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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
First Hundred Years i 
 
 < » 
 
 REV. J. S. ROSS, M.A., D.D. 
 
 WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY 
 
 REV. A. SUTHERLAND, D.D. 
 
 SiCOND EDITION— REVISED. ENLARGED AND BROUGHT UP TO DATE. 
 
 I 
 
 TORONTO : 
 WILLIAIVL BRIGOS, 
 
 29-33 RitiiMONi) Strbkt VVkst. 9t 
 
 Montreal: C. W. COATES. Halifax: S. F. HUESTIS. ♦ 
 
,«■...? 
 
 i2!P^^ 
 
 ijIfa'-W^ 9 ., 
 
 ■..- ./■ 
 
 SEX 
 
 
.-/ 
 
 X. ' 
 
 ■-A 
 
 THK 
 
 f 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS 
 
 f)K 
 
 MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 ItV 
 
 REV. J. S. ROSS, M.A.. D.D. 
 
 WITH A I'KKIATORV NOTK HV 
 
 RKV. A. SUTHERLAND, D.D. 
 
 SECOND EDITION-REVISED. ENLARGED AND BROUGHT UP TO DATE. 
 
 TORONTO : 
 WILLIA^/I BRIOGS, 
 
 29-_i3 KicHMONu St. Wbst. 
 
 MoNTUEAi, : C. W. COATKS. Halifax: .S. F. HUK.STIS 
 
 ISttS. 
 
# » 
 
 ;■■» 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I'AdK 
 
 iVofrttory Note by Kev. Dr. Sntheiliiii(l 5 
 
 Mtideiii Mission Cliroimlogy - - 1> 
 
 Previous to tho ()i»uniiig of the Missi»nmry Era 14 
 
 Amkhica - 
 
 Missions to the Indians - - - - - - - 17 
 
 Indian Population and Languayes ...... is 
 
 Other Missions in !!► 
 
 Notes on .--------.- 20 
 
 Statistieal Sunnnary - - - - - - - - -22 
 
 Pacific Isi,am»s — 
 
 Polynesia ----------- 2Jt 
 
 Melanesia ----- ----- 25 
 
 New Hebrides - 20 
 
 New (iuinea .-..------ 27 
 
 New Zealand ---------- 27 
 
 Fiji - - : - - - 28 
 
 Micronesia - - - - - 2!> 
 
 Hawaiian Islands --...-_.- 21> 
 
 Notes on - - - - - - - - - - - .'iO 
 
 Statistical Summary --------- .'i2 
 
 -Vkkica— 
 
 *'Spheies of TnHuence " .----..- ',\',i 
 
 Races and Climate --------- ',y,i 
 
 West Africa - . - Mf) 
 
 South Africa ---------- 35 
 
 Central Africa - '-u 
 
 Story of Livingstone - - .'{7 
 
 Congo Basin .-..--.--- ;{}) 
 
 Soudan - - - - - - - - 40 
 
 East Africa (Cganda) - -------- 41 
 
Jv CONTENTS. 
 
 I'AUH 
 
 Akhk'A (Coufiiiii('(l) 
 
 MudiigiiHUiit' .... - . . . . 4z 
 
 Notes on - - • - • 44 
 
 StjitiHticnl Summary '*•' 
 
 Ama— 
 
 Hiinimh *' 
 
 KaieiiH, Tlie ^'^ 
 
 Siiim . - - - 4. > 
 
 Thil>et »"'*' 
 
 India '"'" 
 
 Cai'oy'H Work '"'- 
 
 NutoH on India - "" 
 
 Japan '"^*» 
 
 Ndtt'N on .lajian - - - - - <)(> 
 
 China - - <«> 
 
 Notes on China <•»> 
 
 Notes <m Corea and Formosa .....-- (»ti 
 
 Statisticjil Sunnuary <•" 
 
 Woman's Work *>^ 
 
 Young People's Work - - - - - - - - - 71 
 
 Medical Missions 74 
 
 Bihlu and Missions 74 
 
 Theological Ideas in Heathen Lands ...-.-- 75 
 
 Needs and Present Extent of the Missionary Enterprise - - - 77 
 Proportion of Missionaries to Ministers and Members at Honu> - 7-> 
 Protestant Missionary Statistics, 1894 - - - - - - 80 
 
 Lrfitest Missionary Statistics of the World - - - - - - 81 
 
 Missionary rc/.sK.s Liciuor Expenditure -..-.- 81 
 
 Missions and Wealth - - - 82 
 
 Missions as a Business Investment - . 8M 
 
 Liberality and Missions 84 
 
 The Spirit of Liberality 85 
 
 Notes of Missionai-y Progress - 85 
 
 Time between Fii-st Preaching and First Convert .... 86 
 
 Past Prophecies rerniin Present Prospects 87 
 
 Achievements of Christianity - - - 88 
 
 Some Sharp Contrasts 90 
 
 Striking M«)ttoes and Sayings - - 92 
 
 •General Notes 92 
 
 *^»>Bv, 
 
42 
 44 
 
 4i; 
 
 « i':i 
 
 47 
 
 4H 
 4!» 
 
 r»() 
 
 CO 
 
 i'u 
 
 71 
 74 
 74 
 75 
 77 
 
 7!» 
 
 m 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 8.'{ 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 90 
 92 
 92 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 THK following oxtract, from a recent number of the Miasiowny 
 Outlook, will serve very well as the first para^'raph of this 
 introductory note ; " The story of missions is the nmst fascinating 
 
 story in the literature of the last huiulred years, but in order t<j tell 
 the story effectively, those who speak in our missionary nieotinf,'s 
 must steep themselves in the literature of missions — now so abundant 
 — and then tell the story as men and women who are thoroughly in 
 earnest about the matter. Next to this is the work of scattering 
 information broadcast by means of the printed page. And just here 
 lies a dithculty ; missionary literature, though abundant and deeply 
 interesting, is not available, for the most part, in condensed form, 
 such as can be read by busy men in moments of leisure. It would 
 pay the Missionary Society many times over to have a man or wimian 
 of the right stamp to do nothing else but condense and print mis- 
 sionary information and scatter it broadcast through the churches." 
 
 This witness is true. Missionary facts are the fuel for missionary 
 fire, but the facts are so widely scattered through a voluminous 
 literature that few, comparatively, know anything about them. A few 
 years ago Messrs. Funk it Wagnalls, of New York, issued a " Cyclo- 
 piedia of Missions," consisting of two royal 8vo volumes of over 600 
 double-column pages each. Such a mass of digested information on 
 missionary topic:, was never before brought together in one publication. 
 But the price was §12.00 for the two volumes, which put it beyond 
 the reach of many. Some cheaper method of circulating the infor- 
 mation so laboriously gathered was demanded, and in the following 
 pages Dr. Ross has made a laudable effort to satisfy the demand, at 
 
VI 
 
 niKFATOIJV NOTK. 
 
 loiwt it) part. Of cdursu, it was impossible to ntiulense more tliiiii ii 
 titlu' of tlic informatitm int(» so small a compasH, nor has this impos- 
 sihlo task been attempted, liut we have instead a boldly outliind 
 sketeh of the ^'reat missionary movement of the last hundred yeais, 
 with a bird's-eyj' view of the ficild of its operations. To read this 
 sketch without being profoundly impressed with the vastnoHs of the 
 work, and inspired l)y tin? grandeur of to-day's opportunities, would 
 l)e impossible, and we antici])ate the best results from this attempt to 
 bring the magnitude of tlu; missionary ])roblem home to the thought 
 and conscience of the Church. 
 
 But however well-intentioned and well-executed this attempt may 
 be, it will result in nothing unless followe<l by appropriate action 
 throughout the Church. The first duty is to secure the widest 
 possible circulati(m of this pam|)hlet, which we hope is but the iivaiit 
 cout'ir of a multitude of missionary tracts and leaflets ; tlie next is 
 to utilize the information thus supjtlied in the home, the prayer 
 meeting and on the missionary platform. Iveep the great theme 
 before the churches; let there be "line upon line, precei)t upon 
 precei)t.'' The great facts will tell, and when these are vitalized by 
 the Holy Spirit's baptism, they will kindle a llame of missionary 
 enthusiasm that will light up the world. 
 
 A. 8l:theuland. 
 
 Mktiiiiuist Mission Uoo.ms, 
 
 TOKOXTO. 
 
 r-^. 
 
 
 mt:- 
 
 ■>^,_ 
 
PRI^FACl- TO TIIK SITCOM) KDITION. 
 
 /^A VE|{ fivj' y(!ars Imvo elapsed Hiiice the ftn'nicr edition of "The 
 Fiist Hundred Years of Modern MiHsioiis" was puhlislied. 
 How fast events travel in the missionary >vorld, and \\t>\s anxious is 
 evt-ryone to obtain the latest information ' This is scattered throu<,di 
 fu,«,dtive puhlicfitions, and diHicult to lay one's hand upon wh»'n 
 wanted. Ovei* four thousand |»!ii;es (principally of the Missu»inri/ 
 l\i'rx< ir ill' thr Wnrl'l, iov the past Hve yj^ars) Inivc heeii ^'leaned to 
 hrinj; this condensed woi-k up to date, fmportant e\ents are liere 
 recorded which occuri'ed oidy a few weeks a|;o. 
 
 In this edition new departments have been added, such as 
 " Wonjans Work," "Young Peo[.le's Work," "Medical Missions," 
 "Theological Ideas in lieathen Lands," " Liberality and Missions," 
 etc. We tru.st that, in its improved form, this con)pendium will 
 prove tfi be a valuable magazine of interesting facts for all pulpit 
 and platform speakers, and also serviceable in Young People's and 
 Woman's Missionary meetings. 
 
 liKANTioKiJ, May, ISOH. 
 
ili 
 
 »",,•: ftv 
 
 '!- 
 
p 
 
 THIi FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 MODERN MISSIONS/ 
 
 " Rn>K on, triuinphdiit Lord, 
 A Imudred years record 
 
 Thy victories won ; 
 Hasten tlie glorious day 
 When all shall own thy sway, 
 And e<arth and heaven shall say. 
 
 The work is done." 
 
 A c?:ntl:ry of modfohx mission chronoukjy. 
 
 I7O-. The first British Foreign Missionary Society organi/.ed tlirough the 
 
 eflorts of Carey. 
 170'.i. Carey landed in India. 
 1795. London Missionary Society organize<l. 
 179<). First mission of London MissionaryS)ciety opened at Tahiti, Society 
 
 Islands. 
 17i»8. Death of Schwartz. 
 1799. Dr. Vanderkenip (Lon. Mis. Soc'y) opened mission to KatKrs in 
 
 South Africa. 
 1804. British and Foreign Bible Society organized. 
 
 Mission to Sierra Leone (opened. 
 1807. Morrison (Lon. Miss. Soc'y), first missionary Ut China. 
 
 Slave-trade in British dominions abolished by Parliament. 
 1810. American Board of Connnissioners for Foreign Missions organized. 
 1812. Church Missionary Society organized (in 179!> organized under 
 another name). 
 Wesleyan mission to South Africa opened. 
 
 * Authorities consulted : Kncvi'lo|iaMlia of .Missions, 2 vols., Funk .v Wiifftialls, 1S!>1 ; Kejiort 
 of Missioimrv Confefeiice, liOiidoti, ISS8, 2 vols. : Kejiort. of First ami Second (Kcuiiieiiical Meth- 
 odist Conferences ; Patterson's Prize Kssav on Missions : Seelye's "Christian .Missions" : IMerson's 
 "Crisis of Missions"; I'ierson's " Mirai'les of Missions"; Withrow's " Roniaiice of Missions"; 
 (iracev'.s "China"; Kolison's "(tutlines of Protestant Missions"; I'orchester's " Prohleni of 
 Keli>rious Proj^ress" ; Read's " Hand of (iwl in Ilistorv"; .Monteflore's "Life of Mvinitstone " ; 
 .Myer's " !,.ife of Carey"; Dean's "Life of .Moffat"; Townsend's " l,ife of .Morrison"; " Kxeter 
 Hall Lectures"; (ioxiii-l in all Laittlx; Minxiimnrii Itfn'i'ic nf tin- W'l, rlit, to date; Molt's "Slra- 
 tev'ic Points in the WorM's Coni|uest." 
 
10 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 \A [ 
 
 :* 
 
 ? 
 ! I 
 
 1813. East India Co. compelled by Parliament to tolerate missionarioa. 
 Judson arrived at Rangoon, Biu'mah, 
 
 1814. American Baptist Missionary Society organized. 
 
 Mission to New Zealand oi)ened by Church Missionary Society. 
 Death of Dr. Coke, on Indian Ocean, aged sixty-seven. 
 
 1816. American Bible Society organized. 
 Mofiat sailed for Africa. 
 
 1817. Wesleyan Missionary Society organized. 
 
 1818. Conversion under Mcjftat of Africaner, '' the terror of South Africa." 
 Madagascar Mission opened (Lon. Miss. Soc'y). 
 
 Death of Samuel J. Mills, off west coast of Africa, the originator of 
 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and 
 of the American Bible Society. 
 1810. Missionary Society of Methodist Episcopal Church, U.S., organized. 
 
 First Christian book printed in Siamese. 
 
 Whole of Bible translated into Chinese by Morrison, assisted by 
 Milne. 
 
 1820. Mission to Hawaiian Islands opened. 
 
 1821. Mission to Liberia opened. 
 
 1822. Missions to Tonga Islands and to New Zealand opened by the Wes- 
 
 leyan jNIissionary Society. 
 182o. Conversion of Peter Jones, tirst Indian missionary in I'pper Canada. 
 Now Testament printed in language of (heeuland. 
 Raratonga Ishmd, which had eluded the search of Capt. Cook, dis- 
 covered by .John Williams, and mission opened. 
 1824. :Missionary Society of Methodist Church of Canada organized ; also 
 tliat of the Protestant Episcojial Church of America ; and that of 
 France. 
 182C). Mission to the Karens (" wild men of Burmah ") connnenced. 
 1828. First Karen convert. 
 
 182'.>. Widow-burning alx.jished by the British (Sovernment in India. 
 18.'i(». Dutl" arrived in India. 
 
 18;}:5. Slavery abolished in the British Empire. (Act went into operation 
 August 1st, 18:54). 
 First foreign mission of Methodist Episcopal Church of U.^ to 
 
 Li'ieria commenced. 
 Death of Melville B. Cox, Hrst foreign missionary of Methodist 
 Episcojjal Church, U.S. 
 18:;4. Emancipation Act i)assed t<. free all slaves in the British Empire. 
 1835. Malagasy Bible completed. 
 
 Death ol Carey, "the i)ioneer of modern missions." 
 Death of Morrison, "the pioneer missionary to China." 
 Mission to the Fiji Islands opened by the Wesleyan missionaries, 
 Cross and Cargill. 
 183(;. Mis8ii)narie3 banished from Madagascar. 
 
onanos. 
 
 Jcioty. 
 
 ;Ii Africa." 
 igiuator of 
 
 organized, 
 isisted by 
 
 the Wos- 
 
 r Canada. 
 
 /ook, diis- 
 
 zed ; also 
 id that of 
 
 1. 
 
 lia. 
 
 pe rat ion 
 
 U.,s. to 
 ethodi.st 
 pire. 
 
 )naries, 
 
 .\ CEXTUllY OK MODERN MISSION CHRONOLOGV. 
 
 11 
 
 1837. 
 
 1838. 
 1839. 
 184»». 
 
 1844. 
 
 1845. 
 ^1846. 
 
 ' 1848. 
 
 1850. 
 
 ]8.-)l. 
 1853. 
 
 1850. 
 1858. 
 
 1855). 
 181)1. 
 1802. 
 
 1804. 
 
 1805. 
 
 First native Madagascai* martyr. 
 
 Krapf .set (tut for East Africa. 
 
 First church of Chinese disciples in ."ill Asia formed by Dr. Dean 
 
 among resident Chine.se in Bangkok, Siam. 
 Slavery abolished in the British Empire. 
 Raratonga New Testament published by John Williams. 
 John Williams, "the apostle of Polynesia," murdered at Erromanga, 
 
 aged forty-four. 
 Living.stone sails for Africa. 
 Canton, China, taken by the English. 
 
 The first Medical Missionary Society organized in Edinburgh. 
 Hong Ktmg ceded to the English ; Canton and four other cities 
 
 opened. 
 Mis.sions to China re-oj)Bned through the French treaty. 
 Missionary Society of Presbyterian Church in Canada organized. 
 Evangelical Alliance organized. 
 Death of .James Evans, Canadian Methodist missionary, and inventor 
 
 of the syllabic characters. 
 Mis.si(m to the New Hebrides I.slands commenced by Dr. Ceddie, of 
 
 the Presbyterian Church, Nova Scotia. 
 Missionary Society organized by the New Zealanders. 
 Death of .ludson, " the aj)ostle of liurmah." 
 Fiist Zenana teaching in the East begun in Siam. 
 Missionary Society organized by Sandwich Lslanders. 
 Wesloyan Mi.ssi()n in China opened. 
 Com. Perry (U.S.) sails into Yedd<j Bay, Japan. 
 Famous Hatti-Sheris Edict of Toleration for Christianity in the 
 
 < )ttoman Empire. 
 Japan opened by Townsend-Harris Treaty t») the Western world, 
 
 after being clo.sed 219 years (treaty went into full operation the 
 
 following year). 
 Christianity tolerated in China by the Treaty of Tientsin (carried 
 
 into effect in 1800). 
 Government of East India Co. abolished by British Parliament. 
 Mission to Siam opened. 
 First missionary in Japan. 
 
 Persecution in Madagascar ceased and mission re-opened. 
 .Jesuits enter Madagascar. 
 Emancijtation proclamation by President Lincoln abolishing slavery 
 
 in the United States. 
 Protestantism introduced into Mexico. 
 King Cieorge of Tonga gave a constitutional government founded on 
 
 Christian principles. 
 First convert in .Tapan. 
 China Inland Mission commenced. 
 
^|il 
 
 ! ! 
 
 12 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 1870. MiHsionaries to Hawaiian Islands made last report to their society, 
 
 those islands having ceased to be misnionary ground. 
 
 1871. First Protestant Church opened in Koine. 
 
 Bishop Patteson, of Melanesian Islands, murdered at Nukapu. 
 Mission to New Guinea opened (largest island in the world). 
 Livingstone found by Stanley at Ujiji. 
 
 1872. First Protestant Church organized in .lapan. 
 
 Mission to Formosa, China, opened by Presbyterinn Church in 
 Canada. 
 
 1873. Livingstone found dead at his bedside on his knees at Uala, Lake 
 
 Bangweolo. * ' 
 
 Canadian Baptist Missionary Society organized. 
 First foreign mission of Methodist Church of Canada commenced in 
 
 Japan. 
 Edict against Christianity in Japan taken down. 
 
 1874. Livingstone buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Fiji Islands ceded by their chiefs to Gre.'it Britain. 
 
 1875. Kiuji Mtesa desires missionary teachers to be sent to Tganda. Ea.st 
 
 Africa. 
 Presbyterian Church in Canada opened a mission in Central India. 
 187.<i. Mission to Uganda commenced. 
 
 Woman's Presbyterian Missionary Society of Canada organized. 
 
 1877. Stanley's journey across Africa from Zanzibar and emerging at the 
 
 m(mth of the Congo, 7, (MX) miles, completed in 999 days. 
 
 1878. Missions to the Congo opened. 
 
 Great revival at the Baptist Mission among the Telugus ("L<jne Star 
 Mission "); 10,0(K) baptized between June and December. 
 
 Consecration of the great Memorial Hall by the Karens on the fiftieth 
 anniversary of the first convert. 
 
 Buddhist temple in Province of Shantung, China, deeded as a free 
 gift to missionaries for Christian uses. 
 
 Death of Dr. Duft', aged seventy-two. 
 
 1881. Woman's Methodist Missionary Society of Canada organized. 
 Canada Congregational Missionary Society organized. 
 
 1882. Corea, "the hermit nation," the latest opened to the Gospel. 
 
 1883. Death of Moflfat. 
 
 Church of England Missionary Society in Canada organized. 
 
 1884. Stanley opened the Congo basin ; 5,249 miles of navigable rivers ; 
 
 eleven million S([uare miles of territory ; inhabited by forty-three 
 millions of people. 
 Berlin Conference for government of the Congo country ; agreement 
 signed by fifteen ruling powers. 
 
 1885. Congo Free State organized. ' 
 
 Bishop Hannmgton murdered at Uganda by orders of Mwango. 
 Missions to Chinese in British Columbia begun by Methodist Church. 
 
A CENTURY OF MODERN MISSION CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 13 
 
 ciety. 
 
 ch in 
 Lake 
 
 Ea.st 
 iu. 
 
 |t the 
 
 Star 
 
 tieth 
 
 free 
 
 I 
 
 era ; 
 liree 
 
 lent 
 
 1887. First church opened for divine service in Corea (Presbyterian). 
 
 1888. The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign MiHsione organized 
 
 in United States and Canada. 
 First railroad built in China with sanction of the fJovernment. 
 First uiisaion of Presbyterian Church in Canada to China mainland 
 
 opened. 
 Whole Bible translated into Japanese. 
 
 1890. Memorable Missionary Conference at Shanghai, China. 
 Sultan of Zaui^ibar issued decree against the slave-trade. 
 Death of McKay, of Uganda. 
 
 1891. Susi, who brought Livingstone's body and papers to the coast, a journey 
 
 of nearly 1,000 miles, and of a year's duration, died at Zanzibar. 
 Edict of Chinese Emper<jr proclaiming toleration of Christianity. 
 First section of Congo River railroad completed. 
 Latest new mission, in totally unoccupied territory undertaken— the 
 
 Central Soudan. 
 Death of Samuel Crowther. " Born a .slave, died a bishop." 
 
 1892. Death of .Fames Calvert, noted Wesleyan missionary to Fiji. 
 
 The Brussels Treaty respecting the prohibition of the slave trade, 
 lire-arma, and the li(iuor- traffic in the Congo Free State and in- 
 teri jr of Africa, covering an area twice the size of Europe, with a 
 population of twenty-five millions of souls, signed by seventeen 
 powers. 
 
 Mission opened in »• populous but unevangelized province of West 
 China, by the Methodist Church, Canada. 
 
 The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missictns organized 
 in Great Britain. 
 1895. The World's Students' Christian Federation formed at Vadstena, 
 
 Sweden. 
 189(). Slavery abolished in Madagascar. 
 
 The "Students' Missionary Campaign" organized in the Canadian 
 Methodist Church. 
 
 1897. Slavery abolished in Zanzibar. 
 
 Mission to Klondike Gold Fields, Northern Canada, opened by 
 Presbyterian Church of Canada. 
 
 1898. Opening of mission to tlie Klondike by Methodist Church of Canada ; 
 
 also by Salvation Army. 
 
 ' After eight years of construction, Congo River R. R. opened to 
 
 Stanley Pool, by which 10,000 miles of navigable rivers become 
 
 connected with the outside world. 
 
 Five missionaries of the American United Brethren Church mur- 
 dered in Sierra Leone. 
 
I 
 
 . i' 
 
 14 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 PUEVlorS TO THE OPENING OF THE 
 MISSIONARY EUA. 
 
 " Soinu (lay Love shall claiiii his own, 
 Soino (lay Riyht uscund the throno, 
 Some (lay hidden Trnth he known, 
 Some day — some sweet day." 
 
 • 
 
 Missions Undertaken. 
 
 By common consent the year 1792 marks the l»e<iinnin^()f the 
 modern missionary movement — a distinct epocli in the deveUip- 
 ment of Protestant Christianity. Yet this does not imply that 
 tliere were no missions before that date. The names of Egede, 
 Stack, Ziegenl)al<j;- and Scliwart/ are well known in this period. 
 
 The Moravian brotherhood rose to notice when the zeal of 
 all Churches was at the coldest. Driven from Moravia, Count 
 Zinzondorf (author of the hymn, "Jesus, Thy blood and ri^^dit- 
 eousness,") bought an estate for the refugees near the foot of a 
 hill. This thev called Herrnhut — the Lord's Shelter — a name 
 which has since gone round the world. The societv was com- 
 posed of about six hundred laborers and artizans : yet, in the 
 short space of eight or nine years, connnencing in 1782, they 
 had sent missionaries to Greenland, the West Indies, the 
 Indians of North America, the negroes of South Carolina, to 
 Lapland, Tartary. Guinea, South Africa and Ceylon. They 
 now report 8!)2 ordained ministers, preaching at V-V^ stations, 
 to 23,901 connnunicants. Their missionaries frecpiently started 
 without knowing how to reach their destination, and often had 
 to procure support by working with their own hands. As 
 showing their spirit, Count Zinzendorf went to a brother and 
 said : " Can you go as a missionary to Greenland ( Can you 
 go to-morrow ?" And the reply was : " I will start to-morrow 
 if the shoemaker has linished my shoes which 1 ordered."' So 
 long as mankind can appreciate purity of intention, self- 
 sacritice, and heroism, the name of the Moravian brotherhood 
 will never die. 
 
 Missions to the lieathen were not undertaken by the Wes- 
 leyans until 1786, when Dr. Coke, destined for Nova Scotia, 
 was providentially driven by a .storm to the British West Indies, 
 
PREVIOUS TO THE OPENING OF THE MISSIONAUY ERA. 15 
 
 wlieiv a Hiis.sion to tlu' s|ji\t's was iuinuMliately l>t'<;uu at 
 Aiitipfua. " Durint( his (Dr. C'oke'.s) life it was not tlt'ciiied 
 necessary to or^^anize a niissioiiary society anion^^ tlif Wes- 
 leyans, for he embo<lie<l that <j^reat interest in his own person." 
 He crossed the Atlantic eighteen times in prosecution of the 
 work of God. 
 
 "The Society for the Pro]iai,'ation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts" was fornuid in 1701, ratiier for colonial than foi'eign 
 missionary oUjects. Tliis socift}' hecame distinctly missionary 
 in 1821. Thus, with the exception of the Danish missions 
 represented hy Ziegenhalg and Schwartz, and the woi'k of the 
 Moravians and Wesleyans, the whole heathen world, previous 
 to the o|)ening of the missionary epoch, was left in spiritual 
 destituti(jn, not "a solitary representative of the Churches of 
 Great Britain being found on earth preaching Christ to those 
 who had never heard His name. ' 
 
 Condition ok the Chi'rche.s. 
 
 It has been truly said, " Xevt r has there been a century in 
 England so void of faith as that which Itegan with (^ueen Anne 
 and ended with George II., when vlu' Puritans were buried and 
 the Methodists not boi-n." Blackstone. about this pi-riixl, said 
 he had heard every cleru'\nian of note in London, but not one 
 discourse that had more ( 'hristianity in it than the orations of 
 Cicero, or showe(l whether the preacher was a disciple f)f 
 Confucius, Mohannued, or Christ. 
 
 What missionar}' activity* could thciv be in Churches of this 
 description!' To <litiu.se such a (.'hristianity would be a 
 calamity: but happily it has no inherent difi'usiveness. The 
 only hope of the Churches themselves, and of the woi'ld. lay in 
 a revival of relinion. This occurred under the labors of Weslev 
 and Whitfield, and one year after Wesley was dead, William 
 Carey, claram et venerahlb' nomen, succeeded, despite many 
 discouragements, in organizing the first British Foreign Mis- 
 sionary Society, under the au.spices of the P)a))tist ( "hurch. 
 
 To understand his difiiculties it may be necessary to recall 
 tlie prevailing .sentiments of the people at the time, both in 
 and out of the Church. When Carey proposed in the Baptist 
 Association to discuss the advisability of sending missionaries 
 
uiWl 
 
 16 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ! f 
 
 !l 
 
 
 ! 
 
 li! 
 
 i 
 
 *^M 
 
 ! 
 
 to the heathen, Rev. Dr. Ryland is reported to have aaid : 
 " Young man, sit down ; when God pleases to convert the 
 heathen, He will do it without your aid or mine." Dr. Ryland 
 simply expressed the prevailing sentiment of the majority of 
 Christian people at that time. The East India Company 
 refused to take Carey to India in one of their vessels. When 
 they found he intended to be a missionary they ordered him 
 off the vessel, but he reached Calcutta by a Danish ship. Even 
 after his arrival, but for the firm conduct of the governor of 
 the little Danish settlement at Serampore, to which he was 
 invited, Carey and his family would have been seized and sent 
 back to Europe by the fir.st vessel. Charles Grant, who ulti- 
 mately rose to be the head of the East India Company, wrote 
 to the Rev. Charles Simeon to send out missionaries to the 
 East, and promised to support them. Simeon failed to find 
 one. Grant afterwards wrote : " I had formed the design of 
 a mission to Bengal : Providence reserved that honor for the 
 Baptists." 
 
 A bishop of the Church of England said he had in his diocese 
 a very good clergyman, but one who was very eccentric, and 
 gave as proof of it the fact that the said clergyman actually 
 believed the Red Indians of North Ameiica could be converted ! 
 Fuller, who was collecting for the new Baptist society, went 
 aside into the by-ways of London city to weep over the callous- 
 ness of wealthy Christians. Three years after Carey had 
 arrived in India, the Assembly of the Church of Scotland 
 denounced the scheme of foreign missions as " illusive," 
 " visionary," " dangerous to the good order of society," and 
 as " improper and absurd to propagate the Gospel abroad, so 
 long as there remained a single individual at home without 
 the means of religious knowledge." 
 
 But the above was mild compared with the diatribe of the 
 Rev. Sydney Smith, who pronounced the scheme of foreign 
 missions as " absurdity in hysterics," " preposterousness run 
 mad," " illusion dancing in maddest frenzy," " the unsubstantial 
 dream and vision of a dreamer who dreams that he has been 
 dreaming." 
 
 In the United States, Mills, Judson, Newell and Nott 
 held the now famous " haystack " meeting, to start a foreign 
 
AMERICA. 
 
 17 
 
 iiiisHionary society: ami Iwcause public opinion was opposed to 
 them, by article 4, the existence of their society was made 
 secret. When a f»'W years at'te wards it was proposed to 
 charter the American Hoard of Commissioners for Foreign 
 Missions, by the Massachusetts Lej^nslature, Mr. \V. B. Cronin- 
 sliield objecUid on the ground that " it would export religion, 
 whereas there was none to spare away from ourselves," to 
 which the proper rejoinder was made that " religion is a 
 commodity, the more of which is exported the more we have 
 remaining." At first the Senate* rejected the bill, but of tive 
 Boston papers, not one gave a report of the debate, or even an 
 ab.stract of it I What surprise and conmient would such a 
 legislative act excite to-day I 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 " Li), the |«ior Iiulifiii I wIiohc untut(»re(l iniiitl 
 Sees God in oloutls, or hears Him in tiio wind." 
 
 Missiox.s TO THE Indians. 
 
 In 1(549, the New England Company was founded by Act of 
 the Long Parliament, and incorporated by Royal Charter 1()()2. 
 In 1704 it sent missionaries to Indians in what is now the 
 State of New York. In 1778 it extended the work to the 
 Indians of Canada, and the company now conducts excellent 
 schools on the Grand River Indian Reserve, near Brantford, 
 Ontario. 
 
 The fii*st missionary to the Indians was Rev. John Eliot. 
 At Nonantum, Mass., on October 28th, 1040, he preached the 
 first sermon ever delivered in North America to the Indians in 
 their native tongue. He took a language which had no litera- 
 ture, and had never been reduced to writing, and in eight years 
 had the whole Bible translated. It was aV>solutely the first 
 case in history of the translation and printing of the whole 
 Bible for evangelizing purposes. It was issued in 1G63, being 
 the first Bible printed in America. 
 
 It is frequently said that no living man can read Eliot's 
 Indian Bible, but this is incorrect. It is found to be a good 
 stepping-stone to the remoter forms of Algonquin speech. 
 
dMk 
 
 iOfi 
 
 18 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 He wuH accuHt<)iiie<l to say, " Prayers and pains through 
 faith in Christ will do anything." Respecting his preaching to 
 the Indiann, both in Old and New England, it was declared 
 the whole scheme was to make m(»n«'y, and that the conversion 
 of Indians whh a fahle. He lived, however, to see six Indian 
 churches and a thousand members. Southey pronounced him 
 " one <jf the most extraordinary men of any country." He was 
 followed by Hrainerd in the same work. 
 
 Another name in connection with Indian missions which 
 deserves to be perpetuated in history is that of Rev. James 
 Evans, a Canadian Methodist Missionary and the inventor of 
 syllabic characters for the Cree Indians, and by which they 
 are enabled to read with .surprising facility. Lord Dutferin 
 said to Rev. E. R. Young : " Why, what a blessing to humanity 
 that man was who invented this alphabet. I profess to be a 
 kind of literary man myself, and try to keep up my reading of 
 what is going on, but I never heanl of this before. The fact 
 is," he added, " the nation has given many a man a title and a 
 pension, then a resting-place and monument in Westminster 
 AbVu'y, who never did half so much for his fellow-creatures." 
 
 !'! 
 
 11 
 
 
 Indian Population and LANtJi^A(;ts. 
 
 In the United States there are 250,000 Indians, of whom 
 60,000 are members of Evanirelical churches. 
 
 In Canada the Indian population amounts to 109,205. Of 
 this number the Methodist Church of Canada has 5,043 
 members. 
 
 On the Pacific coast of the Dominion of Canada reside 
 12,000 Indians, of whom 8,000 have been baptized or attend 
 Christian worship. The Gospel has been printed for them 
 in four languages. 
 
 Most of the Indians of the North- West may be divided 
 into four great nations — Ojibways, Crees (Swampy, Wood and 
 Plain), Bhickfeet and Sioux. The language of the Crees and 
 Ojibways may be called sister languages, but those of the 
 Blackfeet and Sioux are very different. Among the Methodist 
 missionaries the names of James Evans, George Macdougall, 
 Hecry Steinhaur, Rundle and Woolsey are the more prominent. 
 
AMERICA. 
 
 19 
 
 Othkk MiHsioN.s IN America. 
 
 Iceland. — In 189(5 juHt 900 years had elapHed Hince Iceland 
 waH evaiitjelized by Scandinavian niisHionaries. The population 
 consi.stH of 7 0,000 Protestjints. The only Roman Catholic 
 family iH that of the French ConHular Aj(ent. In 1894 mas.s 
 was said on the island after a period of 3()5 years. 
 
 The Eskimo are almost in sole possession of Arctic North 
 America. They number about 40,000, of which Alaska con- 
 tains 13.000, (Jreenland 11,000, and Labrador 2,000. Work 
 amon^ them lu'j^an in 1733 by the Moravians, who have nearly 
 3,000 connnunicants. 
 
 Greenland. — For thirteen years in northern Norway, Hans 
 Egede heard the Macedonian cry to go to Greeidand. His 
 proposal to set oiit for that inhospitable region raised a storm 
 of opposition, but after a voyage of eight weeks he landed 
 there in 1721. Thus began the Danish mission. H«' was three 
 years in learning the language, and remained there fifteen 
 years. 
 
 The Moravian mission began in 1733 (twelve years after 
 Egede), under the Messrs. Stach and Christian David. Before 
 they dtjparted. Count Von Pless recounted the difficulties. 
 " How will you live :* " he asked. " We will cultivate the soil." 
 " But there is no soil — only ice and snow." Then we must try 
 and live as the natives do." " But in what will you live ? " 
 " We will build ourselves a house." " But there is no wood in 
 the country," " Then we will dig holes in the ground and live 
 there." " No," said the count, " here are $50, and take wood 
 with you." Their voyage lasted six weeks. The natives were 
 very indifferent to their teachings and mimicked them. They 
 laboured five years before they had one convert. Though 
 zealous and self-sacrificing, Egede, the Danish missionary, had 
 little success, from the fact he did not give due prominence to 
 the direct preaching of redemption through the blood of 
 Christ. The truth was preached as part of a creed. The 
 Moravians, on the other hand, addressed the heart rather than 
 the reason and had greatei* success. 
 
 Labrador. — Labrador has 420,000 s(iuare miles, and is under 
 the Governments of Newfoundland and Quebec. The Eskimos 
 
unrt 
 
 h 
 
 
 ilij: 
 
 t 
 
 lili 
 
 20 
 
 FIRST HUNDKKO YEAHS OF MODEKN MISSIONS. 
 
 and liKlians arc tlyinj; out. The population coiiHistH of 2,000 
 KHkinioH. 4,000 Indians, an.l 7,000 whites ; total, 18,000. The 
 country is visited for fishing' purposes by .some 20,000 or 
 30,000 persons every May and June. 
 
 In 118 years (1770-lHSM), the missionary ve.s.sel of the 
 Moravian Brethren, which left London (not the .same vessel, 
 but a succe.ssion of themj, never failed to cro.ss the Atlantic in 
 safety, and to reach Labrador with provi.sions and reinforce- 
 ments for the nn.ssionaiies. There has never been a wreck 
 durini; that lonfjf history. At the present writing; the time 
 now reaches to 127 veai's. 
 
 West lud'u'H. — The Moravian Mis.sionary Society be<;an in 
 1732, its tir.st mis.sion bein^ to the West Indies. The masters 
 and overseers strenuous!}' objected on the around that they 
 did not want the slaves "to become better Chri.stians than they 
 were," though the slaves knew nothin;^ of (Jod save from the 
 oaths of the overseers. In cour.se of tinit', however, it was 
 found that " Moravian " slaves brouo^ht higher prices in the 
 market, which fact somewhat reconciled them. 
 
 Mexico. — Mexico has a j)opulation of about 12,000,000, 
 of whom one-fifth are white. There are nine Protestant 
 missionary societies at work, and 10,000 Catholic churches in 
 the country. Spanish is the languafje generally spoken. 
 
 Mexico is called a Christian country', but Bishop Hurst, of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, says there are 8,000,000 i)eople 
 in Mexico who never saw a copy of the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 " Upon the development of Protestantism largely depends 
 the future happiness of our country." — Pre-^Ulent Juarez, of 
 Mexico, shortly before his death. 
 
 South America. — Ecuador and Bolivia have as yet no Pro- 
 testant missionaries; Peru and Venezuela have but one each. 
 Out of a population of 35,000,000 in South America it is 
 estimated that 32,000,000 never heard a pure Gospel. It has 
 been rightly called " The Neglected Continent." 
 
 Notes on America. 
 
 The first subscription ever given by any Englishman for 
 missionary purposes was one of £100, made by Sir Walter 
 
AMEUICA. 
 
 21 
 
 KaltM^ili in ITiMf). for tlu' State of Virginia " in Hpecial n-pml 
 and /cal of planting the CliriMtian religion in thoHe luirbaruuH 
 placcH." 
 
 In connection with the American Hoanl, in the yearn from 
 1810 to IMOO, 704 voya<:«'M were Huccfssfnlly compK^tecl by 49(5 
 of theii' misHionarieH ; and of tliese, 4<>7 voyajjes were from 
 ir),00()to IH.OOO miles in lenj^tli. In all that time, no itidivitlual 
 connected with the Board wa.s ever shipwrecked, or lost hiH 
 life 1)V drowninif. 
 
 In the Province of (^)uebec the ratio of Roman (^atholic 
 popnhition to Protestatit is 1,000 to 1. 
 
 The first missionary to Prince Rupert's Land pad<lled his 
 way np north in a l»irch-bark canoe in I.S20. The IndianH 
 j^ave him a name meaning " Prayer Master. " 
 
 Bishop Bompas, of Athabasca, N.W.T., speaking' of his 
 diocese says: " The chief characttiristic of an Arctic life consists 
 not so much in what is present as in features conspicuous by 
 their absence. No cities, towns or villaijes; no stnsets, roads 
 or lanes; no mai'kets, farms or ba/aars . no flocks, herils or 
 carriaj^es : no moiu^y, whether coin oi* notes ; no railways, 
 mails or telei^raphs ; no (lovernment, soldiers or [)olice ; no 
 ])risons, taxes, lawyers or doctors." 
 
 Epitaph at Northampton, Mass. : '' Sacred to the imunory of 
 Rev. David Brainerd, the faithful and laborious missionary 
 to the Stockbridj^e, Delaware jind Sus<|uehainia Indians of 
 America, who died in this town. (October lOth, 1747, aj^ed MO." 
 
 " What can be done in order to revive the work of (Jod 
 where it is decayed :* " " Let every preacher rea<l carefully 
 over the life of David Brainerd." — Jolm Wedaj in one of his 
 Conferences. 
 
 Charles Darwin, while on a tour as a naturalist, visited the 
 island of Terra del Fuej^o in 1881, and declared the people, in 
 many respects, worse than brutes, and incapable of elevation. 
 The British Admiralty forbade all ships in future to touch at 
 that port. Before he visited that island aj^ain, the Rev. 
 Thomas Bridj:jes had brought the Word of (Jod to the people, 
 and Mr. Darwin was so satisfied of the power of the (Jospel 
 to redeem even the vilest savajj^e tribes that he became a 
 subscriber to South American missions. 
 
mmmm 
 
 I . ill 
 
 mi 
 
 I * 11 
 
 ill 
 
 22 first hundred years of modern missions. 
 
 Canadian Missionary Societies — Foreign Work.* 
 
 NAMK. 
 
 
 5)5 H 
 '3.2 3 
 
 
 rr. 
 
 
 
 't; K 
 
 ■t^ 
 
 
 
 o 5 
 
 a 
 
 
 , 
 
 __ 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 53 'm 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 :^ 
 
 = S 
 
 C 
 
 'Jl 
 
 H»!'^ 
 
 
 
 
 Country Wheio 
 Mission Situated. 
 
 Methodist. 
 
 Presliyteiiiui . . . 
 Church of Knylandt 1883 
 
 1873 .?123,r)73 112 
 
 18+4 11(J,7U 127 
 
 8-4 
 
 Baptist 1S73 4(5,752 51 
 
 Congiegationalist . . 1 188 1 5,()00 4 
 
 2,137 
 
 40 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,240 
 
 169 
 
 7,338 
 
 2,286 
 
 54 
 
 1.557 
 
 3,631 
 
 81 
 
 1,258 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 105 
 
 Japan, West China, 
 
 Indians. 
 
 China, India, New 
 
 Hebrides, W. Indies. 
 
 (Hee note below, t) 
 
 India (Telugus). 
 
 Africa (West 
 Central). 
 
 * Compiled from }fisi>iniinni Jievieir of the W'm-hl, January, ISOr. 
 
 t The tiuures ;;ivi'ii above are for the \ ear ISOJ, ati<l represent tlie totals of work in the 
 <liiieeses of the N'orth I'aeific, Kiii>efl"s Land, Moosonee,Saskat<'he\van. Alliabasca and Mackenzie 
 River and Selkirk. These missions are s i)i]iiiiti'd liy the Church .^lissionarv Society of Knjjfland 
 and the Church of Ku;jrland Missionary Society in Canada. 
 
 Summary of Missionary Work in America. 
 
 (Compihil prlnripallji from Fun/: <t' Waijiin/ls' ^' Eiifj/r/opo'iiia of Mi-i-iioii-s'^ 
 and '^ Alifsionary Rerieir of the World.'') 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 T. 
 
 X 
 
 i- I? 
 
 * S ul 
 
 •H 
 
 
 
 
 > 3 1. ! 
 
 V 
 
 
 5 C 
 
 - =S 5i 
 
 
 'Jl 
 
 11 
 
 y, 5 £ '■ 
 
 u iS'T ;; - ^ s 
 
 O 
 
 C 2 fc. 
 
 -S3. 
 
 0.2 ~» 
 
 y: 
 
 Greenland 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Labrador 
 
 Indians, Canada. 
 U.S.A. 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Mexico 
 
 !),7S0 1 
 
 3o,42() 3 
 
 4,211 1 
 
 lOit.'JOo 4 
 
 2411,273 12 
 
 5,72(>,876 
 
 () ' 1(5 . 
 
 5 14 . 
 
 6 ' 38 !. 
 8a ti2 . 
 . . Iti3 , 
 
 10 28!) 112 
 
 488 
 
 148 
 
 ...32 
 
 (iO 3 
 
 . . () 
 
 43,.'>i»3 16!t 
 
 11,632.924 !) 2G!» 50 128 201 7,<)8<) 1,38 
 
 Ct'iitral America.; 3,172,084 
 S)ath America.. 35,250,224 
 
 15 
 
 l> 
 
 1 
 
 17 270 20U* 110 
 
 805 12 
 3,<.ll0 63 
 
 Totals 5(i,18(>,603 51) 077 . . . . , '«<!,05r: 
 
 780j 
 
 i 
 
 496; 
 
 6,04i; 
 
 i 
 60,000' 
 
 09,707 *803,160 
 
 13,263 20,3«H) 
 
 871 1 15 
 
 29,000' 57,168 
 
 180,1 r.8 *04O,7O9 
 
 * Including naMve ordained ministers. 
 
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 23 
 
 THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 " The iiiiuioiise Pacitio smiles 
 Kouml !i thousiiiKl little isles, 
 Haunts of violence and wiles; 
 But the powers of daikiiesM yield. 
 Fur the Cuoss is in the tield. 
 And the LniHT of Life revealed." 
 
 There are al)ont twelve thousand of these islands, and by 
 niany they were long^ supposed to be the homes of happy 
 savage innocence. Stern facts, however, in missionary life 
 have dispelled the illusion. Dr. Geddie, of the New Hebrides 
 mission, says, '" the spectacle of a father and mother with their 
 children, as one happy social J>and, is what I have never yet 
 beheld here." Of the three hundred islands inhabited by the 
 Papuan race, not one has been found where cannibalism did 
 not exist. Female virtue was so unknown in the Hawaiian 
 Islands that the inhabitants had no word in their huiijuaw to 
 express it. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 The islands of the Pacific are .separated into four main 
 division.s. Take LSO' louf^itude. The islands east of that are 
 called Polynesia. The islands west of 180 louijitude are 
 separated into two <livisions. Those south of the ecpiator are 
 called Melanesia, and those north of the e(iuator Micronesia. 
 The Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islo.nds make the fourth division: 
 they are situated nortli of Polynesia, and about lialf. way 
 between Australia and Vancouver. The.se are not mere fjeo- 
 graphical divisions, but the names o-iven indicate <litferences 
 also in race, color and lan;jjua"e. 
 
 Polynesia. 
 
 Polynesia consists of the following principal (groups: the 
 Society, Austral, Hervey (or Cook's), Taumota, Marquesas, 
 Samoan, and tlie Tontra (or Friendly) Lslands. 
 
 The publication of the narrative of Captain Cook's voyages 
 caused the earl}'^ selection of these islands as missionary ground. 
 It is an interestino- fact that the reading of this same book first 
 
liilw 
 
 24 
 
 FIHST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 stirred the soul of Carey, and led him to decide upon this field, 
 but God willed India instead. The ^ood ship Dnf, sent out by 
 the London Missionary Society, set sail in 1796, bearing thirty 
 missionaries — the first purely missionary expedition Pro- 
 testantism had sent forth to conquer heathenism. Curious, in 
 the light of the present day, is the fact that these pioneer 
 missionaries were advised, among other things, to procui'e four 
 pipes of the best wine at Rio, to be put into hogsheads, and 
 paid for by draft on the London Missionary Society I 
 
 After a tedious six months' voyage they reached Tahiti, one 
 of the Society Islands, having a population of about sixteen 
 thousand. 
 
 Referring to the efibrt to evangelize the islands of the South 
 Seas, Captain Cook in 1777 wrote: "'It is very unlikely that 
 any measure of this kind should ever l»e seriously thought of, 
 as it can neither serve the purpose of public ambition nor 
 private avarice, and without such inducements I may pro- 
 nounce that it will nevei- be undertaken." Idow mistaken! 
 How greatly he had miscalculated the unselfish power of Chris- 
 tifin enthusiasm ! 
 
 The Diiff' returned to England, and sailed again with a band 
 as lai'ge as liefore, but was captured by a French privateer. 
 A third expedition .sailed in 1800, but discouraging news came 
 from the South Seas. Listead of concpiering heathenism, it 
 seemed Christianit}' was likely to be conquered by heathenism. 
 In twelve years the mission seemed decidedl}^ to have failed, 
 though on the other side it is to be said the missionaries had 
 only received supplies and heard tidings from home twice. A 
 change came over the Christian public of England. Missions 
 were scouted an<l laughcil at. A proposition was made to 
 abandon the mission. This was stoutly opposed by Messrs. 
 Haweis and Wilkes. It was concluded to send letters of 
 encouragement to the missionaries instead. The ■ .,/y ship 
 bearing these letters was crosst-d in mid-ocean by another con- 
 veying the glad tidings that idols had been rejected by the 
 people, arid not only the account of the rejection, but bearing 
 the idols themselves ! " Before they call I will answer." Thus 
 broke the dawn after a sixteen years' night of toil 
 
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 2o 
 
 Of Tahiti C'aptain Cook said : " There is a scale of dissohite 
 sensuality to wliich these people have desceiKJed wholly uii- 
 knovvu to every other people, and which no imagination could 
 possibly conceive"' He further said, "This island can neither 
 serve public interests nor private ambition, and will prol)ably 
 never be much known." Hut there are now sixteen Protestant 
 churches with l(i()8 members. He little dreamed that the 
 name of Tahiti would <>:o round the world. It was in referenfo 
 to this island that Darwin said, "The lesson of the missi(jnary 
 is the enchanters wand." 
 
 The establishment of Christianity in the islands was precipi- 
 tated by an attack of idolaters, in 1815, upon the kin^-, after- 
 wards known as Pomare 11. They were defeated in what was 
 intended, and proved, to be the crisis battle between the two 
 systems. Christianity was thus established, human sacritices 
 abolished, concubinaijfe prohibited, the Sabbath observed as a 
 day of rest and worship, a ])rinting press set up, and a mis- 
 sionary society or«>anize<l. The kini^ l)ecame the first jn-esident, 
 and its first year's contribution amomited to !>2,500. From 
 this society KiO missionaries have ijone forth to neij'hboi'ini'^ 
 islands. The kini; also p'ave a code of laws and a constitution 
 in 1819. He died in 1821. In consequence of the intrigues of 
 Roman Catholic missionaries, Tahiti was taken possession of 
 by the French in 1848. 
 
 The "^I'ongan Islands were visited by the Wcsleyans in 1822. 
 The king was converted, and baptized under the name of King 
 (Jeorge. The people, intellectually, are far in advance of most 
 of the Polynesian race. Christianity spread to the Austral 
 grouj) in 18 1 (j: to the Hervey Islands in 1821: to Raratotiga, 
 (»ne of the Hervey group, in 1823 : and to the Samoan Islands 
 in 1880. '^riiis latter group has a Christian po])ulation of thirty 
 thousand souls, and in 18!)0 sent a thank-offering to the parent 
 Missionary Societv in London of 15!),<)0(). 
 
 hus 
 
 Melanesia. 
 
 Melanesia consists of New (uiinea, Nt-w Ireland. Solomon, 
 New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, and the Ellice Islands, 
 with many other small groups. It is called Melanesia because 
 
<'h-nf 
 
 II 
 
 :;! 
 
 
 Mlik 
 
 ! I 
 
 
 iHlii 
 
 I » 
 
 26 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 the inhabitants have more of the negro characteristics than the 
 typical Malay races to the north of the equator, in Micronesia. 
 
 The Story of John Williams and Erromanga. 
 
 The principal a^jjent in spreading the Gospel in all these 
 islands, irrespective of geographical lines, was John Williams, 
 " the apostle of Polynesia," the narrative of whose life and 
 death is very thrilling. He discovered Raratonga Island, 
 which had eluded the search of Captain Cook The record of 
 his successes produced a profound interest in England. In 
 ISoQ he landed at Erromanga, one of the New Hebrides group, 
 noted for its enormous wealth in sandal wood. With his 
 helper, Harris, he was suddenly attacked and murdered by the 
 natives. Eev. (t. X. Gordon and wife, from Nova Scotia, 
 landed on this same island in 1857, and after laboring four 
 years were both likewise murdered l»y the natives. Nothing 
 daunted, Gordon's brother stepped into the breach in 1864. 
 After eight vears the natives murdered him also in similar 
 cii'cumstances. Then followed Rev. H. A. Robertson of the 
 Presbyterian Church in Canada ; he now has o\'er two hundred 
 communicants, one thousand church adherents, ten churches, 
 and thirty-three schools. In forty years Nova Scotia has sent 
 ten missionaries to the Soutli Seas. 
 
 In 1889, on the fiftieth anniversary of John Williams' martyr- 
 dom, a monument was erected at Erromanga to his memory. 
 A descendant of tlie same man who dealt Williams his death- 
 blow laid the corner-stone, and the youngest son of the 
 murderer is now preaching the Gospel in Australia. 
 
 New Hebrides. 
 
 Aneityum is the most southern island of the New Hebrides. 
 The Rev. John Geddie, from Nova Scotia, arrived in 1848. The 
 story of his success is told on a tablet in the little church on 
 that island, and reads : 
 
 WHKN HE LAXDED 
 
 IN 1848 
 
 THERE WERE NO C'HKI.STIANS HERE; 
 
 ANI> WHEN HE LEFT 
 
 IN 1872 . 
 
 THERE WERE NO HEATHEN. > 
 
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 27 
 
 than the 
 eroneaia. 
 
 i. 
 
 ill these 
 ^'^illiams, 
 life and 
 
 Island, 
 ecord of 
 md. In 
 s group, 
 /^ith his 
 1 by the 
 
 Scotia, 
 ing four 
 Nothing 
 In 1864. 
 
 similar 
 I of the 
 hundred 
 hurches, 
 has sent 
 
 martyr- 
 
 neniory. 
 
 s death- 
 
 of the 
 
 Lebrides. 
 48. The 
 ureh on 
 
 On this island, when Rev. John Inglis arrived in 1852, there 
 was not a widow, nor any word in tlie language for one. The 
 wife was always strangled on the death of her husband. The 
 Rev. John Geddie, after eighteen years in Aneitynin, wished to 
 bring away some idols as relics, hut none could be fovMcl. 
 
 New Guinea. 
 
 Don George, a Portuguese navigator, discovered l)y accident 
 New Guinea, which (omitting Australia) proved to be the 
 largest island in the world. It is only ninety miles north 
 from Australia, and has a population of 150,000. When the 
 mission was begun, in 1871, the natives did not know what 
 money was: but when Dr. McFarlane left for London, in 1887, 
 they gave him a collection of .tG4 10s. A copy of the New 
 Testament in the Motu language of] New Guinea was recently 
 presented to the Queen. A converted Chinaman on the Pacific 
 (^oast, hearino- that many of his own countrymen were residnii> 
 in New Guinea, sold himself to workHhere as a coolie slave in 
 order to teach them salvation, and was the means of leading 
 two hundred of them to Christ before he died. 
 
 In New Guinea, in connection with the London Missionary 
 Society, there are 6 missionaries, '30 native Christians teachers, 
 and 8,000 in attendance at the various schools. In the Wes- 
 leyan Mission are 4 ordained missionaries, 26 teachers, and 
 the heathen attendants upon worship nundjer 5,790. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 The Church of England commenced the iirst mi.ssion here in 
 1814, followed by the Wesleyans in 1822. A recent census 
 shows that 95 per cent, of the population is Christian. The 
 name of Bishop Selwvn, of New Zealand, deserves special 
 mention for his self-denying and successful labors among the 
 Melanesian Islands. The Rev. Sydney Smith, in his bantering 
 way, wrote to one of his correspondents thus : " The advice I 
 sent to Bishop Selwyn, of New Zealand, when receiving the 
 cannibal chiefs, was to say, ' I deeply regret, sirs, to have 
 nothing on my own table suited to your tastes, but you will 
 
inmr 
 
 28 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 I ! 
 
 IK' 
 
 ! 
 
 li 
 
 
 I 
 
 ''I-.. 
 
 
 plenty of ct)ld curate and roasted clergyman on the sideboard.' 
 And if, in spite of this prudent provision, his visitors ate liiin 
 likewise, I could only add, I sincerely hoped he would disagree 
 with thein." 
 
 Of the 40,000 ronuiining Maoris in New Zealand, about one- 
 half belong to the Church of England, one-(|uarter are either 
 Wesleyans or Konian Catholics, and the remaining fourth semi- 
 heathen. 
 
 Fiji. 
 
 Tlie Fiji Islands, though not far from Tonga, are considered 
 as beloiiijintj to Melanesia, because the inhabitants are of the 
 Papuan race. They were once ferocious cannibals, and language 
 fails to describe the atrocities connnitted by these people. The 
 Wesleyans originated the mission here, antl through the patron- 
 age of King Ceorge of Tonga secured a favorable reception. It 
 was probably owing to his influence that their lives were often 
 spared during the frightful scenes they were compelled to 
 witness. The\' have now ten missionaries (never havino- 
 exceeded thirteen at any one time). The churches are well 
 maimed by tlie.se, and seventy-two native ordained ministers, 
 with imiulreds of local preachers, who jireach in 909 churches 
 and 414 other places of worship to 27,0!)" church members and 
 to 103,775 adhereiit.s out of a populati(.)n of 125,441. A mis- 
 sionarx' amonu; 10,000 Fijians .said. "I do not know of a sinp'le 
 house in which there is not family worship." The.se islands 
 were ced<.'(l to (Jreat Britain in l!S74, and are now ruled by 
 a British governor. No English soldiers are needed to pre- 
 serve lovaltv, the onlv armed force beiiiii' a handful of native 
 police. 
 
 The Fijians have the entire Bible in their own lanii-uaire, and 
 83 per cent, of thr population are communicants of Protestant 
 churches, mostlv Weslevan Methodists. 
 
 For general Church funds in 189t) they raised almost as much 
 as th»> Wcsleyan churches of New South Wales, Queensland. 
 South Australia, West Australia and Tasmania combined. But 
 
 tl 
 
 m tiiese same is 
 
 lands 
 
 ill 18.30, one could buv a man for ^7.50, 
 
 and butcher him and eat him without public ivmonstrance 
 
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 20 
 
 In IH'Ao there was no native Christian in all Fiji; in 18S5 
 there was not an avowed heathen aniontj its eighty inluibited 
 i.slanda. * • 
 
 The thrillin*^ story of tlie corKjnests oF Cliristiaiiity in Fiji 
 raid-cs with that ol' Madagascar or -hipan. 
 
 Micronesia. 
 
 Micronesia consists of the Gilbert, Ahii'shall, Caroline, La- 
 drones, Bonin, and many smaller groups of islands. They 
 liave been colonized by Spaniards, and the native races are 
 nearly extinct. 
 
 Missions to these islands commenced in 1852 by American 
 missionaries, accompanied by two Hawaiian helpers. Twelve 
 years afterwards they were carrying on missionary operations 
 themselves to the surrounding islands. Out of a population of 
 84,000, 00,000 have heard the Gospel. There are 8,000 eon- 
 verts, and twice as many adherents. In 1880 a nu'ssiou was 
 begun in the island of Ruk, " the terror of the Pacific," where 
 there are now eio'lit or nine churches. The missionarv vessel 
 Mornin;/ ISUir, thrice rebuilt by the Sunday School chiMren of 
 America, was an invaluable aid to missionarv work in these 
 islands 
 
 Hawaiian (oh Sandwich) Islands. 
 
 These consist of eight islan<ls, the largest of which is Hawaii. 
 They are the most northerlj^ of the Pacific groups. Here 
 Captain Cook was nturdered in 177!>. 
 
 A little over one hundred years ago there was a ])opulation 
 of 400,000, but by the process named " civilization " the native 
 population is now reduced to less than 80,000. Of f)0,000 of a 
 population, it is said there are o^jOOO foreigners. 
 
 No snakes nor any deadly animals exist there, and the islands 
 are ten degrees cooler than any country of the same latitude. 
 They possess the only coaling stations, the only harbors, the 
 only watering places, the onl}" source of supplies, the only 
 naval stations, the only place of refuge, repair or defence for 
 thousands of miles in every direction. The capital is Honolulu. 
 
 At the college gate in New Haven, Conn., one morning in 
 
y . ■ i 
 
 ! J 
 
 if;.. Ill 
 
 L . 
 
 
 ■"yiiii 
 
 l! 
 
 »);, 
 
 .SO 
 
 FIUST HUNUHED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 the year 1809, a youth of color was found weeping because 
 there was no one to instruct him. His name was Obookiah, 
 a native of Hawaii. He was distressed both for himself and 
 his countrymen, but was soon taken in hand by Christian 
 people, and ten years afterwards was sent out by the American 
 Board witii seven Americans to open a mission on these islands. 
 To their surprise they found that idolatry had been abandoned, 
 tem])les burned, human sacrifices abolished, and the nation 
 waitin<; for a religion. But they also found a horrible tahu 
 system in operation, no written language, and the common 
 peo]>le slaves of the kings and chiefs. (Jreat revivals followed, 
 and by 1870 the missionaries made their last report to the 
 parent .society, these islands having ceased to be missionary 
 ground. Now all know how to read and write, and the land 
 is dotted over with churches and .school-houses built bj' tliem- 
 selves. Life and property are safer than in the United States. 
 
 The largest church membership in the world, numbering 
 4,.500 conniiunicants, is on the island of Hawaii, and every 
 Sunday morning GO per cent, of the population of these islands 
 is found in the pews of Protestant churches. 
 
 In 1852 these islanders con\menced missionary operations 
 themselves, and have already sent missionaries south and we.st 
 to the Manpiesas, Gilbert, Marshall and Caroline groups of 
 islands. 
 
 Notes <>x the Pacific Islands. 
 
 When John Williams visited Raratonji-a in 1823, he found 
 the people all heathens ; when he left in 1834, they Avere all 
 professed Christians. He left 6,000 attendants upon Christian 
 worship: the Word of God in their own tongue, where formerly 
 the}^ had no written hmguage ; and he left them Avith family 
 prayer morning and evening in every house on the island. A 
 young man, a few years ago, visiting the British Museum, saw 
 among the many wonders there the first Raratonga idol his 
 eyes had ever behehb though he vas born and had lived nine- 
 teen years in Raratonga. Yet there had been once 100,000 
 idol-gods in that island. 
 
 " I have now been reading the twenty-ninth cliapter of the 
 
 v 
 
 
 ^i! 
 
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 31 
 
 ^ because 
 
 Obookitth, 
 
 mself and 
 
 Christian 
 
 American 
 
 se islands. 
 
 bandoncd, 
 
 le nati(ni 
 
 •ible tahu 
 
 common 
 
 followed, 
 
 rt to tlie 
 
 lissionarv 
 the land 
 hy them- 
 id States, 
 mdierino- 
 nd 
 
 every 
 Hi islands 
 
 perations 
 and west 
 roups of 
 
 he found 
 were all 
 Christian 
 formerly 
 h family 
 and. A 
 um, saw 
 
 idol his 
 ed nine- 
 
 100,000 
 
 r of the 
 
 Acts of the Apostles," — Exclamation of the Bif<hi)/t of Ripon 
 as he laid down the wonderful story of John Williams' mis- 
 sionary career 
 
 " Where a trader will (^o for ^^nin, there the missionary oug'ht 
 to ^o for the merchandise of souls. In these islands somethiiij;' 
 must be risked if anything- is to be done. — Jils/ioi) Selu\i/n. 
 
 " It isn't Hi^h, or Low, or Broad Church, or any other special 
 name, Vnit the longinij^ desire to i'orjL^et all distinctions that 
 seems naturally to result from the very sitjfht of these heathen 
 people."— -/iitsAo/) PtUlcson. 
 
 "A man who takes the sentimental view of coral islands and 
 cocoanuts is worse than useless; a man possessed with the idea 
 that he is making a sacririce will never do; and a man who 
 thinks any kind of woi'k 'beneath a gentleman' will .sinijdy 
 be in the way." — Jiishop Pafteson, 
 
 It has been mathematically demonstrated that in the Sonth 
 Seas a soul is saved for every !55 spent on missions. 
 
 The translation of the Bible into the Gilbert Island tongue 
 was finished in 1893 by Rev. Hiram Bingham, who had labored 
 upon it for thirty-four years. The king of one of the islands 
 of this group recently refused to have his people go to San 
 Francisco for the purpose of exhibiting heathen manners and 
 customs. 
 
 The King of Samoa in 1898 issued a proclamation forbid- 
 ding, under pain of heavy penalties, any native Samoan or 
 Pacific Islander to sell or give away any intoxicating drinks 
 whatever. Who is the barbarian:' 
 
 How the good and bad are taken together from Christian 
 lands is illustrated in the fact that in the South Seas the fii'st 
 word usually learned is " missionary," and the next '" tobacco," 
 with " whiskey " following hard after. 
 
 Maoris Avho attended religious meetings used to receive 
 blankets. One native applied too frequently, and was refustMl. 
 "No more blankets!" he cried: " well, then no more halle- 
 lujah ! " and departed. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands were Christianized ly the American 
 missionaries : the Society, Samoan, Hervey and Loyalty groups, 
 by the London Missionary Society; the Fiji and Tonga groups. 
 
I 
 
 III 
 
 M 
 
 l!M ! 
 
 i! 
 
 iii 
 
 r 
 
 
 ii 
 
 if I 
 
 I:! 
 
 r{2 
 
 FIKST HUNDRED YKAltS OF MODEKN MISSIONS. 
 
 by the WcjsIeyaiiH, and the New Hebrides, by the Canada 
 PreHl)yterianH. 
 
 Ill the inlands of the sea there are 12 Hocieties, with 212 
 stations, t)ceu[)icd by 1!)0 missionaries (not counting Australia), 
 and over 100,000 converts. No fewer than 850 of tliese islands 
 have been more or less fully evangelized in this century, and 
 the Word of (lod rendered into 50 lan<jjua<(es, in whole or in 
 ])art, with 500,000 adherents in the churches. The whole 
 expense has been about $10,000,000.00, and the rate of converts 
 about 0,000 per year. 
 
 Summary ok Mission Work in the Pacific Islands. 
 
 ( Coinjnltt/ jiriiKtjtaHi/ jroiii " EiiryctopiK/id, o/ Minnioiit," puhUnhfd hy Funk d- 
 
 Wn(/»all«. ) 
 
 CorNTKY. 
 
 Poiiula- 
 tion. 
 
 i 
 
 No. of i 
 Societies. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Ordained 
 Ali.ssionaries 
 
 Native 
 Ordained 
 Ministers. 
 
 1 
 
 Sabbath 
 
 ScIukjI 
 
 Scholars. 
 
 Common 
 Schools. 
 
 Communi- 
 cants. 
 
 Native Con- 
 tributions 
 for all pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Polynesia' .... 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 )> 
 
 44 24 
 13 10 
 !•: 10 
 
 r.8 2 
 
 212 4(i 
 
 !)0 171 
 
 108 77 
 
 ■ 
 
 500 294 
 
 1 
 
 SfUJ 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 1,049 57,320 
 
 3 
 
 81 
 
 1 
 62 2,769 
 
 483 44,430 
 
 100 344 
 
 .... 7.729 
 
 *17,495 
 
 jVlelimesiii . . . i 
 
 
 05 
 
 Microtiesia . . . 
 
 
 3,571 
 
 Hawaiian Isl's 
 
 
 583 
 127 
 170 
 
 5,049 
 
 57,552 
 19,010 
 .^2.767 
 
 20,132 
 
 
 
 
 Totals of above 
 
 Australia & \ 
 New Zealand ,1 
 
 Malaysia 
 
 i,.-)r)0,(>4() 
 
 3,(J28,211 
 
 447 
 3 
 
 1,195 ((0,089 
 
 (>80 39,743 
 
 96 1-.^4fi 
 
 41,263 
 3,285 
 6,109 
 
 
 
 1.971 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 Totals... . 
 
 
 24 
 
 450 
 
 101,178 
 
 880 
 
 109,335 
 
 *50,657 
 
 * These figures for Polynesia include the Wesleyan nieml)ers for Fiji, which mis- 
 sion is usually considered as belonging ti> Melanesia. 
 
 
 1 .!' 
 
 
 
 II 
 
s. 
 
 AFKICA. 
 
 33 
 
 le Canada 
 
 with 212 
 Australia), 
 use islands 
 ntiiiy, and 
 hole or in 
 'he whole 
 )f converts 
 
 n 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Tliuii; is )i morning wtar, my nou), 
 
 Thi rc! is H morning sbir. 
 
 'Twill soon he noiir and hrigiif, my soul, 
 
 Though now it seums so dim urid far. 
 
 And when timu's stars have come and gone, 
 
 .\nd every mist of earth has tlown, 
 
 That hotter star shall rise 
 
 On this world's clouded skies 
 
 To shine forever ! " 
 
 ANDS. 
 
 'fl hy Funk d- 
 
 I 
 
 cants. 
 
 Native Con-; 
 
 tributions ; 
 
 for all pur- i 
 
 poses. 1 
 
 1,430 
 
 *17,4!»5 
 
 344 
 
 (>5 
 
 •,721) 
 
 3,571 
 
 ),04!) 
 
 20,132 
 
 ',r,52 
 
 41,2(i3 
 
 t.OKi 
 
 3,285 
 
 ,7«7 
 
 (),10<» 
 
 ,335 
 
 *50,<j57 
 
 ji, which mia- 
 
 POPULATION AND ' SpIIEKEs OF IXFEUENCE." 
 
 The population of Africa has been estimated [variously 
 from 162,000,000 to 300,000.000 of souls. Of the population, 
 77,000,000 are Mohammedans, and 0;j,000,000 ])a^ans. 
 
 The work of partitionin^j Africa among the various European 
 nations has been industriously pursued for several years past, 
 with the result that only about 2,500,000 s([uare miles remain 
 unappropriated, France loading the list. The "spheres of 
 influence " (as they are technically called) extend over the 
 following areas : France, 2,300,248 sijuare miles: Great Britain, 
 1,909,445; Congo Free State, 1,508,000; Germany, 1,035,720, 
 with many smaller divisions lield by other countries Great 
 Britain's " sphere of influence " in Africa is now almost e(|ual 
 in size to that of the United States. 
 
 Lay the western edge of Africa at San Francisco, and it 
 would cover land and sea to tlie coast of Ireland. Only forty 
 years have elapsed since the mighty prize of the source of the 
 Nile was rescued from oblivion, and more has been done to 
 reclaim the " Lost Continent " in the last thirty-three years 
 than in the previous 3,300 years. 
 
 Races and Cli.mate. 
 
 It is a mistake to suppose that the people of Africa are all 
 
 negroes. They are only one race out of six. The] African races 
 
 are as follows : 1. Berber — color, black to dark bronze or 
 
 copper; home, North Africa. 2. Coptic — color, brownish 
 
 3 
 
'1 [1 
 
 4 
 
 l!i!l 
 
 > 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 '■! 
 
 34 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 yellow; home, northern Egypt. 3. Nilotic — color, between 
 black and brown ; home. Nubia, Abyssinia and that part of 
 East Africa south of Abyssinia. 4. Negro — color, black; 
 general physical characteristics well known; home, the 
 ♦Soudan. "). Bantu — color, warm chocolate ; a fine, tall, 
 haiidsoino race. One subdivision of this race (the Kaffirs 
 proper) will never be made slaves. Home, southern half of 
 Africa. 0. Gorlepine — color, dull yellow tint: small size, 
 slightly resembling Malays ; the Hottentots and Bushmen of 
 South Africa. The great majority of the African tribes are 
 <levil-worshi[)pers. 
 
 Africa has been called the " martyr land," and also the 
 " white man's grave," from the astounding mortality of the 
 missionaries sent out. In forty years, of eighty-seven men 
 sent by the Church Missionary Societ}', thirty died in the first 
 twelve years. The Wesleyan Missi(mary Society up to 1864 
 had in their burial ground on the west coast of Africa, graves 
 of more ^han forty missionaries and their wives. The Moravians 
 sent nine missionaries to Guinea, and in two years they were 
 all dead, and the mission had to be abandoned. Fifty-five 
 missionaries, nearly all of whom labored on the Lower Congo, 
 died within ten years. Profes.sor Drummond, a few years ago 
 visited the Livingstonia Mission on Lake Nyassa. He found 
 houses, but they were all empty. One by one the missionaries 
 had sickened and died of fever. Four or five mounds under 
 the shadow of a huge granite mountain told the sad tale of 
 Africa's deadly climate. This continent cannot be evanirelized 
 by Europeans alone. 
 
 With the exception of the Soudan, where it is said from 
 (30,000,000 to 80,000,000 of people reside, and where no mission- 
 ary has yet penetrated, though an attempt is being made at the 
 present time, Africa is no longer " the dark continent. In our 
 school-boy days, the centre of Africa was marked over with 
 pictures of lions and camelopards to show that these only 
 inhabited this region, or that it was entirely unknown. How 
 surprising to find by the journeys of explorers (not the least of 
 whom were missionaries), that the country is densely populated 
 by millions of people. In consequence, missionary societies are 
 eagerly seizing the magnificent opportunities presented. 
 
AFHICA. 
 
 :{5 
 
 West Afhica. 
 
 Siorm Loono was I'ouiuKhI by the Hritish, uiid Lilx-i-ia by the 
 Aiiu'ricjiiiH, oat'h For the purpose of putting; dowD the slavu- 
 trail'' — for roscuiiij;, liljcratin;; and cducatini<: tliosc who had 
 biMMi .shives. Tht' Wi'sleyaii Methodi.stM of Sierra Lootie sonic 
 years a;^o ccU'bratL'd their ountonary anniversaiy. J)urin^ the 
 War of Independence, 1,1-'}I slaves tkMl to Nova Scotia. They 
 .succeeded in 171)2 in jfainin*^ a home in Sierra Leone, 228 of 
 them uniting witli the Wesleyan Church. This mission, at its 
 centeruiial, reported forty churches and thirty-eight other 
 preaeliing places, sixteen native missionaries, (i,887 communi- 
 cants and 20,()7() adherents, with an ainuial income of S2I.7.'>7. 
 
 The Church Missionary Society opened u luis.sioM in Sierm 
 Leone in 1804. At the i)eginning the work was very (Jiseour- 
 a<;in;^— the first siiitial success beiuir under a Lutheran noIiooI- 
 master named iTohnst )n. The Yorubu and Niger missions 
 were opened by Bishop Crowther, who had been carried ofi" as 
 a sl.ive-boy, rescued by the British, educated at Sieri'a Leone, 
 and was subsecjuently oi'dained Hisho]) of the Niger. Vears 
 afterwards he had the satisfaction of finding his mother in tiie 
 interior, from which part he had been carried oft* as a slave. 
 He died a few years ago, "full of years and honors.' Tlu; 
 old Calabar mission originated with the Presbytery of Jamaica ; 
 the Cameroons with the Baptists: the (Jold Coast and (landjia 
 missions with the Weslevans, and the mission to Liberia with 
 the ALethodist E})iscopal Church of the l.aiiteiil States. 
 
 The English Wesleyans entered Sierra Leone in 1808, and in 
 less than forty years some tifty-tive missionaries had lost their 
 lives. 
 
 When Bisho[) Taylor first went to Libcn-ia, the only small 
 currency in use in portions of the Kroo coast was leaf tobacco. 
 The Bishop substituted laundry .soap, and from thret; to five 
 ton.s have been sent in a single shipment. 
 
 South Afhica. 
 
 The first mission to the Hottentots was commenced )y the 
 Moraxian.s, under George Schmidt, from Holland, in 17*]7. The 
 
lii 
 
 M 
 
 8<) 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN' MISSIONS. 
 
 Dutch farmers coinpelled him to return to Europe in 1744. 
 With the liistory of missions in South Africa, is imperishably 
 l>ound up the name of Dr. Vanderkem}) — physician, cavalry 
 officer, scholar and sceptic— the son of a J)utcli ck>rftyman. 
 Through the drownintjf of his wife and daughter in Holland lie 
 was led to Christ, and by a series of stran<^e providences, 
 became, in 175)0, the London iMissionary Society's agent in 
 South Africa. He preached among the Kaffirs and Hottentots, 
 though over the church doors in Cape Colony he read, " Dogs 
 and Hottentots not admitted." He was the tirst missionarv to 
 the Kaffirs. When converted they walked arui in arm with 
 their wives to church. On seeing this their h(;athen neighbors 
 i-ushed to the doors of their huts, e.\claiming in indignation, 
 " There's a man yonder who has made himself into a woman's 
 walking-stick." 
 
 Among the chief names in this part of the continent is that 
 of Robert Moft'at, especially in connection with the conversion 
 of Africaner, " the terror of South Africa, " the most cruel and 
 bloodthirsty chief of modern days. A price was set on his 
 head many times over. That Moffiit should risk himself in his 
 company, whatever -professions he made, was considered 
 foolishly reckless. P>ut Africaner, by the consistency of his 
 life, convinced the most inereilulous at last. On one occasion, 
 after the efforts of the rain- maker had been in vain, the 
 natives blamed the missionarv for the droui>"ht. The chief 
 came with his followers and told him he must leave the countr}', 
 brandishing at the same time his weapons in a threatening 
 miinner. Mrs. Moffiit, with tlu' babe in her arms, was watching 
 the crisis at the cottai:e door. Moffiit told them he was resolved 
 to abide by his post, and throwing open his waistcoat, said : 
 " Now then, if you will, drive your .spears to my heart."' At 
 these words the chief said : " These men must have ten lives 
 when they are .so fearless of death," and slunk away. Moffiit 
 translated the Bible into the Sechwana lani>ua<!:e. The narra- 
 tive of his work at Kiiruman is most interesting. Mrs. Moffat 
 was a true heroine, and rightly shares the honors of her 
 husband. Dr. Livingstone married one of their dau"fhters. 
 
 A striking providence was manifested in the life of Barnabas 
 
AKKICA. 
 
 37 
 
 Slifiw, tlie VV'esk'yau niissioimry to South AlVica. \\v was for- 
 bidden by the (Jovornmont to proacli, or build a cliapt'l in Cape 
 Town ; and the Dutch farmers even forbatle him preachinijj to 
 slaves. He then determine<l to pusii into the interior, being 
 seconded by his noble wife, who said: 'If expense be a 
 ditWculty, we have each a little propei-ty in Yorkshire : let it 
 go for this." After Journej'ing three hundred miles, he campetl 
 on the twenty-seventh day near a party of Hottentots, who, 
 with a chief, were going to Cape Town for a missionary to 
 teach them the great Word of Cod of wliich tlujy had heard. 
 Had either party started on its journe^y half an hour earlier 
 they would have missed each other. 
 
 A Zulu church recentl}' oi'ganized has among its by-law.s, 
 " No member shall be permitted to drink tlu' white man's 
 
 grog. 
 
 It is jiow (liSO.S) l."),3 years since the first Hottentot was 
 baptized l>y the iNIoravian missionary Ceorge Schmidt. 
 
 The area of South Africa adapted to white occupancy is six 
 times that of France. 
 
 Central Africa. 
 
 I'/ie Stiiry of Lirntf/s/uin' 
 
 With Central Africa the name of Dr. Livingstone is imj)crish- 
 ably associat('(l " Traveller, explorei", geographer, astronomer, 
 zoologist, botanist, phvsiciaii, missionary — what a man\ -sided 
 man!" At starting out he told the directors of the London 
 Missionary Society that he was at their (lis])Osat " to go any- 
 where, provided only it be forward," and ]jlunge<l into the 
 very heart of darkest Africa."- As exhibiting his cheerfulness, 
 on Slotting out for Loando on the west coast, on one occasion, 
 he remarked that he was glad that the Boers had taken pos- 
 session (jf his goods, "for it saved him the troubh' of making 
 
 a will." 
 
 Hotr Sfiinli'i/ /(lUiiil liiiii. 
 
 For a Ions: time no wor<l of him had been heard b\' the (^ut- 
 side public, save a rumor which had come to the tsast coast that 
 he was dead. There was .so nuich uncei'tainty ab(jut the matter 
 that Ml'. Bennett, of the Xeiv Yovk Herald, commissioned Heni-y 
 
liHiilii 
 
 M 
 
 38 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 M. Stanley to find Livingstone, which he did after a journey 
 of nearly two years. He was discovered at a most critical 
 juncture. In 1871, when Livingstone was near the sources of 
 the Nile, his men absolutely refused to proceed one step 
 farther. All usual and unusual appeals were in vain. There 
 was nothing therefore for him but to tramp back to Ujiji, 
 where his supplies were storec at sorrows never come singly. 
 He found his supplies had be -stolen and sold, and the thieves, 
 to save themselves, had started the story that he was dead. To 
 add to his distress, there were no letters from home, and 
 Livingstone found himself sick, forsaken, and almost at death's 
 door. But, sixteen days after, a strange party arrived in his 
 camp. It was Stanley's. Who can describe the joy and grati- 
 tude of that moment I If Stanley had not been delayed by 
 the war with Mirambo, he should have gone on to Manyema, 
 and very likely lost him. They remained together four months, 
 and Stanley admits that the greatest impulses of his life, 
 especially his attitude toward Christianity (for he had pre- 
 viously been somewhat sceptical), were due to the influence of 
 
 Livingstone. 
 
 His last hours and honors. 
 
 After Stanley left him he continued to prosecute his journeys, 
 ])ut the strong iron constitution was beginning to give way at 
 last. In 1S7-S, at Ilala, Lake Banp'weolo, the £jreat Livino\stone 
 died, aged sixty years. He was found by his ever-faithful 
 Susi at four o'clock in the morning in his grass hut, on his 
 knees by his bedside, dead \ How symbolic that his heart 
 should be buried l)eneath a moula tree in Africa, while his 
 body should be borne to the resting-place of England's greatest 
 dead. The expedition, led by his devoted blacks, Susi and 
 Chuma, bearing Livingstone's body from Ilala to Zanzibar, is one 
 of the most remarkable on record. This dangerous journey of 
 nearly a thousand miles, and which occupied nearly a year, was 
 successfully accomplished, and not one paper of all the last 
 seveiv years of Livingstone's life M-as lost. The bodv was ulti- 
 mately conveyed to England, identified by Mottat, his father- 
 in-law, and buried in Westminster Abbey, amid the profoundest 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 39 
 
 respect and sympatliy of the nation. Livingstone was attacked 
 with fever forty times, travelled 29,000 miles, and added to the 
 known part of the globe about one million sijuare miles. 
 
 All Europe could be put into an area in Central Africa, that 
 has not a single missionary. 
 
 The Congo Basin. 
 
 One of the greatest feats of modern times is the journey of 
 Stanley across Africa, a distance of 7,000 miles, which he 
 successfully accomplished in 1877, emerging at the mouth of 
 the Congo, on the west coast, U99 days after he had left 
 Zanzibar on the east. This opened to the world the great 
 Congo basin, with its 5,249 miles of navigable rivers, an area 
 of 11,000,000 of scjuare miles, inhabited by 48,000,000 of 
 people, speaking 1(58 languages. For navigation purpcjses 
 the Congo is spoken of as the Lower and LTpper. The Lower 
 Congo is only 100 miles long, from its mouth to Underbill, 
 where cataracts and other impediments begin, and continue 
 to Stanley Pool, a distance of 268 miles. To overcome these 
 obstructions a railway was compl . A and opened in March, 
 1898, after eight years of construction. At Stanley Pool, where 
 the Upper Congo begins, there is a clear and uninterrupted 
 course for 1,000 miles. This does not include its tributaries. 
 The Lulongo River, which meets the Congo a little north of 
 the equator, including its branch, Lopori, is navigable a dis- 
 tance equal to that between Quebec and Hamilton. By 
 another branch steamers have travelled a dista!ice as far from 
 Poi't Arthur to the foot of the Rocky Mountains. Commencing 
 at Stanley Pool, there is river navigation on the Congo and its 
 branches of from 7,000 to 10,000 miles, which by means of this 
 new railroad is now connected with the outside world. 
 
 After King Leopold of Belgium lost his son, he adopted 
 Africa instead. He is at the hea<l of the Congo Free State, 
 gives princely sums to it annually, and intends to will it to 
 Belgium at his death. This new state covers an area of 
 1,508,000 square miles, about equal to the Dominion of Canada 
 east of the Rocky Mountains, antl contains a population esti- 
 mated at 39,000,000. In order that the state should have a 
 

 I' 
 
 i, 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 1.1 
 
 I !^i 
 
 ^^i 
 
 40 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 foundation for permanent prosperity, Stanley in two years 
 concluded treaties with 450 kin<^s or chiefs. 
 
 In the Congo region at the present time there are thrc'e 
 Roman Catholic missions and eight Protestant, among which is 
 that founded by the celebrated Bishop William Taylor. There 
 are twenty-eight stations and ninety-five missionaries. The 
 Protestant missions have been undertaken by the Swedish, 
 Enixlish and American societies. 
 
 About 130 miles of the Congo railway are in operation. 
 
 Up to 1881 tbe natives of the Upper Congo had never seen 
 a steamboat. Now there is a fieet of twenty steamers on the 
 upper river. 
 
 The Congo Basin has an area greater than that of all India. 
 Tlie English Ba|<tists have a line of stations 1,000 miles long. 
 
 The Soudan. 
 
 For forty years missionaries have looked toward the interior 
 and sought to find a way into the Soudan country. Krapf, 
 with great modesty and bated breath, revealed his thoughts of 
 establishing a chain of stations from the east coast : the Presby- 
 terians tried to cuter from the west coast by tlie Calabar and 
 (Jaltoon Rivers, and the Baptists sought an entrance by way of 
 the C/ameroons, but all in vain. Stanley, however, has proved 
 that after the cataracts are passed, the Congo is the best way 
 to the Soudan. By it three routes are offered to this, the 
 greatest unevangelized territorj'^ now on the face of the earth. 
 The Soudan may be sani to be bounded on the north by a line 
 joining Cape Verde to Khartoum, and on the south by the 
 eighth parallel of north latitude, a vast region of 3,500 miles 
 across the continent, b}' 500 miles broad. It has an area of 
 4,000,000 of square miles — greater than that of all Europe — 
 and a population of from 00,000,000 to 80,000,000— as many as 
 the whole of the United States. And this vast territory is not 
 occupied by a single missionary of the cross ! But we are now 
 at the back door of this great dark land. A company from 
 Kansas, U.S., started out about seven years ago, but they all 
 died before reaching their destination. Two societies in 
 England and two in America have lately been organized to 
 evangelize this vast country-. 
 
 ■nz 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 41 
 
 East Africa. 
 
 Tlie first missionary of note in East Africa was a youiio- 
 German from Basle Missionary Society, Ludwiti; Krapf, who 
 began operations in 1837. His name ought to be as well 
 known as Livingtone's, whom he preceded by four years. At 
 Mombasa, he buried within si.K months his wife and child. 
 Writing home he said : " Tell our friends ' you have now a 
 grave in East Africa, and are therefore summoned to the 
 conversion of Africa from its eastern shore.' " 
 
 Uganda. 
 
 In East xVfrica lies the kingdom of Uganda, with a population 
 of about .'), 000,000, and directly south lies Lake Tanganyika, 
 discovered by Speke in 18G7 — the largest and longest lake in 
 the world, having a coast line of over 2,000 miles. 
 
 Mtesa, King of Uganda, expressed to Stanley his desire to 
 have missionaries sent to him. Stanley wrote a letter to the 
 Daily Telei/raph urging that it be done. That letter had a 
 strange history. Stanley gave it to Linant de Balfonds, one of 
 the officers of Gordon Pasha. When the former was kille<l by 
 the Baris, the letter was found in his boot and forwarderl V»y 
 Gordon to England. The Church Missionary Society responded 
 to the call. Mwanga succeeded Mtesa, and persecution soon 
 began. The martyrdom of three boys took place, followed by 
 the murder of Bishop Hannington, in 188.'), McKay in the 
 meantime holding bravely on. Mwanga was driven out of his 
 kingdom, professed conversion, was then restored, and joined 
 the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Two-thir<ls of the countrv is allotted to the Protestants, and 
 one-third is beiui; divided between the Roman Catholics and 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 The Roman Catholic bishop has lately been compelled to 
 publish the New Testament, in order to meet the Protestants, 
 who spread it everwhere, and which he cannot prevent his 
 own people from buying. 
 
 In Uganda there are one hundred native laborers in tiie 
 field, all sup})orted by native contributions. Ten thousand 
 copies of the Gospel were sold in five months. 
 
42 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 a 
 
 When Stanley was at Lake Victoria Nyanza twenty-one 
 years ago there was not a missionary there. Now Uganda has 
 500 churches, 600 teachers and 57,300 readers under instruction, 
 witli a Sunday church attendance of 25,300. Stanley says 
 " the natives are enthusiastic converts. They would spend 
 their last penny to acquire a Bible." 
 
 The railway in Uganda extends 650 miles. The country 
 contains a population of 10,000,000. 
 
 ' urder to tell the neighborhood that next day was the 
 Lord's Day, the missionaries in East Africa used to raise a 
 white flag with a red cross upon it on Saturdays. Hence 
 Sunday is called " flag-day." 
 
 Mtesv, King of Uganda, after imiuiring of Stanley respecting 
 tii'^ iioa'.-l. </f Queen Victoria and the Emperor of Germany, 
 asked, *.' .. ti, tidings can you bring me from above ? " Unfor- 
 tunetely the oi.^it explorer was not versed in these matters, 
 but j.'-'ve the c a copy of the New Testament, which, he 
 declared, ooutaiLa M^ only ansn'er man would ever receive 
 to that mon^entous question. 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 Geogrnphinif (ind Ilistoru'ul . 
 
 Omitting Australia, Madagascar is the third larsfest island 
 in the world. It has an area four times the size of Eno-land 
 and Wales, and is divided into twenty-eight provinces. The 
 population is about 8,500,000 and the capital, Antananarivo, 
 contains 100,000 inhabitants. The Hovas are the principal 
 tribe. 
 
 The Openiuy of the J/lssion. ' ' 
 
 Tiie French governor of the Island of Bourbon told the first 
 Protestant missionaries that they might as well try to convert 
 cattle as to make Christians of the Malagasy. Now Madagascar 
 is one of the miracles of modern missions, and the crown of the 
 London Missionary Society. 
 
 The mission began in 1818, and by 1828 there were 100 
 schools, and 10,000 scholars connected with them. The king, 
 Radama, issued a proclamation giving liberty to his subjects to 
 receive baptism and to profess Christianity. Soon afterwards 
 
NS. 
 
 twenty-one 
 Jganda has 
 instruction, 
 anley says 
 3ul(J spend 
 
 lie country 
 
 y was the 
 
 to raise a 
 
 ^s. Hence 
 
 respecting 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Unfor- 
 
 e matters, 
 which, he 
 
 er receive 
 
 est island 
 - England 
 ices. The 
 manarivo, 
 principal 
 
 i the first 
 ;o convert 
 adagascar 
 wn of the 
 
 were 100 
 Che king, 
 ibjects to 
 "terwards 
 
 >?i;>Pi^- 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 43 
 
 he died at the early age of thirty-six, his untimely end being 
 brought on by his vices, especially the habit of intemperance, 
 which he had learned from the Europeans at Tamatave. 
 
 The Era of Persecution. 
 
 His successor, Queen Ranavalona I. (the "bloody Mary" of 
 Madagascar), alarmed at the progress of Christianity, ordered a 
 general and horrible persecution of the Christians, which has 
 been unequalled in modern times. Four hundred officers were 
 reduced in rank, and two thousand were fined. 
 
 In 1885 the profession of the Christian religion was declared 
 illegal, and during the next twenty-live years strenuous efforts 
 were made to stamp it out. The missionaries were ordered to 
 leave the island, except a few to teach the natives soap-making. 
 This opportunity they employed to press forward the transla- 
 tion and printing of the Bible in Malagasy. By the time they 
 had taught the natives the useful art above referred to, they 
 had the whole of the New Testament and the greater part of 
 the Old printed and in circulation. 
 
 Now all human teachers were gone, and for a cjuarter of a 
 century the poor hunted Christians liad only this Bible. In 
 one district they kept the only copy they had during all this 
 time in a cave which was used for a small-pox hospital, and 
 where the Government officers would not go. 
 
 When the last missionary was expelled in 1886, there were 
 800 Christians in full communion ; while they were absent 
 upwards of 1,600 had been murdered for Christ's sake; and 
 yet when the missionaries returned in 1861, there were foun<l 
 to welcome them back 740 members, and 7,000 adherents (five- 
 fold more than when the work of extermination began). " The 
 blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church." 
 
 There were four special places of martyrdom : One where 
 the victims were speared and thrown to dogs ; one where they 
 were hung over a precipice 170 feet high by a rope around the 
 waist. Being asked if they would renounce Christ, on refusal 
 the rope was cut and they were dashed to pieces on the ri^cks 
 below. Another was where they were stoned to death, and the 
 fourth where they were burned, straw being stuffed into their 
 mouths to prevent their praising God. 
 
11 
 
 !l! 
 
 •1 
 
 44 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED VEAKS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 Thetso four places, after the persecution ceased, were made 
 over to the missionary of the London Society, and on their aites 
 four memorial churches were built at an expense of £12,000, 
 subscribed in Enijland. 
 
 The French Jesuits found their way to Mada^jjascar in 1862, 
 and by their intri<rues have managed to keep up a constant 
 irritation between the Government and France, which has now 
 a protectorate over the island. To the disgrace, however, of 
 the English (tovernment, be it said, it is responsible for the 
 prevailing intemperance, as it foi'ced the vile rum of Mauritius 
 on the island in spite of the strict prohibition of the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Though three missionary societies are working, scarcely one- 
 half of the population has yet been reached by the Gospel. In 
 February, 1869, the Queen Ranavalona II., with her husband, 
 were publicU' baptized, and on the following September she 
 publicly burned the national idols. The present queen, Rana- 
 valona III., has reigned .since 1888, and is a noble, patriotic, 
 Christian woman. 
 
 
 I 
 
 If! 
 
 ill i slit 
 
 i:i^ 
 
 1,11 
 
 n 
 
 f;; 
 
 Notes on Africa. 
 
 " Africa — the last stronghold of paganism." — Dr. Sims. 
 
 " An Afriea7\ is the image of God carved in ebony." — Dr. 
 Fuller. 
 
 " An African slave-dealer is the image of the devil carved in 
 ivor3^" — Dr. Joli/ndon. 
 
 " Let a thousand fall before Africa be given up." — Dying 
 words of Melville B. Cox, first foreign missionary of the 
 Methodist Episcoj)al Church, U.S., who died of African fever 
 less than four months after his arrival. 
 
 " The end of the geographical feat is the beginning of the 
 missionary enterprise.'' — Livingstone. 
 
 " I have been in Africa for seventeen years, and I have never 
 met a man who would kill me if I folded my hands." — Stanley. 
 
 " If I am to go ' on the shelf,' let that shelf be Africa."— 
 Liuinf/stone, in 1867. 
 
 " To exaggerate the enormities of the slave trade is simply 
 impossible." — LiringKtone. ;. 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 45 
 
 " All I can add in my loneline.ss is : May hoaveu's rich bleHW- 
 in^ come down on every one, American, En<,dishman, or Turk, 
 who will help to heal this open sore of the world. " — LiviiKj- 
 atone's last message to the outer world in reference to the slave 
 trade. This sentence is carved on his memorial shih in 
 Westminster Abbey. 
 
 " Every tusk, piece, and scrap of ivory in possession of an 
 Arab trader has been steeped and dyed in blood. Every pound 
 weight has cost the life of a man, woman, or child ; for every 
 five pounds a hut has been burned ; for axtry two tusks a 
 whole village has been destroyed : every twenty tusks have 
 been obtained at the price of a district, with all its people, 
 villages, and plantations. It is .simply incredible that because 
 ivory is re(iuired for ornaments oi- billiard-games the rich 
 heart of Africa should l)e laid waste at this late year of the 
 nineteenth century." — Stavlei/. 
 
 In Stanley's journey of 7,000 miles, from Zanzibar to the 
 mouth of the Congo, he neither saw a Christian nor one man 
 who had even heard the gospel message 1 
 
 The curious fact is noted by Sir Sanniel Baker that no negro 
 has ever been known to tame an elephant or any wild uiiimal. 
 
 The languages of Africa uumlxu* 4-SS, witli 158 dialects, 
 making a total of some GOO. Into only about 70 of these 
 languages has any portion of the Bible been translated. Five 
 hundred of them have not even been reduced to writing. 
 
 When the King of Ashantee sent an embas.sy to (^ueen 
 Victoria, the envoys were met at Liverpool with the otheial 
 message that " Her Majesty could not, under any circumstances, 
 receive a mission from a ruler, who, there is good reason to 
 believe, allows and countenances the practice of human 
 sacrifice." 
 
 In 1835 many deemed establishing a mission in West .\frica 
 to be a foolish and wicked waste of life. But in forty years 
 seventeen separate expeditions left Europe to ascertain the 
 source and termination of the Niger, causing; the loss of nineteen 
 leaders and men of education, besides .scores of attendants, 
 while the greatest minds of Europe dreamed the object worthy 
 of the cost. 
 
iin 
 
 } 
 
 m 
 
 l! I 
 
 ! ; :; ji ! H 
 
 i!ll!l. 
 
 ! t ( 
 
 46 
 
 FUIST HUNDRED YEAUS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 Africa ha.s 3750 miles of completed railroads and 400 miles 
 utitler construction, and surveys are being made for twice as 
 much more. 
 
 A tek'gram from Blantyre, in Central Africa, was recently 
 received by a missionary secretary in Edinburgh in about 
 three hours. 
 
 In 1804 the Sultan of Turkey, at his own expense, sent 
 Mohammedan missionaries to Africa for the avowed purpose 
 of chocking Christianity. 
 
 To protect an Ent^lishman (Rev. Mr. Stein, a missionary, and 
 other prisoners) En<;land sent an army of 10,000 men to 
 Abyssinia, which killed Kin^^ Theodore, and destroyed Magdala 
 his capital. This expedition cost l?45,000,000. When national 
 honor is at stake there is no lack of either men or money. 
 
 Summary df Mission Work in Africa. 
 
 (Ci»apil((i from '^ Enciiclopudia of Mi.tniimx," pahlhhid h// Funk d- Wtiiniaffx; 
 
 " Lf Journal (hx MIkhdhi^ ?jvaii<i< I i<iui »,^' of Paria, ami Hand <(• 
 
 McNiil/ti's "Atlax of titr World, 1S!)4."; 
 
 ( 'orNri!\ . 
 
 I'ojnila- 
 tioii. 
 
 MiuliWiscai- . . . ;{„5()(),(KII) 
 
 (Protestant) ../ 
 
 (lloiii. Catholic) 
 
 Tlie Continent.! 2,i!).(Hlit.(«i(r 
 
 Totals.. 
 
 '25:i,r)(K».i»iK» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 •/. 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 •/ 
 
 
 
 
 .=1 
 
 rt /' 
 
 
 % 
 
 5 
 c-r 
 
 5 
 
 ^1 
 
 5 
 
 V. 
 
 "H" 
 
 
 
 = x 
 
 CCC' 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 r? 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ;? 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 O 
 
 1. •-'.)() 
 
 
 
 143 
 
 .... 
 
 1,8(K) 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 i.:n:j 
 
 
 137,350 
 
 
 115,787 
 
 
 
 SI) 
 
 
 
 •2(i,730 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 4:i 
 
 4(1 
 
 1,S52 
 
 on 
 
 •imj 
 
 .T(>.5 
 
 29.730 
 
 839 
 
 101,212 
 231,{»9f) 
 
 •imi 
 
 7(i.i 
 
 1..5±.' 
 
 708 
 
 193,810 
 
 2,B39 
 
 Oo £■ 
 
 £_ 
 
 !H,4(K) 
 
 17»,(5o<) 
 .*184,050 
 
 Stanley's estimate. 
 
ASIA. 
 
 47 
 
 iOO miles 
 twico as 
 
 , recently 
 in about 
 
 eiiHe, sent 
 d purpose 
 
 jnary, and 
 men to 
 d Magdala 
 \n national 
 oney. 
 
 <l- Waiinoffn: iQ 
 
 tnd <(• 
 
 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 '•J 
 
 'S 
 
 s 
 p 
 
 Native Con- 
 tributions 
 for all Purposes. 
 
 
 !}4,4(K( p 
 
 15.787 
 
 V\" 
 
 15,f)()0 
 
 .... 
 
 01,212 
 
 17!),l?oi) 
 
 ?!!l84,0;)(i 
 
 4 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 "The night is well-iiigli spout, my .soul, 
 The niglit is well-nigh spent ; 
 And soon above our heads shall rise 
 A glorious Hrnianiunt, 
 A sky all clear, and glad and bright, 
 The Lauih, once slain, its iturfect light, 
 A star witiiout a cloud. 
 Whose light no mists enshroud, 
 Descending never i' " 
 
 BuuMAH. 
 
 Adoniram Judson and his wile, with (jthor inissionnries, were 
 sent out from America to India. On tiieir arrival at Calcutta 
 they were ordered to be put on board a shi]:» and sent to 
 England. Judson and his wife, however, escaped to the Inh. of 
 France. An order was sent to the governor, Sir Kvan Nepean, 
 to expel them, but, being a man of deep religious feeling, he 
 secured instead their residence in the country till the next year 
 (1818), when the arbitrary power of the East India Company 
 was broken. They ultimately arrived at Rangoon, Burmah. 
 The first baptism of a convert took place in IS 19 — six years 
 after Jmlson's arrival. 
 
 In 1828 war broke out with En<;lan(l. The Burmese entered 
 upon it with great spirit. Being ignorant and very conceited, 
 they anticipated speedy victory and great gloiy. On gaily 
 caparisoned boats they went dancing and singing to meet the 
 enemy — their only anxiety l)eing lest "the cock-feather chief" 
 should get away before there was time to catch any of his 
 army for slaves. One Burmese lady sent an order for four 
 English soldiers to manage her household, as she had heard 
 they were " trustworthy," while a courtier sent an order for six 
 " to row his boat." From this it is evident that, during the 
 intervening centuries, the reputation of Britons for making 
 etlicient slaves had considerably advanced since the time when 
 Cicero advised a Roman general to make slaves of all his 
 prisoner.s except the Britons, who, he said, were too lazy and 
 illiterate for any good ! It is w^ell to look betimes at " the hole 
 of the pit whence we were digged." 
 
 

 48 FIHST HUNORKD YEAKS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 TIk^ I jiiniieHt^ wore everywhuro tk't'ejited. " Seizf the iuin- 
 HionarieH,' cfied the poopio in reverij^e. Judsoii wiis thiovvii 
 into tho death-prison at Ava, Mrs. .lud.son, however, l)ein^^ h-Ft 
 tree. The record ol' her devotion (hirin<; these trying nine 
 months, makes one of th<' most thrillin;;- chapters in all tlie 
 liistory of female heroism. " The annals in the Kast present 
 ns with no parallel." 
 
 .indson labored in that conntry for six years without n;jle 
 convert. When it was hinted to him that the mission was a 
 total failure, a sera))hic ^i,dory li<^hte(l up his countenance as he 
 exclaimed : " Tlu! couNcrsion of Burmah is as bri^rht as the 
 promises of (iod." There are now over 29,000 connnunicants. 
 Burmah was tinally annexed to British India in liS^SG. 
 
 In Maiden, Mass., the Baptist meetin^-hou-se contains a 
 tablet bearing; the following inscription : 
 
 IN MEMOIUAM. 
 
 Ukv. Akonira.m .JeiisuN, 
 BoHN AicrsT 0, 17HH, 
 Died Aeiui. 12, 1800. 
 Maldkn His Bikthplace, 
 TiiK OcKAN His Skhilchkk. 
 
 C(»N\ KKTKIi BiKMANS AM) 
 
 Tub Bi kman Bible 
 
 His Mommknt. 
 
 His Rk< (IKK is on Hkjh. 
 
 (For the latest missionary statistics of Burmah, see the 
 " Summary of Mission Work in Asia.") 
 
 'J'he Karens. 
 
 Scattered throuohout Burmah and parts of Siam and China 
 is a race inhabitinfjj jun<:fles and mountainous districts. These 
 are the Karens, or " wild men of Burmah." The Burmese 
 virtually made slaves of them. 
 
 About 1826, Judson purchased the freedom of the first Karen 
 convert, Ko-thah-byu. He became a preacher, and had won- 
 derful success. His name will never be forgotten so lon^- as 
 the annals of Christianity are written. Boardman was also 
 a successful missionary amongst them. Though the people 
 
 -m 
 
 ■M:-: 
 
ASIA. 
 
 49 
 
 tln' iiiis- 
 H thrown 
 hcin^ It'l't 
 yin«i nino 
 in all the 
 it prcHont 
 
 it niX^^ 
 sion was a 
 anco as lie 
 irht as the 
 niunicants. 
 
 1). 
 contains a 
 
 1, see 
 
 the 
 
 and China 
 icts. These 
 le Burmese 
 
 tiist Karen 
 d had won- 
 1 so long as 
 Ml was also 
 
 the people 
 
 offered Haeritices to p)-o|)itiate demons, tlie\' had no idols. 
 Thev welcomed the Hihlc in their own tons^ne, as the\' had 
 a tradition that hooks (^nce oxisted in their laniTuairc, although 
 they liad \u) literature of any kind. No people were ever dia- 
 covered who wei'u so prepared to receive the (lospd. 
 
 Tlu! Hi'tieth anniversary of the Hrst convert was celehrnted 
 in 1H7H. To connnemorate this event tiiey huilt a Jnhilee 
 Memorial Hall, at a cost of !?ir),0()(), for school and mission 
 purposes. It represented 20,()()() then livin<,' disciples. At the 
 present tim»> there are about .'iO.OOO hapti/ed mendxTs and 
 1()(),0()0 adherents. The}' have a missionary society of their 
 own, sending agents to people of other tongues. In 1H80, 
 Burmah ranked third on the list of donors to the Baptist 
 Mi.ssionarv Union, onlv Massachusetts and New Voik outrank- 
 ing her: and of .^.'il,()l(> from l^urmah, the Karen churches 
 contributed over l!<:30,000. 
 
 SlAM. 
 
 Siam is called " the land of the white ele))hant." It has a 
 population of 0,000,000. hs capital is Bangkok. " the Venice 
 of the Orient," with a populate )n of about 400,000. 'I'he oidy 
 mission in the king<lom is earned on by the American Baptists. 
 The present king is about forty-three years of age, and is the 
 first kino- of Siam who evei- travt;lled abroad. Next to the 
 IMikado of Japan, he is pronounced to be the " mo.st nrogressive 
 sovereign of Asia." For many years the ndssionaries enjoyed 
 high favor at the court. In one of their reports, as far back 
 as 1 8.55, the missionaries of the American Baptist Society express 
 grave doubts whether they can justify making themselves useful 
 to the kiuir bv translatina^ official documents, instead of irivinjj 
 their whole time to preaching the Gos})el. Fancy Jesuits in the 
 same cii'ciunstances burdened with such scruples ! 
 
 Probably the largest idol in the world (the " Sleeping Idol ") 
 is at Bangkok, Siam. The feet are five feet long and the soles 
 beautifully inlaid with mother-of-pearl. 
 
 " You are the only people arriving here who do not come to 
 squeeze my people." — King of Siam, to the missionries. 
 
 (For the latest missionary statistics of Siam, see the " Sum- 
 mary of Mission Work in Asia.") 
 
50 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 4 
 
 Thibet. 
 
 Thibet is one of tlie few countries of the world closed to the 
 missionaries of the Cross ; but Miss Annie R. Taylor is endeavor- 
 ing to secure ten or twelve men to learn the Thibetan language 
 at Darjeeling, India, so that they may be in readiness when 
 Thibet opens to the Gospel. The latest information is that 
 Miss Taylor and party have moved to Gnatong in Sikkim, and 
 are ready for immediate entrance when the way opens. 
 
 A Moravian missionary has been stationed on the outskirts 
 of this country for thirty years, translating books, so as to 
 be ready when the door opens. Already the New Testament 
 and part of the Old have been translated into the Thibetan 
 language. 
 
 In Thibet, almost every crime is punished by a fine, not 
 excepting murder. The fine for the latter varies according to 
 the social standing of the victim, from $42 (120 bricks of tea, 
 at thirty-live cents each) for the " upper class," down to seventy 
 cents for a pauper. Almost every grown-up man in the country 
 has a murder or two to his credit. 
 
 Indt.\. 
 
 Populdfioii, lifligidiis ami LdiigiKujea. 
 
 According to the official census of India for 18f)l, the popu- 
 lation numbers 288,159,672. This is an increase of 26,000,000 
 since 1881 — 10 per cent, in a single decade. 
 
 Of the above population, the Hindus number 207,654,407 ; 
 the Mussulmans, .57,365,204 : the Forest Tribes (animal wor- 
 shippers), 9,402.083 ; Buddhists, 7,101,057: and the Christians, 
 2,284,191. The balance is composed of Jains, Sikhs, Parsees, 
 Jews, Atheists and Agnostics (the two latter classes together 
 numbering 289). This enormous population is kept ({uiet by 
 onl}^ 60,000 English troops, assisted by nal,ive auxiliaries. 
 
 The Roman Empire at its zenith had but little more territory 
 than India, and less than half its population. India is forty 
 times as populous as the Dominion of Canada, four times that 
 of the United States, and stands only second to China. The 
 Hindus are as numerous as the combined populations of France, 
 
ASIA. 
 
 51 
 
 Clerinany, Austria, Italy and Great Britain. The population in 
 the province of Bengal numbers 500 to the s(|uare mile; in 
 British India, 23:3. The density of population in the wiiole of 
 Inilia is 187 to the sipiare mile. In England there are 498 to 
 the square mile, twenty-one in the United States, ami live in 
 the habitable parts of Canada. 
 
 India contains one-fifth of humanity, and 23,000 souls pass 
 from that country into eternity every day. The idols wor- 
 shipped number, it is said, 330,000,000. 
 
 The number of spoken languages in British India is seventy- 
 eight, seven of which may be considered chief languages. The 
 Bengali is spoken by 42,000,000, and the Hindi by 103,000,000. 
 Those who can understand English only numl)er 3,000,000. 
 
 Lord Duff'erin has stated that of the 200,000,000 under 
 English rule, not more than 5 or G per cent, can read and 
 write, while less than I per cent, has any knowledge of 
 English. A large number of the trading classes can write 
 business letters and keep accounts, but cannot read a page 
 of a })rinted book. 
 
 Opponifioii to M issi.il/ifi rifitS. 
 
 The policy of the East India Company was decidedly an- 
 tagonistic to the admission of mi.ssionaries into India. In 1793 
 (the year Carey arrived), Mr. Lushington, a director said, "if 
 there were only a hundred thousand natives converted to 
 C'hristianity, he shoulil hold it as the greatest calamity that 
 -could befall India." Another of the directors said he " would 
 rather see a band of devils than a l)and of mi.ssionaries in 
 India." In 1813, Wilberforce, in the House of Connnons, in 
 spite of most determined opposition, led a movement against 
 the Company to comjiel the toleration of missionaries, and won. 
 He .said : " I heard afterwards that many good men were pray- 
 iuii" for us all nicfht." In writin»>' to his wife he said : " Blessed 
 })e Cod, we carried our ([uestion triumphantly about three or 
 later this morning." But even as late as 1852, over throe and 
 three-quarter millions of dollar.s were j^aid from public funds 
 to repair temples, support a })agan priesthood, and ])rovide uoax 
 idols and idol-cars! When the first tidings ol' the mutiny 
 
52 
 
 FIKST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 reached the India House, one of the directors threw up his hat 
 and shouted, " Hurrah, now we shall get rid of the saints." Vain 
 prediction. 'Jhe saints got rid of them. Their power was 
 abolished by the British Parliament in the following year. 
 
 First Missionaries. 
 
 The three great names connected with Protestant missions in 
 India, are Schwartz, Carey, and DufF. The pioneer mission was 
 undertaken by the King of Denmark, who sent out missionaries 
 in 1706. The first converts were five slaves baptized in 1707 ; 
 the first Protestant church was opened in the same year, and 
 by 1711 missionary Ziegenbalg had completed the translation 
 of the New Testament into the Tamil language, whicli is spoken 
 by 15,000,000 of people. 
 
 Schwartz, of the same mis.sion, arrived in I7o0. His 
 personal influence was so great that both the English and Rajahs 
 alike desired to use it. Sultan Hyder Ali, the bitter foe of the 
 English, positively refused to trust any ambassador save 
 Schwartz. " Send me the Christian," he cried, " )ie will not 
 deceive me." At his death in 1798, both the Rajah of Tanjore 
 and the East India Company erected memorial churciies in his 
 honor. 
 
 Carey, the founder of the first British missionary society, 
 who had been refused a passage on any English ship, arrived 
 at Calcutta by a Danish vessel in 1793. The East India 
 Company endeavored to have him expelled, but the Danish 
 governor invited him to the little settlement at Serampoi-e, and 
 protected him there. He was soon joined by Marshman and 
 Ward, and in course of time was appointed professor of Sanskrit 
 in Fort William College, being the best scholar of that language 
 in India, or perhaps, in the world. Thus the humble cobbler 
 developed into the learned "Dr." Carey. He had a peculiar 
 gift in learning langfuatres. 
 
 Summary of (Uirey's Work. 
 
 The record of Carey's life may be told in brief as follows : 
 The fii'st complete or partial translation of the Bible into 
 forty of the languages and dialects of India and neighboring 
 
ASIA. 
 
 o3 
 
 countries ; the publication o^ the first vernacular Bengali news- 
 paper, the language of 70,000,000: the first printing-press, 
 paper-mill and steam-engine ever set up in India ; organization 
 of the first schools for native girls and women ; of the first 
 college to train native pastors ; the first medical mission, the 
 first savings-bank, and the first translations of the Sanskrit 
 into English. 
 
 The British authorities denied Carey a landing-place on his 
 arrival in Bengal ; when he died the Government ordered all 
 its flags to be dropped to half-mast. 
 
 Other Missions. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Duff arrived in 18'o0. He made a distinct 
 departure by making a specialty of education in connection 
 with mission work. 
 
 The Wesleyans began a mission as early as LSI 4 in Ceylon, 
 and now have extensive missions in Madras, Mysore, Calcutta 
 and Lucknow. The Methodist Episcopal Church of the United 
 States has prosperous missions in Oudh and the north-west 
 provinces. 
 
 Even in conservative India, ([uiet but important changes are 
 being constantly inaugurated. The agitation for increasing by 
 law the marriageable age, is likely to be successful. Medical 
 and Zenana missions are also increasing at a reiharkable rate. 
 The scheme which Lady Dufferin began twelve years ag(j, for 
 the amelioration of the physical condition of tlie women of 
 India, is already producing striking results. Last year -KiG.OOO 
 women received medical treatment. A wide field is hereby 
 opened fo)" lady medical missionaries. 
 
 l^if TelKjia Mission, 
 
 « 
 
 The great revival among the Telugus in the south of India 
 deserves special mention. Their language is spoken by 16,000- 
 000 of people. For many years the American Baptists had 
 a mission there, marked on their map by a red star, their only 
 mission on that side of the Bay of Bengal. For thirty years 
 they labored with scarcely any success, till at last at their 
 annual meeting in Albany, N.Y., in 1858, it was seriously 
 
 H 
 
 H^ 
 
 n 
 
54 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 proposed to abandon wlmt came to be called their " lone star 
 mission." The proposal was opposed, and the discussion led 
 Dr. S. F. Smith, the author of " America," to write what proved 
 to be a prophetic hynm, commencing with : 
 
 "Shine on Lone Star I thy mdiance In-ight, 
 Shall yet illume the western sky," etc. 
 
 In 1877 the revival began. The people came to the mis- 
 sionaries in thousands, piling up their idols in the missionaries' 
 back yard, and asking for baptism. The missionaries had no 
 leisure even to eat, and were staggered by success. Had they 
 come one at a time they would have known what to do, but 
 when tliey came in thousands, the task of examining and 
 deciding who were fit for baptism was very trying indeed. In 
 186() the converts only numbered 38; in 1877, 4,.517; in 1878, 
 10,000: in 1890,33,838. Within six months in 1878, 10,000 
 converts were baptized near the town of Ongole. Thirty 
 thousand have become converted in twelve years. In one day, 
 2,222 converts were baptized — " the nearest parallel to Pente- 
 cost since the Book of Acts closed." It is doubted whether in 
 all missionary history there is a better illustration of the 
 passage — " a nation born in a day." 
 
 Increniie of ChristuniUi/. 
 
 In North-West India Bishop Thoburn, of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Churcli, reports an average of all years, of about fifty 
 converts a day. From 1889 to 1894 this mission received 
 45,000 converts. 
 
 " We now receive more converts in a month than we used to 
 receive in a decade. When I returi to my field I shall expect 
 to greet 10,000 new converts — men and women who were wor- 
 shipping idols four months ago." — Bishop Thohurn, of India, 
 before the Methodist Episcopal General Conference at Omaha, 
 May, 189: 
 
 More than 19,000 heathen in India broke their idols in 
 1891, and united with the Methodist Church. 
 
 In India there are fJo Protestant missionary societies, with 
 8.57 ordinary missionaries. In addition, there are 711 ordained 
 
Asia. 
 
 35 
 
 1(1 
 id 
 
 lay helpers and 114 lady assistants, and 3,491 native lay 
 preachers. The number of native Protestant Christians 
 (adherents) is 559,661, an increase of 150,000 in ten years. 
 Of these 182,722 are communicant members of the churches, an 
 increase of 70,000 in the last decade. There is one foreign 
 missionary to 325,000 people. 
 
 In 1851 there were twenty-one native ordained pastors in 
 India : in 1891, 912, a growth of forty-three-fold in forty years. 
 The increase of native Protestant (Christians the first fifty 
 years, was twenty-five fold; between 1851 and 1891 (forty 
 years) the increase was eighty-fold. During the last decade 
 (1881-91), the Hindu population increased ten per cent.; the 
 Mussulman, fourteen, and the Christian population, twenty -two 
 per cent. 
 
 (For the latest mission statistics of India, consult the " Sum- 
 mary of Mission Work in A.sia.") 
 
 Notes ox India. 
 
 "I make Christ my heir." — Schuxirtz, who willed all his pro- 
 perty for missions to the heatlien. 
 
 "I am now dead to Europe and alive to India." — Dr. Coke, 
 1813. 
 
 " If ever I see a Hindu converted to Jesus Christ, I shall see 
 something more nearly approaching the resurrection of a dead 
 body than anything I have seen." — Henry Martyn. To-day 
 there are 222,000 nativ^e communicants in India. 
 
 " We are indebted more to WilHam Carey and the £13 2s. 6d., 
 which was the first sum subscribed for him, than we are to all 
 the heroism and cunning of Clive, and to all the genius and 
 rapacity of Warren Hastings." — Canon Fdrrar. 
 
 The average per capita income of the people of India is 
 only about $7 per year. 
 
 In India there are 20,000 miles of raih-oads and 12,000,000 of 
 people who speak English. 
 
 Of the non-Christian countries of the world India is the best 
 educated. 
 
 In the Punjab more than half the native ministers are con- 
 verts from Mohammedanism. 
 
 n 
 
56 
 
 FIUST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 The year 1894 will ever be memorable as that in whicli it 
 was impossible to secure a sufficient number of people to pull 
 the famous Jugj^ernaut ear. 
 
 " This terrible crusade " (for the extinction of Hinduism) " is 
 now carried on by native Christians with a tenacity of purpose 
 and a devotion which in themselves defy failure." — Brahmin 
 editor of Madras vernacular newspaper, ISO If.. 
 
 Some of the missionaries of the London Missionary Society 
 account for the success of the Salvation Army in India to the 
 fact that it does not administer either baptism or the Lonl's 
 Supper, and if one is not baptized he neither breaks caste nor 
 encounters persecution. 
 
 The reforms in India during the last one hundred years, and 
 due wholly to Christian influence, are laws against murder of 
 parents, murder of children, human sacrifices, suicide, voluntary 
 torment, involuntary torment, slaveiy, extortions, religious 
 intolerance, and support of caste by law, and yet there are 
 22,000,000 widows doomed to a life of misery. 
 
 " Christ, not the British Government, rules India. Our hearts 
 have been con([uered not by your armies, gleaming bayonets, 
 and fiery cannon, but by a higher and diflferent power No one 
 but Christ has deserved the precious diadem of the Indian 
 crown, and He will have it." — Kesliiih Cliundev Sen. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Japan consists of o,000 to 4,000 islands to the north-east of 
 China, though only four are of any considerable size, contain- 
 ing a population of 40,072,020, and is the most progres- 
 sive of all the Asiatic nations. There are six cities of over 
 100,000— Tokio leading with 1,31.5,000. 
 
 The first ruler of Japan was contemporary with Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, and the nation has records reaching back to the time of 
 Cniesus. On the Uth of February, 1889, the twenty-four 
 hundredth anniversary of the landing of the first Emperor of 
 Japan on Niphon, the present Emperor voluntarily changed 
 the basis of government so as to allow constitutional govern- 
 ment by means of an elected Parliament. 
 
ASIA. 
 
 57 
 
 Edict Ayaiuitt Christianity . 
 
 Roman Catholic missionaries oarly entered tlie country, but 
 by their political intrij,mes were ultimately driven out, and 
 Japan became hermetically sealed against foreigners for 219 
 years. The following edict was posted up at all the leading 
 cross-ways in the empire : 
 
 " So long as the sun shall warm the earth, lot no Christian 
 be so bold as to come to Japan : and let all know that the King 
 of Spain himself, or the Cln-istian's God, or the great God of 
 all, if he violate this command shall pay for it with his head." 
 
 This edict was not taken down till 1873 — fifteen years after 
 the country was opened to foreigntjrs. Even after the restora- 
 tion of the Mikado in 1808, penal laws against the "evil sect" 
 were re-enacted, and as late as 1871 the teacher employed by a 
 missionary, who had asked to be baptized, was thrown into 
 prison, where he died, November, 1872. 
 
 After the English and United States Governments had 
 plainly intimated that if the persecutions of Christians con- 
 tinued they "could not reganl Japan as a friendly nation," the 
 edicts against Christianity, so long exposed, were quietly 
 removed from the notice boards. 
 
 %\ 
 
 TIw Opfnm(/ of the (\tiiiilnj. 
 
 In conseijuence of the complaints of Americaa seamen who 
 had been wrecked off the coast of Japan, the United States 
 Government sent Conniiodore Perry to arrange matters with 
 the Japanese Government. He dropped anchor in Yeddo Bay 
 in 18o3. After five years' deliberations certain ports, by the 
 Townsend-Harris Treaty, were thrown open to the Western 
 world, which treaty went into effect tiie following year. Three 
 missionary societies were readj^ to enter at once. Drs. Cochran 
 and Macdonald, the first Canadian Methodist missionaries, went 
 out in 1873. 
 
 P)'o(jref<s of till' Empire. 
 
 Since the treaty above referred to, the progress of the 
 country has been without parallel. Thirty-six years ago Japan 
 had no newspaper, but in 188() she was publishing more than 
 
 ■fi-a 
 
58 
 
 FIRST HUNDllED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 Italy, or Austria, or Spain, or Russia, or all Asia. In 1881 the 
 total literary publications were above 5,000. There are now 
 575 daily and weekly newspapers, 35 law magazines. 111 scien- 
 tific periodicals, 85 medical journals, and 35 religious news- 
 papers. In 1800 Tokio, its capital, had 700,000, inhabitants, 
 and to-day it is estimated at 1,500,000. 
 
 The Roman characters are displacing the signs of their own 
 alphabet. In 1873, the calendar of Christian nations displaced 
 the pagan. In 1876, the national "fifth day" gave way to the 
 " one day in seven." The establishment of schools and univer- 
 sities, along with the construction of ships, railways and tele- 
 graphs, is progi'essing at an amazing rate. Their postal system 
 is one of the best in the world. In 1890 they elected a Parlia- 
 ment under a written constitution. 
 
 Two decades ago Japan was reckoned as " hardly worth 
 trading with," now the volume of exports and imports e(]ual 
 $162,000,000. In 1870 there was not a mile of railway, while 
 there are now 2,100 miles of railroad in existence, with 850 
 more to be constructed. In 1894 these railways carried 
 36,000,000 passengers. In 1890 there were no steamships, 
 to-day (1896) there are 700. 
 
 The Japanese have never been concpiered by an outside 
 nation, and have had Imt one civil war, which occurred in the 
 last century. 
 
 Of all non-Christian states Japan exists, not by sutterance, 
 but by its own strength, and it is the onl}' one which has 
 jurisdiction over Christian foreigners within its bounds. It 
 only forms treaties on the basis of absolute equality. 
 
 Pro<jres)i oj Cliri.sliaiiiti/. 
 
 One evening, in 1860, Murata picked up a book floating in 
 the water. The writing to him seemed to be curious, running 
 from side to sid( "like the crawling of crabs.'" It was the 
 Christian Bible. He took it to Dr. Verbeck, of the Dutch 
 settlement at Nagasaki, for interpretation. In conse^juence 
 Murata's name now stands first on the roll of Protestant 
 Christians in Japan. 
 
 The Christians number about one in one thousand of the 
 
ASIA. 
 
 59 
 
 population ; in no province do they even approach a majority, 
 yet one in twenty-eijrht of the tir.st Parliament was a church 
 member. In the House of Peers there were three professed 
 Christians. Eleven Christians were electetl as members of the 
 first House of Representatives, one of whom has had the high 
 honor of being chosen its first President. 
 
 In 1(S64 the first convert was enrolled: in 1872 the first 
 Christian congregation was formed at Yokohama with eleven 
 members According to the latest reports there are now in 
 Japan, :J0,240 adult members, and a, ('hristian community of 
 150,000. There are 226 male missionaries, 258 native pastors 
 and 530 other native helpers. There are 304 organized 
 churches, 50 Young Men's ('hristian Associations, 57 Christian 
 Endeavour Societies, 18 Circles of Kings Daughters, and G 
 native Missionary Societies. 
 
 The Japanese workmen average less than twelve cents a day 
 for wages, and yet the contributions of native Christians in 
 1894 aggregated over SI 00,000. 
 
 Japanese Christians have sent, and will sujiport, five mission- 
 aries to their own countrymen in the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 In 1870 the laws of Japan inHieted the penalty of death 
 upon any native who accejjted Christianity : iiow the Japanese 
 Christians are raisin<>- i!^3,000 to beoin missionarv work in 
 Formosa. 
 
 In 1868 the first building for Christian uses was erected in 
 Tokio ; now in that city there are 92. 
 
 There are 5,000 more men members of the Church in Japan 
 than women. The reason is, pastoral work among women is 
 difTficult, and public sentiment prevents a large attendance of 
 women at evening meetings. 
 
 By the treaties which will go into operation next year (1899) 
 the whole of Japan will, for the first time, be open for mission- 
 ary residence and work. 
 
 The converts have doubled every three years since 1872. If 
 the same ratio should continue, by 1900 there will be 256,000 
 members. Dr. Seelye, at the meeting of the American Board 
 at Syracuse, in 1879, said : " We talk about the early triumphs 
 of Christianity, but the early records of the Church, bright as 
 
 
 ■n 
 
 .1 
 
 V 
 
GO 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 they may be, pale in the lit;ht of what is taking place before 
 our eyes at the present time. Even Maflagasear offers nothing 
 to compare with Japan." 
 
 Notes on Japan. .• 
 
 Japan— the " rudder of Asia." 
 
 On account of the majority of the doctors in Japan being 
 thoroughly e(|uipped men, medical missions are not nuich 
 needed in that country. 
 
 The first Ph.D. degree conferred by the University of 
 Chicago was upon a Japanese who is to be a Professor of Old 
 Te.stament Literature in a Methodist Collei^e in Tokio. 
 
 The ratio of Protestant churches in Japan to Buddhist 
 temples is one to two hundred. 
 
 The Buddhist priests of Japan are so illiterate that the 
 Govermnent issued an order about two years ago requiring that 
 priests should receive the equivalent of a connnon school educa- 
 tion. The Government has also issued edicts reprimanding 
 them for their bad morals, which are notorious 
 
 (For the latest mission statistics of Japan, consult the " Sum- 
 mary of Mission Work in Asia.") 
 
 China. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Various estimates have been made of the population of China. 
 The Chinese ambassa<lor in Paris stated it to be 400,000,000. 
 Dr. Legge, forty years a missionary in China, and late professor 
 of Chinese in the University of Oxford, thought no one can say 
 anything more definite than this. 
 
 Several expedients have been adopted by various writers on 
 China, to enable the mind to take this " irreat idea" in, such as 
 the following: If one should count 2,000 an hour, day and 
 night without stopping, it would take him twenty days to 
 count one million — and yet China contains four hundred 
 millions. The population is more than six times as large as 
 the United States. The population of Great Britain, the 
 United States, (Germany, France and Russia combined only 
 make sixty-one per cent, of the population of China. Should 
 
AHIA. 
 
 Gl 
 
 Jill coinu ovor to the Dominion at once, the CanadianH would 
 be out-voted eifjhty to one. If all th.' world were plactsd in a 
 row, every fourth man, woman, or child would lie a Chinaman, 
 a ChineHe woman, or a lliineHe child. In other words, to evan- 
 ^^elize China means to evang-eli/e one-(iuarter of the popula- 
 tion of the globe. Thii-ty-three thousand (more than in the 
 city of London, Out.) die every day : and as many as the popu- 
 lation of the whole J)ominion are lau'ied every five months. 
 
 In China there arc ahout 80,()()(),0()0 Mahommedans, 1, 000,000 
 Roman C/atholies and ').'), 000 Protestants. » 
 
 E.i'ti'Ut (llt.ll /^I'tlDlll'ITH. 
 
 China can be dissected into 104 Kn(,dands, or 17() Scotlands: 
 it is seven times the size of France, and has one plain (^ivater 
 by half than the (ierman empire. One river is lai-^cr than even 
 the Mis.sissippi. Lay China on tlu- United States and it will 
 overrun into the Gulf of .Mexico and the Paeilic Ocean. It is 
 <livided into eighteen provinces, each one on an average nearly 
 as large as Great Britain. Even if China has 400,000,000 of a 
 population this is only ninety pcji'sons to the scpiare mile, and 
 the density is less than England or Scotland. 
 
 Its coal-iields are twenty times greater than those of all 
 Europe. The conditions of its climate and soil have made 
 intercourse with the i-estof the world needless, teeming nullions 
 having been sustained there since the patriarchal age. 
 
 Uiatory. 
 
 When Abraham was leaving Vv of Chaldea, Chinese astrono- 
 mers made observations which have since been verified. Egypt, 
 Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome have all risen and 
 fallen since its history began. With the mariners compass, 
 porcelain, and gunpowder, the Chinese were familiar hundreds of 
 years in advance of other nations. They were dressed in silk 
 when the inhabitants of Britain wore coats of blue jiaint. They 
 manufactured paper l,-200 years before it was known in Europe, 
 and invented printing .500 years before Caxton was born. Their 
 laws were codified 2,000 years ago, and have been revised every 
 five years since. They had a lexicon of their language 1 ,700 
 
62 FIUST HUNDKED YKAKS OK MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 yeans a^^o- still a Htaiidiinl. China was 700 years old when 
 the Israiilites erossed the R(m1 Sea. She had alnwly existed 
 1,500 years, \\'\um\ Isaiah (Isa. xlix. 1*2) prophesied ol' her future 
 conversion. Her oivili/atioii is Foundeij upon ('onlucius, wlio 
 was horn o.lO B.C., and whose death prece<led t)ie birth of 
 Soei'ates. 
 
 The Chinese text-hook.s are the same as they were 2,000 
 years agcj. Their ovoo-i-nphy n-jves nine-tenths of the ^lobc to 
 China, a S(iuare inch to En*i;land, and the Cnited .States and 
 C-anada are left out alto^etlier. A (_/hinese ^a-aduate who may 
 have spent tifteen years in .study knows no history or {geography 
 of other nations, nor anything' of .scienc(^ mathematics or astron- 
 omy. Tlie people still think China celestial as compared witii 
 other nations. Tlieir isolation is founded upon inordimite 
 conceit arising from ii,aiorance. CJonseijuently, wlien Westerners 
 attempt to preach to them salvation tln'ou<rh Christ they scorn- 
 fully ask : What can these people teacli us, who tliem.selves only 
 yesterday emert^ed from harharism i 
 
 IJie O/ifuiity of ('/line. 
 
 The takinj4' of Canton, China, by the Enj;-lish in 1S40, followed 
 by the ceding- of Houjl^ Kon<j,', and the openin*;' of Hve cities, 
 paved the way for the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 by which 
 Christianity was tolerated. ( )n the authority of Hon VV. B. 
 Reed, American ambassador, toleration was introduced at the 
 sugfre.stion of the Chinese officials themselves. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have had missionaries in China for 
 nearly (500 years. In 1870 they claimed 40-i,530 adherents, and 
 yet in all that time they have not given the Bible to the 
 Chinese, nor any portion of it. Morrison was the first Protes- 
 tant missionar}^ arriving there in 1807. By 1819, he had, with 
 the assistance of Milne, the whole Bible translated int« \o 
 language. During his whole careei- in China, Morrison C( dd 
 only woi'k for Christ in secret. 
 
 Ol>enhii) of Methodist Missions. 
 
 The Wesley an mission to China commenced strangely. 
 George Piercy, sou of a Yorkshire farmer, applied to the Con- 
 
ASIA. 
 
 68 
 
 foroncf! to be .sent tlioiv. Tliny wciv not prepnn-d to open a inis- 
 Hion then, .uid it is not vrvy clojir he would liiivc hoon sent even 
 if they haul heiMi. He .solemnly ix'linved, however, that it was 
 liiw duty to ^o, and }jjo he would, and n() ho did. He returned 
 written answers to the usual disciplinary (piestions for the 
 reception of eandidates (havinn-, ol* course, no chairman or 
 district meeting- to e.xamine him), with the n'sult that he was 
 duly received. 
 
 Th«! circumstances attending- the opening- of the Methodist 
 Episcopal U. S. mission were somewhat similar. J. I). Collins 
 wrote to PJisliop Janes to place his application before the Hoard 
 once more, and shouKl they decline, asked that a passaj^e mifjht 
 he enmiiicd for him before the mast, on the first vessel sailinif 
 for China, ad<linj;', "my own strong' arm can pull me to C'hiiiM, 
 and sup[)ort me after I <^et there." 
 
 The Empress, 
 
 A few years a<;(), a j)i()us lady at Pekin called on a Manchu 
 lady of ]i'\^]\ rank, and read .some portions of the Scri[)tures. A 
 youn<^ hidy pre.sent listened to the old (}t)s))el story with inter(!.st. 
 When the Ciu-istian visitor had concluded, she said: " 1 am ;;lad 
 yo\i have come to tell me this. Somo rhiy I will have a place 
 built where people can meet to worshij) this God, and liear this 
 Gospel preaclied." Thatyouno- lady is now the Kmiire.ss of China. 
 She recently permitted a student of the Mission CoUej^e to 
 explain Christianity to her, renuirkin;;' at the clo.se, " I under- 
 stand the Christian doctrine nmch better now." 
 
 Progress of Christlnniti/. 
 
 The pi-op-e.ss of Christianity in China has been di.scoura^;- 
 ingly slow — more so than in any other portion of the j^IoIh;. 
 At the end of .seven yeai-s, Morrison had one convert : at his 
 death in 1S84, there W(U-e only four. Fifteen years after the 
 tran.slation of the Bible (a work which occupied twelve years 
 of time), there were only four native Christians in the whole 
 61 pire to read it. In 1843 there were .six converts reported: in 
 1 ■), .S<)1 . in l.S()3, 2,000: in 1S78, 0,000: in 1882, 20,000: in 
 
 s.'), 25,000. In 1890 the Shanohai Conference reported 
 
 l&F 
 
G4 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 81,000 communicants, and 100,000 native nominal Christians; 
 in 1891 the communicants returned number 40,350. This 
 represents the (^ain during forty-nine years, as woriv only fairly 
 began in 1842, when China first became open for resident 
 missionaries at the treaty ports. Taking simply the ratio of 
 increase. Dr. Legge, at the London Conference, said : " The 
 converts have multiplied during thirty-tive yeai's at least two- 
 thousand-fold, the rate of inci'ease being greater year after 
 year. Suppose it should continue the same for other thirty-five 
 years, then in A.I). 1913, there will be in China 26,000,000 
 of conununicants, and a profe.ssedly Christian connnunity of 
 100.000,000." 
 
 After twenty-seven years of incessant toil j\lorrison died and 
 had never, during all that tinn;, been allowed to hold a public 
 service. Yet every Sunday, behind locked doors, he expounded 
 the Gospels to a few natives. 
 
 Within a life-time what progress has been made ! Bishop 
 Moule said when he reached China there were less than fifty 
 Christians : and Dr. Muirhead said that when he came there 
 were less than twenty. Xovv there are 55,000. 
 
 In 1894, from the Methodist press at Foochow, the Presb^'- 
 terian press at Shanghai, and the Central China Religious Tract 
 Society, there were issuevl 04,000,000 pages. 
 
 There a"e sixty-si.\ Societies at work employing 1,977 
 missionaries, including their wives. There are als(j over 143 
 medical missionaries and 182 hospitals and dispensaries. Native 
 churches numl)er 525, and native helpers over 20,000. 
 
 A memorable missionarv conference was held at Shano-hai in 
 1890. More than 400 delegates, repi'esenting over forty 
 separate organizations, were present. ( )ne decision ai-rived at 
 will have a far-reaching inHuente, namely, to undertake the 
 production of a Standard Version of the Bible, which in various 
 editions may suit alike the scholar and the peasant. The diffi- 
 culty in making such a version may be learned from the fact 
 that the language has a singular incapacity for expressing 
 sacred ideas, so nmch so that for half a century translators 
 have doubted what name to use for God — ' the Chinese tonuue 
 seeming to be Satan's master-device to exclude the Gospel." 
 
ASIA. 
 
 65 
 
 Notes on China. 
 
 "O rock: rock: when wilt tliou open ? "— A'aw^r, 1552. 
 Opened, 1842. 
 
 " It is a great step towanls the C/hristianization of our planet 
 if Christianity gain entrance into Chma:'--Neander, in 1850, a 
 week before his death. Christianity tolerated in China by the 
 Treaty of Tientsin, LSr)8. 
 
 " When China is moved, it will change the face of the globe." 
 — Napoleon. 
 
 " In China the sense of truth is not only almost unknown, 
 but is not even admired." — Rev. F. Horton. 
 
 "The only real interpreter of the thought an<l progress of 
 the West to the millions of China is the missionary." — London 
 Times. 
 
 The Chinese language contains n<j word for " liberty." 
 
 The lines of no two human hands are exactly alike, and the 
 Chinese put this fact to practical use. A passport in China 
 consists of an impression of the palm of the hand on thin oiled 
 paper, officially signed. 
 
 In China the average wages of a workingman is 20 cents per 
 day. In cities, carpenters and masons 30 cents : farm hands, 
 $17.50 a year, without food. In some of the cities common 
 laborers will work for six cents a day. 
 
 Railways were objected to in China because laying the ties 
 would disturb the graves of their ancestors and anger the 
 guardian dragon. After years of battling against this prejudice 
 almost 300 miles have been constructed. 
 
 It is estimiated that China spends every year $130,000,000 on 
 ancestral worship, as against $13,000,000 spent by the Christian 
 world on missions. 
 
 Speaking of the density of population in China a missionary 
 said he never hail been out of sight of a living Chinese, or the 
 grave of a dead one. 
 
 Morrison, before he knew where he was to be appointed, 
 prayed that God would station him where the difficulties were 
 greatest, and to all human appearance the most insurmountable. 
 His prayer was answered. He was sent to China. 
 
 
 m 
 
 f r 
 
 V: 
 
16 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS, 
 
 Milne offered to go to China as a missionary, but was 
 refused ; he offered to go as a servant and was accepted ; he 
 blackened Morrison's shoes, and ultimately became a great 
 missionary. 
 
 Rev. W. H. Murray is the inventor of a marvellous system 
 by which the Chinese language of 4,000 symbols is reduced 
 to 408 sounds, and by which the blind are enabled to read. 
 
 (For latest missionary statistics of China see table below.) 
 
 . " Notes on Corea and Formosa. 
 
 Corea, " the hermit nation," the latest country opened to the 
 Gospel, was entered in 1882 through a medical missionary. The 
 first attempt to Christianize the country waH made by Roman 
 Catholic priests, who arrived in 1835. 
 
 The area is the same as Great Britain and the population 
 13,000,000. There is as yet no legal toleration for natives 
 professing Christianity. All the Government offices are closed 
 from Saturday afternoon to Monday morning. The king does 
 not hold court on Sunday. There are eighty missionaries at 
 work. 
 
 Soap was an unknown article in Corea until introduced by 
 missionaries. 
 
 It is twenty-five years since Rev. Dr. McKay, of the Canadian 
 Presbyterian Church, went to Formosa. There are under his 
 charge two ordained pastors, fifty native preachers and 2,605 
 baptized Christians. 
 
ASIA. 
 
 07 
 
 Summary of Mission Work in Asia. 
 
 (Compikd Principallif fram " Encyclopedia of Missions," published hi/ Funk A 
 Waijnnlls, and ^^ Missionary Review of the World.''' ) 
 
 COUNTKY. 
 
 Po])ula- 
 tion. 
 
 
 rJi 
 
 
 
 :j O) <:. ! 
 
 
 ^i^i C 
 
 -a 
 03 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Persia 
 
 Turkey, Bnl-\ 
 garia& Syria/ 
 
 Burmah 
 
 Siam 
 
 India 
 
 Corea 
 
 Japan 
 
 China 
 
 Totals.., 
 
 H,500,()00 
 
 1 
 
 7,6r)3,()00 
 
 3 
 
 27,078,275 
 
 11 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 3 
 
 (),000,000 
 
 1 
 
 288,159,t)72 
 
 ()5 
 
 13,000,000 
 
 2 
 
 40,072,020 
 
 18 
 
 400,000,000 
 
 170 
 
 71)8,4«3,51J7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 402 
 
 98 
 
 (522 
 
 44 
 
 
 8 
 
 4,223 
 
 8.'57 
 
 9 
 
 () 
 
 422 
 
 220 
 
 1,071 
 
 537 
 
 C,75'J 
 
 1,799 
 
 44 
 
 117 
 
 27 
 
 JS 
 03 
 
 OS ! 
 
 a 3 1 
 
 ai 
 
 Sal 
 OX I 
 
 3 c 
 9 o 
 
 a 
 
 fl t.1 31 
 
 3 o i> 
 
 > 3 S 
 
 5,210| 177 2,399 
 
 I47i 31,C11| G40| 14,938 
 
 147J 5211 3,957l 4491 29,81(! 
 
 I \ ■ 
 
 li 421 6761 2l| 1,114 
 
 I I i I 
 
 9121,855117,707 6,5741222,283 
 
 43 
 
 149 
 
 2.58; 2071 17,092| 72| 39,240 
 
 i 
 247 439 10,377 700; .55,000 
 
 1,72813,240 186,673 8,635:364,939 
 
 $2,200 
 
 54,022 
 
 52,312 
 
 304 
 
 477,283 
 
 99,403 
 36,8(r) 
 
 722,389 
 
 Estimate of Chinese Anibassacior in Paris. 
 
 
 V 
 
0« 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 WOMAN S WORK. 
 
 Its Extent and Value. 
 
 There are no less than seventy-five women's organizations 
 for missions, fifty of wliich are in the United States and 
 Canada. 
 
 The Woman's Missionary Society of the Metliodist Church of 
 Canada reported as follows for 1897: 
 
 Life members, 842 : annual members, 14,229 ; total, 15,071. 
 Members in Mission Bands, 0,476. Income, $89,133. Field : 
 Japan, West C'hina, French in Province of Quebec, and Indians 
 and Chinese in British Cohnnbia. 
 
 The Woman's Missionary Society of the Preslwterian Church 
 in Canada reported the foUowino' items for 1897 : 
 
 Eastern Section : Members, 5,000 ; scattered helpers, 409. 
 Income, $7,624. Western Section: Members in General Society, 
 3,399; in Auxiliaries, 12,717: in Mission Bands, 7,159. Income, 
 ."543,311. Field: Central India, Honan (China), Formosa, New 
 Hebrides, Trinidad and Indians of the North- West and British 
 Columbia. 
 
 '■ I never yet saw a missionar3^'s wife whose companionship 
 did not double her husband's usefulness. It is the missionary's 
 wife, who, by years of endurance and acquired experience in 
 the foreign field, has made it possible in these later years for 
 umuarried w^omen to go abroad and live and work among the 
 ])eople of Eastern lands." — Dr. Herriek. 
 
 " A mission without a large staff' of de\'oted ladv mission- 
 arit's, I have no hesitation in saying, after thirty-four years of 
 experience, is destitute of one of the most potent agencies for 
 tl\e conversion of China to Christianity. The vast masses of 
 Chinese women can be reached only b}' lady missionaries." — 
 ArcJideaeon Wolf^'. 
 
 Africa in some respects is the paradise for women mission- 
 aries. The missionaries there count the Avork of one woman 
 worth that of twelve men, since they can go anywhere even 
 among the fiercest tribes. Their motives are never (juestioned, 
 an- 1 they are listened to with the greatest respect. 
 
WOMAN S WORK, 
 
 69 
 
 Female Illitn'acji in thu East. 
 
 In India there are 240,540, 17() illiterate persons, of vvliouj 
 127,726,768 are females. Of the wlujle population only tifty- 
 eight in a thousand can read and write or are learnincr to do so, 
 and of these fifty-eij,dit, tifty-tliree are males and five females. 
 Of the female population only one in 178 is able to read or 
 learning to do so. Of the 197,002 females under instruction 
 104,157, or more than half, are taught by the missionary 
 societies. 
 
 When Dr. Duft' began work in Calcutta he found a cow had 
 more rights and higher i-ankthan a woman. To try to educate 
 woman in India, he said, was as vain as to attempt to "scale a 
 wall five hundred yards high." To-day in the Province of 
 Bengal alone 100,000 women and girls are under instruction. 
 
 Poirer of W^oman in Eastern Homis. 
 
 The first Zenana-teaching ever attempted in the East was in 
 Siam in 1851. Zenana work did not begin in India until LS58. 
 
 " If the mistresses of the Zenana receive the lady mission- 
 aries it is all over with Hinduism." — Calcutta Nerv^'papev. 
 
 " Woman is the corner-stone of heathenism." Notwithstand- 
 ing their degradation they have immense power. The sons 
 fear a mother's curse. An intelligent Hindu said : " It is the 
 women who maintain the system of heathenism." 
 
 IVomen /'/iijsicinns in f/ie East. 
 
 The first WMjman physician to India was Dr. Clara Swain in 
 1869; to China, Dr. Lucinda Cond)s in 1873; to Japan, Dr. 
 Florence Hamisfar in 1H8;J, and to Corea, 1889, Dr. Meta 
 Howard. All sent out b}^ the women of the Methodist Church. 
 Miss Mary Pierson Kddy, M.D., was the first woman ever 
 recoo-nized by the Turkish Government as a medical graduate, 
 which event occurred on July LSth, 1894. 
 
 Countess of Dujf'erin Fund. 
 
 In connection with the Countess of Dutferin Fund there are 
 sixty-five hospitals and dispensaries. Seven other hospitals are 
 
70 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 in course of erection. The fund which was started in 1886 now 
 amounts to $410,000 and by means of it sixty-two well-qualified 
 women pliysicians and forty-four hospital attendants are 
 employed, and nearly two hundred more are studying medi- 
 cine in India and Ennfland. Over a million afflicted women of 
 India in 189G received treatment in the IJufFerin Hospitals or 
 in other liospitals officered by women. 
 
 There has been much prejudice to contend against. Sickness 
 is regarded by many as a visitation for sin, and can only be 
 cured by incantations and other religious remedies. Others 
 think women are unworthy of the medical treatment provided 
 for men. The work originated in the wife of the Maharajah 
 of Punna sending an urgent letter through Miss Bilby, a 
 medical missionary in Lucknow, to Queen Victoria, entreating 
 her to do somethinj; for the sufferinjr women of India. 
 
 A ricli husband in India brought his wife of sixteen to Miss 
 Dr. Ryder, saying, " She was a good wife ; she suflfer much ; I 
 not pay too much money. I got plenty w^ves." When 
 explained that the medicines would cost more than the amount 
 mentioned, he left, saying, " Let her die. I can have plenty 
 wives." 
 
 Notes on Woman'.s Work. 
 
 If one undertook to supply the women and girls of India 
 with Bi})les at the rate of 20,000 per day it would take over 
 seventeen years to do so. 
 
 Rebecca Cox, of Galway, N.Y., left to the Baptist Woman's 
 Missionary Society a legacy of $800, earned by weaving rag- 
 carpets ! 
 
 A widow, of Cleveland, O., possessed of wealth, and deeply 
 interested in missions, herself supports thirteen foreign mis- 
 sionaries. 
 
 In India the women always eat after the men. This is an 
 emphatic assertion of wcmian's inferiority. The celebration of 
 the Lord's Supper, on the other hand, tends to the emancipation 
 of woman, because it significantly affirms the equality of man 
 and woman. 
 
 " Jealousy, envy, nuu-derous hate, intrigue, run to such an 
 
YOUNG PEOPLES WORK. 
 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 f 
 
 extent among women, in some countries, that I have hardly 
 ever been in a woman's house or near a woman's tent without 
 being asked for drugs with which to disfigure tlie favorite 
 wife, or to takeaway her life or the life of her infant son. This 
 request has been made of me nearly two hundred times." — Mrs. 
 Isabella Bird Bishop. 
 
 The best example in the Bible of self-denying liberality, of 
 loving service, and of conquering prayer, is recorded, in each 
 case, of woman. The first, the widow's mite : the second, the 
 anointing of Jesus with the box of ointment ; the third, a 
 mother's prayer for a daughter possessed of a devil. No 
 greater words of commendation ever fell from Christ's lips 
 than respecting these women. Of the first, he said : " She has 
 cast in more than than they all": of the second, "She hath 
 done what she could" ; to the third, " O woman, great is thy 
 faith : be it unto thee even as thou wilt." 
 
 YOUNO PEOPLE'S WORK. 
 
 Mottoe.^. 
 
 " For Christ and the Church. "-Cliristian Endeavor. 
 
 "Look Up, Lift Up."— Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 
 U.S. 
 "Look Up, Lift Up— For Christ and the Church. ' -Epworth League, 
 
 Methodist Church, Canada. 
 " All for Christ."— Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 
 "We Study that We may Serve."— Baptist Young People's Union. 
 "One Heart, One Way." -Wesley GuiUl. England. 
 
 Yonny Men's Christian As.wriafionH. 
 
 June 0th, 1844. George Williams, a young clerk, organized a 
 prayer meeting and a Christian club in his bedroom. This is 
 the origin of the Young Men's Cniristian Association. Now 
 there are five thousand Associations, owning buildings worth 
 $150,000,000. Fifty years ago what more unlikely than that 
 this clerk should now be Sir George Williams, and that West- 
 minster Abbey should be opened to celebrate his deed ! 
 
72 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS, 
 
 Christian Endnavar. 
 
 At the United (MiriHtian Endeavor Society meetinj^ in Boston 
 in 1895, direct niissionury ^dtn of $340,(503 were reported. 
 
 Four ChriHtian Endeavor Societies (accordin*^ to Rev. A. A. 
 Fulton, Presbyterian, Canton, Cliina), in three years, by the 
 use of two cents per week, have reached 27,000 patients, and 
 preached to more tlian 100,000 in 1,114 vilhiges. 
 
 In the meetings of the Chicago Christian Endeavor Societies 
 seven foreign languages are regularly heard : Welsh, Norwegian, 
 Swedish, Dutch, German, Bohemian, and Chinese. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movo/iwnt. 
 
 The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions was 
 organized in 1888 and held its first International Convention 
 at Cleveland, O., in 1891, with ()80 delegates: the second was 
 held in Detroit in 1894: and the thir<l in Cleveland again in 
 1898. At this last there were present 1,800 delegates, repre- 
 senting Canada and forty States of the Union. Twenty-one 
 denominational Conferences took place. Of a thousand insti- 
 tutions of higher learning on this continent. 839 are in sym- 
 pathy with this movement, of which 458 were represented at 
 the last Convention. The students contributed #40,000 last 
 year to missions. Four thousand students, one-third of whom 
 are women, are enrolled as volunteers for service as foreign 
 missionaries. They represent forty-eight denominations. Up 
 to the first of Jaimary, 1898, 1,173 volunteers had gone to fifty- 
 three different countries, under appointment from forty-six 
 <iif!erent Missionary Societies — a steady exodus of 117 a year, 
 or an average of ten a month. Its sphere has been in the 
 Colleges of the United States and Canada, and its watchword 
 is " The Evangelization of the World in this (feneration." At 
 the Detroit Convention thirtv-seven Canadian (,'olleires were 
 represented. 
 
 The Student Volunteer Missionary Union of Great Britain 
 was formed in 1892, since which time 832 men and 206 women — 
 total 1,038 — have been enrolled, repre.senting twenty-six denom- 
 inations. Out of this number 212 have sailed, working in 
 forty-two different Societies and in twenty-nine different 
 countries. 
 
YOUNG people's WORK. 
 
 78 
 
 To-day there are Stuflent Voluntoei- MovemontH in Great 
 Britain, United States, ('anadu, Scandinavia, Germany, Freneh- 
 •speakin^r Europe, Au.stralaHia, South Africa, Ghina, hidia, and 
 Ceylon, 
 
 Knox Colle^ro, Toronto, has a Society which -upports stu- 
 dents Hix months of the y.-ar on Home Mission fields. 
 
 Dr. Hardy, of Corea, is supported l>y the Canadian Colleges' 
 Mission (in which fourteen institutions are associated), his 
 support coming from Colleges of all dt'nominations and froni 
 non-denominational Schools and Institutes. 
 
 The Stuf/tiiits MisHioiiary Canipoif/n. 
 
 The "Students' Missionar}^ Campaign" was organized in 
 1896. It is not the same as the " Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment for Foreign Missions," which is interc(illt!giat(' and inter- 
 denominational. The " Campaign " is a movement among the 
 medical, theological and other students of the Methodist Col- 
 leges of Canada. The object is to enlist the activities of 
 students in organizing young people for missionary work. The 
 Mimioyiary Campaigner is pul)Hshed monthly at ToroTito. 
 
 The student, of the Stanstead College. (^Hiebec, suppoi-t a 
 native Chinese under J)r. Hart in Chen-tu. West China. 
 Wesley College, Winnipeg, supports Kev. ,1. Endicott, B.A., in 
 West China, and the Wesleyan College, Montreal, supports (in 
 part) Rev\ R. B. Ewan, M.D., also .stationed in West China. 
 
 In January, 1808, the following missionaries were sustained 
 by Epworth Leagues and Canadian Methodist Colleges : 
 
 Name oi' Missionaky. 
 
 Rev. O. S. Kilhoin, M.D. 
 
 I. J. A. Jiick.son, M. J). 
 
 Tong Chill Thorn 
 
 Rev. W. K. Smith, M. I) , 
 
 II D. Norman, r>. A.. . . 
 
 „ R. B. Ewan, M.D... 
 
 Wheke Stationed. 
 
 I By What Di.htrict 
 ' Lea(;i;e Suppokted. 
 
 Ta)<agi 
 
 (toi-o Kaburas?i 
 
 J. Endicott, B. A. . . . 
 G. E. Hart well, B.D 
 
 T. Ota... 
 
 H. Tsiichiya 
 
 West Cliiiia |Toronto East. 
 
 Hflla B.'Ilii, B.C ! I. Centre. 
 
 Chinese, N. WestminstfT, B.C.! .. West. 
 
 West China Coboiirj;. 
 
 Japan Brarlforrl. 
 
 West China Montreal and Wesleyan 
 
 i 1 C'ollege Society. 
 
 iJapan iBarrie. 
 
 Japanese of B.C IChatham. 
 
 West (Jhina i Wesley Col., Winniiieg. 
 
 'West Cliina iLondon (probably). 
 
 :Fi ^ 
 
 iChi 
 
 " ^ '^" v^. .......V..... \,, •«..... 
 
 B\i jieda. Japan I \ r)„i,„,....,4.„., 
 
 ni ' T f Jralmerston. 
 
 uhuen, J apan I J 
 
74 
 
 FIRST HUNDUKI) YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS, 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS. 
 
 Tlie first Medical MisHioiiary Society was formed in fchc^ 
 City (jI" Kdiiiburgii in 18 U, with the celebrated Dr. Abercrombie 
 as President and Rc^v. Dr. ChaUners as Vice-President. 
 
 The need of medical science in China may be seen from the 
 foIlowinj[i" pi'escription by a native doctor : 
 
 Powdered snakcH 2 parts. 
 
 W(i8{)8 and their nests I part. 
 
 Centipedes ti parts. 
 
 Scorpions 4 n 
 
 Toads 20 M 
 
 DirextmiH. — Grind thoroughly, mix with honey, and make 
 into small pills. Two to be taken four times a day. 
 
 In 181)8 the M^'dical Missionary Record, of New York, 
 prepared with great care a list of all the medical missionaries 
 of the woi'ld. The number was 859, of whom seventy-four 
 were women, and only tho.se possessing full medical qualifica- 
 tions were included. The United States sent 173; Great 
 Britain, 169 ; Canada, 7, and Germany, 3. The countries 
 occupied were China, I'lii ; India, 70, and Africa, 4(). 
 
 According to Medical Missions, in 1896, the number sent 
 from Great Britain had increased to 187 men and 39 women; 
 total 220. 
 
 Counting medical missionaries of all grades and cla8se.s, China 
 has 143 and India, 265. 
 
 In India there are 106 hospitals and dispensaries, and in 
 China. 182. 
 
 THE BIBLE AND MISSIONS. 
 
 The aggregate circulation of Bibles by 30 Bible societies 
 amounts to 240,000,000. This number seems immense, but it 
 is only one copy to six persons now dwelling on the earth. 
 
 The seven Bibles of the world are the Koran of the Moham- 
 medans, the Tri Pitikes of the Buddhists, the Five Kings of 
 the Chinese, the Three Vedas of the Hindus, the Zendavesta of 
 the Persians, the Eddas of the Scandinavians, and the Scriptures 
 of the Christians. 
 
THEOUXilCAL IDEAS IN IIKATHEN LANDS. 
 
 7& 
 
 The Bible is now tranHlated into :i.Sl laii<jruii<;es, o2 versions 
 havinpr been added in thf last five years. 
 
 At least a fjcspel is printed in a Hutticicnt nnnibcr of lan- 
 jjiiacres so as to be read by three-fourths of the world's 
 population. 
 
 'Ih(! illustrated editions of the Abyssinian I'.ible all have the 
 original man blaek, while the devil is always white. 
 
 The Chinese classical works are free from anvthinL' which 
 could debase the mind of the reader. There is not a sin^de 
 sentence but what could be read aloud in any family circle in 
 Cana<la. Their idolatry, unlike that of other countries, is 
 neither associated with human sacrifices nor the deification of 
 vice. Neither di» caste prejudices exist in China. 
 
 THEOLCKilCAL IDKAS IN HF:ATHF:N LANDS. 
 
 Anrfiftiral Worship (viul Divorce, 
 
 Filial piety, as regarded by the Chinese, is a great hindrance 
 to Christianity, Since all the dead are worshipped, it teaches 
 polytheism, and since there is no referenct; to a Supreme Being, 
 it sanctions atheism. 
 
 Christ allows but one reason for divorce, and that to both 
 man and woman. Confucius allows scviui, and to the man ouly. 
 In the United States the proportion of divorces to marriages is 
 one to sixteen : in Japan, one to three. 
 
 The Terms God, Sin, Hoiiiifss, i^U-. 
 
 Tn China, Christian scholai-s find it impossible to agree upon 
 tlie best word to express the J)ivine name. 
 
 Dr. Nassau, of the Presbyterian Mission, West Africa, says 
 that after thirty years he has yet to be asked by the most 
 degraded people. " Who is God ? " 
 
 Dr. Livingstone said that two truths, namely, the existence 
 of God and of a future life, w^ere universally admitted in 
 Africa. 
 
76 
 
 FIRST FIUNDKKn YEARS OF MODKKN MISSIONS. 
 
 The Sakiilavas in Miula^niscar art' lUiiohboiH to the HovaH, 
 who are to a hiry;e exttMit (-'hristiani/od. 'I'ho t'oriiior say: to 
 lie, to rob, to <;et drunk, to aid wars a sin ! What is .sin i 
 Tluit is some idea of you white inoii, not ours. Let the Hovas 
 acce})t thcsf new ideas and customs. We are not sucli fools." 
 
 A very ahh' Tchi^^^u pundit was asked to say frankly what 
 meanin*;' the hymn " Kock <jf Ayt's " conveyed to him. After 
 h(jsitation, he repHe<l, " Oh, very old stone split in two for me ; 
 let me y;et under one corner." 
 
 A native paper of llondjay calls upon any pei'son to point out, 
 chajjter and \'erse, in any of the Hindu sacred hooks where the 
 tliouidit that (io<l hates sin is recorded. Tt declares that it 
 knows of no utterance in such books artirminj^ that (»od desires 
 man to be saved from sin, or to he made pure in heart. 
 
 Here are some things a .laiwinese has to unlearn. 'We 
 speak of holiness, says a missionary, and the word rendnds 
 him of crowds of pilgrims tlockiii*; to some famous shrine ; we 
 speak of God, and his mind is tilled with idols: of sin, and he 
 thinks of eatin<; Hcsh, or (jf the killing of insects." 
 
 The superintendent of schools in a certain Ja})anese city 
 t«!sted 118 scholars, the averat;e aj^e beinfjj fourteen, on what 
 they understood by the word '(.Tod.' Ki^-lity-two per cent, 
 answered, " Onr imperial ancestors and benefactors, reverenced 
 l)y us." They arc really without God and without hope in the 
 world. Only ten replied that He is a spiritual bein^' outside 
 of mankind. Allusions familial" from one end of Christendom 
 to another i'e(|uire a whole chapter of commentary to make 
 them at all intelligible to a Japanese student. 
 
 There is no word for sin in the Japanese or Chinese lan- 
 guage. The only word that can be used means crhne. This 
 occurs in all pantheistic lands, and so it becomes necessary to 
 explain the ditterence between being a criminal and a sinner. 
 
 " Have you felt yourself to bo a sinner ? " asked Dr. Graves 
 of a Chinaman." " Certainly," was the answer ; " T have some- 
 times eaten beef, and })assed by written paper instead of 
 reverently picking it up." 
 
 A Chinese Christian scholar said, " Foreign ships, steam- 
 boats, fire-oil (kerosene), cotton, and needles come Everybody 
 
 do 
 
THK NEEDS ANU EXTKNT OF MIsSIONAKY KNTKHI'ISK, 77 
 
 luloptH tlicin, luid (Icc'laiT tlit-y .surfwiss our own. Imt tlu' lorcij,'!! 
 doctrine (•oiiicM and iiohiKlif wants it. N'ery stranj^e I" 
 
 /fi'/i(/!tiiis /(/ens lit Tnr/ii}/. 
 
 In Turkey, ;;oH))t'l,s loiij^Mn circulation liave been prohibited 
 because they contained the words " lii)erty " and " kin<f(loni ol' 
 (jlo<l," the Sultan not wantinj^ any "kin^fdom' but his own. 
 Paul's letter to the (Jalatians was consti'ued as bein<r addres.sed 
 to the people ol' (hdatu, a suburli (»!" Constantinople. When 
 the censor was assure<l that the author was d(^ad many years he 
 demanded a certificate ot" Paul's burial. The livmns, " Hold tiie 
 Fort" and "Onward, (Jhi'istian iSoldiers ' are held to l)e sedi- 
 tious, and have been suppressed. An a^cd minister was con- 
 dennied to prison for a year tor liavin<f in his lil)rary a book 
 containing- the liymn " Soldiers ol" Christ Ai'iso." Text-books 
 on Chemistry }iave been condemned Ix'cause they contained the 
 well-known fornmla t'oi- water, H._,(), as if conveying .some 
 sinister meaning; a<;<iinst the Sultan, llamid TI. 
 
 THE NEKDS AND PRESENT EXTKNT OV THE 
 MISSIONARY KNTKHPRISE. 
 
 Closed and Uxoccui'iEit Temkitoih'. 
 
 The oidy two countries in the world closed to the Gospel are 
 Nepaul (population, five milli(ins), situated on the north-eastern 
 frontier of Hindustan, and Thibet ())opulation, six millions), 
 situated in the heart of Asia. 
 
 The unoccupied mission fieMs are: (1) British North Borneo, 
 25,000 s(|uare miles, population 200,000, mi<ler Briti.sli authority, 
 no missionary: (2) A portion of the Eastern Archipela^^o, the 
 Philippine Islands, 120,000 square miles, population about five 
 millions, under Spain, which now tolerates Protestant laborers' 
 in her other possessions; not one Protestant missionary: (3) 
 Cambodia, Annam and Tompiin, 17o,000 scjuare miles, popula- 
 tion about fifteen millions, undei- France, which is now tolerant 
 
78 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 of all denominations ; not fi single Piotestant missionary ; (4) 
 Mongolia, (5) Manchuria, (6) Bhotan, (7) Afghanistan, (8) Beloo- 
 chistan, (9) The Central Soudan of Africa, population from sixty 
 to eighty millions ; no missionary there yet, though aii attempt 
 is now being made to enter. 
 
 Leaving out of the account imperfectly known regions of 
 Asia, Africa, America and Australia, there are about 20,000,000 
 square miles of the globe yet unexplored. 
 
 The Religions of the World. 
 
 The 1,000 million non-Christians are divided as follows : 
 Jews, eight millions; Mohammedans, 170 millions; heathen, 
 812 millions. 
 
 The Protestants of the world number in millions as follows : 
 Lutheran, 85 ; Methodists, 25 ; Episcopalians, 22 ; Presbyterians, 
 20; Baptists, 17; Congregationalists, (5; all other denomina- 
 tions 12. Total, 137 millions. 
 
 Under British dominion there are 350,000,000 non-Christians. 
 
 The Chinese, Hindus and Mohammedans together constitute 
 the bulk of non-Christian human kind, and almost half of the 
 entire race. 
 
 The religions of the world, in millions, are divided about as 
 follows : 
 
 Buddhists, 340 ; Pagans, 200; Hindus, 175; Roman Catholics, 
 175; Mohammedans, 170; Protestants, 137 (though only 40 
 million communicants) ; Greek Church, 84 ; Confucianists, 80 ; 
 Shintoos, 14 ; Jews, 8. 
 
 Two-thirds of the population of the globe is under five 
 rulers : the Emperor of China, the Queen of England, the 
 Czar of Russia, the President of France and the Emperor of 
 Germany. , 
 
THE NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE. 79 
 
 Contributions to Missions by Denominations. 
 
 (Compiled fntiii " Kacydupcedia of Mistiom," Funk i(: Wagnallii, lH'.il.) 
 
 Chdrcii or Sociktv. 
 
 Per Head. 
 
 Moravian Bretluen 'Gennaiiy 
 
 FrientlH' Association jEnglaml 
 
 Seventh Day Atlventista | United States 
 
 Covenanter Presl)yteriaris .,...., n 
 
 Baptist Missionary Society -England 
 
 Wesleyan Methodist ,< 
 
 Presbyterian Church i h 
 
 Reformed Diiteli Church i United States 
 
 American Board n 
 
 Wesleyan Methodist Connexion. . . . ! n 
 
 Free Church jScotland . . . . 
 
 U. P. Church ! .. 
 
 General Baptist Missionary Society . .i England. 
 
 Un. or Scression Church 'Scotland 
 
 Presbyterian Church (North) ..... ! United States 
 
 Methodist Church 'Canada 
 
 Congregational Church 
 
 Presbyterian Church i 
 
 Baptist Church 
 
 S« 57 
 2 15 
 
 1 73 
 I 71 
 1 69 
 1 51 
 1 3-2 
 1 31 
 1 -iH 
 1 17 
 1 17 
 1 09 
 1 0« 
 1 05 
 1 02 
 93 
 90 
 fiS 
 43 
 
 Proportion of Missionaries to Population. 
 
 " The PHtij Done ; the Undone Vat<f/' 
 
 In Central Africii there is one ordained missionary to 
 5,000,000 people; in Arabia, one to l,oOO,000: in Cbina, one to 
 •JS^.OOO ; in Siain, one to 600,000 :. in Corea, one to -j-jO.OOO ; in 
 India, one to 350,000 : in Africa (as a whole), one to 300,000 ; in 
 Persia, one to 300,000 ; in Japan, one to 215,000: in Burmah, 
 one to 200,000 : in Madagascar, one to 100,000 ; in Turkey, one 
 to 45,000 ; in Syria, one to 30,000. 
 
 In the United States, the average proportion of ministers is 
 one to 800 of the population ; in non-Christian countries, the 
 average is one minister to 400,000. 
 
 Proportion of Ministers in the Foreign Field to 
 Ministers and Members at Home. 
 
 In the United States churches (1892) the ratio of minis- 
 ters abroad to these ministers stationed at home was as 
 
 ;■& 
 
80 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 follows: — Dutch Reformed, 1 to 22 ; Congrecrational, 1 to 27 ; 
 Presbyterian, 1 to 28; Baptist (North) 1 to 55; Methodist 
 (North) 1 to 71 ; Protestant Episcopal, 1 to 176; Methodist 
 (South) 1 to 242. The T,verage for all the churches is 1 to 64. 
 The total number of male missionaries in the world is 5,998 ; 
 unmarried female missionaries "3,391. 
 
 The ratio of ministers in foreign fields to the number of 
 members in the United States churches, in 1892, was as fol- 
 lows: — Congregational, 1 minister to 1,183; Presbyterian, 1 
 to 1,314; Reformed Church, 1 to 1,426; Baptist, 1 to 2,190; 
 Methodist (North) 1 to 4,614: Protestant Episcopal, 1 to 8,970; 
 Methodist (South) 1 to 13,477. The average for all the 
 churches in . the United States is 1 minister to 7,862 church 
 members, and the average contribution per member for missions 
 is 40 cents per year. 
 
 Proportion in Other Churches. 
 
 The Society of Friends in Great Britain have 78 missionaries 
 in a membership of 1 9,000, or nearly 1 to 250 of the whole, or 
 1 to 166 adult members. Amonij heathen converts one out of 
 every hundred becomes a missionary. But the Moravian 
 Church leads the world. In that denomination there is one 
 missionary to every sixty-tlve m+frnbers at home. 
 
 " ( > Lord have mercy on the churches of the United States, 
 and hasten the time when no church shall dare sit under Sab- 
 bath and sanctuary privileges without having one of their 
 number to represent them on heathen ground." — Prayer of 
 Judtion of Burmah. 
 
 Protestant Missionary Statistics, 1894. 
 
 Dean Vahl, President of the i^anish Missionary Society, and 
 one of the highest authorities, gives the following statistics for 
 Protestant missions oxer the globe for 1894: 
 
 Male missionaries, 5,993: wives of missionaries, 1,904; 
 unmarried mission women, 3,3!)1 : ordained native helpei's, 
 3,815: unordained native helpers, 49,758: communicant con- 
 verts, 1 ,0(50,822 : children under charge of the missionaries^ 
 742,344. 
 
THE NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONARY ENTEBPRISE. 81 
 
 7; 
 
 Latest Missionary Statistics of the World (1896X 
 
 (Compihd from '' Minxioiiarii H( rictr of Hh W'orlil" Fohrmiry, 181)7.) 
 
 COUNTHIKS 
 
 VVHKHE 
 SOCIKTIKS 
 LOCATKI). 
 
 Canada and the 
 United States (58 
 Societies) 
 
 tlreat Britain, the 
 Continent and 
 Suniniai'ies for 
 Asia, Africa and 
 Australia (75 So- 
 cieties). 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 fc- 
 
 
 X ! 
 
 CS 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 .5 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 !t'5,603,0-.i()'l,;iiKi' 
 
 l„S-,i.1 
 
 > m 
 
 £ I "S X = 
 
 c ^ v. 
 
 2? 
 SO 
 
 Is 
 
 C3 
 
 O 
 
 •5 •= 
 
 1,538! 20,14-_' 11,04!) ;il5,28Ti 001, ()4s! 5,875 
 
 ll,5l)U 
 
 7,8S«,,577 2,8S.i, 9,251, 1,»1(> i:>,&S.i 14,841, 7U0,85!) 2,ir23,32() 
 
 Totals.. 
 
 . !sl:i,5S2.51)7 4,27i) 14.(l7t; 3,;!54 05, Td.'. 2(l.WHI 1,112,14(1 2,!)24,mi8 
 
 I 
 
 212,271 
 
 444,468 
 
 17,4411(556,73!) 
 
 i 
 
 Missionary versus Lk^uor Expenditure. 
 
 " Whiskey is the stand-pipe in our comparative expendi- 
 tures." (Dr. Ashmore.) Accordiii<j; to tiie Report of the Royal 
 Connnission, in direct cost to consumers, the li(|Uor level i'or 
 Canada stands at 8:39,870,854 annually. The whole of Chris- 
 tendom contributed for missions last year (18!)G) ii?13,582,597. 
 This would only pay Canada's litpior bill for three months 
 and a half — a country young and comparatively poor. The 
 leading societies of Canada control tuttnl for home and foreign 
 missions in 1891, .'?35(),():J2. This would not pay Canada's 
 liquor bill for four days. 
 
 The United States spends on intoxicating liquor 8*21 millions 
 of dollars annually. The contributions of all the missicmary 
 societies in the world last year w^ould not pay its drink bill for 
 five days. They raised last year a little mere than five millions 
 of dollars foi- missions — about the same amount as Hs own 
 li(|Uor bill for two days. 
 
 Great Britain spends on intoxicating liquors, (>()() milli(ms of 
 dollars annually. What the wliole worhl raised for missions 
 
 Its own 
 
 last year would not pay \U 
 
 dayi 
 
 uissionary contribution would not pay its liqu(jr bill for four 
 days. 
 
82 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 If Eiif^lishmen would deny themselves one-tenth of the 
 liquor they now consume, the amount saved would put 4o,000 
 additional missionaries in the heUl at a salary of $1,500 each. 
 If Canadians did the same, 3,!)iS7 additional missionaries could 
 be sent out from the J)ominion at a salary of $1,000 each. 
 
 Per Capita Cojstributions to Missions. 
 
 The contributions of Protestant Christendom (inhabiting as 
 it does the most wealthy countries on the globe) for missions, 
 is an average of thirty-seven cents per head. 
 
 The donations of the United States churches, per member, to 
 home and foreign missions was as follows : In 1 <S50, 35 cents 
 per head; in 1S60, 48 cents; in 1870, (58 cents: in 1880, 59 J, 
 cents: in 188(5, 57 cents. It is to be noticed with regret that 
 there was a falling off in 1880 as compared with the former 
 decade, and a further falling off in 188(3. 
 
 Missions and Wealth. 
 
 In 1850, the communicants of evangelical churches in 
 America were worth $1,000,000,000: in 1880 (thirty years) 
 they were worth $0,000,000,000. A recent article shows 
 $720,000,000 in the possession of nine men. Seventy })er cent, 
 of the business men of the United States are members or 
 adherents of Protestant churches. Of the sixty-eight richest 
 men in the United States, only four are Roman Catholics. In 
 1 886 the wealth of Canada amounted to $3,250,000,000, with a 
 yearly income of $590,000,000. 
 
 ]\'/i(it One Mail could Iitive Doiw. 
 
 As an illustration of the innncnse possibilities within the 
 grasp of one man, arising from wealth, the case of William H. 
 Vanderbilt, a Protestant (Jhristian, is in point. He died in 
 1885, age<] sixty-live, worth two hundred n.iilions of dollars. 
 Let us suppose he willed halt' of his property' among his 
 children or dependent relatives numbering, say, ten. This 
 would give each ten millions of <lollars, which being invested, 
 say at three per cent., would give to each an annual income of 
 SoOO,000 — certainly suHicient to afford a permanent protection 
 
THK NEEDS AND EXTENT OF MISSIONAUV ENTEKPIUSE. 83 
 
 anrainst the possibilities of tlie poor-lionse. Let us further sup- 
 pose that ho placed the other half in the hands of trustees for 
 Christian missionar}^ purposes, with the proviso that not a 
 dollar of the capital should ever be touched, hut only the 
 interest used. Suppose that these trustees invested the amount 
 in U.S. Government bonds yiddino- three per cent inti-rest. 
 This yearly income (allowino- a salary of S1,()00 to each) would 
 support three thousand missionaries in the held, till that <lay 
 arrived when " the anoel should stand upon the sea and upon 
 the earth, and lifting' u}) his hands to heaven, should swear by 
 Him that Hveth for ever and ever that there should be time 
 no lono-er." 
 
 Missions as a JjL'siness Invhstment. 
 
 Sir Bartle Frere, who was very familiar with heathenism, 
 says : " (civilization cannot ))recede Christianity." Dr. Seelye 
 says : " The sa\ age does not labor for the (gratifications of 
 civilized life, since these he does not desire." Rev. H. Marden 
 writes (and the same is true of all non-Christian lands) : " The 
 Oriental left to himself is entirely satisfied with the customs of 
 his fathi^rs : no contact with Western civilization has ever 
 roused him from his apathy, V)ut when his heart is warmed 
 into life by the (Jospel, his mind wakes up, and he wants a 
 clock, a book, a glass window, and a flour mill. Almost every 
 steamer from New York Ijrings sewing machines, watches, 
 tools, cabinet organs or other a[)pliances of (christian civiliza- 
 tion in response to native orders that, but for an o})en Bible, 
 would never have been sent " 
 
 The Fijians were formerly' ferocious cannibals. In 1889 
 their imports amounted to .S!)45,00(). At twelve ar}d one-half 
 per cent, proht this trade would realize a ])rotit of 8118,125 in 
 that year alone. It has only cost the ^lissionary Scjcie'ty three 
 dollars per head for each convert. Land there is ><70 per acre. 
 Before missions were established it had no market value 
 whatever. 
 
 The trado of the United States with Micronesia in 1(S79 
 amounted to !?5,534,367. At the same per cent, of profit as above, 
 this would realize a profit of !?lj!)l,7!>G. During that year the 
 
84 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 mission to Micronesia cost only $1(5,975: so that for every 
 dollar spent on the mission, trade reaped S40.75. 
 
 During the year endinjn' June 30th, 1879, the trade of the 
 United States with the Hawaiian Islands amounted to 
 $5,54(),116, with profits at $G93,2(i4, The entire cost of evan- 
 gelizing these islands was $1,220,000: the whole amount there- 
 fore spent in Christianizing tliese islands during twenty years 
 (1850-70) would be repaid by such profits in two years. 
 
 For half a century after the discovery of the island of 
 Samoa, traders shunned it on account of the murderous disposi- 
 tion of the natives, yet within twenty-eight years after the 
 landing of missionaries these people imported goods to the 
 value of $175,000 per year. Not a bad market for so small a 
 connnunity. 
 
 " Missionaries to a. barbarian people deserve a vote of thaidcs 
 from the coirnnercial world." — Rev. Robert Moffat. 
 
 LIBERALITY AN]^ MISSIONS. 
 
 There are ten ways of giving : the careless, impulsive, easy, 
 selfish, calculating, systematic, intelligent, .self-denying, ecjual 
 and heroic. 
 
 A single E])iscopali;in chapel in New York spends more 
 cimmally than in whole Syria Mission costs wnth its 40 mis- 
 sionaries, 183 h( '(»ers and 152 schools. 
 
 An t'xtra cent per day from each Church member in the 
 United States would add $.')0,000,000 a year to the Lord's 
 treasury. 
 
 The splendid work of the McAll Mission in France is at a 
 standstill because the founder never would take up collections, 
 and thus the people benefited were never trained to self-support. 
 
 Uerm;iny and Switzerland together represent one-fifth of 
 evangelical Christendom, but only furnish one-seventh of the 
 laborers and one-thirteenth of the missionary contributions. 
 
 Of 1 39 missionary societies in the world, 121 are supported 
 by Anglo-Saxon money ; and of $12,500,000 given for foreign 
 missions !* 10,000,000 come from the Anglo-Saxon race. 
 
NOTES OF MESSIONARY PROGRESS. 
 
 So 
 
 THE SPIIUT OF LIBKRALITV. 
 
 (JiKtfiihle Sai/ingif. 
 
 " I Jiiii only uiiL', hut I am (Hie ; 
 
 1 caiiiiiit (1(1 uverythiiii;, but 1 win do sonR'tliing. 
 What 1 can do, I ought to dt). 
 And what I <.ught to do, by the 
 
 (irace of God 1 will do." 
 
 " 1 have oot past cjilliiii;' my Churcli my Held. It's my force." 
 — l)v. ParkJiurd. 
 
 " He is not rich who lays up much, but he who iay.s out 
 much." — Amos Lawi'ence, who gave away S700,00(). 
 
 " The poorest man 1 know is tiie man who has nothing but 
 money. No man can trust himself to wait until he has accu- 
 mulated a great fortune before he is charitable. He must 
 give away some money continuously." — John D. Bockfeller, 
 millionaire. 
 
 Conundrum — " Why have so many Christians so little 
 interest in missions ;' " — Becaus<» they have never invested 
 any principal in them. 
 
 " Nino-tenths of the contributions to missions come from 
 one- tenth of the members of our churclies." — Joseph Cook. 
 
 " While I can not do anything to prove the contrary, it shall 
 never be said that the. love of Christ is less constraining than 
 the love of irold." — Francis Xavier. 
 
 NOTES OF MISSIONARY PROORESS. 
 
 " Out of the slmdows of night. 
 The world rolls into light, 
 Tt is dayhreak everywhere." 
 
 — 1 iDuifpUnir'a l.iitif iDord.s. 
 
 In 1859 Rev. E. W. Parker was I'^O days in reaching Cal- 
 cutta from Boston. Now Bombay can be reached from New 
 York in thirty days, a saving of over three months. 
 
 Twenty-nine years ago, on entering the city of Rome, if one 
 
86 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 had a New Testament in his pocket it would be taken from 
 him and retained till he left the city. Now the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church is publishin<( Bibles and Testaments in the 
 same city by thousands. 
 
 It took the first hundred years after the birth of Christ to 
 gather 500,000 Christian adherents in the whole world, and 
 now 100,000 converts are gathered each year in the foreign 
 fields alone. 
 
 In 1750, in the United States, there was one Church member 
 to thirteen of the po{)ulation. In 1792 the population had 
 fallen to one in eighteen. By IS] 7 five great missionary boards 
 were organized, and the proportiijn rose to one in fourteen. 
 Now the proportion is one to every four and a half of the 
 population. Instead of seven per cent, the Church member- 
 ship is now twenty-five ])er cent, of the population. 
 
 The earth has over fifty-two millions of square miles, of 
 which Christian nations have thirty-two millions under con- 
 trol. So far as government is concerned, the earth is three- 
 fifths Christian and two-fifths Mohammedan and pagan. Great 
 Britain bears rule over one-fourth of the surface of the globe 
 and one-fourth of its population. 
 
 In 1800 the English language was used by only 24,000,000 
 of people, but in 1800 it had become the vehicle of thought for 
 115,000,000, outstripping its nearest competitors among the 
 Russian, German, Spanish and French tongues by more than 
 35,000,000. 
 
 After 1800 years Mohannnedanism has 200,000,000 adherents 
 and is practically confined to southern Asia and the northern 
 half of Africa. After 1900 years Christianity has 400,000,000 
 adherents, is the religion of Europe and of the New World, and 
 politically rules universally except in China and Turkey. 
 
 C 
 
 Time between the First Preaching and the First 
 
 Convert. 
 
 " Fn^ uumy a gem of ))urest ray serene, 
 
 Tlie dark unfatlioinud caves of ocean bear." 
 
 Burmah — six years (1818-19); name, Moung Nau, under 
 Judson. 
 
PAST PROPHECIES VERSUS PRESENT PROSPECTS. 
 
 87 
 
 India— seven years ( 1798-1 MOO); Manie. Krislmu Pal, under 
 Carey. 
 
 China— seven years (1807-14) ; name, Tsae i\ko, under Mor- 
 rison. 
 
 Polynesia— .sixteen years (170G-1S12): ni.nic, Kino P.nnare 
 II. 
 
 Microne.sia — five years (lS.')2-57). 
 
 (Greenland — five years (178.M-.SS). 
 
 Uganda— si. \' years (1876-82). 
 
 Kuruman, South Africa— eii^l it years (IS21-29); under 
 Moffat. 
 
 Madao-ascar— tln"rteen y»'ars (1818-81). 
 Labrador— five years (1771-7<)): niimv Kin«,nninyuse. 
 Maoris of New Zealand— eleven years (1807-18). 
 Japan — five yeai (18.59-G4). 
 
 PAST PROPHECIES versus PRESENT 
 PROSPECTS. 
 
 " 'TLs coming up the stocj) of time. 
 
 And thi.s'olcl world is yi'diving brighter ; 
 We iiifiy not live to see the d.uvii subline, 
 
 Vet high hopes make our hearts thmh lighter. 
 We may he sleeping in the ground 
 
 When it wakes the world with wonder, 
 But we have felt it gathering round 
 
 And heard its voice of living thunder — 
 "Tis connng I yes, 'tis coming ! '' 
 
 A century after the triumph of Christianity under Constan- 
 tine, St. Augustin says it was a connnon remark among the 
 pagans, many in high places, " Ah I well, the Church has 
 gained a temporary victory : bui she has exhausted her 
 strength, and in a generation or two will be heard of no more." 
 
 " Before the beginning of the 19th century Christianity will 
 have disappeared from the face of the earth." — Voltaire in 
 1760. But Christianity has employed the very press in Ferney 
 
 I 
 
88 
 
 FIKST HUNDRED YEAHS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 that i)riiited his own work.s, iiml, [x'l'hajw, this very pi'ophccy, 
 to pulilinh in new tongues the Word of God. 
 
 The Hnsaian Ministor Boutinutt* at C^on.stantinople, reniarktMl 
 with majesty to Mr. Scliautilpr : " 1 nii^ht as well tell you now 
 that the EnipiM'or, my master, will never allow Protestantism 
 to set it8 foot in Turkey." Mr. SehautMer made this adeciuate 
 reply : " Your Excellency, the kiiio'dom of Christ, who is my 
 Master, will never ask the Kmperor of all the Russias where it 
 may set its foot." 
 
 In the jijreat Mohammedan mosque at Damascus, inscribed 
 in dinnned (Jreek letters on the Hnt(d beam, ai*e the words: 
 " Thy kingdom, O Christ, is the kinnfdom of the ages, and Thy 
 dominion is throuirhout all (generations." For more than a 
 tiiousand years the followers of Mohannned have passed 
 beneath these words, carved there when the moscjue was a 
 Christian Church. 
 
 Th>! ArJtie.vemnntft of' ('hrisfianify. 
 
 " There is nothing- in all human history which can be placed 
 alongside of the story of the evangelical conijuest of the world, 
 for rapidity of progress, overthrow of obstacles, and real and 
 effective work for the bettering and ennobling of mankind."— 
 Llewellyn Hevan. 
 
 " To discountenance a religion which has done so much to 
 promote justice, mercy, freedom, the arts, sciences, good govern- 
 ment and domestic hap])iness : which has struck off the chains 
 of the slave, mitigated the horrors of w^ar, and raised women 
 from servants and playthings into companions and friends, is 
 to commit high treason against humanity and civilization." — 
 Lord Macaulay, in British House of Connuons, March, 1848. 
 
 " Is it nothing that through their labor in the translation of 
 the Bible the German philologist, in his study, may have before 
 him the grammar and vocabulary of 250 languages i Who 
 createc' the science of anthropology :" The missionaries. Who 
 rendered possible the deeply important science of comparative 
 religion ? The missionaries. Wlio discove'-ed the great chain 
 of lakes in Central Africa, on which will turn its future des- 
 tiny ? The missionaries. Who have been the chief explorers 
 
r>AST r'llOI'HKCIKS VKKSUS PUKSENT I'UOSl'FX'TS. 
 
 89 
 
 of Oceaiiica, Aiucrica aiid Asia '. Tlir iiiiHsionaru-H. Who 
 <liHC()vered the I'ainous Ncstorian iiioiiumcnt in Sin^rar V\\ '. 
 A riiiHHiouary. Who <liscovore(l the .still more ramoiis Moai)ito 
 «tone '. A ini.sHionaiy. Who (li.scovisi'od the Hittitc inHcrij)- 
 tionH '. A inisHionaiy." — Canon Farrav. 
 
 Heathenism veuscs (.'hhistianitv Numerically. 
 
 The popuhitiou ol" the '^\uhe is reckoiH'd at 1,400 niillioiis; ol" 
 this mimber, 400 miliion.s are iioiniual ChriHtians. h-aviii^-- 1,000 
 millions heatiien. Of tht^ nominal (Jhristians, fifty luilHons 
 are supposed to he real Chri.stiaiiH. 'J'he problem then to he 
 faced is: Can fifty millicjns of Christians evaii<;eli/e 1,000 
 millions of heathen { 
 
 One enconi-an-iii;;' fact is, that of this world's po[)ulation, -SOO 
 millions live under the o-overnment of Cln-istian .States. Of 
 .175 millions of Mahommedans, 100 millions are alrtjady subject 
 to Christian powers. J^ut iMohammedanism is nothinj^- without 
 political power. The [)olitical downfall of the system is thei-e- 
 fore assured. With the exception of sava^'cs, no nation on 
 earth is under the independent rule of an idolati'ous <rovernment. 
 
 The converts to Christianity in heathen lands 100 years aero, 
 did not exceed 800 : now at the close of the centurv thev 
 number 8(S.5,116. Countino' adhen.'nts, the lunuber of the 
 Christian eonnnunity in heathen lands rises to 8,000,000. 
 
 I 
 
 :t 
 
 How THE Whole World might become EvAXOELiZKn ix 
 
 Ten Vear.s. 
 
 How could " everj^ ci'eature " on this globe hear the Gospel, 
 <ind hear it repeatedly within ten years ? In the Mis.novar'/ 
 Review of tke World for July, 1892, the Rev. Dr. Angus, auth(jr 
 of the celebrated "Hand-book of the Bible," attempts to answer- 
 this question. He says, in the five Churches (Methodist. Church 
 of England, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregational) of (ireat 
 Britain and America there are twenty-three millions of com- 
 municants. To accomplish the result above contemplated would 
 recjuire fifty thousand missionaries in the field for ten years, 
 a,nd seventy-five millions of ' dollars a year for ten years. 
 However Utopian, at first sight, this proposal appeals to be, it 
 
^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER. N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) S72-4503 
 
 '^'^^ 
 

 %0 
 
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90 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OV MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 woulfl only claim one missionary for every 460 members of the 
 evanf^elieal church(is of Great Britain and America, or one for 
 every 300 membera, if we should include the continent of 
 Kurope. Kngland sent that many to take one fortress in the 
 Crimea. 
 
 And seventy-five millions of dollars a year would only 
 require a contribution of S3.2(» from each member of the 
 evaiiirelical churches of Great Britain and America. The 
 Afghanistan war cost sixty million dollars. England spends 
 on her army and navy alone, $175,000,000 a year. The 
 Crimen war cost $500,000,000, an<l the American Civil war ten 
 times as much. It would be easy to find ten thousand Chris- 
 tians who could give it all, which would indeed require but 
 $7,500 from each. In the United States alone, there are eight 
 thousand Christian families with an average income of $25,000 
 each, above expenses : and 100,000 Christian families with an 
 average income, above expenses, of $10,000 each. 
 
 SOME SHARP CONTRASTS. 
 
 A Latin Jiuthor once wrote, " BrUtanoK hospUihus feros." 
 (The British are cruel to their visitors.) To-day, through the 
 mollifying influences of the Gospel, they are defenders of the 
 persecuted, sympathizers with the oppressed, and the protectors 
 of the weak in all lands, 
 
 In 1505, a slave-ship named T'he Jesiif* sailed into an Ameri- 
 CJin port. Her commander. Sir John Hawkins, wrote in his 
 diary that God had been very merciful unto them in giving a 
 safe passage, because He would be kind to His elect — and that 
 ves.sel carried 400 slaves stolen from the coast of Africa. Just 
 •SOO years after ( 15(15-1805) Abraham Lincoln with a stroke of 
 his pen emancipated the four millions of slaves then inhabiting 
 the American Republic. 
 
 Rev. Sydney Smith ridiculed the piety of Carey, saying, 
 *' If a tinker is a devout man, he infallibly sets of!' for the 
 East: ' he declared the " missiofiaries would expose the whole 
 
^P"" 
 
 SOME SHAHP CONTKASTS. 
 
 91 
 
 EaHtern Empire to destruction, to convert luilf a dozen BrahniinH 
 who, after stuttinj; themselves witli rice and rum, would run 
 away. If the missionaries were not watched the throat of every 
 European in India would he cut." He calls the missionaries 
 " a nest of eobhlers," aiifl finally surpasses himself by chissinj; 
 them with " vermin which ou^ht to be caught, cracked, and 
 extirpated." 
 
 In a memorial to the British Parliament, th(i directors of the 
 East India Company placed on record " their decided conviction 
 (after consideration and examination) that the sendinj; of 
 Christian missionaries into onr Eastern possessions is the 
 maddest, most extravagant, most expensive and niost unwar- 
 ranted project that was ever proposed by a lunatic enthusiast." 
 
 Over against this, place the testimoii}' of Sir Rivers Thompson, 
 Lieut.-Gov. of Bengal : " In my judgment Chri.stian missionaries 
 have done more real and lasting good to the people of India 
 than all other agencies combined. They have been the salt of 
 the country, and the true saviours of the Kmpire. ' 
 
 Eighty-five years ago the East India Company acted as above 
 described ; now the British Kast African Com])any has 
 invited the Church Missionary Society to place mi.s.sionaries 
 at all their stations as fast as they are (Opened. The worM 
 really moves ! 
 
 A contrast : the Chinese translator slipping through a little 
 alley into Robert Morrison's back door in Canton, and the 
 Empress Dowager of China in 18M6 accepting from a missionary 
 deputation with pleasure and appreciation a copy of the whole 
 Bible in Chinese in the palace at Peking. 
 
 Revenges of (missionary) history : The East India Company, 
 which hated and opposed all missionary effort, compelled by 
 force of circumstances to put Carey on its pay-list as teacher 
 and translator for many years at t» large .salary. The same 
 corporation constrained to publish at its own cost (.*:^75,0()0) 
 Morrison's great dictionary of the Chinese language, and to 
 employ him as translator at a .salary of $6,000. 
 
92 
 
 FIRST HUNDRiSD YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 STRIKING MOTTOES AND SAYINGS. 
 
 " Unto the uttennoHt part of tlie earth." — Last recorded 
 words of Jesus ChriM. 
 
 " Vicit Ar/nnH no/iter : eum Mequimiir*': " Our Lainh lias con- 
 (juered; let us follow Him. — Seal of Moravian Brethren. 
 
 " Come over and lielj) us " — motto on the seal of the State of 
 MaHsaehusetts, adopted 1020, containing the representation of 
 an Indian .standing erect with an arrow in his hand. 
 
 " If you want most to .sisrve your race go where no one else 
 will go, and do what no one else will do." — Mary Lyon. 
 
 " Had the whole missionary work resulted in nothing more 
 than the building up of .such a character it would be worth ail 
 it has cost." — Theodore Parker, on Jluhon of Burmak. 
 
 " I make bold to say that if missions did not exist it would 
 be our dniy to invent them." — Sir C/ias. A. Elliott, Lieut.-Gov. 
 of Bengal. 
 
 " They never fail who die in a irreat cau.se." 
 
 " No Church can take root without a native clergy." — Bishop 
 Pattenon. 
 
 " Duty makes us do things well : but love makes us do them 
 beautifully. — Ph illlps Brooks. 
 
 " If there were more abiding in Christ there would be less 
 abiding in England." — Enfflish Missionary. 
 
 "I have lived too Icmg among people who woi-shipped cows 
 to think much of the diti'erences which ])art Christians from 
 Christians." — Lord Maraulay, on his return from India. 
 
 When Carey's .son had accepted an appointment in the 
 British diplomatic .service the father said, " he has shrivelled 
 up into an ambas.sador." Spurgeon once exclaimed, " I do not 
 want one tit to Ije a missionary to drivel down into a king." 
 
 (lENERAL Notes. 
 
 In his'travels round the world, Rev. Dr. Parkhurst saw not 
 one new heathen temple. 
 
 There are three railways in Palestine, one from Jaffa to 
 Jerusalem, fifty-four miles : the other two centering . at 
 
-Si«i* 
 
 STRIKING MOTTOKS AND SAYINGS. 93 
 
 DamnscuH : and two more are contemplated, centering in the 
 same city. 
 
 When the traufs-Sibcrian railway is completed the tour of 
 the world can be made in from thirty-thi*ee to forty days. 
 
 No Asiatic nation has changed .js relij^ion for a thousand 
 years. No European nation has changed its religion in the 
 past three hundred years. 
 
 The great obstacle to the ( lospel in India is caste ; in China 
 ancestor- worsh i p. 
 
 The " Hard-shell " Baptists were ()ppo.sed to* missions on the" 
 ground that when God elects to save the heathen, He will do 
 HO. They have now nearly died out. Moral : The churches at 
 home need to keep up foreign mission work in order to save 
 themselves from decay and death. 
 
 Five thousand students of colleges have volunteered for the 
 foreign mission work. This fact, and the rapid increase of 
 medical missions, are the two most hoy)eful developments 
 characterizing the close of this, the first century of modern 
 missions. 
 
 Were the former days better than thesi^ ^ In the B(xlleian 
 Library in (Jxford is the itemized account of the burning of 
 Latimer and Ridley, yellow and faded with age, as follows : 
 
 Four lofuls <»f furze fagots to burn Ri«lk'y find Ijiitiiuer. 12s. 0(1. 
 
 Carriiigi! of the.se louils 2 
 
 Two chains, two staples, and four laborers 5 10 
 
 Total l!>s. KM. 
 
 " Unto the uttermost part of the earth " was the (jiospel to be 
 preached. (Acts i: 8.) The point antipodal to Jeru.saiem is 
 155° west longitude. On March 31st, 1819, the mi.s.sionary 
 craft Thadeus, with Cini.st's witnesses aboard, ran into port at 
 155" west longitude, and thus the ' uttermost part " was 
 reached, — Dr. Pa vkh arst. 
 
94 
 
 FIRST HUNDKED YEARS OF MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 The Consecrated Missionary, 
 
 " Then shiill I not ut G<kI and (htty's cjill 
 Fly ti> the utnioHt liuiitH of the hnll ! 
 Cr(»ss the wide hch, tilong the desert toil, 
 Or cirumnnavigHte each Indian isle ( 
 To torrid regions tiy to save the l<)st, 
 O"" Imive the rigors of eternal frost f 
 I may, like Brainerd, perish in uiy bloom, 
 A group of Indians weeping round my touih ; 
 I may, like Martyn, lay my Inu'uing head 
 In some lone Persian hut, or Turkish shed ; 
 
 • 1 may, like Coke, l)o Imried in the wave ; 
 1 may, like Howard, find a Tartar's grave. 
 Or perish, like a Xavier, on the beach 
 In some lone cottage, out of friendship's reach ; 
 1 may — but n'iver let my soul repine, 
 ' Lo, 1 am with you ' — heaven is in that line ; 
 Tropic or pole, or mild or burning zf)ne 
 Is but a step from my celestial throne." 
 
THE^ Briaf Outlines of 
 
 Weaving of Cliaraefer christian Doctrine^ 
 
 Hj HEV. E. H. DKWAUT, D.D. 
 Price, la Pipor Oov<>n, 20c. ; in Olotb, 30o. 
 
 AND OTHKJ{ 
 
 Sermons and Mdresses 
 
 BY 
 
 Rev. O. n. rieacham, D.D. 
 Price, $1.25, Postpaid. 
 
 The many friends of I)r Meacimm in Canada 
 will bo intoruhtod to know that a volume of his 
 pulpit and platform aitdrusson has bocn isHUcd. 
 Wo have just rooeived a stooii, and can till 
 ordcM at once. The book wld have additional 
 Interest in that it waK iirinted and bound in 
 Japan— and is a creditable sample of book- 
 making, too. It is a subBtanlial volume uf 300 
 page*. 
 
 In this pamphlet of Mixtywvcn paK<}<* 
 there is 11 bni'i expo^iion and defence of the 
 eentnil ilo -Irinos o. rolijflon. The style ih plain 
 and I (jjiular. The detliiitions uf the ductrineM. 
 and the proofs u( Iheii irulh, an- well adapted 
 I the rr()uirenienl> of ilie present time. Th* 
 sec, ()n> on tne Importanc*; of Kight Holi<fs, 
 tiie AtDiiemrnl. and Ihu inspiration and Cro 
 ileiiiuls ,)f llie Script ur<'s, will be read with 
 spi'ci.ii iniere^t Tliouirh intended for .Senior 
 lipworlh Le.ig\ius an 1 Hib.c C'lusacB, this little , 
 manual will be verv lu'liiful to .\ounK minlsierH 
 incul preacJicrH'and all |{il>le students, whether 
 in the schuul or in the home. 
 
 CATECHISM Sabre Ttirusts at 
 
 The Methodist Church of Canada, Free-ThoUght."^ 
 
 Containing a Summary of 
 Christian Doctrine. 
 
 PRICE, 40 CENTS PER DOZEN, POSTPAID. 
 
 I 
 
 A Defteaee of ... . 
 DlTtae ■■■pIratlOB. 
 
 By the Rev. W. W. Walker. 
 
 Author of "An Itinerant in the British 
 Isles," and " By Northern Lakes." 
 
 With Introduotion by 
 
 KEV. THOMAS COBB. 
 
 The new Catechism of our Cliurch. jtrepaicd 
 by a Committee of the iieiieral ('itiifcnncc, 
 aiul under its authoiity. is now issued. It is 
 inteiuled by the ('(Uifcrence to take (he )ilace 
 especially of N'o. J of the former series. 
 
 This Catechism is (lesif,'ned to be such a 
 Htatement of our d(ictriu<'s as our Sundav- 
 school scholars and Kjiworlli licairues should 
 commit to uuunory. Indei'd, it would be «>f 
 great beueflt if older memlMfs of the Church 
 would give it careful consecutive study. 
 
 For a time the former series of our ( at<- 
 chisms will be on sale at all our MetluMlisI 
 Hook Uooms. 
 
 Please strife when orderiut? whether Old or 
 or New edition is xranteo. 
 
 Cloth, 75 eenta. 
 
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 This little work is worthy of wide distriba- 
 tion. In Part I. the author dwells on objeo- 
 tion, and difllculties which Free-Thought has 
 urged against the Old Testament Sranptures, 
 chapters being devoted to the Pentateuch, the 
 historical books, science and the Bible, and 
 prophecy. Part II. contains chapters on the 
 Gospels, the Resurrection, faith. St. Paul's 
 writings, and the Book of Revelation. 
 
 We should like to see the book placed in the 
 libraries of our Sunday-schools and Epworth 
 I^eaguea, and in the haade of young people 
 generally. 
 
 ##############^#######« 
 
 WILLIAM BRIGGS, 
 
 29-33 Richmond St. West, - TORONTO. 
 
 C. W. COATCS. iVIontreal. 
 
 S. F. HUESTIS. HalifaK. 
 
Valuable Works, 
 
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 TVTE aik the attention of Ministers, Sunday-school workerst and all intelligent readers^ 
 ^^ to the following list of books issued by the Publishen of THE SUNDAY 
 SCHOOL TIMES^ which we arc prepared to sendt post-paid^ to any addreu in Canada 
 on receipt of the price mentioned. 
 
 Recent Reseanil in Bible Lands l Its Progress and Results. Papers bv 
 I'rofs. McCcKbY, Buss, Sayck, Maiiakfy, and others. Kdited by Prof. 
 Herman V. Hilfrecht. With Maps and Illustrations $1 50 
 
 KadeMll-Bnrnea : Its Importanue and Probable Site, with the Story of a 
 Hunt for it, including Studies of the Routo of the Exodus and the Southern 
 Boundary of the Holy lAod. With Maps and Illustrations 3 00 
 
 Tile Blood Covenant* A Primitive Rite, and Its Bearings on Scripture. 
 
 By H. Clay Trumbdll J6 00 
 
 Studies in Oriental Social Life* With Topical and Scriptural Indeies 
 
 and Illustrations 2 50 
 
 The ImprcKnabie Rock of Holy Scripture. By lU. Hon. W. E. 
 
 Gladstone, M.P 1 00 
 
 Tlie Divine Order of Human Society. A Discussion of the Practical 
 Problem of the Family, the Nation, the Scbool and the Church in the Light of 
 Scripture and of Modem Experience. By Robert Ellis Thompson, S.T.D. I 00 
 
 Fishin* Jimmy. A Popular Story. By Annib Trcmbol:. Slosson 30 
 
 Friendship the Master Passion. A Treatise on the Nature and History 
 
 of Friendsliip and its Place as a Force in the World By H. Clav Trumbcll 3 OO 
 
 The Knightly Soldier. By H. Ci^y Tkumbuxj. I .-iO 
 
 A Lie Kever Justifiable. A Study in Ethics. By H. Clay Trumbull . . i OO 
 
 Prayer : Its Nature and Scope. By H. Clay Trdmbdll T5 
 
 In Tribulation; or, The Blessing of Trials. By H. Clat Trumbull 75 
 
 The Point of Contact in Teaching : A Plea for the little Children of 
 
 the Sunday School. By Patterson Dn Bois 60 
 
 Hints on Child Training t A Series of Thirty Articles on the Nature, Scope 
 
 and Methods of the Wise Training of Children. By H. Clat Trumbull. ... 1 OO 
 
 BeckoningS ft'Om Little Hands. Eight Studies in Child Life. By 
 
 Pattbrson Do Bois. Illustrated I 25 
 
 Principles and Practice. A Series of Essays. In six vols. Per set ... . JS 50 
 
 Yale Lectures on the Sunday School. The Sunday School, its Origin, 
 
 Mission, Methods and Auxiliaries. By H. Clay Trumbull net 1 50 
 
 Teaching and Teachers. By H. Clat Trumbull 1 00 
 
 A Model Superintendent. By H. Clay Trumbull 1 OO 
 
 Teachers* Meetings. Their Necessity and Methods. By H. Clay Trumbull 30 
 
 The Ten Commandments. A New View of the Commandments in the 
 Light of Oriental Methods of Thought and Manner of Speech. By H. 
 Clay Trumbull */S5 
 
 Light on the Story of Jonah. By H. Cijly Trumbull. Illustrated.. SO 
 
 Two Northfield Sermons. I. Moral Color-Blindness ; II. Our Di ly of 
 
 Making the Past a Success. By H. Clay Trumbull 30 
 
 Arnold's Chart of I'aurs JourneyingS. Prepared by C. E. Arnold, 
 A.M. A Series of Five Coloured Outline Maps showing the Routes Fol- 
 ' lowed and the Places Visited by Paul in His Joumeyings, with full Scrip- 
 ture References JtO 
 
 WILLIAM BRIGGS, - Wesley Buildings, - TORONTO. ONT. 
 
 O. W. VOATBS, Montreal. 8. F. HUBSTIS, Hallfuu 
 
 REV 
 
REV. CHARLES M. SHELDON'S WORKS; 
 
 t'^^^^^^^/^^^^^^^^/S/^k^^^ 
 
 IN HIS STEPS 
 
 t» 
 
 **WUt Woild^3eiM$ Do? 
 
 Paptr, 15 09nit, Potipai'd. 
 
 "The reading of the book will aoareh many a heart, 
 and ought to lead to a simpler, holler, and more fully 
 coneeoratod Chriatian lUe."—6tmdav Sduxd Timet. 
 
 " Mr. Sheldon's book makes a strong impreeeion aa 
 a plea for more 'dmplloity of living, for more economy 
 and more principle In the matter of personal expenditure, 
 and for the application of the laws of righteousness aad 
 Justice to the methods of business administration."— JVeio 
 York Independent. 
 
 "The book has special noteworthiness, not only be- 
 cause of its application of a searching conduct-test, but 
 because it is, so far aa we know, the lint story to make 
 use of the new social settlement movement.''— 2%e Out- 
 look. 
 
 "No one can read the book and fall to ask himself these queetions with deep serioiisness: 
 Dare I do as Jesus would do were He in my plaoet and. Dare I not do as He would doT"— 
 The Pacific. 
 
 The Crucifixion of Philip Strong. 
 
 PAPER, 15 Cants 
 
 POSTPAID 
 
 "A flne piece of realistic writing."— CAicoffO Herald. 
 
 " The people wanted the Qospel, the old Ooflpel, without any reference to such things as the 
 oppression of the poor, the rum traffic, gambling, IndnstrieH, and the like. Philip's Gospel wns 
 too broad, too worldly, for his people, and they could not endure it. The story is wonderfully 
 well told, And has a double edge."— Zton'« Heraid. 
 
 " This is a thrilling recital of the endeavor of a minister of the Qospel to preach the whole j 
 truth, even as his Master would have done. Philip Strong is a singularly beautiful character,, 
 the beauty being that of single-hearted purpose and intense love for his brother man, his 
 Creator, and the divine laws. The story is told strongly and is one of great value as well as 
 intense interest."— TAe Union Signal. 
 
 " The story is often pathetic, sometimes dramatic, and always convincing. It is whole- 
 some rmding to all and instructive to those Who are led to wrongly believe that the Church 
 and its pastors do not make sacrifices for and are not in sympathy with the poor of the world." 
 —The Chicago Record. 
 
 Malcom Kirk ; or, Overcoming the World. 
 
 PAPEB, 95 Cents ; CLOTH, 50 Cents 
 
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 ROBERT HARDY'S SEVEN DAYS 
 
 Paper, 25 Cents; Cloth, 50 Cants 
 
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 C. W. COATfiS, Montreal. 
 
 8. F. HVESTIS, HaUflix. 
 
Prioo LitI of Twtnty Missionary Booits 
 
 bUiBdii*r Ike tea- 
 John O. Paion I0.6O 
 
 MadftfrMcar : lu Miimlnnarles and Martyn. . .fiu 
 John Williami, the Martyr MiMionary of 
 
 Polyneaia 60 
 
 James Calvert ; or, From Dark to Dawn in 
 
 FIJI 60 
 
 AfMca- 
 
 Maokay of Uganda 36 
 
 A Lone Woman in Africa 1,00 
 
 David Livingstone 60 
 
 Aaierlcs— 
 
 The Indians of Canada 1.00 
 
 South America, the Negrleoted Continent. .. .76 
 Amid Oreenland 8nows 60 
 
 Imlto- 
 
 Willtam Carer 10.80 
 
 In the Tlifer Junxle 1.00 
 
 C'liliin- 
 
 ChlneM Characteristics l.SS 
 
 Kol>«rt Morrison, the I'ionoer of Chinese 
 
 Minions 60 
 
 Western China. Net t.OO 
 
 Japmi— 
 
 The Gist of Japan 1.36 
 
 Japan : Its People and Missions 60 
 
 MlurtUmuroun— 
 
 The Picket Line of Missions 90 
 
 A Coiioiite History of Miwions 76 
 
 Olst. A llanit-Ubok of Missionary Intonua- 
 tton 60 
 
 Important Missionary Booics 
 
 .90 
 l.UO 
 
 60 
 
 America— 
 
 Life of James Rvans. John Maclean fO.SO 
 
 The Warden of the Plains •' 1.26 
 
 Oowikapun ; or, How the Gospel Reached 
 
 the .Nelson River Indians. R. R. Young.. 
 
 By Canoe and Dog Train. E. R. Young 
 
 AIMra— * 
 
 Thomas Comber, Missionary Pioneer to the 
 
 Congo. J. B. Myers 
 
 H. M. SUnley. A. Monteflore 60 
 
 The Congo for Christ. Rev. J. B. Myers 60 
 
 Thomas liirch Freeman, MiMionary Pioneer 
 to Ashanti, Dahomey and Egba. John 
 
 Wilum 60 
 
 The Story of Uganda and the Victoria Nyanza 
 Mission. 8. Stock 90 
 
 China- 
 
 A Cycle of Cathay. W. A. P. Martin 2.00 
 
 John GriHlth, Founder of the Hankow Mis- 
 sion. W. Robson 60 
 
 Glances at China. Gilbert Reid 70 
 
 Young People's History of the Chinese. W. 
 
 G. E Cunningham 1.00 
 
 James Qilmour and his Boys. It. Lovett ... .00 
 
 Among the Mongols. Rev. J. Gilmour 00 
 
 More About the Mongols, Rev. J. Gilmour 1.76 
 Morning Light in Many Lands. Daniel March 2.00 
 For His Salce. A Record of a Life Conse- 
 crated to God and Devoted to China 90 
 
 Islanda of the !4ea— 
 
 Among the Maorics; or, Daybreak in New 
 Zealand. J.Page 60 
 
 From Darkness to Light in Polynesia. Rev. 
 W. W. Gill 2.00 
 
 James Chalmers. Wm. Robson S0.60 
 
 Pioneer Life and Work in New Guinea. 
 James Chalmers 1.26 
 
 Persia- 
 Persian Life and Customs. Rev. S. G. Wilson 1.26 
 
 Formosa— 
 
 From Far Formosa. Geo. L. Mackay 1.25 
 
 Korea- 
 Korea and Her Neighbors. Isabella B. Bishop 2.00 
 
 Indla- 
 
 The Bishop's Conversion. E. B. Maxwell... 1.60 
 Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta. A. 
 Monteflore 60 
 
 Miscellaneous- 
 Medical Missions. John Lowe 00 
 
 Short History of Missions. Geo. Smith 00 
 
 New Acts of 6he Apostles. Pierson 1.60 
 
 A Hundred Years of Missions. Rev. D. L. 
 
 Leonu.il 1.60 
 
 The Miracles of Missions. Ist Series. Pierson 1.00 
 
 2na 
 
 1.00 
 
 A Manual of Modern Missions. J. T. Oracey 1.26 
 A Primer of Modern Missions. E. R. Lovett .86 
 Strategic Points in the World's Conquest. 
 
 John R. Mott 1.00 
 
 Foreign Missions after a Century. Dennis.. 1.50 
 Missionary Heroines In Eastern Lands. Mrs. 
 
 E. R. Pltnion .W 
 
 The Missionary Pastor 76 
 
 Christian Missions and Social Progress. Vol. 
 
 1. Rev. J. Dennis 2.60 
 
 Smaiior Worits on Missions 
 
 The Organization and Methods of Mission 
 
 Work. E, M. Bliss #0.30 
 
 Sketch of the History of Protestant Missions 
 
 in China. D. W. Lyon 15 
 
 "Do Not Say." J, H. Horsburgh 10 
 
 The Greatest Work in the World. Pierson. . .20 
 
 Facts on Foreign Missions 06 
 
 Open Doors. J. F. Gracey 16 
 
 As far as can be done in so limited a number 
 
 formation, in an attractive, readable form, in ail the 
 
 A full catalogue of the most recent and valuable 
 
 Murdered Millions t0.17 
 
 The Supreme Decision of the Christian 
 
 Student. Sherwood Eddy 05 
 
 Pra,3r and Missions. Robt. E. Speer 05 
 
 Cycle of Prayer. Published by W.M.S 03 
 
 Pray, Study, Give, F.C.Stephenson 10 
 
 First Hundred Year of Missions. Rev. J. S. 
 
 Ross, D.D net .10 
 
 of volumes, the above selertion of books urlves in- 
 different phases and fields of missionary work. 
 mis8ionar>' works will be sent free on application. 
 
 WILLIAM BRIGGS wesley buildings TORONTO 
 
 Montreal t 0. W. COATBS. 
 
 Halifax 1 S. F. HUB9TIS.