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PROGRESS, 
 
 — BY — 
 
 HENRY B^K35R 
 
 OWEN SOUND, ONTARIO. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction . - • •• 
 
 Endless Progress . . • • • • • • 
 
 Brief Description of the Solar System: 
 
 The Sun . . 
 
 The Moon 
 
 Jupiter 
 
 Saturn . 
 
 Venus 
 
 Mars . . 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Uranus, or Geordium Sidus 
 
 Comets 
 Infinitude of the Universe 
 The Sabbath Day 
 The Advantages of Education 
 The Folly of Regretting the Brevity of Life 
 Description of Palmyra 
 
 Thv Great Obstacle to Free Trade, or the Result 
 Keepin(j up Large Standing Armies . . 
 
 2 
 , 3 
 
 f 
 . 9 
 
 10 
 . 10 
 
 10 
 . 11 
 
 11 
 . 11 
 
 11 
 . 12 
 
 13 
 . 14 
 
 14 
 . 15 
 
 OF 
 
 OWEN SOUND : 
 J. Ruth rford, Book and Job Printer. 
 
 1880. 
 
/ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SALMO C. 
 
 Jubilad a Dios toda la tierra. 
 
 2 Servid a Jehova, cod alegria: 
 entrad delante de el con regocijo- 
 
 3 Sabed que Jehova, el es el Dios; 
 
 el nos hizo, y no nosotros a nosotroa 
 pueblo suyo somos, y ovejas de su pasto. 
 
 4 Entrad por sus puertas con confesion 
 por sus patios con alabanza; 
 alabadle, bendecid a s\* nombre. 
 
 5 Porque Jehova es br.eno, para 
 siempre es su misericordia 
 
 y hasta en generacion y generacion 
 Su verdad. 
 
/ 
 
 ENDLESS PROGRESS. 
 
 The faculties of the soul may be compared to the air in which wo 
 breathe and live, composed of two elements; one, the active principle 
 of life, oxygen; the other, its opposite, the venomous ozone; combined 
 they are neutralized and form our atmosphere, a subtle body, mottensive 
 to the eye, in continual motion, in a moment losing its equipoise, 
 ascending into space, ceding its place to another portion which follows 
 the same course; purifying itself from deadly vapors, so that we respire 
 a pure and regenerating air. 
 
 So in man are found the principles of good and evil, morality and 
 
 vice, growing together. . , 
 
 A man without education is not a man, he is a living being— an intel- 
 ligent animal— matter in motion. ,.,,., ^ ,. .- ., ^„ 
 A nation of such men forms a multitude, chained to routine as if they 
 were reduced to instinct; working, because they require bread; sleeping, 
 because to-morrow they must work again for their daily food, bad 
 reality! But educate him, convert him from his evil ways, make him 
 comprehend his mission on earth, teach him to excH himself, teach 
 him to thirst after all tha,t is beautiful and holy, that his soul may re- 
 ceive a flood of divine light, which alone is true life; convince him that 
 the joys of Heaven will be to progress in knowledge and holiness 
 throughout the countless ages of eternity. ,..14. 
 Let us take a brief review of the march of progress during the past 
 ages. India and China, primitive nations; grammar had its origin 
 there, and language was adorned with all the coloring of a sky without 
 
 * Th^V were a mythological people, believed in good and bad gods. 
 Breathing the air of the tropics, their worship burst forth upon all the 
 phenomena of living beings by which they were surrounded. 
 
 Thev deified the sun, the sea, the date bearing palm tree, and formed 
 s/ods out of the bodies of elephants and the heads of eagles. For sanc- 
 tuaries for these divinities, they hewed out ent .re mountains, where they 
 worshipped amidst the perfume of flowers and the voluptuous songs of 
 
 *^Such was'the country over which Brahma, Siva and Vishnu extended 
 their dominion and from whence arose the glorious standard of civil- 
 
 '"^ ms'certain they had grave errors, but how can we blame a people 
 whose anxiety was always for progress bub who were without experience^ 
 From thence progress passed into a narrow valley which was isolated 
 from the desert by two chains of mountains. Through this valley flowed 
 a beneficent and mysterious river, which irrigated it and prepared it for 
 
 I 
 
4 Endless Progress. 
 
 an abundant harvest. The Nile was the benevolent god of the Egyp- 
 tians and thev worshipped it under the name of Horus. 
 
 Egyp?iim civilization took,in thi* fertile valley , a character very distinct 
 (mm anv that was then found in the East. ,,./.-. li. 
 
 Thev U-ented geometry and found in it the key to the infinite vault 
 of ^pac^^B^^d its infinitiide'^of worlds, and calculated with this element 
 
 '^If'rilTning^To^ to measure land they invented the beautiful art 
 of ArcTii ectureT which differed vastly from the primitive style of the 
 In^ans and Chinese; the latter made mountains into pagodas; the 
 
 atrenath which they applied to everything tiiey undertook. Science was 
 or them ramuletU^^ every generation bequeathed to the one tha 
 followed it without correcting, without improvmg anything; that which 
 las done Vthe Father was'done by the Son which thus became a 
 doLa regulating the type of its sphinxes, obelisks and columns. 
 
 What remains of this people] The Pyramids, and tllfj^jt^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 by the hand of time; the skeletons of their tamples; the splendor ot 
 Thebes, Memphis and Heliopolis is departed for ever. 
 
 The alphabet, geometry, astronomy, architecture, music, medical 
 science EffVPt created and covered them with mystery. 
 
 TrkeSs and the Persians were formed from nomadic tribes m the 
 
 • valley of the Euphrates, on which arose the city of Babylon and he 
 
 other famous city of Ninevah. Babylon acquired the monopoly of the 
 
 commerce of the'world, and keeping in her bosom \-nmnense wealth, 
 
 converted the oasis of the desert mto the gardens of Semiramis 
 
 Their ships sailed through the Mediterranean laden ;vith gold from 
 Bffitia- thev traded to Tyre, the first maritime city of the old world, 
 wlLre'marble, aniber, gold and steel were made into precious jewels, 
 which h" exchanged In Jerusalem for wheat, incense and perfumes 
 TiS for jlspers and topazes, in Palmyra. . On the -tli-r side of the 
 Mediterrinean arose Carthage, the future rival of Tyre and Ronie. 
 
 The Phcenicians traded all over the then known world, a«>l became 
 bv their industry its benefactors, ior coumierce unites all nations-it is 
 one of the knot J which binds mankind, in order to conquer universal 
 
 ^'Greece, whose riches of intellect burst forth with all the splendor of 
 the rising sun to cheer the heart of man, assumed a more spiritual chai- 
 acter Pythagoras seemed to possess all the knowledge acquired by 
 anterior nations-all the wisdom of the Maji; the utterances of his soiil 
 seemed to burst from his lips like inspiration. The wisdom of Xenophon 
 gave a great impulse to progress. ^ i , ^^ „„^o 
 
 ^ The ireat Socrates, the essence of virtue, profound eloquence pure 
 science who, indefatigably followed all that was good understood his 
 vocation and followed it fai^thfully until death. The cap of hen^ock shmes 
 like a resolendent guiding star for the lovers of truth and virtue. 
 J" £e' uT?eiLmbe? with|ratitucle those great and good men who en- 
 
Endless Pkoorksh. 
 
 chant us with thoir writings, with their poetry and their works of art. 
 May they be indelibly inscribed on the pages of the human heart. 
 
 Rome! proud Rome, who extended her dominion over nearly the 
 whole of the then known world and changed the face of a large portion 
 of it. Home dictated laws to all the countries to which the Greeks had 
 carried their language, their sciences and their philosophy; all the 
 nations were attached to Home by a chain which victory had nailed 
 to the walls of the cai)itol; they existed only by the will of Rome and 
 the passions of its chiefs, but they benetitted them by confering a 
 brilliant education. . 
 
 Whenever they added a Province to their empire, that province pros- 
 pered. To organize, to combine, to amalgamate, to rule over them, such 
 was the genius of the Romans. They took from the Greeks their phil- 
 osophy, their sciences and their eloquence; and in order that Rome 
 might have its Latin philosophy and its eloquence, they blended Zeno 
 with Epicurus; Aristotle with Plato; and from the llliad and the Odysee, 
 they produced the Eneid; Cicero and Lucretius wrote in their elc)quent 
 language upon philosophy, but it was the philosophy of the (.reeks 
 Rome will always be great; the Pandects of the Emperor Justimar and 
 the dogma termed civil law, or the rights of all men in all countries, or 
 as a celebrated writer says: The union of legislation, law raised to the 
 summit of benevolence, the preface of the Gospel. Rome, the -country 
 of Virgil and Horace, will imbue us forever with a feeling of veneration 
 and respect, for engraving it upon the immortal pages of her power 
 
 ^^But where is the orient I Where are the Greeks and the Roinans ? 
 Where are all the other nations which have lived on the surface ot 
 this globe ? who advanced civilization with the aid of science—and it 
 that civilization could not continue their existence in order that they 
 might extend the progress they had achieved, why look upon them as 
 
 its apostles ? .. ^ i xi,- i,^i„ 
 
 Is it possible to realize this idea of progress without end; this holy 
 fire which burns in our hearts without consuming them; this divine 
 light which will deliver us from all our errors? 
 
 I know not, but I sometimes feel perplexed in mmd, when I listen to 
 the incessant and mysterious voice of progress without end, and behoia 
 the East in ruins; Greece and Rome in ruins also; I then cannot help 
 thinking with a great philosopher of the present day ' ' That the Almighty 
 has regulated the love and knowledge of himself, which constitutes true 
 progress, by laws as mathematical as the gravitation of the heavenly orbs; 
 that time is co-ordinate with space; that each nation exists for a given 
 time on an allotted portion of the earth, in order to accomplish there its 
 especial work of civilization; and there only, in virtue of their temper- 
 ament and race and the nature of their territory, when once their mission 
 is fulfilled an insuperable obstacle occurs, and they pass away, and 
 progress will be taken up by a new nation capable of expanding it. 
 The middle and dark ages, through the irruption of the ^Northern 
 
 I 
 
6 
 
 Endless PRO(mKss. 
 
 h'lrb'irians retarded for a short time the march oi progress; but it le- 
 
 d scTerv . f tTe art of printing The liith an.l I7tli centuries produced 
 ;!;'«;; good nl, workers for the benefit of mankind, such as Descartes, 
 
 '''^1S^:::^^Z^^^ ^.^^^^ pi- the revolution of 
 
 andntfdLamStituti<ms;theage^ 
 
 <,f Kosseau, Kant and Mirabeaux fm; phdosophy. The th posses es 
 
 the soul of progress; it is the age which is preparing ^'^^^'^^X^^^^^^^ 
 
 evitable emancTpation of man; granting Inm Prer''^':^*}^^\ ^^ 'j^^' "7" 
 
 before enioved- making hhn master of his actions; giving h m to undei- 
 
 sttrthe'frre ekeicise of his rights, and the means of education unknown 
 
 ""TieTa'd is open. Science is infinite, like its Divine Aivthor ; wm-k and 
 vou may achieve conquests and triumphs eq"al to Newton, La Pace, 
 LeVerrier, and others or the laurels which adorn the brows o^^^^'l'^^ 
 Shakespeare Byrcm, Schiller, Burns, Lamattme and Chateaubriand - 
 n en X^^^ '^-^ filled us with astonishment <md delight^ 
 
 The lun of progress will shine from between golden clouds with the 
 ^laScent train of religion, science, industry and conmierce, spreading 
 their light and powerful influence over all men. 
 
 Listen to the hum of industry in every land ; the whistle of the steajn 
 engine traversing land and Bea; electricity convey mgmformat^^^^^^ 
 the rapidity of thought; the telephone yet m its mfancy,--all th^^^+fl 
 to man uniting the Sations in the bonds of peace and fraternal affection 
 
 The Scottish people may well be proud of and gl«^y ^^ *^^ "Xan 
 Watt, that wonderful genius who mproved-if not ^^^^^^f "^^^^^^^^^ 
 enffine The steam engine, as it appears at present, the gemus oi 
 wftUmving contrived^mirLcles of simplicity and -;/;f -«j; ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 almost as if endowed with intelligence. It regulates with per ect 
 accuracy and uniformity the number of its f ,f ^^«^^"^ ^^^wen t-ie 
 and counts and records them moreover to tell 1^«^.."1^^^^, J^^^^^^ 
 has done, as a clock records the beat of its pendulum; it regulates the 
 quantity of steam admitted to work, the briskness of the lire the 
 supply of water to the boiler, the supply of coals to the fire; ^ opens 
 and shuts its valves with absolute precisum ^^^o time and manne^^^^ 
 it lubricates its joints; it takes out any air which »^^y ^^^^^f *;^;>^ 
 enter into parts that should be vacuous; and when anything goes 
 wrong which it cannot itself rectify it warns its attendants by rmgmg a 
 bell- yet with all these talents and qualities, when possessing the power 
 of any number of horses, it is obedient to the hand of a clulu; it s -J-- 
 is coal, wood and water; it consumes none while idle, is "^^^er tjred and 
 wants no sleep: it is not subject to malady when origma Uy well W^^^ 
 and only refuses to work when worn out with old age; it is equally 
 active in all climates, and will do work of any kind; it is - -^t^^^Pj^^^P^^ 
 a miner, a sailor, a cotton-spinner, a weaver, a blacksmith, a ^^^ff^^^^ 
 fact a true Jack and master-of -all-trades; and a small engine, called a 
 
 / 
 
Endless Progress. • 
 
 steam poiiy, may bo seen dra-ging after it a regiment (>f suUUerR on a 
 rnZad or a thousand tons of merchandise with greater speed t mn 
 tCof our fastest oc.aehes; it h.oks like the realization -^^^^^'^ 
 the Eastern fable, whose supernatural powers were occasionally at the 
 !. nmand of nian. It has been computed that the stea.u power o 
 uirBriUsh ^ perforu.s work equal to the labor of eight hundred 
 
 millions of men. 
 
 May tbis glorious empire ever remam uKlissolubly united, and onn 
 the vanguard of the <ra,.de arraW of progress throughout the globe . 
 
 THE SUN. 
 
 1. Celestial luminary, light of the d«y, 
 
 Of our lovely planet the Earth, 
 All it's beauties to man you display, 
 And give to it's wonders their birth. 
 
 2. The heavens, earth, sea and sky, 
 
 Are full of glory divine; 
 A Gospel sent down from, on high, 
 With precepts, line upon line. 
 
 :i. Oh, these are the pages revealed 
 By the eternal Almighty hand. 
 Which our blindness so long held concealed. 
 Enrapture our sight through the hind. 
 
 4. We had strayed and wandered afar. 
 
 In ignorance and darkness of night; 
 No light from a bright guiding star, 
 To gladden our s 'I weary flight. 
 
 5. We stand with pale lips by the grave; 
 
 Behold our short lines fleeting by. 
 From the tomb their is none who can save, 
 There hushed is our last weary cry. 
 
 6. When yielding up life with a sigh, 
 
 'Midst friends in grief and in tears, 
 Despairingly questioning why, 
 Subject to death and to fears; 
 
8 
 
 5 I 
 
 II 
 
 The Sun. 
 
 7. Then clasping the hope to our breast, 
 
 The thought, that whatever befall, 
 Obeys an eternal behest, 
 The bliss everlasting of all. 
 
 8. Oh, Father ! almighty and wise, 
 
 We hear through the sunlight thy voice, 
 Give light to our tear-blinded eyes, 
 Make our souls in our Saviour rejoice. 
 
 The Sun is the centre of our solar system, around which all the planets 
 revolve at various distances and in different periods of time; its attract- 
 ing power retains theui in their orbits. It supplies .lem with light, 
 
 ^"^Thu^'the sun is the source and whole support of all the activity, 
 ener^ry, life and force exerted on this and all the other planets belong- 
 ing to our sola^ system. Coal, the vegetable production of countless 
 centuries past, warms us with the rays of the sun, which shone in those 
 loncr-nrst ages. Is not the food of man and animals pr()duced by tlie 
 direct action of the sun and elements ? What beauty, what benign m- 
 fluence in the sun; daily he gives joy and life to animated nature; but its 
 splendor and bonefits are so continuous that we are too prone to look 
 upon them without thanking our heavenly Father for his munificent 
 
 ^^The magnitude of this glorious globe is S(. vast as to be beyond our 
 power to r^ealize. Its diametei* is found to be 880,000 miles; its circum- 
 ference 2, 7 64,000 miles. Its surface contains more than twelve thousand 
 times the number of sciuave miles on our earth; its solid contents com- 
 prehend three huudred and fifty-six thousand billions of cubical miles, 
 that is one million three hundred and fifty thousand tunes the number 
 of solid miles which t^)- terraqueous globe contains, so that if one million 
 three hundred and fifty thousand globes as large as the ear. h were to 
 be compacted into one globe it would only equal the size of the sun. 
 To traverse every square mile of its surface at the rate of sixty miles a 
 day would require more than one hundred millions of years to accom- 
 plish The sun is more than five hundred times larger than all the 
 planets and their satellites of our solar system put together. 
 
 If our astonishment is great at the magnitude of the sun how much 
 must it be increased when we consider that this glorious luminary is 
 only one out of countless millions of similar globes existing in the in- 
 finitude of space. 
 
 Since the invention of the telescope we find the sun to consist of a 
 solid body , composed of different materials, in which wonderful proce^sses 
 are going in for preparing and perpetuating that light and heat which 
 2el life and happiness to the planets of the solar system. Through 
 the telescope and sometimes by the naked eye spots of enormous mag- 
 nitude are seen upon its surface. At times they aisappear altogether; what 
 
 i( 
 
The Sun. 
 
 9 
 
 they are is mere conjecture, but they clearly show that forces are in 
 continual operation and producing the most astoi.nding results and are 
 no doubt necessarv for preserving the present constitution of the sun, 
 enabling it to diffuse light, heat and life, and t . act as the soul to the 
 worlds that revolve ai-ound it. 
 
 Notwithstanding the innumerable benefits which the sun di^spenscs to 
 all the inhabitants of the world it is a melaucholy fact that tlie gr^^ater 
 part of its population is still plunged in intellectual darkness, alienated 
 from the knowledge and life of Ood through their ignorance. 
 
 ■( 
 
 THE MOON. 
 
 The Moon is the nearest of all the celestial bodies to the earth ; the 
 medium distance is calculated to be 237,000 miles. The diameter o 
 Ihe Moon is 2,180 miles. When we view the Mocm through a go..d 
 telescope we find it presents a very interestiuL^ aspect; mountains and 
 planesf.ast caves and solitary rocks, hills and plains <f, varans shape 
 and extent; the mountainous regions are m other forms than those ot the 
 earth although some resendde our Alps, Appenines and Andes; but in 
 general the inountains exist in circular ranges with plains of the same 
 form- large and small plains are in great number; these form a peculiar 
 featu;e differing much from anything on our planet; there are also 
 isoirted mountains of the sugar loaf form; some of them a,re several 
 mHes in pe pendicular altitude', somewhat resembling the Peak of Tene- 
 Sffe sonfetimes a central mountain arises from the centre of the circular 
 Sain The lunar mountains are of all sizes fnmi three hundred feet to 
 five miles in height; cavities are seen from three miles ni diameter up 
 to fifTy at then- orifices, and decrease in breadth towards the bottom. The 
 depth of some of them is nearly four miles. 
 
 How delightful are our m.3on-light nights- what^a welcome friend to 
 fill up its utility to the inhabitants of this world would fill a vo unie; what a 
 beaTtiful picture she makes of terrestrial objects, a ««ene which ead^ to 
 contemplation, and her attractive agency in governing the ocean tides. 
 
 And when the Moon, refulgent orb of night, 
 
 Earth's beautious, faithful satellite. 
 
 Sheds o'er the plains her pale and silvery light, 
 
 The scenes so lovely, beautifully bright 
 
 Tb:-i shepherds, youths and maidens all unite 
 
 In one sweet anthem of intense delight, 
 
 To praise their Maker for the heavenly light. 
 
10 
 
 Thk Planets. 
 JUPITER. 
 
 o 
 
 'Phis Dlanet is of iuiuiense magnitude; it appears the most brilliant 
 Jv\n the heavens next to the planet Venus; its revohition around the 
 u s\t>XtiBhTin eleven ^ears ten months -^\ -v-j^-^.^^S 
 ..■„1 nBrfnrnis a circuit of three thousand millions of miles, at the rate 
 i^nw^ntyre thousand miles an hour. It is one thousand four hundred 
 and thirteen times larger than the earth. 
 
 ^;j^:iX=i«!f:firr^?»^ 
 
 a .nbbous phrase and a full enlightened hemisphere 
 
 The most strikincr appearance on the surface of this planet is a series 
 of Tw^rstrip^^^^^^^^^^ run across its disk parallel to its equator, which 
 
 '%Snetf of Jupiter is no less than eighty-nine thousand miles; 
 its ctuiXrenL two kindred and seventy-nine thousand miles; distance 
 Snn ihe sun four hundred and ninety-five milhons of miles. 
 
 m 
 
 THE PLANET SATURN. 
 
 vj +,,r.« +«Up«» TiParlv thirty years to perform its revolution round the 
 sux^ duSnf XcrSLrTod i^^ round a circumference of five thou- 
 
 sand IvSundredLillions of miles, at the rate of twenty-two thousand 
 milen an hour It presents a most magnificent appearance through the 
 
 efescope This planet has seven or eight satellites. Two bnlia.t rings 
 Surround this planet, presenting a sight altogether mdescribable ; interval 
 Ttweenthe pfanet and interior ring, nineteen thousan.^ and ninety mi es; 
 in+rvll between the two rings, seventeen hundred and mnety-one miles ; 
 
 S cTil o Te rin^^^^ himdred miles. This double ring is evidently 
 a soM body , as it thi^ws a well defined shadow on the body of the planet 
 These rinS contain on their surface more than twenty thousand milhons 
 
 of s™^^^^^ its distance from the sun is nine hundred and six 
 
 millions of miles. 
 
 VENUS. 
 
 This beautiful planet has been distinguished both by the ancients and 
 moderns as the morning and evening star. A lofty mountain nineteen 
 TlesTn hei'htTs seen on this planet, through a telescope. Its distance 
 Som tL sun il sixty-eight millions of miles; its diameter seven thousand 
 eight hundred miles. 
 
The Pl.vnets. 
 THE PLANET MAKS. 
 
 n 
 
 This is the first of the superior planets, next to the Eartli It mnks 
 in size anion- the smaller bodies of the solar system; its diametei s 
 r>ut four thc>nsand two hundred miles; owing t- the ck..rneBS .^ i^^^^ 
 atmosphere continents and oceans are distinctly «^«";, J^^^J'^"* J, ^^^ 
 red hue which drives the planet a ruddy appearance. Uie seas iescuU>U 
 our own The revoluticm round its axis is made in twenty-f<.ur hours 
 ri forty minutes. The snow at the iK>les is %« -^^t :;:::'. "tn 
 dissolved by the suns rays, as on our planet Tlu distance ot tins 
 pWfrorthe sun is one hundred and forty-five millions ot miles 
 
 MERCURY. 
 
 I^his nlanet is the nearest to the sun, at least no planets nearer this 
 lum^nary^^^^^^^ discovered. It's name signifies the swift mes- 
 
 srier the swiftest moving planet in the solar systeni, its rate of mot on 
 be"m^ one hundred and nine thousand and eight hundred miles an hour, 
 or one thousand eight hundred and thirty miles a minute ; its revoluticm 
 ound the sun in eighty-seven days. Its distance fron, the sun thirty- 
 seven 1^1^ o^^ n^^^^ Its diJneter is three thousand two hundred 
 mZ-Tts circumference ten thousand and fifty-three miles. 
 
 GEORDIITM SIDUS, OR URANUS. 
 
 Geordium Sidus or Uranus was discovered by Herschel. Its magnitiuU 
 is thltyre thousand miles in diameter; distance fron, the sun, eighteei, 
 hundred millions of miles. 
 
 NEPTUNE. 
 
 Neptune, the last discovered planet of our solar systeni ^^/^^ 
 immense distance of about three thousand millions of miles. Its diameter 
 is forty-two thousand miles. 
 
 COMETS. 
 
 Besides the planets there is a class of celestial I'^^ies ^^^^^"^^^^^^^^^^ 
 infinite space, to which have been given the name of Jomet«. Little is 
 known of the nature of these wonderful creations: we must conclude 
 
1-2 
 
 CoMBTh?. 
 
 that tliev i.erf<.nu imp.M-taut functions, ordained by our great Creator 
 Vmefs are distinguished fr-.ui the phmets and fixed stars by being 
 us.udiv attended by a long train of light, some <>f ^l^^^^^l^l^^^^^^^ 
 fou.urto exceed one hundred nnlhons of mdes in length The lumino s 
 Lint,<M- iiead,is termed the nucleus. Stars of the sixteenth tnagn tu e 
 can be seen through the densest portion of the luminous part of the 
 comet The velocity of a comet when approaching the sun has been 
 c!„"puted at one million of miles an hour. The number of comets has 
 beeu estimated to be very great 
 
 INFINITUDE OF THE UNIVERSE. 
 "Enu thkre is None, lo also there is no Beginning." 
 
 Light traverses space at a speed inconcievable to the mind of man 
 vet tlie light from the nearest fixed star or sun belonging to another 
 stellar system requires ten years to reach our planet; and L<>rd Rx.sse s 
 telescope, in Ireland, reveals stars many thousand times more distant^ 
 The same great telescope pursues these ^"ndrous creat ons of the 
 Almicdity still deeper into space, and resolves the nebulae of the milky 
 taymio countless stellar systems; or suns, around which revolve planets 
 
 "NvheV'we view this amazing creation, appearing to the naked eye 
 like glittering diauu.nds; when we behold this infinite number of stellar 
 systeius; when we reflect upon their vast distance fi .1 ^}}lf?^^^^^^^^^ 
 enormous magnitude, the countless number of worlds that belong to 
 them, the veh^^ity with which they revolve around their re^P^^trve suns 
 (cur own world revolving upon its axis at the rate of one thousand miles 
 an hour, and sixty-eight thousand miles in the same time m its orbit 
 roui7 the sun), we a?e filled with amazement and with adoration and 
 love for our Almightv Father. , 1 • • 
 
 Let us suppose a inan given in charge of an angel, his ignorance re- 
 uioved, his mind purified, his heart the heart that oves, fears and 
 hopes, filled with understanding, and then conducted by his angelic 
 .niide through space that he may behold the glory of his maker, leaving 
 this earth and passing near our satellite the surprise of the man s 
 intense on viewing its enchanting scenery and to him its strange inhabi- 
 tants. Passing in proximity to the planet Mars, with its continents seas 
 and snow at the poles, so closely resembling his native pl^^^t jus 
 surprise is turned into astonishment. The beautiful planet Saturn, 
 with its magnificent rings revolving round the p anet at ^ distance ot 
 twenty thousand miles, and its eight moons fills his soul with i«^pt«re- 
 Leaving our solar system at the remote planet Neptune, they speed 
 their way with the rapidity of thought for countless ages thij^ugh saharas 
 of silence. At length from a distance only tobe reckoned m the arithmetic 
 of heaven light beams upon them, a nebulous light; the light comes with 
 
 ole( 
 the 
 cor 
 the 
 thi 
 lat 
 fui 
 crc 
 als 
 "] 
 
 NO 
 111! 
 
 jo; 
 
 fir 
 
 W( 
 
 pi 
 
Infinitude of the Universe. 
 
 IH 
 
 electric velocity to meet them. All cat once a flood of glory bursts upon 
 them frZTnmimerable suns with their attendant planets and countless 
 Pom^ts nursuing with lightning speed their course througli space on 
 t^if myKouf missionr. Again Wy pursue their course for centunes 
 throuSi interstellar space and again arrive amidst a galaxy of constel- 
 atTonf and the man exclaims -Angel, I am overwhelmed ^r/.Tt he 
 further- take me back to the earth that I may expire at the fo(,t of the 
 cross that thrm'gh Christ I may enter into the joy of the Lord, of which 
 also there is no end. " And from the celestial orbs came a choral shout 
 
 "End THEKE^^^^^ TO THE UNIVERSE OF GOD, AND LO ALSO THREE ,S 
 
 ''''wm notTs?ronomy in unveiling and displaying to mortal eyes the 
 marvelous r/ks of God, fill the soul with heavenly and unspeakable 
 marvelous w , ^^^.^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ magnificent and in- 
 
 ffite temple of the omnipotent, hallowed by His presence, fiHed wi 
 worshK resounding with the s.^et melody of their gratitude and 
 praise to their Almighty Father the Redeemer I 
 
 O Lord ! whom all those glorious orbs obey, 
 Beseech Thee, hear and grant our fervent prayer, 
 \nd save us from our sins and dark despair, 
 Which fill with tears and grief our earthly way, 
 And when temptations strong around us play, 
 And language foul with oaths profane the day. 
 Be Thou our shield and rock, our only stay, 
 Thou, the creator of those endless worlds we see; 
 Thou, who doth dwell in glory and m light; 
 And from whose throne springs everlasting ngUt, 
 All that is good and beautiful t,) see. 
 For help and mercy, Lord, we pray to iUeo 
 As helpless shniers on the bended knee. 
 
 THE SABBATH DAY. 
 
 Oh ' the sweet melody that fills the air, 
 
 'Tisthe church bell's call to prayer; 
 
 Toil and care have passed away. 
 
 This is the Holy Sabbath Day. 
 
 Open stands the wide church door. 
 
 Noiseless footsteps tread the floor; 
 
 Little children's faces fair, 
 
 Smile around us everywhere. 
 
 The church is full of life and hght, 
 
 'Tis a lovely heavenly sight; 
 
 Solemn silence reigns o'er all, 
 
 On their knees the people fall; 
 
 In church they sing, in church they pray. 
 
 On this-the Holy Sabbath Day. 
 
14 
 
 Thk Advantages of Education 
 THE ADVANTAGES OF EDUCATION. 
 
 In those beautiful oriental tales, you all recollect how the S^f g^^^ i/": 
 acunation of the oriental authors delights to luxuriate upon the story «f 
 some young and bold adventurer, who wanders alone through the deep 
 caverns of Ihe earth, and there sees around him P^^^s of golden ingo s 
 and coin and massive plate, and burnished armour, and hil ocks of pearls 
 ^nd .ubies, saphires, emeralds and diamonds, of all of which the mystic 
 talisman he unconsciously hears in his bosom has made him the 
 o d To the young student of our own dear Dominum, the discipline 
 a good education is that talisman; though ar more Pot^^t than the 
 ,.ne of oriental fable. Thus armed he may clnnb the muse s mount, or 
 enetrato the deepest retreats of science. There he will find hoards more 
 Sous than countless gold or priceless gems. He has but to study and 
 desire them intensely, and they become his own for there are to be 
 t d he genii of artL, able to change the face of nature and subdue 
 the very elements; there dwell those pure and bright intelligences that 
 sway the heart of man, and mould at their own pleasure the opmions 
 md%ions of nation^. Mighty and proud spnits are they who will 
 not be commanded by wealth or power; but they bow themselves down 
 before the studious and persevering, voluntarily confessing themselves to 
 be the slaves of the lamp, and of him who is its master. 
 
 The Folly of Regretting the Brevity of Life. 
 
 " Tell me," says Chrononotonthologos, an inhabitant of the planet 
 Uranus to 'the Secretary of the Academy of Sciences m the planet 
 SatTn at which he had recently arrived in a journey through ^^e 
 heavens 'tell me how many senses have the men on your globe. We 
 hate seventy-two senses,' replied the academician, 'and we complam of 
 ITZ^I of the number; our imagination goes ^- ^ey-d o- 
 wants What are seventy-two senses? and how piuml a boundary, 
 Tven for beings with such limited perceptions, to be cooped up withm 
 our rings and our ei^ht moons. In spite of our curiosity, and m spite 
 of as many passions^as can result from six dozen senses, we find our 
 time hanging very heavily, and cannot help sometimes yawning. 1 
 caTvery weU believe it,' says Chrononotonthologos, ' f or, m our globe 
 we have^ery near one thousand senses, and yet with all these we find 
 Tkind of listless inquietude and vague desires, which are forever telling 
 us that we are noth ng, and that there are beings infinitely nearer per- 
 ?ec ion I have travelled a good deal in the universe; I have seen many 
 classes of mortals far beneath us, and many as much superior, but I 
 liter had he good fortune to find any who had not always more desires 
 "han real wants to occupy their life. And pray how long may you 
 Saturnians live with your few senses,' continued the Uranian. Oh, but 
 
 . 
 
The Folly of Rkurettiso the Brevity of Lifk. 
 
 15 
 
 a 
 
 very short time indeed,' aaid the little man of t^aturn, with a sigh. 
 *It is the same with us,' said the Uranian; 'we are f<.revei; complaining 
 of the shortness of life.' 'Alas,' said the Saturnian 'we live only some 
 fifteen thousand years; you see well that this is to die almost as soon as 
 we are born. Our existence is a point; our globe an atoui !>caiceo 
 have we begun to pick up a little knowledge, when death rushes in upon 
 us before we can have acquired anything like experience. As Or uje 
 I cannot venture to think of any pro ect, for, 1 feel l"ff /;;;*, ,^.^^^; 
 drop of water in the ocean, and especially now, when I look to >ou .iiul 
 to myself, I really feel quite ashamed of the ridiculous appearance 1 
 make in the universe.' 'If I did not know that you are a philosopher, 
 ^plied Chronon<>tonthologos, 'I should be afraid <>f ^-{[-^^J- 
 when I tell you that with temperance in all tlnngs our life is seven 
 hundred limL longer than yours. But what is even tha , w^-;^ ---- 
 to the last moment i To have lived a single day, and to have lived toi 
 oimtless age^ amounts to the very same tlnng. ^ -ve b^y-o-^^- 
 where they live a thousand times longer than with us and yet 1 uuc 
 always found them murmuring just as we do ^>"^«^1^'^^«- . ^;\2 voir 
 seventy-two senses, and they must have told you «»^^^f^"»f '^^^\>;'^; 
 dobe How many properties has matter with you I If y«m mean 
 esLntial7roperties,'^said the Saturnian, 'without winch our gloW^^^^ 
 not exist we count three hundred: extension, nnpenetrability , mobility , 
 gravitai^onT divisibility and so forth.' 'That small --^>-;^ ^P^^. 
 the gigantic traveller, 'may be sufficient for ^^e views which the Creatoi 
 must have had with respect to your narrow habitation. Your gl^^^^ 
 little; its inhabitants are so to; you have few senses; your "^; t^r has 
 few Qualities; in all this Providence has suited you "^^^^ ^^^^V * 
 each other ' The academician was more and more astonished with 
 ^veiything the traveller told him. At length, after --^--f g^;! 
 each other a little of what they knew, and a great deal of what thc> 
 knew not, and reasoning as well and as ill as P^^ -"ph^^^^^^^^^^ ^"' 
 
 they resolved to set out together on a little tour of the universe. 
 
 Description of Palmyra by a Roman to a Friend in Rome. 
 
 A little after noon of the fourth day passed in crossing the dreary 
 defer which surrounds Palmyra, the grateful tidings reached my ears 
 that towards the East there could now be seen the dark line which n- 
 dkate/oiir approach to the verdant track that surrounds the great city. 
 Our own excited spirits were quickly imparted to our beasts and we 
 soon nerceived the waving groves of palm trees which mark the site of 
 pXiyr It was long before we reached the city that we found ourselves 
 landincr as it were, from a .ea upon an island or continent, m a rich and 
 Mcwf peo^lT^^^^^^ The \'oads indicated an approach to a great 
 
 capital Elephants, camels and the dromedaries, which J bad before 
 seen only in the amphitheatres, frequent villas of the rich and luxurious 
 
j(j Description of Palmyra by a Roman. 
 
 Palrnvriaus, to which thoy retreat from the tunnoil and heat of the city , 
 now threw Ix lovely charm on the scene. The brilliant coatumes of the 
 neople we met, together with the rich housings of the annnals they -ode, 
 iothin<' can exceed the splendor of those sumptuous palaces. Italy 
 itself, has nothingthat surpasses them. I was still entranced, as it were, 
 when I was ar<.used by the shout of those who led the caravan, and 
 who attained the summit of a rising ground, crying Palmyra^ Palmyra. 
 1 uraed forward my steed, and in a moment the most wonderful prospect 
 r ever beheld, I cannot except even Rome, burst «P"ii 3f y ^^f^*- / ^^'^^^^ 
 by hills of considerable elevation on the East, the city fi^^ the whole 
 plain belosv, as far as the eye could reach, both towards the North and 
 towards the South. This immense plain was one vast and boundless 
 city. It seemed to me to be larger than Rome; yet I knew very well 
 that it could not be, that it was not; and it was some time before I 
 understood the true character of the scene before me, so as to separate 
 the city from the country, and the country from the city, which here 
 wonderfully interpenetrate each other, and so confound and deceive 
 the observer If the vastness of Palmyra astonished me, the inhabitants 
 changed it into amazement and delight. Their urbanity, politeness, 
 unbounded hospitality, and the wise government of their city are beyond 
 all euloc^v I can only attribute their amiable manners to their rehgion, 
 vhich differs widely from that of us Romans, with our multiplicity ot 
 2ods. These people worship one god only, whom they call the supiome 
 mind or creative, omnipresent and governing spirit. They worship m 
 temples of great architectural beauty, which are never closed, day or 
 night, and are always filled with devout worshippers. 
 
 The education of the youth of both sexes is most sedulously attended 
 to- sickness alone is allowed as an excuse for non-attendance at the 
 state colleges-paid by the state, and of the highest order. Pater-famihas 
 who necrlect this paramount parental duty are severely punished; so 
 that eve°ry child born to the state has an equal opportunity of receiving 
 a ^(3od education. The state pays a body of eminent medical men, who 
 attend to all cases where their services are required, and are bound to 
 report every case, and their treatment of it, to the Minister of Public 
 Health. Abject poverty is unknown, owing to the industry and tem- 
 perance in all things of these excellent people. 
 
 A cleanliness exists throughout this vast city, quite inconceivable, 
 which together with the wise sanitary laws, accounts for their great 
 
 "^S absence of slavery and a good education have obliterated pride, 
 so that all classes associate together in the greatest harmony, most de- 
 lightful to behold. 
 
 Happy people ! they are governed by wise laws; they have abundance 
 of everything. 'Tis thus, oh Cato, that governments ought to act- to 
 be the ioy of their people; they should love them as their children; a 
 bad governinent which oppresses its citizens is like the plague -a scourge 
 to t.hP. human race. I cannot express my delight at the magnihcent 
 
Dkscripti'>n of Talmyua by a Roman, 
 
 17 
 
 Blcch,^; '"see them v,«hin.Il,„ut hf search of uews-.quest.onms with 
 
 "Hr;:^':;::;,:sfS?;;.:rrxr:;^;;z^d by the de.evt, re„devs 
 
 I his i-miiitt y, ncm » | ,i,.„„„,.s the vitals of a natii .u, \ranece33ary 
 r ';"'" Tr^::; " ';; i n 'S^^ anas and thoroughly drilled 
 ;: e fov'lh/X^inhJ^le^vnt deportu.o„t and love^^^ 
 
 gives them. They ''1- P"''''-;;, *-;;*'^:,; j i 'c mL el 1^0 learn 
 in so well g..verned a c ty ^j^ j»tJd"t oierything that can render 
 a mechanical trad.-, ''"'' '','« f ''V'^ ''"jte,, they dilleAn their opinions 
 then "^f''!"''! ;";:r ;^* -.t.i^u ,^t^^^^^^^ hat one would think that 
 t'y ::;:; r ^ef nrriMS it is m Ron.e who., party feeling 
 L frequently m virulent that i.icn of reas,.n are disgustcl 
 
 Wei^e [ not a R..u.an, .-.n,! ,le^,.ted to my country with all its faults, 
 I would wish to be a Palmyrian. Ad.eu, thy faend,^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 TuK Okeat OnsTM'A.K n. Frek Tkade, or What are the 
 Results ,.f Kee.-inc upLarge Standing Armies. 
 
 VVl.v ■ tMcB nnon evervthinj; that enters the ni..uth or covers the 
 
 Why . taxcb upon eveiji ,,%_,„„,,, „,,ervthina whch it is pleasant 
 
 back, or s placed under foot; taxes upcui utiyuiia, ,„. i„romo- 
 
 t-Hatit'e™fc.^rnn;r'^^^ 
 
 t *rid"e'; at bed o? board -ucl.,^ ..r ^vant we um^^ The 
 
 him The oroperty he leaves is then taxed. Besides tl oDate, laige 
 taxed no more. 
 
J 
 
 'f'i 
 
 ] 
 
 i-^Muifg^^i-i -