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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 '-v.. ^mmmimT^^^PPrf^^irmimm'^ "V-.^ CANAQA FQR THE OANAQIANS." I . ^ ' r i », i" *• POLITICAL POINTERS FOR THE CAMPAIGN OF 1896. " Nothing can be bought cheap from foreign countries which must be bought at the expense of leaving our own raw material unused and our own labor unemployed." OTTAWA : PRINTED BY THOBURN A CO, PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS. ^^ ;?-;2/ fTb TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE What the Country Wants 1 Whv We Have Free Trade Among Our- selves 1 Self-Preservation the First Law 1 The Story of Life Insurance Preraiuuis. . 2 The Bushel of Wheat 2 Mr. Laurier's Various Policies 8 " Incidentals " in Free Trade England ... 8 The Only Solution of the Problem 4 Rebuked by a Woman 4 Importation of Free Goods 4 Who Pays the Duty ? 6 Bismarck's Views 6 A One-Sided Arrangement 5 The Free List and the Reason for It 6 What Tearing Down Tariff "Fences" Means 7 The Tariff and Wages 7 Protection vs. Free Trade in the United States 7 The Factory Benefits the Farmer 8 Protection Lowers Prices. . . . 8 The Difference Explained 8 Labor not " on the Free List '' 9 The Two Systems 9 Diversified Home Production 9 The Nation a Family 10 The Tariff and Steel Rails in the U. S II Free Trade Combines 11 What are the Advantages of Home Pro- duction 12 Sir Richard's Billion Dollar Calculation. . 13 The ' ' Force " of Home Competition 18 Liberal Corrv ption ^t Eitviioiis. 13 Timber Policies of Local and Dominion Governments 15 Customs Taxation 16 Protect Canadians, not Foreigners 17 How the Tariff is Levied to Promote Agriculture 17 England's Indirect Protective Policy 18 Cobden a False Prophet 18 The Financial Barometer 19 The Effects of Free Trade on the Woollen Industries of U. 8 10 Agricultural Imports into Great Britain. 19 What Have the Opposition Done ? 19 Provincial Acts Disallowed by Mackenzie Government 20 The Price of Binders in Australia 20 H. H. Cook's Timber Limit 20 Five Tears of Orit Rule 21 Samples of Grit Expenditure 91 PAGE How Mr. Laurier's Friends Spend Money in Quebec 28 Members of Grit Cabinet Appointed to Office 2a Members of Parliament Ap^winted to Office by Grits 24 Members Appointed by Grit Government of Ontario 24 Members Appointed the Day Before Gen- eral Election 35 Grit Members who Resigned to .Accept Office 25 Grits Defeated at the Polls and Appointed to Office 25 Contracts Let Without Tender by Grit Government 20 Contracts Let to other than Lowest Ten- derer by Grit Government 27 The Corkscrew Brigade 28 The Liberal Party and Superannuation. . 29 Contrast between Grits of Twenty Years Ago and Those of To-day 32 Self-Confessed Corruptionists 82 Grit Members Who Got Contracts and were "Whitewashed" by Act of Par- liament sideee 15c ppr bush. Horses. Free . Cattle Free , Beef Free. Pork Free Cheese Free . 20 ])er cent. ,20 20 " 20 4c per lb. Butter Free 4 Hay l-'ree $2.00 per ton. Apples Free 20 per cent. Eggs Free 3c per doz. Poultry Free 3c ])cr lb. How would our farmers like siirh an arrangement as this ? An arrangement by which the V'ankee farmer could place any of his products on the Canadian market free, while the Canadian farmer, to get his products to the American maiket, would have to pay a duty of from twenty to thirty per cent. Monstrous as this ap|)ears, it is just what the Liberal party are at present advocating for this country ! Previous to the introduction of the National Policy, the Tariff relations between the two countries were somewhat similar to what is shown on the table above, though not exactly so one-sided, for on a few of the things mentioned, Canada, at that time, had a small duty. Many of our farmers will still remember how disastrously it operated against Canada. Over 100,000 000 of them petitioned Tariiament to be relieved from the terrible effects of the jug- handled policy. In their petition they said, among other things : " As practical farmers, we cannot but view with regret our markets filled with American produce free of duty, while Canadian produce is heavily taxed when sent to the United States markets;" and they respectfully prayed for "such protection as will secure the home market for the home producer, or, that the same rate of duty be levied on all agricultural products coming into the Dominion from foreign countries that is imposed by said foreign countries upon our produce." But, bad as the one-sided arrangement was (or our farmers, previous to 1878, it would be still worse now. The Western Slates have been producing more and more from year to year, as they have been filling up, so that their competition would be much keener now than then, and the Armours and the Swifts of Chicago, had not the facilities then that they have now for " flooding " the Canadian market with cheap Texas beef and Missouri " rattlesnake " pork. The Canadian farmer who remembers his sufferings from '75 to '78 is not likely to vote for a return of the conditions, in an aggravated form, which brought them about. The Free lilHt an«I the JKcason lor It. The present Canadian Tariff" Act puts upon the free list very nearly one half of all the articles imported (last year $46,694,856 worth out of the total importation for home consumi)tion of $105,252,511 were free), while during the " Reform ' regime only thirty four per cent, of the total importation was free, and this included over $14,000,000 of agricultural i)roducts which at that time were admitted free to the great detriment of our farmers. If we deduct this $14,000,000 of free agri- cultural products from the total importation of free goods in 1S78, we have only about $16,000,000 left, against $46,694,856 of free goods imported last year under the N.P. The jnincipk: of Protection is this : Any articles (except luxuries which are used only by the rich) which we do not ard can- not raise, or produce with profit in this country, but which are necessary in the common household economy of the masses of the peojiie, such as tea, coffee, etc., cover- ing as we have said above, very nearly one half of all tlie articles we import, we let in free of duty ; but upon all articles we do not raise and produce here, and in the pro- duction of which our workingmen are obliged to cornjiete with cheap foreign labor, we place a duty, large enough to cover the difference between the low wages of foreign laborers and the higher wages of Canadian laborers, in order that the wages of our own workmen may not be reduced. We also lay heavy duties on luxuries (near- jy twice as heavy as the Grits did) such as Wfiere manufactures flourish land and its products are most valuable. The foreign market buya by the bushel, the home market by tlm ton. costly furs, cloths, etc., which only the wealthy can afford ; for the reason that if they indulge in such expensive foreign productions, they should contribute largely towards paying the expenses of the Govern- ment that grants them such exclusive privileges. What Tearing Down Tariff **FenoeH** Meaus. A Grit friend said to us the other day that the object of the party to which he be- longed, when they got in power, was to break down our tariff walls or fences. Now, fences are for two purposes. They are to keep things out or to keep them in, one or the other. The fence around the wheat field is to keep stock out, the fence around the pasture field is to keep stock in. What does tearinfi them down imply ? That all the ranne stock outside will get into our pasture and that our cUtle will share the range with them. Now, it would be (jiiite right to suppose thai there is not enough grass on the range for the cattle that are out there already, and we are justified inassum- inn that the grass inside our fences is better and the cattle sleeker and richer in condi- tion than those out on the range. If we equalize these things and let the:.e hungry cattle from the range into our enclosed fields, we wouldn't have as much grass for our own stock as we had before. Can our Grit friends see the point ? The Tariff and Wages. Protectionists are sometimes charged with claiming that the tariff alone can raise wages and they are pointed to the fact that wages in France and Germany are lower than in Free Trade England. No such claim is ever made, however, Free Traders have simply set it up in order to triumph- antly knock it down. What Protectionists do claim is that where two nations have equal skill and equal appliances and a mar- ket of nearly equal size, and one of the ii can hire labor at less cost, then nothing b Jt a tariff can maintain the higher wages in the other. To say that wages in France or Germany are lower than in England on ac- count of the tariff is not to read history aright. England had centuries of peace or distant war, while both » France and Ger- many were the battle fields of Europe, why, • within twenty-five years a victorious army entered Paris, and France was compelled to pay four billions indemnity, yet to-day, under a Protective tariff, she is more pros- perous than ever she was. Until Bismarck made Germany a nation she was not even big enough to enter successfully into modern iudustrial warfare. To-day under a Protective tariff she is one of the first na- tions of Europe, 'i'o compare either of those countries in machinery or wealth to England, a hundred years in advance of them both, is absurd. I.«t France and Germany get thoroughly established within themselves as good machinery as England now has, together with her factory system, and nothing but higher wages in those countries or protection in her own will ever save the F^nglish people from ruin. No, a tarilT will not make the blind see, the lame walk, nor will it raise the dead to life, but it is a good, sound, sensible policy for the growth in wealth and general pros- jierity of Canada, and if it should ever be stricken down, the people who in their secret hearts will think us the most short- sighted will be the foreigners who will pro- fit by our folly. ProteckMoii tm. Free Tra«le In tiie U.S. Protection, 1789 to 1816— Results : The na'iion founded ; work took the place of idleness ; prosperity of poverty ; cotumerce and business flourished: peojjle prosperous ; money plenty. Free Trade, 1816 to 1824 — Results: Suspension of business ; destruction of manufactures ; workingmen idle and sufler- ing great distress ; deficit in the National treasury ; bankruptcy if the peoi)le, states and nation. Protection, 1824 to 1S33— Results : Industries estal)lished ; employment plenty ; trade and commerce prosijerous ; good jrices lor .\merican goods ; reduction in the price of foreign goods. Free Trade, 1833 to 1842— Results : Workshops closed ; soup houses opened ; work and wages suspended ; corn burned for fuel, the sheriff ttie only salesman ; trea- sury deficit ; the people, states and nation practically bankrupt. Protection, 1842 to 1846 — Results : If all tilled the soil, where would be the inventive brain and skilful hand. wm^mum mn 8 Tlie freedom of free trade is liberij to become enslaved. Work and wages increased ; soup houses closed ; factories opened ; f.'oo(J prices for farm products ; happy Saturday nights ; revenue receipts and treasury surplus ; the people, states and nation prosjjerous. Free Trade, 1846 to 1861 — Results: Factories closed ; soup houses opened wages greatly reduced ; " wild cat " cur- rency ; revenue fell off one half ; prices of farm goods low ; the peoi)le, states and nation without credit. ; I'rotit'rlioil, 1861 to 1892 — Results : Nation's wealth quadrupled ; Industries increased immensely ; greatest prosperity ever enjoyed by any people ; homes and farms purchased ; the people, states and nation enjoying the greatest credit ; smiling Sunday morning. ^» Free Trade, 1892 to 1894— Results : Panic, idleness, poverty ; soup houses opened ; factories closed ; riots, bankruptcy ; Coxey's Army ; over seven hundred banks suspended ; revenues short ; loss of money equal to the expenses of the Great Civil war. It will thus be seen that four times during the present century has Free Trade been given a trial in the United States, and four times has it thrown the people into financial distress, and drajjged the nation to the verge of ruin ; and four times has Protection came to the rescue ;md led the country into an era of unparalleled pros- perity. The Factory Benefit!^ the Fanner. The price of land is greatly mcreased by proximity to and diminished by remoteness from the manufacturing centres. You may find land selling at $So an acre within a few miles of a minufacluring town, and you may buy the same quality of land at $5 an acre 50 or 100 miles from manufacturing centres. And why so ? Because not only the housewife has a market for her butter and chickens and e,i;gs and cheese, and everything of that character that is produced upon the farm, but the farmer himself h;isa market for every bushel of wheat, oats, hay, etc., and for every apple, peach, ])ear, cab- bage, and everything of that character that he grows upon the farm when located near a manufacturing centre ; and he gets the best price for his grain, flour, meat and other necessary articles produced upon the farm. So, in every view of it, no class of people in this country aie more benefitted by the increase of manufactures and the diversity of labor, thus putting down the price of manufactured articles and putting up the price of labor and the price of farm products, than the farmers themselves. Protection Lowers Prices. There is not a tiung jjroduced in this country from a penknife to a railway car that has not been cheapened since the adoption of the National Policy. A revenue tariff is always paid by the consumer. It you buy goods not i)roduced in Canada you pay the price of such goods in the country where they were made, with the freight and duty added. The consumer pays that duty. Who paid the duty on tea and coffee when the Grits were in i)()wer ? Why the Can- adian consutiier i)aid it. We do not pro- duce those articles and we paid their Lon- don i^rice with the duty added — that is a revenue tariff. A revenue tariff is a con- sumer's tax, a protective tariff is a foreign producer's tax. The ]>ifrerciice Fxplalned. Had the crusade waged in England in 1846 against the Corn Lav.-s any semblance to that waged by our Free Trade friends in Canada to-day ? Are Messrs. Laurier, Cartwright, Mills, &;c., legitimate successors of Cobden and Peel and the anti Corn Law League? Not a bit of it. In England il was a light carried on by the manufacturers — in Canada it is a fight against the manu- facturers. What Cobden and Peel fought was an odious law enacted to enhance the price of bread, not for the l^enefit of the farmer, but for the aristocratic owner of the land. Workingmen were clamoring for increase of wages, ^^anufacturers knew that the decrease in the price of wheat was an equivalent to higher pay. England, when she became hVee Trade, was a workshop (the result of years of protection) wherein was manufactured the raw material of the rest of the world. Of raw material she her- self had but little. Her coal and iron and the invention of the steam engine, together with, as we have said, generations of high protective duties, had developed her manu- factures so out of proportion to the wages of the workingmen that she had to have a A tariff in a tax upon us when levied on goods we cannot produce. Buy nothing nbroad that can be j}roduvt.d at home. • .« » larger market. At that time the only idea of a larger maikf t was one that had more consumers. The notion that the market could be enlarged by those who were al- ready consumers, by enabling them to buy more, had not entered into the poj)u!ar thought, yet her workmen were clamoring for more pay. Tariff had already ceased to be protection, excei)t on wheat, and not on that in the true protective sense. It was only a t.nx like that on tea or coffee. It madt; food dear. Repeal of the Corn Laws meant an increase of real wages. Repeal of the tarifl" on manufactures under the circum- stances practically meant nothing. The whole crusade of 1846 was for free food, and Cobden nowhere say^ anything else. Protection, in our modern sense, is never mentioned in any of his Free Trade speeches. In a word, the Free Trade agita- tion in Canada to day has not one single thing connected with it in common with the anti Corn Law movement in England half a century ago. liUbor not '* on the Free liist.*' Why did our Canadian workingmen object to free Chinese immigration ? And why did the (loverninent impose a duty of fifty dollars on every immigrant from China coming to this country ? Because it was known that if the Chinese swarmed in it would make our own wages impossible. It was just because the higher civilization could not contend in this respect on a free field with the lower, that the higher civilization had to put brains into the scale and jirolect itself. If, then, we protect ourselves against Chinese labor, why should we not protect ourselves against a lower level of lahur as represented by imported goods, liut some Crit friend says, "labor is on the free list," and at first sight the statement appears to have something in it, but when thoroughly understood it is utter nonsense. Does th.e Lnglishman, or the Frenchman, or the CerM'.an when he lands in Canada bring his rate of wages with him ? No, he at once adopts our higher standard of living and consumes as ne- ce^sites, much that would have been me greatest luxuries to him in the land he left. He, therefore, does not enter into comi>atition with our workingmen here in any sense like he did under the lower standard of living in his former home. Because the Chinaman will not adopt our standard of living, but comjietes with our workingmen here on conditions similar to what he would in his own land, we make him pay a tax on coming into the country. The Two !*iy!4tcnm. Between nations, but two systems have ever existed, the free trade tariff system and the protective tariff system. The fruit of the free trade tariff is, in the words of the British Royal Commission, intermittent and consequently dear produc- tion, and absence of reliable profits ; in the words of Ceneral Booth, over 3,000,000 of helpless and starving British workman, beg- ging for work to earn the bare bread of daily existence ; in the words of Cardinal Manning, " the capital that stagnates and the starvation wages ot the labor market." The fruit of the protective tariff system is — by reserving the sure home market to the competition of Canadian producers — con- tinuous and consequently ec:onomical and profitable productions, giving cheap prices to the ultimate consumer, fair returns on invested capita', and the highest wages to labor. Under it neither capital stagnates nor labor starves, but both do their work together. UiTerMlflcfl Home Productions. There are two courses open to a nation for the supplying of its wants. On the one hand, it may confine itself to joroducing in larger cjuantity than its people need some commodities of general or universal de- mand, and exchanging with other countries its surplus of those commodities for such others as it may recpiire but does not i)ro- duce. On the oiher hand, it may deter- mine, so far as soil and climate permit, to su[)ply all its own wants. Whatever may be deemed the wiser policy for small countries capable of exceptional dcvelotrment in a fesv industries, but with limited natural resources, who is there that can doubt the [orojicr policy for a nation of continental jjroportions, possessing great variety of climate, controlling every char- acter of soil, and enjoying in unexami)led degree and diversity the bounties and bene- factions of nature ! Canada is a vast domain. Imperial Rome, at the height of The champioua of slavery were always determined free-traders. smmmm T* 10 Free trade condenma labor to mere muscular drudgery. its splendor, comprising all the civilized world, did not possess greater variety or affluence of natural conditions. The energy of its people is unexcelled, their ingenuity unequalled. V»'hat article of importance to civilization can they not produce, or soon learn to j.roduce for themselves ? In order to secure to this country such abundance and variety of industries as shall constantly occupy in the highest degree of efficiency, an alert population, and to main- tain such industries indefinitely as popula- tion increases, we contend that it is neces- sary for us to supply our own wants to the fullest extent that the climate, soil and physical conformation of our country will permit and to seek in foreign countries only such articles as cannot be produced here without greater expenditure of jjhysical and mental force than is expended in the pro- duction ot like articles elsewhere. Without the widest diversity of ocou|iations among people their maximum cannot be realized. This 'complete diversification of industries cannot co-exist with the free admission to this country of the product of the ill-paid labor of other lands. Men differ widely in their tastes and apti- tudes. The occupation that may be suit- able and enjoyable for one may be unsuit- able or reiHi.nnant to another. The work that would draw from one man his highest possible effort would render another indif- ferent or inert. It is only when men fol- low the occupations for which they are by nature and disposition adapted that they enter with zest upon their daily labor, and contribute with pleasure all the force of body and mind to the jjerformance of what would otherwise be an irksome or intoler- able task. One of the most serious evils that can afllict industry is the waste arising from lack of zeal in those who, by reason of the absence of opi)ortunity, have been forced into vocations to which they are ill adapted. The elevation and development' of all the people should be the highest aim of the nation. That elevation is never complete until every man is occupied in the " labor of love" — the labor of his free, intelligent and thoughtful choice — the labor which induces the greatest effort without fatigue and produces the largest and most benefi- cial results. In all this the real enjoyment is the labor. The resulting product, while indispensable and natural, is not of itself the source of delight, except as the climax of effort. The enjoyment is in the doing, in the making, in the work. This is the inestimable boon which diversified industries confer, and no greater diversity of human effort is conceivable than is involved in supplying all the wants of the free, progressive and aspiring population of this country. Such diversity can be secured only by confiding to those people themselves the duty of supplying all their mutual wants, which, under existing conditions, cannot be done without resource to the policy of Protection. The :Natiou a Family. The family circle is a charmed circle. Home and hearthstone are sacred words. Unity and exclusiveness, mutual aid and mutual defence are universally recognized safeguards of the family. The nation is a great family, entitled to all family privileges, and should guard her interests sacredly. Twenty-nine centuries ago .Solomon wisely said; " In all labor there is profit," and as a family must labor or earn more than it ex- pends, or it will cease to "thrive, so must a nation produce more than it consumes, or it will decline in power and become extinct. A family has the right to protect itself against poverty by laboring to ijrovide for its own necessities, and a nation has the right to prohibit the free importation and sale of cheaply-made foreign merchandise, the result of which is to force her own citizens into idleness and poveny. To restrict foreign commerce is as much a national right as is exclusiveness a family right. No family need be degraded by ad- mitting imi)roper persons to its circle, and no nation need be degraded by fostering pauper labor and degraded labor systeius. The only safeguard is the enactment and enforcement of wise industrial laws. It would be the essence of self-debasement to open our doors to free foreign trade and thereby invite idleness, poverty and want. BrliiK the Farm and Factory as Close Together as Possible. If we buy a manufactured article in a foreign market, we not only send away the • ». * • ji t • The foreign fond market is precarious, the home market never fails. 11 Pronperity is measured not by exports but by home consumption. raw material of which it is made, but also other products to pay for the making of it. With freights, insurance, commissions and waste, the raw materials cost much more abroad than at home. Hogs and cattle, wheat, butter and cheese, when consumed in a distant land, are much more costly than at the place of production. Hence, when we buy back the manufactured article, the hogs and cattle, wheat, butter and cheese, having gone into the value of the goods, labor must pay the cost of transportation both ways, How can the wage-worker or farmer fail to smart under such a system ? How unnatural, therefore, that the farms should be on one side of the globe and the factories on the other I How absurd to send raw material half around the world only to bring it back again ! Protection brings the farm and the factory as close together as possible. TlicTarin'nnd Jlitvel Kailtn in the Uiiit«4l !>itHtes. No better illustration of the successful working of a Protective tariff can be given than that afiTorded by the history of the production of steel rails in the United States. Prior to 1870 the tariff duty on steel rails was so low and the wages of American laborers in th.nt business were so high in comparison with English laborers, that it was impossible to compete with the British iron masters in that industry. But in 1870 Congress laid a duty of $28 a ton on steel rails and ignots, and the results were most wonderful. In 1S70, only 30, 000 tons of steel rails were made in the whole of the United States, hut in 1S88 they made 1,386,277 tons, and from 1877 to 1890, inclusive, they made 16,763,1 if) tons, enough to buikl 100.000 miles of rail- way and over 20,000,000 tons of steel ignots for other industrial jiurposes. The average cost of this 36,000,000 tonspf steel was about $50 per ton, amounting to the enormous sum of $r,S.jo,ooo,ooo. Sup- pose we allow $340,000,000 or about twenty per cent, as profit to the manufac- turers, a profit probably much larger than what they actually received, we will have left a balance of $1,500,000.00 to the credit of the laboring men who converted that great mountain of iron ore into first class steel. Who can say that in this instance, at least, Protection was not a benefit to the United States? P'ifteen hundred millions of dollars divided among the laborers en- gaged in a single industry in twelve years 1 Were these workingmen growing poorer under Protection ? Again, suppose the United States Congress had followed the advice of their Free Trade friends and had not put on that $28 per ton of duty, what would have been the result ? Of course, the United States would have been obliged to import from England all that enormous quantity of steel. But the Free Trader asks : "What difference would this have made to the workingnian,lhe capitalist, or the country ?" It would have made this difference : The British workingmen would have received $1,500,000,000; or its English equivalent for that labor, instead of the American ; the British capitalists would have pocketed that $340,000,000 of profits, or its English equivalent, instead of the American, and Great Britain would be en- joying that $1,840,000,000, or its English etpiivalent, instead of the United States. True, the United States would have had their rails and their ignots, but the resulting benefits to the nation would have been as follows : Free Trade jilus the steel, but minus $340,000,000 jjrofits, and minus the $1,500,000,000 of wa'^es. 'fhry, how-ever, wisely chose I'rotection, plus the steel, plus the $340,000,000 profits, and jilus the $1,- 500,000,000 of wages. But this is not ail. In 1870, the price of steel rails was $106 jier ton, but from tliat date, by means of home competition and improved machin- ery, the price gradually decreased till last year it reached $20 per ton. Free Trade C'oiiiUines. The Tints would have us i)elieve that combines and trusts are only known in pro- tected countries. This is another of the Grit "catch cries'' in which there is postive- ly no truth. The fact is that the greatest combines and trusts of the last ten years have taken place in free trade England. Among these we may mention the follow- ing :— A galvanized iron combine that succeed- ed in putting up the prices from 5 to 10 per cent, per ton. A waggon axle trust which put up the price ao per cent. Protection by stistaining wages here, elevates labor everywhere. Hi nm 12 Free trade tends to degrade all labor to Hie level of the lowest in the toorld. A salt trust which not only put up the prices in England, but tried to establish a branch in the United States. A coal combine which succeeded in materially advancing the price of that com- modity for ni(jre than a year. A steel rail exportation trust which in- cluded not only the steel rail industries of England, but ihoseof Germany and Helguim as well. EnLjland was to get 66 per cent, of the exportation, (lorniany 27 per cent. and Belguim 7 per cent. In this connection niiy be mentioned the most wealthy combine in the world, namely, the Standard Oil Company, which, though it; operates in the United States, the material it deals with was always on ihe free list. IVhat are llic AdvaiitaKCs of Home l>ro4liictioii ? There are no class of citizens in this country, except importing tradesmen, who are financially benefitted by the importa- tion of articles which may be successfully produced here. The capitalist who would employ his capital in production is interested to have all the home markets for his products. The workman who earns wages by home production is strongly interested to have all the production possible brought within his reach. The farmer is interested in the increase of his home market, clerks and salesmen are interested in home produc- tion, because the more employment of labor here the higher the rewards of labor, not only in manufactories and on farms but for all wage-earners themselves in- cluded. The editor, the lawyer, the minister of the gospel, the teacher and the college professor are all wage earner^-, and una- voidably, when employment is scarce, they must share in the reduced wage, for the reduction stops with no class of wage- earners, and the fun'' ntal axiom of wages is : The smal demand for labor the smaller the ^ .,..,. Mr Klcliiird'ti "Kllliou" l>ollar Calculation. The proposition of the Free Trader is that when a duty is imposed upon an article we cannot or do not produce, its effects ends with its payment and the duty goes into the public treasury, but should it be our misfortune to be producing the article in this country, then the cost ot the domes- tic produce is enhanced to the full amount of the duty, and the |)oor consumers pay this tax into the pockets of the bloated manufacturing monopolists. For instance. Sir Richard (Jarlwright said in the House of Commons in 1895 that "so far as a tariff is protective, the measure of taxation is the total consumption ot imported goods plus the goods manufactured under that tariff in the country. Where those goods are double the amount imported, the tax will take $2 out of the pockets of the people for every $1 it puis into the treasury ; where the goods produced in the country under the tariff are four, or five, times the amount of goods imported, then -you may fairly conclud*^ that it will take four or five times more out of the pockets of the people than it puts into the treasury." Sir Richard then illustrates with the case of cotton, stating in effect that we import cottons to the value of $4,000,000 and manufac- ture to the value of $10,000,000. This makes a total consumption of $14,000,000, on the whole of which, according to Sir Richard, we pay a duty of $5,600,000, of which the revenue receives only $1,140,000. The gallant knight then concludes his argu- ment by saying, "As with cottons, so with all manner of articles." Summing all up, he makes it appear, apjiarenlly to his own satisfaction, that the National Policy, in sixteen years, has cost the people of Can- Canada one billion of dollars ! Now, let us test the correctness of his reasoning. He says : "As with cottons so with all manner of articles ;" and, of course, if his argument is true in one instance it must be true in all ; but if we prove it false in one, then it is false in all. We manu- facture and consume in Canada, says Sir Richard, two and a half times as much cot- ton as we import ; therefore, the cotton pro- ducers get $2.50 for every $1.00 that goes into the treasury. Of woollen goods, we manufacture and consume forty times as much as we import ; therefore, according to Sir Richard, the woollen producers get $40 for every $1 that goes into the treasury. Take the case of wheat and apply Sir Richard's logic. During the last fiscal year • .te * ( * Protection tends to elevate all labor to equality ivilh tne highest in the tvor/d. 13 Under efficient protection the foreigner pays the duty. • ■*• we imported 60,000 bushels, for which a duty of $9,000 went into the treasury ; but we produced and consumed in this country last year six hundred and seventy times as much wheat as we imported ; therefore, ac- cording to the gallant knight, the producers of wheat in Canada pocketed 670 times $9,000, on account of the National Policy, or a sun) of over $6,000,000. Just think of it, the farming monopolists of the Domin- ion stealing, in one year, on their product of wheat alone, over six million dollars from the poor consumers of this country ! It we take the other importations of farm products and apply Sir Richard's method of calculation, we could show that the farmers pocketed, last year, the enormous sum of eighteen or twenty millions of dollars, on account of the N. P. Of course. Sir Richard's theory is false, as the farmers of the country, whom it i? intended to de- ceive, will readily see . it is applied to their own business. Sir Richard's biiiion dollar calculation logically proves nothing more than that he sometime or other committed to niei lory the multiplication table. The "Force'' ol' Home Competi- tion. The Free Trader and Protectionist both recognize a force in a customs tariff operat- ing to raise prices. The Free Trader holds that this force operates in absolutely all cases. The Protectionist, on the other hand, maintains that the force or tendency of the tariff to raise prices may be largely, and in most cases wholly, overcome by the force of home competition, which always tends to lower prices. At the same time, he claims that the proper selection of articles to be placed on the dutiable list sets in operation certain industrial forces in this country which are advantageous to the wage-earner and the farmer — to the former in furnishing an increased demand for his labor, and to the latter in enlarging his home market. Seventeen years' experience of protection in Canada proves the utter falsity of the Free Trader's theory, and demonstrates the cor- rectness of the Protectionist's contention. At no time since the inauguration of the National Policy has the price of any article produced in Canada been greater than it was during Free Trade rule ; in fact, in almost every instance it has been a great deal cheai)er. Just as Protectionists con- tended the force of home competition almost invariably effectually overcame what- ever tendency there was in the tariff to increase the price. The Free Trader does not recognizt' this force in his theory, hence its falsity. That there exists such a force, however, our experience during the past seventeen years clearly proves. It is this force that the Protectionist aims to apply to the widest possible range of the articles con- sumed in Canada. It is this force by which the protective tariff achieves its chief bene- fits, and which every thoughtful Grit should seek to measure and understand. liiberal Corruption at Elections. After the general election for the House of Commons in 1891, there were 25 sup- porters of Mr. Laurier unseated, more than a quarter of the Liberal representation. Their names and seats were as follows : — Mr. Trow, South Perth. Mr Gibson, Lincol.i. Mr, Tarte, Montmerency. Mr. Borden, Kings, N.S. Dr. Spohn, East Simcoe. Mr. Truax, East Bruce. Mr. Forbes, Queens, N.S. Mr. Barron, North Victoria. Mr. Hargraft, West Northumberland, Mr. German, Welland. Mr. M. C. Cameron, West Huron. ■ Mr. Proulx, Prescott. Mr. Davidson, South Ontario. Mr. Hyman, London. Mr. Murray, Pontiac. Mr. Gauthier, L'Assomption. Mr. Colter, Carlton, N.B. Mr. Grieve, North Perth. Harwood, Vaudreuil. Mousseau, Soulanges. Allison, Lennox. Featherstone, Peel. Brown, Monck. Mr. Bowers, Digby. Mr. Savard, Chicoutimiand Saguenay. It was proved that a large portion of the Liberals' corruption fund was contributed by Mr. Mercier, the Liberal Premier of Quebec, and his allies, from the money they boodled from the people of Quebec. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Ml. A tariff for revenue and not for protection taxes the food of the workingman. jsaiammmm 14 It is easy to ruin in a year industries built up in a generation. This wholesale corruption of the constit- uencies by the Liberals was nothing new, as is shown in the records of the courts. In 1874, Mr. Mackenzie and his col- leagues disolved Parliament to have one elected more purely. The result was that the following supporters of the Liberal Administration lost their seals for bribery and corruption at the general election and subsequent bye- elections, twenty-nine in all : Major John Walker, London. Mr. M. C. Cameron, Huron. H. H. Cook, N. Siincoe. Mr. Norris, Lincoln. Mr. Shibley, Addington. Mr. Jodoin, Chambly. Mr. McGregor, N. Essex. Mr. Irving, Hamilton. Mr. Wood, Hamilton. Mr. Devlin C. Montreal. Mr. Biggar, E. Northumberland. Mr. Aylmer, Richmond & Wolfe. Mr. Wilkes, C. Toronto. Mr. Prevost, Two Eountains. Mr. Higginbotham, N. Wellington. Mr. Gushing, Argenteuil. Mr. Tremblay, Charlevoix. Mr. Macdonald, Cornwall. Mr. McNab, Glengarry, Mr. Mackenzie, W. Montreal. Mr. Stuart, S. Norfolk. Mr. Kerr, W. Northumberland. Mr. J. Lome McDougall, S. Renfrew. Mr. O'Donoghue, E. Toronto. Mr. Dymond, N. York. Mr. Murray, N. Renfrew. Mr. McKay, Colchester. Mr. Chisholm, Hallon. Mr. Coupal, Napierville. Major Walker, one of those unseated, spent over $10,000. Thirteen of his sup- porters were reported by the court for disqualification. It was one of them, Madiver, who wrote to a friend : " Come along John, come and help us put down bri- bery and corruption. Vote for Walker," adding, " Tear this up and burn it. Come along John, we have lots of money." The Judge declared the corruption was unprecedented in his experience. Another agent, Dr. Haggarty, con- fessed, "I have spent between $500 and ■$600. About $300 I spent in treating and influencing." He was rewarded by the Mackenzie Administration with a position in the Northwest. Col. Walker's reward came from the Mowat Administration, a registrarship. Mr. H. H. Cook, who was unseated for bribery, confessed to spending $28,000 in two elections : "In 1871, I spent $13,000 ; in 1872, $r5,ooo; in 1874 my expenditure was much smaller." The Reform Govern- ment gave him (after then defeat, of 1878) an enormous timber limit in the Northwest. Mr. Ma/colm C. Cameron, unseated for bribery, confessed in court, to spending from $10,000 to $14,000. The Superior court to which the case was carried, said : "There are strong grounds for thinking that the re.spondent, Malcolm Colin Cameron, was guilty of personal bribery. Had the .}udge who tried the case found the respon- dent guilcy of personal bribery, we would have sustained tiie judgment, as it is we will sustain his ruling. In the same election of 1874, the Man- ager of the Ontario Bank, by instructions from the Hon. John Simpson, President, wrote to customers of the bank, a letter in which it was said : "We are largely in- terested in the success of the present Gov- ernment, and its continuance in power will add largely to the success and prosperity of the bank." The writer then urged the person to whom the letter was addressed, to vote and work for the Liberal candidate. Sir Richard Cartwright did not fail to hand over the anticipated reward, for he greatly increased the Government deposits in the bank, not bearing interest. Mr. Simpson's own description in court, of his proceed- ings was : "I rnesmerised them in batches of fifteen or sixteen, and turned one hun- dred that night at Glens." It was the same Hon. John Simpson, to whom the Hon. George Brown, the great chief of the party wrote, in reference to one of the elections : " We must make a big push on polling day, will you come down handsomely ?" Mr. Justice Wilson declared of Mr. George Brown's letter : " It is a letter written for corrupt purpose?, to inter- fere with freedom of election. It is an invitation to the recepient, as one with some others and the writer, to concur in committing bribery and corruption at the polls." In 1878, they were either more moderate Where there are no manufactories the farmer's children must emigrate. 15 Whatever tends to diminiah the number of artiftcera diaeouragea agriculture. or covered their tracks better, having only seven unseated for corrupt practices : — Mr. Hughes, Niagara. Mr. Aylesworth, East Hastings. Mr. Christie, Argenteuil. Mr. Wheeler, North Ontario. Mr. La Rue, Bellechase. Mr. Smith, Selkirk. Mr. Perrault, Charlevoix. In 1882, the Liberals were still more careful, having only three of their candidates unseated for corrupt practices at the general election and subsequent bye-elections : — Mr. D. W. .Allison, Lennox. Mr. G. W. Ross, West Middlesex. Mr. Thos Keefer, Lunenburg. In 1887, they returned to their old prac- tices, having the following candidates un- seated for corrupt practices at the general election and subsequent bye-elections : — Mr. Waldie, Halton. Mr. Campbell, Kent, Ont. Mr. Gauthier, L'Assomption. Mr. Mallory, East Northumberland. Mr. Piatt, Prince Edward Mr. Edwards, Russell. Mr. Robertson, Shelburne. Mr. Lovitt, Yarmouth. Mr. Colter, Haldimand. Thus, since the trials of election cases were entrusted to the Judges in 1873, no less than seventy-three cases have occurred of Liberals being unseate 1 for corrupt practices, while on the Conservative side there were only forty-eight cases among a far larger number of elections, they having been in a considerable majority most of the time. With reference to disqualification for personal bribery, the record of the courts show up Grit hypocricy in an even more marked manner. Here it is : — Grit n>embers disqualified 8 Conservative members disqualified . . . . i Electors draw your own inferences and especially watch the Grit's when they howl " purity " loudest. Timber Policies of liocal and Dominion GoTernmenls. When the Dominion Lands Act was first enacted in 1872 by Sir John Macdonald's Government, it was provided that leases to cut timber on Dommion lands should be put to competition, either by tender or at public auction', and (granted to the highest bidder. The Act further provided that the leases should be for a period of 2 r years ; that the annual ground rent should be $3 per square mile, which was the ground rent charged in Ontario then ; and that in lieu of stampage there should be a royalty of 5 per Cent, charged upon all sales of the product of the timber cut upon the berth. Every effort was made to induce lumber- men to go into the country west of Lake Sujjcrior for the purpose of manufacturing lumber for the use of settlers upon the terms and conditions thus provided for, but without avail ; and in 1874 the Reform Government changed the law so that 2 1 -year leases to cut timber could be obtained in unsurveyed territory without public compe- tition, Under this law. the Keewatin Lum- bering Company, McCaulay, and thz Rainy Lake Lumbering Company obtained from the Mackenzie Government 21 year leases of the most valuable timber tracts in the Lake of the Woods country, subject to a ground rent of only $2 per square mile per annum and 5 per cent, royalty on the pro- ceeds of the sales of the timber, as already stated. When the Conservative Government came into power in 1878, they found the law in this condition, and they also found it desirable to continue for a time the policy of disposing of timber berths with- out competition, but they raised the ground rent to $5 per square mile per annum, and passed regulations requiring that the holder of a timber berth should make a survey at his own expense within one year from the date of the Order-in-Council authorizing the grant and within the second year have in operation a mill capable ot cutting daily not less than 10,000 feet board measure for every fifty square miles under license. Under this policy a con- siderable revenue was derived from the timber, but what was of far more con- sequence, mills were established in various localities in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories where settlers had taken up land, but where there were no means of obtaining a supply of lurhber from outside. Competition was in this way encouraged to so great an extent that the price of lumber, which at first ranged from $30 to $40 per The pretended science of free trade denies the principle of nationality. —f^^mit^^W^ ^^wmmm mmmmaKeffi 16 During free trade times the bailiff and the sheriff were prosperous. thousand, according to quality, was reduced in 1885 to about $11 to $13 per thousand. To-day, therefore, it can be truthfully said that as a result of the policy of the Con- servative Government, a fair revenue has been derived, and what is of vastly greater importance, lumber has been made almost as cheap to the settlers as it is in the east- ern provinces. Finding such to be the case, the Government in 1885 changed the regu- lations so that all the timber ])roperty of the Dominion should be disposed of by public competition, and that policy a])plies to every inch of the public domam controlled by the Dominion Government, from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean. As to the merits of the respective policies of the Government of Ontario and the Government of the Dominion of Canada in regard to timber limits, it may be pointed out that the Government of Ontario charge a ground rent of only $3 per square mile per annum, and indeed, for many years they only charged $2 per mile, and that once having paid the bonus which is offered for a limit, the purchaser may hold it for an indefinite period without working it, and may sell at an immense profit without having done anything in the meantime to develop its resourses, or in any way add to the wealth and prosperity of the country. The Dominion Government, on the other hand, charge a ground rent of $5 per square mile per annum and require the purchaser to survey the birth at his own expense within a year, and within the second year to put up a mill capable of cutting 1,000 feet board measure in 24 hours for every 2]^ square miles covered by his license. In other words, the principle on which the Ontario Government dis|)oses of the timber is to obtain out of it the largest possible revenue without reftrence to the advancement of the country, while the princi|)leof the Dominion Government is alfo to obtain the largest possible revenue, but at the same time to insist that these limits shall not be held for merely speculative purposes, but shall be immediately improved so that settlers within reach of them shall be suy plied with lum- ber. The Ontario Government chrirges stampage upon logs when cut. This stamp- age is not, it is understood, equal to the 5 per cent, royalty upon the sales which the Government of the Dominion impose ; but the royalty of 5 percent, is considered by practical lumbermen to be the fairer charge, forthe reason tTiat until he makes a sale him- self the lumberman is not compelled to pay the Government's share ; and the conse- quence is that men of average ineans can go into the lumber business under the Dominion (Government system, whereas under that of Ontario only rich men can conduct a business in timber acquired from the (lovernment, with any hope of ultimate success. These being the chief grounds of com- parison as between the two systems it would appear that they are altogether in favor of the Dominion Government. CiiBtoms Taxation. The customs taxation upon the people of Canada, measured by the amount of duties collected, was less in 1895 'han any year since 1880. In respect of the per capita incidence, the taxation of last year has been exceeded eighteen times in the last twenty-three years. Tne largest sum ever collected from customs imposts was in 1890, $29,014,908 was turned into the treasury, or about six and a quarter million dollars more than was obtained last year. A part of the decrease in revenue is due to a lessened value of goods im- ported, but not all of the decline, by any means, is thus accounted for, as the rate of taxation has been lowered nearly 5 per cent, since 1889. The following table will be found interesting, as showing the move- ment of customs revenue, the average per cent, of duty levied on goods entered for consumption, and the amount of duties paid per head of population : Per Duty Revenue cent, of per duty head. 1880... .$14,138,849 $1970 $3.35 1883 23,172,308 1882 5.23 1885.... 19,133.558 18.61 5-22 1890.... 24,014.908 21.21 5.01 1893.... 21,161,810 I7-38 4.26 1895.... 17,880,622 16.94 3.51 Last year the customs taxation bore comparatively lightly on the people. The To buy cheap and sell dear we must buy crude and sell finished commodities. 17 No untinn han ever built up great iiiduitriea unthout natural barriers or legal protection Duly per head. $3-35 5-23 5-22 S.oi 4.26 351 bore The percentage of duty on goods entered was lower than in any other year since the es- tablishment of the National Policy, and the per capita taxation was less than in 1872 ($3-6i), 1873 ($3.55). 1874 ($3.77), or 1875 ($3 95)- I*ifi duties, moreover, are so adjusted as to fall most heavily upon luxuries. Molasses bears a rate of only 9 per cent., while silks are taxed 30 per cent., and spirits are levied upon for revenue purposes to the extent of 220 per cent- Protect Canadians, not Foreiieners. Protection and Free Trade, which are convertible terms for high duties and low duties, are, in their last analysis, only differ- ent forms of Protection, having reference to different parties to be benefitted. Protection or high duties means protection for our /lo/fie producers against the ruinous en- croachments and over-mastering competi- tion of producers in other and distant lands. Free Trade or low duties means protection for foreign producers against the rivalry of our native producers in the latter's home market. No matter how a tarifT may be framed, the result must he protection to our own people or else to the people of other countries If the interests of the former are preferred, the tariff will be imbued with Protective principles ; if the interests of the latter are cousulted,then the tariff" will be imbued with Free Trade prin- ciples. This is unavoidable. Now, why should a government refuse or neglect to make the industrial welfare and advantage of its own citizens the paramount consider- ation ? Why should it belittle or retard the well-being of its citizen to enlarge or ad- vance the well-being of the alien ? Why should it not provide and enforce such a tariff of protective duties as will secure our home markets against the desperate and disastrous floodings of foreign compet- ition? Can anybody give a reasonable defence of discrimination in favor of strangers and aliens, who have no personal stake in the prosperity of our country, who pay no taxes for the support of its govern- ment, who are not amenable to its enact- ments, nor to the process of its courts, who do not defend it against invasion and who are in every way beyond its juris- diction ? It seems preposterous to legislate against the industrial interests of our own people; yet this is exactly what the Free Traders demand ; and they are never so well satisfied as when benefits and privileges are taken away by unprotective tariff legis- lation from our own citizens to confer them upon foreigners. For as much as somebody must be protected — either the citizen or the foreigner — common prudence no less than wise statesmanship suggests that protection should be accorded to the man at home, not to the stranger abroad. How tbe Caiiadiau Tariff Is I^eTled to Promote AKriciil- tiire. Under the customs tariff the Canadian farmer is protected from competition from abroad. The over production of the United States, therefore, does not come into this country and destroy the market for our own goods. As Free Trade will sweep away this protection it is well to observe the nature of it. The following are some items of the Canadian tariff under which the farmer enjoys Protection from the surplus products of the United States or other foreign countries : — Animals, living, N. E. S 20 p. c. Live hog3 per lb 1^ cents. Meats, N. E. S., in barrel per lb 2 cents. Meats, fresh, per lb 3 cents. Canned meats 2.5 p. c. Mutton and lamb, fresh 35 p. c. Poultry and game 20 p. c. Lard and compounds per lb 2 cents. Tallow 20 p. c. Beeswax 10 p. c. Feathers, undressed 20 p. c. E'2:g8 per dozen li cents. Butter per lb 4 cents. Ciaeese per lb 3 cents. Condensed milk per lb 3jcents. Apples per barrel 40cent8. Bt^ans per bushel IVy cents. Buckwheat i)er bushel lOcents. Pease per bushel 10 cents. Potatoes per bushel 15 cents. Rye per bushel 10 cents. Rye flour per barrel .50 cents. Hay pnr ton $2 Vegetables 25 p. c. Barley per bushel 30 p. c, Indian corn per bushel 7^ cents. Buckwheat meal per lb I cent. Corn me»l per barrel 40 cents. Oats per bushel 10 cents. Oatmeal per lb 20 p. c. Wheat per bushel 16 cents- The difference of wages here and abroad is the measure of protection needed. 18 Taxes on fea and coffee protect no Canadian iwhiHtry, Wheat flour per barrel 75 cents. fered an open market for bread, Knclish- ToniaUK.H, fresJi, per l.usl.el 20cent8. ^^^.^ j^^ .j .hereby :o make it so advan- Tomatoes, corn and heiinH in caiiH per . . .1 .,11 • , II, ..licents. tageous to other nail )ns to follow agricul- Pickles ..!i5p. c. turc, that England's control of nianiifac- Malt per hushel ir. cents, turcs would he left wiilisturbed. Hops peril).... (IcntH. i.^r a few years tl,o new policy suc- Rmall frint per lb Scents. ji , ,,■ 1' u-i. Peaches per lb 1 cent, '^^'-'ded ; no longer obliged to pay high Fruit in cans per lb 2* cents, duties to sell bread in iMi^^land other coun- Fruit preserved in hpirits i)er gal . .|a.(io tries found agriculture niort' profitable, but Jellies. janiH etc. . per lb ^ cents, after a time the world's agricultural supply SMe^\'i^a^:::::::::::\:::.7.:;;20rcr- - -reased -to narrow the profits, and Cider, refined, per gal lOcents. *""« turned their attention agam to the ;.- These items show how the produce of "manufacturing industries which gave Great the farm is protected but the agriculturist ^^f't'"^'" 'i'^'' ^^^^^^'t'l- ^^^^^ '^'-''^''J'-" witnesses may bring in free of duty a great many a more earnest determination of all civilized articles he recjuires for his own use. Here "ations to do their own manufacturing, and are some of the articles admitted free ; ^^''^ vigorous measures are employed to Animals for improving stock. ^*^''»' '^"^', "" "°^^ England's agriculture is Pgpg jiracticallv ruined, and, in many lines, her Bones, crude. manufactures are being undersold in her Blast furnaceslng. own markets by those of foreign countries. Domestic fowls to improve stock. Had Cobden's' prophecy, that all nations Guano, bone dust and other ammal and ,, , i- -n 11 vegetable manures. would adopt Iree 1 rade within ten years Indian corn for ensilage. of I'^ngland's doing so, been fulfilled, all Oil cake and similar feeds, would have been well to-dav with the manu- Rennet. raw or prepared. facturcrs and ;igi irulturists of England ; but, Sawn lumber, not drobsed, or on one side .1 r » .1 . . ^ t im 1 1 J ' ' the fact that it was not fulfilled makes to Laths, palings, fence posts .^c. them all the dilTcrence in the world. , Seedling stock for grafting. Seeds, iieet, carrot, flax, turnii), mangolds ■ /tec Locust beans and meal for feed. €olMlen » FalH© I>ro|>ket. Tea, coffee are free, and sugar up to No. IG f^^ English agriculturist, writing recently Sper\b"'lmH. °^^^ * ^'^ '" ^^'^ '^^'^'■^' ^^'""' ^v/zv.., concludes his communication with the following significant EnKland's Indirect ProtectlTC ^' PaIIov Somt! of Cobden's a«ser- rroofs of false propliecy : C-UIII.J. jjjjij^ j,j.^^ convcrtea I'eel England has practically never abandoned ami oiiuisione : , ° ,. f ^ .• . 1 e " Ijanil would not he Nearly S.S'WOio acres the IXlllcy of protection to her manufac- driven out of cultivation have been driven out. turers. The plan was changed, when it Jiytiie, repeal of the corn appeared that other nations were learning •• hand owners have Rents and ngricuitural .V 1 „ ,f „..<„„i 1 4.u„i .1 .. no'lilngrto fear from Free lanri liiivc fallen from 30 to the value of manufacture and that they Tr.,dc in com " to S' per cent would become manufacturers in spite of the . " i"* co„niry jrrpwini? if all land in cultivation ,. . ,. ' in population and ad vane- 20 years a^o w a worth direct protective policy. ins in prosperity, 1 .nd «!• iiSO an iicra and has fallen Fnrtlicli ctntpcriipn wprA nprcinHpH lint ^"J" incrpases in value 4" per cent, that is a loss l^nglisn statesmen were persuaaea tnat nnd without any help from of ^20 an acre. their manufacturing supremacy already "Vl ""["T '!, r r. . ^ t ,»„. ,-„.„ , ij u 1 ij u I • /jc • . "The land of Enirland In 18«-> we srrew IT.OOn . gained could be held by making a sufficient would p-oduce mok), od 00 qra., in :h'j2 only about hid for the markets of other countries which I""* of wb"»t I>er annum " 7,0 (Kioiiqrs. DIG lor tne marKcis oi ointr countries, w nicn .. ^y^ ^.^ 1,1 aiw.iyi. have Freights for wheat are they foresaw would surely be lost to Eng- » natural protection of 1"8 n-w considerably below vs. i_„j /•„„j „„ „.u„^ „„»;„„„ Kn ™„ ™ ., Od. per qr. on wlieiit in the perqr , and It hu« actua'ly land as fast as other nations became manu- g,,aj,c |,f carriage from l.een carried free, .18 bal- facturers for themselves. Hitherto, in »'»!''';'l" , . , „ '**^^ , , ., , 1, L J • T-. 1 1 • s We mipht as well Not a single nation on order to sell bread m England, outside na- doul)t that 1 ho mm would earth has followed our tinnc Vi-iH hppn rnmnpllpH tn mv Vrirrland's rise 0:1 the morrow as example and mU are hcav- tions naa oeen compeiiea to pay iingianas jqu,,^ ,^„t j^ j^^ yg.,^^ iiy ta.\ing our ^oo:i8 in re- duties on bread. If, now, these duties every civilized nation on tiirn for a free market J J .u :• e Birth would h*ve foU.iwed here, were removed and other nations were of- our Free Trade example." Men are driven from a country which denies them diversified industries. '• 19 A home market enriches the land; a foreign market imiwvervthea it. I i- The Financial llaronieter. The following figures, c()in])ilcil from ofticial returns, |)r()ve at a glance, the superiority of a prfjlection tariff, as com- pared with Free Trade, for the people of this country : UNDER FKEE TliADE. Deposits in Post 187-i 1878 Olllce iinil (iovt. SiivinKH Hanka. . Deposits in (char- tered banks... Bank notes in cir- culation Dominion notes in circulation 8ll4,Oi21,'J70 IJM, 128,185 77,li:?,7-.4 00,013.7.'»0 27,9(M,im;{ 20,475,8o0 10,528,fiC(} 1895 $14,128,185 157,578,081 00,0i:j,756 180.604,i:!() 20,475,580 tJ0,so7,041 12,175,571) U.NDEB PROTECTON. Deposits in Post 1878 OlHco and (iovt. Saviuf^slianks. . Deposits in char- tered banks Bank notes jn cir- cnlntion Dominion notes in circulation 10,52S,()(')(i 21,;!97,750 An analysis of the above figures shuw that : UN'DKR FREE TH.\t>E. Deposits in Post Office and Govt. Savings Banks Increase per year ^ 21.000 Dejx'sits in c ba r t c r e d banks Decrease per year 2,219,999 Bank notes in circulation. Decrease per year 1,485,000 Dominion notes in cir- culation Decrease per year 5ol,000 UNDER PROTECTION. Deposits in Post Office and Govt. Savings Banks Increase per year |3, 555,758 Deposits in chartered Banks Increase per year 0,744,139 Bank notes in circulation .Increase per year 007,732 Dominion notes in cir- culation Increase per year 039,357 TlieSfTecta of Free Trade on the 1%'oolien IndiiHtry ol'tno United (Stales. By special arrangement the operation of the Wilson Tariff Bill fo; revenue only as far as woollen goods are concerned, did not take effect till December 31st, 1894. The following table shows the disastrous results of its first year's operation upon the woollen mills of the New luigland Stales alone ; Total mills alFeeted 83 Mills shut down 14 Mills on (piarter time 10 Mdls on cigbtii time 5 MxUh on half time 1 Mills (iractically closed % OpctativL's practically idle 7,600 Jisiimaleil annual wages of these oper.ii ives one year ago |3,()00,000 E.stimatml annuHl wages of these. , opiMatives to day 87">,O0O Loss to country in wages 2,0.i5,()()O Loss to countiy in raw material.. . 0,000,000 A|i{;rlcuUurnl IiupnrtH into Cilreat llrituin. The imports of the leading agricultural l)ro(lur.ts into Great Britain have risen, per ca'iita, as follows : 1871 Wlii'at and tloiir .. .154 lbs Oilier grains and meal 84 " Dead meal 7 " Dairy Goods !» " Eggs, in number 13 This is what Free Trade has done for the British farmer. 1881 1891 219 U)S 245 lbs 97 " 123 " 29 " 12i" 10 " <>.» 34 What Have the Oppo$iition Done! What have the Opposition to the Do- minion Government done that they should secure public approval ? 1. I'hey opposed the purchase of the Northwest Territories for $1,5000,000. 2. They opposed the construction of the Canadian Pacific Raihvay. 3. They oi)pnsed the construction ot the Grand Trunk Railway, by opposing the public aid given to that enterprise. 4. They left our market open, while in power, to the American farmers, while their markets were closed to us. 5. They advocated in opposition a Commercial Union with the United States. 6. J'hey were ready and anx'ous to dis- criminate ag.iinst Great Britain. 7. They increased our taxes while in power three millions a year. 8. They taxed tea and cofiee that every man use-;. 9 They increased our debt $40,000,000 Workingmen should beware of voting themselves into free trade idleness. 20 Xo jmrely agrteultural cotintri/ han ever been or MVf w(0 h» iMtMhy, and left nothing to show for it but a history of deficits. 10. They increased the superannuation expenditure four times as fast as have the Conservatives. 11. While preaching purity they have practised the most open faced corruption. 12. They have changed their trade poHcy almost every year to try and get into power and have thus shown themselves to be demagogues. The above it seems to us are twelve- good reasons why these gentlemen should be kept out of [)ower. Provincial ActiiI>Uiillowe«lliy tlio Jllackeiixle CJoverninent From 1871 to 1878. During the short reign of the Reform Government, from 1874 to 1878 "Provin- cial Rights" were interfered with to a far greater extent than ever before or since. The following twenty bills were actually disallowed by the (Irits in that time : 1. An Act to amend the law respecting escheats and forfeitures —Passed by Ontario. 2. An Act to incorporate the St. Law- rence Bridge Co. — Passed by Quebec. 3. An Act to incorporate the Halifax Harbor. — Passed by Nova Scotia. 4. An Act to incorporate the Eastern Townships Co. — Passed by Nova Scotia. 5. An Act to incorporate the Anglo- P'rench Steamship Co. — Passed by Nova Scotia. 6. An Act to incorporate the Winnipeg Board of Trade. — Passed by Man. 7. An Act to regulate proceedings against and by the Crown. — Passed by Man. 8. An Act respecting escheats, fines, penalties, and forfeitures. — Passed by Man. 9. An Act to afford facilities to the con- struction ot a bridge over the Assiniboine River, between the City of Winnipeg and St. Boniface. — Passed by Man. 10. An Act to amend the Half-breed Land Grant Protection Act. — Passed by Man. 1 1. An Act respecting land surveyors and survey of lands in Manitoba. — Passed by Man. 12. An Act to authorize one Justice of the Peace to do any act, matter, or thing, heretofore to be done by two Justices of the Peace, and to give an appeal to Courts of General Quarter Sessions. — Passed by B.C. 13 An Act to amend and consolidate the laws affecting Crown lands in British Columbia. — Passed by B. C^. 14. \n Act to make provision for the better administration of justice. — Passed by B.C. 15. An Act to make provision for the better administration of justice. — I'assed by I!. C. a second time. \(), An .Act to |)rovidc for the better ad- ministration of justice — Passed by iJ. C. a third time. 17. .\n .'\rt to incorjjorate the Alexan- dria Comi)any Limited. — Passed by B.C. iS. .\n Act to incorporate the British Columbia Itisunnce Co. — Passed by B. C. 19. The Land Purchase of 1874.— Pas- sed by I'. R L 20. An Act to amend the Land Pur- chase Act, 1875. — Passed by P. E. I. The Trice of llliHlerH In AiiHtralia. The following letter nmst effectually shows the charge often made, especially by our Patron friends, viz. : Thai Canadian- made binding machines are sold in Aus- tralia cheaper than in this country : — TOR(3NTO, APRIL 8TII, 180.5. Philip Keenan, Esy . Suntlerland, Ont. Dear Sik,— You ask the price of our Bimler in Australia? Our hinders ure usnallv sold there for /,"00. nearly et|iial to !j:]00." We would like you to give ub the name of the parties who stated on the Patron platforms that our binders were sold in Australia for $75 each. We would like to put him straight on this before he goes any further. We can- not imagine that farmers in Canada are so ignorant as to believe any such nonsense, as they must know that the frei«i;ht on machines from here to Australia is very expensive indeed, and. be.siproval. (Sgd.) JOHN J. McGEE, Clerk of the Privy Council. 1. They gave our markets to the Ameri- cans and got none in return. 2. They allowed American farmers to sell their products here without getting a like privilege for our farmers in the United States. 3. They increased the debt of Canada $4o,oc 0,000, or $8,coo,ooo a year. 4. They decreased the trade of Canada from $217,000,000 in 1873 to $153,000,- 000 in 1878. 5. They gave hundreds of contracts to favorites without competition. 6. They allowed the products of foreign labor to be brought into Canada while our own artizans were starving. 7. While pretending purity, they had more mend)ers of their own party unseated for corruption than were ever unseated before or since in so short a time. 8. Their Speaker of the House of Com- mons was a government contractor. 9. They spent millions on the Canadian Pacific Railway "water-stretches" and accomplished nothing by the expenditure. 10. While now objecting to the cost of superannuation, they superannuated hun- dreds of physically sound civil servants in order to get offices for their friends, and thereby doubled the cost of the superannu- ation fund during their short rule. 11. They never reduced a dollar of tax- ation during all their five years of ofifice. 12. They taxed the necessaries of life, tea, coffee, etc., that are now free. 13. They increased the expenditure in every branch of the public service. 14. They appointed large numbers of their ministers and su])porters in the House to fill offices in their gift. 15. They never passed one law or resolu- tion that they could point to as being in the interests of the farmers. 16. They refused to establish experi- mental farms for the purpose of aiding asiriculturalists in their calling. Five Years of Grit Rule. The people of Canada should never forget that the Grits were in power once in the Dominion. Let us see what they did. ^iaiuples of Grit Expenditure. In 1870 the Grit Govoinmont paid 83!),(J70.04 for expenses of the Canadian Commission at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. Everybody knov^s that the Centennial was but a " side show " compared with the World's Fair at Chicago three years ago. The following Wlutt free trade does for agriculture is to convert consumers into competitors. mmm 22 Free traders say loc must not attempt labors in which other nations excel are some of the items taken from an official return, which go to malse up the sum named : H. R, Lewis, 2 green lounges | 12 00 J. P. Hand, I pocket screw 50 Herbert M. Morse, 1 lb, candy 40 E. Helmbold, oysters 11 08 John Gilmore, 1 case champagne 28 50 " 1 case Chateau claret 28 00 John Gilmore, 1 gallon pale sherry 4 00 " i dozen Port wine (superior) 15 00 John Gilmore, ^ dozen Blanche Sauterne 7 50 John Gilmore, 1 doz. pale sherry 4 00 " 2 bottles Hennesev's brandy 4 00 John Gilmore, 1 gal. pale sherry 4 00 " 1 case Pleasant Valley wine '. 10 00 John Gilmore, 2 doz. Bass' ale 4 50 *' 1 gal. pale sherry 4 00 " 4 doz. Bass' ale 9 00 '* 3 bottles Hennesey's brandy 4 00 John Gilmore, 2 gal. pale sherry. ... 8 00 J, Perrault, Annie 20 00 " i.ont of room (special) 12 00 Wm. Akers, use of chamber Hett 2 75 J, Perrault, paid M. A. Raseh f•: ill) 7 00 Barber soap Rent of apartments Divers for amusement Sundries, cab.s etc., visit at Turin of chief monuments, cathedral, pal- ace of the king, etc Divers at Pisa In Rome, visits to museums, thea- tres, seats for mass etc Monte Carlo, breakfast, carriages, etc Pocket money Wines Widow Rivet for wine Widow Rivet for wine Widow Rivet for wine Widow Rivetfor wine . . Widow Rivet for wine Monopole wine Widow Rivet for wine Widow Rivet for wine Certain expenses Tickets for ball... Biith, lottery and pocket money . . . Ironing silk hat Bath. One month's rent of house Bath, race course, etc Collection at church VockeL luoiioy Collection at church Pocket moni'V Musicians at reception Sundries at church, carriages, tips to servants, refreshments, etc... Preparations for leaving, theatres, carriages, etc Decorating the ap'irtments for Ste. Jean I5aptist,(^ ]);iy Sundries ul which it was impossible to keep an account during the trip The grand total of sundry expenses was 98,353 95 This is a sample of Reform legislation and economy. The amount expended on wine alone was 5,320.90 bancs. t Franca 15 00 1,300 00 340 00 250 00 173,00 1,250 00 225 00 300 00 3,380 00 107 25 35 00 175 95 223 00 309 25 381 00 666 90 4-2 75 100 00 100 00 300 00 1 GO 6 00 i,3(;o 00 37 00 200 00 100 00 50 00 150 00 200 00 1, 00 00 1,350 00 485 00 16,084 40 j!IIeiuber.<4 Mackciixie's €a(»iuut ippoiiited U* Office. During the live short years of Grit rule from 187;> I') I'^T"^, the foliuwini; Cabinet Ministers were appoinloil to office:— Sir A. A. Dorion Minister of Justice Chief Justice, (Juciicc. Lotellier lie St. Just Min. of Ai^riciilturc Lieutenant Gov., Quebec. David Laird Minister of Interior. Governor of Noi'th West. David Christie Secretary of State Speaker of Somite. D. A. McDonald Post Master General Lieutenant Gov., Ontario. Telesphore Fornier Post Master General Supreme Court. Wm. K08S Minister of Militia Collector Customs, Halifax. J. G. Cauchon Min. oflnland Revenue Lieut. Gov., Manitoba. Mr. W. B. Vail, retired also, because ho had violated the Lidependenco of Parlia- ment. Each nation must study Us own interests, take care of its oivn industries and its otun people. mmmmmm 24 No vian ever got rich by sending his customers to his competitors. Cartwripht, Smith. Burpoo, Coffin, Scott, were tbeonly colleagues who remained with Premier Mackenzie during hia whole term. M.P.'s Appointed to Otnce by llfackenzie GoTernmcat. The following is a partial list of Members of Parliament appointed to office by the Grit government from 187H to 1878. E, B. T. C. A, C. J. Que. B. Wood West Durham Chief Justice, Manitoba, V. Bodwell South Oxford Accepted office. Moss VVost Toronto Judgeship. H. Pozer Beauce Senate. H. Paquet Berthier Seaiite. A. Pelletier Kamoraska Senate. Gaudet Nicolet Legislative Council E. Treraaine Victoria, N.S County Judgeship. J. T. McDougall Renfrew Auditor General. M.P.P.'s Appointed to OHIce by the Grit Government of Ontario. Awrey S. Wentworth Registrar. Bettes Muskoka Sheriff. Badgerow K. York County Attorney. Christie X. Wentworth Prison Inspector. Clarke N. JS^orfblk Sheriff, Thunder Bay. Clark C. Wellirgton Clerk of House. Clark C. Wellington (son) Asylum Officer, Kingston. Currio Welland Registra;- of Lincoln. Chisholm Peel Registrar. Chisholm Peel (son-in-law) County Attorney. Chisholm Feel (son) Insurance Department, Cascadon W. Elgin Mimico Reformatory. Chamberlain Dundas Charities Inspector. .Dryden, Hon. John S. Ontario (cousin) Sheriff. Drury, Hon. J K. Simcoe Sheriff. Farewell S.Ontario (son) County Crown Attornc}'. Field, C. C W. N'thumberl'd (brother). ..Registrar. Field, C. W. Northumberland (son)... Police Magistrate. Eraser Brockville. Insjjector Registry Offices. Eraser Brockville (brother-in-law) ..late bursar Central Prison. Gibbons S. Huron Sheriff. Gould, J. H X. Ontario (brother) Division Court Clerk. Gould, J. H N.Onlario (hrolbcr-in-law). .Registry Offfce. Gould, J, H N. On t:irio (cons' ii) Rcgistiy Office. Gow S. Wellington Shcritf. Graham !•'. Latnblon lUirsar. Gillies N. Bruce Stipendiary Magistrate. Hodgins W. KIgin Maslci . Hay. Hag rar Osgoode Hall. . Per t h Regi s t rar. rescott Slieritl'. Hawley Ijcnno.x Division Court. liyon, R. A Algoma K'ogistrar. Lyon, W, D IlaUon Stipendiary Magistrate. McKellar. hothvvell Sheriff, Wentworth. McKim N. Wellington Sheriff. McKim N. Wellington (son) Registrar. Mack Mack Slormont (brother-in-law)... License Inspector, rmont (son-in-law Registrar. Free traders practically ask Canadians to trade with their foreign rivals. 25 Everything the fam,er buys is cheaper in Canada under protection than it was under free trade. od ^y Massio R. Wellington Central Prison, McLaughlin W. Durham Registrar. Murray N.KoiitVow Sherift". McLaws W. Elgin Surrogate clerk, etc. McKenzio I"]. Middlesex Asylum store keeper. Master S. Waterloo Kegistrar. Morin Welland Registrar. McAndrew S. Renfrew Taxing Officer, Osgoode Hall. O'Donoghue Ottawa Bureau of Statistics. O'Connor S. Bruce (brother) .Sheriff. Paxton N\ Ontario.' Sberitl'. Perry N. Oxford Sheriff. Peek ...N.Victoria Stipendiary Magistrate. Phelps W. Simcoe Sheriff. Pacaud N. E.ssox License Inspector. Robinson Kingston Division Court. Ross, A. M Huron County Court Clerk, Toronto. Ross, A. M Huron (son) Immigration Department. Ross, A. M Huron (son) Public Works Department. EosH, A. M Huron (son) London Asylum. Sinclair N. Bruce Registrar Springer N. Waterloo Sheriff. Williams Hamilton Registrar. Widditield N. York Sheriff. Wood X. Brant Registrar. Appointed June 37(li, 1804, tbe Day Before the Elections in Ontario. Hon C. Driiry Kast Simcoe Sheriff, Simcoe. Dr. Gilmour ox M. P. P. for W. York Registrar, York. John Watters ex-M.RP. for N. Middlesex. ..Reg. Ji & N. Middlesex. Dr. McMahon ex-M. P. P.,N. Wentwortb... Stamp Office, Osgoode Hall. Realigned to Accept Office. Paxton N. Ontario Sheriff. E. Gibbons S. Huron Slieriff. K, Chisholm Peel Registrar. M. Springer Waterloo Sheriff. Perry .Oxford. Siieriff. Defeated at the PoIIn anil Appointed to Office. Mageo Tjondon County Crown Attorney Dr. Day W. Hastings (Commons) Regi.-i. Grey (Commons) Div. Court Clerk. H.Elliot K. Durham Div. Court Clork. Jos. Jackson Xorfolk (Commons) Sheriff. D. Mackenzie K. Middlesex London Asylum. J. Gildersleeve Kingston Citj' Hcgistrar. No goods purchased abroad are cheap that take the place of our ovxn labor or our own ruw material. mm 26 It is the home market that the English farmer /s now pleading for. J. L. Whiting Kingston Clerk of the Peace. J. D. Tliompson Kingston Regiistrar. J. Feri-id VV. N'thumborl'd (brother). ..Sheriff. J, Ferris W. M'thumberlVl (nephew). ..Jailor, Wm. Kerr VV. Northumberland (Com- mons) (brother) County Crown Attorney. Contracts liCt Wlttaoiit Teu«ler by fjiberal Ciovernmeut. 1874 to 187S. i' Date. 3l8t March 2nd Sept., and July, 21sr Oct., 29th Dec, 12th Oct., do 6th Feb., 1674 1H74 1874 KS74 1874 1874 1874 1874 29th IJarcli, 1875 20th 19th 13th 7th 20th 26th 15th 18th Nov. May, April, Oot.. Dfc., JJi.y, 0(t., F(b„ 187.") 187.") I87r) 1875 l.'57r) 1875 1875 1875 do 18'.;» 15th Feb.. 1875 do 1875 19th March, 1875 d(. 1875 Ist .June, 18T5 28th .Tune. 1875 5th Mch., 1875) 9th Feb., 1875 f 8th Ai>ril, 1875 23rd Mav, 1875 6th Sept., 1875 leth Fob., 187(1 8th Feb . 1876 8th June. 187( 13th June, 1876 3 Ist March, 1876 2nd April, 1876 15th May, 6th April, 19th Mav, 23rd Oct., 11th Oct., 11th April, 10th June, 15th Sept., 10th Jan., 27th July, 1876 1876 1876 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 Contractors. Allard, Dufort & Co B. (_Tibbon P. 8. McLaren W. H. Carpenter D. Fraser ,. J . Heney „ A. Logage Manchester Locomotive Co. . . . J. Worth ington A: Co McNauiee,(ralierty A: Frechette Jus. Goodwin II. K. Ives A: Co Wni. McKav Allard, Dufurt & Co T. M. HuI)Ik41 McLaren & W.dker .. W. 11. Carpenter Amount of Contract Nature of Work. J. J. McDonald D. McKonzie Joa. Baker Grant A: Deschenes , Jlurphy i^- Buaset Wni. ALui'phy , Warren Taylor Cooper & Fairnian do Red River Co Oliver Davidson '7() '7(1 '7(1 77 1 i Andrew Mmlsiiy HiKfEtnis & SuUiv.'in 1100,000 28:i,'.i:l5 4 June 07,880 20 June 31 Aug. 14 Sept. Ginty& Dickey 313,160 Jas. Howlcy 12,1114 25 April Klllntt & O'Connor I2,:i00 7 May J. W. Wclwtcr 2I,8ti2 23 May 13 June IB July 30 Oct. Caniirun k .Muiliu G. Cliiipleaii Morrison it Barclay Boiij, Walton. ; 22,i;io 15,243 89,000 117,745 10 Aug. do Kinsman iS; Styles K. O. I,:ivi'r.(;. Uai.icl S,01',i 4 Man.'l 7 April li. McKian l.O'.IO 4,1139 14 Ajiril Hyan « Hootli 01,51)11 12 May Ja-i. K. Scott Win 14 May Tlios. l.iiiilsav 384 19 Mav 26 May 28 May I'orlics i: Mcl.coil C. 1). l''ilinorc H. 1.. I'cr^'uson «o:i 84 l.osn 40 4 June J. (Jor.lon 28 Auk. rt Nov. 31 Aug. 17 0;t. Duncan McD onalil IJeo. J. (irant .Ids. Whitclic-id .•Sirtoii, Glass *: Co 35,(104 .■;,(iii 190,0119 3S,75ll 30 Oct. It. Knilcr (■J) t::,(p0o l3:i,-j-.'5 .■i4;i,()s5 531,11117 4,711(1 17:i,(iii(i 10 Nov. 23 Dec. 20 Nov. 13 April 21 8ept. 1'. J. liarnaiil Gncst K Co .McN'anicc,(!alicrtv>tI''rcchetle 11, It. lvcs\('o Wchsti-r \ Aitc'liison 19 Oct. 25 Nov. 7 April 14 May Wni. M, Uoattie K.Tonis .loljii Mc(.;oriiucli .los. (iantlii -r 5,857 4,11111 3,100 l.lilHI 7 Jan. 2(! Mar.'l 8 Julv T Sept. 22 Sopt. 27 Oct. 11 Sept. 14 Sept. 14 Jan. 9 Feb. 3 April do Snllicrlaiicl .v ('oclir.iiie Will. Wick wire J. ICIIisoii& Son .I.e. Kidiatil A. Wilson E. I'ayc J. Mofratt Henry I'ctcrs E. K. (iillicvt Cooper I''ainii:in& t'o Oliver, Davi.Non vt Co Sifton a: Waril .|o 17,M(0 13,140 5,1135 5,411 ,55,00(1 14,(HIII 1,7S0 45,(>IHI 2;.',0(iil l,085,h; 1 1SSI,1'.'(1 3113,420 377,250 29 July 10 April 3 Nov. Cooper, Fainiinii & Co O'lirion, Snilivan N Co :(0,000 310,405 450 do 8 Aug. 6 Ang. do M. OLoarv M J Ho"an 470 17 S24 V X, liCniienx 10 528 J. Mannion 11,353 26 Jan W Kennedy 170,82(1 40,500 40,500 25,350 Halifax Coal Co 17 July Sprinliill Coal Co Kingston Loco. Works Excess over lowest tender nl wliieli work was let. $14,265 43,045 410 12,830 39,735 511 2,617 28.240 10,544 11,351 27,440 32,255 97,145 3il7 1,708 3'.iO 20O 29,910 rj,4(lil lo,:i::'.i l,47s i,i;s7 975 571 ls,i'.:;:; <.l(l 201 U 250 10 13,542 2il7 9,0111 09,100 i3'.'i,'ii-J5'(:i l(l,'.7.s 27,1135 il',34:'l 5,944 2,019 :i,ilOO 495 3,900 :i,lSll 1,072 590 l'J,ii(m ls,70ii 220 35.80(1 15,0i)0 15,489 54,03(1 4J,774 25,700 1,(KK) 5,915 2,980 751 3,148 3,599 4,050 10,800 150 Breakwater Chantry Island. Wellanil Canal do do do Flour shed and wharf, St. Gabriel Basin Toronto do Ottawa do do do do do Stoncy Moiii.i'n I'enitcnt'y.. Kxain. Warclioiisc, Toronto., IS. C. I'cnil-ntiary Hoof East Block Firewood Kcinovc snow OHiccs West Block Godcricli llariioiir (Joliouri; llarlioiir liicliiliiiito H.irli.iiir Pcicw.twa ilivi-r Dam St. Slaiiiicc Hiver Trc^tic work, Sussex, N". H.. (;iis War'lisc, St. .rolinStn., Iiilcrcoloiiiiil I'lMici' Intercailoiiial d) do Supply poles do do Iiitcrc.ilonial St itioii Stcllarton I'ciiil.ina Bkoh'Ii Tel. liii.' to I'ort I'cllv (See foot note (2) ) (See foot note (:t) Steel rails L,icliine Canal lroMf;ates, Ottawa M isomv W.'sl Block Coal, Ottawa Slieds, ie.. Ottawa M,iriiie Hospital, Siiiris do Que .lordoii Hav, N'.S Oak Point Harlioiir ' Port Stanley Harbour Gross Isle Coiville Bav. Breakwater .>lii|.!Mi;aii Gully, N. li., I{re;ikrt-:it, 1 •. Stitions, N. B Ilalifnx Station Steamer Steel Mils Tel. line I.. Hup. t« Ft. Garry GiMilin);, .'ee., Fort Win. *ii Slieli.iudowan Do. Ked Riv. toCi;o3s [..akc. Transport steel rails Lacliiiie (,'aiial Removal snow do Intercolonial do do Terminus. St. John, N. B.. .. Supidy Coal do ... Locomotives Reason. None. None. Conditions not ful- lllled. Have other con- tracts. None A. P. Mc- Donald. No reason. Withdrawn. No reason. do do do Withdrawn. No rca.son. Withdrawn. No reason. do Withdrawn. No reason. do do Dcidincd. To sati.sfv Ham el. Declined'. No ri'ason. do do do do Declined. do No re;isi»n. do Declined. Security wanting. No reason. No reason. Swap. No reason. do Withdrawn. Declined. No reason. D.:clined. No reason. do do do do do do 'Jeclin.d. ^'o reason. do Swap. No security. No reason. do do • |o Withdrawn. do No reason — swap. do do No security. No reason. do do If Canada were to adopt free trade, the United States and all foreign countries woidd rejoice. 28 The system of protection fosters a spirit of national self-independence. Contracts Let to other than THE Lowest Tenderer— Continued. Date. Contract. Lowest Tender. Excess over lowest tender at which work was let. Work, Reason. i^tct'l Co. of Can 9,410 10;t,0 •■ '.se .'s,i, rkliog sauuier, 12 00 . ■ ,i8e Beau .1 1« 00 ' I toss t'v boohs 00 " i t iZ. mi. rors 2 40 " o ' o/. .,o)>:i''co boxps 10 HO " > "o''.e;i 'iiat,i''i 'Oxes 4 80 " 7 sliver plated mugs 17 50 " lease champagne (pints). . . 29 00 " I) doz. Bass' ale 16 50 " 3 bottles angostora 2 70 2 doz. seltzer 2 50 " 2 doz. apollonaris 2 00 " 4 boxes herrings 160 " 4 boxes cigars 36 00 Paid for 2 boxes H. Clays |15 00 " 1 doz. bath towels 5 00 6 bottles port 00 6 bottles brandy 8 50 " i doz. tins ox tails 3 50 " i sardine opener 50 " 1 box H. Clay cigars 4 50 " 8 boxes solace tobacco 74 16 hotel bill 57 00 147 50 " " 54 75 137 70 " " 33 50 " Livery 25 50 Pullman car 39 00 26 00 • ' 9 00 7 70 4 50 6.00 3 70 90 Wagner car. cigai's wine wash bar wash 1 10 board, Misses Wood 39 10 ale 2 80 wine 21 70 hack 7 00 brandy 4 00 tlieatre tickets 7 50 bar 80 dinner for party 25 00 wine and ale 13 70 hacks 16 00 washing 10 00 cabman 8 50 team to station 5 00 team to penitentiary 8 00 sundries of party 27 50 1 box cigars 7 50 1 bottle wine after 4 00 Free trade for Canada ivould inure only to the benefit of foreign nations. would be tlieir gain. Our loss ^ 29 England built tip her industries under the moat rigid system of protection the world has ever seen. Paid for 20 yds. ribbon $1 00 " photographs for locketa 12 00 " 1 bar soap 75 " 10 lbs. sugar 2 00 " J doz. butter knives 1 38 " 30 pairs overalls 30 00 30 Hannel shirts 57 00 '• 1 doz. troll hoolw ... 5 50 '• 1 doz. troll lines 5 00 " 2 doz. troll hooks 5 50 " + doz. sinkers 75 " • i^doz. socks 3 00 " 40 lbs. sugar 4 00 " 1 doz. mosquitf) oil 2 25 " 1 pair gauntlets 1 00 The above are just a few of the items taken from the certified accou.nts, the total making, as we have said, about $7,oco. The litlieral Party and ISii peran n nation . As some of the mouthpieces of the Liberal party are loud in attacks upon the superannuation expenditure by the Con servalive Administration, it is well to examine the policy and practice of the Liberals when in power, and the effect upon the superannuation fund to the present day. In their five years of office from Novem- ber, 1873, to October, 1878, the Liberal Ministry, under Mr. Mackenzie and Sir R. Cartwright, used the power of superan- nuatmg civil servants to a greater extent, at larger cost and more profusely than ever before or since. Up to June 30th, 1895, the civil servants superannuated by the Mackenzie Adminis- tration had drawn from the superannuation fund the sum of $950,002. As the total expenditure for superannuation up to that date had been $4,036,350, the Liberals for their five years had incurred very nearly a quarter of the outlay, an enormous over- proportion from any point of view. And in the fiscal year 1894 95, 33 civil servants superannuated by the Liberals, were still on the list and drew $16,170, so the weight thus placed on the fund is far from being removed even at the present time. To these five years of Liberal Adminis- tra ion may be largely attributed the burden on the superannuation fund. •"Tne following are the civil servants superannuated by the Liberals during their term of office, from 1875 to 1878, still alive in 1894 95 : — a Total Nniiie. Depart- Received ill Kecuipts since ment. 1894-5 Hiiperanu- iited. Agnew, W ..Customs.. M S 588 00 9 9,849 00 Iloily, Jos ..AKi-icult'e (l:i 100 50 2,780 88 Cameron, Rev. J. .!St:iti8tii''l Otilce Hfx — •J52 24 4,519 30 Cliiti', .1. S 80 50 ailO 84 178 50 0,740 08 Cdiiiloii, Will. . . ...Marine, . . 3,853 02 (Jook, Cflia ...I'anals. . . r>4 1)0 84 1,2 -.7 40 KiiK'or, J. U ...l".stori'e 42 499 50 9,110 97 Ktirliiiiil, .S .... ..Aiirccult . ■M 202 08 4,939 18 Frondi.T, U... ...I'ulilie W U!l 617 10 11,0.55 45 Goiliii, L . Canals ... (W 217 08 4,043 84 Hall, J . ..Ciistiims. li.-i 4;u 52 7,78,5 IB Howe, Jfilin. . . ..Fst Ofee (i'2 l,;t!il1 92 20,.598 42 Iliiiitir, .Jiis.. . . ..C.uials. .. Ii5 9; OS 1,990 14 Kiiiiliir, K . . . Parl'mcnt 5(1 1,048 80 21,130 08 KiiiK'.J. W . . .Jubtiee . . 40 008 04 12,008 89 Lii Ooix, H.. . ..Customs 50 075 10 12,095 00 I.e Suf^ur, P ...P'st oree 0.'! 1,024 ;!2 18,150 25 Ijinilsay, A ...T. ll.yue. 4L' 7s;i 30 15,275 62 I.owdeii, H. J. . . . Marine . . 57 285.00 5,474 00 MorMlith, E. A . . .lnt«rior . «■.' 2,520 00 42,000 00 McMillan, Uuv. H..Statistic' Olllce.Hfx 41 4SS 88 8,03ii 88 Nutting, CM.. (( — 145 50 2,007 95 IVrkiii!,, T. ... . .Customs.. «rt ;too 00 0,070 70 I'luccll, Jas... " 60 :ustrnns.. Oli 114 00 2,280 00 Wooilgate, A . . . ..P'st OH'e l>2 1,552 45 31,170 60 DIED IN lSi)4-95. Alieni,Win ...Canals. .. 59 109 53 7,922 07 Uurlaiii,B .... . . .Customs.. Ti 210 (M) 14,140 06 Hill, Tluw .. .Marine... &i 210 81 3,440 00 Khoiles, J ...State .... 49 115 20 2,092 35 Total J10,169 37 «317,751 84 Some of the civil servants superannuated by the Liberals have drawn the following amounts to June 30th, 1835 : John Langton, Auditor General $42,558 E. A. .Meredith, Ueimty Minister Interior 42,000 Oil). Futvoye, " Militia 39,139 II. Hernanl " Justice 88,071 A. Woodgate, Inaiwctor of Post Offices, N. S 31,176 This shows how enormously the super- annuation fund was burdened by the ad- ministration of Mr. Mackenzie and Sir R. Cartwright. To ascertain how and why the burden was incurred one or two salient ex- amples may be taken. Mr. Langton, who stands at the top of the list, having drawn the largest amount of superannuation in the history of Canada, was superannuated a few months before the Liberals resigned. He lived for sixteen years longer, and for half of that time re- ceived a good salary a? one of the financial officers of a prominent joint stock company, strong evidence of his recognized capacity for further work of that nature. But though he could have continued to fill ir, his post as Auditor-General was wanted for a zeal- The value of every farm is increased by its nearness to a manufacturing centre. ssamm 30 There ie no nuch thitig an free trade, except between England and Ireland. ous if somewhat unfortunate friend of the Liberal Administration, so Mr. Langton was unnecessarily shelved at a cost to the country of $42,550. Ten years were added to his term of service to complete his annuity, a practice against which the Liberals now inveigh. Mr. E. A. Meredith, the next on the list, was superannuated on the eve ot the de- parture of the Liberals from office. He, too, has since served and is still serving at a liberal salary one of the great financial institutions of the country, so he also is plainly valued as being still fitted for work, seventeen years later, but his office was also wanted for a friend of the administration. In his case an addition of three years was made to his term of service to complete his allowance. Further investigation would show similar practices in other cases of superannuation by the Liberals. Loud complaints have been made by the Liberals that the Conservatives have added years to the term of service to add to the pension or to make up the minimum qual- ifying term of service. Mr. McMullen, \i.P., gave in the Elouse a table, published in Hatnard, 1895, of certain superamniated civil servants with their length of service and years added, prefacing the list by the ob- servation, " I will give a few more names to show how this Act has been abused." Yet in this list of fourteen asserted Conser- vative abuses.7?''^ only were superannuations by the Conservatives and no less than nitu by the Liberals. In a subsequent table professing to give amounts juid in and received, Mr. Mc- MuUen includes a number of superannua- tions by the Liberals, though expressly staling that all were superannuated by the Conservatives. But this is not all. In the five years of Liberal administration they added years to the time of actual service in 34 cases of superannuation ; the years thus added totalled 269 ; the average time added was eight years; the percentage of years added to actual service was 42 ; the number of cases under the ten year limit was 9, the time served in two cases being only three year, and in two others only five years. As a means of comparison it may be stated that in the five years under Con- servative administration, from 1891 to 1895, (the latest given in detail) there were 15 cases of added years against the Liberals' 34 ; the years amounted to 88^ against the Liberals' 266 ; the average time added was less than six years against the Liberals' eight ; the percentage of years added to actual service was 30 against the Liberals' 42 ; the number of cases under the ten years' limit was two against the Liberals' nine ; and in no case were the years of actual service less than five. Nor was the former Conservative admin- istration of superannuation a precedent for the reckless management of the Liberals. In three years and a half from the adoption of the system to the assumption of office by the Hon. A. Mackenzie, there were 14 cases of added time as against the Liberals ' 34 in five years ; the years added amounted to 96 against the Liberals' 269 ; the average time added was seven years against the Liberals' 8 ; the percentage of years added to actual service was 37 against the I,ibcrals' 42 ; the number of cases under the ten years' limit was only one against the l^iberals' 9, and in that case only one year was wantmg, whereas two of the Liberal cases were of three years' service and two others five years. In another manner the Liberal Adminis- tration over-loaded the Superannuation Fund. Their superannuations, where the ages are given, averaged an age of 59 years, less than the minimum — 60 years — prescrib- ed for superannuation without exceptional circumstances. Besides this, in six per cent of the cases, the age is not given, thus prob- ably concealing some of the worst cases. Altogether, as far as confessed, 28 per cent of their superannuations were under 60 years, of which 12 per cent were under 50 years, 5 per cent, being even under forty. Comparing as before, the Conservative Administration, for the last five-year period, their superannuations averaged nearly 64 years — well over thj minimum age instead of being below it— and only in a single case is the age not given. In the Liberal campaign pamphlet "Facts for the People," No. i, is published a list of civil servants with the sums paid by them into the Superannuation Fund and received from it. Nearly half of these gentlemen were V ! .find Ireland illustrates how that system affects her. ? 31 la it right for U, J3 o b. o c d Q 2 S < U^ pL, moo vo lo o *o N 00 to N D in ds o" r'5 M t-. O O V5 tj~i in O I— lO »- O - pToo" rT "T o lO lO o «¥ t«- 1- O N lO o t^ O 't N o ►- I^ t~ o -f t^ -too fO N N 00 -to ro 00 ro ON 00 OS pT O , O o i£ O C/3 ^5-: 1- P c ,^ .S £ >- 3 »— I 1) O C/3 I^H — •- . . c 'V c >-. (U 3 4J coay and TlioHe of Twenty Yearn Ago. "There was Brown — earnest, forceful con- sistent, dealing his sledge hammer blows to right and left with powerful effect. To him has succeeded Edgar, but no more like his master "than I to Hercules." There was RoiiERT Baldwin' — a noble character. Now there is : — " O what a falling off was there my countrymen," there is William MULOCK. There was Edward Blake. There is James Lister. They have lost Mac- kenzie ; they have gained McMullen. They once had John Sandfield. They now rejoice in John Charlton. And so on through the list. Mulock and Mc- Mullen, Edgar and Lister, Casey and Chakleton. These be thy Gods, O Israel. Nor has time dealt more kindly with the Rouges of Quebec. To the learned and accomplished Dorion, whose master mind once directed the Liberals of Lower Canada, we have the feeble and vacillating Laurier To the renowned Papineau, who at least had the courage of his convic- tions, who was not afraid to become a rebel, has succeeded Tarte, whose sole claim to distinction lies in the fact that he betrayed his comrades and turned his coat. Then they had Lafontaine — in some respects perhaps the greatest man Lower Canada has ever produced. Now, they glory in Charles Langelier, of Bale des Chaleurs fame. Aad now, last scene of all, we stand by the sea shore and the great figure of Joseph Howe looms up before us. Howe, whose wonderful eloquence was wont to stir the people of Nova Scotia to the depths. Howe, who formed and guided the Liberal party of that Province for 40 years ; whose name shall ever be held in veneration by the people among whom he lived. We look again and lo, the bold outlines have disappeared. The grand figure has faded out and where once Howe stood, now stands Longlev. Longley, familiarly known among Nova Scotians as "The Link," by reason of his correspondence real or fancied to that intermediate form of our species; whose discovery is necessary to the full demonstration of the Darwinian theory. Longley, whose name is a synonym for demagogy, and who more than any liv- ing man has laboured to break up this Dominion ; who has run elections on the specific issue of seression,* and who, desti- tute of any regard for decency, with no shred of principle to cover him, has the audacity to parade through this loyal Province of Ontario, naked but not asham- ed." NeirC!onfesHed CorrnptlouiHts. Speaking at Napanee, November 21st, 1873, Sir Richard Cartwright is reported in his own paper to have said — "He knew thpre were a large number of men in the country wlio wanted to be bought. He knew that because he had bought them twice when he was an un- repentant sinner." Speaking at the Club National, in 1877, Mr. Laurier said ; — "I would have you rf>ly mainly on the justice of your cause, yet, t have learned by experience that we must not forget those human devices that are ho essential to victory." Mr. H. H Cook, the present Grit candi- date for East Simcoe, testified as follows at his election trial in 1874 : "In the spring of 187t I canvassed the con- stituency for one month or six weeks ; in 1872 1 canvassed the constituency for a simi- lar length of time. Speaking from memory, tlie expenses of my canvass in 1871 would reach about |IO,000 ; it might amount to $13,- 000, for I do not charge my mind witli $2,000 or 13,000 in election matters. I have been examining my accounts for election expenses in 1872, and making a rough estimate I place them at $13,000 to |15,000 • they certainly did not exceed the latter sum. .'hat amount I paid myself ; I do not know anything about sums paid by my friends. In 1874 the ex- penditures were much smaller, because I thought I would have the sympathy of the people in consequence of my expenditures in 1872 The following cullings from Election Why send Canadian gold to buy of foreigners any product our own farmers can sufficiently supply f g our les have IS faded )d, now jmiliarly 5 "The londence ; form of essary to larwinian synonym I'any Hv- ; up this ns on the ho, desli- , with no 1, has the his loyal ot asham- iber 2 1 St, 5 reported number of ted to be he bad as an un- in 1877, ly on the learned by rget those sential to Grit candi- foUows at d the con- weeks ; in for a simi- niepiory, 1871 would untto $13,- itb $2,000 have been )n expenses ate I place certainly hat amount ;hing about !74 the ex- becauae I thy of the ?nditures in (1 Election irs can 88 TJ we rtitrict Chine»e labor, why not restrict the product oj Chinete labor f ' Court records may be read in this connec- largely interested, ajso received printing tion : contracts from the Government. Their "I entered my election outlays aa mission- bills were as follows : aryexpenses-'-J. Morris. M. P. Halifax Citizen Co.— 1875. "We must makea bigpush onpollinK day ; „..,,, ^ ^ will you come down handsomely ?"-Oeorge Printing for P. O. Department. . $8,140.99 Brown. Printing Money Order Offices. . •1033.75 "Come along. John ; come and help put Advertising 2? 00 down bribery and corruption ; we've lots of ° •^' mon^y. So comealong" '— J. Madiver. "Wlien I go into an election, I go in to win, $'Oii9974 and ddn't care a d — what it costs."— H. 1876. Brown, Chairman Grit Convention. Printing for P. O. Department . $1 3,21:8. 1 1 "I mesmerized them m batches of fifteen Printing Monev Order Offires " nin ^e and sixteen, and turned a hundred that night 7!"""P .^^^^V "^^^"^ *-'f"<^*^s • • 94°- 25 at Glen's."— Hon. John Simpson. Advertising 79.60 "I spent f 6,000 in contesting Russell, which contest I claim to have had a good effect in $14 277 96 subsequently securing that constituency for ^otal $24!477".7o the Reform party. —Hon. Malcolm Cam- * tit// / eron. A contract for carrying steel rails was Many more extracts of this kind might given to Mr. Norris, the member for Lin- be given, but suffice to say : During the coin. Supplies for railway purposes to the last twenty-two years no less than 73 purity- amount of nearly ten thousand dollars were loving Grits have been unseated by the purchased by the (iovernment from Mr. Courts for bribery and corruption at their McLeod. the member for Kent, N. B. elections. Nearly forty thousand dollars were paid in 1875 6, 7 to Mr. Bannatyne, the member Orlt Members Who Oot Contract 'or Provencher. Here are some of that and were << Whitewashed** by gentleman s items in the Pubhc Accounts T 8 ^^'l "J *'f "*"*'»*• , ,, Prov'isi Jns, M. Police $2859.5 x In 1875-76, Mr. Anglin, Speaker of the Oats, etc., M. Police 186.20 House of Commons, received from Mr. Furnishings, M. Police 100.00 Mackenzie's Government printing contracts handles, M. Police 27.50 which, having no job printing office of g j^j j^ p^jj^^ '^ his own, he farmed out to Chubb & Co., of y^-^-^-^ Transport 64.24 St. John, N B .pocketing a comfortable gacks, ropes, etc., M. Police 75.9^ margm as middleman." Here are Mr. Dominion Lands, supplies 12.62 Speakers bills: Pacific Survey, supplies 8944.36 „ , , „ ?^: ^ , Fort Francis Lock, supplies 2006.84 St. John Freeman, printing, etc . .$7,196 31 public Buildings, N.VV.T., supplies 133.94 „ „ ,, •■ 47100 M. P. Buildings, provisions, etc. . 8454.17 ,j ,, j^ ■■ 1400 Indians — grain, sacks 8.00 3°°°° Indians — flour, etc 692. i;6 " " . 145.00 •' $8,26,1 ' $23,690.34 ,g 6 ' Thousands were also paid to Mr. Cun- St. John Freeman, printing, etc . . $8,984 70 "'"gham, the member for New Westmins- H ct .« c78oo *^''' *" *° Workman, the member for li ic « " |gQ 24. ^^est Montreal. The following letter of » ti 41 " ' 6100 instructions was sent by Mr. Braun, the ^__ Secretary of the Public \Vorks Department, $10 26^ 04 '° °"^ ^^ ''^^ Government engineers em- Total $i8i39a25 P'oy^^ O" ^*^e Lachine canal : -T-u u If ^•.- T> ■ .• /-> Public Works Departmbnt, The Halifax Citizen Printing Company, jjj^y 5^.}^^ \i^^ in which Mr. Jones, member for Halifax, John G. Sippkll, C.E., Montreal. and Mr. Vail, member for Digby, were Sir,— I am directed to authorize you to The more a nation can produce the less it needs to purchase and the more it is able to purchase. B 84 Frte Trade sells a piece of iron ore for a cent and hni/s it back as watch springs Jor f 500. purcliafle, until further orclera, from Messrs. FrotliiiiKliain & Worknmn, of Montri'iil, Buch iron iiH may Im' rt'qiiireil in connection with the cuniilH nmlur your cliarKe. (Sgii) F. BUAUN. Sec. Now, who "directed " Mr. Braun lo write this letter ? The result of this wholesale violation of the Independence of Parliament principle was that the Premier was com- pelled, in order to save Mr. Speaker and some of his best supporters from the i)ains of the law, to bring in a bill relieving them of the penalty. The stern ii|)holder of the purity and integrity of the Commons had to whitewash the First Commoner and a dozen followers ! inr. J. ]>. K«lgar. In January, 1874 , Mr. Kdgar was defeated in Monck. Me showed the fresh, gaping wound to his leaders at Ottawa, and was at once despatched on Ciovernment service at the country's expense to the Pacific slope. His bill will be found in the Public Ac- counts for 1874, part 2, page 155, and Public Accounts, part 2, page 178 : 1874 -J. D. Etl>?ar. uccount of expenses to British Columbiu | 5,000 1875— J. D. l''(lKar, expen83S ns delef^ato to British Columbia 1 ,000 Total. 10,000 Other than that he gorged his poetic soul on the grandeur of the Yosemite and then let it loose in a .series of letters to the G/ol>e, there is no record of what he did for the country. Mr. C;iiarlton*8 Opinion of His Political lieaders. The conditions have not in any way changed since Mr. Charlton wrote the fol- lowing letter to one of his friends in Eastern Ontario : ' "With a French Catholic leader, and imder the manipulation of such unscrupulous machine politicians as J. D. Edgar et al, I have not the utmost confidence in the im- mediate future of the Reform party. Excuse my delay in writing you. I have been away from home and very busy most of the time. "Very truly yours, - • • John Charlton. " Disloyal Vtteranceei. Mr. Laurier attended the famous meet- jflg on the Champ de Mars at Montreal on the aand November, 1885, to protest against the execution of Louis Riel. If anything were wanting to prove the sedi- tious character of this assemblage, it is to be found in the fact that amid the cheers of the crowd was read the following telegram from the open, undisguised foes of Britain in New York city. 7(> the Chairman of the Riel Indignation iiiecting : " We tender you our warmest sympathies and we assure you of our earnest support against Orange brutality and English tyranny." (Signed) J. B. Muuphy. Patrick Fohd. It was at this same meeting, after the cheers which followed the reading of the above message had died away, that Mr. Laurier said : "If I liad lieen living on tlie banks of the Saskat(;lif\van wlien tlie revolt broke out, I siiould myself have taken up avui.s against the (lovernnieiit." A year afterwards, wl ile addressing the peasants at Chambly, ^lr. l.aurier used the same words with thi.s addition : "We are now on the classic ground of Can- adian liberty. In the graveyards of this cotmty are to be found the liones of those who were not afraid to face British bullets." Mr. Laurier's candidate at the present time, 1896, for the city of Halifax, Hon. A. G. Jones, is the gentleman who .said, while addressing a public meeting in that city not many years ago : " When the British flag is hauled down from Citadel Hill, I shall take off my hat and cheer," Mr. Laurier has another candidate at the present time in New Brunswick, named J. V. Ellis, who said in 1884 : " Nothing could be more unfortunate for Canada than her British connection." Mr. Laurier's lieutenant in Prince Edward Island, Hon. L. H, Davis, while speaking on the Canadian Pacific Railway contract, said : " It is a contract from which there is no escape, politically or commercially, excepting one, and that is annexation to the United States." Mr. Laurier's present candidate for Montmagny, Mr. Choquette, and one of the Grit whips in the late Parliament, is reported in the Montreal Witness of July 28th, .1887,. to have said : "I would vote for annexation to-morrow, if it were to come before the House." Protectionists say : Make the watch springs at home and save $49S.99. 3fi Profecllon bringK ingflhtr the rotifumrr and proiiurtr And in IIu'k waif dividff belween them tht profil.i which mainliiin the middlmian in lufury. IS ly i KvlflciiccM of C'niin«lA*H ProMpertly Viidor (he National Policy. Tlie statistics given heluw arc coini)ilL'd liitni otlicial sources and show at a glance how Canada has proj^ressed since the introduction of the National Policy in 1879 ; • 1878, Value of the produre of the mines $y,ooo,ooo Value of the produce of the mines exported 2,816.347 Tons of coal i)roducL'd 1,034,081 Value of coal exported 1,2 10,689 Imperial gallons of petroleum produced 6,813.566 Value of the produce of the fisheries 13,215,678 Value of the produce of the forest 70,908,629 Value of the produce of the forest expf)rted (manu- factured) 13,908,629 Number of horses, cattle and sheep exported 287,093 Value of provisions exported 8,289,772 Number ot pounds of |)rovisionH exported 72.601,382 'I'otal value of exjjorts from the farm 30,702,010 Value of manulaclurcd goods exported 17,780,776 Value of tiie total exports 79.323,067 Estimated bushels of wheat produced 25,501,955 Estimated bush, wheat reipiiied for home consumption. 20,723,774 Estimated bush, of wheat retained for seed 1,090,724 Available bushels for export 31687,457 Value of wheat, flour and other breadstuffs imported for home consumption 4.456,096 Consumption of tea per head of population in pounds. 2.70 Quantity of lbs. of raw cotton imported for manufacture. 8,011,759 Value of ini[)()rts duiiable 61,703,740 Value of articles in crude condition for domestic indus- tries 8,882,209 Value of articles |)artly manufactured for use as materi als in manufacture of mechanical arts 10,168,908 Value of imports duty free 31,378,047 Cost of collecting customs duties per $100 5 S8 Excise duty paid 4,858,67 1 Value of total imports 93,081.787 Value of imports and exports 172,405 454 Assets of the Dominion 34>595) 1 99 Average rate of interest paid 4.02 Sinking funds for the redemption of bonds 7,400,268 Fire insurance in force, Stock Companies 409,899,701 Fire insurance in force. Local and Mutual Companies. 65,000,000 Life insurance in force (level premium system) 84,751,937 Life insurance in force (assessment system, fraternal orders and trade societies) 50,000,000 Life insurance effected (level premium system) 12,169,755 Life insurance effected (assessment system, fraternal orders and trade societies) 5,000,000 Fire, Life and casualty insurance companies deposits with the Receiver-General, for the security of their policy-holders 5,728,974 1895. $20,500,000 6,983,227 3.5 •2.504 3.578,195 28.090,055 20,719.573 (in 1894) 80,000,000 19,663,446 400,297 20,547,880 212,047,499 48,53 '.344 26,144,376 I 13,838,803 56,848,440 31,390,144 1,652,112 23,806,184 1,892,917 4-05 56,924,286 64,064,587 22,085,776 16,830,887 46,717.095 5-13 7.805,733 110,781.682 224,420,485 64,973,828 3-29 34,359.088 836,067,202 125,999,000 319,366,083 A? 800,000,000 44.359.263 75,000,000 22,665,893 (in 1894) Free Trade puis the produce on one side of the globe and the cousumer on the other, and lauds the utility of the middleman who makes a fortune out of the trade that should never have existed. = 36 A party which does not give our own people work in preference to foreigners is false in its professions of patriotism. Reserves Lo provide for endowments, etc., held by Life 1S78. 1895. Insurance Companies and belonging to Canadian policy-holders 8,115,596 60,196,742 Undivided profits held by the Canadian Life Insurance Companies and belonging to their policyholders. . 358,700 2,878,098 Life Insurance Companies premium income 2,610,677 10,291,211 Total assets of Canadian Life Insurance companies. . . 3>999.677 35.330,671 Amount of peoples' deposits in chartered banks 66,014,756 180,664,129 Chartered bank :-■ >erves 13,000,000 27,273,500 Chartered bank assets 175,450,274 316,536,510 Bank notes in circulation • . . . . 20,475,000 30,807,041 Paid up capital in Building and Loan Companies 17,287,536 39,131,766 Amount of peoples' deposits in Buildmg and Loan Cos. 8,269,295 20,782,944 Amount of peoples' deposits in Government and Post Office Savings Banks 8,497,000 44,450,498 Amount of peoples' deposits in "other Savings Banks" 5,631,172 13,128,483 Number of Post Office Savings Banks 295 731 Deposits in banks and loan companies and reserves on life insurance policies 99,656,258 316,045,800 Amount of Post Office Money Orders issued in Canada 7>i3o>895 i3,i87,.3.2i Amount of P. O. Orders issued in other countries and payable in Canada 458,745 2,055,984 Number of miles of post route 30,600 65,325 Number of registered letters 1,980,000 3,183,200 Number of letters posted 44,000,000 107,565,000 Number of post-cards posted 6,455,000 24,025,000 Number of printed and parcel matter posted. . 44,934,212 96,176,206 Number of post offices 5,378 8,832 Number of Money Order offices 769 1,26 1 Postal revenue 1,620,022 3,815,456' Miles 01 railroad owned and operated by the Govern- ment 912 i>3Si Earnings of the Government railroads 1,514,847 3,129,450 Tons of freight on the Intercolonial 522,710 1,267,816 Number of passengers on Intercolonial 618,957 i»352.667 Miles of private companies' railways' in operation 6,143 '5i977 Train mileage 19,669,447 40,661,890 Number of railroad passengers 6,443,924 13,987,580 Tons of freight 7,883,472 21,524,421 Canadian railway earnings 20,520,000 46,785,000 Railway capital 275,042,705 692,235,135 Railway passengers killed per million carried 1 .40 0.64 Tonnage of vessels in coasting trade arriving and de- parting from Canadian [)orts 1 1,047,661 25,473,434 Number of shipwrecks and casualties 414 247 Number of lives lost on sea or ii.land waters 187 54 Value of damage of shipwrecks and casualties 3)4S5i875 7^7)536' Number of applications to the Minister of Agriculture for patents 1,428 3,387 Number of copyrights and trade marks registered 466 1,047 Number of settlers I5>323 23,363 Value of money and effects brought into Canada by settlers 803,506 2,540,681 Number of public schools 1 2,869 1 7,069* Number of children attending public schools 882,060 1,041,859' There is not a single manufactured article in Canada that is not cheaper to-day than it was in 1878> i ■ . 37 'During the Orit rule, ihejarmer's wife had to give ten dozen eggs Jar Jive yards of cotton. MANUFACTURING. 1881. Capital invested $164,957,423 Value of raw material worked up into finished products. 179,929,193 Value of finished products 309,731,867 Wages paid lor working up the raw material 59,401,702 Number of employes 254,994 Number of persons employed in mining . 6,541 Number of persons employed in fisheries 22,905 Number of persons employed in making textile fabrics, cottons, woollens, etc 44.337 Number of persons employed in stone, clay and glass industries 7,726 Number of persons employed in furniture-making and house-building 1 2,809 Number of persons employed in making machines, tools, implements, etc 37)274 Value of machinery and tools 36,000,000 Working capital invested 75,000,000 Average wage paid for man, woman and child 233 Population. 4,324,810 1891. $354,620,750 256,119,042 476,258,886 100,663,650 370.256 13.417 27,079 71.847 12,608 19.183 49,422 80,803,265 181,450,137 272 4>833.239 The OoTeriiment and the Far- mers. Since they came into power in 1878, the Liberal-Conservative Administrations have devoted special attention to the interests of the great agricultural community of Canada. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. Nearly all the Departments have had a share in this work, but naturally the interests of the farmer are the mgre especial concern of the Department of Agriculture. Experimental Farms. — The Central Experimental Farm was established near Ottawa in 1886, and branch farms soon after in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, the North West Territories and British Columbia. Excellent and most useful work has been done by them ever since, especially in regard to experimenting with different kinds of grain and other crops, with fertilizers, feeding of live stock, identi- fying and giving remedies for noxious in- sects and |)lants, testing seeds and fer- tilizers for individual farmers, distributing in enormous quantities new grains and other seed, and fruit trees for trial in different localities, and a multiplicity of other matters, useful and instructive to the farmer, the dairyman and the stock raiser. The information thus obtained has been widely circulated in the yearly blue book of the experimental farms, embodying re- ports and special papers by Prof. Saunders and the able chiefs of the different depart- ments, besides a number of bulletins issued from time to time on various sub- jects. The value of the information thus given, and the appreciation of it is shown by the fact that more than 50,000 farmers and others have had their names placed on the list to receive these publications, which are sent to them free. An immense num- ber of farmers visit the experimental farms, and addresses are often given to these visitors by the staff, who also address many meetings of farmers throughout the country. Dairying. — Prof Robertson, the Dairy Commissioner, and a staff of competent asfiistanls, have visited cheese factories and creameries throughout the Dominion, have addressed meetings of dairymen and farmers, and have given practical instruc- tion in dairying. At the Central Farm the best methods of making cheese and but- ter have been tested : experimental dairy stations, dairy schools and travelling dairies have been established and wotked, with the result of the improvement of dairying throughout Canada, and its advance in provinces where it had previously been comparatively neglected. The Dairy Com- missioner has made annual reports full of valuable information, published in a separate blue book, and distributed in great num- bers, besides bulletins giving instruction in cheese-making for all the months from Uuder the N. P. the farmer's wife gets ten yards of cotton for five dozen of eggs- " 38 A protective tariff keeps out goods made by cheap labor, qiees our own workinr/meii employment and keeps our own money at home. May to October, and on other subjects of importance to dairymen. Since the estab- lishment of the experimental farms, and with the encouragement thus given, the export of cheese has increased from 78,112,927 pounds, valued at $6,754,636 in 1886 to 146,004,650 pounds, valued at $14,253,002 in 1895, the excellence of the Canadian cheese being proved by the ready market found at a satisfactory price for this large quantity. Its quality was also shown to the world by its extraor- dinary success at the great Chicago Exhi- bition, where it almost monopolized the prize list, the expense and trouble of collect- ing and caring for the exhibit being borne by the Department. A similar success in butter-making has recently been aimed at by special instruction and encouragement. To further this object in January, February and March, advances at the rate of 20 cents a pound were made by the Depart- ment for winter-made butter, which was sent to Great Britain with favourable results. This action was followed by the inauguration of the cold storage service, with refrigerator cars on the railways, cold storage at Montreal and refrigerator cham- bers on steamshiijs, a system so succe'^sful that it is being extended. Mr. Derbishire, President of the Eastern Dairyman's Asso- ciation, and of the Ontario Creameries Association, a prominent Liljeral and ]x»rty . candidate, gave evidence before the com- mittee of agriculture, of the great benefits resulting to the dairy interest from the government's action. Dressed Meat Tr.auk.-- Prof Robert- son had been preparing the details of a similar plan for aiding the establishment of a dressed mer.L trade with (Jreat Britain. The MinislcT of Agriculture had $60,000 placed in the Supjilementary Estmiaies for this purpose, but the Opposition prevented this attempt to enlarge and improve the market of the Canadian stock -raiser, obstructing lliis vote with others by the threat to talk out the supply bill, and thus refuse all supplies if the vote were [)ressed. Qu.VKANTiN'E OK LivE Stock. — In 1879 "The Animal Contagious Diseases Act"' was passed, and under it and subsequent amendments and regulations an excellent system of cattle quarantine has been esta- blished and maintained. By the efficiency of this service, the live stock of Canada have been kept entirely free from con- tngeous diseases, none existing in the Dominion. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia, though prevailing in the United Slates has been altogether excluded, and in the only case when it was imported in 1886 from the United Kingdom, where it has been wide spread, it got no further than the quarantine station where it was extirpated at the cost of the slaughter of all the animals exposed to the contagion. Since then for ten years not a single case of con- tagious pleuro pneumonia, imported or local, has existed in Canada. Similarly the "foot and mouth desease" which has afflicted both the United Kingdorn and the United States has never been allowed access to Can.ida, where the " rinderpest " is also unknown. Other live stock have also been protected, though at the present time hogs are being slaughtered by hundreds on account of contagious disease in many counties of the United Kingdom, where pleuro pneumonia is also appearing in various localities. The enormous loss in the herds of the United Kingdom, .Vus- tralia and many foreign countries through these contagious diseases and the cost of the efforts to extirpate them, have been spared to Canada and our farmers by wise precautions and energetic action. For some years this immunity from contagious diseases obtained for Canadian cattle the privileged of being conveyed inland in the United Kingdom, instead of being slaugh- tered at the i)orts like those from other countries. This privilege has been with- drawn in spite of the protests of our Ministers of Agriculture and of Sir Charles Tujjper as High Commissioner, not on account of any defect in our quaran- tine system or its enforcement, which the Imjierial authorities have recently declared to be perfectly satisfactory to them, but from a mistake of their veterinary officers in confounding a few cases of noncontagious transit pneumonia with contagious [)leuro- pneumonia, a view held to be erroneous by the highest independant veterinary authori- rities of the United Kingdom, France, the United States and Canada. The exclusion is now openly declared, against only a f;iint defence, to be designed for the protection of British cattle breeders, not against disease, but against outside competition. The false and unpatriotic charge made by Our Oovernment should be as exacting from foreigners asjrom Canadians duty, while we pay taxes. Make them pay 39 During the eight years previous to 1894, the product of the farms, in, England declined i2 per cent. some opposition members that it is due to neglect by our quarantine authorities is flatly contradicted by the Imperial Agricul- tural Department. ExHiHiTioNS. — The dejjartment has con- tributed largely by grants of money and other aid to the success of exhibitions of the produce of the farm, the stock yard, the dairy and the orchard, both in Canada and foreign countries. Our appearance at the Jamaica Exhibition has stimulated our trade in flour and other agricultural pro- duce with the West Indies. Through its aid and encouragement, Canada made a most successful showing at the great Chi- cago Exhibition, obtaining i,oi6 awards in agriculture, 1,175 '" ''^'^ stock and 65 in horticulture. In cheese Canada secured 736 awards out of 849 entries and the mammoth cheese made under the supervi- sion of the Dairy Commissioner attracted much attention and admiration. It gave liberal aid to the North-West Territorial Exhibition in 1895 at Rej^ina, where the entries of live stock in i)articular were ex- ceptionally good and unexpectedly nu- merous. Yearly grants are made to the Agricultural Societies of the North- West Territories. Thk Statistical Branch.— The Sta- tistical Year Book gives considerable space to the chapter on agriculture and dairying ing — 78 pages in 1896, be-ides further in- formation useful to the farmer in other chapters. The fourth volume of the cen- sus of 1 89 1 c(jntains statistics concerning farm produce, live stock, \-c. Various pamphlets have been published, amor;.; others one on the niaiket in the West Indies for farm produce, another giving similar information in regard to South and Central America, and monograi:)hs on " Cheese and Butter '' and " Poultry and Eggs.'' A report on our for-;sts and their products gives much information of special interest for farmers. DEPAKI'MKNTS OF FINANCK AND CUSTOMS. The National Policy tariff in 1879 was so framed as to protect our farmers from the more abundant produce of the United States seeking an export market, the list of duties covering all the mo-st important ar- ticles. This protection was still further in- creased in 1890, notably by the raised duties on flour and on meats, among other articles. The effect in preserving our market for our farmers has been most re- markable and beneficial. The import* of grains, flour and meal fell from 9,862,265 bushels valued at $6,591,565 in 1878, un- der the revenue tariff, to 2,574,123 valued $1,362,620 in 1895. ^^^ enormous differ- ence between the two was supplied by our farmers instead of those of other countries. Similarly the imports of hogs and hog pro- ducts fell from 17,717,628 lbs. valued at $1,196,940 in 1878 under the revenue tariff to 4,259,697 lbs. valued at $311,168 in 1895. Our farmers got the benefit of this increased home market. One con- sequence has been the great increase of pork packing which has more than doubled till it has reached the number of 6co,ooo hogs a year. The Ontario official returns show an increase of about 300,000 in the number of live hogs in two years in that province alone. Besides Canadian produce thus replacing that im- ported from the United States, prices have been maintained above the level across the line. In six weeks from Afril ist to May 1 2th, 1 896,thevprice ot wheat averaged 78cts. a bushel in Toronto, no sales or quota- tions in Montreal, 63':; cts. in Chicago, 63:4 cts. in Buffalo; oats, Toronto 27^ cts., Montreal, 28^4 cts , Chicago, 19 ',4 cts., Buffalo, 24J4 cts. ; mess pork per pound, Toronto, 6'j cts., Montreal, 7 cts., Chi- cago, 4'/'8 cts., Buffalo, 4-^8 cts.; bacon, Toronto, 5^4' cts., Montreal, 5^'/| cts., Chi- cago, 4 '4 cts., Buffalo, 4-^4^ cts. ; ham (fancy), Toronto, 9'j cts., Montreal, g^/l cts., Chicago, 8'j cts., Buffalo, 9 cts. Without the National Policy tariff prices would be the same in Canada as in the United States. Many articles required by farmers in their avocation or largely used by them have been ])laced on the free list, among others animals for improving stock, vegetable and animal manures, corn for ensilage, oil cake and similar feeds, rennet, seeds of beet, carrot, flax, turnip, mangold, etc., sawn lumber, laths, palings and fence posts, tea and coffee. By the tariff of 1894 the duties were reduced on ai;ricultural imi)lements, binding twine, barbed wire, field and garden seeds, and other articles used extensively by the farmer. Under the National Policy and the domestic competi- tion it induced, prices of agriculture imple- ments have greatly decreased, mowers from $80 in 1879 to $46 in 1896, reapers from $120 to $65, binders from $275 to $110, horse rakes from %t,^ to $22, and so with Why ? Because Free Trade enabled ihe farmers of other countries to supply the English markets. 40 If a Canadian farmer buys aj^hio in the United States for |16, Canada gets the plow but the United States gets the money. other articles. Our farmers also pay lower prices for these implements than the far- mers of the United States. DEPARTMENTS OF RAILWAYS AND CANALS. Since 1878 the Dominion Government has given aid to railway construction amounting to $84,823,382 and grants of land to the extent '^( 32,257,200 acres. This has led to an ..dditional mileage of 9,226 miles, and a total capital invested in railways of $534,023,373. From 1878 to July 1895, the Government had also ex- pended $31,527,137 on canal construction, and important works are still in progress. These great expenditures on means of in- land communication have greatly reduced freights not only in the new districts opened up, but throughout Canada. The reduc- tion of canal tolls to a mere trifle has also operated in the same direction. This difference of freight is mostly added to the price paid in Canada for grain, etc, shipped to Great Britain, and consequently to the market price In this country, whether for export or home consumption. The com- bined effects of the National Policy by its tariff and its complement, the extension and cheapening of means of transport, upon prices in Canada is forcibly shown by the relative prices of wheat in Toronto, Chicago and Liverpool, comparing 1878 and 1895. In 1878 the price of wheat in Toronto was a little less than in Chicago, and 57 cents a bushel less than in Liver- pool. In 1 89s the price in Toronto was 12 cents more than in Chicago, and not quite 5 cents less than in Liveri)ool. The price in Liverpool fell more than 50 per cent, and in Toronto less than 30 per cent. The difference was a clear gain to the far- mers of Canada. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. The Crown lands of Manitoba and the North-West Territories are under the con- trol of the Minister of the Interior, and much has been done for the settlers upon them. The land regulations are very liberal, more so than in the adjoining States, or indeed, than in any other civilized country. Free homesteads are given on condition of cultivation, and the officials of the department are active in placing settlers on their farms and aiding them afterwards. A Dominion Lands Board has been estab- lished at Winnipeg, with numerous agencies to supervise this work and be easy of access. Advances of seed-grain on easy terms of repayment have been made when neces- sary, wells have been sunk in the drier region, surveys have been made for irriga- tion systems and their construction super- vised, and quarantine work has been performed by the officials ot the depart- ment. INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT. Under the legislation for preventing the adulterations of food, drugs and agricultural fertilizers, the analysts of the Inland Revenue Department test and analyse these articles. Their reports are published both as appendices to the departmental blue book and as bulletins, that on fertili- zers being annual. The value of this pro- tection to the farmers of Canada is great. In 1889 it was found that out of 38 samples of Canadian lard only three were adultera- ted, while • out of 60 samples from the United States only one was genuine ; 59 of these imported samples were adulterated with cotton seed oil, beef tallow, etc., cheaper materials which without this safe- guard would be permitted to compete on equal terms with the honest lard of the Canadian farmer. The reports of the analysts also show to the world that "filled" cheese and butter adulterated with *' oleo- margerine " have no existence in Canadian dairies and factories. DEPARTVI ST OF MARINE. Inspectors under the Ministry of Marine see that vessels carrying cattle are properly fitted and provided and that regulations as to space, etc., are observed. The thorough- ness of this inspection conduces to the small loss on the voyage and the good condition of the catde on arrival. By the construction and maintenance of light- houses, buoys and other safeguards for navigation, freight from Canadian ports have been lowered with a favourable effect upon the prices for farm products. The Meteorological Service by its weather pro- babilities, which prove to be in accordance with fact more than 90 times in a hundred, are of constant service to the farmer. The signal discs showing the weather expected, that are carried by the trains, are much appreciated, and the storm signals are of use to the farmer as well as the sailor. DEPART.MENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE. The newly formed department of Trade If a Canadian farmer buys a plow from a Canadian manufacturer, Canada has the plow and the money too. 41 Our years of signal disaster and depression were those in which our 2>orts were most easily flooded with foreign goods. and Commerce has not been dilatory in attending to the interests of the farmers. In 1893 it issued a circular giving valuable information and advice as to "Hay for export." The commercial agents in the West Indies and British Guiana sent in reports showing how Canadian flour, meats, cheese, etc., would find a market in those countries, and explaining the local require- ments. The commercial agent for Norway, Sweden and Denmark reported similarly. In 1894, Sir Charles Tupper, then High Commissioner in England, and his staff,sent in reports showing the opening in the United Kingdom for Canadian farm products, dealing especially with hay, bacon and hams, horses, poultry and eggs DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. The manufacture of binding twine at Kingston penitentiary has been successfully established, the twine finding ready sale in Ontario, Manitaba and the North West Territories and giving satisfaction. This manufacture not only obviates any danger of a conibine in the trade but it will also establish on trustworthy data the cost and true value of a genuine article. PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT. There has been considerable expenditure by the Department of Public Works in dredging harbours and their approaches, opening docks, building and maintaining wharves, and constructing graving docks. In unison with the Departments of Marine and Railways and Canals, it has contributed to facilitate navigation and the carriage of our surplus farm products, thus lowering freights to the advantage of the farmer. PRIVY CO'JNCIt, DEPARTMENT. The North-West Mounted Police who are under the control of the Privy Council Department, besides their general duties of protecting life and property and enforcing order, are constantly patrolling the long frontier line of the international boundary and keeping a watch upon the less civilized Indians, so that thefts of horses and cattle are extremely rare crimes, not as in most sparcely settled countries. The (]uaiantine service is also confided to them and efficiently performed so as to secure the immunity from contagious diseas'es enjoyed by the flocks and herds of that portion of the Dominion in common with the rest of Canada. Their Veterinary stafT keep a watchful guard on the health of the cattle throughout the country. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT. The staff of the Geological Survey afford valuable information as to the soils of various parts tff the country. The botan- ists contribute to the knowledge not only of the soil but of the r*'mate as shown by the vegetation. Discovents^ of mineral fertili- zers, such as phosphates, marls, etc , are also made by the survey. The staff have been superintending the successful sinking of artesian wells in that small part of the Canadian prairie where there is insufficient surface water. THE HIGH COMMISSIONER IN ENGLAND. As High Commissioner, Sir Charles Tupper devoted much of his time and energy to the service of the Agricultural in- terest of Canada. For a long time, by his active intervention, he warded off the con- stant efforts to schedule Canadian cattle in the interest of the British stock raiser. He persistently sought to place the farm and dairy produce of Canada more advantag- eously on the British market. By the treaty with France which he assisted to negotiate Canadian fruits, fresh and pre- served, canned meats and condensed milk are admitted on exceptionally favorable terms. PARLIAMENT. Under Conservative leadership the Par- liament of Canada, besides the legislation already mentioned, has passed many acts of especial interest for fiirmers. Among these are laws to prevent fraud in the manufacture and sale of agricultural fer- tilizers, to prevent the manufacture and sale of oleomargerine, butterine and other substitutes for butter, to protect cheese and butter factories from fraud, to establish a " Bureau of Labour Statistics" with "Agri- culture " as its first subject, to aid beet-root sugar growing, to provide for the proper fitting and inspection of cattle vessels, to prevent the manufacture and sale of filled or imitation cheese and to provide for branding cheese, to provide for the inspection of grain.cheese, apples, hay, lS:c., and to facilitate the irrigation of land in the North-West. Beside select committees on the operation of the tariff on the agricultural interest, and on the best means of encouraging and de. Free Traders advocate a polity trhich gives foreigners equal privileges with the Canadian citizen WP" ±'2 4.i In 1878, it took about 'iriO bushels af wheat to will pa;/ pay for a self binder, for it. To-day, 150 bushels veloping that interest, a standing committee of the House of Commons on agriculture sits yearly during the session. It has taken much evidence from experts on a great variety of subjects of interest to the farming community of Canada. This evidence is published, the reports be.; ;. ■ Idely distri- buted. It will be seen from this short and far from exhaustive summary that nearly every department of the Government under the Liberal Conservative leaders ha-- energeti- cally contributed its shart, i ■ ,v.,. 's at Jing, encouraging and developing t^e '/reatcS'. interest of the country. Reduction of Tax.iti'Bn. It has always been one of the fti ■' imp- ciples of the advocates of the National Policy to remove the taxation, as much as possible, from all articles that cannot be produced in Canada, .\ccordingly, in 1882, the Liberal-Conservative Government struck off entirely the duties on tea, coffee and tin ; and from that period to the present time there lias thus lieen saved to the peo- ple on these articles alone the following amounts : On Tea $11,024,039 On Coffee 832,528 On Tin l,46.j,lo:! $13,331,670 Every dollar of this amount has gone into the pockets of the great mass of the con- sumers of this country. Iiiiiiiigratioii. Settlers" Efkec is— Total imports and exports to and from the United States and total imports and exports to and from all countries during the undermentioned years : — Ini[")!ti.Ml E.Kpm-tcil liiiinirtc 1 Kxporti'il fi'oin to fiDJM all to all L'.fS. U.S. Cimntrii's. (/'oiintrii'.s. i87r. .. 8ti!i,a:io iwl,,V.3 I.:!.^S,'.T.>ii No rotiiriis. I87ii... 7-J7,l)'i.5 SM,S>-2 liil2.iiL':i .\o 'ctiinis. 1877... 71s, lli.^ 777,4'.K) .SMl,Sii4 No rctnriis. 1878... (i7ti,145 880,00,S 80:t,.'j00 Xo rctiu-ii.s. 180^ . . . . l,liSl,il72 1,1-|5,iI.-j:! 2,024,918 1,227,998 18!«... l,li()L',7!l,') 1, :»•:!, 87ii 2,22.t,2i;9 l,3:,7,04ii 1894 . . . . 2,tV'.J,S|13 894,749 ::,822,499 l,019,,'i70 181(5 . . . . 2,01l.'>,848 984,117 2,540,081 1,(14(1,288 than they did in 1876 or 1878, while the imports of settlers' effects from the United States have grown to nearly three times what they were then. The Value of Colonial Trade to Cireat Britain. Mr. W. H. Mitchell, of Burley in-Wharf- dale, near Bradford, a good exponent of fiscal federation, says, in a pamphlet on that subject : "If we take the statistics of trade between Great Britain on the one side, and the three countrie.s from which we draw our chief iOreien .supplies of food and raw materials — the United States, France and Russia — on the ether, we find that these countries do not tt-ke half as much from us as we do from them, or in other words, that they spend less ' San ten shillings with us for every sovereign "•■•. .■■.jii'nd with them. But if we compare wi 1 ^!.'-< the trade between ourselves and our col , .'OS and possessions, we find that they take from us nearly as much as we take from them; in fact, that for every twenty shillings we spend with them, they spend nineteen shillings with us. I need scarcelj' ask which of these trades gives the most employment to our people. Again, if we take the value to us as customers, of our fellow-suhjects in the colonies, and compare it with the viilue of foreigners, man for man. we find that one Canadian takes more of our productions thtn three, one South African more than ten, and one Australian more than fifteen citizens of the United States, France and German j'. From the above it will be seen that the settlers' effects exported to the United States last year amounted to but very little more ATera^e Prices of Wiieat, Oats, Pork and Uacon from April iKt to May IStli, 1890 To- Mont- Chi- Buf- ronto. real. cago. falo. c. c. c. c. Wheat per bushel... 78 ... 63} 73j- Oats 2Ti 28J liH 24i Pork (mess) per lb.. CrV 7 4i 4^ Bacon oj H ik 4J They were no sales or quotations of wheat at M;)ntreal for the six weeks men- tioned. Pork PackiuK in Canaila. The following statistics of pork packing in Canada are published in the annual report of the Cincinnati Price Current^ the chief authority on this subject on the continent :— Year. No. of Hogs Year. No. of Hogs, 1875-6... .144,989 1886-7 256,485 1876-7.... 244,742 1887-8 216,214 hi 1878, it took three-quarters of a ton of the farmer's beef to pay for his buger follows •— AvpruK"'. Tims. Tiiii.'). Thils. ' • Ton. ^__^,„ 1884-5-6.. 37,181 47,077 74,2.5S 36.60 |1 .50 p,.riort, ofiloKs 1887-8-9,. 38,916 .57,101 86,017 33.63 1.50 pncke.i. 1890-1-3.. 3.5,381 79.683 104,664 34.35 100 Revenue Tariff 169,706 1803-4-5. . 47,0.54 48,134 95,178 40.44 3 00 National Policy, first taritf 107,833 it ^ill be observed that with a bonus of mcreased duty 427.763 ^^^^ ^ ^^,^ j,^^ production of Canadian pig Since the increase in the tariff the j^on had increased in the second three year growth has been contmucus, reaching as is p^^riod over that of the first in an appreci- shown .ibove, to 600,000 m 1895-6. ^ble degree, but not sufficiently to keep According to the Ontario Bureau of p^^e with the growing consumption, the Industries the number of live hogs m the percentage of the home product diminish- Province was as follows :— j„g_ i.^the third three-year peri.Kl, with a \^, 006.074 bonus of $1 a ton, the production not only jggi 1 u-' 133 decreased but also fell off relatively to the 1805 ............... . . . ! l'299'.o'73 consumption, the proportion of Canadian Here again the beneficial effect of the P'S "^^^ '''^•''"S fiom a third to a quarter of protective tariff is manifest. ^^^ \s\\o\e. In the fourth three-year period, with a bonus of $2 a ton, the checked growth was not only renewed but accelera- Tlie Canadian Iron Industry and ted, the production nearly doubling, and its AdTanta;;es. the percentage more than doubling, till The utilization of the rich iron ores which Canada now produces half of the pig iron form a notable part of the natural wealth of it consumes, Canada for the manufacture of pig iron has It may be remarked that the showing for been encouraged and promoted by protec- the last three year jieriod would have been tive duties and bonuses till it has grown to still better but for the average being reduced a very important industry. by a falling off in the last fiscal year. One .At the present time considerably over of the first results of a time of commercial 3,000 men arc cmi)loyed at the furnaces dejiression is a reduced production of iron, anc in providing the ore and fuel . The and Canada felt this effect though in a very great majority of these are family men, and far less degree than the United Slates. The if it is assumed that two-thirds of the num- returns for the current year, though incom- ber are so, a low estimate, at the average plete, show that this temporary check is at of five to a family the number of people an end, and the growth of the industry has directly depending on this industry amount been resumed, to 11,000. This little army has to be housed. It must not be supposed that if the pro- A very small dose of Free Trade in 1892, proved too much for the shrewd people of the United States. ir^' 44 Free Trade has been abandoned with disgust by every continental nation that ever tried it. duction of pig iron is doubled in Canada the market will be filled. Much iron is now imported in a slightly more advanced stage than pig, such as puddled iron, bar iron, &c., that might well be produced here if a plentiful supply of pig iron were at hand. Already there have been of late many and important additions to the works for puddling, conversion into to steel, rolling, &c. There is room for a very great increase of our smelting fur- naces to supply this growing demand. Such facilities would also augment the con- sumption of iron by its being substituted lor wood, stone, and other materials for bridges, buildings, and other purposes. The production of steel in Canada, made from Canadian pig iron, which was in its turn smelted from Canadian ore with Canadian fuel, was in 1893, 14,700 tons ; in 1894 it was 15,700 tons ; and in 1895 '^ was 16,200 tons. For 1896 there will be a still greater increase of production, ad- ditional capital, |)lant, etc., having been provided to extend the industry. Here, again, a large amount of labour is employed, mostly skilled, and the majority family men, a great number of ad- ditional consumers, thus increasing the home market to be supplied by the farmers of Canada. In the rolling mills, a careful estimate gives '. 2,557 men as employed, earning nearly a million dollars yearly, viz , $997,310, the capital invested being $3,416,000, and the raw material aggregat- ing 36,096 tons. The census of 1891 showed employees, :?,io6, wages, $843,500, and capital, $2,307,540, so that the growth of the industry m the five years has been very great, and the increase is now being accelerated by new works and increased facilities in old establishments. In 1881 there were only 700 employees, $19,020 wages, and $697,500 capital. If it is assumed that two-thirds of these 2,557 employees are married men with the average family, there would be more than 9,000 persons depending directly upon this industry, and requiring to be supplied by the farmers of Canada, among others, as in the case of makers of p'g iron and of those converting it into steel. But this is not all, for the home sup- ply of pig iron and steel, and the out- put of the rolling mills, as they increase, give a further stimulus to other industries using iron, and rapidly augment the num- bers drawing their living from all these in- dustries, and having to be supplied with clothing, shelter and food. The Hi. P. Has Benefitted the Workluffinan. The following figures, taken from the census returns for the Province of Ontario, show at a glance how the National Policy has benefitted the workingman : In Industrial Establishments having a yearly output of $50,000 and over : — 1871. 1881. 1891. Employes. 20,725 34,107 63,774 Wages .. .$6,077,562 |10,652,157 |23.047,181 Average.. 293-24 312-31 861-38 In Industrial Establishments having an output of $25,000 to $50,000 a year : — 1871. 1881. 1891. Employes. 7,614 10,182 12,764 Wages... 12,203,766 $2,991,659 $5,545,192 Average.. 289 30 293-81 338 60 In Industrial establishments having an output of $12,000 to $25,000 a year : — 1871. 1881. 1891. Employes.. 10,200 13,998 17,301 Wages.... $2,681,721 $3,877,1(19 $5,545,193 Average.. $ 262-91 $ 277 00 $ 320 51 In the largest group the wages increased in 20 years 23.2 per cent. Of that in- crease 6.5 per cent was gained in the first ten years, and 16.7 per cent, in the second ten years. In the next group the increase in twenty years was 17 per cent of which i per cent was in the first ten years and 16 per cent in the second ten years. In the next t;roup the increase in twenty years was 21-9 per cent of which 5-4 per cent was in the first ten years and 165 per cent in the second ten years. This increase of about 16 per cent is maintained for all the industrial establish- ments having an output from 12,000 to 50, 000 and over. It may, therefore, be fairly stated that the increase in wages during the ten year^, 1881-91, was x6 per cent. Besiilts of Free Trade in Great Britain. " Cheapness, cheapness, cheapness and competition ! These have been the parrot cries of Free Traders ; and excell^rf cries they are for the million and a hi : lucky In 1878, a pound of butter bought, onlyjrom one to two pounds of sugar. four or five pounds. To-day it will buy 45 ried it. the num- 1 these in- plied with ed tlie from the of Ontario, )nal Policy 5 having a er : — 1891. 63,774 123.047,181 361 as having an year : — 1891. 12,764 I 5,545,193 338-60 I having an I year : — 1891. 17,301 $5,545,193 $ 320-51 increased Of that in- in the first the second The principle of Protection is to give Canadian work to Canadian workingmen. se in twenty 1 per cent 6 per cent in twenty ich 5-4 per nd 1 6 5 per 5er cent is il establish- ,000 to 50, stated that e ten year's, in Great eapness and ;n the parrot cellfnt cries hi : lucky this panacea of cheap labor ; do forget this when individuals with their fixed incomes. But how about the thirty-five millions without fixed incomes ? How does it affect them ? What does competition and cheapness mean in their case ? It means this — it means that when by home competition a starving needle woman is found to stitch shirts at 4d. a dozen, straightway a starving foreign woman is found to stitch shirts at 3d. per dozen, and her work is brought over here to drive English women below starvation point ! This is competition ! This is cheapness ! And does it benefit the community ? The first condition of this vaunted cheapness, the Cobden Club, is not let the operatives they have dinned into their ears the virtues ot mere cheapness. Is the low price of wheat that is secured by stimulating foreign production and dis- couraging home production a national bles- sing ? Is it a national blessing when the English and Scotch laborers are deprived of their employment in favor of the ill-paid labor of Russians, Poles, Waliachians or Coo- lies ? Are shirts stitched by starving women at 4d. a dozen a blessing to the com- munity, or the cheapness of bricks made by over-taxed children at nominal wages, or the cheapness of nails or cables made by overworked women and children, a bless- ing ? Is the waste of human life, the misery and the suffering and demo- ralization and immorality inseparable from cheap labor, a benefit to the country ? Is the cheapness that is caused by cheap foreign labor a blessing ? No, it is not ; and in spite of all the writings and preach- ings of the Cobden Club, I maintain that the more we examine the meaning of mere cheapness, the more distinctly we find that il means a "low standard of life." Now, is it desirable to lower the stand- ard of a nation's life ? It is a fact, deny it who can, that "cheap places" in all fully settled countries have hither- to oeen those m which the workin*^ poor have oeen the most degraded and de- pressed and cheap times those in which they have been the most wretched. Owing to unrestricted competition many of our manufacturing industries are dead, nvmy are hopelessly sick. Our operatives are 1 >sing their work and their wages. Owing to untestricted competition in a'^ricul- tural produce the land is going raniilly out of cultivation and the laborers are losing their work. Is there no thorn then to this vaunted rose of competition ? Unrestricted competition in cheapness, such as Free Traders are now forcing on this country, must end by making the conditions of labor unbearable. Mr. Chamberlain says that England has been described as the paradise of the rich, and he warns us not to allow it to become the purgatory of the poor. Can any means be conceived so cer- tain of making it a purgatory of the poor as to encourage wild, unrestricted com- petition that deprives our own people of their work and drives them lower and lower in the scale of life ? Look at it from any point of view you like, the question resolves itself into Pro- tection or emigration. If foreign competition is restricted, if native in- dustry is protected, wages will rise, work will be steady, and the land will again be brought into cultivation If the present system of unrestricted competition is en- couraged, industries will disappear, more land will go out of cultivation, wages will fall, and the only escape from a lower scale of life will be emigration." — Sir Edward Sullivan in the Manchester Courrier. only a trifle, tinued in this the basis of world. The have to face A '* Tariff forRevenue only *' andf Wases. A tariff for revenue only removes all protection. The removal of protection leaves no barrier between labor in Canada and labor in the old world except that of ocean freights, now, practically. Production, then, if con- country, must proceed on production in the old manufacturer would then the alternative of closing up his business, or cheapening the product to the old world level in one or all of three ways : ei'.her, first, by reducing wages ; or secondly by making his machinery produce more at the same cost ; or thirdly by cut- ting down his profits. Whatever might be the final outcome of this pressure on the manufacturer, wages would suffer re- duction first. There would be little stimulus to improve the capacity of machinery, and profits are only relingui- shed as a last resort. Wages, then, pre- sent the most ready means of reducing the cost of production in order to bring it will buy Would the adoption of Free Trade afart a single factory in any part of Canada. If so, where f W' 4« Would the adnplion of Free Trade increase the wagpK oj a single workimjman in Canada. IJ'm, howl our industries to the level of the old world, and would therefore suffer first and most seriously. Again, because each country has natural conditions differing from other countries, it has, therefore, a standard of living differing from that of other countries. These stan- dards of living, for the great bulk or masses of the people, range from the practical serfdom of Russia, with its hovels and wretchedness, to the highest standard in the world as found in Canada. There is also a natural wage for each country. Such a wage is the amount a laborer can earn in free, unrestricted com- petition in his own labor market, a competi- tion among men accustomed to the same standard of living, and subject to the de- mands of that standard An industrial jx-licy which compels laborers, sulijcct to the needs of the Cana- dian standard of living, to compete with the foreign wage-earner, living under the low- est civilization, is nianileslly unjust, yet this is the policy that the Crits would adopt for Canada ! A Point Worth .\otiiig. Under the Grit Rule. 1878— Cost to country of managing 714 miles of Intercolonial Railway, $448,120 Under Conservative Rule. 1895— Profit to country of managing 1,154 miles of Intercolonial Railway, $28,253. Taxes in (iSreat Britain. Temple Bar, an English magazine, speak- ing of the taxes paid in Free Trade England, says : "Birth is taxed, marriage is taxed, death is taxed, the carriaRe we keep is taxed, tlie rail- way train we tiavel by is taxed, the liouse dog is taxed, everytliing we drink, wine, tea, cotfee, is taxed, liglit is taxed, the Hnen we sleep on is taxed, the tobacco we smoke is taxed, the Christmas plum puiding is taxed, ourantibilious pills are taxed : we have l()i:al rates, poor rates, county council rates, water rates, vestry rates : householders, lodgers, married and single men. women and children, are all taxed in some form or other. 'One ninth of what everybody earns in this coun- try,' Lord Sherbrotke said, "goes in taxes;' but the pro ortion is more now and is grow- ing all the time.'" £nconrai(e Home In«lut»trici». If a Canadian farmer buys a plow in the United States for $15, Canada gets the plow and the United States gets the money. In a few years the nlow is worn out and thrown in the fence corner, but the $ts continue to circulate among the artizans, grocers, butchers and farmers of a foreign country. If, on the other hand, the Canadian farmer buys a plow from a Can- adian manufacturer, Can.ida has the plow and the money too. As in the other case, the plow wears out, but the money goes on circulating, not among foreigners, but among the artizans, grocers, butchers and farmers of our own country. Iiord SlaHliani on Protection lor Ureat Britain. It appears to me that the lime has come for us to reconsider our fiscal policy in the interests of labor, and more, especially in the inttrest of what I consider one of our greatest difticulties — Imw to find work and hontst and well earned wages for the great army of the unemployed, liut it may be well here to note that I'"ree 'i'radeis, in order to prejudice Protection, have been constanliy in the habit of saying tluit it was simply a means of filling the pockets of the capi- talist employer at the expense of tlu general comrniinity,and then, with a strange want of consistency, to urge that no capita- list employer or workman <:ould earn more by a protected article than one that was not. It is cjuite clear that both these statements cannot be correct. Let me now, in a very brief and sim|)Ie manner, illustrate th true position. Take an iron girder, or steel rail, the present price being, say, jQ\ or 80 shillings per ton. If the ironmaster buys his ore (Spanish ore is now generally used for steel rails) and his coal or coke, he will probably turn his capital over four times a year, in that case he would be well satisfied with two shillings per ton profit, or two and a-half per cent., leaving the remaining seventy-eight shillings to go into the pockets of the great body of producers, and in that way enriching the country. However protected lie might be, he could not look for more, as local competition would [irevi-nt it. I'loni this you will see the fallacy of su|)- posing that all the money goes iiro one pocket. The capitalist may hope to get his fair profit but nothing more. So far as manufacturers are concerned, I believe that the country is ripe for a change, f Would the adoption of Free Trade raise the price of the farmers' wheat, oats, beef, pork, butter, or cheese. If so, howl 47 I in Canada. Will the adoption of Fne Trade in Canmhi enlarge an old factory, or giv« its employees move toork. If no, how f tales gets the plow is worn nee corner, but ate among the ind farmers of a ; other hand, the iw from a Can- a has the plow I the other case, ; money goes on gners, but among lers and farmers rotectioit for aiii- le lime has come seal policy in the :)re, especially in sider one of our to fintl work and igei lor the great lUit it may be I'"iee 'JVaders, in rroicclion, have the habil of imply a means of tlie capi- cxi)ense of tlu: 11, with a strange ie that no capita- could earn more one that wns not. these statements re now, in a very ustrate th true rder, or steel rail, say, ^4 or 8o ironmaster buys w generally used 1 or coke, he will over four times would be well gs per ton profit, cnt., leaving the illings to go into lody of produ: ers, ing the country, might be, he niori', as local vv-nt it. From fallacy of sup- tioney goes in'O talist may hope ut nuthing more, are concerned, I ripe for a change, and that protection would be carried byac- claination by the working classes, were it not for the " big and little loaf" — the agri- cultural ditKiculty. As things now stand, it may be said with perfect truth that land and labor are alike both being ruined by free imports ; but how to arrange a com- promise that shall satisfy both is not so easy to see. As a large landowner, and also one of the largest employers of labor in manu- factures, minerals and agriculture, I know well, and feel daily, the disastrous effects of free imports, but how to find a remedy that shall satisfy the various and often conflicting interests, is no easy prob- lem. It is the "cheap loaf" — so-called — • that tempts the working man to his ruin, whereas it is really to him the very dearest loaf in Europe, as he loses more m wages by the free importation of foreign manu- factures than would pay twice over for all the corn that he consumes. But want of work, destitution and hunger must eventually compel a change. Average Tsix (CiiMtoiiimaiid F.xeli>ie) Per (JH|»ita, for 1<> .yearw— 1»<»83 to 1M»S. Great Britain! 9 70 Portugal ... ,$ 7 16 France i.^ 20 Holland.... 9 08 Germany.. . . 6 69 Australia .... 1 5 00 Italy 8 96 Argentine. .. 13 50 Spam 8 85 United States 5 65 Canada $ 6 00 would be contrary and disloyal to the glori- ous and sacred doctrine of free trade to levy any duty on anybody for the sake of what we can get by it. It may be noble, but it is not business."— Lord Salisbury, Premier ,of Great Britain. The CilraiiKers' Petition of 1876. The following is the petition sent by the Grangers of the Dominion to the so-called Liberal Government in 1876 : "Tliat whireaH aKriculture is a prominent interest of this Dominion and tlie prosperity of all classes depenilH largely upon the sueeess of the farmer, it i.s ili.'sinible to enact such laws HH shall insure that su icess. " As j)ractical farmers we cannot Imt view with regret our markets lillod with the American protluce free of duty, while (.'anadiiin i)r(i(ltu'e Is heavily taxeil wlien S(-nt to the United States' markets. " Your petitioners respectfully pray for sucli protection as will se(,'ure the home niiiikei for the home proilueer ; or that the saiiic rate of duty l)e levied on nil aj;ricultural ])rodnets coming into the Donnnitjii from foreign countries that is impnsiKl by said foreign countries upon our produce.'' Although thi.s petition was signed by over 100,000 reprtsentative farmers of Canada, nothing was done with it. The ''Reform" Government piactically threw it into the waste basket, acknowledging at the same time that they were but "Hies on the wheel' and could do nothing. An Important Opinion. " Every nation is trying how it can get the greatest possible protection for its own industries, and, at the same time, the great- est possible access to the markets of its neighbors. I observe that while A is very anxious to get a favor of B, B is anxious to get a favor of C, nobody cares two straws about getting the commercial favor of Great Britain. What is the reason of that ? It is that in this great .battle (ireat Britain has stripped herself of the weapons by which the battle has to be fought. The weapon with which .they all fight is admission to their own markets— that is to say, A says to B, " if you will make your duties such that I can sell in your market, I will make my duties such that you can sell in my market." But we begin by saying, " We will levy no duties on anybody," and we declare that it Mr. 9Iackenzie*!« Estimate of the Orit Chatracter. The following letter jjublished in the G/o/ie, of April i8th, 1892, gives Hon. Alex. Mackenzie's opinion of the Grit politician's character, during the palmy days of " Liberalism " in Canada ; — Ottawa, April 27, 1875. " My dear H , I have ^our note regard- ing C . I will endeavor to employ him within a few days at Thunder Bay, on the commissariat staff, though I fear he is rather old, especially as his chief, B's fathe; is older. "I would like mudi to be relieved of the pubic works department, but I canuot see my way to that at; present. It is the great spending department, the possible great jobbing department, the department that can make or ruin a government at such a time as this when ii."), 000, 000 are in the power of its head to spend on public works. Friends (?) expect to bo benefitted by offices tiiey are unfit for, liy contracts they are not entitled tOi by advances not earned. Enemies mts, beef, pork, An outofwork man is a poor customer for the store-keeper. The merdhanfis as much interested in keeping the factories busy as the manufactuyer himself. 48 Adopting Free Trade in Canada would not reduce the tariff that other countries maintain againft Canwlian goods for the protection oj their own people. ally themselveH with friendH, and push the friends to the front, Some attempt to storm the offioe. Some dig trenches at a distance and approach in jregular siege form. I feel like the besieged lying on my arms night and day. I have offended at least twenty parliamentary friends by my defence of the ■ citadel. A weak minister here woiild ruin the party in a month, and the country very soon. Bo I must drudge on as 1 best may, and carry out tlie experiment of doing right whatever happens, and trusting to have a majority in tiie House to sustain me, and when that fails I will go out cheerfully,if not joyfully." I am yours faithfully. A. MACKENZIE. The defender of the "citadel" has j];one the way of all the earth, but the attacking partie s are slill alive, enraged to despe- ration by a long eighteen years' hunger for office, and reinforced by such men as Tarte and Pacaud. Electors of Canada, the inference is plain. Don't trust them. 8eir>ETldent TriitliH. A self-evident truth is one which needs but to be stated to be accepted by cindid, unprejudiced minds. We hold the follow- ing to]be self-evident. First — If the Canadian people purchase from the United States ten million dollars worth of goods, Canada gets the goods and the United States get the ten million dollars in cash, but if we buy the same goods from Canadian producers, then Canada has both the goods and the money and is ten million dollars better off than by the former tran- saction. Second — If the production of these poods in this country would give a year's employment to twenty thousand of cur own people, then buying the goods abroad will leave twenty thousand of our own people idle who might have been employed had we purchased the goods at home, and if these twenty thousand people would have earned on an average $400 each, then we, having destroyed their purchasing power, have re- duced the demand for all goods in this country and damaged our home market to the extent of eight millions of dollars, less what our people will buy, and give to these idle people as charity, to keep them from starvation. Third — Just in proportion as we destroy the home market or demand for goods, we throw other thousands of people out of em- ployment, and this still further reduces the purchasing power of our people and leads on and on to the indefinite in)poverish- ment of our people individually and of the country at large. Fourth — If such goods can be prof and shipped into this country from al cheaper than they can be produced at ho.ne, then our peo|)le will surely buy from abroad, and thf^re are but two known ways of pre- venting it ; one is by a tariff which will shut the goods out of this market, the other is the reduction of the cost of home production. And as the chief cost of production is wages, if such cost is reduced to any ap- preciable extent it must be through a re- duction of wages, which not only impover- ishes the laborer, but also every other per- son of whom the laborer is accustomed to purchase the necessaries and the luxuries oflif These truths cannot be denied. But in presenting them to Free Traders we met with the answer, "Oh, but we increase our own foreign trade ; we enlarge the foreign markets for our owa productions." We know of but one way that this can be accomplished to any appreciable extent, and that is by so reducing wages in this country that we can produce the goods at a cost which will enable us to compete with all foreign manufacturers and producers in the markets of the world. And then, sup- pose it does happen that by allowing ten million dollars worth of goods to come into this country from abroad, we are thereby enabled to sell ten million dollars of our own productions in foreign markets, which we could not otherwise have sold, where will we have gained anything ? It is i imply an exchange of our commo- dities for a like amount of foreign products. It is like taking a dollar out of one pocket and putting it into another, and to accom- plish this result we have reduced our work- ingmen to starvation wages, greatly dam- aged our home market by reducing the purchasing power of our people, and thus strike a fatal blow at the hitherto wonderful prosperity of this country. Conclusion. — If we are legislating for the benefit of the people of other countries, Free Trade is the proper thing for that pur- pose. But if we are legislating for Canada and her people then Protection is what is required. Canadian Free Trade would benefit foreign nations whose Governments will n. ale no return to Canadian producers. nMes maintain )eo|)Ie and leads Inite impoverish- dually and of the can be pror ntry from al roduced at ho..ie, buy from abroad, iwn ways of pre- iff which will shut et, the other is the ome production. )f production is uced to any ap- i through a re- 5t only impover- every other per- ; accustomed to nd the luxuries denied. But in Traders we )h, but we trade ; we !ts for our own ly that this can preciable extent, I wages in this ce the goods at to compete with nd producers in And then, sup- by allowing ten ds to come into we are thereby 1 dollars of our markets, which ive sold, where g? of our commo- )reign products, of one pocket and to accom- uced our work- 5, greatly dam- reducing the ople, and thus lerto wonderful ?islatingfor the ;her countries, ig for that pur- ing for Canad.1 ion is what is »'.e no return