'^t «^«ahi 
 d\vn wo'rds, rather than exhibited it in thofe of De tontc . 
 original memoirs. , 
 
 .^ L h-^ ^ 
 
 y, 
 
 mii../f ^ F 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 ' V 
 
t i I 
 
 i 
 
 To his Royal HIghnefs, Georgr- 
 Augustus-Fbeperic, Prince gf 
 
 Wales, 
 
 May it pleafe your Royal Highnefs, 
 
 TH E fubjedt treated of in the following 
 fhects is (after the King) of nearer con- 
 cern to your Royal Highnefs, than to any 
 prince, or any other perfon in the world -, and 
 therefore it is that to you the author prefumes 
 to dedicate it-, humbly hoping that your Royal 
 Highnefs may perufe it, with that condelcend- 
 ing candour, which has in all ages been a cha- 
 rafteriftic of the magnanimous and illuftrioui 
 houfe of Brunswick Lunenburgh. 
 
 Your Royal Highnefs will then be difpofed 
 to excufe the liberty, which he takes, to propofe 
 plans for the exchange of principalities and re- 
 gions of great extent ; in order to render the 
 Britifli dominions lb much more complete, than 
 otherwife they can ever be i and your Royal 
 Highnefs will perhaps alfo confider with fomc 
 favour and attention what is here fuggefted 
 with regard to the education of thofe, who are 
 to prefide over the government of ftatcs. 
 
 As to the utility, nay, the abfolute necefiity 
 of a large acquaintance with geography to this 
 pnd ; and perhaps prefcrcibly to m?iny mo{^ 
 
 i^ amiably 
 
 ' :!■ 
 
 I 
 
 i; 
 

 mm 
 
 ii DEDICATION. 
 
 rmiable endowments of the mindj there can- 
 not be a fuller proof brought, than from the 
 latter government of Queen Anne : Her molt 
 fincere and truly refpt-ftable zeal for religion j 
 her moll inexprclTihly tciider rep;ard lor i. r 
 jfubjeds and for Britain, whole wellfare atvd pro- 
 fperity (he fo much preferred to any private 
 fatisfadion whatever of her own •, her fo nu- 
 merous and decifive victories, by which her 
 enemies were redjced to fubmit to whatever 
 terms fhc fliould pleal'e to propofe : All thefe 
 for want of i little geographical knowledge 
 were of no ufe towards planning a folid peace. 
 Neither Ihe n: r her miniftry ''even at (lertruy- 
 denberg) ever once thought of demanding Ca- 
 nada with Morida, nor Cuba, nor Hifpaniola, 
 nor even, tho' lb peculiarly convenient to Brit- 
 tain, lb much as the little Ille of Portorico for 
 her crown ; ihoutdi fne might have had them 
 all foi the bare alking; nay, perhaps, Mexico 
 too, \i It had been thought prudent for Britain 
 to acquire it. — She might have obtained Flan- 
 ders for the Dutch j an acquifition fo natural in 
 itlelf u i . fo convenient to them-, and who, in 
 confidci.uion of their fo acquiring it, would 
 not then envy her enlarging her dominions 
 beyoiil the Atlantic: while France would have 
 thouf lit herfelF happy to get all the Charibbee 
 Iflanda, for confenting to the above-mentioned 
 articles. 
 
 Perhaps, indeed, France v/ould even vet re- 
 joice to make this acquifition by the ccffion of 
 Hifpaniola ; which, however valuable in itlelf, 
 is certainly a much Ids fecure pofTeflion to 
 them ; whilft Britain muft ever be fuppoled to 
 ' have 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
DEDICATtOK. ' in 
 
 Jiave an eye thereto, bccanfc Oiits fo convenient 
 vicinity to Jamaica j and who, however, if r..a- 
 flcrsot Hifpaniols, would probably never even 
 in any cafe whatever think of the Charibbces 
 more. Thefc would tl^^n be confidered as a 
 natural barrier between tiiC Spanifli and Englifli 
 polFelTions in thofe parts ; even as France by 
 its interpofition betwen thcictwo monarchies in 
 liurope, does mod cffedual'y fcparate them 
 from each other. And as fuch a barrier they 
 probably v/ould be tor ever left. 
 
 Indeed the houfc of Bourbon has now fur- 
 nifhed a very fair opportunity tor Britain, to 
 infift on the exchange here mentioned. Queen 
 Anne's peace at Utrecht, bad as it was, yet 
 contained an article of vail importance to Bri- 
 tain ; That France Jhould never extend its com- 
 merce in the Spanijh colonies : With what right 
 then could it acquire fo much more than an ex- 
 teniion of commerce P even an extention of 
 dominions ? an acquilition of ev^n ibme of the 
 Spanifh territories there, for inllance Hifpanio- 
 la, which they have lately got-, though fo 
 greatly to th? diffatistaft'on of the Spanifh in- 
 habitants thereof. Britain has therefore a moft 
 juft right to fee, that this important article of 
 the peace of Utrecht be not infring^ed ; has a 
 right to infift on the reftoration of Hifpaniola 
 to Spain J or, fince this latrer lets to little value 
 thereon, as to give it away even for nothing, 
 that the cellion be made to Britain rather ; ei- 
 ther tor thofe ufelefs, burdenlbme acquifition'i 
 Gibraltar, or Minorca, or elfefor our fouthern 
 Charibbces : while the Leeward IQands might 
 
 A 2 b« 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 il j 
 
1 
 
 iv DEDICATION. 
 
 be given to France for the other part of Hifpav ' 
 niols J which we, from a moft unpardonable 
 fupinefs, fuffered them to poffefs, fo lately as 
 King Charles the fecond's reign ; nay more, 
 rcflored it to them, after its capital having been 
 reduced in King William's wars ; but which 
 may now be fo reafonably infifted on, to be for 
 ever given up to us. 
 
 Should fuch an exchange of the fovereignties 
 take place, the fubjefts of both crowns might 
 eafily agree upon like exchanges of their private 
 eilates alfo : the refpcftive dominions would 
 be then no ways internriixed, and of courfe, in 
 cafe of future ruptures, the navigation to and 
 from the colonies but little interrupted. 
 
 This fcheme might indeed be miKh further 
 improved, to not only the idvantage of Bri- 
 tain, but even greatly to the fatisfaftion of 
 Spain and France likewife, if they all confider- 
 ed their dominions geographically j and if they 
 would ftudy that fo eafily acquired and fo plea- 
 fmg a part of knowledge a little m.ore ; and 
 without which, we, from the foregoing obfer- 
 vations on Queen Anne's peace at Utrecht, 
 may feej that neither piety, nor even other 
 great virtues in Princes joined thereto, can fe- 
 cure wifdom to direfl their councils, when yet 
 they may merit from heaven fucccfs to their 
 arms. Indeed it muft be an immediate infpi- 
 ration, that can guide the judgment right, 
 when it determines of things, with which the 
 mind is wholly unacquainted ; as mull be the 
 cafe v/liere dominions, lands, and territories are 
 to be diipofcd of by thofe who know nothing 
 
 in 
 
■'-- 
 
 111 
 
 DEDICATION. v 
 
 >n the world of their Situation. Such is the 
 confequence of an unacquaintednefs with geo^ 
 graphy. 
 
 Alas ! howeafily might the affairs of Corfica 
 be fettled to the full fatisfadlion of every party 
 whatever, that is in the leaft interefted therein, 
 if the minifters and governors of the ftates fo 
 interefted, were pofTelTed of but a very mo- 
 derate Iharc of geographical knowledge, which 
 would lead them to a moft eafy removal of all 
 the feeming difficulties that affair now appears 
 to be involved in. A way might be fhewn for 
 France, with honour and advantage, to come 
 out of the difagrecable circumftance (he has 
 brought herfelf into, by intermeddling with 
 the affairs thereof: An equivalent moft natu- 
 rally offers itfeU to the Genoefe for their rights 
 thciein : And all the neighbouring Princes 
 would be much benefited by fuch a plan, as 
 geography alone fuggefts, for the fettlemcnt of 
 all the feeming intricacies, with which the affairs 
 of that iQand appear to be fo befet. 
 
 I know the people of England in general 
 entertain too great a dlflike to France, to be 
 able to hear with patience of any advantaoe 
 propofed for them : but 'tis full time for us ?o 
 leave off that charaderftic unfociablenefs of 
 temper, and to learn to confider our fo 
 near neighbours, the French, as inhabitants 
 of the fame world with ourfclves : and though 
 we may be very well allowed to defire the pof- 
 feffion of Hifpaniola from them, yet to do fo, 
 not in the leaft from envy, but from the con- 
 fidcration of the peculiar necemty the Euro- 
 pean 
 
 il 
 
'ir^ 
 
 
 VI 
 
 DEDICATIO?^. 
 
 pean poiTeflbrs of Jamaica may be under, to 
 add Hifpanicla thereto — cfpecially as the whole 
 ilring of the Charibbec Ifles would in truth 
 be a more permanent and convenientj and 
 therefore a much more eligible acquifition for 
 France to make, than even all Hifpaniola can 
 ever prove to them : which it is not to be ima- 
 gined Britain will always continue to fuffer them 
 to enjoy. And, for my own part, I folemnly 
 declare, were I the moft Chriftian King, I fbould 
 prefer the Ch^ribbees to the matter ; and 'tis 
 therefore, and not in the leaft from enmity to 
 France, that I have here taken the liberty 
 to propofe the exchange : becaufe I confider 
 the thing entirely with a view to geography, on 
 which fhould ever be built all political fyftems 
 for the adjuftment of the interelh of ftates. 
 
 Indeed, a thorough knowledge thereof muft 
 fo influence the conduct, as neceflarily to give 
 to adminiftration a fteadinefs that cannot but 
 gain popularity and reverence from the people 
 at home, and a refpect and deference from the 
 nations abroad : even from thofc, who, from fe- 
 crct motives, might not yet perhaps agree to 
 come into a plan, which they could not how- 
 ever but confefs to be moll judicioufiy laid 
 down, and moft generally ap^oveable, though 
 not, coinciding with their own particular 
 views. 
 
 That your Royal Highnefs may fo carefully 
 iludy this part of political knowledge(indeed the 
 very foundation thereof,) as to be able to frame 
 therefrom the moft wife and juft determinations 
 cf the refpeclive interefts of ftates, whenever, 
 by the King, or by Britain, or even by any* 
 
 nciirh- 
 
DEDICATION. yii 
 
 peighbouring country, called upon for your 
 judgment on thofe points; and whereby 
 the glory and honour of our crown and our 
 people, as well as the peace and happinefs of 
 every other ftate upon the face of the whole 
 globe, whom we may have connexions with, 
 may be the more advanced, and to be able to 
 promote which, is the greateft worldly felicity 
 that a Prince can defirf to attain to, is the very 
 fmcere, and ardent wifh and prayer of. 
 
 May it pleafe your Royal Highnefs, 
 
 Your Roval Highnefs's mofl: 
 
 Obedient, and moft 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 WILLIAM DOYLE. 
 
 
[ »"i ] 
 
 I NT R O D U C T I O N. 
 
 Of the General Extent of the BritiJJj Domi- 
 nio?iSi and of the Names propofed to be given 
 iofuch Parts as have not yet obtained any 
 peculiar ones : The Regions next the Vole to 
 be called Hyper borea^ and the reft Sebaftia, 
 
 TPIE countries, which the Englifh profefs 
 to claim beyond the Atlantic Ocean, ex- 
 tend from about the Bay of Bonadventure, 
 and the great Gulph of Darien •, the former in 
 the South, and the other in the North Sea, that 
 is from about three hundred miles on this fide 
 the Equinodlial Line, to about the fame diftancc 
 from the North Pole. 
 
 Indeed many regions in that extent are con- 
 fefledly the property of other European powers •, 
 efpecially of the Danes and Spaniards : thefe 
 lart are fovereigns of Mexico and its depen- 
 dencies, and of Panama with the parts near the 
 line i which they have very odly annexed to 
 the viceroyalty of Peru. The others are ma- 
 ilers of Iceland, and of fome tra6l» of Weft 
 Greenland, amongft the polar regions ; \yhilft 
 a great deal within the above-mentioned limits 
 is ftlll in the hands of the wild original inhabi- 
 tants ; over fome of whom however towards 
 the north-weft, the Ruffians feem of late to 
 have thouf2;hts of extending their iurifdidlion, 
 ^ ^ But 
 
DN. 
 
 he given 
 ned any 
 • Pole to 
 'ebajtia, 
 
 profefs 
 :an, ex- 
 ^^enture, 
 )rmer in 
 >ea, that 
 this lide 
 diftancc 
 
 are con- 
 powers ; 
 3 : thefe 
 
 depen- 
 near the 
 exed to 
 are ma- 
 of Weft 
 J whilft 
 d limits 
 I inhabi- 
 towards 
 
 late to 
 iidion, 
 But 
 
 INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 But as the Englilh do now and then talk o^ 
 reviving their claim to New Albion, on the 
 North of California, difcovered by their coun- 
 tryman, Sir Francis Drake, and by the natives 
 fubjefted at that time to the Englifh fceptre; 
 and as our people feem even in carneft with re- 
 Ipeft to this claim, if ever they fucceed in the 
 difcovery of a nort^-weft paflage j and as fome . 
 Indian tribes towards the fouthern mentioned 
 boundaries; for inftance, the Moskitos, and 
 Samballaws, have always either as fubjeds or 
 inferior allies acknowledged their dependence 
 on the crown of England ; I fhall probably be 
 thought not much out in extending their em- 
 pire as far as js now mentioned. 
 
 By my afllgning to the Englifh dominions 
 thofe boundaries, I would not however be 
 thought to exclude the French, the Dutch, and. 
 the fame Danes from the property of fome 
 iflands which each of them poflefs in the Weft 
 Indies : Thofe Iball be taken notice of in their 
 proper places. I have now only defi^ned a 
 general sketch of what the Englifh hold or claim 
 in thofe parts, without as yet fpecifying the 
 prccifc determinations between them and their 
 neighbours, 
 
 This mighty fpace, thus extending no lefs 
 than eighty degrees or fixteen.hundrec^ leagues, 
 which make above five hundred l^ng'^fli miles -, 
 is by nature's felf divided into two great and al- 
 moft equal parts, lying north and fouth of each 
 other, and Separated towards the funrifing by 
 Hudfon's Bay, as on the other fide they a;e by 
 
 I? the 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the Str'^ights of Arian, named in fome Spanlfh 
 maps the Archpelago of St. Lazarus, being fulj 
 of iflands, in about fifty-two degrees of lati- 
 tude. The intermediate fpace is taken up 
 either by the north-weft paffage, if fuch there 
 be, or elle by chains of lakes, rivers, and moun- 
 tains, where that paflagc is imagined to lie. 
 
 The more northern part of the two lias beeq 
 called the Polar Countries, the Ardic Regions, 
 Terra Septentrionalis, and the like i but never 
 diftinguifhed by any more proper name, ex- 
 prelTcd by one word, and peculiar to itfelf, un- 
 lefs we admit that of Hyperborea, which figni- 
 fies far North ; is alfo therefore charaderiftic 
 enough, and was given by the antients, amongft 
 others by Herodotus, five hundred years before 
 Chrift, to the moft northern part of the world 
 then known, and which name has been ever 
 fince retained in that of the Hyperborean 
 Ocean, that wafhes the fliores of this part we 
 are fpeaking of: fo that I cannot fee why wc 
 fhould hefitate to renew that anticnt name of 
 Hyperborea ; and to give it to this part of the 
 world, which is thus wafhed by that ocean, and 
 which has never as yet obtained any other par- 
 ticular and more proper one. At leaft I hope 
 for thefe reafons to be cxcufed, if I ufe it in this 
 work, where I have occafion to Ipcak of it. 
 
 The other part, and which lies fouth of the 
 former, has been generally rather defcribed in- 
 deed, than called by any other proper name. 
 1 he appelation it is ufually known by is', " The 
 
 Britilh 
 
lati« 
 
 ^ INTRODUCTION, xi 
 
 Pirkifh dominions in North America," a ft range 
 long one truly, when another fo much fhorter 
 and more proper, and better founding alfo, fo 
 haturally occurs : viz. that of Sebaftia ; and 
 which might be thought preferable even for 
 the omen's fake (as Sebaftia, which is a Greek 
 word, fignifies the fame that Augufta does in 
 Latin) as well as in memory of Sebaftian Caboti 
 the firft difcoverer thereof fot the Englifti. 
 
 Indeed one ftiould think that whole Penin- 
 fula, called hitherto North America, might 
 much more properly go by the name of Seba- 
 ftia ; for as AmericUs Vefpucjus, by being the 
 firft Europt an who failed along a great extent 
 of the ftiores, of that which is now called South 
 America, did thereby acquire a right to give it 
 his own name; let him not therefore be envied 
 the honour of doing fo, but let this p^rt 
 thus dilcovered chiefly by him be Called 
 America fimply, not South America. And as 
 for what has been named North America, fince 
 he never faw, nor failed within many hundred 
 leagues of.it; whereas Sebaftian Cabot did, 
 being the firft that navigated along and difco- 
 yered all that trad: of the fhore thereof, whicH 
 is waftied by ihe Atlantic Ocean ; and this alfo 
 four or five years before Americus's voyage, 
 and even within two years after Columbus had 
 firft difcovered the Weft Indies: why then 
 fhould not he, that is Sebaftian Cabot, enjoy 
 the like honour as Americus, and be allowed 
 to give his name to the northern Peninfula, as 
 the other did to the fouthern. 
 
 b 2 One 
 
. '^'■^l 
 
 1 
 
 xii I N T R O D U C T I O ISr. 
 
 One would think the Englifli at leaft, whofe 
 Icing, tlenry VH. was the perfon that adually 
 employed Sebaftian, when he made that difco- 
 very ; the Englifli, who reap fuch ample fruits 
 by that very difcovery, and who actually pof- 
 fefs or claim half at leaft, if not rather indeed 
 the larger moiety of this vaft region j and who 
 can undoubtedly give what names they pleafe to 
 their own poiTelfions ; one I fay might think 
 .that they fhould prefer giving thereto rather 
 that ot Sebaltia, in memory of the man who in 
 their own fervice firft difcovered fo great a part 
 thereof, than to call it North America, fo much 
 longer an appellation and taken from another 
 perfon, in the fervice of another nation, who 
 never faw, nor fo much as failed even within 
 many hundred leagues thereof. And if but 
 one news paper of credit perfifted in retaining 
 this name, it would foon become common, and 
 the only one in ufe, which might prove an 
 incentive to fomc publiflier of fuch to adopt 
 it -, that fo he might have the reputation of firfl: 
 introducing it into general ufage. At leaft I 
 have determined to take this liberty, and de- 
 lire it may be obferved that whenever the name 
 of Sebaftia is here ufed, thereby is intended 
 what has hitherto been vulgarly called Britilh 
 North America. 
 
 But here it may be asked, how many parts da' 
 I make the globe of the earth to confift of? or 
 would I reckon more than four ? viz. Europe^ 
 Aflla, Africa, and America. 
 
 I anfwer 
 
 r 
 
xiii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I anfwcr by asking again, which of thefe 
 four do the northern polar regions belong to ? 
 for inltance, Greenland ? and which of thefe are 
 the Southern ones part of, as New Holland, 
 New Zealand, &c. Every one knows they be- 
 long to none of the four : yet fince it is beyond 
 all doubt that there are really fuch countries, 
 ought they not to be called and known by fome 
 name ? and will there not then be fix parts for 
 the globe to be divided into, inftead of four ? 
 
 But the truth is, there are neither fix nor four; 
 that is, if we confider only thofe divifions, 
 which not princes or dates, not geographers, or 
 hiftorians, but which nature itfelf has made 
 between the feveral parts of this globe, and that 
 by the moft natural of all boundaries, namely 
 feas. ^ 
 
 For let any one but call his eye on a globe 
 of the earth, or in a map thereof, and he will 
 prefently fee the whole is mod naturally divid- 
 ed into three great parts ; which, being fepa- 
 rated from each other by feas and oceans, may 
 therefore be well confidered as three mighty 
 ifiands. And this has been obferved by'thc 
 great geographer Cluverius. 
 
 One of thofe, and which almoft always oc- 
 cupies the right hand fpace in a map of the 
 globe, is what was firf'. inhabited and planted 
 by mankind, and th ;ven for ages before ei- 
 ther of the other two were at all known. For 
 this reafon it has been frequently called the 
 
 Old 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Old World, but has not as yet obtained any 
 more peculiar or proper name, to diftinguifli it 
 by from the others. 
 
 "What then If we call it Ogygia, an appella- 
 tion ufed by fome modern authors, but bor- 
 rowed indeed from the antients, who ufed to 
 to call things very antique by that name ? and 
 AVill not this therefore be a very proper appel- 
 lation for it ? 
 
 This third portion of the world fo propofed 
 to be called Ogygia, may be obferved to be 
 very naturally likewife divided into threcf 
 other parts, namely, Europe, Afia, and Af- 
 rica ; which therefore ought no longer to be 
 confidered as three fubdivifions of one of thofe 
 other capital parts and great divifions thereof, 
 namely of the Old World, or of Ogygia. 
 
 A fecond capital divifion of the earth is that 
 which in maps thereof ufually occupies the left 
 hand fpace, and to which has often been given 
 the name of the New World, as it were to diftin- 
 guifh it from the former-, but this very im- 
 properly ; fince the third general divifion might 
 as well be called by that name, viz. the New 
 World as the faid fecond. 
 
 Well then, why may we not call it America ? 
 becaufe America (even in its utmoft fuppofed 
 extent) takes in only part thereof, and was ne- 
 ver yet confidered as including the Ariftic Re- 
 gons. But if li^re we again confult the an- 
 
 tientsy 
 
INTRODUCTION. xv 
 
 jdents, we fhould find a very proper appellation 
 for this fecond grand divifion of the earth, 
 namely, Atlantis. For though they had con- 
 iefledly, but very imperfedt notions thereof- 
 yet It IS certain, they knew fo much of it, as 
 to give it a name, and to call it Atlantis, by 
 which it IS exprefsly mentioned by Plato, three 
 hundred years before Chrift, who defcribes it 
 as a mighty ifland, lying on the weft fide of the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and near as large as the whole 
 
 u^Tu^"°^" '^°''^^* ^"^ fuppofcs indeed, it 
 had been fwallowed up by an earthquake or an 
 inundation, as in his time, it was no longer 
 10 known. ° 
 
 What need we then be longer at a lofs for a 
 name ? and why not call it Atlantis, as the an- 
 tients did ? and who therefrom perhaps tranf- 
 ferred the name of the Atlantic Ocean to that 
 which feparated it from this part of the globe' 
 that is from Ogygia. * 
 
 This fecond capital part of the earth, fo call- 
 ed Atlantis, is like the other firft one, very na- 
 turally fubdivided into three more Icffcr parts 
 as beforementioned, namely, America, Sebaf- 
 tia, and Hyperborea; by the firft of which is 
 meant only South America ; by the fecond is 
 intended North America ; and by the laft are 
 the Ardic Regions defigued. 
 
 The third grand divifion of the globe is al- 
 ways placed at the bottom of the maps thereof 
 becaufe it lies fouth of the other two ; and 
 
 therefore 
 
 ifi 
 
M 
 
 rV 
 
 \ 
 
 xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 therefore may very properly be called Auf- 
 tralia, which implies a relation to the South ; 
 and the great South Sea, which waflics fo much 
 of its Ihores, may thence get the name of the 
 Auftralian Ocean : for what is a great fea but 
 an ocean ? or the great South Sea but the 
 fouthern or Aullralian Ocean ? 
 
 Upon the whole then, let us not be afraid to 
 fay, that the whole globe of the earth is natu- 
 rally divided into three great parts only, name 
 ly, Ogygia, Atlantis, and Auftralia ; that Ogy- 
 tria is again fubdivided into three others, viz. 
 Europe, Afia, and Africa. That Atlantis is 
 in like manner fubdivided into three more, 
 namely, America, Sebaftia, and Hyperborea; 
 while the very imperfeft knowledge we have 
 of Auftralia, makes it impoflible to fay into 
 how many lefTer parts it is fubdivided. 
 
 Return we then to the more vniTjediatecon- 
 ftderation of our fubjeft ; b.^^'-rning firft with 
 Hyperborea, as it is indeed neareft to the Bri- 
 tifh Illes, and was firft difcovered, and that for 
 ages alfo, before either Sebaftia or America ; 
 the other two parts of Atlantis, were at all 
 kpown to us. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
CHAP. 1. 
 
 Of Hyperborean 
 
 FROM Spitzberg, which lies almoft 
 north of the port of Wardhuys, neaf 
 the north x;ape of Norweigh, though at 
 a cpnfiderable diftance therefrom, nearly two 
 hundred leagues i Hyperborea extends weft- 
 ward, very nearly within fight of Siberia, at 
 the cxtrcmiiv of Afia, above fcven or eight 
 hundred leagues ; and from within four or five 
 degrees of the pole, the main body of it 
 reaches to fixty degrees, or five hundred 
 leagues fouthwardly ; while fome parts, which 
 however are hardly the twelfth part of the 
 whole, extend fomewhat further to thelcuth, 
 •viz. about fifty-two degrees •, that is above one 
 hundred and fixty leagues more. 
 
 Thofe parts thereof, which we affuredly 
 know, are only Spiizberg, before mentioned^ 
 Iceland, eaft and weft Greenland, /"d the 
 countries bordering on the weft fide oi Baffins, 
 and Hudfon's Bay. For the reft, we are only 
 certain that there is an extent of above feven 
 hundred leagues, running from the faid bays 
 weftward towards Afia, which the Ruflianshavc 
 
 g aaually 
 
 
 -?^' 
 
[ ^ ] 
 
 aflUally vifiteJ, and given us a map of foirlc 
 parts thereof, and feem to intend making fct- 
 tlements therein ; but this is all we know for 
 certain of the exillence thereof. 
 
 There is, indeed, a Japonefe map extant of 
 thofe parts, which was brought into Europe 
 by Kempfer ; and has been publiflied in Lon- 
 don from the late Sir Hans Sloan's Mufeum ; 
 which agrees well enough, both with the Span- 
 iih accounts of California, and of the Streights 
 of Anian ; and alfo with thofe which the Ruf- 
 fians have given us of the parts they vifit- 
 ed : but what regard is to be paid to many 
 other particulars in that Japonefe map, is more 
 uncertain. There may, very polTibly, be fuch 
 a number of iflands lying on the north and 
 ftorth-eaft of the moft eaftern parts of Sibe- 
 ria, which are therein mentioned and called 
 Ye-Q^ie, or the Country of Dvvarfs •, becaufc 
 we are well alTured, and know for certain, that 
 the inhabitants of the moft northern countries 
 are of much lower ftature than their more 
 fouthern neighbours ; as, for inftance, the 
 Laplanders, Icelanders, Greenlanders, and Ef- 
 kimos ; none of whom exceed five feet and 
 an half high, and moit of whom are Ihort of 
 that : and thcle illts we fpeak ot\ being aflured- 
 ly the moft northern inhabited part of this 
 globe, it is likely their people may be of ftill 
 lower ftature ; and no wonder, therefore, they 
 might be confidered as dwarfs by the Japonefe, 
 who are a tall peribnable race. 
 
 Indeed this mention of the Ye-Qiie gives a 
 kind of credit to the map in quefiion ; and 
 Ihevvs thole, who made it firft, had vifit.'d thefe 
 
 iflands ; 
 
[ 3 ] 
 iflands j as we arc fure the Japonefe were great 
 navigators, and had adtually vifited Kamfchat- 
 fcha» which is the remoteft part of Afia ; be- 
 caufe, when the Ruffians firft entered this coun- 
 try, they found Japonefe there ; and therefore 
 it is not incredible but that they might have 
 vifited Ye-Qiie too ; or, indeed, how elfe could 
 they have entertained the notion of fuch a 
 diminutive race, if they never had feen (uch 
 there ? 
 
 However, of the certain exiftence of fome, 
 at leaft, of thofe Ye-Que iflands, we can the 
 lefs doubt, as the Ruflians adually vifited the 
 moll fouthern of them in the year 1723 : and 
 the people of the neighbouring continent have 
 a conftant tradition of there being lome fuch 
 iflands. 
 
 But for other parts, more remote from Japan, 
 their map cannot be fo well depended on. It 
 is true the coafts of the feveral countries, they 
 have delineated therein, have a vifible likenefs 
 to what we know is the truth : but then this 
 likenefs is very far from, being exaft in fuch 
 more remote parts. However, as theirs is the 
 only one we have of thofe northern coafts of 
 Hyperborea ; we mull follow it, whenever we 
 pretend to delineate them-, until fome more 
 cxad difcoveries fliall, in fome future time,, 
 be made of them. 
 
 B 2 
 
 C H A P. 
 
[ 4 ] 
 
 CHAP. 11. 
 
 ■It 
 
 OftbeGlimte, Soil, and Produce 'f ^VP"^'^'- 
 
 TH E climate of Hyperborea, in general, 
 (except perhaps the parts extending to 
 fifty-two degrees towards the Streights of Ani- 
 an/is very much upon the extreme ; being fo 
 Tntenfery cold in winter, that, "P°" »"ft-lk! 
 ironorftone, without gloves on, theflcmfticks 
 here°o, as if bliftered.^hich is enough wih- 
 out defcending to further particulars, to give 
 the reader an^dea of the leverity of 'he wea- 
 ther there. On the other hand, the heat in 
 rummer is proportionable, very much exceeding 
 thTtTf theVeft-Indies i fo that very often m 
 Gr enland, people are not able to bear the^ 
 Joaths on, when they are doing any thmg that 
 may be called exercife, but tliey are obliged to 
 ftrip to tlieir Ihirts on fuch occafions. 
 
 Tliis extraordinary heat produces luch in- 
 numerable quantities of mulkitos, as are a moft 
 abfolutely intolerable, and to avoid the plague 
 of which, the natives let their hair always hang 
 down ov^r their eyes, to keep tbole troublefome 
 little animals from them, which elfe wouid 
 every moment be getting into them. 
 
 This 
 
 I ^**'«»*»*i,^s, 
 
rborea. 
 
 general, 
 ding to 
 of Ani- 
 being fo 
 :ouching 
 :in fticks 
 h, with- 
 
 to give 
 the wea- 
 
 heat in 
 xceeding 
 
 often in 
 )ear their 
 hing that 
 )bliged to 
 
 • 
 
 fuch in- 
 are almoft 
 [he plague 
 ways hang 
 oublefome 
 \fe would 
 
 This 
 
 I 5 ] 
 This great heat caufes a very quick vege- 
 tation i lb that all the produce of the earth in 
 fummer is very foon ripe ; and therefore it 
 might probably yield barley, if it were lowiii 
 alfo whatever elfe can grow to perfedion in 
 three months, which is all their fummer, the 
 reft of the year being winter, without any in- 
 tervening medium of feafon. 
 
 A very great part of Hyperborea is totally 
 deftitute of trees; and, in moft parts, the 
 trees are low, and ftunted in their growth ; or 
 rather are only of fuch kinds, as exceed not 
 the height of (hrubs, as juniper •, which, how- 
 ever, if properly cultivated, might yield a 
 very comfortable fhelter. 
 
 The foil is in fome places, as in Eaft Green- 
 land, a vaft affemblage of nothing but naked 
 rocky mountains, totally deftitute of all vege- 
 tables fit for the ufe of man ; and therefore 
 wholly uninhabited, except by wild animals : 
 but in other places it is more fruitful, and ge- 
 nerally inhabited, even far north; as for in- 
 ■ ftance, in the Ye-Q^ie iflands beforementioned. 
 Spitzberg is uninhabited indeed, though faid to 
 be covered with a very fine verdure in fummer; 
 but its being defert, may be owing to its great 
 diftance from any inhabited place, from whence 
 it might be peopled ; Eaft Greenland, which 
 isneareft to it, being, as was obferved, unfit 
 for the refidence of man ; and the Ruffian do- 
 minions too much out of the way, and fepa- 
 rated befides, by a part of the Hyperborean 
 ocean, which is not always, even in the height 
 of fummer, navigable. 
 
 The 
 
 -iMi iMa*if 
 
II 
 
 & 
 
 I 
 
 [ 6 ] 
 
 The wild animals are in greater or leffer 
 numbers, according to the plenty or fcarcity of 
 food they can find. The north-weft parts, next 
 Siberia, the RuflTians affure us, produce the 
 fineft furs as yet known in the world. In the 
 parts nearer to us, they are moftly -beafts of 
 prey that are found, particularly bears, which 
 are exceeding fierce, and when prefifed by hun- 
 ger, will attempt forcing their way into the very 
 " habitations of the people ; and are not daunted 
 by the greateft efforts of refiftance made even 
 by numbers of men together. However, the 
 natives often mafter them, and regale fumptu- 
 ouQy on their flefh, which is faid to be very 
 good and nourifhing, and their fkins very va- 
 luable. 
 
 As to tame animals, I cannot find they have 
 any except dogs ; only that in Iceland they have 
 alfo ftieep in tolerable numbers : but of this 
 ifiand we (hall fay more by and by. 
 
 All the feas, rivers, and ponds, however, of all 
 Hyperborea, as far as we have been able to dif- 
 cover, abound in incredible quantities of fifti of 
 many' forts, of which the whales are the chief; 
 the catching of which is moft highly profitable 
 to the Dutch and Hamburghers, and might as 
 well be fo to the Englifh, if they were as atr^n- 
 
 tive to it. \ . .. ' t. 
 
 The feas of Iceland abound m Img, wnich 
 they dry without fait, and is therefore much va- 
 lued tor fea provifions, as notcaufing the fcurvy 
 near fo much as faked foods do -, however, one 
 fhould think all the other feas of Hyperborea 
 might have the fame advantage, if they yielded 
 the fame fpecies of filh j but as the matter has 
 
 not 
 
 i 
 
 ,:JW,*,s.is«Ja?*S«' 
 

 f ^ 5 
 
 not bfen tried, the Danes, who are mailers of 
 J^''\"''. are the fole venders of this commodity 
 
 Iceland alfo produces vail quantities of the' 
 finen fulphur in the world -, and abounds in a 
 moll fweet and fragrant herbage, that feed* 
 
 t^^'-r 1?"P ^."'' '■■""" n*« cattle fand 
 fome of It of fo excellent a nature, as to b; per- 
 haps preferable to any other perfume what^er 
 for fcentmg cloaths , and this I take notke^f 
 the rather, as I do not recolleft Horrebrow 
 >n his account of Iceland, mentions thU pardl 
 cular: but! perfcfllywell remember o^have 
 
 Snr,?n?""" ''t? 5 " ''''°« 'he nze of a b[g 
 pmcuftion, which waspreferved in my mother'! 
 fami y, thePynfents and Wandesfordsff" above 
 fourlcore years, as I was ailured, fo that p", ' 
 pofe; and m all that time the perfume was no 
 way ,mpa,red : I thought it hi|hly TgreTabl" 
 and even to exceed lavender; they faid it was 
 
 iandf a'nd V.'r' '"^'^ '° °'^'^" hadt in^" 
 ,C t'.i I •"'''* "^ """y queftions about it 
 
 en, only that I confcfs 1 never faw the contents 
 which were fcwed up very elegantly in a fi°k C ' 
 
 norperhapsdidthcpoireiTorever fleThem thfy 
 ool ,t on tradition , yet fuch as I think m ah^ 
 be depended on ; for how fliould it come nfo 
 the.r heads ,„ fay it „,s f^o,^ f„,h an out"of. he 
 way part of the world a, Iceland; thenuatfo' 
 
 tor ladies are not ufually iuch great seoiira 
 phers. However, what I have faid m%?u 
 tl'ofe who are curious i„ iUch matters. and'^bC 
 
 ; it 
 i? I. 
 
f/ 
 
 ■■I 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 ( .' 
 
 
 \ r 8 ] 
 
 , -«nc of the Danifli am- 
 opportunities by the m ans o^h ^.^^^^^^ 
 
 baMor at our court, upon h 
 
 into this. , , i „ T Viave been affured* 
 
 '\he Iceland >pd°S^; J^^^f^^- ,hat kind in 
 ,,e the moft ^^f'^tiftrommonly long and 
 
 "^"^ T«' curl'edgn rally of » '■"°''-*'""' 
 beautifully ":'"^''' F" ' lour. 
 
 though fo"^«>'r" °{*,Sties of this iaand are 
 The other natural c"" ^re to recommend 
 fo extraordi.iary, tnat i j. j, informed 
 
 to thofe, who de .re to be r^ J^ 
 ■'" *."'' Pr be o ementioned, or, where .t 
 
 ^ot rL"i:^>r.rr^^^^^^^ 
 
 Slrtlne^hrrtSVt^"^^^-^-'''"' 
 have feen. _ . jj niore temperate 
 
 The air of ^f^""'^ '^?'Hyperborea that we 
 than in any other part ot Hyp ^^ .„^^j 
 
 know of i owing p rhjs to » ^^^^ ,^_^j 
 
 at a confiderable d ftan« * ^ ^^Jreplete wah 
 ,nd therefore ^'^^^"XL much better m- 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 f,mSHim^i'': 
 
[ 9 3 
 
 ifli am-' 
 further 
 
 iflured* 
 kind in 
 
 ng 
 
 and 
 
 white, 
 
 land arc 
 )mmend 
 nformed 
 Horre- 
 where it 
 t in the 
 it is far 
 les that I 
 
 temperate 
 :a that wc 
 T an ifland 
 ►ther land, 
 ;plete with 
 better in- 
 muft needs 
 fet it pro- 
 
 C H A P. III. 
 
 Of the Inhabitants of Hyperborea ; and how this 
 Part of the IVorld^ as well as Sebaftia, Ameri- 
 
 ca, 
 
 and all Atlantis, became peopled. 
 
 TH E inhabitants of Iceland, though low 
 of ftature, are yet rather handfome. 
 They are of good parts, ingenious, and often 
 apply themfelves with great fuccefs to literature. 
 They are chriftians of the Lutheran per- 
 fuafion; devout and religious without fupcr- 
 
 ftition. .- , 
 
 The Greenlanders are ingenious likewik, but 
 deftitute of literature or chriftianity -, except 
 what they have lately learned by the inftruaion 
 of Danilh miffionaries. They are fhorter of 
 ftature, and not fo handfome as the celanders. 
 
 All the weft coafts and iQands of Baffins bayard 
 inhabited by people of like perfons and manners; 
 as are alfo the environs of Hudfon's bay, quite 
 round for aconfiderabl extent, including Labra- 
 dor, or New-Britain. All thefe people are called 
 Efkimos, or Eaters of Raw Flelh, which they 
 are very fond of i a cuftom began at firft, prov 
 bably, from neceffity, but continued from ule, 
 and, perhaps, fome liking i for I have been 
 alfured by thofe who had, by miftake, eaten 
 meat, fcarce warm through, that it far exceed- 
 
 
 ..M 
 
I 
 
 ,1 
 
 I 
 
 [ lo ] 
 cd what was more drefled. Thefe Eikimos, as 
 well as the Grecnlanders, who likewifc fol- 
 low the fame ufage, are not at all for that, the 
 more favage, wild, or barbarous ; they are ex- 
 tremely witty and ingenious ; and, no doubt, 
 had they an education like the Icelanders, wouH 
 make an equal progrels in the fciences. 
 
 There is one peculiar cuftom common to all 
 thefe people, that is, the Icelanders, Grecnland- 
 ers, and Elkimos : they are extremely fond of 
 fatyrical poetry : their bards frequently fend 
 challenges to one another to contend herein, as 
 Latin fchool-boys with us, challenge one ano- 
 ther to cap verfes : and fo great a licence is al- 
 lowed on thofe occafions, and their fatyrs are 
 often fo fevere, that there have been many br 
 ftances of thofe poets, who were thought L^ 
 have the worft of it, making away with them- 
 felves for grief. 
 
 This puts me in mind of Juvenal's Et con- 
 
 ducendo laquiiur jam Rhethore Thule : And even 
 
 the people of "Thule now talk of eftablifhing 
 
 public leffum of oratory : and has fometimes 
 
 made me doubt, whether Iceland was not the 
 
 antient Thule, as many learned men have 
 
 thought it was : for Angrim Jonas, as well as 
 
 other old authors, have aifured us that Iceland 
 
 was always famous for this fatyrical poetry : 
 
 Mr. Horrebrow beforcmentioned, tells us the 
 
 praftlce is continued to this day. Mr. Egcde, 
 
 a Danifh mifllonary in Weft-Greenland, tells us, 
 
 that people, illiterate as they were found, yet 
 
 have the very fame cuftom : and all who have 
 
 vifitcd Hudfon's bay, have given us the fame 
 
 account of the Elkimos. 
 
 After. 
 
 I 
 
as 
 
 t » ] 
 
 After this» can there be a doubt but that thef 
 are derived from one another -, and all from the 
 Norwegians, who we know for certain were the 
 firft planters of Iceland and Greenland. 
 
 For the Norvvegian annals inform us, that 
 between eight and nine hundred years after 
 Chrift, they fent colonies to Iceland j and, in 
 procefs ot time, having vifited Weft-Greenland* 
 and difcovered an hot fpring there, they found- 
 ed a city, and being then become chnftians, 
 eftablifhed a bifliop's lee in the place, and cal- 
 led it that of St. Thomas. 
 
 Greenland is waftied on the weft by Davis's 
 ftreights and Baffin's bay. What wonder if the 
 defcendants of the Norwegian colony rambled 
 round the bay^ and crofted the ftreights, which 
 are of no great breadth but twenty leagues; and 
 thence ftill fpread all round Hudfon's bay, and 
 even into Newfoundland; vhich, when firft 
 difcovered and vifited by the Europeans, was 
 peopled, though thinly, by the Eflcimos ? 
 
 And one Capt. Richard Williams, of Milford, 
 (but now, as I hear, refident on George's kay, 
 Dublin) a man of as fcrupulous a veracity, as 
 ever I knew in my life, told me he had pafled 
 two entire winters in Newfoundland ; and that 
 he and his companions, rambling in the woods, 
 difcovered what they all took to be a tomb, 
 conTifting chiefly of a very large and misftiapen 
 flat ftone, on which was an engraving •, very like 
 writing, which, though none of them could read, 
 had, in their opinion, the entire fimiUtude of 
 an epitaph. 
 
 As I can abfolutelv depend on the probity of 
 Capt. Williams, 1 cannot doubt of the matter 
 
 C 2 of 
 
 After. 
 
V7i 
 
 [ 12 ] 
 
 of fad i and hence conclude, that cither fome 
 Norwegians, or of their defcendants, the Ice- 
 landers, or perhaps of the Grcenlanders, or Ef- 
 kimos had been in this ifland, and erefted this 
 monument j when as yet thefe two latter nations 
 had not totally forgot the ufe of writing. But 
 if it was the work of either of the other two» - 
 that is, of the Norwegians or Icelanders, it is 
 abundantly fufficicnt to Ihew how thefe parts 
 might have been, and, indeed, beyond doubt» 
 were firft peopled originally from Ncrweigh. 
 
 And as for the objedlion drawn f;om the 
 Norwegians, till of late, appearing to be totally 
 unacquainted with thofe parts; the anfwer i& 
 veryeafy: we know the three noithern king- 
 doms of Norweigh, Swedeland, and Denmark, 
 were, for above three or four hundred years 
 together, after the fending out of this colony, 
 in a continued uninterrupted fcene of civil wars ♦, 
 during which time, there need be no wonder if 
 they negle6led their colonies ; indeed, the won • 
 der is, how they preferved Iceland. And as for 
 their colonies not fending, and endeavouring to 
 keep up a correfpondence with their parent ftatCi 
 it is very conceivable they might choofe to drop 
 4t, for fear of being involved in the miferies of 
 the civil wars j as well as at the inftigation, per^. 
 haps, of fome of thtir principal inhabitants j 
 who, from motives of ambition, might be 
 tempted to make ufe of this opportunity, to 
 throw off their dependence. 
 
 As to their forgetting letters and literature ; 
 the very laborious life, which the penurioufnefs 
 of their country fubjeded them to, and the want 
 of fchools, might have occafioned it. And af- 
 ter 
 
to 
 
 [ 13 ] 
 
 tcr all} How came the ancients to loofc all 
 knowledge of Atlantis, except juft its name? 
 The fame will account for the Norwegians, 
 with refpea to thofe colonics of theirs in Green- 
 land alfo. 
 
 ^ What has been hitherto faid on this fubjea, 
 IS abundantly fufficient to (hew how Hyperborca, 
 Sebaftia, and America j in fliort, all Atlantig 
 might have been peopled •, namely, from the 
 Norwegians ; even if he could give no other 
 account, or form no other gucfs about it. 
 
 But, indeed, we have no neceffity to confinf 
 ourfelves to the Norwegians alone. It is pro- 
 bable enough, that fome of the Japonefc might 
 have contributed to the peopling thereof; be- 
 caufe we know that the Japonefe had in ufe a 
 map of the north-weft part of Atlantis, con- 
 formable enough to the accounts which the Ruf- 
 fians and Spaniards have given us of thofe parts; 
 and which we are fure they could have had froni 
 neither. How then could they have drawn or 
 made out fuch a map, but from a knowledge 
 of the coafts ? and hov 'hat knowledge, with- 
 out vifiting them ? Ana might not thofe vifits 
 naturally occafion fome Japonefc to be left a- 
 fliore, and fo to begin the peopling of fome 
 parts thereof? 
 
 Befides, the ]>^exican hiftories conftantly af- 
 firm, that their nation came originally from the 
 north-weft; which we know to be neareft to 
 Japan : and how, indeed, could a nation like 
 the Mexicans, learn that polity and thofe arts 
 they were mafters of, but from fuch a nation as 
 the Japonele ; when we know all their other 
 neighbours were mere barbarians ? 
 
 And 
 
 J 
 
 I?' 
 
 «v 
 

 I 
 
 t H 1 ^ .. 
 
 ■ Antlas to their not being acquainted witH 
 wrhinK bot preferving their hiftory by ano^ 
 
 H"-tka''^rS'rbt| 
 
 "* , Th^; mS be »lfo entirely ignorant of 
 Zartof pr"6. though in praftice -n the,r 
 
 ktf \hcy p "a^bly tlugl^ fon^ewhat of the 
 CeiciK their pofterity •. amongft whom, 
 r,he Mexicans were fuch, it is no wonder i( 
 e fi d^hdr hinories P-^-f ''y ^jf r^/. 
 ,i„.p„U varioufly coloured and knotted, to ex 
 rrrlV Ideas they would communicate i and 
 ''hth mav be conUred as analagous to the 
 SrLfjaponefe hy«o^yph..^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 make out the greater probability ot thoie ocxuy 
 
 %rtrr:tSru;sfoveryne.rto 
 
 crofts p1o;i; may have, at fome time or 
 
 other, removed thereto. p. i^ans and 
 
 And, pombly, even the V^-^"^ ^ f^ 
 
 Carthaginians, J'^'^" 'r"i*„,'^3'''and vifued it, 
 that knew ar^y thmg oj^^'''^^' ^^ ,i,e inhabi- 
 if it was v>fned " ^> ^V^^^e old world) 
 ?": : t^?;' I'fay poffiblv -ight have ftaid. 
 T,.n eft behind in tome of their voyage. 
 V u ia contXted fomewhat to the peoplmg 
 ^'c ■'' it foXt all thefe particulars confidered 
 •"^"'".nCftetwhf peopling of this part of 
 rSatle^y long^ct I m^of^wonder. 
 
\ with 
 f ano- 
 thc Ja^ 
 )Ut na- 
 
 books 
 1 worn , 
 >rant o^ 
 in their 
 
 ABC, 
 kad of 
 
 of the 
 : whom, 
 )ndcr if 
 ndles of 
 I, to ex- 
 tCi and 
 s to the 
 
 and fo 
 )fe being 
 
 f near to 
 DC almoft 
 3ubt but 
 e time or 
 
 :ians and 
 :en thofe 
 vifited it, 
 be inhabi- 
 Id world) 
 have ft aid, 
 X voyages 
 le peopling 
 confidered, 
 his part of 
 Df wonder. 
 
 : H A P. 
 
 [ '5 ] 
 
 <i 
 
 CHAP. IV, 
 
 flow all Hyperlx)rea may be peaceally acquired bf 
 tfie Englifh, with the full arid free Confeut of the 
 Danes and Ruflians, who are the only Europeans 
 to contejl it : and in order thereto, Hr/i^ How 
 Britain may obtain the Feroe Illands. 
 
 XH E fifheries and furs of Hyperborea Ctq 
 fay nothing of the fulphur, minerals, and 
 foflils thereof) are fo very valuable, that 
 'tis no wonder if every nation who, had it in their 
 power to poiTefs the whole, (hould attempt to do 
 fo ; and 'tis therefore a greater Hiame for the 
 Engliih, who are the only nation in Europe that 
 are in a way to make fuch acquifition, to have 
 pegle(^ed to do it. 
 
 No European ftate is in any fort whatever able 
 to conteft it with them, but the Danes and Ruf- 
 fians. Let us then confider, whether theie two 
 nations may be gained over to confent, that the 
 Englifh alone have it. Nor (hould I propofe 
 this out of any predilection for my own country, 
 but becaufe it to me feems, that they alone have 
 it in their power to make this entire acquifition ; 
 befides that, the Britilh ifles are, of all Europe, 
 ^|ie ncareft to the countries in queilion; and 
 
 therefore, 
 
 
r i6 1 
 
 ■e .,n(&(fion was to follow vioin'ty, 
 therefore, if ,P°"^:"°"T,r,„e of all others, 
 they ought to have -t exclufive of a^l ^^^^^ye 
 idjomingro Scotland are ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 parcels of iflands ; 0"= 'P"S ,. .^ for He- 
 called the Hebries or Weftem l^nds ^^^ 
 ber, Hiber, Iber Iver, and Ur, aU ^^^^^ 
 Celtic language, fign.fy the «ett « 
 comes the Greek Ea«, and Laun V.., the/^r^^ 
 
 "r ''^ th*t zbg rn nths i^^s the eaftern. 
 whereas all the ff«=ezing ;^ ^^^ „g. 
 
 yrom hence comes 1^^' ^^^P\',;i3„d, the fame, 
 ftern region ; a"d H^'^^,'"^, 'Spaniards, who, we 
 fonamedbythelbeii ''^?' .V ^pied Ice- 
 
 Unow, were they who ?^^^f^JJ, fey, ia 
 'f •*> '"„f\t Scs, but in thatof Auguftus 
 the time of the iiraeiu<i= , Cnain and the 
 
 Cxfar, who having conqj^ered^pam, an 
 
 Spaniards not able to ^r the R^™^^ '[^ j^eland ; 
 they paired over '\f'f' "rnoTtlwefl: patt of 
 and finding it m truth he moft "^^"^j^.^^ft P,,Ued 
 Europe, as Spam was *^ "'°" ;°^ . j^e letter » 
 
 i,,aft'er thek o*" J°"" [^.^^"S'ote the plural 
 being added to lberm,e^hetw_^^ thofe who 
 
 number, as m leuton, ou^^ ;i:^,,o.ht to be part 
 ^nderftoodnotthelanguag^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 of the original mmes, , ^ ^ 
 
 „ere originally tmt o'f'^'J^ ^^j therefore 
 
 added, only i^lP'f .'.^'Id not Saxons and 
 . ought, in Engl.ib, to be ca ed, no 
 
 Teutons but |-- -'l.T-;^ r» in Hibemia 
 ^ir^^ri'K'wflS^n^ointin, 
 
u\ 
 
 Loimty, 
 
 s. 
 dcrable 
 
 ft, and 
 
 For He- 
 
 the old 
 
 whence 
 
 efpringy 
 
 blow, 
 ; eaftcrn. 
 
 the we- 
 le fame, 
 who, we 
 led Ice- 
 
 1 fay, in 
 A.uguftus 
 
 and the 
 mination, 
 
 Ireland ; 
 3ft part of 
 eft, called 
 Lc letter n 
 the plural 
 thofe who 
 :o be part 
 iced, they 
 e n being 
 I therefore 
 laxons and 
 vhich latter 
 Ln Hibernia 
 BH it figni- 
 ienifies the 
 ,nd pointing 
 
 In l ., 
 
 p ik in brdei^ fo fliew it tb ariotllef • a^ the in* 
 mhitints of Wales niight, from whente it may 
 
 YKe other ■'pifcel of iftands, adjoihing td 
 
 tiotlarid, have betn called the Croadits, or 
 madic iile^, ahd lie off the nofthcoail thereof J 
 but from whence the name Croadies is derived, 
 IkfioW not: They are again lubdividiid into 
 tliffee' parts, ^ach confifting of a ieparate de^ 
 ftiched clnfter, namely, the C^rkneys^ Schet- 
 idrid, ahd Feroe^ ■ 
 
 'T^hefe thtee parcel?, in old tittle*, did all 6f 
 fhetti belong t6 Denmark and Norweigh, be- 
 irtg thence peopled : but it is now a lon^^ time 
 fince Orkney was .united to Scotland •, whilft th^ 
 Othets continued under their old proprietors ; 
 till James the Vlth of Scotland, who was af- 
 terwards the ift of Eriglahd, got Schetland tfanA 
 ferred to Scotland, by way of portion v/ith hi;^ 
 Queen, Anne of Denmark, when he married 
 her. But whether it is to continue annexed to 
 that crown, if his pbfterity (hould fail, 1 never 
 fcould yet learn -, only one would imagine it wai 
 to revert back again in cafe they failed •, orj 
 why fliould it be made a part of the fnirc of 
 Orkney, from which it is fo diftant, a^id not 
 be made a county of itfelf ? And why did the 
 fcourt t)f Denmark, fome few years ago, talk 
 of their expedtative rights therein ? However^ 
 whether it be fo or not, nothing, one iliould 
 imagine eafier^ than to get an abfolv.te ccnicn, 
 both of all thefe, and of the Feroe illahds too, 
 if either the Dartifti or Englilli miniilry ever 
 thought of, or troubled their heads about the 
 
 matter. 
 
 D Feroe 
 

 [ ,8 ] 
 
 tcroe lies fo much nearer to Schetland^ thaii 
 It does to Norweigh, or to any other, part of the 
 Danifh dominions ; that it is impomble not to 
 confider it as naturally a Britifh iQand, and def- 
 tined by the Author of Nature, one time of 
 other, to be annexed thereto. How then fhall 
 
 that be? «< «. » e ' ' 
 
 Very eafily! The king is poffeffed ot a 
 county in Germany, called Wildelhufen ad- 
 joining to the Danifti county of Oldenburgh, 
 and very convenient to it. He has alio a ju- 
 rifdiaion in the very middle of the city of 
 Hamburgh, and independent, of that magiftra- 
 cy. He pofTeffes this latter as fovereign ot 
 
 Bremen. , - . , . 
 
 And the foundation or origin of it was this : 
 When the archbilhoprick of Hamburgh was 
 founded-, being among!'; nations fomewhatfa- 
 vac^e, and for ages not thoroughly reconciled 
 to°chriftianity, it was thought beft to annex it 
 to the fee of Bremen, which was very potertt, 
 feparated but by the river Elbe from Han>- 
 burgh, and therefore more abundantly able to 
 keep up and fupport againft any encroach- 
 ments or mal-treatment, this new fee of Hani- 
 burah, than itfelf eould do, if left alone. 
 
 The* archbilhop of Bremen, therefore, had 
 always a confiderable jurifdiaion in Hamburgh ; 
 and when the fees were fecularized, and Bre- 
 men given to the Swedes, at the peace of Murt- 
 fter, this Hamburgh jurifdiaiort went along 
 with it : and when King George I. of England* 
 in 1 71 8, acquired Bremen from the Swedes, 
 (which, by the following peace, in 1720, was 
 kit to him) he got the forementioned fove- 
 
 rcigntjr 
 
[ '9 ] 
 
 J^Jgn.ty, ^"Hamburgh along with it; and, at 
 tlite^ fame time, had the county of Wildefhu- 
 fen c6ded likewife to him by the Swedes, to 
 whom it alio belonged -, though not as a de- 
 pendent on Bremen, that I can find, but a little 
 feparate ftate, as, indeed, it is no way conti- 
 guous' to it as Hamburgh is i it is true, it joins 
 on the. king's county of Diepholt, and fo might 
 conveniently enough be under the fame fove- 
 reign; but much more of it touches on the 
 panifh county of Oldtnburgh ; to which, there- 
 fore, it is fo convenient an acceffion, that there 
 is little doubt, if it was prdpofed, but the 
 court of Denmark would, for it, give up to 
 our king both Feroe, and whatever expedla- 
 tive rights he might have on Shetland alfo j at 
 leaft, if not for Wildeihufen, which perhaps 
 is little mbre than an equivalent for Feroe, yet 
 afTuredly they would, for the Hamburgh jurif- 
 didion, which, though inferior in real value to 
 Wildefhufcn or Feroe, yet to the Danes, who 
 have fo long had an eye on Hamburgh, it 
 would be of many times more than both of the 
 others put together, 
 
 •However, as it is probable that the fovereign 
 of Bremen would chufe to exchange rather with 
 the Hambiirghers themfelves, that jurifdiaiioii 
 we fpeak of within their city, for a little terri- 
 tory called' Ritzenbuttle, which they poffefs at 
 the very ipoutbs of the two rivers Elbe and 
 Wcfer -, and which would be very convenient to 
 Bremen. J fbppofe the exchange for Wilde- 
 ihufen would rather take place between the king 
 and the Danes j and I make no doubt of the 
 fonfentofthe latter, as Wildefhufcn, of how 
 
 D 2 little 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 g 
 
r 2p J 
 
 little vduc foever, would ccrt^mly be of morc^ 
 Sd migh^ Be indeed of more jinpQrtance tq#; 
 e^nUh^omimRi^^,:th;u. ever ^^%^"^ ^« 
 t.e more pMicylArly Ihewn fieireafter. ,NP^ta 
 Mention hVW' imicH lecurer the poferiP" of m 
 Sie.V^|o)f^|ie,thus guaranteed by th^^ 
 tMiw^^mm of Feroe ey6r can-,. wf>ich al^ 
 P^»?^rQpp could .nQUmderjh^iBffe 
 
 |tl.rg|(^^wni:offeng¥i)dwa^^ 
 
 ^ TafTin-'-atTiis^ article of feroe may fper^.tg 
 
 oftbisour.cquntry, and nothing. at all ot that 
 of foreign iStes/and if tbey M, l^ M% 
 virtue ei5)Ugli to cpnfider any tl^ipg ifithcy.ilouM 
 Kelp it, but tkir Qwn private advptage^^.t^ 
 fecuring tfc«^lelves in power,; f ?>d^tio,pr^^ 
 blv may aftea to treat what ha^^beerj ijw^iqf 
 iPeroe, as jvn idle, notion of a merp fchetner -. m 
 I cannot help ipfifting upon it, as pnepf th^ 
 m acquifltioii3 that Britaja oyg^t t^mm 
 feven befcre much more opu^t lOoes. ^PJ" m^ 
 
 • hot take notice of the Feroe in^pd^.^^nd fiRchng 
 that they b,cloi>g i>ot to. Qr^ft Britain,, wbilft 
 vet they lie fp rhucl> nearer t;h^|reto than to, 01^ 
 other country 1 and, therefore muft pf W^^tv 
 L confidered as rtaturally Brit^ih ifl^s ; wno^,,l 
 fay, can ^void thinking it. apity that. tJifV^^^f 
 %i lb V and then pr^eedtp A I'J^!^ 
 
 method for Pritaip to acquire them? And^eipg 
 informed of ,the circumftances m^tion^^, ro- 
 
 lating to Wildediufen, who could butwilh aji 
 
 \ 
 
 3 
 
 } 
 
nc\\ alt 
 
 of 'that 
 y<jovJ4 
 
 I 
 
 n, wmllt 
 
 tKere,n9 
 ^nd being 
 
 Lt.wim ^^ 
 
 [ It ] 
 
 ftf PivpifV), it; hcin^, equally, as yif^s,pbferYed^ 
 tije if)tereft of botli <;pvirts to agree to it. " 
 .";An4 fter<;..l(?i:, ,rpe be permitted to obferve; 
 lifpw pfcjf^jl jxjkh^' the former acquifition of Brer 
 m<?pV, ^;Wf %ren, &c. by George the firft, 
 fcrt'by %come" to Epgla^id ; an acquifition fo 
 jpiKhahdib iQwclIyfvnGe exclaimed againft, and 
 yfjijch, yejf, by-;^e exchange propofed, mi»ht be 
 
 fl^4ewfeoffo,,p;;q€ure to the crown of Great 
 rit^m, the complete union under its dominion 
 pjf " all the Britifh ifle3 i which, whilft it wants 
 teroe^ is ilill incomplete. Add, that no other 
 .^^^t^ in Ei)rope could propofe fuch mutual ad- 
 yi^uagp p itielf, and at the farric time to Den- 
 'rqarli, by any fiich like exchange as Britain 
 could. To Sweden, RuOia, Pruflia, or Meck- 
 lenbuigh, with whom Denmark has neareft con- 
 nexions i to any of them the acquifition of 
 Fcroe would be abfolutely ufelefs -, thefe domi- 
 nions lie not near it, nor could it be in any navi- 
 gation of the leafl: fervice to them ; PruITia, be- 
 fides, has nothing at all to give in exchange, nor 
 Sweden any but fome of itfelf -, which, to be 
 fure, it would never part with. So that the fo- 
 vereign of Bremen, or Wilderfhufen alone, who 
 happens at the fame time alfo to be king of 
 Great Britain, can furnilh an equivalent to Den- 
 ;iiark for it. An equivalent too, which, as fhall 
 hereafter be (hewn, may become of moft fingu- 
 lar utility to the Dariifti court itfelf, and of a 
 thoufand times the advantage that it will be to 
 ^he end of time poflible for Feroe to prove to it, 
 fl <^ppofirjg then an Englifh minifter to exift,, 
 'who for a very little time (for very little indeed 
 would fuffice to bring about a treaty, which 
 
 would 
 
 ( 
 
r «« 1 
 
 %otild be fd' riit h ?o the advantage of both 
 parties) fhould fo»g' c himfelf, his dependents, 
 his own private views, and little fhifts to bring 
 about fome pitiful parliamentary fchemes, as to 
 cffeft the exchange propofed. HoW ffltich 
 would he be regarded ? How many dverfights 
 ii> Other matters would he be pardoried? and 
 what an inward confcioufnefs of merit would 
 elate and fupport him ! ' To have completed 
 ito Britain the pofTeflion of 3II the iflands, natu^ 
 tally thereto belongino^, and that without cofting 
 a fmgle {hilling to the lubjeds. Suppofmg this 
 done ; and let us now proceed to fee what; 
 mio^ht be the confequences thereof, v^hicK' nJ^- 
 turally leads us back to our fubjedl, the acj 
 cjuifition of all Hyperborea. drai 
 
 ■o : : . , ■ ' ■"■^i 
 
 ■•'.;. ',.,;.::.. ;:?0'13H 
 
 - V 
 
 j-- i \.iiiiX 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 CWA?, 
 
of both 
 endents, 
 to bring 
 s, as to 
 ' much 
 'erfights 
 id? and 
 t would 
 
 mpleted 
 s, natur 
 t cofting 
 Ping this 
 ec what 
 bich. n^- 
 the aci 
 
 t 23 1 
 
 
 x;q;;4 
 
 HAI^ 
 
 CHAP* V, 
 
 Of the Acq^uifttion of all Hyperborean . . : 
 
 NORTH from Feroe, but inclining si 
 little to the weft, and confiderably nearer 
 thereto than to Norweigh, lies the large ifle of 
 Iceland, about as big as England, though peo- 
 pled only by about fixteen thoufand families j 
 Valuable, however, for its fiflieries, its fulphur, 
 and its uncommonly fine herbage. Its fifhery 
 the Danes wholly appropriate themfelves, alto- 
 gether excluding foreigners therefrom. This 
 created fomc difputes, in queen Elizabeth's 
 reign, with the Englifh, and fome years ago with 
 the Dutch. However, as far as I can learn, the 
 Danes have prevailed in the conteft, and retain 
 the exclufive right to themfelves ; and to be 
 fure they do the fame with refpe<5t to Weft 
 Greenland alfo, which lies fomewhat beyond 
 Iceland. So that upon Great Britain's acquir- 
 ing thofe two countries, it is of courfe to be 
 fuppofed that they would therewith have the 
 exclufive filheries, and every other produce alfO 
 of the two. 
 
 Indeed queen Elizabeth, on occafion of tht 
 ilifpute before-mentioned, fo far forgot herfelf 
 
 and 
 
 , Jill 
 'I'l 
 
 ill 
 
t «4 1 
 
 And the rights of her crown, to which appei-- 
 tains the lovereignty of fo much of the leas; 
 as to prcfent a memorial to the court of Den- 
 mark againft thefe claims •, wherein Ihe infifted 
 that all leas werR freCj and a41 rtflieries therein, 
 by the law of nature, equally fo to all nations 
 however diftantly fituated, I do not recollecl: 
 whether Grotius, in his Mare Liberum^ liaS 
 quoted this memorial 5 but I fuppofe Mr. Selden 
 has convinced every one who has read his Mare 
 Claufurrt, in anfwer to Grotius^ that the navi- 
 gation of feas, and of courfe their fiiheries may 
 in many inftances be the privilege Jind property 
 of particular neighbouring nations, who have a 
 right thereby to exclude all others •, and this 
 being the cafe, with refpect to the feas and 
 fiiheries of Iceland : and Biritain, being molt 
 abundantly able to affert their exelufive rights; 
 if they were once in poireflion of the countries 
 (as Iceland in the prefentinilance; to which they 
 belong i I prefume there need be no further ar- 
 gument on the fubjed -, come we then to fee 
 how this acquifition may be made. 
 
 His Britannic majefty does, as duke of Brunf- 
 Wick Lunenburgh (as I apprehend) enjoy the 
 dutchy of Lawnenburgh, about as large as, rt a 
 medium, the counties in England generally 
 are. It is well inhabited, advantagcouny fi- 
 tuated for trade, and may be thereby rendered 
 very rich, if it be not fo already. The great 
 navicrable river Elbe, jull before its entering the 
 territories of Hamburgh, runs through this 
 dutchy, dividing it into two ; the northern 
 Dart whereof is the largeft, and has the chief 
 ' town 
 
C ^5 ] 
 
 apper- 
 he fcas; 
 )f Den- 
 
 infilled 
 therein, 
 
 nations 
 recollect 
 .im, has 
 '. Selden 
 lis Mare 
 he navi- 
 ries may 
 property 
 3 have a 
 and this 
 feas ^nd 
 ng molt 
 ^e rights; 
 countries 
 hich they 
 irther ar- 
 en to fee 
 
 of Brunf- 
 jnjoy the 
 ;e as, :.'t a; 
 generally 
 ;couny fi- 
 
 rendered 
 The great 
 tefing the 
 •ugh this 
 
 northern 
 
 the chief 
 
 town 
 
 id thi 
 
 )rthei 
 
 town Lawenburgh in it. 
 part runs out very excentrically on that lide, 
 beyond the main body of the king's other Ger- 
 man dominions, which are entirely feparated 
 therefrom by the faid great river Elbe ; except 
 only a fmall part of the county of Danneberg, 
 which lies on the fame fide of ihe river, though 
 hardly contiguous to Lawenburgh-, and, ex- 
 cept alfo the difi:ri£t of Ratzeburgh on the north 
 of the whole, near Lubec; and otherwife alfo 
 very advantageoufly fituated •, and thought of 
 fuch importance by king George II. that he 
 went and paid it a particular vifit the laft time 
 he was in Germany. This was formerly a 
 bifhoprick, but fecularized •, and the diftridt of 
 Ratzeburgh given to the houfc of Brunfwick 
 Lunenburgh ; as the reft of the bifhoprick was 
 to the houfe of Mecklenburgh, who ftill en- 
 joy it. The king is in poffeflion alfo of fome 
 "fmall territories clofe adjoining to Holftein, 
 and fuppofed to belong to Lunenburgh •, about 
 which, fome years ago, the court of Denmark 
 and king George II. had a difpute; but the 
 former, in confideration of a fubfidy treaty, rc- 
 linquifhed them. 
 
 This fubfidy could not, at the time it was 
 made, be confidered as of the leaft advantage to 
 England •, but if a proper ufe be made ot the 
 diftria purchafed thereby, it may now be of 
 very confiderable fervice, by being along with 
 Ratzeburgh, and fo much of Lawenburgh as 
 is on that fide of the Elbe, given to the court 
 of Danemark, in exchange for Iceland, Green- 
 land, and for every other pretention they can 
 make to any part of Hvperborea. Thus would 
 ^^ E his 
 
[ ^6 1 
 
 in- 
 
 his Eritannick majcfly's fubjeds become 
 ft nily in pollcfnon of the exclufivc ftlheries and 
 commerce of thofe regions ■, and Denmark be 
 ftill benefited by this acquifition from the king's 
 German dominions, ten-fold more than either 
 the king himfelf could by retaining them •, or, 
 than the Danes could by the greateft improve- 
 in ent they could make of Iceland, and of the 
 otliers. 
 
 For the diftrids in queftion Avould be fo 
 highly convenient acceflions to the dutchy of 
 HoUlein, that nothing whatfoever, of three or 
 tour times the extent or revenue, could be found 
 of equal value land advantage to Denmark, as 
 theic would prove i and therefore there can be 
 no doubt of the exchange on their fides taking 
 place : and what other power on earth could 
 hinder it ? 
 
 Come we now to examine how Ruflia might 
 confider this, and whether they might not be 
 induced to quit all thoughts of extending their 
 empire over the weft part of Hyperborea, near 
 tlie extremity of their Afiatic provinces j and 
 even to guarantee it to Britain, if this latter 
 chofe to have it made a part of their domi- 
 
 nioiis» . . 
 
 In order to this, I am obliged to anticipate 
 fomewhat we fhould elfe defer till we came 
 to the article of the Weft-Indies j but which 
 the fi:bje6l now before us obliges us to bring 
 in here. 
 
 The Danes are pcfiefled of three of the Vir- 
 gin Iflands, lying between the eaft end of 
 the Spanifh ifie of Porto-Rica, and the Englifla 
 part of the laid Virgin Ifiands. Thefe three 
 
 are 
 
 !H 
 
[ ^7 ] 
 are St. Thomas, a free port, St. John, and Santa- 
 Cn\i. Thefe Danilh ilks are molUy inhabited 
 and planted by the Englifh, who have fettled 
 there •, partly from the fcarcity of iligar land 
 in their own iflands ; and partly in order to be 
 proteded from their creditors, who fometimeS, 
 but vL-ry rarely, however, are permitted (and 
 that by the exprcfs orders of the cour. of Den- 
 mark, but never at the mere pleafure of the 
 Danilh governors) to feize the effetfts ; but ne- 
 ver, on any account whatever, allowed to im- 
 prifon the p-rfons of their debtors •, and which 
 has made thefe three to become very flourifhing 
 places, notwithftanding the bad policy in ge- 
 neral which their governors affume a power of 
 ruling them with. 
 
 Thefe iflartds, however valuable in thert- 
 felves, were fo little regarded by the late king 
 of Denmark, that he fold all his lands and do- 
 mains in St. Cruz to a nobleman, whofe name 
 1 have forgot, for not a very great fum of ready 
 money, which he then had occafion for. 
 
 I take it for granted, therefore, that the couit 
 of Denmark would part with them in exchange 
 for any thing of great and real value to them 
 in Europe. . , 
 
 Now ir happens that his Britannic rnajefty 
 has, on the weft fide of his German dominions, 
 a principality called Diepholt, before-mentioned, 
 jlbout as large as two thirds of Lawenburgh, or 
 perhaps more. 
 
 It adjoins, indeed, conveniently enough to 
 his other ftates, as Bremen and Hoye-, but 
 would not in the leaft deform or incommode 
 them if it were icparatcd therefrom: but it 
 
 E, 2 would 
 
[ iiS ] 
 
 \voiikl greatly add to the value of the Danidi 
 counties of Oldenburgh or Delmenhorft v on 
 which Diepholi, and alio Wildefhufen, as in 
 the preceding chapter mentioned, border, it 
 tliey were united thereto. 
 
 Suppofe, then, an exchartrc made between 
 the three Daniih lUcs m queltion, and this 
 country of Dicpholt-, of what confideration 
 would this be to RulTia ? 
 
 This latter court had not long ago been on 
 the point of making an exchange with Den- 
 mark, by • eding the imperial prince of RuITia's 
 part of Holitein to them, in exchange for Ol- 
 denburgh and Delmcnhorfl: -, which, however, 
 being acknowledged much inferior in value, 
 was to have the difference in worth made up by 
 a fum of ready money •, I think about twelve 
 hundred and fifty thouland pounds fterling •, to 
 raife which, it was, that the late king of Den- 
 mark fold his domains in St. Cruz, as before- 
 mentioned ; and, at the fame time, made the Lu- 
 beckers and HamburghcFS to advance him 
 confiderable loans. But the agreement ftill re- 
 mains unfinillied, as I apprehend the treaty 
 lately executed between them, being, as I hear, 
 not for the exchange of all, but only of fome 
 part of Hollkin alone, viz. fome RuOian parts 
 thereof for fome Danifti. 
 
 What now, if the couit of Denmark, by the 
 exchant^es piopofed with his Britannic majefty, 
 liiovild*^be able to add Diepholt and Wilde- 
 fliufen, to Delmenhorft and Oldenburgh ? might 
 not that be more fatisfadoiy to Ruflia? But, if 
 intlead of purfuing that plan, what if thefe 
 four counties were given to count Buren •, or, as 
 
 he 
 
t ^9 1 
 
 he calls himfclf, Biron, now tlukc of Courland. 
 Interior as they are, by about half, or perhaps 
 more, to this latter, the poflcflion of them 
 would however be To much more fccurc to his 
 family, w/.en thereby b.-come members of the 
 Empire •, and of courfe at all times whatever lure 
 of its protetition, than can ev^r be the cafe with 
 regard to Courland •, which, i^ any revolution 
 happens in the Uuflian empire, or change of 
 humour in the fovereign thereof, will always be 
 io precarious a poflcflion to one, who has no 
 better title thereto, than the mere favour of a 
 former Emprefs, and of the prefent Czarina, 
 forcing him upon the Courlanders j that it is 
 not to be thought he would hefitate a moment 
 to prefer the pofljefllon of Oldcnburgh, &c. 
 to Courland : his rights in which he might 
 then afllgn over to the Ducal Houfe of Holftein, 
 and to the Imperial Prince of Ruflla, who is 
 head thereof •, who, with the confent of Den- 
 mark and Sweden, (which are prefuppofed) 
 could hold it againfl: all the world, if Britain, 
 with its marine, guarantied it •, and to fecure 
 whofc powerful interpofition herein, the court 
 of Ruflla might well relinquifli to the Englifli, 
 all pretcnfions to the regions next Siberia ; af- 
 furing themfelves, that while Courland was in 
 the pofl^eflion of the Imperial prince, the Ruf- 
 iiaris would never think of a revolution, which 
 would hazard the feparating fo valuable an 
 acquifition from their empire, as Courland 
 would ever prove. 
 
 I know, indeed, another exchange might be 
 propofed, and perhaps eafier efFefted too : name- 
 ly, inft:ead of Diapholt and Wildefiiufen, to- 
 
 f ! 
 
 
 
 give 
 

 1 
 
 [ 30 1 
 ncive up the county of D^inneberg along with 
 all, or the greater part however of Lawenburgh •. 
 ?or which the Danes fhould rede Feroe, anc 
 their three Weft Indian ifles to Bri ::am ; and 
 
 amfer Oldenburgh to the eledorate of Hano- 
 ver. to be annexed thereto. lor if even the ex- 
 change before-mentioned with Courland thould 
 not tilce place. ftil> the dominions of the houte 
 of Holftein would hereby be tendered all con- 
 tieuous : a circu^ftance wh:ll worth the atten- 
 tbnof all the branches of that tamdy ; and 
 
 LTrefore fuch an exchange as Ihould effca this, 
 would undoubtedly, with great readinefs, be 
 
 %t a^ itlt'nain whether this migh t not 
 interfere with fome arrangements, which the go- 
 lemment of Hanover mfghc wifh to agree upon 
 with the kins of Pruflla •, as that prince did ot- 
 fer to king George II. to cede Eaft Fnezland, 
 &c to hfm, in fonfideration of getting Denne- 
 bere, &c. in exchange-, whicl; our kmg, ou 
 of too great a predileftion for his old paternal 
 rnhSa'nce, r|eaed though fo S-a^y to the 
 advantase of both Hanover and of Englana . 
 and as it is poflible fuch propofed ex-^^ange may 
 vet take place, which could not be, in cafe of the 
 Son of Danneberg to the hou e of Holtein^ 
 Therefore it is, that I have ratlier mfifted on 
 Ihe other plan; though either would be equally 
 advantageous to Great Britain. 
 
 See nlw the unfpeakably vaft, themcredAU 
 mighty acquifitions, which the parting with U. 
 exceeding imall a portion ot .us majefty Oe • 
 nun dominions could procure to his regal one , 
 and which no other prince in all E-Wop coujd 
 
I witK 
 urgh V 
 :, antt 
 k V and 
 Hano- 
 he ex- 
 (hould 
 ; houie 
 I con- 
 I atten- 
 r •, and 
 6t this, 
 lefs, be 
 
 yht not 
 the go- 
 ee upon 
 ; did of- 
 iezland, 
 Denne- 
 ng, out 
 paternal 
 f to the 
 ngland : 
 nge may 
 ik of the 
 ^olftein. 
 fifted on 
 s equally 
 
 ncredibly 
 y with lo 
 [y's Ger- 
 gal ones •, 
 3pe could 
 rofTibly 
 
 I 
 
 [ 3' ] 
 
 pofTiuly have it in his power, by any imaginable 
 method v/hatevcr, to obtain from Denmark 
 and Ruflia, but a Britifli king of the houfe of 
 Brunfwick alone. How greatly, therefore, ought 
 England to regard fuch a family ! How re- 
 joice, that providence deftined them, above 
 any other in Europe, to their crown. And 
 how much confideration ought they to have 
 now for Hanover, which they have formerly 
 fb much defpiled, nay, profecuted with down- 
 right malevolence •, when they confider, how 
 exceedingly valuable an acquKition it may thus 
 procure to their empire j befides, what it may 
 yet, by fome further exchanges, be the means 
 of adding to them, even territories of ftill much 
 more immenfely great importance; and which 
 we may perh^^^s, in the profecuting of our 
 prefent defign, hereafter mention. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 ill 
 
 ^- 
 
[ 3^ 1 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 0/ the Advantage which the Poiejfmof all Hy- 
 perborea may be to Britain, and of tie tejt 
 Method of fettling and fecunngit. . 
 
 AMinifter of ftate, if he condefcends to read 
 ov" the paft pages, which, however, is 
 much if he doesf efpecially in England, where an 
 unTverf 1 dimpation reigns, and where nothm| 
 bu t! c abfoUue neceflity ofaflra.rscan obhge thofe 
 r„ power, to think of any thing but the methods 
 ofLeping that power and ^^^rS f ^J™;*^ 
 
 thereof, in procuring Pl'=''J"V" °/ le Dubli " 
 .hemfclves", utterly regardlels of the puBMe, 
 and dead to all fentiments of honour and glory 
 Such r^av probably alk. well after all. Cm bono ? 
 'rereT'the good of all this ? What is the v^ue 
 of fuch an acquifition, as you, good Mr. Au- 
 tho do vourfelf reprefent HypeAorea o be ? 
 I am of the French ambaffador's mind, who 
 be^.. ftewn all the rarities of Swedeland, and 
 been° entertained at all the royal villas about 
 Stockholm i when alked, by queen Chnftina 
 how helTk^d the country ? anfwered,wuho« 
 
 .Kot hiQ likinw of It was fuch, that ir 
 ceremony, that his likin or ^^^^ 
 
 he was lovereign thereot, he wouiu ^^^^^ 
 
' C 33 ] 
 
 crown and royalty, and buy a privrie eftate 
 with the purchafe money in France or England • 
 for he had been ambalTador before that, at the 
 Englilh court. And 'tis thought this hadagreater 
 influence on that queen to. make her refign her 
 crown, than any other confideration whatfoever. 
 
 Undoubtedly, there are many fuch inftances 
 of infenfibility, as to every thing that favours of 
 heroifm or virtue ; and with fuch 'tis in vain 
 to argue : but for thofe who are friends to com- 
 merce, who wiih to civilize mankind, and to 
 introduce religion into countries as yet un- 
 knowing of it', what nobler employment can be 
 propofed, than thus fpreading the light of reli- 
 gion over an ignorant people, and humanizing 
 a nation that is partly but mere favages ? What 
 greater advantage could be even almoft wifhed 
 for to Britain, than the fecuring to herfelf alone 
 the endlefs filheries, the abundant furs of all 
 that mighty tra(5t ? Is fuch an acquifition not 
 worth regarding or endeavouring after ? efpe- 
 cially when, as I have Ihewn, it may be lb 
 eafily, fo cheaply eflfeclcd, without one fingle 
 drop of human blood fhed •, one fingle drachm, 
 of filver expended on the purchafe. 
 
 And for fettling it, inhofpitable as the cli- 
 mate feems, we find it is inhabited j and that 
 by people who have the means of removing to 
 a better fouthward, where there is walle land 
 enough for their fettling in, and yet they choofe 
 their prefent frozen feats : and why, pray, may not 
 others be found the fame way inclined ? Speci- 
 ally, as we know many of the fervants to the 
 Hudfon's Bay company, who come home tx> 
 
 F England 
 
[ 3+ 1 
 
 I 
 
 1'^ 
 
 ill 
 
 and Ion 
 
 England about bufinefs, do yet pine 
 
 for tb.- :;iows and frolb of the regions they left 
 
 behind them there. 
 
 Some of the army might be tempted by dou- 
 ble pay, to try a feafon there •, it is beyond diU 
 pute, they with proper care and provifion would 
 iurvive : for companies of Englifh have pafied 
 »n intire winter in Eaft Greenland, by much the 
 moft inhofpitable part of the whole,, without 
 lofing one of their number. A nd many private 
 foldiers, on being favoured with a difcharge be- 
 fore their time, might very polTibly be tempted 
 to accept of a fettlement in fome parts of Hy- 
 perborea: while many other fpots of it might be 
 peopled by convifts, to whom tranfportation 
 thither would be a real punifhent j and not, as it 
 is now, rather an encouragement to their crimes, 
 when they are fent to our fine colonies in Se- 
 
 baftia. r l 
 
 Befides, not only convifts, but perfons wha 
 {ire too juftlyfufpefted of guilt, might, and in- 
 deed ought to be lent thither, and not fuflered 
 to brazen out their honell neighbours, as if they, 
 were innocent, becaufe the knity of our law$ 
 did not convia them •, whereas, perhaps, every 
 man on the jury were perfuaded of their guilt. 
 In Ihort, whenever there were Ilrong circum- 
 ftances againft criminals, tranfportation to Hy- 
 perborea Ihould follow, and that to a more or 
 lefs fevere climate, according to the degrees o£ 
 their apparent guilt. In this cafe, robbers and 
 thieves wquld not efcape through the unwilling- 
 pefs of the profecutor, to take away a life, as toa 
 often happens •, and then all rogues would be 
 called to an account, and puniflied -, as indeed, 
 
 not- 
 
[ 35 ] 
 not only theft and robbing, but all wilful frauds 
 whatever ought. All bankrupts Ihould be fcnc 
 thither j what bufinefs have they here ? I mean, 
 however, only fuch as become lo by careleffiiers 
 or wilful extravagance. All pcrlbns likewife 
 that even attempt to defraud, though unfuc- 
 cefsful : in Ihort, a knave fhould not be left in 
 Britain. Let them all be fent off to Hyperborea ♦, 
 and all others befides, that on good grounds, and 
 fuch as their two juries fliall think fuffident, 
 are ftronf^ly fulpefted of knavery •, and then I 
 believe it would fuon be v^ell repleniibed with 
 inhabitants, who would then, perhaps, become 
 honeft •, at leaft they would of ablblutc neceflity 
 become induftrious, and of courfe be ferviceable 
 to themfelves and to their country. 
 
 There would be no danger of their rivalling 
 their mother country in manutlftures ; the furn- 
 mer is too fhort, and the winter too fevere for 
 carrying on of fuch ; they muft therefore have 
 them from other parrs of the Britifh dominions, 
 and they would be abundantly able to pay for 
 what they wanted, by furs and the produce of 
 their filhery •, to fay nothing of valuable mine- 
 rals and foflils that are faid to be there. 
 
 Misfortunes and punifiiments fit the mind 
 for religion ; thefe new colonies might thereby 
 become good, if proper provifion was made for 
 pallors amongft them ; and the burden of pro- 
 curing and maintaining them not left upon the 
 poor new fettlcrs, a"s has been done in the 
 fouthern Charibbee Iflands, v;hcre there was fo 
 much wafte land to fpare ; and where, inftcad of 
 providing lands for the maintenance of the 
 clergy, and thereby eafing the people, the very 
 
 F 2 gl'^bes 
 
 IJ 
 
I 3^ 1 
 glebes which had belonged to the French pneftf 
 were fold, and not a foot of ground or houfe 
 left to their reformed fucceflbrs. I only, by my 
 own perfonal intereft and application, procured 
 at Barroualle, in St. Vincent, a glebe ot four- 
 teen acres •, I put in for nineteen, all contiguous 
 to the church, whereof two for a clerk. The 
 commifiioners gave none to a clerk, but allotted 
 ten adjoining to the church for the minifter, and 
 four more at fome diftance, but in fight, and 
 planted with coco, and fo, much more worth in 
 their opinion than the other feven or nine which 
 I aflced for. At Walhogunny, the capital,, the 
 plebe houfe was fuffered to be pulled in pieces 
 by the common foldiers through mere wanton- 
 nefs • though a very pretty and convenient man- 
 fion.* The glebe, ho\\ever, of two acres, was 
 continued i but the minifter out of above three 
 hundred adjoining, which belonged to the 
 crown, could get no addition, but two, of coco 
 land indeed j but which being out ol fight, and 
 feparatcd by the river, which in rains is impaf- 
 fible, it was of little value. In Buccamaw pa- 
 rilh they fold the glebe of eight acres, and gave 
 none inftead ; at Chafteau Bellair, they did not 
 
 give one foot. 
 
 At Dominica they gave two acres ot parched 
 ground for a glebe, while they fuffer the French 
 prieft topoflefs about four and twenty with a lit- 
 tle houfe. There was fome reafon tor not at 
 firft difturbing Pere Maflfey, their then prieft; 
 for it was he who induced the greateft part of 
 the French to take the oaths, and live under the 
 Enelilh government, and has a very favourable 
 
 ** opinion 
 
[ 37 ] 
 
 Opinion of our church. He has fince purchaxid 
 a little eftate, whither he is retired ; and is fuc' 
 cceded by a worthlefs fellow, a bigot, and an 
 enemy to our church, and infolent to our clergy ; 
 in which, however, he told me. he was abetted 
 by the prefident of the iQand, who bid him give 
 himfelf no trouble about the Englifh mini- 
 ftcr. This 1 mentioned to himfelf, he did 
 not deny it, but excufed himfelf on account 
 of the Englifh minifter's not waiting on him at 
 the government houfe, to congratulate him on 
 his becoming prefident; though he acknow- 
 leged, indeed, that h?. had on the very day of his 
 acceilion complimented him thereon : but it 
 feems it was at the coUeftor's houfe, not the go- 
 vernment's. So it was not thought in form c« 
 nough by Mr. Prefident, who as he was never fecn 
 at church but twice in a whole year, once where- 
 of in his prefidentfhip j fo he adled but fuitably 
 in bidding the French priefl give himfelf no 
 trouble about the Englifh miniftcr j pretending, 
 however, to z6t out of refentment. 
 
 And here on the mentioning of this, let mc 
 be permitted to anticipate what fome might 
 think ought to be referred to the future account 
 of the Englifh Charibbee Iflands ; bat which will 
 not be improper here, as what I am going to 
 mention, equally concerns all Englifh colonies : 
 it is the fcandalous behaviour of the great, with 
 refped to religion, which has fuch an effed, that 
 alffoUow the example •, and it is incredible how 
 few attend the public worfhip of God, whereb/ 
 a general depravity of manners and bratilbnefs 
 of behaviour is too general. 
 
 >) 
 
 #1 
 
 At 
 
[ 38 1 
 At St. Kitts, in one pariOi, (I think it is call- 
 cd St. Pauls) though full of gentry, it is a good 
 congregation thai amounts to twenty perfons ot 
 all forts. At Sandy Point, a well inhabited trad- 
 ing little town, out of three hundred, of age to 
 gcTto church, there are ufuallybut about fixty. 
 And for communicants, the pariOi clerk afTured 
 me, that in fifteen years he never knew fo much 
 as a feventh perfon attend on the occafion. At 
 Baffe-terre, the capital, where they have above 
 fifteen hundred grown perfons, the congregation 
 confifts of one hundred and fifty. At Middle 
 Ifland, of fifteen only. 
 
 The Ifle of Nevis contains five parilhes, 
 whereof two are ferved alternately ; and in the 
 four congregations, there are not fixty. I haVe 
 counted but feven in the church of Charles 
 Town, the capital-, there are, however, more 
 communicants in proportion than at St. Kitts. 
 In the little country parifti of St. George Ginger- 
 land, that had not even the fmalleft village in 
 it, the communicants were never lefs than nine. 
 though the congregation was very rarely twenty. 
 At Antigua, I reckoned twice the congrega- 
 tion at the capital town, which they told me was 
 at the time I happened to be there, uncommon- 
 ly large, but it was not quite two hundred and 
 fifty in all, out of two thoufand five hundred 
 whites, (the number of them through the ifland 
 having been lately taken, without reckoning the 
 Blacks and Mulattos, of whom above twenty 
 helped to make up that congregation. 
 
 At Dominica, notwithftanding the town is 
 large and exceeding populous, twenty-five, be- 
 fides the foldiers, were the greateft number I ever 
 
 knew 
 
is call- 
 a good 
 rfons of 
 ed trad- 
 ' age to 
 It fixty. 
 afTured 
 b much 
 )n. At 
 e above 
 regation 
 Middle 
 
 parilhes, 
 I in the 
 I have 
 Charles 
 r, more 
 <t. Kitts. 
 Ginger- 
 illage in 
 lan nine, 
 r twenty, 
 ongrega- 
 1 me was 
 ;ommon- 
 dred and 
 hundred 
 :he ifland 
 )ning the 
 e twenty 
 
 town is 
 
 ■five, be- 
 
 ber I ever 
 
 knew 
 
 [ 39 1 
 
 knew there, indeed they were much oftencr but 
 but twelve*, eight, or fix only. 
 
 At Grenada, I am told, fcarce any body goes 
 to church at all ; nor do they fo much as defirc 
 a minifter among them, though there are fiich 
 numbers of Britiih fettled in the ifland. And 
 for Tobago, they have no clergymen at all in it, 
 which is an excufe for there being no proper pub- 
 lic lervice in the whole ifland. The king, it is 
 true, pays a chaplain ; but the governors too ea- 
 fily grant them leave of abfence, as they do at 
 St. Vincent's and Dominica too; where at pre- 
 fent there is neither ifland or regimentary chap- 
 lain, one deputy difcharging both offices: and 
 there is but one at Grenada too, by which chil- 
 dren die unbaptized, and great numbers are bu- 
 ried without funeral fervice, to the fcandal and 
 infamy oi" the church of England-, as thofc 
 ifiands are full of French, who are very punftual 
 ^t all public worfliip, and muft needs think 
 very unfavourably of thofe, whom they fee fo 
 totally neglectful of it. 
 
 Barbadoes is fo exceeding populous, that it is 
 impoflible but the congregation muft be large. 
 Though I have heard many of the inhabitants 
 fay, they went more to fee and be feen,than out 
 of devotion. However, thofe public alfemblies 
 contribute much to civilize the people, and 
 therefore they are highly ufeful, independent 
 of religion : and I have obferved, that in propor- 
 tion, as the public worlhip was negleded, good 
 planners and decency decayed. 
 
 At St. Kitts, where the congregations are fo 
 thin, the middling and inferior people are gene- 
 rally rude and unpolilhed. At Nevis, where they 
 
 arc 
 
 m 
 
 ?fl 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 f 
 
 in 
 
 -•. -■■lA ■!«:'. 
 
i » 
 
 [ 4^ ] 
 
 are ftill thinner, they are much more fo : and 
 at Dominica, where fcarce any go to church at 
 all, tKev are proportionably more deficient in 
 every inftance of good behaviour. I mean, 
 however, only the Britfh dominicansj for the 
 French there, as they conftantly frequent the 
 public worfhip, are a much better behaved peo- 
 
 pie. 
 
 No wonder indeed thofe BritiOi I fpeak of 
 fhould be fuch ; not a governor do I remem- 
 ber to have feen at church but Mr. Scott fix 
 times J not a prefident but Mr. Pringle tour 
 times ; and Mr. VVoodbridge once •, and 
 once more before he was prefident j not a 
 fingle member of the council but two twice ; 
 and one of the coUeftors as often j not one 
 .of the judges ; not one lawyer or attorney ; 
 not one juftire of Peace j not one of all 
 thefe, even one-, not a fingle officer of the 
 crown, either civil or military, but alandwaitcr 
 a tew times, another juft once ; the comptroller 
 never, the fecretary of the iQand never i alwayi 
 indeed the military officer of the day was there, 
 and now and then a ilray officer befides dropped 
 in. But I knew the foldiers were once pe- 
 remptorily forbid to go to church, nobody knew 
 why : fo that indeed, no wonder as I faid, the 
 iHand ftiould be in a kind of barbarifm. At Nevis 
 and St. Kitts, they are not near fo bad ; becaufe 
 fome of the gentry do fometimes go to church, 
 and are followed by fome of the middling and 
 inferior folk ; yet there is ftill too great a negled 
 in that particular. Many eftated men were ne- 
 ver at church in their lives, but on occafion of 
 fome ceremony as a burial, or the like. The 
 
 prcfent 
 
"o : and 
 uirch at 
 cient in 
 [ mean, 
 for the 
 lent the 
 'cd peo- 
 
 peak of 
 remem- 
 icott fix 
 gle tour 
 ; •, and 
 ; not a 
 twice ; 
 not one 
 ttorney ; 
 : of all 
 r of the 
 ndwaitcr 
 nptfoller 
 i always 
 as there, 
 dropped 
 Dnce pe- 
 »dy knew 
 faid, the 
 A.t Nevis 
 
 becaufe 
 3 church, 
 ling and 
 a negle(5t 
 were ne- 
 :caIion of 
 :e. The 
 
 prcfent 
 
 [ 41 ] 
 brefcnt prefident of Nevis was never, I believe, 
 feen within the wallls but on fuch account i his 
 predecefibr but fcklom, though his family in- 
 deed often went. There arc many lawyers, 
 attorneys, judges, juftices of peace, and other 
 publick officers, as well as members ot the 
 council and aflembly in both iflands that never 
 go at all. What wonder then if there be no re- 
 ligion, and if, of courfe, there muft follow a 
 great decay of good behaviour and civility. 
 
 The ealreft remedy in the world for all this, 
 would be the fovereign's infilling on his go- 
 vernors always going; the members of his 
 council always attending ; and no perfon what- 
 ever that had a commiflion under the crown 
 making a pradlice of abfeming; requiring alfo 
 that every one of them brought their families 
 too. This \vould gather full congregations ; 
 this would polifli and humanize the people ; 
 they would get a habit of much better beh^v- 
 mir; and, of courfe, be more refpeftfui .. 
 their fuperiors than they now are, anid dutiful to 
 the government. . 
 
 For a proof of this, let me mention prefident 
 Svmmonds of Nevis, who never or his family 
 miffed church, which was that of the little out 
 of the way pariOi of Gingerland, before menti- 
 ohed J but the congregation all his time was fp 
 great and the place fo thronged, that many 
 people could not get room in their own pews. 
 They are now reduced to thirteen or fourteen 
 at a medium : I have fometimes feen but fix, 
 nay but two, there j though the day was ex- 
 ceeding fine ; fo much bad or good intiuencc 
 }ias cxampk. • 
 
 If!! 
 
 ■i;!| 
 
 rt'. 
 
 'A 
 111 
 
II 
 
 \ 
 
 [ 42 7 
 At St. Kitts lieutenant governor Flcin 
 
 minf/ 
 
 never niifled cfmrchi and thougli he is reported 
 
 yet It brought u 
 
 to have ricpt the whole fervicc, 
 
 very large congregation, now reduced 
 
 to I /to. 
 
 iv 
 
 Nr George 1 iiomas at Ant.gua was a conftanc 
 churchman j and 'tis therefore beyond all com- 
 parifon a much more civilized illand than 
 NeVis or St. kitts are now become ; and as 
 near half the people of Monferrat arcRomanifts 
 and never mifs their church, it makes the re- 
 formed go to theirs in tolerable nutnbers too. 
 J he confequence is, they are fome of the beft 
 educated and Jiumanized in all the Charibbecs. 
 
 In order therefore to civilize the new fettlers 
 of Hyperborea, the article of religion muft by 
 all means be taken care of i the public officers 
 obliged, vnder high forfeitures, to attend at 
 the duties of it J and paflors for that end pro- 
 vided for the miniftry thereof : and out of the 
 poor httle ftarving candidate clergy, with which 
 iJ^ngland is overftocked, if few or none can be 
 prevailed on to go thither, thefe offices may be 
 fupphed by the Icelanders ; who will not refufe. 
 for a moderate ftipend, removing to no very 
 great diftance, nor very much worfc climate ; 
 and who are as religious, fenfible, well-be- 
 haved men of their kind as any where exiil. 
 When Iceland wa5 once under the crown of 
 England, as before propofed, in five years 
 the Icholarsand clergy would all learn the lan- 
 guage, io as to be able to perform religious of- 
 fices therein; and at a fmall expence to the 
 crown they might be- fupplied with printed 
 Jingulh fernion^, in fufficient quantity, for 
 preaching. ■ 
 
 The 
 
[ 43 ] 
 
 The meinion of I('cland makes me go back 
 to the ftate of the church there. They have 
 two bifliopricks worth about 300I. fterling a 
 year each; it would be better if they were made 
 five fees; an archbifhoiwc being one, and placed 
 at their head : each dioccfc would then have 
 about fifty parifhes in it, and each parilh above 
 fixty families -, which would anfwer well enough. 
 An univerfity (hould alfo be eftablilhcd for fup- 
 plying the miniftry both of this ifland and of all 
 Ilyperborea ; as making cftabiilhments i;* the 
 Britifti colleges for them would be attended 
 with a much greater expence to the fcholars, 
 than is incurred at Copenhagen, where they 
 now ftudy j as alfo perhaps foften them too 
 much for the rigour of an Hyperborean cli- 
 mate. Bifhopricks fhould here and there alfo 
 be eftablilhcd in the reft of Hyperbore^i ac- 
 cording as it becomes peopled ; and one orimorc 
 archbilhoprick over them. The adverfaries, of 
 prelacy may fay what they will ; but the inftitu- 
 tion of overfeers in all religions, and inallftateSj 
 chriftian or heathen, has been foun4 foufe- 
 ful that mankind have, either from nature alone, 
 or infenfibly, fallen into ic: which, fingly, js 
 an argument that can never be anfwcred <;)i: 
 refuted in it's favour, and fuperfedes all necefli- 
 ry of recurring to Chrift or his appftks for it; 
 though neither is that any way difFicult, -, 
 
 «iif 
 
 i'V 
 ■{'■ 
 
 III 
 
 G2 
 
 CHAP- 
 
 •. > 1 1 
 
 i'.n 
 
 il 
 
 3>.A»!*«*»*"t"-™! V 
 
I' 
 
 [ 44 ] 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 OftheGovernmejit to h eftaMi/xJ it iJypctboreA. 
 
 I 
 
 A' 
 
 cJ all 
 
 S to the government of Hyperborca no, 
 doubt but all the provinces thereof, as 
 afll our colonies in general, fliould be ad- 
 mkttd to the enjoyment of Englilh freedom. 
 The contrary would be very dangerous, as 
 uAder an arbitrary minded king and corrupt 
 minlftry it might be made ufe of to deftroy the 
 freedom of England itfelf. 'Tis therefore a 
 ^bftdcr that attempts are made to deprive our 
 anciclit colonies of that freedom, which not 
 ^nly hy charter, but by a, prefcription of above 
 i4cr years, (which perhaps is a better title, 
 thaft the charter itfelf) they have been fo long 
 in the un-difputed pofleflion of. 
 
 1 kno\V Vis faid that 'tis not to the king, but 
 t6the legiflatureof Great Britain they are to be 
 fubjefted in matters of taxation : but people, 
 ifftW very little confider who taxes them, if they 
 think they are taxed unjuftly.— Did the Britifti, 
 parliament ever pretend a right to tax the little 
 Ifle of Man ? and fhall they not Ihew the fame 
 regard to thofe colonies ? the meaneft of whom, 
 perhaps Nevis, is worth more to the crown 
 than ten fuch iflands as Man. No, no ! let 
 them tax themlelves ; they may indeed be re« 
 ftramed in the method of taxation : For inflance, 
 
 let 
 
 -,t(S|j#iii<:s.j 
 
[ 45 ] 
 
 let all excifes be abolilhed, and nothing taxed 
 but property •, and in order to know that pro- 
 perty, there will be no occafion for oaths, 
 which but introduce perjury; Jet all tameable 
 property be regiftered or forfeited ; there wijl 
 |3e then very few concealments. ^ 
 
 If all the opprcflive taxes of England were 
 abolifhcd, whicii bear hard upon the poor, (in- 
 deed the property does not pay ab|Ove a fixth 
 pf the whole) and the burden were I "d upon 
 the rich, (and who were fo, would eafily, be 
 known by a regiftry) no one could then com- 
 plain. ,. , . 
 
 People tinite in political focieties for the mu- 
 tual ^-efervation of their lives, liberties, and 
 properties. Everyman's life and liberty is alike } 
 but theif properties are very unequal : If there 
 was no property, as amongft favage nations, " 
 then all fhould alike contribute to thepublick: 
 but the inequality of property makes it juft, 
 that he who pofTefles moft, ftiould contribute 
 moft tp the public ^leceflity. And firft, of all 
 land j" fojf it is to defend the land that, the pub- 
 lick puts itfelf to fo much expence : flocks of 
 cattle may be driven away ; houlhol^ goods 
 perhaps removed j gold, filver, and jewels 
 carried off to a great value in a fmallcompafs, 
 for inftance, in a pocket ; and fo all put out of the 
 reach of plunderers : but the land cannot be 
 flirrcd ; 'tis that which invaders moft court the 
 polTeirion of j and 'tis therefore v/hat ought to 
 pay moil. 
 
 And that not by an illjudged arbitrary taxa- 
 tion, rati'^g one piece of ground at lop/. and 
 another at not lb many (hillings ; juft as they 
 
 happened 
 
 i 
 
 'i, .. 
 
 Wi il 
 
 I 
 
/; 
 
 [ 46 1 
 happened to be worth near fourfcore years 
 ago, without any regard to the great alterations 
 that 'muft have fince happened in the value. 
 But precisely as tl>e rents were now, or in any 
 futurctaXation, fo fhould the levies be •, and in 
 cafe of a fine, the pubhc fliould receive its pro- 
 portion thereof alfo. For it would be but juft 
 that where, for a fine, the rent was abated, the 
 fine (h<?uld be brought into account too ; and 
 Whereas, by many piift agreements, the tenants 
 are fubjefted to pay the taxes ; they (hould all 
 inftead thereof be liable to augment thei*e rents, 
 according to a medium of what taxes they have 
 paid for fo many years ; and all pad or fiiture 
 bargains as to taxes be annulled ; and the bur- 
 den laid where it can be bcft borne, on the. 
 owners of the land. 
 
 AVhat injufticc that a poor labouring man, 
 who being not able to brew his own beer, but 
 forced to buy it, and wlio thereby gives employ- 
 meni t6 btewers and their fervants ; and is fo 
 fai', therefore, a very uleful member t6 the 
 ftate, that he, for every pot: he drinks, (hall 
 pay to that/ftute more than double what the 
 rich man does, all whofe drink is made at his 
 
 own hbufe, rv 
 
 Why, for God's ftke, fhould drirtk, more 
 than meat, more than bread, be taxed? how ill 
 can mankind do- without it, more than the 
 other two ; but, in fliort, every method has 
 been tried and put in praftice for laying every 
 tax pofTible on the poor, rather than on the 
 
 rich. . 1 J 
 
 I know youi ittle pitiful narrow mmded 
 
 financiers, who, ^now nothing of the eternal 
 
 laws 
 
 .^!|P#%. 
 
Jaws of right and wrong, never trouble their 
 heads about the jiiftice, but the facility.of col- 
 Icdling the tax they propofe. And this way of 
 tninkmg has fo generally prevailed, that 'tis 
 fcarce pofllble to find a man of fufficient other 
 qualifications for the educating of princes, who 
 do not induftrioufly jnftill thefe wretched mean 
 notions into their heads. But would a fovereign 
 
 ^A u^\'Y\ ^"^ contemptible prejudicfs; 
 would he ftudy the laws of God and nature 
 and confider how the infinitely wife providence 
 ot the creator has difpofed his giftp to divers 
 countries, on purpofe to force a, neceffity of in- 
 tercourfe ; and thereby to introduce an univer-' 
 fal philanthropy and humanity amongft all the 
 nations of the globe; he would foon fee the 
 wickednefs and iniquity, as well as the folly of 
 cramping trade, or limiting it otherwife than 
 as God and nature have vifibly defianed it 
 He would then lay it open -, he would take off 
 all^difproportioned taxes on it ; he would much 
 leflen thole on labour and induftry; and he 
 would lay the burden where it could be beft 
 borne, and where moil juftly placed, on pro- 
 ^ perty, whether land, or money pu: out to ufe 
 or wherever dk it would be with the sreateft 
 jufliceimpofed. 
 
 And if the rich refufed to bear this juft and 
 neceflary burden, the prince need but throw 
 himlclf upon the people, they would be en^ 
 tirely on his fide j and the rich would not dare 
 to make the leaft oppofition. 
 
 The colonies following fuch an example, 
 would all agree m taking off excifes and taxes 
 en trade j they would aflefs property alone, 
 
 and 
 
 IHi 
 
 m 
 
 If 
 111 
 itti 
 
 
 ■•-ci-V 
 
/ 
 
 < 4« ) 
 ind never refufe a very ample fhare of theirs 
 to a fovereign j who by recommending and 
 purfuing fuGh a fcheme would become the idol 
 of their fouls •, they would perfeftly adorci 
 
 *Tt is on this plan that Hyperborca (hould b<? 
 
 cftabli(hed J and on this it would foon thrive 
 
 and become flourifhing ; and perhaps repay the 
 
 mother (late more than half our ancient colo. 
 
 nies are able to do : for what indeed have they 
 
 to pay u^Wh but timber? which is fo very 
 
 much inferior to the Norwegian, that it is ot 
 
 little valufe in Britain : whereas fiOi, furs, and 
 
 folphur will ever prove moft vhluable common 
 
 dities, both fo^ the price they may be fold at, 
 
 awd for the employment they muft needs givelo 
 
 many hands about them. 
 
 But what if a colony Ihould refufe to contri- 
 bute towards eafmg the public burden of the 
 whole^ate and not confent to pay any taxes to* 
 wards it ? though this is a cafe in the higheft 
 degree improbable ever to happen, yet public 
 faith ought not to be broke, nor juftice be vio- 
 lated ; let the whole race of mankind perifli 
 firft ; but this mav be cafily provided againft: 
 it is but laying taxes on goods exported to iuch 
 plantations, in proportion to their real value. 
 ^ This cannot be thought injuftice in the mo- 
 ther ftatc ; they have a right to impofe taxes ori 
 all the produce of their own country, while it 
 U yet vinexported , provided fuch taxes be 
 fairly and equally laid ; but not otherwife : for a 
 trcIJt^KO^^ght not to be laid on a pound s 
 ^rth of one commodity more than another. 
 
r 49 ] 
 
 Let a colony refufe to aid its fparent coun- 
 try ; why then let nothing be feot out to that 
 colony, without firfl: paying a juft tax at home. 
 This will do it at once; both raife the tax, 
 and yet not levy it in the colony, where the 
 mother ftrtc has certainly no right to levy it. 
 
 But they will then fct up manufaftures of 
 their own ; as for Hyperborea they cannot be 
 carried on there, as was fhewn, the climate 
 will not permit it them. And for other colo- 
 nies, give the people land upon cheap and 
 eafy tej^ms, and there will be little danger of 
 manufafturcs being eftablifhed amongft them. 
 Not one manufadlurcr in a thoufand will follow 
 his trade, if he has land of his own ; or if he 
 does, being under no Heceflity to labour, he 
 will afford his work no cheaper that it can be 
 had for from home. And thefe artifts now 
 gone or going to New England will foon quit 
 their trades if the king will put them in pof- 
 feflion of lands; for they will then affuredly 
 fettle on fuch lands. 
 
 But the fees of grants are raifed to fuch ex- 
 travagant heights, by the little petty officers of 
 governors, that people are not able to take 
 out thefe patents. In the new Charribbec 
 lands I hwv'C known the fees of feme patents 
 exceed the whole purchafe money paid to the 
 crown. And I prefume the government did 
 not mean to fell the public lands cheap, that 
 the people might pay the more to the feveral 
 offices, through which the patents pafTcd. 
 Though all the patents there are leady printed 
 in one form, and a blank left only for the 
 names and dates ; yet truly the attorney-general 
 won't let them pafs under 3I. 12 s. fterling 
 
 H each, 
 
 ^ci}ii^iv-i:f^mt'tfi^^^f-''mi^m''«^Tmt!^!i*' 
 
 ■'*rj'^ 
 
(( 
 
 Hi 
 
 t 5° ]■ 
 each, and lb on in proportion to all the reft, 
 and yet the poor iecretary of St. Vincent was 
 turned out for taking ten piftoles, for tran- 
 fcribing the whole at length in writing into the 
 public regiftry. 
 
 Grants therefore ftiould be made as cheap as 
 pofTible, to enable the poor to take them out. 
 They, the poor, are the artificers and the ma- 
 nufa'fturers, and when once they have got an 
 hundred acres or fo, of their own for themfelves 
 and family for ever ; they will afiuredly work 
 no more •, they will have no time to fpare from 
 tlieir plantations •, or if they have any, they 
 will expcv5l to be paid fo high for thefe manu- 
 taftures, that the buyers may as well have thern 
 from their mother country ; and the rather as 
 they would be llirc of having them much better. 
 See now how vTi y cafily the difputcs at prefent 
 fubfiiling between' England and her colonies, 
 about the right of taxation, may be accom- 
 modated : England ought to drop her preten- ' 
 fions i as indeed they are unjuft : fbe can have 
 no more authority to tax her colonies than (he 
 had to tax the IQe of Man. Yet they ought 
 to contribute according to their fevcral abilities 
 to eale and relieve her ; this they have never 
 rcfufed, and probably never will j but if they 
 ihould, 'lis only laying taxes on the exportati- 
 ons thither, and it will, v/ithout the lead breach 
 of jullice, anU-er the fame end. And as for 
 their eilablifhing manutactures, fo many ways 
 may be lound out to prevent it-, efpecially by 
 giving, upon eafy terms, grants of iand to the 
 manuraclureis -, who will affuredly then leave 
 ©If their trades, in order to attend to the. culti- 
 
 vaci»» 
 
 i 
 
[ 51 1 . 
 
 vatlon of the grounds : that M'hile fuch im- 
 menfe tra6^s remain open, to be gvantc:! to fuch 
 numbers of people, more than probably all Europe 
 will even fend thither ; it is altogother unlikely 
 that fuch manufadlures fiijukl evei- be carried on 
 to any purpofe. Indeed there is as much pro- 
 priety in the colonies employing thcmfelves only 
 in raifing materials ^or manufailures, wii bout fa- 
 bricating themfelves, as in trai!vls oi Imd in Bri- 
 tain being laid out under f!;ep. or llax, or the 
 like, while in the trading towns only, thefe fiiould 
 be worked up. Some arts a: e more abfokitely 
 neceffary, even in the moft out of the way 
 places, and the thinneft peopled •, for inftance, 
 imiths to Ihoe horfcs, and the like j and which, 
 therefore, ought by all means to be permitted to 
 the colonies ; but by far the greateft part of all 
 arts can be followed, to purpofe, only in towns ; 
 and, therefore, will never be followed, fo as to 
 do much hurt to the mother country, if ihe but 
 takes care to find out a more eligible employment 
 for the emigrants fhe fends or permits to go out 
 to her colonies •, and to whom, as indeed to all 
 mankind, the culture of the ground will ever ap- 
 pear preferable to any other occupation what- 
 ever. I mean where the property of the ground 
 is their own, and the advantage made of it is to 
 be to all perpetuity their deicendent's property. 
 
 Such is the plan that ought to be followed in 
 all our pofTeflions beyond the Atlantic, the con- 
 fequence of which will be an uninterrupted good 
 correlpondence between them and Britain •, to 
 which, if the God of Peace gives fuch fuccefs to 
 thefe remonftrances of mine, as to render them 
 the means of eftablilbing, 1 ihall think it a moft 
 (ir.gular glory and felicity of my life. 
 
 Hz C ' A P, 
 
 ,,f»lk%t«!<#*%.&<a» 
 
52 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Continuation of the preceding SubjeSf, 
 
 HAVING treated of the articles of religion, 
 taxation, manufa6tures, and conimerce, 
 and infifted on the freedom of the latter, as far 
 at leaft as it does not hurt the mother country in 
 general, though fuch a freedom may afle6t par- 
 ticular perfons ; and which, however, there will 
 jbe much iefs neceffity of confidering, with re- 
 fpe(5l to Hyperborea, than to the other Britiili . o- 
 lonies, and referring till we come to them the 
 more particular further examination of this fub- 
 je6^. Let us now fee what form of government 
 will be the fitteft to be the'-'-; eftabliflied. 
 
 It will, perhaps, be thought i^range, that I, 
 who contend for fo much freedom in the articles 
 of taxation and commerce, Ihould be aho- 
 gether for a reftraint in point of government ; 
 yet, from the moft mature conlideration of the 
 fubjccSt, I am fully convinced that all colonics 
 fllould univerfally be prohibited a legiflature. 
 They ought by ail means to be allowed to hold 
 aflemblics for determin ,ig the necellary taxes j 
 for examination of grievances •, acci'^ng of fuf- 
 pecfled perfons, and caufing them to be brought 
 p trial, v;h(.'re juftice is withheld, or ovcrawec( 
 
 by 
 
 mil: 
 
[ 63 ] 
 
 by the greatnefs of delinquents ; and for making, 
 from time to time, all neceflary applications to 
 the fupreme authority at home. And thefe af- 
 femblies ought to meet regularly at ftated times, 
 without waiting for writs or fummonfes from go- 
 vernors-, neither ought they to be prorogued 
 or difmilled at their pleafure, till they had lat a 
 fufficient length to finilh their bulinefs in. To 
 fubje6t them to the arbitrary diredions of go- 
 vernors in particular, is intirely to take away 
 their freedom ; and as their complaints are oftea 
 againft the male-adminiftration of the governors 
 themfelves, it is not to be fuppofed that they 
 would ever be allowed an opportunity of pre- 
 senting them to the throne, if it was in the 
 power of the governors to prevent it, by pro- 
 roguing and diflblving fuch alFemblies at their 
 own pleafure. 
 
 I know princes are told that they ought to be 
 jealous of their authority, which muft ever fuffer, 
 if their governours are not allowed fuch and fuch 
 powers : but they ought to be told that governors 
 much oftner abufe their authority than the |.eoplc 
 refift it. 
 
 Princes feldom know thofe whom they intruft 
 yvith the government of their people ; they are 
 recommended by others, whom they think well 
 of; and thofe others, if ever fo honeft ai^ri un- 
 deligning, which however is not always the'cafe, 
 yet are themfelves often deceived in thofe whom 
 they recommend to their fovereign ; who, there- 
 fore, knowing the weakneis of human judgment, 
 and how eadly it is biafied by love and friend- 
 Ihip, and fenlible of the depravity of the heart 
 pf man, and well aware that for onv thorouglily 
 
 honelt 
 
 i: 
 
 n 
 
 I .L. L 
 
 tS*«*!*#»i 
 
\ 
 
 [ f^4 ] 
 honeft fenfible well judging perfon, there are 9, 
 thoufand, perhaps ten thoviiand, cunning, artful 
 fools or knaves ; as in all the world, fo probably 
 more about the palace than any where elfe ; be- 
 caufe there will be for certain a perpetual guard 
 kept, to conceal fuch follies or depravities •, fo 
 for this realbn fhould a prince be always ready to 
 receive information, though againft the grcateft 
 of his fervants, the deareft of his attendants. ^ 
 
 Not that he Ihould be difpofed to a mean jea- 
 loufy ; but as he can never know the truth but 
 by examining, fo ought he never to decline the 
 tafk of fuch examination. If his favourite has 
 a<^ed well, he cannot but be cleared -, the good 
 will of the prince will ever be of fervice to bring 
 him off, if he deferves it -, and if he does not, 
 why Ihould the royal favour be employed to 
 ikreen. 
 
 A courtier may be the honefteft bed meaning 
 man in the world, but he may err in his judg- 
 ment J and, if his fovereign relies too much upon 
 it, he muft needs do things wrong. This will 
 inflame his people, and they will certainly make 
 him uneafy, if he perfifts in afling contrary to 
 their inclinations: when this happens, his fa- 
 vourite may believe, but whether he does or no, 
 will certainly endeavour to periuade his mailer 
 that rhey are difaffeaed. But a people in general 
 werehever yet difaffeifled withont caufe -, go cJver 
 all the hiftories of paft ages, and it will be found 
 wherever a great majority perfiftedin a diflike to 
 public meafures ; that, independent of the difia- 
 tisfa^ion they occafioacd, they were originally 
 
 Y^rong. 
 
 In 
 
■r 
 
 In 
 
 [ 55 1 
 
 In fettled governments elpecially, the very 
 mob are more inclined to reverence their prince 
 than to delign him hurt ; the blame is always laid 
 at hi« minifter's door i let but their mafter leave 
 them to a fair trial, and, be the ifllie what it 
 will, the tumult will always fublide. 
 
 To what end are your little parliamentary 
 intrigues, but to /kreen fome ill judging or ill 
 defigning minifter from being called to an ac- 
 count •, and it is little matter whether the public 
 iuffer by his weaknefs or his wickednefs, ftill if 
 they futfer, they cannot but complain •, and were 
 he a man of fenfe and honour, he would choofe 
 to have all his actions examined with the utmoft 
 exa61nefs, and not try every Ihifting art to evade 
 a parliamentary inquiry. He would fcorn to 
 clofet the members; he would diidain to threaten 
 them with their fovereigns difpleafurc, in order 
 to intimidate them from making the fulleft 
 inquiries. If all he has done in his adminiftra- 
 tion is but to Ihift and Ihuffl-, to rob Peter in 
 order to pay Paul, juft to get rid of a prelent 
 inconvenience by bringing on a future much 
 greater one ; he will have need in truth to 
 praftife all thofe little arts to fave himfelf from 
 effeds of public indignation •, and he will eri- 
 deavour to perfuade his mafter, even when his 
 mafter comes to difcover the weaknefs of his 
 whole adminiftration, that yet truly it was for 
 his good, and to procure hirri fome repofe, even 
 a momentary repofe, though by expoftng him 
 to greater fubfequent inquietudes; and a good 
 natured prince is too often prevailed upon by I'uch 
 reprefentations to permit the royal name to be 
 made ufe of to fave fuch a minifter.. 
 
 But- 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 1; 
 '■& it 
 
 ;*sS*Wfls*W**«' 
 
h 
 
 i 
 
 .( 
 
 •Tii 
 
 
 t 56 3 
 
 But what if a minifter errs through a miftaltcf 
 of judgment, not a depravity of heart j why 
 Itill the public will evex- think they have a right 
 to be calbd j and where they have any reafon to 
 believe it is the head not the heart that has failed^ 
 they are inclined enough, efpecially the Englifli 
 nation, to be content with a removal of the 
 offending party. 
 
 But all men are fallible, even the public itfelf 
 often finds itfelf miftakcn ; and by what rule 
 then fhall a minifter's abilities be examined, fo a» 
 to be thought worthy of being confided in. 
 
 No man can poifibly be qualified for the mi- 
 niftry, who has not tirft a confiderable know- 
 ledge in geography, and a tafte to incline him 
 that way, fo as to give a very eager attention to 
 all difcoveries therein j becaufe thereon is founded 
 all the flvill neceffary for condu6\ing the public 
 commerce, and regulating the connexions of the 
 flate with their neighbours; without this, no 
 plan whatever can be propofed for carrying on 
 a war ; and without it, to d'lred: in framing a fo- 
 lid peace, the greatelt fuccefs in the field can- 
 not infure fuch. 
 
 I fuppofe I need not tell the reader, that a 
 man, much converfant in geography, mud be 
 fuppofed not ignorant of the ftate of the govcrn- 
 rnent in every country he has occafion to have 
 concerns with ; which will include fomewhat, 
 though, indeed after all, for the purpofes we are 
 now i peaking of, there need not be fo very much 
 of hiftory as may be imagined. 
 
 This is the qualification necefTary for the ma- 
 nagement of foreign affairs j of which commerce, 
 
 being 
 
 .■*««**«af^ 
 
\> 
 
 r 61 T 
 
 cing between diffcrcur nitions, muft alvrays 
 be confidered as a part. 
 
 As to domeftic afTairs a very great deep and 
 thorough knovvlcdne of the law of nature, and 
 nations, is inclirpcnfibly neceflary for the well 
 management thereof: a k ng who ha<^ no^ learn- 
 ed that moft vaUiuble part of fcimce, ha been 
 greatly abUled by his preceptors. He tba nas, 
 will never be much out of in judgment of the 
 rneafurcs he is to obfcrve wi- h his people. He 
 that has not Icarn'd it muft look for a minifter 
 that has, and that underflands this moft im- 
 bortartt point of ethics, and without which all 
 other parts of education arc of no value m a. 
 ftatefman. Painting, mufic, architefture, and 
 tnany others of the^ fine arts, are ornamental, 
 and fuch as it were to be wifhed every fovereign, 
 and every prime minifter had a tifte for; 
 but alas what are they to the good government 
 dftheirpeo{ile. The renownM Grecian, Themif- 
 toclcs, being alked to play on fome inftrument of 
 mufic. declared he had never L-arned it, and 
 when he obferved it created a furprife, he nobly 
 anlwered 1 know not indeed how to hand'e 
 -fuch an inftrument, but I know very well hiw 
 to mAe a fmall ftate a great one ; and accord-^ 
 jhffly he r?ifed his country Athens to a pitch ot 
 g]i;ry it had never known bffore. 
 
 T' -ffe two parts of knowledge then, Geo- 
 griiphy and the law of nature and nations are 
 the two great, and comparatively fpeaking, 
 alnicft only qualifications neccflaiy for a prince, 
 * or . prime m nit^er For wh^^n thoroughly in- 
 UruCied i th-fe he can hardly judge amifs, 
 
 either ot foreign or domeftic affairs, or if deeply 
 
 I principled 
 
 H 
 
 yti 
 
 III 
 
 •»*%*««#^fif«s'.«*»<n««-*» 
 
[ 58 ] 
 prlncipkii in the latter, he can (carcc be able 
 to prevail on himlclf to ad wrong. ThiS 
 part of et'->ics will open to him fo clean a prol- 
 pcfl of the rights of all mankind, that he cart 
 no more aft againft it, than a man with his 
 eyes open would choofe to leap down a preci- 
 pice. 
 
 Religion, politenefs, the belles lettres, are all 
 ornamental and ufeful, but a prince or minifter 
 very deficient in every one of them, will, hu- 
 manly fpeaking, and fuppofing divine pro- 
 vidence not to interpofe, govern a ftate better, 
 and render it happier by fuch knowledge in 
 geography and ethics, as we have mentioned, 
 than the moft accomplilhed, and otherwife wor- 
 thy king or minifterever born cart without them. 
 
 A prince fo qualified will never refufe to liften 
 to the reprelentations of his people, I will not 
 fay affembled together in bodies, but even thofe 
 of the very meancft, fingie perfon : when a poor 
 old woman had applied to king Philip, the father 
 of Alexander the Great for redrefs of fome griev- 
 ance, and he anfwered he had not ieilure td hear 
 her complaint; fhe fmartly replied then, fir, you 
 ought not to reign. And the prefent king of 
 Pruffia, it is well known finds time to anfwer, even 
 in his own hand w: 'ting, the particular letters 
 he receives from private perfons. One Mrs. 
 Goodham, an IriQi lady, who had Ihares in his 
 Embden Afiatic company, finding herfelfvery 
 ill treated by fome of the governors thereof, 
 took the liberty to trouble the king by the com- 
 mon poft with a letter on the fubjedt : By th6 
 very next return of it, fhe received an anfwer 
 under his own hand, informing her that he had 
 
 taken 
 
[ 59 ] 
 taken care (he Ihoiild have immediate juftice 
 
 done to her. 
 
 The king of Pruflia is fond of poetrv, mufic, 
 and elegance of every kind! fVis dominions 
 are widely fpread, and difietfled into a number 
 offtates, all feparated from one another; yet 
 he finds leifure for his amufements, and for at- 
 tending to, and difpatching the minuted and 
 moft trifling affairs of all that wide extent of 
 ftates he is fovereign of; and what fhould hin- 
 der every other king to do the fame ; to fee 
 with his own eyes •, hear with his own ears ; and 
 truft altogether no minifter whatever; none of his 
 governors will then dare toabufe their authority, 
 to maltreat his people j and if any complaints be 
 made againft his greatefl: favourite among them, 
 he will, even from his being a favourite, be 
 ftill the more ready to attend to every reprefen- 
 tation relating to him, and will the more wil- 
 lingly punilh iiim for having, more than others, 
 abufed his confidence, as he put more in him 
 than in thofe others. 
 
 So foon, therefore, as the reprefentations of 
 the fmalleft community in his dominions, and 
 much more thofe of large colonies are defign'd 
 to be prefented to him, be it on what fubjed 
 it will, they ought to be allowed the utmoft 
 freedom herein : I fay the utmoft, becaufe it 
 can never be imagined they will offend againtl 
 common decency in fuch applications, or treat 
 their prince defignedly with rudenefs. 
 
 But for legiflation fuch mixed alTemblies fhould 
 never be trufted with it -, and how indeed fhould 
 fuch be able to execute it well, who, fo very few 
 
 I 2 of 
 
 hi" 
 
 •)^Wfi>i 
 
" f 
 
 t 60 ] 
 
 of them, know the firft principles of law, right* 
 jullice, or equity. 
 
 There never was a good fyftem of laws yet 
 made by fuch airemblics; all that ever were 
 well received were compofed by fingl:^ perfons, 
 Mofes, Mino% Lycurgus, Solon, Zaleucus, 
 Numa, were all luch: all that have been made 
 by numerous locieties have been fooljfh, abfurd, 
 contrary to natural juftice, nay even to com- 
 mon fenfe j liberty unnecefTarily oppreffed, the 
 common a<flions of life pretended ro be regula- 
 ted, and the common rights of mankind abro- 
 gated. 
 
 Upon the whole I am fully perfuaded that i 
 very (hort comment on the ten command- 
 ments, contained perhaps in a f^ngle fheet of 
 paper, would be all that mankind could pof- 
 fibl'v need for their general direftion. Every 
 thing hereto liipe\added is but form j and how 
 fimple might thofe forms be? the ^reateft 
 ci'.y, every town, every village, require juft the 
 fame forms of government; only the times of 
 judicature and the numbers of the magiftracy 
 inlarged, in proportion to the populoufnefs or 
 the place. What can be neceffary for the go- 
 vernment of London or Paris, more than the 
 meanelt village, except thus enlarging the 
 times of judicature, as I fuid, and the number 
 of their refpedlive magiftrates? what power has 
 a lord- mayor more than any other juftice of 
 peace ? they may go by different names indeed, 
 out the authority is the fame. And what 
 power has a court of aldermen and a common- 
 council, or ought at leaft to have, more than a 
 veftry of a country parilh ? neither of them, nor 
 
[ 6" ] 
 
 the aflembly of any colony (hould have power 
 to make by laws, all fuch are infringements of 
 general liberty, and breaches of public right. 
 
 Not that there muft not be regulations for 
 the better government of fubaltern focieties in a 
 ftate ; but thefe regulations ihould be all alike; 
 and therefore one univcrfal code (hould be made 
 for every the fmalleft part of the dominions of 
 the greateft ftate; and that the code fhould be fo 
 framed, as to fuit all other political focieties of 
 the reft of mankind too. Why a japernefe go- 
 verned by one fyftem of laws ; and a Spaniard, 
 or Britton, an Indian, or Ruffian, by another? 
 is not the human nature every where alike? are 
 not the neceffities of the whole fpecies the fame, 
 to provide for their lives, liberties, and pro- 
 perties? all other wants are imaginary, and 
 ought not to be taken notice pf by laws; but 
 thofe fhould be every where alike taken care of, 
 and provided for; and is it poftible indeed that 
 the fame methods can not ferve for the fecurity 
 pf all ? and thofe when once known and pub- 
 iifhed are what are called laws ^ which, there- 
 fore, it is evident wi. never be fufficient to fill 
 volumes, but m:;/ be cornprifed in a very fmall 
 compafs. 
 
 Let us i'ook over the codes of any of our colo- 
 nies, and u e what a heap they often are of 
 fontradidoTv inftitrtions; but generally of fuch 
 as are inr',.; Ulcn!^ with the welfare of any part 
 cf mankind but themfel/ec. One colony makes 
 law to hurt tLc next one : is this to be per- 
 mitted? and fo if one ftate makes, it's laws to 
 the prejudice o** anothe*-, is not this as much 
 againft the laws of God and nature, as thofe of a 
 
 ' . particular 
 
 m 
 
 I ■ 
 
 i,. 
 
 
'*^p 
 
 [ 62 ] 
 
 particular colony are againft the '"'f ft.°f ™? 
 whole ftate, of which they are parcels ? which re- 
 quires that every member thereof enioy equal 
 Sbert.es, rights/ or priviliges and lo God and 
 nature, would have it that all mankind Ihould 
 with refpeft to one another. 
 
 Is it becaufe a little river, or arm of the lea, 
 divides your country froni """|.. '''", ^ ^ 
 therefore to do you all the indireft hurt I can ? 
 that I (hall never buy any thing from you. the 
 it be confeffedly better, and cheaper, than what 
 icanget athome, or anywhere elle eventhough 
 Ifearchtoagreaterdiftanceforit? 
 
 Yet fuch are the arguments, fuch the fyftem, 
 „pon which many European ftates, above all 
 others the Englifh, have form'd their many 
 heapsof volumes upon volumes, which they call 
 S laws, and are every day adding to the 
 IS of their iU-digeftedcode, byftiUmakmg 
 new ones of the fame abfurd tendency 
 
 If the other ftates of the world followed the 
 fame plan, there would be an end of Brittam v 
 at leaft of all her commerce, and of aU her 
 tealth and glory. Let Piedmont and Chma 
 flop the exportation oi their raw filk, as (he 
 does of her wool, and why not ? what then willbc- 
 come of all her manufaftures made of that mate- 
 rial' Let Spain fuffer none of her wool to come 
 to Britain, and where then will he her trade for 
 foifbroad cloaths? In ihort, it people would 
 iudge difpaffionately, andof their own concerns 
 witf the fame equity as tliey would of thetr 
 r"hbours, they would inftantly fee and ac- 
 knowledge the injuftice and the folly of fuch 
 reftriaiofs, and nothing but the ftrongeft p^e^ 
 
 ^kt^r> 
 
t 63 ] 
 
 judice arifing from mere avarice, and a mean 
 conremptiblc felfilhnefs, can ever make them 
 appros^c or continue fuch inftitutions. 
 
 But alas where, when, or how, can we hope 
 for a Icgiflator to arife with fuch noble fenti- 
 ments, in favour of univerfal equal liberty, in 
 thele points ? No ! the directors of our par- 
 liaments endeavour to inllil into them the 
 pooretl pityfulleft ideas on fuch occafions ; they 
 rack their brains for ways and means to raife 
 money, by oppr fling the poor with taxes, 
 • loading manufactures with burdens, cramping 
 trade by prohibiting every thing that fhould be 
 tolerated, and tolerating every thing that 
 fhould be prohibited; juft to get over a leflTion, 
 without either knowing, or fo much as even 
 ftriving to know •, (not perhaps indeed thro' 
 their narrow prejudices capable of difcovering,) 
 the true bafis ot commerce, the real intereft of 
 their country, or fo much as the eafe and glory 
 of their indulgent matter. 
 
 The Icene is too gloomy, the profpeft of it 
 muft damp every joy, and fpread an horror of 
 melancholy over every thinking heart. Let us 
 then here drop the curtain, and ftnve to turn 
 our thoughts to fome more entertainiug fub- 
 jed. 
 
 lil 
 
 C H -\ P- 
 
t 64 i 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 iX; 
 
 Of the Nerlb-tr^ Pajfage. 
 
 WE cannot pafsfrom the northern regions 
 of Hyperborea, more to the fouthwardi 
 Without croffing that fp.ce, where the North- 
 W*ft paffage (which opens a commun.catu>n"n 
 that qnarte" between tlie Atlantic and the Auf- 
 trslian oceans) is fuppofed to lie; the con- 
 Sio^, of it\herefSre,here naturdly occurs. 
 KothiBK can be more certam from the paft dif- 
 coSof the Spaniards, and later ones ot the 
 Ruffilns t\an that the neareft part ot the Auf- 
 traUr ocean is 600 leagues or about two 
 thoufand Englifl. wiles diftantfrom Hudfons 
 C which opens to the Atlantic, and wh.ch 
 ge, as was laid, is the (horteft b«ween ttem^ 
 ^ If herefore there, is any commumcat.on t om 
 one to the other by the North-Weft paffage, 
 it muft be by a ftrait, or very narrow, fea of 
 ;irprod,gious length. This at once .s apt to 
 preclude all hope of there bemg fuch a thing 
 ^ Another conf.deration is, that the Ind an 
 who traffic vvith the tnglilh at Hudlon s 
 Bay and who it is affitmeci, do (ome of the.n 
 eome all the way from the Ihores of the Auf- 
 traUan ocean, or of fome bay or inict com- 
 municating therewith, do yet nev r come 
 by water but always the whole bv '^nd 
 except that they ufing mdeed canons ^o 
 
. [ ^5 ] , 
 crofs lakes or great rivers in their way. How 
 comes it then that thofe people who carry car 
 noes with them to help in the croffing fuch 
 lakes and rivers, do not ufe them during the 
 whole paflUge, but fatigue themfelves by tra- 
 verfing on foot fuch immenfe trafts of woody 
 and fome:imes fwampy grounds ? For it cannot 
 be pretended they choofe the latter way for the 
 fake of hunting and of getting provifions ; as 
 'tis known that the Indians who fail up and 
 down great rivers in thefe canoes, do conftantly 
 from nme to time make a pradice of going on 
 ihore to hunt and get provifions ; and fo to be 
 fure they would along all this north-weft ftrait 
 if there was a poITibihty of a continued naviga- 
 tion thereon : that is, if the Indians trading to 
 I-ludfon's Bay came from that part of the Au- 
 ftralian ocean which was nearefc thereto. And 
 to be fure there is great weight m thefe argu- 
 ments againft a north-weft paflagc ; and no- 
 thing in the world could induce people, one 
 fhould think, fo much as to fufpedl the fmalleft 
 probabilitv of fuch •, if it was not aduaily by 
 fome navigation or other either really difco- 
 vered, or pretended at leaft to be fo. 
 
 For independent of fuch real or pretended 
 difcovery, all the reafonings commonly ufed to 
 make out the probability thereof, do in truth 
 prove nothing at all to the purpofc : Let us 
 confider them : It is faid that the flocks of 
 wild geefe, which vifit Hudfon's Bay in 
 the fpring, always come from the weftward: 
 Well what then ? VVhy to '»e fure the weftfea 
 they come from, nr^uft needs be near Hudfon^3 
 Bay : Far from it: Thefe geefe may indeed come 
 
 
I 
 
 [ «<-] 
 
 from the Aullralian ocean i but as we know tliat 
 /pedes. feed as well in frefti water marfhes, 
 ponds, lakes, and rivers, as at the^ lea; and as 
 we aflliredly know from Pere Charlcvoi's re* 
 Jation, that there are three very great lakes jyft 
 midway between the two feas we fpeak of, (be- 
 iides that from the accounts of the Indians, and 
 from the general nature of the regions in thofe 
 parts, all abounding in lakes; we have abundant 
 reafon to believe there are great numbers of 
 others alfo, befides the three before mentioned, 
 lying in the tradt which thefc wild geefe follow 
 in their fuppofcd flight ;) there will be no ne- 
 ceflity for allowing that trafl to be fo Ihort, as 
 thofe who ufe this argument would perfuadc 
 us : It may be as long as was before reprefented, 
 and the chains of lakes, reaching perhaps the 
 whole length of it, may well be confidered as 
 temptations enough to the wild grefc to proceed 
 all the way, long as it is : nor can any argu- 
 ment be brought from that fpecies not being 
 known ufually to range fo far, becaufe allow- 
 ing it was fo in general ; yet here an exception 
 might reafonably be admitted, where there is 
 fuch.a continued long extended tradV, abound- 
 ing in lakes, more than in a»i) other part of the 
 world befides. 
 
 But in truth we have no fufficient reafon to 
 think that wild geefe do not take flights of very 
 great length, hundreds of leagues at leafl ; for 
 we know that thofe which annually vifit thf 
 Britifh iflands, about the latter end of Auguft 
 or beginning of September, come from the 
 fouthward, and crofs in their way at leaft the 
 whole Bayiof Bifcay, if not a much greater trad, 
 
 perhaps 
 
to 
 
 I 67 ] 
 
 perhaps from Baibary ; whence to t"he fouth- 
 eall pare of Ireland, where I have been aflured 
 they are every year firft obfervcd, about the 
 time mentioned, is at lead 400 leagiits. I have 
 converled with men of fenfc and fkill upon the 
 fubjcft, who have afliired me that they have 
 purpolely gcn^ out to fea, to make their ob- 
 fervdtions on the (lights of thele towl •, and that 
 thougli they flew too high to be feen, they 
 could yet be heard up in the air very diftinaiy, 
 both before they approached, alfo when direflly 
 over their heads, and afterwards when they had 
 paiTed. And particularly the late Rev. Dr. 
 John Wynne, precentor of St. Patrick's Dub- 
 lin, who was very gmeraily known, and his 
 charafter reipedteri in England as well us Ire- 
 land, told me, that once, when he had been 
 out on fuch an expedition, off the coaft of 
 Wexford, on purpole to make the obfervation, 
 he had ht-ard the g<-cle, but could not fee them, 
 and the next day found confiderable numbers 
 of them had landed there. 'I'hcir noife he 
 fiid cair:e from the fouihward, rather inclining 
 from towards the weft, and therefore they mult 
 have come from Spam or Barbary-; yn! of 
 courfc have in one continued flight xraverfed 
 that fpace, near :^og, and perhaps more prcybdbly 
 400 leagues, over the lea : And io might the 
 geefe near the fuppos'd north- weft paftage have 
 done : And as it is but 300 leagues from the 
 Auftral-an ocean to PerT.Charlevoi's ihree great 
 lakes, lying mid-way t-etween it and Hudlbn's 
 Bay, even upon fuppolifion that they had not 
 ftopp'd at all on their paftage till they came 
 thitherj but from what was juft now mentioned 
 
 m><^i-r,-.Hxm§. 
 
/ 
 
 s 
 
 
 [ 68 ] 
 nbout the European wild gcefc, 'tis plainly no 
 manner of improbability, that as m two fuch 
 flights, thole others might have reach'd that 
 fen from their leaving the (hores of the Auftra^; 
 li«n ocean ; fo from hence no kind of argu- 
 ment can be drawn to prove any greater vicmity 
 
 between them. , r c 
 
 Another argument is taken from the lizc ot 
 the rivers which run into Hudfon's Bay ; the 
 which ftill, as one proceeds more northerly, 
 arc found to grow fmaller, a proof that the land 
 
 is there narrower. 
 
 It is indeed a proof that the mountains or 
 fources whence thofe rivers proceed, are in the 
 northern part much nearer to Hudfon s bay, 
 than arc the fources of the rivers which run 
 from the fouth; but this is no manner of proof 
 in the leaft. that the land in general grows lo 
 much proportionably narrower, becaufe we 
 know the contrary often is the cafe. 
 
 For fuppofe one failing along the coafts of 
 Italy, and obferving the Tiber and the Arno to 
 be confiderable rivers, but thefe on the coaft ot 
 Genoa adjoining to be very fmall •, ought tjiey 
 thence to conclude the land lying north of Ge^ 
 noa to be much narrower, than what lay beyond 
 the fources of the Tiber and Arno ? If ihey aid, 
 they would on trial find themfelves greatly 
 miftaken • for north of Genoa there is no fea 
 till you come' to the Baltic, about 600 miles 
 diftant. whereas the other fea, namely the gulph 
 of Venice, is not near a quarter fo much. And 
 by the fame rule, though the rivers m the 
 north part of Hudfon's Bay be of' very Ihort 
 courfe, the land beyond them towards the Au» 
 . . ftraUan- 
 
 /ftralian ocean ma 
 fts we are very fu 
 A third argum 
 which run into I 
 ward, and which 
 ceed from Baffir 
 tide in this latter 
 the other it rifes 1 
 come from fomc 
 the Auftralian oc 
 
 It is a (hame 
 fliould be ufed -, 
 that the further 
 the fea, the tid< 
 ocean they rife fc 
 of it towards th 
 nearly about the 
 bee iflands ; but 
 towards the mai 
 in the cod or be 
 to be fitteen feel 
 ftill more. 
 
 By this rule 
 Baffin's Bay but 
 to ten or more : 
 irdced is moft 
 the former into 
 
 But it it wei 
 certain they dii 
 that yet would 
 ffom the Auft 
 pow from the E 
 part of it as v 
 thereof towards 
 
 », 
 
[ 69 J 
 /ftralian ocean may be of a very great extent, 
 as wc are very fure the main body o^it is. ' 
 ' A third argument is brought from the tidq 
 which run into Hudfon's Bay from the north-: 
 ward, and which therefore they fay cannot pro- 
 ceed from Baffin's Bay, becaufe forfooth tlx« 
 tide in this latter rifes but five feet, whereas in 
 the other it rifes ten feet j and therefore it mufli 
 come from fomc other fea, and what other but^ 
 the Auftralian ocean. 
 
 It is a (hame indeed that fuch an argumcDt 
 ftould be ufed j for is it not always obfervec^ 
 that the further one goes into, deep recefles of. 
 the fea, the tides rife higher ? In the open 
 ocean they rife fcarce two feet, and near the edge 
 of it towards the equinodial line, two feet is; 
 nearly about their height : So it is in theCanb- 
 bee iQands ; but as one proceeds more mwards, 
 towards the main, the tides are higher j fp ai, 
 in the cod or bottom of the Bay of Honduras 
 to be fitteen feet, and in the Bay of Campeachy, 
 
 ftillmore. . , ., t • 
 
 By this rule then, though the tides. rile in. 
 Baffin's Bay but five feet, they may well mount 
 to ten or more in Hudfon's Bay, fuppofing, as 
 irdced is nioft probable, that they run trom 
 the former into the latter. 
 
 But it it were otherwife, and that it wer^ 
 certain they did not come from Baffin's Bay,- 
 that yet would be no proof that they proceeded! 
 ffom the Auflralian ocean; for they might 
 flow from the Hyperborean, namely from fuch. 
 part of it as wafhed the moft northern fliores. 
 thereof towards the pole. 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 L25 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 Corpomlion 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 UUEBCTEO, M.y. I45BO 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 
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 [ 7° ] 
 
 And that the very abettors of the argument 
 from the tides, did not believe that they come 
 from the Auftralian ocean, but rather from the 
 moft northern part of the Hyperborean, (which 
 would no way anfwer their fcheme, as luch a 
 paflage could never be navigable, at leaft never 
 ihorten the way to China) nay that they rather 
 Jlifpefted, or found at leaft after all, that they 
 came from Baffin's Bay, notwithftanding their 
 pretending to argue for the contrary : This is 
 to me very highly probable, from their decli- 
 ning to fearch that very paflage, from which 
 the tides came. At firft whilft they ranged a- 
 long that clump of fuppofed iQands called Cum- 
 berland iflands, and which they name the eaft 
 main, the tide was always found to come from 
 the north-weft : well, they followed it on, un- 
 til they came neareft to that place where Baf- 
 jfin's and Hudfon's Bay approach each other, 
 and from whence the tides molt certainly come ; 
 yet all on a fudden, inilead of proceeding on 
 iftill to the extreme north weft, we find tnem 
 unexpeftedly (and we cannot from their own 
 relations guefs from what motives) got to the 
 weft main, and the tides then coming not from 
 the north- weft, as hitherto they had obferved, 
 but from the north-eaft, which they hadpafled. 
 
 It is plain they had then fo pafied the open- 
 ing, through which the tides enter the bay : 
 ought they not then to have turned back, and 
 to have fearched till they had difcovered the 
 very ftrait, through which the tide lb entered. 
 No ! *Tis to be thought they now fufpeded, 
 what I verily believe will be found the truth, 
 that thisjidc came from Baffin's Bay, which as 
 
 t-<— iauiA_j'«.,^ai»., _, _„ 
 
^P"!^P^"^ 
 
 t 7« 3 
 
 was obfervei would no Way anfwcr theii 
 fcheme •, and therefore for fear they fhould dif- 
 cover that difagreeable truth, they proceeded 
 itill further off, all along the weft fide, fearch^ 
 ing, or pretending rather to fearch, for a north** 
 weft pafiage, where, according to their own 
 fyftem, it was impofllible to be found; and ac*; 
 cordingly indeed they did not find it. . ^t 
 
 I have faid, that according to their own 
 fyftem, framed from their obfervation of the 
 tides, the north-weft paffage could not be where 
 they continued to fearch for it, becaufe they 
 found that in every inlet which they examined, 
 the tides ftili continued to flow from the north- 
 caft or north-weft ; and it appears from all they 
 have publiihed, that they looked upon it as in- 
 difputable, that the fuppofed north- weft paffage 
 muft be in that part from whence the tide 
 comes : and therefore, that as it proceeded from 
 the north-weft at firft, and afterwards when they 
 changed their courfe from the north-eaft, the 
 paffage muft have been there, where yet they 
 never tried for it; and that it could not be 
 fuppofed by them to be, where t they per* 
 fifted to fearch, or rather to pretend to fearch 
 for it. ■ .'■'-•'" • ■ r •:jifjn7/ 
 
 . But after all, I confefs that this argument^' 
 drawn from the tides, is in no fort a proof of 
 the non-exiftence of the north-weft paffage j 
 or that the mouth of it is not in one of thofe 
 very inlets which they fearched. I fay the ar- 
 gument drawn from the tides is no fufficient 
 proof, for at prefent I am confidcring only that 
 one. * , 
 
 Suppoftng 
 
 i\ 
 
 
{il 
 
 >J J t 
 
 •7-'.)iI: '.miii'. ■-//L c z-^. .J</ /• 
 
 -Siiiipofing ah inlet from the Auftraliiii ocean 
 to run a confiderable way up within the lanu, 
 «iidthe tkt alfotQ run fo far : is it not eafily 
 CDnccivable, that it might, before it reached 
 Hudfoa's Bay, meet another tidccpming thence ? 
 ^ft:asJ:he tide coming up the Englifh channel 
 from the wcftdoes fome where near Dungeneft 
 meet the other tide,, that comes along the eaft 
 Cdaft of England from the northward •, and 
 therjefore^ thbiigh this argument drawn from 
 tjie tides is.b]^ no naeans to be admitted as a proof 
 pi' the; reality df a north- weft paflagc, neither 
 is it indeed ^ proof of the non-exiftencc 
 
 thereof L;L.?q:; ;:i ...\:. ^ ' 
 
 .1 have before mentioned two circumltances 
 that n^ake much againft the probability of that 
 paflagc J namely, ift, the great length, no lelV 
 than 6oQ leagues, which muft (if there is fuch a 
 paflage) beill taken up with fo long a ftraitor 
 very, narrow fca, which one is not much incli-r 
 i^edJofuppofcany way credible. ^^. That .we 
 cahnot. learn the Indians, who vifit Hudfon'3 
 Bay, ever navigate fpch a long paffage ; and 
 which ont . cannot help thinking that they 
 would if it exifted. Neither can any reafoning 
 whatcver.be' brou^t to remove the prejudices, 
 ^hich thofe two confiderations muft be apt ta 
 ^aifc. in ^ our minds,, againft the probability of 
 fijch paffage, except its appearing to be a matn 
 ten of f^6t,.by fame credible relation, of tb9 
 pai[rage.*s. having been aftually navigated. M^ 
 have indeed extant ftories of fuch-,: Jet us thens 
 examine tliem fairly, and fee what proofs to the 
 puf^fe they bring. 
 
mm 
 
 'WM'-l 
 
 G 73 ] 
 
 As none of tliofe relations ment'orl any pir- ■ 
 ticular latitude,- where* it is faid tliey found the , 
 paflage, nor giye any particular circufrift^nces 
 that may be thought to mark with preCifjon, ^ 
 or even; very nearly the placfc where fuch paflao^e ; 
 was made-, except only the account publilhed 
 in the name of De Fonte ; 1 (hall pafs over, all 
 theothers (even that of De Fuca,, though; in- 
 jertedin the maps, becaule it is extremely un- 
 iatisfaftory) and proceed to examine that of Di3;*f 
 Fonte: and here follows the fubftince; of , his ' 
 itory as reL i^d by himfelf. ' w, •,.♦,.., 
 
 He tells us, "- that in the yr^r iS^gi,- thcj 
 14th of Charles I. of England, the court of* 
 Spain being advertifed'of fome navigations, b<i^i 
 ing attempted by the. people of: Bofton: in New: 
 England that year -, he was ordered ; to equip 
 four iliips offeree [in order to oppofe themj 
 and having left Callao, the port .qf-Lima in 
 Peru, April 3, 1 646, at live in the afternoon, 
 he made the following courfes/* ;■ , 
 
 Leag. ; De;. 
 *«ApriI 7, St. Helena at Guay- 
 
 aquil 200 a 5; 
 
 "April, 10, the equinoftial r. 
 
 hy.C. Paffoe ;[ ;«,;,. 
 
 "A,pril itj C. St. Francifco 1-7 
 
 "April 16, Riakia 320 11-I4 
 
 "Apfil26,ChiamedanCom- • 
 
 '.-\ioftelIa I 480 i7-3r.N.W.by\y. 
 
 This muft be a miftake, for he made in the 
 laft courfe only 6 degrees 17 minutes j hi-a 
 co'uVfe N. W. by N. and yet ran 4^0 leagues; 
 whereas from C. St. Francifco to Rioloja, he 
 mude I o degrees 7 minutes; the courfe W.N.W. 
 and yet ran but 320 leagues. Bfefides Chia- 
 mftlun, near to which Compoltella lies, is really 
 
 L ia 
 
 Courre. 
 South. 
 
 Mff 
 
 North. 
 
 W.N.W. 
 
 .■3*." 
 
[ 74 ] 
 
 in near 23 degrees of north latitade ; and net in 
 1 7 degrees 31 minmes. If we change the Al- 
 titude of Chiametlan from 17-31, where he nnfjf- 
 takingly places it, 1023, where Jt really lies, 
 this will add near 6 degrees more to De Pontic's 
 courfe ; fo as to make the whole about 1 2 de- 
 grees or 240 leagues : though to make out the 
 480 leagues, rf that be nfot likewife a miftake,- 
 we muft fuppbfe he made many travirfes vrhich 
 lengthened his coUrfe. 
 
 To proceed, *' being hertabotrts afllrred by a 
 mafter of a veflel, whom he had hired at Corn- 
 pofteih ; that on the caft fide of California, a- 
 bout 200 leagues up the gulph thereof, ai Aood 
 from the hOTth met tfie fouth floods, arid that 
 therefore he was fure it muft bic aft ifland. He 
 fent Fehnebfla, one of his ca;ptains, with his 
 fhip, and four challopes, which they had 
 bought at Rialeja, accompanied with the faid 
 inaftir of the veflei ^1^ m he had hifed, and hist 
 mariners, in order 10 difcovcr whether Cdi- 
 fornia were an idand or not.** 
 
 What happened to Perinelofla, pr what dis- 
 coveries he made we know not : Ue Fonte ta- 
 king no firrther notice thereof. But we are now 
 affured by the Jefuits, that it is a Peninfula and 
 not an ifland ; though fome maps ftill fay that 
 it is both an irtand arid a Pcriinfula. The 
 fea at fpring tides runni^ng quite acrofs the larid, 
 from the ocean into the gulph of California, 
 which at other tides is joined by that overflown 
 ground to the main j and fo it is fomctimes an 
 ifland, fometimes a peninfula. 
 
 Indeed the Japanefe map before nficntioned, 
 makes a continued channel of water to commu- 
 nicate 
 
mmmm 
 
 wn 
 
 mi 
 
 [ 75 ] 
 nicatc between the ^ujph of California and Hud- 
 Jbn's Bay i but thfs I fancy will not be much 
 Regarded : and fo we niuft leave this particular 
 ariticle, till future difcoveries fliall have cer- 
 tainly determined the truth. 
 
 Return we to De Fonte, who failed from 
 jChiamctlan with his remaining three ihips &c. 
 
 De^. Run Lcaguei. Courfe. 
 
 <* May 10, 1640, inad« C^pe 
 
 or Port Abel in 26. N. 160. N.W.byW. 
 
 " May 16, to Cape Blanco 410 N.N.W. 
 
 ••June 14, to Rio los Keys $3 N. 456 Ditto. 
 
 All the failors that have made remarks on 
 this voyage, univerfally agree, in fuppofiug the 
 EA cpurfe to be miftaken, or that it Ihould be 
 pnly partly N. N. W. namely as far as to the 
 mouth of tjie Archipelago of St. Lazarus, or 
 Straits of Anian (for all alipyv they are the. 
 fame) and that from the entrance of the faid 
 Straits to Rio los ^eys, the coyife was N. N. E. 
 There is certainly fome iT>j(iakp here j though 
 how to reftify it one knows not : he pofitively 
 fays, " he failed beforp a (tcady gale, which 
 blew frpip S. S. E. fo as that from May 26 to June 
 14, he had no occafion to lower a topfail, in 
 failing 866 leagues N.N.W. 4?o leagues where- 
 of were from Cape Abel to Cape Blanco, and 
 456 more from Cape Blanco to Rio los Reys." 
 We are morally certain from the Ruffian difc<5>- 
 verics, and from every other information, that 
 the whole 866 leagues could not be one conti- 
 nued N.N.W; courfe ; but that part thereof muft 
 have been N- N. E. or on fome fuch point. So 
 here is a great ui;icertainty, with rcfpedt to the 
 mouth of RiO los I^eysi except indeed that he lavs 
 ■ • L 2 it 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
f 
 
 [ 76 ] 
 
 it down in ij^ degrees north lat'tude. But 
 how far eaft or well, we know not : however, 
 as De Lifle's fcheme fecms to be moft approved, 
 let us follow that. 
 
 De Fonte's account of his navigation up the 
 Archpelago of St. Lazarus is,'*' that it was 260 
 Jeagues long, in crooked channels, amongft 
 iflands, where the fhip's boats failed a mile a 
 head, founding to fee what water rocks or fands 
 were in the way. 
 
 ''• After De Fontehad arrived at the mouth of 
 Los Reys, hefcntoneof his cdptains, with or- 
 ders to another of his captains, one Bernarda, to 
 jail up a fair river, a gentle flream and deep 
 water ("obferve the word up, which plainly implies 
 that the river ran down to them.] Its courfc 
 was up N.N.E. apd N.N.W, its depth not lefs 
 than 4, 5, 6, 7, and fi fathoms ; it came from a 
 ;lar^e lake full of ifliind^;, and one very large pe- 
 jiinfula full of inhabitants, a friendly honeft peo- 
 ple ; the lake he named Valafco : the river he 
 had failed up into it, they called the river of 
 pfHaro; and the pcninfula was by the native 
 called Connibaflet. Both the rivers and lakes 
 abounded with falmon trout and large white 
 perch, fo me of them two feet long. And it 
 iiowcd in both rivers near th? fame water: ii;i 
 the river Los Reys, twenty-four feet full 
 and change of the mooq, S, S. E. moon ma- 
 king high water; and in the river of Harq, 
 twenty-two feet and an half full and change;, 
 [The tide therefore flowed up both rivers.] Cap- 
 tain Bernarda firft failed from the fliips, in thp 
 Ja;ke Valafco, 140 leagues weft, and then 43$ 
 }^.N,E. to 77, or rather, as afterwards, appear;^ 
 
 ■ ' to 
 
•m^ 
 
 t 77 1 
 
 tp 79 degrees of latitude. But firft leaving his 
 own (hip, between the ifland of Bernard and the 
 Peninfula of Connibaflet, a very fafc port ; went 
 •ri.own the river from the lake three falls, 8o 
 leagues and fell into the Tartarian fca in 6 1 de- 
 grees latitude. This, in three Indian boats each 
 made of a tree, fifty or fixty feet long,'* accom- 
 panied with thirty-fix of the natives, twenty 
 of his own mariners, and two lather Jefuits; 
 [whence it appears the river was not navigable by 
 his own fliips, fince he made ufc of Indian boats] 
 in which they went down a riv^r fobferve went 
 down) a river from the lake, which Ihews the 
 river ran into the Tartarian fea in 6 1 degrees. 
 For he tells Us ifi another place, " that Bernarda 
 was difpatf hed by him on the difcovery of tho 
 north and eaft part of the Tartarian fea." [And 
 this difcovery was firft, it fcems to be made, 
 before he proceeded to the north-eaft, to dif- 
 cover if there was any communication betweea 
 this lake of V^lafco, and Davis^s Sraits] 
 
 What put this into their heads, was probably 
 the information of the two Jefuits, '* who were 
 with them, and who had formerly been as far 
 as 66 degrees north latitude ; and had made cu- 
 rious observations j" which two feem, both of 
 them to have gone with Bernarda upon this new 
 difcovery which he was fent on, 
 : Now the place where the unnamed river before- 
 mentioned, (that had three falls in it, and that 
 tiad a courfe of 8o leagues) entered the Tarta- 
 rian fda in 6 1 degrees, muft be that bay, which 
 was afterwards difcovcred by captain Beering in 
 the Ruflian Service, in the year 174 1 ; the fouth 
 tilpe of which bay, i§ terminated by Cape St. 
 
 Elias; 
 
V 
 
 t 78 1 
 
 JEfias ; end within it a good large ifland of about 
 forty miles every way over: Though the 
 ranges of hills and high lands which everywhere 
 furround that bay, make it very doubtful whe- 
 ther any fuch river could enter into it. But tho* 
 it be doubtful, it is, however, no proof, that it 
 fertainly does not fo enter it*, efpccially as the 
 three falls, faid to be therein, make it not impof- 
 ^ble, but th^t they might be occafioned by its 
 pafling thole hills and high lands mentioned. 
 And note here, that Bernard a in order to fail 
 down this river, had left his (hip 5 and therefore 
 it appca.s tp fiavc been navigable oply by 
 boa;$. 
 
 After fending this account by letter to De 
 Fonte, ** Bernarda proceeded north eaftward, 
 whether the land trended ; and this in the three 
 boat? before-mentioned, with the twenty Spa- 
 iviih Teamen, the two father Jefuits, and the 
 the thirty-fix natives. He failed N. E. and E. 
 P.N.E, and N.E. by E. all the way, to the 
 79th degree of north latitude (which is nearly 
 the height of ^hc upp^^t part of Baffins BayJT 
 which Bcrnarda in this relation calls Davis's 
 Straits: ** that from the faid latitude of 79, the 
 land trende4 northwards, the ice f|?t'ing en the 
 land • that the natives had conduced one of 
 jiis leamen to the hea(3, or faid upper part of this 
 l^affins Bay, or pavis's Straits, which <:erminated 
 in a fre(h lake, about 30 miles in circumference, 
 in 80 degrees latitude; on the north of whicH 
 were prodigious mountains ; apd on the north' 
 weft fide or the lake, the ice was fixed from the 
 ihore to 100 fathoms depth for ought he knew, 
 ^Tid on the whole, that there is no communica- 
 tion, s 
 
IP 
 
 I 79 I 
 
 tiort; the way he went between the SpttnlfK 
 Teas (viz. the Auftralian ocean) and Davis's 
 Straits, or Baffins Bay. All this was pcrfornrwd 
 between June 22 and Auguft 11, in the year 
 1640. while the feafon was exceeding fine.** 
 [Whereof the five firft diys were fpent in fail- 
 ing through lake VaUfco, and exploring the 
 river with three falls, that entered the Tarta- 
 rian fea in latitude 61, as appears from Ber- 
 narda's firft letter to De Fonte, dated June ly^ 
 and in which] ** he defcribes the country there- 
 abouts, to abound in excellent venifon of three 
 forts, and the fea and rivers with excellent fifh :*" 
 Obferve, he fays, ihe fea^ which ihews he Had 
 in thefe five days entered what he calls the Tar- 
 tarian fea, and which therefone, as was faidj muit 
 be at or near the bay of St. Elias, difcoveied 
 again by captain Beering, 101 years afterwards. 
 The remaining forty-five days were fpent in na- 
 vigating up to the head of Davis's Straits, or 
 Bafiins*s Bay, and returning therefrom. 
 
 Obferve, that Bernard a does not fay the 
 
 larid along the fhorcs of which he failed up to 
 
 79 degrees ended there, as the maps of the 
 
 traAs he navigated reprefent it. No! ** he 
 
 fays the land trended then northward ; the ice 
 
 i-efting on the land " fo that it Ihould feern that 
 
 body of water which he failed on, reached ftill 
 
 further than he went : and, if there be any truth 
 
 in his relation, muft be the fame with that great 
 
 inlet, which the Japanefe maps reprefent t<* 
 
 extend from the moft northern coafts of Hyper- 
 
 borea, in about 82 degrees quite into the land, 
 
 as far fouthward as to the 68 th degree, that is 
 
 280 leagues, and there dividing it into two arms, 
 
 they 
 
 /, 
 
m 
 
 mk 
 
 they both run dill more fouthward; thcwcftermoft 
 terminating in S$y and the other in 61 degrees ; 
 viithin 80 leagues ot" the place from whence 
 Eernarda began his navigation up this bay. 
 
 And this relation of Bernarda's, compared 
 with the Japancfe maps, though not perfeftly 
 agreeing (as the Japanefe maps take no notice 
 of that northern inlet's communication with the 
 South Sea in 61 degrees.) Yet however are 
 fo alike, as to gain credit, the one to the ot'icr. 
 
 This relation of Bernarda's is decifive againft 
 any communication between Baffin's Buy and 
 the Auftralian ocean as the followers of governor 
 Dobbb affeft to make us believe. I fay affeft; 
 bccaufe from what I before obferved, it is pretty 
 pkin, thofe whom he procured to be employ- 
 ed on the difcovery of aN.W. paflage, did 
 not .thcmfelves believe it to be thereabouts. 
 In ihort, if there be any communication from 
 the Auftral'an ocean with any other in that 
 trad which Bernarda navigated, it muft be 
 only with that ocean which walhes the northern 
 ihores of Hyperborea, and which to us 
 would be ufelefs. : 
 
 Re'-.urn we now from Bernarda to his com- 
 mander De Fonte, and fee what he did towards 
 difcovering the N. W. paflage in the other tracT: 
 up the lake Belle, which he chofe for himfelf to 
 try. And he tells us, " that he failed from the 
 place where Bernarda had been difpatched [which 
 feems to have been at the joint mouths of the' 
 two rivers, viz. Haro which Bernarda failed up 
 to lake Valafco and Los Reys, which De Fonte 
 referved to himfelf to examine] and which did 
 lead up, as we find, to a lake which he called 
 Belle.'! *• De 
 
r 8^ 1 
 
 " Dc Fontc on the 2 2d of June, the day hd 
 had fent Benarda to go to the northward, en- 
 tered lake BeJle, with his two remaining (hips ; 
 and there wa« then no fall ov cataradt, but four 
 or Five fathom water, and fix or feven general!/ 
 in the kke Belle* For fit feems] th-^re is a Vit- 
 tk fall 0/ water till half flood-, and au hour and 
 a quarter ocfore high water, thef .od begins to 
 fee greatly into the lake Belle [So that this 
 tide of flood feems to go from the fea lying to 
 the fouth-weftward, up the river Los Reys and 
 fo into Lake Belle.] ** The river is frcfli at 20 
 leagues difl.ance from the mouth or entrance; 
 and both the river and lake abound with fal- 
 mon, falmon trout, pikes, perch, and mullets, 
 and two other forts of fifli peculiar to that river ; 
 and thefe mullets caught in the river Los Reys, 
 and in lake Belle, are the moit delicate he be- 
 lieves in world. 
 
 *' The firfl: of July, 1640, De Fonte failed 
 from Lake Belle, from a port thereon named 
 Conofll'tt, covered by a fine ifland, to a nver» 
 which he calltd Parmcnti»rs, from his induf-^, 
 trious comrade Mr Parmenriers, who had ex- 
 actly marked every thing in and about that rii 
 ver. In doing all this, he left his fhips, [that is, 
 the two fhips which remained with him, at Co- 
 noffett; and therefore he failed in boats. | 
 He proceeds, •* he pafled eight falls, in all thir- 
 ty-two teet perpendicular from its fource out of 
 lake Belle. [The falls being one with another 
 fgur feet eachj and the river did not run into, 
 but came out of the lake Belle] and falls into a 
 . ;. M lar 
 
 B« 
 
 
r 82 J 
 
 Targe lake, named De Fonte, where he arrivtdi 
 the 7th day, that is July 6." 
 
 It feems then that the lake Belle is the higheft 
 water in thefe parts between the two oceans ; 
 that is, in all the N. W. paflagc; and as they 
 failed up the river Los Reys into lake Belle in 
 Ihips ; (o they failed down the river Parmentiers, 
 from fhence into lake De Fonte in boats. 
 
 ** This lake of De Fonte is 1 60 leagues long 
 and 60 broad, lying E. N. E. and W. S. W. it 
 is twenty, thirty,, and fonrictimcs fixty fethom. 
 deep, and abo;inds with excellent cod and ling, 
 [and therefore the tide comes up into it from 
 the eaftw^ard.] ' ' It has fcvcral very large ifland* 
 and ten fmall; ones; they are covered with, 
 fhruby woods ; the mofs grows fix or feven feec 
 long, v/ith which the moofe a very large fort 
 of deer, as well as ttif fmaller fpecies of fallow, 
 are fat in winter. Fhere are abundance of 
 wild cherries, draw-berries, hurtle-berries, and 
 wild currants. A Ifo of wild fowl, heath cocks 
 ;ind hens; likewife partridges, and turkies, 
 ind Tea. fowl in great plenty : On the fouth fide 
 diere Is a very large fruitful ifland which had a 
 great many inhabitants, and very excellent tim- 
 ber, as oaks, afiiSy clnis, and fir trees, very 
 Jarge and tall. *' 
 
 *' The 14th of July, he failed out of the 
 E. N. E. end of the lake; and pafled along an- 
 other lake which he named Eftrecho dc Ron- 
 quiio, 24 leagues long, 2 or ^ leagues broad, 
 and 20, 26 and 28 fathom deep. He pafled this 
 ftrait [obfcive he here calls it i Strait, which he 
 before named a lake, probably from its being i^ 
 
 naffow* 
 
-r»«»F'^S?^-, 
 
 I «3 3 
 jjtrrow m proportion to its breadth,] m folitfk 
 a time as ten hours, having a ftout gale of wind 
 •nd the whole ebbj" [fo that it is plan rfie ebb 
 ran caftward, that is toward:. Hudfon s bay, 
 fincc it favoured him.] 
 
 . ** The 1 7th of July, he came to an Indian 
 town, and the Indians told the interpreter Mr. 
 Parmenticf s [and who therefore muft have been 
 in thofe parts before, going thither from cither 
 the wcftward or caftward. or how could he un- 
 derftand their language, fo as to be interpreter i] 
 That a little way from them lay agreat Ihip, 
 where n^ver had been one before. De Fonte • 
 failed to them, and found the (hip was from 
 Bofton in New England, belonging toonefenior 
 Gibbons, major-general of Maffachufets co- 
 lony, who was then with the (hip there; the 
 malter was one Shapely, a brave navigator : De 
 Fonte gave a ring worth 1 200 ducats, and a quar- 
 ter cafk of Peruvian wine to Gibbons; and alio a 
 thoufand ducats more to captain Shapely ior lus 
 fine charts and journals; and t-A'enty pieces ot 
 ei^rht to each ot their ten feamen: and th^ 6th 
 ot°Auguft, having as much wind as they could ily 
 before, and the current with them, | and there- 
 fore they now failed withthe tide of flood] ar- 
 rived at the firil fall of the nver Pai manners, 
 the 1 uh of Auguft 86 leagues ; and were on the 
 fouth fide the lake BeUe, on bo3rd their Hiips, 
 Auguft 16, before the fine town of Conolkt, 
 belre-mentioncd, where all things were found 
 well. After which, September 2, he failed from 
 Conoffet, and the 5th in the morn.ng, about 
 
 i 
 
 eight 
 
 ' -i. UXo i 
 
. r 84 ] 
 
 eight o'clock, was at anchor between Arenna and 
 MynhafTet, the former of which places was 20 
 leagues from the mouth of the river Los Reys, 
 and the other near it ; and fo failing down that 
 river, [obferve, 'tis down, which (hews the courfe 
 of the river ran nowthe way he was failing-, where- 
 as before he failed it up from the north-eaft part 
 of the South Sea.] " After that he returned home, 
 having found that there was no palTage into the 
 South Sea, by that called the north-weft paf- 
 fage i f he adds,] the chart will make this more 
 demonfti'able." But alas, no chart has accom- 
 panied this relation. That, which we have, be- 
 ing invented to fuit this narrative, and to fuit 
 alfo that of other real or pretended difcoveries. 
 
 The only difficulty or obfcurity in the latter 
 part of this relation is, to know whether the 
 6th of Augurt mentioned was the day they left 
 the Englifh fhip or not; and what fpace it is, 
 that he fays was 86 leagues where he was the 
 1 ith of Auguft on his return, at the firft fall of 
 the river Parnientiers : becaufc in going out he 
 does not give us the length of the courfe of the 
 river Parmentiers, but lays the lake De Fonte 
 is 160 leagues extent; fo that what part of his 
 courfe was thus 86 leagues long, we cannot at 
 all guefs. 
 
 I have taken no notice of the proofs brought 
 for the authenticity of this relation, from i.-is 
 mentioning the names of two Englilhmen, who 
 really exifted at the fuppofed time : ofwkom 
 Shapely had fuch extraordinary adventures at 
 fea, as to be called Old Nick ; and to have Ibme 
 tradition of them to this day prelerved in his 
 
 famj]y 
 
 Cn 
 
■ [ 85 ] 
 family and neigbourhood : And major Gib- 
 bons can be proved (as it is faid) to have been 
 at the very time abfent from New England ; and 
 fo might have been met by De Fonte, as the re- 
 lation informs us. For what if the mention of 
 ^hefe two Englilhmen proves ever fo much, that 
 the narrative of De Fonte not being publifhed, 
 Itill fixty-eight years after, could not be a fidion. 
 {For, how indeed, could it hit upon the names 
 of thefc two men, if they had not really exifted, 
 , and been adually met with by the author?-) 
 Yet ftill we fiom the whole (obferving it ever 
 fo genuine) can conclude at moft that there is a 
 •navigation for boats uninterruptedly from fea to 
 lea, by that called the N. W. paflage: but 
 ,that the cataracts or waterfalls in the river Par- 
 mentiers arc fuch, as to make it utterly impalT- 
 ablc by fliips; for elfe why (hould De Fonte quit 
 his Ihips in the lake to perform the reft of the 
 navigation in his boats ; and fo,as De Fonte con- 
 cludes, if there be no other ; then there is no 
 K. W, paflage at all : except only in the way of 
 an inland navigation j which, however (if even 
 that was certainj) would be valuable enough to 
 excite a very great attention from the public. 
 
 It is a great misfortune that all the writers on 
 this fubjedt appear to be under ftrong prejudices: 
 They who wi(h for it, would fain make us believe 
 every idle rumour of a ftory, and fancy every 
 imagination in its favour to be real: while from 
 the weaknefs and abfurcuty of the feveral rela- 
 tions and arguments brought to prove it, one can 
 hardly think they chemfeives look upon thetn to 
 carry any weight. 
 
 . On the contrary, thofe who think it their in- 
 
 tcreil 
 
 -» 1 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 r 86 ] 
 
 tcreft to oppofc and hinder a difcovcry of this 
 paffage, ufe every art to deftroy all credibiiity 
 of it. 
 
 I pcrfuade myfelf I am quite difpaflionate : I 
 have fairly propofed two exceeding ftrong ob- 
 jcftions to it: i. from the prodigious length of 
 .the paflagcj fuch as one ffannot without thic 
 ^reatcft difficultypcrfuadc themfclves exifls at all 
 in nature; and 2. from its never being knov^n 
 Xo be navigated by thofe Indians, who come to 
 Hudfon*s Bay from the Auftralian ocean, and 
 •who to be fure would ufe it, if they knew of fuch. 
 Nor can one admit any anfwer whatever to this; 
 not fcarcely, tho' ever fo well authenticated, rela- 
 tions in favour of the palTagc; but only the 
 ibppofing it to lye in fome other trad than that, 
 which thefe Indians ufe, who vifit our fettle- 
 ments in Hudfon's Bay. 
 
 On the other hand, notwithftanding the 
 ftrength of thefe objcdlions-, I confefsDeFonte's 
 relation, even with its inaccuracies and fomc 
 miftakes, does yet carry with it fuch an air of 
 fimplicity and truth, and the circumftance of 
 meeting Gibbons and Shapely, is fo ftrong in its 
 favour, that I cannot think myfflf at liberty 
 quite to rejedl it. 
 
 But then as after all, it will not prove that 
 there is any fuch N. E. paffage as can be navi- 
 gated, uninterruptedly by fhips ; fo muft it 
 therefore appear of much lefs importance to have 
 it fully difcovered i and yet it muft be owned, 
 if navigable only for boats, that it highly de- 
 ferves very ferious confiderations from the 
 government. 
 
 ..•:•. What 
 
e R7 ] . 
 
 What cfFeft this difcovery might have on the 
 trade of the Eaft-India, and Hudfon's Bay com- 
 panies; and in what way they (hould be com- 
 penfated for the lofs they muft exped to fufFer 
 thereby -, (for I think common juftice requires 
 ?iiat by all means they be compenfated to the 
 full, and this without paying the leaft regard 
 to thofe who cry " down with them, down with 
 them even to the ground j" and who, if them- 
 felves had fhares in thefe trades, would think 
 themfclves very ill ufed, to be in fo arbitrary 
 a manner deprived of the profits without full 
 compcnfations made for their lofs.) How much 
 fatisfa£tion (hould be given to the two compa- 
 nies, 1 fay, we cannot at prefent determine. It 
 yrould too much lengthen this little traft, which 
 . has already grown, perhaps to too great a bulk, 
 to enter into the detail of fuch particulars : 
 political difcourfes muft not be long, elfe they 
 will be tedious. So here we fhall for the pre- 
 fent put an end to this firit part: intending, 
 however, if God permit, to proceed with the 
 leaft lofs of time poffible, to the remainder ; in 
 which, befides the interefts of the two compa- 
 nies in queftion. We (hall endeavour to lay be- 
 fore the public the true ftate of our other colo- 
 nies; and to (hew how the Britiih dominions 
 beyond the Atlantic may be fettled to the great- 
 eft advantage, and vaftly more than perhaps the 
 moftfanguine fchemer at prefent thinks them 
 capable of. 
 
 End of the First Part. 
 
 >A^«.«<-»if',<« 
 
' H l l l | I H »l l l H H I II I . 
 
 !*.■ • 
 
 I 
 
 J - ' ■ 
 
 ; >•» 
 
 at" 
 
 T 
 
 

 ERRATA. 
 
 Towards the end of the Dedication, p. vii. 1. 7. the fen- 
 tence following the word advarueily ought to be inclofed thus 
 ( ) being aparenthefis. 
 
 In the Introdudion, p. ix. paragraph the laft, p. 3. (or Jive 
 hundrrd read Jive thoufand. 
 
 In the fame Introduftion, p. xiv. middle paragraph, a 
 whole line is omitted after the word, (.onjidored, viz. as thret 
 cr'ginal divijions of the ivbole globe but 
 Chap. I. page i. paragraph' i. after the word nvelftb, del* 
 the word fart. 
 
 Page 3. After 4?rt read before the Rujfiaiu \ bccaufe 
 
 nuhen thefe latter 
 Chap. II. Page 4. paragraph i. laft line but one dele they 
 
 Page 5. 1. 3. dele wry^ and page 7. lall line but 
 
 fix, after ^o-tu add rt^tf. 
 
 Page 10. for loquitur read loquitur; near the bot- 
 tom, for tells us, reAdtfforws us. 
 
 Page II. paragraph 4. near the middle, (ox he ani 
 
 his companions, Sec. read, as he and his companitns 
 
 •were rambling tsfc. They dfcovered. 
 
 Page 1 3 . paragraph 2. 1. 5 . for he, read one. 
 
 Page r 4. laft line but one, (or peopling rc^d. planting. 
 
 Page 1 6. near the middle for Id eland read Ireland. 
 
 Page_ 2 1 . near the middle for thefc read their ; and 
 
 fix lines lower, for or, Wilderlhufen, read and 
 
 Wildcfhufen. 
 Chip. V. line 4. after Iceland, infert before mentioned. 
 
 Page 24. 1. 2. fory:» much rz:idfo great extent. 
 
 Page 25 1. 2. ^(tcrpart, read is chief j contiguous (* 
 
 Holfein, and 
 
 Page 27. 1. 10, 1 1, for uever on anv, read on j'o^ 
 
 and fame page, paragraph 2. 1. 5. for „ot read ro-. 
 
 Fiige 29. 1. 17. -ditcr nvhlch read latter. 
 
 Page 30, 1. 4. 5, (or and transfer, read and al/i 
 
 transfer.— \, 10. for w/^ell, read wf// ; and after the 
 
 »vord//^^;«, the laft in the paragraph, add ^7/; and 
 
 in paragraph 2 , laft line bu: one after either, iaferf 
 
 §f tlicm. . 
 
^rapfllpe" 
 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 *"Jhap. Vr. Page 32. 1. 11. for well, read " ^''ell ; and aftoc 
 J am, add, good Sir. 
 
 Page 32. 1. t, for England i put England :** 
 Page F 4. for religion, read /Z"/- gofpcL 
 IJagC 35.1. 13. after //^i;; add.a^. 
 Page 37. 1. 7. after /^ infcrt tbeprcftdmt. 
 P.?ge40. 1.5. for //dmini cans, read ZHmiinicaiu ; 
 paragragh 2. 1. 1 1 . for ont, read ome. 
 Page 42. paragraph 2. 1. 6. after the lall /(i^, add 
 number of \ and 1. 7. for chrgy, iea.d curates. 
 Page 43. towards the bottom, readaw argum^tim, 
 i(s favour. , 
 
 Page 46. 1. 1 2 . for tbcf, read ^/jf/V ; paragraph 2 i 1. 6*^ 
 for pof, read drop 
 Page 47. 1. 7. for do^ read </([>«. 
 Page 51., line the laft of the iirft paragraph^ dele, 
 pr^r/y. 
 
 Page 54. 1. 3. for fools or knaves, read iveak or iani, 
 men. 
 
 Page 55. parjagvaph 2.1. i. after ajf^infert m(iny •/, 
 Page 57. paragraph 2. 1. 4. for a king, read A: 
 king ; and 1. 7. dele of and for judg/»f/t/ read, 
 iiidg/a^. 
 
 Page 63 . paragraph z. 1 . 1 1 . for every read in^ny^ 
 ]^age 63. 1. 4. fox feu read /r«gY^. 
 
 Ri 
 
 si..^- jai» 
 
\