IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ ^"4^. V Va ^^ ^^J^ '> ? 7 X'-V^ 1.0 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i? %s CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. IZl D n Coloured covers/ Couverture de coiileur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured init (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ n Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas dt6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a dtd possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in6gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refllmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, urn pelure, etc., ont dt6 film^es d nouveau de fa9on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X SOX J 12X 1SX 20X 24X 2BX 32X nplaire Les details iniques du tent modifier exiger une ) de filmage / >s ced/ }iqu698 itaire d by errata Imed to ment I, um pelure, 9 fa9on d e. 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thank* to the generosity of: Glenbow-Alberta Institute Calgary The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shell contain the symbol -^ (meening "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, p'ates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grdce d la gAnArosit6 de: Glenbow-Alberta Institute Calgary Les images suivantes ont dt6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de I'sxemplaire film^, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en pepier est imprimis sont filmis en commenqant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivsnts apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableeux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmi d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imeges nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 CAMPBELL ■ ♦ ■ RELICS OF THE AMERICAN MOUNT - BUILDERS 1898 « »■ » ! 'Hi i I - SEcriox II., 1898. [3] TuASs. K. S. C. I . I. — Rccrnibj JJisoccrcil Jilcliis nf tier Amcri''an Mound- Builders. By John Campbell. LL.D., Professor in llie Presliytoriiiii t"ollt'jj;L', Montreiil. (Read 'IMx May, 1S!)S.) Duritii;' thi' ]);ist wiiitiT llioro liuvo boon soiit lor my inspection, ami il' ])()sj,il)k'. I'or my tloci|ilic'i'mont, j)liotograpli.s of c'asliis was Mr. C. IL iiolierts, of Paris, Ont., a i,^entleman until then entirely uid of :: lerra cotta ea-^kel ; the other two are on tablets, one of which contains the sup])o.sed J)eliige scene. On a careful examination of the workable material before ino, 1 saw t'at I had to deal with so)nething that was only new in the matter of grou])ing, in other words, with the old Turanian syllabary. This sylla- bary I was led into acquaintance with through llittite studies, and, hav- ing mastered its various forms and their i)honetic e(|uivalcnts, I have published many decijiberments of inscriptions made in its |>rotean charac- ters. Among the.se may be mentioned contributions to the Canadian Institute of Toronto on the ICtruscaii. Siberian, Lat Indian, American Moui\d-Huilder, and Sinailic inscriptions. The Celtic Society of ^[ontreal jtublished an article on th.; Turanian Inscriptions ol' the Isle of Man. For the Rev. Wentwoi'th Webster, the author of Basque Legends, M. Henri O'Sliea, autiior of La Mai.son I]asi|Uc. La Tombe Jiasque, itc, and M. Vic- tor Stempf, the Vasconist of liordcuux, 1 have translated several so-calleil Celt-lijcrian inscriptions found in various parts of Spain. During the past winter, I deciphered for Sefior Don Juan Bethencourt Alfonso of Tenerife a number of similar inscriptions found in Hiern). one of the Caiuiry Islands. And, at the meeting of the Australasian As.soeiation for ■' 4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA fill' Advancement of Scionco, hold Itiht Jiiimaiy in Sydney, N. S. \V., I)r. Jolin Fraser nnbrnitted m}' translation of a fi'w tliarac'tor.s inscriliod u])()n a tigiiro pnintcd on the wall of a cave on the Glonolg river, which was Iho work of aneieiit shi])-wroelve(l Japanese, as far hack as the twelith cen- tury A.D. The Association accepted my explaiiati(jn, and Japanese and \MaM ?-fe^- r^ ?rr)ts- DD D J_L D n D JU-0-°- t > — u. rmK I ^^ '□ u >-' U U IJ U V ! ^ ^ ^ ~%~~~\ X \ \ ^ 0\_ ^ \^ I'l.ATi: I. Basque scholars favour my translations, in the oast of the Lat Indian and Siberian inscriptions, and in the west of the Ktruscan, Colt-Iborian, and similar documents. Unfortunately, among philological ethnologists there are few Basque and Japanese scholars. I mention the above facts, not as a matter of ostentation, but as a justiticatioi\, rendered necessary by much incredulity, oi my ability to road the old Turanian character. /// >-/ [cAMPBEi.i;i RELICS OF THI-: AMEUICAN M0UND-15UILDEKS 8 Tln' oldest civilizations of the world wvre Turanian, tluit is, tlify wure neillior Semitic lor Aryan. Scniilii' writiiii^ is old, and Semitic sjiccch was adojtted by noiiScniilic ]>eo|ik's, such as tlio IMKcnicians. But the rulers of men were Turanians. Such were the primitive Kify|(tiaiis whom we would now call .Malays; and tlii' Accailians of Chaldea, who mii^ht he termed I'ralians. The latter, representing the Xorllutrn I'ura- nians of postponini,^ grammar, and vocalnilary that mediates hetween the y Iz ^ M h In (P ^ ^1 o — z y] I- -I k ^1 N ^ii}l)A HM/i s J^, y LJ A 1^1 1 31 1 ^:=:S z ll>h g y m 11 < o IN Pl.ATK II. \^ ; Basque and the Japanese, are popularly sniiposed to have had no other form of writing than the cuneiform ot Babylonia, and the llittitehicroglj-- ])hics. This is a radical miseonce])tion. They ]ios.sessed a jdionetic sylla- bary, not an alphaliet, from before the time of the patriarch Abiahani. Over ;j.(IOO inscrijitions in it ai'O found from the Sinaitic Peninsula, and east of Jordan up into Sj^ria. They have been called Sinaitic, Xabatean, und many other names, and. because men iiave failed to decipher them, they have been set aside as worthless. Most of the luilivc syllabaries of Asia Minor, such as the Phrygian and Lydian, are of the same character. 6 KOYAI, SOCIKTY 01" CANADA Tht' inH('ri]ilinii of Lomiios helKn^rs to tlioir cati'ifoiy. witli tin- Klrusciiu ;ni(l (itluT non-Pc'lasi^if! docunifiils of Italy ; aii'l to tlu-st' iiuiNt he addcil tlio CV'lt-llxTian (il S)iaiii ami the Canary Islamls, Wlu'ii llu' 'riiranian was driven into the imrtli. as the I'lstlninian. tlic Finn. [\\v Lapp, and llic I'ict. ho carried ids rnncs witli iiini, oven as far as (ire^nland in tlif wcsi. Till' 'rciilonii- and perinips tiie ('idtic peoples seem to have Imrrowed llie>t' fnim Idni, chanii'lnu; llu- plioiietie .slaif. ami InrniniT liie syllaliic into liie alpliabclie to snit themselves : luil nmst eiiptions are not Morse, (lotliic, and Anu'lo-Saxon, as their tianslators who maliv' i heniyield uiihistorical iMil)hish falsely imagine. Their authors and their lannMia^-es were and are Turanian, and llie host lrahman was n'onc. and he became a merchant, a seaman and an ai,ntator. The name of Prince Sidhartta has nolhinif to do with the keep- ing of cows, as the Sanscritists translate (lautanui; it is ])ure .lai)anese, (iotama. the excellent master. The Huddhist inscri|)iions ot' India are in a form of tho old Turanian cliaracter ; they are the work of royalty, not of mendicant monk.s, as Prinsep. C'unniuijjham and t)lhers have made them out to bo ; and their languaii;e. as I have shown, is pure .Japanese, It is not in vain that Japanese hi>torians dei'ivo their I'ace from India. An interestintj fact to us in (Janada is that, in tho Aiidhra dynasty of Magadha, there reigned four Satakarnis and two Skandaswatis, names wo are familiar with as those of two founders of tho league of tho Iroquois. Shadekaronyes and Skandaswati. From before the Christian era on (o the tiltli century A. D.. the Brahmans worked tc overthrow Turanian anil iiuddhist rule ; not driv- ing all the Turanians out, but subordinating them as the three inferior castes, and imposing on all a modified IJrahmunism that contained many elements of Turanian Iieathenism. As lalo as the seventh cenlurv, Brahman kings wore few and weak in authority. But, as early as the fifth century, tho literary Turanian betook himself from northern India to Siberia, carrying his Buddhism and his Buddhist scribes with him. I [cAMi-uKi.i.J liKLK S OF THE AMKUICAN MOUND-BUILDKKS AliiMil tin; ln'Uil waters (if llio Yeiiisi'i. ami wo.si and ca.^l df llu'iii, lie built lii> wudilcn cilir.-. lu'apcd liis iikmiihIs, ami i'iig'a,y;c'(l in llic cha^'' and in war. Slill l:i> inscri|itii)iis arc in lln' same cluiraLtcr. if a litllc I'lnlcr ill furiii. aii'l their .lapam'sc i> less arrliaic liiaii that ol' Imlia. The ciiicl' iiuiiiarclis who rcii(iK'il in Silnria appear in the .lapaiiosi' annaU, whicii i\i> not tell, as lid the iiKk> of the Vi'ni>ri, that they ruled d\cr the JJalia and the Voha ]\iia. It i> hard t(i deeide, rroiii liiu diverse dala i'urnisluMl iiy the ('di'eaii. .lapaiu'se and ("hiiu'se liistdviaiis, when the 'I'lirauiaiis of Silteria de>eeiideii u]ioii ('orea and Udriheni China, ovoi' whiidi liiey ruled tor alioiit two I'cnl iirje^. The rule olthe Khitaii in ('hina i^> -aid to have ended in W'lli, and is .-up| d>ed to have hef^uii helore the iniiidli! of the tenth ceiituiy : hut they weiv in (.'orea helcn'e tiie end of the seventh. The t'orean alphaiiel i> a marh niodilied t'drin id' the I, at Indian and Siheriaii syllabary, and. with the ('ypriote .•^yllaliary and the A/!ee hiero- ;j;ly|diie system. eon>iituted my material lor tixinn' 'be phdnetir \aliies nt' the lliltite eharaeters. The Turanian writers mu>t have bi'i n in Japan luni;' liclore their brethren comjuered China. ]iidliably as early as the si.\lh lenturw This we know, not IVom the .la|Mne.-e annals, iull of Siberian, Indian and slill more western and ancient moiiarchs. n-oini^^ baidv to (iijO !].('., Imt from the mouml i)uilder inscriptions of AnK':ic:i, and from the hi.^iory of .Mexico. The nidsl anciciii date of .Mexican hislury is 717 .\.I>.. and the oldest monuments on American soil which aie dated are i he tWd stones from l>avenpoit. Iowa. en;;ra\'eii in I'Xj and 7'.i."). Their dtiti'.s lire Buddhist, reckoning;- from the liealh of the sage in 477 1>.* '. ('o]iieH oi' in.sci'iiUioiis in the Turanian character from Japan havi' been sent to me, but they were too mucj) weathered to yield any satisfactory re.-ult. The .lapanc.-e are said to have replaced tluir uncient form id' writiiii;" by inodiliealioii> ot the Chinoe in lis.') A.l).. under tlu; advice of the wi.se Woiiin. This is (^uite fabulous, as the Japanese were at that lime in India. Hut it is probaiile that the chanye ol' script took |)laije during; the period of Ivhitan rule in the celestial empire, which lies >omcwhere i)etweeii the>ixth aiul the iwelttli century, 'fhe moimd-buiiijer inscrip- tions of .Vmcrica are ail in the old character, ulthou<.;'h their dates extend from 7'. ;i Id 12(!1. ami 1 am not aware of the existence of any American inscription in the .lapaiioe modifications of the Chinese form ol writing. Ban Xidiutomo's work on oM .lapanese alphabets shows that t lie Japanese are now ignorant of their ancient form of written sjieech ; yet I have u .shrewd susjiicion that ii may be preserved among the arcana of Buddhist jirie.sls in tlu; land of tlie chry.santliemum. At any rale, it is perfectly evident that there i^ not knowledge enough of this old Turanian writing in the worlil to enable any one to forge it, as it has been cbargeil o\er and again to have been done b}- American antiquarians, wlio have thus >ought to shield their own iijnoraiice. 8 KOYAl. SO("IETY OF CANADA I must iiol lie unjust in this intittor, iinr loiivt' il to lie uiulorstDod tliat Aiiiei'ini alniH' proiliiccs ,-('c|plirs. Mi'. IJolicrts sent iiis plwiloiiTaplis and isorno ini'nioramla wilh wliicli 1 had furnisliod liini lo tlio head ol'ono of ilio (h'partnicnts nT the Hritish .Nliisi.'uin. who ivturncd for answiT this roinarkaldc pioct' ol' (h)f^iniitism : '"In my opinion, the oiijccts shown in the pliotoi^riiphs Inivc iiol tin- k'asl siicntitic intiTcst or inipoituncc, and iiotliin^r lonndt'd on tliom can ho of tlio sliijlitost value.' Thu same gontlonuin i'avourcii nic with a note, cautioning nio against the discovered objects. Mr. Rolnrts's reception by the authcwities of the Smithsonian Institution was e(|ually chilling. At tlie same time, so convinced is lie of the genuineness and unique cluiracter of the remains taken from the mounds, that lie wished to l violating the contidence of private correspinid- once to transcribe that part of bis letter which relati's lo ihe photographs. In reirard to these the writer says : "The story ol' them is briotly this. A young man visiting in this section recently brought these pictui'cs to me, ibinUing that po.s.sibly f might be able to deciidier them. Of course 1 was unable to do so. and expressed the desire that he would leave them with me, and I would get your opinion aliout them. As far as 1 could learn from him, they were i'ound, about six }'ears r.go, at a ]ilace called Wyman. near Mount Pleasant, Micidgan. The circumstances connected wilh the discovery were as follows: .V man wa.s digging holes in the ground forthe])ur- pose of erecting a fence, and about three i'eet iielow the surface his spade struck a stone, which ajipeared to give foi-tb a liollow sound. He dug around it, and unearthed a casket, which when opened be tbund to con tain some tablets, with curious inscriptions engraved on tiicm. The tablets when takei\ out of th.; ground were soft like clay, but when exposed to the sun ijecame <|vute bard. Of course, when tins discovery M'as made, the whole community was aroused, and they began to dig in several other ]daces, and on one spot, whieh was mound-shaped, tliey found the largest casket, containing other tablets. This one was very mucli below Ihe surface of a mound on whicli there grew a pine-tree over four luindred years oil. The tablets were preserved, and a photographer from Mount Pleasant took views of i,hem, copies of which I am sending you. This, in brief, is about all the inlbrmation I could get about them. He — that is. the man who brought them to me — said the people living [cAMiiiKi.i.J UHLK/S OF TIIK A.MKHK'AN MOUND-IiUILDEK* 9 anmiul tlici-o ln'Iicvoil llicy uiiv jilju'ed llici-c l>y tlic Cliuldfans, Imt I lold ill' III lliiil ill all proliiiliility lliry were siiniiar to llii> talilcts (oiiiid in Mexico and I'crii." From llic two si't> of |dintoi.'ra|ilis, wliicli arc not identical, >lio\viii!^ that tlic collection laUcn niii-il have licon larn'iT llian llia' in tin |ii,-,<(.s- hIoii oI' I'lllnTol' my con'c'sjxnidcnls, and tVum .Mr. IIoIhtIs > ci>iiiiiiunica- tioiis, I i;-al lici- that the Icira colta ca>kcts, surmoiiiil'(l \,y s|iliin>;likc and fouchant \vini;"t!d animal tii,niiv>, wcival least tivo in nunilier ; that either in fir near thorn were I'oiind complete s))oeimeiis of pnttery. sione dies lor .siampinij tiio lin'iires on llu! clay, pieces of copper lari^er than a ci'iil, havinn' tht- appearanci^ ol' coin, an 1 sonic six lal'lels, nl' which one is an etHi,'y thi>roui;-hly iiionnd huilder in charaeh'r. As I have already Htated, I have iiiad<' no allempt to decipher any ol ihe tahlels hut the two of wliicli .Mr. Iinhcrls sent im' failhfiil copies, nor i-l the Icu'eiids oi' il,.' caskets heyond two which he also sketched lor my hciielii. In ihe nniniliaicd they are calculated to iiispii'o incriiilulily. .Sphinxes and C'uneilorm tdiaraclers, lon'i'ther with a deliii;t' scone, seem t hai the three lower eom])artiiU'iits are sta^^i's in the Buddhist under world. The ciru't' peculiarity in the wriliiiL!; on tahh'ts and caskets, whiidi, in liie old Turanian syllahary throiii,diout tlie world, I have met hut rarely, is the ijroujiiny (d' (diaracters, i.'ilher hy simple sii|iei'|i,i-:ti(in hi- l.y adhe- rence to a stall' represoiilinn' an open vowel nr an aspirate syllable, such as 0, Im, iji'. As the (hx'uments are ecele>iasiieal rather than historical, con. sistinu; of what ini^hl almo>i be called charms, tliis nioih' of writing may have been an invention of the uionks to add m^>leiy lo the formulas (if their creed. A lew ideo^'raphs occur in the tabids under coiisiderftion, such as the tiiiure of a man, hitu, and thai of a deer, .--hikn. These are eimple enough ; hut moreditlieiih are two conventional oiiaracters of imndi importance that Jilay a considerable part in the funeral ritual. One of them is a crenelle, not unlike the Eiryplian hiero<;'lyphie \'nv water, hut. lint in Turanian script, such a crenelle has the consonantal value of n rather than of Hi. and lias iio relation Xo water directly. It may. how- ever, represent the lirst syllable of the Japanese ndini, a wave, whitdi rises and falls. "With reduiilication. tliis would give r//(o;i. tranquillity, the Stoic; frame of mind which Jiiiddhism exalts, although it is hard to see how the lO KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ivslle-.s wiivo is il,s type. Tlu. utluT i(!c()n;nipli ivsuiiibk's ti crown, \na wliotlior crowns were in use anion-- Turanian nionarclis or not, 1 Iiavc nol found il8 rt'iirc-cnlation syniiK)lic in tlR.ir wriliiin-. It ratiicr sets forlh a inounlair, ran-e, li.e Basque >n,'tiniilar Inei'oo'lvphie in the inscription oftho Cili.-ian iy the Japanese. Tlu" historians of Jaj.an indicate lluit Aniida was an ancient -od of tiie SinloiMs. possihly the eponvni ot Japan oryamato, whose name, as indiealinn- .supreme divinilv. ums "trans- lei'red hy the Buddhists to their oiijecl of worship, in tlie ^iberi.-.i'i in- ^ci'iptions I)u(hliia !•. oeean'onally calle.l Anat.i. doul.tiess ijic Japanesi' th of Ih- comber, 181)7. tiie jiaper conlaininn- tliese was read, and it set forih seven inscribed stones; liial of Yarmouth, XovaSeoiia; IIk! so-called A%)rthuum'.^ Written JJoelv near West Xewbuiy, .Ma.ss. ; the (I lave Creeic stone of West Virn-inia ; the Plain Township and 15ru.^h Civek .stones of Oliio ; and tw,> tablets from Davenport. Iowa. All these have been eried down as for- .I'-cries by men wlio Jiave or had the publie tar, and who united to a don-- nialica.ssertion, that the alKu|o.i„al Ameriean never rose above the >t a J- of pictorial illu.stration. the epigrapliic iuiiorance thai cnai.ied liiem U) brave it out. .Since my paper on Aboriginal American Inseripiions in I'honelie Cluiracters was written. I have received copies of others. Mx. A. Camer...n, President of the .Summer Scliool of Science lor iho Atlantic Provmces of Canada, wrote me on the Uith of September, last year, to the foilowii;-.' elfecl ; •• 1 write in reo-ard lo the iiiseripii,,,! un pan'o ,5(1 of the 'Ui; Volume of Trans. K. S. (\ That stone has been known .Miice 1S12. About tliree weeks a,i;-o, another i-'raven stone was found near .lie hhoro. about a mile souiliwest of where the lirsi one was found. Tlie inscription is in two lines. Tiie upper line is the same as the old one. The lower line contains only three charcters; V. V. IL Will you be .i-'ood eiiouo'h to tell me what this second lino moans?' I immediuloly replied to Mr. Cameron's letter, •nforming him that the.-e three characters have the value or/iube-/;,!, and that they denote the fact that Katorats, whom the stones commemorate, was a chief of the Kubokas.or, in modorn i)arlance. of the Cayugas, who.se ancient name solves the long vexed problem of the origin of Quebec. In the spring of last year, if I remember ariglit. Miss Cornelia llors- lord, of Cambridge, Ma>s.. was kind enough to send me a volume of the Transactions of the Sociute l.'oyale des .Vnticiuaires .lu Xord, from the library of tlie poet I.onglellow. This volume is of May il. 18.")!). and on J»age 23 contains an engraving of the Monliegan stone, found by Augustus [cAMPnEu.] RELICS OF TIIK AMEIUCAN >[OQNI).BUILDERS n C. JIamliii, ()!• Haiigor, in IS.'jC. oh Moulu'-uu islan.l. near the coast of Maine. It is eiU on a nlah of ynvk. The lower line is to he read lirst. and tlie whole lei,'eii(i is : aka loi ha ka oi)e mi to ra hei de to to a re lo ku 3 fu 1 (o ;i. TJiat is to say : (1) Ahatoihaha oj} mito liaivelikto to ari h,/;i ;:;.■ (^nato.^'hie. a-vd No I Y "^-^-" '■(W l+f/„i ^H -^ NoH 'H/f^^'^^l!|||||h/|r,¥ '^/'^x■^|^,^ltl||■||w^^tr:,|- THf:MoNMt:f-\N SroNP -^X/'/V X' A1 X A V l!X X i A\ Y ri.ATi: III. kin- Rawei = n/ ;|:w/.• V- o : z ; ct/ .• v = : » o lff/.>/|;/V=j.:.:v:U-A: y-.A:|-c^O-A :>== :i:v-o;z No in l<' = :-r:N : >t-/v : i: -H/; k=a;/wx- r^ V : IV:- = A;l^=.-r :?aE:=ai: ltt-:71i; lin;- l'i,.\Ti; IV. Kni^Hish. liiit tlic Kuroiiean continental ifronuneiation. The lirsl inscrip- tion, which is very irrc|;-ular. is the hey to the whole. It is from a side of one of the ca-kcts. That part of it which occu})ies tho princij.al space reatls as tolldws : X(i. r. — hi ka yt' o te o he ha ka ka de (-) JUkittje Ofe nhr htilut l;a rayer wholediody spirit to exjiel "A pi'ayer in expel the si)irii from tho whole body," [CAMPBLI.I RELICS OF THE AMERICAN MOUND-BUILDEIiS 13 '■i- Of greater interest is tiie second s'nU' df tiic caski'l, wliieli has two lines of some leniith each. No. II.— hi ka ye tjo ha ra ni sf iia ra >(■ iia la yo he da le ru shi la lie i yo Im (hi mi shi ta lie i yo amin yn fu \;t nu' no aniida liu da yo mi lllkttiie ijiihard niM'lnirii jdlvirii //'/ hcilitfcni Ilikaye an^er spirit t'alse-spiril (lc]iraved-s)iirit iVom M'|i;ii'ates. t^lutd liei III) Jiiiilii nil' shUii III i tjii iitimti/ii fuijiitin no dead warrior from Htiddha eye dead warrior from A iionvii liasU'tiwi!! Amida Huilii i/oiiii Amida Biiddlia writing' •' llikaye. The Unddhist wiitinu- Anonya M'|iaralrs liclwrcn tlie spirit of anjiiril of cnu'lty. the sjiirit of aiii^a-r. and the spirit of the naked body." Here we have a dated inscription. ]ieii'eetly clear and detinite. '{'he date consists of [ r'-Zo^/cs, wiiich, as I have indicated in my essays on the Siberian and Buddhist-lnditin inscri]itions, are periods of .'iOO years, 1 fu, futarhi or 20, and 2 uiuts, makinn; in all 1,222 years. The only liuddhist era is that of the death of the founder of their ri'li<,don. or his attainment of Nirvana, which was 477 B.tJ. .\s he died in his eightieth year, hisliirth must have been in 557. The 1222nd year of Buddha was A.l). 745, when western Kuropo was in a state of iiarliarisin. It was oidy 2S years later than 717, the most ancient date that American history presents, and 48 years earlier thtin the ]teriod of the Davenport inst'ri]itioiis. .\s pure .lajianese is found in nnmy much later inscriptions than this, l»nl so tar there has come to lit ritual, nor any such elaborate work of art as the Michigan mounds have furnished. A war- 14 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA rantablo conclusion seems to bo that Ililcaye and his tribe, thou 01 : 01 :v-: A. 3E:l. (?) y^ : 'czj : f"-vw: \. (3) r= =A : > = = : Al :l^ = : ^ : ^ o:s : El U I .-XMI^rz.'A I . ('•<■) K .kii:r\ .DdI :>ii ;>iin/; i;k-=:-Ai;3l± : )>|| . (5) (O-d : va:s ; 3ii: £t> = ;-/M :|. (6) >ll :3E ;£^ Ju :>=:;y\i: limin. (7) 3IX : Vo; z :/^- : >ii : i^ii:-ai : >y ; |<^;>:o-: M : — ; !<■ : r \ . I'l.ATi: V. i de he da te ha i mu ma ye shi ta shi la lie i yo he da te yu re i na o shi ta shi ta ta ri o d/.u tu mi no na o shi ta shi ta vn re i vo shi ta ni ni ta dzu \va shi la I'i yo te ra te ra na o shi f.i lui no ri yo shi ta he da te vu rr i ta tsu i de shi mu ho ha i yo i to me ha i The translation of this more extensive doeumeiit is as follows : (4) 1. J/cdatcvu riijai JUulu yomi. faynmv no tji> wicked devil nuin from 2. gofu Amida t'tidnnai ri charm Amida unacquainted law 16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ',). hoUitari shilntc rhjn heddtc Ixii fumi no toi tai/c satisfy lower world sepiir:itiiijo hcdiiti' fated ^^•0 oul se])aratinir wail disiionouraiiledeaii dead warrior (roru separ- yui'ii ii(/;ii t'liiiii ti" udon/ii titskUii i/uri'i ijo unworthy writing of heal perleeliy spcetre from (). ):j and T!)5, are chiedv ...mcerned with a chief named .Maka-Wala. whose town or countrv I have transliterated as Atempa. Tl.is readin- of the name of .Maka-Wala's kin-dom arose out of the poverty of the old Turanian s , llabarv in America which Ilk.- ancu'nt Semitic and modern Arabic, paid little attention to vowel sound. Atempa may be. with e,,,uil justice, read Otompa, which in .lapnnese would be O tomo fu, or - the city of the -real c(mipanion." The Otomo. wore a,i.-reat ieu.lal family i„ .h.pan. Titsiu-h in his annals mentions Otomo no-Osi, .son ot the thirty-ni;,lh emperor Tenlsj, i„ ibe seventh century, and Olomo-no Sin, the youn-er brother of Sa-a-no-teno the tifty-.second emper.u'. in the ninth. Sa-anoteno is the Sak'ita of' th,^ Siberian inscriptions, and the Shekin-tan- nfChine.se hi.Morv who h,..,.K theKhitan dynasty of China, and his brother, on the Siberia., mo'.iu i.icnts. IS called .Mi torn,,, the ho.io.'itic prelix wi takii.o- the place of the e.puilly honorilic p.'efix o. The Old Tesia.ne.,1 sludct is fa...iliu' with' theOthomi name in its Ileb.vw fo.'i.i Kshtenioa, the head of the Mvi chathites or Massa-ela. (I. Chro.,ieles iv.'.U).) He was the .s.m of Xal.V.n ot Caleb of Jophun..eh of Kphn,,, iIk. I[i,ti,e. wl„. sold the cave of Uaeh ])elah fo Abraham. Machpelah. after whun. the cave was ealled wis Hl.hron'.s father; Zochar, who in (iene.sis xxiii. S takes his place bein.r'a remote ancestor; ami the name .Machpelah is that of the kin- J- Vteutoa orOlo.npan, uan.cly, Maka-Wala, who wa> kille.l bv the Tlekushi and the lolaku, under the chief Arashi..ia, i.. 7;»2. Ottumwa in Iowa is some distamn. fVon, Davenpc't, near wl.ird. the Iowa tablets were found, but it nuirks the site of Makti-Wala's ancient Sec. II., l.sos. 2. 18 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA prinfi}>ality ; aiul, on Amorican tjjround is the original Otompan of the Mexican liistorians. Tiie Mokuslu who fought against Maka-Waia wore the ancestors of the Mexicans proper, and when, by way of the Mississii)])i, they made their way southward, they carried with them the record of this tribal conHict in the north. From these considerations I was disposed to retrard Iowa as the first tlieatre of American history as distingui>hed fi'om barbaric wanderings. But Michigan now puts in a claim of forty- The poverty of the following syllabary will explain apparent incon- sistency in the rendering of vowel sounds and aspirates, and in the con- sonantal forms k, t and s. replaced by g, d and j. I / — \ iipcn Mnvel or aspir.ilc o. ha. yc. itt V m "0 •? ^^/! l-''^'''l-. b, f, r, V ^yllabk- ^J7, w syllabic ifHN. ka, ga. \ r, lu, KU. ko, go. A i^'--. K<--. ki. .«' // =X + tS'H>, bei Pi.ATi; VI. eight years' priority, in the person of Hikaye of the Otos or Utes, wiio appear to have been the same race as the Aztecs of Mexico. The Mexi- cans were a branch of the Aztecs, and they again of the Chichimecs, now represented by the Shoshonese of the Rocky Mountains. It is not impos- iible that the Otos, who, like the lowas, belong to the great Dakota fam- ily, represent the descendants of Hikaj^e's tribe in retrogression, for no trace of them is to be found in the east ; but the probability is that the Dakotas belong to a much later tide of immigration, subsequent to that of the Huron-Iroquois-Cherokee stock, which was by no means one of the [cAMPuEix] RELICS OK THE AMERICAN MOUND BUILDERS 19 earliest to soeU tlic sliovcs of the Xcw WorI(L Wholhoi- TliUayo's tribo was oxtcrniinatod, or lost its identity in .some lai-i,'er invudini; force, or nioviHl soiitliward a.s the germ of Aztei- monurciiy to overt lirow the Toltee power in Mexico, we cannot for tiie present tell ; i)Ut tlio ancient records so far broiiylit to light encourage ns to liopo tlial, before long, from many valuable fragments, there may bebuilf up a consistent mosaic -(jf American aboriginal historv. ♦ \ [cAMi'iiEM] RELICS OF THE AMERICAN MOUND-BUI M>Ei:S 21 v\NAI.VSIS or TIIK iNScIUI'Trnvs. <1.) Al-(ihiihiiha, the lliin.ii tribe ciilli'd by the English yiiixtofcliies. ().//, iircliiiic foriii of I lie .Ia|)aiicsc ui, uKi'(, desire, jji-ayer. (jiitafii. archaic form of i/ofai, the whole body. Many ori;iinal endlnj;s in I'u have been reduced to /. See Aslon's .Japanese (iramT.iar--. Iliiliiirii, an^'er, but composed of r/o, anger, and liani, mind or spirii. iiisr/iiini, composed of ;(/.sc, to falsify, and /lara. jdliiirii, composed ofja, depraved, and liara. I/O, old postposition, from, now i/ori. Iifddfi'ni, to separate. tiliitd, dead. Iwi, old form of lirl, a soldier. Many .Japanese labials have been reduceil to uspiratts. yo, see above, iff/f^rt or /'(//(/, Buddha. nic, the eye. sliHii, see above. hn, see above. (uioii-yii, the place or manner of trancpiibity. Juyaiiif, now /lai/iinir, lo hasten. no, sign of futurity. A)iiili. ohi\ Hi'c N'olt- U. iilfi, iilil)ri'viiition of iiliiki, to eiiilnaiL'. Iiilo, II man, ii llittitt'. ;■/, prolil, vii'lory, liiw, rin'lit. priiiciiilc. ilo, II wuy, piilh. sliiho, us, thus, so. /«, a floor. /(/, evil. !l<\ (Icdlcnieiit, pollution. rokii, six. i/oku, lusts, st'iisuiilily. jiddori, to sojourn, lodKf, dwell in. fiirHii or fiirlftn, i)rett'rite of furl, to drive away. trra, a Huddliist teTn|)le or monastery. /•('//((, kingdom, dominion, estate, rule, tirii, perhaps Irri, to shine, or ahbrevialion of hni-Zeni, shining. (I.t y/f/^(/, prolit or loss. K/iiini(i, to end, |)ut away. iiKij/i', former. fii/io, wicked, unlawful. iiKi. a devil. II hi, a man. )/ofi(, "aeliarm, or small piece of pai)cr on whieh a sentence from the Bud dhist sacred books is written by a priest." — Hepburn. fumiiKii, unac(|uaintt^d witli. »■/, law. kolotnri, toeoiitent, satisfy. sliifdir, subordinate, lower. hill, old form of lici, a fence, partition or wall, as seen in the compounds ifdlii'l, a board fence, is/ii-lni, a stone fence. no, rrenitive post-position. ioi, question, iu(|uiry. (ai/r, part of the verb tiiyeni. to sup|)ar' , sustain. nhiriijo, the s|)irlt of a dead person. riyo. dominion, territory. i